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LIBRARY
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BO ANIC AI
SUPPLEMENT
BULLETIN
Houthern California Qeademyp of Seiences
1902
t
! KJ
INDEX TO VOLUME ONE.
Numbers [ to 10.
Actaeon, 69
Agapostemon, 70
Alcidamea, 139*
Ammania, 93
Ammanita, 74
Anchomma, 71
Aniella, 27
Aphis, 40
Apocrypha, 71
Arabis, 89
Argopyron, 89
Aspidiotus 17
Aster, 15*
Astragalus, 89
Astronomical Notes, 94
Atriplex, 40
Audibertia, 68
Batterea, 93
Bombus, 70
Bromus, 87
Callidryas, 90
Calochortus, 102, 120, 122*
Cassia, 90
Castanopsis, 89
Castilleja, 68*, 69
Cercocarpus, 89
Chelostoma, 139
Chelynia 139
Corypbella, 17
Cremastogaster, 40
Dirina, 26
Erigeron, 39*
Eschscholtzia, 89
Eulabis, 71
Euphorbia, 68
Facelina, 17
Gilia, 45
Geological Notes, 95
Habenaria, 6
Halictoides, 140*
Heuchera, 67, 89*
Helianthus, 42
Heriades, 139*, I4o
Hesperapis, 7:
Horkelia, 89
Icerya, 17
Lecanora, 27
Lecidea, 27
Leonids, 16
Lepideum, 89
Lepturus, 87
Limnorchis, 6
Lupinus, 41, 89
Lycaena, 17, 40
Malvastrum, 106, 107, 108
Megachile, 70*, 137*, 138
Melica, 89
Morchella, 74
Mylitaspis, 17
Nasturtium, 93
Pandora, 69
Panicum, 45
Parnassia, 67
Pecten, 51
Pentstemon, I4I
Philaris, 89
Pinus, 87
Piperia, 6
Pogonomyrmex, 70
Presidential Address, 10g
Prehistoric California, 81, 97, 113,
129
Quercus, 89
Ramona, 68
Reviews, book 42, 140
Ribes, 67*, 89*
Rocella, 26
Rosa, 45. 87*
Saisvetia, I7
Scrophularia, 26*
Silvery Footless Lizard, 27
Sitanion, 87
Spectrograph, Lowe Observatory, 23
Spergularia, 93
Sphaeralcea, 74 106, 107. 108
Sphaerostigma, 45*, '18*
Stenamma, 70
Terias, 90
Tethys. 7
Thecacera, 17
Thecla, 41
Thysanocarpus, 7
Uranotes, 41
Volumitra, 17
Zacosmia, 70
Zauschneria, 4*, 6, 10
Notre —The asterisk denotes new species.
Contributors to Volume 1, 1902
Nos. 1 to 10
ABRAMS, LERoy.
New or Little Known S. California Plants.
Additions to the Flora of Los Angeles Co. I.
BAUMGARDT, B. R.
The Orbit of Venus.
Celestial Photographs.
Annual Report of Academy.
BRACKETT, PROF.
November Meteors of 19o0r.
COCKERELE, I) D: “A.
New Plant Louse from S. California.
Hymenoptera of S. California.
Notes on Sphaeralcea and Malvastrum.
Comstock, Dr. T. B.
Presidential Address.
Geological Notes.
Davipson, Dr. A. :
A New Zauschneria.
Scrophularia glabrata, sp. nov.
Spheerostigma erythra, sp. nov.
Pentstemon Parishii, a hybrid.
GREATA, Louis A. i
Tribal Characters in the Separation of the Style—branches
in the Composite.
GREENE, PROF. EDWARD L.
Two New Erigerons.
EVASSE: DR. Hi. i;
The Genus Dirina in North America.
KNIGHT, Wm. H.
Introductory Address.
Astronomical Notes.
LARKIN, EDGAR L.
The New Spectrograph at the Lowe Observatory.
PaRISH, S. B.
Aster Greatai.
A New California Rose.
The Southern California Species of Calochortus.
RIVERS, PROF. Ji J-
Silvery Footless Lizard or Snake.
Discovery of Another Food Plant of Uranotes Melinus.
Myrmicophillous Coleoptera of Ant-loving Beetles.
Pandora Grandis.
Butterfly Emigrants.
WILLIAMSON, Mrs. M. BuRTON.
A Monograph on Pecten Aequisulcatus.
YATES, DR. LORENZO G.
Prehistoric California.
Page
Page
Page
Page
Page
Page
Page
Page
Page
, line
, line
, line
line
, line
line
, line
, line
, line
ERRATA:
1—For medium, read median.
1—For medium, read median.
13—For petals 4, read petals 5.
29—For habital read habitatal.
32—For costa] read coastal.
22—For Eucalochortus, read Mariposa
8—Before broadly insert petals.
25—Before ovate insert sepals.
26—For corymb read corm.
VOL, I. JANUARY, 1902 NO. 1
BULLETIN
OF THE
Southern California Academy of Sciences
COMMITTEE ON PUBLICATION:
A. Davipson, C. M., M. D., Chairman
MELVILLE DOZIER T. B Comstock, Ph. D.
CONTENTS :
Frontispiece—Photographic Reproduction of the moon.
Page
Introductory, WM. H. KNIGHT. ...........scccscecesoonscooes 3
A New Zauschneria, A. Davipson, C. M., M. D....... 5
INO ESS eee ee oe eee oA LULU a uausoseadenesenueecuces 6
PERATISACTONSs aeceaes sess acer ence eae cee cecaetes tiscocecmesonaees 7
The Orbit of Venus, Diagram by B.R. BAUMGARDT.. 9
Calendar of Meetings for January, 1902.......... sescccce 12
PUBLISHED FOR THE ASSOCIATION BY
R. BAUMGARDT & CO.
231 WEST FIRST ST., LOS ANGELES, CAL.
Yearly Subscription, $1.00 Single Copies, 10 cts
RRARARABI RRR PEPPERS GSPEGFSSE EE GFF FIFI DID AP
AP r
ee
THE MOON
Original negative taken at the Lick Observatory October 8, 1895, 15h.
6m, 8s.
Moon’s age, 20 days and 17 hours.
BULLETIN
: OF THE
SOUBIERN Galliornia Academy OF Soieneess
VOL. | LOS ANGELIS, CAL, JANUARY, 1902. He OS
INTRODUCTORY. hee
In the year 1891 some twenty persons interested in scientific lore and
research met in a small hall in Los Angeles and formed the Southern
California Science Association, subsequently reorganized under its present
title, The Southern California Academy of Sciences.
Dr. M. H. Alter called the first meeting to order and was elected
president. He was succeeded by Dr. Anstruther Davidson, Wm. H.
Knight, W. A. Spalding, Abbot Kinney, and again by Wm. H. Knight,
who successively presided over the deliberations of the Academy.
An important officer in a scientific body is the secretary. During the
first two years this position was filled by Mrs. Mary E. Hart, but in 1893
the society was so fortunate as to secure the services of Mr. B. R. Baum-
gardt, who has served in that capacity and been closely identified with the
growth and prosperity of the institution from the date named to the present
time.
A mere list of the titles of the scientific lectures and papers which have
been read before this Academy, either at the general meetings or at its
various sctions, during the past decade of its existence, would occupy more
space than we shall use in this entire initial number of our Transactions.
Yet many of these papers were of high value, both from a scientific
and literary point of view. Some of them have been published in local
and eastern journals, thus enriching the archives of science, but many
others of high merit have been utterly lost to the world.
To rescue further contributions of value from oblivion, or at least tc
make a record and synopsis of the themes discussed, is the object of estab-
lishing this monthly resume of the Academy’s work.
The Bulletin will be issued on the first of the month and will
contain advance announcements of the various meetings to be held during
the current month, and also a brief account of the proceedings of the
meetings of the preceding month. Every member can thus be kept fully
apprized of the work of the Academy in all its departments, and need not
miss any of the meetings or discussions in which he may be specially
interested.
4
The Bulletin will be under the able editorship of Dr. A. David-
son, who brings to a congenial task an extensive knowledge of general»
science, and is a specialist of national repute in the science of botany.
The Southern California Academy of Sciences is fortunate in having
for its field of investigation an environment which is in many respects
unique. It is in a semi-tropic and semi-arid region, traversed by lofty
mountain ranges rich in mineral wealth, interspersed with valleys and
plains abounding in strange forms of plant and animal life. Two mighty
currents of the Pacific Ocean meet off the shores of Los Angeles County,
and here are innumerable marine forms which furnish inexhaustible mate- '
rial for the researches of the biologist.
In this broad, virgin field, embracing the great Southwest, are tireless
and ardent investigators, and it will be the province of our Academy,
through its organized work and through this medium of publication, to
gather and preserve to science and to the world the results of their labors.
And now a word to other scientific bodies. We begin the publication
of our Transactions with a modest pamphlet of a few pages, but as our
society has grown from a membership of twenty to nearly two hundred,
so we look forward to a substantial growth of our monthly periodical unti!
it shall be equal in dimensions and usefulness to the scientific journals in
the east and abroad. We therefore feel justified in asking all scientific
societies to place our Bulletin on their exchange list, and we hope that
the benefits arising from this interchange of favors will be reciprocal.
Wo. H. Knicut, President. -
A NEW ZAUSCHIN ERIS
BY A. DAVIDSON, C. M., M. D.
ZAUSCHNERIA ARIZONICA Sp. 10U. 4
Stems one to two feet high, decumbent, branching from the base;
whole plant villous, not at all tomentose; leaves ovate, one to one and a
auarter inches long and half an inch broad, broadly sessile and usually
strongly denticulate, feather veined and markedly villous on mid-rib, veins
and edges; lower leaves frequently obovate; flowers scarlet, large, one
and a half inches long above the ovary; calyx tube cylindrical for three
lines above the globose base, minutely villous, lobes three lines shorter
than the corolla; style exserted one inch or more; stamens somewhat less ;
capsule pedicellate, one and one-quarter inches long, slightly villous at
base; seeds large, in form resembling those of Z. Californica, var. micro-
phylla, Gray. (Fig. 1.)
ARIZONA: Chase Creek, Metcalf; Aug. 1900, 4. Davidson, 365. Not
uncommon in the moist sand of this rocky creek at 5000 feet altitude.
Those found growing on drier ground, though of stricter habit and some-
what less villous, are quite as handsome in flower.
Fig. I. ZAUSCHNERIA ARIZONICA. Natural Size.
é
Prof. E. L. Greene, in his revision of Zauschneria in Pittonia, Vol.
1:25, is, I believe, correct in classifying them according to the venation of
the leaves. Of the feather-veined species two are there described: Z.
latifolia, Greene, and Z. tomentella, Greene. The new species here de-
scribed is closely related to Z. latifolia, Greene, but the flowers are much
larger, the leaves more ovate, and the whole plant more villous. When
Greene wrote, latifolia seemed to have been unknown south of Santa Bar-
bara. All our collections here show it to be quite common in the Sierra
Madre and San Bernardino ranges, at from 2000 to 5000 ft. altitude. In
the neighborhood of Los Angeles, it descends as low as 500 ft., and in
Blysian park it may be found growing in close proximity to Z. Califor-
nica, var. microphylla, Gray. Z. latifolia, as represented here, has , com-
pared with Z. Arizomca, long, narrow, lanceolate leaves, seldom more
than one-quarter inch broad, flowers smaller, not more than one inch long
and having styles and stamens not exserted more than half an inch.
NOTES.
Mr. Rydberg, in the Bull. Torrey Bot. Club, Vol. 28, No. 11, has
given a careful revision of the genus Habenaria, and following the Euro-
pean custom has subdivided this genus.
It has long been apparent to us here that the plant known as
Habenaria leucostachys, Wats. Bot. Cal., did not conform to the descrip-
tion given. Rydberg has re-established H. Thurberi, Gray, as Limnor-
chis Thurbert. ‘This is the common species here, and is reported also from
San Bernardino by Parish and from Fresno by Hall and Chandler. L. leu-
costachys, Lindl., is retained for the plant common in N. Cal., Wash. and
farther north.
Of the West American species listed, two are new, viz: L.Arizomica,
and L.ensifolia. In the genus Piperia our Californian species as now
named are: |
Piperia Coopert, (Wats.), San Diego.
P. lancifolia, Rydb; a new species found on Sierra Santa Monica,
by Dr. Hasse.
P. longipetala, Rybd., mountains East of San Diego.
P. multifiora, Rybd., Monterey.
P. elegans, (Lindl) ; Santa Lucia Mts.
L. longispica, (Durand) ; Santa Monica and Cucamonga Mts., Mon-
terey.
P. Michael, (Greene) ; San Bernardino Mts.
P. Maritima, (Greene) ; San Francisco Co.
Those interested in the introduction of the salt-bushes (Atriplex),
now so much in demand as a forage plant on alkaline soils will find in
Pulletin 27, U..S. Dept. of Agriculture, a complete description of the
various seeds most commonly used. The seeds described are beautifully
illustrated.
7
A new shell allied to Tethys Californicus, Cooper, was found at San
Pedro last summer by T. D. A. Cockerell. It is described in the Dec.
Nautilus as 7. Ritteri, Cockl.
Professor Greene, in the latest Pittonia, Vol. 1V, Part 25, describes
a wealth of new species from all over North America; many of them it is
interesting to observe have been trodden over by eastern botanists for
many decades. Among the western additions is a new Crucifer, Thysano-
carpus affinis from the collection of Mrs. Blanche Trask, Catalina Island.
Dr. Harry Beale Torrey of the University of California is making
some studies during the December low tides of the sea anemones with
particular reference to their reproduction. He has also looked over the
collection of marine hydroids dredged last summer during the session
of the San Pedro Biological Laboratory and found about thirty-five forms,
over twenty-five of which have not been described.
The subject for the February lecture of the Academy of Sciences will
pertain to Libraries. The speaker will be Miss Mary L. Jones, the librarian
of our Public Library in Los Angeles.
Prof. W. W. Campbell, Director of the Lick Observatory, will be
with us in March and will lecture before the Academy on the second
Tuesday of the month. The subject will be announced later.
TRANSACTIONS.
Southern California Academy of Sciences.
Los Angeles, Cal., Dec. 9, 1901.
The regular monthly meeting of the Southern California Academy of
Sciences was held this evening at 724 South Broadway.
President Knight occupied the chair.
The minutes of the November meeting were read and approved.
Ten candidates for membership, whose applications had previously,
in accordance with the By-Laws, been passed upon by the Board of
Directors, were elected into fellowship. ‘Those elected were:
Dr. Robert D. Emery, Dim, Geor ln ull:
Irvin G. Lewis, Rev. H. K. Walker,
Miss Edith Claypole, Dre-Geo.s Cole,
Bishop J. H. Johnson, Miss Agnes Claypole,
Albert B. Ulrey, Colton Russell,
Mr. S. B. Parish of Redlands was elected an honorary member of
the Academy.
The Secretary read a letter from Mr. A. M. Shields of San Fran-
cisco, who desired to donate to the Academy some valuable ornithological
and zoological specimens.
A preliminary report of the Leonid meteoric observations, made at
Claremont College under the directorship of Prof. K. K. Brackett, was
8
read. The summary of the observations of meteors for the three years,
1898, 1900 and 1901, was as follows:
1808. 1900. 19OI.
November ig Vevsre sce iss ase peas 134 49 137
INoVenibeniel5) sacerar ca eres. Leama 2 49 1454
November wOy .s peace te toe he 22 63 5
It will be noticed that no observations were reported by Prof. Brackett
for the year 1899. The reason given was the incessant cloudy weather.
Commenting upon Prof. Brackett’s report, President Knight ex-
pressed the opinion that he considered the Leonid observations made at
Claremont College to be the best and most systematic work in this field
of astronomy made anywhere in the country.
The Chair called the attention of the meeting to a number of valuable
scientific lectures recently given in Philadelphia under the auspices of the
Franklin Institute, the Museum of Sciences and Arts of the University
of Pennsylvania, and the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia.
Some of the subjects dealt with were: “‘Divisibility of the Atom,” “The
Period of a Rod Vibrating in a Liquid,” “Molecular Physics,’ “Cuban
Archeology,” “Insect Life History,” “Excretory Organs,’ and “Nitric
Acid
The speaker of the evening was then introduced, Mr. Irvin G. Lewis,
who presented an interesting paper on
“THE SouTtH SEA ISLANDS.”
The speaker dealt with the topography and geography of the islands
and called special attention to the scarcity of harbors and the depth of the
ocean between the groups of islands. The atolls and coral formations
were described, and the various theories of their formations and growth
entered into. Mr. Lewis stated the remarkable fact that the fishes found
in the lagoons formed by the atolls were all poisonous, while the same fish
found outside of the atolls could be eaten with impunity. ‘The various
languages of the natives, their history, their huts and former cannibalism
(a subject which the speaker said the natives today avoid referring to),
the appalling mortality since they have come in contact with Caucasian
civilization, were all dealt with in an instructive way.
A discussion followed, after which the meeting stood adjourned.
B. R. BAuMGARDT, Secretary.
ASTRONOMICAL SECTION.
The meeting was called to order at the usual hour by Chairman Baum-
gardt.
A letter to the President of the Academy from Director W. W. Camp-
bell of the Lick Observatory was read to the Section, expressing Prof.
Campbell’s appreciation of the invitation extended to him by the President
to deliver a lecture before the Academy, and making a conditional promise
to do so early in the spring.
Chairman Vaumgardt then, by aid of a diagram on the blackboard,
gave a very interesting and instructive exhibition and explanation of the
movements of the planet Venus, now at her greatest eastern elongation,
and predicting the dates of her greatest brilliancy, inferior conjunction,
and greatest western elongation.
)
AIPR1L GO, 19 OF.
SUPERIOR
CONIUNCTION
Wov.28, | 1902.
Lntermeditate
lt Ben
\ ye =
of Nt \ Comuncrion / ae
. Feb./4%,, 1902! / eS
VN \ Var :
NN { et
\ I VNC A,
N\ 1 17
SS { Ys
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Ay?
EARTH.
The subject of the Leonids was then taken up and many facts brought
out concerning these interesting bodies by Messrs. Knight, Baumgardt,
Collins, and others.
Reference was then made to the false report of a comet having been
discovered by the weather bureau observer at Chicago, and the explanation
of the error offered by Prof. Campbell to the effect that the deceptive
appearance of the Pleiades in cloudy weather had probably given rise to
the mistake.
President Knight then gave a condensed sketch of the great comets
that have been visible during the nineteenth century, and added that it
having been about nineteen years since the last great comet appeared, it
was near the time when another comet of note should visit the solar
system.
President Knight then read a carefully prepared paper relative to the
phenomenon of the new star in Perseus, giving credence to the theory that
a star in its movements had come into contact with a nebulous mass of
sufficient density to offer much resistance, thus giving rise to a great deal
of heat and luminosity, both of which would pass away after contact
ceased. The discussion of this topic was participated in by several mem-
bers, after which the meeting adjourned.
MELVILLE Dozier, Secretary.
10
BIOLOGICAL, SECTION:
At the regular meeting of the Biological section, Tuesday evening,
Nov. roth, Miss Edith Claypool of Throop Polytechnic Institute, gave an
account of the work of Prof. Simon Henry Gage, EROUESSOn of Anatomy,
Cornell University.
The account included a reference to his early life, how by hard work
he made his way through college and that this capacity for work together
with technical know ledge of photography gained then, contributed ma-
terially to his eminent success as a teacher of Anatomy.
A review of his published works was given with special reference
o “Anatomical Technology” and “Use of the Microscope.” Among
his original contributions to science his studies on the lake lampreys have
been the most valuable.,
A description was given of the laboratories and the laboratory
methods used at Cornell University in Prof. Gage’s department. He was
one of the pioneers in requiring individual work of students in the prep-
aration of histological material for their own studies. Some sets of slides
of the normal animal tissues were shown to demonstrate what the aver-
age student was able to accomplish in this laboratory.
Dr. FRANK Gorpon, Secretary.
BOLANICAL SECTION
The regular monthly meeting of the Botanical section was held on
Monday, December 23rd, at eight o'clock in the evening, in room 85
Temple block, the usual time and place. The following gentlemen were’
present: Messrs. Ernest Braunton and H. S. Budd, and Drs. Adolf
Kraemer, Carl Schwalbe and Anstruther Davidson.
Most of the evening was occupied in looking over and discussing an
extremely interesting collection of Euphorbiaceae submitted by Mr. Budd,
and some plants from San Diego, shown by Dr. Kraemer.
Dr. Davidson presented to the section for the herbarium, a new and
handsome species of Zauschneria collected by him in Arizona and pub-
lished by him in this Bulletin as Z. Arizonica. After discussing this plant
as compared with Z. Californica, there being no formal business to be
transacted, the meeting adjourned until January 27th, 1902.
Louis A. Greata, Secretary.
GEOLOGICAL SECTION
This Section met at the rooms of the Southwestern Miners’ Associa-
tion, Tuesday evening, November 26th, 1901, George W. Parsons, pre-
siding.
"he subject for discussion was: “Quicksilver, its occurrence, Pro-
duction and Uses,” by Mr. R. S. Baverstock.
The speaker stated that California had extensive quicksilver re-
sources, San Francisco being the center of the quicksilver producing
district. He stated that the “principal producing quicksilver district at
the present time was San Luis Obispo County, and that Los Angeles cap-
ital had awakened to the importance of securing a part of the trade. Mr.
Baverstock also stated that a man who had been working Santa Barbara
sand for gold, obtained a few flasks of quicksilver which he disposed of
Il
in Los Angeles. He gave a very extensive and interesting description of
the process of smelting and distilation of the ores, illustrating the sub-
ject by the aid of charts.
He also exhibited some fine specimens of ore from the San Joaquin
Ranch in Orange County, as well as from other districts in California.
He stated that mercury is found amalgamated with gold, lead and
other metals, and that the supply in Mexico was inadequate to the demand,
and that the output in California was decreasing, yet the ore is found
in considerable quantities in the counties of Napa, Santa Clara, San
Benito, Lake, Trinity, Sonoma, San Luis Obispo, Colusa, Monterey,
Marin, Santa Barbara, Siskiyou, Mendocino and some of the other Coun-
ties of California.
It is expected that Dr. S$. M. Woodbridge will discuss the subject of
Nitrates, Phosphates and Potash at the January meeting.
G. Major Taser, Secretary.
The December meeting of the section was not held on account of
the Southern California ‘Teachers’ Association, which held its sessions
at this time.
Los ANGELES, Cau., Dec. 6, 1901.
MEETING OF THE BoarbD OF DIRECTORS AT THE OFFICE OF THE PRESIDENT.
A meeting was held this afternoon, with President Knight in the chair.
Those present were, President Knight, Prof. Dozier, Dr. Davidson,
Mr. Kinney and Mr. Baumgardt.
The President announced the subject for the next general meeting of
the Academy.
Nine new members were elected, as follows:
Robert D. Emery, O. D., Colton Russell,
Irvin G. Lewis, Miss Agnes Claypole,
Miss Edith Claypole, Geo! L. Coles Me iD:
Bishop J. H. Johnson, Rev. H. K. Walker,
Albert Br Ulrey.
On a motion of Dr. Davidson, Mr. S. B. Parrish was recommended
for honorary membership in the Academy.
It was moved by Prof. Dozier that the Chair appoint a committee of
three on publication. Carried.
Action on publishing Mr. Parrish’s Botany of Southern California
was postponed to the next meeting of the Board of Directors.
Adjourned.
B. R. BAUMGARDT, Secretary.
Los ANGELES, CAL: Dec, 10; 190m
MEETING OF THE Boarp OF DirEcToRS AT THE OFFICE OF THE PRESIDENT.
A meeting was held this afternoon. Members present were Messrs.
Davidson, Campbell, Johnson, Dozier and Baumgardt.
In the absence of President Knight, Prof. Dozier was elected to act as
chairman. :
The Secretary presented the name of Dr. Geo. S. Hull of Pasadena
for membership, which application was passed upon favorably.
Adjourned.
B. R. BAUMGARDT, Secretary.
CALENDAR OF MEETINGS FOR THE MONTH OF JANUARY.
January 7.—Meeting of the Astronomical Section at 724 South Broad-
way. Subject: “The Metric System,” by Prof. Melville Dozier.
January 14.—Meeting of the Academy at 724 South Broadway. Sub-
ject: “Landscape Gardening and Floriculture,” by Mr. Ernest Braunton,
editor of the California Floriculturist. ‘The lecture will embrace the effect
of gardening upon civilization, its history and development, rules for land-
scape gardening, the right and wrong ways and the dictates of nature,
California gardening in general and Los Angeles in particular, the planting
and care of trees, shrubs and plants, floriculture in general and the rose in
particular. The subject will be illustrated with charts showing several
economic and artistic ways of laying out an ordinary city lot.
January 21.—Biological Section will meet at the State Normal School.
January 27.—Botanical Section will meet at room 85, Temple block.
January 28.—Geological Section will meet at the Southwest Miners’
Association rooms, First and Main streets.
FEBRUARY 1, 1902 - NO. 2
BULLETIN
OF THE
oouthern California Academy of Sciences
COMMITTEE ON PUBLICATION:
A. DAVIDSON, C. M., M. D., Chairman
MELVILLE DOZIER T. B Comstock, Ph, D.
CONTENTS :
Calendar of Meetings for February..............csessscovvee 13
Frontispiece, Aster Greatai, full page illustration..... 14
Aster Greatai, by S. B. PARISH ..........ccscecsescsencsesces 15
November Meteors of 1901, Report of Observations
made by Prof. F. P. Brackett and Assistants...... 16
INGLES eee are nt aOR ons Menguuea eu shabenasecgepaseuees PR aAcEnae 7
Mr aSACtONG sere. cides con ccusccosiensoedearioass Uecedessene ose LO
PUBLISHED FOR THE ASSOCIATION BY
B. R. BAUMGARDT & CO.
231 WusT First StT., LoS ANGELES, CAL.
: Yearly Subscription , $1,00 Single Copies, 10 cts
PAPPPARLPLP PERL PRL 8®LLR LL IAP LL RIOD DIOP INP
a he
ef
Mh ihe
teat
St
ENN 7
Brokat
ates
¢
Calendar for February, 1902.
Feb. 4 Astronomical Section meets at 724 South Broadway. Illus-
trated lecture by Prof. Edgar IL. Larkin, of the Lowe Observatory. Sub-
ject: ‘‘Spectrum Analysis.’ The lecture will include Recent Research in
Radiant Energy and the Search for Zero Temperature.
Feb. 11. General meeting of the Academy. Lecture by Miss Mary
L. Jones, Librarian of Los Angeles Public Library. Subject: ‘The Li-
brary Historically and Locally Considered,” to be preceded by a brief paper
on ‘‘Modern English” by Mr. A. lL. Bancroft.
Feb. 18. Meeting of the Biological Section at the State Normal
School. Lecture by Dr. Albert B. Ulruy. Subject: ‘*‘Some Practical Sug-
gestions on the Study of Biological Problems of this Region with Special
Reference to Animal Ecology.
Feb. 24. Meeting of Geological Section at the Southwest Miners’
Association, First and Main streets. Lecture by Dr. S. M. Woodbridge.
Subject: ‘Phosphate and Other Deposits in New Mexico Suitable for Fer-
tilizing.’’
Feb. 25. Meeting’of Botanical Section at 85 Temple Block. There
will be a report by Mr. Louis A. Greata, on a Collection of Northern Plants.
N. B. All the meetings commence at eight o’clock in the evening.
14
i,
Midi
i\
A
"fe
2
RS =
\
NATURAL SIZE.
ASTER GREATAI, %
Fig. 2.
BULLETIN
Ole Walls
SOUTHEPN Galifornia Academy O Ssoicn6es
VOL. | LOS ANGELES, CAL., FEBRUARY 1, 1902. NO. 2
; LIBRARW
oA Aster Greatai. NEW YORK
Sp. nov. BOTANICAL
By S. B. Parish, San Bernardino, GARDEN
Stems erect or assurgent, 4 17 dm. high, glabrous, or above
sparsely hirtellus; leaves thin, ovate, oblong-lanceolate, or lan-
ceolate, 6-15 cm. long, the scabrid margins few-toothed, and the
base clasping, the uppermost usually reduced to linear or
* linear-lanceolate bracts; heads (5 mm. high by 10 mm. wide) in
an ample panicle; involucral scales loosely imbricated in a few
series, lanceolate, green, minutely ciliate; rays 30-40, light pur-
ple, nairow, acute, 5-10 mm. long; achenes hirsute. (Fig. 2.)
Acton, Dr. Hasse, Canyons of the San Gabriel Mts., near
Pasadena; McClatchie, Sept. 1892; L. A. Greata, Sept. 1900,
(type); Mr. and Mrs. Grout, Sept. 1goo.
A handsome species of the Vulgaris section, and near A.
Fremonti, Gray. The recognition of it is due to Mr. Greata’s
notes and excellent specimens, and it fittingly may connect his
name with the flora of which he is so earnest a student.
Ff
[ This issue mailed Jan. 31, 1902. ]
16
November Leonids of 1901.
REPORT OF OBSERVATIONS MADE BY PROF. F. P. BRACKETT AND ASSIS-
TANTS AT POMONA COLLEGE, CLAREMONT, CAL.
Volunteers from the Astronomy Class maintained a systematic watch
on the mornings of November 14th, 15th and 16th, from midnight till day-
light. The watch was divided into half-hour periods, for each of which two
or more observers were responsible.
On the morning of the 14th, 137 meteors were seen, of which only 57
were positively identified as Leonids.
On the morning of the 15th, 1449 meteors were seen, of which only
22 were indentified as zo¢ being Leonids.
A fog on the morning of the 16th precluded observation.
Of the 1449 meteors observed on the 15th, 1130 were seen in the two
hours from 3:30 to 5:30 a. m., being at the rate of 9.4 per minute.
Between 4:30 and 5 a. m. their frequency amounted almost to a ver-
itable shower. During that period 400 meteors were seen—falling at the
average rate of one for each 19 seconds, though at some portions of that in-
terval several meteors were seen moving across the sky at the same
moment.
About one-quarter of the meteors were of the first magnitude or
higher, About half were of the third magnitude or less.
The prevailing color of those under third magnitude was white, while
that of the higher magnitude was orange. A few green and blue ones
were seen.
The length of the path was usuallv proportional to the magnitude of
the meteor. :
Several meteors were seen to burst and scatter. Three left trails
which were visible for a long time, one of them about 20 minutes.
The very excellent, elaborate and painstaking report above epit-
omised, covers 38 pages of descriptive and tabular matter, and reflects great
credit upon Prof. Brackett and his assistants, Messrs. Ludden, Moles, Ven-
huizen, Bert and Reynolds, and Misses Craig, Wolcott and Rice. It is a
valuable contribution to meteoric astronomy. Wo. H. KNIGHT.
17
Notes.
A complete summary of the last season’s work of the San Pedro
Biological Station of the University of California is made by Dr. W. E.
Ritter in Sczence, Jan. 10, 1902.
Prof. W. W. Campbell, Director of the Lick Observatory, will lecture
before the Acadeniy at the March meeting.
“Last July, at Downey, Los Angeles, County, California, I had an op-
portunity to examine an orange orchard. I was greatly interested to find
Mytitaspis beckiz (which, it used to be said, would not live in California)
excessively abundant and injurious on the leaves and fruit. On the same
trees the old California pests Sazssetia olew, Aspidiotus aurantit and Icerya
purchasi were also present, but in such insignificant numbers that all three
combined would not do any appreciable damage. I had difficulty in get-
ting enough of the /cerya for certain identification. I do not know how
widespread this condition of affairs may be; Dr. Howard, to whom I men-
tioned it, told me it was new to him.’’—T. D. A. COCKERELL, in Entom,
News, Jan., 1902.
The Chayote, a tropical vegetable of the gourd family, said to be su-
perior to the summer squash and vegetable marrow of cultivation, is recom-
mended in Bulletin No. 28, U.S. Dept. of Agricult., asa probable valuable
food plant for Californians. It has been grown at Santa Barbara for some
years and is a rapid growing vine with an abundance of flowers that pro-
duce much honey.
The Delphiniums of the west threaten to become as much of a puzzle
to our botanists as the blackberry bush was to the English. Miss Alice
Eastwood (Torrey Bulletin, Dec. 19c1) discusses 2. decorum, and its allies,
and, by way of elucidation, adds three new species and two varieties, all
native of northern and middle California.
The Academy of Sciences of Southern California aims to make its
Bulletin the best representative magazine of its kind in the west. To fully
attain this end we require and desire help from all workers in nature’s field.
The entomologist, zooiogist, geologist and botanist will be accorded space
for any article of scientific value; if illustrations are forwarded these will be
reproduced without any expense to the writers. Lists of species and ad-
ditions to lists already published always prove useful to investigators.
Quite a respectable number of new species have been added to the
flora of the west during the season just passed. We have made arrange-
ments to present one or two of these with illustrations in each succeeding
number of the Bulletin.
Mr. Henry Skinner (Entomological News, Jan. ’02) describes two new ©
butterflies from California. Lycaena neurvona, from Doble, San Bernardino
county, and Lycaena chlorina from Tehachapi.
In the Journal of Malacology, t901, Vol. VIII, pt. 3, Mr. T. D. A.
Cockerell reports three new Nudibranchs from California. Coryphella
cooperi and Facelina stearnsi, from San Pedro; and T7hecacera velox, from
La Jolla, San Diego county.
Volutomitra Alaskana, a new deep water shell ranging from Alaska
to San Diego, is described by Mr. Dall in Nautilus, January, ’o2.
18
Transactions.
ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.
The regular meeting of the Academy of Sciences was held in Ebell Hall
January 14th, 1902. President Wm. H. Knight called the meeting to order.
The Secretary, Mr. B. R. Baumgardt being absent, Mr. G. Major Taber
acted as Secretary pro tem.
Mr. Ernest Braunton, editor of the “California Floriculturist,’’ was
introduced as the speaker of the evening, his subject being ‘‘Landscape
Gardening and Floriculture.”’
The speaker took a broad and scientific view of the subject, and said
in part:—“That the effect of gardening on civilization had been very marked.
That Lydia had been famed for her gar.!ens 2000 years before the Christian
era, as also the hanging gardens of Babylon which Nebuchadnezzar made
the wonder of the world. The study of the picturesque was the order of
the day down to 600 years B. C.
He stated that Ptolemy laid out magnificent arden at Alexandria
containing avenues, statuary and fountains, and that the Greeks were noted
for their art in landscape gardening. :
The speaker advocated following as near to nature as possible, and
remarked that A. J. Downing, the pioneer of landscape gardening, assisted
by Fredrick S. Umstead, Jaid out the Central Park in New York City, and
that it was one of the most beautiful parks in the world. He spoke very
highly of the Golden Gate Park of San Francisco.
The speaker laid down three rules as underlying principals, that of
preserving open lawn centers, planting in mass, and avoiding straight lines.
He made the assertion that California had not yet developed a system
of her own, but had imitated eastern methods, and that Prof. Bailey was in
favor of California adopting a distinct method, owing to her superior ad-
vantages of climate. He asserted that the possibilities iu Los Angeles were
greater for landscape gardening than in any other country, and yet they
were far behind many of the eastern cities, and that many of the eastern
nurseries contained a greater variety of plants and flowers than could be
found in our own nurseries here. He stated that the trees and shrubs bor-
dering the streets were not the best adapted for the purpose. The speaker
criticized the unartistic design of the 6th Street Park, and suggested the
planting around the Parka hedge to make it more secluded. For shade
trees for the roadside, he preferred the Sterculia Diversifolia, sometimes
called the ‘Bottle Tree.”’
The speaker took up the subject of the cultivation of the Rose, giving
direction as to pruuing, watering and fertilizing, going into the subject very
thoroughly. During his remarks he called the attention of the audience to
several designs of lawns, explaining the rules governing the artistic points
in the laying out of them.
The President in a few appropriate words, thanked the speaker in
the name of the audience for his interesting lecture.
G. Major TABER, Sec’y pro temporary.
19
ASTRONOMICAL SECTION.
Jan. 7th, 1902.
The section was called to order at the usual hour by Chairman Baum-
gardt, and the minutes of the last meeting read and approved.
The chairman announced that Director Campbell of the Lick Ob-
servatory, expected to deliver a lecture before the Academy of Sciences at
the regular meeting in March next.
He also called attention to the fact that the planet Venus is now at
its maximum brilliancy, and would henceforth rapidly approach the Sun,
disappearing in his rays on the 22nd of next month, shortly after which she
would appear as a Morning Star. The paper of the evening was then read
by Mr. Melville Dozier, being a brief summary of the defects of the present
s\stem of weights and measures in use in this country and Great Britain,
followed by a concise history of the construction and adoption of the Metric
System, together with an exposition of its remarkable advantages over the
common system; the simplicity and comprehensiveness of the system being
illustrated by use of the blackboard. The paper was followed by a discus-
sion of the comparative merits of the systems and the question of the com-
pulsory use of the Metric System in the United States. It was resolved
that the Academy be recommended to adopt a resolution asking Congress
to pass a law making the use of the Metric System compulsory in all gov-
ernmental business. The meeting then adjourned.
MELVILLE DOZIER, Secretary.
BIOLOGICAL SECTION.
At the January meeting a paper was read by Dr. C. A. Whiting on
“Some Problems of Nutrition.”’
The paper discussed .the nature of the food principles and their
changes by means of the digestive ferments. Particular attention was
given to the role of proteids in nutrition,and how, under certain conditions,
they may supply deficiencies in carbohydrates. Proteids are the tissue for-
mers, while fats and carbohydrates are the energy producers of the human
body.
The paper was illustrated by blackboard diagrams of processes and
chemical reactions.
The discussion which followed brought out a review of Dr. Loeb’s
recent experiments on the vitality of the cell.
Dr. FRANK GORDON, Secretary.
GEOLOGICAL SECTION.
The Geological Section met in the rooms of the Southwest Miners ©
Association on Tuesday evening, January 28th. The attendance was large,
including a delegation from Dr. F. Lee Fuller’s Y. M. C. A. Class in Min-
ing and Mineralogy.
20
In the absence of Chairman Geo. W. Parsons, Mr. Wm. H. Knight
presided. The minutes of the preceding meeting of the Section were read
by the Secretary and approved.
The meeting was addressed by Mr. Fred H. Brown on ‘Detecting
the Presence and Locating the Position of Ore Bodies in Mineral Veins by
Electricity.’’ It was interestingly illustrated by means ofelectrical apparatus,
numerous charts and blackboard diagrams.
Mr. Brown said that the principle involved is the well-known law
that an electrical current always seeks the path of least resistance. The
metals are good conductors, while the earth is a poor conductor and offers a
comparatively high resistance. If a current is sent from a point A toa
point B, 500 feet distant, and the resistance recorded by the ohm-indicator is,
say 1000 ohms, while a currant sent from A to point C in another direction
encounters a resistance of only 200 ohms, the inference is that somewhere
below the surface between A and C there is a body of metallic ore offering a
low resistance to the current. By repeated cross-sectional surveys the
depth and position of the ore body can be approximately determined.
Beautiful experiments, illustrating the principles involved were,
made with copper fillings, with a mass of galena two feet in diameter, and
with a chalk-like substance which proved to be nearly a non-conductor.
Mr. Brown was assisted in his experiments by Messrs. J. A. Shelhamer and
Wm. D. Kelly. An animated discussion was participated in by Messrs. J.
H. Dockweiler, G. Major Taber, E B. Avery, W. W. Webster of Pasadena
and others. G. Major TABER, Secretary.
rern Cal ornia Academy of Sciences:
COMMITTEE ON PUBLICATION: /
A. DavrpDson, C. M., M. D., Chairman
MELVILLE DozIER A Be ’ Comstock, Ph. D.
‘CONTENTS :
Frontispiece, Spiral Nebula in Canis Venatici......... 22
New Spectograph at Lowe Observatory, by EDGAR
Hele MRIRMINE CLUL.).t 2.55 eeetuseck ewes Gade cess ees swe: Shei twas
Scrophularia Glabrata, sp. nov. (Ill.) Dr. ANSTRU-
BLEND AVLDSONia.«.\csceteenete ss. canccdaicaetasderadcscesoun 20
The Genus Dirina in North America, Dr. H. EH.
IBUNGISID Peer osaeccqoeneceReen De ae meien ere odeceuatien erect 26
Silvery Footless Lizard or Shave (Ii. ) Peon seals
RIVERS .....
NOTES stescae seis
Books and Pamphlets Received......
Transactions.. S chvasbeurlegaee o -orectice
oe emcee eee twee ee meee eee aceea esses seoreosenes
PUBLISHED FOR THE ASSOCIATION BY
B. R. BAUMGARDT & CO.
231 WEST FIRST ST., LOS ANGELES, CAL.
Single Copies, 10 cts —
o
Ne
ae ae
ae
Spiral Nebula in Canis Venatici, from photograph taken with the
Crossley Reflector at the Lick Observatory, May Io, 1899. Expos-
ure, 4 hours. Illustrating the genesis of suns and worlds.
BULLETIN
OF THE
southern Galiiornia Academy oF Sciences
oh, b LOS ANGELES, CAL, MARCH |, 1902. NO. 3
LIBRARY
NEW YORK
og plese
The New Spectrograph at the Lowe Observatory.
BY PROF. EDGAR LL. LARKIN.
DIRECTOR OF THE LOWE OBSERVATORY
The Lowe Observatory is now receiving a fine new spectro-
graphic outfit through the kindness of generous donors. ‘I‘wo
ladies, tourists from Allegheny, Penn., called at the observatory.
They desired to see the solar spectrum with the Fraunhofer.
They were shown and explained, as best might be, with the
home-made, wood-mounted heliostat. They saw this remark-
able revolving mirror and asked if it was the only heliostat in
the observatory. Being informed that it was, they called for pen
and paper and immediately made an order on the Brashear Opti-
cal Co. for a new one, to order, the finest made. This cost $123.00.
It is here and is a marvel of precision and beauty; its polished
mirrors are of exceeding brilliancy. They since have asked what
more was needed to render the Lowe Observatory able to enter
the list with others in original research. They were in-
formed that a spectrographic outfit was necessary to do work on
current lines of astro and solar physics. This was ordered and
is now being made by Brashear. The names of these liberal and
intellectual women who are doing so much here and elsewhere
in aid of science are the Misses Jennie M. and Matilda H. Smith.
They said they were not ‘‘society’’ women.
{ This issue mailed March 3, 1902. ]
24 SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.
THE NEW SPECTROGRAPH OF THE LOWE OBSERVATORY
The cut shows a photograph of the spectroscopic apparatus
now in the observatory. The new spectrograph is not here—
probably will be in April. The two instruments to the right are
Nos. 1, 2, 3, the heliostat, and 4 is another mirror to reflect the
band of light elsewhere if desired. The axis (2) of the heliostat
is parallel to the axis of the earth, the brass box (1) contains a
double clock which turns the mirror 3 upon which the sun shines,
to keep up with the rotation of the earth. This keeps the light
as long as required on a straight line entering the slit of the
spectroscope (5). The rays pass through the collimator (6) to the
defraction grating (7), which disperses the band into a magnificent
spectrum of gorgeous colors, crossed with over 4200 Fraunhofer
lines. These lines can be read as a telegraphic dispatch and
constitute the languageoralphabet ofthe universe. The grating,
ruled with a diamond 14,438 lines to the inch, reflects the light
through the lens (8) to another lens (at 9), where the eye is
placed. But the telescope (8), (9), isto be replaced by the new
spectrograph, which will take photographs of all that appears on
the grating. The entire instrument will rank with the finest in
the world. he other instruments shown cannot be explained
here for want of space.
F
=a
é
Fig. 3. SCROPHULARIA GLABRATA. (Natural Size.)
26 SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.
\ Scrophularia glabrata, sp, nov.
BY A. DAVIDSON, C. M., M. D.
Perennial light green glabrous; the whole upper part of the
plant studded with microscopic glands: stems slender, two feet
high, much branched: leaves ovate lanceolate, coarsely dentate.
I to 1% in. long accuminate at apex, narrowed at base, not»
prominently nerved, petioles 4% in. long; flowers dull purple in
almost leafless thyrses averaging 6 in. in length; bractlets most-
ly opposite, slender ascending; calyx ovate, acute shorter than the
tube; corolla dull, purple not contracted, upper lip erect, lobes
rounded, sterile stamen obovate purple; capsule ovate acute—
ARIZONA. Mountain streams at Metcalf at 4000 to 5000 ft. alt.
(Fig. 3).
This species is readily distinguished from all other Scrophu-
larice by the shape of the leaf and the total lack of hairs on any
part of the plant.
The Genus Dirina in North America.
IBY DR] (El we aeLUNSSine
In 1872 Tuckerman wrote (Gen. Lich. p. 130), ‘‘It (Dirina)
has not yet occurred nearer to the North American continent
than the Sandwich Islands.’’ It will hence be of interest to
Lichenologists that this Lichen, hitherto known from the Eng-
lish and Mediteranean coasts, from Chili, Japan and Sandwich Is-
lands, has now been found to be represented by two new species
on this continent, both occurring within the boundaries of Los
Angeles county. Dr. A. Zahlbruckner, of the Botanical De-
partment of the Royal Museum of Vienna (the author of our
species), alluded to the circumstance that, true to the predilec-
tion of this Genus these two species likewise favor a maritime
habitat, conforming herein to Roccella, to which, according to
the views of recent authors, Dzrivza is allied. This view has
been foreshadowed by Tuckerman (1. c.) and others.
Dirina rediunta (Stiz.), Zahlbr., was found by the writer in
1895 on Catalina upon the bark of Heteromeles arbutifolia, and
sitice also on the mainland upon the California Walnut and
VNOURAERN. CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 27
Quercus agrifolia. The late Dr. Stitzenberger recognized it asa
n. sp., placing it under Lecanora. Subsequently Dr. Nylander,
in view of the dark brittle hypothecium, transferred it to Lecidea
as L. sublugens Ngl. It has now been recognized by Dr. Zahl-
bruckner as a true Divina. Ann. K. K. Natur. Hist. Hofmus.
XVii. 81. Vienne, Igor.
Dirina hasset Zahibr. n. sp. Bull. Torr. Bot. xxvii. 644,
1901. The original, and so far only known, station on the
beach near Santa Monica, on bark of Rhus iaurinum.
It is not improbable that further search along our coast
and adjacent islands may be rewarded by the discovery of other
species of Dzrzna.
Silvery FE Gotless Lizard or Snake.
Antella pulchra. Gray, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist.
Antella nigra. Fisher, Abh. Nat. Verein Hamburg ( Var.)
BY PROF. J. J. RIVERS.
Fig. 4. SILVERY FooTLEss LIZARD. (%. Natural Size)
An anatomical digest of the relationship of Aniella to other
Lacertians is to be found in the U. S. Natural Museum Reports,
Vol. 17, page 345, by Dr. Baur. This lizard inhabits the sand
dunes from Marin county to San Diego, Cal. Its food consists
of larvae of insects, its time of activity is during the night when
many species in the larval form are seeking their vegetable food.
Both the reptile and the insect are invisible during the day as
both have the habit of burrowing for the purpose of concealment.
But prowling in the dark does not ensure safety for the vege-
table feeder succumbs to the insectivorous and the insectivorous
become the prey of the birds of the night.
Ocean Park, Santa Monica.
28 SOUTHERN “CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCHENGES
Notes.
We have received from Dr. L. G. Yates a reprint from Bulletin 3 of the
Santa Barbara Natural History Society which contains a list with the known
localities of the Marine Algae of Santa Barbara county. The list is some-
what smaller than we would have anticipated and further investigation will
probably add many other species to the number.
Students of Mycology will be charmed by the illustrations in Bulletin
No. 3 of the Lloyd Library, Cincinnati. Mr. Lloyd particularly desires ripe
specimens of Earth stars and Puff-balls from anywhere and everywhere.
Any specimens sent will be gratefully received and duly acknowledged.
The California Academy of Sciences has recently acquired a specimen
of the Elf Owl from near San Bernardino and a Rivoli hummingbird
from the San Gorgonio Pass—both first records from California. Auk, Vol.
XIX, No. 1.
Books, Pamphlets, Etc., Received.
The Journal of the Cincinnati Society of Natural History, Vol. Nos. 1
and 2.
Missouri Botanic Garden Reports, Vols. 11 and 12.
Bulletin of Department of Geology of the University of Cal., Vols. 1
and 2.
Publications of the U. S. Dept. of Agriculture for sale by the Superin-
tendent of Documents. Corrected to July I, 1900.
Suggestions to prospective forest students. Circular 23, U.S. Dept of
Agriculture, Bureau of Forestry.
Report of the Forester for 1901, U. S. Department of Agriculture.
Bulletin of the New York Botanical Garden, Vol. 2, No. 6.
Experiment Station Record, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. Vol. XIII,
No. 5.
Proceedings of the Thirteenth annual meeting of the Association of
Economic Entomologists.—U. S. Dept. of Agriculture.
SOUMIE RNG CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF’ SCIENGES. 29
Transactions.
ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.
The regular meeting of the Academy was held at Ebell Hall Feb. 11,
1902. President Wm. H. Knight called the meeting to order. In the
absence of Secretary B. R. Baumgardt, Mr. G. Major Taber acted as secre-
tary pro tem.
The following persons were elected to membership in the Academy:
Dean William T. Randall, Prof. James H. Hoose, and Paul Arnold, of the
University of Southern California; Miss Alice G. Cooper, Miss Louise Lyde,
Dr. D. L. Tasker, and Dr. Fred L Brown.
A paper contributed by Mr. A. L. Bancroft, was read by Prof. Mel-
ville Dozier. Subject: ‘‘Modern English from the Standpoint of Useful-
ness.’’ The author proposed a ievision, enumerating the advantages that
would result from the adoption by all the English speaking nations of the
phonetic system. Prof. Dozier moved that the paper be referred to a Com-
mittee of Three for further consideration by the Academy.
The President then introduced Miss Mary L. Jones, City Librarian,
who addressed the meeting, her subject being ‘‘Libraries, Historically and
Locally Considered.’’ Miss Jones gave account of some of the first libraries
established in this country, stating that Benjamin Franklin organized the
first subscription library at Philadelphia in 1731, and from that effort public
libraries had been established all over the country. The speaker explained
the decimal system of classifying books and other interesting features of
modern library work. She stated that more books were read from the
Los Angeles Library in proportion to its population, than is the case in any
other city in the United States. She favored locating the newspaper read-
iug rooms in the new Chamber of Commerce building, thus making more
table room at the Public Library for book users The speaker deprecated
the too frequent changes in the personel of the library board as detrimefital
to the best interests of the institution.
G. Major TABER, Secretary pro tem.
ASTRONOMICAL SECTION.
The meeting was called to order by Chairman Baumgardt, and the min-
utes of the last meeting were read and approved. The Chairman again
called attention to the approaching transition of Venus from an evening to
a morning star, aud to the proximity of its conjunction with the Sun.
30 SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES:
President Knight referred to a paragraph from the pen of Prof. Kapteyn,
published in a European journal, relative to a theory accounting for the
new star in Perseus. Mr. Knight compared it with his own theory as stated
before the section at the December meeting.
The lecture of the evening was then delivered by Prof. Larkin. director
of the Lowe Observatory, being an exposition of the nature, law, and prac-
tical applications of Spectrum Analysis. Prof. Larkin, by the aid of many
diagrams, illustrated the development and the construction of the spectro-
scope, and gave a most lucid and instructive account of the important dis-
coveries due to its use, and of the invaluable place it occupies in astro-
nomical investigation and calculation. The evening was one of unusual
profit and interest.
MELVILLE DOZIER, Secretary.
BIOLOGICAL SECTION.
Los Angeles, Cal., Feb. 18, 1902
Prof. Ulrey of the University of Southern California, addressed the Sec-
tion. He gave an interesting sketch of the history of Biological research.
Beginning with Aristotle, he traced the evolution of the science through
Pliny, Wotton, Linaeus, Lamarck, Lyell and Agassiz.
Finally, he said the researches and convincing arguments of Darwin
and Wallace gave us ‘“‘Natural Selection.”” These in their turn were fol-
lowed by Weissman who opposed the idea of acquired characters being in-
herited.
The comparatively new line of research in experimental embryology
and comparative physiology is well illustrated by the experiments of Roux.
He destroyed one part of the developing egg of the frog and the remaining
part developed, first into a half embryo and later this half produced the
whole animal.
Herbst showed that by changing the composition of sea water, sea
urchins’ eggs wonld develop into a form very different from the species
from which it came. Loeb’s researches are along the same lines.
Some of the problems suggested for local study were: (1) Variations
under known environment. (2) Inheritance of acquired characters. (3)
Hybridization. (4) Effects on developing embryos of abnormal conditions.
(5) Regeneration experiments.
Besides this, such pioneer work should be carried on as: (1) making
lists of species in this region with particular reference to the data of their
environment and (2) distribution of certain forms and their abundance.
In the discussion which followed plans were considered as to these-
practical lines of work which the section might undertake.
NOUTAERN CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. (37
GEOLOGICAL SECTION.
Los Angeles, Feb. 25th, 1gor.
The Geological Section met at the rooms of the Southwestern Miners’
Association, at8 p.m. In the absence of Chairman Parsons, President Wm. H.
Knight called the meeting to order. The minutes of the last meeting were
read by the Secretary and approved.
Mr. Wm. Hodgson placed on exhibition a number of bones found on
the desert some sixty miles from Mojave, which were apparently fossils of
gigantic animals belonging to a previous geological era, also several
Indian relics found in that vicinity.
Mrs. Mary E. Hart gave a brief sketch of her mining experience at
Nome, having lately returned from that section. She exhibited a collection
of photographs of the inhabitants of Alaska, also of reindeer and other curi-
osities, also samples of tundra, moss which comprises almost the exclusive
food of the reindeer, Alaska cotton, and samples of gold dust. MHer report
of that section was full of interest. Capt. J. J. Healy and Col. A. B. Hamil-
ton of Seattle, formerly Alaska miners, were present and added much to the
interest of the occasion with their reminiscences. The section then ad-
journed.
G. Major TABER, Sec’y.
BOTANICAL SECTION.
The proposed meeting was postponed on account of the inclemency o
the weather. v
L. GREATA, Secretary.
BOARD OF DIRECTORS.
A meeting of the Board of Directors was held in the office of the Presi-
dent. A full quorum was present.
Seven applications for membership were passed favorably. The names
of the applicants were as follows: Dean W. T. Randall, Miss A. G. Cooper,
Miss Louise Lyde, Prof. J. A. Hoose, Paul Arnold, Dr. D UL. Tasker, Fred
Brown.
The offer of Prof W. W. Campbell, Director of the Lick Observatory, to
lecture before the Academy at the regular monthly meeting in March was
accepted and the Secretary instructed to make arrangements for a hall of
sufficient capacity for the occasion.
Bills to the extent of $45.65 were passed.
There being no further business the meeting stood adjourned.
Secretary.
32. SOURBERN CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF “SCluENGIES:
Calendar for March.
March 4. Astronomical Section mets at 724 S. Broadway. Informal
talk on the International Date Line, introduced by Mr. Melville Dozier.
March 11. General meeting of the Academy at the Ebell Hall, Broad-
way. Lecture by Prof. Willism Wallace Campbell, Director of the Lick
Observatory. Subject: ‘The Motion of the Solar System.’’ Illustrated
with numerous lantern slides. Also a few slides showing the nebula sur-
rounding Nova Persei, and slides of photographs of nebulz obtained by the
late Director Keeler.
Referring to the Lick Observatory, Prof. Simon Nemcomb says: ‘But
its most epoch-making work is due in recent years to Campbell, by meas-
urements of the motion of stars in the line of sight with the spectroscope.
Armed with the best spectrograph that human art could make, he has, by
the introduction of every refinement in his method, brought into these
measures a degree of precision never before reached.’’
March 18. Biological Section meets at the State Normal School.
March 24. Botanical Section meets at 85 Temple Block.
March 25. Geological Section meets at the Southwest Miners’ Associa-
tion, First and Main Streets. Subject: ‘‘'The Oynx Deposits of Arizona.”’
NOUM MBN “CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. « * 33
Houthern California Aeademp of SHeiences
OFFICERS ARD DIRECTORS
1901-1902
FNS PRI RIeD) AVTD SONG Vs Disc. ccetsneesecenacncssceecesseeses net Treasurer
B. R. BAUMGARDT, 231 West First Street, Los Angeles........ Secretary
PRoF. J. A. FosHAY PROF. MELVILLE DOZIER
Dr. JOHN R. HAYNES A. CAMPBELL, JOHNSON
Dr. S. M. WooDBRIDGE Dr. T. D. Comstock
SECTIONS
Astronomical Section
HS MMR STAGING HAV TD TS o oscrc ciatelstactoccce eisieictaia’wiales erateiare ee siete loic(etelelelow slasisicisseisesice Chatrman
ARO LANGE VU HS OO ZTE Rij oh sepe/aisws'scctonstestacaele saves see eetisisisieciset Secretary
Meets First Tuesday of Month at 724 South Broadway, Los Angeles
Biological Section
BROW! Me DAVIS <.0..0: ie AN RR Re thd ee BR Chairman
Meets Third Tuesday of Month at State Normal School
Botanical Section
(AGE CANE BIC a | OEUNS O Nicg. Satisa case cnscuctioeetaenctceiecteseceesierineses Chairman
Fry Ata (Cy RAV ACIVAD a ara tava atierclotsinceinic iolsiniians do csnied onieemisres aise eawidseameeaeorases Secretary
Meets Fourth [Monday of Month at 85 Temple Block, Los Angeles
Geological Section
GHOR GEE MRISONS te nctacet sree amis visven'eit are se enee asleeisomblsisesbis soa suitee’ Chairman
(Gap MENT OR IVASB © Ristnreacedcn re hada emics aii semis echtinnedece cael saciee stu aene Secretary
Meets Fourth Tuesday of Month at Northeast Corner First and Malin Streets,
Los Angeles
Agricultural Experimental Section
DD) ROS VEO OD BRED GH caculavcsumnencctotne aivaisis'sn soem caaineneesuienias Director
Office and Laboratory, 115 North Main Street, Los Angeles
COMMITTER ON PUBLICATION:
a. Davrpson, C M., M.D. Chairman
: T.B "Comstock, Ph. D.
CONTENTS:
ne : Page
38
39
,
40
AI
42
42
43
ictions....... 44
endar for a 46
PUBLISHED FOR THE ASSOCIATION BY
aS BAUMGARDT & CO.
Single Copies, 10cts =
MAILED APRIL 3, 1902 x
yr
One of the richest regions in the
photograph by Barnard at the Lick Observatory, June 19, 1892.
ky Way in the Constellation Sagitarius, from
BUEN ee Tas
southern Galliornia Academy OF Sciences
VOL. | LOS ANGELES, CAL., APRIL 1, 1902. in NO. 4
Ca Two New Erigerons Sas ts
BY EDW. L. GREENE. aig vie
ERIGERON FRAGILIS-¥ Tufted stems erect, rigid, slender, 2
or 3 feet high, very leafy up to the corymbose summit, dark-green
Or even purplish, scaberulous: leaves linear-filiform, 1% to 2
inches long, ascending, rigid, very fragile when dry, rough with
minute pustulate incurved hairs: corymbose panicle loose and
ample, of 10 to 15 heads, the branches ascending: subulate bracts
of the broad-campanulate involucre in about 3 series, nearly
glabrous: raysnumerous and narrow, deep-violet: achenes oblong -
linear, nearly glabrous, or with obvious setiform hairs on and
near the raised margins: inner pappus finely capillary, scaberulous
and very fragile, the outer present but inconspicious, composed
of very short and fine bristles.
TraBucco Canyon, Orange Co. California, June, 1901, Le
Roy Abrams. (n. 1801.) Species in some sort intermediate be-
tween E. foliosus, Nutt. and EZ. tenuissimus, Greene.
ERIGERON STRIATUS.) Stems 2 or 3 feet high, stoutish, very
erect, bright-green, glabrous and notably striate, very leafy up
to the corymbose summit: leaves oblong-linear, about 1% inches
long, obtuse, carinately-nerved beneath, glabrous on both faces,
the margins remotely scabrous-denticulate: heads 5 to 10 on
slender rigid ascending bracted peduncles:involucres campanulate
their oblong-linear acute bracts in about 3 series and glabrous:
rays rather few and very narrow, deep-violet: achenes oblong-
linear, sparsely strigulose or almost glabrous, the margins not
prominently raised or thickened; inner pappus fine and very
scabrous, not fragile, the outer scanty and wholly inconspicious,
consisting of few and very short bristles.
HustTon FLAT, San Bernardino Co., Cai., August, 1900.
Dr. W. R. SHAW,
The specimens communicated by Le Roy Abrams. In habit
and foliage this is much like the northern mountain F. zmornatus,
Greene, but the heads and flowersare of a very different character.
THE CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY OF AMERICA,
Washington, D. C.
era
go SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.
A New Plant-Louse from Southern California.
BY T. D. A. COCKERELL.
APHIS TETRAPTERALIS, 0. sp. Length of body about 1230
micromills, of wing about 2130 micromills: wings hyaline, stig-
ma yellowish; head and thorax dark grey; abdomen sage green,
with very faint lateral spots: legs very pale yellowish, tarsus and
apex of tibia blackish; antennz short, blackish. Nectaries cyl-
indrical, short, about 60 micromills long and 30 wide; style prom-
inent, about as long as nectaries; hind tibia about 630, hind tar-
sus about 100 micromills; a very small tubercule at base of an-
tennz in front; antennze with the apical half of joint three
conspiciously darkened, with six large sensoria, arranged more or
less in three pairs; one sensorium at apex of fifth joint: length of
antennal Segments in micromills: (i) 36; (2) 36; (3) 198; (@)
135; (5) 138; (62) 95; (6b) 63.
The apterous forms are bluish-green or greyish, about the
color of the food piant, butalittle brighter. Mounted specimens
appear greenish-yellow.
Has. LA Jouua, California, Aug. 9, t901, very abundant on
Atriplex canescens tetraptera (Obtone tetraptera, Benth. Bot. Sulph.,
p- 48.) The aphis does not distort the plant, but it is followed
by a black fungus. There were some galls of Asphondylia atrip-
licis (Townsend)—new to California—on the same plant; and
the butterfly Lycaena exiles (the larva of which feeds on the Azrz-
lex) was flying around.
Aphis tetrapteralts differs from A. atriplicis, by its smaller
size, mode of life and much shorter nectaries. It seems to be
related to A. monardae, Oestlund.
Note on the Ant Which Attends Aphis Tetrapteralis.
The original specimens of Aphzs tetrapteralis at La Jolla were
attended by a small ant of the genus Cvemastogaster. I collected
a couple of these and sent them to Prof. W. M. Wheeler, who
reports as follows:
“The Cremastogaster is either a new variety of C. Lineolata
near coarctata, Mayr, or an entirely new species. The sculpture
is very peculiar, especially on the nodes and abdomen. In cer-
tain respects it agrees with C. vermzculata, Emery, a form de-
scribed from very few specimens. Am extremely sorry that you
SOUWUPEERN "CALIFORNIA “ACADEMY VOR SCIENCES: gr
didnot secure more specimens. The variation among the workers
of a single nest of ants is often very great, and more specimens
of this form would probably show whether it deserves to rank as
an independent species. I believe it safe at present to call it C.
lineolata, Say, subsp. coarctata, Mayr. n. var.”
I quote the above in the hope that some member of the South-
ern California Academy of Sciences may be able to secure more
material of this new ant. ‘he species of Cvremastogaster are
rather easily recognized by their abdomen, which is more or less
heart-shaped and shiny. Specimens should be sent to Prof. W.
M. Wheeler, University of Texas, Austin, Texas.
EK. LAs VEGAS, N. M.
Discovery of Another Food Plant of Uranotes (Theckla)
Melinus, Hub,
BY PROF. J. J. RIVERS.
A flat or somewhat compressed larva was found feeding upon
the parenchyma of a pod of a cultivated pole bean (known as
Irwin’s bean); when disturbed the larva lost its hold and fell to
the ground. A slight examination told that it was of the Ly-
caenidaz. Many pods were excavated after the manner of Dza-
brotica, but only to the’extent of the inner lining of the legume.
Others bored through and attacked the seed and devoured a con-
siderable part of a large bean.
In Dr. Holland’s book on butterflies Uvanotes melinus, Hab.
is mentioned as ‘‘one of the hop butterflies’’ but this citation is
incomplete and a little misleading for the butterfly is common
where no Humulus grow. Another author records it feeding
upon Humulus and Crataegus. Thecla humult Harris, as cited in
“Prof. G. H. French’s Butterflies’ appears synonymous with U.
melinus, Hub. As this species has shown in California a partial-
ity for Leguminosae it would not be very prophetic to suggest
that it might be found upon Lupinus Chamissonis so common on
our coasts. The tone of color of the larva and the bean pod
agree and the texture is similar, the larva having a short, smooth
pile, while the pod is less conspicuous, being coated with a bloom
having a semi-velvet appearance.
Chrysalis: held by a few silken threads. The chrysalis is of
a dark brown color, head and thoracic parts having an undertone
42 SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES:
of rusty, but after the escape of the imago therefrom it becomes
a lighter brown. The abdominal region much congested and
much flattened on the underside. At the anterior portion where
the convexity ceased there are a few short stiff hairs; the anal
portion is covered by aclose-set pile. Size: length, 1rmm, width,
6 mm.
Ocean Park.
Notes
From analysis and experiments conducted by the Dept. of Agriculture
on the value of the many Insecticides and Fungicides sold to the public the
following conclusions have been arrived at: ‘Slug Shot,”’ ‘‘Bug Death’”’
and ‘‘Black Death,”’ are of little or no value. “P. D. Q.,’”’ ‘Instant Louse
Killer” and Lambert’s ‘“‘Death to Lice,’’ as lice killers are frauds. ‘‘Grape
Dust” and “Veltha’’ contain 35 percent. of sand or other useless ingredients.
Mr. A. A. Heller, author of the ‘‘Catalogue of Plants of North America,’’
made a flying visit to Los Angeles on his way to Santa Rosa. He expects
to locate in the latter place for a year or so.
Railroad improvements in East Los Angeles are likely to exterminate
our rarest sunflower, Helianthus Oliveri. Some members of the botanical
section are distributing roots in the hope of perpetuating this plant. To
any one interested in the preservation of the species, we will forward roots,
on the receipt of the small sum necessary to pay the cost of transmission.
The New York Botanical Gardens are this season offering prizes of $50,
$30 and $20, for the best essays on the preservation of our native plants.
This amount spent annually in the actual preservation of our rare plants
would seems to us the best solution of the question.
Some species of flesh fungi seem to require a much greater time to re-
spond to the stimulus of moisture than others, a fact that has probably much
to do with the seasons for the different species. It will be interesting to
observe whether the unusually late but abundant rains, will produce a plen-
tiful crop in the usual succession, but a month or more later than ordinary.
Book Reviews
A REVISION OF THE GENUS CALOCHORTUS BY CARI, PURDY.
We have been anticipating with considerable interest the above revision
which has now appeared as No. 4, Vol. 2, Proc. Cal. Acad. of Sciences. In
this revision due credit is justly given to Watson, whose accurate descrip-
tions in the Botany of California have been found to agree closely with those
of all subsequent investigators. Mr. Purdy’s method of classifying the
species is more likely to appeal to the florist than to the technical botanist.
The many intergradations or varieties he prefers to consider as ‘‘strains,”’
and he has grouped the variable species accordingly.
' In group VII for example (the type of which is splendens) C. Catalinae
is included. Neither in shape of flower (sflendens is obconic while Caza-
SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 43
linae is cup shaped) nor in pod or testa is Ca/a/inae at all allied to splendens,
and the latter is we think best retained in a separate group as Watson has
done. Some of the varieties the author believes hybridize freely but this
will require practical demonstration. Our attempts at hybridization of the
the common species have, like those of the author, always resulted in failure.
The author might with advantage have paid more attention to the
characteristic shape of the pods, the recurving of the sepals in some species,
and the quality of the hairs on the petals. Some of the observations on the
latter do not agree with our investigation on the same species in Southern
California. Here C. venusta has the hairs simple, C. splendens has them
not only matted but glandular. C. Palmeri the author has not seen, all those
sent him as such being either C. zxvenustus or C. splendens, var. montanus
What we understand as C. Palmeri Wats. is still abundant at its original
station, the Mojave River, and on the higher hills on the desert slope as
far as Rock Creek. The author has added several new species, and among
the illustrations are drawings of the petals of many of the species. These
from a diagnostic point of view are the most important of the illustrations.
The other illustrations are the least satisfactory features in a work that is
otherwise a useful contribution to botanical literature.
Publications, Etc., Received
Market Milk, a plan for. its improvement. U. S. Dept. Agriculture,
Bureau of Animal Industries.
Dairy products at the Paris Exposition of 1900. U.S. Dept. of Agri-
culture, Bureau of Animal Industries.
Insecticides and Fungicides, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. Farmers’
Bulletin, No 146.
Carbon bisulphide as an Insecticide. U.S. Dept.of Agriculture. Farm-
ers’ Bulletin, No. 145.
Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences. Vols. I, Nos. I-10;
Vol. 2, Nos. 1-6.
Journal of the New York Botanical Garden. Vol. 3, No. 25.
The Berkeley Hills, a detail of Coast Range Geology, by Andrew C.
Lawson and Charles Palache. Bulletin of the Department of Geology,
University of California. Vol. 2, No. 12.
Fourteenth Annual Report of the Agricultural Experiment Station of
the Universitv of Tennessee for Ig0I.
New Bees of the Genus Andrena, from Wisconsin, by T. D. A. Cocker-
ell. A reprint from Canadian Entomologist, Feb., 1902.
The value of corn, skim milk and whey for fattening swine. Bulletin
of Agricultural Experiment Station of the University of Tennessee. Vol.
15, No. I.
4g SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ACADEMY, OF SCIENGES
Transactions.
ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.
March I1, 1902.
The regular monthly meeting was held this evening at 724 South Broad-
way.
xine applications for membership were received and referred to the
Board of Directors.
The report of the committee on ‘‘Modernized English’ as read by Mr.
G. Major Taber was adopted.
The following resolution was introduced by Mr. G. Major Taber:
RESOLVED: That the subject of a paper read before the Academy by
Mr. A. L,. Bancroft, entitled ‘‘Modernized English from a Standpoint of
Usefulness,”’ be referred to a committee of five to consider the advisability
of issuing a circular letter to be mailed to the scientific bodies and educa-
tional institutions throughout the United States and other English speaking ~
countries requesting them to unite with this Academy in the inauguration
of a general movement in favor of a phonetic system.
The resolution was unanimously adopted.
The President then introduced Prof. W. W. Campbell, Director of the
Lick Observatory, who delivered a lecture on ‘‘The Translation of the Sun
Through Space.”’
The lecture was illustrated with numerous lantern slides from spectro-
graphic views taken with the Crossley reflector at the Lick Observatory.
Some interesting views of Novo Perseus, the Nebula in Orion, the Pleiades
were also shown on the screen.
Prof. Campbell gave a comprehensive review of the Astro-Physical work
carried on at the Lick Observatory, explaining all the instruments used and
the methods adopted for the pursuit of desired ends. An outline was given
of the results so far obtained in the line of sight observations of the stars
and a statement made of the purposes for which the branch of the Lick Ob-
servatory was at present being established in South America. The net
result of the lecture may be expressed in the following statements:
1. The sun is moving through space with a velocity of 1214 miles per
second.
2. The direction of the solar motion points to the neighborhood of
Alpha Lyra.
3. ‘The distance of the average star is about 3000 light years.
4. The type of our solar system is comparatively rare in the universe.
5. The latest investigations would seem to prove the universe to be
limited.
The lecture was highly appreciated by the large audience present.
A discussion followed at the close, after which the meeting stood ad-
journed. B. R. BAUMGARDT, Secretary.
ASTRONOMICAL SECTION.
March 4th, 1902.
The Astronomical Section met at the usual hour this evening, and was
called to order by Chairman Baumgardt. The minutes of the last meeting
were read and approved.
SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 45
Mr. Knight spoke of the successful lecture tour of the chairman at San
Francisco, under the auspices of the Santa Fe Railway Co., in the interests
of a reading room, established by the Company, for the use and benefits of
its employes.
Mr. Knight also called attention to the lecture to be delivered before
the Academy on March 11th, by Prof. Campbell, Director of the Lick Ob-
servatory, and read some highly commendatory statements relative to
Prof. Campbell, from the pen of Prof. Newcomb.
The chairman also emphasized the importantance of the approaching
meeting of the Academy in view of the high standing of Prof. Campbell
among the astronomers of the world.
The discussion of the evening was then introduced by Mr. Melville Do-
zier, being an exposition of the effects of longitude and latitude upon the
measurement and division of time and the fixing of dates. The question of
the so-called “‘International Date Line’’ was elucidated, and by the aid of
diagrams, its true nature and practical value made clear. Other points of
interest, growing out of the revolution of the earth on its axis, were inci-
dentally involved in the discussion, in which many took part.
After the reading by Mr. Knight of a humorous paraphrase of the
astronomical terms the meeting adjourned. MELVILLE Dozigr, Sec’y.
BOTANICAL SECTION.
The regular monthly meeting was duly held on the evening of Mon-
day, March 24th. Mr. Austin Campbell-Johnston, Chairman of the Section
presided, and there were also present Messrs. Braunton, Russell, Davidson
and Greata.
There being no especial business before the meeting, the evening
was devoted to the examination and discussion of various plants.
Among the most interesting of the specimens examined were Rosa Moha-
vensis, Parish, collected by Mr. Parish at a place called Cushenberry
Springs, on the edge of the Mohave Desert, and Sphaerostigma erythra,
collected by Dr. Davidson near Clifton, Arizona. This species will be des-
cribed in a subsequent issue of the Bulletin of the Academy.
Mr. Greata submitted a collection made by him in the neighborhood of
Lake Tahoe in june last. The beautiful red Gilia, G. aggregata, was per-
haps the most striking plant in the collection, although by no means the
most interesting. Many old friends of the San Gabriel and San Bernardino
Mountains were found to occur in the Tallac region, and it was not uninter-
esting to find the Desert Sage growing in close proximity to Mountain
Flora.
A very handsome Panicum, from the neighborhood of Mount Shasta,
was deposited by Mr. Greata with the Division of Agrostology at Washing-
ton, and has been published by the Division as Panicum shastense. It is
near P. dichotomum. Louis A. GREATA, Secretary.
GEOLOGICAL SECTION. No meeting held.
BIOLOGICAL SECTION.
The meeting for March was postponed on account of the inclemency of
the weather.
40 SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SChEMGES:
APRIL f.
APRIL 8.
APRIL $5.
APRIE 23;
APRIL 22,
Calendar for Anrtl
Seis
Astronomical Lecture at 724 South Broadway.
Lecture by Prof. J. F. Chamberlain. x Subject:
“Glaciers.”
Academy of Sciences. Regular Monthly Meeting.
Two papers will be read, (J) “Rhus diversiloba”
(Poison Oak) illustrated with drawings, by Dr. C.
Schwalbe; (2) “The Germination of Seeds,” by
Dr. C. A. Whiting.
Biological Section meets at southeast corner Tenth
and Flower Streets. Exhibition and examination
of histological and anatomical material.
Meeting of Botanical Section.
Meeting of Geological Section.
|
,
;
SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.
Houthern California Academp of SHeiences
OFFICERS AND DIRECTORS
1QO01=1902
Won. H. KNIGHT, Room 2, Bryson Block, Los Angeles....... President
Pee PET OOK eos oic cases tagacccscdescseteetionsaaecseaenes First Vice-President
IAB BO MMRININE Vice eccebosnsscevic:essiscvesessaccscastemnes Second Vice-President
ANSERULHER DAVIDSON: Mar). .c.....ssenccesucssesccieesaes access Treasurer
B. R. BAUMGARDT, 231 West First Street, Los Angeles........ Secretary
ProF. J. A. FOSHAY PROF. MELVILLE DOZIER
Dr. JOHN R. HAYNES A. CAMPBELL JOHNSON
Dr. S. M. WoopBRIDGE Dr. T. D. Comstock
SECTIONS
Astronomical Section
TR, Tee TEYATOANICEVATES DSN ar ee Chairman
PROFANE EVIL) DOZIER G, .. sens .cocsdocsesaseee seucins ciauatenoeacte dee Secretary
Meets First Tuesday of Month at 724 South Broadway, Los Angeles
Biological Section
ROEM Bae Mea IS) Sac. tcccetsetensodesssosese cee Hees ANN Saieace oes Chairman
Meets Third Tuesday of Month at State Normal School
Botanical Section
ACE CANIPRE TL» JOHNSON. sceccese-tessccessecsescsscecsecetseseacssseseses Chatrman
IGM A (Gr RSV AUT ACs eto naa toca Mars aivsiiab es cleats byisecslece came eccssieceecaees Secretary
Meets Fourth [Monday of Month at 85 Temple Block, Los Angeles
Geological Section
GRORGHBPARSONG Hse cnaenn sou tncesitans eds anwsees visauvataioetewoncea sce ee Chairman
(Gap VAY ORGUIVABRE Riser ccecencemeciiaaierscsscesessescsececesseerses acces tsecs Secretary
Meets Fourth Tuesday of Month at Northeast Corner First and Main Streets,
Los Angeles
Agricultural Erperimental Section
DRE SAVIO WOODBRIDGE -c.ccscecsecce sissies sessccuciesenetiscessiesescinse Director
Office and Laboratory, 115 North Main Street, Les Angeles
47
COMMITTEE ON PUBLICATION:
; A. DavrpDson, C. M., M.D., Chairman
MELVILLE DOZIER T. B Comsrock, Ph. D.
a aa
MRS. M. BURTON WILLIAMSON.
PUBLISHED FOR THE ASSOCIATION BY
__B. R. BAUMGARDT & CO.
231 WEST First ST., LoS ANGELES, CAL,
= Single Copies, 25 cts. —
MAILED MAY 10, 1902
: SIN OS non Rae Oo RC INET AS
MAY 13.
MAY 20.
MAY 26.
MAY 27.
MAY 27.
Calendar for Mav.
——o So<S<. 3 o—_——
Annual Meeting of the Academy of Sciences.
Reports of the Secretary and Treasurer. Election of
Board of Directors for the ensuing year. Discussion
of Prof. Newcomb’s article, “The Problem of the
Universe,” which appeared in the April number of
the International Magazine.
Biological Section. Dr. Houghton, of Chicago, will
report on the work done by Dr. J. Loeb. Short
reports will be made on “Variation in Weight of
Eggs during Incubation” and the “Growth of Mould.”
Botanical Section will meet at room 85, Temple
Block.
Geological Section will meet at Southwest Minet’s
Association, First and Main Streets.
Geological Section—Lecture by Prof. G. E. Bailey,
of the State Mining Bureau. Subject: “The Geo-
logical History of Death Valley,” with maps and
illustrations.
PLATE IV
BULLETIN
Southern Galifornia Academy oF Sciences
VOL.1 LOS ANGELES, CAL, MAY 1, 1902. NO. 5
fd |=
Ry ?
056 1 TE
A Monograph on Pecten Aequisulcatus,: Cpr.
Class Pelecypoda.
BY MRS. M. BURTON WILLIAMSON
ORDER PRIONODERMACEA. SUBORDER ISODONTA. FAMILY
PECTENIDA.
Pecten ( Plagioctentum) aqeutsulcatus Cpr. Monterey, California,
to Todos Santos Bay, Lower California.
Shell circular in shape excepting at the hinge margin which is
straight, occasionally the posterior part of the shell is somewhat
oblique. The ears or auricles of the shell are situated at either
end ofthe hinge margin. The hinge line is narrow and there is
an internal cartilage pit which is not broad but rather deep.
The beaks are prominent and are close together. There are
usually twenty strong ribs on each valve, although occasionally
nineteen, and, less often, twenty-two are found*. There are
usually the same number of ribs on each valve, but sometimes
there is one more on one of the valves. The lines of growth be.
tween the ribs are very noticable. The anterior, right auricle is
narrower than the ear on the left valve as the byssal opening or
notch is found at this point. Directly under this notch in the
shell are 4 or 5 points or teeth. Occasionally less and sometimes
more than this number are plainly discernable under a magnify-
ing glass. The auricles on the posterior side of both right and
left valves are equal. The valves are rather convex in shape,
the lower, or right one being more ventricose especially near the
umbones or beaks. The valves are pointed on the ventral mar-
gin and the shel! closes excepting at the byssal notch and the
ends of the two auricles which are always widely apart, compar-
atively. The colorof the shell is white or a yellowish tint, al-
*The size of the specimen does not regulate the number of ribs. I once found 23 ribs on
one valve and 22 on the cther of a shell less than 2% inches across, while specimens as
large as 33% inches averaged 20 or 21 ribs and no valve had over 23 ribs.
52 SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA (AGADEMY OE YS GHENGESs
most a saffron color in some pectens. The valves are marked
with zigzag stripes or mottled with a variety of shades of color.
Dark red with pink and reddish brown and yellow and yellowish
brown in varying shades are the prevailing colors. White shells
generally show reddish brown clouds and color markings and
shells with yellowing tints are marbled with yellowish brown.
The under or right valve is uniformly of a lighter color—
sometimes almost white. Occasionally a white valve with
yellow color markings will be joined toa valve with reddish
brown color marks, in fact, variety in color effects is one of the
great charm of the species. The color variation is so noticable
that the writer, in making a limited statistical study of the ribs
in a given number of specimens, also listed color variations in or-
der to make a comparative study. . A partial study was made of
four lots of shells collected respectively in the years 1893, 1894,
1897 and r901. ‘The first named were collected by a fisherman
in Alamitos Bay (this is the extreme southern portion of the
larger bay San Pedro, but is locally called Alamitos Bay). ‘The
collection of 1894 was made by the writer. These pectens were
collected on a mud-flat on Kast San Pedro, on the channel side
of the bay. The pectens—-extra large—of the 1897 lot were
dredged in sand by a fisherman in San Pedro Bay, as was also
the lot of 1901, which was dredged by Mr. H. B. Torrey for use
in his class in the marine biological laboratory at Kast San Pedro.
Colors on the upper valve show more tendency to uniformity
than tints on the lower ones, being much darkerasarule. Colors
on lower valve, pure white, white mottled or marbled with red-
dish brown, saffron yellow, saffron mottled with brown; occasion-
ally a dirty grey with a few dashes of white but this color is
more generally represented on the upper valve.
Pecten (Plagiocteninm) aequisulcatus Cpr. are sand dwellers.
In San Pedro Bay they are dredged in water from 4 to 14 feet,
but at very low tide, when a long stretch of wet sand les un-
covered by the water, before the morning sun breaks his way
through the misty fog, a colony of scallop shells may be found in
a sandy mud flat. In this mud flat there are numerous little de-
pressions and in these, covered with water, Pecten aequisulcatus
are seen opening and shutting their valves so rapidly one hears
the sound in every direction, and, at the same time the scallop
throws out a stream of water while occasionally one of the scal-
NOUMGMERNVOALIFORNIA ACADEMY SOF SCIENCES: 53
\
| 3.0 ppaxe
ast
= Paitiey:
mee (TEN
RY CN CAH Seen ey Teaseenyy | ul
Fin 55 OURS) oN eo
UM esd VOY see yee
54. SOUGHERN CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF ‘S\GhEN GES:
lops makes a spring in the water. When the shell is opened by
the little animal the body appears to be of a bright orange yellow
color. In each open valve of this headless mollusk one can see
the mantle border fringed in gay colors and also a row of bright,
black ocelli (eyes) that with the gay color of the body* of the
shell fish forms a picture never to be forgotten. When uncov-
ered with water pectens outline their shell in the sand where
mounds of it reveal their rounded form.
ANIMAL.
Mantle: Filmy, white, showing very plainly the scalloped
impression of the ribs of the shell. Above this scalloped im-
pression the mantle is very thin and transparent.(Fig. 4, plate 11)
The mantle is open entirely on the byssal side and ventral
edge but is closed near the adductor muscle, just below the post-
erior auricle or ear of the shell. The mantle is open at the mar-
gin of both auricles. Is closed along the dorsal edge of the shell,
that is, below the hinge line. (Why is the mantle open under
each auricle of the shell? Is it for the entrance and exit of water?
I have not satisfactorily found an answer to this question. )
The mantle has a double border, one that has been referred to
as white, bearing the impress of the ribs of the shell, and, the
other close to the ventral margin of the pecten, which shows the
ocelliand rows of points or tentacles lying closely together.(Figs.
3. and 5, plate V). These forma heavy fringed border. This
border is yellowish alternating with black caused by the tentacles
of the mantle border being a yellowish or dirty white color with
black lines covering the base of these fringes. Short nodules,
also with fine stripes of black fill in the interstices between the
numerous ocelli. These ocelliare situated on nodules or short
tentacles that are somewhat rounded, not sharp pointed like the
tentacles without the ocelli or eyes. The ocelli are bright green
with red centers which I may, for convenience, call the pupil.
(Fig. 3, page V.) Besides the green color of the iris (?) there is
present a purple color giving the eyes an irridescent effect. This
is in some lights, in others the ocelli have a bluish tint and each
center or pupil is opaque or a dull white color. These eyes do
not extend the length of the mantle border. Besides the well
developed ocelli there are always present a number, sometimes
*While the yellow part visible appears to be the body or visceral mass, it is in fact one
or more organs of that body.
SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 55
vI
A part ofa gonad from a mature Pecten showing the
sperm gland.
The gonad from a young Pecten showing both the
ova and sperm glands. ;
A part of a gonad from a mature Pecten showing the
ova glan
A see Oe cell from the gonad of ihe Pecten, found
on the liver.
5600) SOURHE RN: CALLE ORMNTEA ACAD EMV" OE S\GiEIN Gress
more than others, of immature eyes; these are found on the man-
tle border on either side of the mature ocelli. The number of
fully grown ocelli in each specimen varies from about 46 to 50;
23 to 25 in each valve. These eyes are not situated at equal dis-
tances, nor do they lie one in each scallop. In aspecimen num-
bering 21 ribs on one valve there were 23 large ocelli besides the
undeveloped ones.
Branchiae or Gills: The branchiz or ctenidium are double and
there are two, oneon either side ofthe body. ‘They are semi-circu-
lar in shape( Fig. 1, 2and 8, plateV). They extend on either side of
the body from under the liver—which is situated on the anterior
portion of the shell just below the dorsal margin—across to the
adductor muscle around to the point where the rectum lies close
to the adductor muscle. At this point both the double gills
meet, but are not attached to each other. The gills are attached
on the inner circle to a white, translucent, crescent shaped mem-
brane (Plate V, figs. 1 and 3). This membranous body is in
turn attached to the adductor muscle excepting at the extreme
posterior end where for 4 inch this transluscent body is free.
This is just above the end of the rectum. The gill membrane is
not so filmy as the mantle and is very much thicker. The
branchiz or gills are composed of transparent tubes or filaments
(Figs. 1 2,6 and 7 plate V). These are easily broken asunder,
when the gills appear only like single tubes attached at the top.
The connective tubes or tentacular junctions when present are
plainly discernable under the microscope. The edge of the gills
are formed of deep scallops—not seen by the naked eye—under
the microscope each scallop is found to be composed of about 17
scallops.
The color of the branchiz is a yellowish brown, but under the
dissecting glass each tube is of a bright yellow color before the
animal has been placed in alcohol.
Foot: ‘Tongue shaped and small. (Figs. 3, 5 and 7, plate IV,
has a groove on the under side (a. b, fig. 8, plate IV) next to
the byssal notch in the shell. In adult specimens there is no
byssus present. I once found an exception to this rule when the
animal had three or four strong byssal threads growing out of
the foot.
Adductory muscle is large and is situated beiow the dorsal mar-
NOWMIERN CALIFORNIA ACADEMY. OF SCIENCES. 57
gin of the shell beginning near the middle of the shell on the
posterior portion. (Fig. 2, 3, 4 and 5, plate IV.)
Byssus; As remarked, adult shells are not furnished with a
byssus, the exception noted being extremely rare. The young
swim or dart through the water and are capable of forming a
byssus whenever they find themselves near to any object to which
they desire to become attached. When first formed the byssus
appears only like threads of mucous.
Szphon: None.
Mouth; Is situated above the foot, near the byssal opening in
the shell. The mouth is furnished with palpi (fig. 6, plate IV)
that are coarsely ridged and somewhat fan-shaped; these palpi
are joined to lips that are convolute or circinate in form. The
lips appear only as an extension of the palpi toward each other.
Besides being circinate they are coarsely striate and the outer
edges are scalloped.
Kidney or Nephridium: ‘The kidney lies on the anterior por-
tion of the adductor muscle, beginning under the liver region and
extending somewhat along the region of the gonad. The shape
of the kidney is elongate or tube like. (Fig. 5, plate IV,
fig. 8, plate V). There are two kidneys or nephridia.
Gonad or reproductive organs: ‘The gonad lying under the gills
are highly colored, the ovum of a bright orange, the sperm ofa
deep cafe au lait color. These two glands are not separated but
form what appears to be an attachment and extension of the foot
—the sperm gland being the same color and apparently con-
nected with the foot. The reproductive organs do not com-
mence at the foot however, but occupy considerable space
above and between the foot and adductor muscle. The ova
encircles the kidney or nephridium and extends partly around
the adductor muscle. (iiilon S ieeplatey.a\))). tis, athe
presence of the highly colored gonad which gives the animal its
orange color. The spermatazoa gland partly encircles the ova
gland. ‘The relative size and position of the hermaphrodite gland
varies in specimens; in one shell the ova may begin a little nearer
the foot and the sperm gland or testes, may occupy a smaller
space; this is obvious. Besides this hermaphroditic gonad, on
the liver, there is a network of greenish-white bodies—the green-
ish appearance probably due to the dark liver which shows some-
what through the semi-transparent substance, or atleast, between
58 SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENGES:
the interstices of this granular layer. These greenish(?)white
bodies or spermatazoa are grouped into irregular masses of lace-
like layers on either side of the liver.* (fig. 5, plate iv.).
The statistical tables are given merely to approximate variation
of the San Pedro scallops, not as conclusive proof of the variation
of species in form and color in that bay.
The color given is the basic color with mottled variations. In
order to find the true color the shells were cleaned with acid and
water. When not cleaned the shells are usually of a saffron yel-
low or a dirty grey or white color, especially is the saffron yellow
discernable on the lower valve. As will be seen in the table, the
Alamitos examples have specimensthat are of a saffron or orange
yellow even when cleaned with acid, that is, when the periostra-
cum or outer coating was removed the shells were still shown to
be of a saffron color. ‘This was not the case with many other
specimens. The interior of the majority of shells was of a rich,
reddish brown color up to and around the muscle scar.
Los Angeles, California, Sept. 30, 1901.
PE AE LV:
Fig. 1. Pecten (Plagioctentum) aequisulcatus, Cpr. Right
valve—lower one. :
Fig. 2. Upper or left valve of the same, showing interior. Ad.
adductor muscleimpression. (Size of shell, 2in. high, 24% long.)
Fig. 3. Showing organs zz sztu after the upper mantle has
been removed to show the gills: mo, mouth; 1, liver; g, genera-
tive organ on the liver; f, foot; ad, ad. mus.; br, branchia or gill;
go, gonad or reproductive organs.
Fig. 4. Upper side of the mantle; under edge containing
ocelli, not visible: 1, liver; m. c., mantel cavity; ad, ad. mus.; u.
m., upper edge of mantle.
Fig. 5. Upper mantle removed; gill removed to show the re-
productive organs: I, liver; g, generative organs on the liver; h,
heart: r,rectum and anus. a, ad. mus.; mo, mouth; f, foot; k, kidney
or nephridium; s, sperm; 0, ova; m, mantel border with ocelli.
Fig. 6. Mouth, lips and palpi.
Fig. 6. Three views of the foot, upper and lower side and one
showing the foot muscle.
*In order to confirm the opinion of the writer as to the character of the granular layers
found on the liver, cross sections were prepared and mounted under the direction of Prof.
Cc. A. Whiting, of Los Angeles, to whom thanks are due.
SOU PMEEN VCALTRORNIA ACADEMY, OF SCIENCES.” 59
PIA EV:
Figs. 1 and 2. Branchia or gill. Section* of gill magnified,
showing filaments or tentacular junctions.
Figs.6 and 7. Views of filaments and tentacular junctions,
more highly magnified than figures 1 and 2.
Figs. 3, 4 and 5. Ocelli and tentacles of the mantle-border.
Figs. 3 and 5 show the relation of eyes or ocelli to the tentacles,
the first named, figure 3, slightly enlarged. Fig. 4 has tentacles
alone, also enlarged.
Fig. 8. Showing the gill membrane around part of the ad-
ductor muscle: g, generative organ; k, kidney; g. m., gill mem-
brane; br, branchia or gill; a, anal aperture; r, rectum; h, heart.
Fig.g. Another view of the heart, auricles and ventricles,
with the intestine passing through.
Fig. 10. A second view of the gill:membrane, somewhat en-
larged, detached from the adductor muscle and spread out, also
part of the gill: p. m., point of the membrane that a¢ all times 1s
Tree from the adductor muscle.
*Excepting the gill sections, the drawings, for the most part, were made natural size.
As they were made from several specimens, some alcoholic, they represent an idealized.
Pecten.
Thanks are due Miss Alice Cooper for her accurate reproduction of the author’s sketches
The shell, figs. 1 and 2, plate IV, was drawn from the original by Miss Cooper.
The author is indepted to Prof. C. A. Whiting, for photographic reproductions of cross
sections, and also for a drawing of the same.
60 SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.
PECTEN ASQUISULCATUS—Col. Alamitos,* 1893
Color of Lower Valve—Upper not given.
) uv Slow ‘ . |
Ss > ao) = ew) cD)
4 ae J 6 lo Cha or is ae NOTES FOR TABLES
s 3 ay 2) ae) q ais alsiog 5 4 s On
P |S EISS BOP El SE] & Soy |) eal. | aa Lowney
u Ho Eielew.o Oaols Fo] we 3 e |ay OWER VALVE
a y lou Lo hay} oD u ow oa |
a 3 x e Boe Se Eaenaal| one m re | MEASUREMENTS
2) Ao|e alee |a- D = |
Ribs | Ribs mm. } mm.
20 20 Height measured from
19 20
2 21 umbo to the ventral mar-
20
Ae 20 gin in mm.
19
oe Be Length measured from
21 20 anterior to posterior edge
21 22
21 21 ..|in mm.
19 20
20 3 70 72, x
19 20 80 82 x
19 20 72 74 x
a 20 73 72 x
20 76 4 Xx
21 21 70 72 x
19 19 71 70 x
19 19 75 76 x
20 21 75 75 Xaue|
22 21 75 77 geal
Die eat oid an Ten ee s|
21 20 75 79 x: |
*Alamitos Bay is the extreme south of San Pedro Bay and part of the bay.
These shells were much smaller than others,
Pectens in the 1894 collection that had one or more crepidula on the lower valve were
white mottled with reddish brown where the crepidula were attached; the rest of the
valve was of a saffron yellow mottled or marbled with brown.
Upper valve measurements not given in these tables.
SOUMHIERN CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. (67
PECTEN AQUISULATUS—Col, in San Pedroin March, 1897 (Dredged.
9 cs) og
5 $ = Sel ais SE — ls 5 Lower Valve Measure-
og | a fot 52) 24 no
e |S | (Sebliee| 2 eas sige Z meats
5 B [eo (Se ole Oo] Bp aier 5
a B |w |Scmlf2em| alesler|ea ou
a | 6 |e ge" |538 Hels [Ee
=) H |B RE |e fetes elle
Ribs | Ribs mm, | mm.
1 ORES ie ee | Kan nce eecellaeeaes| aces || eavecl| coeee. 99 90 x
21 ORI, fed) casa ci Hag yen ed Pe 2 a 100 91 x
23 2B) = I sce bll2:S =| all Coepooeedl odacee || Bacon Iebeseul lasoabse 113 104 x
92 21 105 95 x
21 OTe |e | exh uilulisecteees ell i-eecns|eeaece ners: [lee aus 103 102 x
20 a caida |e 42S |faodedeace| leaneenl| aero |e | |eneee TN) fake 3:3
20 29 x) 7) LON 95 x
20 20 x | 102 Gay yy
29, 22 x 118 113 x
mil Obras Pend PRES ectecalceaceal[ea oct lleoecae |bocees 105 101 are
19 LOB lepers aXe | atelccs sas) [evcnan'|besese||(nease|| noses 190 100 x
21 DMNA ete llneea\ | SboecSecallcvoesll|ibccaec veered iesaess IGISS “i|)akisy sre
San Pedro Bay, August, 1901—Dredged by Mr. H.B. Torrey for use in the Marine
Laboratory. ,
21 21 R 90 x
am | 22 a ee Woe
20 | 2h 7 | 7 | x
21 21 82 77 x
a1 | 22 OM ees
23 23 76 82 x
21 GAl 74 Tl x
21 21 93 91 x
23 24 73 72 x
22 23 72 UO. Ne
20 19 70 70 x
22 22 72 70 >:
62 SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.
Transactions.
ACADEMY OF SCIENCE.
Los ANGELES, April 8, 1902.
The regular monthly meeting was held this evening at 724 South
Broadway.
President Knight occupied the chair.
Eleven new memberships were voted upon favorably by the Academy,
as follows: Dr. Fitch C. E. Mattison, C. B. Boothe, W. A. Boyd, M. D.,
Dr. Wm. Capps, H. B. Perkins, S P. Channell, O. H. Goodwin, James A.
Chamberlain, Adolf Kraemer, H. P. Barnes, RabbiS. Hecht, D. D.
The first paper of the evening was by Dr. C. Schwalbe on
POISON OAK AND THE CAUSE OF THE POISON.
(This paper will be published in extenso in a subsequent issue of the
Bulletin.)
Professor C. A. Whiting followed with a lecture on
THE GERMINATION OF THE SEED.
After a short description of the parts of the flower necessary to pollina-
tion, the process of germination was explained, as was also the value of
cross-fertilization n the quality of the seed produced. The seed of dico-
tyledons and monocotyledons were described. Stories of seeds germinating
after centuries of rest are almost certsinly without foundation in fact, he.
said The method of absorption and cell growth, the upward growth of
the stem and the downward tendency of the root, were explained and
illustrated by the growing bean, pumkin and melon. The influence of
bacteria in elaborating nitrogen in the roots of Legumes, and its conse-
quent value was noted. The lecture was iliustrated throughout by color
drawings by J. E Stuart.
Adjourned, B. R. BAUMGARDT, Secretary.
ASTRONOMICAL SECTION.
April Ist 1902.
The Astronomical Section was called to order by the chairman, B. R.
Baumgardt, who made preliminary remarks touching astronomical topics
of interest. The paper of the evening was a discussion of the subject of
Glaciers, presented by Prof. J. F. Chamberlain of the State Normal School;
who considered the subject from standpoints of history, science and
observation, communicating many facts of interest and holding the closest
attention of his hearers. The discussion was continued with much interest
by those present, to the profit of all.
MELVILLE DOZIER, Sect’y.
BOTANICAL SECTION.
The monthly meeting on April 28ih was well attended. The evening
was occupied with the examination of specimens and the discussion of
arrangements for the field meetings.
SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 63
GEOLOGICAL SECTION.
The Geological Section met at the rooms of the Southwestern Miners
Association, on Tuesday evening the 22d inst.
Chairman George W. Parsons called the meeting to order.
The attendance was large, and a very interesting description was given
by the Chairman of ‘‘Desert Mining,”’ and his observations by the wayside,
on a 1000 mile trip in connection with Prof. W. L. Watts, over the eastern
part of San Bernardino County and the southwestern part of Nevada.
The Chairman’s description of the Desert Flora, the necessity of devel-
oping water, and his suggestions in regard to the duties of the Supervisors
in caring for the wells along the route over the desert, were on practical
lines,
The Chairman separated the usual mining schemes into two classes—
good and bad—and cited an instance where Prof. Watts had examined a
mine which was afterwards sold for seven times his estimate of its value.
The speaker emphasized the importance of having good roads constructed
by the Supervisors through the mining districts, and the necessity of
developing water supplies for the convenience of the miner and prospector |
as well as for the agricultural possibilities.
At the conclusion of the Chairman’s remarks. Prof. Watts gave a scien-
tific description of the geological formation of the section through which
they had traveled.
Col. G. E. Bailey, who is temporarily connected with the State Mining
Bureau, gave a very interesting talk on the borate and nitrate fields of Cal-
ifornia and elsewhere.
Remarks were made by President W. H. Knight and others.
G. MAJoR TABER, Secretary.
BIOLOGICAL SECTION.
The regular April meeting was held at the laboratory of Dr. C. A.
Whiting instead of the usual meeting place, the State Normal School.
A short account of the modern technique of Neurological investigation
was given by B. M. Davis. The subject was outlined from an historical
standpoint in which the contribution of each method was shown. Dr.
Whiting called attention to some interesting points in regard to proteid
transfer in animal bodies.
The latter part of the meeting was made informal in order to examine
the laboratory and the specimens of work on exhibition.
Notes.
The summer session of the Biological laboratory of the University of
California will be held at San Pedro beginniug about the 15th of June and
continuing six weeks. Only advanced ‘students will be admitted. The
laboratory will be in charge of Dr. H. B. Torry and Dr. Charles A. Kofoid.
Regular weekly field excursions are being made by the members of the
Botanical Section. The following localities were visited and explored
64 SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.
during April: Glendale Hills, Millard’s Canyon, Monrovia and the hills
west of Temple street.
The first excursion in May by the Botanical Section will be to Glen-
dora. Members wishing to unite with the Section on this occasion may
learn particulars by applying to the Secretary of the Botanical Section, Mr.
Louis A. Greata, Room 85 Temple Block.
With the June issue of the Bulletin we will begin the publication of the
History of Prehistoric California, by Dr. L. G. Yates, of Santa Barbara.
This work for which Dr. Yates has been gathering material for nearly half
a century, will be copiously illustrated with wood cuts and photo-engravings
of the choicest specimens of the many ancient weaponsand utensils found in
California. As many ofthe originals from which these drawings have been
made are now scattered among the museums of the civilized world, no future
work can possibly equal in interest or value the one we are about to publish.
The copies of the Bulletin published are limited to 500, most of which
are distributed to the members of the Academy. The few remaining num-
bers are open to general subscription. Those wishing to subscribe, please
do so at once. Terms, $1.00 perannum. In future no single numbers of
the Bulletin will be sold.
OF THE
hern CaliforniaAcademy o
COMMITTEE ON PUBLICATION:
A. Davrpson, C. M., M.D., Chairman .
MELVILLE DOZIER T. B Comstock, Ph. D.
“CONTENTS:
t ai Page
_ New or Little Known Southern California Plants,
Pee lyre coe AIL AIMES Stove vfs scscvandesaensec Guaveceeccesese OF
_ Pandora (Kennerlia)Grandis, Dall.PRoF.J. J. RIVERS 69
Hymenoptera of Southern California ...... ReaD aA.
UE OIGESEER Haas, STN eae ov ees 0 2
Myrmicophillous Coleoptera or Ant-Loving Beetles,
Bee eO eae RIVERS ou cce, 5s cae sisteass-< te eceeew 7E
‘Report of the Secretary for the Year ending May 13,
Beelope, Pan BAUMGARDY. 0. .1..)6sicnes cogpesee css 7
MN QREGeeeer sean eater Sun mcciccion caves stammeaeadacsuseelscsteccccssaeny 4.
- Geological Notes, Dr. THEO, B. COMSTOCK............... 74
IU ESRISRISIUIG IOS 5 Nc bo Gece donceaaee se anehe. Cemons <- cRMecueceenee ceria Ke)
Publications, etc., Received ..............s+ssececseeeseeceees OO
i
PUBLISHED FOR THE ASSOCIATION BY
B. R. BAUMGARDT & CO.
231 WEST FIRST ST., LoS ANGELES, CAL.
y Subscription , $1.00 Single Copies, 25 cts.
MAILED JUNE 13, 1902
BLIP IPF OPI II FFP LILI DF
7
WILLIAM H. KNIGHT,
Past President, Southern California Academy of Sciences
PROF. THEODORE B. COMSTOCK,
Pres dent Elect, Southern California Academy of Sciences
BEL EE PIN
southern Galiiornia Academy i Salences
VOL.1 _ LOSANGELES, CAL, JUNE 1, 1902. NO. 6
231 West First STREET.
New or Little Known Southern California Plants.
BY LE ROY ABRAMS,
PARNASSIA CIRRATA, Piper. Erythea, 3:128, 1899. The type
locality of this species is Mt. San Bernardino, where it was
first collected by Parish Bros. in 1879. In August, 1900, it was
again collected for the second time by Dr. W. R. Shaw on the
Bear Valley and Redlands road.
~ RIBES MALVACEUM VIRIDIFOLIUM, R. glutinosum,
of local lists, not R. glutinoswm, Benth. Shrub 1-2 m. high,
rather compact, the young branchlets short pubescent and more
or less densely glandular with stalked glands; leaves, rather
thick, 3-7 cm. broad, slightly or not at all rugose, bright green
minutely scabrous and somewhat glandular with sessile elands
above, pale and glandular- pubescent beneath ; petioles beset with
stalked glands, and more or less puberulent, dilated at base, the
margins ciliate; inflorescence glandular-pubescent, racemes rather
long, peduncled, drooping, many-flowered; bracts ovate I cm.
long, ciliate toothed above; pedicels 3-4 mm. long; calyx 2 brac-
teolate at base, rose color below, pecomine nearly white above,
its tube cylindric, pubescent within, 4 mm. broad, 12 mm. long,
its lobes broadly ovate, rounded at apex, 4-5 mm. long; petals
rounded, 2 mm. broad, obscurely cordate at base, its claw very
short; anthers nearly sessile, 2 mm. long; style 6-7 mm. long,
pubescent; berries becoming reflexed at maturity on short ped-
icels, pubescent and rather sparsely beset with coarse gland-
tipped hairs, apparently purple, 1 cm. long.
Wilson’s Peak and Pasadena Trail, Los Angeles Co., No.
1525, April 15, 1901.
This differs from the type in having larger and greener fo-
liage, more glandular inflorescence and larger floral organs, and
like the type, it can easily be distinguished from R. blutinosum,
Benth, by its pubescent stvle and | reflexed ievbolien es glutinosum
has a glabrous style and the berries are on rather tong, slender
aS spreading pedicels.
HEUCHERA ELEGANS. Scape 25-35 cm. high, from
stout creeping root-stocks, villous-hirsute ; leaves thickish, round-
68 SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.
cordate, I-2 cm. broad, crenately lobed and toothed, the margins
ciliate, otherwise glabrous; petioles 2 -2.5 cm. long villous, stipules
scarious, the free portion narrowly lanceolate, 2-3 mm. long, cili-
ate with long, slender hairs; panicles 14-18 cm. long, villous
pubescent throughout and somewhat glandular, its branches
cymose, 3 cm. long, usually 9 flowered, the uppermost becoming
reduced ; bracts subtending the branches about 4 mm. long lacer-
ate, those subtending the pedicles similar but somewhat smaller ;
calyx pink, villous, 8-10 mm. long, narrowly campanulate, its
lobes narrowly oblong, about 3 mm. long, 1-1.5 mm. broad ob-
tuse; petals white, blanceolate-spathulate, 5-6 mm. long, about
1.5 mm. broad, obtuse at apex, narrowed below to slender claw;
stamens included 3 mm. long, their anthers rounded, about 0.5
mm. long; styles equalling the calyx-lobes; seeds about 0.7 mm.
long, slightly curved.
“Martin's Camp, Los Angeles Co., No. 1903, July 10, ro9ot.
FUPHORBIA MELANADENIA, Torr, Pacif. R. Rep. 4:135.1857.
E. cinerascens, v. appendiculata, Engelm. Bot. Mex. Bound.
86. 1859.
E.. polycarpa vestita, Wats. Bot. Cal. 2:73.1880.
This is perfectly distinct from EF. polycarpa, Benth., and
Sa distinguished by pubescence and habits. The type locality
is ‘low or wet places near San Gabriel, California, March 22,
(1854) )” collected by Dr. Bigelow.
/ RAMONA PACHYSTACHYA (Gray).
Audibertia incana ene Gray, Syn. Fl. 2.461.1888.
Audibertia pachystachya, Parish, Erythea 6:91.1898. Type
«locality Bear Valley, San Bernardino Mts.
| CASTILLEJA CALIFORNICA. Stems slender, fragile.
branching from a rather thick, woody root, erect and more or
less branching above, 4-5 dm. high, sparsely and minutely pu-
berulent; upper stem leaves linear, remotely and obscurely den-
ticulate or entire, 2-4 cm. long, 2-3 mm. broad, obtuse or rounded
at apex with shorter slender leafy branchlets in their axils; ra-
cemes at first viscid-pubescent or villous, becoming nearly glab-
rous, 10-20 cm. long; bracts red or red-tipped, about 2 cm. long,
3-4 mm. wide, entire or rarely with 1 or 2 very short lateral
teeth; calyx about 2.5 cm. long, cleft about equally before and
behind its lobes 1 cm. long, cleft at the apex, the teeth lanceo-
late, 3-4 mm. long, acute; corolla 2.-5-3 cm. long; galea about
three-fourths the length of the tube, green on the back, the face
bright red; the tube greenish-yellow.
This species is related to C. Douglasii, Benth., but differs
from that in foliage habit and flowers
. Big Tejunga wash, Los Angeles Co. The slender stems strag-
eling among low shrubs. No. 1368, April 6, 19oT.
SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ae oe OPE SG LENGE S100
&
/CASTILLETA MARTINI. Stems several from a rather
stout woody root-stock, erect or spreading, about 3 dm. long,
villous and viscid throughout; lower leaves linear or broadly
linear, entire, 2.5-3 cm. long, 3-5 mm. wide; the uppermost some-
what broader, divided to near the middle into 3-lobes, the two
lateral lobes narrow, spreading, shorter than the middle one;
bracts similarly lobed, slightly dilated, scarlet tipped; racemes
narrow and becoming rather loose, 1-2 dm. long; calyx 1.5 em.
long, cleft nearly to the middle behind, scarcely as deep before,
its segments broadly lanceolate, toothed; the teeth less than 2
mm. long, the anterior one much the shorter; galea reddish along
the inner margins, I cm. long, equalling or slightly exceeding
the tube; capsule acute I cm. long.
This species is closely related to C. Breweri Fernald., and
may prove to be only a form of that little-known species. It is
what has been locally known as as C. miniata, Dougl, but it can
pe no near relative of that species.
Wilson's Peak, Los Angeles Co. No. 1881. July 10, 1901.
Pandora (Kennerlia) Grandis, Dall.
BY PROF. J. J. RIVERS.
The above named shell is one of the latest discoveries in the
fossil state, of a shell species that, according to the chronclogist
Dall, exists now in the living state in the cold waters of Alaska.
The Neocene stratifications have numerous investigators, but
the ever-changing percentages caused by additional discoveries
leave the geologic truth not quite established.
Actaeon trasku, Stearns.
This large and robust species recently discovered and named
yale Re. ES c Stearns is found in numbers in the quaternary of
Santa Monica.
70 SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.
Hymenoptera of Southern California—I.
BY T. D. A. COCKERELL.
Pogonomyrmex californicus, Buckl. San Pedro, 1901.
(Cockerell). Determined by Prof W. M. Wheeler.
Stenamma (Messor) andrei, Mayr. La Jolla, San Diego
@o:, 1901. (Cockerell). Determined by Prof. W. M.(Wiheclem
Agapostemon texanus, Cresson. San Pedro, July. (Cock-
erell).
Agapostemon californicus, Crawford. San Pedro, July 8.
(Cockerell) ; La Jolla, August. (Cockerell).
Zacosmia maculata (Cresson). San Pedro, July 10. (Cock-
erell).
Bombus californicus, Smith. Variety with face of female
covered with yellow hair. San Pedro, July 8. (Cockerell).
Megachile davidson, n.sp. Female, length 16 mm., black.
Allied to MW. chilopsidis, Ckll., but differing as follows: Larger;
mandibles broad and massive at base, having beneath a large
concavity, bounded on the distal side by a projecting tooth-like
rim; inner edge of mandibles without an orange fringe; the inner
side broad and concave, and the upper margin of the mandibles
near base produced into a large thick ascending tooth; clypeus
shining, with sparse strong punctures, produced into a couple of
large, thick triangular processes, standing at right angles to the
face, and separated by a wide interval; thorax less hairy, no white
hair-band between mesothorax and scutellum. This agrees with
chilopsidis in the massive occipital region, the wide opening be-
tween the mandibles, the close punctures of head and thorax, the
simple antenne, the ventral scopa yellowish-white or white, black
on the last segment, etc.
This is a most extraordinary insect, and it is much to be
desired that its habits should be observed, so as to explain the
meaning of the ‘peculiar clypeus and manibles. The process on
the face suggests at first that the insect may be a Lithurgus, but
it is a veritable J/egachile, as is indicated by the sculpture,
tarsi, etc.
Two specimens from Southern California, collected by Dr.
A. Davidson. One from near Los Angeles; the other from
Switzer’s Camp.
Megachile angelarum, n.sp. Female. length 11% mm., black,
abdomen parallel-sided, rather narrow, with narrow white hair-
bands; ventral scopa white, black on last segment; hair of head
and thorax white or whitish, very scanty above; no hair-band
between mesothorax and scutellum, nor white patches on anterior
part of mesothorax ; antennz short. Allied to MW. prosopidis, CkIL.,
but differs as follows: Smaller; broad-apical margin of mandi-
bles with two teeth at apex, and a notch near inner angle; semi-
circular excavation of anterior margin of clypeus without a me-
NOUMUIERN CALIFORNIA VACADEMY. OF SCIENCES». 77
dium process, but with a pair of rounded shining denticles ; clyp-
eus confluently punctured, without a median ridge; flagellum
barely rufescent beneath; hair on thorax as described above.
One from Dr. A. Davidson, marked “So. Cal., 1893;” pre-
sumably collected near Los Angeles.
If the excavated clypeus is a generic character, then it would
seem that. angelarwm, along with M. prosopidis, Ckll., and W.,
igzucara, Cresson, should go in Robertson’s genus Chelostomosides.
Hesperapis ewmorpha is the proper name for Parandrena
eumorpha (misprinted ewmarpha), Ckll., Tr. Am. Ent. Soc., xxv,
Paez (cso. Cal:)).
Myrmicophillous Coleoptera or Ant-Loving
Beetles.
BY PROF. J. J. RIVERS.
In Europe and America many entomologists give great at-
tention to beetles found living in or about ants’ nests in social
relationship. ‘There are several peculiar species of several genera
in the family of Stephalinidze that are taken in no other situation.
It is not a rule among insects that the “lion hes down with
the lamb,” yet among ants this law is a natural one with certain
favorites. In the neighborhood of Santa Monica the following
species occur with ants: Hulabis laticornis, Casey; Eulabis pu-
bescens, Lec.; Anchomma costatuwim, Lec.; Apocrypha anthicor-
des, Esch.
The two species recorded in order first and second run along
the well-worn paths with the ants in perfect harmony, and enter
their nests; the latter two are found with ants under stones in
perfect social peace.
REPORT OF THE SECRETARY FOR THE YEAR
ENDING MAY 13, 1902.
Los Angeles, Cal., May 13, 1902.
To the Board of Directors and Afembers of the Southern California
Academy of Sciences:
I have the honor of presenting herewith my eighth annual report as
Secretary of the Southern California Academy of Sciences.
MEETINGS.
The total number of meetings held during the year ending May 13,
1902, has been forty-four, divided as follows:
IN Gall ermiyae Olay S ClCTl Ce Smartt claniaeie iene cir ieeeee LO)
AGO MOGMMCEHL Secwlom «Sco ob bs anos oovouoddes codons 3)
BrolocdcaleSectione teem eye ee cine eee 8
Botamicalpa Sect Ongumrwr nis: crate onl ete 8
Geolosical#Sectronpmre me wea ee ei ance nee otek 9
Beh asleep tcc ite ante OF i oil OM Rieti Eel si 4A
In addition to the above meetings the Botanical Section has held four
field sessions, at Glendale, Millard’s Canyon, Monrovia and the hills
west of Temple Street.
72, SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.
E The total number of lectures and papers presented has been thirty-
ve.
The summary of titles and authors is as follows:
Cosmical Induction and Potential, by Prof. Edgar L. Larkin.
Scientific Ideals (President’s Annual Address), Mr. Wm H. Knight.
The Homing Pigeon, by Mr. Louis van Meter.
A Still Hunt in Nesting Time, by Mrs. Elizabeth Grinnell.
The Harm of Wanton Destruction of Birds, by Dr. Francis Sey-
mour.
The Marine Laboratory at San Pedro, by Prof. Wm. A. Ritter.
Some Late Researches in the Land of the Cliff Dwellers, illustrateé,
by Dr. George E. Cole.
= ee History and List of Academies of Science, by Mr. G. Major
aber.
Modern Telephony (with experiments), by Prof. J. H. Shults.
Report on the Summer work at the Marine Biological Station at San
Pedro, by Drs. C. A. Whiting and Lyman Gregory.
The Latest Results in Celestial Photography, by B. R. Bavmgardt.
The South Sea Islands, by Mr. Louis van Meter.
The New Star in Perseus, by Mr. Wm. H. Knight.
The Work of Prof. Simon Henry Gage, by Miss Agnes Claypole.
Quicksilver, Its Occurrence, Production and Uses, by Mr. R. S. Baver-
stock.
Landscape Gardening and Floriculture, by Mr. Ernest Braunton.
The Metric System, by Prof. Melville Dozier.
Some Problems of Nutrition, by Dr. C. A. Whiting.
Detecting the Presence and Locating the Position of Ore Bodies in
Mineral Veins by Electricity, by Mr. Fred H. Brown.
Recent Research in Radiant Energy and Search for Zero Tempera-
tune, by, Prof Edgar el: Warkin:
The Library. Historically and Locally Considered, by Miss Mary L.
Jones.
Modern English, by Mr. A. L. Bancroft.
Some Practical Suggestions on the Study of Biological Problems of
this Region with Special Reference to Animal Ecology, bys Dis savers
Ulrey.
The Translation of the Sun through Space, by Prof. W. W. Campbell.
The International Dateline, by Prof. Melville Dozier.
Poison Oak and the Cause of its Poison, by Dr. Carl Schwalbe.
The Germination of Seed, by Dr. C. A. Whiting.
Glaciers, by Prof. J. F. Chamberlain.
Desert Mining and Observations on the Wayside on a 1000 Mile Tour
over the Eastern part of San Bernardino County, by Mr. George W.
Parsons.
Modern Technique in Neurological Investigation, by Prof. B. M.
Davis.
FINANCIAL.
Receipts
Gash) on hand May 10, 19010 <2. +> eyo. 542 223-00
Total Receipts during past year ............ 523.00 $746.89
Ezpenditures
INGE: 55 6 LAVIN AS aR ee OOO
Commissions on Collections Biss ea Ree ei OOOO,
Wectures xpenSes: ms aes ose oe eee OZ SO
Reception Expenses ... Serco eee OOO
Postage Publications and Supplies Mile Fie OL GO
Cash on hand with Treasurer .............. 230.89 $746.89
SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 73
MEMBERSHIP.
The total membership at the beginning of the fiscal year r1g9o0I-
TOCA WIS oo ceace arte aia pete Ole re ene oa teem tricia d eee topeie yn hia) eer UL OR 134
The total membership at present is BES ECAP e a eee eee TO
Number of admissions to membership during year.............. 78
Vata clipanyyallisw meee ere Mires dele resis Sn ey Uae mnie a eMC Heo ra ete SN I irae DD
IDG AES, 5 lin Gash Ra Sb Ceo nee Ieee ERI eee Mn anes a ce ILLES cd na al en nea
NECROLOGY.
Proi C. Sjolander. “Dr. Edward W. Claypole.
Samuel. M. Parsons. M. J. S. Parker.
PUBLICATIONS.
Commencing January, 1902, the Southern California Academy of
Sciences has issued monthly a “Bulletin” of its Proceedings and Trans-
actions. From its commencement this undertaking has proved an im-
portant factor in the advancement of the interests and purposes of the
Academy. It has been the means of placing the Academy on the ex-
change list of nearly all the leading scientific institutions in this country.
The total number of scientific publications received in this way since
the first issue of the “Bulletin” was published amounts to 93.
It has been the purpose of the Committee on Publication to devote the
“Bulletin” to the
Publication of Articles based on original Scientific Research.
Publication of the Transactions and the Minutes of the Academy,
and its Various Sections.
Announcement of Publications received, and to
Scientific Notes of General Interest to the Members of the Academy.
That the “Bulletin” has been favorably received by other Scientific in-
stitutions is shown by the increasing demand for the five numbers so
far published. ,
I append herewith a list of monographs based on original scientific
investigation which have appeared in the “Bulletin”:
Aw New Zauschneria..................Wr. Anstruther Davidson:
Aster Greatlil couse de bclaeoods pooe beidog coob SIE ONn So Bs Jealcisir
November Weonids Of TOOT 2 .......68 24. Prote by le Brackett
Siem Newalonisenonees sin a-c. -eaee a. seaward iy Greene:
The New Spectrograph of the Lowe
Ohsenvatony eee eee eee borgudoanse: iwanicin,
ScroplulantayGlabratazecie.cieee oo: seer Dr: Anstruther Davidson.
The Germs Dirina in North America............Dr. H. E. Hasse.
Gilvery, -Hootless izard or Snake 2.22... -.. rot J. jeeRivers:
A New Plant Louse from Southern California, T. D. A. Cockerel.
Discovery of Another Food Plant of Uranotes
IMI ella se preva eae a ete erty ck ores ae ear ea cuehga RiAerIBE ProrepopRiverst
A Monograph on Pecten Aequisulcatus,
Cnn ee eee ins Mee Bunton. Walliamson:
In every way the Southern California Academy of Sciences is in 2
presperous condition. It is entering now on its twelfth year of useful
activity with every prospect of continued success. While it has but a
small balance to show in the bank, it has no indebtedness of any kind.
Its membership is gradually increasing. Its library is growing rapidly.
The general scientific activity among its members is unfailing and en-
couraging. On its membership roll may be found the names of many
whose contributions to science are known far and wide.
Respectfully submitted, B. R. BaumGarpt, Secretary.
(4. SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF FSGLENGES:
Notes.
Dr. Adolf Kraemer, member of the Botanical Section, reports a new
station for Sphaeralcea Fendlerit Californica, Parish. Mr. Parish. col-
lected a single plant of this species near Colton in 1894. In 1899 a single
plant made its appearance on the Campbell-Johnston Ranch (San Rafael
Rancho). It was in a place exposed to cattle and children, and fearing its
extinction, Mr. Austin Campbell—Johnston transplanted it and reports
that it is doing well under cultivation. In publishing the plant, (Zoe, Vol.
V., p 71; 1900) the authos states that a plant collected at San Pedro by
Prof. McClatchie in May 1896 is probably this species, but the specimen
was not in bloom. The new station descovered by Dr. Kraemer is at
Glendale, roadside at edge of cultivated fields, near foothills. The plant
is a welcome addition to the flora of the region; it is beautiful and inof-
fensive. :
Mr. L. R. Abrams is at present in Los Angeles preparing for a botan-
nical exploration of the coast ranges of Southern California.
We anticipate new discoveries by this ardent collector.
Mr. Chas. Amadon Moody, one of the members of the Botanical Sec-
tion has sent in some specimens of Morcliella conica. This has been re-
ported by Prof. McClatchie as occurring in this region, but it seems to
be seldom collected and the find is therefore interesting.
....dmmanita phalloides (Death Cup) is now to be found lurking under
the oaks. Woe to him who mistakes it for an edible species. It is the
most deadly of the fungi. There are at least two more species of Ammanita
occurring here. One, like the Death Cup seems to prefer the seclusion
of the caks; the other is often found in the fields in company with
Agaricus campestris. Both species are probably unnamed and untested as
to their poisonous qualities.
A fine bronze bust of the late Dr. Edward W. Claypole, Honorary
Member of the Southern California Academy of Sciences, and Professor
of Geology in the Throop Polytechnic Institute of Pasadena, has been pre-
sented to that institution. the formal ceremonies taking place in the As-
sembly Hall on the anniversary of his birthday, June 2, 1902. Addresses
were made by Past President Wm. H. Knight, of the Academy, and Dr.
Norman Bridge, of the Board of Trustees. Dr. Claypole’s most notable
contribution to science related to the Ice Age and the formation of the
great North American lakes, and his observations and conclusions were
quoted and accepted as authority.
GEOLOGICAL NOTES.
BY DR.. THEO. B. COMSTOCK.
The geology of California presents more features of interest and offers greater
rewards to students than almost any equivalent field in the world. In a paper pub-
lished more than eight years ago by one of the most vigorous workers, the following
terse sentences well express the present situation as regards the more recent epochs.*
“No clearly defined ideas seem as yet to have been developed in geological liter-
ature as to the nature and extent of California in post-Pliocene time. a ae
The recency of the record, the vastness of the events, the precision with which they
may be established, all contribute to make it the most fascinating, as well as perhaps
the most important chapter of our local geological history. z a “ In no
part of the continent is the interest so intense as in California. Nowhere is the
*The Post-Pliocene Diastrophism of the Coast of Southern California. Andrew
C. Lawson, Bull. Dep’t Geology, Univ. of Cal., Vol. 1, No. 4, p 116. Berkeley, 1893.;
NOUMUIERNTCALIFORNIA AGADEMY TOF SCIENCES) 75
record so legible. Nowhere will greater discoveries reward the enthusiastic geologist.
Yet how few have been the workers in this field! How scant are the opportunities
afforded by State aid for systematic research!’
The field is large enough and enticing enough to engage the attention of numerous
active workers for years to come. Speaking more particularly for Southern Cali-
fornia, we are very deficient in literature bearing upon local geology. Professor
Lawson, in the quoted paper, shows that the existing coastal margin has been up-
lifted in modern time from 800 ft. to 1500 ft., from the Golden Gate to San Diego,
and that this movement was of wide extent inland, but of less degree in the ‘‘Valley
of California,’ between the coast area and the Sierra Nevada.
Dr. Lawson’s studies confirm those of Dr. A. S. Cooper, announced as early as
1863, and they also emphasize the fact, not always properly appreciated, that the
whole region west of the Great Basin, or Plateau, has been and is now an area of
orogenic displacement. The evidences afforded in numerous mines in Nevada, Ari-
zona, California and Mexico, and in surface studies over a wide expanse in the same
field, all point conclusively to the same generalizations.
The late Dr. E. W. Claypole had made equivalent deductions from his work in
the Sierra Madre,* and the writer has verified and slightly extended the application
in unpublished work along the coast from Santa Barbara to Santa Monica and in the
low coastal ranges farther inland.
The theory of “‘isostasy,’ or equilibration, affirms that elevation and subsidence
are due merely to adjustment of the equilibrum of a floating crust, from which follows
the idea that sedimentation has caused the subsidence of large tracts and that erosion
has been responsible for regional elevation in great measure. Dutton** carries the
theory to its limit in suggesting that even volcanic action may result from the same
isostatic tendency. The principle is as old as the writings of Lyell and Herschell,
and it has been amplified and reiterated by the leading American geologists until very
recently. The late eruption in Martinique and St. Vincent, West Indies, are probably
rightly attributed largely to this cause in their local effects. LeConte, in 1859, and
other eminent geologists in later years, have given adherence to this explanation of
vast earth movements, but in 1884 and subsequently Dr. LeConte sided with a new
school of students who have come to regard this cause of undulation in the crust as
of minor importance. These hold that ‘‘the converse proposition is much more true,
viz.: that subsidence is the cause and necessary condition of sedimentation, and ele-
vation the cause of exceptional erosion.” A very interesting paper, published in
1896, by F. Leslie Ransome, criticises the theory of isostasy as applied to the region
between the Sierra Nevada and the Coast ranges. The discussion cannot be narrowed
to this region, however, and the work of Iawson in the coast areas is quoted by Ran-
some in partial support of his contentions. We have here a striking illustration of
our initial thesis; for, as Dr. Claypole remarks, in the paper previously cited, “geol-
ogists who have worked principally in the East witness with surprise the enormous
development and the excessive diastrophism exhibited by Tertiary and even very late
Tertiary strata in the West, and these characters are as well seen in California as in
any other Western’ state.
It is not proper to leave this subject without mention of Dr. Lawson’s reconnois-
sance north of the Golden Gate, where he obtained evidence of very similar history
in the recent elevation of the coast.iz
*Sierra Madre near Pasadena. E. W. Claypole. Paper read before the Cordil-
leran Section, Geol. Soc. America. Abstract published in Bull. Geol. Soc Am., Vo,.
12, 1900.
**Fawatian Volcanoes. 4th annual report, U. S., Geol. Surv., 1884, pp. 190-195.
+The Elevation of the Sierra Nevada, Amer. Journ. Sci., Vol. CXXXII, 1886,
HeLO.
Fie Great Valley of California. Bull. Dept. of Geols, Wniv.sot (aly 2Viol: 1;
INjOsrT4,..p. 37.1.
The Geomorphogeny of the Coast of orthern California. Bull. Dept. Geol.,
Univ. of Cal., Vol. 1, No. 8, p. 241, Nov. 1894.
TO.) SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA AG AD EVV \Ol SS Gi IN Giase
Mr. Oscar Hershey, of Berkeley, has also done some work in Southern California.
His paper on the Quarternary * and another of later date, on earlier strata** present
modestly an outline of the general structure, which is more complicated and inter-
esting than has been usually understood by geologists unfamiliar with the region.
Numerous movements of elevation and subsidence, which have extended over vast
areas from the Rocky Mountains to the Pacific Coast, have been almost overlooked
until within recent years. The labors of various members of the U. S. Geological
Survey and of the staffs of the Universities at Berkeley and Palo Alto have been
fruitful of results. And some good work has been done also by the State Min-
eralogists’s corps in different years, particularly by Cooper, Watts and Bailey. But
there is a dearth of investigators in Southern California. We have competent
men in the local colleges and it should become one of the main objects of the
Geological Section of the Academy of Sciences to organize and sequester the
records, which abound in this locality, of geologic phenomena of great interest,
easily studied. Hershey shows, in his paper on the Quaternary, that ‘“‘aside from
the marine terraces pretty thoroughly discussed by Jawson,+ Fairbankst and
Smithtt, and the associated sands and gravels studied by Arnold, the Quarternary
of Southern California is virtually a virgin field.’ My. Ralph Arnold’s paper
was read last December before the Cordilleran Section of the Geological Society
of America, but has not yet fully appeared in type. Only a few salient points in
the discussion, can here be lightly touched. Once more the amiable controversy
between field geologists and office paleontologists, which Mr. Bailey Willis has
recently been attempting to clear up in a measure, crops out in the effort to define
a conventional break between Pliocene and Pleistocene strata in California. There
is a profound orographic element which is not always represented by abrupt changes
in fossils, and Mr. Hershey justly claims that physical criteria are of greater mo-
ment in recent stratigraphy than any variations in faunal types which could pos-
sibly occur under the known conditions of those closely related periods. On this
score he demurs in part to the correlation tables proposed by Arnold and others.
The skeleton of our local geology may thus be broadly summarized: The
Sierra Madre-San Bernardino range, and the Tehachapi range—uplifted to some
extent as a part of the Sierra Nevada orographic disturbance, and probably rising
more or less gradually for a long continued era of pre-Tertiary times,—fur-
nished by erosion a vast accumulation of detritus which was carried downward
to the ocean, forming thick sedimentary terranes through the Tertiary Period.
Moderate disturbances in earlier epochs, accompanied by volcanic outbursts, cul-
minated at the close of the Pliocene in the great movement above mentioned, which
has elevated portions of the old Pliocene plain from 3000 ft. to 80o00-ft. Mr.
Hershey traces much of the Sierra Madre uplift also to this epoch, and he shows
that the great Antelope Valley, north of these mountatins, was separated from
that by faulting which occurred at the beginning of the Quarternary. Since then
our local area has been mainly rising by successive minor throes until we have
numerous terraces of Quarternary and recent beach gravels and alluvial deposits.
This is the coast border which has for long been gradually reclaiming from
the sea. Professor Hershey has begun the work of unraveling the skein of super-
ficial layers and he outlines five epochs of Quarternary (Pleistocene) time, as be-
low (the first being earliest):
1. Santa Claran Epoch, characterized by erosion with land level normal.
2. Red Bluff Epoch, characterized by deposition, land level below normal.
3. Los Angelan Epoch, erosion of normal land surface.
*The Quaternary of Southern California. Bull. Dept. Geol., Univ. of Cal., No.
TD Sees
** Some Crystalline Rocks of Southern California, American Geologist, Vol.
XOX, WNiol 5.) May. w0023) (pa 273°
tloc. ct., ante.
FOsc'llat‘ons of the Coast of California during the Piiocene and Pleistocene.
Dr: H. W. Fairbanks. Amer. Geol., Vol. XX, Oct., 1897, pp. 213-245.
tid Topographic Study of the Islands of Southern California. W. S. Tangier
Smith. Bull. Dept. Geol. Univ. of Cal., Vol. 2, No. 7, Sept., 1900, pp. 179-230.
SOURHERN: CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. | 77
4. San Pedran Epoch, deposition with surface below normal.
5. Not named Epoch, of erosion prior to glacial epoch. This is assumed on
the author’s premise that the San Pedran epoch is properly correlated with the
Iowan epoch of eastern geologists.
There is doubt of the propriety of the foregoing assumption, which Mr.
Hershey clearly admits.
The Modern Epoch is represented by the flood-plains of our present rivers, and
it is regarded as an epoch of deposition, with land level below normal.
The marine Pleistocene, well exposed in Los Angeles, on Boyle Heights, is
referred to the Red Bluff epoch by Hershey; his Los Angelan epoch is here
represented by the silted-up valley of the ancient river, well shown near the
County Hospital and in the low terrace running partly through the city east of
Main Street; the Modern epoch alluvium, forming the flood plain of the present
Los Angeles River, is the next Quarternary representative know to exist in San
Pedro hill, near the coast, overlying deposits of the earlier epochs. The marine
formations at the base of the hill are tentatively referred to the Red Bluff epoch.
The late volcanic eruptions on Martinique and St. Vincent have proved a
“nine days’ wonder’? for the newspaper writers, but the’ scientific import has
been but barely touched as yet. Aside from the dynamic geological features, which
we may have occasion to discuss hereafter, there will undoubtedly be many very
startling revelations in physiography, terrestrial physics, chemical geology and other
branches of enquiry. We may look for the tinted atmosphereic effects hereabouts
within a few weeks. In a former instance of the kind, trained observers were
enabled to deduce new and unexpected movements of erial currnts actually follow-
ing them by the dust tracks several times around the earth. Chimical studies of
the ash accompanying the recent West Indian outbreaks show that the quality of
material is unlike that thrown out half a century earlier, and some interesting con-
clusions have already been drawn concerning the gaseous products of eruption,
which are supposed to have been the immediate cause of the annihilation of the
inhabitants.
In some respects, in minute degree, our local coast and insular geology is akin-
to that of the West Indies, but we cannot predict the future history with certainty
from our limited understanding of the sub-structure. The theory of isostasy has,
at first glance, received unwelcome support from the catastrophe of Martinique,
but it is too early to generalize on that subject. From the investigations already
undertaken by members of the U. S. Geological Survey much valuable knowledge
may be anticipated. Dr. Angelo Heilprin and Dr. Robert T. Hill have gone to
study the district for that organization.
The U. S. Geological Survey has just issued Sheets 1 and 2, (of a series of
three maps of Southern California), including Orange County, the major portion
of Los Angeles County and parts of Riverside and San Bernardino counties. The
scale is approximately four miles to the inch, size 21 in. x 33 in{ Price ro cents
each; to be had on application to the Survey at Washington, D. C.
As this BULLETIN goes to press, we receive word that Dr. Robt. T. Hill, Pro-
fessor Israel C. Russell and C. KE. Borchgrevink went together, on the Dixie relief
fessor Israel C. Russell and C. F. Borchgrevink went together, on the Dixie
ciety, of Washington, D. C. The selection has been peculiarly fortunate and we
shall soon have authentic information from these gentlemen, all of whom are
acknowledged authorities in this line of study. Dr. Hill has predicted the erup-
tions for a long time past.
78 SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.
Transactions.
ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
Los Angeles, May 13, 1902.
The regular monthly meeting of the Academy was held this evening
at 724 South Broadway.
President Wm. H. Knight occupied the chair.
New members were elected as follows: Dr. A. Conrad, Mr. J. M.
Clark, Mr. Lucius K. Chase, Dr. LeMoyne Wills, Dr. W. Jarvis Barlow.
The report of the Secretary and Treasurer for the fiscal year ending
May 13, 1902,, was read and approved. (The report is published in full
in this number of the Bulletin.)
A motion was made that a committee be appointed by the Chair
for the purpose of nominating a Board of Directors to serve for the
year 1902-1903. Carried. The Chair appointed the following Nominating
Committee: Dr. Woodbridge, Dr. Emery, Mr. Macleod, Mr. Collins and
Secretary Baumgardt.
The Committee, after having retired for deliberation, returned the
following ticket :
William H. Knight G. Major Taber
Anstruther Davidson, M. D. J. D. Hooker
Dr. John R. Haynes Prof. Melville Dozier
Draw. B. Comstcec Dr. S. M. Woodbrige
George R. Parsons Dr. C. A. Whiting
B. R. Baumgardt
A motion was made and seconded that the candidates named by
the Nominating Committee be elected a Board of Directors for the year
1902-1903. Carried.
The Chair then announced the new Board of Directors.
The remaining part of the evening was devoted to the reading and
discussion of an article by Professor Simon Newcomb, entitled “The
Problem of the Universe.”
Adjourned. B. R. B AumGaArnt, Secretary.
BIOLOGICAL SECTION.
Regular meeting.
Report of observations on weight of chick egg during incubation was
given by J. O. Hunt? The loss was nearly uniform until day before hatch-
ing. Total loss was 20 per cent. of weight of egg before incubation. Un-
fertilized eggs showed uniform loss for same time with a total loss of 15
per cent.
A report on growth of moulds was given by Miss Louise Burns. The
paper was illustrated by camera lucida drawings of different stages. Her
experiments showed that certain kinds of mould had the power of forming
starch grains from the filtered juice of potato and other starch-forming
plants.
GEOLOGICAL SECTION.
The Geological Section of the Academy of Sciences met at Ebell Hall
on Tuesday evening, May 27th. Chairman George W. Parsons occupied
the chair.
The minutes of the previous meeting were read and approved.
After a few preliminary remrks, the Chairman introduced Prof.
G. E. Bailey as the speaker of the evening.
His subject was “Death Valley, Its Geological Origin, Saline De-
NOUN ICALTFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 79
posits, Topography, Scenery, Climate and Water Supplies.’ The
speaker gave an intensely interesting description of the desert, de-
scribing it as a great storehouse of mineral wealth which in time would
be developed and utilized. He stated that the great valley between the
Sierra Nevadas on the west and the Wasatch range of mountains on the
east, was once a great lake, and that the large deposits of nitrates, soda
and borax found on the Mojave desert owed their existence to a similar
process of long continued evaporation. The lecturer claimed that this
barren waste was a storehouse of wealth preserved by nature for what
the adjacent country most needed. He estimated that in the past year
through the shipment of oranges from Southern California there was taken
from the soil 5,000 tons of nitrogen which could be replaced from the
nitrates of the desert. The lecture was full of incidents and sugges-
tions.
A vivid description was given of the oppressive lonliness and death-
like stillness of the desert, and it was stated that sometimes men in cross-
ing Death Valley lost their reason when too much alone.
The lecturer congratulated the Academy upon the good work ac-
complished, which he asserted deserved the hearty support of the citizens
of Los Angeles.
Upon motion, Prof. Bailey was tendered the thanks of the audience
by a rising vote for his interesting lecture.
Mr. W. H. Knight gave notice of a meeting to be held at tie Throop
Institute on June 2nd at which time a bust of the late Prof. E. W. Clay-
pole would be presented to that institution.
Adjourned. G. Major Taser,
Secretary.
BOTANICAL SECTION.
The regular meeting was devoted to the examination of a collection
of Carices from the herbarium of Dr. Kraemer. The secretary reports
the completion of the numbering and cataloguing of the botanical col-
lection. Reports of the field meetings were made; the following places
having been visited during’ the month of May: Glendora, Azusa, San
Antonio and “Old Baldy mountain, Rivera, Studebaker, Nigger’s Slough,
Redondo, Santa Monica Canyon, and Laurel Canyon. As the result of
these explorations quite a few new records have been made for Los An-
geles County and Southern California, full details of which will be pub-
lished in future numbers of the Bullitin.
L. A. GrReEATA, Secretary.
BOARD OF DIRECTORS.
Los Angeles, May 17, 1902.
The first meeting of the newly elected Board of Directors was held this
afternoon at room 2, Bryson Block, Los Angeles.
The Directors present were: night, Davidson, Comstock, Whiting,
Taber, Parsons, Baumegardt.
The Secretary announced that the purpose for which the Board had
convened was the election of Officers.
The Board elected officers as follows:
residents tac eae ee ee ate pee eS aE Comstock
Rise. WieeSIBreGiGlamrs 555 ceeuanousesupenoosccs allo IDs Iakooeer
Second Vaices Presidentatsmsnanac.c.asc ae enon Melvailles Dozier
MEAS UIE Teint ato eA tiie eee sina Dr. Anstruther Davidson
SS CME LAN Tay earn oes EEA oe a meat ce B. R. Baumegardt
Adjourned. B. R. BaumcGarpt, Secretary.
60° SOUDHERN CALIFORNIA VACADEMY JOFRMS CLE NGES:
PUBLICATIONS, ETC) RECEIVED
List of Bulletins and Circulars issued bv the U. S. Dept. of Agricul-
ture, and available for distribution. Corrected to October 15, 1900.
Methods of Steer Feeding. The Pennsylvania State College Agri-
cultural Experiment Station. Bulletin No. 57.
The Tuberculin Test of Imported Cattle, United States Department
of Agriculture. Bulletin No. 32.
Extermination of Gophers and Ants; University of Arizona Agri-
cultural Experiment Station. ‘Timely Hints,” No. 309.
The Instability of the Rochester Nomenclature, by M. L. Fernald. A
reprint from the Botanical Gazette, November, 1901.
The Northeastern Carices of the Section Hyparrhenae, and the Va-
riation of some boreal Carices, by Fernald. Contributions from the
Gray Herbarium of Harvard University. No. 22.
Fertilizer Inspection, Maine Agricultural Experiment Station. Bul-
letin No. 81.
Feeding Stuff Inspection. Maine Agricultural Experiment Station.
Bulletin No. 8o.
Field Operations of the Division of Soils, United States Dept. of
Agriculture, 1900. The Algerian Durum Wheats: A classified list with
descriptions. United States Dept. of Agriculture. Bulletin No. 7.
Las Rhyolitas de Mexico. Boletin del Instituto Geologico de Mex-
1COM NOL Se
Bulletin of the State University of the State of Missouri. Vol. 3.
No. 2.
Observations on the rise of Alkali, University of Arizona Agricultu-
ral, Experimental Station. No. 4o.
Experimental Station Record, United State Office of Experiment
Stations. \ ols 13) wNox 7:
Bulletin of the New York Botanical Gardens, Vol. II, No. 7.
The opening chapters of the Prehistoric History of California, which
we promised our readers to begin in this issue have, through lack of
space, been held over for one month.
Ne
Mey
|
3
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ve
ke
Yearly Subscription, $1,000
ae
&
JULY 1, 1902
NO. 7
BULLETIN
OF THE
COMMITTEE ON PUBLICATION:
A. DAavipDson, C. M., M. D., Chairman
MELVILLE DOZIER T. B Comstock, Ph. D.
CONTENTS:
7 Page
Prehistoric California, Dk. LORENZO GORDIN YATES 81
A New California Rose, S. B. PARISH..........se.sce0eee 87
Additions to the Flora of Los Angeles County, L
ROM AIBRINMS tecehanicdccurlacictecesssenats ale sinaniomecteacmnsnacickeon (Ou,
Butterfly Emigrants, PROF. J. J. RIVERS ...............+ (eo)
Publications, etc., Received ...............2sccecescsesccsscecs 90
SUT ATISACEL OMS i emecic icine unitcchlscscciciaaw sti watce Susie see uiatmatals letestes gI
NIG LOS Bares eameise amie eicistltoeincine aciaineicsba sicine slgciemismren eictenet nists 94
PUBLISHED FOR THE ASSOCIATION BY
B. R. BAUMGARDT & CO.
231 WEST FIRST ST., LOS ANGELES, CAL.
MAILED JULY 1, 1902
douthern CaliforniaAcademy of Sciences
Single Copies, 25 cts.
Hi
;
AIL
=
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rs
‘PULIST [ANSUAL ULS JO PU ISPAA JO PIS YON ‘saTeyS puv ouojspuLs
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PULIS] PSOY LIUVG Jo ApWIII]XW UIojsaM JO MTA WEISIG YIM ‘PURIST [ONSTAL ues Jo puH AjIoIseH ‘3993 00 SPNINIV Bla oaeson
CIEE PIN sor
Southern Galifornia Academy of Sciences
VOL. | LOS ANGELES, CAL, JULVaI aS O02: NO, 7
231 West First STREET.
PREHISTORIC CALIFORNIA,
Its Topography, Flora and Fauna—With the Evidence of
the Time of the Advent of Man, and His Development,
From the Records of His Past Found in the Soil.
BY DR. LORENZO GORDIN YATES.
In the following pages an attempt will be made to present
to the mind of the reader some idea of the appearance and con-
ditions prevalent in what is now known as California, previous
to ,and at the time of the first appearance of its human inhabi-
tants.
And later to illustrate and describe a sufficient number and
variety of the unique and interesting implements and other evi-
dences of man’s occupancy of the region, to assist the student in
unravelling the mythical history of the aboriginal tribes and peo-
ples who have become, or soon will be extinct. And, further, to
preserve the records of some of the most characteristic forms of
the handiwork of the vanishing race, or races of Prehistoric
California, especially as many of these forms have been selected
from the few collections with us which are liable to be removed
from the State, unless more interest is taken to retain them than
has been in the past.
Many of the originals from which the illustrations to be
used in the following pages were made, have, since the writer
executed the drawings, been removed to other States and coun-
tries.
As to the success of the writer’s efforts to throw light on
the dark pages of the history of the former inhabitants of Cal-
ifornia, each reader must decide for himself, for where so few
reliable data are available and such widely different opinions
prevail, no one writer can be expected to decide satisfactorily
upon the relative merits of so many diverse theories.
To the pursuit of material for the elucidation of the objects
herein specified, the writer has, during the past forty years, de-
voted much time and study.
This line of research has been carried out by systematic and
thorough exploration of aboriginal village sites, mounds, burial
places, shell heaps, islands, caves, rock shelters, ancient trails,
82 SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.
temporary camping places, of objects scattered over the surface
of the ground, and the results of mining exploitation.
And, further, by a continued search for, and study of, the
animal life of the region, from its earliest appearance to the pres-
ent time, especially with a view to ascertaining what species of
animals occupied the region anterior to, or, contemporaneous
with, our “oldest inhabitants.” The correct answers to. these
questions throw much light upon the subject under considera-
tion, as will hereafter become apparent.
TOROGRAREDY:
In order that we may be able to realize something of the
great changes in the topography of California which preceded
the advent of its human inhabitants, it is deemed necessary to
go back in the world’s history to the close of the Cretacecus or
Reptilian Age, at which time the region now known as California
—with the exception of the Sierra Nevada Mountain Range, and
portions of the Coast Range—was lying at the bottom of the
ocean.
It is probable that some portions of the Coast Range, as
well as of the Sierras, formed detached islands in the Cretaceous
ocean.
During the Cretaceous Age a large portion of the present
continent of North America, including the Rocky Mountain Re-
gion, was under water, as shown by the marine and fluviatile ~
deposits now found in the regions which, at that time, formed
the ocean’s bed.
The Gulf of Mexico extended northward along what is now
the Valley of the Mississippi to the confluence of the Ohio and
Mississippi rivers, where a great bay received the waters of
those rivers.
Westward it extended to the region of the Colorado River,
and probably to the Pacific Ocean, and from the southern por-
tion of California -a cretaceous sea flanked the eastern slope of
the Sierra Nevadas, extending northerly to the Arctic Ocean,
where the Mackenzie River and its tributaries are now found.
It also covered the present watershed of the Missouri and
Yellowstone rivers. Cretaceous seas covered the “Great Plains”
Prairie region and the summits of parts of the Rocky Moun-
tains, to where the eastern slope of the Wahsatch Mountains
now are.
These lofty ranges have since been raised, and in part the
elevation took place before the epoch of the Tertiary, whose ma-
rine beds lie at their base.
Abundant evidences of this extensive submersion during
the Cretaceous Age are found throughout California.
F. See Dana’s “Manual of Geology,” pps. 490 and 503.
SOURTERN CALIFORNIA, ACADEMY "OF SCIENCES: — 83
Large areas in Butte, Lake, Shasta and other counties lying
north of the Bay Region; and in Contra Costa, Alameda, and
other counties south of that region, and on the eastern slope of
the Coast Range nearly the entire length of the San Joaquin
Valley show cretaceous strata, and prove their submersion at
that time.
In Santa Barbara and the northern portion of Ventura, there
is undoubted evidence that the entire region during the Creta-
ceous Age was submerged to a great depth.
In the southeasterly portion of Santa Barbara County, at
an elevation of seven thousand feet above the sea, the writer
found well preserved shells of cretaceous age, Ammonites, Au-
cellas, Dentaliums, etc.
Allowing for the erosion of past ages, since the mountains
were uplifted, and for the depth of their submersion while being
formed, it is probable that an elevation of at least two miles_
above sea level has occurred at that point, (“Pine Mountain of
Santa Barbara’).
The estimated depth of the deposit is ‘‘at least twenty-five
thousand feet,’ ? thus indicating for the lower portion of the
deposit, which is exposed at some distance easterly, an elevation
of five or six miles, without taking into consideration the depth
of the water in which the deposit was made.
In San Benito County, on the eastern side of the Mt. Diablo
Range, there 1s an exposed thickness of twenty thousand feet
of rocks of this age.
Thus it will be seen that the Pacific Coast of that time was
probably connected with,; and was practically a part of Asia, a
wide sea separating it from the portion of the present conti-
nent east of the Wahsatch Mountains; while Florida, Texas,
New Mexico, Louisiana, Alabama, Georgia, Mississippi, Indian
Territory and other portions of the country now lying south
and east of the confluence of the Ohio and Mississippi rivers
were submerged, together with portions of Colorado, Wyoming,
Montana, Nebraska, Dakota, and a large portion of Western
Canada, and the Pacific Ocean extended to the foothills of the
Sierra Nevada Mountains.
We now come to what the late Professor Joseph Le Conte
termed “one of the Critical Periods of the History of the Earth.”
These Critical Periods he defines as “periods of very general
readjustment of the crust of the earth, and therefore of wide-
spread changes in physical geography, so great and so general
as to affect profoundly and widely the climates of the earth.
These physical changes, in their turn, gave rise to still more
2. Fairbanks in “Geology of the Coast Ranges,” p. 95.
84 SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.
marked changes in organic forms; and finally all these changes
together form a rational basis for the primary divisions of
uae
He gives as one of the signs of Critical Periods, the birth
of great mountain ranges.
This Critical Period brings us to the Tertiary or Mam-
malian Age, inaugurated by the bodily upheaval of the whole
western half of the continent, so that the great interior Creta-
ceous sea, which had previously divided North America into two
parts, was drained off, and the continent became one, so that
this great “Critical Period” was a continent making, as well as
a mountain making period, and the climatic changes were doubt-
less commensurate with the change in the physical geography.
At the commencement of the Cretaceous period the sedi-
ments accumulated along the then Pacific shore bottom, during
the Jura-trias period, yielding to the lateral pressure, were -
mashed together and swollen up into the Sierra and Cascade
Ranges. (Le Conte).
This change in the topography of the Pacific Coast, marked
by the elevation of those ranges (which in time reached to 6,000
or 7,000 feet) was gradual. The rivers were therefore at first
smaller than now, and the region, as Hayden inferred from the
great fresh-water Tertiary deposits, was covered by one or more
vast fresh-water lakes. (Dana).
This change also resulted in the formation of the long
peninsula, and the islands which were the nuclei of the present
Coast Range system of this region.
The geological evidence shows that, as I have already
shown, the Cretaceous sea was very deep over Southern Cali-
fornia, so deep that in many places there is an almost entire
absence of fossil organisms, thus presenting great difficulties to
the proper reading of the pages of the geological history of
the region.
Over Central and Northern California the indications are
that there was a gradual rise from the abysmal depths to more
shallow water.
We find in Alameda, Contra Costa, Butte, Shasta and other
interior counties, that the marginal bottom of the Pacific Ocean
teemed with molluscous animal life; in some places the cepha-
lopods are represented by immense numbers of individuals of
many species of Ammonites, Baculites and their contemporaries
in such a remarkable state of preservation that the iridescence
is as finely shown as in our most beautiful living shells.
At other localities the near proximity of the dry land of the
period is indicated by the presence of fossil wood, some of which
3. LeConte’s “Elements of Geology.”
NOU MEN CALTFORNIA ACADBEMYVNOF SCIENCES, . 85
‘shows the work of the Teredos or allied genera; and the shal-
lowness of the water is shown by the fossil remains, or casts,
of Fucoids and other marine plants.
After this elevation of the western portion of the continent,
and the formation of the Coast Range, by folding of the strata.
and subsequent to a period of erosion, the entire region was
again submerged, and the eroded summits of the mountains of
Cretaceous and Eocene (older Tertiary) sedimentary forma-
tions were buried under several thousand feet of sediment at
the bottom of the Miocene sea.
This later formation consists of sandstone, light-colored,
banded slates, and gypsum-bearing clays.
(Some of the results of this submersion may be seen in
the Miocene capping the present mountain ranges. In some
instances the horizontal strata of Miocene age may be seen cap-
ping the nearly vertical strata of the later Cretaceous or Eocene
rocks at altitudes of about five thousand feet.)
While the former elevation drained the Cretaceous sea of
the region, the submergence following it allowed the Miocene
sea to occupy the place of the former Cretaceous, the elevation
of the Miocene period raised barriers which formed an inland
sea which continued during a part of the Pliocene period.
After this came a series of elevating and sinking move-
ments in the region. The Pliocene sea broke through the bar-
riers and was drained into the Pacific Ocean, and the present
interior valleys were occupied by fresh-water lakes, and _ still
later by the bodies of salt water now occupying the so-called
“Bay Region” of Central California.
Referring again to-the Post-Cretaceous period, we find
that the remarkable changes in the physical geography of the
earth’s crust resulted in corresponding climatic variations.
These culminated in a revolution in the organic life of the
time, which was perhaps the greatest which has occurred in the
world’s history.
The evidences of these great surface alterations are seen in
the almost universal unconformity of the rocks of the Tertiary
strata with those of the Cretaceous and other periods which
preceded it.
The unconformities and breaks in the record characterizing
this critical period are almost universal throughout the world,
the most notable exceptions being the plateau region of the
North American continent, and some portions of California,
where the crust oscillations appear to be less marked, and the
stratification is doubtfully continuous.
The next critical period occurred at the close of the Ter-
tiary, when another great revolution took place which re-
sulted in the destruction of a large part of the organic life of
66 SOURHERN CALIFORNIA ACADEMY (OF “SCIENCES:
the period, and the substitution of new and more dominant
forms.
The climatic conditions resulting from the changes in the
physical geography, permitted, or caused, the migration of ani-
mals and plants.
Latics migrations were also forced by subsequent changes
and the resulting environments, and were further made
possible by the land connections between continents and con-
tiguous islands, (previously separated by bodies of water) by
the elevation of the land.
This elevation, connected possibly with astronomical and
other causes not thoroughly understood, brought about the Gla-
cial Period, which may “be termed the last critical period which
has occurred.
This was also attended by well-marked oscillations of the
earth’s crust by elevations and depressions, and especially is this
apparent in high latitudes where the immense areas of the ice
bodies, eradually flowing towards the equator, planed down the
most accentuated irregularities of the surface caused by the up-
reavals.
These ice bodies picked up large bodies of projections upon
which they were formed, or with which they came in contact,
and transported them to long distances, crushing and erinding
them up on the way by their irresistible power, thus forming
boulders, gravel, sand, and soil, which, as the ice approached
the less elevated and warmer latitudes and was gradually
melted, were deposited in the valleys and on the plateaus.
It will be thus seen that, the glaciers were important fac-
tors in preparing the earth for its occupancy by man and the
higher animals, and as will be shown as we proceed, the ice
drove animal and vegetable organisms towards the equatorial
regions, causing an admixture of the faunas and floras of widely
separated regions.
After the recession of the great ice fields and glaciers con-
sequent upon another depression, there came a period when our
coast enjoyed the advantages of a tropical climate, during which
time many genera of plants and animals inhabited the land and
probably continued until the epoch of volcanic disturbances,
when, instead of being buried under a sheet of ever-moving
ice, the country was overwhelmed by a cataclysmic flow of
molten lava, which doubtless destroyed all the animal and veg-
etable life of the region, filling up the river channels, and en-
gulfing the mountains of ordinary altitudes; a time when
the higher peaks, instead of being islands surrounded by ice
fields, or water, were left projecting from an immense sea of
molten lava, which congealed and may be still seen spreading
over vast areas of land. Gane conuancay
min
laa
SOUDTEKN. GALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 87
A New California Rose.
BYeeSse bs ARISE
Rosa MouHAvENSIS sp. Nov. (R. Californica glabrata, Par-
ish, Erythea, C. 88. (1808).
Stems slender, 5-10 dm. long, destitute of infrastipular
spines, but armed with slender scattered prickles, which are
straight or nearly so; glandless and glabrous throughout, except
the inner surface of the sepals, which are canescently tomentose ;
leaves crowded on short branchlets; stipules narrow; leaflets
3-5, oval, 5-15 mm. long, mostly obtuse at apex, cuneate or nar-
rowed at base, serrate with erect teeth, shortly petiolate; flowers
solitary, or in corymbs 2-3, short pedicellate; sepals lanceolate-
accuminate, the tips enlarged; petals 4 pink obovate, entire, about
I5 mm. long; styles distinct; fruit (immature) ovoid-globose,
contracted into a short neck.
Type 2481 Parish, June 1, 1892, collected by watercourses
at Cushenberry Springs, at the desert foot of the San Rernar-
dino Mits., alt. about 4000ft. Since received from Mr. H. M.
Hall, who collected it in 1900 on the desert slope of San Antonio
Mt. Also collected long ago at Rock Creek, in the same region,
by Dr. Davidson, and probably not uncommon on the borders of
the Mohave Desert.
It is, indeed, the desert analogue of Rosa Californica. Ch.
& Schl., from which it differs in the smaller size of all its parts,
and in the absence of infrastipular spines, or of any glandular or
hirsute indument. Even on young and vigorous shoots the leaves,
which are then more distant, have leaflets (about 7) not exceed-
ing 25 mm. in length, Early in June of last year I again had an
opportunity of observing this rose at the type station, and it ap-
peared so distinct that I ventured to propose specific rank for it.
In doing so I avail myself of this occasion to change the name
formerly given, and which had been used already more than once
in the genus.
The figure is drawn from a specimen collected June 2, 1901,
at Cushenberry Springs, by Mr. Louis A. Greata and myself.
San Bernardino.
Additions to the Flora of Los Angeles County, I.
By LE Roy ABRAMS.
Pinus Murrayana Balf. Summit of Mt. San Antonio.
Sitanion rigidum J. G. Smith. Summit of Mt. San Antonio.
Bromus carinatus Californicus (Nutt.) Shear. Fruitland, along
irrigating ditches.
Lepturus cylindricus Trin. Mesmer.
Plate VII.
ROSA MOHAVENSIS.
SOURHERN CALIFORNIA: ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. &9
Melica imperfecta minor Scribu. Canyon near Chatsworth Park.
Phalaris Lemmont Vasey. Inglewood.
Argopyron Parishu laeve Scribn. & Smith. Ballona Creek,
near Mesmer.
Alopecurus geniculatus 1, Not typical, perhaps a distinct form.
Mr. Elmer D. Merrill of the Department of Agriculture informs
me that the same form has been collected near San Diego.
Quercus lobata Nee. ‘There are some excellent trees of this
species at Chatsworth Park.
Quercus Wislizent A. D.C. This species is frequent on the
coast slope of the Sierra Madre Mountains. I have also obtained
it in the San Antonio, San Bernardino and Santa Ana Ranges.
Only the scrubby form seems to occur with us, and it has been
confused with Quercus dumosa Nutt.
Castanopsis sempervirens (Kell.) Dudley, N. A. Fauna, No. 16,
1899. (Cantanea sempervirens Kell. Proc. Calif. Acad. 1:71.
Castanopsis chrysophylla Parish, Zoe 4: 34.6, not of A. DC.)
This species occurs in the San Antonio Mts., above 8000 ft.
Eschscholtzia Californica Cham. Sierra Madre; Chatsworth
Park.—Perennial.
Eschscholtsta peninsularis Greene. The common species.—
Annual.
Eschscholtzia hypecoides Benth. Saddle Peak, Santa Monica Mts.
Lepidium lastocarpum. Nutt. Sand-Dunes, Ballona Harbor.
Arabis Virginica (1,.) Trelease (A. EL CE AIO NCIS IGS )
Inglewood.
Fleuchera elegans Abrams. Wilson’s Peak; Mt. Lowe. Heuw-
chera rubescens of local lists, not of Torr.
Fleuchera rubescens Torr. Mt. San Antonio.
Ribes cereum Dougl. Mt, San Antonio.
Ribes malvaceum veridifolium Abrams. RK. glutinosum of local
lists, not of Benth. San Gabriel Mts. above 3000 ft.; Santa
Monica Mts.
Florkelia platycalyx Rydb. Indian Hill, Claremont.
Florkelia sericea (Gray) Rydb. Ballona Harbor, edges of sand-
dunes.
Cercocarpus ledifolius Nutt. Mt. San Antonio, gooo ft. alt.
Lupinus gracilis Agardh. San Fernando Mountain.
Astragalus Parishit Gray. Chatsworth Park.
90 SOUTHERN “CALIBFORNIAY ACADEMY (OF TS CEENGES
Butterfly Emigrants.
BY PROF. J. J. RIVERS.
Is the climate changing in California? Certain southern
butterflies have taken up their abode in Santa Monica that form-
erly were not credited to this locality, viz., Callidryas eubule,
Linn.; and Terias nicippe, Cram. Both these butterflies are
among the commonest butterfly residents, and have taken up per-
manent quarters. Extending the area of their domain could not
be successful on climate alone, as these species are particular as
to their diet. C. eubule is known to feed upon Cassia and Tri-
folium. The inhabitants here have a great liking for the blazing,
flowering Cassia floribunda, and have planted it extensively; the
butterflies are equally rejoiced, and have shown great apprecia-
tion by establishing themselves in great numbers upon every tree
to the detriment of its beauty, thus causing an antagonistic atti-
tude on the part of the inhabitants, and many shrubs have been
already rooted out.
Ocean Park, Cal.
Publications, Etc., Received.
Bulletin of the New York Botanical Garden. Vol. 2, No. 7.
Water supply and Irrigation papers of the U. S. Geological Survey,
Nos. 57 and 61.
Report of the Maine Agric. Station, 1901.
Cell Studies I. “Spindle Formation in Agave.” by W. J. V. Osterhout,
Preceed. Cal. Acad. Sci. Botany, Vol. II, No. 8.
“New Species from the Sierra Nevada Mountains of California,”
by Alice Eastwood. Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci. Botany Vol. II, No. 9.
“Some New Species of Pacific Coast Ribes,’ by Alice Eastwood.
Proc. Gals Acad: Sci. SBotany Vol) lk INos 7%
“The Quaternary of Southern California,’ by Oscar H. Hershey,
Univ. Cal., Dept. Geology. Vol. 3, No. 1.
Minnesota Botanical Studies. Part VI.
“The Seeds of Rescue Grass and Chess.” U. S. Dept. Agricult. Bull.
No. 25.
In Memoriam: Edward Waller Claypole. Throop Polytechnic In-
stitute.
“A Descriptive List of the Plants Collected by Dr. F. E. Blaisdell
at Nome City, Alaska,’ by Alice Eastwood. Reprint from the Botanical
Gazette.
“Tnsect Enemies of the Pine in the Back Hills Forest Reserve.” U.
S. Dept. Agricult. Bull. No. 32.
“Colemanite from Southern California: a Description of the Crystals
and of the Measurement with the Two Circle Goniometer,” by Arthur
S Eakle, Univ. Cal. Dept. Geology. Vol. 3, No. 2.
Eparchean Interval, a criticism of the use of the term Algonkian,
by Andrew C. Lawson, Univ. Cal. Dept. Geology. Vol. 3, No. 3.
SOUMMEKRNNCALTEOR NIA AG ADEBMN SOF S CEENCES, oF
Transactions.
ACADEMY OF SCIENCES—ANNUAL RECEPTION.
The regular June meeting of the Academy, the last of the season of
1891-1902, was held at the Woman’s Clubhouse on Tuesday evening, June
10, 1902.
Retiring President Wm. H. Knight conducted the proceedings. In
his introductory remarks he stated that eleven years ago a little band
of 21 persons interested in general science, and especially in learning
more of the scientific features of our region and environment, organized
the Southern California Science Association, which name was subsequently
changed to the Southern California Academy of Sciences.
The society first met in the hall at 119 Spring street, but owing to
increase in numbers—now 240—and the march of improvement in the
city, the Academy has since occupied the halls, successively, at 330 Broad-
way and 724 Broadway for its general meetings, and such other halls as
were convenient for its section meetings. The new board of officers hope
to secure a permanent home where all the meetings can be held and the
library and collections can be accommodated.
New members were elected as follows:
E. Bennet Adams. W. J. Schaefle. Protea. (2) Brackett,
R. H. Behrens. DS es Daranc Samuel S. Partello, M.D.
H. A. Behrens. Mark R. Lamb. James R. Rogers, Ph. D.
Wm. J. Canfield. Alfred Fellows, M.D.
The report of the Committee on Modern English was referred to
the Board of Directors for further consideration.
Hon. Abbot Kinney addressed the meeting on “How to Identify the
Forest Trees of Southern California without being a Botanist.” His in-
structive remarks were illustrated by branches and cones of the the dif-
ferent varieties of pine, fir, spruce and other trees found on the slopes
of the Sierra Madre and other ranges of mountains in this region. He
explained how the pine needles spring in groups of from one to five
from a single sheath, according to the species to which they belong, and
described the characteristics of the cones peculiar to each variety.
The Pinus monephylla, (Pinon) has one leaf or needle in sheath,
nut edible, small globose cone
The Pinus contorta, (Tamarack pine) has two short leaves, small
cone, thin bark with resinous exudations.
The Pinus ponderosa, (Yellow pine) has three emerald green leaves,
yearling cone green, when ripe oblong. Bark in plaques like alligator skin.
Pinus Jeffreyi, (Black pine) three paler leaves, yearling cone purple,
when ripe large and pyramidal; found higher on the mountains than the
yellow pine.
Pinus Coulteri, (Coulter pine) has three very long leaves; largest
pine cone in the world, sometimes weighing 8 to 10 pounds, and with
large hooks on scales.
Pinus altenuata has three leaves, cone horrt-shaped, only opens after
long periods.
Pinus insignii, (Monterey pine) three leaves; medium sized cone with
knobs ‘near base; a coast pine.
Pinus quadrifolia, four leaves but not regular; smal! cone; found
on the San Jacinto mountains.
Pinus Lambertiana, (Sugar pine) five short, bluish green leaves;
cones longest in the world; bark dark with reddish or purple tinge.
92 SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.
Pinus albicaulis, (flexiler) five dark green leaves, bark white; found
only near snow line.
Pseudo-tsuga macrocarpa, (Southern California spruce) short, flat
leaves springing from short stem; long pendant cone has three-pronged
bracts protruding between scales.
Abies concolor, (Balsam fir) short leaves without stems; dark bark;
cylinder-shaped cones stand erect on limbs, and when ripe scales fall off.
Libocedrus decurrens, (Incense cedar) flat, bright green leaves; small
horn-shaped cone; bark light yellow to cinnamon, in long ridges.
The acorns and leaves of four characteristic oaks were exhibited and
described. Mr. Kinney spoke of the importance of preserving our forests
from the ravages of fire, from the woodmans’ axe, and from the spoilia-
tion of the sheep-herder, as forests conserve the rainfall and minimize the
disastrous effects of floods and drouths .
Upon introducing Dr. John Uri Lloyd, President of the Eclectic Med-
ical Institute of Cincinnati, and author of several scientific works, Mr.
Knight exhibited the monster tooth of a gigantic animal recently exhumed
from a bed of gravel near the County Hospital in this city, and said that
Prof. Lloyd would take it for a text and speak of the mastodon bones
found near his boyhood home in the salt licks of Kentucky. Indulging
in a philosophical vein of thought, the professor said that Kentucky is
the great mid-land region of the country. Into its rich valieys came the
mastodons and mammoths of pre-glacial ages, the buffaloes, elks, deer and
other herbivorous animals of modern times, and it became the rich hunt-
ing-ground, first of the North American Indian tribes, then of the white
races which focalized there from the east, from the north, and from the
west and south, to secure its abundant wild game. There are still vestiges
of buffalo roads fifty feet in width. tramped by innumerable herds. While
the Indians roamed those primeval forests to replenish their winter stores
of meat, they established their homes north of the Ohio river or south of
the Tennessee. The size of the animals of the tertiary and quarternary
ages which fed in these rich valleys is almost beyond belief. The ribs of
some of them had been used for tent-poles by some of the early settlers
in that region. The best skeleton of a mastodon in existence, 35 feet
in length, was dug up there and sent to England.
Why were the bones of these huge animals found in that region?
Because great springs of salt water issue from the earth, overflowing
the adjacent ground, and making an immense salt marsh of a depth so
great that it has not yet been prcbed to the bottom. Into this yielding
soil the gigantic beasts who came to lick its saline incrustations, ventured
too far, and sunk and were buried alive, and their monster bones are the
playthings of wondering children, and the curios of zoological cabinets
today.
Dr. Theodore C. Comstock, the president-elect, was then introduced
by Mr .Knight as a gentleman of high scientific attainments, of wide ex-
perience in geological research, having conducted U. S. exploration parties
in the field, “and ‘has been a succes sful educator in both eastern and west-
ern institutions.
Prof. Comstock took for his theme “The Mission of the Local Acad-
emy of Sciences.” and began by giving a synopsis of the history and work
of the American Association, and suggested that our local body had
reached a numerical strength and stage of development to be permanently
organized on a basis for doing the best work, and for affiliating with
other similarly organized scientific bodies.
An abstract of Dr. Comstock’s address will appear in Bulletin No. 8.
Mr. B. R. B iri itati palite
Rock and the Sea,” followed by paragraphs from Tyndalls’ address before
the British Association at Belfast, 28 years ago.
SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 9?
The addresses were interspersed with excellent music, the following
selections being finely rendered: Piano solo, Schubert-Liszt, by Miss
Mary L. O'Donoghue; vocal solo, by Mrs. Beatrice Hubbell Piummer;
violin solo, Vieuxtemps, by Miss Laura Mabel Johnson.
Wm. H. KnicuHrt.
(N.B.—The Secretary was occupied with duties incidental to the recep-
tion. At his request, therefore, the above minutes were compiled by Mr.
Knight. )
BOTANICAL SECTION.
At the regular meeting Messrs. Johnston and Braunton showed spec
mens of Gillias. Dr. Davidson distributed specimens of Ammantia coccinea
Nasturtium curvisiliqua, and Spergularia gracilis, from Bixby Slough.
The secretary distributed a fungus collected at Hueneme by Mr. Theo.
Payne which he had forwarded to Mr. Lloyd who replied as follows: ‘‘The
plant is Batlerea Digueli described in the Journal de Botanique some three
or four years ago from specimens from California. It is in my opinion the
same plant that was re-described last summer under the name Latterca
laciniata. Itis needless to say that as I have never had specimens of this
plant previously I am more than grateful for them.”’
The members reported the following plaees visited since the last
regular meeting, viz: Rubio, Millards, Santa Monica Canyons, Cienega
and Ballona.
Specimens of Mycenastrum spinulosum and Morchella conica have
been received from Mr. Payne.
BOAR DIOR DIRECTORS:
Los Angeles, California, May 10, 1902.
A meeting of the Board of Directors was held this evening at 940 Fig-
ueroa street. President Comstock occupied the chair.
The following applications for membership were acted upon favorably:
E. Bennet Adams. W. J. Schaefle. Protaehe eb Brackett.
R. H. Behrens. De Dirane: James R. Rogers, Ph. D.
H. A. Behrens. Mark R. Lamb. Samuel S. Partello, M.D.
Win. J. Canfield. Alfred Fellows, M.D
A committee of two, consisting of the President and Secretary, was
appointed to procure a suitable hall for the meetings of the Academy and
its Sections for the ensuing year.
There being no further business the meeting stood adojurned.
B. R. BaumGaront, Secretary.
BOARD OF DIRECTORS.
Los Angeles, California, June 14, 1902.
A meeting of the Board of Directors was held this afternoon, Presi-
dent Comstock in the chair.
The minutes of the meeting held June 10 were read and approved.
The report of the “Committee on Publication of Mr. A. L. Ban-
croft’s Paper on Modernized English” was received.
The following Resolution was introduced and carried:
“That it is the sense of this Board that it is inexpedient at the pres-
ent time to proceed with the publication of Mr. Bancroft’s paper on
‘Modernized English from the Standpoint of Its Usefulness,’ or to form a
Section within the Academy to be devoted to Philological Subjects.”
Mr. Tabor called the Board’s attention to the fact that the Academy
was not yet incorporated, and made a motion that a committee of three
94 SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.
be appointed to draft the Articles of Incorporation and then report to
the Board of Directors. Carried.
The following Committee on Incorporation was appointed: Com-
stock, Knight and Davidson.
Those present were: Comstock, Knight, Davidson, Parsons, Tabor,
Whiting, Dozier and Baumgardt.
Adjourned. B. R. BAumcarnt, Secretary.
Notes.
The County Supervisors report that I0,00c acres in the neighborhood
that have been infested by the Russian thistle have been so vigorously at-
tacked that it is estimated that this plague wili be stamped out in a year
from now. We may be allowed to doubt the probability of any political
body ever rooting out any pest in this county or any other. We called at-
tention to this pest in our county in 1892. Shortly afterwards there was
a spasmodic attempt to spend some money in the so called extermina-
tion of the thistle. A few years after 200 acres were reported to be affected
near Redondo. This ground was gone over and subsequently reported
ciean. A few years have passed and now 10,000 acres are infested. When
this pest was first discovered $100 judiciously expended might have saved
the country; now there is no limit to the money that may have to be
spent to save the farmer.
Prof. Elwood Mead and Prof. J. M. Wilson, of the University of
California, and Prof. Stout of the University of Nebraska, have gone
to Fresno to investigate the alkali lands, with a view to improving the
condition of the soil. They will spend a portion of the $15,000, which was
appropriated by Congress upon the recommendation of President Benja-
min Ide Wheeler and Prof. Eugene Hilgard of the State University.
The professors will endeaver to find a feasible system whereby the land
may be reclaimed from alkali deposits.
The Academy of Sciences meetings will adjourn during the vacation
season and will resume in September. The section meetings, with the ex-
ception of the Botanical, will adjourn until that date. The botanical sec-
tion will meet as usual on the fourth Monday of each month.
Prof. Dudley of Stanford, while botanizing in the mountains east
of Visalia, was bitten on the ankle, by a rattlesnake. The latest reports
of his condition are very favorable.
ASTRONOMICAL NOTES.
By Mr. WM. H. KNIGHT.
Sir Norman Lockyer has advanced the opinion that a careful examina-
tion of earthquake and volcano records will disclose a connection between
those phenomena and sun-spot minimums and maximums. He cites the
minimum of 1867 when Mauna Loa was active; the maximum of 1872
when the West Indies were violently disturbed; and the maximum of 1883
when the explosion of Krakatoa occurred. “At Tokio, in a country where
the most perfect seismological observatories exist, it is notable that at
periods near both sun-spot maximum and minimum the greatest number
of disturbances have been recorded.”
Richard Conrad Schiedt, Ph. D., professor of natural science “~t
Franklin and Marshall College, announces in the Philadelphia Times a
new theory of terrestrial construction and evolution. He thinks there
=
SOUMAMERNY CGADLFORNIA ACADEMY VOR, SCIENCES. —%5
is a solid concentric sphere of a thickness which can be mathematically
computed, enclosing a hollow interior filled with gass of an enormously
high temperature, and under great pressure. Volcanic eruptions are oc-
casional successful attempts of this interior to escape. These are generally
in the neighborhood of deep sea bottoms where the concentric sphere is
thinnest and consequently weakest.
“The sky,’ says a writer in the New York Times, “is a vast im-
movable dial plate. The moon moves along the illuminating figures, trav-
eling the dial quickly, like a second hand, once a month. The sun, lke
a minute hand, goes over the dial once a year. Various planets stand for
hour hands, moving over the dial in various periods, reaching up to 164
years for Neptune. The earth like an exploration ship, sails the infinite
azure , bearing the observers to different points where they may inves-
tigate the infinite problems of the mighty machinery.”
Prof. Henry A. Ward, formerly of Ward’s Natural Science establish-
ment in Rochester, visited Mexico recently for the purpose of examining
“the largest meteorite in the world.” It les embedded in the erath 350
miles northwest of Mexico City. It is of almost solid iron, its outer
surface pitted and scarred. The object measures 13 feet in length, 6
feet in heighth, and 5 feet 4 inches in width, and its weight is estimated
at 50 tons.
Prof. G. W. Meyers, acording to a recent statement of Prof. Larkin,
has determined certain elements in the very interesting spectroscopic
binary Beta Lyrae. Period of revolution around mass center, 13 days;
distance between centers of suns, 30,000,000 miles; mass of large sun, 18
times that of our sun; mass of small sun 9 times that of our sun; velocity
of small sun, 110 miles per second.
Uranus is now in opposition, and the rare opportunity to see it dis-
tinctly with the naked eye is presented to amateur observers. An opera
glass tourned upon the star Theta in the right foot of Ophiuchus wiil in-
clude the planet in the field. Its brightness is between the fifth and sixth
magnitude.
GEOLOGICAL NOTES.
By Dr, THEO. B. ComMsrock.
Since the last issue of the BULLETIN, Professor Oscar H. Hershey has
published* additional notes of studies of the Quaternary of Southern Cali-
fornia, in which he develops interesting features of the region between the
San Gabriel and Tehachapi ranges, farther east than the area of his
previous work in that district. He announces a local patch of Pliocene
strata (Mellenia and Escondido beds) at an altitude of 1700 feet, and deduces
from his work the existence of a Pliocene river valley in the general course
of the present Santa Clara river, coming from the region of Antelope Valley.
This is consistent with observations by others, including the writer, and
tallies well with the investigations of Professor Davidson, formerly of the
U_ S$. Coast Survey (now at head of the Department of Geography, University
of California), whose researches prior to the year 1900 determined the posi-
tion off-coast of twenty-one submerged channels bet ween Cape Mendocino
and San Diego.4 Two of these lie adjacent to the Santa Barbara Channel
and Dr. Joseph LeConte announced more than ten years ago that “the
hollowing out of the submarine channels was the work of the Pliocene
* American Geologist, June, 1902, Vol. XXX.
2 Submerged Valleys of California, etc. Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., San Francisco, 3d Ser.,
Geology, Vol. I No. 2, pp. 73-103, 1897, 9 P1.
96 SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.
alone,” and it was at this period that the principal islands of Southern Cali-
fornia were brought above sea.
Professor Ritter, of the San Pedro Marine Biological Station, has
recently contributed an interesting article to Sczevce on the work of that
well conducted institution, in which he refers to one of these submerged
valleys, possibly a part of the former course of the Los Angeles river or the
San Gabriel river. The fact of the existence of these old channels is well
known to geologists and Professor Davidson’s valued contributions to the
subject are held in high esteem. As LeConte sagely remarked in the paper
quoted above:} “It is impossible to conceive a more inviting field for the
study of the higher problems of geology than is afforded by the phenomena
of the river-beds of California.”’
We have here in Ios Angeles a beautiful piece of river carving, as~
exhibited in the gorges of the Los Angeles River and Arroyo Seco. Fine
sections and very instructive erosion etchings are also afforded by the
cafions reaching the seathrough the Santa Monica Mountains, trom Port Los
Angeles westwardto PointDuma, Theseare particularly mentioned because
they elucidate paragraphs in the later chapters of the geologic volume t{
It is to the interest, and an important part of the duty, of our Academy
of Sciences to enlist young people in the study of these phenomena. Let us
organize field work in the Geological Section as early as possible in the
autumn, and, meanwhile, consider it your individual work to gather earnest
students into this organization .From Archzeanto Recent, the whole record
is within easy travel of this city and, actually, we ourselves are the very
most ignorant of the meaning of it all.
Messrs. Delos and Ralph Arnold have published (Feb.-March, 1902)
in the Journal of Geology some of the results of their work on ‘‘The Marine
Pliocene and Pleistocene Stratigraphy of the coast of Southern California.’
Professor R. E. Dodge presented a timely paper on ‘‘Arroyo Formation”’
before a late meeting of the N. Y. Academy of Sciences, in which he gives
a caution against too explicit reliance on a single factor in interpreting the
rate of erosion or deposition in arid regions. It is peculiarly difficult to
correlate separated depositsand to assign time-values in our Pleistocene
terraces and silted channels. Generalizations not based on very exact data
or cumulative evidence are untrustworthy and can only be adopted tenta-
tively.
The recent discovery of the remains of extinct Mammals in Quaternary
deposits in the city of Los Angeles makes probable the unearthing of others
which may have great value in settling points of local geology. It often
happens, as in this particular case, that the bones, tusks and other parts are
soft or crumbling. Itis possible to handle these in such manner as to
prevent their loss and to preserve them intact, if the aid of some one familiar
with the work is secured in time. In all such cases, before the workmen
are permitted to disentomb the relics, word should be sent to the President
of the Southern California Academy of Sciences, office 534 Stimson Building,
who will be ready to superintend the excavation in the interest of Science.
Public spirited owners of such specimens will donate them to the Academy
for preservation; but, at any rate, give us a chance to make observations
and to ensure the relics against irreparable damage.
t Tertiary and Post-Tertiary Changes of the Atlantic and Pacific Coasts. Bull. Geol. Soc.
Amer., Vol. 2, p. 323-328, March, 1891.
tUnder date of June 24th, 1902, Professor Davidson writes me that there have been
“noted on recent charts two or more such valleys on the West coast of South America.’’
AUGUST I, 1902
BULLETIN
COMMITTER ON PUBLICATION:
A. DAVIDSON, C. M., M.D., Chairman
MELVILLE DOZIER T. B Comstock, Ph. D.
CONTENTS :
Page
Prehistoric California, DR. LORENZO GORDIN YATES 97
Plate VIII, Calochortus Striatus....... PES H AG Santee » Ior
The Southern California Species of Calochortus, S.
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Notes on Sphaeralcea and Malvastran T. DLA.
COCKRELL
Marine Biological Station, San Pedro, Cal
Abstract of Address by Prest., Dr. T. B. CoMSTOCK.. t09
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OF THE
Southern Galifornia Academy of Sciences
VOI LOS ANGELES, CAL, AUGUST 1.1902, NO. 8
231 West First STREET.
PREHISTORIC CALIFORNIA, :
(Continued from July BULLETIN )
BY DR. LORENZO GORDIN YATES.
This was followed by a period of excessive precipitation of
rain, when rushing torrents of water cut deep chasms where
mountains had formerly separated the river channels, and filling
up the valleys, thus made more marked alterations in the to-
pography, bringing down immense quantities of detritus, de-
stroying large forests of timber and scattering the remains of
the huge animals which had inhabited them, carrying away much
of the deposits of soil which had accumulated during a period
of comparative inaction of the elements, and leaving the surface
of the earth nearly in the condition in which we find it today.
It has been shown that there have been several well
marked revolutionary epochs which affected large areas of the
earth’s crust, and also (especially since the Miocene period)
large numbers of changes which have been restricted to small
areas, and caused local (orogenic) displacements.
These local changes in the physiography of the region oc-
curred at different, but not widely separated epochs of time; they
were gradual in their development and are still going on, as may
be shown by the gradual elevation, or depression, at various points
along our present coast.
That portion of California lying south of the Golden Gate
seems to exhibit the greater number of these local displacements.
In some instances are shown upthrusts of the older (some-
times granitic) rocks; this changed the water courses, and new
ones were formed; or, the uplift closed the exits of large bodies
of water lying in the interior depressions, forcing them to find, or
cut, new outlets.
Professor Lawson says that, during the Pliocene numerous
peaks and ridges rose above the general level. Numerous islands,
large and small, fringed the coast of California. There were nu-
merous submerged valleys, so that the Coast was well supplied
with harbors. In a word, the coast of California at the close of
the Pliocene had the aspect of an archipelago. The archipelagic
condition endured into the early Pleistocene, and from this con-
dition it has been gradually recovering up to the present day.”
98 SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCGLhENGES:
(Andrew C. Lawson, in Bulletin of the Department of Ge-
ology, University of California, Vol. I., No. 4, p. 158.)
Professor Lawson also notes the presence of pliocene de-
posits of one mile in thickness, lying south from San Francisco.
The evidences of physiographical changes near the shore
line are abundant and well marked.
The question of how and when the benches or shore terraces
were formed has caused much discussion among geologists,
among whom they are generally considered as water- rane de-
posits, and entirely the result of changes in sea level.
Professor George Davidson, for many years the able Super-
intendent of the United States Coast and Geodetic Surveys, who
had unrivalled opportunities for the detailed study of our coast
line, is of the opinon that the terraces resulted from the action of
ice sheets, or an ice belt contiguous to the continental shores,
which he claims skirted our shore, and by its continuous move-
ment planed down the irregularities of up-tilted and contorted
surfaces of rock of varied character. He says “That some few
of the smaller ones which are composed of gravel, etc., were made
by the action of water, and may mark ancient sea levels, may De
admitted; but those that exhibit on an extended scale level pla-
teaus of rock, which have every degree of inclination, and an in-
finite variety of texture, cannot have been so wrought. See
Plate 1
Other forces more powerful and more uniform and constant
in action than water, shaped these flat-topped rocky benches or
plateaus.”
An examination of some of these plateaus will show that the
later deposits of gravel, sand, silt, etc., lie unconformably on a
surface of rock which appears to have been absolutely planed
off and the different degrees of hardness of the stratification have
no apparent influence upon the mechanical forces at work.”
It is probable that both of these theories are correct, in part,
and that in some localities, at least, the ice planed down the first
or oldest plateau, upon which were subsequently deposited the
more recent formations, which, by the elevations of different ep-
ochs, formed the raised sea beaches or plateaus.
The islands forming the southerly boundary of the Santa
Barbara Channel, present many interesting features illustrative
of the changes in the topography or phy siography of the region.
These islands were formed either by an overflow of ‘lava
from some crater on the mainland, the locality of which is un-
known, or, by the opening of a fissure by the pressure of molten
lava beneath the surface, which released it and allowed it to flow
out and fill up the valleys and other depressions on the surface.
Of these two theories the latter seems to be the most plau-
sible.
The earlier flows of lava were, after cooling, broken up into
SOUT ERIN ICALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. — 99
angular fragments by the later intrusion of molten lava from be-
low, which enveloped the fragments of the earlier lava, ee
a volcanic breccia, in which the later or cementing material, 1
softer and more readily disintegrated when exposeu to the Aes
ments, and allows the included “fragments of the earlier flow to
weather out and become separated fon the mass. (See Plate 2).
Either the shrinkage of the mass, or the irregularity of the
elevation and depression of the region caused the lava to. crack
across the stream (the line of least resistance) and these cracks
or fissures allowed the elements to act more readily upon the lines
of the fissures, until openings were formed which resulted in the
breaks separating the different islands. (See Plate 3).
Soft places in the lava rock have allowed the waters of the
ocean to form the numerous caves, ocean-floored caverns, col-
umns, arches and fantastic outlying rocks, for which the islands
are noted.
Professor Lawson (loc. cit.) in describing the rocks of San
Clemente Island, says: ‘On the cliffs and stream canons of this
side of the island, there are numerous caves and cavernous re-
cesses. ‘These appear to be an original characteristic of the lava
flows, and are only exposed, not formed, by erosive agencies.”
An extensive study of the islands lying west of the San Cle-
mente, including the Anacapas, Santa Cruz, Santa Rosa, and San
Miguel, have convinced me that, however wel. his theory may
fit to San Clemente, it will not apply to any of the other islands
I have mentioned; for where so many miles of perpendicular vol-
canic bluffs are exposed there would, on this theory, certainly be
many of these caves visible above the ocean level, whereas of the
large number of caves’visited by me, I know of two only which,
in ordinary times, have any portion of their floors exposed above
the ocean level, and one of those is covered at high tide, and the
other is dry by reason of its lying back of a mass of rocks which
have fallen from the bluff.
The beating of the waves has worn these caves and tunnels
into the vesicular basalt, carving out chambers whose roofs are
supported by grand pillars; or into low, cavernous, arched tunnels
which extend to unknown distances under the island. In some
instances the openings are high, gradually decreasing in height
until the roof becomes so low that the crests of the waves touch the
roof and fill the caves, the confined air causing reverberations
similar to the discharge of artillery.
In time, some of these caves or tunnels are cut throuch the
islands, in the narrowest places, and later the roof. falls and the
island is divided.
After the roof has fallen, the passages wear away more rapidly,
and form passages of widths varying from a few yards to three
or four miles in width, as may be seen in the channels which sepa-
rate the various islands from each other.
7oo SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.
The channel between Santa Rosa and San Miguel; Santa
Rosa and Santa Cruz; Santa Cruz and the Anacapas are from
three to four miles in width, while the passages which separate the
three Anacapas from each other are, in one, less than a quarter of
a mile, the other only sufficiently wide to permit the passage
of a row boat.
This manner of division of the islands is plainly shown at the
eastern end of the Anacapas, where an individual arch is left
standing at some little distance from the extremity of the Eastern
Island, and between it and the island a column which formerly
supported two other arches which connected the present arch with
the island.
After the lava flow the islands were submerged and an ex-
tensive series of strata of sand, gravel and silt were deposited, of
which the greater portion have since been eroded.
Some of these strata contain well-preserved fossil shells, and on
Santa Rosa Island bones and teeth of the Fossil Elephant have
been found by the writer and others, showing the connection of
the island with the mainland during recent geologic periods.
In the southern portion of San. Diego County there are fos-
sil shells of species now found living in ‘the Gulf of Lower Cali-
fornia, showing that the region was, until recently, covered by
the waters of the Gulf.
And now, having endeavored to out line the condition of our
State in prehistoric times, the next chapter will be devoted to the
animals and plants of the same period of the earth’s history.
(To be Continued).
Plate 6 represents a view from the southwesterly side of Cuyler’s Har-
bor, San Miguel Island. In this harbor Cabrillo, the Portuguese navi-
gator in the service of Spain, who discovered the islands, wintered in
1542-43, and it is where he is said to have been buried.
The dark portions seen on the northerly shore of the harbor are the ex-
posed portions of the volcanic rock, over which the sand (represented by
the light-colored portion of the illustration) is driven by the prevailing
northwesterly winds.
These winds are so prevalent during summer, that they are known as
“the trade winds” and they are so strong that they carry the sand across
the channel represented in Plate 3, to Santa Rosa Island, where a por-
tion is deposited, to be again carried by the wind across its western end,
which is shown in the illustration, and eventually into the ocean.
The sand accumulates on the top and down the face of the steep bluff,
as seen in the illustration, until its weight causes it to slide down into the
harbor, like a snow slide from a steep mountain side. An occurrence of
this character took place several years ago which attracted widespread
notice, and the results of the sudden shifting of such an accumulation was
such as to wreck a sloop anchored in the harbor, casting her ashore on
the opposite side.
; One of the San Francisco dailies sent a special to inv estigate, and
printed an entire page giving a highly colored account of “The Great
Earthquake on San Miguel Island.”
NOURTERN CALIFORNIA ACADEMY ‘OF SCIENCES. — ror
BV Ade, NULL
CALOCHORTUS. STRIATUS, PARISH,
102 SOUTHERN ‘CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCEENGES:
The Southern California Species of Calochortus.
BYSS> Bi -PARISH:,
This paper was prepared before the appearance of Mr. Carl
Purdy’s recent ‘‘ Revision of the Genus Calochortus,’’ ' but by
the delay in its publication I have been able to revise it with
the aid of his helpful treatment. Mr. Purdy has favored me
also with some valuable manuscript notes.
Mr. Purdy’s monograph is the first attempt, since that of
Dr. Sereno Watson,” at presenting a systematic treatment of those
species of Calochortus which grow in the United States. His
acquaintance with these plants, both in their native haunts and
under cultivation, exceeds that of any other botanist, so that his
views respecting them are entitled to great deference. It is,
therefore, with no little hesitancy that Iam obliged to dissent
from his disposition of some of the Southern California species,
especially as my field acquaintance is confined, for the most part,
to the few species which occupy this little corner of the vast
region inhabited by the genus.
At the outset of any attempt to establish lines of specific
separation in the genus, we are met by the necessity of relying
largely upon color and color-markings, characters unstable at
best, and unsatisfactory, and seldom more so than in the present
case. Colorations the most distinct, and apparently fixed are
found to fade away at times in infinite variations. Elsewhere I
have directed attention to this evanescence in the brilliant and
distinct markings of C. venustus, > markings which in one locality
may be repeated in thousand of flowers with substantial same-
ness, while in another they may be confused, or disappear, so that
extreme forms are referable to the species only from habital
propinquity.
Great diagnostic importance must be assigned, also, to the
character of the petaline glands, their shape and indument; yet
I CARL PurDy. A revision of the Genus Calochortus. Proc. Cal. Acad. Ser. 111, Bot.
2:107-156, t. 15-19. Dec. 1901.
2 SERENO WATSON. Revision of the North American Liliaceae. Proc .Am. Acad.
14:213-288. July, 1879.
3S. B. PaRISH. Variations of Calochortus venustus, Benth. Zoe, 3:592.
NOQUMMEIN CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OR SCIENCES. 103
in some cases these glands are subject to variation, or evel may
become obsolete. The size of the flower in individuals of the
saine species often varies greatly, but the proportional dimen-
sions of the petal, and the relative lengths of petals and sepals,
are commonly, but not invariably, preserved. The character of the
tips of the sepals, as to remaining erect, or becoming more or less
recurved, or even coiled, has been relied upon, but appears of
slight value. The color and shape of the anther, and to some
extent the proportionate length of the filamant in respect to it,
are of value in the discrimination of some species.
In the grouping of the Southern California species, at least,
the most reliable character appears to be the presence or absence
of hairs on the inner surface of the petals, their nature, and the
area occupied by them when present.
The corms of Calochortus are usually solitary, rarely two or
three, or even several, together, and each corm produces a single
stem, or sometimes two or three stems. They grow ata depth
of six inches or more, commonly in dry gravelly or stony soil, and
usually in the protection of shrubs. This is not however an
invariable habit; C. zzvenustus sometime grows in wet meadows,
C. Keunedyz frequently in hard clay, and C. striatus is found in
soil strongly alkaline. The flowers in Eucalochortus are
generally produced in a sort of few-flowered umbel, the branches
subtendea by reduced leaves, or bracts. The basal leaves, one
or more in number, are iong, narrow and grasslike.
In the accompanying table the local distribution of the
various species, both regional and altitudinal, is shown. The
region between the Sierra Nevada range and the sea has been
designated, for lack of a better name, as the Intramontane
Region, since it is composed oreographically of valleys lying
between mountain ridges. It contains two well marked sub-
regious; the Costal, extending 25-30 miles from the ocean, and
usually not exceeding 500 feet in altitude; and the Interior, the
remaining portion, including the foothills, and heaving an alti-
tude of 1,000 to 4,000 feet. The islands off the coast may be
separated advantageously as a third subregion. The Nevadan
Region is practically delimited by the pine belt of the Sierra.
The Mojave subregion of the Desert only is given, as no species
of Calochortus are known from the Colorado desert.
104 SOURHERN CALIFORNIA (ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
The dagger (+) indicates that the species is common; the
minus (—)sign that it is rare; and the asterisk (*) that it is local,
DISTRIBUTION OF THE SPECIES OF CALOCHORTUS IN
SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA.
REGIONAL ALTITUDINAL
| Intra- | | | |
montane | | |
| 4 » ~ vy » » » » v
eee el eles
ais|/2)/F|s eff j/eielejeiaie
[SSB Salon Solas lolelolelelelole
le/Slaelei2i8/8/8/8|38/8|siais6
SS) Ores) Week ee Pinte | al] om] tl] wm}o}]r| oa
(Ss albus. sR HAR penis Reel Woe Sep etn = |
Ci Catalin cers. eecesece ities ees | |
CRWieediiine ss. ctenactes Tel Veteran
CP Plumimenrc! =)... ...- iF ts stig eaten late | Pci Pca
@yclavatwSe. cscs sess * feel |
C@concolonee eee ale = eee apes ee |
@Psplendens)-sc-q-s0-- ipa Roel mea | teal Steel eaten a
Cctiiatuse.-ecueeces [piss ot att rel een aa
@pPalmeniiyssceee coe Zs | | *
Cainventstuseseecscce. peal eesea| Soar! ap
(Co IDAHO oqudconcasouss | [), aes |
(Ce ene cliyaeaye eee oe || tee | +) pel eee as
C@evenustuSmesssecescesce: Se (tl os | os
KEY TO THE SOUTHERN CALIFORNIAN SPECIES
OF CALOCHORTUS. ;
Flowers subglobose, nodding t . Cyalbbus
Flowers open campanulate, erect
Capsule oblong, obtuse 2. C. Catalinee
Capsule attenuate upward, or beaked
Petals densely hairy on the lower half
of the inner surface
Petals more or less ciliate at summit,
yellow 32. Cy Weedit
Petals not ciliate, purple
Hairs slender 4. €> Plumm~<enrce
Hairs clavate 5. Coclavatus
Petals with scattering hairs on the lower half
Petals not striate
Petals and anthers yellow 6. C. concolor
Petals lilac, anthers purple 7. Cisplendens
Petals striate, light purple . C. striatus
Petals nude, except at or near the gland
Petals never oculate
Stems bulbiferous at base
SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA. ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 105
Gland large, ill-defined; claw brown g. C. Palmeri
Gland small, circular or oblong
Petals greenish-white, claw
purple 11. C. invenustus
(12. C. invenustus
Petals clear purple, claw yellow } PT Ontanue
Stems not bulbiferous at base
Petals white Tome. Ounnid
Petals vermilion 13. C. Kennedyi
Petals normally oculate
Petals white, or pale lilac © 14. C. venustus
: (15 C. venustus
Petals deep lilac, or purple purpurascens
. (16. C. venustus
Petals light yellow sulphureus
DESCRIPTION OF SPECIES.
§ EucaLocHortus—Fetals arched and broadly pitted, the
gland transversely crested; capsule broadly elliptical, deeply
triquetrous, the thin compressed lobes acute or winged, septicidal ;
seeds ascending, the testa close and pitted, mostly brownish.
Flowers subglobose, nodding.
CALOCHORTUS ALBUS, Doug. ex. Benth. in Maund & Heuse,
Botwos. Watson, Proc: Am, Acad./14:262. Purdy, Proc. Cal:
Acad. Ser. 3, Bot. 2:117.
Glaucous ; stems 15-45 cm. high, mostly branching; bracts
foliaceous, lanceolate-acuminate; sepals shorter than the petals,
greenish; petals white, ovate-orbicular 15-25 mm. long, bearded
above the gland with long white hairs; gland lunate, shallow,
with four transverse upwardly-imbricated scales, fringed with
short glandular hairs; anthers oblong, obtuse, mucronate; cap-
sule 2-5 cm. long, 1-2 cm. wide; seeds pitted.
Open, wooded slopes, from near Julian to Los Angeles and
Pasadena. North to Butte county, according to Purdy, and to
Ukiah, according to Jepson.
~ § Mariposa — Flowers open-campanulate; gland usually
densely hairy ; sepals often spotted within, seeds with minutely
pitted white testa; pedicels stout, erect.
* Capsule oblong, obtuse at both ends, winged, testa close.
CALOCHORTUS CATALINA, Watson, Proc. Am. Acad.
IME 208 Mavidsonmeémytheanz.2.. Purdy, hicr4s. | C.. Lyons,
Watson, |. c. 21:455.
106 SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENGES:
Stems 3-6 dm. high, bulbiferous at base; leaves and bracts
linear; sepals ovate-lanceolate, purple spotted near the base,
nearly equaling the petals ; petals cuneate-obovate, 3-5 cm. high,
light to darker lilac, with a large ovate purplish blotch at base;
gland oblong, yellow or brown, covered with brown or yellowish
hairs; anthers obtuse, light pink, 5 mm. long, on filaments
thrice their length ; capsule 2-5-5 cm. long, about 1 cm. wide.
Near the coast on lower hills, from Los Angeles, where it
is abundant, to Santa Barbara, and on the adjacent islands. Mr.
Purdyis in error in reporting it from as far inland as San Ber-
nardino. It is strictly a coast species. ‘The type was collected
on Catalina Island, in June, 1878, by Paul Schumacher.
~ #8 Capsule narrowly oblong, with thick obtusely angled lobes,
attenuate into a beak, testa loose, spongy .
+ Petals densely hairy within on the lower half. :
CALOCHORTUS ‘WEEDII, Wood, Proc. Phila. Acad. 1868,
NOG... Watson, lc. 2604, "Purdy 1 c.132.
Stems 3-5 dm. high, not bulbiferous at base; bracts linear ;
sepals oblong with an acuminate tip, nearly as long as the
petals, or exceeding them, yellow, orange spotted at base;
petals cunate-obovate, sometimes truncated, 2.5-3.5 cm, long,
deep yellow, usually brown-dotted, the upper margin ciliate,
densely clothed with yellow hairs at least on the lower half ;
gland small, circular to oblong, densely hairy ; anthers oblong,
acute, longer (1 cm.) than the slender ‘filaments ; capsule 4 cm.
long.
Dry hills in the coast mountains of San Diego county.
The type was collected at ‘‘San Diego’’. This seems to be one of
the most constant species in coloration, but varies somewhat in
the relative length of sepals and petals.
(To be Continued),
Notes on Sphaeralcea and Malvastrum.
BY T. D. A. COCKERELL.
I notice on p. 74 some observations on Sphewralcea fendlert
Californica, Parish. ‘The original description of this form (Zoe,
Sept.-Oct., 1900) is not very detailed, but I strongly suspect that
it is the Sphwralcea variabilis, Cockerell, Amer. Nat, April 1900,
p- 291—the common plant of Salt River Valley, Arizona. This
seems the more likely, because it has been found in California
only here and there, as if accidentally introduced. At the end
NOU ERN CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF, SCIENCES., 107
of March of the present year I had a fresh opportunity o! study -
ing S. varzabilis in Salt River Valley. It certainly deserves its
name, for almost every plant seems to have marked peculiarities.
Here are some notes I made in the field :
(1.) Temper, Ariz. The style-branches and stigmas deep
crimson; anthers grey, pollen olive-green. The flowers
seem not to open so wide as S. fendlert.
(2.) PHoENIx, Ariz. Flowers paler than in the Tempe plant
just described; styles and stigmas pale purplish-pink;
anthers and pollen yellow. Leaves greyish, tripartite,
the lateral lobes separated down to the base; median lobes
about 45 mm. long and 22 broad; lateral lobes about 22
mm: long and 19 broad; all coarsely crenate. Green
fruit shows no signs of cusps; it is maliform, densely
stellate-pubescent; sides of carpels reticulate. This may
stand as form ¢rvzphylla;. it is parallel with S. zzcana form
dissecta (var. dissecta, Gray, Pl. Wright, i. 21).
(3.) PHorENnrx, Ariz. Styles and stigmas whitish, with a faint
' purplish tint: anthers with deep purple lobes; pollen p le
yellow; petals short, long, 11, lat. ro mm., vermillion;
leaves long and narrow, wavy-margined, with basal lobes;
fruit about as in f. Zvzphylla.
(4.) PHorENrIx, Ariz. Styles and stigmas deep crimson ;
anthers dark crimson, becoming black at maturity; pollen
yellow; flowers bright vermillion; petals long. 15, lat. 13
mm.; leaves fairly broad, tri-lobed.
Growing mixed with the S. varzadzlis, both at Tempe and
Phoenix, I found Malvastrum Cculteri, Watson, with deep
orange flowers—an exqUisitely beautiful plant. This has been
referred to Sphwralcea, but it has the fruit of a Walvastrum, and
belongs there if there is any validity in the characters used to
separate these genera.
There is no doubt that S. varzabzlis is closely related to
S. fendlerz, and perhaps it should stand as a subspecies of it.
Then the fexzd/erz series will be classified thus:—
(1.) Spheratcea fendler1, Gray. This is the form with deeply
lobed rather short leaves; I have a tracing of the type,
kindly sent by Dr. B. L. Robinson. The flowers are
bright red in life, not ‘‘rose-red’’. The plant is common
in New Mexico, from Las Vegas and Santa Fe to the,
Mesilla Valley.
(2.) Spheralcea fendlert {. lobata (S. lobata, Wooton, Bull.
Torr. Bot. Club, xxv. 306). This differs in the form of the
leaves, which are longer and larger; it is really commoner
than true fezdlert, with which it completely intergrades.
Professor Wooton informed me, however, that the S.
ToS SOUTHERN CALIrORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.
fendlerz of the White Mountains, New Mexico, was ap-
parently well differentiated from /obata. Perhaps thisisa
subspecies not hitherto recognized, and not the true fend-
feri, which is surely the plant of the region about Santa
He ete:
(3.) Spheralcea fendleri perpallida (S. lobata perpallida, Cxll.,
Bull. Tarr. Bot. Club, xxvii. 88). Rincon, N. M., may
be considered the type locality ; the plant occurs from
there northward as a well-segregated race, apparently not
mixed with the type. The leaves are rather narrow and
deeply lobed, but very variable.
(4.) Spheralcea fendleri variabilis (S. variabilis, Ckll., Amer.
Nat., 1900, p. 291), with f. trzphylla, described above.
(RS cuspidata, (Gray) Britton, has been confused with the
fendleri series, but is entirely distinct. The first spring leaves
of cuspidata are long and narrow; those of fendler1 always very
broad.
Our common Malvastrum at Las Vegas, N. M., is M. dis-
sectum, (Nutt.) Ckll., Dr. P. A. Rydberg writes me that he
thinks this is the veritable J/. cocczneum (Pursh) Gray; but it
seems to me doubtful whether Pursh’s plant can be certainly
identified, or proved to be different from that of Nuttall. It
would probably cause least confusion to drop the name coccineum,
and call the plant I referred to cocceneum in Bull. Torr. Bot. Club,
XXvli. 88 by the name Malvastrum elatum (M. coccineum var.
elatum, E. G. Baker, Journ. Bot. xxix.171). Mr. Baker kindly
sent me a tracing of the leaves of his plant, so I feel assured of
its identity, though his actual type was doubtless more robust
than usual.
Marine Bislosical Station, San Pedro, Cal.
The second session of the ‘‘ Marine Biological Station’’ of
the University of California at San Pedro, opened June 26.
The laboratory occupies the same quarters as last year, con-
sisting of a large general laboratory with lockers, store-room and
aquaria, and also a number of smaller rooms for private work.
This, together with microscopes, reagents, apparatus, and refer-
ence books from the department of Zoology of the University
make a good working equipment.
As announced in the circular of information, the object of
the station is mainly research. All the students have had pre-
liminary training and are doing advanced work, individually
instead of in class, under the direction of Dr. C. A. Kofoid and
Dr. H. B. Torrey. Each student is given a special independent
problem or line of work, and general zoology comes in incident-
SOURTERN CALIFORNIA ACADEMY, OF SCIENCES. 109
ally. The following lines of investigation and study will indi-
cate the scope and importance of the work going on.
Habits of the Enteropneusts (one species being very
abundant at San Pedro), by Professor W. E. Ritter, head of
department of Zoology of University of California.
Parasite Protozoa, by Dr. C. A. Kofoid, department of
Zoology of University of California.
Regeneration of Corymorpha and other Coelenterates, by
Dr. H. B. Torrey, department of Zoology, University of Cali-
fornia.
Food of Harenactis (a sand anemone) and comparison of
some San Pedro Holothurians with related species of Hawaii,
by Mr. Loye Miller, Professor of Zoology, Oahn College, Hono-
lulu, Hawaii.
Nervous System and Life History of the San Pedro Enter-
opneusts and growth and regeneration of Alcynaria and other
colonial Coelenterates, Mr. B. M. Davis, department of Biology,
State Normal, Los Angeles.
Study of heart beat of the Ascidian (Cione), Mr. Easterly,
graduate student, University of California.
Embryology of Shark, by Mr. Townsend, student Uni-
versity of California.
A sexual development of anemones, by Mr. Forest Whit-
aker, Los Angeles.
General Zoology, by Miss Hannah, student of University of
California; Miss Edna Watson, student, State Normal, Los
Angeles, and Miss Romola Adams, I,os Angeles.
Many interesting facts have already been brought to light
and when published will form important contributions to Bi-
ological literature.
With the exception of a short trip for taking temperature
and soundings the work of the Biological survey was not re-
sumed. The work will probably be taken up next year.
The unqualified success of the two summers’ work here has
emphasized the desirability of a permanent station at San Pedro.
While nothing more definite has been announced than that the
work will probably go on next year, it is hoped that more sub-
stantial and permanent quarters may be secured. Beavis:
Abstract of Address by Prest. Dr. T. B. Comstock
Delivered at the Annual Meeting of the Southern California Academy
of Sciences, May 13, 1902.
No settled policy and no fruitful effort towards fraternal relations
among isolated scientific societies appears to have had effect prior to 1840,
when the American Association of Geologists and Naturalists was or-
ganized. Through its influence a distinct advance was made in the popu-
larization of Natural Science, resulting, in 1847, in the formation of the
American A’ssociation for the Advancement of Science. This great body
now has over 3000 members, including the most prominent workers in all
110 SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ACADEMY. OF SGIENGES:
branches represented in its ten sections, covering the whole field of science
as it is today outlined by investigators. In 1874, it was found necessary
to provide for two classes of members, and in order to ensure the preserva-
tion of the prestige and dignity of the organization as a purely scientific
institution, the governing body has since been composed wholly of “Fel-
lows,” although the officers are chosen by a general committee to which
non-professional members may be elected.
My thesis is that the local Academy best subserves its end when, with-
out losing sight of the value of original research and of the duty to
perform it which rests on well qualified members, it provides, in a re-
stricted Cegree, much the same advantages, and secures, in minor meas-
ure, similar results to those of the American Association. Its objects are
“to promote intercourse between those who are cultivating science
* * * to give a stronger and more general impulse and more sys-
tematic direction to scientific research, and to procure for the labors of
scientific men increased facilities and a wider usefulness.”
A suggestion has recentlv been made in Science by Dr. Franz Boas,
that the various local societies might properly be affliated with the Amer-
ican Association for the Advancement of Science, as foster-children. A
gravitating movement to this end may probably be recognized in the
changes which have occurred in that bodv. But the end is not yet.
‘he changes in methods required to adapt our machinery wholly to
such a system would not seriously disturb accepted traditions, nor could
any but good results ensue. But I believe that two issues will ere long
be presented to us which can only be settled properly in one way. We
must develop greater interest in the sections on the part of technical mem-
bers and avoid popularizing these meetings to the extent of belittling the
name of science; and we must spare no pains to secure speakers for the
general meetings who can popularly interpret the results of technical re-
search. As the means to these ends, it will sometime become necessary
to adopt the method of the American Association and to give over the
management of the sections to a select class of Fellows. The Board of
Directors, as a Council, ought, I think, to be made up by sectional repre-
sentation, and other slight alterations of the Constitution might be de-
sirable.
Strictly speaking, there 1s no existing association which fairly meets
the requirements of a National Federation of local Academies, nor can
this want be satisfied until these bodies have become adjusted to a common
pattern. But it has seemed to me that the Carnegie Institution, recently
established at Washington, might well undertake some missionary work
in this direction. -
We have, first, a goodly fellowship of scientists who are esteemed
members of National Technical Societies or qualified for such relation-
ship by their published work; ames secondly, a larger number of persons
eccupied with business pursuits, who are deeply interested in the results
of pure research and glad to lend their aid towards the advancement of
science by the maintenance of this society.
Now I realize keenly that the honor conferred upon me, highly as
T esteem it at your hands, is weighted down with added responsibility aris-
ing from this complex. There can be no question that the policy of
this combination is correct. And certainly there is no intention here to
contravene it. But it is well for us to confront the situation fairly and
to clearly ascertain what limitations and what obligations are thereby
imposed.
In the first place, we cannot expect to enlist and retain professional
workers unless some salutary supervision be given to ae ent the use of
the prestige of the Academy for selfish ends, and for the restriction of
communications to topics germane to the wide enough scope of the or-
ganization. On the other hand, the support and encouragement needed
NOUMAE RN: GALIRORNIA ACADEMY. (OF. SCMENGES. 717
from laymen necessitate due attention to their just demands for the
presentation of papers in less technical form than would be proper before
learned societies.
The mission of the local Academy being, as I take it, to elucidate local
Nature according to its capabilities, to conserve or record natural land-
marks wherever possible, to inspire rising generations with zeal for re-
search and to promote and promulgate the results of scientific investiga-
tions, it does not appear to be any part of its duty to undertake the per-
formance of work within the purview of strictly technical societies.
But there is some danger of carrying this idea too far in applying
it to the sections, unless due regard be had to technical accuracy as con-
trasted with technical pedantry.
It is at least possible that the home we sorely need will be provided
in some way ere many years. This is essential to the right perform-
ance of the task before us. Already discussion relating to the arrange-
ment of rooms has been had. Many have taken for granted that a
museum, library and laboratories are required. It is my opinion that the
museum should always be held as an educational feature, the books
should be relegated to the custody of the public hbrary, where they would
be as accessible as elsewhere and properly cared for by experts in book-
handling, and the laboratories should be instituted only as required for
the purpose of carrying on work especially endowed.
Local collections, as such, are valuable in economic lines and ap-
propriately housed in museums of applied science. But type specimens
of plants, animals and fossils ought to be preserved in a central city read-
ily accessible to students, under the care of trained specialists. An ap-
propriate place has been provided for such material at Washington in the:
National Museum. Nor should we narrow the scope of exhibits to the
local horizon. There is a vast difference in purpose between a Chamber
of Commerce and a scientific society.
There are advantages in having a regular means of communication
between the active officers of the society and its members, and no harm
can ensue from the printing of papers and contributions which cannot well
be circulated through more technical channels. But bulletins of this class
of organizations are not gdod mediums for publishing results which are
sabia for presentation to national technical societies. Abstracts, sum-
maries and items of scientific news in untechnical language are appropri-
ate always.
In the saying of this, do not imagine that I decry the high-class work
of which many of our trained members (our Fellows, in fact,) are capable,
and which they have freely offered in some of our sectional meetings. We
may be proud. as we are, of their achievements and glad indeed to have
their results explained to us, but the cause of science is not elevated by
making the local general society the grave-yard for technical literature.
The scientific reputation of any member is to us a source of pride and
of gain, but we must not forget that our machinery is not itself adapted
to make such reputation for any one, whatever facilities we may be
able to afford for fostering and encouraging the work upon which it is
based.
The best methods of promoting the cherished objects of our ossocia-
tion are matters for discussion. There may be differences of opinion and
I am merely outlining in the most general way, the character of platform
upon which you may expect me te stand during my official term as your
President. So far as my accomplishment may go, bear in mind that it
will very largely depend upon your hearty approval and the cordial sup-
port of the earnest Board of Directors elected by you.
That the Southern California Academy of Sciences has attained its
present high standing and efficient usefulness speaks loudly for the
worth and work of the five capable men who have presided since the
ii2 SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES:
organization eleven years ago. To. Dr. Wm. Alter, the first President, Dr.
Anstruther Davidson, W. A. Spaulding, Abbott Kinney and Wm. H.
Knight, we owe a debt of gratitude for this creditable and influential in-
stitution, which has become a source of pride to every member and which
you have too generously confided to my guidance at this juncture. You
know how long and faithfully Mr. Knight, the-retiring President, has
served you in this capacity, and you may feel less keenly the transfer
of his office to one imperfectly qualified, when you consider that the
most important position of Secretary continues to be occupied by one
who is beginning his tenth year of arduous duty in that capacity. It need
hardly be stated that my hesitancy in undertaking the responsibilities now
falling upon me has been overcome chiefly by the fact that the Board of
Directors, as now composed, includes three out of the five Past Presidents
and the most efficient Secretary, who would certainly have been Presi-
dent in my place had it been feasible to spare him from the great work
he has performed with eminent success.
Yet, proud as we are of them and of their achievements, I know
full well that they and the other working members of this society are
not content to rest on the laurels already earned. We all hope to push
on to even better things, according as the light of our knowledge may
guide us in the years to come. And as this hour brings the present duty,
what shall be our aim for the coming year? No one understands bet-
ter than the presiding officer how truly must the Directors become serv-
ants of the whole membership if a successful administration is to be se-
cured. Past success implies past service along lines approved by the
members. The history of the growth of the Academy indicates this be-
yond question. And yet, it may well be that the old machinery is suscep-
tible of some improvement. There are two classes of business constantly
appearing in an organization like this, viz: that relating to its prestige as
a scientific body, and that which concerns its business affairs. Again;
there may be certain matters which relate particularly to one section,
and others which affect the interests of the whole body. There are things
peculiarly fitting to be carefully discussed by selected officers, and other
items on which the consensus of opinion of the members is of much
importance.
Perhaps the Constitution provides well enough for the adjustment of
these matters, but personal observation and talks with members lead me
to think that our machinery has become a trifle worn, and that some pro-
vision ought to be made for adapting it a little more to the work we under-
take to perform. Your directors are earnest, capable and practical men,
and they can and will conduct your affairs well and economically. But
there are some things they cannot accomplish without your consent and
interest and your constant co-operation.
Do not consider the meetings in the light of public lectures, but
rather as gatherings: for general discussion and enlightenment. Don’t
leave to your President the thankless task of running the machine alone,
but turn in and work, each member regarding himself or herself as a
standing Committee on Wavs and Means. Moreover, give us the benefit
of vour advice and help to make it effective for good. We all seek an
end which is lofty and progressive. “Come then and let us reason to-
gether,” and when once we have decided upon the road to follow. uniter
let us press forward towards the goal, and, above all, LET us GET THERE! [|
pledge you my best endeavor, the consecration of self to the cause, and
I beg of you to hold up your end, and lend your helping hands.
Important meeting of the
Southern California Academy
of Sciences, Monday, October
6, 1902, at eight o’clock, at the
Womans’ Club House, No. 940
South Figueroa Street.
To the Members, Southern California Academy of Sciences:
Herewith is enclosed a copy of the Constitution and By-
Laws proposed by your Board of Directors, in the form in
which it was. formerly presented at the September mecting of
the Academy. This will be the basis for action at the regular
meeting October 6, 1902, when it is hoped that a full attendance
of the members may be secured. Persons desiring to effect any
changes will get their ideas before the Academy by motions
made as the individual sections are read off at the meeting by
the Secretary.
By resolution of the Board af Directors, passed September
30, 1902, I am instructed to inform you that they view with
favor two suggestions for amendment which have been offered
by Mr. C. B, Boothe, as follows:
For Article Ill, Section 4, of the Constitution herewith, to
substitute the following: “Honorary members proposed to the
Board of Directors shall be clected by them at their discretion,”
In Article V, Section 2, of the Constitution, to strike out the
words at close “to apply towards the expense of investigation.”
These changes and others cannot now be made without a
vote of the members to be present at the October meeting of the
Academy, as the Directors have no power to alter the form pro-
posed by them at the last meeting.
It is unnecessary to add that the time and place for discussion
of the proposed changes are clearly indicated in this letter, and 1
make this personal appeal to every member to frankly express
his or her opinions then and there and not by complaints when
it shall be too [ate to be effective.
Remember, at the Womans’ Club Hall, Figueroa street, near
Tenth, Monday evening, October 6, 1902, exactly on the hour
of 8p m. Respectfully,
THEO. B. COMSTOCK. President.
CONSTITUTION
ARTICLE I.
SAME AND OUJECT
SkcTiox 1. The nam: of this Association shall be Southern
California Academy of Sciences.
Src. 2. Thé objects of the Academy are
(1) To promote intercourse among those who are culti-
yating science; (2) to elicit public interest in the results of
technical investigation by the dissemination of correct informa-
tion relating thereto; (3) the study of local natural featur
and phenomena; (4) the conservation of material illustrating
local phases
ARTICLE I
MEMUUERSHIE
Section 1. The membership of the Academy shall_ consist
of Active, Affiliated and Corresponding Members, Fellows,
Patrons and Tonorary Members.
Honorary Members shall be chosen with life tenure, they
shall be exempt from the payment of dues aud shall receive the
publications of the Academy, but shall not be entitled to yote or
to hold office.
Active Members and Fellows shall have the right to vote
and hold office, sybject only to the restrictions imposed by this
Constitution, and they may acquire life tenure in their respec-
tive classes under the provisivus of this Constitution. Patrons
and Honorary Members shall be chosen with life tenure, and
Corresponding Members may be elected with limited tenure or
life tenure at the option of the Board of Directors.
Sec. 2. Any person living in California, south of Latitude
37°, may become an Active Member of the Academy upon sub-
Scribing to this Constitution, after formal election as herein pre-
vd, and due compliance with the By-laws in force at the
time of election:
Sec. 3. All duly qualified members, in good standing, of
any affiliated Lo ely shall be enrolled as Affiliated Members
of the Southern California Academy of S
Sec. 4. Corresponding Members may be elected (with
limited (enure or life tenure) from duly qualified persons, non-
resident in Southern California, in the same manner as provided
for the election of Active Members of the Academy.
Src 5. Fellows shall he chosen from among the Active
Members and Affiliated Members of the Academy, as provided in
TIT; Section 3; Of this Constitution.
6. Any person contributing in any one year the sum
of Five Hundred Dollars shall be classed as Patron, with all
the privileges of a Life Member. Should such patron be at the
time a Fellow of the Academy, the status shall become that of
Life Fellow.
See. 7. Honorary Members may be elected from out side
the membership of the Academy, in manner prescribed in Article
TII, Section 3, of this Constitution,
$i 8. Life Members and Life Fellows shall be such/as
may commute by the payment of Fifty Dollars at one time, which
payment shall exempt from all dues thereafter during life. with
all privileges appertaining to the class to which the member or
fellow then belongs
ARTICLE II
ELECTION OF MEMIUERS.
Seetios 1. Candidates for Active Membership shall bs
proposed by two members, in writin; 1 such proposals shall
Fe acted upon by the Board of Directors. ‘The names of elected
members shall he announced at the first regular meeting of the
‘Academy following: election.
Sec. 2. Corresponding Members shall be clected by the
Board of Directors. ‘'he names of those so elected shall be an-
nounced at th lar meeting: of the Academy thereafter.
See he elected by the Board of Directors
tue of their sci attainments or services. All such
ns shall be by ballot and seven affirmative votes shall be
t. Only Active Members and Affiliated Members
shall be eligible for election as Fellows. Provided, however, that
prior fo October 1, 1902, shall
the option to become Fellows, without formal election, not late!
Han November 13, 1902, upon compliance with the other pro-
visions of this Covstitution and of the By-laws in force at the
date of exercising this option.
Ste 4. Honorary. members may be elected at the annual
meeting of the Academy, by unanimous vote of the members
present at said mecting. If the vote be not unanimous, the
matter shall be at once referred to the Board of Directors for
final action
ARTICLE IV.
WORKING SECTIONS
Sectios 1. ‘There may be organized, as occasion warrants,
separate working sections, corresponding in scope to individual
branches of science. Each section shall elect its own officers
and coniluct its scientific work, per se, subject to the limitations
he supervision of the Board
of the Constitution and By-]
issed by any Section shall
of Directors. All legislati
be inoperative until formal) by the Board:
Sec 2. No Section sl med without petition pre-
sented at a regular meeting: cademy, signed by at least
five members, of whom not I irce shall/be Fellows, Such
petition shall be read be! \demy and referred to the
Board of Dire
See. 3. Upon authori ‘as provided in Article IV,
Section 2, the President and Secretary of the Academy, as tem-
porary, officers of the proposed. section, ‘shall call) almeeting of
members interested and proceed to organize the section in man-
ner following
1. Calling Meeting to order.
Reading of Petition and Minutes relating to same.
3, Signing roll by organizing members.
4. Election of Chairman and Secretary.
5. Formal announcement of organization
Upon organization, the Section shall adopt a set of By-Laws
in no way conflicting with the Constitution and By-Laws of the
Academy, which shall thereupon be submitted to the Board of
Directors for approval. When so approved and attested by the
President and Secretary of the Academy, the Section shall be
regarded as fully established on equivalent basis with any and
ail other Sections of the Academy.
Sec. 4, All members and Fellows of the Academy shall be
free to unite with any or all Sections and no Section shall admit
to voting privileges any non-member of the Academy
ARTICLE V
AVELLIATED SOCIETIES.
Section 1. Any local scientific society, within the lim
prescribed in Article [1, Section 2, may enter into affiliation with
the Academy, spon the terms and, in-manner \preseribed. in .the
succeeding sections of Article V of this’ Constitutio
Src. 2. Application for affiliation must be made -by the
President and Secretary of the society, upon a blank form author-
ized by the Board of Directors, giving evidence that the applica-
tion is made in accordance with the vote of a clear majority of
the members of said society, and that the objects and. purposes
of the society are similar to those of the Academy. Each appli-
cation must be accompanied with a fee of five dollars to apply
towards the expense of investigation
Sec. 3. Application for affiliation shall first be referred to
the Standing Committee on Affiliation, who shall davestigate and
report to the Board of Directors. Notice of favorable action
by the Board shall be given at the first regular meeting of the
Academy thereafter, and such action shall be regarded as final,
unless objection he raised by at least two members, when the
question shall he at the disposal of the Academy by a vote of
not less than two-thirds of all the members present
Src. 4. Societies affiliated under the provisions of the three
foregoing sections of this Article V, shall contribute arinually,
in advance to the treasury of the Academy a sum equivalent to
one dollar for each and every voting member of said affiliated
ty, whereupon that number of persons shall be enrolled
as Affiliated Members of the Academy, with all the privileges
of Active Members, except the right to yote and hold office. For
cach additional member thus enrolled, the sum of one dollar
must be paid at the date of enrollment.
ARTiCLE
OFFICERS.
Vi
Section 1. At the annual meeting of the Academy and
at the annual meetings of Scetions, there shall be elected a Board
of eleven Directors, in manner following
‘The Academy shall clect three Fellows to serve
dent, Vice President and Secretary: of the Academy, respe
and as many more Directors (from the Active Members or
lows) as may be required to complete the number of eleven,
after allowing one represen from cach established Section
df the Academy. Each Section shall then clect from among the
Fellows thereof, a Chairman, who shall be the accredited repre-
sentative of the Section on the Board of Directors. But, should
any Chairman of a Section be already a member-elect of the
rd of Directors, then the Section shall clect another repre-
sentative on the Board of Directors from its own membership
in
Provided that the eleven Directors elected by the Academy
May, 1902, shall serve until the expiration of their respecti
term in 1903.
Sec. 2. ‘The financial and general business transactions of
the Academy shall he entrusted to the Board of Directors, who
shall have the care and control of all real and personal property
and shall receive, disburse and invest all funds of the Academy
by ¢ ts drawn on the ‘Treasurer by the President and counter
signed by the Secretary.
Sec. 3. At the first meeting of the Board of Directors a
Treasurer shall be chosen from the members of the Board, whose
duty shall be to receive and disburse all funds of the Academy
in accordance with the provisions of this Constitution and the
instructions of the Board of Directors
RTICLE VIL
ELECTION OF OFFICERS,
Secrion 1. Amual clections of officers and Directors shall
be held on the date of the annual meetings of the Academy and
its Sections in the month of May, hy method prescribed in the
By-Laws, and the administrative officers shall be installed at
the ann ctings of the Academy and Sections in June fol-
lowing. ‘The incoming Board of Directors shall assume control
immediately on the-adjouriment of the Jung meeting, and the
officers-elect of Sections shall be duly installed at the June meet-
ings of their respective Sections.
Src. 2. Election of officers and Directors of the A
shall be by ballot, after nominations duly made as herei
vided, viz:
Any person entitled to a vote may nominate, in writing, not
later than March 3oth, one candidate for each position to become
vacant. ‘The names of all candi(lsres so nominated shall be duly
considered by the Board of Directors, who shall then freely nom
hate an official ticket, which © jl be presented atthe April
lemy, togethe= with such other names as shall
a larly nominated fy not less than ten Active
Members and Fellows. The ticket, or tickets, thus announced
shall constitute the formal nominations, to which the voting at
the May meeting must be confined
Src, 3. Nominations and elections of the officers of indi-
vidual Sections shall be in accord with the By-Laws governing
the particular Section at the time ,
Sec. 4. A vacancy occurring at any time in the Board of
Directors shall be filled by the remaining members thereof for
the unexpired term; should, however such vacancy leave any
Section without representation on the Board, the Section thus
txcluded shall elect one of its own members to serve as Director.
Vacancies occurring among the officers of the Academy, shall be
filled by the Board of Directors from its own number.
Sec. 5. No person shall be eligible for re-election to the
office of President within one year after having served two
consecutive terms. Past Presidents shall be advisory members
of the Board of Directors, without vote in such capacity. Notices
of all meetings of the Board shall be sent to Past Presidents
residing in, Southern California,
Sec 6. ‘he Chairman of a Section shall be chosen from
the Fellows on its membership roll
ARTICLE VIII
AMES
Secriox 1. Alterations of this Constitution, amendments
thereof, additions thereto, or repeal of any portion thereof, may
be made at any time, by a vote of three-fourths of the Members
and Fellows present at said meeting ; provided that the changes
proposed he amended in writing at a meeting of the Academy,
and that the vote be taken at a subsequent meeting, held not
Jess than one month later
ENTS, ETC
BY-LAWS.
ARTICLE 1.
MEETIN
Section 1. Regular mectings
on the first Monday
July and August.
Ske Regular Section meetings may be held monthly, at
such times and places as shall be authorized by the Board of
Directors, without whose formal consent no change shall be al-
lowed. Special meetings and field meetings may be arranged by
the Sectlons without reference to the Board, but they shall be
reported in advance to the General Secretary, for the information
of the Board.
Sec 3. =As far as practicable, the Board of Directors shall
provide for meetings of the Academy and of the principal Sec-
tions at one and the same place.
Sec. 4. Special meetings of the Academy may be called
by the President, and shall be called at the requ if five mem-
bers, provided that the particular business to be transacted be
stated in the call, and that no other business be consummated
al such special meeting.
pecial meetings of any Section may be called by
an thereof, and shall be so called at the request of
three members. ‘The special business for said meeting shall be
stated in the call, and no other business shall be transacted at
said meeting.
See 6. Advice of special meetings of the Academy shall
invariably be given to all persons entitled to vote, by written or
printed notices, duly mailed, not less than one week in advance
of the date thereof.
Ec, 7. Annual meetings of the Academy s
the place of the regular May meeting of cach year.
of the Academy shall be held
ning of each calendar month, except
the Chairn
all be held in
ARTICLE I.
ORDER OF BUSINESS
Section 1. The order of procedure at regular meetings
of the Academy. shall be 3 ;
1, Minutes of preceding meeting
Report of Board of Directors
3. Report of Committees
4. (Special business.)
5. Unfinished business
6. New business
Program for the M
7. 1g, wilh discussions
8. Adjournment
Ske 2. At regular meetings of Sections the order of pro-
cedure shall be
1. Minutes of precedi
Business of the Scct
meeting.
sentation and Discus
rollment of Members
Adjournment.
3: Ateach June mecting of the A
procedure shall be:
1 Brief statement of Plan and Scope of the Academy by
the President
2. Annual Reports c
3. Announ
4. Electic
5. Neerology
6. Program prepared by the Board of Directors, imcluding
installation of President elect and incoming Council.
7. Address by retiring President
§ Dismissal by President-elect
ARTICLE UL
QUORUM, ETC.
Sectios 1. Fifteen members shall constitute a quorum for
the transaction of business at regular and special mectings of the
Academy, provided that not less than five Fellows be included,
Sec. 2, Five members present shall constitute a quorum of
the Board of directors for the transaction of business not other-
wise restricted by the Constitution,
om of Papers
ademy the order of
Secretary and Treasurer,
ment of donations
Honorary Memibers.
} ARTICLE IV.
COMMITTEES.
Section 1. There shall be the following Standing Commit-
tees of the Board of Directors
1. Committee on Publication.
2. Committee on Finance
3. Committee on Membership.
4. Committee on Affiliation
Sec 2. Each Standing Committee named in Secti
ticle IV, shall consist of a Chairmau and one member ¢
Board of Directors, to be appointed by the President, and of the
President as a member-by-courtesy, entitled to a vole
Sec. 3. The Committee on Publication shall supervise all
publications of the Academy, subject to the control of the Board of
Directors. No paper shall be published until after being read, in
persun or by title, before the Academy or one of its Sections. The
Chairmain of the Publication Committee shall be the I-ditor of
the Bulletin and other regular publications issued under the
authority of the Academy.
See, 4. ‘The Committee on Finance shall act in an advisory
capacity on matters affecting the appropriation and expenditure
of funds and the application of grants, donations and bequests
and its two appointed members shail also perform the duties of an
Auditing Committee, reporting at the Annual Meeting of the
Academy upon the condition of the books of the Treasurer
See. 5. The Committee on Membership shall be charged
with the duty of enlisting sujtable members by all appropriate
means. t
Sec. 6. ‘The Committee on Affiliation shall investigate ali
applications for affiliation and report to the Board of Directors
before final action thereon, It shall be the duty of the Committee
operate with the President in appropriate efforts to extend
influence of the Academy among local societies, and to in
such bodies to become affiliated with the Academy
Sec. 7. ‘There shall be a Standing Committee on Program,
to consist of the President and the Chairmen of all the Sections,
whose duty it shall be to arrange suitable programs for all regular
meetings of the Academy, under such regulations as may be pre-
scribed by the Board of Directors,
ARTICLE V.
DUES AND FEES
Skerion 1, Each active member, upon election, shall pay an
initiation fee of One Dol
Sec. 2. Each active member, upon changing status to Fel-
ow, shall pay a Fellowship fee of One Dollar.
Sec. 3. Annual dues of Active Members and Fellows, shall
be Three Dollars, payable January rst, in each year.
Sec. 4. Special dues assessed by any Section, in addition to
the established dues of the Academy, shail not exceed One Dollar
per annum. All’ such dues shall’ he covered into the ‘Treasury
of the Academy and applied solely to the current expenses of the
individual section, unless otlierw Hly authorized by the
Board of Directors
ELECTION OF OFFICERS.
Section 1. On the day of the annual meeting, polls shall be
established as near as may’ be to the regular meeting: place of the
Academy, which polls shall be open not less than two hours prior
to the hour set for the mecting. The President shall’ appoint
three judges of election to supervise the voting and three tellers to
nt the votes, All these appointees must be selected! from
without the Board of Directors, and no person who is a candi-
date for any office at such election shall be eligible as judge or
teller aforess
ARTICLE VIL
ADOMTION OF DY-LAWS) AND AMENDMENTS. THERETO.
Sterion 1. By-Laws for the further regulation of the So-
ciety may, from time to time. be made, and any By-Law or portion
thereof, may: be temporarily suspended by yote taken at a regular
mecling of the Academy, two-thirds of the members present con-
curring; but such act shall not be operative unless the names of
ten Fellows present are recorded in the affirmative.
oteh 03 OG eae NOVEMBER 1, 1902 NO. 9
BULLETIN
OF THE
Southern California Academy “
COMMITTHE ON PUBLICATION:
A. DavibsoN, C, M., M. D., Chairman
MELVILLE DOZIER T. B Comstock, Ph, D.
CONTENTS :
Page
Prehistoric California, DR. LORENZO GORDIN YATES I13
Sperostigma erythra, n. sp., A. DAVIDSON, M. D...... 118
The Southern California Species of Calochortus, IL,
IER AURING ET as a hates aces anise wet ennin oy aesetl DRONE RL 120
_ Tribal Character in the Separation of the Style-
Branches in the Composite, Louis A. GREATA... 125
ME ATISACEIONS Hers. c. octet ae scour Alen cook Meese C de douse ndades 128 ;
PUBLISHED FOR THE ASSOCIATION BY
B. R. BAUMGARDT & CoO.
231 WEST FIRST ST., LOS ANGELES, CAL.
Yearly Subscription, $1.00 Single Copies, 25 cts,
; MAILED OCTOBER 28, 1902
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BULLETIN
Olen Wales
southern Galiiornia Academy oF Sciences
VOL. 1 LOS ANGELES, CAL, NOVEMBER 1, 1902, NO. 9
231 West First STREET.
BO rA i } ICAI
GARDEN
PREHISTORIC CALIFORNIA,
(Continued from August BULLETIN )
BY DR. LORENZO GORDIN YATES.
Before following the procession of animal life from the early
Cretaceous Age to nearly the present time, it will be interesting
to note the character of the flora which furnished food and shelter
for the great armies of herbivores and carnivores which formed
some of the divisions of the great faunal procession.
As before stated, plants, having but limited means of locomo-
tion, are forced to accommodate themselves to the changes of cli-
matic conditions which many animals are enabled to escape by mi-
grations to more favorable localities ; and the changes of tempera-
ture resulting from oscillations of the earth’s surface, and other
cosmic changes do not affect the flora of a given region so
quickly, nor thoroughly, as is the case with the animals.
It is a recognized fact in natural history that, wherever life
finds suitable conditions, plants thrive and are reproduced; but
no one plant, except a few of the lower forms, is found dispersed
over every part of the earth. Each of the multitude of species and
forms of plant life which cover the surface of the earth is by its
organization restricted to some certain zone or region. It grows
and reproduces its kind only in places where the climate and soil
are favorable for its particular needs. Pfants, however, like ani-
mals, are not all equally susceptible to changes of environment,
nor in the facility with which they adapt themselves to such
changes of their surroundings; if they were there would be no
limit to their distribution, and the flora of the entire earth would
become uniform.
Plants are confined within certain specified limits by the diver-
sity of their individual requirements, and the conditions favorable
for plants are governed by, and dependent upon, the universal
factors of environment—air, light, soil, heat and moisture. The
last two of these factors are largely governed by altitude above
the level of the sea, and therefore subject to changes resulting
from the varying elevations and depressions. “It is a fact well
established by observation, that the same, or more or less closely
ii¢g SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA» ACADEMY (OF “SCIENGES:
related forms will often appear under similar climatic conditions
in parts of the globe widely separated by oceans or deserts.”
(Charles Mohr.)
On the summits of mountains surrounded at their bases by
tropical vegetation, but whose tops are covered for the greater
part of the year by ice and snow, plants are found which are at
home in the Boreal Zone. And the flora of the Equatorial Zone
presents the same general features around the globe. This ap-
plies to representative orders if not to specific and generic types.
The study of plant life takes us farther back in the earth’s
history than the appearance of animal life. Minerals must be
studied from a much more remote period, and with these we
are carried back to the beginning, if such a term be admissible.
This takes us beyond our depth, and to conditions which are be-
yond our conception. The mind of man, with all his boasted intel-
ligence and reasoning powers, fails to conceive the immensity of
space, or the infinity of time or eternity; we cannot conceive any-
thing which has neither beginning nor ending, and the more
closely we study the subject the more befogged our minds be-
come in trying to solve the mysteries of nature, and the more we
become convinced that the terms are, to our limited compre-
hension, meaningless.
Before the earth was formed, the mineral constituents of
the gaseous substances from which it was subsequently solidi-
fied, were in continuous action. No matter whether we call it
nature, force, energy or any other name, this power controlled
all matter, and eventually evolved plant life, and later, .animal
life.
Plants and animals are alike composed of mineral substance
and are entirely dependent upon the mineral kingdom for sus-
tenance and continuance.
For a period of time of the duration of which we can have
no conception, the forces of nature were occupied in the reduc-
tion of the gases into liquid and solid matter, and the, to us, in-
conceivably immense amount of gaseous matter was gradually
reduced, by cooling and chemical action, to metals, rocks, liquids,
and the surrounding atmosphere. These changes are continuously
going on, nor can we conceive the limits (if such there be) to
which these forces of nature may extend.
As animals and plants have been advancing to higher and
more complex forms it is probable that the womb of time will
continue to bring forth still more highly specialized organisms,
and the time may come when the puerile man of the present
period, with all his vaunted intelligence, and his assertion that
he is ‘‘Lord of Creation,’ for whose special benefit the world was
made, will be relegated to his proper sphere in the plan of creation,
SOURTERN CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 175
by the evolution of organisms as far above the man of the present
as man considers himself above the worm crawling at his feet.
These advances are not uniform either along various or
parallel lines. Forms of life appear, reach their culminating point,
diminish and finally disappear, to be followed by organisms of
more or less similarity of character and difference of form.
The Plants (represented by the Algz, or Sea-Weeds) were
probably the first to appear in the otherwise supposed lifeless pe-
riod, and have continued on to the present time. The Acrogens
(Ferns, Lycopods and Equisetas) first appeared in the Devonian,
or age of fishes, and included many genera of trees; they reached
their maximum in the succeeding Carboniferous Age, during
which time they conserved immense quantities of carbon from
the air, and were important factors in the formation of coal, at
the same time changing the character of the atmosphere, and
fitting it for the life of the fauna of that and the subsequent
Cretaceous Age.
The ConiFERS (gymnosperms, or plants with naked seeds)
first appeared in the Devonian and have not yet reached their
maximum.
The ANGIOSPERMS (plants having regular flowers and covy-
ered seed), another division of the Phznogamous plants, which
includes the Maple, Elm, Apple, Rose and the majority of our
present trees and shrubs, also appeared in the Devonian.
The Cycaps, which are related to the Conifers, but totally
different in habit, appeared in the later Carboniferous, attained
their maximum in the Cretaceous, and have gradually decreased
since that time.
The Pays and Grasses appeared in the later Cretaceous,
and have continued without diminution to the present time.
The microscopic D1atoms appeared in later geological pe-
riods, and their fossil remains form extensive deposits or diatoma-
ceous rock and diatomaceous earth, which consist principally of
the silicious cases of these minute plants which are so infinitessim-
ally small that the strongest powers of the microscope are re-
quired to bring out their form and beautiful specific characters.
Their minuteness and comparatively indestructible nature render
them valuable for the separation of minute particles of the ma-
- terial used in the manufacture of dynamite, and other uses in
the arts and sciences.
THE ORIGIN OF NEW SPECIES OF PLANTS.
The mass of incontrovertible evidence of the continuous
changes which have taken place in the animal and vegetable life
of past ages, forces us to the conclusion that the creative force
or power which evolved life on the earth, is continuous and ever-
acting, as active today as it was thousands of years ago. The his-
116: SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA, ACADEMY OF (SCIENGES:
tory of man is too meagre to record more than slight indications of
a process of change which, if continued for a time equal to those
ages which were required to bring about the great alterations
in the topography and in the forms of animal and vegetable life
already considered, would be as radical and evident as are those
of the past periods of the earth’s history which, in the preceding
pages, we have endeavored to portray. ©
An eminent naturalist of Amsterdam, Holland, in a recent
publication, has given the results of a long and careful series of
experiments, and from his conclusions in relation to the origin of
new species of plants I quote as follows:
“Plants undergo very long periods of constancy alternately
with periods in which new species may be produced., And that,
“Fach species has originated from another at such a time.” For
this it is held that it is not necessary that the mother species be
changed in any way, but that it may continue with all its former
characteristics unchanged.
His observations were made from plants growing in natural
conditions, as well as seed collected from wild plants and sown
in gardens. He has originated from the original wild species
twelve distinct forms which have come true to seed. The conclu-
sion is drawn that species originate suddenly without intermediate
forms or any other preparation. From the beginning they remain
unchanged during the subsequent generations. ;
“Mutation seems to take place in various directions, and
not in any predetermined manner.’ (Proc., Sec. Sci. Koninkl.
Akad. Wetersch. Amsterdam, I901, III, pp. 245-247.)
FOSSIL PLANTS.
The fossil plants of a given region are not as definitely in-
dicative of the comparative duration, and the dividing lines be-
tween the minor geological epochs as are the fossil animals, but
they serve as valuable records of the well defined periods and
ages of the earth’s history. The fossil remains of animals may
be likened to the paragraphs of a book of which the fossil plants
resemble the chapters. Or, the records of the lives of fossil
animals may be considered as representing the minutes, and those
of the plants as the hours of the day in considering the geological
history of the earth.
The science of palzontology is in its infancy, and much
remains to be discovered and studied before the geological history
of the earth can be satisfactorily translated and transcribed for
man’s reading.
One of the most noted localities for fine fossil remains, and
one which also represents some of the most interesting and in-
structive lessons in the history of the world, is the Isle of Shep-
SOUT E RNG CALIFORNIA ACADEMY ORW,S CIENGES. \ A17,
pey, in the British Channel, where the writer when a small boy
amused himself collecting fossil shark’s teeth, fishes, turtles, birds,
crabs, lobsters, mollusks and other animal remains, found with
fossil fruits of unknown extinct palms and other trees, which all
occur there in a remarkable state of preservation. These fossils
in which the original substances have been replaced by iron pyr-
ites are in such abundance that they are collected on the sea shore
by the inhabitants and sold by the ton to the manufacturers of
sulphuric acid and sulphate of iron (copperas).
These fossils afford abundant evidence of the material
changes in the topography and climate of the region in compara-
tively recent geologic times, and prove the former existence, dur-
ing the Eocene Period, of a large river which formed an estuary
near the present mouth of the river Thames, where the immense
amount of material representing tropical animals and plants were
deposited.
The banks of this ancient river were lined by magnificent
palms, ferns, and other tropical plants, inhabited by curious birds,
reptiles and extinct mammals, while its waters teemed with sharks,
fishes and reptiles.
“But suddenly, from causes yet unknown,
All Northern latitudes were clad with ice,
So tense the cold great lakes and rivers froze
In mass, and teeming lands were thus bereft
Of animated life, which perished there
In one vast frozen sepulchre ’’
FOSSIL WOOD.
Among the most widely distributed of the relics of past
ages are fragments of the leaves, flowers, fruits and branches of
fossil plants, and the wood, and sometimes the entire trunks of
trees are found in abundance in strata of the earth’s crust. Va-
rious minerals have replaced the original substance, rendering
them practically proof against the destructive action of the ele-
ments.
This substitution is so complete that the specific characters of
the plant or tree are perfectly preserved and the species may be
readily determined.
The minerals which are the most common substitutes for
the original material are Silica in various forms; Carbonate of
Lime; Carbon, and Sulphuret of Iron (“Iron Pyrites”), and the
substitution of pseudomorphism is so complete and perfect that,
thin sections prepared for the microscope present all the optical
characteristics and minute details of the living plants. Ores
of Copper and Iron, Native Sulphur, Sand, Silt, Salts of Lime,
and other mineral substances form casts in the moulds made by
v8 SOUTHERN ,CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.
the decay of the original plants. These preserve only the form
and the exterior characters of the original. See Pl. 1 and 2.
Plate 2, from a photograph taken on San Miguel Island, one of the
islands forming the southern line of the Santa Barbara Channel, on the
coast of California, shows the casts of trees which were probably killed
by volcanic agency, and afterwards decayed, surrounded by shells of dead
snails of a nearly extinct species.. The molds formed by the decay of the
trees were filled with drifting sand and cemented by mineral substances
held in solution by the water which permeated the surrounding soil.
The soil was subsequently carried away by the prevailing winds, leav-
ing the casts as shown in the illustration. The reason for this was that
after the advent of the whites thousands of sheep and cattle were turned
loose upon the island and increased so rapidly that they eventually de-
stroyed large areas of the vegetation which had protected the surface from
the disturbing agencies of the elements; the soil thus exposed was carried
away by the wind and rain and the surface covered by drifting sand.
The land snails thus deprived of the succulent vegetation upon which
they had subsisted, perished by millions, leaving acres upon acres of ground
covered with their dead shells, as seen in the illustration.
These shells (Helix Ayresiana) are foun only on the islands of San
Miguel, Santa Rosa, Santa Cruz, and one or more of the Anacapas, where
the “sheep and cattle industries” have nearly exterminated them, thus il
lustrating the effects of the destruction of the vegetaion upon some of the
forms of the animal life of a region.
Twenty-five yéars ago the writer found extensive areas of the same
character on Santa Rosa Island, the casts of trees were then standing, and
the ground was covered with dead snail shells in greater abundance than is
shown on this illustration.
(To be Continued.)
wa Sphaerostigma erythra, n. sp.
BY, Ay DAVIDSON, MI. “Db:
Annual, slender, upright, branching freely 6 in. to 1 ft. high,
whole plant minutely puberulent and glandular throughout, stem
generally purplish especially in the taller specimens, epidermis
not flaking: lower leaves ovate-lanceolate 1 to 1% inches long,
4% inch wide, tapering to petiole, slightly repand-denticulate,
midrib prominent beneath; floral leaves similiar, above entire and
much smaller; petioles of radical leaves 1 in. long, those of the
lower cauline % inch.: flowers numerous, axillary, minute,
petals 1 line long, light red becoming darker in age: sepals reflexed
in flower, calyx finely puberulent and glandular, tube obconic
very short; capsule 2 in. long, % line broad, obtusely angled,
slightly curved with almost truncate tip, sessile, not adnate to
the leaf.
In habit, this plant somewhat resembles S. strigulosa
T. & G. but in foliage and flower it is quite different. Collected
by the author in April, 1900 on the rocky slope of the San Fran-
cisco River near Clifton, Arizona, at an alt. of 3,500 to 3,800 ft.
No. 244. Los Angeles.
a
a
11g
SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.
SPHAEROSTIGMA ERYTHRA,, n.sp Plate IX.
720 SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.
The Southern California Species of Calochortus, II.
BY S. B. PARISH.
V CALOCHORTUS PLUMMERA, Greene, Pitt. 2.70. (1890) C.
Weedii purpurascens, Watson, 1. c. 265. 1879, Purdy, 1. c. 132.
Stems 3-8 dm. high, bulbiferous near the base; leaves broad;
bracts linear: sepals lanceolate-accuminate, usually with a tuft
of hairs within near the base, scarious, about equalling the
petals; broadly cuneate-obovate, 3 cm. long, rich purple, lighter
in color and densely hairy on the lower half; gland large, sur-
rounded with a dense fringe of long hairs; anthers oblong, acute
mucronate 1-1. 5cm. long, equalling or exceeding the filaments;
capsule 3-5 cm. long.
Common on dry slopes and mesas along the southern base
of the San Bernardino Mountains, and ascending there to 5,000
ft. alt. The type of C. Plummere was collected in Mill Creek
Canyon, by Mr. Lemmon in 1876; the types of Watson’s variety
were from ‘‘Cajon pass and Santa Barbara,’’ But the Santa
Barbara plant has been separated by Mr. Purdy as C. Weedi -
vestus. The flowers vary somewhat in the depth of coloration,
but otherwise are quite constant. It is well separated geograph-
ically from C. Weedzz.
CALOCHORTUS CLAVATUS, Watson, 1. c. 265. Purdy, 1. c.
134.
Stems stout, 3-6 dm. high, bulbiferous}near the base; bracts
linear; ovate-lanceolate, accuminate, with or without a brownish
spot near the base, about equalling the petals;}petals cuneate-
obovate, yellow, tinged with brown, 3-4 cm. long, the lower half
clothed with long clavate hairs; gland circular, deep, bordered
with imbricated scales; anthers purple, obtuse, 8-10 mm. long,
about equalling the filaments; capsule narrow, about 5 cm. long,
Foothill canyons near Los Angeles, north to San Luis
Obispo. ‘The type was collected at the latter place by,Mr. J. G.
Lemmon, in 1878.
“+ + Inner surface of the petals clothed with scattering hairs.
CALOCHORTUS CONCOLOR, Purdy, l. c. 135. C. luteus con-
color, Baker, Garden, Dec. 7, 1895, t.
Stems 2. 5-5 dm. high, bulbiferous near the base; leaves
SOUL RM GALIFORNIA. ACADEMY OF SCIENGES: 725
narrow; bracts short, linear; sepals broadly lanceolate, purplish
green and strongly ribbed exteriorly, within yellow, with 1-2
conspicuous red-purple lunate markings near the base; petals
broadly obovate-cuneate; clear lemon yellow, with a narrow
horizontal red-purple marking across the center, yellow hairy up
to this mark; gland circular, brown and hairy; anthers yellow
obtuse, 1 cm. long, on filaments of the same length; capsule
2. 5-3. 5 cm. long.
Bushy hills from Mill Creek in the San Bernardino Moun-
tains (alt. 3,500 ft.) to the coast of San Diego County. Mr.
Purdy is in error in calling this a desert species. All the stations
named by him are on the seaward side of the mountains, which
may be taken as the extreme inland boundaries of the species.
It is a much commoner plant in San Diego County than in
Riverside and San Bernardino.
The character is drawn from fresh specimens of the Mill
Creek plant, and will be seen to differ considerably from Mr.
Purdy’s description, which was based on a plant collected at
at Laguna, San Diego County, by Mr. D. Cleveland. This
indicates a considerable degree of variation, and these plants,
perhaps, might better be left as a variety of C. /uteus,; but I
prefer, at least for the present, to follow Mr. Purdy’s disposition:
True C. luteus does not occur probably south of Monterey;
Mr. Purdy’s San Diego reference being founded on an appar-
ently erronious label.
VY CALOCHORTUS SPLENDENS, Dougl. ex. Benth. Trans. Hort.
Soceseme2w 40, t. 15; 15 lL. Watson, lie, 260.) Burdy, lite: 143.
Stem single, 3-6 dm. high, usually branched above, bulbi-
ferous at base; sepals lanceolate-accuminate, yellowish, with an
oval purple spot near the base within; petals obovate-cuneate,
3-4 cm. high and of greater width, finely erose at summit, light
lilac with a small purple blotch at base surrounding the roundish
densely hairy gland, the lower third sparsely hairy to, but not
below, the gland; anthers dark purple, obtuse, 1 cm. long on
filaments of the same length or shorter; stigmas 2 mm. long;
capsule slender.
Common on bushy hills or mesas in the interior, and ascend-
ing the San Bernardino Mountains to 5,000 ft. alt.; north only
to Santa Barbara, according to Purdy, but to Lake and Colusa
Counties according to Jepson.
722, SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.
Calochortus striatus, n. sp.
Corm small, membraneously coated; subterranean stem
usually ro-12 cm. long, divided at the surface into 2-3 slender
erect branches 1-3 dm. high; leaves several 4-25 mm. wide and
nearly as long as the stem-branches; the short rigid accuminate
bracts hyaline margined; flowers 2-8, umbellate; sepals oblong
accuminate nearly or quite as long as the petals, the tip at length
reflexed; petals broadly obovate-cuneate, centrally apiculate,
light purple uniformly striate with darker purple, the lower half
sparsely white hairy; gland acutely triangular, densely tufted
with ascending whitish hairs; anthers oblong, obtuse, 5 mm.
long on filaments of twice the length; immature capsule 4 cm.
long.
In alkaline meadows at Rabbit Springs, alt. 2,700 ft.,
Mojave Desert, May, 1882, 2342 Parish. (type); June, 1884;
June, 1901, 5,000 Parish. Also at Cushenberry Springs in the
same region. The original collection was distributed as C.
fiexuosus. ‘The so-called ‘‘meadows”’ are barely damp enough to
support a sparsh growth of Dzstichiis. The accompanying plants
are three species of Cleomella, Houttuynia Californica, Cnicus
Mohavensis, and one or two Atriplicis. To find a Calochortus.
growing in such an alkaline association is certainly remarkable.
t ¢ + Petals nude except at or near the gland.
+ t Petals self colored, never oculate.
CALOCHORTUS PALMERI, Watson, l.c. 266. Purdy, l.c. 144.
Corymb membraneously coated, oblong stems slender, erect,
3-5 dm. high, bulbiferous at base; leaves narrow and. short;
bracts linear; sepals oblong, shortly accuminate, with a purple
stain at base, the-tip at length recurved; petals rather narrowly
obovate-cuneate, about 2 cm. high, white to very light purple,
the claw brown; gland large, undefined, short, hairy, and witha
few surrounding scattering hairs; ‘‘capsule very narrow, an inch
long, or more.’’
The type was collected ‘‘near the Mojave River, n. 527,
Palmer, 1876.’’ It was almost certainly at the point where the
Mojave River makes its exit from the San Bernardino Moun-
tains; a place then known as Holton’s ranch, afterwards as
Borcham’s, and now as Los Flores Rancho. The altitude is
about 3,500 feet. ‘The above characters, except for the capsule,
which is quoted from Watson, is drawn from specimens collected
NOURHERN | GALTIFORNIA ACADEMY ORY SCIENCES: 23
at this place in May, 1882, 1341 Parish, which accurately match
Palmer’s specimens in the Gray Herbarium. My No. 1857,
June 14, 1886, collected at Cox’s Ranch in the same region, is
probably the same, but my subsequent distributions under the
name of C. Palmeri are forms of C. invenustus. The collections
above cited appear to be the only ones that have been made of
this still little-known species. It is best recognised by what is
rather a glandular blotch, than a well defined gland.
V CALocHorTus DuNNu, Purdy, 1. c. 147, t, 19, f. 14.
Stems slender, uot bulbiferous at base, 3-10 dm. high;
leaves narrow, folded, shorter than the stem; bracts short; sepals
ovate-acute yellowish green, faintly purple spotted near the base
within, narrowly scariously margined, about half as long as the
petals; petals broadly cuneate, rounded above and erose, 2.5 cm.
broad and as long, white with a brown, ragged transverse band
crowning the gland; gland round 3 mm. in diameter, densely
matted with short yellow hairs, a few of which are scattered on
either side; anthers light yellow, mucronulate, 3 mm. long, on
hyaline margined filaments of equal length; capsule acnte or at
most shortly beaked.
Type collected near Julian, San Diego County, by Geo. W.
Dunn. Described from specimens of Mr. Dunn’s collecting,
communicated by Mr. Purdy.
f~ CALOCHORTUS INVENUSTUS, Greene, Pitt. 2:71. Purdy,
ly @g Teds.
Stems 2-5 dm. high, bulbiferous at base; leaves narrow;
bracts linear short; sepals ovote-oblong, shortly accuminate,
striate and scarious-margined, the tips not recurved, shorter
than the petals; petals about 3 cm. long, obovate-cuneate
the rounded summit centrally apiculate, dull white, tinged
greenish and purplish, the short claw purple; gland oblong
covered with light hairs, and with a few scattered hairs near;
anthers 5-7 mm. long, obtuse at apex, yellow, on narrowly
margined filaments a little shorter; capsule 4 cm. long by 1 cm.
wide, acute.
Common on dry slopes in open coniferous forests in the San
Bernardino (Bear Valley) and San Jacinto (Strawberry Valley,
Tauquitz Valley; Hall) Mountains, at 6,000-8,g00 ft. alt. Oc-
casionally grows also in damp meadows, according to Mr. Hall.
The type was collected by Dr. Greene, June 25, 1889, in
124 SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.
‘‘the higher mountains to the westward of the Mojave Desert’’;
probably near Tehachapi. It is not a satisfactory species to the
field student, its great variation in size and color suggesting that
it may bé no more than a variety of C. splendens. But fer the
present it is best maintained. The color varies from nearly
white to light purples, usually dull and greenish tinged.
CALOCHORTUS INVENUSTUS MONTANUS. C. splendens mon-
tanus, Purdy, 1. c. 144 at least in part.
An extreme form of these variations, with shorter and slend-
er stem; petals clear dark lilac purple, with no trace of the dull
white or green of the species; claw yellow.
Same range as the species, with which it grows, and for this
reason, at least, must go with it, if the species is retained. It is
well connected with it by intermediates.
CALOCHORTUS KENNEDYI, Porter, Bot. Gaz. 2.79. Watson,
| ECs Doing IADR My Os 10a
Stems 2 cm.-3dm. high, not bulbiferous at base, 1-few
flowered leaves and bracts narrow; sepals ovate-oblong, acute;
erect, two thirds the length of the petals, brown without vermilion
within, scarious margined; petals brilliant vermillion, the base
and claw purple, nude except for a few hairs near the smal}
circular, densely-hairy gland; anthers ovate-oblong, 5 mm. long,
on filaments of twice that length; capsule 4-5 cm. long 1 cm.
wide.
Common on dry gravelly or clayey mesas and hillsides of
the Mojave Desert at 2,500 to 4,000 ft. alt., and rarely ascending
the desert slope of the San Bernardino Mountains even to 7,000
ft. alt. (Gold Mt.) The range of this species extends north to
Mt. Magruder, Esmeralda Co. Nevada®, and east into Arizona.
In our region it is very constant in coloration, but orange or
creamy-yellow flowers are sometimes seen.
++ Petals normally oculate
CALOCHORTUS VENUSTUS, Dougl. ex. Benth. Trans. Hort.
Soc. Ser: 2,1:412,'t.15.Watson, l.c. 265, Purdy, lc.) 140; tino peer
Stems 2-6 dm. high basal bulblet single; leaves and bracts
narrow; sepals oblong-lanceolate, 3-5 cm. long, acute, about
equalling the petals; petals broadly obovate-cuneate, broader than
long‘ white, shaded above with lilac, a conspicuous reddish-
purple spot near the top, a brownish-yellow arch in the center,
and a brown base, but these markings sometimes faint and
-_
SOUTHERN ‘CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 125,
obscure; gland large, oblong or lunate, densely hairy and sur-
rounded by a few scattered hairs; anthers oblong, obtuse on
dilated filaments of nearly equal length; capsule narrow, 5-7 cm.
long
On open hills Newhall; Elizabeth Lake; Ft. Tejon. This
appears to be the southern limit of this species, which extends
as far north as Vacaville®. ‘Description from plants growing:
at Elizabeth Lake.
This species breaks into an infinite variety of coloration, the
markings assuming different tints or becoming obscured, or en-
tirely disappearing, the petals becoming self-colored, and of
various shades. An indefinite number of color-varieties might
_be described; a few have received names.
CALOCHORTUS VENUSTUS PURPURASCENS, Watson, l.c, 266.
Petals deep liliac or purple, with marking similiar to those
of these species. :
Ft. Tejon, Kern County.
CALOCHORTUS VENUSTUS SULPHUREUS, Purdy, l.c. 141.
Petals a light warm yellow, with eye in centre, and a rose-
colored blotch at top.
Newhall, Los Angeles County, and Alcalde, Kern County,
according to Purdy.
°F. V. COVILLE, Death Val. Rep. 279.
°W. 1. JEPSON, Man. Fl. Mid. Cal. III, © San Bernardino, Cal.
Tribal Character in the Separation of the Style-
Branches in the Compositae.
BY LOUIS A. GREATA.
The somewhat peculiar appearances of the disk of a developing
head of Grindelia robusta directed my attention to the fact, that
the separation of the style-branches of the hermaphrodite florets
occurs in a different manner in different groups of the Com-
posite and an examination of a number of plants leads me to
believe, that this interesting feature is sufficiently constant to
form a simple and useful aid to classification in that admittedly
difficult Family.
In plants examined of the Tribes Inuloidez, Helianthoidee,
126 SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.
Helenioideze, Anthemidez and Senecionidez, the style-branches
begin to separate from the apex while in those of the Asteroideze
examined, they begin to separate from below the apex, forming
a more or less distinct loop which disappears upon complete ~
separation. The former might conveniently be termed A pici and
the latter Sub-Apici.
In the determination of a Composite one is, at the outset,
confronted with a distinction of the style-branches and append-
ages which is by no means clear, but the difficulty will be
greatly simplified if it is found that the sub-apicial separation of
the style-branches is peculiar to and constant in the Asteroidee.
I therefore venture to examined with a few brief notes:—
SUB-APICI
Uribe Luke Asteroideze
Aster. Cultivated species probably A. Novae Angliz
Bigelovia veneta
Erigeron foliosus var. stenophyllus
Gutierrezia Euthamiae
Heterotheca floribunda
AIPICT
Tribe IV. Inuloideze
Gnaphalium Sprengelii
Tribe V. Helianthoideze
Coreopsis tinctoria var. atro-purpurea (cult. )
Hemizonia fasciculata var. ramosissima
Hemizonia tenella
Tribe VI. Helenioideze
Chzenactis glabriusculus and other species
Tribe VII. Anthemidez
Achillea millefolium var. rosea (cult.)
Chrysanthemum (cultivated, pompom type.)
Matricaria discoidea
Tribe VIII. Senecionideze
Senecio Douglasii.
For this examination many of the specimens were preserved
in diluted alcohol but this was found unsatisfactory and I think
the characteristics sought would be clearer even in dried speci-
mens; fresh ones are of course, the best.
_ Erigeron does not show the separation well after soaking
NOU IE MN CAL PORNIA ACADEMY OR] SCIENCES. © 127
but my recollection is that it is easily apparent in fresh material
and I find this is true of several of the species examined.
In AHeterotheca floribunda the style-branches are not
especially distinct from those of some other tribes but the sub-
apicial separation is very marked.
Both species of Hemizonia examined show long slender
subulate style branches easily confused with Asteroideze except
that the separation is apical. This is true also of the Cheenactis
examined.
The following plants are reported from memory as having
been examined.
SUB-APICI
Tribe Asteroideze
Grindelia robusta
Chrysopsis sessilifolia var. echoides
Lessingia glandulifera
Corethrogyne filaginifolia
Tribe V. Helianthoideze
Helianthus annuus
I have not had an opportunity to test any of the species of
the Tribe Vernonaceze. A cultivated Stevia (Eupatoriacez)
shows a mode of separation distinct from any of the foregoing.
In the bud, the style-branches lie flat and complanate. The
separation is apical but instead of reflecting from the apex, the
style-branches open out as if hinged near the base and the tips
show a tendancy to curl inward and as soon as the plant begins
to wilt, the style-branches become circinate, curled in toward
each other. ;
In Centaurea melitensis (Cynaroidez) the style-branches do
not separate; in fact the style is tipped with three short subulate
lobes scarcely distinguishable except under a compound lens.
Perezia microcephala (Mutistiaceze) shows style-branches not
unlike Senecio Douglasi but the Tribe is easily distinguished by
its labiate florets.
I believe further investigation in this direction will show
that it is possible to construct a key to the tribes that would
obviate the necessity of considering so many confusing features
as at present. Ifso, it would be valuable in the field and often
helpful in the herbarium, and would not interfere with the estab-
lished order of things.
728 SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ACADEMY,\OF: SCIENGES#
Transactions.
The regular meeting of the Academy of Sciences was held at the
Woman’s Club Roomis at 8:00 p. m., Oct. 6th 1902. The meeting was called
to order by President Comstock, The Secretary being absent, G. M. Taber
was appointed Secretary pro tem. The new Constitution and By-Laws were
read section by section, and after several amendments were adopted as
amended. A motion was made aud carried by a unanimous vote, that the
Board of Directors be authorized to incorporate the Academy under the
Constitution and By-Laws adopted. The President stated that in order to
establish the Sections, it would be necessary for petitions to be presented
before the Academy of the names of Fellows, in accordance with the:
requirements of the new Constitution. After the regular business of the
Academy had been concluded, Mr. Wm. H. Knight read a paper on the Life
and Work of Hugh Miller, the noted Scotch Geologist, it being near the
rooth anniversary of his birth. His paper was full of historical interest,
interspersed with a statement of his personal life and his distinguished
work as one of the world’s most prominent scientists. President
Comstock in a brief manner called the attention of the audience to the
similarity between Major J. W. Powell and Hugh Miller. He also stated
that in a long and intimate acquaintances with Major Powell, it had
been of material benefit to himself when he was a young man. Prof. G.
Wharton James made a few interesting remarks on the life work of Major
Powell. The meeting then adjourned. G. Major TaBEr, Sec’y pro tem.
An outdoor meeting of the Astronomical Section was held on the thir-
teenth of October, at the residence of the Chairman, B. R. Baumgardt.
About a hundred members were present. ‘The evening was devoted princi-
pally to telescopic observations of the planets Jupiter and Saturn. Perrin’s
recently discovered comet was shown in the constellation Cassiopea and its
southwest motion through the heavens towards the sun observed. Excellent
views were also had otf the nebula in Andromeda, the star cluster in
Hercules, the quadruple star Epsilon Lyra and the binary system Beta Cygni.
Short addresses were made by some of the members after which the
meeting stood adjourned. MELVILLE DozIER, Secretary.
Regular monthly meeting of the Botanical Section was held Aug. 25,
1902, Mr. Johnston presiding.
Mr. Greata submitted for inspection a collection of plants belonging
to Mr. Geo. B. Grant consisting of Cryptanthes, Plagiobothrys and allied
enera.
; Mr. Braunton submitted miscellaneous plants including some in-
teresting specimens of Godetia purpurea, both purple and yellow forms.
Mr. Davidson reported upon the proposed new constitution of the
Academy. Adjourned, Lours A. GREATA, Secredary.
The Geological Section met at the Woman’s Club Rooms, Sept. 22d,
1902. at 8:00 p.m. Chairman Geo. W. Parsons called the meeting to order.
Prof. L. J. Stabler was introduced and gave an interesting lecture
on California Mineral Oils and Their Chemical Analysis.’? He stated in
part, that there was no danger of an overproduction of Oil, as the local
demand at the Los Angeles Refineries was 50,000 barrels per day, besides
what was used for tuel. He explained the advantages of California asphalt
cver that of Trinidad and Bermuda productions, and stated that the
Eastern demand for California asphalt was increasing, owing to its superior
qualities. He enumerated the many uses of its chemical products in the
arts, and gave 14 different ingredients composing the California oils, where
the Pennsylvania oils had but 9. He also stated that the California oils
were superior for lubricating purposes for cold climates or ice machinery,
but not as valuable lubricants in hot climates. G. Major TaBER, Sec’y.
; DECEMBER Tk 1GO2, ye
BUeh Ew UN
OF THE
Southern CaliforniaAcademy of Sciences |
COMMITTEE ON PUBLICATION r
A. Davipson, C. M., M. D., Chairman
MELVILLE DOZIER T. B Comstock, Ph. D. \
- CONTENTS:
Page
Prehistoric California, DR. LORENZO GORDIN YATES 121 !
Hymenoptera of Southern California, II. T.D.A.
COCKRELL......:. Bertteb ase Nocti At necacenueenite une seen SF
Pentstemon Parishii, a hybrid, A. DAVIDSON, M. D... 141
A Botanical Survey of San Jacinto Mountain............ 141
Recent Literature TA2e | AG Hf
Publications Received..........: 143
Notes ........ SBR RS eee ee abner isiiae cee csuane aoa See ienl ey Wal :
Transactions...... Be Meares Sue wee seeee ee BPP cites BAA:
PUBLISHED FOR THE ASSOCIATION BY Res PEL
BAUMGARDT PUBLISHING CO. :
oI 231 WEST First ST., LOS ANGELES, CAL. Dy
Yearly Subscription , $1.00 Single Copies, 25cts. §
Savin EG MAILED DECEMBER 9, 1902 :
x
, t RORY oe
BULLETIN
OF THE
Southern Galiiornia Academy OF sciences
VO Ea LOS ANGELES, CALS DECEMBER 1; 1902.) NO: 10
231 West First STREET.
yj ¥my
7
FA C
PREHISTORIC CALIFORNIA, °~™
(Continued from November BULLETIN )
BY DR. LORENZO GORDIN YATES.
These fossils in many instances owe their preservation to the
originals having been submerged in alkaline waters holding silica
in solution, and heated by volcanic action. Sometimes forests o?
trees haye been submerged and still remain standing in the soil
in which they grew, furnishing unmistakable and indestructible
evidence of cataclysms resulting trom seismic disturbances, of
which perhaps no other intelligible records remain.
In other instances the forests were uprooted or broken down
by avalanches of volcanic mud, or rushing water and buried by
volcanic material deposited by the water, or by showers of vol-
canic ash.
@ne of the most noted “petrified forests” of California is
located in Napa County, about ten miles south of the summit of
Mount St. Helena, an extinct volcano which is supposed to have
caused the death of the trees then living and their subsequent
preservation in the fossil state. The late Professor O. C. Marsh
described his visit to the locality with a party from Yale College
Mieno7Onn) le Saysi:
“A careful examination of the locality where the first pros-
trate trunks had been discovered soon made it evident that those
now on the surface had all been weathered out of the volcanic
tufa and sandstones, which form the summit of this part of the
mountain ridge. Several large silicified trees were, indeed, sub-
sequently found in the vicinity, projecting from the side of a steep
bluff, which had partly escaped denudation. Extending our ex-
plorations among the mountains for several miles around, we
were rewarded by the discovery of many additional fossil trunks
at various points, showing conclusively that this Tertiary deposit
contained the remains of an extensive forest of very large trees,
which had apparently been overthrown and entombed by some
volcanic irruption. Portions of nearly one hundred distinct trees
scattered over a tract three or four miles in extent, were found
*American Journal of Science and Arts, Vol. I, Ap. 1871.
730 SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.
by our party, and the information we received from hunters and
others, familiar with the surrounding country, renders it more
than probable that the same beds, containing similar masses of
silicified wood, extend over a much greater area.
The fossil trees washing out of this volcanic tufa were
mostly of great size, and appeared to be closely related to some
of the modern forests of the Pacific Coast, especially the gigantic
Conifers. One of the prostrate trunks examined during our ex-
plorations was partly exposed above the surface, dipping with the
strata about 10 degrees to the northward. Its accessible portion,
evidently but a small part of the original tree, measured sixty-
three feet in length, and, although denuded of its bark and very
much weathered, was over seven feet in diameter near its smaller
end. All the trees discovered were prostrate, and most of them,
aiter their petrifaction, had been broken transversely into several
sections, apparently by the disturbance of the enclosing strata. A
majority of the trunks had a general north and south direction,
probably due to the course of the current that covered them with
volcanic eruption. Portions of nearly one hundred distinct trees,
tion in which they had fallen. Several of the trunks had por-
tions of their roots still attached, and some were evidently much
decayed internally and worm eater before their entombment.
All the fossil wood observed was silicified, by means of hot alka-
line waters containing silica in solution, a natural result of vol-
canic action, especially when occurring with water, as was evi-|
dently the case 11 the present instance.
“Our party discovered on the western side of the Napa val-
iey, along the base of the ridge, patches of a deposit of stratified
tufa and gravel, which was evidently identical with that contain-
ing the fossil trees on the summit. This would seem to imply
that the upper portion of the valley had once been filled with
these peculiar beds, and, through their denudation, gradually as-
sumed its present proportions. However that may be, this vol-
canic deposit and its contents is certainly of great interest, even
in this land of geological wonders.”
The “Auriferous Gravels” and the “Dead Rivers” of the
western slopes of the Sierra Nevadas, are noted localities for the
variety of fossil wood called “Wood Opal” found in the mines.
Many of the specimens found, especially those of a fragmentary
character, are gem-like in their beauty of coloring and markings;
black, browns, reds, yellows, grays and white in all the combina-
tions ; massive, fibrous, friable, opaque and translucent and inter-
mediate characters have been found in the gravels. Immense
trees are often “piped” out in the process of hydraulic mining
for gold; some of them are almost adamantine in their hardness:
_ others vary greatly in their character; irregularly shaped, chalce-
donic, or jaspery masses, compact as quartz crystals, are imbedded
SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. | 137
in portions of the same tree, which may be granular and friable;
Others solid and amorphous throughout, or changing in the
space of a few inches to a fibrous, easily separable mass of
silicious, silky threads, or to carbonaceous matter but little
changed from its original ligneous character.
Around the bay of San Francisco, and at other localities,
trunks of redwood trees, which have undergone but little change,
are often encountered in drilling for artesian wells; on the east
side of the bay these fossil trees are usually found at a depth
of about two hundred feet.
California during the earlier geological ages not having
emerged from its ocean bed, had a very scanty flora. During the
Cretaceous Age, some fragments of the trees which grew on the
limited area of land were floated out into the cretaceous sea, be-
came silicified, and were buried in the silt of the ocean bed, and
may be found occasionally in the cretaceous rocks which have
been exposed in different localities in the State. Specimens of
this character, which before being silicified, had been bored by the
Pholads, or “Boring Mollusks,”’- have been found by the writer
in the ammonite beds of Shasta County, and other fossilized frag-
ments in Alameda County, in which locality the fossil wood
formed the nuclei of concretions of indurated clay and sand.
In the later geological periods, after the emergence of the
land, terrestial plants grew upon the entire area of dry land, and
their fossil remains have been imbedded in the strata of the
rocks in such an excellent state of preservation that the laminae
may be separated, showing the leaves and other portions of the
trees and plants preserved between the laminae, like fossil photo-
graphs of the vegetable life of bygone ages.
The following is a list of the known fossil plants of Cali-
fornia, except such as have not yet been determined.
Some of the species submitted to the eminent paleobotanists,
the late Professor Leo Lesquereux, and Dr. J. S. Newberry, were
not published during their lifetime, and will probably be deter-
mined or described by others.
CRYPTOGAMAE.
ALGAE,
Fucoides are found in the Cretaceous rocks, and in a great many
localities in the Tertiary; in Alameda County specimens
were brought to me as “Fossil Snakes,” or “Fossil Eels.”
which proved to be the stems of fossil sea weeds.
EQUISETACEAE.
E-quisetum (Horsetail).
Equisetum sp.— Corral Hollow, San Joaquin County; Miocene.
Equisetum, undeterminable species, related to E. Wyomingense
Lesq. Contra Costa County; Miocene.
TVAO LVN LV id
i)
Dees ME
Serr ee LL
NOUMMERN CAL PORNIAV ACADEMY OF “SCIENCES. 733
GYMNOSPERMS (Plants with seeds).
CONIFERAE (Cone-Bearers).
Sequoia.
Sequoia angustifolia, Lesq.;a kind of Redwood, has been found in
the Miocene at Corral Hollow, San Joaquin County; This
genus is a supposed waning type of plant life, as of the
forty or more species which have been found fossil the
two well-known Californian species are all that have come
down to the present time.
Taxites.
Taxites Olriki, Heer; resembling the Yew trees; Corral Hollow,
San Joaquin County; also found in Alaska and Greenland.
PALMAE (Palms).
Geonomites.
Geonomites schimperi Lesquereux; an extinct palm tree; Contra
Costa County ; Santa Barbara County.
Sabalites (Palmetto).
. Sabalites Californicus, Lesq.; Chalk Bluffs, Nevada County ; Plio-
ee APETALAE.
MYRICACEAE (Amentaceae).
Myrica (Wax Myrtle).
Myrica ungerit, Heer; Plumas County; Miocene. Nearly forty
species of this genus are found living, distributed through-
out nearly all temperate parts of the world; Two species
are abundant in North America which have probably de-
scended from the fossil forms.
Betula (Birch).
Betula aequalis, Lesq.; Chalk Bluffs, Nevada County; Miocene.
Alnus (Alder).
Alnus corralina, Lesq.; Corral Hollow, San Joaquin County;
Pliocene and Miocene.
CUPULIFERAE (Fugaceae).
Fagus (Beech).
Fagus antipon, Heer; Table Mountain, Tuolumne County, in
Pliocene and Miocene; also in Alaska; British Columbia
and Europe.
Quercus (Oak).
Quercus boweniana, Lesq.; Bowen’s Claim, Nevada County ; Plio-
cene. .
Quercus convexa, Lesq.; Table Mountain, Tuolumne County;
Pliocene.
Quercus distincta, Lesq.; Chalk Bluffs, Nevada County ; Pliocene.
134 SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.
Quercus elaenoides, Lesq.; Table Mountain, Tuolumne County ;
Pliocene.
Quercus furcinervis, Rossmassler; Plumas County, California;
Bridge Creek and Cascade Mountains, Oregon, under a
volcanic overflow (Professor Joseph Le Conte). Miocene
and Eocene.
Quercus goepperti, Lesq.; Chalk Bluffs, Nevada County; Plio-
cene.
Quercus moru, Lesq.; Lassen County; Miocene.
Quercus nevadensis, Lesq.; Chalk Bluffs, Nevada County; Plio-
cene.
Quercus olafseni, Heer ; Table Mountain, Tuolumne County ; Las-
sen County; Pliocene and Miocene. Also found in Da-
kota; Utah; Greenland.
Quercus pseudo-chrysophylla, Lesqg.; Forest City, Sierra County ;
Pliocene; perhaps the living Quercus densiflora.
Quercus pseudo-lyrata, Lesq.; Nevada County; Pliocene.
Quercus steenstrupiana, Heer; Forest City, Sierra County; Plio-
cene and miocene. Also found in the Arctic regions;
Greenland.
Quercus transgressa, Lesq.; Sierra County; Pliocene, perhaps
the living O. chrysolepis.
Quercus voyana, Lesq.; Chalk Bluffs, Nevada County; Pliocene.
Castanea (Chestnut).
Castanea ungeri, Heer; Rock Corral, Placer County; Corral Hol-
low, San Joaquin County; Miocene. Also in British Co-
lumbia; Alaska; Greenland; Europe.
Casv’anopsis (Chinquapin).
Castanopsis chrysophylloides, Lesq.; Chalk Bluffs, Nevada
County ; Pliocene.
SALICINEAE.
Salix (Willow).
Salix californica, Lesq.; Table Mountain, Tuolumne County;
Pliocene.
Salix elliptica, Lesq.; Chalk Bluffs, Nevada County; Pliocene.
Salix integra, Goeppert; Corral Hollow, San Joaquin County;
Miocene.
Salix varians, Goeppert; Table Mountain, Tuolumne County;
Corral Hollow, San Joaquin County; Tertiary.- Also
Alaska; Greenland and Europe.
Populus balsamoides, Goeppert; Corral Hollow, San Joaquin
Populus zaddachi, Heer; Nevada County; Tertiary. In the in-
Populus (Poplar).
Populus balsamoides, Goepperi; Corral Hollow, San Joaquin
County ; Pliocene.
SOUDHERN “CALIFORNIA ACADEMY VOR “SCIENCES. 7135
Populus saddachi, Heer; Nevada County; Tertiary. In the in-
terior of our county many other species are found.
Platanus (Sycamore).
Platanus appendiculata, Lesq.; Chalk Bluffs, Nevada County ;
Pliocene.
Mountain, Tuolumne County; Pliocene. Monte Cristo
Platanus dissecta, Lesq.; Chalk Bluffs, Nevada County; Table
Tunnel, Plumas County in the Miocene.
BALSAMIFLUAE.
Liquidamber (Sweet Gum).
Liquidamber californicum, Lesq.; Chalk Bluffs, Nevada County ;
Pliocene.
URTICACEAE.
Ulmus (Elm).
Ulmus californica, Lesq.; Nevada and Tuolumne Counties;
Pliocene.
Ulmus atffms, Lesq.; Table Mountain, Tuolumne County; Plio-
cene.
Ulinus pseudo-fulva, Lesq.; Nevada County ; Pliocene.
Ficus (Fig.).
Ficus asiminaefolia, WLesq.; Rock Corral, Placer County;
Ficus appendiculata, Heer; Lassen County; Pliocene.
Ficus sordida, Lesq.; Chalk Bluffs, Nevada County; Pliocene.
Ficus tiliaefolia, Al Brogniart; Forest City, Sierra County, Cali-
fornia; Nevada County, Cal.; Wyoming; Colorado; Da-
kota; Europe; Pliocene; Miocene; Eocene.
LAURINEAE.
Laurus (laurel).
Laurus californica, Lesq.; San Joaquin and Plumas Counties ;
Miocene. (Not the living so-called “California Laurel,”
which is an Oreodaphne. )
Laurus furstenbergt, Al. Brogniart; Corral Hollow, San Joaquin
County; Miocene.
Laurus grandis, Les.; Corral Hollow, San Joaquin County ; Mio-
cene.
Laurus princeps, Weer; Corral Hollow, San Joaquin County;
Miocene. Also found in Europe.
Laurus resurgens, Saporta; Corral Hollow, San Joaquin County,
California; Montana; Miocene.
Laurus salicifolia, Lesq.; Corral Hollow, San Joaquin County ;
Miocene.
Laurus socialis, Lesq.; Lassen County, California; Wyoming;
Miocene.
Persea (Ahuacata—“Alligator Pear’).
Persea dolleri, Lesq.; Shasta County; Miocene.
D TREE— “FOREST and WATER’”’
E
PLATE IV.—PETRIFI
Courtesy of the Author, Abbot Kinney.
SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. (37
Persea pseudo-carolinensis, Lesq.; Alameda County; Miocene.
Persea punctulata, WLesq.; Corral Hollow, Alameda County;
Miocene.
Oreodaphne (Mountain Laurel).
Oreodaphne heeri, Gaudichauo; Lassen County; Miocene.
Oreodaphne litseaeformis, Lesq.; Lassen County ; Miocene.
Cinnamomum (Cinnamon).
Cinnamomum affine, Lesq.; Corral Hollow, San Joaquin County ;
Miocene. Also found in Colorado, Wyoming and Europe.
Cinnamomum scheuchseri, Heer; Lassen County; Miocene. Wy-
oming and Europe.
It will be seen that the species of this exclusively tropical
genus of plants are widely distributed, and suggest a warm cli-
mate. It includes about fifty living species ranging on both sides
of the equator.
SAPINDACEAE (Aceraceae).
Accr (Maple).
Acer aequidentatum, Lesq.; Chalk Bluffs, Nevada County; Plio-
cene. Found also in Colorado and Greenland.*
Acer arcticum, Heer; Chalk Bluffs, Nevada County; Forest City,
Sierra County; The Bad Lands of Nebraska; Alaska and
the Arctic Zone; Pliocene and Miocene.
Acer bendirei, Lesq.; Monte Cristo Tunnel, Spanish Peak, Plumas
County; Miocene.
Acer bolanderi, Lesq.; Table Mountain, Tuolumne County ; Plio-
cene. To be continued.
HYMENOPTERA OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA, II.
BY T. D. A. COCKERELL,.
Megachile occidentalis, Fox, var. /eucotricha, n. var.
MALE.—Length, 14 mm., black, with a rather long,
parallel sided abdomen. Head broad, facial quadrangle almost
square; checks swollen with white hair, long and dense beneath;
vertex broad, shining, with strong well-separated punctures, and
rather thinly clothed with erect black hair; face densely clothed
with erect white hair, up to the region of the antennze, where it
gives way to black; clypeus densely punctured, with a median
impunctate band; antennze long and slender, flagellum dull ferru-
ginous beneath, last joint scarcely or not enlarged; mandibles
massive, sharply pointed, the lower edge produced into a large
The fact that fossil plants of widely different latitudes are found
in the same region may be accounted for by the differences of altitude in
the same region where the plants grew, and also from the species having
been alternately driven North and South by the climatic changes result-
ing from tropical heat and glacial cold.
aK
738 SOUTHERN (GALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF “SCLENGES:
triangular tooth, the outer edge of which is densely clothed with
short orange hair; mesothorax strongly and very densely punc-
tured, thinly clothed with erect hair, some of which is black or
blackish; no band of dense hair between mesothorax and
scutellum; sides and under part of thorax with dense white hair;
tegulee dark brown, closely punctured; wings hyaline, dusky at
apex; anterior coxal spines short; legs with abundant white hair;
hair on inner (or anterior) side of tarsi light orange; anterior tarsi
nearly simple, but first joint laterally dilated and angularly pro-
duced on the inner side; second joint slightly dilated; these
joints densely fringed with white hair on the inner side; second
joint with a black spot, (due to local absence of pubescence) at
the base of the white fringe on the inner side; the orange hair on
the anterior tarsi is wholy on the anterior margin; at the apex of
each of the first two joints of the middle tarsi is a little comb of
three reddish-orange spines; abdomen strongly punctured, not
obviously banded, but the hind margins of the segments have
lateral white hair-bands; and the third, fourth and fifth segments
have bands of white pubescence (best developed on the fifth) at
the base of the normally exposed (punctured) part; ventral surface
of abdomen, especially towards the base, with much white hair;
apical dorsal segment very black, with short black hair, its end
deeply notched, the edges of the notch rounded; its extreme
lateral margins with a sharp tooth, curved backwards and shaped
like a rose-thorn; lateral plates of genitalia triangular.
Hab.—Near Los Angeles; and Switzer’s Camp (about 12
miles from Pasadena, in the San Gabriel Mts.) Two males
collected by Dr. A. Davidson.
The entire black legs readily distinguish it from typical
M. occidentalis, the type locality of which is Las Cruces, New
Mexico,
Megachile fidelis, Cresson.
Near Los Angeles, both sexes, (Dr. A. Davidson).
Megachile angelarum,, Ckll.
‘ An additional specimen is from Rock Creek, Mojave
Desert, (Dr. A. Davidson).
Megachile frugalis, Cresson.
A male from Dr. Davidson, Mt. Disappointment, San
Gabriel Mts. ‘This species has hitherto been known from Texas.
Megachile manifesta, Cresson.
A pair from Dr. Davidson, collected at Banning, River-
side Co,, offer some differences from the Rocky Mountain form of
the species, and should probably be recognized as a distinct geo-
graphical race.
SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ACADEMY (OF SCIENCES. 139
Chelostoma australis, n. sp.
FEMALE.—Length about 9 mm., black; head and thorax,
strongly and densely punctured; white pubescence at sides of
thorax, on postscutellum, cheeks and sides of face especially,
that on sides of face forming conspicuous bands; antenne short,
flagellum faintly ferruginous towards end; anterior edge of
clypeus with a median stout snout-like projection, keeled above;
mandibles large, bidentate; tegule very dark-brown; wings
hyaline, nervures and stigma black; legs black, the hind femora
large and bright ferruginous, the inner side of the hind tibize
also bright ferruginous; base of metathorax with a short longi-
tudinally striate area; abdomen shining, strongly but only
moderately densely punctured; first two segments more or less
ferruginous laterally; ventral scopa white.
Hab.—Near Los Angeles, (Dr. A. Davidson). Related
to Chelostoma rubtfioris (Ckll., Can. Ent.. 1898, p. 50, as
Chelynia rubifloris,) but easily distinguished by the color of the
legs.
Alcidamea uvulalis, n. sp.
MaLr.—Length about 10 mm., black, with white pube-
scence, dense on face and thorax; on abdomen forming narrow
bands on the apical margins of segments 1 to 4, and less distinctly
on 5. Head ordinary; eyes greenish; mandibles black; antenne
with the scape greatly swollen, punctured; flagellum broad,
dark ferruginous, crenulated above, apical joint pointed; vertex
and mesothorax densely punctured; tegulz black; wings yellow-
ish; abdomen closely punctured; second ventral segment pro-
duced into an immense uvula-like projection; third ventral
segment emarginate in the middle; sixth dorsal segment produced
into a sharp point at each extreme side; apical segment project-
ing, ending in a point which is laterally flattened.
Hab —\ancaster, Mojave Desert, (Dr. A. Davidson.)
A very distinct species.
Heriades odontura, n. sp.
Ma.Ee.—Length about 9 mm., black, narrow in form; head
rounded; cheeks with white hair; face and front very densely
punctured; flagellum slightly ferruginous beneath, last joint sub-
truncate; thorax densely punctured; parapsidal grooves distinct;
pleura with short white hair; tegula shining, piceous, with a
large ferruginous spot; wings strongly ferruginous; legs entirely
black; abdomen closely punctured, with narrow white hair-
bands on apical margins of segments 1 to 4; second ventral
segment produced into a blunt eminence; apical segment ending
in three points or teeth, the middle one having at its base a
circular depression full of ochreous pubescence.
zgo SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIEN GES:
Hab.—Near Ios Angeles, Calif., (Dr. A. Davidson).
‘The male of Herzades differ in the structure of the apex of the
abdomen. Thus /7. florisomnozs (1,.) has two truncate processes;
H. campanularum (Kirby) has two long pointed processes;
H. nigricornis, Nyl. has the end of the abdomen broadly trun-
cate, without process; /7. Odontura, n. sp., has three processes.
Halictoides davidsoni, n. sp.
MaLE.—Length ro mm., slender; black, vertex with a
bluish, mesothorax with a greenish tint; head and thorax
clothed, not very densely, with long erect hairs, white on cheeks
and pleura (very long on cheeks beneath), greyish and blackish on
thorax above, black at sides of face; clypeus densely covered with
long white hairs; scape slightly swollen, clothed with long black
hairs; flagellum long faintly tinged with ferruginous beneath,
head broad, eyes prominent; mandibles thickened about the
middle, black, ending in two bright ferruginous teeth, the lower
one much the longest; from the lower side of each mandible near
the middle proceeds a very long curled tuft of pale orange hair;
mesathorax with large close punctures, basal area of metathorax
well-defined, strongly longitudinally striated; tegule shining
very dark-brown; wings yellowish, nervures and stigma piceous;
legs ordinary, black, with long white hair, middle femora swollen;
abdomen narrow, closely punctured, clothed with short erect
dull white hair; extreme apex ferruginous; apical vental seg-
ment terminating in two sharp teeth; vental surface shining,
with very little hair.
Hab.—One from Dr. A. Davidson, from Bear Valley,
San Gabriel Mts. Closely allied to A. mudllerz, Ckll., 1898,
which was described from a female. It seems hardly likely that
H. davidsoni is the male of mudleri, as the latter has the first
recurrent nervure entering the second submarginal cell very near
its base, whereas in 7. davidsonz it enters a considerable distance
from the base as in H/. marginatus.
Halictoides (Epthalictoides) virgatus, Ckll., 1898. Southern
Calitornia. The following notes, based on cotypes; are additional
to my original description.
Martx.—Abdomen tufted beneath at apex; fourth ventral
segment at sides of hind margin tuberculate.
FEMALE.—Blade of maxilla 700 (this and the palpal
measurements are all in micromillimeters); joints af palpi min-
utely scaly; length of palpal joints, (A.) Labial palpi, (a)gsor
(2) 340, (3) 220, (4) 190; (B.) Maxillary palpi, (1) 270, @) 310%
(3) 260, (4) 210, (5) 210, (6) 200.
SOUMERN CALLFNOMNIAV AG ADEM VivOR "SCLEN GES. iia
WA
wa Pentstemon Parishii, a hybrid
BY A. DAVIDSON, M. D.
In May of this season in an excursion to the foothills
Messers Braunton, Greata and Johnston at Glendora, and Dr.
Kraemer and the writer at Azusa, gathered some specimens of
Pentstemon that were new to the county and somewhat un-
familiar. Mr. Parish to whom the specimens were referred
named them P. Parzshzt
The plants were compared and discussed at a subsequence
meeting, and the evidence seemed conclusive in favor of this
plant being a hybrid between P. centranthifolius, Benth, anc
P. spectabilis, 'Thurb.
In color P. Parishiz varies from a livid purple to a bright
red. The leaves are entire, or occasionally denticulate and clasp-
ing at the base. In centranthizfolius they are entire and scarcely
clasping, while in sfectadzlzs they are spinulose denticulate and
connate. The inflorescence is intermediate in shape between
the virgate raceme of the one and the expanded thyrsus of the
other. The flowers are less ventricose than those of spectabzles
and more dilated than those of cextranthifolius. ‘The description
given in Gray’s Snop. Fl. though accurate might with advantage
be more detailed. The sterile fllaments in our specimens were
not hooked.
Since the above was written Mr. Hall’s work on the Flora
of San Jacinto has appeared and I find that he likewise considers
P. Parishiia hybrid. ‘This is a new addition to our published
county list. Wallace I believe found it in the neighborhood of
Los Angeles long ago but whether the locality was within the
present county boundaries I have no means of ascertaining.
A Botanical Survey of San Jacinto Mountain—Harvey
Monroe Hall.
[Pages 140. Plate 14. University Press, Berkeley, 1902.]
The botanical publications of the University of California have begun
most auspiciously with Mr. Hall’s careful study of the pine belt of San
Jacinto Mountain. The southernmost lofty summit of the Sierra Nevada
rises from a desert base of but 500 feet above sea level with precipitous
abruptness to an Alpine height of nearly 11,000 feet; to the south and west
dominating the rugged convolutions that separate it from the sea. San
Jacinto occupies a position which gives its flora a peculiar interest. To a
statement of the conditions thus presented, and to the working out in
detail of the resultant problems, Mr. Hall has devoted his first fifty-two
142, SOUTHERN CALIrORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.
pages. The narrow limits into which the different life-zones are com-
pressed in these southern mountains, renders accurate delimitation a per-
plexing task, not to be accomplished without thorough field study; but for
San Jacinto this task has now been performed most successfully. The
flora of no other like area in the state has received so complete elucidation.
The remaining pages are occupied by a catalogue of the Sperma-
tophytes growing in the pine belt. These number 456 species and varieties,
all but one having been collected by Mr. Hall. The following plants are
here for the first time reported from Southern California:
Panicum thermale, Bolander; Phleum ae L.3 Poa alpinaits:
P Buckleyana, Nash; Trisetum nutkaense, S. & : Carex Hallu, Bailey;
C. nudata, Boott; C. Preslii, Steud.; Listera etree. Torr. ; Po-
tentilla lactea, Greene. Mr. Hall also finds Sambucus Mexicana, Presl.,
a species whose presence in Southern California has been questioned. He
also refer to Pinus flexilis, James, the white-barked pine of our higher
mountains, heretofore regarded as P. albicaulis, Engelm. The new species
proposed are Bromus Porteri assimilis, Davy; Elymus Parishii, Davy and
Merrill; Poa Howellii Chandleri, Davy; Stipa californica, Merrill and
Davy; Oxytheca marginata, Hall; an elegant little plant; Potentilla acu-
minata, Hall; P. callida, Hall; Monardella macrantha vars. pinetorum and
arida, Hall; ” Erigeron Jacinteus, Hall; and Hulsea vestita callicarpha,
Hall. :
RECENT LITERATURE.
Three new species of Chromodoris by T.D. A. Cockerell, Nau/zlis,
Vol. 16:2. Discovered at La Jolla and San Diego, Cal.
Trees of Southern California by Prof. W. R. Dudley. Stanford. Art. ITI.
“The timber belt and the high Sierras’’ with a key to the Species. Los
Angeles Saturday Fost. Vol. 6:2.
Within the limits of the forest reserve and Ic miles from the General
Grant National Park has grown the largest Sequoia yet discovered. This
monster which was measured by John Muir has a diameter of 32 ft. Z. A.
Times, Aug. 27th, 1902.
Those interested in the habits of the Aboriginal Indians will find
Mr. Chestnuts ‘‘Plants used by the Indians of Medocino County’’ a mine of
interesting facts. The food and medicinal plants used by the Indians are
enumerated as well as the methods whereby they are rendered available for
use. The Indians has so modified his old habits that this is probably the
last work of the kind that can be written from direct observation.
“The thirteenth annual report of the Missouri Garden” is practically
a Monograph on the Yuccez, by Dr. Trealease. Coming from the pen of a
specialist the work is a most desirable one and its value is very much en-
hanced by gg plates illustrating every known species, with maps showing
their distribution in N. America. The author has considerably modified
the nomenclature previously adopted by himself and other botanist. Our
Western species as amended now are Hlesperoyucca Whipplet, Clistoyucca
arborescens, Yucca Mohavensis. To the southern species many new
varieties have been added and a new Genus Samwela has with two species
has been added to include the gamphyllous forms. The variety gvamint-
folia of H. Whipplez is not endorsed though it appears to the writer to be
desiring of at least varietal rank.
Through the effort of Mr. Braunton the first accurate catalogue of our
ornamental shrubs and plants has just been issued by the Sycamore Grove
Nurseries, Asa short description accompanies each species, it becomes a
useful handbook.
ox
a
AZ,
io
SOULPHERN CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 723
PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED.
Utilizing our water supply,’’ by A. J. McClatchie. Bull. No. 43.
Agric. Exper. Stat. University Arizona.
“Triassic Ichthyopterygia from California and Nevada’’, by J. C.
Merriam. Geology, Vol. 3, No. 4. University California.
‘‘The Root-tubercules of Bur Clover and of some other Leguminous
Plants,’ by G. J. Pierce. Botany, Vol. 2, No. to. Proc. Cal. Acad. Science.
“Tands of the Colorado Delta in the Salton Basin.’’ Bull. No. 140
with Supplement. Agric. Exper. Stat. University California.
“Plants used by the Indians of Mendocino County, Cal.,” by V. K.
Chesnut. Vol. 7, No. 3. Botany, U. S. Dept. Agriculture.
‘“‘Missouri Botanic Garden,’ Thirteenth Annual Report.
‘Experimental Station Record.’? Vol.13, No.9. U.S. Dept. Agricult.
‘Experiments with Deciduous Fruits at or near the Southern coast
range sub-station Paso Robles, from 1889 to 1902,’’ by C. H. Shinn. Bulletin
No. 141. Univ. Cal., Agricult. Exper. Stat.
“A working plan for Southern hardwoods and its results,’’ by
J. Foley. Reprint Yearbook Dept. Agric. Igor.
“Grazing in the Forest Reserves,’’ by F. Roth. Reprint Yearbook
Dept. Agric. Igor.
‘Some Insects injurious to Vegetable Crops.” Bulletin No. 33.
Entomology, U. 5. Dept. Agricult.
‘Principal Insects liable to be disturbed on Nursery Stock. Bulletin
No. 34. Entomology, U.S. Dept. Agricult.
‘“‘Weeds in general:’’ Two new comers into Pennsylvania. The
Pennsylvania State College Agric. Exper. Stat. Bulletin No. 58.
‘‘The action of copper on leaves.’’ A physiological investigation.
Bulletin Agricult. Exper, Stat. Uuiv. Tennessee. Vol. XV, No. 2.
‘‘Annual Archzeological Report,’’ Ontario, 1901. Presentec by Mr.
Jn He Hume, F. R..S;
“The fog fruit or Lippia nodiflora as an economic plant.’’ Timely
Hints for farmers. No. 31. Agricult. Exper. Station, Univ. Arizona.
“Trrigation at the Station Farm.’’ Bulletin No. 41. Agricult. Exper.
Stat. Univ. Arizona.
‘*The cool side of a house in Arizona.’’ Bulletin No. 42. Agricult.
Exper. Stat. Univ. Arizona.
‘Mycological Notes,”’ by C. G. Lloyd, No. 9, Cincinnati, O.
“The Geastre,’’ illustrated with 80 figures by C. G. Lloyd.
“Bulletin of the Lloyd Library of Botany Pharmacy and Materia
Medica,’’ Lloyd Bros., Cincinnati, O. No.5, Mycological Series No. 2.
“Reference to Capillarity to the end of the year 1900.’’ Bulletin of
the Lloyd Library. Bulletin No. 4. Pharmacy Series No. I.
“A Flora of the South Fork of Kings River, from Millwood to the
head waters of Bubbs Creek,’’ by Alice Eastwood. Publications of the
Sierra Club, No 27.
‘“New Species from the Sierra Nevada Mountains of California,’ by
Alice Eastwood. Proc. Cal. Acad. Science, Botany, Vol. 2, No. 9.
144 SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENGES?
Notes.
Up to July I, Phcenix showed 175 degrees of heat in excess of the
normal, yet the effect on the staff of the Agricultural Experiment Station
seems to have been decidedly stimulating. No less than four Bulletins
(see ‘‘Publications Received ’’) have been issued from that station in less
than a month. In one L7ppia nodiflora, in use in dry localities as a sub-
stitute for grass in lawns, is recommended as a soil binder in soils liable to
wash or on banks of irrigating ditches. The result of “Irrigation at the
Station Farm,’’ and “Utilizing our water supply’’ at the farm is ably set
forth by Prof. McClatchie and the encouraging results attained commend
the pamphlets to every California farmer. All dwellers in the warmer
districts of the south-west will find in ‘‘The cool side of a house in Arizona’’
the best method of building and the scientific reasons therefor.
F. P. Brackett, Professor of Mathematics in Pomona College has a
leave of absence for the coming School year. He will spend the year in
study and investigation at Clarke University, Worcester, Mass , where he is
the recipient of an honorary fellowship. The following summer he expects
to spend at Yerkes Observatory in Spectroscopic investigation.
Transactions.
GEOLOGICAL SECTION.
Los ANGELES, CAL., October 27th, 1902.
The Geological Section met at the Woman’s Club Rooms at 8 p. m.
Chairman Geo. W. Parsons called the meeting to order. Minutes of pre-
vious meetings read, corrected and approved. The Chairman introduced
Mr. David C. Cunningham as the speaker of the evening, who gave a very
interesting description of Chile, its climate, geology and topography.
He stated in parts, that the natural advantages of Chile would include
all the marvels of California, Colorado, Arizona, Nevada, Oregon and
Alaska, as to climate, minerals, desert, forests, agriculture, mountains,
rivers and lakes, while its climate ranges all the way from tropic to arctic,
with the same variation of rainfall.
A portion of the interior having fertile plains furnishing wheat, cattle
and fruits for the less tropical regions in the North. The speaker gave a
thorough description of its mines and minerai formations, its nitrate and
borax deposits, some of which were located at an elevation of 12,000 feet .
above sea level.
In regard to earthquakes, there they realize the genuine article, which
was frequent! y accompanied with tidal waves which were occasionally very
destructive. His description of a trip of 17,200 feet of an altitude up the
mountains was full of interest. He also gave a description of the Birds and
Animals indigenous to the section,
G. Major TABER, Sec’y.
BOTANICAL, SECTION.
The Section met at 501 Laughlin Block on November 18th. Mr.
Johnston in the chair. The evening was devoted to the examination of
our native live-oaks, herbarium specimens of which were shown.
Mr. C. Russell was elected Secretary for the ensuing year.
C. RUSSELL, Secretary.
INDEX TO VOL. II
BULLETIN
Southern California Academy of Sciences
1903
Abies, 11
Alloecarya, 13
Alsine, 67*
Amarantus, 70, 81
Amblyopappus, 14
Amsinekia, 13
Andronicus, 35*
Arenaria, 67*
Arthronia, 34, 72
Aphanisma, 70
Arthopyrenia, 73
Astragalus, 26*
Atriplex, 70
Baeria, 14, 43
Batis, 70
Biatoria, 33, 59
Blepharipappus, 14
Blepharopoda, 85
Brandegea, 81
Brodiaea, 70
Buellia, 34, 54, 71
Carex, 70
Cetraria, 53
Chiodecton, 34, 71
Chimaphila, 13
Cheiranthus, 41*
Chicorium, 43
Chenopodium, 70
‘Chrysoma, 43
‘Cicer, 29
Cladonia, 23
Cotyledon, 29, 41*
Collemadium, 52
Collema, 52
Conorhinus, 121
Convolvulus, 43
Crataegus, 69*
Cryptanthe, 13
Cuscuta, 48, 15
Cycladenia, 70
Dalea, 83*
Delphinium, 68*
Dermatocarpon,
=
(
3
INDEX TO VOL.
Numbers 1 to 9
Dendrographia, 25, 54
Dichelostemma, 65
Diplotaxis, 29
Dirina, 33, 59
Draba, 81*
Emerilia, 85
Endocarpum, 72
Hremocarya, 13
_Eriogonum, 68, 70*
Eristalis, 85
Euvanessa, 102
Evernia, 23
Exorista, 12
Galinosoga, 45
‘Gnaphalium, 45
Grindelia, 14
Gutierezia, 43
Gyrophora, 53
Halictus, 84*
Hassea, 73
Harpagonella, 70
Helianthus, 30
Hemizonella, 43.
Heppia, 53
Hesperoonide, 70
Hookera, 65*
Juneus, 70
Krynitzkia, 70, 83
Layia, 29
Leeania, 59
Lecanactis, 34
Lecanora, 25, 54, 58
Lecidea, 34, 54, 58*
Lepidium, 41.
Lepidopa, 45
Leptogium, 52
Lesquerella, 29
Lipochaeta, 85
Linanthus, 13
Lupinus, 2¢
NOTE—The asterisk denotes new species.
Il
Malva, 13
Medicago, 45
Melanolestis, 85, 120
Mentha, 70
Mentzelia, 69*
Mimulus, 70
Murgantia, 85
Pagurus, 85
Pannaria, 53
Paragus, 85
Parmelia, 24, 52
Pellea, :70
Pertusaria, 34, 54, 59
Peucedanum, 45
Physeia, 24, 54
Pinus, 1i, 12
Placodium, 24, 53, 54
Plantago, 14
Platygrapha, 34, 71
Psorotichia, 73
Ptiloria, 14
Pulex, 118
Pyrenopsis, 52
Pyxine, 53
Schizopelte, 24, 54
Solanum, 43
Sphinetrina, 52
Thelopsis, 73
Theloschistes, 24
Trachylia, 52
Tribulus, 48
Trifolium, 43
Trillium, 67
Triteleia, 66%
Usnea, 23, 52, 54
Urceolaria, 33, 59.
Verbena, 70
Verbesina, 83
Verrucaria, 35, 72
Zeuxia, 85
CONTRIBUTORS TO VOL. II
1903
Numbers 1 to 9
ABRAMS, LE ROY.
Additions to the Flora of Los Angeles Co. II.
New Southern California Plants.
BAUMGARDT, B. R.
Annual Report of Academy.
COCKERELL, T. D. A.
Diptera from Southern California.
A New Bee of the Genus Andronicus.
New Bees from Southern California.
DAVIDSON, DR A.
New Plant Records from Los Angeles Co.
The ‘‘ Kissing Bug.’’
HASSE, DR. H. E.
Contributions to the Lichen-flora of the Coast Islaiuds.
Additions to the Lichen-flora of Southern California.
The Lichen-flora of San Clemente.
HELLER, A. A.
Notes on Plants from Middle Western California.
KNIGHT, WM. H.
Radium.
PARISH, 8. B.
Concerning Certain Trees.
Two New Plants from Southern California.
A Few New or Rare Southern California Plants.
RIVERS, PROF. J. J.
The Late Visit of Vanessa Cardui.
The Caterpillar Plague.
EKuvanessa Antiopa.
Concerning Fleas.
YATES, DR. L. G.
Prehistoric California.
”
I
JANUARY 1, 1903 NO.
BULLETIN
OF THE
oouthern California Academy of Sciences}
|
|
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:
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COMMITTEE ON PUBLICATION
A. Davrpson, C. M., M. D., Chairman
MELVILLE DOZIER G. W. PaRSONS
CONTENTS :
Page
Prehistorie California, DR. LORENZO GORDIN YATES 145
Concerning Certain Trees, S. B. PARISH................ 155
Diptera from Southern California, T. D. A.
COCK REE U Elias aie aans Gecko wale a cada ccuetaagisbas seaetele 156
Additions tothe Flora of Los Angeles County, II,
THROW WABRAMSIN eee or Colac Sse pL NS 157
Recent Miteracune-.- se saeecssceneccwesenen ears MIR alnania te cy 158
Publications Recetvedsewesud a. 2.2. ccecpepereeesechannssaeiloe 158
NOLES cee ee a teacpaire nee are numa Uke eiasls cbleabdimet Sue eie ake dapoons 159
Transactions...... Bir Aan tae Momma oe ativan ea saeceuas tence cue 159-60
PUBLISHED FOR THE ASSOCIATION BY
BAUMGARDT PUBLISHING CO
231 WEST FIRST ST., LOS ANGELES, CAL.
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BULLETIN
OP Wyle.
Southern Galifornia Academy of Sciences
VOL. 2. LOS ANGELES, CALE; JANUARY 1) 1905. NO® |
231 West First STREET.
PREHISTORIC CALIFORNIA,
(Continued from December BULLETIN )
BY DR. LORENZO GORDIN YATES.
Acer sextianum Saporta; Chalk Bluffs, Nevada County; Plio-
cene and Miocene, and in the Miocene of France.
MYRTUS—Myrtle.
Mytrus oregonensis Lesq.; Corral Hollow, San Joaquin County ;
Miocene.
LONICEREAE—Caprifoliacez.
Viburnum.
Viburnum whympert Heer; Shasta County; Miocene, Related
to the Laurestinus.
SAPOTACEAE.
Diospyros—Persimmon.
Diospyros virgimana turneri Lesq.; Contra Costa County; Mio-
Cone:
ARALIACEAE.
Aralia—Spikenard.
Aralia acerifolia Lesq.; Chalk Bluffs, Nevada County; Pliocene
and Muiocene.—Nebraska.
Aralia angustiloba Vesq.; Chalk Bluffs, Nevada County; Plio-
cene.
Aralia lasseniana Lesq.; Lassen County; Miocene.
Aralia whitneyi Lesq.; Chalk Bluffs, Nevada County; Pliocene.
Aralia gaddachi Heer; Chalk Bluffs, Nevada County; Pliocene
and Miocene.
CORNEAE.
Cornus—Dogwood.
Cornus hyperborea Heer; Lassen County; Miocene.—Arctic
Zone.
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SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 147
Cornus kelloggw Lesq.; Chalk Bluffs, Nevada County; Pliocene.
Cornus ovalis Lesq.; Table Mountain, Tuolumne County; Plio-
cene.
MAGNOLIACEAE.
Magnolia.
Magnolia califormca Lesq.; Chalk Bluffs, Nevada County; Las-
sen County; Contra Costa County; Pliocene and Miocene.
Magnolia inglefieldi Heer; Lassen County; Miocene.
Magnolia lanceolata Lesq.; Chalk Bluffs, Nevada County; For-
est City, Sierra County; Pliocene.
ILICEAE (Aquifoliacez).
Ilex—Holly.
Ilex prumifolia Lesq.; Table Mountain, Tuolumne County; Plio-
cene.
RHAMNAEAE.
Zizyphus —Lotus Tree.
Azyphus microphyllus Lesq.; Chalk Bluffs, Nevada County; Pli-
ocene.
Lizyphus piperoides Lesq.; Chalk Bluffs, Nevada County; Plio-
cene.
JUGLANDEAE.
Juglans—Walnut.
Juglans californica Lesq.; Chalk Bluffs, Nevada County; Plio-
cene. Not the same as the living species of that name, but
the fossil has the priority.
Juglans debeyana Heer; Rock Corral, Placer County; Cretace-
ous or Eocene. :
Juglans laurinea Lesq.;Chalk Bluffs, Nevada County; Pliocene.
Juglans oregoniana Lesq.; Oregon; Chalk Bluffs, Nevada
_ County, Cal.; Pliocene and Miocene.
Juglans rugosa Lesq.; Lassen County; Miocene. Also Wyoming ;
Montana.
HICKOREAE.
Carya—Hickory.
Carya bilinica Unger; Monte Cristo Tunnel, Plumas County ;
Miocene.
STERCULIACEAE,
Pterospermutes.
Pterospermites spectabilis Heer; Spanish Peak, Plumas County ;
Miocene.
ANACARDIACEAE.
Rhus—Sumach.
Rhus boweniana T.esq.; Table Mountain, Tuolumne County ; Pli-
ocene.
148 SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.
Rhus dispersa Lesq.; Table Mountain, Tuolumne County; Pli-
ocene.
Rhus heufleri Heer; Corral Hollow, Alameda County; Miocene.
Rhus metopioides Lesq.; Table Mountain, Tuolumne County;
Pliocene.
Rhus mixta Lesq.; Chalk Bluffs, Nevada County; Pliocene.
Rhus myricacfolia Lesq.; Chalk Bluffs, Nevada County ; Pliocene.
Rhus typhinoides Lesq.; Table Mountain, Tuolumne County;
Pliocene.
ZANTHOXILEAE.
Zanthoxylon.
Zanthoxylon. diversifolium Lesq.; Nevada County; Pliocene.
ROSAFLOREAE.
Cercocarpus.
Cercocarpus antiquus Lesq.; Table Mountain, Tuolumne County ;
Pliocene. LEGUMINOSAE,
Colutea—Bladder-senna.
Colutea boweniana Lesq.; Nevada County; Miocene.
In addition to the above named extinct species, a large pro-
portion of the plants composing our present flora may be prop-
erly considered as, in a measure, prehistoric, for the reason that
the majority of them appeared previous to, or about the time of
the advent of man.
California possesses living trees which connect us more
closely with prehistoric times than can be claimed by any other
region of country on the earth. ‘These have come down to us
as living records of an epoch so far distant from the present that,
since they germinated and commenced their growth, every other
species of the land plants, and the entire mammalian fauna of
that epoch have become extinct, and their places occupied by
new, and in many instances, widely different species.
These “Big Trees” of California open up views and give
vivid impressions of the past such as no other living thing can
equal, and although their exact ages have not been definitely
proven, there seems to be no doubt that some of the individuals
now growing on the western slopes of our Sierras are from two
to three, or perhaps four, thousand years old. Could these grand
old Giants of the Forest portray the changes they have wit-
nessed in their lifetime, what grand and fascinating stories they
could tell!
Prof. C. S. Sargent, in his “Sylva of North America,” says
of them: “The average height of Sequoia Wellingtomana is
about 275 feet, and its trunk diameter near the ground 20 feet,
although individuals from 300 to 320 feet tall, with trunks from
Part of one of the “Big Trees’’
Nevada Mountains. The Sequoias
They grow to incredible heights, straight, tall and columnar, with short and densely spread-
(Sequoia gigantea) of the Mariposa grove in the Sierra
rank among the most remarkable trees known to man.
ing branches. The bark near the ground is from one to two feet thick. A specimen meas-
ured in August, 1902, by Professor Muir, was found to be 108 feet in circumference one
foct above the ground. The massive, fluted trunk, straight, strong and adamant as a pillar,
was free of branches to a height of 175 feet, where its diameter was eleven feet.
150 SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.
25 to 30 feet thick, are not rare. During four or five centuries
the tapering stem is clothed with slender, crowded branches,
which are erect above and horizontal near the middle of the
tree, and below sweep toward the ground in graceful curves,
thus forming a dense, narrow, strict pyramid. Gradually the
lower branches disappear, and those at the top of the tree lose
their aspiring habit; the trunk, which is much enlarged and but-
tressed at the base, and fluted with broad, low, rounded ridges,
becomes naked for 100 or 150 feet; and the narrow, rounded
crown of short, horizontal branches loses its regularity, and
gains picturesqueness from the eccentric development of some of
the branches or the destruction of others.”
The “Report on the Big Trees of California,” issued by the
Division of Forestry of the U. S. Department of Agriculture in
1900, introduces the subject as follows: Before the glacial pe-
riod the genus of big trees called Sequoia flourished widely in
the temperate zones of three continents. There were many spe-
cies, and Europe, Asia, and America had each its share. But
when the ice fields moved down out of the north the luxuriant
vegetation of the age declined, and with it these multitudes of
trees. One after another the different kinds gave way, their
remains became buried, and when the ice receded just two spe-
cies, the Big Tree and Redwood, survived. Both grew in Cali-
fornia, separate from the other, and each occupying, 1n com-
parison with its former territory, a mere island of space. As
we know them now, the Redwood (Sequoia sempervirens) lives
only in a strip of the coast ranges Io to 30 miles wide, extend-
ing from just within the southern border of Oregon to the Bay
of Monterey, while the Big Tree (Sequoia washingtoniana) is
found only in small groves scattered along the west slope of the
Sierra Nevada Mountains, from the middle fork of the Ameri-
can River to the head of Deer Creek, a distance of 260 miles.
The utmost search reveals but ten main groups, and the
total number of good-sized trees in these groups must be lim-
ited to a few thousand. It is, moreover, the plain truth that
all the specimens which are remarkable for their size do not
exceed 500.
The Big Trees are unique in the world—the grandest, the
largest, the oldest, the most majestically graceful of trees—and
if it were not enough to be all this, they are among the scantiest
of known tree species, and have the extreme scientific value of
being the best living representatives of a former geologic age.
It is a tree which has come down to us through the vicissitudes
of many centuries solelv because of its superb qualifications.
Its bark is often two feet thick and almost non-combustible.
The oldest specimens felled are still sound at the heart, and fun-
gus is an enemy unknown to it. Yet with all these means of
SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 1517
maintenance the Big Trees have apparently not increased their
tange since the glacial epoch. ‘They have only just managed
to hold their own on the little strip of country where the cli-
mate is locally favorable.”
It will be seen by the foregoing list that the extinct flora
of California is almost exclusively Miocene and Pliocene, with
an occasional species from older formations. This might rea-
sonably be expected when we consider the comparatively recent
period of the appearance of California above the ocean.
While California formed a part of a bed of the Pacific Ocean
and supported innumerable forms of marine life, large areas
east and north of it were clothed with extensive forests, which
furnished shelter and food for the many genera and species of
strange vertebrate animals not found in our own strata.
From the recognized affinity between the flora of North
America and that of the Arctic Regions, it is inferred that our
floras, both fossil and livingy had their origin in the North, and
from there the forms have been gradually distributed south-
ward. This will account for the fact that a large number of
species are common to Greenland and North America; and also
accounts for the identity or great similarity of vegetable forms
of the above named regions with those of China and Japan.
The affinities of the present flora, with those of the middle and
later Tertiary are unmistakable, although many of the living
genera have not been discovered in a fossil state, and may have
been of more recent origin, or later introduction. Many of the
fossil forms are not represented here in the living species, but
their representatives are now found in distant parts of the world
under different climatic conditions from those of the Califor-
Ma of today.
iter AUNA OF, PREHISTORIC CALIFORNIA,
Having outlined the geological vicissitudes which brought
about and dominated the geography of California from the dawn
of the Cretaceous Period, or “Reptilian Age,’ down to the time
when the earth was prepared for man’s occupancy, it will be
necessary to return to our former starting point, in order to out-
line the introduction and succession of animal life in California,
and as the Vertebrates are the dominant and most important of
the sub-kingdoms, we will give them the most attention.
The Invertebrates, however, being the oldest and most per-
sistent, serve as important, and in fact, indispensable aids in de-
termining the geological formations, and their relations to the
order of succession of animal and vegetable life through the
ages.
Vertebrates are much more susceptible than invertebrates
tse SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ACADEMY (OF SCIENGES:
to changes of their surroundings, and consequently more sub-
ject to modification of form and eventual extinction from en-
forced migration to unfavorable environment and conditions.
These unfavorable conditions may result from great cli-
matic changes caused by oscillations of the earth’s surface, or
other cosmic disturbances, which drive out or exterminate the
indigenous plants and animals upon which these vertebrates were
previously dependent for their sustenance.
The capacity for migration, however, tends to the survival
of these species that possessed it, for “Organisms which are in-
capable of moving from place to place in search of food, or of
migration to escape vicissitudes of temperature, are much more
completely subject to influences of their environment than those
that are capable of such movement.”
When, through change of level of the earth’s surface,
drought has overtaken a region, animals capable of the neces-
sary migrations have escaped. When an irruption of destructive
animal enemies has threatened an animal population with death,
those members of it whose strength or speed insured them safety,
were the survivors.’”*
When we consider the effects of the vast changes in the
physiography of the earth described in our former chapter, and
the danger from other animals, we can realize something of the
terrific struggle for survival among the prehistoric land animals.
The effects of these causes are much less perceptible in the
case of marine animals, either vertebrate or invertebrate. Hence
we find mollusks, crustaceans, radiates, and the lower forms of
animal life much more persistent, many of the genera having
come down to us in an unbroken life almost from the first ap-
pearance of animal life.
The Nautilide, or Nautilus family, during the Silurian Age,
shone with all their lustre, and presented the most varied forms;
likewise many other families of the Mollusca have come down
to us from the same.
All the genera of mollusks are not equally plastic, nor mod-
ified by time, the Naticas, Arcas, Nuculas, Chitons, Nautilus,
etc., have lived during a longer period than have the great ma-
jority of other forms of animal life, and the extinct forms more
or less closely resemble the living ones.
Reptiles and Mammals do not possess the same resistance
to modification. and to this absence of plasticity in the Mollusca
is due the fact that. while the moflusks persist through many
seological ages, the Vertebrates are so subject to change by cir-
cumstances that the thinnest stratigraphical horizons can be
characterized, from the comparative rapidity of the changes in
* “Origin of the Fittest,” by Prof. E. D. Cope, New York, 1887.
SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 153
the forms of vertebrate life. We look to the mollusca for evi-
dences of the contemporaneous age of the strata of widely sep-
arated localities, and the continuity of specific and generic forms
through countless ages.
Any attempt to trace the animal life of a region can be
likened to the “roll-call of an army after a series of hard-fought
battles, when only a few scarred and crippled veterans remain to
answer to their names.” Or rather, it must resemble an array
of ancient relics dug from some long forgotten field of combat,
when no survivor remains to tell the tale of the contest.
Our only source of information is the Book of Nature, from
which time and the mutability of events have blotted out or mis-
placed paragraphs, pages, and in some instances entire chapters,
leaving the gaps to be filled by close study, analogy, inference, or
the imagination.
Many of these spaces or blanks may be restored by future
discoveries; we can only make the best possible use of the ma-
terial at hand, trusting to future writers of perhaps later gener-
ations to make the record more nearly complete.
By laborious and long continued research the ancient strata
of the earth’s crust have been explored, and have yielded fossil
skeletons of extinct animals which have proved to be of more
value to science than rare implements or vessels of bronze or
gold.
On the American Continent vertebrate life was introduced
after the close of the Silurian Period, or at least no fossil re-
mains of vertebrates have been found in the rocks of that period.
During the Triassic Period vertebrates had advanced so far that
the huge Dinosaurs had attained an enormous development in
America, and left their fossil footprints in the rocks as their
record. But it was during the Cretaceous Period that reptilian
life attained its greatest development in America, when Turtles,
Crocodiles and Dinosaurs abounded in the open seas and estu-
aries of the period. The modern sharks also appeared at that
time.
The reptiles were present in immense numbers and great
variety, having come down from earlier periods.
The Mosasaurs, which attained the greatest leneth of any
known saurian. appeared then, growing to a length of from sev-
enty to eighty feet.
Weird and terrific reptiles roamed on cretaceous land: and
others sixty to seventy feet long, preyed upon the smaller habi-
tants of the cretaceous oceans; and flyine reptiles with wings
expanding to a width of fifty feet navigated the air of the period.
Immense turtles, with a length of thirteen feet. and a breadth
of fifteen feet between the tips of their extended flippers, inhab-
ited the shallow cretaceous seas of our present Plains Region.
754 SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.
The late Professor E. D. Cope gave a list of one hundred
and forty known species of reptiles from the Cretaceous of North
America.
This was the era of the introduction of Birds. ‘There were
birds with the long vertebrated tails and toothed jaws of rep-
tiles; next the Toothed Birds, entirely different from any exist-
ing order, which, instead of the horny beak characteristic of ex-
isting birds, had thin, long, slender jaws, with many sharp, con-
ical teeth, set in sockets (Odontotornz) ; others with teeth set in
grooves (Odontalee), and finally the true birds (Ornithes) of
the present time.
The Fishes advanced in their evolution from older forms,
and the typical modern fishes were first introduced in the Cre-
taceous.
Of the Mollusks, the Oysters and allied genera, the Aviculas
and Inoceramus attained to a great size, and there were immense
numbers of Ammonites, Baculites and Belemnites in great va-
riety, and of immense size. (The writer found an Ammonite
in Shasta County which was over two feet in diameter).
The Ammonites died out at the close of the Cretaceous, after
taking upon themselves strange forms just previous to their ex-
tinction.
These strange forms have been likened by Agassiz to death
contortions—forms assumed in the attempt to adapt themselves
to the new environment, and thus to attempt escape from their
inevitable destiny.
With the close of the Cretaceous, the huge marine reptiles
also became extinct, and their places were occupied by different
forms.
The bodily upheaval of the entire western half of our con-
tinent, which abolished the great interior Cretaceous sea, re-
sulted in a correspondingly great change in climatic conditions,
and brought about an extraordinary change of life-system. This
has been called “a period of rapid evolution, which characterized
and accompanied the dawn of the modern history of the earth.”
(veiConte)r :
THE AGE OF MAMMALS.
It may be remarked that no animals have been discovered
which can be considered as the progenitors of the Mammals.
Marsupials, which are of course Mammals, have been found in
the Jurassic, and still exist in some portions of the world. There
seems to be a gap in the procession of the Mammalia between
the Jurassic and the Tertiary, when possibly some conditions
existed on this continent which drove them to other regions, as
Nature does not repeat itself, nor is the type of an organism which
becomes extinct ever reproduced.
In the Tertiary Period animals and plants typical of those
SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. (55
of the present dav were introduced or became prominent, the
huge saurians and other reptiles of previous periods having dis-
appeared, the Age of Mammals was inaugurated.
“At that time the Pacific shore-line was along the foot-
hills of the Sierra range, and therefore the whole region occu-
pied by the Coast ranges, and the Sacramento and San Joaquin
valleys were then a sea-bottom.”
The general character of the life system of animals was
similar to the present; the most important differences arising
from the subsequent extinction of the large mammals.
(To be Continued).
Concerning Certain Trees.
BY Ss: By PARISH.
ABIES MAGNIFICA—In a recent interesting popular account
Of the trees of Southern California,* mention is made of
the reputed presence of Abies magnifica in the highest parts of
San Jacinto Mountain. The occurrence of this tree was hardly
to be expected so far south, although not impossible ; but it seemed
highly improbable that, if present, it should have escaped the
observation of so capable a botanist as Mr. H. M. Hall, who had
so thoroughly explored San Jacinto. It appeared worth while,
therefore, to investigate the report, that it might be either veri-
fied or corrected. It was found to have originated with a non-
botanical collector, who reported the finding of a small grove on
the northwest side of Tahquitz Valley. Through the kindness
of Mr. Abbot Kinney I have received specimens, including ripe
cones, from one of these identical trees. They unmistakably
belong to A. concolor, the common species of our mountains.
A. magnifica, therefore, cannot be included in our silva.
PINUS TUBERCULATA—A dwarf pine, presumably of this
species, is said to grow on the slopes of San Jacinto above Ban-
ning. It grows on the mountain side above the San Bernardino
Valley, and there is no reason for regarding its presence on San
Jacinto with suspicion. As yet, however, the report lacks the
support of specimens, or the indorsement of a botanical observer.
Quercus WisLizENI—It is desirable that the precise limits
of this oak in Southern California should be ascertained. It is
abundant along the slopes of Sierra Liebre, above Antelope Val-
156 SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.
ley, which it appears to have reached by way of Tejon Pass.
Should its distribution follow that of other plants that have en-
tered by the same gateway, it would be unlikely to extend be-
yond the Sierra Santa Monica and the neighborhood of Los An-
geles and Pasadena. Mr. Abrams reports it from the latter re-
gion, and I have a specimen collected on Mt. Lowe by Mr.
Kinney. Mr. Abrams also reports having obtained it in the San
Antonio, San Bernardino and Santa Ana ranges. I have been.
unable to detect it in the San Bernardino Mountains, and speci-
mens from that station with which Mr. Abrams has obliged me,
while indecisive, appear rather to belong to QO. dumosa, the com-
mon scrub oak of the region. ;
Fruiting specimens should be readily recognized, and it is
to be hoped that our resident botanists will endeavor to collect
material whereby its range may be definitely established.
Quercus ENGELMANNI—That a student of oaks should
consider this species to have been improperly segregated from
Q. oblongifolia, Torr., is conceivable; but that one who admits
the validity of the former should find Southern California speci-
mens which he is able to refer to the latter, is matter for aston-
ishment, yet, in “The Oaks of the Continental Divide,t in which
work the validity of O. Engelmanni is admitted, three specimens
from San Diego County are referred to QO. oblongifolia.
It will be difficult to convince those who have a field knowl-
edge of the Blue Oaks of our Coast Ranges, that they are of
more than one species. One of these three specimens is of my
own collecting, and if it does not represent OQ. Englemannt, that
species has no existence.
SAN BERNARDINO, CAL.
Diptera from Southern California.
Some Diptera which I obtained last year have been kindly
identified by Mr. D. W. Coquillett, as follows:
(1) San Pedro, Calif.: Nausigaster unimaculata. Towns. ; Heli-
cobia helicis (Towns); Chlorops assimilis, Macq. ;
Culex pipiens, Linn.
(2) La Jolla, Calif.: Hvorista confinis, Fallen; Senotaima tril-
neata, V.'T. Wulp.
1. D, A. Cockerarm
*Prof. W. R. Dudley in Los Angeles Saturday Post, June 7, 1902.
tLeroy Abrams’ Bull. S. Cal. Acad., 1:80.
tDr. A. P. Rydberg Bull., N. Y. Bot. Gard., 1:224.
SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 157
Additions to the Flora of Los Angeles County, II.
By LERoy ABRAMS.
Rumex puilcher I,. Inglewood about the station.
Malva pusilla Smith. Ballona creek near Mesmer.
Chimaphila Menzies Spreng. Summit of Mt. Wilson
under pines.
Arctostaphylos patula Greene. Mt. San Antonio above
8000 ft.
Cuscuta salina Engelm. Ballona Marshes growing on var-
ious marsh plants.
Allocarya trachycarpa (Gray) Greene. In moist ground
near Inglewood.
Cryptanthe barbigera (Gray) Greene. Santa Monica Mts. on
the north slope near Cahuenga Pass.
C. flaccida (Lehm.) Greene. Chatsworth Park on grassy
hillsides.
C. letocarpa (F. & M.) Greene. Sand dunes along the sea-
shore between Redondo and Port Ballona.
Q. muriculata (A DC.) Greene. Mt. Wilson ranging from
3500 ft. to the summit.
Eremocarya lepida (Gray) Greene. Summit of Mt. Wilson.
Amsinckia lycopsoides Lehm. What seems to be this plant
is not infrequent along the coast usually along the sand dunes.
The plant is the same as the one about San Francisco which Dr.
Greene calls by this name, but so far as we know no one has
ascertained just what this species or A. spectabilis F. & M. is.
A. intermedia F. & M. The common species around Los
Angeles is identical with the plants of San Francisco Bay region
which go by this name.
Linanthus ciliatus (Benth) Greene. Summit of Mt. Wilson.
Nicotiana Clevlandt Gray. Frequent on the sand dunes be-
tween Port Ballona and Redondo.
Orthocarpus densifilorus Benth. Ina set of plants recently
sent to Stanford University herbarium by Mr. S. B. Parish was
1458 SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.
an Orthocarpus labeled Q. purpurascens Palmeri Gray. It be-
longs, hower, to the Q. densiflorus type and we are unable to de-
tect any material difference between it and that species. The
specimens were collected near Los Angeles by L. A. Greata in
April, 1899.
Plantago Bigelovi Gray. In moist ground near Inglewood.
Grindelia camporum Greene. Wiseburn.
Belpharipappus elegans (Nutt.) Greene. Big Tejunga wash.
B. hispidus Greene. Arroyo Seco and LaCanada.
Baerta chrysostoma F. & M. Port Ballona and the northern
slope of the Santa Monica Mts.
B. mutica (Nutt.) Gray. Edges of sand dunes near Port
Ballona.
Amblyopappus pusillus H.& A. On cliffs overhanging the
sea, Port Los Angeles and between Port Ballona and Redondo.
Ptiloria pleurocarpa Greene. Common about Pomona.
STANFORD UNIVERSITY, CAL.
RECENT LITERATURE.
In the Torrey Bulletin for July, 1902, 4 new grasses are described
by Lamson-Scribner and Merrill. All are Western, and two are of local
interest, viz., Elymus velutinus from Deep Creek, San Bernardino Mts. ;
and Festuca Elmeri, from Stanford.
In the same issue Miss Eastwood describes five more new species
of Nemophila.
Torreya August. Hemizonia grandiflora, Abrams. A new species
from Crystal Springs Lake, San Mateo Co., Cal.
“Preliminary sketch of the Mohave Indians,’ by A. L. Kroeber.
American Anthropologist, Vol. 4, No. 2.
PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED.
Experimental Station Record. U. S. Dept. Agricult. Nos. to and 11,
Vol. 13)and Vol. 1. Noe 1; Vol. 14:
Monogram of the N. American Umbelliferae, by J. N. Coulter and
J. N. Rose, U. S. National Herbarium. Vol. 7, No. 1.
The Western Hemlock, by E. T. Allen, Forestry Bulletin No. 33,
U. S. Dept. Agricult.
The River-irrigating Waters of Arizona—Their Characters and
Effects. By R. H. Forbes. Bull. No. 44, Agric. Experiment Station, Univ.
of Arizona.
Proceedings of the Fourteenth Annual Meeting of the Association of
Economic Entomologists. Bull. 37, Entomology, U. S. Dept. Agricult.
SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 159
Notes.
A. A. Eaton has re-named our Pacific Coast Woodwardia in the
Fern Bulletin for October, 1901, 9, pp. 86-87, as Woodwardia spinulosa.
It is said to differ from HW. radicans in the absence of the scaly bud, and
in being glandular. In the number for January, 1901 (Vol. 9, pp. 7-8), a
new form of the sword-fern is described by the same writer from near
Berkeley, under the name Polystichum munitum, f. flabellatum.
J. Burtr Davy.
Professor Jepson of Berkeley, with a corps of assistants, is at pres-
ent engaged on a Flora of Southern California. Vo those interested in
botany such a work will be warmly welcomed. We wish it may make
an early appearance.
During the summer we had the pleasure of a flying visit from Marcus
FE. Jones. Mr. Jones has just completed a monograph of the genus Allium,
and is nearly ready to publish a monograph on the genus Astragalus. We
learn from him that the Allium collected last summer at Tallac by one
of the members of the Botanical Section is A. atropurpureum; that
Astragalus leocopsis and A. leucophyllus are forms of the same species
and that leucopsis is the better name; also that A. fastidius is the proper
name for A. fastidiosus, and that the Academy’s specimen of A. Crota-
lariae is A. Pomoniensis, rarely collected. ROA
Transactions.
MERTING OF THE BOARD OF DIRECTORS.
Los ANGELES, CAL., Jan. 15, 1903.
The Board of Directors of the Southern California Academy of
Sciences met this evening at 7:30 o’clock with President Comstock in the
chair.
Those present were: Messrs. Knight, Hooker, Parsons and Whiting.
Dr. John Woodbridge was appointed Secretary, pro tem, in the absence
of the regular Secretary.
The foliowing applications for membership were received and passed
upon favorably:
G. A. Bobrick H. B. Cheney
G. H. Trevalyan Miss Maude Cooper
Parran F. Rice Frank W. Pierson
Dr. M. G. Crow
Bills to the extent of $91.75 were acted upon favorably.
The following committees were appointed:
Publication—Dr. Davidson, Melville Dozier, G. W. Parsons.
Finance—W. H. Knight, J. D. Hooker, Dr. J. R. Haynes.
Affiliation—B. R. Baumgardt, W. H. Knight, Dr. John Woodbridge.
Membership—C. A. Whiting, Dr. John Woodbridge, G. M. Taber.
Adjourned.
JOHN WOODBRIDGE,
Secretary, pro tem.
Meetings of the Board of Directors.
Los ANGELES, Cal., Oct. 22, 1902.
A meeting of the Board of Directors was held this evening at the
residence of President Comstock, who presided.
The directors present were Messrs. Comstock, Knight, Whiting, Ta-
ber, Davidson and Baumgardt. E
Dr. Lorenzo C. Yates was elected to honorary membership. Mr. John
B. French was elected an active member.
The President appointed a committee to act as incorporators for
the Academy. The following members were appointed on the committee:
Messrs. T. B. Comstock, W. H. Knight, J. D. Hooker, J. C. Nevin, Mel-
ville Dozier and H. O. Collins.
It was moved and carried that the Secretary be instructed to issue
the new Constitution in pamphlet form and to incorporate a revised list
of the membership in the pamphlet.
Application for the formation of a Botanical Section, in accordance
with the new Constitution and By-laws, was received.
There being no further business, the meeting stood adjourned.
Los ANGELES, Cal., Nov. 14, 1902.
Directors present, Messrs. Comstock, Knight, Davidson, Tabor, Kin-
ney and Baumgardt.
Hon. W. A. Cheney was added to the committee on incorporation.
New members elected were Jessie A. Cady, Elfigo Riverall, Adolph
Petter and C. H. Bailey. Adjourned. B. R. BAUMGARDT, Secretary.
Meeting of the Academy of Sciences.
Los ANGELES, Cal., Nov. 3, 1902.
A meeting was held this evening at 949 South Figueroa street, with
President Comstock in the chair.
The report of the Board of Directors was presented at the meeting.
A list of the active members elected by the Board was presented
by the Secretary.
The lecture for the evening was by Mr. James R. Rogers, who
selected for his subject, “Scientific Relations of the United States Pat-
ent Office.” Adjourned, B. R. BaumGarnt, Secretary.
Los ANGELES, Cal., Nov. 17, 1902.
The Biological Section of the Southern California Academy of
Sciences was formally organized this evening.
Dr. T. B. Comstock, President of the Academy, occupied the chair
and Mr. W. H Knight acted as Secretary, pro tem.
The following members were enrolled in the Section: Lyman Greg-
ory, Carl H. Phinney, G. Major Taber, A. B. Ulrey, Dr. A. A. Conrey,
Edith J. Claypole, Agnes M. Claypole, Dr. D. L. Tasker, B. M. Davis,
T. B. Comstock, W. H. Knight, Melville Dozier, H. P. Barrows, C. A.
Whiting and J. O. Hunt.
Prof. B. M. Davis was elected chairman and Prof. C. A. Whiting,
Secretary.
Prof. Davis, the chairman of the Section, appointed a committee con-
sisting of C. A. Whiting, Agnes M. Claypole, and A. B. Ulrey, to draw
up and present a constitution for this Section.
Prof. Ulrey reported that he was interested in the examination of
the city water supplies from a biological standpoint. He spoke of the
importance of a close study of the hydra and its ability or inability to
continue its life when it is turned inside out.
Dr. Agnes M. Claypole made an interesting report on the butterflies
in this part of the state. One especially interesting fact was the habit
of the milk-weed butterflies in hanging together in large masses during
the night.
Prof. Whiting made a brief report in relation to the nervous system.
Prof. Davis read by title a paper on the Hymenoptera of California
by T. D. A. Cocherell. Adjourned. Cc. A. Wuittne, Secretary.
COMMITTEE ON PUBLICATION
A. DAVIDSON, C. M., M. D., Chairman
MELVILLE DOZIER : G. W. PaRSONS
CONTENTS :
Prehistoric California, Dk. LORENZO GORDIN YATES
Contributions to the Lichen-flora of the California
Coast Islands, DR. H. EK. HASSE.............-.cececceee
Two New Plants from Southern California, S. B.
PARISH s.ce.snsecncennccoccssercsrcensnnsesasseraccssarescersas
New Records for Los Angeles County, ANSTRUTHER
DAVIDSON Cs eMEs ele De Crees el sata ae
Publications Received.............c00.ccccccnesseceeesseseecuceee
EANSACLI ONS seis cces eae eeles ee eseRe nace edo sees deem en ain eden
PUBLISHED FOR THE ASSOCIATION BY
BAUMGARDT PUBLISHING CO
116 N. BRoADWAyY, LOS ANGELES, CAL.
Single Copies, 25 cts.
f y 3
MAILED MARCH 7, 1903
BULLETIN
©RSnGIE
southern Galiiornia Academy OF Sciences
VOL. 2, LOS AN GIBEES GALE: FEBRUARY Ip ISOs INOS 9
116 Norte BrRoapway
PREHISTORIC CALIFORNIA,
(Continued from January BULLETIN )
BY DR. LORENZO GORDIN YATES.
After the destruction of the cretaceous sea of the interior,
barriers were left or formed which caused the fresh water to
cover-large areas of land. ‘These lakes in connection with a
probable depression of the land in the interior, created a warm
and humid climate, suitable for the growth of tropical plants,
and it may be noted that, of the nearly three hundred species
of tropical plants found fossil in the earlier Tertiary, a large
proportion were Palms, many of them of great size. All of
these with perhaps one exception (in San Diego county), have
since migrated, or become’ extinct, as well as many others
which will be referred to later on.
The huge reptiles of the Cretaceous were replaced by Croco-
diles, Lizards ds, Snakes and Frogs, and the connecting links be-
tween the Reptiles and the Birds disappeared. Birds of all
kinds appear which show a tropical character. The late Pro-
fessor Cope, one of the most celebrated paleontologists of the
time, described a gigantic ostrich-like bird, supposed to have been
twice the size of the present ostrich.
The true mammals suddenly appeared in great numbers
during the time of the formation of the oldest Eocene beds
Small marsupials are known to have existed before the Cre-
taceous, but now the earth fairly swarmed with true mammals.
This sudden appearance is supposed to have resulted from
a great rapidity of change of organic forms, “partly caused
by pressure of changed climate and partly from migration of
species, and the consequent ee for life between different
geographical faune.’’ (LeConte.)
A large number of species have been found fossil in the
Middle Eocene ; Professor ©. C. Marsh found more than one
hundred and fifty species of vertebrates, including some Lemu-
rine Monkeys.
This mammalian fauna was not continuous throughout the
Tertiary, but changed completely several times.
18 SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.
These earlier mammals combined the characters of many
of the more recent forms, and the assumption of the specialized
forms of today was eradual.
The Cetaceans or Whales first appeared in the Eocene, the
oldest form being the Zeuglodon found in great abundance in
the Eocene.
For some cause, for which no satisfactory reasons have
been assigned, California had few, if any, of these Eocene Mam-
mals; nor has the question been decided as to whether we have
the Eocene deposits represented, or, whether there is a gap be-
tween the later Cretaceous and the Miocene or Middle Tertiary.
Eminent geologists have different views upon the subject. At
any rate the fact is apparent that, California has few, if any,
fossil remains of the Eocene Mammals sa abundant in other
localities.
Possibly the Sierra Range formed an insurmountable barrier
to the animals of the tropical interior, or, more probably it was
because the Pacific shore-line skirted the base of the Sierras,
and consequently there were no low-lying plains nor tropical
marshes where such a fauna could thrive, nor interior sheltered
valleys to accommodate their needs.
The extensive series of strata which form the mass of some
of our mountains, by many scientists referred to early Eocene,
are comparatively barren of fossil remains, possibly from their
having been deposited at great depth; below the ocean level.
(See Plates t and 2, Prehistoric Fauna, which illustrate some
of the recent fossil Mollusca upon which the theory of the
Focene age of the deposits in which they were found is based).
This period of rapid changes of form in animals seems to
have developed greater intensity as it progressed, while geo-
graphical divisions in the fauna and flora became more distinct,
and the advancement and retardation of characteristic generic
forms in parallel lines more strongly marked.
Remarkable illustrations of the progression and retrogres-
sion, or retardment in the evolution of contemporaneous genera,
their geological range and geographical distribution may be
taken from “Ciscomenes in Oregon and California relative to the
history of some of our living Land Snails. In 1865 the writer
discovered a pulmonate gasteropod (Land Snail), which Dr. J.
G. Cooper (the able zoologist of the California State Geological
Survey, under Professor J. D. Whitney), to whom the shell was
referred, found that it belonged to an entirely different group
of shells from those known to occur on the Pacific Coast; he
described a new sub-genus to which he assigned the snail,
naming it Ammonitella Yatesi, and for many years its known
habitat was restricted to the locality in Calaveras county, Cali-
fornia, where it was first discovered. In or about the year
1883 some fossil shells collected by the late Professor E. D.
SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 79
Cope, and by Professor Condon of Oregon, in the “John Day
Region,” a noted fossil locality, were submitted to Dr. R. E. C.
Stearns of the Smithsonian Institution (now a resident of Los
Angeles), who recognized specimens of| a supposed ancestral
form of the Ammonitella which he named Ammonitella Yates
precursor, and with these he found ancestral forms of other
memberg of well known and widely distributed living species
of the family of Helices, especially the Epiphragmophora fidelis,
from which many of our recognized living species originated.
This fossil form Dr. Stearns deaeived as in fidelis mmteeed ence
(Of the Ammonitella (also called Gonostoma Yatesi), Dr.
Stearns says: ‘The Cope-Condon collections contain four spe-
cimens (Mus. No. 13,403) of this interesting and curious form.
It is apparently the forerunner or ancestor of the living A.
Yatesi described by Dr. Cooper from specimens collected by
DilenGs Yates in the cave at Cave City, Calaveras, County,
California, in 1869.”* The restricted distribution of A. Yatesi
and the smaller size of the recent, compared with the fossil
examples, suggest obsolescence, as well as a survival of the ex-
traordinary physical changes of the John Day Epoch.”
on Charles A. White in paper “On the Marine Eocene,
Fresh Water Miocene, and other Fossil Mollusca of Western
one America,” says,f “It is so apparent, from the evidence
furnished, that these fossil forms represent the living species an-
cestrally that one may reasonably make the same use of them,
with reference to their genetic history, as if the continuity of
that history were known by actual observation. ‘These forms,
whose genetic history and specific identity have so evidently
been continued in unbroken lines from the John Day epoch to
the present time, have endured remarkable vicissitudes of
physical conditions as well as considerable geographical disper-
sion since Miocene time. Some of the changes which have taken
place in that region since then are very remarkable.
“One of the greatest volcanic outflows which the earth has
known, covering thousands of square miles with melted rock and
forming the great mountains of the Cascada range, occurred in
and near that region since those mollusks lived upon the bor-
ders of the John Day lake. The Glacial epoch has come and
gone since then, and an immense subaerial erosion has taken
place over the whole region, the extent of which one cannot
comprehend without witnessing its results. Not a mammalian
species or genus now exists indigenously upon the North
American Continent that existed then, and all other vertebrate
forms of continental life have materially changed; but living
descendants of those land snails are thriving today in the same
region and under the same specific forms that their remote an-
cestors bore.”
It will be seen by comparison with the present status of
20 SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENGES
these two species that, while the Ammonitella appears to be ap-
proaching extinction as indicated by its restricted habitat, the
other species found with it, especially the FE. fidelis, has not only
survived the “remarkable vicissitudes or physical conditions”
specified, but has evolved or been modified into diverse forms
which have been distributed over a large area of the Pacific
Coast region, and are known under various specific names.
The immense numbers of fossil vertebrates representing a
large number of species and genera, which have been found in
the fresh water basins of Miocene age, are fairly bewildering
and intensely interesting to the zoologist, but being mostly re-
stricted to the regions lying East of the Sierras, and not found
in California will be passed over.
One of the most interesting fossil vertebrates found in Cali-
fornia is a unique, amphibious mammal allied to the Dugong,
which was discovered by the writer some twenty-five years ago.
It is very distinct from anything before discovered in this
country, and puzzled the paleontologists of America until the
late Professor O. C. Marsh determined its affinities and described
it as the only known species of an entirely new genus. The
writer discovered portions of the fossil remains of different in-
dividuals in three different localities in Alameda county, Cali-
fornia, and the animal has not been found elsewhere, so far as
known. Professor Marsh’s description, and the illustration as
published in the American Journal of Science, *Vol. XXXV, .
Jan. 1888, is here reproduced. “Notice oF A NEW Fossi1, SI-
RENIAN, FROM CALIFORNIA; by O. C. Marsh. .
ll
|
Mi \ j a
i WP
1. Part of tooth of Desmostylus hesperus, Marsh; end view.
Fig. 2, The same specimen; seen from above.
3. The same specimen; inner surface.
All the figures are natural size.
SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ACADEMY. OF SCIENCES. 2t
Desmostylus hesperus, gen. et sp. nov.
“The remains known of the present species indicate an ani-
mal about fifteen feet (m.4.5)in length, and of robust proportions.
The most characteristic parts preserved are the molar teeth,
which are composed of a number of vertical columns, closely
pressed together, and in adult animals, firmly united at their
bases. These columns are thickly invested with enamel, which
is rugose externally. Inside the enamel, is a body of dentine,
in which there is a central cavity. Bone
The specimen figured is apparently the posterior portion of
a molar tooth. * ee: One of the best preserved speci-
mens found with these teeth is a lumbar vertebra, which is
noticeable for the extreme flatness of its articular surfaces.
“The known remains of this animal are from Alameda
county, California, and are preserved in the museum of Yale
College. The type specimen was found by Dr. L. G. Yates.”
In many of the fragments of the teeth of the above described
animal found by me the individual susps were generally well
worn, some of them to one-half of their original length, and
when so worn the grinding surface was always smooth, and
had a slightly convex surface, so that I cannot agree with my
friend, Prof. Marsh, that “Before being worn, they have their
summits smooth and convex, but after some use, the center of
each column presents a rounded elevation, well shown in the
figures.”
In the illustration, Figs. 1 and 2 show the surface of the
worn portion, and Fig. 3 the outline of the worn portion on the
outer edge of the tooth.
Professor Dana believed that the Cretaceous Mollusca of
this Coast continued down into the earlier Tertiary, as there
was no great or important convulsion to destroy them until the
Middle Eocene; Thus the theoretical dividing line between the
Upper or Later Cretaceous and the Lower or Earlier Tertiary
was bridged over, as was suggested by Dr. J. G. Cooper, and
is not apparent. The marked unconformity of the Miocene with
the earlier formations show that some great changes took place
about the time of the inauguration of the Miocene, or Middle
Tertiary.
During the Miocene Period very little of the land we call
California was above the level of the ocean, a fact which ex-
plains the absence of remains of land animals of the period,
found in such abundance in Oregon, Wyoming and Utah; That
portion of California lying south of the Bay of San Francisco,
and from the Pacific shore to the western foot of the Sierras
was an almost unbroken sea.
In a paper published by the California Academy of Sciences
in 1874 Dr. Cooper says: “The fossil evidence which we pos-
sess relating to the Miocene epoch in California is, however,
22 SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.
abundant and interesting. It so far consists of beds of marine
shells, found at short intervals throughout the Coast Range and
the foothills of the Sierra Nevada,” which contain the proper
proportion of living species to prove their age as relatively
older than the Pliocene.” * * * “As the Miocene was else-
where the culminating point for the large and strange tertiary
mammals, it is altogether probable that some of them inhabited
portions of the dry land of California, connected with the re-
gions in which they were so abundant in the north; but so far
the geological surveys have not been sufficient to define their
limits, either in time or space, within the State.”
It is possible that, in consequence of the great erosion which
has taken place on the surface, some of the ‘Miocene animal re-
mains may have been transported from the land of the period,
either by the action of water or ice, and deposited in the strata
of more recent formations.
The Miocene Period in California was, however, rich in the
number and variety of its mollusca, which are found in a good
state of preservation. Immense beds of fossil oysters of un-
rivalled size, were deposited during the period, some of the
shells being sixteen inches in length, and correspondingly wide;
One of these beds has been found on the west shore of the
Colorado Desert, at an altitude of over one thousand feet; The
writer found another bed of these oysters (Ostraea Titan) near
the summit between the Livermore and San Joaquin valleys;
They are also found near San Luis Obispo, and in other lo-
calities.
in the center of a large concretionary boulder in the Miocene
region of Alameda County, the writer discovered a well pre-
served specimen of a new species or Pinna, figured on Plate 4,
of this Section, Fig. 53, and a description was published in the
Report of the State Mining Bureau of California for 1887, p
259. (Note—For some unexplained reason the photograph and
drawing sent to the State Mining Bureau with the description,
not used for the illustration, but a poor specimen found some
years later, in the Pliocene of the San Joaquin Valley was used
instead. )
The original type specimen is still in the writer’s collection,
is nearly twice the length of the specimen figured, almost perfect
in outline, and retains a considerable portion of the original
shell; the species was afterward found in Ventura and Kern
counties, in deposits of Pliocene age.
(To be Continued).
NOOCRHERNMCALTTORNIA "ACADEMY (OPESOIENGES.« » 23
Contributions to the Lichen-flora of the Cali-
fornian Coast Islands.
BYeDIRG Hi. 7 EVA SSE).
While the Phaenerogams of these islands have been pretty
thoroughly canvassed by visiting botanists, scant notice or none
has been given the lowly but interesting class of lichens, and
thanks are due Mrs. Blanche Trask for having made some col-
lections, although it is to be regretted that the matter gleaned
during several trips has not been more extensive.
To make this list collective of the known insular lichens,
some of the species previously reported (ERYTHEA 1895, TORREY
bon Chup Lick. So. CAL. 1898), are re-entered here. Except-
ing species found upon Catalina by the writer, the collectors are
mentioned.
Cladonia pyxidata chlorophaea, Floerk. Catalina.
‘* — fimbriata tubaeformis, Fr. es
is nS . Subspec. C. fibula, Nyl. Catalina.
na furcata corymbosa, Nyl. Catalina.
Dendrographa leucophaea (Tuck.) Darbish. San Miguel and San
Nicholas Islands. (Trask. )
Roccella fuciformis (L.) Ach, Catalina. (Trask.)
a ceruchis Ach.’ Catalina. (Trask.)
f. cephalota Auct. On Lycium californicum,
Santa Barbara Island. (Trask.)
sf homalea, Ach. Shore cliffs, Catalina. (Trask, Hasse.)
omereticulata, (Noehd.))Kremp. Catalina. ((irask:) dhe
network is very open meshed with very slender and
terete branches.
combeoides, Nyl. Beach rocks. Catalina. (Trask, Hasse.)
On Leptosyne gigantea, San Nicholas, and dead twigs,
Santa Barbara Islands. (Trask.)
calicaris fraxinea, Fr. Sterile, Catalina and Santa Bar-
bara Islands. (Trask).
intermedia DC. Catalina. On twigs.
Usnea barbata hirta, Hoffm. Sterile, on branches. Catalina.
e f. rubiginosa, Michx. Catalina and San Miguel.
(Trask.)
-dasy povairrs (Catalina: (Cirask®)
66
66 6
24 SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.
Evernia prunastri, Ach. Catalina and Santa Barbara Islands.
(Trask.)
Schizopelte californica, Th. Fr. San Miguel. (Trask.) This
interesting find extends the range of this species from the
mainland, where it was originally found at San Diego, (Tuck.
Syn. N. A. L1.), to the archipelago.
Parmelia physodes enteromorpha, Tuck. Catalina. (Trask.)
8 perlata (L.) Ach. Catalina. (Trask.)
3 olivetorum, Nyl. As found on the mainland, this insular
plant is also sterile. Trunks. Catalina. (Trask.)
- laevigata, Nyl. On quercus dumosa, Catalina. (Trask.)
a conspersa, Ach. Rocks and earth, Catalina. (Trask.)
Theloschistes chrysophthalmus flavicans, Walk. Catalina. (Trask.)
eS lychneus pigmaeus, Fr. Rocks and bleached whale
bones, San Nicholas. (Trask.)
Le parietina (I,.) Norm. Santa Barbara. On dead
twigs of Lycium californicum, also on Lepto-
syne gigantea, a form with radiately lobed
thallus, at the circumference of the lobes cre-
nate and contiguous or imbricated; toward the
center glebus or granulated; surface of thallus
whitish puiverulent. Sp. 8, polarilocular. 14-
16 mmm. long, 6mmm. thick, Asci44 mmm.
long, 16 mmm. thick. Paraphyses distinct,
separate, about 44-46 mmm. long, agreeing
with F. congratulata (Crombie, Br. I,1. I-298.)
ss parietina, (1,.) Norm.-f. terrestris Auct. Earth on
rocks, Catalina.
Physcia aipolia, Nyl. Rocks, Catalina. (Trask.)
oh stellaris, Fr. Catalina. Trask.
‘© comosa, (Sch.) Nyl. Dead twigs of Lycium californi-
cum. Santa Barbara Isle. (Trask.)
oh hispida (Schreb.) Tuck. Trees, Catalina. (Trask).
Placodium murorum, (Hoffm.) DC. Catalina. (Trask.)
cerinum, Naeg. & Hepp. On dead fruit capsules of
Megarrhiza, San Miguel. Bone, San Nicolas.
I,eptosyne gigantea. Santa Barbara. (Trask.)
of cerinum sideritis Tuck. On rocks, San Nicolas and
Santa Barbara. (Trask.)
SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 25
Placodium bolacinum Tuck. Rocks, San Nicolas and Santa Bar-
66
baraee(@irask=)
coralloides, Tuck. Rocks, San Nicolas. The original
locality of this species is San Francisco, Cal.
(Tuck. Syn. N. A. Li.); its range is thus consid-
erably extended.
aurantiacum, Naeg. & Hepp. On Lycium californi-
cum, San Nicolas and Santa Barbara Islands
(Trask).
ferrugineum, Hepp. Rocks and bones, San Nicolas.
( Trask.)
is festivum, (Nyl.) Rocks, San Nicolas.
(Trask.)
‘* Wrightii, Tuck. On Quercus dumosa,
Catalina (Irask;)
Lecanora muralis (Schreb.) Schaer. Catalina.
ce
6
66
catalinae, Stiz. Catalina.
zanthophana Nyl. Catalina. (Trask, Kastwood, Hasse.)
Also Santa Barbara Islands. (Trask.)
erysibe sincerior, Nyl. Calcareous rock, San Miguel
(Trask. )
subfusca, Ach. Barks, Catalina, and dead Opuntia
prolifera, San Nicolas (Trask.)
campestris Nyl. San Miguel. (Trask.)
pallida, (Screb.) Schaer. and the var. cancriformis,
Tuck. On barks, Catalina. (Trask, Haase.)
varia, Nyl. Bark, Santa Barbara. (Trask.)
simmictica, Ach. On Lycium californicum, Santa Bar-
bara. |" (irask.)
dimera, Nyl. Barks, Catalina. (Trask.)
atra, Ach. Catalina:
athroocarpa, Nyl. Catalina. (Trask.)
cinerea, (L.) Somm. Catalina. (Eastwood.)
laevata, Nyl. Catalina.
sordida, (Pers.) Th. Fr. Catalina. (Eastwood. )
spodophaeiza, Nyl. Crombie Br. Li. I, 487. Sp. 13-
14 mmm. long, 3, mmm. thick, oblong, ellipsoid,
entire, on bone, San Nicolas, and rocks, Santa
Barbara. (Trask.)
26 SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.
Iecanora subcarnea, Ach. Catalina. (Trask.)
* Schleicheri, Nyl. Earth; Catalina.
te obpalleiis, Nyl. Earth, Catalina.
Rinodina radiata Tuck. Catalina.
‘* sophodes, Nyl. On caudex of Cotyledon, Catalina.
Two New Plants from Southern California.
BY S. B. PARISH.
ly ASTRAGALUS BRAUNTONII.
Perennial; the whole plant canescent with a short, soft pub-
esence; stems lignescent at base, 1-1.5 m. long, erect or reclin-
ate; stipules membranous, acutely-triangular, erect and ad;
pressed; leaflets 15-20 pairs, oblong 2-5cm. long; flowers and
fruit reflexed, in cylindrical compactly many-flowered spikes,
which are borne at the summit of the stem, and on short leafy
branches below; calyx teeth slender, as long as the (3mm.)
campanulate tube; corolla light purple, nearly Icm. long; pod
sessile, coriaceous, oblong, Icm. long, beaked, slightly curved,
deeply grooved on the dorsal and ‘prominently ribbed on the
ventral suture, two-celled by the nearly complete infolding of
the dorsal suture for the lower two-thirds seminiferous part, but
leaving an oval orifice at the upper end of each cell, splitting
at maturity, and the two cells separately deciduous; seeds 2-3
im seach) ‘cell
In the Santa Monica range apparently rare. Above Santa
Monica, “in sterile clay soil:’ Dr H- E.. Hasseajune 25, 1800 smn
ripe fruit, and May, 1902, (type) in flower and immature fruit.
Near Sherman, growing in washed decomposed granite at
2,000 ft. alt.”., June 18, 1901, Messrs. Ernest Braunton and
George BaiGrants) ype inj Hb. Parish) Pilate
This interesting species may associate with the flora of Los
Angeles county the name of one of its most diligent explorers.
In its gross aspect the plant resembles 4. pycnostachyus, Gray,
an inhabitant of the adjacent maritime meadows, but differs
entirely in flower and fruit characters. The peculiar manner
in which, at maturity, the cells split apart at the apex and per-
mit the seeds to escape through the subapical orifices, after-
wards falling away separately, does not occur in any other
Astragalus of this region.
SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.
Calyx
Flower.
Cross Section of Pod.
Pod.
Cells Splitting.
Hoo wp
ASTRAGALUS BRAUNTONII,
Plate 1.
27
28 SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.
NEMACLADUS ADENOPHORUS.
An erect, annual herb 1-2 cm. high, glabrous, diffusely much-
branched, the branches filiform; the rosulate basal leaves entire,
obovate, 5 mm. long, the rameai reduced to subulate bracts; tlow-
ers scattered on capillary pedicels ; calyx-tube hemispherical, less
than 1 mm. high; its teeth equal ;lobes ot the upper lip ot the bila-
biate corolla about 2 mm. long, the middle margins tringed with
long hairs, white, the tips purple-brown, which is continued in a
narrow line down the center, lobes of lower lip somewhat smaller
and less colored, or entirely white; filaments monodelphous from
the base of the style nearly to its summit, free above and below,
anthers free, oblong, with a minute cusp in the sinus of the emar-
ginate apex; style incurved at the summit; ovary surmounted by
four rounded, yellowish glands, the anterior pair each produced
into an erect, stipe-like process bearing from its summit three
parallel, obliquely-declined, pellucid, rod-like appendages; cap-
sule 4-valved; seeds 10-12, oval, minutely tuberculate.
On dry, barren mesas, at Rabbit Springs, alt. 2,700 ft., on
the Mojave Desert. 4956 Parish, June I, Igol.
The character is drawn from field notes on the living plants,
and the remarkable and elegant glandular appendages are dif-
ficult to make out in dry specimens. The disposition of color in
the corolla, and the appendages of the glands, which appear nec-
tariferous, suggest insect fertilization. But the plant is, in fact,
self-fertilized. At anthesis the anthers are closed over the stigma,
forming a globular termination to the style, and it is not till they
have discharged their pollen that they become reflexed on their
short free filaments, and leave the stigma exposed.
New Records for Los Angeles County.
BY ANSTRUTHER DAVIDSON, C. M., M.D.
Since the publication of my catalogue of the “Plants of Los
Angeles Co.;” by the Southern California Academy of Sciences,
in 1896, the botanists of the coast, though few, have been very
diligent in their explorations, and as a natural result, quite a few
additions have been made to the county list, while the limited
range hitherto accorded to many species has been widely ex-
tended.
Mr. Le Roy Abrams has, in the pages of this Bulletin, al-
ready made record of many species new to the county, and of a
SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 29
few new to science; now to the former list I will add a few yet
unrecorded.
The species here listed have all been examined by me, and
when not my own record,. the name of the botanist discovering
them is in each case appended.
Raphanus Raphanistrim L. Two plants of this species were
found in 1902 on Orchard Ave., in this city. I know of no other
record of this for Southern California, and it seems to me strange
that a plant that is in Europe so much more troublesome a pest
than Brassica nigra L. should be so late in finding a foothold
here. The pod being indehiscent, naturally prevents its ready
dissemination among grain seeds.
Lesquerella Gordom, Gray. In favorable seasons this mod-
est crucifer colors the hills of Eastern Arizona with a golden
sheen that stimulates the glow of a California poppy field. It is
quite common on many of the sandy borders of the railway tracks
and if not a native of California, it may be at any time ex-
pected to naturalize itself, at least along the desert route. In 1898
I found a few plants in the orchard near Little Rock Creek Ho-
tel. Probably these were accidentally introduced.
Diplotaxis tenwifolia, D. C. must replace that of D. muralis
of the Catalogue. Mr. Geo. B. Grant reports it as established for
some years at Pasadena.
Lupinus Stivert, Kellog. Wilson’s Peak. (A. J: Grout).
Romneya Coultert, Harvey . This beautiful poppy, hitherto
unknown nearer Los Angeles than .Santiago Canon, Orange Co.,
was found lately on the hills near Puente by Mr. Watts, the ge-
ologist.
Cicer arietinum, L,. This is the Egyptian chick pea, I found
near the entrance to San Gabriel Valley, growing among the na-
tive shrubbery in seemingly natural fashion. This pea has lately
been introduced as a kitchen vegetable. It seems to adapt itself
readily to this soil.
Cotyledon nevadensis, Wats. San Gabriel Mts.
Cotyledon edulis, Brewer. What seems to be this species is
abundant on some shady rocks that bound San Gabriel stream
near its opening into the valley.
Layia elegans, Nutt. This is the common “tidy-tips” of the
foothills district in the San Gabriel Valley, and is frequent at
30 SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES:
Pasadena and Arroyo Seco. From Jos Angeles to the coast its
place is taken by L. platyglossa.
Helianthus Parish, Gray. One clump exists at Oak Knoll,
Pasadena (McClatchie). Mr. Parish, I believe, was the first to
suggest that this plant was identical with H. Oliveri, Gray. Last
summer | planted roots of both species in my garden. They grew
as luxuriantly as they might have done in their native haunts.
The stems, from 8 to 15 feet high, blossomed freely, and were
quite showy. I could detect no difference between the species.
The Cienega between Los Angeles and Santa Monica is the
type locality for Oliveri. There it still grows in diminished num-
bers, and the very tomentose forms seem distinctive enough, but
all degrees of pubescence may be found in the space of a few
yards. The most characteristic feature of these plants are the
large, tuberous roots that resemble somewhat those of a dahlia.
These are alike in both. In their natural habitat, the moist
peaty swamps of the cienega, the tubers are quite close to the sur-
face and are usually wholly submerged during the wet season.
The.swamps around here are fast being drained in the interest
of “civilization.” In the process of clearing by burning the tules,
the tubers of the Helianthus readily perish in the conflagration.
In a few years it will be totally extinct here. In the old Kurtz
St. marsh, in the city, a large number grew, but the filling up of
the marsh necessary to the extension of the railway yards has
completely exterminated them there.
sot Laughlin Block.
Publications Received.
“‘Feeding Native Steers.’’ No. 3, Vol. 15, Bulletin, Agricultural Ex-
perimental Station, University Tennessee.
“The Relative Value of Protein in Cotton Seed Meal, Cow-pea Hay
and Wheat Bran.’’ No. 4, Vol. 15, Bulletin Agricultural Experimental Sta-
tion, University of Tennessee.
‘‘Experimental Station Record.’’ Nos. 2, 2, 3 and 4, Vol. 15, U.S.
Department Agriculture.
‘““Transactions of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society.’ Part 1.
2, LQGLs
‘Provisional Methods for the Analysis of Food.’’ Bulletin No. 65,
Chemistry U. S. Department Agriculture.
*“Roods and Food Control.’’ Parts 1 and 2, Chemistry Bureau. Bul-
letin No. 69, U. S. Department Agriculture.
‘“The California Peach-Tree Borer,’’ by C. V. Woodworth. Bulletin
No. 143, Agricultural Experimental Station, Univeisity of California.
SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES., 37
Transactions, February, 1903.
Los ANGELES, CAL., FEBRUARY 2, 1903.
The regular monthly meeting of the Southern California Academy of
Sciences was held this evening, President Comstock occupying the chair.
No business was transacted.
The subject for consideration was the second in the series of lectures on
the subject of “Evolution,” which on this occasion was dealt with from a
biological standpoint. Papers were read by Dr. C. A. Whiting, Miss Agnes
Claypole and Professor B. M. Davis.
A discussion followed, participated in by many members, after which
the meeting stood adjourned.
B. R. BAUMGARDT, Secretary.
ASTRONOMICAL SECTION.
An unusually large attendance marked the meeting of this Section.
Chairman Knight occupied the first half hour in presenting items of special
interest in concised form on the following topics: Carnegie Institution
Appropriations; an interesting meteoric stone that fell on September 13,
1g02, at Antrim Ireland; star lore for December, 1900; the comet of 1892,
and several binary stars.
The chairman then introduced the main subject of the evening, the con-
sideration of the recent book of Prof. Edgar Larkin, of the Mount Lowe
Observatory, entitled, ‘‘Radiant Energy.’’ The book was highly com-
mended by the chairman, and Secretary Baumgardt of the Academy, read
and commented upon several striking passages of the work. Several other
members were asked to read certain passages of unusual interest, which
were dilated upon by the author, who, in addition to thoughts suggested by
the book, favored the Section with a brief account of the recent gathering
of the Scientific Academy at Washington. D.C. The chairman closed the
meeting by reading an extract from the proceedifigs of this important
gathering relative to the pressure of light.
MELVILLE DOZIER, Secretary.
BIOLOGICAL SECTION.
The meeting of the Biological Section was called to order by the
chairman.
The minutes of the previous meeting were read and approved.
The lecture of the evening was delivered by Dr. Agnes Claypole on the
subject of Modern Physiology. The iecture was one of great importance
32 SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCLENGES:
and consisted of a discussion of the physiological importance of blood
study ana of a study of the nervous system. The lecture was illustrated
by black-board drawings by the lecturer.
It was discussed at length by a number of the members present, and
the lecturer was called upon to answer a number of important questions
suggested by the lecture.
Several microscopes were on the tables and a number of interesting
preparations exhibited. About 25 members and visitors were present.
C. A. WHITING, Secretary.
GEOLOGICAL SECTION.
Los ANGELES, CAL., January 26th, 1903.
The Geological Section of the Academy met at the Woman’s Club
Rooms and opened the meeting at 8 p.m. Geo. W. Parsons in the chair.
Minutes of previous meeting read and approved. The Secretary read the
By-Laws prepared by the Committee appointed for the purpose, which were
adopted.
Prof. F. Lee Fuller was then introduced and gave a very interesting
lecture on the comparative Geology of the United States in comparison
with the Eastern, Middle and Western sections, with remarks on the metal-
lurgy of zinc. Prof. Fuller remarked that the State ought to complete the
work in regard to the geological formation of California’s deposits, as every
man was an authority unto himself as far as the Sierra and coast ranges were
concerned. He stated that the best zinc ores were found in Arkansas and
Indian Territory, and that there were large deposits in New Mexico, but
are refractory and not so valuable. He also explained the mode of treating
the ores in the furnace. He stated that the sublimate of lead used in the
manufacture of paints is likely to prove of value on this coast, in preference
to the oxides, for the reason that they resist the action of the salt air.
The meeting then adjourned. G. Major TABER, Secretary.
Southern California Academy o
COMMITTEE ON PUBLICATION
A. Davrpson, C. M., M. D., Chairman
MELVILLE DOZIER G. W. PARSONS
CONTENTS:
Page
Contributions to the Lichen-flora of the California
Coast Islands, Dr. H. EK. HASSR........ Fear ask aee by
A New Bee of the Genus Andronicus, T. D. A.
COCKREET cA coos asucskin cnn aeeam as ee emo ne teeta gitae
PablicationsiRieceived ncysscass ua eece meteor cc ieech neste:
Notes and ING ws eieersscstetcec nes Sine set eaunad sen ee es
PRTANISACEL OLS oe fe enc eatee ceded a cuiga nema chee mus
AStronomicali NOLES au ete aie cian eet nee ous ralewe bonis a ome
PUBLISHED FOR THE ASSOCIATION BY
BAUMGARDT PUBLISHING CO.
116 N. BROADWAY, LOS ANGELES, CAL.
Single Copies, 25 cts.
MAILED APRIL 10, 1903 ;
Nh
BULLETIN
OF THE
southern Galitornia AGademt 01 SOIGNGES
VOL. 2, LOS ANGELES, Cm ‘MARCH I 1903. No.
11G Norre BrRoapway
Contributions to the Lichen-flora of the Cali-
fornian Coast Islands.
BY DRAW. EA ELASSE:
Rinodina exigua, Fr. On Leptosyne gigantea, Santa Barbara.
(Trask. )
angelica, Stiz. Catalina.
Dirina rediunta, (Stiz.) Zahlbr. Catalina.
hassei, Zahlbr. Catalina.
Pertusaria flavicunda, Tuck. Catalina. (‘Trask.)
j Wolfeni, DC. Twigs, Catalina. (Trask.)
Urceolaria scruposa (L.) Nyl. and
gypsacea, Nyl. Earth, Catalina.
Biatora sylvana, Koerb. Twigs, Catalina.
ii imixtavki San Nicolas (derasl<.). Catalina:
phaeophora, Stiz. Rocks, Catalina.
scotopholis, Tuck. Rocks, Catalina.
granulosa, Schaer. Sp. 8-10 u long, 4-5 u broad. Some
with false septa on old sheep’s horn, San Miguel,
(Trask. )
Naeveli, Hepp. On oak, Catalina.
MESPCCaN Op. eSnlde. Gouri tones 4 u thick, ellipsoid simple
or often bilocular. On Lyonothamnus floribundus
var asplenifolia, Santa Rosa. Trask.)
aecOarctatashivehG, Marth Catalina:
iranciscana, whuck, “(Santa (Barbara and San Nicolas:
(Trask. )
decipiens, (Ehrh.) Fr. Sterile squamule, San Nicolas
(Trask. )
ce
34 SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF “SCIENGES:
Lecidea lapicida, Fr. Catalina. (Trask.)
a ‘s declinans, Nyl. Catalina.
aromatica, (Som.) Ach. Rocks, Catalina.
catalinania, otizs’ Rocks’ Catalina:
enteroleuca, Fr. Sandstone, Catalina.
ce
ce
Buellia oidalea, Tuck. On various barks, Catalina. (Trask,
Hasse. )
triphragmia, Nyl. Catalina.
Fo) SBolanderi bucks Catalina:
spuria, Arn. Catalina.
halonia, (Ach.) Catalina’ on Cercocarpus itraslaice:
(Trask.) On Heteromeles arbutifolia. (Hasse.)
albo-atra saxicola, Fr. San Nicolas. (Trask.) Cata-
lina.
myriocarpa, Tuck. On Leptosyne gigantea, Santa Bar-
bara 2 (lnasi<y)
stellulata, Br. & Rostr. Santa Barbara. (Trask.)
Thallus ochraceous from ferruginous rock sub-
stratum (?). Spores as in the type.
badial. (GE) Koerbs Catalina:
lepidastray Duck. sCatalina.. @@irask.)
petreee, (Flot.-Koerb.) Tuck). Catalina.
“~~ atro-albella, Nyl. Li. Paris, 1896—pag. 99. Catalina.
Lecanactis californica, Tuck. On Pinus, Torreyana, Santa Rosa.
(Trask.) On barks, Catalina.
Platygrapha hypothallina, A. Zahlbr. N. SP. Bull. Yor. Bot.
Club. Vol. XXVIII, 645, Catalinayay@inashe)
plurilocularis, A. Zahlbr. N. SP. Bot. Centralblatt.
XIII. Heit 2, 156. On Rhus “imtesritoliar
Catalina.
Opegrapha betulina, Nyl. On Oak, Catalina.
- vulgata, Nyl. Bark, Catalina. (Trask.)
Chiodecton ochroleucum, A. Zahlbr. N. SP. Lc. On Rhus in-
tegrifolia, Catalina. (Trask.)
rubeo-cinctum, Nyl. Catalina. (Trask.)
sanguineum, Waino. Catalina.
Arthonia Rhoidis, A. Zahlbr. N. SP. 1. c. On Rhus laurina:
Catalina.
ce
SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 35
oe
astroidea, Ach. On Leptosyne gigantea, San Nicolas.
(Trask.) On various barks, Catalina.
i Swartziana, Nyl. Catalina. More frequent
and better developed than on the main-
land.
dispersac@sclirad:).,. Catalina "@irasks Welasses)
a i tetramera, Sitz. On oak,s Catalina.
cytisii, Mass. Catalina.
anastomosans (Pers.) Fr. fil. Catalina.
i stictella, Stiz. Catalina.
A orbillifera, Ach. Catalina.
: impolita, (Ehrh.) Borr. Catalina.
Verrucaria maura, Wahlenb. Catalina. (Trask, Hasse.)
“3 punctiformis, Ach. On Heteromeles, Catalina.
i papillosa, Flk. f. terrestris, Arnold. Catalina.
A New Bee of the Genus Andronicus.
BY. “ie DS VAL COCKERE TIE:
ANDRONICUS HESPERIUS, N. SP.
Male, length about 12 mm., but appearing less because the ab-
domen is curved downwards; entirely black, with scanty pubes-
cence, which is white and flattened on sides of face and sides of
clypeus, white, erect and quite long on scutellum and postscutel-
lum, and less on other parts of the thorax, dull white and scanty
on cheeks, scanty and purplish fuscous at extreme sides of ab-
domen; white forming apical bands on abdominal segments 3 to
5 (most distinct on 5); scanty and party fuscous on legs, more
or less orange-fuscous on tarsi behind; head and thorax very
densely punctured, abdomen not so densely (more shining), but
still closely; head rounded, rather large, eyes greenish, facial
quadrangle much longer than broad; mandibles broadly bidentate
at apex; anterior edge of clypeus shining, slightly concave, not in
the least keeled or produced; antennz similar to those of Alci-
damea, except that the apex is not hooked; scape stout, black;
flagellum somewhat compressed, dark reddish beneath, the basal
five joints swollen above; tegule dark ferruginous ; wings stained
with ferruginous, stigma very small, venation as in Alcidamea,
first recurrent nervure joining second submarginal cell very near
its base; legs ordinary; tarsi slender, claws bidentate at apex-
pulvillus large; abdomen narrow and more or less cylindrical;
seventh dorsal segment broadly truncate with rounded edges;
claspers large and bristly; first ventral segment produced into a
36 SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES:
narrow spine at apex; no ventral hump; second to fourth ven-
tral segments each with a pair of transversely oval raised tuber-
cles.
Hab.—Rock Creek, Mojave Desert, California. Dr. A. David-
son.) The only species of Andronicus hitherto known inhabits
the Eastern States. The present insect is really intermediate be-
tween Andronicus and Alcidamea, tending most, I think, toward
the former. It is perhaps doubtful whether the two genera should
be kept apart, unless one is prepared to go to the extreme of pro-
viding a generic name for every aberrant member of this group,
such as A.hesperius.
Publications Received.
‘Journal of the Cincinnati Society of Natural History,’’ Vol. 20, No. 3.
“The Mango in Porto Rico,’’ U. S. Dept. Agriculture, Bureau of Plant
Industry, Bulletin No. 28.
‘“Two New Ascomycetous Fungi parasitic on Marine Algae,’’ by Minnie
Reed, Univ. Cal. Botany, Vol. I, pp. 141-164.
‘‘Experimental Statiou Record,’ U.S. Dept. Agricult., Vol. 14, No. 5.
‘‘An Experiment in Ginseng Culture,’’ Penna. State College Agricult.
Exper Station No. 92. :
‘“Report of the Forester for 1902,’’ U. S. Dept. Agricult.
‘‘Roup,’’ Ontario Agricultural College, Bulletin 125.
‘« Grasshoppers in California,’ by C. V. Woodworth. Bulletin No. 142,
Agricultural Experimental Station, University of California,
“The Peach Worm,’’ by W. T. Clarke. Bulletin No. 144. Agricultural
Experimental Station, University of California.
“The Red Spider of Citrus Trees,’’ by C. V. Woodworth. Bulletin No.
145, Agricultural Experimental Station, University of California.
‘“New Method of Grafting and Budding Vines,’ by E. H. Twight.
Bulletin No. 146, Agricultural Experimental Station, University of Cali-
fornia.
‘A contribution to the Petrography of the John Day Basin,’’ by Frank
C. Calkins, Department Geology, No. 5, Vol. 3, University of California.
‘““The Igneous Rocks Near Pajaro,’’ by J. A. Reid, Department Geology
No. 6, Vol. 3, University Cal.
“Eucalyptus Cultivated in the United States,’ by A.J. McClatchie,
Bureau of Forestry, Bulletin No. 35, U. S. Department Agriculture.
‘‘Report on a Botanical Survey of the Dismal Swamp Region.’’ Divis-
ion of Botany No. 6, Vol. V., U. S. Department of Agriculture.
‘‘Biennial Report of the President of the University of California,’’
1900-1902.
SOURHERN \CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF ‘SCIENCES. :\ 37
Notes and News.
Anatolmts regulus, n. sp., from the Sierra Madre Mountains, Los An
geles County. Famphila sabuleti, var. tecumseh, n. var. from the high
sierras of California, and the rare 7hecla spadix Edwards, from Mount
Wilson, are reported by Fordyce Grinnell, Jr., in ‘‘ Entom. News,” Jan., ’03.
According to experiments made by the California Experiment Station
the English oak (Quercus robur) appears to be one of the most rapidly
growing hardwood trees thus far grown in the state. The Asia Minor willow
(Salix Salmont) planted from cuttings in 1895, measured 32 feet in October,
1897, with trunks 32 inches in circumference.
The State of New Jersey has not maintained its popular reputation as
a mosquito infested locality without good reason. Prof. J. B.Smith reported
recently that he bred twenty species of mosquitos during the last season in
New Jersey.
Through inadvertence the paging of the first part of Vol. 2 of the BuL-
LETIN was continued from that of Vol. 1. This issue is paged as if tbe first
part had been begun as page I.
The culture of the Ginseng root has been more or less engaging the
attention of horticulturists forsome time. The latest authentic experiments
are indeed encouraging. The Pennsylvania college in a recent bulletin
gives the probable net profit from one acre as $15,401 in five years.
Professor J. Burt Davy, late of the University of California, has received
the important appointment of Botanist and Agrostologist to the Transvaal
Colony, South Africa.
ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.
The regular meeting of the Academy of Sciences met at the Woman’s
Club rooms. President Theo. B. Comstock called the meeting to order at
8p-m. In his opening remarks he calied the attention of the members to
the provision of the By-Laws requiring the members of the Academy to
present the names of members who they desired to fill the offices for the
ensuing year, which names would be considered by the board for final
action.
Geo. W. Parsons was called to the chair. President Comstock gave a
very interesting lecture on the ‘‘Geologic Time and Earliest Stages of
Earth’s History,’’ illustrating the same by crayon sketches.
Dr. Agnes M. Claypole read paper on ‘‘Physographic Evolution De-
velopment of Earth’s Surface Features.”’
Prof. Comstock closed the meeting with remarks on the ‘Outline of
Evolution of Life in the Earth.”’ B. R. BAUMGARDT, Secretary.
ASTRONOMICAL SECTION.
The Section was called to order at 8 p.m. by Chairman Knight. The
chairman gave a brief outline of the present position of the planet Mars,
35 SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.
illustrating by diagram, and indicated how and when it would become most
favorably situated for observation. Mr. Knight then read a sketch of the life
and labors of Sir George Stokes, scientist and mathematician of England,
who has recently passed away.
He also read an extract from a recent publication describing an aerolite
that fell in Kentucky in November last, weighing thirteen pounds, and
having the specific gravity of 3.48.
The chairman then introduced the principal topic of the evening by
giving a brief sketch of the character and work of Dr. Alfred Russell
Wallace of England, and requested Mr. B. R. Baumgardt to read a synopsis
of the recent article of Dr. Walace relative to the earth as the center of the
universe and man as the chief factor of the universe.
By request of the chairman, Mr. Dozier also read extracts from an article
by Prof. Win. H. Pickering, commenting upon Dr. Wallace’s position and
taking issue with his conclusions.
The discussion then turned upon Dr. Wallace’s conclusions relative to
the supreme importance of man in the scheme of creation, and involved
references to religious as well as scientific questions, whereupon the chair-
man brought the discussion to a close.
Notice was given that at the April meeting, unless contrary notice were
given, Mr. Baumgardt would deliver a lecture on Astronomy, in which
would be exhibited many of the finest and most recent slides illustrating
some of the recent developments of astronomical photography. The meet-
ing then adjourned. MELVILLE DOZIER, Secretary.
BIOLOGICAL SECTION.
The meeting was called to order by the chairman of the Section,
B. M. Davis.
The minutes of the last meeting were read and approved.
As the speaker of the evening, Dr. Beale, was not present, the chairman
withdrew to escort him to the club house.
While he was gone, the meeting was addressed on Practical Evolution
by Prof. Ulrey, Dr. Houghton and Dr. Small. Dr. Beale arrived as this dis-
cussion came to an end, and at once began his lecture on the Food of Birds
and Their Economic Relationship. The lecture was intensely interesting
and led a number of members to ask questions, which the lecturer kindly
auswered.
On motion the meeting adjourned. About twenty-five members and
visitors were present. C. A. WHITING, Secretary.
GEOLOGICAL SECTION.
Los ANGELES, CaL., February 24th, 1903.
The Geological Section met at the usual hour at the Woman’s Club
Rooms, which not being opened, Mr. Wm. H. Knight extended an invita-
tion to the members present to adjourn to his residence, 1o12 West Eighth
Street. Chairman Geo. W. Parsons called the meeting to order. Minutes
of previous meeting read and approved. There was a general discussion
SOURTERMN GALIRORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 39
upon several topics in the geological line, which was participated in by
Prof. W. L. Watts, Dr. Stephen Bowers, who is connected with the State
Geological Survey, Mr. Wm. H. Knight, and other members present.
G. Major TABER, Secretary.
Astronomical Notes.
Much interest is being manifested just now in a theory recently uttered
by Dr. Alfred Russell Wallace, of England, as follows:
‘First, that the earth, or solar system, is the physical center of the
stellar universe.
“Second, that the supreme end and purpose of this vast universe was
the production and development of the living soul in the perishable body
of man.”’
The following are some of the comments of astronomers relative to
this theory :
BY DIRECTOR W. W. CAMPBELL OF LICK OBSERVATORY,
Lick OBSERVATORY, March 2.—I have not yet seen Dr. Wallace’s
article, but in regard to that subject I can say that while we know that our
solar system is not near the edge of the stellar universe, yet the chances
are that we are a considerable distance from the center of the stellar system
The subject is assuredly thus far one open to a degree of conjecture. In
fact, we might be a very great distance from the center, although we are
somewhere near the plane of the Milky Way. But we have no evidence that
we are the physical center, and the chances are that it is somewhere else.
As to his suggestions that the supreme end and purpose of this vast
universe was the production and development of the living soul in the
perishable body of man, that, it seems to me, is more a question for a phil-
osopher than an astronomer. But we do not for a moment believe that the
earth is the only body on which intelligent life may exist.
BY WILLIAM H. KNIGHT, PRESIDENT OF THE LOS ANGELES ACADEMY OF
SCIENCES.
Los ANGELES, March 2.—No one can assert that the earth is precisely
in the center of a cluster of suns, nor that this cluster is located centrally
and precisely in the plane of the Milky Way. Butif we were so situated I
fail to see that there would be any significance in that fact that would have
the slightest bearing on the question of human development.
There was a time when it was the popular belief that the earth was the
center of and most important feature in the universe; that the sun and
planets and innumerable stars were simply ordained for the convenience of
man. It is nearly a century since these views were entertained by any but
the illiterate.
BY PROFESSOR A, O. LEUSCHNER OF THE STUDENTS’ OBSERVATORY, UNI-
VERSITY OF CALIFORNIA.
BERKELEY, March 2.—From the reading of the article in today’s
Examiner I can only say that Dr. Wallace has not proved anything. He
go SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. ~
has merely offered some pretty speculations. While he has not established
anything, nobody is able to disprove what he says, because the opposite has
not been established. The assertions, on the face of them, are not based on
observational results.
BY PROFESSOR PICKERING OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
Boston, March 2.—It is not worth my while to take the time to upset
another man’s theories. We collect facts here and do not devote much
time to theories. Dr. Wallace has not brought forward, as far as I can see,
any evidence whatever to support his theories, and to his statement that the
supreme end and purpose of this vast universe was the production and
development of the living soul in the perishable body of man, that is a
question for philosophy to solve, not for astronomy.
Professor George Davidson, of the University of California, eminent in
astronomy and other natural sciences, says :
‘““Dr. Alfred Russell Wallace is a great authority on birds. He has
collected enormously for years and has written largely on the birds and the
geographical distribution of animals. Two or three years ago I heard the
report that he had taken a sidetrack and gone into spiritualism. As to this
astronomical matter, he doesn’t know what he is talking about. Along his
own lines, though, he is an anthority.”’
B. R. Baumgardt, secretary of the Southern California Academy of
Sciences, says:
“‘ Neither the earth, nor even the solar system, is the center of the solar
universe. To be sure, they are situated somewhere near the center of the’
Milky Way; but it must be remembered that what is the center today will
not be the center tomorrow. As there isa constant fiux of force throughout
the whole sweep of the sidereal universe, so, too, there is a constant motion
in the bodies that make up its matter.
‘‘As regards man and his soul, science teaches us the precise opposite
from the plan proposed by Dr. Wallace. Science tells us that not only man,
but even the evolution of the whole organic matter, is but one of a series of
fleeting phenomena making up a chain without beginning and without end.
The scientific man, be it remembered, sees nothing in the soul but the sum
total of his own psychic activity.”
Melville Dozier, secretary of the Astronomical Section, says:
‘‘The fact that the earth itself is in motion around the sun is sufficient
refutation of Dr. Wallace’s proposition that the earth is the center of the
stellar universe.
“As to Dr. Wallace’s second conclusion, that the chief purpose of our
earth is the creation and development of the human soul in the perishable
body of man, there can be no question in my mind that this is the purpose
of the Creator in bringing this earth into existence.”
eS : APRIL-MAY, 1903
BULLETIN
OF THE
Oouthern California Academy of Scienc
COMMITTEE ON PUBLICATION
A. Davrpson, C. M., M. D., Chairman
MELVILLE DOZIER G. W. PARSONS
CONTENTS :
Page
New Southern California Plants, DR. LE Roy ABRAMS... 41
New Plant Records for Los Angeles County, ANSTRUTHER
DAVISON ACs Misses sD ie i ee Nal sue RCN icuaa 43
Prehistoric California, DR. LORENZO GORDIN VATES...... 44
Additions to the Lichen-flora of Southern California, Dr.
TEES SET AGS ego h cians Lek ae uaa 52 and 58
The Lichen-flora of San Clemente Island, Dr H. E.
IEVA.S SEP ences shictine c aie enced maemacocloe Eade Peat etm ley 54
INotesvan dvING ws v2. secdsette Niece ee ikon ante aece. ewisne 55 and 60
BMblCAations RR eCelvedse. crusty s coo deat hae sae Sone oa cea te es 56
PATI SHCHIONG eect ene ane RA IN ce Sa SEE dane aes athe 57 and 63
The Late Visit in Force of the “Painted Lady Butterfly,
anessa Cardui, L., PROF. J. J. RIVERS .............00008 57
Report of the Secretary of the Southern California Acad-
Cilly Of SCIEN CeSHee ace weaker non Wits ner mane Petes eee lea ONT
Summary of Lectures delivered before the Southern Cali:
fornia vA Cadenty, Of Sciences) 222.34) 405: 28s- sesnabames cee ceee: 62
PUBLISHED FOR THE ASSOCIATION BY
BAUMGARDT PUBLISHING CO
116 N. BRoaDWAyY, LOS ANGELES, CAL.
MAILED MAY 31, 1903
PABA LLLP IO LOI OP
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Single Copies, 25 cts.
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southern California Academy OF Sciences
LOS ANGELES, CAL., APRIL 1, 1903. NO. 4
116 Norra Broapwayr
VOL. 2.
NEW SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA PLANTS.
BY LE ROY ABRAMS.
/ : Lepidium acutidens, (Gray).
Lepidium dictyotum var? acutidens, Gray. Proc. Amer.
Acad. 12: 54. 1876.
Type locality Yreka, California.
Branching from the base, the branches decumbent or as-
eending, 10-20em. long, pubescent throughout with short
spreading hairs, leaves linear, tapering at both ends, entire or
faintly and remotely denticulate, 2-5em. long, about 2mm.
wide; branches flowering about two-thirds their length; ra-
eemes rather loose; pedicels strongly flattened, 3-4mm. long,
more or less, appressed to the stem to near the middle, then
eurving outward; pod strongly reticulated, sparsely pubescent,
4mm. long including the acute teeth, about 3mm. broad; sinus
about Imm. deep and 2mm. broad at the tip.
The loose and longer racemes, the spreading pedicels, the
larger pods, and the spreading acute teeth readily distinguish
this from L. dictyotum.
/
/ Cheiranthus suffrutescens.
Perennial, more or less branched, the branches woody, 1m.
long or less, often straggling among low shrubs, rough from
the persistent bases of the old leaves, usually about 5mm. thick,
the floral branches clustered at the ends of the main ones,
42 SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
slender, 3-4dm. long, leaves scattered along the floral branches,
densely clothing their bases, very narrowly linear-oblanceolate,
2-3mm. wide, entire or remotely and obscurely denticulate ;
these as well as the branches cinerous with appressed 2-forked
hairs, calyx-lobes 6-7mm. long, petals orange or yellow, cruei-
form, pods in rather short lax racemes, on pedicels about 8mm.
long, widely spreading, straight or slightly curved upwards,
4-angled, 1.5-1.75mm. broad, 5-6em. long, beak slender, less
than lmm. broad and but little longer, seeds brownish, about
1.5mm. long.
Quite unlike any known member of this genus in habit,
but in fruiting characters closely resembling C. angustatus
Greene.
Common on the sand dumes along the coast between Port
Ballona and Redondo. The writer’s number 2511, collected at
Port Ballona, June 10, 1902, is the type.
/ Cotyledon nudicaule.
Glaucous and densely covered with a white meal; caudex
short, rather stout, about 2em. thick; leaves rosulate, numerous
ascending, nearly terete, the inner face slightly flattened,
tapering to an acute tip; 5-8em. long, 46mm. thick, slightly
dilated at the very base, scapes 15-30em. high, 2-2.5mm. thick,
with 2 nearly opposite (sometimes abortive) leaf-hke bracts a
little above the middle, otherwise naked, infloresenee in a
rather close, much branched eymose panicle, the main branches
dem. long or less, freely branching, each branch and branchlet
subtended by a short linear bract, flowers on pedicels 2.5-4mm.
long, sepals ovate acutish, 2mm. lone, petals white, united at
the base, narrowly oblong, acute or somewhat acuminate,
6-7mm. long, spreading, white, ecarpels ovate-oblong, united a
short distance above the base, divergent, 4-6mm. long, tipped
by the slender style of nearly equal length; seeds few, linear.
oblong, acute at both ends, slightly over Imm. long.
Nearest ©. edulis Nutt, in that it has the spreading petals,
but easily distinguished by its mealy herbage, naked flowering
branches and rather compact compound panicles.
Common on rocky eliffs near the mouth of the San Gabriel!
Canon, Los Angeles County. The author’s number, 2652, col-
lected July 4, 1902, is the type.
Stanford University.
SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES — 43
New Plant Records for Los Angeles County,
Part IL.
BY ANSTRUTHER DAVIDSON, C. M., M. D.
Baeria tenella, Gray, which has been lost to view for a
number of years, was found at Sycamore Grove and Glendora
by L. A. Greata.
Hemizonella minima, Gray, in fair quantity on Wilson’s
Peak.
Nicolletia occidentalis, Gray. Little Rock Creek. <A few
plants were found along the foothills here; the type station,
‘“sandy banks of the Mohave River,’’ is about thirty miles west
of this.
Chrysoma teretifolia, (Dur. and Hilg.), Greene. Little
Rock Creek. The type station for this rarely collected plant
is Fort Tejon, 60 miles to the westward.
Gutierezia lucida, Greene. Little Rock Creek. This is
with the two preceeding plants, are rarely collected in this dis-
trict as their time of flowering is Sept. and Oct., and when
not in flower, they are readily mistaken for allied species.
Chicorium Intybus, L. Naturalized in various places in
the city, and at Sherman, (Braunton.)
Gnaphalium purpureum, lL. In sandy wastes at Lincoln
Park.
Galinsoga parviflora, Cav. This tropical plant grows
abundantly in various places along the irrigation ditches at
Vernon, (Braunton.). This plant has not been previously re-
ported from California. It probably reached us via. Arizona,
where it is supposed to be indigenous.
Peucedanum tomentosum, Benth. Hills north of North
Pomona, at 3,000 ft. alt., (Braunton.) This is a most interest-
ing addition to our flora.
Convoivulus pentapetaloides, L. Rocky Point, San Pedro
Hills, (Colton Russell.)
Cuscuta arvensis Beyrich. Redondo, (Grant,) Los Ang-
geles City.
Solanum alaeaginifolium, Cav. Has been eradicated at
East Los Angeles, (Braunton); but is still fairly abundant at
San Pedro.
Tribulus terrestris, L. Along the railway bank at Port
Los Angeles. A probable permanent introduction from Ari-
zona.
Trifolium procumbens, L. In fair quantity in Los An-
geles River-bed, (Braunton. )
Trifolium obtusifiorum, Hook. Riviera, (Braunton. )
Medicago apiculata, Willd. Pasadena, (Grant.) East
Los Angeles.
44 SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
PREHISTORIC CALIFORNIA,
(Continued from February BULLETIN )
BY DR. LORENZO GORDIN YATES.
PREHISTORIC FUANA OF CALIFORNIA.
PAGE el:
Figures of Fossils from the Cretaceous, and Cretaceous “B”’
(Eocene ?) of California, recently described by Dr. J. G. Cooper,
for the California State Mining Bureau.*
1. Terebra Wattsiana, Cooper. Portion of anterior whorl broken’
off. Marysville Buttes, California.
2-4. Surcula crenatospira, Cooper. Fine sculpture not repre-
sented. Marysville Buttes, California.
5. Narona Ivelaniana, Cooper Half of anterior whorl broken
off. Marysville Buttes, California.
6-11. Axncilla (Oliverato) californica, Cooper. In Fig. 7 shell is
much worn on the anterior face. Marysville Buttes,
California. :
12. Cerithium Fairbanksi, Cooper. Very little of the external
surface remains to show details of sculpture. San Diego
County, California. Cretaceous.
13. Potamides ? Davisiana, Cooper. Most of the aperture want-
ing. Marysville Buttes, California.
14-19. Cerithidea carbonicola, Cooper. Coal Mines, San Diego
County, California. (Cretaceous “B’’.)
*Catalogue of Californian Fossils. (Parts II, Ill, IV, and V.) forming
Bulletin No. 4, published by the California State Mining Bureau, Sacra-
mento, 1894.
PLATE I.
76 SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
PREHISTORIC FUANA OF CALIFORNIA.
PACE 22:
Dr. Cooper’s recently described species, continued.
(The figures 20 to 30 in this Plate are double the natural size.)
20-21. Surcula imconstans. Cooper. In variety. Marysville
Buttes, California.
22. Cordiera gracillima, Cooper. Plications not well figured.
Marysville Buttes, California.
23-24. Pleurotoma Perkinsiana, Cooper. Figures too wide.
Marysville Buttes, California.
25-20. Mangilia suturalis, Cooper. Nodules too prominent
Marysville Buttes, California.
27. Drillia Ullreyana, Cooper. Outlines not very correct.
Marysville Buttes, California.
28-29. Surcula monilifera, Cooper. Marysville Buttes, Cali-
fornia.
30. Bittium longissimum, Cooper. Marysville Buttes, Cali-
fornia.
31. Fusus supraplanus, Cooper. Cretaceous. San Diego, Cali- .
fornia.
32. Pleurotomo ? decipiens, Cooper. Cretaceous. San Diego,
California.
33-34. Calliostoma Kempiana, Cooper.
35. Tornatina ? erratica, Cooper. Cretaceous. San Diego, Cali-
fornia.
3637. Tornatella normalis, Cooper. Cretaceous. San Diego,
California.
38-39. Siphonaria capuloides, Cooper. Cretaceous. San Diego,
California.
40. Crenella santana, Cooper. Cretaceous. San Diego and Or-
ange Co., California.
41. Mitra simplicissima, Cooper. Cretaceous. San Diego, Cali-
fornia.
42. Corbula triangulata, Cooper. Cretaceous. San Diego, Cali-
fornia.
‘The oblique lines on the anterior end were intended for shad-
ing.
OP ww xe
a
ee ae
PLATE II.
48 SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES .
PREHISTORIC FUANA OF CALIFORNIA.
BIA, 3:
Cretaceous Fossils from San Diego County, California, re-
cently described by Dr. J. G. Cooper.
(Figures natural size.)
43. Stomatia intermedia, Cooper. Details of sculpture compiled
from three specimens; Cretaceous; San Diego County,
California.
44-45. <Astarte senuidentata, Cooper. Umbonal angle of 45 too
narrow.
46. Bulla assimilata, Cooper.
47. Crassatella Iomana, Cooper.
48-49. Megerlia dubitanda, Cooper. Upper and lower odd
valves.
50-51. Waldheimia imbricata, Cooper.
52. Agasoma (Trophosycon) Barkerianum, Cooper. Mouth im-
perfect. Pliocene; Kern County, California.
PLATE IIl.
50 SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
PREHISTORIC FUANA OF CALIFORNIA.
PEATE a:
Tertiary Fossils described by Dr. L. G. Yates, and by Thomas
Conrad.+ :
53. Pinna alamedensis, L. G. Yates. Miocene. The type speci-
men from which this species was described was dis-
covered by the writer in a Miocene boulder in Alameda
County, California, and was nearly twice as large as
the specimen figured, which was found in Kern County,
in rocks of Pliocene age. Dr. Cooper says of this shell: -
“Yates’ type was nearly twice as long as this, and com-
plete in form.’’*
54. Pinna venturensis, L. G. Yates. “Pliocene. Three-fourths
the size of largest found, and with fewer ribs. Ven-
tura County, California.
55-56. Pecten discus, Conrad. Pliocene. Kern County, Cali-
fornia.
*t. Report of State Mineralogist of California for 1887, page 2509.
*Bulletin No. 4. California State Mining Bureau, 1894, page 65.
PLATE, IV.
52. SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
Additions to the Lichen-flora of Southern
California.
BY DR. H. E. HASSE.
For the very accurate descriptions of the new species
discovered since 1898, in our territory, Lichenologists of
North America are indebted to Dr. A. Zahlbruckner, of the
Royal Botanical Museum, of Vienna, and the writer also desires
herewith to convey his tribute of appreciation to this conscien-
tious naturalist. Without the detailed diagnoses of Dr. Zahl-
bruckner, the new material enumerated would be of but
insignificant value to science.
Pyrenopsis phaeococca, Tuck. Sandstone boulders in Santa
Monica Range, forming dull _ greenish-black
patches.
e homoeopsis, Nyl. (Crombie, Br. Li. I. 25.) Argil-
laceous rocks, SMR.
Collema erispum, Borr. (Tuck. Syn. N. A. Li.—Crombie, 1. ec.)
Gravelly and sandy soil, Mill Creek Canon, San Ber-
nardino Mts.
“nigrescens leucopipta, Tuck. On a decayed stump, |
SMR.
‘¢ cheleum, Ach., forma monocarpum, Nyl. (Cr. l.¢.) A
microphylline state, on sandstone, SMR.
‘* verruciforme, Nyl. On bark, Yosemite Valley. Al- .
though extra limited, a few interesting collections
from that localty are ineluded.
Collemodium Schraderi, Nyl. Earth on rocks, San Gabriel
Range; slate rocks, SMR; Santa Barbara.
l.e.) On earth, SMR.
Leptogium lacerum, Gray. Subsp, L. pulvinatum, Nyl. (Cr.
Be minutissimum, (Floerk, Schaer.) Mass. Spores
ss l. c.) on earth.
are 3-7 septate with some longitudinal septa and
variable in size and shape. Earth, SMR.
muscicola, Fr. (Cr. Le.) Rocks among moss,
Yosemite Valley.
de rhyparodes, Nyl. (Cr. le.) Rocks and stones,
SMR.
Trachylia (Acolium) chloroconium, Tuck. Bark of Pseudo-
tsuga, Yosemite Valley.
Yosemite Valley.
Sphinctrina microcephala, Nyl. Bark of dead oak, San Gabriel
Range. !
Stenoeybe tremulicola, Norrl. (Bull. Torr. Bot. Cl._—Hue Add.
Nov. Li. Europ. 1886, No. 140.) Distributed as 8. bys-
sacea, a sub-species. On Juglans californica, S. M. R.
Rocella fuciformis, (L.) Ach. Catalina Island. (Trask.)
SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 53
Ramalina linearis, (L.) Sw., (R. canaliculata, Fr. ) Branches,
SMR.
ealicaris fastgata, Fr. Near Los Angeles, (Ernest
Braunton. )
ce geniculata, Hook. & Tayl. Branches, SMR.
iy complanta, (w.) Ach. Branches, SMR.
Usnea dasypoga scabrata, Nyl. C(v. Le. 205,) Catalina, (Trask. )
Cetraria platyphylla, Tuck. On Pinus Lambertiana, near
Yosemite Valley.
juniperina, Ach. Dead branches of pines, Wanona,
Mariposa Co.
Parmeha exasperata, Nyl. Rocks, SMR.
a prolixa, Nyl. Sterile. Rocks near Elsinore.
sphaerosporella, Mull. Arg. on Pinus Lambertina,
Dr. A. Zahlbruck ner, Beih. Botan. Centralbt.
Heft 2, 1902.) New to N. America.
a stygia, (L.) Ach. Steryle. San Bernardino Mts.,
near Bear Valley.
<i lanata, Wahl. Rocks Clouds Rest, Yosemite Valley.
Nephroma helveticum, (l.) Mass. On bark, Yosemite Valley.
Physcia stellaris, Nyl. Subspee. P. tenella, Nyl. On fences at
Ballona.
puverulenta, Nyl. Subspec. P. pityrea, Nyl. On
bark in San Gabriel Mts.
ie astroidea, (Fr.), Nyl. On Quercus agrifola, SMR.
Pyxine sorediata, Fr. For several years I have collected a
sterile Thallus on various barks, but only recently fruit-
ing specimens were found. The thallus is closely attached
to the substratum and not ‘‘densly fibrillose beneath.’’
The young Apothecia are slightly pruinose with a prom-
inent, entire margin; the more matured are naked, brown-
ish-black, with a lecideine flexuous margin and a rogose
disk. On Sambucus glauca, near the Soldiers’ Home. So
far as known this species has not been previously reported
from the Pacifie coast.
Gyrophora erosa, Ach. (Cr. l.c.—Umbilicaria, Tuck. Syn N.
A. li.) Frequent on rocks, Yosemite Valley.
Pannaria brunnea, (Sw.) Mass. On earth in woods near Santa
Barbara.
Heppia conchildobata, A. Zahlbruck. sp. nov. le. On granite,
Palm Springs.
hassei, A. Zahlbruck, sp. nov. le. On granite, Palm
Springs.
Placodium bolacinum, Tuck. Rocks, frequent. SMR.
a ferrugineum Wrightiu, Tuck. Catalina. (Trask. )
festivum, Nyl. (P. ferrugineum festivum, Nyl.)
Cr. Le. Appears to be an athalline form of P
frrugineum. On rocks, frequent. SMR.
c¢
¢¢
ce
c¢
‘
ce
54 SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ACADEMY’ OF SCIENCES
Placodium microphillum, Tuck. On dead wood, SMR.
i coralloides, Tuck. Santa Barbara Island. (Trask.)
epixanthum, Nyl. Rocks. Palm Springs. SMR.
very similar to P. vitellinum; the disk is green-
ish yellow, with a paler yellow margin, and
the asci contain eight spores, simple and po-
lari biloeular.
candicans, Schaer. Cr. le. Argillaceous rock,
SMR.
teicholytum, Ach. Cr. Le. Caleareous rock, SMR.
Leeanora atrynea, Nyl. Cr. Le. Roeks, San Gabriel Mts. This
is one of the confusing L. subfusea group which
Nylander has split into a number of species, var-
ieties and forms based upon differing chemical
thalline reactions, structure of the paraphyses,
ete., but which seem more or less to intermingle.
varia polytropha, Nyl. Tuck. Syn. N. A. li. (G
polytropa, Nyl. Cr. le.) Rocks, SMR.
evalectodes, Nyl. Caleareous rock Malibu Canon,
SMR. This species was diagnosed by Dr. Ny-
lander in 1899, but I have seen no description.
The thallus forms a mealy white crust. Apothe
cla are. ureceolate with a white pulverlent thal-
line margin, thick, entire or radiously crenate.
Disk convex, orange colored. Spores in 8’s, col-
orless, muriform, oblong ovate, 24mm. long by
12mm. thick.
66
oe
66
c¢
The Lichen-flora of San Clemente Island.
BY DR. H. E. HASSE.
Ramalina Menziesi, Tuck. On Heteromeles.
ie combeoides, Nyl.
ceruchis, Ach. DeNot. f. cephalota, Auctt.
ecalicaris farinacea, Sechaer.
reticulata, Noehd. Kremp. On Quercus.
Dendrographa leucophaea, Tuck. Darbish.
Physeia erinacea, (Ach.) Tuck.
Usnea hirta, Hoffm. Sterile.
Schizopelte Californiea, Th. Fr.
Placodium coralloides Tuck. Rocks near the beach.
mt sp., undetermined.
ferrugineum, Huds. Hepp.
aurantiacum, (Lightf.), Naeg and Hepp.
Leeanora pallida, (Schreb), Schaer.
ts subfusea, (.), Ach.
varia, (Hhrh.), Nyl.
Roboris Nyl, (Rinodina confragosa.) On oak.
ce
ce
(a4
ce
SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES — 55
Perusaria flavicunda, Tuck.
Lecidea enteroleuca, Fr.
Buellia oidalea penichra, Tuck.
of parasema, (Ach.), Th. Fr.
Lecidea (?), sp. Undetermined.
The species here recorded were collected by Mrs. Blanche
Trask,
The University of California has decided to conduct the
Summer Sehool of Forestry at Idylwild.
Notes and News.
The U. S. steamer Albatross, that has done such good work in in deep
sea exploration on this coast, will sail for Alaska to investigate the con-
dition of the salmon fisheries. Prof. D. S. Jordan will be in charge of
the scientists engaged in the work. :
Loren, EK. Hunt a graduate of Berkeley, has been placed in charge
of the Forestry Experiment Station at the University of California. A
series of tests are to be made of the physical and chemical properties
of the durability, strength, and elasticity of the timbers of the Pacific
Coast.
Le Roy Abrams has left Stanford for a prolonged botanical tour of
the southern counties.
Encouraged by the success of the Arizona Experiment Station in
the cultivation of dates, some energetic colonists in the new settle-
ment of Imperial are taking steps to plant out orchards of date trees
there.
Prof. F. E. L. Beale, chief of the Bureau of Ecomoniec Ornithology is
at present visiting California investigating the habits of our native
birds, what seed they eat, which are useful to the agriculturist, and
which are injurious. The professor addressed meetings both at Pomona
College and at the Biological section meeting of ourAcademy.
The difficulty of separating the various pathogenic bacilli from the
liquid antitoxine they produce has been solved by the director of the
Jenner Institute in London. By the aid of the liquid air the bacilli are
frozen, triturated, and thus destroyed.
Mr. T. D. A. Cockerell has presented the Academy with a number of
reprints of articles descriptive of new species of plants and insects.
Two large palms, nearly 60 feet in height were recently transported
from Los Angeles to adorn the grounds of a private citizen on Knob
Hill, San Francisco.
A species of Basil, technically known as Ocimum viride Willd, is
the latest discovered remedy for mosquitos. It is claimed that this
shrub, which has hitherto been known as ‘‘the Sierra Leone fever
plant,’’ will, by its mere presence in a room effectually secure its in-
mates from molestation by mosquitos.
The Park Comission has granted the Sericultural Club of Los An-
geles the use of four acres of land in Elysian Park to be devoted to the
planting of mulberry trees. The club are endeavoring to introduce the
silk worm and develop the silk industry.
The San Jose scale is now suposed to have been originally intro-
duced on peach trees brought from China by the late James Lick.
Mr. L. O. Howard, chief of the Division of Entomology, states that
the damage done by insects to agricultural products of this country
56 SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
amounts to $3000,000,000 per annum, and for the control of which the
government spends only $150,000 a year.
In a paper read by B. E. Furnow at the meeting of the Americax
Science Association, the estimates given of the growth and consumption
000 acres of alkali soil in the West can by proper drainage be made
able timber will be exhausted in 30 years.
The officers of the Bureau of Soils believe that much of the 6,000,-
of the wood supply of the United States would indicate that all the avail-
productive.
As natural immunity to the effects of bee stings is acquired by many
individuals after being stung from 1 to 30 times, it is suggested that
artificial immunization might be made possible by means of serum vae-
cination.
Publications Received.
*“Combating the flat-headed Borer,’’ by A. J. McClatchie, Univer-
sity Arizona, Agricultural Experiment Station. Timely Hints for
Farmers, No. 45.
Thirteenth Annual Report Agricultural Experiment Station, Univer-
sity of Arizona.’’
“«The Culture of Mulberry Silkworm,’ Division Entomology. Bulle-
tin No. 39 United States Department Agriculture.
‘‘Experiment Station Record,’’ No. 6, Vol. 14, United States Depart-
ment of Agriculture.
‘The Lime, Sulphur and Salt Wash Used for San Jose Scale,’’
United States Department of Agriculture. Cu:renlar No. 52.
‘Methods for the. Investigation of Canceling Inks and Other Stamp-
ing Inks.’’ United States Department of Agriculiure, Chemistry Bureau.
Circular No. 12..
‘*Los Criaderos de Fierro del Gerro de Mercado, Durango.’’ Bulletin
of Geological Institute of Mexico. No. 16.
Transactions.
Los Angeles, Cal., March 23rd, 1903.
The Geological Section of the Academy of Sciences met at the
Woman’s Club Rooms at 8 P. M. Chairman George W. Parsons called
the meeting to order. Minutes of previous meeting read and approved.
Dr. Stephen Bowers, Ph. D., read an article on the ‘‘Depest Wells: of
the World.’’ He stated that the Comstock Mine which was 3300 feet
in depth was the deepest mine on the Pacific Coast; that the heat was
so great that a large number of shifts were required each day. The
deepest well ever drilled in the world was in Eastern Silesia, which
reached the depth of 6,511 feet, the temperature at the bottom being
157 aegrees. He also mentioned a deep well near Berlin of 4170 feet,
and one near Leipsic which reached the depth of 5740 feet, with
temperature of 135 degrees at the bottom. At Wheeling, West Va.,
a well was sunk 4500 feet, the temperature at the bottom was 110 de-
grees. The deepest well on this Continent was sunk at West Elizabeth,
Pa. to the depth of 5386 feet. The temperature at the bottom was 127
degrees. In drilling this well they passed through 137 distinet forma-
tions, 68 were slate, 22 limestone, 27 sandstone, 7 of red rock, 4 coal
seams, and stratas of shale; 90 of the stratas were of deep water for-
mation, and 34 formed in shallow water. They reached the upper
Sihirian or lower Devonian, and each of the 137 formations indicated a
period of untold ages. Questions and discussions followed in which
Messrs. Crosby, Parsons and Taber took part.
G. MAJOR TABER, Secretary.
BULEE TIN
OF THE
Souter Galliornia Academy OF Sciences
Voie LOS ANGELELGAL, MAY IL 1905, NO. 5
116 Norte Broapway
The Late Visiit in force of the “Painted Lady”
Butterfly Vanessa Cardui, L.
BY PROF. J. J- RIVERS
This butterfly in California is both endemie and epidemic
so is at all times an emigrant. Ordinarily its habit is to produce
two broods in the year, the second brood appearing late in the
summer, a portion of which hibernate through the winter.
During some years the insect is scarce, but this spring it has
appeared in immense numbers ealling forth press notices daily.
One observer states that the cloud of insects was so dense as to
throw a shadow on the ground. It is quite conjectural why this
and some other Lepidoptera take on this roaming habit; it
is possibly atmospheric influences which suggest a suitable time
to move to pastures new. It is, however, unlikely that these
ereat hordes start from one locality, as the taste of the cater-
pillar is not as omnivorous as that of the grasshopper, and
therefore are spread over a large area of territory and the army
inereases as it marches along. The ‘‘painted lady’? butterfly
ought to be an educated insect, as it is a great traveler, and is
a positive native of the four quarters of the earth. In heraldry
it has the right to the globe on its shield, with the words
Europe, Asia, Africa, America.
The butterflies which are so numerous for about a week
are no longer to be seen, but rarely and singly. The question is
what has become of them; have they rejoined the main army
or have they fulfilled the law of life, deposited their ova and
died, in accordance with the habit of the Lepidoptera? If this
latter be the true explanation, then the summer brood will be
great.
The agriculturists talk of destroying all the thistles, and
should they sueceed in this, the ‘‘Painted-lady’’ will get even
with the community by pouncing on the hollyhocks and sun-
flowers of the eardens. In all probability the main body
passed on beyond the limits of California. One observer states
that a large cloud of butterflies took a course to seaward:
unless a change of wind drove this company to land, most of
them would perish, though, some might reach a friendly isle
in the Pacific, having had the luck to get into a high current.
The food plants of the larva are chiefly Thistles, Holly-
hocks and Sunflowers,
58 SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
The following species of Venessa are also to be found in
our neighborhood.
Vanessa carye (Hubner).
This is our common, everyday butterfly, the caterpillar of
which feeds upon all plants Malvaceous; this little worm has
the constructive habit of the genus, by forming a house to live
in and then eating it. Its method is to draw the lateral edges
of a leaf together and fasten them with silk, thus forming a
tubular protection to the larva, which devours its dwelling at
hesure. This species is a true native, found only in the
maritime portions of the Golden West.
Vanessa Atlanta (Linn).
The common name of this species is the Red Admiral. It
has much the same habits as the ‘‘Painted-lady’’ though its
range is not so great. It is found all over the United States
of North America and over all Europe. The food plants of
the caterpillar are nettles and hops. It is a showy butterfly
and bears upon each upper wing a strangely marked band of
red. It is not a common insect and uncertain in appearing.
Vanessa Huntera (Fab).
This is also a California insect, the markings of which are
clearly and beautifully delineated, after the style of the
‘*Painted-lady’’ but a great deal prettier. The food plants of
its caterpillar are Gnaphalium Californicum, which grows in
dry places. It may also be found on some species of Artemisia.
This butter fly inhabits the United States of North America
and Mexico, is generally distributed, but not common.
(Ocean Park.)
Additions to the Lichen-flora of Southern California.
Part II.
BY DR. H. E. HASSE.
Lecanora spodophaeiza, Nyl. (Cr. le.) Santa Barbara Island.
(Trask.) ‘‘Spores oblong or fusiform-oblong,
simple or spuriously I-septate.’’
ealearea (Li.} Somm. Rocks, SMR. A Lichen with
variable thallus, giving rise to several var. and
forms.
olaucocarpa depauperata, (Cr. 1. e.) and the form
pruinifera. Rocks SMR. and elsewhere; also a
multiform Lichen.
simplex, Nyl.:f. compheata, Crombie (1. e.) A form
with merely an angulose and plicate margin.
Throughout.
(Acarospora) EPILUTESCENS. A. Zahlbr. Spec.
nov. (1. ¢.). Palm Springs.
SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 59
oy (Aearospora) PELTASTICTA, Zahlbr. spec. nov (1.
ce.) Palm Springs.
oF (Acarpospora) REAGENS, A. Zahlbr. spec. nov.
(1. ¢.) Palm Springs.
Lecania turicensis CALIF ORNIA, A. Zahlbr. var. nov. (1. ¢.)
SMR.
““ TONINIOIDES, A. Zahlbr, spec. nov. (1. c.) Ballona
, Blufts.
Rinodina succedens, Nyl. On Pseudotsuga. Throughout the
higher mountain ranges. This species is also reported
from New Foundland by Prof. Macounin, Catalogue
of Canadian Plants, 1902.
Dirina rediunta, (Stiz.) A. Zahlbr. Catalina and on the main-
land.
Hassei, A. Zahlbr. Near Santa Monica and recently
found also on Catalina on Heteromeles arbutifolia.
Pertusaria leioplaca, (Ach.) Schaer. Santa Monica Range,
on Oak.
ambigens, (Nyl.) Tuck. On Umbellularia Califor-
nica,in canyons of San Gabriel Range.
elobifera (Tuen.) On bark of conifers, near Seven
Oaks, San Bernardino Mts. New to North
America.
Phlyetis agelea, Koerb. On California walnut. SMR.
Urceolaria scruposa, Ach. subsp. U. bryophylla, Nyl. Running
over Cladonia pyxidata, SM R.
Biatora decipiens, (Khrh.) Th. Fr. Earth, SMR., rare. At Elsi-
nore and Palm Springs, abundant.
‘< -granulosa PHYLLIZANS, A. Zahlbr. var. nov. (lL. ¢.)
HKarth among moss, San Gabriel Range.
eranulosa corallina, Tuek. Barks, SMR.
Schweinitzee, Fr. Bark of Heteromeles, SMR.
Nylanderi, Anz. Bark of conifers, San Gabriel Canyon.
umbrina, (ach.) On rocks at Santa Barbara.
mutablis, (Fee) On Cupressus, Yosemite Valley.
fusco-rubella, (Hoffm.) On Heteromeles, SMR.
e (Bilimbia) GYALECTIFORMIS, A. Zahlbr. spec. nov.
(1. ¢.) Palm Spring.
i MANTHOCOCCL Ay’ Zahlbr:s (Bull) Torr Bot, Cl.
XXVII.) Bark of conifers, near Seven Ooaks, San
Bernardino Mts.
Lecidea CINERATA, A. Zahlbr. spec. nov. (Bull. Torr. Bot.
Cl. XX VII, 1900.) On disintegrated granite, SMR.
“ SUBPLEBEIA, Nyl. n. sp. Named by the late Dr.
Nylander without having given a deseription. On
earth and calearious pebbles, SMR., 1896. The
thalllus iscrustaceous effigurate, pulverulent
c¢
co
60 SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
ochroleucous. Apothecia small, black, immargi-
nate. Paraphyses articulated, with small globular
heads. Spores in eights, simple, colorless, broadly
elipsoid, 10-12 mmm long, 6-8 mmm thick. Hypo-
thecium colorless.
‘‘ DOLODES, Nyl. n. sp. Named by Dr. Nylander im
1897, without a description. Thallus of small,
loosely contiguous, slightly rugose, convex, ecrenu-
late or lobulated margined, brown seales. Apothecia
sessile, small and urceolate, becoming larger, disk
flat, black, with a permanent, thick, entire or
faintly flexuose, greyish black margin. Internally
dark. <Asei oblong tubular, 80-84 mmm lone and
12 mmm thick. Spores in 8’s, globular, 6-7 mmm
in diameter. Hymenium 100 mmm high. Hypothe-
cium faintly colored. Paraphyses slender, distinct.
On Pseudotsuga macroearpa, San Gabriel Range, at
Mt. Wilson.
‘\ \ \parissima; Nyl.. (leighton, Li. Fl. Gr. Brit.) On: bark
of Pseudotsuga macroecarpa, at Mount Wilson.
i protabacina, Nyl. On granite, near summit of San An-
tonio Mt., at 3300 metr. alt. Not knowing when or
where the species has been published, a short de-
scription is.given. Thallus of cartilaginous, ap-
proximated, convex, red-brown squamae, 1-2 mmm
in diameter, entire or sinuous to deeply lobate
margin, this black edged. Apothecia black, small,
flat with a turgid, entire or flexuous margin, to
larger convex and becoming immarginate. Sep-
arate or several contiguous. Hypothallus black.
Thallus Ka., C. Spores in 8’s ellipsoid 9-11 mmm
long, 3-375 mmm thick. Hym. Gel. J-blue, turning
brown.
ruginosa, Tuck. San Gabr. and SMR.
melanecheima, Tuck. On Rhus diversiloba, SMR, and
bark of conifers San Gabr. Range.
enteroleuca aequata, Floerk. Rocks, San Gabriel and
San Bernardino Ranges.
enteroleuea ambigua, Anz. (lL. parasema Ach.) v.
tabescens (Koerb.) Leighton |. e. 3rd edit. 1879.)
eyrtidia, Tuck. Sandstone, SMR.
“plana, Lahm. Sandstone, SMR. New’ to North
America.
ce
NOTES.
The final steps in the incorporation of the Southern California
Academy of Sciences have been consummated and the incorporation
papers have been forwarded to the secretary by the Secretary of State
SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 67
at Sacramento. The expense of incorporation, filing of documents, ete.,
amounting to twenty-five dollars ($25.00) have been borne personally by
President Theo. B. Comstock.
Judge Cheney, a valuable member of our Academy, volunteered his
legal services in drawing up the incorporation papers entirely free of
expense to the Academy. To both of these gentlemen the thanks of the
Southern California Academy of Sciences are due.
Professor W. J. Hussey, the well-known Double Observer of the Lick
Observatory, in Southern California at present, is making astronomical
observations in the interests of science. He has been for the last two
weeks at Echo Mountain, using the Mt. Lowe sixteen-inch refractor.
Although, owing to cloudiness, there were but few nights during which
the telescope could be used to advantage. Nevertheless, no less than
fourteen new double stars were discovered during this short period of
time. This is a most gratifying result, testifying eloquently to the
splendid performance of the Lowe Observatory refractor in the hands of
a trained and skillful observer, as well as to the excellence of the
Southern California atmosphere for the most exacting and delicate
astronomical observations.
Report of the Secretary of the
SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES,
for the year ending May 4th, 1903.
Los Angeles, Cal., May 4th, 1903.
To the Board of Directors and to the Members of the Southern
California Academy of Sciences:
Gentlemen:—I have the honor as secretary of the Southern Cali-
fornia Academy of Sciences, to present to you this evening my tenth
annual report, in the drafting of which it has been found convenient
to divide the subject matter into three particular departments, viz.:
General statement of the progress of the Academy, a statement of its
financial standing and a statement of its lectures during the past year.
The Academy has prospered in every way during the year. It has
become an incorporated society, and plans and preparations have been
made to increase even more its activity for good in Los Angeles and
the surrounding country. The work done by the various sections has
been satisfactory and has been of such a nature that it has attracted
many new members into the new incorporation.
The organ of communication between the various sections has been
the monthly Bulletin, of which ten issues have appeared during the
past year. Mary articles of original investigations have appeared here
for the first time, of which the following are, perhaps, the most
important:
Contributions to the Lichen-flora of the California Coast Islands.—
By Dr. H. E. Hasse.
A new Bee, of the Genus Andronicus.—By T. D. A. Cockerell.
A Monograph on Pecten. Aequisuleatus, Cpr.—By Mrs. M. Burton
Williamson.
New or Little Know Southern California Plants-By Le Roy Abrams.
Pandora (Kennerlia) Gradis, Dall.—By Prof. J. J. Rivers.
Hymenoptera of Southern California.—By T. D. A. Cockerell.
Mymicophillous Coleoptera or Ant-Loving Beetles.—By Prof. J. J.
Rivers.
A new California Rose.—By 8. B. Parish.
Additions to the Flora of Los Aneeles County, 1.—By Le Roy
Abrams.
62 SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
Butterfly Emigrants.—By Prof. J. J. Rivers.
The Southern California Species of Calochortus.—By S. B. Parish.
Notes on Sphaeraleea and Malvastrum.—By T. D. A. Cockerell.
Spaerostigma erythra, n. sp.—By A. Davidson, M. D.
Tribal Character in the Separation of the Style-Branches in the
Compositae.— By Louis A. Greata.
Pentstemon Parishu, a hybrid.—By Dr. A. Davidson.
Concerning Certain Trees.—By S. B. Parish.
Diptera from Southern California.—By T. D. A. Cockerell.
Two New Plants from Southern California.—By S. B. Parish.
New Plant Records of Los Angeles County.—By Anstruther
Davidson, C. M., M. D.
The bulletin has been the means of extending the usefulness of
the Academy beyond the sphere of its own members. On its mailing
list will be found the leading Scientific Institutions and Libraries in the
United States, and some of the prominent ones in Europe.
FINANCIAL STATEMENT.
Balance ‘on'syhand: (Maye WO th el O OF. ct cus cies oe eer: $ 230.89
MotalVcollectronse Meg secs key sises tele eitrsnetacl hen sheen — 948.25
Gitt trom) President Comstockin slices sere 25.00
Gift from Mr. J. D. Hooker to Astro. Section...... 100.00— ¢$ 904.14
DISBURSEMENTS.
Rien Lorena er ca coo ate wee valeee, ae Ro aers aswel Se ane aeenne ed onens $ 142.00
Commissions) on Collections oie ee eae tee ele 106.80
Missa wsony si alar yes secs ants renatatetatelemuever st aueys 20.00
Reception Hxpenses, Music bs. c te.c wate ecole cies el etereas 15.00
ESIVOM A VANS are rrcyeretel-nejereyeperaetevetsNeraucyeley siesta inrerer ay oleneye 12.45
[AG CT Mee MN eget s eic aura ua uaeky sik es ase nb peme eT en UP ae Rev eta M eats 6.00
OMe AD Ogee ee were eka vesieavanmetenebanrsieens leslie ors (oleate seated 20.75
Printing, “Publicationvand "Postage yap esi csc ciscke ss 363.90
Hxpenses Of sn Corporatiomer ernst sere patstlenet cierto ae 12.50
BalancedonyhanduMiayecA§ 20 Siac: cestetet jeder aeons 204.74— $ 904.14
SUMMARY OF LECTURES
Delivered Before
SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
During Year 1902-1903.
‘«The Problem of the Universe’’—Professor Simon Newcomb.
‘*Growth of Moulds’’—Miss Louise Burns.
‘“‘Death Valley, Its Geological Origin, Saline Deposits, Topography,
Scenery, Climate and Water Supplies’’—Professor G. E. Bailey.
‘“How to Identify the Forest Trees of Southern California without
Being a Botanist’’—Hon. Abbott Kinney.
““The Mastodon Bones of Kentucky’’—Dr. John Uri Lloyd.
‘‘The mission of the Local Academy of Sciences’?—Dr. Theo. C.
Comstock.
‘*Life and Work of Hugh Miller’’—Mr. Wm. H. Knight.
“*An Outdoor Field Meeting of the Astronomical Section.’’
‘*California Mineral Oils and Their Chemical Analysis’’— Professor
L. J. Stabler.
‘«Deseription of Chile, Its Climate, Geology and Topography’’—Mr.
David C. Cunningham.
‘‘Scientific Relations of the United States Patent Office’’—Mr.
James R. Rogers.
‘*Butterflies in This Part ot the State’’—Dr. Agnes M. Claypole.
SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES — 63
‘‘Tmportance of a Close Study of the Hydra and Its Ability or In-
_ ability to Continue Its Life When It Is Turned Inside Out’’— Professor
Ulrey.
Te eropters of California’’—T. D. A. Cockerell.
‘¢Hvolution’’—Dr. C. A. Whiting, Miss Agnes Claypole, Professor
B. M. Davis.
‘‘Radiant Energy’’—Professor Edgar Larkin.
‘«The Comparative Geology of the United States in Comparison with
the Eastern, Middle and Western Sections’’—Professor F. Lee Fuller.
‘*Geologic Time and Earliest Stages of the Earth’s History’’—
Professor Theo. C. Comstock.
‘‘Physographie Evolution, Development of Earth’s Surface
Features’’—Dr. Agnes M. Claypole.
‘“Outline of Evolution of Life’ in the Earth’’—Professor Theo. C.
Comstock.
Notes on Certain Peculiar Ores in Canada and the United States’’—
Mr. John M. Stewart.
“*Recent Siderial Astronomy’’—Professor W. J. Hussey.
“*Degeneration’’— Professor Ulrey.
I'rom the above summary it will be seen that some forty lectures
have been given during the past year. The wide range of subjects dealt
with comprise: Evolution, Astronomy, Geology, Saline Deposits,
Forestry, Palaentology, Botany, Mineral Oils, Biology, Zoology, Physics,
Physiography and Psycology.
Large audiences have prevailed, and especially has this been true of
the more or less technical section meetings. The meetings both of the
Academy and Sections, have all been open to the public, whether mem-
bers of the Academy or not, a fact which has been appreciated and
taken advantage of by many. The influence for good of these meetings
in the general uplifting of the community can hardly be over-estimated.
In the opinion of the secretary, no such popular course of free
lectures can be found anywhere in the country outside of the city of
New York, and even in that metropolis, the popular public lectures under
the auspices of the Board of Education are not entirely free.
Considerable expense has had to be met in providing so many
lectures without charging any admission. The income of the Academy
from dues, which is its only source of revenue, would not be sufficient and
there would be a deficiency in the treasury were it not for the voluntary
financial assistance of a few of its patrons.
Respectfully Submitted,
B. R. BAUMGARDT, Secretary
Transactions.
Los Angeles, Cal. April 6th, 1903.
The regular monthly meeting of the Southern California Academy
of Sciences was held this evening at 940 South Figueroa street.
The chair was occupied by President Comstock. The report of the
Board of Directors on the tickets to be voted at the election on the
first Monday of May were presented. From this report, the following
officers and directors were nominated: President, Theo. B. Comstock,
Vice-President, J. D. Hooker; Secretary, B. R. Baumgardt; Directors,
Melville Dozier, C. A. Whiting, G. Major Tabor.
A lecture was delivered by Mr. John M. Stewart, entitled, ‘‘ Noves
on Certain Peculiar Ores in Canada and the United States.’’ Mr.
Stewart illustrated his lecture with numerous specimens. At the close
of the lecture a general discussion followed, participated in by the
members present, after which the meeting stood adjourned.
B. RB. BAUMGARDT, Secretary.
64 SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
April 20th, 1903.
The regular monthly meeting of the Astronomical Section was held
this evening, Chairman Knight residing.
Without delay, the Chairman, with appropriate remarks relative to
the valuable work being performed by Prof. W. J. Hussey at the Lick
Observatory, in connection especially with observations of binary stars,
introduced that gentleman as the lecturer of the evening.
The address of Prof. Hussey, beautifully illustrated by stereopticon
views, was replete with information and interest, lucid in statement
and scholarly in style, and was lstened to with marked attention by
a large audience. After the lecture the professor was asked many ques-
tions relative to the subject under discussion, to which his answers were
clear and conclusive in all cases where actual knowledge was available.
A brief business session of the Section followed, for the purpose of
electing officers for the ensuing year, resulting in the election of Mr.
W. H. Knight as Chairman, and Mr. Melville Dozier as Secretary. The
meeting then adjourned, MELVILLE DOZIER, Secretary.
Woman’s Club House, April 13, 1903.
The minutes of the previous meeting were read and approved.
The first business was thelection of officers for the ensuing year.
As a result, Prof. Ulrey, of the University of Southern California,
was elected Chairman, and C. A. Whiting, of the Pacific School of
Osteopathy, was elected Secretary. The speaker of the evening was
Prof. Ulrey, his subject being ‘‘Degeneration.’’ The lecture was a
scholarly presentation of the subject, and was illustrated by blackboard
sketches and microscopical preparations.
The lecture was discussed at some lengthy by a number of the mem-
bers present.
A paper on ‘‘A New Bee of the Genus ‘Andronicus,’ ’’ by T. D. A.
Cockerell, was read by title.
About twenty members and visitors were present.
On motion the meeting adjourned. ©. A. Whiting, Secretary.
Los Angeles, Cal., April 27, 1903.
Board of Directors of the 8. C. A. S.:
Gentlemen:—At the April meeting of the Biological Section of the
Academy of Sciences, an election of officers for the ensuing year was
held. As the result of that election, A. B. Ulrey was elected Chairman
of the Section and C. A. Whiting was elected Secretary.
Very respectfully, C. A. WHITING, Secretary.
Los Angeles, Cal., April 27th, 1903.
The Geological Section met at 940 South Figueroa at 8 p. m. The
Chairman, George W. Parsons, being absent, Mr. Wm. H. Knight occupied
the chair. ‘The minutes of the previous meeting were read and approved.
Several articles were read by the secretary on the new metal,
Radium, supplemented by remarks by the Chairman.
The secretary exhibited a small specimen of Uranium Ore, which was
said to also contain Radium.
The Chairman gave an interesting talk on the pre-glacial period,
and Mr. Crosby on ‘‘ Earthquakes on the Islands in Sicily.’’
An election was then held, and George Parsons was elected Chairman,
and G. Major Taber, Secretary, for the ensuing year.
G. MAJOR TABER, Secretary.
JUNE, 1903
BULLETIN
OF THE
COMMITTEE ON PUBLICATION
A. DAVIDSON, C. M., M. D., Chairman
Southern California Academy of ociences
MELVILLE DOZIER G. W. PARSONS
CONTENTS:
Page
Notes on Plants from Middle Western California, A. A.
JS espe) abel SA einen ee a ceeaaer canon cedosod Dbodbuadasseace 65
New Plant Records for Los Angeles County, ANSTRUTHER
DAVIDSON, C. M., M. D. .2.-.... cece eeccee cee ec eee eeecerees 70
Additions to the Lichen- flora of Southern California, DR.
TSE J ES OASIS) Ce eRe Senso Seon cbr eee cecac HU DSORCHBOSUB HOSE CLC 71
The Caterpillar Plague, PROF. J. J. RIVERS .........-.2ss000% 77
INGUES Bio OP INS adetoncoe nebosnosuodd sarc secooscacuooabucdcudo. codeunooern 77
BISEat1 SAC EIONS Hes ee ere ee nse ecco sree eecatdbietcaacsenesrecteeniae 78
PUBLISHED FOR THE ASSOCIATION BY
BAUMGARDT PUBLISHING CO
116 N. BROADWAY, LOS ANGELES, CAL.
Yearly Subscription, $1.00
MAILED JUNE 30, 1903
SILA PALL LD LL INL LPP
Single Copies, 25 cts.
a
ua
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bar ie ae 8
F
|
‘
> EEE TEIN BO
OR mHE
Souther Galliornia Academy " Sciences
VOL. 2 Los ANGELES, CAL JUNE MI QOS: NO. 6
116 Norte Broapway
Notes on Plants from Middle Western California.
BY A. A. HELLER.
The following descriptions and notes on the writer’s
collection of 1902, made chiefly in the counties of Sonoma and
Lake, are offered preliminary to a full report on the season’s
work, which he hopes to publish before the end of the present
year. The collection is a large and interesting one, consisting
of over 1000 numbers, among them some twenty species that
appear to be new, and which have already been distributed
under the names they will bear when described.
/ DICHELOSTEMMA VOLUBILIS. (Kellogg.)
Macroscapa volubilis, Kellogg. Pacific, June 30, 1854.
Stropholirion Californicum, Torr. Pac. R. R. Re p. 4; 149.
1857.
Rupalleya volubilis, Moriere. Bull. Linn. Soe. Norm. 8:
313. 1863.
Dichelostemma Californica, Wood, Proc. Phila. Acad. 1868:
73e. 13869.
Brodiaea volubilis, Baker, Journ. Linn. Soe. 11; 377.
No. 5499, collected in Berry Canyon, twelve miles southeast
of Chico, Butte county, May, 1902, where it is not uncommon in
thickets and on stream banks. This pink-flowered twining
species 1s apparently congeneric with the blue-flowered ones,
first separated by Kunth under the name Dichelostemma, as
pointed out by Mrs. Curran in Bull. Cal. Acad. 1; 149, 1885. 7
Y HOOKERA SYNANDRA, sp. nov.
Stems slender, purplish, about 3dm. high from a fibrous-
coated corm; fully deyeloped umbel about 7em, long, the
66 SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
pedicels ascending, ineurved, subtended by conspicuous,
searious, ovate, acuminate bracts marked by three or more
reddish veins; perianth.3em. long, very slightly constricted
above the ovary, the tube greenish, a little over lem. long, seg-
ments oblong, violet, somewhat spreading, marked with a dark
midvein, the outer ones blunt, about 4mm. wide, the inner ones
acute, somewhat narrower; staminodia erect, white, 2.5em.
long, closely investing the stamens, and slightly exceeding
them.
No. 5742, collected at the Petrified Forest, Sonoma county,
June 23, 1902, growing in dry, open gravelly ground. It
resembles H. coronaria outwardly, but im that species the
staminodia lie against the lobes of the perianth, and
consequently stand entirely away from the stamens. The
present species and Brodiaea Purdyi, Eastwood, Proce. Cal.
Acad. IT. 6; 427, pl. 58 1896, are the only ones in the genus so
far noted which have the staminodia erect and closely investing
the stamens. The perianth of B. Purdyi is rotate, a point which
is hardly shown in either the description or the plate. It 1S
very abundant in the valleys among the foothills near Chico,
Butte county, the type locality, where it was collected by the
writer, under No. 5524.
V TRITELEIA ANGUSTIFLORA sp. nov.
Seape erect from a deep-seated, heavily coated fibrous
corm, about 3dm. high, but occasionally much taller; involucral
bracts lance-acuminate, 1-1.5em. long, veined; umbel 5-15
flowered, pedicels 1.5em. long; perianth deep indigo-blue, about
2.5em. long, narrow funnelform, slightly unequal below, the
segments about lem. long, the outer ones narrower than the
inner, acute; the inner obvate-spatulate, obtuse; anthers
versatile but-erect, unequally inserted, those opposite the outer
segments an anther-leneth shorter than the others.
No. 5728, collected on Tiburon peninsula along the Bay
road, Marin county, June 19, 1902.
Technically there is little to distinguish this species from
T. laxa, but in the field it is evidently distinct. It. begins to
bloom at least a month later, has a smaller, less flaring flower,
of a rich, deep indigo-blue, and is more confined to wooded —
banks and slopes. It was first noted on the slopes of Tamalpais
above Mill Valley, and is plentiful throughout Sonoma county
in favorable situations.
aie CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 67
TRILLIUM GIGANTEUM.. (HH. & A.)
Trillium sessile var. giganteum, H. & A. Bot. Beechy, 402.
1841.
Trillium sessile var. angustipetalum.. Torr. Pac. R. R. Rep.
APelol L8a7.
Trillium sessile var. chloropetalum, Torr. |. c.
Trillium sessile var. Californicum, Wats. Proc. Am. Acad.
14 273. - 1879.
That the Californian plant is distinct from T. sessile of the
Atlantic seaboard is evident, but whether its various forms,
founded on the color and shape of the flower segments, are
worthy of distinctive names is doubtful, for plants with both:
mottled and unmottled leaves, as well as perianth segments of
different shapes and color may be found growing in close
proximity. The writer has seen only purple and white flowered
forms, but in the dried state the delicate flowers of some of the
white ones have assumed a greenish tinge. No. 5035. It is
common in Sonoma county on rich, moist banks. The original
of Hooker & Arnott was the purple flowered form, collected by
Douglas, probably near San Francisco.
VY ALSINE GLUTINOSA, sp. nov.
Stems rather weak but ascending, 2-4dm. high, loosely
branched throughout, the branches slender, divaricate, viscid
pubeseent; leaves sessile with a claspine base, varying from
narrowly lanceolate below to ovate-lanceolate in the middle and
upper portion, all more or less acuminate, sparingly short hairy
and cilate, the largest Tem. long, 2em. wide; flowers solitary in
the forks of the branches and in terminal two or three flowered
evmes with long internodes; calyx about 4mm. long, glandular,
or the lobes nearly glabrous, these oblong or lanee-oblong,
barely acute; petals ovate-spatulate, nearly twice as long as the
calyx, notched; stamens 10, anthers brownish; styles 3.
No. 5880, collected in grassy woods near Summit Lake, Mt.
Sanhedrin, Lake county, July 15, 1902.
This species is related to A. Jamesiana of the mountains of
Colorado, and passes for that species in California, but differs
in several particulars, notably in the shape of the petals. These
ake Oblone. 5°... ‘cleft.about one-third) thei length, the
lobes oblong and obtuse.’’ It has a leaf with ‘‘margin
elandularly pubescent,’’ which is not the case in our species.
; ay
|/ ARENARIA GREGARIA, sp. nov.
Perennial, densely tufted, the parts above ground more or
less purplish, covered with glandular, spreading hairs;
68 SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
rootstoecks somewhat henescent, frequently 2-3dm. long; stems
Idm. high or less, the older ones slender and dichotomously
branched above, the younger ones stouter; leaves 3-7mm. long,
faseicled and oblong on the young shoots ; on the older
branches lanceolate, acute, opposite; sepals 45mm. long,
lanceolate, acuminate, 3-veined, the midvein especially
prominent; petals white, slightly exceeding the calyx.
No. 5892, collected on open, stony slopes near Summit Lake,
Mt. Sanhedrin, Lake county, July 15, 1902. It is abundant,
erowing in dense mats, often carpeting the ground in suitable
situations. In California, at least, it has passed for Arenaria
verna, hirta.
V ERIOGONUM SMALLIANUM. sp. nov.
Perennial, the lignescent part of the stem gnarled and
prostrate, covered with brown, flaky bark, sometimes very
short, or sometimes a decimeter or more in length; stems of the
season with a maximum length of about 2dm., two or
occasionally umbellately branched above, clothed with a close
lanate pubescence; leaves basal, obovate or obovate-
Spa auate, the largest about 13mm. long, including the petiole of
2-3mm., densely covered with a felt-like mat of hairs, especially
the lower side, which is white, the upper greenish; umbels
simple, one to three rayed, the peduncles 1-3em. long; involueres
ealyx-hke, densely. wooly, about 4mm. high, the short segments
barely acute; flowers sulphur yellow with a midvein orange
or red, on slender pedicles of Imm., the segments. about 5mm.
long, 2 mm. wide, obovate, rounded, or sometimes acutish, the
stipitiform base about one-fourth the length of the segments.
No. 5996, collected in open, stony ground, near the summit
of Mt. Sanhedrin, Lake county, July 28, 1902, and distributed
as E. croceum. Small but differing from that species in its
lower, more cespitose growth, denser pubescenee, fewer and
more simple umbels on stouter peduncles, ete. EH. croceum,
originally collected by Mrs. Heller and myself on the ‘‘breaks’’
of the Salmon river, northern Idaho, probably does not oceur
in California, although plants similar to our type of E.
Smallianum have been labeled as such.
DELPHINIUM LUTEUM, sp. nov.
About 3dm. hgh, somewhat branched; stems with very few
short hairs, purplish; leaves deep green, mostly basal, none
exceeding the inflorescence, the blade orbicular in outline, about
SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 69
6em. in diameter, 5-parted into broad cuneate segments, these
unequally 3-5-lobed, shortly mucronate, sparsely short hairly on
both faces; the long petioles broadened below into a somewhat:
sheathing, cihate base; flowers pale yellow, pubescent, 3cm.
long, half of that length occupied by the stout, straight or only
shghtly curved horizontal spur; the divisions broadly obvate,
regular, the mouth about 2cm. across.
No. 5256, collected on grassy slopes about rocks, near
Bodega Bay, along the road leading to the village of Bodega.
A SS ia its nearest relative being D. nudicaule.
CRATAEGUS GAYLUSSACTIA, sp. nov.
A slender tree about 20 feet high, with gray bark, the
young twigs reddish; branches slender, rather remote, wide
spreading; thorns stout, scattered, lem. long; leaves pubescent
above, with short appressed hairs, especially on the veins,
especially on the veins, glabrous or nearly so beneath, those on
the young shoots broadly ovate, about 4em. long, 3em. wide,
acuminately tipped, irregularly serrate and somewhat three-
lobed, the teeth callous tipped; the leaves of the older growth
obovate, cuneate, 3-4 cm. long, including the slender petiole of
5mm., irregularly serrate, the teeth sharper and closer than on
the leaves of the young shoots, the end commonly broad, but oe-
easlonally pointed; fruit purple-black, small, about 4mm. in di-
ameter, surmounted by the five short, obtuse calyx lobes; in size
and general appearance much resembling the common black
hueckleberry of the East, whence the specific name.
No. 6052, in fruit only, collected in thickets in low ground
along the Lagoon at Sebastopol, Sonoma county, August 20,
1902. Heretofore this distmet species has passed for C.
rivularies, Nutt., collected originally by Nuttall in the Rocky
Mountains of Montana, the type of which is preserved in the
herbarium of Columbia University, New York City, and is quite
different from our California plant.
MENTZELIA PINETORUM, sp. nov.
Annual; 4-6dm. high, pale and somewhat shining,
especially below; pubescent with short hairs; branched from
the base, the branches ascending, rather weak; lower leaves
oblong, with a maximum length of about 8cm., lem. wide,
shallowly sinuate, narrowed below to a clasping base, usually
blunt, the upper successively shorter and somewhat broader,
becoming sessile, the ones contiguous to the inflorescence ovate
- and half as broad as long, acute; calyx only Imm. long, the lobes
70 SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENGES
oblong, obtuse; corolla 4mm. long, canary-yellow, the lobes
oblong; filaments not dilated; capsule narrowly hnear-clavate,
2.5em long; seeds in a single row, short-prismatic, the angles
and one side grooved, apparently not tuberculate.
No. 5910, collected on the southerly slope of Mt. Sanhedrin,
Lake county, July 19, 1902, on the ridge above the sawmill. It
erew in abundance in dry, gravelly ground near pine trees.
Although distributed as M. integrifolia (Wats.) Rydb., it is
evidently distinct from that species, the original of which came
from the Rocky mountains, or perhaps from Idaho, if ‘663
Geyer’’ is taken as the type, and is said by Watson in Bot. King
Exped. 114, to have ‘“‘flowers and fruit as in the ordinary M.
albicaulis,’’ the petals of which are described as ‘‘scarcely
exceeding the short subulate-lanceolate calyx-segments.’’
New Plant Records for Los Angeles County,
Part III.
BY ANSTRUTHER DAVIDSON, C. M., M. D.
cyladenia venusta, Eastwood. San Gabriel Peak. (Rus-
sell.) San Antonio Mt. This has previously been reported as
C. humilis Benth. and though smaller than the type it
undoubtedly is venusta.
Harpagonelia Palmeri, Gray. Avalon. (Grant).
Krynitzkia Californica, Gray. Gardena. (Braunton.)
Mimulus rubellus, Gray. Wilson’s Peak. (Russell.)
Verbena Wrightii, Gray. Lamanda Park. A single clump
of this common Arizona species was discovered by Russell at
Lamanda Park.
Mentha rotundifolia, L. Los Angeles River. Braunton.)
Amaranthus deflexus, L. Redondo. (Greata.)
Amaranthus chlorostachyus, Willd. Vernon. (Braunton.)
Aphanisma, blitoides, Nutt. Redondo.
Chenopodium rubrum, L. Occasional in alkaline soil near
the coast.
Atriplex Parishii, Wats. Redondo. (Braunton. )
Batis maritima, L.. Terminal. (Grant.) Newport.
Eriogonum Parryi, Gray.. Rock Creek.
Eriogonum Palmeri, Wats. Rock Creek.
Roubieva multifida, Le Pasadena. (Grant.) Studebaker.
Hesperocnide tenella, Torr. Griffith Park. (Braunton. )
Brodiaea laxa, Benth. North slope Cahuenga Mts.
Juncus xiphiodies, Meyer. Rivera. (Braunton.)
Carex siccata, Dewey. Frequent near Los Angeles and
Santa Moniea.
Pellaea Wrightiana, Hook. San Antonio Canyon.
SOULHERIN CALTFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 71
Additions to the Lichen-flora of Southern California.
Part III.
BY DR. H. E. HASSE.
Buellia petraea albinea, Tuck. Yosemite Valley.
‘if triphragmioides, Nyl. N. sp. So named by Dr.
Nylander in 1898, without a diagnosis.
Thallus effuse rugulose pulverulent, light yel-
lowish grey. Apothecia black, flat with a thin black
margin, disk indistinctly pruinose, finally. becom-
ing larger convex, imarginate and epruimose. Dark
within. Ascii oblong, 76-82 mmm long, 16-20 mmm
thick. Hymenium of equal height with Asci.
Paraphyses slender, agglutinated Epithec, fuscous
and granulose. Hypthecium dark brown. Spores
in eights, broadly fusiform or oblong 4-5 septate,
26 mmm long, 8 mmm thick.
On Rhamnus inteerifolia, beach, near Santa Moniea.
Bolanderia, Tuek. On granite, San Gabriel and San
Bernardino Mts.
st atro-albella, Nyl. Rocks, Catalina Island.
ay fuseo-atra, (L.) Fr. Rocks, Elsinore.
Seeeroarasitica,.(Hl) Th. Br. On- thallus of Pertusaria
olobifera.
Opegrapha vulgata, Ach. On Quercus agrifoha. SMR.
me vario. var. lichenoides. (Pers.)-f. chlorina, Jatta.
Teste Zahlbruckner, (Bull. Torr. Bot. Cl. XX VII,
1900. On Umbellularia Californica. SMR.
ee UMBRREUBARLA, A.) Zahilbr ovsp, nov. ~ (Bot.
Centralbl. XIII, 1902.) On Umbellularia Cali-
forniea, SMR.
Platygrapha HYPOTHALLINA, A. Zahlbr. sp. nov. (Bull.
Torr. Bot. Cl. XX VII, 1900). Schistose rocks,
Catalina. (Trask.)
te PLURILOCULARIS, A. Zahlbr., sp. nov. (Bot.
Centribl. (XT, 1902)... Catalina, on Rhus
integrifolia.
Chiodecton OCHROLEUCUM, A. Zahlbr..sp. nov. (Bull. Torr.
Bot. Cl. XXVIII, 1900.) On Rhus integrifolia,
Catalina Island. Trask.
72, SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
Arthonia RHOIDIS, A. Zahlbr. sp. nov. (1. ¢.) Catalina Island,
Rhus laurina.
fe LECANACTIDEA, A. Zahlbr. sp. nov. (1. ¢.) Beach
bluffs near San Pedro. On Lycium Californicum.
patellulata CAESIOCARPA, A. Zahlbr. var. nov.
(Bull. Torr. Bot. Cl. XXVII, 1900.) On Malvas-
trum Thurberi. SMR.
microspermella, Willey. (Syn. Arthonia H. Willey,
1890.) On Salix lasiolepis, Platanus racemosa
and Juglans Californica. SMR.
galactitella, Nyl. On Apricot anc Oleander, Soldiers
Home Grounds.
taediosa, Nyl. (Willey’s Syn. Arth.) On Piatanus,
SMR.
gregaria (Weig.) Kbr. (A. cinnabarina, Wallr.)
Spores 22-24 mmm long, 8-9 mmm thick, oblong,
3-4 sptate, upper cell largest. Catalina, on
quereus tomentella. (Trask.)
impolita subfusea, Nyl. (Willey, Syn.) On Juglans
Californica. SMR.
me sanguinea, Willey. (Synop. l. c.) Catalina, on Het-
eromeles. Sth
zs pyrenuloides, Mull. Arg. (Willey 1. ec.) On Grevillea
robusta, Soldiers Home grounds.
a gyalectoides, Mull. Arg. (Willey 1. ¢.) Catalina
Island, on Heteromeles.
Arthothelium PRUINASCENS, A. Zahlbr. sp. nov. (Bull. Torr.
Bot. Cl. XXVITI, 1900.) On Malvastrum
Thurberi, SMR.
Endocarpum WILMSOIDES, A. Zahlbr. sp. nov. (Bot. Cen-
tralbl. XIII, 1902.) -On argillaceous rock.
SMR.
x MONICA, <A: Zahlbr.. sp. nov. s@e secs) aaor
argillaceous rock, SMR.
Verrucaria peloclita, Nyl. (Lichen Flora Gr. Bri., 1879.)
Macroscopically is similar to V. plumbae, but
differs in the smaller spores. On argillaceous
rock. SMR.
SOULHERN CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES © 73
Verrucaria DACRYODHES, Nyl., sp. nov. So named by the late
Dee Nylander ime) 1898.5) Ko *Stirpe Ve
polysticta.’’
Thallus ecrustaceous, areolate, dull, greenish
black. Apothecia small, dull black, partly 1m-
bedded in thallus.. Spores obovate, 14-17 mmm
long, 11 mmm thick. Paraphyses gelatinous ,in-
distinct. On calcareous rock. SMR.
ey DISCORDANSS Nyl? ai sp) Namedo by Dr:
Nylander in 1898. ‘‘Stirpis propria.’’ Thallus
erustaceous, finely areolate, dull black.
Apothecia minute black, imbedded in thallus.
Paraphyses slender. Spores broadly eliptic,sim-
ple colorless, 21. to 25 mmm. long and 11 mmm.
thick. On oaks, western slope of San Gabriel
Range at 1000 Met. alt.
Hassea bacillosa (Nyl.) A. Zahlbr. nov. gen. Bot. Centralblatt
XIII, 1902. This is Verrucaria bacillosa, Nyl., of
the list of Lichens of So. Cal. of 1898.
Microglaena SYCHNOGONOIDES, A. Zahibr. sp. nov. (1. ¢.)
On Quercus agrifoha, SMR., the original
locality, and on oaks, western slope of San
Gabriel Range, along Wilson’s new trail.
Hassei, A. Zahlbr. sp. nov. l. ec. On Juglans Cali-
fornica, SMR. Distributed as Pyrenula thele-
morpha, Tuk.
Thelopsis SUBPORINELLA, Nyl. sp. nov. Name without de-
seription by the author of the species. (Bull. Torr.
Cl. XXV, Dec., 1898.) Original locality, Malibu
canyon, SMR., on Umbellularia.
Dermatocarpon ACAROSPOIDES, A. Zahlbr. sp. nov. Bot.
Centralblatt, 1902. Palm Springs.
Arthopyrenia PARVULA, A. Zahlbr. sp. nov. l. ¢., Palm
Springs.
Psorotichia SQUAMULOSA, A. Zahlbr. sp. nov. |. ce. Palm
Springs.
(a4
74. SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
PREHISTORIC FAUNA OF CALIFORNIA.
PLATE 5.
Pliocene and Cretaceous Fossils recently described by Dr.
J. G. Cooper: *
57. Planorbis pabloanus, Cooper.
58. Anodonta lignitica, Cooper.
59. Limnaea contracosta, Cooper.
The three above named species were found in a bed of
laminated lignite, discovered about 1868 by Dr. Cooper and the
writer, along the westerly branch of San Pablo Creek, Contra
County, California.
The henite is supposed to have been deposited in a Pliocene
lake. On the east are deposits of marine Miocene fossils, on
the west altered Cretaceous rocks with ‘‘ Aucella Piochil.’’? The
coal-strata have evidently been uplifted to an angle unusual in
Phocene deposits, but there is nothing to fix the date of the
voleanic outburst which is seen in Rocky Mound, three and a
half miles distant.
60. Amnicola Yatesiana, Cooper. Magnified five diam-
eters.
“This little shell is found in great numbers in Pliocene de-
posits on both sides of San Francisco bay, at Mission San Jose,
on the east (the original locality), also near Stephen’s Creek,
and near Los Gatos on the west. Carninifex Newberryi and
other living species occur with it in localities, also some species
that may, hke this be extinct. Mr. Watts obtained specimens
taken from an artesian well at Lambertson’s, Tulare County,
1, 058 feet deep.”
61-62. Cucullaea Bowersiana, Cooper. Cretaceous. Orange
County, California.
63. Agasoma kernianum, Cooper. Pliocene; Kern County,
California.
64. Mytilus dichotomus, Cooper. Cretaceous “*B.’’ Coal
Mines, San Diego County, California.
* Bulletin No. 4. Cal. St. Mining Bureau, 1894. (loe. cit.)
59-60—Fresh water shells. Pliocene.
61-62 and 64.—Cretaceous. 63 Tertiary.
PLATE 5,
aes,
ANN
SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 77
The Caterpillar Plague.
BY PROF. J. J- RIVERS
The eaterpillar that has caused so much damage to eulti-
vated plants throughout Southern California is that of Vanessa
caryae (the West Coast Lady) a sister to the ‘‘ Painted Lady.’’
The ordinary food plant of this insect is the common mallow
(Malva pariflora) which, having become exhausted, the cater-
pillars sought other foods, and failing to find plants of the
order Malvaceae they indulged in indiscriminate nibbling of
that which was unsuitable, and there followed in consequence
Bacterial diseases, which caused death to a large proportion
of the brood, through an attack of Flacherie. This is one way
of reducing the over balance of the species in the butterfly state.
Nearly all the species of the Vanessida are common this season,
and several in profusion. The abundance in some years, and
seareity in others is readily accounted for by the working of
parasitic influences. The butterfly can exist without the par
asitie fly, but the parasite cannot lve without the butterfly.
The seareity of the butterfly is followed the next season by the
scarcity of the parasite, and when the parasite becomes more
numerous, then the following season the butterfly becomes
fewer in numbers until in a few seasons the parasite is also
reduced to the lowest number consonant with existence. This
state of things goes’on alternating indefinitely.
Notes and News.
In the Sacramento mountains of New Mexico, Stipa Vaseyi is locally
known as ‘‘sleppy grass’”’ on account of its soporific effect on horses
and cattle grazing thereon. It has been known by this name for many
years. Vernon Bailey writes in ‘‘Science, March, ’03, of his experience
with a team which fed on this plant. All were affected with sleepiness,
and in one the stupor lasted three days. The native stock horses and
cattle, after one experience, will not again partake of it. When a full
meal is partaken of, the animals are reported to remain in a stupor for
a week or ten days. Mr. Bailey ate a handful of the rice-lke seeds but
observed no effect.
We beg to remind our readers that subscriptions for 1903 are
now due.
From the Technological Museum, Sydney, N. 8S. W., there has just
been issued an exhaustive treatise on the chemical constituents of the
78 SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
Eucalyptus. Of the existing 120 species, 110 have been examined. In one
no essential oil was discovered, and in nine instauces the specimens were
not sufficient for examination. In the others the composition of the
essential oils from any particular species was always found to be
constant independent of the habit of the plant. This constancy of the
chemical constituents has been used as an important means of
identification of the many doubtful species in this complicated group of
plants. It was also found that while the value of the official oil is
usually understood to depend on its eucalyptol content, so far nothing
very certain is known as to which is therapeutically the most important
constituent.
The Balata tree, which grows abundantly on the upper reaches of
the Amazon is reported to be capable of furnishing an unlimited supply
of gutta-percha at a fraction of the cost of rubber.
Geological Section.
Los Angeles, Cal., May 25th, 1908.
The Geological Section met at the Woman’s Club Rooms at 8 p. m.
Chairman Geo. W. Parson called the meeting to order. Minutes of
previous meeting were read and approved.
The Chairman introduced Mr. I. C. Crosby of Washington, D. C., who
gave a very interesting description of earthquakes, and also report of
an inspection of the ruins of Pompeii, which has been uncovered, and
a brief history of the several volcanos around -that section of the
Mediterranean Sea. :
A vote of thanks was tendered him for his very interesting lecture.
The Chairman announced that the Academy would have a vacation for
two months.
G. MAJOR TABOR, Secretary.
Dr. W. L. Jepson of the Department of Botany of the University
of California and A. V. Arnold of the Department of Agriculture will
conduct a course of Lectures on Forestry at Idyllwild, San Jacinto
mountains, California, from July 29 to August 10.
The course will consist of ten lectures by each of the instructors from
the University, im addition to any that Mr. Pinchot can be prevailed upon
to give. Dr. Jepson will treat the subject from a botanical standpoint,
explaining and illustrating the biology of trees, with special reference
to their life-history and botanical character; he will also describe the
trees and forests of California. Professor Stubenrauch will deal with the
economy of forests, their uses and abuses, silvicultural methods and
problems of afforestation and reforestation. The lectures will all be of
a popular nature, and will be fully illustrated by means of charts and
lantern slides, as well as by the materials at hand, as found in the
forests surrounding Idyllwild. As opportunity may afford, excursions
will be made into the local forests.
SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 79
1. Life-history of a Tree.—Dr. Jepson.
Four lectures on the activities, structure, and methods or repro-
duction of a typical forest tree.
2. Classification of Forest Trees.— Dr. Jepson.
Three lectures on the classes of forest trees and their salient
peculiarities.
3. Forests of California.— Dr. Jepson.
Three lectures on the forest regions of California, their composition
and relation to altitude, rainfall and temperature.
4. The Practice of Forestry.—Protessor Stubenrauch.
Four lectures on the general principles. and fundamentals of forestry.
5. Silviculture.— Professor Stubenrauch.
Four lectures on silvicultural methods, natural and artificial
regeneration of forests, propagation, planting and thinning.
6. Afforestation and Reforestation.— Professor Stubenrauch.
Two lectures on the treatment of barren or cut over areas, with
special reference to conditions in California.
Fee.—The tuition fee will be six dollars. The payment of this
entitles the student to admission to all of the lectures and to join in all
field work of the class. For further information concerning the work and
the means of reaching Idyllwild on San Jacinto Mountain, address
Recorder of the Faculties, University of California, Berkeley, Cal.
In accordance with the usual custom, the Acidemy of Sciences will
not hold any regular meetings in the summer months. The publication
of the Bulletin will also be discontinued during the next three months.
On October 1st our members may expect the next issue.
.
Academy of Science.
Los Angeles, Cal., June Ist, 1903.
The annual reception of the Southern California Academy of
Sciences was held this evening at 945 Figueroa street.
President Comstock occupied the chair.
An outline statement of the plan and scope of the Southern
California Academy of Sciences was presented by the President, after
which followed short verbal reports of the respective sections. The
Secretary announced donations to the Academy, one hundred twenty-five
dollars ($125.00).
A lecture was delivered by Mr. B. R. Baumegardt on, ‘‘ Late Results
» bed }
in Celestial Photography,’’ illustrated with a number of celestial
photographs taken at the Lick and Yerkes Observatories.
A reception by the members to their friends and visitors closed the
exercises of the evening.
B. KR. BAUMGARDT,
Secretary.
COMMITTEE ON PUBLICATION
A. Davrpson, C. M., M. D,, Chairman
MELVILLE DOZIER G. W. PARSONS
CONTENTS :
) _ Page
3 A Few New or Rare Southern California Plants, S. B.
PA RWS He gyn = - - - - =. OL
New Bees from Southern California, and Other Records,
T. D. A. COCKERELL - - - - 84
Prehistoric Fauna of California - - e A287
The Pliocene or Later Tertiary Period - - 89
Publications Received - - - - So}
Transactions = : = = : - 94
PUBLISHED BY
THE ACADEMY, MONTHLY EXCEPT
JULY, AUGUST AND SEPT.
MAILED OCT. 6, 1903
:
Yearly Subscription, $1.00 Single Copies, 25 cts.
i
BYU EEE a) EN
Southern Galltornla Academy of Scinoes
VOL.2, LOS ANGELES, CAL, OCT. 1, 1905. NO 7
A Few New or Rare Southern California Plants
BY S. B. PARISH
“ DRABA CUNEIFOLIA SONORAE. D. Sonorae, Greene,
Bull. Cal. Acad., 2:59. The only Californian station given for
this plant im the Synoptical Flora is ‘“‘Chollas Valley
near San Diego.’’ However, it is probably widely spread in
Southern California. We have it from Los Angeles (Davidson),
Riverside (Hall), and near Colton (Parish). Watson main-
tained it on the stellate hairs of the pod, in distinction from
the simple hairs on the pod of the Nuttallan species. But in
our specimens the same: pod commonly has a commingling of
simple, 1-2-branched, and stellate hairs in varying proportions.
. Even the remaining character, ‘‘racemes nearly sessile,’’ 1s in-
eonstant, as they often are more or less leafy below. The
variety, integrifolia, Wats., is a form of sterile soils, distin-
guished by its small size, and the absence of hairs on the pods.
We have it from Santa Monica (Hasse), and San Bernardino
(Parish) .''
AMARANTHUS DEFLEXUS, Linn, Sp. Pl. 222. This
Southern European plant, which has been reported in
this State only from the Bay Region, was collected in June,
1902, at Los Angeles, by Mr. Ernest Braunton.
“ BRANDEGEA PARVIFLORA, Watson ex Rose, Contr.
U.S. Nat. Herb. 5:120. The type of this species was collected in
1879 by Mr. W. G. Wright, in West Canyon, at Palm Springs,
in the Colorado Desert, not ‘‘near San Bernardino,’’ as erro-
PLATE 2.
a—Branch. $—Banner. c—Wing. d—Keel. e—Stamens. /—Pistil.
g—Calyx laid open. /#—Immature fruit. z—Leaf.
a is drawn two-thirds natural size, the others are enlarged four-fifths.
PLATE 2.
Dalea Saundersii Parish.
SOUTHERN CALTFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 83
neously stated in Watson’s original deseription. *It was col-
lected also by Parish at the same time and place.
Since that time it has remained otherwise unknown, until
May of the present year, when it was rediscovered by Dr. A.
Davidson, in Martinez Canyon, near Thermal, in the Colorado
Desert, at no great distance from the type station.
—
DALEA SAUNDERSII.
A shrub 6-10dm. high, the old bark smooth and gray, the
new growth sparsely hirsute; glands few, prominent and
prickle-hke; leaflets 2-3 pairs narrowly lanceolate to oblance-
olate, 5-l5mm. long, the margins revolute; flowers in a narrow
elongated raceme, short pedicellate, lem. long, ‘‘ultra-marine
blue;’? ealyx 5min. high, its teeth shorter than the tube. acute,
the upper pair broadened at base, cillate; style hirsute. beeom-
ine lem. lone; ovules 4.
Collected in desert sands, near Victorville, cir. 3,000 ft. alt.,
in the Mojave*Desert, May 12-14, 1903, by Mr. C. F. Saunders.
This bright flowered shrub adds another species to Wat-
son’s section Nylodalea, so well represented in this region, but
is abundantly distinet. It may bear the name of its discoverer,
the author of many agreeable papers on the aspects and phe-
nomena of nature. The type material has been divided between
the Gray Herbarium, and the herbaria of Messrs. Saunders and
Parish.
VY KRYNITZKIA UTAHENSIS, Gray. Syn. Fl. 2, pt. I :427
(Supp.) Eritrichium holopterum submolle, Gray |. ec. 394. .Cry-
ptanthe submollis, Coville, Death Valley, Rep. 166. Ord Moun-
tain in the Mojave Desert; collected by Mr. Leech. Previously
colleeted in California only by Mr. Colville in the Panamint
Mountains, with whose specimens our’s entirely agree.
a VERBESINA DISSITA, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 20:29.
Robinson Ib. 34:352. Colleeted near Arch Beach, Orange Coun-
ty, May, 1903, by Mrs. M. F. Bradshaw. Previously known only
from Lower California.
wmkrocs Aum. Acad. rss.
84 SOUTHERN CALTFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENGES:
New Bees from Southern California and
Other Records
BY T. D A. COCKERELL.
HALICTUS PETRELLUS, n. sp.
Female length about 7mm., with quite abundant white
hair; head and thorax dark yellowish-green, abdomen ferru-
ginous; strongly suffused with blackish at base, sides and apex;
legs black, hairy, tarsal joints (especially the hind ones)
tipped with ferruginous hairs on inner side; tegulae translu-
cent pale ferrugimous, not punctured: wines rather greyish;
strongly iridescent, nervures and stigma dark brown. Head
longer than broad, face narrowed below; anterior half of
elypeus shining black, posterior part green and granular, the
middle reddish ; face and front dull and granular: some distinet
punetures on each side of the antennae; antennae black. flagel-
lum ferrugious beneath, scape long; mesothorax dull and
eranular, with very numerous small punetures, no distinet
median groove; enclosure of metatherax covered with minute
weak rugae, hardly visible on the posterior part, and not
bounded by a sharp rim; hind spur of hind tarsi with four
teeth, the two basal ones very long; abdomen dullish, with ex-
tremely minute punetures. Closely allied to H. nymphalis,
Smith (Florida specimen from Mr. Robertson compared), but
larger, with dark stigma and nervures, and anterior edge of
elypeus not testaceous.
Hab.—San Pedro, Calif., July 11, 1901. (Cockrell). Belongs.
to Chloralictus, Robertson.
HALICTUS CATALINENSIS, n. sp.
Female length about 64%mim., robust and thickset; head
and thorax dark green; abdomen broad, black with a distinet
brassy lustre, hind margins of the segments with bands of ful-
vous-tinted hair, apex clothed with the same; legs blaek, with
yellowish hair; hind spur of hind tibia with few and large,
but short teeth: tegulae shining dark reddish-brown; wings.
erevish, stigma dull fulvous; third submarginal cell much
SOC HiCN CALIBOFINTA ACADEMY (OF SCLENGCES) 85
longer than second; second nearly square. Head very large,
face very broad; front with excessively close punetures; meso-
thorax with close small but strong punctures; base of meta-
thorax with a fine but dense radial sculpture; first segment of
abdomen very closely but strongly punctured. Closely allied
to H. fasciatus, Nyl, and H. meliloti, Ckll., but easily known
by its very broad face and darker tegulae and wings. It is true
that such differences in the breadth of the face occur elsewhere
in the restricted genus Halictus within specific limits, so it may
be that catalinensis is only a subspecies of H. Meliloti; but as
the three specimens seen are similar, and I know of no inter-
mediates, I leave the Catalina insect as a species.
Hab.— Avalon, Catalina Island, California, Aug., 1901.
Collected by Miss Ada Springer. Three females.
DIPTERA.
The followine have been kindly determined for me by
Mr. Coquillet,:
Paragus tibialis, Fallen; La Jolla.
Eristalis tenax, l.., Zeuxia rufonotata, Bigot, Ophyra leuco-
stoma, Wied, and Lipochaeta slossonae, Coq., all from San
- Pedro.
HEMIPTERA.
Narnia pallidicornis, Stal, Rasahus thoracicus, Stal, and
Melanolestes abdominalis, H. S., all from San Pedro; kindly
determined by Mr. Heidemann.
On the cliffs at San Pedro, Isomeris arborea is abundantly
infested by a nearly black variety of Murgantia histrionica,
which may be called var. nigricans.
CRUSTACEA.
The following. ecolleeted at San Pedro, have been kindly
identified by Dr. Benedict of the National Museum.
Lepidopa myops, Stimpson.
Blepharopoda occidentalis, Randall.
Pagurus confinis, Benedict.
Emerilia analoga.
PREHISTORIC FAUNA
PLATE 6.
Tertiary.
SOCMMIERINGCALTHORNIA, AGADEMY: OFS GIFINGES. 37,
Prehistoric Fauna of California
PLATE 6.
65-67 Pecten (Liropecten) estrellanus, Conrad. ‘Tertiary.
Liropecten estrellanus, Con., Pacif. R. R. Report, Vol.
Wily teKsO), jou (al, Olle iy tavees oy PAV WIEE, joe aI ollgeey
figs. 3, 4.
P. crassicardo, Con., Proc. Phil. Acad. Nat. Sc., Dec.
1862, p. 291.
Spondylus estrellanus, Con., Pac. R. R. Rept., Vol. VII,
Oo JUHI, jolly ab, siesy
Liropecten estrallanus, Con., L. crassicardo, Con., L.
volaeformis,'Con., Proc. Phil. Acad. Nat. Se., 1862,
105 Cas
Pecten pabloensis, Can., Pac R. R. Rept., VI, P. 71,
JOUR oy tty lee
Dr. Cooper is of the opinion that these figures on plate 6, from two
specimens, show the combination of characters assigned by Conrad to
three species, and that all the above-named species may be classed under
two, P. estrellanus and P. pabloensis. (See Bulletin No. 4, loc. cit.)
PLATE 7.
Phocene Fossils from San Miguel Island, California:
1. Mytilus californianus, Conrad.
Quaternary ?
2. Clementia subdiaphana, Carpenter.
Three specimens.
3. Turritella Hoffmani, Gabb.
Two specimens.
4+. Conchocele disjuncta, Gabb.
5. Clypeaster Gabbi, Remond.
Two specimens.
6. Ostraea Veatchii, Gabb.
7. Callista (Amiantis) Callosa, Conrad.
Standella californica, Conrad.
9. Turbinella caestus, Broderip.
Two specimens.
ZL
(The above-named fossils were collected by the late C. D. Voy, and
determined by Dr. Cooper. Voy’s manuscript has no reference to the
figures. The writer having collected the same species, together with
others not represented on the plate, several years previously, is enabled
to determine the species from the illustrations. )
PREHISTORIC FAUNA
PLATE 7.
Pliocene Fossils from San Miguel Island, California.
SOWMIEKIN CALTHORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENGES,. 189
PLATE 8,
Prehistoric Fossils from Santa Rosa Island, California:
10. Saxidomus Nuttalli, Conrad.
11-12. Callista (Amiantis) Callosa, Conrad.
13. Lucina Borealis, Linnaeus.
14. Turritella Hoffmani, Gabb. Four specimens.
15. Mactra (Harvella) Elegans, Sowerby. Now living at Pan-
ama only.
16. Glycimeris Generosa, Gould. Two specimens.
17. Hinnites Crassa, Conrad. Three specimens.
18-20. Ostrea Veatchii, Gabb.
21. Pecten pabloensis, Conrad.
22-23 lLiropecten Estrellanus, Conrad. (See foot note to
Plate 6.)
24. Turbinella Caestus, Broderip. Found living on Mexican
coast.
The Pliocene or Later Tertiary Period
The Phocene Period of the history of California appeals
more strongly to the inhabitants of the State than do all the
other geological periods ‘‘since the world was made.’’
First—Beeause from its deposits the larger part of the im-
mense quantities of gold produced in this State have been
drawn for more than fifty years.
Second—The Phocene Gravel Beds are the burial places
of large numbers of the huge tertiary Mammals represented by
the extinet Elephant and Mastodons.
We find that, in some unaccountable manner, our territory
was suddenly invaded by armies of huge tropical mammals,
whose fossil remains have been found in large numbers im-
bedded in the gold-bearing eravel of the flanks of the moun-
tains, the beds of the ‘‘dead rivers’’ of the Plocene age, and
the later lacustrine beds and diluvial deposits of the entire
area of California.
How came they here? Were they the progenitors of the
same genera now living in Asia and Africa, whose descendants
PREHISTORIC FAUNA
PLATE 8.
Pliosene
Fossils, Santa Rosa Island, California.
dil
SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 91
migrated from this continent to those far distant tropical re-
gions? Or, did they come from those regions by way of some
land connections which have since been obliterated by cosmie
changes? With a few exceptions we know of no animals which
have lived on this continent from which by any known law
or process of evolution, they could have come. Nor have they
left any descendants which can in any way be traced back
to them as progenitors.
One of the above named exceptions is the Horse, whose
original home seems to have been on this continent, and of
which family nearly fifty fossil species have been found in the
United States. These have been traced back to the time when
they had three, four and five toes to their feet. Some of the
species referred to were only two feet high, and one, the
Eohippus of Marsh, was no larger than a fox, and is the oldest
known animal of which is clearly referrable to the horse
family.
The evolution of this animal has been clearly traced
through the Eocene, Miocene and Phocene periods, but it
seems to have disappeared at some time during the Quarter-
nary. It probably migrated to other continents by the roxte
followed by other animals in coming to our continent, as it was
only re-introduced in America since written history began.
PROTOHIPPUS.
Two species of the Protohippus (allied to the horse) have
been found in California, one named Protohippus insignis, by
Leidy, beneath the lava of Table Mountain, Tuolumne County,
at a depth of two hundred and ten feet; another at a depth
of sixty feet in Southern California, is probably a different
species. (Dr. J. G. Cooper).
MASTODON.
The writer in his explorations in Central California diseov-
ered two or more species of the Mastodon in rocks of Plhocene
age. The other large mammals treated of in this chapter were,
mostly, so far as known, confined to the Quarternary, or Post-
Tertiary.
It is possible that some of the extinct animals whose re-
mains have been found in Quarternary deposits lived in Plio-
92 SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.
cene times, and that their remains were carried from their
original resting places and subsequently deposited in the later
lacustrine beds, and diluvial deposits of Post-Tertiary age, or
in the deposits of our present water courses. Numerous inei-
dents of this character have been noted by the writer. Some
of these will be referred to in the consideration of Man and his
Contemporaries. In consequence of this uncertainty as to the
epoehs in which these animals lived, it is impossible to follow
well-marked lnes of demareation between the Phocene and
Post-Phocene, or Quarternary, and I will not attempt to confine
the consideration of the animals of those epochs within such
lines.
Other animals of the Phocene and Quarternary disappeared
from our continent at about the same time as did the horse.
The Mastodon, Mammoth, the American Elephant, Rhi-
noceros, Tiger, Camel and Hippopotamus, all of which formerly
inhabited California, are now represented by other species of
the same genera living in the tropical regions of the Old
World.
In the absence of satistactory proof that the large mammals
above-named originated on this continent, we are obliged to con-
sider them as having migrated from the Orient, probably
from Southwestern Asia and Africa (where their ancestral
forms have been found in the Tertiary formations), by way of
a land connection where the Bering Straits now separate Amer-
ica from Asia.
That typical generic forms of aninal hfe did not originate
on more than one of the great continents contemporaneous.y,
but were disseminated from one common center, has been dem-
onstrated by seientifie research, and it is probable that our
large extinet tropical mammals migrated from their original
homes during periods when there was land communication be
tween the Oriental Continents and America.
The Mammoth (Elephas primigenius) being fitted for ufe
in the temperate, or still colder regions, remained in the high
latitudes. The American Elephant, Mastodon, Rhinoceros, THip-
popotamus, Tiger and other tropical animals migrated further
south, where subsequent changes probably caused their ex-
tinction on this continent.
The differences between the fauna and flora of North and
SOULAERN CALIFORNIA AGADEMY OF SCIENCES. . 93
South America were largely consequent upon the absence of
dry land connection between the two continents. The presence
of marine Miocene formations throughout the tropical regions
of Mexico and Central America prove that the two continents
were not connected until the Phocene, or possibly later; and
even then, the extensive areas of swamps and marshes would
have prevented the migration of large land animals in that
direction. On the other hend, we find that the Elephant
and Mastodon were distributed over what is now the entire
temperate region of North America, from the Pacific to the
Atlantic.
We also find that, unlike the Miocene fauna the Phocene
shows that the animals of that time inhabited both the Eastern
and Western slopes of the mountain ranges, causing the fauna
of California to resemble that of the *‘Bad Lands’’ of Nebraska
and other regions.
Publications Received
““The Melon Plant-house and the Manteca Disease,’’ Timely Hints
for Farmers, No. 46, Agricultural Experimental Station, University of
Arizona.
‘‘Experiment Station Record,’’ No. 7, Vol. 14, U. 8. Department of
Agriculture.
““How the Mangrove Tree Adds New Lands to Florida,’’ by O. P.
Phillips. Reprinted from The Journal of Geography No. 1, Vol 2.
Bulletin of the New York Botanical Garden, No. 8, Vol. 2.
Proceedings of the Nineteenth Annual Convention of the Associa-
tion of Official Agricultural Chemists,’’ Bureau of Chemistry Bulletin,
No. 73, U. S. Department of Agriculture.
‘‘Algae of Northwestern America,’’ with eleven plates, by W. A.
Setchell and N. L. Gardner, Botany, Vol. 1, pp. 165, 418, University of
California Publications.
“CA Study of Cider Making,’’ U. 8. Department of Agriculture,
Bureau of Chemistry, Bulletin No. 71.
‘*Eixperiments in Orchard Culture,’’ Maine Agricultural Experi-
ment Station, Bulletin No. 89.
““The Water Contents of Creamery Butter,’’ U. 8. Department of
Agriculture, Bureau of Animal Industry, Circular No. 39.
‘*Resistant Vines and Their Hybrids,’’ University of California Ag-
ricultural Experiment Station, Bulletin No. 148.
““The Chinch Bug in Maine,’’ Maine Agricultural Experiment Sta-
tion, Bulletin No. 91.
94 SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.
‘‘Minerals from Leona Heights, Alameda County, California,’’ by
W. T. Schaller, University of California, Geology Bulletin, Vol. 3, No. 7.
‘‘Palacheite,’’ by A. 8. Eakle, University of California, Geology
Bulletin, Vol. 3. No. 9.
‘*Plumasite an Oligoclase—Corundum Rock, near Spanish Peak,
California,’’ by Andrew C. Lawson, University of California, Geology
Bulletin, Vol 3, No. 8.
‘Two New Species of Fossil Turtle from Oregon,’’ by O. P. Hay;
‘‘A New Tortoise from the Auriferous Gravels of California,’’? by W.
J. Sinclair; ‘‘ New Ichthyosauria from the Upper Triassic of California,’’
by J. C. Merriam, University of California, Geology Bulletins, Nos. 10,
Vand 12 Vot Wioly 3:
‘“Studies of Mexican and Central American Plants,’’ by J. N. Rose,
Part 1, Vol 8, of Contributions from the U. S. National Herbarium.
‘*Culture Work at the Substations,’’ 1899-1901, Bulletin No. 147.
“The California Sugar Industry,’’ Bulletin No. 149.
“The value of Oak Leaves for Forage,’’ Bulletin No. 150, Univer-
sity of California.
Transactions, September, 1903.
ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.
Los Angeles, California, September 7, 1903.
The first regular meeting of the Southern California Academy of
Sciences for the year 1903-1904 was held this evening at 940 South
Figueroa street. President Comstock occupied the chair. The evening
was devoted exclusively to a tecture by Alvin H. Low, Hsq., a well-
known attorney of Los Angeles, California. The subject dealt with was
dy
‘*Scientific Commercial Standards. The following is a brief abstract:
ixity, said the lecturer, is the first requisite of a standard of
length, weight, capacity or value. Absolute fixity is scientifically impos-
sible, but practical fixity is attainable.
The Congress is empowered by the Constitution ‘*To coin money,
regulate the value thereof and of foreign coin, and fix the standard of
weights and measures,’’ and it is its duty to do so. Congress has been
slow to exercise this sovereign function. Most of the weights and
measures now in use are so by sufferance, the several states and terri-
tories having exercised a right both as to weights and measures, and to
interest, not contemplated by the Constitution and to the great confu-
sion of commerce. Congress has, however, legalized the Metric system,
which should be made compulsory and exclusive.
Money is the measure of value, and its value should be as fixed
and certain as the measure of length. Notwithstanding recent improve-
ments our money system, fundamentally, remains the most barbarie and
antiquated of all the measuring systems in use. Congress has at last
SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 95
established the gold ‘lollar piece as the standard unit of value and the
touchstone for all other kinds of money, but has done nothing or worse
than nothing towards regulating or fixing its value. The value of
money, like that of every other article of commerce, is subject to the
law of supply and demand, which is as much a natural law as that of
gravitation.
Interest is the premium paid for the use of money, and the rate of
interest indicates the ratio between the supply of and demand for
money. There is no fixed value to money while interest varies as to time
or place. A variable rate of interest is not creditable to a just money
system. Fixity in value and elasticity in volume to meet the demands
of commerce are prime requisites of a scientific money system. In place
of this we have elasticity in value to meet the demands of money-
lenders, to whom is intrusted the only means of regulating both the
value and the volume of money—the issue of coined credit—paper money,
now used under a special license of the government, as a device for
charging interest on what the money-lenders owe. Congress should re-
claim these sovereign prerogatives from the states and the banking
associations and, coining all the credit as well as the metal money, pro-
vide means for its issue to the people at a just and fixed rate of interest
and compel all other money-lenders to conform to the same rate, leaving
the demands of commerce alone to determine the volume.
The lecture was tollowed by an interesting discussion, after which
the meeting stood adjourned.
B. R. BAUMGARDT, Secretary.
ASTRONOMICAL SECTION.
September 21, 1903.
Chairman Knight introduced the exercises of the evening by a
brief discussion of the facts relative to Borelly’s comet, recently ob-
served, illustrating his remarks by a diagram on the blackboard.
The discussion was participated in by Mr. Baumgardt and Prof.
Larkin.
Mr. Knight also gave some interesting facts relative to the return
of Brooks’ comet, the most striking fact being that, notwithstanding
the absence of the comet for the past seven years, it was discovered
within five minutes of are of the place at which it was predicted to
appear, a remarkable illustration of the accuracy of astronomical eéal-
culations.
Chairman Knight then took up the question of the white spot on
Saturn, showing that its apparent motion on the surface of the planet,
as observed by Prof. Barnard, had introduced a doubt as to the time
of rotation of the planet, which, however, is still believed to he be-
tween ten and eleven hours.
Prof. Larkin was then intreduced and proceeded to address the See-
tion on Ether and Gravitational Matter through space. His remarks
96 SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.
were based upon an article in the Scientific American, written by Sir
Wm. Thompson, and were replete with mathematical intricacies, though
highly interesting.
After a few remarks by the Chairman concerning the present favor-
able attitude of Jupiter for observation, the meeting adjourned.
MELVILLE DOZIER, Secretary.
GEHOLOGICAL SECTION.
Los Angeles, Cal., September 28th, 1903.
The Geological Section met at the Wceman’s Club rooms at 8 p. m.
Chairman George W. Parsons called the meeting to order.
The minutes of the last meeting were read and approved.
The Chairman introduced Julius Koebig, Ph. D., as the speaker of
the evening. Prof. Koebig then addressed the meeting, taking for his
subject ‘‘The Deposits of Alkaline Salts,’’ giving a history of all of
the well-known deposits of the world, and explained their method of
formation. He also stated that the alkaline salts of the world were 1m-
portant factors in many articles of commerce, giving several interest-
ing illustrations of the fact. His remarks were full of interest and a
vote of thanks was tendered Prof. Koebig for his lecture.
G. MAJOR TABER, Secretary.
BIOLOGICAL SHCTION.
September 14, 1903.
The first meeting of the new year was called to order by the
Chairman, Prof. A. B. Ulrey.
Dr A. D. Houghton, the speaker of the evening, was introduced
by the Chairman, who spoke on the breadth and scope of Biology.
The lecture of the evening was on the Cactacea, and was illustrated
by a magnificent collection of the plants. It is only just to say that
the lecture was of high character, and that 1t means a great future for
this section, if it’ ‘‘sets the pace’’ for the present year.
The lecture was discussed at some length by Dr. Davidson, and a
considerable number of questions were asked of the speaker.
About forty members and visitors were present.
The Section adjourned to meet again on October 12th.
C. A. WHITING, Secretary.
ae NOVEMBER, 1903
BULLETIN
COMMITTER ON PUBLICATION
A. Davrpson, C. M., M. D., Chairman
MELVILLE DOZIER G. W. PARSONS
CONTENTS:
Prehistoric California, DR. LORENZO GORDIN YATES . 97
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PREHISTORIC CALIFORNIA.
(Continued from October BULLETIN.)
BY DR. LORENZO GORDIN YATES.
PREHISTORIC FAUNA OF CALIFORNIA.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE IX.
(From ‘‘Contributions to the Extinet Vertebrate Fauna
of the Western Territories,’’ by Professor Joseph Leidy.)
Figs. 1-2. Mastodon obscurus, Leidy:
Last lower molar of the left side, natural size, Specimen
discovered by Dr. Lorenzo G. Yates, in Contra Costa
County, California, and now in the Museum of Amherst
College, Massachusetts.
Mig. 1. View of the triturating surface.
Fig. 2. Outer view of the same specimen.
TERTIARY AND QUATERNARY MAMMALS.
Tiger— Prof. Joseph Leidy in his ‘‘ Contributions to the Ex-
tinet Vertebrate Fauna of the Western Territories,’’? (which
forms the first volume of the Final Reports of the United
States Geological Survey of the Territories, under F. V.
Hayden), says: ‘‘Among a collection of fossils belonging to
the cabinet of Wabash College, Crawfordsville, Indiana, pur-
chased from Dr. Lorenzo G. Yates, there are several which
were kindly loaned to me for investigation. The specimens
consist of jaw-fragments of a large wolf and tiger.’’ The fos-
sils are not petrified, and indeed have undergone almost no al-
teration, and are probably quaternary. He names the species
of tiger Felis imperialis, and further says: ‘‘The specimen in-
dicates a species as large as the largest living Bengal Tiger,
and, indeed, is shghtly larger than the corresponding part of
the largest specimen of a skull among many in the Academy
Museum of Philadelphia.’’ The comparative measurements of
the fossil as compared with the Bengal tiger from Hindostan
are given, showing the larger size of the fossil specimen.
1X.
PLATE
SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 99
Wolf—Dr. Leidy called the wolf Canis Indianensis and
says: ‘‘The fossil specimen pertaining to a wolf consists of a
right ramus of a lower jaw. The specimen indicates an ani-
mal larger than any individuals of the recent wolves of North
America and Europe.’’ The measurements as compared with
those of wolves from Oregon and Europe show the fossil to be
considerably larger than the hvine species.
Mastodon—On page 231 of the above named report, Dr.
Leidy says: “‘Dr. Lorenzo G. Yates has communicated to the
writer a list of localities in which he has discovered remains of
mastodons in that State (California). Specimens collected by
him were sent to Professor C. U. Shepard, of Amherst, Massa-
chusetts, who has submitted them to the examination of the
author.’’ ‘‘One of the specimens, a last inferior molar tooth,
represented in figures 1-2, Plate X XI, was found, together with
the mutilated lower jaw and upper molars, at Oak Springs. in
Contra Costa County. The remains were obtained from the
rock at the base of one of the rounded hills, of Tertiary age,
mentioned in Professor Whitney’s Geological Survey of Cali-
fornia, p. 32, stretching along near the edge of the San Joaquin
plain. According to Mr. William M. Gabb, the formation be-
longs to the Phocene Tertiary period.’’ (See pl. 9.)
‘*A small photograph, sent to me by Dr. Yates, exhibits the
lower jaw without the ascending portions behind, and with
straight tusks projecting with an upward direction. The tusks
appear to be as long as the jaw was in its complete condition.’’
Another specimen received by Professor Leidy from Pro-
fessor Shepard ‘‘consists of the fragment of a tusk, from Dry
Creek, Stanislaus County, California. It was discovered by Dr.
Yates imbedded in the bluff of a hill, about ten feet above the
bed of the ereek. The hill, upward of a hundred feet in height,
is one of those mentioned in Professor Whitney’s Geological
Survey as being seattered over the San Joaquin plain, at the
base of the foot-hills of the Sierra Nevada.’’
‘““The specimen XXX is remarkable from its exhibiting
characters which indicate the species to have been nearly re-
lated with the Mastodon angustidens of Europe.”’
In the *‘List of Loealities of Fossil Elejhants and Mastodons
in California,’’ read at a meeting of the Philadelphia Academy
of Sciences in 1873, referred to by Professor Leidy, the writer
noted nineteen localities of the Mastodon, four of them disecov-
ered by himself; nine localities where the fossil elephant (Ele-
phas americanus) had been found in California, four of which
were discovered by the writer, at one of which he discovered
the large tooth presented on Plate 10.
PLATE X.
SOUMHERN CALIFORNIA ACADEMY, OF SCIENCES. ror
PRE AISLORIC FAUNA OF CALIBORN TA.
PAV AVIVE, XS.
Upper molar of fossil elephant (EKlephas americanus), said
to be the largest tooth on record; discovered by the writer in
Quaternary deposit; Alameda County, California. A portion
of a tusk was found with the tooth, which measured eight
inches in diameter, or twenty-four inches in circumference.
DIMENSIONS OF THE MOLAR TOOTH
Leneth of body of the tooth, 385 millimeters (151, inches).
Antero-posterior diameter of grinding surface, 215 milli-
meters.
Transverse diameter of grinding surface, 100 millimeters.
Weight twenty-five pounds.
Since that time several new localities have been discov-
ered; one on the Island of Santa Rosa, California, where the
writer discovered a portion of the tusk of a fossil elephant,
and later, Messrs. Voy and Blount found the teeth and bones
illustrated on plate No. 10, which were erroneously reported
as Elephas primigenius, or ‘‘Mammoth.’’
The latest find which has come to the writer’s knowledge
is that of some of the vertebrae of fossil elephant, together with
other mammalian bones which have not been determined.
They were found on the Hope Ranch, near Santa Barbara,
while excavating a tunnel to convey water from the Santa
Inez Mountains to a lake, under the supervision of Mr. J. K.
Harrington, who sent them to the writer for determination.
Fossil Ox.— The fossil ox (Bison latifrons, Leidy), has been
found in several localities in California. Two of the last upper
molars in the Yates collection are illustrated on plate XXVIII,
of Prof. Leidy’s Report (loe. cit.). An entire skull excepting
the lower jaw was discovered in Alameda County, in close prox-
imity to elephant’s teeth and tusks. It had the largest horn-
eores of any specimen on record, but unfortunately, when the
writer moved to Santa Barbara, the specimen not being packed,
was left with a friend. It was afterward accidentally destroyed.
Its dimensions, as compared with other skulls, were as follows:
Fossil Ox. Living Buffalo.
Distanee between base of horn core. 15 inches 12 inches
Length of horn core along lower
GUE FN a cs hace on a ace Mae 24 inches 12 inches
BEeadth Ob OCCIpUt = 200i aks 12 inches 10 inches
Demiuhnor OCCIPUt 2... eis ones ss als 7 inches 6 inches
The horn cores of the fossil were six inches in diameter.
102 SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.
EUVANESSA ANTIOPA 1.
BY PROF. J. J. RIVERS.
This native butterfly has been commonly known as the
‘*Camberwell Beauty.’’ It differs in its habits in some partic-
ulars from those in the genus Vanessa, both structurally and
in the habits of the earlier stages. In Vanessa the eggs are
laid singly and often not more than one on a plant, but in
Euvanessa the eggs are deposited around a twig in a mass hke
the egg mass of Neustria Californica Pack. The whole hatch
approximately at the same time and live socially during the
larval stages, when they disperse and form their chrysalids in
different situations, which lessens the chances of destruction.
The caterpillar feeds upon willow and poplar and some other
trees.
If you drive a green willow stake into the wet ground
and it puts forth leaves, a specimen of the ‘‘Camberwell
Beauty’? will soon make it a visit, and you will be apt to notice
that your willow is being defohated and that your tree is in-
habited by several hundred caterpillars, which are dark in
body color with a line along the back, of brick red spots. The
caterpillars change in turn to a handsome butterfly as named.
In size it is 2.5 to 3.5 inches and is of a dark maroon color, with
an outer border of yellowish; inside of this is a line of gemlike
spots of blue.
This butterfly obtained the cognomen of the ‘‘Camberwell
Beauty’’ because it was the favorite of the London collectors
of butterflies. Camberwell being about three miles from Lon-
don Bridge was famous for its willows, and this butterfly, as
well as for its bowling green, hence the well-known locality of
Camberwell Green. The growth of London has caused the
extinction of the green, the willows and the butterflies. This
species, however, is still common in France and other Euro-
pean countries and is common all over the United States of
North America. It is double brooded hybernating in the per-
feet state.
Ocean Park.
SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. — 103
RADIUM.
[Extracts from anaddress before the University Club of Lcs Angeles, October 8, 1903,
by Wm. H. Knight. former } resident of the Southern California Academy of Sciences. ]
Recent discoveries in the chemical and physical sciences have been
so rapid and so bewildering that the layman who has only time to
glance at a fugitive paragraph here and there, gets but a hasty and
confused idea of the nature, significance and importance of these dis-
coveries. He reads of the occult X-ray darting through opaque sub-
stances, and after mastering a magazine article or listening to a scien-
tifie paper on the subject, gets some adequate notion of the connection
between a Crookes tube, a high vacuum, an electric charge, a stream of
electrons from the cathode, a soft, opalescent light, actinic rays projected
beyond the tube, and their power to render sensitive plates phosphor-
escent.
His mind has hardly grasped the purport of these interesting facts
when Monsieur Becquerel, scion of a family of distinguished chemists,
informs him that uranium and other elements of high atomic weight,
also possess the X-ray power, and because they possess this property
they are called radio-active substances. While physicists are busy in-
vestigating these mysterious phenomena and reconstructing their chem-
eal theories regarding atoms and the constitution of matter, two hither-
to unknown chemists, M. and Mme. Curie, focalize the attention of
the world upon themselves by announcing the discovery of a new ele-
ment which seems to defy the laws of nature by giving forth light
and heat without perceptible loss of its substance or chemical change
of its particles. This is the wonderful radium.
In order to prepare your minds for an adequate conception of the
infinitesimal fractions of matter and time with which our subject
compels us to deal, I present some statistics which, though startling,
are not more wonderful to contemplate than are the achievements of
the human mind, which, by tireless experiments and inexorable logic,
has reached these startling conclusions. They impress us with the
truth that there is a sublimity in the infinitely minute of physics, not
less than in the infinitely vast of astronomical science.
Lord Kelvin gives the number of molecules in a cubic centimetre
of air, measuring four-tenths of an inch each way, as twenty millions
of millions of millions of oxygen and nitrogen particles. And yet, these
innumerable molecules occupy but a fraction of that space, about one-
sixteenth of a cubic inch, for they have plenty of room to be in con-
stant motion among themselves, the light shines through them without
appreciable obstruction, and if liquified by intense cold they will
form an insignificant globule in one corner of the enclosure.
Each particle of air moves on an average, not more than one-
100,000th of a centimetre without hitting one of its fellows, and each
particle collides with another particle no less than 5,000,000,000 times:
fog SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.
every second. These statistics, thus dealing with the infinitesimal in
time and matter, are based on well assured scientific data, and are
aecepted by the leading physicists of the world.
Infinitely small, however, as the molecules of air seem to human
comprehension, each one is composed of two or more theoretical atoms
clasped in a firm chemical embrace, and till recently these chemical
atoms were supposed to be the ultimate, absolutely indivisible particles
of matter.
But Sir William Crookes with his vacuum tubes, and Henri
Becquerel with his radio-active elements and J. J. Thompson, distin-
guished Professor of Physics in the English University of Cambridge,
have come upon the stage with experiment and hypothesis, and ruth-
lessly shattered, both the long established theory, and the seemingly
infinitesimal atoms, at one fell swoop.
The marvelous discoveries in the realm of physics which have
crowded upon each other during the past decade, have not been
more astonishing to the intelligent layman who but imperfectly under-
stands their import, than to the man of science who discerns in these
new revelations of radiant energy the necessity of laying the founda-
tions of science anew.
Not by any means that the old working formulae are obsolete.
Nature does not vary in her methods. The mathematical tables appl-
eable to electrical phenomena, to the stress of building materials, to
chemical analysis and synthesis, to the motions of the heavenly bodies,
remain in foree, and their usefulness is not impaired in the slightest
degree. Undeviating uniformity in her processes, is the law of Nature.
As a matter of fact, this recent theory of the divisibility of the so-
called chemical atoms, does not do away with the established theory
of atomic proportions in the production of chemical compounds. On
the contrary, a knowledge of the old theoretical atoms is as essential
to the working chemist as it ever was, and the theory of atomic propor-
tions is as much of a verity as it ever was.
The new discoveries regarding electrons, Becquerel rays, and
radium emanations, have obliterated no facts, nor have they changed
any working formula. What the physicist has learned is, that atoms,
though still the bases of chemical compounds, are nevertheless di-
visible.
But while atoms still retain their technical name, and the chemi-
eal formulas remain undisturbed, glimpses of new and startling truths
respecting the constitution of matter, chemism, electricity, radiant en-
ergy, and the mysterious ether of space, are vouchsafed to the student
of physics.
Crookes found that by passing a powerful charge of electricity
through a vacuum tube exhausted to one-millionth of an atmosphere,
particles of the residual gas are thrown out from the negative pole in
streams strong enough to set a finely balanced wheel in motion. These
minute particles so projected he called radiant matter, and other
physicists have named them ions, electrons, and corpuscles.
Prof. Thomson investigated these rays or electrons and showed
that they are particles of matter having a mass only about one-thous-
andth of that of a hydrogen atom, which has heretofore been looked
upon as the smallest particle of matter existing.
Then Wilhelm Roentgen, a German scientist, appeared upon the
scene, and showed that certain rays emitted from the Crookes tubes
possess the power of penetrating opaque substances. After the dis-
covery of the X-rays all these strange phenomena were studied with yet
keener interest, and the nature and origin of the mysterious rays earn-
SOORAERN CALTRORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENGES: 105
estly sought by the physicists of the best equipped laboratories of
Europe.
Whilst these investigations were going on Henri Becquerel, noticed
that certain crystalline compounds, notably the salts of uranium and
several other substances found in pitchblende, not only possess the
X-ray power, but under certain conditions emit light without sensible
heat, and these were called Becquerel rays in honor of their discoverer.
But the close of the nineteenth century was signalized by the dis-
covery of a new and wonderful element which became an epoch-making
event in hastening the transition of theories respecting the nature and
ultimate forms of matter, from the old to the new views. Two French
chemists, Pierre Curie, in co-operation with his Polish wife, obtained
from pitchblende a most remarkable element which was not only daz-
zingly self-luminous, but emitted an X-ray more powerful than those
proceeding from a Crooke’s tube.
It was appropriately named radium by its discoverers, and is the
most striking example of terrestrial radiant energy known. Nearly all the
specimens of this substance thus far produced are chlorides or bro-
mides of radium, it being very difficult to obtain the element in its pure
metallic state. The substance with which chemists experiment is one of
its salts—the chloride of radium. It is a white crystalline powder which
glows like melted steel when heated to its highest pitch.
The atomic weight of radium is 225, hydrogen being 1, oxygen 16,
iron 56, and mercury 200. Only two known elements have a higher
atomic weight than radium—thorium 233, and uranium, 240—both
radio-active, and both obtained from pitchblende.
Pitehblende is a remarkable mineral which, though rare, has long
been known. It is found principally in Bohemia, and oceurs in pitehy
black, or very dark, masses. Its principal constituent is the oxid of
uranium. The metal uranium was discovered by Klaproth in 1789, but
only in recent years was it found to be radio-active. It was then learned
that thorium, discovered by Berzelius in 1828, is also radio-active. It
was while investigating this property of uranium and thorium that polo-
nium, radium and actinium, were discovered.
One of the most astounding mysteries connected with these radium
emanations is their complexity. This element shines by its own light,
apparently without any exciting cause; it sends forth a stream of that
recently discovered substance, helium, detected by the spectroscope in
the sun’s corona; and it emits three different kinds of rays, namely:
Alpha rays, easily absorbed by solids, and carrying a_ positive
electric charge;
Beta rays, more penetrating than Alpha rays, and negatively
charged; and
Gamma rays, intensely penetrating, and not carrying an electric
charge at all.
At the same time, by some wonderful and inexplicable inherent
energy, this versatile element maintains a temperature 2.7 degrees F.
above that of surrounding objects, or, rather, it imparts that higher
temperature to adjacent objects.
To summarize, radium shines with perpetual light, is an inex-
haustible fountain of helium gas, emits positive electrical, negative
electrical, and non-electrical rays of enormous penetrative power, and
is self-heating, whether at ordinary temperatures, or plunged in a bath
of liquid air. Truly, the more this element is studied the more mar-
velous and inscrutable seem its powers.
One of the surprising facts brought out in connection with radio-
106 SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENGES:
active emanations, is their extreme delicacy. The spectroscope tells us
what elements are dancing in the flames of a star so distant that its
light only reaches the eye through the lens of a telescope, but J. J.
Thomson, in his Belfast address, speaking of the ions projected through
the glass walls of a Crookes tube and called X-rays, and of other
radio-active rays, felt warranted in making the statement that ‘‘radio-
activity is 5000 times as delicate as the spectroscope, it matters not
whether the arc, spark, absorption or phosphorescent spectrum be made
use of.?’
‘““We have in the radium salts,’’ says Dr. Kauffmann, an eminent
German physicist, ‘‘ a class of bodies which are in the position to throw
off electrons without any outside influence. We stand before a perfect
riddle as regards the source of energy, likewise of the whole mechan-
ism of this phenomenon, especially as it appears that here velocities
have to be treated which are nearly equal to that of light; velocities
which we can reach by means of electrical forces, in actual cathode rays,
only after overcoming enormous difficulties. Thick lead plates are radiated
through at this velocity without a noticeable loss of energy. But just
this behavior of the electrons at such tremendous velocities seems suited
to furnish explanations in connection with the deepest questions con-
cerning the constitution of the electrons, likewise of the atoms.’’
Radium emits ions that have a velocity of 120,000 to 130,000 miles
per second, and that. penetrate solids and blister the flesh. What are ions?
Certain substances radiate into space myriads of particles far smaller
than the theoretical atom. Corpuscles, they are called by J. J .Thom-
son, and ions by other physicists. In the new theory of force, elec-
tricity, and matter, these ions take the place of ether vibrations in
fundamental physics. Sir Wm. Crookes suggests that the energy of
radium is supplied by collisions of air molecules with the radium atoms.
But the question still obtrudes itself, why are the ions of radium thrown
off? Air molecules collide with the atoms of other substances and no ~
such miraculous effect is promised. For the moment the world must
content itself by simply stating the facts attending the strange phe-
nomena.
A writer in the Engineer says: ‘‘It may perhaps turn out that
radium is doing nothing more in one way than a magnet does in an-
other. They both develop energy, apparently without help. Why and
how remains to be explained.’’
Crookes calls attention to some calculations of Johnstone Stoney,
showing that an enormous amount of energy is locked up in the molecular
motions of quiescent air, amounting to 140,000 foot-pounds in each ecubie
yard of the atmosphere. He referred to the kinetic energy which
impels each molecule to be incessantly bombarding its fellows or the
objects in its vicinity, which presses with a force of 15 pounds per
square inch upon all bodies at sea-level. Now Crookes conjectured
that radio-aetive bodies of high atomic weight might draw upon this
store of energy in some unknown or hitherto unexplained manner.
Though Thompson found by mathematical calculation that there
are from 700 to 1000 ions or corpuscles in an atom of hydrogen, and
from 100,000 to 150,000 in the atoms of highly radio-active substances,
it is not to be assumed that these corpuscles occupy the entire bulk,
infinitely minute as it is, of the atom.
On the contrary, these ions may be likened to 1000, or 100,000
particles of dust seen floating in the atmosphere of a small bird cage
into which the sunshine is streaming. But they are revolving, with
unthinkable velocity, about a common center, in what is called a vortex
SOUPHTERN GALTHORNIA AGADEM Y OF SGIENGCES 107
motion—the uniformity and intensity of this motion giving to them the
quality of rigidity, stability, elasticity, and impentrability, which was
formerly supposed to characterize the chemical atom.
Stress in the magnetic field, or violent impact, or intense heat,
may cause one of these electrons to leap from among its fellows in
the previously stable atom, and then, electrical equilibrium being de-
stroyed, turmoil and confusion prevail in the ranks of the remaining
electrons, and disruption, explosion, and atomic disintegration, ensue.
What a sublime thought is embodied in the contemplation of this
miniature catastrophe. We may liken the vortex of whirling ions
in this atom to the orderly movements of the planets in the solar
system, each ion, like each planet, satellite, or comet, performing its
revolution in its prescribed course and in its appointed time, in accord-
anee with inflexible law.
A foreign atom, or perhaps a fugitive electron, dashes with corpus-
cular velocity against the periphery of the vortex, but with force
enough to destroy the harmony of this miniature solar system, and
one after another of the revolving electrons, deprived of its centripetal
governor, breaks from its control, and flies off into space. It may be
absorbed by your body, or by the foliage of the tree over your head,
or by the vapor of a passing cloud, or, eluding all these sublunary
objects, it may dart out into the infinite depths of the universe towards
some distant star or nebula, for our sun cannot even slacken its amazing
speed, or it may wander for uncounted eons in the black and vacant
chambers of unoccupied space.
Radium has the peculiar property of rendering adjacent bodies
of whatever nature, temporarily radio-active. You are aware that a
steel magnet renders other bars of iron magnetic by coming into tem-
porary contact with them. Here is an analogous property in radium
but with a more universal application.
Thus we have seen that atoms ean be split into parts—that ions,
or electrons, are such parts—and that these parts are carriers of elec-
tricity. Or possibly, electricity itself consists of these fractured atoms,
fiying with inconceivable velocity and force, but moving in accordance
with immutable laws which may be studied, recognized, and controlled
for uses of man.
And now the question arises: If atoms are thus complex, if each of
these extremely minute particles of matter is not indestructible and
indivisible, but can be broken into infinitely minuter particles, each
endowed with amazing projectile force, is it not possible that the
so-called elementary substanees—hydrogen, carbon, iron, gold, and the
like—are not simple and distinct in their essence, but are, in their
ultimate forms, reducible to a common and universal element?
This opens up a broad and fruitful field of speculation, and we
must speculate before we can generalize. Out of this mental process of
speculation comes a working hypothesis from which we establish a
theory that fits all the facts in the case. Speculation, generalization,
hypothesis, theory, are the successive stages. But in each stage of
inquiry imagination, that wonderful faculty of the human mind, plays
a master part.
Sir Oliver Lodge recently said: ‘‘Here, then, we appear to have, in
embryo, a transmutation of the elements, the possibility of which has
for so long been the guess and the desire of the alchemists. Whether
the progress of research will confirm this hypothesis, and whether any
of the series of substances so produced are already familiarly known to
us in ordinary chemistry, remains to be seen. It is not in the leas,
likely that any one radio-active substance can furnish in its stages
108° SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.
ot collapse the whole series of elements; most likely. one substance
will give us one series, and another substance will give another.’’
The flashes of energy produced by an induction coil seemed, for-
merly, to be dissipated in space. Were they lost? We now know that -
those impulses are borne in waves that can be received and recorded at
a <istant station; that wireless telegraphy is simply electro-magnetic
radiation into the ether from a metal conductor; that these Hertzian
waves can be refracted and reflected as light can he.
But yet, are we quite sure that we know all this? Are these im-
pulses waves, vibrations, oscillations of the ether? Or ave they, in
the new light that is dawning upon us, are they the material projections
of fractured atoms? I must confess that my mind halts on the border
line of a tantalizing and perplexing dilemma.
How shall we account for these apparent caprices in the behavior
of elementary substances when thus brought into contact in different
proportions? We cannot account for it at present. All the ght that
has come to us in recent discoveries and experiments has enabled us
to penetrate the mystery only a very little way. We are, from time
to time, adding a little to our knowledge of the processes of nature,
but the why, the why, of those processes is a riddle as insolvable as ever.
RECENT PUBLICATIONS.
New or Noteworthy North American Crassulaceae. N. L. Britton and
J. N. Rose. Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 3:1-45. Sept., 1903.
Platystemon and Its Allies. Edward L. Greene. Pittonia, 5:139-149.
Aug., 1903.
We have here two papers of especial interest to California botanists.
in the first a great number of new species are described under fifteen
genera. Seven of these pertain wholly, or in part to the Pacific Coast;
and but one of them, Sedum, is a familiar name. Tillaea angustifolia,
Nutt., becomes Tillaestrum angustifolium, Britt. The flat leaved Coty-
ledons are referred to a new genus, Dudleya, of 59 species, extending from
Crescent City to Cape San Lucas. Twenty-nine species represent the
development of this genus in Southern California. For the species with
terete leaves or semi-terete leaves the genus Stylophyllum is provided,
and the four already known species are augmented to twelve. Sedum
variegatum, Wats., becomes the type of Hasseanthus, a genus named in
honor of Dr. H. E. Hasse, all of whose four species are of Southern Cali-
fornia.
The practical usefulness of the paper is lessened by the absence
of keys, or a synoptical arrangement of the species. In Dudleya, where
most of the new species are segregates of the old ones, it is to be regretted
that the authors did not redefine the latter; since after so many sub-
tractions the original descriptions can hardly apply. And when to this
is added the assignment of only the vaguest ranges to these species, and .
the absence of any citation of specimens, one is at a loss to understand
SOCMHETRN CALIF ORNITAWA GADEMY OF SCIEN GES. 700
what plants, in the conception of the authors, they are to include. We
note (page 18) a shght geographical slip, in taking the Coronado Islands
as belonging to California instead of Mexico.
We trust that we may expect, from the ability of the authors, and
the resources at their command, a full and systematic monograph of
the difficult and neglected family which they have taken in hand.
In Dr. Greene’s paper Meconella is restored for certain species of
Platystigma, only one of which, P. denticulata, Greene, is southern. For
others a new name is proposed, Hesperomecon, of which genus a single
specimen species, H. lineare, Greene, has been collected in Southern
California. In Platystemon the single representative heretofore recog-
nized, P. Californicum, Benth., is restricted to a local maritime plant of
Monterey. From the other plants which have been referred to that
species, 51 new species, and one variety, are segregated. In one instance,
from ‘‘a bunch mounted as single specimen,’’ and probably gathered
in a single handful, the author was able to disentangle the types of
three new species. Fifteen Platystemons are credited to Southern Cali-
fornia.
The usefulness of Dr. Greene’s paper is enhanced by the provision
of keys, so that one is not left to grope his way through the maze of
new species without the aid of a clew.
Dr. Greene still recognizes the variety, a category more logically
dropped by the author of the Crassulaceae, and by most segregators. It
is remarkable that whereas the conception of a species as an abstract
idea, and not a concrete entity, is universally accepted, in practice
it is more and more defined by the minute description of a particular
specimen, to which it is carefully tied. Slight differences, once dis-
regarded as unimportant, or relegated to forms or varieties, now become
the bases of species. Systematists may yet be in danger of losing the
faculty of generalizing through a too exclusive attention to the study
of the individual. So Bae.
PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED.
“The Milk Supply of Two Hundred Cities and Towns.’’ U.S. De-
partment Agriculture, Bureau of Animal Industry. Bulletin No. 46.
““Wild Rice, Its Uses and propagation.’’ U.S. Department Agricul-
ture, Bureau of Plant Industry. Bulletin No. 50.
‘‘The Use of Branding Fluid.’’ University of Arizona, Agricul-
tural Experiment Station. Bulletin No. 47.
“uo SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENGES
'
Transactions for October, 1903.
ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.
Los Angeles, California, October 5, 1903.
The Southern California Academy of Sciences met in regular
monthly session this evening at 8 o’clock, at 940 South Figueroa street.
President Comstock occupied the chair. No regular business was
transacted.
The evening was devoted entirely to a lecture by Professor Larkin,
of the Lowe Observatory, who selected the subject of ‘‘Radium’’ for
consideration. In an interesting manner all the data available upon this
subject were presented and discussed in detail. The lecture was illus-
trated with physical apparatus, loaned for the occasion by the Los An-
geles High School.
Adjourned. A large attendance was present.
B. R. BAUMGARDT, Secretary.
ASTRONOMICAL SECTION.
; October 19, 1903.
The Astronomical Section convened at 8 p. m., Chairman Knight pre-
siding.
The subject for consideration was the sun, with special reference to
the sunspots now attracting unusual attention. Mr. Knight introduced
the subject by reading from current literature several extracts relative
to this phenomenon; and also a description of the great dark tube or
shed, one hundred feet in length, recently constructed and dedicated for
use at the Yerkes Observatory, in connection with the work of deter-
mining the phenomena of sunlight as reflected through this horizontal -
tube by a mirror, and made to pass through a series of lenses.
Dr. John Woodbridge, the lecturer of the evening, was then intro-
duced and read a graphic and instructive paper on the subject, ‘‘The
Sun as the Furnace anc Light House of the Earth,’’ treating the sub-
ject under the subdivisions of the sun’s distance, dimensions, attractive
power, visible features, motions, heat, light, envelopes and eclipses.
A discussion cf the subject, emphasizing the spots now prominent,
was participated in by Messrs. Knight, Baumgardt, Taber and Hill.
The meeting then adjourned.
MELVILLE DOZIER, Secretary.
BIOLOGICAL SECTION.
Los Angeles, Cal., October 26th, 1903.
The Geological Section of the Academy of Sciences held their reg-
ular meeting at the Woman’s Club rooms, at 8 p. m.
Chairman Geo. W. Parsons called the meeting to order. Minutes
of previous meeting read and approved. The Chairman introduced Mr.
C. J. Callahan, M. E., as the speaker of the evening. His subject was
the ‘‘Origin of Petroleum,’’ and to illustrate the different changes in
the formation of oil, he exhibited several specimens, giving the different
degrees of heat at the different depths below the surface, and also the
oil sand in which the oil had settled after formation.
He gave an interesting description of the oil fields of the East as
well as those of California, and stated that there was no danger of
SOOMBDRN CALIFORNIA ACADEMY, OF SCIENCES, ii
the supply of oil being exhausted, as nature was constantly forming a
fresh supply. Questions were asked and answered, and the meeting
was interesting and instructive. The Chairman thanked Mr. Callahan on
behalf of the Section for his able lecture.
G. MAJOR TABER, Secretary.
BIOLOGICAL SECTION.
The meeting of the Biological Section was called to order. by the
chairman. The minutes of the last meeting were read and approved.
The exercises of the evening consisted of a lecture by Dr. Louisa Burns,
of South Pasadena, on The Technique of Blood Examination. The method
of enumerating the corpuscles and estimating the haemoglobin was
clearly explained and illustrated by a practical demonstration.
This was followed by a talk from C. A. Whiting on the significance
of blood examinations. Anemia and the several kinds of Leukemia were
discussed.
Dr. B. F. Gamber of Los Angeles was present and followed the
lectures with a most interesting and instructive talk along the same
limes. Among other facts he stated that in one case studied by him,
the removal of the patieut from the sea level to an altitude of 7,500 feet
increased the blood count from 4,600,000 corpuscles per cu. m. m. to
9,000,000.
The lecture was illustrated by microscope and haemocytometer loaned
by the Pacific School of Osteopathy.
About twenty five members and visitors were present.
C. A. WHITING, Secretary.
Woman’s Club House.
NOTES AND NEWS.
The plant known as Basil, (Ocimum viride) which was so highly
recommended as a mosquito preventative, has proved on investigation
to have no value. An equally fallacious belief at one time prevailed
with regard to the utility of blue gum trees in making malarious coun-
tries healthy. |
The gun clubs of our neighborhood might greatly increase the sport-
ing value of the marshes by the extensive sowing of wild rice (Zizania
aquatica, L.) so much favored as a food by ducks and other birds of
aquatic habits. The U. 8. Department of Agriculture has just issued
an interesting bulletin on the uses and the propagation of the plant.
The mud flats and lagoons of Southern California are eminently suited
to the cultivation of the plant.
Science long ago invaded the culinary department of the nursery,
but now we have the utilitarian gravely suggesting that the nursery
rhymes be made instructive and suggests among others the following
modification of ‘*Three blind mice:’’
Three blind boils!
See how they run!
They all ran after the farmer’s wife
Had cut off their heads with a septic knife;
You never saw such a mess in your life
As three blind boils.
The January issue of the ‘‘Fern Bulletin,’’ containing A. A. Eaton’s
revision of the Genus Equisetum is of more than usual interest to Cal-
iz SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENGES:
ifornians. HE. ramosissimus, Desf. is given for Los Angeles; the only
known locality in the United States. This plant was gathered years
ago by Dr. A. Davidson at or near the ‘‘half-way house’’ on the old
trail to Wilson’s Peak. EH. Funstoni Sp. Nov. with four varieties all
found in Southern Cahfornia, is the name now given for what has
heretofore passed as EH. laevigatum.
We recently received from Nome an invitation for our Academy
of Sciences to attend a meeting of the Alaska Academy of Sciences.
At this, their first, meeting, ‘‘The Marconi System of Wireless Telegra-
phy’’ is to be discussed. Their Charter was closed with 100 members.
>)
In ‘‘Science,’’ September 18, may be found the preliminary re-
port of the Marine Biolgical Survey Work carried on by the Zoological
Department of the University of California at San Diego, by Prof.
Ritter. The results for the funds available, have been large. Many
new species among the Radiolaria and other of the lower forms of
marine life have been added to our coast lists, and not a few new to
science. Investigation of the water in San Diego bay led Prof. Ritter
to infer that contrary ta the usual belief no large, subterranean body
of water enters the bay. The extension of the breakwater at San
Pedro will, for a time at least, spoil what was one of the best zoological
stations on the coast. In consequence the laboratory will probably be
permanently stationed at San Diego. With this end in view some of
the more enlightened members of the Bay City have formed themselves
into an association for the purpose of raising a permanent endowment
fund for marine research.
The first report of the Desert Laboratory, near Tucson, is now in the
hands of the publishers. The report will contain a number of illustra-
tions of cacti and other plants native to that region.
From Mr. Alex. Craw’s Report to the State Horticultural Commis-
sion, it would seem that in Scutellista cyanea we have at last found a
remedy for the noxious black scale. The reports from every point are
all so far favorable. The parasites in question have survived the last
winter and have multiphed freely. Should this increase continue we
will be spared the extermination of the graceful pepper trees that have
been ruthlessly cut down of late because of their harboring the black
seale. It is also reported that a parasite has been found in Western Au-
strala that destroys [5 per cent of the Codlin moths.
BULLETIN
COMMITTEE ON PUBLICATION
A. Davrpson, C. M., M. D., Chairman
MELVILLE DOZIER G. W. PARSONS
CONTENTS:
Prehistoric California, DR. LORENZO GORDIN YATES
Concerning Fleas, by PRoF.J.J. RIVERS ... .
The Kissing Bug, by DR, A. DAVIDSON. . .. .
ublicabioss Received. 30 oe ie ts ae ee cot
Ethnological and Archaeological Survey of California .
PBranSactionsces vt” Gri ge ae ee dae ia nas
News and Notes
PUBLISHED BY
THE ACADEMY, MONTHLY EXCEPT
JULY, AUGUST AND SEPT.
‘Yearly Subscription, $1.00. ne Single Copies, 25 cts.
“Entered September 18, 1903, at Los Angeles, Cal., as second-class matter,
under Act of Congress, July 16, 1894.”’
er “MAILED DEC. 15, 1903 :
BULLETIN
OF THE
southern Galliornia Academy oF Sciences
VOL. 2. KOSTANGEEES GA DEG riealO0S:
NO. 9
PREHISTORIC CALIFORNIA.
(Continued from November BULLETIN.)
BY DR. LORENZO GORDIN YATES.
LLAMA,
Auchenia hesterna, Leidy.
On page 256 of ‘‘Contributions to the Extinct Vertebrate
Fauna of the Western Territories,’’ (loc. cit.), Dr. Leidy says:
‘‘Among the collection of fossils from California belonging to
the cabinet of Wabash College, Indiana (collected by Dr. Lo-
renzo G. Yates), there is a well-preserved series of lower molar
teeth, represented in Figs. 1, 2, Plate XX XVII. These, from
their size and constitution, would appear to belong to a species
of llama exceeding in size not only the existing llama, but
also the camel and the Palauchenia.’’
He further deseribes the teeth, and names the animal Au-
chenia hesterna. I quote some of his measurements of the
teeth, in comparison with those of the camel and lama, as fol-
lows: Auchenia Auchenia Camel
hesterna llama
Fourth premolar lines hnes. hnes.
Antero-posterior diameter .. ........ 13 dbo 12
icamsivierse: diameter... 0.0... 6c ee 6 3 7
MrermextinrO i CLOWN) >. cay chase bw st aus one 20 314 4
First molar:
Ant. post. diam. trituratine surface. .20 ul 18
Trans. diam. triturating surface ..... 10% By) 9
Wemetheoterowa 2 el 20 a) 5
Second molar:
anieepOss iam Of brit. surface. ... 2%... 26 9 23
ireanss diam. ot trit. surface. .......7- 83/, 034 10
Memerthy On CrOWM. fee. uc obs. ee 6 10
Third molar:
Ant. post. diam. where greatest......31 13 28
Trans. diam. where greatest.......... 10 a4 10
emepheOk -Crowale oi. sen a oy oe Se 41 ul U7
[Yates] Prehistoric Fauna of California. PLATE XI
1K
NE
woo
Fossil Teeth and Bones of Elephas Americanus.
Santa Rosa Island, California.
PLATE XII
Prehistoric Fauna of California.
[YATES]
116 SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.
PREHISTORIC FAUNA OF CALIFORNIA.
Explanation of Plate 12.
(From ‘‘Contributions to the Extinet Vertebrate Fauna of
the Western Territories,’’ by Professor Joseph Laidy; loe. cit.)
Figs. 1-3. Auchenia hesterna, Leidy.
Specimens from the quaternary of California, and be-
longing to the cabinet of Wabash College, Crawfords-
ville, Indiana; specimens discovered by Dr. Lorenzo
G. Yates.
Fig. 1. Outer view of the series of lower molar teeth of the
left side, one-half the natural size.
Fig. 2. Triturating surface of the same series, natural size.
Fig. 3. A second upper molar of the left side, view of the
triturating surface.
SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 117
“The length of the series of lower molars and premolars
together, in the different species, is as follows:
Penethiworn the series, 1m ther llama... 28.2205... 0..2% 32 lines
Wewet¢hor the series im- the camel... 28.2065 ...4.. 4: 66 lnes
Length of the series in the Auchenia hesterna........ 84 lines
‘“Accompanying the inferior molar specimens from Cali-
fornia there is a specimen of an upper molar xxxx which
from its constitution and size, is supposed to belong to the
same species, if not the same individual.’’
More space has been given to these fossils deseribed by
Dr. Leidy than might be considered necessary, were it not
that, I have been informed that they were all destroyed by
the burning of the College Museum where they were installed,
so that we have only the illustrations left. The writer secured
a joint of the vertebra, a metacarpal and some other bones
of the Auchenia, in an exeellent state of preservation: also
two portions of lower jaws with teeth, a cervical vertebra
and other bones of the Auchenia, in the same county (Ala-
meda). These were in a poor state of preservation, but they
are packed away among the writer’s collections, and at present
not accessible for illustration. The joint of the vertebra found
with the teeth deseribed, is over eight inches in leneth, more
than twice the length of the corresponding bone of a horse.
Dr. Leidy mentions another species of Auchenia found in
California (A. ealifornica,) and one from Mexico which Pro-
fessor Owen called Palauchenia magna, which approximated
in size the camel, whereas the Californian Auchenias much
exceeded it.
MEGALOMERYX NIOBRARENSIS, Leidy.
Fossil teeth of another large animal of the camel family,
named as above, have been found beneath the lava, in Tuo-
lumne County, Cal., in the Phocene.
RHINOCEROS.
Bones of Rhinoceros (Aphelops) hesperius, Leidy, were
found under the lava in Calaveras County, at Douglas Flat,
and Chil Guleh.
A single molar tooth of Rhinoceros oregonensis ? a species
reputed to have pertained to the Pliocene deposits of Oregon,
m8 SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.
was found by the writer in Pliocene ? deposit of Sonoma
County.
HIPPOPOTAMUS
A fossil tooth of a hippopotamus, or closely allied animal,
was found with the last named rhinoceros. Both specimens
are in the Yates Collection.
BEAR
The late Professor E. D. Cope found remains of an extinet
bear in a cave in the limestone of Shasta County, California;
It was as large as the grizzly; he named it Arctotherium simum.
Its teeth differed from those of living species.
PORPOISE.
Fossil remains of the porpoise (Delphinus), similar to the
living species, have been found by the writer and others, at
various points near the coast, from Santa Barbara to Half-
Moon Bay, San Mateo County, in Pliocene and Quaternary
formations.
CONCERNING FLEAS.
BY PROF. J. J. RIVERS.
Fleas, like all other true insects, pass through stages of
development. Starting with the egg, which yields a larva, or
erub, this continues toward maturity and when fully fed spins
a cocoon, as does a silkworm, and assumes the chrysalis state.
After a period of rest and ripening the tenant of the cocoon
gives up the dormant period of its life and becomes a lively
example of its class—a flea.
To entomologists a large number of different species are
known, but the common tormentor is not the human flea, Pulex
irritans, L., but the flea of the dog and eat, Pulex serraticeps,
Gerv.
There are curious opinions as to the causes that produce
fleas. Some persons aver that they breed in the sand by the
sea shore, as they have often seen them in great numbers in
such situations; other persons contend they are sure the prox-
SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 119
imity to the beach has to do with their great propagation
beeause the flea is a common pest at all seaside resorts and
they ean be seen down to the tidal margin. These persons
lack technical observation; the real flea is in evidence without
doubt at the resorts, but not down in the salt sea sand. The
httle hoppers called fleas are a crustacean and commonly go
by the name of sand fleas. It is a small species of shrimp.
There is no actual necessity of being worried by fleas, but to
gain immunity persons must be less careless of their household
surroundings and more careful in their selection of their pets.
The propagation of fleas is a very interesting study and ean
be attained without mental stress. The only apparatus re-
quired is a clear white glass bottle of any capacity, then ex-
amine the mat, cloth, carpet, or the place where your dog
makes his general quarters. Look elosaly and you will dis-
eover some very small globular objeets beautifully shining and
looking like pearls. These are the eges of the flea. Place
them in the bottle with some shreds of paper or cloth on which
a few drops of blood have been placed. If, however, you have
no dog, but have a eat, collect the sweepinges of the room,
particularly from the corners or from the seams of the flooring
and place this refuse in a bottle as before mentioned, but with-
out supplying any blood, and if the eggs are present fleas will
be the product just the same as by the before-mentioned
method.
The eges you thus find will hatch out, if newly laid, in two
days. The resultant larvae after a few moults spin a cocoon
in which it remains eight days, emerging ultimately as a full
erown flea in about sixteen to eighteen days after the egg
was deposited.
A recent article in the ‘‘Times,’’ of Los Angeles, gave some
very erroneous ideas on the habits of fleas and the limits of
their distribution. The reason of their prevalence on the sea
eoast is the moisture. Moisture (not too much) is essential to
the breeding of the flea. Without a certain amount they are
unable to complete their larval existence. Too dry air is fatal
to the flea, so that no fleas are to be found above 4000 fee’
altitude in any part of Southern California. Neither is it to
be found in our dry interior valleys whether elevated or not,
720 SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.
The country members of our Academy might supply us with
sufficient information to enable us to issue a map of the dis-
tribution of this pest in our district.
At the seaside resorts the slops and sweepings are thrown
around in a very promiscuous manner and when to this is
added a small zoological establishment of dogs, cats, birds,
rats and mice, it 1s not surprising there are occasionally epi-
demies of fleas.
Ocean Park, Cal.
“THE KISSING BUG.”
BY DR. A. DAVIDSON.
It is with some temerity that one approaches the subject of
the so called ‘‘kissing bug’’ nowadays. <A few years ago the
sensational daily papers, the comic, and even the scientific
journals poked so much fun at the insect in question that it
has this season been almost completely ignored. From the
year 1899 to 1901 it was frequently commented on. Our most
representative journal, the *‘Entomological News.”’ in its edi-
torial of September, 1899, says: ‘‘Durine the past summer
the newspapers of the Atlantic coast have been exploiting
numerous instances of individuals being attacked or ‘‘kissed”’
by an insect which in consequence of its-asserted habit of
swelling the lips of its human victim by its bite or sting, re-
ceived the fatuous name of the “‘kissing bug.’’? Origmating
in the neighborhood of Washington, D. C., the report spread
from newspaper to newspaper and with the lay people be-
eame a veritable summer madness. The United States Depart-
ment of Agriculture identified the insect as Melanolestes pic-
ipes, a hemipter of previously good character, which fact went
a great way in making entomologists in general sceptical as
to the whole story, and we are glad to record that the much
maligned Melanolestes has proven an alibi, as far as the evi-
dence presented at the Academy of Sciences of Philadelphia
eoes.’’
In this article there are given the names of about twenty
insects that had at various times been brought to the Academy
as the genuine ‘‘kissing bug.”’
The evidence above quoted is sufficient to discourage the
SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 121
introduction into print of this subject. All popular beliefs,
or prejudices if you will, have more or less of fact as a found-
ation and a bug that might with propriety be known as the
‘kissing bue’’ is, as anyone knows who lives in Arizona or
Texas, an insect that unfortunately is too well known.
I spent three years in Eastern Arizona on the San Francisco
river 3500 feet altitude. The surrounding country is mount-
ainous in its general character but in no wise differs in its
fauna and flora from most other parts of Arizona. The ex-
cessive warmth of summer compels the inhabitants to open all
doors and windows at night or sleep in the open. In econse-
quence they frequently suffer from injuries inflicted by scor-
pions, centipedes and ‘‘kissing bugs.’’ The latter are either
fairly common or very active, as scarcely a week passed in the
summer time in which I have not seen one or more persons
suffering from their bite. Though I carefully inquired the
nature of this ‘‘kissing bug’’ I failed to find any one who ever
had caught one in the act, and I myself had no idea of the
exact cause. Dr. Frick, of Metealf, whom I had enlisted in
the search proved more fortunate, and last season he had two
specimens brought him at different times that had been caught
in the very act. These were examined by Mr. Coquillet, to
whom they were sent, and pronounced to be Conorhinus san-
guisuga Lec., commonly known-as the “‘blood-sucking cone-
nose’’ or ‘‘the Texas bed-bug.’’ The injury inflicted is almost
invariably confined to the lips, generally the lower and at the
junction of the mucous membrane with the skin. The pain
is frequently sharp enough to awaken the sleeper and in one
ease reported by Dr. Frick it was followed by shght shock
and nausea. The part bitten rapidly swells and assumes a
dark tint. The swelling may vary from the size of an almond
to a walnut and is well circumscribed in outline. Without
treatment the swelling usually subsides in a few days. In
only one instance have I heard of a bite inflicted on any other
part of the body and that is probably due in part to the insect
confining its attack to the parts of the body exposed while
sleeping, or the failure of the bite to cause much swelling when
received on parts of the body where the skin tissues are less
lax than those of the lips.
z22 SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.
The circumscribed nature of the swelling is charac-
teristic of all lip injuries by the ‘“‘kissing bug’’ and dif-
fers considerably from the diffused edematous swelling that fol-
lows stings by bees and wasps. The similarity of the swelling
in all cases I have seen is proof to my mind that the insect in-
jects some poison into the wound and does not merely infect it
by an accidentally introduced poison. Mr. Marlatt (Bulletin
No. 4, Division of Entomology U. S. Dept. Agriculture) in
speaking of this household pest has related a few instances
where symptoms of general poisoning had followed a bite of
this insect and he presumes that in these eases the individual
was poisoned by some irritant accidentally introduced, as it is
not improbable that these blood-loving insects occasionally feed
on carrion.
Last month a gentleman brought me in a specimen of Con-
orhinus from Victor on the Mohave desert where he said the
insect this season had appeared in considerable numbers and
had proved quite troublesome. This proved to be Conorhinus
protractus Uhler, a species described from lower California,
which also occurs in the Dragoon Mountains, Arizona, and at
San Diego. There is a general impression that this insect is
more common than it used to be, and as the climate is quite
favorable to its Increase in Southern California it may pos-
sibly be extending its range.
Los Angeles.
PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED.
‘¢Missouri Botanical Garden.’’ Fourteenth Report. 1903.
‘“Spodumene from San Diego Co., Cal.,’? by W. T. Schaller. Bull.
Dept. Geology. Vol. 3, No. 13, University of California Publications.
‘*The Culture of the Central American Rubber Tree.’’ Bureau of
Plant Industry, Bulletin No. 49, U. S. Dept. Agriculture.
‘“The Description of Wheat Varieties.’’ Bureau of Plant Industry,
Bulletin No. 47.
‘*Experiment Station Records,’’ Vol. 14, No. 12
U.S. Department of Agriculture.
, and Vol. 15, No.1,
‘“The Cold Curing of Cheese.’’ Bureau of Animal Industry. Bulle-
tin No. 49, U. S. Department of Agriculture.
‘Proceedings of the American Association for the Advancement of
Science.’’ Fifty second meeting, January, 1903,
SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 123
ETHNOLOGICAL AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF
CALIFORNIA.
For several years the University of California, through its Depart-
ment of Anthropology and by the liberal assistance of Mrs. Phoebe A.
Hearst, has been engaged in an ethnological and archaeological survey
of the State. A large amount of material, illustrative of Indian Jife
and culture in past and present times, has been obtained and will form
an important part of the anthropological collections which will in the
future be exhibited in a museum of the University at Berkeley. At
the present time this collection, with others of the department, is tem-
porarily placed in one of the buildings of the Affiliated Colleges be-
longing to the University in San Francisco. Here the large and valuable
collections are safely cared for until the permanent museum building
is secured.
Systematic explorations are being made of the later gravel de-
posits, of several caves, and of the ancient shellheaps, in order to as-
certain when man first occupied this region. The languages of the ex-
isting Indians are being studied by experts of the department; the cus-
toms and mythology of the different tribes are being carefully recorded;
and collections illustrating their arts are being formed for the museum.
A study of the physical characters of the various groups of Indians,
combined with that of the skeletons found during the archaeological
explorations, 1s being made in order to determine the physical relations
of the Indians of California with those of other regions. By correlating
the physical characters, the particular cultures of the past and present
Indians, and the various linguistic stocks or families still extant, it is
hoped to solve the great problem of the relationship of the numerous
groups of Indians in California, and their relationship with peoples of
other parts of the continent and possibly with certain tribes of Asia.
Nowhere in America has there been such a diversity of Indian lan-
guages as in California, a condition which has long puzzled anthropolo-
gists. During the past five years more investigations of these languages
have been made by the University and by eastern institutions than in
all previous time. These Indian languages are now fast disappearing.
Several are at the present moment known only by five or six and others
by twenty or thirty individuals, and hardly a year passes without some:
special dialect, or even language, becoming extinct. For this reason it is
desired that students should be instructed in the methods of recording
and studying Indian languages, and then devote themselves to special re-
search. The University is, therefore, giving instruction in this branch
of linguistics with the hope of preparing students to carry on the re-
search before the opportunities pass away. Similar reasons apply to re-
searches in other divisions of ethnology, and in archaeology; hence the
training of students in these subjects is also undertaken by the Depart-
ment of Anthropology.
The officers of the department make a special appeal to persons in
124 SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.
all parts of the State and adjacent regions for aid in this survey.
Hundreds of Indian objects are found annually, which if carefully
labeled as to where and how found and sent to the University, would,
when brought together for comparative study, aid in the settlement of
many important questions. The cistribution of a particular kind of
stone implement or of an ancient form of basket, and of many other
objects of Indian manufacture (even the peculiar stone of which an
implement is made is of great importance), will aid in determining the
distribution of a tribe or group of which other records may be lost or
so uncertain that just such confirmatory evidence to establish a partie-
ular point is required.
Information relating to the location of caves, shellheaps, old
burial places, ancient village sites, and scattered fragments or survivors
of nearly extinct tribes, is earnestly solicited, that such may be inves-
tigated by the department and may be correctly recorded on its ethno-
logical and archaeological maps of the State.
The University is by this survey carrying on a research of great
importance in obtaining a knowledge of the first peopling of the Pacific
Coast and of the early migrations, and of the relationships of the recent
and present Indians, a research that is required by anthropologists and
by all interested in the early history of man. This work has been well
begun, but assistance of many kinds is needed for its rapid progress.
This assistance, it is hoped, will be given to aid the University of the
State in an undertaking of such general interest.
Two volumes of the publications of the department, relating
to the languages, myths and customs of certain tribes of California,
are now in press and are to be followed by others as the material is
prepared.
Correspondence leading to aid in this survey is solicited by the. De-
partment of Anthropology of the University of California.
BENJ. IDE WHEELER,
President of the University.
F. W. PUTNAM,
Director of the Department of Anthropology.
Berkeley, California, October 15, 1903.
SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 125
Transactions for December, 1903
ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.
Los Angeles, California, November 2, 1903.
The regular monthly meeting of the Southern California Academy
of Sciences was held this evening at 940 South Figueroa Street.
President Cumnock occupied the chair.
No business was transacted.
The evening was occupied with a lecture by Professor Wm. M. Fris-
bie on ‘‘Oxygen,’’ illustrated with numerous experiments. A large au-
dience was in attendance, who thoroughly appreciated Professor Fris-
bie’s lecture.
Adjourned.
B. KR. BAUMGARDT, Secretary.
BIOLOGICAL SECTION.
Woman’s Club House, November 9th, 1903.
The meeting was called to order by the chairman of the section.
The minutes of the last meeting meeting were read and approved.
Two papers were read by title: ‘‘Concerning Ileas,’’ by Prof. J.
J. Rivers; ‘‘The So-Called Kissing Bug,’’ by Dr. A. Davidson.
The lecture of the evening was deliverd by Prof. Jospeh Grin-
nell, on, ‘‘The Midwinter Birds of Los Angeles.’’ Among other in-
teresting facts the lecturer stated that careful observation had con-
vinced him that there are about two Audubon Warblers to the acre in
this part of California during the winter. This means that this species
of bird alone numbers some 12,800 in Pasadena, and as each one eats
about twelve hundred flies each day, they destroy daily about three
and a half millions of insects.
The Cedar Wax-Wing has the habit of eating the berries of the
pepper tree and retaining them until the sweet layer of the berries is
dissolved. When this has occurred, the bird regurgitates the re-
mainder of the berries.
Tne lecture of the evening was intensely interesting, and suggested
a great number of questions, many of which the lecturer answered.
About seventy members and visitors were present.
The meeting adjourned to meet again on the second Monday even-
ing in December, at which time Dr. Gamber will lecture on Malaria.
C. A. WHITING, Secretary.
GEOLOGICAL SECTION.
Los Angeles, Cal., Nov. 23, 1903.
The Geological Section met at the Woman’s Club Rooms at 8 p. m.
Geo. W. Parsons in the chair.
Prof. E. H. Fosdick, City Chemist, was introduced as ‘the lecturer
of the evening. His subject was ‘‘The Manufacture of Explosives.’’
126 SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.
He exhibited samples, giving a scientific dissertation on the manu-
facture of each, and gave their chemical components.
The lecture was very interesting and was well attended.
G. MAJOR TABHR, Secretary.
NEWS AND NOTES.
Mr. H. G. Watkins, of Hemet, reports as follows:
T had the good fortune to see, though imperfectly, on the morning of
the 13th or 14th inst. A very brilliant meteor crossed from near the
zenith northwest to a point noc far from the horizon, describing a
wavy, irregular course and exhibiting quite a large ‘‘head’’ at upper
end of the trail left behind. The hight emitted was greenish in color and
very bright, lasting four or five seconds, but the meteor giving out no
sound in its passage, either at the time or afterward. The passage oc-
eurred about 4 o’clock a. m., the trail showing for fully ten minutes
afterward.
«rom Messrs. J. U. and C. G. Lloyd of Cincinnati we have received
an elegantly printed copy of ‘‘Materia Medica Americana Potissimum
Regni Vegetabilis,*’ No. 3, of their Reproduction series. Attached ‘to
the copy is a reminder that they are still desirous of adding to their
collection of puff-balls and they wish that all interested botanists would
gather what they can and transmit to them.
The editor of ‘‘The Plant World’’ makes the interesting state-
ment that ‘‘specimens cut from a single tree have been passed upon
by experts in the genus to which this tree belongs, who have been able
thus far, to name sixteen species, all growing from the same root.’’ This
remarkable revelation is significant of the value of much recent species-
making. Of such are the greater part, in all probability, of the co-
pious flood of ‘‘new species’’ discharged by some prolific authors, what-
ever familiar genus they may take in hand. The time is ripe for botan-
ists capable of generalizing, of distinguishing between individual pecu-
liarities and generic distinctions. It will be their work to select from
the indigested masses now being heaped up, whatever may be of real
value, casting the greater part into the oblivion of synonymy.—S. B. F.
Through the kindness of the author, Mr. Ralph Arnold, we have
received a copy of ‘‘The Paleontolgy and Stratigraphy of the Marine
Pliocene and Pleistocene of San Pedro, California.’’ This is issued
as one of the Contributions to Biology from the Hopkins Seaside Lab-
oratory of the Leland Stanford University, and is the most important
work relating to the biology of Southern California that has been pub-
lished in recent years. To the student of conchology this will be a
work of valuable reference, and a decided stimulus to further research.
The work contains, besides a full list of the known fossil shells,
numerous illustrations of the new species described, with photographs of
Deadman’s Island and the other rock ‘sections that best illustrate the
nature of the geological formations.
Bulletin
of the
Houthern Caltfornia Academp
of Srtences
INDEX
To Vol. III--Jan. to Dec., ’04
(Nine Nos.)
Aboriginal shell money and orna-
TEASING. ato Br GWM, DRONE OEE CRONE G ecaenenre 4 153
Abrams, Leroy (paper) ......... 1
ANjorroinie, senenoalaboneh sar auiog ooo oct 94
PN CEO SIUOMMAN picnsrei-relcrcicislaistels cuss se) oreis 93
INSOMOteDTONAE: ws ac stole sls ewes os 26
ENS CMO MEITOM iirc iel eve: cus, busters cel sere soe 26
PANS Cuma © Ol UGE Pees etic le tolialteutersi ais sep's 26, 42
INS em MAreCOlibMic sca. = st 26, .42, 43
INS CUOheStOME, Siacc cjicinie oles eee e 0, 42
Nannie d'ami@recki) sre cide sakiale slevsee 8
Amiantis (Callista) callosa...... 157
Anemone aphenophylla, Poepp....111
ANNOUNCEMENTS.
October-November, 1904........ 112
INTOME TIN CRM ehelotere alls, euscsiveceis ae fore 143
ANNUAL REPORTS, 1903-1904.
SIGGIPSUB ENC. Norte oka cla om cloner cho taepo ei 99
PIC ASUS Iammeheasroneuclelens) s\ieiioie svete seusneste 101
Section of Astronomy.......... 101
Section of Biology. 5 ..2.....2% 102
Sectionvot (Geology: ... 2. ..... 102
Anthidium, (See also Dianthidium)
36.6 ACO DIGI EEO ROTC SEC RIO NERS (eh, GO
Anthidium banningense (n. sp.). 57
Anthidium bernardinum (n. sp.). 74
Anthidium bernardinum, erens at
hint
Anthidum. californicum, Cress 5
Bile)
Anthidiumytcognatum ....00.. 56, 60
Anthidium collectum, Huard. .57, 73
Anthidium conspicuum.......... 23
Anthidium emarginatum, var..58, 73
Anthidium : illustre, Cress....:.23, 24
Amichidium: JOCUSUM i... <2. wee 57
Anthidium) Varnes CK]... 2... -- 23
Amthidium’ laterale, atr........ 57
Anthidium lupinellum (n. sp.).57, 58
Anthidium maculosum ....... BH. 8)
Anthidium manicatum, L..... ily da)
Anthidium montivagum ...... biG
Anthidium mormonum.....56, 72, 74
Anthidium oblongatum, Latr..... 56
Anthidium palliventre, Cress..57, 60
Anthidium palmarum (n. sp.)..
Bila DY
Anthidium parosele, Ckll........ 58
Anthidium pecosense (n. sp.).58, 74
Amithidiumeésplacitum © 0.2. seals. 115)
Anthidium pondreum (Titus).... 74
Anthidium portere, CkKIll......... 57
Anthidium saxorum (n. sp.)..57, 72
Anthidium serranum (n. sp.).238, 24
Anthidium singulare, Cress. ..... 23
Anthidium toltecum, Cress. ..... 56
Anthidium tricuspidum, Prov. ..
5s DOM, 4
PSTN ODM OTA es icra a sy oienene scare cues 87, 161
Amegilla, Friese, (sub genus).. 87
V, 86; VI, oF
CSI MEST S)) ieee Scie cee ep aoe velig ce heres 87
Anthophora californica, Cress. .. 88
Anthophora cleomis, Ckll. ....... 88
Anthophora crotchii, Cress. ..... 161
Anthophora marginata, Smith ... 88
Anthophora quinquefasciata,
ETO arated thes ees dat amelie hare seu nad Rie o mans 88, 89
Anthophora smithii, Cress. ..... 88
Anthophora tarsata, Dours. ..... 88
Anthophora tarsata, var. subtar-
Sata CNeySUDSPs ae einwsceiseiteeiions 88
Anthophora texana, Cress. ...... 161
Anthophora walshii, Cress. ..... 88
Antirrhinum speciosum ....... wale is}
Aphanisma, iblitoides “ah. ws. 24 a. 93
Aquilegia chrysantha, Gray ..... 111
Archeological Institute of Amer-
ica, Southwest Society ........ 14
Arizona, Clitton) “floral of. sss. ce 110
ASSV rian LOW CS a pynaieneeachee a enccioke 42
Astragalus robeartsii, Hastw..... 92
INS ee EMA by sake ahah ioe HG gicoiG coon G 92
AStracaluis| Atraskiaew sie ei secke oye chehe 92
Astronomical Notes, edited by
AWAaal,” Jal)“ UGmuysNesis gononobooouGC ilabal
Atriplex Dre wei) (G2) eee cies cesses 94
Atriplex paAnSaurueteicncrers eletetate 94
ANUS TLAVASTA ee aaare lis concer cle ou eleedecanens 43
BSB
lsPKXolyaksy. (Go (Se ooeuandpao dias ao 94
BCACSH ASIN OME Vass cnickene tei cloheialsicuae 157
Beads, glass and enamel......... 39
Beaver Wirossiliwsry caseiiectare hues steers Coaees
Bees of Southern California, by T.
DyvAkreCOCKEREl I iy.Uptasnarex-neteneiacclats
1 ps JUG ARR Oe 8S ILA -wiess
Witans 8 Gisy Wiles tessaerstic ev ens asirenevonelo tore 159
Bombomelecta (genus) Patton....160
Bombomelecta edwardsii (Cres-
SOD) Mae a ratees eae aes elie ve ence euereusteunlewe 160
BOMDPU SHS iasteksscusk side talsvssesewotelaconetals 89, 90
Bombus californicus, Smith ..... 89
Bombus var. columbicus
Bombus edwardsii,Cress ........ 89
1sXopaq ovis heb-cbiS\. Gig din g.qisiaole soo law 6 89
Bombussprumelle we wis cesmhiaeis eran 89
BOMDUSHSONOGUS pis aver tarstetedoseicneks 89
BOMbDUSRternariuise wy. -.acbeceieesetens 89
Borings, deepest in U. S......... 168
BLASSICARNUST Ae isco neha cine 93
BrONnZey. COMPesey paces rye 154
Building Materials. So. Cal....... 163
Bars erates siete vane eters cet tN ies pats 43
By-Laws of Academy............ 120
(eo
KOE ged. oman ey satya near Ue Me aE Ee eS 37
Cas tilleaye ates ols seen CUNe aaleaiehs 94
Caitalinak sland acaeu eee 38, 41, 60
Catalina Island, Fossil Peak..... 140
Catalina Island, Indian relics.150, 152
Catalogue of Indian Relics Found
on Santa Catalina Island, etc.,
by Mrs. M. Burton Williamson,
Brice iden Baten Maes ees Sie 60s PEE Ag
CatastropMistsumamiyctsceae ciclecseoaiene 12
Caves, San Clemente Island...... 91
Ceanothus macrocarpus ......... 93
Cenoziczhrayilenigithy/Ofeyseiessaesie 10
Centris (genus) fabricius ....... 160
Centris hoffmanseggie, subsp
INVA, WENWAGISOIe ssoooe oon ooo bade 160
Centrisscockerellis shox si smanenere 160
Cercus) CmOLrye watches eee vena 91
Chamber of Commerce, Los An-
geles, Indian relics.......... 38, 40
Channels lslandSiteeerercessehensier-ionueke 76
Chrysodomus aphelus, Dall ...71, 72
Chrysodomus arnoldi (n. sp.)..... 70
Chrysodomus griseus, Dall saitiks 72
Chrysodomus merriami (n. sp.).. 70
Civilization wranclentemer. cece ae 42
(CUE shhb boats tue ib eMneetas eiicto nid oni OCHO bie 3
Clematis cymbalaria, Pursh ..... alalal
Clematis drummondii, T. & G....111
Cleome integrifolia, Flora of..... aba bal
Cliftons Arizona, sehulonarOL.2i aeeeess 110
Cnicus occidenitalisn Amersmicisnisilecks cs 3
Cockerell, T. D. A. Geapen “Fone eiehe bens
3, 28, 56; 72, 86; 159
Codeot Khammumnalbitast snc dcuaee 42
Coins! Bronzer sreicercie enc ceers IEG Bye bisy!
Collinsia bicolor wee tcserevem eras cosas 94
Comstock, Dr. Theo. B (paper)...163
Constitution of Academy.........115
Convolvulus macrostegius ....... 91
Contributions to the Phytogeog-
raphy of Southern California.
IB ye EP VE ET anulen yee contesit een eh ove iotenene 19
Gookin'sh potsmanccis cessed ote cece 40
Corydalis aurea, Willd., var occi-
Gentahis (shins eyes seers ilalal
Crossosoma californicum ........ 92
Cy PLASMON SANs usrey toes els co iain eee 154
GYPCTAGC CERI ie bre wes cities a ee A neta ace 36
WYP CLUS Bie dona eareuse any se donlets eons 36) aul
Cyperus bromides, Brit. (Syn.) .
By, 37, 49
Cyperus erythrorhizos, Muhl...37, 52
Cyperus esculentus, Linn (Syn.).
Bin. iE!
Cyperus inflexus, Muhl. (Syn.).37, 50
Cyperus laevigatus, Linn ..... Bil, DO
Cyperus longispicatus, Norton
(GSR dg waieG ont io. ot eidtea cas Cont Sie DE
Cyperus melanostachyus, H. B. K.
(GShiAdls) Daricacedl a micumeniinicmerroisto med Gite 37, 49
Cyperus parishii, Brit. .... Toul, D2
Cyperus speciosus, Vahl (Syn.).
37, 4
| = )
Davidson, Dr. A. (papers)....24, 110
Deadman’s Island, San Pedro..... 69
IDKssavsbopenleYxoroy a oogoosooeoudeon atu 91
IBXesoheHohbhask wes ao.g Clee OOS GE abil,
Description of Some Undescribed
Shells of Pleistocene and Plio-
cene Formations of the Santa
Monica Range. By Prof. J. J.
Rivers 69
Dianthidium (Anthidium) 5
Dianthidium apicale woes 06
Dianthidium bivitallum (Cress)... 6
Dianthidium concinnum (Cress)... 6
Dianthidimiaycressonii” GDS TL )seee5 16
5
5
6
6
6
6
(Cress)
Dianthidium formosum (Cress)...
Dianthidium gabbi (Cress).......
Dianthidium lepidum (Cress).....
Dianthidium mexicanum (Cress)..
Dianthidium pudens (Cress)......
Dianthidium simile (Cress).......
Dianthidium singulare, Var.
luteum (Cress) 3
Dianthidium texanum (Cress).... 6
Dianthidium toltecum (Cress).... 6
Dianthidium ulkei (eres) ave buaqelerene 6
Dianthidium (genus).
Dianthidium Septem d e- n t a 't u m
(Gatr) Oss Bake eee 3
Dianthidium (sub-genus) Anthi-
Aielkum | wo. eee 3
Dianthidium (sub-genus) Ehr-
horni- (CK) 2... oe 4
Dianthidium (sub-genus) consi-
mile. (AsShmi)) i. o6ee Soe eee 4D
Dianthidium (sub-genus) curva-
tum: (Smith) 2a 4
Dianthidium (sub-genus) david-
soni. (CK) (2. 4 eee AN
Dianthidium (¢(sub-genus) gilense
(61.4 i) ererrs s o ciao dq oS 0c 4
Dianthidium (sub-genus) parvum
(Cresson), siss.c ee eee 4, 5
Dianthidium (sub-genus) robert-
soni (CK). (2 SS eee 4
Dianthidium (sub-genus) striga-
tum! (Panzer): ascent 4
| =
‘Earth, process of growth.........135
EDITORIAL:
Important to Members......... 97
Professor Melville Dozier.......100
This smean's: youwlsa. meee eee 129
Thanks to’ the Hbellii=.- eee 129
Did You Forget?) 3.52. 145
A Worthy Example.......i..: 2145
Mleochariss KR: Bre sae 67
Eleocharis acicularis, R. & S..67, 68
Eleocharis acicularis, var. rad-
icans; Brit. (Syn) vieeeee ose 81
Eleocharis capitata, R: Brivjy=2.- 67
Eleocharis disciformis (n. sp.).67, 81
Eleocharis montana, R. & S.(Syn.) 81
Eleocharis palustris, R. & §...67, 68
Eleocharis palustris, var. glau-
cescens,, ‘Gray, cee ee 68
Hleocharis) parishil, Brith vecscese 67
Eleocharis rostellata, Torr ....67, 83
Eleotherium imperator, Leidy
(fossil-hos)) «342. 7eeRieeonee 6
Emphoropsis (genus), AShmead..161
Emphoropsis infernalis (Dalla
Torre), SUbDSp:, NOVerssoe oe 161
Emphoropsis tristissima ......... 161
Hneelia californica =. .5.c eee 92
Eocene, Paris, extinct mammals.. 12
Eriogonum gigantea. a. oaseneereee 94
KHriosonum nudum “eer 94
Hriophyllum: neviniis eee 93
Eschrichtus davidsonii Cope (fos-
sil -wwhale). 2. daceci\c Soe ee 6
Eschscholtzia californica ........ 92
Eschscholtzia mexicana, Gr. ..... Ualal
Eschscholtzia ramosa cet Ut, 92
Eulima raymondi (n. sp.). Le eee 70
Huphorbia misera sees 92
Explorations; Nippur sass. oo 42
E
Mimbristylis)’ Waihls 7 scuenerenscerces 36, 86
Fimbristylis thermalis, Watson... 86
Flora of Clifton District, Arizona.
By A. Davidson, M.-Dinoesacnee 110
Flora of San Clemente Island.
By Blanche Trask..... Ty 62) LES 90
Fossil Peak, Catalina Island. By
Blanche Tr PEAS Ky asks, Hee ee 140
WrANSCTIA SL sieratlene eieteers HOG 3-6 94
S
GaliinnmcatalinenSe: 2) 2). trse. ss « 94
(GRATE MEV CRUISES Syeysicl ce cele cre she lee lepers 108
Game Refuges, Europe........... 108
Geologic Time, length of......... 9
Gilia nevinii ..... ee oars cceseas sep ts O83
Gila River Crossing, Government
DIAING) 5 o.oo Gord oi Da Hea Om eNO 140
Glacial Period, time since........ 10
Gilancomites onisin Of. 2). 2)6 205... 3.0.06 135
Government Game Refuges. By
Alden Sampson, Al Mi.......... 108
Government work, undesirable
Clas Sil @arcrlOmpr Oils pats sie isse cess) - IO shat)
GMAMAN AVS Se hoe bos c we aussie! op i0 36
Granive Swot SOs Calisccrare, He siie a) «aie shone 164
Graves, Catalina Island..... 41,.62,. 63
Graves, earliest known........... 43
[=]
EVAN Veils eCOMECELOM:. «its see ele 41
EVAN Gillam seeencya 2) WS scant seve aici wees) slekere 94
Ee Tra Cabra Waa acteseccys ts oc sete oles enoleve 36
Hemizonia clementina, Brand..... 95
Eemizonia asciculata, 2... 05... + 95
HERBARIA:
SMA CLe SCC we “Sich ene es cuerel st eens eile 225
(ali CAGA I SCliatiroc oe eee ocsetneens 2
ID AVAC'S OME Pine SAN ess saree ee, «8 eset 3
(Grahame clanrviemdiy (Wim Ves. «ccs ene 50
INES Botanical Gardens... os. 50
RUS case etches ielnia vee een OD
Sitzlimitoncol’ WWGOW AG = Sesscigio ouae.G Golo Donors 2
I Werinveme Oi Gailte aides wie tira pein ete! o aha)
FAME OSAMU Sy rtepanvens. cncteheiaiecetets: e islie 26
IFDISU@IAT, : ASENARLENOL” Gen bode ooo OOS 42
lEli@uciey: Cleishagel Saamessaodc ooo oo 5 10
Eistornya carliest-records ......25, 2'6
IBMIGTOMy,. Id EN aolelehal ssois oleso OA bile a alareio 3
HO SaOOSSU be ces sush sania ohciel acca sivetere clone 6
Hyaleea tricuspida (n. sp.)......... 69
|
Imiplemientts: DOMeG Ys... So... ea ae 38
lamiplemlenikS ws StOmM ew ei.) cp.rscitec- cee ores 39
Indian Relics, Catalina Island,
WS cellliam COWS! Vad. asi ce eae 60, 62
Indian Relics, Cabrillo’s ranch-
(TONEY (Sas Keraeeneeer Stars REPO ee tee Ane ee 62
Inscriptions, demotvie ie. sie... 4 «8 25
IniSCramitloms-e-Gireek S).s)<.c ei terse ois 27
Inscriptions, hieroglyphic ....... 25
INS ENOINS 1RbbaKON We yodoce oh ooo 25
Instruments for ocean study.133, 134
IRRIGATION, GOVERNMENT
PROJECTS:
latmaavthn RAVI io.) s ii. aise scsrensiene +s UGBS7(
Sacramento: Valleys cen es 138
WE POIANA SS eee es Sere BRIER ONS AV ORSICS CRD 139
ISLANDS:
ANIDENCEN OF IS Ha Serres tag dl aaa oot ee 76
IVAN oe GA eweaes rat nerersnele tae ecoiee syne 76
Saimen Cllierme ni tear cass succes wehcuabe. ewalenere ie 76
Sieivayy 1 Eiles bey BOR cacoe eg ane rl c ech eee eae 76
SG INLIGQOIENS= 5 Bictetea oles 6c 5.5 16392.) 94
Sanitarian baal ayers ereisicicsalaiok ole 77, 94
Sais (CEnrenlibae im cu aceee Gil do di 140
Sarath Guiza ors les once SeMey cner Tos, al
Sehahrehad kyotstehuny cicupo eran eA operon!
Rsthmiuss Catalina lslamid: jorvse) . ak 41
US PaaNwISS eee aes ooo clola-s 41, 62, 63
K
KhammilunabivrcodeOb . wisi. «3c 42
KaokkKenmiog dim sSieey-vecs-neuea =a seeror 25
Klamath River irrigation projects.137
L.
make DiwelllersiSiwiSss sis. ase chee 26
ILEhoUAROAe Chehdezh oo polo Ho bod OS be 94
Wa valellOwiSy aM CleMGae mi anes ec eee: 43
Lavatera assurgentifiora ......... 94
IESelebyRersymaonle Keys} 125-8 Glokb wlolicho bes ced eronG 9
Mimestones) origin Ofte chess oe eye 13
Ts OTMIG OTA pe Nhe g Sekaet cer curren iia teyedey attr sole 93
Lotus traskiz ..... Chae eee nits ba ATTEN 94
HUPINUS LEW Catus Pavia qe cosa 94
A Waren biaar nau re le ereuet ier ordained ls ences 93
My ciumecaliFornicum: yest als 93
ID eno iaal AaKol oubhty seen qdiee oO Goo Goblin oon 93
Lyonothamnus flortbundus, var.
ASDIEMUTLOLIUS eae lees 91
|
Malco hcix (nl iSpeproscssnec cece 94
Malzeothrix’ foliosa, Grows. 35. 25: lil,
IVD aU vias Nsohre aire ate hebey ates tan glen ot acts 93
Wallviorap arava OR Alsen mints cietei aa eee 95
MaliviahenOS@a’ Bisirte meade sive eee eens 94
Many reVvioliitlony (Ofer: sh. cue ne ane 27, 30
Manealla californiensis, Lucas
GLo'SSilhtailka) ee ee trtcceae eerie: 8
Manrblesrorns omnCaile acm ois sian 165
Mamulbiimor viltli@aren ass crise nceeeas 95
Members; Inist/ 0f5. 52. 5..5.:.: 123, ete
Mecalimieistonesianeus ssc canis 40
Mesembryanthemum
Mesembryanthemum ecrystallinum. 92
Mesozic tra, denisthy ote sem aes ten 10
Metals, first historic mention of
LS CUASHC OMAR se ata ol hee eestactintee ifs}
IMPS TABS tate ieitie Oe oot eee a eee Mee 40
Miocene, Upper, Los Angeles..... 8
IMoneyaohellkitr in snererceee: 154, ete.
Moritherium giganteum, Cope (fos-
Sie STOCtH) Hie. ce ias oar caieds enetion oma 6
Murray, Sir John (paper)........ 3333
VEY OS OGUS aT TTS lees erodes ves ilalal
Ru
Nebular Hypothesis, notes of dis-
CUSSIONU A ct oreeen ee ie lee 158
ING Sr OU IRAC Mar ee ween cinco i coat yap a 42
NilesAtlamieda€ oy mG ailiny) shes 8
Notes and News: Dec., 1903, 15;
LI04 an ob Meps. Ai Dees lKG
Notes on Structural Materials in
Southern California. By Theo.
BR Comstocke Sit arti usr 163
Ce )
Oenotherainy (neg/s ps) ences cee eae 95
OCeanwiGurnentsieinvere sin ne eee 135
Occansdep thot iene salen eae 133
Ocean Hoorvoty whack-sostok yeni 136
OCCA REMIT ese Sey Ne Us Tape and lead 134
Ocean, pressure in depth......... 136
Ocean, temperature in depth..... 13
Oceanology. By Sir John Murray.
TESST CUES i sents gaits jacket ta are Bat ce Gece ala 33
Officers, of Academy...:..... 128. 144
QOITFONTE TAS a eee aera ls) telnet 94
Oluvelilaee sear SAL Naroeey usta ore tie 57h
Opunitiay proliteray mw ses a kee 91
Opuntia engelmani, var, litoralis. 91
Ornaments, Stone 38
P
Paleozoic Era, length of.......... 10
Palmer, Dr. F. M., collections cata-
VO SiMe aescchehs ieee eaatrege i seemedene vedere 38, 40
Parish, S. B., papers........ 35, 49, 65
Peabody Museum, exploration col-
WE GHUOTUS as caepaien share osc pecousneneneie saci os te 41
Penstemon cordifolius ..:1........ 95
IPMACEIT AM oil ene scene ae eusionele nas 94
IPhosphaitess onlin Oberst 135
Phosphorescent animals ......... 134
Jelanae cbishien] seni a4 org Samo cco od 19
Plamtaromnsularisy easy ween eieteciec ener 94
' PLATES—
Southern California Cyperaceae,
Parish:
Cyperus bromoides, Britton,
1 OR isegtes ete tea mice ects eee 51
Cyperus parishii, Britton, III. 53
Cyperus longispicatus, Norton,
1 Dh Ya ERR eciire Aee cree arene oH rense 55
Schoenus nigricans, Linn, V.. 66
Eleocharis disciformis, Parish,
aN Gl ies Pieper ese err ae ars ena 82
Fossil Shells of the
Monica Range; Insert opp.. 69
No. 1, Eulima micans, Car-
- penter.
No. 2, Eulima ramondi, Rivers.
No. 8, Eulima hastata, Sow-
erby.
No. 4, Eulima falcata, Carpen-
ter:
Aboriginal Shell Money and
Ornaments, Yates.
Platerde siniserntarOp Dink ekeses: 154
Plate 22) Insert Oppiieicee)-r-t= 158
Pleistocene, Santa Monica Mts.,
Cea ree eof Secor tal oudetanss Seared Wubap ai atten ebayenante 70
Pliocene (fresh water), Berkeley,
(BEET raps eter cil Pern A rie esti Rca 8
Pliocene (fresh water), San Diego 69
Pliocene (fresh water), Santa
IMF OMT CA IVIRES Mrceeremsu seen weaeiien suewellcun 69, 72
Polanisia’ trachysperma, T. & G...111
Potts Valley, Santa Catalina, Cal.,
PncianMRelicss caceteecteeeweicuet eo icesaenene 150
Prehistoric California. By Dr. L.
GaeViatesraa neers all Oma 25 \- lly
Prehistoric, term defined...... 11, 25
Preliminary Synopsis of Southern
California Cyperacee. By S. B.
IAB ES IE (Hisiee YAS Sales We LEE
Parish
Prunus (n. sp.) ilicifolia, var..... 93
Psithyrus californicus, Cress..... 90
Psithyrusselathuisitere ace seeiestenccns 90
Publications Received ...........
12, 30, 44,
2
78, 95, 108, 162
Quaternanyes Sanweedronw. i. -ter-eet- 69
Quercus agnitoliia wise. esse ee eee,
Quercus chrysolepsis! .0....2...%2. 91
(AvIGTROBIS] ohbhoaktesey 7 Gcin.bld cod Bod oo Deo 1
Quercus tomentelllay Neyer = rl ssa
QU EMISH Wize Mere) ctre ella etaneisyeratre 1
FR
(reviews).....
To LUBA
Refuges, Government Game...... 108
RH AMNUSNCLOCCA stiee sersierseteeietersiene 93
Recent Literature
Rhus) intesritoliay sc -eraceteeweiere 93
Ribes (SD! i. eis se secs erehtehelmetene 92
Rivers. Ji J5 (paper) see 69
Rosetta StOmMe wena cre) eee ons 26
Ss
Sacramento Valley Irrigation Pro-
JOCiS! Ya eco ures BSA soy Sis 0-0-6 138
Saieas is eee Se A ae ees 25
Sambucus) glauca 2.2 seni eee 93
Sampson, Alden (paper).......... 108
San Clemente Island, Cal...... 76. 90
San Pedro, Cal:
Deadman’s Island). 69
Quaternary 2: he. eee 69
Santa Monica Range ............ 69
SaxXidoOmus . 2.) is. Ges cee 157
Saxifvaga wii. hae 6 2h silken eee 94
schoenus) Minny ec ane 36, 65
Schoenus nigricans, Linn (PIl.).65, 66
Schumacker, Paul, collections.... 41
Scirpus) sPamne ees es eee 36, 141
Scirpus americanus, Pres. (Syn.).
141, 143
Scirpus cernuus, Vahl. _(Syn.) .
asi “142
Scirpus) lacustris cee eee 141
Scirpus microcarpus> ice eeeoeee 141
Scirpus nanus, Spr. (Syn.)....... 141
Scirpus olneyi, Gray ........141. 143
Scirpus pacificusi wy. ese eeeee 141
Scirpus pauciflorus, Lightf. (Syn.)
141, 142
Scirpus’ tatora 2s... eee 141
Sedigesi vi, See ath case eee eee 35
Senecio-lyonil 22% .: see Ts Ds
Sharks) LOSSH. Wy. cae nee ee teeee eee 8.
Shell money of California....156, 157
Shells used as money....154, 155, 156
Sigmogomphius LeContei, Merriam
(fossil rodent) o. 452i 6
Sloth, fossil... 2 G-
Smithsonian Museum, exploration
Gollection's 4.2 oe 41
Southwest Society, Arch. Inst. of
America 3.505 725 Soe ee 14
Stelis Cgenus)” 2.210 cae 6
Stelis-costalis® .32 oicnecheeee eee 3
Stelis laticincta, Cresson ........ 33
Stelis rudbeckiarum (n. s.). 2 3
Structural Materials in So. Cal. “163
Stylophyllum’) = sis. o aoe eee 92
Stylophyllum albidum ........... 92
Stylophyllum virens ............. 94
Suceday- i053. Sal. oa See 94
ae
Tapir, LOSSil.5 .Aadteti mare 6
Thalictrum fendleri, Eng. Var
wrightil;. Trel. ced cece aay
Time, geologic, length of......... 9
Timm’s Place, Catalina Island... .152
Tivela (Pachydesma) crassatel-
LOUGES. ois ieg sod Ses Se a eee 157
Trachusa (genus) Jurine......... 159
Trachusa) perditay seceieeer een 159
Trachusa serratulz 2.3032 osn0e 159
TRANSACTIONS:
Academy—Dec.; 1903, 138; 1904:
Feb., 45; June and Sept., 104;
Oct., 180; Nov., 146.
Directors—1904: Feb., 45; May,
June and Sept., 106, 107; Oct.,
131; Nov., 146.
Sections:
Astronomy—Dec., 1903, 113%
1904:. Jan., 30; Feb., 46;
March, 64; April, 79; May,
95; Oct., 132; Nov., 147.
Biology—Dec., 1903, 14; 1904:
Jan., 31; Feb., 46; April 80;
May, 96; Oct. 131; Nov. 146.
Oe ae Oct., 13:2; Nov.,
Geology—Dec., 1903, 14; 1904:
Jan., 31; Feb., 46; March, 64;
ay, 80; April, 106; Oct.,
32.
Trask, Blanche (papers)..76, 90, 140
Mritoliumwveracientum:s.. 3.5. «3. 91
Mrirolivmm yp almMert eke. ss elles 91, 93
Mri¢oliumy tridentalium:. <<. ... 66 st. 91
Tripoxylon apicalis, Fox; Its Nest-
ing Habits. By Dr. A. Davidson 25
Dripoxylonvapilealis; HMOx “5.2... 24
DMrinoxylon linyphia ™. 22. 3.4.5 c6. 25
Uw
University of Pennsylvania explor-
DELOMS Meena ercratera oiessielsteusvecs © o.sertuchet 42
NS
Wiolampedumeulatar ss aca. ce. see cere 92
WOlCaAmICHAT eases hie Sessile ura eaete selene 43
IVOLCAMICHENET Sir. cil. esis e « oe seiee 43
NAS
AWehaayonbhaal oe Gigvcss. yoo dia oo 154, 155, 156
Whale, fossil remains............ 6
Whitney’s Place, Catalina Island..
151, 152
Williamson, Mrs. M. Burton
(DADELS) Mia uetensueneue 388, 60, 149
Wislizenia refracta, Eng......... alital
Work of the U. S. Reclamation
Service in California. By J. B.
Lippincott, Supervising Engi-
NCO Reins kere ter kel Mar eer) Sitios ae hromslages 137
x
DEVO COPA ace ea eeeeioedtakereke 86, 87
Xylocopa barbata, Fabr.......... 87
Xylocopa californica arizonensis,
Xylocopa fimbriata, Pabr......... 87
Mylocopa orpifex, Smith ........ 87
Xylocopa rufescens, Smith ...... 86
Xylocopa varipuncta, Patton...86, 87
GROSS (irered tren eticdare vartnecvieneree ras keneiteralee 87
Ww
Yates, Dr. Lorenzo G. (papers)..
6; 10, 2'5,;)-42
Yuma lrrieationi Proje Ctsnus «screen 139
OF THE
Southern California Academy o
COMMITTEE ON PUBLICATION
A. Davrpson, C. M., M. D., Chairman
MELVILLE DOZIER G. W. PARSONS
CONTENTS:
.
Quercus Wislizeni in Southern California, LERoy ABRAMS .
The Bees of Southern California, T. D. A. COCKERELL . ... .
Prehistoric California, DR. LORENZO GORDIN YATES . =... .
Prehistoric Man and his Development, Dr. LORENZO GORDIN YATES
EePublications- ReECelved: isco Ms eco es bret oe en ess ole rel ts
rans cuiOns a: cos ees Sa oa ee
Notes and News ;
PUBLISHED BY S
THE ACADEMY, MONTHLY EXCEPT
JULY, AUGUST AND SEPT.
Yearly Subscription, $1.00 ‘Sin gle Copies, 25 cts. x :
-
-“'Rntered September 18, 1903, at Los Angeles, Cal., as second-class matter,
under Act of Congress, July 16, 1894.”
MAILED JAN. 12, 1904
EXEL E N
Southern Galiiornia Academy oF Solences
VOLE. 3. LOSPANGELES SCALE JANIE 1904." NO. |
/ Quercus Wislizeni in Southern California.
BY LEROY ABRAMS.
In a former article in this publication (1:89, 1902) I had
occasion to mention the occurrence of Quercus Wislizeni A.
DC. in Southern California. Since then Mr. Parish in a later
number of this publication (II:11, 1903) doubts the determina-
tion of my specimens, at least as far as the plants from San
Bernardino Mountains are concerned. He says: ‘‘I have been
unable to detect it in the San Bernardino Mountains, and speci-
mens from that station with which Mr. Abrams has obliged me,
while indecisive, appear rather to belong to Q. dumosa, the com-
mon serub oak of the region.’’ That this species should be con-
fused with Q. dumosa can hardly be understood for they have
nothing in common save that both, in our regivn, are shrubby.
This confusion seems to exist, however, and for that reason it
may be proper to point out some of the differences. The leaves
of Q. dumosa, as it is now understood, are variable, but they are
usually blunt and more or less short pubescent and grayish be-
neath, while those of Q. Wislizeni are usually pointed, a bright,
glossy green and smooth on both surfaces. These characters
make them easily distinguished in the sterile condition. In the
fruit the characters are still more pronounced. Q. dumosa, be-
ing a white oak, has usually blunt acorns and more or less tu-
berculate cups, caused by the thickened scales. Q. Wislizeni,
on the other hand, is a black oak and has pointed acorns and
deep cups composed of thin scales, much resembling those of
the well-known Q. agrifolia, to which species it is much more
nearly related. This can be distinguished from both Q. dumosa
2 SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.
and Q. agrifolia, however, in that it develops the fruit the sec-
ond year while they mature theirs the first. Some do not seem
able to detect this fact unless they find the fruit and undevel-
oped ovules on the same twig, a circumstance seldom met with,
for only the most vigorous twigs develop fruit two years in suc-
cession, but when it is known that the flowers appear on the
young shoots in the spring, it goes without saying that, when
the fruit develops the first year, it will be found on the twigs of
the same season’s growth, while those that develop the second
year will be found on last year’s twigs. Knowing this, it can,
in nearly every case, be easily learned which year the fruit de-
velops.
Upon the re-examination of my material I became con-
vineed that my determinations alluded to above were correct
and that these plants agree well with those from the more
northern part of the state, and in addition to my former ma-
terial, I have had the advantage of another season’s collecting
and am enabled to extend the range still further. Besides this
material I have had the privilege of examining that in the fol-
lowing herbaria: Brandegee, Parish, California Academy of
Sciences and Stanford University, in all of which I found more
or less from our range. I give below a list of the specimens I
examined, which were collected below the Tehachapi, including
the collector and the herbarium in which the specimens are to
be found:
~~ Cuddy’s Ranch, near Gormans Station. Dudley, No. 4366.
(Seas)
Kings Canyon, Sierra Liebre Mts. Dudley, No. 4346.
(Se We)
Mt. Lowe, Dudley, July 20, 1899. (S. U.)
Mt. Wilson. Abrams, No. 1518. (Abrams, S. U.)
Lytle Creek Canyon. Hall, No. 901. (S. U.)
Santa Inez Mountains. Franceschi, 1894. (Brandegee.)
Mt. Lowe. Kinney, September, 1902. (Parish.)
Arrowhead Grade, San Bernardino Mountains. Shaw, Au-
gust, 1900. (Parish, Abrams.)
Santa Ana Canyon, San Bernardino Mountains. Shaw, Au-
gust, 1900. (Abrams.)
Spencer Valley, San Diego County. Abrams, No. 3875.
(Abrams, S. U.)
Cuyamaeca Mountain. Abrams, No. 3950. (Abrams, S. U.)
Walker’s Ranch, near Jacumba. Abrams No. 3697.
(Abrams, S. U.)
San Pedro Martir, Lower California. Brandegee. (Cal.
Academy. )
Stanford University.
SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 3
The Bees of Southern California.— 1.
BY T. D. A. COCKERELL.
The series of articles to appear under the above title will con-
tain descriptions and records of Southern California bees, and
it is hoped eventually to publish tables for the identification of
all the species.
Stelis laticincta, Cresson.
Wilson’s Peak, one male, collected by Dr. Davidson.
Only the female has been described. The male is similar, but
only 6 mm. long, with the clypeus, a small supraclypeal mark,
and a line beneath anterior ocellus, all yellow, in addition to the
markings present in the female. The yellow stripes behind the
eyes are continuous right across the top of the head. The an-
terior and hind tibiae are yellow on the outer side.
While working up the present insect I have become satisfied
that the New Mexico insect which has passed for years as S.
costalis, is quite distinct. It is to be said that Mr. Fox long ago
compared it with Cresson’s types, and did not think it was
costalis. It may be known as S. rudbeckiarum, n. sp.. the type
being my No. 1567, Santa Fe, July, at flowers of Rudbeckia. It
is about 7 mm. long, varying to 514, and the male agrees with
Cresson’s deseription of female costalis, except in the follow-
ing character: Tubercles and pleura wholly black tegulae
ferruginous, with a yellowish spot anteriorly; legs black, the
knees broadly and the tarsi red, the hind femora have a good
deal of red, and the tibiae show a little reddish on the inner
side; yellow band on third abdominal segment not indented.
The clypeus is entirely black.
Dianthidium.
Four species of this genus have been collected in Southern
California. In the following table they are separated and com-
pared with several species found elsewhere.
Seutellum all black in both sexes; size large (Europe)..
ROM en Tir aaa Nsw AO ay Bok ee An septemdentatum (Latr.)
Seutellum with at least some vellow or whitish; size smaller
1. Small, compact species, with the hind edge of the scutel-
lum produced and sharp-edged, the yellow marks on
scutellum in a straight line or almost so; posterior
eoxae without spines. (Anthidiellum, n. sube., type
CSAECOE WAU Th) pelle ges Bieta St ameee a emt aL 23 ae ei aa are 2
4 SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENGES:
Not so; scutellum less produced, the yellow marks or
band on scutellum not in a straight line.............. 3.
2. Band on second abdominal segment nearly as widely
interrupted as that on first, 1. e., reduced to lateral
AEH OUURO Oey a ws Oa ois oad roe ol G strigatum (Panzer).
Band on first adbdominal segment reduced to lateral
marks, but that on second at most very narrowly in-
terrupted se. los. ibang P2ick oa ees a eee 3.
3. Hind tibia without black (New Mexico)....gilense (CkIll.
Hind tibia with a good déal of black... . 2.2 eee 4,
4. End of male abdomen with four lttle teeth; band on
second abdominal segment very broadly interrupted
@Miojaver Desertiayauces ance eee eee ehrhorni (CkIl.)
End of male abdomen without such teeth; band on see-
ond abdominal segment very narrowly interrupted
(Southern® Calutormia))ice: ssn robertsoni (CkIl.)
5. Yellow band on first abdominal segment broadly inter-
rupted in the middle (New Mexico)....perpictum (CkIl.)
Band on first abdominal segment entire in the middle,
mterrupted, if at all, at the sides. ... .:. 72. s5e==eeeee 6.
6. Base of abdomen with a good deal of red (Georgia,
Mexas News MiexiCOssetC:en a1 cee e curvatum (Smith.)
Base of abdomen without red.........:->.- 5225 eee ie
7. End of male abdomen strongly trilobed; male with no
supraclypeal mark; markings of abdomen chrome yel-
low in both sexes (So. California)...... consimiie (Ashm.)
End of male abdomen truncate, faintly trilobed; male
wath ‘a-smailll supraclypeal mark... > ..\2. see 8.
8. Markings of abdomen pale yellow, bands more incised
laterally (New Mexico, Colorado)....... parvum (Cress.)
Markings of abdomen bright yellow, bands less incised
laterally (Southern California)........ davidsoni (CkIll.)
Dianthidium robertsoni, n. sp.
Four specimens collected by. Dr. Davidson, three from Rock ~
Creek, one from Los Angeles. Named after Mr. Charles Rob-
ertson, who first pointed out the presence of pulvilli m the
genus. Small and compact, 514 to 7 mm. long, the larger bemg
females; black, with chrome yellow markings, strongly pune-
tured; apex and apical half of costa of wings broadly fuligin-
ous, the whole of the marginal and nearly all of the submar-
ginal cells dark; the only yellow marks on head in the female
are the large cuneiform lateral face-marks, and the entire oce1-
pital band, but in the male the clypeus and two triangles oceu-
pying the corners of the supraclypeal area and touching or al-
most touching medially are light yellow; markings of thorax
and abdomen as in D. gilense, except that the anterolateral
SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 5
stripes on margin of mesothorax are not bent posteriorly, the
anterolateral spots on secutellum are wanting, the abdominal
bands on the third and following segments are somewhat more
widely interrupted, and are laterally very deeply incised or di-
vided altogether, those on four and five always being divided;
the sixth segment has much black, being in the female black
with two yellow marks, and in the male usually yellow with a
reversed black T; ventral scopa white; legs in female black, the
apices of femora, tibiae and tarsi ferrugimous; anterior tibae
with more than the basal half yellow outside, middle tibiae all
yellow outside, hind tibiae with a yellow basal spot; in the male
the anterior and middle legs are strongly bearded with long
white hair, the anterior tibiae are yellow outwardly and pale
ceddish within, the middle tibiae are yellow with a very large
black spot on the outer surface and a similar reddish one on the
inner, and the hind tibiae are black with the ends broadly yel-
low, the tarsi have the basal joint yellow and the small joints
ferruginous; the apex of the male abdomen is truncate with a
faint trilobation.
Dianthidium consimile (Ashmead.)
Dr. Davidson sends me three collected at Los Angeles; they
bear dates June 13 and 15. I have identified the species from
Ashmead’s deseription, but I find that this, although stated to
be that of a female, accords with the male of the insect before
me. In the female the clypeus is black in the middle and yellow
only at the sides. Except for this discrepancy the description
applies excellently. The yellow tooth or spine on the hind
coxae 1s very small in the female, somewhat larger in the male.
Dianthidium davidsoni, n. sp.
Two males collected by Dr. Davidson at Bear Valley, Cali-
fornia.
Length 8 to 9 mm.; black with bright chrome yellow mark-
ings. In structure and markings similar to D. parvum, but
larger, with the yellow much brighter, and the abdominal bands
much less incised. The pubescence of the upper part of the
head and thorax has a yellowish tint. Apical segment of abdo-
men yellow, truncate and faintly trilobed, only its extreme
base, where it is overlapped by the penultimate segment, is
black; penultimate segment yellow except the overlapped base,
a median basal pointed process, and two transverse subapical
marks (in parvum it is black with two light yellow crescents
joining medially); first recurrent nervure about as far from
base of second submarginal cell as the second is beyond its
apex; yellow spines of hind coxae very large; pleura with or
without a small yellow spot.
The following species, hitherto placed in Anthidium, must be
transferred to Dianthidium, D. formosum (Cress.), D. gabbi
6 SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.
(Cress.), D. mexicanum (Cress.), D. apicale (Cress.), D. bivitta-
tum (Cress.), D. toltecum (Cress.), D. agnatum (Cress.), D.
texanum (Cress.), D. ulkei (Cress.), D. cressonii (Dalla Terre,
D. lepidum (Cress.), D. simile, (Cress.), D. concinnum (Cress.),
D. pudens (Cress). The easiest way to distinguish Dianthidium
from Anthidium is to notice the httle pulvillus or pad between
the claws, this being absent in the latter genus. Stelis looks like
Diznthidium, but it is a parasitic bee, and consequently the fe-
male has no seopa for holding pollen. aan
The species of Dianthidium are ‘‘resiniers,’’ making resin
nests; Anthidium lines its nest with cottony fibers.
Prehistoric California.
(Continued from December BULLETIN.)
BY DR. LORENZO GORDIN YATES.
WHALE.
Fossil remains of whales have been found at many locali-
ties, mostly near the coast. One of these found in the Plicoene ?
near Santa Barbara by Professor George Davidson was named
by Professor Cope, who ealled it Eschrichtius Davidsoni. It
was as large as the ‘‘California Gray Whale,’’ but belonged to
the ‘‘Finbacks.”’
THE HOG.
Elotherium imperator, Leidy, from the Miocene at Doug-
las Flat, Calaveras county, under the lava, is described as allied
to the hog.
SLOTH.
Professor Cope named an animal found in Quaternary of
the Klamath River, at Yreka, the Moritherium giganteum. It
was an extinct Sloth, and is supposed to have made the tracks
resemblinggigantic footprints found in the Carson Quarry in
Nevada.
Professor Cope named an animal found in the Quaternary of
the Klamath River, at Yreka, the Moritherium giganteum. It
was an extinet Sloth, and is supposed to have made the tracks
resembling gigantic human footprints found in the Carson
Quarry in Nevada.
TAPIR.
The South American Tapir is represented by fossils found in
the Auriferous Gravel, above the lava, in Tuolumne county.
BEAVER.
A fossil rodent, Sigmogomphius Le Contei, Merriam, named
for the late Professor Joseph Le Conte, was found by Professor
WINasNj{ [BUOYN *S “A ay Asoqzsn0Dg SUIZESE S.eIN[QOW IF WWSIUM “AO Aq suyqutred & Jo woronpoiday a 0D aIn[DoI “S S fq ‘6681 qyS11hdoy :
(snruesiumiid seyde]y) HLOWAVN
8 SOUTHERN CALTFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENGES:
John C. Merriam of the University of California in the lower
deposits of the Pliocene, near Berkeley, in fresh water beds.”
The writer found skulls of the Beaver (Castor fiber ?) in the
marshy banks of the San Joaquin River above Antioch. These
have not been subjected to critical examination.
NON-MAMMALIAN VERTEBRATES.
Sharks.
Numerous species of fossil sharks have been found in Cali-
fornia, notably in Kern county, where ten of the species de-
scribed by Agassiz have been recognized.
(Numerous specimens of the teeth and bones of vertebrates
found in the Quaternary by the writer have not, as yet, been de-
termined. )
In Volume XXIV. of the ‘‘Proceedings of the United States
National Museum, Washington, 1902,’’ Dr. Frederic A. Lucas
has described ‘‘ A Flightless Auk, Mancalla Californiensis, from
the Miocene of California.’’
The genus was founded upon ‘‘a nearly complete left hu-
merus found in excavating Third street tunnel at Los Angeles,
California, in strata considered by Mr. W. H. Dall as belonging
to the Upper Miocene or Lower Pliocene, probably the former.’’
It is probable, as Professor Whitney and Dr. Cooper sug-
gested, that the fragmentary bones and teeth of many of the
extinct mammals which have been found in the Quaternary of
California are portions of animals inhabiting California during
the Miocene and Pliocene periods, and that during some of the
great changes resulting from the erosion and detrition caused
by the local elevations and depressions of the surface they were
weathered out and transported to distant localities by the rush
of waters over their original place of deposit, and were again
buried in the debris of later epochs.
All of the fossil remains of the before mentioned animals,
which the writer has found in undoubted Quaternary deposits,
indicate that the bones had been thus distributed.
Some of those found in the Pliocene may have been originally
deposited in Miocene formations. In one instance the writer
found in the bed of Alameda Creek, near Niles, Alameda Coun-
ty, a boulder of very hard, coarse conglomerate in which was
imbedded a perfect molar tooth of a mastodon. The boulder
was undoubtedly a portion of a Plocene depustt, some miles
distant, and had been rounded off by the combined action of
water and the friction of other rocks during its rough journey
in the rocky bed of the present creek, and had it not been for
* Bulletin of the Department of Geology, University of California,
Vol..1, No. 13, 1896.
SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 9
the material in which it was imbedded being easily recogniz-
able, it would have been referred to the Quaternary. We will
go still further back in its history. The tooth was nearly per-
fect and had been but little worn, showing that it had not been
shed during the lifetime of the animal, and not being connected
with any other portion of the skeleton, it may have belonged to
an animal of the Miocene Period, whose remains were imbedded
in the deposits of that period, and had been exposed and sub-
sequently separated from the other portions of the skeletion by
the action of the elements and again deposited in one of the
‘*Dead Rivers’’ of the Pliocene Period, to be again disentombed
and removed after the lapse of many thousands of years.
Had this tooth been covered up and left where the writer
found it (in close proximity to an Indian Rancheria), it might
after other thousands of years, have been discuvered by some
future scientist and been considered satisfactory proof of the
contemporaneity of man and the Mastodon.
Such instances show the necessity of close study, careful dis-
crimination and conservative deductions in an attempt to read
detailed history from the Book of Nature.
THE LENGTH OF GEOLOGIC TIME.
For the benefit of those who have not given much thought to
the subject of the Earth’s age the following estimates made by
eminent geologists and physicists are given. Those of the
geologists are based upon the present rate of deposit of marine
sediment, and the destruction of land by erosion and denuda-
tion, compared with the total thickness of sedimentary rocks.
The correctness of the estimates—provided that the rates have
been always uniform—is evident, but in the absence of that
assurance the conclusions are uncertain and elusive.
The estimates of the physicists are based upon the application
of the laws of heat radiation, and their conclusions have ma-
terially modified the former theory, that for the deposition or
formation of the sedimentary rocks a minimum of hundreds of
millions of years were required, and for the time which elapsed
since the earth was in a molten state no lmit could be given.
Mr. Clarence King, a former United States Geologist, as the
result of experiments upon the behavior of certain rocks under
conditions of heat and pressure, came to the conclusion that it
cannot be more than twenty-four million years since the earth
was in a molten state or condition.
Mr. Warren Upham gives forty-eight million years as the
age of the stratified rocks and one hundred million of years as
the age of the ocean.
Sir Charles Lyell, the eminent English geologist, gave as his
estimate of the age of the fossil bearing sedimentary rocks, two
hundred and forty millions of years.
io SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SGIENGES:
Sir Archibald Geikie’s estimate was 100 million of years.
Professor J. D. Dana’s estimate was 48 million of years.
Professor Joseph Le Conte’s estimate was 30 million of years.
Mr. C. D. Waleott’s estimate was 28 million of years for the
total period of existence of fossil-bearing sediments.
And for the time which has elapsed since the earth was in a
molten state the following eminent physicists drew these con-
clusions:
Sir William Thomson’s estimate was 100 million years.
Professor George H. Darwin’s estimate was 57 million years.
Professor Simon Neweomb’s estimate was 14 million years.
Dr. Alexander Winchell’s estimate was 3 million years.
As to the relative durations of the greater geological time
divisions the conclusions of eminent scientists are more in aec-
cord.
For the Paleozoic (Ancient Life), which includes the Silurian,
Devonian and Carboniferous Ages, seventeen million, five hun-
dred thousand years.
The Mesozoic or Mediaeval (Age of Reptiles), seven million
two hundred and forty thousand years; and for the Cenozoic
or Recent, which is represented by the Tertiary and Post-Ter-
tiary Periods, two million nine hundred thousand years.
‘“The time since the departure of the ice of the Glacial period
from this portion of the continent has been estimated by several
eminent authorities, from different data, and their figures fall
within six thousand to ten thousand years.’* *
Prehistoric Man and his Development.
BY DR. LORENZO G. YATES, F. L. S.
Honorary Member Southern California Academy of Sciences,
President of the Santa Barbara Society of Natural Hi-tory, Etc.
History is defined as a narrative of past evenrs, oral or writ-
ten, and is divided into Ancient, Mediaeval and Modern. An-
cient History treats of the history of man from the earliest rec-
ords to the destruction of the Roman Empire, A. D. 476; Me-
diaeval History is the history of the Middle Ages, from A. ID).
476 to the beginning of the sixteenth century, and Modern
History from the close of the Middle Ages to the present time.
As the above terms apply to the world at large and man in
general the study of the history of man as considered in his re-
* Herman LeRoy Fairchild, in Proceedings of the Rochester Acad-
emy of Science, Vol. II.
SOURTERMNGCALTIZORINTA ACADEMY OF SCLENGES, Ti
lations to the groups and divisions of mankind required a dif-
ferent term for its definition, and the late Sir Daniel Wilson, a
Secottish-Canadian archaeologist and former President of the
Toronto University, coined the word Pre-Historic, using it in
the title to his ‘‘ Archaeology and Prehistoric Annals of Scot-
land,’’ published in 1851.
This term includes the science of the races of men, their char-
acter, history, customs, institutions and language, as derived
from sources other than oral or written evidence, and includes
that part of Ethnology which relates to the unwritten history
of the various races, nations and tribes derived from their
relies.
Much has been written, and in all probability much more
will be written on the subject of man’s origin, and yet but little
is known as to How, When or Where man first appeared on the
earth.
The Book of Nature, which has thrown so much light on the
origin, evolution and age of the lower orders of animals, gives
comparatively little evidence which can be utilized for the bet-
ter knowledge of a subject which is of such interest to the edu-
eated portion of humanity.
The ‘‘Cradle of the Human Race’’ has been discovered (?) by
many scientists, and by them located in many and widely sepa-
rated countries, but so far no incontrovertible evidence has
been adduced which would give any preponderance of evidence,
or even probability to any one of the given localities over the
others as regarding the origin of mankind, and it seems more
than probable that the locality or localities whence the race
or races sprang has been entirely obliterated by changes in the
earth’s surface, and that the island, continent, or portion of dry
land first inhabited by man now forms the bed of one or more
of our great oceans.
The late Professor Joseph Leconte in his ‘‘A Century of Ge-
ology’’ claimed that ‘‘The fundamental idea underlying geolog-
ical thought is theh istory of the earth.
“That until the beginning of the nineteenth century the earth
was not supposed to have any history,’’ it was supposed to have
been made at once, out of hand, about six thousand years ago,
and to have remained substantially unchanged ever since as the
necessary theater of human history.
An effort to crowd all the changes which have taken place in
the history of our earth into the period of time given by the
Jewish writings as the age of the earth, would be hke attempt-
ing to force all the water of the Pacific Ocean into a lake.
About the middle of the eighteenth century Buffon brought
out dimly the idea of an abyss of time, preceding the advent of
man, in which the earth was inhabited by plants and animals
i2 SOUTHERN GALTFORNIA ACADEMY (OF SGIENGES:
wholly different from those of the present day, but the priests
of Sorbourne compelled him to retract such irreligious views.
Hutton in the last part of the eighteenth century first clearly
concieved the idea that the science of zoology alone is a view of
Nature in continuous movement—a life history—an evolution
of Nature, all other sciences, including astronomy, being but
‘‘flash-light views of Nature.’’
Lyell showed that ‘‘causes now in operation’’ are producing
similar effects under our eyes, of changes which have been go-
ing on since the beginning of time.
In the early years of the eighteenth century William Smith
laid the foundations of stratigraphy, and Cuvier, by his studies.
of the wonderful discoveries of extinct mammals in the Eocene
Basin of Paris, opened up to the mind of the student in a
clearer ight the existence of other time worlds before the pres-
ent one.
It is neither essential nor practicable in this short abstract
to follow the various opposing theories as to how the changes
in the sea, earth and its inhabitants were brought about, as
claimed by Neptunists, Plutonists, Catastrophists and Uniformi-
tarianists, as these opposing factions were eventually reconciled
by scientific assimilation.
The Catastrophists held that the whole history of the earth
consisted of a series of sudden, violent, supernatural catastro-
phies which exterminated all life on the globe. These were sup-
posed to be followed by periods of quiet, during which the new
earth was re-peopled by direct act of creation, with new forms
of life adapted to the new conditions. Species were supposed
to have been created at once, out of hand, without natural pro-
cess. These spread in all directions, and remained unchanged
until another universal catastrophe exterminated them.
The great apostles of this theory were Cuvier and Buckland.
Lyell advocated the theory of uniformity of changes in the
inorganic world, but he admitted the supernatural catastrophic
changes in organic nature. After the publication of Darwin’s
‘Origin of Species,’’? Lyell embraced the new theory, which
reconciled the opposing theories, and became generally ac-
cepted.
PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED.
‘*The Codling Moth.’’ Division of Entomology. Bulletin No. 41 U.
S. Department Agriculture.
‘*Olive Oil and its Substitutes.’’ Bureau of Chemistry. Bulletin No.
77, U. S. Department of Agriculture.
‘*Bee Products in Arizona.’’ No. 48, Agricultural Experiment Station,
University of Arizona.
SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. * 13
Transactions for December, 1903.
ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.
Los Angeles, California, December 7, 1£03.
The regular monthly meeting of the Academy of Sciences was held
this evening at 940 South Figueroa Street.
President Comstock occupied the Chair.
The subject for the evening was a lecture on Sweden, by B. R.
Baumgardt. The speaker illustrated the subject with 100 lantern views
and dealt with the ethnology, history, art and literature of that country.
There being no further business, the meeting adjourned.
B. R. BAUMGARDT, Secretary.
ASTRONOMICAL SECTION.
An unusually interesting and instructive session of the Astronomical
Section was held on December 21st, the occasion being a ‘‘ Herbert Spen-
cer Symposium.’’
The subject was appropriately introduced by Chairman W. H. Knight,
who first presented Dr. Theodore Comstock, president of the Academy,
whose theme was ‘‘Spencer’s Harly Papers, Precursors of Recent Scien-
tific Conclusions.’’
The speaker gave a clear and concise exposition of Spencer’s early
works, showing the remarkable insight of the great philosopher into the
intricacies of nearly all of the sciences, and touching upon the beautiful
simplicity and humility of the life that had commanded the respect and
reverence of the civilized world.
Rabbi S. Hecht then presented the topie of ‘‘Spencer as a Man.’’ He
went into the boyhood and early manhood of Spencer, emphasizing his in-
dependence of thought and action and his devotion to the logic of princi-
ples. He also dwelt upon the encyclopaedic knowledge of the great
thinker, and his power to use the knowledge he possessed.
At this stage of the proceedings an unexpected pleasure was derived
from the reading by Mrs. Calvert Wilson of a poem in praise of the
virtues and achievements ‘of Spencer, written by Mrs. Klizabeth Cheney.
“*Spencer’s Attitude Toward Metaphysics, and His Contributions to
the Science of Astronomy,’’ was the theme of Secretary B. R. Baum-
gardt’s remarks, who, in his usually clear and forceful style, gave a
synopsis of the philosopher’s views on the more abstruse topics of
thought and investigation, and gave him due eredit for the substantial
aid rendered by him to the sciences of astronomy and chemistry, notably
in his attitude toward the nebular hypothesis and the theory of the
nature and origin of the universe.
Mr. W. A. Spalding was then introduced, and spoke of ‘‘Spencer’s Law
of the Development of Society.’’?’ He represented Spencer as ‘‘one who
set aside Divine revelations except so far as they could be explained on
scientific principles,’’ and as ‘‘having broken away from the thraldom
of religious dogma.’’
Hon. W. A. Cheney was the last speaker of the evening, and his topic
was ‘‘Spencer on the Phenomena of the Mind.’’
Judge Cheney gave high praise to Spencer’s system of philosophy,
ealling it ‘‘the philosophic yard-stick of all time to come.’’
He claimed that Spencer taught the evolution of the human mind and
the human soul, as well as of the human body, and that no name of the
last century could be compared with his for greatness of conception and
magnificence of execution.
In criticism of the English authorities in denying to him burial in
Westminster Abbey because of his supposed atheistic sentiments, he said
1g SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.
that Spencer was too great for Westminster, and the only appropriate
place for his interment was in the world of thought.
The meeting was largely attended and much enthusiastic interest was.
manifested, MELVILLE DOZIER, Secretary.
BIOLOGICAL SECTION.
Woman’s Club House, Dec. 19th, 1903.
The meeting was called to order by the Chairman of the Section.
The minutes of ‘the last meeting were read and approved.
The lecture of the evening was delivered by Dr. B. F. Gamber, on
the subject of ‘‘Malaria.’’ The lecture was illustrated by blackboard.
drawings and by a number cf microscopical slides. The microscopes
which were used were loaned by the University of Southern California
and by the Pacific School of Osteopathy.
The paper was discussed by Mr. W. H. Knight, Dr. Bishop and a
number of others.
About thirty-five members and visitors were present.
On motion the section adjourned to meet again on the second Monday
evening in January, 1904. C. A. WHITING, Secretary.
GEOLOGICAL SECTION.
Los Angeles, December 28th, 1903.
The Geological Section of the Academy of Sciences met at the
Woman’s Club Rooms on the 28th inst.
Wm. H. Knight acted as Chairman pro tem. President Theo. B.
Comstock was introduced and gave a very interesting description of the
Physical Geography and Geology of Brazil. The lecture was intensely
interesting, and many questions were asked by the audience after the
lecture was coneluded. G. MAJOR TABER, Secretary.
ARCHAEOLOGICAL INSTITUTE.
There has been organized in Los Angeles the Southwest Society of the
Archaeological Institute of America, for the purpose of collecting, pre-
serving and publishing the fast disappearing relics of man and his insti-
tutions in this prolific field, aided by the parent institute, of which
Professor Francis W. Kelsey, of the University of Michigan, is the
Secretary. The officers of this local branch are: President, J. S. Slauson;
Vice-Presidents, F. M. Rindge, Dr. Norman Bridge, Colonel H. G. Otis,
Rev. George F. Bovard; Recorder and Curator, Dr. F. M. Palmer; Treas-
urer, W. C. Patterson.
Executive Committee—Dr. Theo. B. Comstock, chairman; Rev. Geo. F.
Bovard, Rev. C. J. K. Jones, Dr. F. M. Palmer, Chas. F. Lummis, Pro-
fessor J. A. Foshay.
A lecture of thrilling interest was given on the evening of December
3rd by Prof. Kelsey, on ‘‘Recent Discoveries in Pompeii.’’ Marked in-
terest is shown by our citizens and the membership is rapidly growing.
Steps have been taken to conduct researches on the Mexican and Indian
folk-lore of this region, and the Executive Committee is now planning
for a demonstration on this subject in January, which may come as a
revelation to those who have not given the subject attention.
It is most agreeable to chronicle any event in the history of California,
which, like this, tends in the general direction of the aims and purposes
of the Academy of Sciences.
There should be a general Museum here ‘to conserve and illustrate
every phase of the subjects covered by the Academy of Science, the
Historical Society and the Archaeological Institute.
SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 15
Through the direct support guaranteed by connection with the na-
tional organization, there is hope of vitality and permanence in the new
society, which we bid God speed in its work. The inaugural address of
President Comstock, read before the Academy in 1902 and published in
the June number for that year, of the Bulletin, contains suggestions for
a very similar union of local Academies of Sciences with the American
Association for the Advancement of Science, or the Carnegie Institution,
or some other national rallying point.
We welcome any movement which tends to vivify and consolidate the
energies of those whose labor of love in the cause of Science has been
necessarily disconnected and often disheartening in the past.
NOTES AND NEWS.
From experiments conductea at the Montana Agriculture Experiment
Station it was found that the evaporation and transpiration from the
grain was about 16 per cent greater than the evaporation from the
bare soil. For the period named, the former averages 11-7 inch and the
latter 9-10 inch per week over the surface. For the same period the evap-
oration from a water surface was 13 to 16 inches per week. . . . The
crop in every case not only evaporated all of the irrigation water, but
robbed the soil of part of the moisture which it contained at seed time.
The changing of the sex in plants (Trop. Agr., 22 (1903), No. 11, pp.
789, 790).—The_ possibility of changing the sex of ate date palm and of
the papaw is discussed. About 80 per cent of seedlings of date palms are
male. The method of the Arabs in some of the oases in the southern part
of Algeria in changing these male plants into bearing trees is to tear
off all the leaves from the foot stalks, at 2 or 3 years of age, so that the
medial nerve is split in two from the center to the leaf sheaf. It is
believed that this tearing process brings about a concentration of the
yap movement in the same way as is the case in annular incisions,
resulting in an accumulation of sap, ‘‘which is more necessary for the
vital functions of the female plant than for those of the male.’’ The
writer states that it has been his experience that cutting off the terminal
buds of papaw trees (Carica papaya) as soon as the enaracter of the
flower is apparent results in altering that character, inducing the tree
to yield good fruit in place of the poor specimens borne by the so-called
male trees.
Evaporation from a water surface, HE. F. Ladd (North Dakota Sta.
Rpt. 1902, pp. 20, 21).—Observations were made as follows: ‘‘A galvan-
ized iron tank 3 ft. square by 14 in. in depth painted black contained a
second smaller tank 12 by 12 by 12 in. in dimensions, likewise blackened.
These were sunk in a grass plat level with the surface of the ground.
The small tank contained distilled water and this tank within the
larger was surrounded with water. Daily measurements were made of
the amount of evaporation, and the results by months are given. . .
The total amount of water evaporated from a water surface for the five
months, May to September, inclusive, was 28.12 in., or an average of
5.624 in, per month, or a daily average of 0.183 in. The total rainfall
for the same period of time was . . . but little more than one-half
as much as the water evaporation for the same period, or an average of
2.864 in. per month, or an average daily rainfall of 0.0636 in., as com-
pared with an evaporation of 0.183 in. per day.’’
The New Zealand Parliament has passed a_ bill empowering the
Governor to introduce after January, 1906, the metric system, which is:
then to become the system of weights and measures for the country.
16 SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENGES:
The Seismological Commission of the British Association inferred from
the data collected that the crust of the earth was not more than forty
miles thick, the interior having a very high effective rigidity and the
nucleus being probably more uniform in its chemical and physical condi-
tions than was usually supposed.— (Science, Vol. XVIII, No. 464.)
‘“Tn Olive Oil and Its Substitutes,’’ there may be found an interesting
and accurate analysis of the oils imported into and produced in this
country. The following is the summary of the author’s investigations:
1. The olive oil consumed in this country is largely imported from
France and Italy. The amount produced in California is relatively
small, although reports warrant the statement that California is capable
of supplying the entire home demand.
2. The cost of production of California oil is so much higher than
that of the French and Italian oils that it competes with difficulty with
the imported oils in the American market, even after the latter have
paid duty amounting to 50 cents per gallon.
3. The retail prices of the best grade of oil from the three sources
are much the same, but the average prices of the imported oils are much
less than that of the California oil, owing to the large amount of lower
grade foreign oils that are marketed in this country.
4, In the examination of olive oils for adulteration, a complete
analysis is usually necessary to reveal the real nature of the oil. In cases
of gross adulteration the qualitative tests, specifie gravity, and index
of refraction will often show the nature of the adulterant and the extent
to which it is employed.
5. ‘the adulteration of foreign oils imported into this country is prac-
ticed to a much less extent than is popularly supposed. Only 5 of the 61
samples obtained from the customs officers were found to contain other
than olive oil, and none of these contained cotton-seed oil. On the other
hand, oils bought upon the market, bearing labels indicating a foreign
origin, were found to be quite extensively adulterated with cotton-seed
oil. It seems, therefore, probable that these adulterated oils bearing
foreign labels are labeled and modified after leaving the port of entry,
neither the domestic nor the foreign producer being responsible for them.
This practice is equally injurious to the interests of the California,
trench, or Italian manufacturer of pure olive oil and the consumer.
6. The results of analyses of oils of known purity show that there is a
wide range in the various values ordinarily considered of importance
in indicating the purity of an oil. This is especially true of 'the iodin
number, the melting point of fatty acids, and the percentage of solid
fatty acids. The California olive oils generally have a higher iodin num-
ber, a lower melting point of fatty acids, and a lower percentage of solid
fatty acids than the French and Italian oils.
7. All samples containing other than olive oil were sold as pure
olive oil, although in one case a careful observation of the label revealed
the fact that the oil was an olive oil substitute.
The alfalfa butterfly (Colias eurytheme) has so increased in numbers
since 1895 that the icey flow which used to continue well into Septem-
ber is now cut short in July. The adulteration of honey, in Arizona, is
not commercially possible for the excellent reason that freight rates so
enhance the price of glucose and sugar that these adulterants cannot
be profitably used.— (‘‘Bee-products in Arizona.’’ By R. H. Forbes.)
The local Historical Society have begun to agitate for State help in
the establishment of a building to house their valuable historical books
and relics. We have reached that point in civic evolution where a mu-
seum is almost an absolute necessity for educational purposes. Our
Academy sections alone could in a few years stock a museum with all
the representative objects native to the West.
i
—
a
VOL. III. FEBRUARY, 1904 NO. ao
i) Be IN
OF THE
oouthern California Academy of Sciences
A. DAVIDSON, C. M., M. D., Chairman
MELVILLE DOZIER G. W. PARSONS
CONTENTS:
Page
Some Contributions to the Phytogeography of Southern
Californias; HM. HALE. = . : Shoe on ge LO
The Bees of Southern California, T. D. ne Cocerniee Saree 5. 6 ee
Trypoxylon apicalis Fox.—Its Nesting Habits, Dr. A. DAVIDSON ceticn ev
Prehistoric Man and his Development, Dk. LORENZO GORDIN YATES 25
PublicationseReceiveda: joey i. ol Gea AI Se boas We ts nO
MSATISA CEI OTIS ne Co) eee Re 2 2 Ulete 4 momen keener ny Omit es. 3p
INGLES TAT GUNG WSs iret eae tig oa a 9 peat ie Cre On tele 8D
PUBLISHED BY
THE ACADEMY, MONTHLY EXCEPT
JULY, AUGUST AND SEPT.
Yearly Subscription, $1.00 Single Copies, 25 cts.
“Entered September 18, 1903, at Los Angeles, Cal., as second-class matter,
under Act of Congress, July 16, 1894.”
3
; MAILED FEB. 20, !904
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southern Galitornia Academy oF Solencés
Sai 3 ae Oe NS aaa Si REP lS 1904. NO 2
Some Contributions to the Phytogeography of
Southern California.
There have recently appeared three papers on plant distribu-
_ tion, to which the attention of the botanists oi Southern Cali-
fornia should be ealled. They are the following:
Die pflanzengeographische Gliederung Nordamerikas. A.
Engler. Notizblatt des K. K. Gart. u. Mus. zu Berlin, Appendix
ix. 1-94. (May, 1902).
Notes on Plant Distribution in Southern California, U. S. A.
R. E. B. McKenney. Beihefte zum Bot. Centralblatt. x. 166-178
(USO) e
A Sketch of the Flora of Southern California. S. B. Parish.
Botanical Gazette xxxvi. 203-222, 259-279 (September and Oc-
tober, 1903).
A paper of considerable importance to students of plant geog-
raphy is the one in which Professor Engler outlines a scheme to
serve as a basis for the arrangement of American plants in the
royal gardens near Berlin. The American botanist will be most
interested in the manner in which he has divided our continent
into regions and minor divisions. Its first division is into four
regions (gebiete), the Arctic, Subarctic, Atlantic, and Pacific.
The Pacific region he subdivides into: (1) the provinee of Pa-
cific Coniferae, (2) the Rocky Mountain province, and (3) the
Western Prairie-, Desert- and Alkali-Steppe province. In the
province of Pacific Coniferae he finds a Northern zone and a
Southern zone, the latter comprising: (a) the district (bezirk)
of the coast forests of California and (b) the forest district of
20 SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.
Western Nevada and the Sierra Nevada Mountains. The West-
ern Desert-Steppe province includes: (a) the transition from
the Chaparral and Sonora province of the Central American
Xerophyte region to the Mohave and Gila deserts, (b) the Great
Basin zone and (¢) the Inner California zone.
A brief description of the flora of each of these regions is
given and here the numerous errors in regard to the distribution
of species are to be charged to the account of American botan-
ists, who are often exceedingly lax in their methods of stating
ranges, rather than to that of the author himself. In California
there has been so lttle done in the matter of working out the
exact ranges of particular species that we cannot be surprised if
foreign botanists are unable to get an accurate idea of the differ-
ent floral belts of the state. Exhibiting as it does the views of
one of the foremost authorities on this subject, the outline given
by Dr. Engler will probably serve as a basis for more elaborate
treatises on the phytogeography of North America,
In the contribution submitted by Mr. McKenney we have a
more detailed account of a very iimited region. The author,
who was at one time connected with the Santa Ana schools,
confines himself to a discussion of the plant formations of
Orange County, of which seven are distinguished; the Mountain,
Foot-hill, Canyon, River Bed, Mesa, Bog and Strand formations.
The prineipal species occurring in each of these formations are
mentioned and the character of the vegetation described. As in
other parts of Southern California, the principal factor affect-
ing plant distribution in Orange County is found to be moisture,
the conditions of light and heat being relatively unimportant,
since they are quite uniform throughout the county. Except
in the River Bed formation, soil moisture is of more importance
than surface moisture and the amount of available soil moisture
is dependant largely upon soil structure. The chemical nature
of the soil is a dominant factor on the alkali mesas and along
the strand. Among the five species of seaweeds given as be-
longing to the Strand formation algologists will be surprised to
find three which: have never before been reported from the
Pacific coast! The figures accompanying the paper are too poor
to be of any value and the sketch-map is even worse. The
paper itself, however, gives one a very good idea of the flora of
this interesting region and is a welcome addition to our meager
literature.
But by far the most important contribution to the phyto-
gveography of Southern California is a recent paper by Mr. 8. B.
Parish. Since this report represents the results of nearly thirty
years of field work by a botanist who has the ability both to
make careful observations and to draw trustworthy conclusions
therefrom, it deserves more than a passing notice, After pre-
SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 21
senting a descriptive account of the region and much necessary
information and statistics concerning its climatic character-
istics, the author enters into a discussion of the various phyto-
geographie areas into which it is naturally divided. He finds
that the whole of Southern California may be divided into three
primary areas. The first of these, termed the Nevadan area
from the fact that its flora is in the main a continuation of that
of the Sierra Nevada Mountains, extends in a Northwest and
Southeast direction and includes all of the truly montane sec-
tion, as well as all the forests of the territory. To the East and
Northeast is a treeless waste, or desert area, while a Cismontane
area of open plains and chaparral-covered hills oceupies the
territory between the Nevadan area and the Pacifie ocean.
Above the Nevadan area traces of an Arctic-Alpine zone are
recognized on Grayback and San Jacinto mountains. ‘The flora
of this zone is likewise of northern origin and the reasons for its
exclusion from the Nevadan area are not stated. Within the
Nevadan area proper three life zones are distinguished: the
Hudsonian, marked in general by Pinus flexilis; the Canadian,
roughly indicated by Pinus Murrayana; and the Transition,
best identified by the presence of Pinus ponderosa. The last of
these zones is the most important and includes, besides the pine
just mentioned and its variety Jeffreyi, such conifers as Abies
Douglasii, Libocedrus decurrens and Pinus Lambertiana.
Just below this pine belt and above the belt of chaparral
there oceurs what the author terms an intermediate, or true
Transitional zone. On the Desert side its most characteristic
plants are Juniperus Californieus and Cercoecarpus ledifolius,
while within its limits such diverse species as Abies concolor and
Yucea brevifolia are found growing side by side, as also are
Pinus ponderosa and P. monophylla. On the cismontane flank
this belt is marked by the presence of Pseudotsuga macrocarpa
and Pinus Coulteri, the latter, however, extending well up into
the Pinus ponderosa belt. While this intermediate belt is in
most places quite narrow the author has done good service in -
pointing out its presence and characteristics. Although it is
spoken of as a ‘‘true Transitional zone,’’ it is not to be confused
with the broader and much more important zone next above,
which has been generally known as the Transition zone.
The Desert area is divided naturally into the Mohave subarea
and the Colorado subarea. It is shown that the flora of the
former has its extension to the north while that of the latter has
its extension toward or into Mexico. The difference in the char-
acter of these two floras is found to be due only in part to eli-
matic causes, but is largely influenced by the topography of the
region. The Cismontane area exhibits three more or less dis-
tinet floras, each of which is indicative of its peculiar subarea.
22 SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCGIENGES:
These subareas are denoted as the Interior, Coastal and Insular.
It is interesting to note that the names apphed by Merriam to
those life zones occupying all of Southern California except the
mountains are used by Mr. Parish but once and then only in a
chart. Even here they are applied to what are termed regions,
the Lower Sonoran region corresponding to the Desert area, the
Upper Sonoran to the Cismontane area. According to Dr.
Merriam’s latest published views most of the Cisinontane area
would fall within the Lower Sonoran zone. In our estimation it
is quite as important to distinguish between the Desert and Cis-
montane areas as between the Lower and Upper Sonoran zones,
although both of these distinctions are not without considerable
value. The splitting up of the Desert area into Juniper, Pinyon,
Yueea, Larrea and Atriplex ‘‘zones’’ and of the Cismontane
area into similar zones and subareas, as proposed by Mr. Parish,
will be very helpful to the field student. It will be noted that
this use of the term zone is not exactly the same as that assigned
to it by Merriam, while Engler has used it in a siill different
sense; and it will be further seen that none of these authors ap-
ply the term as did Schimper in his ‘‘ Pflanzengeographie.’’ If
the confusion arising from the use of this much abused term can
be avoided in no other way we should lke to suggest that these
minor divisions pointed out by Mr. Parish be termed belts. .It
seems to us quite proper to speak, for example, of a Juniper
belt, a Pinon belt, or even of a Chaparral belt. However, the
adjectives used by Mr. Parish in designating the different zones,
or belts, are so self-explanatory that there is little danger of
confusion, no matter to what noun they may be attached.
A very readable chapter is the one which treats of the adapta-
tion of plants to climatic conditions and no less interesting is
the author’s discussion of the affinities of the flora. Many other
important phases of the subject are carefully worked out and
the paper closes with a brief sketch of the cryptogamie flora.
This contribution by one so thoroughly conversant with the
distribution of plants in Southern California will serve as a basis
for all future work in this territory and the students of our
California flora have reason to feel grateful to Mr. Parish, not
only for the great amount of field work he has accomplished,
but also for the clear and interesting style in which he has pre-
sented the results of his observations.
H. M. HAGE:
SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 23
The Bees of Southern California. II.
BY T. D. A. COCKERELL.
When writing on Dianthidium, I failed to notice that Anthi-
dium singulare, Cresson, and A. larreae, Ckll., both belong to
this genus. The following table separates those species of
Anthidium and Dianthidium in which the cheeks are partly or
wholly yellow, and the yellow of the cheeks is connected by a
line (sometimes slightly interrupted in the middle) across the
top of the head.
Lateral margins of abdominal segments 2 to 4 produced into
hollow. processes, which look lke spines directed back-
WWAdSwwMen SCCMGrOM, ADOVE:.j5.)... sa 20. aelee wots et. oe wie 1
Lateral margins of abdominal segments 2 to 4 normal....... 2
1. First two abdominal segments with the yellow bands di-
vided into spots (Nevada) ..Dianthidium singulare (Cresson)
First two abdominal segments with the yellow bands deeply
notched, but not divided (Southern California)..........
D. singulare var. periuteum, v. nov.
2. Pulvillus present; legs red (New Mexico)..............
Dianthidium larreae (Ckll.)
nubvallissabsent:: legs yellow and black.:..4.....2......... 3
3. Dorsal pubescence of thorax white (Southern California)
Anthidium serranum, n. sp.
Dorsal pubescence of head and thorax pale fuscous.......... +
4. Femora with much’ yellow (Nevada, California)........
A, illustre, Cresson
iMemona, black (Nevada) ...3:.......4.- A. conspicuum, Cresson
Dianthidium singulare var. perluteum, T. & W. CkIl., n. var.
Female, length 124% mm., expanse of wings about 24 mm.;
elypeus yellow without any central black dot; supraclypeal
mark triangular; yellow bands on first two abdominal segments
entire (i. e. not interrupted), with large, rounded, sublateral
posterior notches; abdomen strongly punctured.
Two collected by Dr..Davidson; Wilson’s Peak and Straw-
berry Valley, California. It is much to be desired that the
habits of this remarkable insect should be made known.
Anthidium illustre, Cresson.
Nevada is the type locality. Fowler has described the male
from Redlands, California. Dr. Davidson has collected two fe-
males and a male at Los Angeles.
24 SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.
Anthidium serranum, n. sp.
Male, length about 1514 mm.; similar to male A. illustre, but
not so large, and the pubescence, even on thoracic dorsum is
white; the color and markings are practically the same in the
two species. The last dorsal segment of the abdomen is yellow,
and not so deeply notched as in A. illustre, the incision being
about twice as broad as deep, with rather a curved margin,
whereas in illustre it is more angular, with straight sides; the
median tooth (at the bottom of the incision) is narrow and
black, and is-separated by a yellow area from the black longi-
tudinal mark at the base of the segment, whereas in illustre this
tooth is very broad (triangular) and broadly united by a black -
band with the base of the segment. The genitalia are of the
same type in both species, the parts in illustre being more ro-
bust. A. serranum has a yellow mark on the scape, and the
third antennal segment shows a yellow spot.
Hab.—Roeck Creek, Calif., one specimen taken by Dr. David-
son. Named after Father Serra, the founder of the California
missions.
Trypoxylon apicalis Fox--Its Nesting Habits.
BY DR. A. DAVIDSON
This wasp is somewhat frequently met with in the neighbor-
hood of Los Angeles. The young are bred in the hollow stems
of plants, the parent apparently utilizing any suitable stem
of a medium size. The variable diameter of the stems occupied
by this wasp, and the frequent discovery of other species of
Wasps or even bees, in the same cavity has led me to infer that
this species does not usually excavate its own nesting site. The
holiow stem adopted is divided into cells by coneavo-convex
dises of clay, the concavity in every instance facing upwards.
These discs are inserted at very irregular intervals, so that the
cells vary from half an inch to four inches in length. The co-
coons are straw colored, fragile, diaphanous shells one-half
inch long, and one-eighth of an inch wide. . If, as fre-
quently happens, the cocoon when woven is too small to
fill the cavity in which it lies it is not as is most fre-
quently the case with other wasps simply attached to
the sides, but is neatly suspended in the center of the
stem cavity, so that on cross section it appears like a
wheel with the cocoon as a hub and the irregular suspending
threads as spokes. The suspending threads are frequently very
few in number, in one instance I found it centrally supported
by only four threads. The suspending of the cocoon must in
SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 25
this instance have been a delicate operation, though no doubt
the erect position of the stem favored its accomplishment.
Originally I was under the impression that the food supplied
the larvae consisted of caterpillars, as no remains of food were
to be found in the cells, but examination of the cells in the early
part of the season showed that spiders alone were supplhed as
food, and these, strange to say, were all of one species, viz.,
Linyphia. . . . Five to six were the number usually sup-
plied to each cell. All the smaller species of wasps here who
feed their young: with spiders apparently eapture indiserimi-
nately any small species of spider, so that as far as my observa-
tions go, this Trypoxolon is unique in supplying one species
only. Necessity rather than instinct is probably the explana-
tion of this. :
The Trypoxolon appears very early in the season and com-
pleted cells may be found as early as February. At this time
few spiders have left their winter quarters, but among the
earliest to leave are Linphya and these are to be found in num-
bers at this season. These spiders have, besides a habit of spin-
ning their webs over the water, which renders them more easily
observed, and these circumstances probably in a great measure
determine the Trypoxolon’s choice of this insect as food for its
larva.
Prehistoric Man and his Development.
BY DR, LORENZO G. YATES, F.L. S.
Honorary Member Southern California Academy of Sciences
President of the Santa Barbara Society of Natural History, Etc.
In the present state of our knowledge of the history of man-
kind the word prehistoric is of varied application and uncertain
meaning, changing, as it must do, according tv the region or
eountry to which it is applied, and the extent of the time which
it is supposed to cover, is continually and rapidly being ex-
tended by exploration and discoveries.
For a long time Denmark claimed the credit of the discovery
of evidence of the existence of man in the ages before written
history began. The historic period of Seandinavia began about
A. D. 1000, and the earliest examples of history writing in that
part of Europe are the Runie inscriptions and poetic legends of
that country called ‘‘Sagas,’’ inscribed upon stone monuments
and other places, which the antiquarians of the past century de-
lighted to study.
This study led to the discovery of the Kjokenmoddings, the
Danish name for kitchen refuse, in which were found large
numbers of stone implements, weapons and other interesting
relics of man’s handiwork.
26. SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.
It was found that these relics could be properly divided mto
three divisions, which would represent three different stages
of advancement, called the Age of Stone, Age of Bronze, and
Age of Iron.
Each of these ages had continued for a long period, and
reached a high degree of perfection, and from these objects
much was learned of the early history of man in that region.
In 1853 public attention was called to the discovery of the
relics of the Swiss Lake Dwellers of prehistoric times, where
different stages of advancement were found, and the further
discovery was made that, while the men of ancient Denmark
polished their stone implements, there had been a previous race
whose implements were only chipped or fiaked, and the Stone
Age was divided into the Paleolithic or meiend Stone Age,
and Neolithic or Recent Stone Age.
From the time of the discovery of these facts, prehistoric
anthropology has advanced to an important rank among the
sciences.
It was learned that Egypt and China had written history be-
fore the dawn of civilization in Europe, and the historic period
for those countries extended back into the more remote ages of
antiquity, and more recent discoveries resulting from system-
atic exploration of the sites of ancient and long buried cities of
Assyria and other regions, have demonstrated the use of written
characters by which fragments of the history of long forgotten
nations and peoples are brought down to us, have carried the
Historic Period to and beyond the time when, according to
former belief, the world itself had not been formed.
For a long time the markings and hieroglyphies on the ruins
and buildings of Ancient Egypt and Assyria were looked upon
as mere ornamentation, or evidence of rude artistic taste of the
builders, but the long continued study of enthusiastic anti-
quarians resulted in the discovery that the hieroglyphies were
symbohe characters, whose combinations formed ‘picture writ-
ines readily deciphered and interpreted, and that other curious
combinations of peculiar markings were examples of certain
dead languages, used by peoples and nations, whose existence
had been previously conjectured from tradition, or casual men-
tion in the mythical writings of antiquity.
One of the most important aids to the interpretation of
ancient writings was the discovery of the famous ‘‘ Rosetta
Stone’’ which contains three inscriptions. The first in hiero-
elyphie or picture writing—styled by the Egyptians, “*‘writing
of sacred words,’’—was used on monuments and buildings.
It is the oldest form of writing known.
The second is demotic, the style in general use among the
SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. «27
Ancient Egyptians for decrees and other public acts, contracts
and private transactions.
The third in the Greek language, which gave a key to the
others.
The inscriptions are to the same purport in each, and were in-
seribed more than two thousand years ago.
One of the latest discoveries of importance shows that a Ate
state of art, and an advanced degree of civilization existed in
the Tigro-Euphrates Valley nearly six thousand years ago.
Another was the engraved code of laws of Hammurabi, king of
Babylon 2250 B. C., and discoveries and inscriptions showing
that a civilized, city-building people built a city on the site of
Nippur, the principal city of Babylon, between six and seven
thousand B. C.
By the labor and research carried on by the Babylonian Expe-
dition of the University of Pennsylvania, thousands of in-
seribed tablets have been found, which when fully deciphered,
will afford us a first accurate estimate of the remarkable
height of Babylonian civilization.
The excavations of this expedition revealed not only the old-
est known sanctuary, library and school, but also the most
ancient Archaeological Museum.
The earhest inscription found in this ancient museum,
though somewhat fragmentary, contains the tities of Sargon I,
3800 B. C., a portion of history written nearly six thousand
years ago.
THE EVOLUTION OF MAN, AND HIS MIND
In this age of research and invention, when explorations are
being made by individuals, scientific societies, and state and
general governments, for the purpose of becoming better ac-
quainted with the world of today; other explorations are being
earried on, and a large number of thinking people are turning
their attention to the study of the Ancient, or Prehistoric
World, and its inhabitants, and the simplest objects unearthed
by excavation and explorations made on the sites of ancient,
unknown or long-forgotten cities and dwelling places and
graves of mankind, are utilized and compared py systematic
study in the efforts to gain information relative to prehistoric
man, and his advancement from savagery and barbarism to civ-
ilization.
It seems but yesterday that aside from the few reliable inci-
dents brought down to us by written history, and the fabulous
traditions passed down to us by our ancestors—comparatively
nothing was known of nations and races of men who inhabited
the earth thousands of years before our written history began.
Man had not discovered nor opened up the Great Book of
28 SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.
Nature, by which geology now enables us to read the history of
the earth’s erust, and trace the changes which have taken
place for unknown millions of years, from the evolution of our
planet from its primal gaseous state, to its present solidity.
We find recorded the advent of plant life, followed by that of
animals, and the changes in form of the millions of these or-
ganisms, which have followed each other in a continuous and
unbroken procession to the present day.
As the earth evolved from the gaseous form through varied
conditions to the wonderful combination of mineral, plant and
animal life of the present, leaving its history imprinted in the
rock formations now constituting its crust, and still adding to
its rock-written history from day to day, so mankind has
evolved from some primal life principle or protoplasm, by a
process which we do not understand, and can only attempt to
explain by questionable theories and conjectures.
With all our boasted knowledge of the twentieth century, we
ean no more understand the origin of life than we can compre-
hend the immensity of space, or an unlimited eternity.
It was but yesterday that man was scarcely the superior of
the brute, living in caves, with scarcely a desire beyond the
means of satisfying his animal appetite, in. which condition
portions of the human race are found today.
Other portions, with the advantages of better environment,
made more rapid progress and developed intellectual facilities
whereby they were enabled to rise above the other orders of ani-
mals, and in due time dominated-the earth, and formed crude
systems of government.
At first brute strength was relied upon, and those endowed
with extraordinary courage ruled and enslaved their weaker
brethren, and a system of continuous warfare was carried on
among communities, and between rival families.
As the mind of man developed intellect, consequent acquire-
ment of useful knowledge by the more intelligent members of
communities enabled them to displace those who depended en-
tirely upon their brute strength for their influence over their
fellows.
The evolution of the mind generated a desire to possess a
method by which their ideas could be ecommunseated to each
other.
This desire evolved a system of natural gestures, and eventu-
ally a sign language.
It is probable that voeal sounds were used to accentuate the
gestures and manual signs. As the necessity of a medium for
the exchange of ideas between individuals increased in aceord-
ance with the growth of the mind, the crude vocal signs were
SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 29
elaborated and erystallized into words and sentences by which
their desires and wishes were made known to each other; and
- later, Incidents and observations made known, and still later,
traditions of the historians of their own times transmitted to
their descendants, thus forming oral history and traditions
which were by this means perpetuated through the ages.
Written history was evolved at a much later period of man’s
history, commencing with rude outlines of familiar objects
pecked on the surfaces of rocks, the wall of the eave dwellings,
and the bark of trees. The meaning of these figures would be
obvious to all observers.
These figures of animals and other natural objects were after-
ward modified and conventionalized until historical incidents,
geneological histories, and finally, abstract ideas were repre-
sented by these modified and conventional figures.
From these simple results of the gradual evolution of man’s
mind have come all our spoken and written languages, and the
comparatively little we know of the wisdom of past ages, and
forgotten people.
The knowledge which we have thus obtained comes down to
us as incontrovertible evidence of the gradual but cumulative
evolution of the mind of man, and the resultant growth of his
intelligence and scientifie attainments.
Until within comparatively recent times, the inhabitants of
European countries considered themselves to be in possession
of all the historical and scientific knowledge of the world, and
that outside of their limited range of observation very little
was worthy of consideration.
The desire for the acquisition of further knowledge as a
result of improved edueation and growth of intelligence, caused
some of the more intelligent people to break through the wall
of ignorance and superstition which for centuries had enveloped
their minds, and some of the more adventurous among them
visited regions and countries until then unknown. They dis-
eovered that other nations and races of people had advanced to
conditions of civilization, which, while differing from their own,
were, in some respects, equal if not superior to them.
In many instances, ruins of magnificent temples, erected to
unknown gods, and other evidences of the former grandeur of
the people who had formerly inhabited the regions.
Even then, the wonderful sculptures and pictorial inscriptions
with which many of the ancient works of man in Egypt, Assyria,
India, and other countries were covered, were looked upon as
unique examples of barbaric art, and supposed to have been
intended for ornamentation only.
After enthusiastic archaeologists had, by close observation
30 SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.
and long continued study, discovered that the millions of ex-
amples of supposed architectural ornamentation were in reality
word paintings, recording events in the lives of peoples and
their rulers of thousands of years ago, and the scholars of the
present, by the discoveries of keys to some of the systems of
ancient languages, are enabled to read these records of long
forgotten peoples as readily as we read the pages of a book.
PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED.
‘‘Standards of Purity for Food Products.’’ U.S. Dept. Agriculture
Cireular No. 10.
‘“The Influence of Environment upon the Composition of the Sugar
Beet, 1902.’’ U. S. Dept. Agriculture, Bureau of Chemistry, Bulletin
Norms:
“‘The Testing of Road Materials.’’ U. S. Dept. Agriculture, Bureau
of Chemistry, Bulletin No. 79.
““An Experimental Investigation Into the Flow of Marble.’’ Dept.
Geology, No. 11, MeGill University.
““Muhlenbergia.’’ By A. A. Heller. Vol. I. No. 3.
‘“Some Practical Suggestions Concerning Seed Germination.’’ No. 50,
Agriculture Exper. Stat., University of Arizona.
‘‘A Brief Account of the Principal Insect Enemies of the Sugar Beet.’’
Division Entomology, Bulletin No. 43, U. S. Dept. Agriculture.
_ ‘The Colorado Rubber Plant.’’ Bulletin Colorado College Museum,
No. 1.
Transactions for January, 1904.
ASTRONOMICAL SHCTION.
January 18th, 1904.
The meeting of the Section was presided over by Chairman Knight,
who introduced the exercises of the evening by remarks on the Leonid
meteors of November, 1903, giving extracts from observations in Eng-
land and points on Continental Europe.
Mr. Knight illustrated on the blackboard a theory of the meteoric
phenomena, claiming that the Leonids move in the orbit of a comet,
which extends beyond the orbit of Uranus, and that they are probably
distributed in ‘bunches or groups throughout the orbit.
That the earth, in its orbital motion, may when it reaches the point
of intersection of the two orbits, strike one of these groups, giving rise to
an extensive meteoric shower; or it may strike a vacant space between
two groups, giving rise to the absence of any large number of meteors.
The chairman also exemplified the interesting theory of the revolution
of binary stars about a common center, and the remarkable agency of
the spectroscope in determining the direction of ste!lar movements.
The chairman then introduced Prof. George E. Hale, director of the
Yerkes Observatory, as one who had acquired fame as a careful observer
and as the inventor of the spectrohelioscope.
Prof. Hale displayed many photographs taken at the Yerkes Observa-
tory representing the various instruments in use, the methods of pro-
cedure, and a number of the heavenly bodies. He spoke at some length
of the work being accomplished in the closer investigation of the compo-
SOUGMHERN CALIFORNIA ACADEMY (OF SCIENCES... 37
sition and characteristics of the sun and other bodies, and of the search
being made for atmospheric conditions more favorable to the photo-
graphie investigations now being conducted by the Observatory.
That being the special official mission of Prof. Hale to this section of
the state, it was gratifying to learn that he had found certain features of
this atmosphere in the mountainous regions very favorable to good re-
sults, expressing the hope that it would lead to the establishment of a
branch of the Yerkes Observatory in this vicinity. Prof. Ha'e exhibited
a mastery of his subject that rendered his remarks lucid, interesting and
instructive.
After thanks to the speaker, the section adjourned.
MELVILLE DOZIER, Secretary.
BIOLOGICAL SECTION
Los Angeles, Cal., January llth, 1904.
The meeting was called to order by the chairman, Prof. A. B. Ulrey.
The minutes of the last meeting read and approved.
The nrst lecture of the evening was by Dr. Louisa Burns on the subject
of ‘‘The Nissl Bodies.’’ The lecture was illustrated by camera lucida,
drawings made by the lecturer, and by a number of microscopical slides
made by herself. The lecture gave evidence of the most care-taking and
accurate preparation.
The lecture was discussed at considerable length by a number of those
who were present.
Ehrlich’s hypothesis of immunity was explained at some length by
C. A. Whiting. The subject was discussed at length by a large number
of the people present.
About forty members and visitors were pr esent. On motion the meet-
ing adjourned to meet again on the second Monday in February.
C. A. WHITING, Secretary.
GHOLOGICAL SKHCTION.
Los Angeles, Cal., January 26, 1904.
The Geological Section met.at the Woman’s Club Rooms on the evening
of the 25th inst. Minutes of previous meeting were read and approved.
The secretary read an article on a recent reported discovery by the use of
radium, which claimed that by the radium rays the spirit of a dead ani-
mal could be seen passing out of the body after death.
Chairman George W. Parsons then introduced Mr. E. M. Wade, who,
with a few remarks, exhibited the action of platinum and hydrogen, show-
ing a red heat when united. Dr. Arthur D. Houghton gave a very inter-
esting and scientific lecture on the line of the radio-activity of metals.
Mr. Wade then exhibited a tube of radium and a specimen of uranium
after the meeting was over. The meeting was well attended.
G. MAJOR TABER, Secretary.
NOTES AND NEWS.
The University of Ca'ifornia has engaged Prof. Hugo De Vries, of
Amsterdam to lecture at the forthcoming session of the Summer School of
Forestry. Prof. De Vries has attained much fame by his investigations
of plant mutation. He believes that species characters arise suddenly and
that they are ordinarily stable from the moment they arise.
Reclamation of drift sands in Cape Colony, C. D. H. Braine (Agr. Jcur.
Cape Good Hope, 28. (1903).—A description of the extent and character
32, SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.
of the drift sands of Cape Colony, with some account of the government
attempts to reclaim these areas, and analyses of Herste River drift sand
at different depths and periods. The method of reclamation followed has
involved the spreading of town refuse on the sand and the planting of
sand-binding trees and grasses. The average cost of five years’ reclama-
tion work at Eerste River was $48.74 per acre. The trees found most use-
ful for planting on the sands were Acacia saligna and A. cyclopis. Various
species of Eucalyptus have also been planted with more or less promise
of success.
“The Fabricia (Leptospernum loevigatum) propagates readily, and is
most effective in arresting Sands in warm climates. Other useful trees
are the Tamarix gallica, Widdringtonia cupressoides, and the Cupressus
macrocarpa. . . . Of the grasses used in the Cape Colony, by far the
most successful is the Ehrharta gigantea or pypgrass, the vigor of its
growth far exceeding that of any other. Perhaps the most useful is the
indigenous Triticum junceum, which is being used on the exposed littoral
dune at Port Elizabeth, as it thrives we!l near the sea. The Elymus
arenarius does not grow freely on the driest parts of the sands, and has,
on the whole, shown poor germination, although in some cases healthy
and strong. Extensive experiments have been made with marram grass
(Psamma arenaria), also known as Ammophila arundinacea and Arundo
arenaria, but the results have been very disappointing. . . . Other
useful grasses are the Cynodon dactylon and Sporobolus matrella, which
were self-introduced at Eereste River and grew vigorously. The Panicum
and Stenotaphrum are also indigenous grasses that do well on sandy
Sollss2e
In No. 3, Vol. 1. of Muhlenbergia, Mr. Heller describes a number of new
labiates from California, chiefly in Monardella and Seutellaria, and has
begun a series of papers on ‘‘ Western Species New and Old.’’? A new
Lupine is described by J. W. Congdon.
Experiments at the Michigan Agricultural Station on the warding off
of frost by the use of extensive fires of wood resulted in keeping the-
temperature 2 degrees above the surrounding uninfluenced portion of the
orchard.
T. D. A. Cockerell (Bulletin of the Colorado College Museum No. 1) de-
geribes a new Picradenia, the roots of which have been found to contain
considerable quantities of rubber. The author has reviewed the genus
and deseribes one new species and two subspecies.
4 BABB SPBPP I PIFI FIRE FIFI PRA FFF PPPS
VOL. III.
MARCH, 1904 NO. 3
BULLETIN
oouthern California Academy of Sciences
COMMITTEE ON PUBLICATION
A. Davipson, C. M., M. D., Chairman ;
MELVILLE DOZIER G. W. PARSONS
CONTENTS:
Page
A Preliminary Synopsis of the Southern California Cyperaceae,
SMBS ARISHMC a “bis ba weep eo oy) es Lenin ah Sos one oh 35
Catalogue of Indian Relics, Etc., Mrs M. BURTON WILLIAMSON . . 38
Prehistoric Man and his Development, DR. LORENZO GORDIN YATES 42
BublicationspReceiveds.5. s., ce sass ap beens os sy kicsyiee ee, AG
ST NSACHIONG ries autre Mp ean aee oneal ris M undaen les als Meru ray men at ANG
Notesand News... . i te ee Le eR Aha
PUBLISHED BY
THE ACADEMY, MONTHLY EXCEPT
JULY, AUGUST AND SEPT.
Yearly Subscription, $1.00 Single Copies, 25 cts.
‘“‘Rntered September 18, 1903, at Los Angeles, Cal., as second-class matter,
; under Act of Congress, July 16, 1894.”
MAILED MARCH I7, !904
PPE APRA PPP PPP PBB FFG GF PFPFPFPEF DPE PPFRARAREAAY HARASS
BAGH EIEIE jis
OR THE
Southern Galiiorna ACadémy Of Soi6NoEs
A Preliminary Synopsis of the Southern California
Cyperaceae.
BY 7S! JB: PARISH.
The Sedges have been neglected by most Southern Cali-
fornia botanists, and consequently they are represented but
scantily in collections. The number of the species, therefore,
and their distribution, are known very imperfectly. It seems
desirable that our knowledge should be augmented, and made
more accurate; and it is to facilitate this end that the present
paper has been prepared.
All the species now known to occur in the southern coun-
ties are described, and their distribution indicated, so far as
the scanty material permits. With the exception of a few rare
species, specimens of which I have not been able to see, the de-
scriptions are drawn directly from Southern California plants.
Besides my own material I have had access to that belong-
ing to the University of California, and to the collections of Mr.
T. S. Brandagee and Dr. A. Davidson. My thanks are due to
Mr. H. M. Hall, and to the two gentlemen named, for this oppor-
tunity, and also to Dr. N. L. Britton, Dr. L. H. Bailey and Prof.
C. F. Wheeler for valuable assistance.
The plate of Cyperus bromoides is from a drawing made at
36 SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.
the New York Botanical Garden, under the direction of Dr.
Britton; the drawings for the other plates were made by Miss
Clara P. Colgan.
Cyperaceae.
Grass-like or rush-like herbs, with triangular, quadrangu-
lar, terete, or flattened, mostly solid, culms, and alternate,
mostly radical, leaves with closed sheaths, or leafless. Flowers
perfect or imperfect, solitary (rarely 2) in the axles of imbri-
cated bracts (scales), in 1-many-flowered, solitary or clustered
spikelets. Perianth hypogenous, of bristles or inner scales,
or wanting. Stamens usually 1-3; anthers basifixed, 2-celled.
Style 2-3-cleft, rarely simple or 2-toothed. Ovary 1-celled, ses-
sile or stipitate, containing a solitary erect anatropous ovule.
Fruit a lenticular or 3-angled achene. Embryo minute, at the
base of the copious endosperm.
A family of over 60 genera, and some 3,000 species; of
world-wide distribution, but most abundant in the temperate
portions of the northern hemisphere.
The two families, the Gramineae, or true Grasses, and the
Cyperaceae, or Sedges, constitute the order Graminales, char-
acterized by the production of the flowers in the axles o7
chaffy scales, which are arranged in spikes or spikelets. In
the Gramineae the fruit is a earyopsis, or grain, and the culms
are, with few exceptions, hollow; in the Cyperaceae the culms
are mostly solid, and the fruit is an achene.
Key to the Genera.
Flowers all perfect; spikelets all similar.
Seales of the usually flattened spikelets 2-ranked.
Rachis straight. 1, Cyperus.
Rachis flexuous above. 2. Schoenus.
Seales of the spikelets spirally imbricated all around.
Dilated base of the style persistent as a tubercle.
3. Eleocharis.
Style wholly deciduous.
Perianth wanting; style ciliate. 4. Fimbristylis.
Perianth of 1-6 bristles, rarely 0; style glabrous.
5. Scirpus.
Perianth a minute hyaline seale. 6. Hemicarpha.
Only the terminal flower perfect. 7. Cladium.
SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 37
Spikelets monoecious, androgynous, or rarely dioecious ;
achene inclosed in a utricle. 8. Carex.
1. Cyperus, Linn. Sp. Pl. 44. Galingale.
Annual or perennial herbs with simple triangular or sub-
terete culms, leafy at base. Infloresence subtended by conspic-
uous leafy involueres, irregularly umbellate with unequal rays
and a sessile central spike, or capitate. Flowers in flattened or
subterete spikelets of few or many scales. Scales concave, more
or less carinate, 2-ranked, deciduous or persistent, 1-2 of the
lowest usually empty. Perianth none. Stamens 3.° Style 2-3-
cleft, wholly deciduous from the summit of the 3-angled or
lenticular achene.
About 650 species are recognized, natives of temperate and
tropical regions.
Key to the Species.
Styles 2-cleft; scales deciduous from the persistent rachis.
Achenes little flattened.
Achenes oblong. 1. C. melanostachyus.
Achenes ovoid. 2. C. bromoides.
Achenes plano-convex. 3. C. laevigatus.
Styles 3-cleft; achenes 3-angled.
Seales deciduous from the rachis of the flattened spikelet.
Seales with incurved setaceous tips. 4. C. inflexus. ©
Seales destitute of setaceous tips.
Wings of the rachis separating to the base; annuals.
Wings persistent on the rachis. 5. C. erythrorhizos.
Wings readily deciduous. 6. C. Parishii.
Wines whole adnate to the rachis; perennial.
7. C. esculentus.
Spikelets decidous from the axis of the spike.
Spikes oblong, compact; spikelets slender.
8. C. speciosus
Spikes short, loose and spreading; spikelets broader.
9. C. longispicatus.
38 SOUTHERN CALTFORNIA. ACADEMY OF--SGEENGES=
Catalogue of Indian Relics Found on Santa Catalina Island;
In the Museums of Los Angeles Chamber of Com-
merce*, The Smithsonian Institute, and Peabody
Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology,
Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass.
BY MRS M BURTON WILLIAMSON
The writer acknowledges her great obligation to the following, for
a complete list of Santa Catalina Indian relics in the above named Mu-
seums: Mr. Frank Wiggins, secretary Los Angeles Chamber of Com-
merce; Mr. W. de C. Ravenel, administrative assistant United States
National Museum, and Prof. F. W. Putnam, curator and Peabody Pro-
fessor American Archaeology and Ethnology.
OBJECTS IN CHAMBER OF COMMERCE, LOS ANGELES.
EXPLORATION BY DR. F. M PA! MER .
(The number refers to catalogue number. Those found in
shell mounds are marked M., surface finds, S., and those un-
marked in graves. )
Bone Implements.
No. -
60—Implement 41% in. long., use unknown.
68—Sword blade, 131% in. jong, 134 in. wide.
-Ornaments of Stone.
101— Pendant, serpentine.
140— Ring, serpentine.
173—Charm, fossil.
*The collection in the Chamber of Commerce contains relics from all
the islands of Southern California as well as those found on the mainland.
Some other islands on this coast are represented by a larger number of
objects than Santa Catalina Island. The large local collection was made
by Dr. F. M. Palmer and afterward purchased by the Chamber of Com-
merce of Los Angeles, Cal. The city is greatly indebted to Mr. Frank
Wiggins, the indefatigable secretary of the Chamber of Commerce, for his
influence in securing these relics and those from the other Santa Barbara
islands in Los Angeles county.
SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 39
No. .
174 to 176—Charms, fossils.
240—S. Implement used in the manufacture of soapstone ves-
sels.
241—S. Saw, sandstone.
242 to 246—Polishine’ stones.
247 —Hammer.
250 to 258-——S. Chisel points, probably used in making steatite
vessels; they are from 214 to 7 inches in length; were
taken from the steatite quarry on the Island.
Shell Ornaments.
293 to 298—A series of beads of the largest sizes, sections cut
and ready for being perforated; also a shell Tivela
crassotelloides, from which they were all made.
317—Pendants, abalone (Haliotis.)
323— Dress ornament, abalone.
327— Breast ornaments, abalone.
339— Buttons, abalone.
340— Pendants, abalone.
342— Dress ornaments, abalone.
346— Mosaie inlays, abalone.
348— Pins, eclumella of a shell.
350— Beads, Tivela cressotelloices.
363— Beads, Tivele cressotelloides.
377—Necklace, 32 inches long.
Glass and Enamel Beads.
380—Necklaee, 78 inches lone.
381— Necklace, 84 inches long.
384— Necklace, 77 inches long.
Chipped Stone Implements.
592 to 600— Arrowheads.
606— Pipe, 284 inches in length, greatest diameter one inch, a
mouthpiece made from wingbone of a bird is fastened
by asphaltum in the opening at the small end. Material
red sandstone.
612—Cylindrieal stone tube 10 inches lone, 6 inches cireumfer-
-enee. The implement is finely made of black serpentine.
614—Spoon-shaped implement, mottled green and white stone,
length 334 inches.
615-—As above.
623—Mace-head, polished, diameter 284 inches, thickness 1
inch, perforations 7% inch. Green serpentine.
628— Mace-head, polished on one side. Ornamented on polished
surface by ineised lines making five crosses. Green ser-
pentine.
go SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.
No.
637-—Fish-stone. Representation of a ‘‘fin-back whale.”’
642—Hook-shaped implement, length 6 inches, width 4 inches,
thickness 2 inches. Gray serpentine.
643—As above, length 314 inches. Serpentine.
644— As above, length 214 inches. Serpentine.
646— As above, length 1 inch. Serpentine.
662—Spike-shaped_ implement of close-grained dark sandstone,
one of the finest wrought pieces in the entire collection.
Dr. Palmer lists this as unlike, in form, anything eata-
logued elsewhere.
664— Cup, : 214 inches in diameter, 114, inches high, resembles a
cup in a saucer. Pink serpentine.
667—M. Cup with handle. Beautifully made. Dark green
serpentine.
669—Cup, 4 inches in diameter, 2 inches high. The bottom of
this specimen has been carved to make a standard upon
which the cup rests. Green serpentine.
Cooking Pots.
680—Griddle or cooking stone, 6 inches in length, 4 in width.
Steatite.
681— Griddle or cooking stone, 414 inches in length, 4 in width.
Steatite.
682— Griddle or cooking stone, 5 inches in length, 24% in width.
Steatite.
683—Griddle or cooking stone, 5 inches in length, 4 in width.
Steatite.
685— Polishing stone. Serpentine.
686— Polishing stone. Serpentine.
706—Use unknown. Serpentine.
Metates or Mealing Stones.
756—M. Spatula, for use in preparing and applying asphalt-
um. Shale.
766—Cup of gray serpentine—form like the bowl of a spoon.
72—Discoidal stone of green serpentine, probably a mace-
head.
803—Spoon, abalone— (Haliotis.)
818—Paint-pot containing black paint. Shell.
823 and 824—Cups of Haliotis, the holes closed with asphaltum.
825—Cake of red paint.
838—S. Unfinished pot. Steatite.
839—S. Pot form—opening just commenced.
39
SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 41
Paul Schumacher Collection.
Cat. No.
Wis. Ne MM:
1,834-51—Soapstone plates, 7 specimens.
18,352-4 —Soapstone cup or mortar? 3 specimens.
18,355-8 —Stone pestles.
188,359 —Stone ring (club head), 1 specimen.
18,360 —Animal figure carved in stone (hind quarters only),
1 specimen.
30,184 —Black flinty pebbles (for money)? 14 specimens.
30,185 —Ear pendants of Haliotis shell, 10 specimens.
30,186 —Bone perforator, 1 specimen.
Dr. W. H. Hall Collection.
15,100 —Unfinished stone mortar.
In the Dall collection from San Miguel Isiand, numbered
14,984 to 15,072 inclusive, containing mortars, pestles, stone
club heads, ete., ete., occurs the following note:
Only a few of these from Santa Catalina Island and
those exactly like the San Miguel specimens which compose the
rest of the lot.
Explorations Paul Schumacher, Smithsonian Institution, 1875.
Peabody
Museum.
No.
9,268— Cooking stone.
9,269— Cooking stone.
9,270— Cooking pot, small.
9,271— Pestle, small.
Exploration of Paul Schumacher for Peabody Museum, Har-
vard University, 1877.
Graves at the Isthmus.
Peabody
Museum.
No.
13,116 to 18,122—Double whistle bone.
13,123—Bone whistle 13. Fragments.
13,124— Bone implement.
13,125— Bone implement daggers, 12.
y2 SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ACADEMY: OF SCIENCES
Prehistoric Man and his Development.
BY DR. LORENZO G. YATES, F.L. S.
Honorary Member Southern Calitornia Academy of Sciences
President of the Santa Barbara Society of Natural History, Etc.
Among the many interesting discoveries of late years in
Assyria is the Code of King Khammurabi, giving the laws
which governed his people 4,000 years ago, and there are ample
evidences that many of the laws therein codified had been
brought down from much greater antiquity.
This Code gives proof of the existence of the tradition of
the “‘mountain-given law’’ long before the Mosaic reception
on Sinai.
At Nippur, the sacred city of the mountain god Bel, the
selentifie explorations of the ruins of the oldest cities of Chal-
dea by the party sent. out by the University of Pennsylvania,
under the direction of Dr. Hilprecht, uneovered twenty-one
strata of successive towns and cities upon the site, extending
over a period from Arab times, about A. D. 900, to probably a
period of 5,000 years before the Christian era, and from the
evidence of vestiges of buildings, and the recovery and transla-
tions of ancient inscriptions the earliest settlement cannot be
placed later than 7,000 years ago.
An important point in this discovery is that there was
absolutely no trace of any prehistoric, neolithic, nor paleo-
lithie age, and there was no period during the time of the ozeu-
pation of this site when writing was unknown, and there was
no Stone Age represented in that locality.
This ancient civilization seems-to have been brought by
emigrants from some other region, among whum writing had
advanced beyond the pictorial stage.
Copper and silver were worked by these people and a sil-
ver tariff had replaced a corn standard.
Other discoveries to the east of the River Tigris indicate
older settlements showing three different stages of the Neo-
lithie or Later Stone Age, showing, either that the emigration
had been from the east, and that its advance had been very
slow, or that the people hying in the Stone Age of the earher
setttement had been driven out by a people who were already
equipped with the first elements of civilization which must
have taken centuries to develop.
M. W. Flinders Petrie judges from the pictures of ancient
men with full foreheads and aquiline noses that in the early
ee.
SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 43
man of Egypt we find a European race more or less mixed
with the Negro. He says that there are 9,000 years’ unbroken
chains of events in Egyptian history, and yet we are far from
the beginning. There are traces that civilization must have
come in from another country with copper and fine work in
flint and stone. and good pottery.
In the earliest graves, figures of a race of the Bushmen
type were found similar to those found both in France and
Malta, suggesting that the race may have extended over Africa
into Europe. There were figures of captive women’ of the
earlier race which were Paleolithic. ‘
Aside from all tradition it would seem that the portion of
the earth’s surface now occupied by the South Pacifie ocean
was once dry land, of which portions of Australasia and some
of the islands represent all that now remains of a once immense
continent which has been destroyed by volcanic action, which
is still at work with diminished force.
The researches of geologists have shown that extensive
areas of the dry land of the present have been, and still are,
eovered by voleanic matter, the source of which cannot be sat-
isfactorily accounted for. The known extinct and active vol-
canoes are sufficient to account for but a small proportion of
the great number and extent of ancient overflows.
The great lava flow of the northwestern portion of the
American continent covers Northern California, part of Ne-
vada, Oregon, Washington, Oregon, Idaho, and far into Mon-
tana and British Columbia. It is said to cover not less than
150,000 square miles, and in some places more than thirty suc-
cessive layers are shown, extending in some places to a depth of
perhaps 3,000 feet. Im India 200,000 square miles are covered
from 2,000 to 6,000 feet thick without a visible voleano from
which the lava could have come.
Where there are great eruptions of melted matter from
the interior of the earth there must result corresponding cav-
ernous chambers beneath the surface, which upon the ingress
of the waters of the ocean are, by contact with the incandes-
cent heat, changed into superheated steam, with incalculable
explosive power sufficient to destroy islands and portions of
continents.
Many such instances have oceurred within historic times
and’ where the earth’s crust is thus displaced the water of the
ocean fills the depression. j
An instance of remarkable voleanie energy in_ historic
times is presented by the blowing off of a volcanic cone called
Papandayang in the Island of Java, by which it is estimated
that about thirty billion eubie feet of material was thrown into
the atmosphere in a single night, the mountain was reduced
44. SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.
from its height of 9,000 feet to 5,000 feet and a vast erater left
in its midst.
*Eney. Brit.
If such results are possible in the present comparatively
feeble action of voleanice force, it seems probable that in the
earlier periods of the earth’s history, intermittent catastrophic
action resulted in immeasurably greater destruction of the
earth’s surface. ;
When we consider that nearly all of the present dry land
of the earth consists of marine deposits of material derived
from older formations of rocks thousands of feet in thickness,
the question arises, Where were these older formations located,
and What has become of the remnants?
We know by incontrovertible evidence of the rocks and
their inclosed fossil remains that the earth’s crust has been
subjected to continuous alternations of elevation and depres-
sion, and what was dry land as continents and islands in one
period of the earth’s history became the bed of the ocean in
another period, and new islands and continents were raised
from the bed of the former ocean, bringing up its records. The
records of the animal and vegetable life of the submerged land
were buried in the bed of the new ocean, there to remain for
perhaps millions of years, until the wheel of time shall bring
them again above the ocean level, and supply some future race
with many of the missing pages of the Book of Nature.
Among these missing pages it is probable that the records
of man in the earlier stages of his evolution may be buried.
What would be the result should the continents of the
present be submerged, leaving only portions of the highest
ranges of mountains and islands above the surface of the
water?
The thickly populated countries would be absolutely de-
stroyed, a few human beings might escape the catastrophe, and
proceed with Nature’s plan of evolution, as it has always been.
——_~>-.____
PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED.
‘‘Wheats and Flours of Aristook County.’’ Maine Agricultural Ex-
periment Station. Bulletin No. 97.
‘‘Pourteenth Annual Report.’’ University Arizona Experiment Sta-
tion.
““Some Insects Attacking the Stems of Growing Wheat, Rye, Barley
and Oats.’’ U.S. Department Agriculture. Division Entomology. Bul-
letin No. 42.
SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. — 45
Transactions for February, 1904.
ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.
Los Angeles, Cal., February 1, 1904.
The regular meeting of the Academy of Sciences was held at the
Club House. President Theo. B. Comstock and Secretary B. R. Baumgardt
being absent, Professor Melville Dozier was called to the chair and G.
Major Taber appointed secretary pro tempore.
The chairman announced that at the regular meeting in April the
following officers would be elected:
President, Vice President, Secretary and four members of the
Board, and that at the regular meeting in March the names suggested by
the Board would be announced, subject to the ratification of the Academy.
The chairman further announced that at the meeting of the Astro-
nomical Section, February 15, Professor G. E. Hale would deliver a lec-
ture.
Professor Julius Koebig was then introduced and gave an interesting
lecture on ‘‘Food and Food Products and Their Adulterations.’’
He opened his remarks by stating that: ‘‘Life is an undiscovered
mystery, and it is necessary to study chemistry to obtain the best
results for sustaining it.’’ He also stated that with strict vegetable diet
there would be on an average 15 days sickness in the year, while with a
mixed diet the number of days would be reduced to three.
He explained by charts the relative nutriment contained in both
vegetables and meats.
The lecture was scientific and instructive. Questions were asked by
the audience and answered by the speaker. Several members of the
Chemical Club were present.
Adjourned, G. MAJOR TABER, Secretary pro tem.
Los Angeles, Cal., February 1, 104.
The Board of Directors of the Academy of Seiences met at 7:30
p. m. at the Woman’s Club Rooms. Present, Wm. H. Knight, Melville
Dozier, George W. Parsons and C. A. Whiting.
President Theo. B. Comstock and Secretary B. R. Baumgardt being
absent, Professor Melville Dozier was appointed chairman and G. Major
Taber secretary pro tem.
The following applications were read, and by a vote of the board
were elected to membership:
M. R. Preston, 412 South Hope street, Los Angeles.
A. G. Adams, 906 West Seventh street, Los Angeles.
L. H. Banister, Station ‘‘A,’’ Pasadena.
Paul F. Mohr, 423 Byrne Building.
G. W. Vosburg, 1242 West Lake avenue.
Mrs. Sophia A. P. Wheeler, San Gabriel.
Mr. William H. Knight and Dr. Albert B. Ulrey were appointed a
committee to confer with the Chemical Club in regard to forming a union
of their club with the Academy of Sciences.
There being no further business the board adjourned.
MAJOR TABER, Secretary pro tem.
46 SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ACADEMY. OF SCIENCES.
BIOLOGICAL SECTION.
The meeting was ¢talled to order by the chairman of the section,
A” BS Uilrey-
The minutes of the last meeting were read and approved.
The lecture of the evening was delivered by Dr. Lyman Gregory on
““The Ontogeny and Phylogeny of the Eye.’’ ‘The lecture was illus-
trated by careful drawings made by Dr. Gregory’s pupils.
The lecture was discussed at some length by Professor Ulrey and
C. A. Whiting.
A number of slides showing sections of various eyes were ex-
hibited under a microscope.
About thirty members and visitors were present.
On motion the meeting adjourned to meet on the second Monday
evening in March. C. A. WHITING, Secretary.
ASTRONOMICAL SECTION.
The occasion was a joint meeting of the Astronomical Section and
the Academy, to hear Professor Hale of the Yerkes Observatory in his
intensely interesting presentation of the properties and characteristics
of the sun.
The speaker was introduced by Secretary B. R. Baumgardt, and
opened his remarks by allusions to the striking changes through which
observatories have passed in recent years, being now more of the nature
of laboratories than of places for mere observation.
The lecturer paid a high tribute to the extent and value of the
astronomical work being accomplished in America, and especially of that
part which has been and is being contributed ‘by California’s great
observatory, the Lick.
Professor Hale then introduced the subject proper of his address,
the composition and phenomena of the sun, and for an hour and a half
delighted and instructed his audience with an exposition of the methods
of procedure and the marvelous results obtained in the persistent and
arduous investigations that have been conducted at the Yerkes and other
observatories, bearing upon the chemistry and physics of the sun.
The lecture was richly illustrated with stereopticon views, taken
largely under Professor Hale’s own supervision and exhibiting the tre-
mendous possibilities of the spectrohelioscope, an instrument growing out
of his own genius and application. After the lecture an informal dis-
cussion ensued, during which many questions of interest were asked
and answered.
To the great gratification of the audience, Professor Hale spoke in
the highest terms of the atmospheric advantages of the mountainous
regions of this vicinity for solar observation, expressing the hone that
arrangements for a permanent observatory of this character may be
established in this neighborhood.
A hearty vote of thanks was tendered to the lecturer for his ]neid
and instructive exposition, and the meeting adjourned.
February 15, 1904. MELVILLE DOZIER, Secretary.
GEOLOGICAL SECTION.
Los Angeles, ‘Cal., February 22, 1904.
The Geological Section met at the Woman’s Club Rooms at 8 p. m
Chairman George W. Parsons called the meeting to order. The minutes
of previous meeting were read and approved. The chairman then intro-
duced Professor Frank J. Shepard of the University of Southern Cali-
SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 47
fornia, a member of the Chemical and Metallurgical Club of Los Angeles,
who read an interesting paper on ‘‘The Chemical Geology of Sedimentary
Deposits.’
He said in part, that chemistry had always played an important part
in building up the earth’s strata which usually occurred near the surface,
and that the rivers carried much of this material into the sea, and the
larger material was deposited near the shore, and the finer matter was
carried further out. He also stated that mineral substances were held in
solution, and that in the Lake Superior region the ‘iron was deposited
chiefly by precipitation. He asserted that. it was estimated that 100
tous of rock material per square mile were dissolved by rain wau::* every
year into the sea, and that limestone was formed in vast quantities on
the ocean floor, mostly between the surface and at a depth of 2000
fathoms anc remarked that limestone played no simali part in the
formation of iron ores as a carbonate or sulphate being derived from the
decomposition of pyrites and other iron-bearing minerals. He quoted
several prominent authors who substantiated the opinions advanced. He
also stated that the area of the ocean floor was estimated to cover
103,000,000 square miles, and that dead marine animals probably covered
the ocean floor six feet in depth for many square miles. He also gave
{he reports of 160 analyses of sea water collected by the Challenger ex-
pedition; stating that of deep-sea deposits on the floor of the ocean, 36.83
were carbonate of lime, and that 90 per cent. was derived from pelagic
organisms, and that below 3000 fathoms very little lmestone was de-
posited; that a large percentage of silica is being formed from diatom-
aceous and radiolarian oozes; that metamorphism changed nearly every
kind of sedimentary rock.
There was a general discussion by members and questions were
asked and answered by the speaker. The lecture was interesting and of
a purely scientific character.
The chairman thanked Professor Shepherd for his interesting and
instructive lecture. G.. MAJOR TABER, Secretary.
NOTES AND NEWS.
One eucalyptus tree, E. naudiniana, Muller, has been discovered in
Mindanao, the most southern of the Philippine Islands (Science No. 457).
Southern California has the distinction of producing some of the
most interesting mineral gems that have been discovered of late. Dr.
Kunz, at the New York Academy of Sciences, reported the following:
Magnificent colored tourmalines from San Jacinto, Mesa Grande and
Pala; rose beryl also from the latter localities; lilac spodumene from
Pala and Coahuila; spessarite, a garnet of remarkable beauty, from
Coahuila and from San Diego; kunzite ‘‘in erystals, which for purity and
beauty of color are unrivaled by any other mineral in North America.’’
At Ramona, near San Diego, erystals of pale blue topaz have been
found that resemble those of the Ural region. This is the first noted
occurrence of this mineral in the state.
The greatest amount of salt detected in beach sand occurred in a
sample taken at Los Angeles, 0.15 for the first foot and 0.12 for the
second foot, an amount not greater than that sometimes occurring in eul-
tivated land in the United States. We are therefore constrained to at-
tribute the xerophytic character of sand-strand vegetation to factors in
the environment other than the presence in the soil of an excessive
amount of soluble salt. (The Salt Content of Seabeach Soils. TT. H.
Kearney.)
VOL. III. APRIL, 1904 NO. 4
i Oe ek, Aaa IN
OF THE
Southern Catiforniz Academy. of Ociences
COMMITTEE ON PUBLICATION
A. Davipson, C. M., M. D., Chairman
MELVILLE DOZIER G. W. Parsons
CONTENTS:
mens : el Page
A Preliminary Synopsis of the Southern California Cyperaceae,
S. B. PARISH sil Miers Soc ugar! Vee ret dt 49
The Bees of Southern California, T. D.A.COCKERELL .... . . 56
Catalogue of Indian Relics, etc., Mrs. M. BURTON WILLIAMSON . . 60
sratisdCHOnsme anit wetter tec: ya hos Saye ie states Ree eves ch Sd ETE OGY
PUBLISHED BY
THE ACADEMY, MONTHLY EXCEPT
JULY, AUGUST AND SEPT.
Yearly Subscription, $1.00 Single Copies, 25 cts.
“Hntered September 18, 1908, at Los Angeles, Cal., as second-class matter,
under Act of Congress, July 16, 1894.”
MAILED APRIL 16, 1904
A Preliminary Synopsis of the Southern California
Cyperaceae.
BAS BS PARISH:
* Styles 2-cleft; achenes lenticular, rachis wingless ; spikelets
in a simple umbel, or capitate.
+ Scales folded and sharply carinate ; achenes little flattened ;
annuals.
VA 1. Cyperus melanostachyus, HBK. Nov. Gen. 11:207.
C. diandrus capitatus, Britton, Bull., Torr. Clubs; 13:205.. C
diandrus castaneus, Watson, Bot. Cal. 2 :214.
Culms slender, 4dm. or less tall, about equalling the nar-
row leaves; spikelets linear-oblong, much flattened, many flow-
ered, 6-10mm. long; involucral leaves mostly 3, narrow, 1-2 of
them much. elongated: scales ovate, obtuse, 2mm. long, dark
brown with pale or green keel; stamens 2-3; achenes oblong,
subacute, gray, half as long as the scale.
Common in wet soil, stream banks, ete., in the cismontane
region below 1,500 feet altitude. Los Angeles; Braunton, David-
son. San Bernardino; Parish.
by Dr. Britton.
‘2 Cyperus bromoides, Britton, nom. nov. C. unioloides
50 SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.
bromoides, C. B. Clarke, Jour. Linn. Soe. 21:60. Britton, Bull.
Torr. Club, 13 :206.
Culms slender, 4-8dm. tall, exceeding the few rough-mar-
oined leaves: spikelets 4-12, lanceolate, flattened, 10-20-flower-
ed, 8-18mm. long; involueral leaves 2-4, the longest 1-1.5dm.
long; scales acute, yellow-brown, the green keel 3-nerved, and
the margins searious, about 4mm. long; stamens 3; achenes
ovoid, black, about one-third as long as the seale.
Cienega, Los Angeles Co., 1884; Oliver. Near Los Angeles,
Aug. 24, 1888, Dr. Hasse. The first of these specimens is in the
Gray Herbarium of Harvard University: the second is in the
Herbarium of the New York Botanical Garden. The plant is
widely spread through Mexico and Central America, but in
the United States is known only from the above collections.
(PLATE II. Drawn from Dr. Hasse’s specimen.
++ Scales concave, only slightly carinate ; achenes biconvex ; inflor-
escence a sessile and apparently lateral cluster of few spikelets.
- 8. Cyperus laevigatus, Linn. Mant. 2:179.
Perennial from a wiry rootstock: culms few from each
node, subterete, about ldm. tall, hardly surpassing the erect
filiform leaves; spikelets 1-3, ovate, 3-8mm. long, 6-18-flowered;
involueral leaves 2, one erect and apparently continuous with
the culm, the other very short; scales broadly ovate, obtuse,
nearly nerveless, 2mm. long, pale and more or less tinged with
rich brown: stamens 3; achenes ovoid, 1.25mi. long, brown
and shining, rachis broad, deeply pitted transversely.
Along streams in wet sand. Los Angeles; Davidson. San
Bernardino, below 2,000 feet altitude, and Big Morongo, in the
Colorado Desert, 3,000 feet altitude; Parish. A. species widely
distributed in warm countries, but in the United States known
only from our region.
— 8 Styles 3-cleft; achenes 3-angled,
+ Scales falling away at maturity from the persistent rachis of
the flattened spikelet.
* Scales tapering into a curved setaceous tip; wings inconspic-
uous, Stamen I.
\ 4. Cyperus inflexus, Muhl. Gram. 16 Britt. & Brown,
Stamen 7. Ill. Fl. 1:137. C. artistatus, Boeck]. Linnaea, 35 :500,
not Rottb. Watson, Bot. Cal. 2:214.
Annual; culms numerous, slender, 2-6em. tall, about equal-
ling the narrow leaves; inflorescence in a dense head, or
2-3-rayed; involucral leaves 2-3, moderately unequal, 1-6em.
long; scales lanceolate, coneave, strongly nerved, green,
1-5mm long; achenes oblong-obovoid, mucronulate, brown, dull,
1-1.5mm. long.
PLATE II
Cyperus bromoides, Britton.
52 SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.
Widely distributed, but nowhere abundant; ascending the.
mountains to 5,000 feet altitude, and reaching the borders of
the Mojave Desert. Strawberry Valley, San Jacinto Mount-
ains: 2623 Hall. San Juan Hot Springs; Nevin. Wet sand
banks, Lytle Creek, near San Bernardino, and Mojave River,
near Hesperia; Parish. From Ontario and British Columbia to
Florida and Mexico.
tt Scales acute or obtuse, without setaceous tips; stamens 3;
unbel with elongated rays, or rarely condensed.
|| Wings scarious, soon separating from the rachis to the base;
annuals.
A
¥ §. Cyperus erythrorhizos, Muhl. Gram. 20.
Culms rather stout, 1-10m. tall; leaves about 5mm. wide,
rough margined, usually exceeding the culms, those of the in-
voluere 4-6, one or two of them much exceeding the rays;
umbel simple or compound, few-rayed; spikelets 1-1.5mm long,
linear, acute, numerous in the elongated oblong spikes: seales
narrowly oblong, 5mm. long. acute, mucronulate, bright chest-
nut; achenes sharply three angled, oblong; pointed at both
ends; half the length of the scale.
Reported in the Botany of California to have been collected
‘‘in the Colorado Valley,’’ by Newberry. An immature speci-
men of Alderson’s from San Diego Co., may belong here. From
Northern Mexico to the borders of British America.
¥ 6. Cyperus Parishii, Britton, n. sp.
** Annual with fibrous roots; culms tufted, slender, 1-2.5dm.
tall; leaves 2-5 mm. wide, shorter than the culm, those of the
involucre 2-7, the longer ones exceeding the inflorescence;
umbel simple or somewhat compound, usually several-rayed,
but sometimes congested, the rays 0.5-5em. long, slender; spike-
lets numerous, densely short-spicate, linear, acute, 12-20mm.
long, about 2mm. wide; rachis at length wingless, the narrow
wings early deciduous; scales oblong, lanceolate, purple-green, .
obtuse, about 2mm. long, several-nerved; achenes narrowly ob-
ovoid-oblong, nearly black, obtuse, mucronulate, about half as
long as the seale, obtusely trigonous.
‘‘Southern California to Arizona and New Mexico. Type,
Parish, n. 3816, vicinity of San Bernardino, California, October
15th, 1895.’’ (Britton in lit.)
Growing in wet sand, on the banks of streams. Besides
the type, we have it from Rock Creek, Los Angeles Co.; David-
son, and Edgar Canon, 3,500 feet altitude, San Bernardino
Mountains; 1887 Parish.
PLATE III. Plant collected at San Bernardino, X %-a. ScaleX fo.
b—Achene X 25.
PLATE Ill
Cyperus Parishii, Britton.
54 SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.
|| || Wengs persestently attached to the rachis for their whole
length; perennial by tuber bearing root stocks.
7. Cyperus esculentus, Linn. Sp. Pl. 45. Britt and Br. IIL.
Fl. 1:241. C. phymatodes, Muhl. Gram. 23. Watson, Bot. Cal.
Deailisy,
Culns stout, 3-8dm. tall; leaves about 5mm. wide, shorter
than the culms, those of the involucre usually 4, the longest ex-
ceeding the rays; umbel 7-10-rayed, often compound, the rays
up to dm. long; spikelets numerous in loose, spreading spikes,
5-20mm. long, 10-20-flowered; scales yellowish brown, ovate
ane several nerved, 4mm. long: wings narrow, shorter
than the achene, only the pointed tip at length free; achenes
oblong-obovoid, 1-1.5mm. long, mucronulate at the obtuse sum-
mit.
In dry, sandy soil along streams, or a weed in cultivated
erounds. Apparently of wide range in the cismontane region
below 1,000 feet altitude, but not abundant. Los Angeles;
630, 671 Braunton. Tia Juana; 961 Alderson. San Bernar-
dino; 2227 Parish. Cosmopolitan, and perhaps not indigenous
in our region.
tt Spikelets narrow, subterete, readily detached from the axts
of the spike, the lowest pair of scales persisting; wings broad,
scarious, wholly adnate to- the rachis, and loosely embracing the
achene, stamens 3; annuals.
8. Cyperus speciosus, Vahl, Enum. 2:364. Britt. and Br.
Oly 12 beed Ee nae C. Michauxianus, Schultes, Mant. 2 :123. Watson
Bot. Cal. 2 :215.
Culms 1-5dm. tall; leaves rough-margined, 4-6mm, wide,
not exceeding the culms, those of the involucre longer than the
rays; umbel usually crowded, compound, the rays few and short,
not greatly unequal; spikelets narrowly lnear, 5cm. long, in an
oblong spike; seales ovate, subacute, 2mm. long, pale or green-
ish, with brown margins; achenes pale, oblong-ovoid, half the
length of the scale.
Temeseal; Nevin. Los Angeles River: 578 Braunton, David-
son. New England to Florida, west to Nebraska, Texas and
Southern California.
' 9. Cyperus longispicatus, Norton,, Trans, St. Louis Acad.
12:37, t.5. Small, Fl. S. E. U. S. 13821. C. ferox, Watson, Bot.
Cal. 2:216, not Vahl.
Culms 3-5dm. tall; leaves 1-1.5em. wide, strongly channeled,
rough on the edges, shorter than the culms, those of the invyol-
ucre 4-6, as long as the rays, or longer: umbel compound, loose
and spreading, as are the short spikes, the primary rays 6-10,
3-8em. long, or the umbel condensed or pseudocapitate; spikelets
) dae .
Ses wD Loway > bicdlus, Nate,
Fl ATE IV
56 SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.
linear, 1-1.5em long, 6-8-flowered; fertile seales oblong, 3mm.
long, obtuse, stramineous, the midvein green, folded, but at ma-
turity only concave; achenes oblong 1-1.25mm. long, 1mm. thick,
very obtusely 3-angled, the obtuse apex mucronulate. —
Growing in wet sand along streams; probably common in
the cismontane region, below 1,000 feet altitude, but my only
specimens are of my own collecting at San Bernardino, where
it is abundant, and at Elsinore Lake. Dr. Britton has obliged
me with a part of Norton’s type specimen, 1248 B. F. Bush,
from San Antonio, Texas. The spikelets are 2.5em. long, but
otherwise the plants do not differ from my own. Immature
achenes are acutely 3-angled, and acute at both ends, but when
fully mature they are as described.
PLATE IV. Fromaplantcollected at Elsinore Lake. X %-a. Achene
X15-b. Scale X 8.
The Bees of Southern California. III.
BY T. D. A. COCKERELL.
The following table is intended to separate the males of the
common type of Anthidium represented by A. maculosum, mor-
monum, montivagum, cognatum, &c., in various parts of the
United States. In addition to the species of Southern Cali-
fornia, I have included some others for comparison, two (from
Pecos, New Mexico) being new. There ave also included some
species of a type not yet found in our region, one of them (tolte-
cum) being a Dianthidium. I have a residue of females from
Southern California which I have not cared to describe, as it
seems best to describe the species, so far as _ possible,
from the males, which possess the strongest characters.
No doubt further imvestigation will show that some
of the undescribed females belong with described
males, and when this is not the case, the males may
be discovered, permitting a more exact definition of
the characters of the species. It is to be understood that
all the new forms are black bees ornamented with yellow, the
abdomen having notched or divided bands, the notches always
anterior except on the first segment, where they are posterior.
Anthidium; Males.
Last abdominal segment deeply notched, without a
median projection”. . 2.02.0 55.4: oo 1
Last abdominal segment, with a median projection...... 2
1. Margin of sixth segment sinuate (Mexico). .toltecum, Cress
Margin of sixth segment with a strong median tooth,
and also lateral teeth (Hurope)....... oblongatum, Latr.
a ae
SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 57
2. Lateral lobes of last segment spine-hke, pointed........ 3
Lateral lobes of last segment broadened............... 5)
3. Lateral lobes strongly curved; mesothorax with yellow
maccimal marks CHUPODE)!s. 22... 0. ec 2s: manicatum, L.
Lateral lobes straight; mesothorax all black............ {
4.Size large; elypeus with two black spots on upper part; an-
‘terior tarsi largely light yellow in front (So. Calif.)
» + esp iate Bac ey che beagle peek ae gre nen eee banningense, n. sp.
Size smaller; clypeus all yellow; anterior tarsi black in
Hee OMe YE COSR ING Mic) anew < oo. mere ns lupinellum, n. sp.
5. Light markings of abdomen confined to sides; size large
(TBMRIEO]DS)): grsides: SeM Ae ee Meme cela laterale, Latr.
light markings of abdomen not confined to sides....... 6
Gelvasiseoment of abdomen ferruginous..:.......-......- ml
Last segment of abdomen not ferruginous.............. 8
7. Yellow of abdomen very bright; the bands continuous
in the middle on third and following segments (So.
(Coa In 3) SF ws | Oia Ne ee ed ae tricuspidum, Prov.
Yellow of abdomen pale; none of the bands continuous
in the middle; venter of abdomen red (New Mex-
NOOO) 52) Schism A ee RGR ee a porterae, Ckll.
8. Lateral lobes of last segment entirely black, divergent
and strongly curved inwards at the end; none of the
abdominal bands united in the middle (Calif.).....
ae dies eR ee ere fen aN. CALLORNICUM Cress:
Lateral lobes not so; when entirely black, insect smaller. 9
9. Tegulae yellow and black, or rarely yellow and reddish. .10
Tegulae entirely apricot-color (So. Calif) ..palmarum, n. sp.
10. Mesothorax entirely black; last abdominal segment en-
tirely black, or with small yellow spots; a small yel-
NOswvars 1 Oitnello Over Gach eye) asics elevate ay, det here 11
Mesothorax with some yellow on margins; last abdom-
inal segment with conspicuous yellow markings, or
MMe Tale reul esyreUl@ wrpse estoy. kbs coacpew saan se ov aims) chief ob 2 FS a tai 14
11. Lateral lobes of apical segment short and very »road,
of the general type of A. jocosum; average size of
insect smaller (So. Calif.)............ palliventre, Cress.
Lateral lobes of apical segment elongated, of the gen-
eral type of A. cognatum; average size of insect larger.12
12. Markines of abdomen orange; abdomen shining, with
Sparse punctunes: (Son Calais anes. SAXorum, Nn. sp.
Markings of abdomen yellow; abdomen more closely
SATO ULIMICISUETSE GL avira mare Peete onan Sas taaAS Lee ae ANS Sa ee 13
13. Tibiae with broad yellow stripes (So. Calif.)........
Ras dipasanby for 35) ak hea phar wabyais as oe Seeree is Lo ees collectum, Huard.
14.
18.
SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.
Tibiae without such stripes (Fort Collins, Colo.).....
- Reape te ee (emarginatum, Say, var?) TITUSI. nov.
Femora with conspicuous red patches; flagellum red
beneath; hair of head and thorax all white (New
Iie sxanie Oe 2 ste hee Cree oan: Cees paroselae, Ckll.
Femora without red patches; flagellum all black........ 15
_ Hair of thoracic dorsum white; size small... 2233s. 16
Hair of thoracic dorsum fulvus or ochraceous.......... TEC
. Seape all black (So. Calif.)..bernardinum var. fragariellum
Seape yellow in front (So. Calif.) .bernardinum var. aridum
. Markings of abdomen lemon-yellow (Pecos, N. M.)..
SY Ree SEAN wo SU eicate Sage ganas iced 2 ...pecosense, n. sp.
Size small about 1-mm-. lone. (So. Calit.\c. ee
2) ae GUE EARL SSE eae bernardinum, var. wilsoni -
Size larger, about 14 mm. lone (So. Calif.) .. 2. 24ce
TES oso 2 REE Soe cicero enone es CTI ae bernardinum, n sp.
Anthidium banningense, n. sp.
Male: Length, 1445 mm.; black, the markings rather pale
yellow, pubescence white, abundant on upper part of head
and thorax. Clypeus, lateral face-marks, mandibles except
apex, and oblong marks above tops of eyes, pale yellow;
elypeus with two black marks near its upper margin; an-
terior margin of elypeus without notches or protuberances;
mandibles with the apical tooth broad, pointed, faleiform,
but the others hardly developed, the second only a distinct
nodule; antennae entirely black; thorax entirely black, only
the tegulae with a pale yellow patch; wings only moderately
stained with brown; first recurrent nervure joiming second
submarginal cell some distance from its base; basal nervure
passing considerably basad of transverso-medial; legs ro-
bust, black, anterior tibiae with a small yellow spot near
apex, middle tibiae with a large apical mark, basal joint
of tarsi ight yellow on the outer side: abdomen with the
band on first segment divided into spots (the middle pair
small), the others nearly (or quite) divided, the second
interrupted in the middle iine, the third to fifth only emargi-
nate, sixth segment with twe yellow marks, apical all black;
segments much more closely and regularly punctured be-
hind the bands than before them; sixth segment with large
lateral curved black teeth; lateral processes of apical seg-
ment straight or almost so, narrow and pointed; ventral sur-
face of abdomen dark reddish.
Hab.—Banning, Calif., 1892. One taken by Dr. Davidson.
Anthidium lupinellum, n. sp.
Male: length about 11 mm.; a rather small, compact species,
SOUTHERN CALTFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 50
with all the abdominal bands divided into spots as in A.
maculosum; pubescence white, some blackish on seutellum,
and vertex, and especially just behind ocelli; clypeus bright
lemon yellow, not spotted, not at all obseured by hair, its
narrow lower edge black; lateral face-marks, mandibles ex-
cept Avex, and small spot above each eye, yellow; first and
second mandibular teeth broad and sharply pointed; an-
tennae entirely black; thorax all black except two small
yellow marks on seutellum; tegulae with a large yellow spot
in front and a small one behind; wings not very dark; lees
black, with the basal joints of the middle and hind tarsi
eream-color (but basal joint of anterior tarsus is black) ; ab-
dominal segments with thin marginal fringes of black hair;
sixth segment with four spots hke the others, seventh all
black; lateral apical processes long and narrow; venter of
abdomen black.
Hab.— Pecos, New Mexico, at flowers of Lupinus near Harri-
son’s store, June 30, 1903, collected by W. P. Cockerell. By
the structure of the last two dorsal abdominal segments,
this is closely related to A. banningense; but it is smaller
and differs in several particulars.
Anthidium tricuspidum, Provancher.
Los Angeles, Calif., three collected by Dr. Davidson. Provan-
cher’s description is incomplete, but as his material was
from the same locality, and the rather pecuhar bright yellow
pattern of the abdomen agrees, I assume that I have the in-
sect he deseribed. The ventral surface of the abdomen is
light ferruginous. .
Anthidium californicum, Cresson.
Los Angeles, Calif., five collected by Dr. Davidson. In these
specimens the hair on vertex and thorax above is white, not
dull yellow. I have not seen authentic material of A. cali-
fornicum, but the Los Angeles insect fits the description so
nearly that I assume it to be the same.
Anthidium palmarum, n. sp.
Male; length about 9 mm.; pubescence white, dense on face,
covering clypeus: elypeus and very small lateral face-marks
(separated from orbital margin), mandibles except tips, and
small spots above eyes, hght yellow; mandibles with first
and second teeth acute; antennae entirely black; thorax all
black except an interrupted yellow line on scutellum; teg-
ulae a warm red; wings rather clear; legs black, marked
with light yellow and ferruginous, the lighter colors includ-
ing the knees, stripes on anterior and middle tibiae, and
spots at base and apex of hind tibiae, the last also being red-
dish behind; basal joint of tarsi yellow, the other joint light
60 SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.
ferruginous; the tibial ornamentation really consists of basal
and apical yellow spots jomted by a red stripe, the stripe
being absent on the hind tibiae; abdominal markings shin-
ing, orange-yellow, the band on the first segment divided
into four spots, on the second almost divided, on the others
successively somewhat less so, but all divided in the middle;
sixth segment with two very large yellow marks; lateral
apical lobes marked with yellow, moderately broad; ventral
surface of abdomen black, except sides of first segment,
which are ferruginous.
Hab.—Two collected by Dr. Davidson; the type from Palm
Spring; the other (reddened by eyanide), Los Angeles.
Easily known by the apricot-colored tegulae, the orange-
yellow markings of abdomen, &c. The end of the abdomen
is constructed in the manner of A. cognatum, but the lateral
lobes are a httle broader and somewhat divergent, and the
lateral spines of the sixth segment are practically straight.
Anthidium palliventre, Cresson.
With some hesitation I refer here four males, one from Logan,
Utah (lL. Bruner, No. 17), the other three collected by Dr.
Davidson in California, at Los Angeles, Tehachapi and Bear
Valley. A. palliventre was described from a female collected
in California, and females of this group have few distinctive
characters. A female collected by Dr. Davidson at Los An-
geles seems to be palliventre, but the ventral scopa is black-
ish in the middle and white laterally. It has the face en-
tirely black.
Catalogue of Indian Relics on Santa Catalina, etc. Cont.
BY MRS. M. BURTON WILLIAMSON
No.
13,126. Bone Dagger.
13,127. Fragment of handle to 13,126.
13,128. Bone implement with hole.
13,129. Bone needles—3.
13,130. Bone needle, long.
13,131. Bone Awls, small—4.
13,132. Vertebra of fish.
13,133. Fragments of baskets.
13,134. Fragments of baskets, wound.
13,135. Strings, one wound in ball.
138,136. Fragments of cloth.
13,137. Red paint, powdered and in lumps.
13,138. Red paint, in worked shapes—5.
13,139. Black paint, powdered.
13,140. Shells with paint in them.
SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 61
13,141. Fish vertebrae, paint in them.
13,142. Small stones for grinding paint.
13,143. Small steatite pot, ornamented with lines.
13,144-46. Small pot, steatite, plain.
13,147. Small ladle, steatite (toy).
13,148. Pipe of steatite, bone mouth piece.
13,149. Stone pipe, with bone mouth piece.
13,150. Stone pipe ,broken, with bone mouth piece—2.
13,151. Stone pipe, without mouth piece.
13,152. Fragments stone rings-—2.
13,153. Perforated stone ornaments—5.
13,154. Stone ornament.
13,155. Perforated stone, weight for digging.
13,156. Perforated stones, weights, for digging—6.
13,157. Stone beads—3.
13,158. Stone implements—2.
- 13,159-64. Comali for cooking tortillas.
13,165. Comali, with 3 holes.
13,166. Comali, with band.
13,167. Comali, with lines.
13,168. Stone implement, grinding shells?
13,169. Stone pestle.
13,170. Stone implement.
13,171. F. dagger.
13,172. Spearpoint, triangular, obsidian.
13,173. Arrowhead.
13,174. Spearpoint, obsidian, leaf-shaped.
13,175-78. Shell beads—2.
13,179. Shells. Abalone—3.
13,180-84. Shell ornaments, broken—3.
13,185. Shell fishhooks, different stages of manufacture—11.
13,186. Stone implements used in cutting 13,185—12.
13,187. Stone implements used in eutting 13,185, broken—6.
13,188. Hair brushes.
13,189. Copper cup, containing cloth, basket, string of beads
and part of human scalp.
13,192. Copper plate, covered with cloth and containing veg-
etable products—seeds.
13,193. Copper cup, covered with cloth and skin.
13,194. Copper bowl, containing cloth and human hair.
13,195. Copper bowl.
13,196. Copper jar.
13,197. Implements and ornaments of copper.
13,198. Broken spoons.
199%) Bell
13,200. Sleigh bell.
13,201. Bell clapper, copper.
62 SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.
13,202. Vase.
13,203. Three fibulae tied together.
13,204. Fibulae. Buckle, copper.
13,205. Bosses, ornamented with shell.
13,206. Medals of Catholic Church—38.
13,207. Thimbles; worn as beads.
13,208. Copper implement.
13,209. Buttons, strung together.
13,210. Buttons and beads strung together.
13,211. Copper awl.
13,212. Strings of glass and shell beads.
13,213. Brass rings and beads on strings.
13,214. Glass and part of ring (for making fire).
13,215. Earthen bowl made on wheel.
13,216. China bowl, crackled ware.
13,217. Leather band.
13,218. Glass beads.
13,219. Beads.
18,220. Cigarette holder.
13,221. Iron hoe.
13,222. Iron axes—4.
13,223. Iron cannon balls—2.
13,224. Iron swords.
13,225. Iron scissors.
13,226. Iron spear point.
13,227. Iron knife blades.
13,228. Fragments gun barrels?
13,229. Iron buckles, implements, ete.
13,230. Iron bowl, small, broken.
13,231-45. Skull and bones—human.
13,246-59. Human erania.
13,260. Human Cranium and bones.
13,261. Diseased bones.
13,262. Pelvis, belonging with 13,260.
13,263. Fragment of cloth.
Cabrillo’s Rancheria.
13,264. Copper band, with cloth inelosed.
13,265. Copper buckle.
13,266. Copper implements—2.
13,267. Iron ladle.
13,268. Iron implements, broken—2.
13,269. Stone ornament, perforated.
Graves, Johnson’s Place, Santa Catalina, Cal.
13,270. Boat-shaped dish of steatite.
13,271. Whale of steatite. Toy.
13,272. Whale of steatite. Toy.
13,273. Perforated stone. Weight.
SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.
13,274. Sinker?
13,275. Sharpening stone.
13,276. Stone.
13,277. Stone worked.
13,278. Wooden implement.
13,279. Bone awl.
13,280. Shell fishhooks in process of manufacture.
13,281. Shell ornaments.
13,282. Shell beads.
13,283. Glass beads.
13,284. Red paint.
13,285. Bones of child.
13,286. Human skull and bones.
13,287. Human skull and bones.
Graves, Whitney’s Place, Santa Catalina, Cal.
13,288. Stone arrow straightener.
13,289. Comalis for cooking tortillas.
13,290. Stone pipe.
13,291. Grooved stone.
13,292. Stone dipper.
13,293. Stone ring-weight for digging.
13,294. Stone chips.
13,295. Worked stone sinker?
13,296. Shells of abalone.
13,297. Shells of abalone, with red paint.
13,298. Cone of red paint.
13,299. Shell fishhooks in process of manufacture.
13,300. Shell ornament, sabre shaped.
13,301. Shell ornaments—8.
13,302. Bone implements.
13,303. Claws.
13,304. Shell implements.
Workshop, Frank Whitney’s Place, Santa Catalina Cal.
13,305. Shell of Abalone, with seed.
13,306. Fishhooks, shell, in process of manufacture.
13,307. Shell ornaments.
13,308. Fish vertebrae.
13,309. Skull of crow.
13,310. Asphalt.
Shell Mound, F. Whitney’s Place, Santa Catalina, Cal.
13,311-15. Soapstone pot, rude.
13,316.
Soapstone pot, ornamented with lines.
13,317-27. Small pot of steatite.
13,328-31. Small stone pot.
13,332-34. Steatite pot, with groove on bottom.
13,335-39. Comali, with groove on bottom.
13,340-42. Perforated Comali, steatite.
(Continued in May Number.)
64 SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.
Transactions for March, 1904.
ASTRONOMICAL SECTION.
The meeting was presided over by Chairman W. H. Knight, who
introduced the exercises of the evening by a statement of current astro-
nomical phenomena, giving an account of the observations made at the
Lick Observatory on ‘the motions and peculiarities of Borelli’s comet,
laying special emphasis upon the remarkable characteristies of the sev-
eral tails of the comet. Mr. Knight also read an account of the appear-
ance and movement of three remarkable meteors observed on the Pacific
by the commander of the United States Steamship Supply. The varia-
tions in the apparent motion of these meteors cannot be accounted for
by any known theories of meteoric motion.
The chairman read an extract comparing all the time ‘that is supposed
to have elapsed since the earth became a solid to a day of twenty-four
hours, showing by comparative subdivisions of the two periods, that the
six thousand years of the recorded history of man is represented by
the last five seconds of the day that stands for the aeons of the earth’s
existence.
Mathematics being the major topic of the evening, the chairman read
some interesting extracts from famous mathematicians relative to the
beauty and practical value of mathematical principles.
Mr. B. R. Baumgardt was then introduced and presented the subject
of logarithms, explaining the principles upon which the system is based
and the? stupendous saving of time and labor due to the use of
logarithms in all calculations involving large numbers and numerous or
long multiplications and divisions.
Mr. Baumgardt then exemplified the principle of the conchoid curve,
which gave rise to a discussion of the cycloid curve and its application to
a theoretically accurate pendulum.
The meeting was concluded with the reading by Mr. Baumgardt of a
graphic account of the partial solar eclipse of May, 1500, as witnessed
from Mount Lowe by the members and friends of the Astronomical
Section.
MELVILLE DOZIER, Secretary.
Mareh 21, 1904.
GEOLOGICAL SHCTION.
Los Angeles, Cal., March 28, 1904.
The officers of ithe Geological Section met at the Woman’ Club
Rooms, but owing to the inclemency of the weather the attendance was
small and the meeting adjourned to April 25th, when the Rev. H. B. Gage,
of Long Beach, will deliver a lecture on the ‘‘Minerals of Riverside
County,’’ and the secretary will exhibit specimens of the crystallization
of iron and copper.
G. MAJOR TABER, Secretary.
VOL. III. MAY, 1904 NO. 5
BwUELEHT ON
OF THE
Southern Cafifornia Academy of Ociences
COMMITTEE ON PUBLICATION
A. DAVIDSON, C. M., M. D., Chairman
MELVILLE DOZIER G. W. PARSONS
CONTENTS: Page
A Preliminary Synopsis of the Southern California Cyperaceae,
SB PARISH |. ee CO
Descriptions of some Undescribed Fossil Shells of Pleistocene and
Pliocene Formations of the Santa Monica Range, PROF.J.J. RIVERS 69
The Bees of Southern California, 1V, T. D. A. COCKERELL . .. . 72
Flora of San Clemente Island, by BLANCHE TRASK see ior Wake. cy Os
MraANSACtlONS! 05) 2 tee. te Sep ae OS). MM dod bcc ar Pentel te) cee
PUBLISHED BY
THE ACADEMY, MONTHLY EXCEPT
JULY, AUGUST AND SEPT.
Yearly Subscription, $1.00 Single Copies, 25 cts.
“Entered September 18, 1908, at Los Angeles, Cal., as second-class matter,
under Act of Congress, July 16, 1894.”’
MAILED MAY 24, 1904
A Preliminary Synopsis of the Southern California
Cyperaceae.
BY S. B. PARISH.
a SCHOENUS, Linn. Gen. n. 65, tn part.
Herbs, mostly perennial, varying in habit. Inflorescence eap-
itate, or variously spicate, or paniculate. Flowers in flattened
spikelets of few scales, rarely only one. Seales 2-ranked, 1-8 of
the lowest empty and contiguous. Rachis of the fertile flowers
prolonged and flexuous, or in the 1-flowered species produced
beyond the flower, curved and bearing an empty seale. Per-
ianth of 6, or fewer, bristles, which are often ciliate, sometimes
seale-lke, or wanting. Stamens 3, rarely fewer, or 4-6. Style
3-cleft, little or not at all enlarged at base, wholly deciduous
from the summit of the 3-angled, or 3-ribbed achene.
A genus of some 60 species, mostly natives of Australia
or New Zealand. Represented in America only by the follow-
ing species, which is also European.
1. Schoenus nigricans, Linn. Sp. Pl. 43.
Culms erect, terete and striate, 5-6 dm. tall; leaves shorter,
narrowly hnear, stiff and erect, their dark purple or blackish
bases enlarged and clasping; involucral leaves 2, similar, the
lower erect and 6-12 cm. long, the upper very short or a little
exceeding the head; spikelets numerous, aggregated in a dense
head, 5-15 mm. long; the flexuous upper part of the rachis
Plate 5.
a. Pistil x Io.
b. Rachisx5.
22 sobye9 ew
SCHOENUS NIGRICANS, Linn.
Plant collected at Arrowhead Hot Springs x 4.
c. Perianth Scale x 20. e. Scale x5.
d. Stamensx1o
SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. — 67
readily separating from the lower straight part; scales dark
reddish brown, strongly folded, 5-8 mm. long, deciduous, the
lower infertile scales 6-8, smooth and acute, the fertile 4-6, of-
ten seabrid on the keel and mucronulate, the uppermost often
staminate, or empty; perianth scales 2-5, accuminate, or aristate,
ciliate toothed, 0.5mm. long, persistent; anthers tipped with
a conical cellular appendage; style dark, about 1 em. long;
achenes white, smooth and shining, ovoid, obtusely 3-angled,
1.5 mm. long.
Arrowhead Hot Springs, near San Bernardino, and Lone
Pine Canyon, near Cajon Pass; Parish. Furnace Creek Canyon,
Death Valley; Coville and Funston. The species is known in
Ameriea, in addition to the above stations, only from Ash Mea-
dows, Nevada, and from Florida. All the western plants grow
in alkaline soil. Plate V.
= 3 ELEOCHARIS, R. Br. Prodr Fl. Nov. Holl. 1:224.
Annual or perennial herbs with tufted, angular, flattened,
or terete culms. Leaves reduced to basal sheaths, the lowest
rarely bearing a short blade. Flowers in solitary, erect, non-
involuerate spikelets. Seales coneave, searious-margined,
spirally imbricated around the rachis. Perianth of 1-12 re-
trorsely barbed bristles, or rarely none. Style 2-cleft and the
achene lenticular, or 3-cleft and the achene 3-angled or turgid,
its conical or flattened tubercular base persistent on the sum-
mit of the achene.
A genus of about 100 species, growing in, wet places, from
the tropics north to the Arctic regions.
Key to the Species.
Style 2-cleft; achene lenticular.
Annual; achene black, tuberele flat. 1. E. capitata.
Perennial; tubercle conieal. 2. E, palustris.
Style 3-cleft, achene 3-angled or turgid.
' Achene eancellate; tubercle conical. 3. E. acicularis.
Achene puncticulate; tubercle dise-like 4 EK. disciformis.
Achene smooth and shining.
Tuberele not continuous with the achene.
Tuberele broader at base than the apex of the achene;
spikelet oblong. 5. EK. montana.
Tuberele calyptrate; spikelet lanceolate 6 EK. Parishii.
Tuberele continuous with achene; conical. 7 E. rostellata.
* Styles 2-cleft and achenes lenticular; tubercle constricted at base.
~ 1. Eleocharis capitata, R. Br. Prodr. Fl. Holl. 1:225.
Annual, culms slender or filiform, terete, erect, 1-1.5 dm.
tall; upper sheath 1-toothed; spikelets ovoid, obtuse 4-5 mm.
68 SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.
high and 3 mm. thick; seales ovate, obtuse, about 2 mm. long,
brown with a green midvein; stamens 2; bristles 4-6, obscurely
toothed, equalling the achene, or none; achenes broadly obovoid
0.75 mm. high, black and shining, tubercle flat and disk-like.
In wet sand San Bernardino; 1293, 5276, 5277 Parish. Palm
Springs in the Colorado Desert; 1160 Parish. <A species of wide
distribution in tropical regions.
y 2. KEleocharis palustris, R. & S. Syst. 2:151.
Perennial by horizontal rootstocks; culms stout, terete,
striate, 3-15 dm. tall; basal sheaths brown, the uppermost very
obliquly truneate; spikelets ovoid-cylindrical, acute 1 em. long;
scales ovate, obtuse or subacute, purple-brown, with green mid-
vein; stamens 2-3; bristles 4, equalling the achene, or none;
achenes ovoid-oblong, 2 mm. long, yellow-brown, smooth and
shining, tuberele triangular-conic, less than one-fourth as long
as the achene.
Probably common in wet places in the Cismontane region,
but the only specimen seen was collected by myself, at San Ber-
nardino. Cosmopolitan.
Eleocharis palustris mleracescens! Gray, Man. ed.5, 558.
Britt ebro W252:
Culms slender, 3-5 dm. tall; spikelets oblong, 5-10 mm.
long, acute; upper sheaths horizontally truncate; tubercle nar-
rower and more acute.
In swamps and ditches and along streams; probably com-
mon. Lake Surprise, 8,200 ft. alt., San Jacinto Mts.; 2489 Hall.
San Bernardino Valley; 1185 Parish. Common _ throughout
North America.
** Styles 3-cleft ; stamens usually 3, plants perennial by hort-
zontal rootstocks except n. 4.
+ Uppermost sheaths 1-toothed, with a more or less indurated ring
at the horizontally truncate summit; tubercle not continuous with
the summit of the obscurely 3-angled, turgid, achene.
++Achenes having intermediate ribs and minute transverse ridges
3. Eleocharis acicularis, R. & 8. Syst. 2:154. _ |
Culms tufted from filiform rootstocks, setaceous or fili-
form, 3-15 em. tall; spikelet narrowly oblong, or ovate, acute,
2-3 mi. long, acute, 3-9-flowered; scales ovate-oblong, acutish,
1 mm. long, pallid or greenish; bristles 3-4, weak, exceeding the
achene, often none; achenes pale, oblong-ovoid, 1 mm. lone;
tuberele conic, one-fourth the length of the achene.
Banks of the Santa Ana river, near San Bernardino; 1061
Parish. An immature specimen collected at Los Angeles, by
Davidson, may belong here. Throughout North Ameriea.
(To be continued.)
SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 69
Descriptions of Some Undescribed Fossil Shells of
Pleistocene and Pliocene Formations Of
the Santa Monica Range.
BY PROF. J. J. RIVERS.
Dr. Ralph Arnold in his memoir of the fossils of San
Pedro published in June, 1903, made no mention of the species
now deseribed. His very excellent treatise scarcely touched
upon the riches of the Santa Monica Range though he almost
exhausted the gifts of nature in fossil Mollusca of San Pedro
together with those yielded by the rocks of San Diego and
Santa Barbara.
The Santa Monica Range has the same deposits as those
of San Diego, San Pedro and Santa Barbara judging from
the fauna found in this range. The San Diego Pliocene is
represented here by co-types of the following species:
Ostrea veatcht Gabb., Pecten expansus Dall., Pecten hastatus
Sow., Pecten bellus Con., Pecten caurinus Gla , Pecten hemphill
Dall., Pecten stearnsit Dall., Pecten opuntia Dall., Pecten subven-
tricosus Dall., Pecten ventricosus Sow., Pecten hericens, Gld.,
Pecten subnodosus Dall and several other Pectens together with
Opalia varicostata Stearns and Pisania fortis Carp.
The formations of Santa Barbara, San Pedro and San
Diego have each yielded Brachiopods, but the middle Pliocene
deposits of the Santa Moniea Range have furnished all the
known species found hitherto discovered in the other three lo-
calities, viz: Terebratalia smithi Arnold. Terebratalia hem-
philli, Dall., Laqueus jeffreysi Dall., Laqueus californicus Koch.
Santa Monica Range furnishes a wide field of geological
investigation being rich in Phocene deposits. There appears
to be three distinct Phocene epochs; the oldest is a_ thick
deposit with few fossils and its matrix is formed out of the
first erosion of the Miocene and contains chunks of the shale
uneroded and fossils not yet identified. The strata has been
tilted to the perpendicular and crushed and crossbedded so
that when the fossils are disturbed they do not crumble but
break to pieces.
The next older strata are the representatives of the San
Diego hard sandstone series yielding the Pectens. The later
Pliocene is the same as represented on Deadman’s Island, San
Pedro. These are capped everywhere by Quaternary beach
gravels and by erosion debris as well as by glacial drift. The
canons of the coast yields glacial pebbles not profusely but
commonly and a student in geology can identify them’ easily.
Hyalaea tricuspida n. sp.
Shell opaque white; dorsal plate widely convex; smooth on
«
7a SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.
the disc; a lateral spine on either side and a terminal append-
age short and truncate behind; parallel to the lateral spines is
a carina; on the dise of the other side are five longitudinally
situated carinae; aperture sharply truncate on dorsum, but
strongly rounded on the opposite plate; the slit reaching
quite to the lateral spines.
Dimensions: Longitude 8 mm., latitude 7 mm.
Geology: Pleistocene of Santa Monica Range, Cal.
Eulima raymondi n. sp.
Form: Very attenuate; shell in texture as usual in this
genus smooth, glossy, and white in color; whorls’ eleven;
sutures scarcely impressed; strongly oblique; the three last
whorls equal to the remainder; aperture 2.2 mm. long and
1 mm. wide. Longitude 11 mm., latitude 2 mm.
Not known to be living.
Geology: Pleistocene Santa Monica Range, Cal.
This cannot be confounded with any of the described spec-
ies belonging to this coast it being much more attenuated in
form comparing length with width, the mouth more pro-
duced forward and elongated and narrowed behind. Eleven
specimens have been secured and are true to form and pro-
portions.
Chrysodomus arnoldi n. sp.
Shell thick, robust, chalk white; elegantly, fusiform:
spire about one-fifth of the whole; spire compressed; whorls
about five; nucleus and following whorl missing; the third
and fourth whorls are sculptured with rather wide transverse
ridges; but the fifth whorl the ridges are nearly obsolete;
sutures roughly enerusted; body whorl strongly shouldered
but not tabled; the sculpture consists of five woolving, flat-
tened strive or ridges crossed at intervals by strong imere-
mental lines which perhaps in an unworn example might show
varices; in the fossil there appears faintly a cancellate pat-
tern; all the whorls bear an alternate series of fine revolving
ridges which on the body whorl gages two to a mm.; colum-
nella medium, twisted; channel open but shallow; inerusted
thickly interiverity; aperture pyriform umbilicus subperforate
as in Pisania fortis Carpt.
Dimensions: Long 40 mm.; lat. 20 mm.
Geological formation, Pliocene. One specimen.
Loeality: Crawfish Gorge’s; San Pedro, Cal.
Chrysodomus merriami n. sp.
Shell bueciniform; whorls eight; nucleus eroded; inere-
mental and fine lnes appear as soon as growth begins which
increase in regular ratio until the body whorl show ridges
and appressed lines that gage six to a mm. Apex not de-
SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 71
pressed as it gages 20 mm.; the whorls are strongly rounded;
sutures deeply impressed; bodywhorl 25 mm. long, much in-
flated; outer lip not thickened but has a bulging inflation
turning inwards; the edge being entire. The columnella be-
ing hid in the matrix but from several fragmentary examples;
the columnella is short, twisted; channel wide; aperture very
wide.
This shell was found in the same deposit as C. aphelus Dall
and C. griseus Dall.
Geological formation: Pliocenl; Santa Monica Range.
Chrysodomus aphelus Dall.
The U. S. Report on Albatross Mollusca Pro. U. S. Nat.
Mus. Vol. XII pages 219-362, gives descriptions by Dr. Healy
Dall of various living Mollusks dredged from near Santa
Barbara, Cal.
An examination of the Pliocene strata of the Santa Moniea
Range has brought to light two of Dr. Dalls species and a
third one in the same deposit that the dredge of the Albatross
did not discover.
‘“The living shells, (according to the Albatross Reports)
oceur in 414 fathoms grey sand.’’ The fossils occur in a silty
formation in which remains of marine and terrestrial flora
abound. The elevation from sea level of these strata varies
from a few feet up to seventy or a hundred feet above. The
height or depth of these strata carries no geological value
but it is their position and what they contain that yield their
natural worth; these strata dip strongly to the southwest at
various angles and in places tilted to the perpendicular. These
fossils therefore may have enjoyed at one time a depth of 414
fathoms, particularly.so as the deposits dip under a hundred
feet of nearly horizontal Pleistocene.
Chrysodomus aphelus Dall. (Albatross Mollusea Pl. VI.
0%, Te)
Shell bueciniform; six whorled, smooth; nucleus eroded;
whorls full, well rounded; sutures distinet and somewhat deep;
sculptum of faint ineremental lines which curve to the sweli-
ing of the whorls; obscure spiral traces; outer lip thin, smooth,
polished white, on the inside, which is reflected rather strongly
at the upper angle but diminishes gradually towards the chan-
nel; columnella short, not calloused, throat smooth white; pil-
lar very obliquely truneate.
Dimensions: Report gives maximum longitude 32 mm.;
maximum latitude 18 mm.; but the fossils give increased di-
mensions; the maximum being 40 mm. to 20 réspectively. The
majority of the fossil forms are however much below these
measurements.
72 SOUTHERN. CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENGES,
Chrysodomus griseus Dall.
This is another of the ‘‘ Albatross Mollusea’’ and Dr.
Dall’s description ean easily be followed with the shell before
me.
Shell thin, rather acutely pointed when perfect;’’ seven
or eight whorled; the substratum, pillar, throat milk white
and smooth; nucleus eroded, small round; suture distinct;
whorls full and rounded; transverse sculpture twenty or more
arcuated wave-like ribs, which on the earlier whorls often
reach from suture to suture but are strongest on the periphery.
Ag the shells do not hold to the same relative proportions of
latitude and longitude, the more elongate the specimen the
fainter is the seulpture.
Found in company with B. aphelus Dall in the Pliocene of
Santa Monica Range, Los Angeles Co., Cal.
One specimen perfect, two nearly go and several more
or less fragmental.
The Bees of Southern California. IV.
BY T. D. A. COCKERELL.
Anthidium saxorum, n. sp.
Male; length about 11 mm.; pubescence white, faintly tinged
with ochreous dorsally, abundant on head and thorax, but
not concealing elypeus; elypeus, lateral face-marks, man-
dibles except tips, stripe on scape, and small spot above
each eye, pale chrome yellow; mandibles with only one
large tooth; flagellum black; thorax all black exeept tu-
bercles and two marks on seutellum, which are yellow;
tegulae with a large yellow spot in front, and a small one
behind; wings fairly clear; femora black, with a small
apical yellow spot on the middle and hind ones; tibiae with
a broad yellow stripe on the outer side, which sends a pro-
cess to the anterior side apically; basal joint of tarsi yel-
low; abdomen unusually smooth and shining, the bands
deep orange; band on first segment broken into four spots,
those in the middle small and transversely elongated;
bands on second to fifth emarginate medially and laterally,
but not broken; sixth nearly all orange; seventh with only
two yellow spots; lateral apical lobes broad and not much
produced, very much as in A. mormonum, except that they
are less curved inward; venter reddish-black.
Hab.—Roek Creek, California, one collected by Dr. Davidson.
By the eariniform tubercles, white pubesenee, ete., this re-
sembles A. mormonum, but it differs by having no basal
spots on seutellum, bands on abdomen not interrupted
medially, &e.
SOUTHERN CALTRFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 73
Anthidium collectum, Huard:
Four males obtained by Dr. Davidson are referred here; two
from Los Angeles, one from Tehachapi, one from Swit-
zer’s. According to the original description, collectum
Huard (compactum, Provancher) differs from tricuspidum
in being smaller, having no marks on thorax, and the first
three segments of abdomen with the bands divid** into
spots. The last character is somewhat varlavn. .12€
species appears to be very near to A. emarginatum, Say,
but that has the abdominal bands yellowish-white or white.
The specimen from Tehachapi represents a distinct variety,
perhaps species, which may be described thus:
A. collectum var. ultrapictum, nov.
A little larger; scape with a yellow stripe; abdominal bands
very bright yellow, only that on first segment divided into
four spots, the others not even divided in the middle,
though emarginate there and squarely notched laterally ;
sixth segment with two very large round yellow marks,
touching in the middle line; seventh all black, with the lat-
eral lobes not so produced as in collectum, and distinctly
angled on the outer side; tibiae with more yellow. The
dorsal pubescence has just a faint ochreous tint. There
are no sub-apical ventral spines.
Anthidium (emarginatum, Say var?) Titusi, nov.
Easily distinguished from typical emarginatum (male) by the
bright lemon-yellow (instead of yellowish-white or white)
abominal bands, and the tibiae all black except a minute
basal spot, and an apical one on middle tibia. Clypeus with
two black dots near upper border; antennae entirely black ;
dorsal pubescence dull white; thorax all black except two
short lines on scutellum; anterior part.of tegulae yellow;
wines dusky; basal joint of tarsi ight yellow, the other
joint ferruginous; first abdominal segment with very long
hair, its band divided into four spots, the middle ones trans-
versely elongated; bands on the second and third greatly
narrowed mesad of the notch, and shghtly divided in the
middle; on fourth and fifth widely notched, but only emar-
ginate in the middle; sixth segment with two very large
comma-shaped yellow marks; seventh all black, formed
about as in ultrapictum, but the lateral lobes not quite so
produced; venter black; apex of venter strongly tridentate,
with a large median ferruginous process directed ecaudad,
and large black lateral spines directed more downwards.
-Hab.— Fort Collins, Colorado, June 13, 1900. (E. S. G. Titus.)
~ The apical ventral. structures recall A. montivagum.
74 SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.
Anthidium pecosense, n. sp.
Male; length about 11 mm., stout and compact; pubescence
white on pleura, cheeks and face below antennae, but ful-
vous on upper part of head and thorax; hair quite dense.
over clypeus; clypeus, lateral face-marks, mandibles ex-
cept tips, and small spots above eyes, lemon yellow; ely-
peus with two dusky dots near its upper margin; mandibles
comparatively narrow, second tooth small but pointed;
antennae entirely black; thorax black with the tubercles,
a bent stripe on antero-lateral corner of mesothorax, and
two lines on seutellum, yellow; tegulae black with a large
pale yellow mark; wings dusky; femora black, with more
or less of a yellow stripe beneath (best developed on the
anterior ones, but obscured by hair), and the middle and
posterior ones with very small apical (knee) spots; tibiae
broadly yellow on the outer side; basal joint of tarsi yel-
low, the other joints ferruginous; abdomen with the bands.
bright lemon-yellow, that on the first divided into four
spots, the median spots subquadrate; band on second di-
vided in the middle and squarely notched laterally, on third
divided in middle and with small lateral notches, on fourth
and fifth emarginate only in the middle, and not notched
laterally; sixth almost all yellow, but emarginate with
black in middle; afical segment with two yellow spots; lat-
eral apical lobes broad, median process long, lateral teeth
on sixth segment rather short; venter black.
Hab.— Pecos, New Mexico, one at flowers of Heracleum lana-
tum, June 21, 1903. (Cockerell). The apex of the abdomen
is of the same type as A. mormonum, from which it is easily
distinguished by the fulvous hair of head and thorax. From
A. poudreum, Titus (misprinted pondreum in original
description). A. pecosense differs by having the ventral
segments of abdomen thickly pubescent right across, fe-
mora and tibiae with white hair, dorsum of thorax with
abundant fulvous hair, no dots before the imes on seutel-
him, all the femora with yellow stripes, band on first ab-
dominal segment broken into spots.
Anthidium bernardinum, n. sp.
Male; length about 13 mm., general appearance ot A. tricuspi-
dum, but differing in many details, and especially in the
apex of the abdomen, the lobes of which are much shorter,
broader and more rounded, and yellow with dark brown
margins, the median spine also beine dark brown. The
real affinity of the insect is with A. pecosense, but it is.
larger, and very different in its deep orange markings;
SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 75:
the dorsal pubescence of the head and thorax, as in
pecosense, is fulvous. Head marked as in pecosense, ex-
cept that the scape has a yellow stripe (sometimes want-
ing’) and the spots above the eyes are produced and pointed.
mesad; thorax with the yellow markings of pecosense re-
placed by orange and more developed, forming a_ broad.
band surrounding the mesthorax and secutellum, except for
a space in front; band on first abdominal segment notched
behind, or sometimes divided into four spots, in which case-
the median spots are quadrate and qute large; remaining
bands laterally notched (not very broadly) in front, and.
emarginate in the middle, those on the second, third and
sixth frequently divided; lateral spines of sixth segment
partly yellow; venter of abdomen ferruginous, with yellow
spots at extreme sides; apical ventral segment tridentate,
the middle tooth broad, ferruginous, and emarginate, the
lateral ones rather broad and not very long, ferruginous.
edged with black. The femora have broad orange stripes,
the tibiae are entirely orange on the outer side; basal joint
of tarsi orange, the others ferruginous.
Hab.—Five males collected by Dr. Davidson; type from Straw-
berry Valley, others from Mt. Wilson. With these I asso-
ciate some females from Bear Valley, Wilson’s Peak and
Los Angeles. They are similar to the male, but smaller
(1014 mm. lon|g), the clypeus has a blackish median shade,
the spots above the eyes are produced into bands which
nearly meet in the middle line, and the ventral scopa is
white. The female suggests A. placitum, but the abdomen is
strongly punctured, and not transversely impressed at base.
The following three forms are referred as varieties to A. ber-
nardinum, but they certainly look very different, though
similar in the details of the markings, &e.
A. bernardinum v. wilsoni, n. vy.
Male; length about 1014 mm.; dorsal pubescence pale fulvous;
antennae entirely black; band on fourth abdominal seg-
ment divided in middle, as well as those on second and
third; apical lobes with the inner angle more prominent;
yellow on thorax reduced to two lines on mesothorax in
front, line on tubereles, and two lines and two dots on seu-
tellum; venter of abdomen very dark brown; apical ven-.
tral segment with the median process large, broadly round-
ed, dark brown, not emarginate, the lateral ones pointed
black teeth; femora brown-black, the middle ones with a
yellow apical spot, the hind ones with an apical stripe.
Hab.— Mt. Wilson, California, one collected by Dr. Davidson.
76 SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.
Anthidium bernardinum y. fragariellum, n. vy.
Male; length 9144 mm.; dorsal pubescence white; antennae en-
tirely black; spots above eyes oval, not pointed mesad;
marginal yellow of mesothorax and scutellum rather well
developed; wings decidedly reddish; middle and anterior
femora with broad yellow stripes beneath, hind femora
with the apical half striped above and beneath, middle
femora with a yellow apical patch above, but anterior fe-
mora all black above; apical lobes of abdomen more curved
inwards than in bernardinum; venter of abdomen brown
black; last ventral segment with median process ferrugi-
nous, broad and subtruneate, not emarginate, the lateral
processes pointed black spines.
Hab.—Strawberry Valley, California, collected by Dr. David-
son. A female from the same place appears to belong here;
it has two cuneiform black marks on the clypeus; femora
black, the anterior and middle ones with a yellow apical
mark behind; scopa white. It is of the same size as the
male.
Anthidium bernardinum y. aridum, n. v.
Male; lke v. fragariellum, but a lttle larger; scape yellow in
front; face less hairy; axillar spots absent; only the first
abdominal band interrupted in the middle (the second and
third are interrupted in fragariellum); yellow stripe on
middle femora not extending beyond apical half; lateral
apical lobes of abdomen more triangular, less rounded;
venter black.
Hab.— Rock Creek, California, collected by Dr. Davidson.
I rather expect that when more is known about these in-
sects wilsoni and fragariellum will stand as valid species,
and aridum as a variation cf the latter.
Flora of San Clemente Island.
BY BLANCHE TRASK.
If
For many years San Clemente has lifted its amethystine
heights, as I have followed the trails of Santa Catalina Island;
a day’s trip to the ‘‘ West End’’ and a week’s camping at the
‘*East End,’’ with a long tramp over the ecrést-line, made me
doubt the common assertion that ‘‘San Clemente is only a tree-
less waste of sand.’’
Visits to the more northern of the Channel Islands—Santa
Cruz, Santa Rosa, San Miguel and the little Anacapas—elaimed
my attention; and a three months’ sojourn at San Nicolas
SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 77
Island, at three different seasons with a tarrying at tiny Santa.
Barbara Island and one special trip there, absorbed all my lei-
sure; while the heights of San Clemente ever upheld their
deeps, unknown to me! So near—and yet I knew them not!
However, last year, after living there three months, I have.
a real satisfaction in thinking I know something of that Island.
When I left I felt I would never again care to see places so ter-
rible; but I find my heart following my eyes from the dear old
Catalina trails as I see San Clemente this winter lying in all its.
amethystine beauty, like an Indian arrow-head, tipped with
shining’ stretches of sand, enshrined by the white arms of the-
sea.
Eighteen miles long and nearly 2000 feet elevation upon
its greatest height, it is by far the most inaccessible of all the
Channel Islands.
A rolling upland strewn with jagged voleanie rocks, which.
eut the boots at every step, reaches its greatest altitude on the
north coast—a coast gashed by precipitous and bold gorges,.
not one of which could properly be called a canyon.
The south coast rises from the sea with perpendicular walls.
fifty to three hundred feet high, where it surprises you by a
flat which may be followed the entire length of the south coast,
over a trail the worst of all the trails which I have followed in
many thousand miles’ tramping on these Channel Islands in
the last ten years. It winds and turns and breaks into ‘‘cuts’’
and never a moment is the foot on level ground, but constantly
caught in the crevices of the gnawing lava rocks, while a glim-
mering heat waves under the eaves of the heights, from whence
great arroyos leap to the river flat below, casting rivers of
fresh rock upon the already over-burdened rim; between these
arroyos terraces rise in endless succession.
You walk there in October and November and the aridity
is oppressive; but in May the same trail is a miracle of color.
Eschscholtzia ramosa starring the way, while Gilia Nevinii,
whose heart is the true turquoise, so that I called it ‘‘The Tur-
quoise Daisy,’’ is so plentiful that the arms could be filled with
it. Senecio Lyoni is nearly as common as everywhere, one to
three feet tall.
The sweet ‘‘Lava Daisy’’—Maleothrix foliosa Greene—is
here in its own home and special joy of existence. You marvel
that it can draw its life from rocks which are hot to the hand
and which even burn the feet in walking.
On the north coast from the highest line the gorges leap
into the sea below, five hundred to two thousand feet, so sud-
denly, and often so unexpectedly, that no man can follow such
ways in safety; there are rims of beaches below which ean be-
78 SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.
looked into directly from the greatest heights; at high tide,
they are well-nigh covered with surf, for much of the time
either a north or a west or a ‘‘nor-west wind’’ is sweeping wild-
ly down the whole length of the island, stirring the waves to
a foam without warning.
At the east end are long stretches of anid beaches and
low outlying points; at the west end are some two miles of
dunes and the principal Indian rancherias.
There are two springs of water on the north coast and two
on the south coast of San Clemente. At “‘Gallagher’s ’_the
west end—an old ranch-house is situated where rain water is
caught in tanks for all purposes. There is an artesian well at
the east end; at the middle of the south coast is a pumping
plant for a brackish spring. Two shepherds are regularly re-
tained upon the island by the San Clemente Wool Company,
who have leased this land from the United States Government.
I am indebted to the courtesy of the San Clemente Wool
Company for granting me a pass to all parts of the island, with
camping privileges; and I pledged myself that not a sheep
should suffer through my hand or that of my people.
(Continued in June Number).
PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED.
““Notes on the Angora Goat.’’ Bulletin No. 98. Maine Agricult.
Exper. Station.
‘*Studies on the Ecology, Morphology and Speciology of the Young
of Some Enteropneusta otf Western North America,’’? by Wm. EH. Ritter
and B. M. Davis. No. 5, Vol. 1. Zoology. University of California Pub-
lications.
““Adulterated Drugs and Chemiecals.’’ U. 8. Dept. Agricult. Bu-
reau of Chemistry. Bulletin No. 80.
‘*Contributions from the Gray Herbarium,’’ by B. L. Robinson.
No. 27.
‘“The Pliocene and Quaternary Canidae of the Great Valley of Cali-
fornia,’’ by J. C. Merriam. University of Cal. Geology Dept. Vol. 3,
No. ne
‘A Revision of American Siphonaptera, or Fleas, together with a
eee list and Bibliography of the Group,’’ by Carl FE. Baker. U. 8S.
National Museum. No. 13861.
““Muhlenbergia,’’ Vol. 1, No. 4.
‘Experiment Station’’ Record No. 6. Vol. 15 U. S. Dept. Agricult.
‘“Thirty-fourth Annual Report of the Entomological Society of On-
tario, 1-03.’’ Ontario Dept. Agritult.
‘Desert Botanical Laboratory of the Carnegie Institute.’’ Carnegie
Institution, Washington.
RECENT PUBLICATIONS.
The Missouri Botanical Garden has recently distributed an elaborate
Synopsis of the Genus) Lonicera, by Alfred Rehder. The number of
species recognized is 157, and, in addition, a large number of varieties,
/
SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 79
‘forms and hybrids are noticed. The genus has its largest development
in Central and Hastern Asia. The North American continent has but
twenty species, and Europe but eighteen. The species and varieties of
our own region, as recognized by the author, may be recognized by the
following key:
Leaves all distinct, petioled, never stipulate; corollas yellow, pubescent.
Leaves grayish tomentose beneath. L. subspicata.
Leaves glabrous. L. subspicata denudata.
At least the uppermost pair of leaves connate.
Leaves never stipulate; corollas yellow, glabrous. L. interrupia.
Middle leaves stipulate; corolla pink.
Flower whorls few, slender peduncled. L. hispidula.
Whorls many, in elongated spikes. L. hispidula Californica.
The first of these plants is common throughout the cismontane re-
gion, but its variety is confined to the coastal sub-region. L. interrupta
is a more northern species, but has been collected at Acton by Hasse.
L. hispidula is also more northern in its range, and its variety is ap-
parently confined in our region, to Santa Catalina Island. Sa.) be
Among ‘‘ Publications Received’’ our readers will note two original
works by local scientists. Prof. B. M. Davis in conjunction with Prof.
Ritter has issued a volume of ‘‘Studies on the Ecology, &e., of the En-
teropneusta,’’ while Prof. C. F. Baker, of Pomona, has, through the U.
S. National Museum, issued a valuable work on the Fleas of America.
It is with extreme pleasure we welcome the ‘‘Flora of Los Angeles
and Viecinity.’’ Its author, Mr. Le Roy Abrams, of Stanford Univer-
sity, has in recent years personally examined the flora of this district
and the fruit of his labors are embodied in the handsome volume before
us. The nomenclature and arrangement are in accordance with the
latest methods; the typographical work is very good.
The description of the species are accurate and original, many new
records have ‘been added to the district and not a few new species.
This flora will satisfy all the requirements of the ordinary botani-
eal student in Southern California, while for those of Los Angeles and
Orange Counties it will be the standard text-book for many years to
come. In our educational institutions this work is indispensable. We
heartily recommend the work. Price $2.00 from local publishers.
Transactions for April, 1904.
ASTRONOMICAL SECTION.
At the regular monthly meeting of the Section, held April 18th,
19v4, Chairman Knight introduced the exercises with an interesting ex-
hibit of relative distances of planets from the sun as compared to the
relative distances of some of the leading stars from their companion
stars, showing that the distances that separate the companions of
Procyon, Sirius, Alpha Centauri and Castor from their respective prin-
cipals.do not exceed the distance between the sun and our most distant
planet Neptune.
Mr. Knight also referred to the apparently remarkable rapidity of
revolutionary motion of some of the binary stars as indicated by the
rapid succession of a certain variation in the luminosity.
Mr. Melville Dozier then presented the subject of the trisection of
an angle, developing a method by which this can be accomplished with-
out resorting to higher mathematics. The method is also equally ap-
plicable to the division of an angle into any number of equal parts and
to the division of a circumference into any number of equal ares.
MELVILLE DOZIER, Secretary.
80 SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF-SCIENCES
GHOLOGICAL SECTION.
Professor Theodore B. Comstock, the president, presided in the ab-
sence of G. W. Parsons, the chairman of the Section. G. Major Taber,
secretary of the Section, read a paper on ‘‘Mineral Formation and
Crystalization ?? as follows:
Mineral crystals vary from those microscopic size to several feet
_in length. They are either opaque or transparent, and assume almost
every conceivable angle, and I note that in all the mineral kingdom
there are over 700 different classifications.
Deposits of beryl, apatelite, copper and many other minerals have
been found weighing several tons. The same mineral in different locali-
ties exhibits an endless variety of forms, yet their angles are always
the same under like conditions.
It has been discovered that all crystals found in nature may be re-
ferred to six systems, based on certain relations to their axis.
The same substance often has wide variations. In carbon, for in-
stance, the diamond is pure carbon; transparent, usually colorless, brittle
and extremely hard. Graphite, being principally carbon, is opaque,
black, tough and soft, and charcoal is very similar.
The law of ecrystalization should produce perfectly similar forms of
the same substance, but disturbing elements and influences ee
‘many radical changes.
Following the paper, Mr. Taber exhibited several specimens of min-
erals and petrified woods, after which Professor Comstock dwelt at length
on the formation and erystalization of various minerals. A general
discussion followed.
BIOLOGICAL SECTION.
uos Angeles, Cal., Chamber of Commerce. April 11th. 1904.
The meeting of the Biological Section was called to order by the
Chairman.
The minutes of the last meeting were read and approved.
Mr. Wm. H. Knight made an interesting report on the so-called
Weather Plant, Abrus precatorius. He also presented a number of the
seeds to the Section.
Mr. Ulrey reported on some work which had been done tending to
show that the germination of seeds was brought akout by definite bac-
teria.
Mr. Whiting commented somewhat caustically on the action of a
surgeon in the city who was reported to have operated on a woman for
a frog which she claimed had been in her stomach for a year or more.
The lecture of the evening was delivered by Prof. B. M. Davis,
his subject being the structure of the Larval Balanoglossus. The lec-
ture was illustrated by a number of carefully prepared drawings. One
interesting feature emphasized by the lecturer was that it is in this form
of life that muscles are first found, springing from the central axis. In
this and many other representations, the Balanaglossus appears to stand
at the base of the vertebrate series of life. :
The lecture was discussed at some length by Dr. Houghton. Mr.
Knight announced that at the next meeting of the Astronomical Sec-
tion, Professor Dozier would demonstrate his method of trisecting an
angle
About thirty members and visitors were present. The Section ad-
journed to meet again on the second Monday in May.
C. A. WHITING, Secretary
VO LT: JUNE, 1904 NO. 6
i Webs aN
OF THE
Southern Calilornia Academy of Ociences
COMMITTEE ON PUBLICATION
A. Davripson, C. M., M. D., Chairman
MELVILLE DOZIER G. W. PARSONS
CONTENTS: Page
A Preliminary Synopsis of the Southern California Cyperaceae,
Ss) By PARISH. - SIC met ae) «
The Bees of Southern California, V, 1. DAL CocKERELL, Bi katatiaey UNO)
Flera of San Clemente Island, piey BLANCHE TDRINS Kage acer iri ay, We OOS
Mransactions|.. : < : : Bea | Sal. attics ae Reed REN TERNS
PUBLISHED BY
THE ACADEMY, MONTHLY EXCEPT
JULY, AUGUST AND SEPT.
Yearly Subscription, $1.00 Single Copies, 25 cts.
“Entered September 18, 1903, at Los Angeles, Cal., as second-class matter,
under Act of Congress, July 16, 1894.”
MAILED JULY 12, 1904
A Preliminary Synopsis of the Southern California
Cyperaceae.
BWe SB PARTS He
V Bleocharis acicularis radicans, Britton Journ. N. Y. Mier.
Soe. 5:105. E. radicans, Kunth, Enum. 2:142.
Usually taller; scales tinged with brown; tubercle more
acutely conical, enlarged at base, and more evidently discon-
tinuous with the summit of the achene.
Apparently the commoner form throughout the Cismon-
tane region, ascending the mountains to 8,000 ft. alt. Pasa-
dena; Braunton, Greata. San Bernardino; Parish. Tahquitz
Valley, San Jacinto Mts.; Hall Bear Valley, San Bernardino
Mts.; Parish. Texas to Southern California.
“== ++ Achenes obscurely puncticulose.
Y 4. Hleocharis disciformis, n. sp.
Fibrous rooted annual; eulms slender, striate, 10-15em.
tall; spikelet lanceolate, 5-10 mm. long, 10-15-flowered; scales
brown, with a pale midvein, the lowest broadly ovate, the
others ovate-oblong, obtuse, about 2mm. lone; bristles 5, ex-
ceeding the achene, which is ovoid to obovoid, and 1 mm. long;
tubercle depressed and disciform, abruptly mucronulate, less
than one-fourth the length of the achene.
Eastern base of the San Jacinto Mts., on the borders of
the Colorado Desert, June, 1901; 2013 H. M. Hall.
=
a
neg -
\
Cay.
PLATE Vi.
ELEOCHARIS DISCIFORMIS, (Parish).
Fossil Shells of the Santa Monica Range.
BY PROF, J. J. RIVERS.
(See Page 69.)
No. 1. Euxima micans, (Carpenter).
No. 2. EuLima RAMONDI, (Rivers).
No. 3. Euxima wasrata, (Sowerby).
No. 4. .Eunima FaLcata, (Carpenter).
Errata.
Line 30, page 70, ought. to read: ““the sculpture consists
of fine revolving flattened striae.
Line 37, page 70: For “‘interiverity’’ read interiorly.
Fea Bre
gt
SOUHTERN CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 83
Plate VI. Plant life size, drawn from the type specimen
a, mature, and b, immature achene, from the same spikelet,
each X35.
++ ++ ++Achenes smooth and shining.
Y 5. Eleocharis montana, R. & S. Syst. 2:153. Britt. Jour.
N. Y. Mier: Soc. 5:109. EE. arenicola, Torr. in Engelm. & Gray,
Bost. Jour. Nat. Hist. 5:237. Watson, Bot. Cal. 2:222..
Culms elustered, from a slender dark brown rootstock,
slender, striate, about 1 dm. tall; spikelet oblong, lem. or less
long; scales ovate, brown with green middle, 2 mm. long;
bristles 5-6, exceeding the achene; achenes oblong-obovoid,
pale, 1-1.5mm. long, the tubercle conic, broadened at base.
Rather common in the Cismontane region. Los Angeles;
Davidson. Witch Creek, San Diego Co.; Alderson. San Ber-
nardino; Parish. Mexico and north to Florida and South Caro-
hna; on the Pacific Coast confined to Southern California.
Plate VII. Plant X2-8, a, Scale X15. b, Achene X20.
¥ 6. Eleocharis Parishii, Britton. Jour. N. Y. Mier. Soe.
5:110. Coville, Death Vall. Rep. 211.
Culms slender from slender rootstocks, 1-1.5 dm. tall;
spikelet lnear-lanceolate, acute, 1-1.5 em. long; scales ovate
to ovate-oblong, 2-2.5mm. long, obtuse, castaneous, the mar-
gins hyaline; bristles 4-5, exceeding the achene; achenes ellip-
sodial, pale, Imm. long, the tubercle calyptrate, obscurely
broadened at base, about one-fourth as lone as the achene.
By stream banks in the Desert region. Palm Springs
(Agua Caliente), 500 ft. alt., Colorado Desert, April, 1882;
1569 Parish type. West shore of Owens Lake, 3,500 ft. alt.,
Mojave Desert, June, 1891; 999 Coville and Funston. Eastern
slope of Walker Pass, Kern Co., 3,900 ft. alt., 1014 Coville and
Funston.
—
+ +Sheaths somewhat obliquely truncate ; tubercule continuous
w¢th the achene, seperable at maturity.
/7. Eleocharis rostellata, Torr. Fl. N. Y. 2:347.
Culms slender and wiry, lax, 3-5m. long, the sterile
eulms 1-1.5m. long, rooting at the apex; spikelets oblong, acute,
lem: long, and a third as thick, 10-20 flowered; scales ovate
to ovate-oblong, stramineous or light brown, bristles 4-6, ex-
eeeding the oblong-obvoid (1.5mm.) achene; tubercle conic-
subulate, less than one-half as long as the achene.
Probably common in wet meadows throughout the Cis-
montane region, but the only specimens seen are of my own
collecting at San Bernardino. The species is found through-
out temperate North America.
=
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re
if
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i Ae
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. z
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y
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iy
PLATE VII.
ELEOCHARIS MONTANA, (R.& S.)
PLATE VIII
(Watson).
FIMBRISTYLIS THERMALIS,
86 SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE).
4. FIMBRISTYLIS Vahl, Enum. 2:85.
Annual or perennial herbs, with culms leafy at base.
Spikelets terete, several or many-flowered. Seales all fertile,
spirally imbricated, mostly deciduous. Perianth none. Stamens
1-3. Style 2-3-cleft, often flattened and ciliate, enlarged at base,
but wholly deciduous at maturity. Achenes lenticular or 3-
angled.
A genus of 150 species, or more, mostly of tropical or sub-
tropical climes; sparingly represented in North America. The
following is the only species reaching our region.
1. Fimbristylis thermalis, Watson, U. 8. Geo. Expl. 40th
Rar: 5-360; Bot. Cal 22223:
Perennial by horizontal, jointed, scaly rootstocks; culms
few-clustered, flattened, scabridous, 4-6 dm. tall; leaves 2-3
mm. wide, rough-margined, shorter than the culms; involueral
leaves 2-4, much shorter than the rays, subulate, with broad
pubescent bases; umbel compound, rays 3-8; spikelets 5-15, |
ovoid, becoming oblong at maturity and 2em. long; scales pale
brown, coneave, oblong, 4 mm. long, the midrib excurrent as
a stout mucro at the obtuse apex; stamens 3, the filaments
flattened and the anthers tipped with a subulate appendage;
style ciliate, 2-cleft; achenes ash colored, shining, minutely per-
pendicularly striate, obovoid to globulose, 1mm. long.
In soil moistened by warm water, Arrowhead and Water-
man Hot Springs, 1750 ft. alt., in the foothills of the San Ber-
nardino Mts., near the town of the same name; Parish. It has
been collected at hot springs at several places in Kern and
Inyo counties, and in Ruby Valley, Nevada. The type was eol-
lected in Owens Valley.
—~ Plate VIII Plant: the umbel at the left in flower, that at the
‘right mature, the scales mostly fallen away. a. Scale X6,
6. Achene, X12.
The Bees of Southern California. V.
BY T. D. A. COCKERELL.
Xylocopa.
Fulvous, with fulvous pubescence; very large........ 1
Blacks 3 boon Sosa teal) Sn oe eee 2
Dark: blue. or greeniws oo die oe ee a Oe eee 5)
1. Abdomen largely fuscous (Khasia Hills, India)....
Rabie eee, Raps mene nese a 2 rufescens, Smith.
Abdomen entirely fulvous (So. Calif)..............
RP rie ers Mc Pah Seer IS cr varipuncta, Patton, male.
) Large, over 25 mm: lone. So.-Caht). 223". = eee
NAT aS IR «Aycan AR TR eo varipuncta, Patton, female.
Smaller, less than’ 20, mm) lone. = 22 32 eee 3
bo
SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 87
3. Clypeus yellow( California........ orpifex, Smith, male.
Wiig cuisine aires coast eh abe oo Wes a: A open ts eae 4
4. Top of head greenish, face with hght hair (Surinam). .
5.6 Oia) DRE ERE bs Ma barbata, Fabr., female.
Top of head black, face with black hair (California) ..
ME ptt cl eNotes URN et orpifex, Smith, female.
5. Bottle-green (Northern California) ..Californica, Cresson.
Warktisteelzblue néSo: Gaile) his ct nati cee eone me
+ OLS AS ees Californica arizonensis (Cresson.)*
Xylocopa varipuncta. Patton.
Collected by Dr. Davidson at Los Angeles; I have taken it at
the same place. It ranges east to Tempe, Arizona, where
it has been taken in numbers by Mr. Irish. It is very inter-
esting to find that an Indian species (X. rufescens) is so like
the male of varipuncta that it is difficult to point to any
important distinction. However, in rufescens both sexes
are fulvous. My material of rufescens is from Mr. Sladen.
X. fimbriata. Fabr., is said to have been taken in the
Yosemite Valley, but I have little doubt that the specimens
were varipuncta. X. fimbriata is a neotropical species; the
most northern record that can be trusted seems to be
Tepic, Mexico. It is easily distinguished from varipuncta
by the fact that the female has a ridge on the vertex of the
head, interrupted in the middle, and laterally elevated into
conspicuous tubercles.
; Xylocopa orpifex, Smith.
Obtained by Dr. Davidson at Los Angeles, Rock Creek and
Tehachapi. It goes north to Oregon, and is one of the most’
characteristic bees of the Pacific Coast.
Xylocopa californica arizonensis, (Cresson).
Collected by Dr. Davidson at Los Angeles; it goes east to New
Mexico, and Dr. L. O. Howard has collected it as far south
as San Jose de Guaymas, Mexico. In Northern California
it is replaced by the true californica. I reduce arizonensis
to subspecifie rank because it seems to have no valid strue-
tural characters, and the color is not altogether reliable.
Mr. J. A. G. Rehn has very kindly compared Cresson’s types
of californica and arizonensis, and finds that both have the
tubercle before the anterior ocellus in the female. The
color is very different, but Mr. Rehn says that one of Cres-
son’s types of californica has the abdomen colored as in
arizonensis.
“The species from other regions are included for comparison.
Anthophora.
There are several species of Anthophora, belonging to the sub-
geenus Amegilla, Friese, in which the hind-margins of the
8 SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA. ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.
abominal segments have a chalky-white, ivory-colored or
occasionally quite yellow appearance, not at all due to
hair. At first, they look very like the species with white
or whitish hair-bands, but a close examination shows that
the color is in the tegument itself. The males of these
species may be distinguished as follows:
Kace-marks ‘white. or whitish...02..0. 0.7.00 eee 1
Face-marks yellow ........ De AMES G8 ex! 0 0 5)
1. Thorax with black and dull white hair mixed; sides of
elypeus very broadly bordered with black; apex of
abdomen with two short spines, (New Mexico)...
BUST EAN A SLG2” 5° SGN Al Ves Rant Monon at 2) Or aU neg cleomis, Ckll.
Thorax wathout, black hair. ....2 0.0.4.4 0202 eee eee 2
2 Hairon thorax pale syellowish). 3. 5-2... 2. caer 3
Hair onvthorax dull white orlenrey: 0-2-0 see eee 4
3. Clypeus with subbasal black spots (Illnois).........
seagate uN JMO NDR Ln cane wane. riage ae Walshii, Cresson.
Clypeus with subbasal short black lines (Colorado &e.)
DNase ETON AE RINT lien one An Vent Se rate ROM Smithii, Cresson.
4. Clypeus with subbasal black spots; apex of abdomen
with a concave truncation (New Mexico)........
BRAY he irate aR SIL to? MRR MRR Gn A NO, marginata, Smith.
pevucbhorax swath black hair 2 See eg. 1 ee oe 6
Thorax, without ‘black “hairs... 64.0: U
Gn Keneth ahd amm: “OMexiCo) xs. ed oe ee a tarsata, Dours
Smalllena(So.(Calit) eer sere: tarsata subtarsata, n. subsp.
~
. Hair of thorax fulvous (California to New Mexico)..
SE aan oe pOIMC MAT Aad ae REAL Se SN californica, Cresson.
Hair of thorax whitish (Los Angeles, Calif)........
Se Mpa p er cre Ps e Seaeee Napa quinquefasciata, Provancher. |
There remains one species, A. texana, Cresson, of which the
male is unknown. The female has the hair of the thorax
ochraceous, shightly mixed with black.
Anthophora tarsata subtarsata, n. subsp.
One of each sex taken by Dr. Davidson at Los Angeles. The
female is a little less than 12 mm. long, and agrees with the
description of tarsata except that it is smaller, the hairs
on the sides of the ventral segments of the abdomen are
white (pale fulvous in tarsata), the brush on the end of the
first joint of the hind tarsi is ferruginous (black in tarsata),
and the legs are black (expect for the hair) with only the
tarsi dark ferruginous. It agrees in size with A. texana
(from Texas), but differs by the hair on face and cheeks
being ochraceous (white in texana), the apical part of the
mandibles dark reddish (yellowish in texana), the hair of
vertex and thorax being copiously mixed with black, and
the abdominal segments beyond the first having much short
SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 8&9
black hair. The male is a little over 11 mm. long, similar
to the female but with the labrum, clypeus, supraclypeal
band, lateral face-marks, large mark on mandibles, and
under side of scape all yellow (reddened by cyanide in the
specimen studied). The thoracic pubescence is quite bright
fulvous, mixed with black. The apex of the abdomen is
broadly rounded, with a deep median notch; not at all
spinose. Legs colored as in the female; middle tarsi simple;
hind femora greatly swollen; hind tibiae broad and thick,
with a strong apical tooth; basal joint of hind tarsi broad,
ferruginous, with two teeth, the first one much the longest.
There is a small black spot on each side of the clypeus.
I had thought that this might possible be A. quinquefasciata,
Provancher, which I have not seen; but Provancher de-
seribes the thoracic pubescence as ‘‘blanche,’’ and_ says
nothing about any intermixture of black; neither does he
mention any spines on the hind tibiae and tarsi.
BOMBUS.
Bombus californicus, Smith.
This handsome species is easily known by its black color, with
the hair on the anterior part of the thorax, and a band on
the hinder part of the abdomen, yellow. The typical cali-
fornicus has the hair of the head black, but in the variety
columbicus (Dalla Torre) the hair of the face and the mid-
dle of the top of the head is yellow. In the specimens seen
by me, the malar space of the female is considerably larger
in Californicus than in columbicus, and for this reason I am
strongly inclined to restore the latter to the rank of a
species. It would be a matter of considerable interest for
the naturalist of California to investigate the matter, and
see whether the two kinds ever come from the same nest.
Dr. Davidson has collected both kinds at Los Angeles, and
the true californicus also on Catalina Island. A worker of
columbicus was obtained by him at Bear Valley. The
columbicus form was also collected by Mr. Ehrhorn at Alum
Rock Park, San Jose, Calif., in 1902.
Bombus edwardsii, Cresson.
Two taken by Dr. Davidson at Los Angeles. Differs from B.
californicus in having the hair of the scutellum and base
of abdomen yellow. As regards the banding of the abdo-
emen, B. edwardsii is to B. prunellae, as B. ternarius is to
B. juxtus.
Bombus sonorus, Say.
San Pedro, common (Cockerell). Visits flowers of Datura
meteloides early in the morning. <A species with the pubes-
90 SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.
cence mainly yellow, but black between the wings and on
the pleura.
Psithyrus californicus, (Cresson. )
Taken by Dr. Davidson at Los Angeles and Switzers. This is
known only in the male, and in all probability it will prove
to be a male Bombus, like the structurally similar ‘‘P.’’
elatus.
Flora of San Clemente Island. II.
BY BLANCHE TRASK.
There is but one man who knows San Clemente Island.
This is John Robearts, and he has lived on the island over
twenty years. I have named the most remarkable and pictur-
esque of all the gorges on the north coast ‘‘Robearts’ Gorge,’’
in commemoration of his heroic explorations for the love of na-
ture in its sternest forms. This gorge can be plainly viewed
from a ship at sea, its pmnacles uplifted for a thousand feet.
It lies a half hour’s row westward from Mosquito Harbor and
can easily be recognized.
Generally, there is that wind from the west; at times it
brings a wild storm of sand, when the very air is thick and you
have to wateh your guy ropes from early morn to night, and
‘tis well if even then the breath abates—yet gentle days inter-
vene when the placidity is dream-like.
An interesting phenomenon may be constantly observed
from the heights. Great banks of cloud seem continually to be
drawn to the highest elevation on the north crest, and when
about one mile off shore evidently there is encountered an op-
posing foree, for turmoil ensues and dissolution follows, with
the result that although the larger part of the cloud-rack con-
tinues its old course and reaches the height, yet another por-
tion is lost. It hesitates, is carried far out to sea and eventually
rounds the extreme west end and drifts along the dunes of the
‘“Sou’-west Harbor.”’ :
‘‘ Puts forth an arm and _ loiters,
slowly -drawn——’’
Once observed-twice-thrice! You begin to think it is more
than an accidental occurrence. It gratified me afterward to
find it was made note of by the U. S. Coast and Geodetic Sur-
vey. Johnny says it has been going on ever since he ean re-
member. ;
In the deep gorges under these beclouded headlands and
on the bold steeps is the growth remarkable as would be ex-
pected.
Small stunted groves of Lyonothamnus floribundus var.
SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 91
asplenifolius are occasionally met on the south coast heights,
but it is on the north coast that it ever follows—who can say
why—ledges of exposed rocks as trails and under these be-
clouded crests it marches in long defiles ike a conquering army,
one to two feet in diameter; ten to twenty-five feet high; strong,
heavy trunks, and never an entire leaf; it should stand as a
species by itself; the same tree which thrives in similar expos-
ures on Santa Cruz and Santa Rosa Islands, while on Catalina,
the trees have a different aspect; entire leaves, and assume tall
tapering figures.
Under these same heights in San Clemente, too, the oaks
are seen in companies; Quercus tomentella and Q. chrysolepis,
low and defiant often, with gray dead tops and outspread limbs;
onarled trunks one to two feet in diameter; you can skirt the
eoast-line in a skiff and look up and count the companies of the
oaks and Lyonothamnus trees by defiles as you pass rowing;
count them to the very summits.
The descent from the heights to the sea in these regions
is perilous in the extreme. Clovers are four to six feet high,
Trifolium tridentatum being the most common growth, is so
dense under the feet that neither trail nor rocks can be dis-
cerned and you have to feel your way with hands and feet over
jagged rocks, while the strong clovers trap you at every step
like vines.
Trifolium Palmeri is common, nearer the sea than T. graei-
lentum or T. tridentatum.
Besides all these hindrances, there is yet to be mentioned
the chains which guard San Clemente Island, whose links are
eaves innumerable. It is a relief to the eye to come across a
stretch which has not its gaping rents; the gorge is everywhere
present and the rock-strewn terrace and the leaping arroyo;
but the heht of the eaves is the Convolvulus macrostegius.
There is one open mouth on the ‘‘nor’-west’’ coast where
the Dendromecon flashes—never in truer glory or more pro-
fusion of bloom. It was also seen towards the East End at the
heads of some of the precipitous dips, seven years ago, though
of course not so large as in this protected mouth.
Antirrhinum speciosum is as common in every break as are
the boulders which take their places as sand on the beaches;
happy under all circumstances; enkindling the darkest gulehes
where the 0’er-toppling walls are shutting out the sky.
Cereus Emory traverses the entire south coast, swinging
from many a gaping cave, while Opuntia prolifera increases in
numbers as you near the East End, until it fairly besets the
trail, making it a serious undertaking for foot of man or beast.
Opuntia Engelmanni var. littoralis is not frequent, but seems to
bloom profusely and to bear well in an occasional spot.
92 SOUTHERN CALTFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENGES.
Dr. Rose finds two new species of Stylophyllum and
strangely enough, one hides in the west end and one at the east
end of the Island—S. albidum and S. virens respectively.
Johnny tells me Viola pedunculata is singularly fragrant
—‘‘like the odor of peaches’’; I found only the crisping pods
and seeds. .
White flowers, or white with veins of magenta, abound
amid the ordinary magenta ones of Mirabilis California.
A new Astragalus spreads its silver leaves along the golden
sands of the West End dunes; this is to be Robeartsu
Eastwood, while A. Nevini looks out at the ‘‘Sou’west’’ Arrow-
head Point and seems by its very isolation to be preserved for
future ages, its shaggy mantle of black hair recalling at once
A. Traskiae found on San Nicolas Island, although the latter is
a more handsome plant.
The Mesembryanthemum crystallinum at the west end very
properly gives you not a thought beyond recognition of its usual
happy style; but when it leaves its dunes and is your com-
panion for miles and miles on the outspread uplands, you be-
gin to give it more thought and to see that its sway is re-
markable. Johnny says it increases yearly, and can recall when
it never left the dunes. It now runs almost to the center on the
tableland heights, to the exclusion of nearly all other plant-life ;
it soaks boots and leggings and makes ‘‘time’’ impossible in
its region. .
The little Eschscholtzia ramosa (which could never be
confounded with Eschscholtzia Californica by any one who
had been familiar with the former in the field, is often met in
arid places, six to twelve inches high, its flowers usually not an
inch in diameter, with ever a strange glaucous light upon its
leaves.
A tree daisy truly is Encelia Californica found in ‘‘ Chalk
Cliff Canon;’’ one to four inches diameter and ten to twelve
feet high.
Euphorbia misera holds a little colony of its own in the
most picturesque of all the arrow-head points, where, in a
broken edge, it is one to two feet high and one to three inches
in diameter, with peculiarly blunted branches and ereeping
ways. ;
In many a moist nook of the great north coast gulches,
thrives a Ribes, appearing strangely domestic and robust in
these surroundings; becoming tree-like, even twelve feet high
and eight inches in diameter, although it is usually shrubby.
The Prunus, which grows in all parts of San Clemente
where it can gain a foothold, should be given specifie rank; it
is identical with the one at Catalina Island, which is not the
SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 93
variety of Ilicifolia that it has been made. In the deep re-
cesses of San Clemente’s gorges, it attains a height of thirty
feet with as great a spread, and measures one to three feet in
diameter. The fruit is luscious—its pulp a quarter of an inch
thick. The pits have been sent to Santa Ana to the experi-
mental gardens, where Professor Pierce hopes to reduce the
stones and increase the pulp, thus securing to California a
cherry which will thrive in low-lands.
In one locality, Crossosoma Californicum was seen—a few
shrubs ten feet tall crowded into a cleft, yet in both flower and
fruit; a peculiar form of Rhusvata is on the same height,
about four feet high shrubby.
Adenostoma is found on the arid heights of the north
coast and Ceanothus macrocarpus at rare intervals; both ten
to twelve feet high and one to six inches in diameter.
Sambucus glauca is a handsome tree in northern slopes,
while Lonicera finds a few moist and shaded spots in which to
thrive.
In one locality—an old harbor—Brassica nigra flourished
six feet tall.
Senecio Lyoni stars the land, along with ‘‘the turquoise
flower,’’ Gilia Nevinii; with the fiery little snap-dragon Antir-
rhinum speciosum common; and along the _ sea-edges
Briophyllum Nevinii abides and, remembering the frequency of
the dainty clover, Trifolium Palmeri, you have in San Clemente
a galaxy, one plant of which is worth going a hundred miles
to see.
The memory of a. little clump of Lycium at the ‘‘ Nor’-west
harbor’’ was fresh in my mind upon my second trip last year;
it looked different from usual and was of course not L. Cali-
fornicum, which covers vast areas to westward; both fruit
and flower upon my second trip confirmed my suspicions. Miss
‘Eastwood sends word it is none other than Lycium Richi, the
only known plant in the United States beimg at Avalon, al-
though, to be sure, it is common.in Baja California.
Finding Aphanisma blitoides along the sea-cliff edges and
Malva exile in old Indian mounds was typical of what is known
of their habits on Catalina.
Rhus integrifolia is here a shrub generally, although in
favored situations it is over one foot in diameter.
Rhamnus crocea is an occasional sight in the south coast
arroyos; old and gnarled trunks twelve to eighteen inches
diameter.
A gay rose-pink Cnicus Occidentalis is not typical, but
occasional here.
94 SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.
In the dunes Franseria and Abronia maritima and A.
umbellata are seen.
The blending of Collinsia bicolor is on all the favored
nooks toward the Pyramid Head, East End.
One shrub of Baccharis holds forth alone in the treeless
region of the west end; while in the hot days of last Novem-
ber in the south arroyos, I came across two or three shrubs
which appeared to be a ‘‘sp. nov.’’ of Baecharis, according to
Miss Eastwood.
At the far sand reaches of the east end one Atriplex
Breweri(?) stands besides the sea; in November a beautiful
sight of waving golden bloom eight feet tall.
A long disputed question of species of Suaeda was settled
by finding a desired development on San Clemente shores; an
insular form seen on San Nicolas and Sta. Barbara Islands.
The little Saxifraga blooms brightened all the arid west-
ern regions in November, bursting as by magic through the
fard soil; also Eriogonum nudum and E. gigantea were fre-
quently beheld; while Atriplex expansa was ever ‘‘tumble
weed’’ in the trail, an actual encumbrance.
A new Malacothrix overhung many an inaccessible gorge
in October and November, with its great masses of lavender
flowers in atonement for its rank leaves; another Compositae
which was not in bloom, was found in better condition in
June and may prove a Hazardia interesting; also yet another
species of Hazardia was discovered in a remote canyon.
Galium Catalinense was often seen in happy state-climbing;
Lotus Traskiae in some localities, though rare; a strange Cas-
tilleia here flourishes, with rich canary-colored bracts shrubby,
two to four feet tall.
On the main southern flats in May, Plantago Insularis and
Oligomeris were common: while Phacelias lay along the trail
like bits of fallen sky.
Lamarkia aurea, the ‘‘Knight’s Plume’’ of Catalina
waves also here.
An old Lupine which has long grown at Catalina and
which seem to be a variety of L. truncatus was frequently seen
in San Clemente Island also, besides other Lupines’ which
sprang easily in that rich old soil.
Lavatera assurgentiflora was twice found—one tree eight
inches in diameter—lookine into the sea from a_ eliff near
Mosquito Harbor; another in a region of Pot’s Valley pointed
out to me by Johnny; it was a foot in diameter and twelve feet
high: low and bent and splitting at base.
Johnny tells me that formerly there were many ‘‘Malva
Rosas’? as he ealls them: some even on the south coast; mostly
SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 95
eaten by cattle in years when feed was scaree. He recalls
their forming groves.
Malva parviflora grows in abundance near Gallagher’s; is
often six feet tall.
Marubium vulgare is to be seen at the ‘‘ Nor’-west Harbor”’
along with Salicornia in fine condition in a sort of marsh-
inland.
A peculiar form of Oenothera, for long years known at
Catalina, is to receive recognition at last. Common near the
sea, prostrate—with curling bark—woody at base. |
An ‘‘island’’ of Hemizonia fasciculata above Pot’s Valley
attracts wonderment amidst the sea of Mesembryantheum
which surrounds it.
Hemizonia Clementina Brandegee is a shrubby form which
is often seen one to two feet tall towards the westward; this
also grows in Catalina. .
The gay flowers of Pentstemon cordifolius which merit
the common name of ‘‘Coral String’’ given them in Catalina,
surprise you in many an opening in a gorge on the nortb
coast.
PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED.
““Bulletin of the New York Botanical Garden,’’ Vol. 3 No. 10.
““Poultry Management,’’ Maine Agricult. Exp. Station. eBulletin No. 100.
‘¢Plantal Yueatanae,’’ Field Galumibian Museum, Val III, No. 2. Bo-
tanical Series.
““Proceedings of the Sixteenth Annual Meeting of the Association of
Economic Entomologists,’’ U. 8. Dept. Agricult. Bulletin No. 46.
Entomology.
‘< Experiment Station Record, i Wags. Depta.Nericulis Viola xOVe No, °8:
“Spindle Formation in the Pollen—mother—cell of Cassia tomentosa. ??
lL. by Henri T. A. Hus. Proceedings of 'the Cal. Acad. Sciences,
Vole 2; No. 2: (Botany.
“Missouri. Botanical Garden, Fifteenth Annual Report.’’
Transactions for May, 1904.
ASTRONOMICAL SECTION.
The regular monthly meeting of the Section was held this evening
- at the usual hour and place. In the temporary absence of the chair-
man the meeting was called to order by the secretary, and Mr. B. R.
Baumgardt was appointed chairman pro tem. This being the con-
stitutional time for the annual election of officers, that business was
entered upon, resulting in the choice of Mr. Wm. H. Knight as chairman
and Mr. Melville Dozier as secretary for the ensuing year. The acting
chairman then read an extract from ‘‘Nature,’’ giving the views of
Prof. Mendeleef, a noted chemica! philosopher, relative to the more
attenuated gases of space, in which he contravenes Thompson’s theory
of electrons.
The paper gave rise to some interesting discussion, participated in
by Dr. Bullard and Mr. Baumgardt, but without definite conclusion.
Mr. Baumgardt called the attention of the Section to the import-
ant astronomical constructions and improvements projected and under
96 SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.
way at Mount Wilson and Mount Lowe, under the supervision of Prof.
Hale of the Yerkes Abservatory and his associate astronomers.
This is justly regarded as a matter of congratulation, not only
on behalf of the Astronomical Section, but as well on the part of the
entire Academy and the community at large.
Chairman Knight having arrived, with the speaker of the evening,
the chair was surrendered to him and in the course of certain felicitous
remarks, ‘he introduced Bishop Warren of the Methodist General Con-
ference. The Bishop, who is the author of some works on astronomy,
and a man of broad culture and accurate scientific attainments, pro-
ceeded to entertain and instruct the Section in a most delightful
manner.
In eloquent terms he depicted the fascinating beauties of astronomy,
intermingling with the serious and the severely scientific much of his
charming wit.
At the close of Bishop Warren’s address, the chairman presented
the subject of La Place’s ‘‘Invariable Plane,’’ indicating the views
of certain eminent mathematical astronomers in regard thereto, and
illustrating the same by diagrams.
After some discussion of this topic by the chairman and Mr.
Baumgardt, the meeting adjourned.
MELVILLE DOZIER, Secretary.
May 16, 1904.
BIOLOGICAL SECTION.
The meeting was called to order by the chairman. The minutes of
the last meeting were read and approved.
A brief report on the Trichina spiralis illustrated by a microscopic
specimen was presented by Mr. Whiting.
Prof. Ulrey reported that Prof. Ungo de Fries was going to carry
on extensive investigations at the University of California during the
coming summer, on the problem of the Origin of Species.
Prof. A. B. Ulrey was elected chairman and C. A. Whiting was
elected secretary.
The lecture of the evening was given by Dr. Leonard, City Bacteriol-
ogist, on Some Bacilli related “to the Bacilli of Tuberculosis.
The lecture was instantly interesting and highly practical. The
lecturer pointed out the fact that there are certain barteria which live
upon grass whose staining reactions are the same as the bacillus of
tuberculosis. The speaker expressed the opinion that.the bacilli of
human tuberculosis and bovine tuberculosis are identical, but stated
that further investigation is necessary to positively prove their identity.
A great many questions bearing on the practical side of the werk
of the “bacterio! ogist were asked and were GUSTS Ny answered by Dr.
Leonard.
About. forty-five members and visitors were presen
The Section adjourned to hold its final meeting for the year on the
second Monday in June.
C. A. WHITING, Secretary.
May 9, 1904.
VOL. III. ' OCTOBER, 1904 NO. 7
J oe OOP) Op) fi) co Dy Bf
OF THE
Soutfiern California Academy of Sciences
COMMITTEE ON PUBLICATION
THEO. B. COMSTOCK, S. D.; A. Davipson, C. M., M. D.; Wo. H. KNIGHT.
CONTENTS: Page
Important to Members, Editorial 97 Flora of Clifton, Arizona,
Annual Reports—Secretary .... 99 ra hie
PINT CAISUIMRE TE epetoei eH: sisal stele iallstfoy ch oste).e 101 a DEN OOO he Dh eo Be Ce at ane
Section Reports—Astronomy ...101 | Astronomical Notes, Edited by
Biology, Geology ............ 102 Noa Jal, IKGenkedNensis oo ga ae Bae 111
Publications Received eters et 103 Announcements, Oct.-Nov., 1904.112
Transactions—Academy ....... 104 | tk y
Say GATS) UNA ec a 105 | Recent Literature ............. 1138
DInActoOnsh eon ay oe Oe 106 | Constitution and By-Laws...... 115
Government Game Refuges Al- Listeror mI MembenStci.2:cenermkciac cone 123
dentSamipsony Ay Men: G0 os. 108 Officers’ *HtCHiiseecln ceuel wet eretane 128
PUBLISHED BY
THE ACADEMY, MONTHLY EXCEPT
JULY, AUGUST AND SEPTEMBER
Yearly Subscription, $1.00 Single Copies, 295 cts.
“Entered September 18, 1903, at Los Angeles, Cal,, as second-class matter,
under Act of Congress, July 16, 1894.”
MAILED OCTOBER 27, 1904
Important. to Members
The Board of Directors has instructed the Committee on
Publication to employ: every possible means to make the Bulle-
tin an efficient means of communication with the members of
the Academy, and we indulge the hope that our endeavors
may lead to greater interest than has heretofore been shown
in the important aims of this worthy organization.
But we are compelled to be frank and to inform the mem-
bers that the financial support given to the Board is now
entirely inadequate to the needs. A little effort on the part of
each to add to the membership will mean much in growth and
increased influence of the Southern California Academy of
Sciences. See that ycur dues are promptly paid, and secure
one or more members. IT WILL PAY YOU WELL.
A very important step was taken by the Board in accepting
the courteous offer, by the authorities of the Southern Cali-
fornia State Normal School, of the use of suitable rooms for
the meetings of the Academy and its sections, the limited
quarters at the Chamber of Commerce having proved expensive
and inadequate.
98 SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
The position occupied by the Southern California Academy
of Sciences is too little understood in this community. Quietly,
but steadily, for a dozen years, a little band of devoted workers
has been building up an organization which is accomplishing
much good in two important directions.
First—We do not believe that its own members fully
realize the extent of its contributions to knowledge of local
natural history.
Secondly—The Academy has stood for the popularization
of Science, not by cheapening nor by lowering the standard,
but by presenting to the public in simple language the results
of technical research in various branches.
There is a spirit in the Board of Directors and in the
several working sections, which will not permit any falling off
along these lines. So far as lies in the power of the officers,
each succeeding year will show adequate gain in strength and
effectiveness. Already the Bulletin, the official mouthpiece of
the Academy, has taken high rank for its contributions in
special lnes of Science. We must not stop where we are.
Surely there are men and women enough in Southern California
who are in sympathy with the purposes of this organization to
provide by annual dues for the mere sustentation of such an
institution in our midst. One good friend, whose modesty
keeps his name out of this writing, has always shown his faith
by his works; but among the many whose means are ample,
there are few to rise to a clear perception of what space our
Academy actually fills in the moral and intellectual life of this
region. It is not too late, but neither is it too early, to lay
plans for wider growth and greater influence. We sorely,
sorely need a home of our own, centrally located, where the
library we are accumulating and the museum we ean have
without asking may be housed securely, and where the willing
hands we have at command may undertake the tasks which
belong to us, and.not to those who now perform them from
afar with funds supplied elsewhere.
What will you do, kind reader, as your share in this under-
taking? What will you do today? If not a member, aid us by
joining the Academy, not only to increase needed funds, but
to encourage us by your presence at lectures and by sugges-
tions from your experience. If already one of us, do not rest
content until you have told others of our plans and work. If
you are benefited, help us to enlarge the sphere of our influ-
ence by adding to the membership.
This issue of the Bulletin is especially designed as a ecam-
paign document. Our motto is: ‘‘ Never let up, never let down.”
SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 99
Annual Report. of the Secretary to May 1, 1904
To the Board of Directors of the Southern California Academy of
Sciences:
Gentlemen: I herewith present the report of the Southern California
Academy of Sciences for the fiscal year 1903-1904.
The Sessions opened September 11, 1903, and closed May 2, 1904.
This, the 13th year of activity of the Southern California Academy
of Sciences, has been one of unusual interest and value to its members.
The number of lectures given by the Academy and its Sections was 28;
these have been confined to scientific subjects. While, perhaps, the at-
tendance has, on the whole, not been as satisfactory as in former years,
it has, nevertheless, been as large as could ‘be expected, bearing in mind
that the Academy has ‘been constrained to hold its Sessions in the resi-
dence section of the city.
The attendance has also been such as to indicate that the purpose of
the Academy lectures should be to lay special stress on popularization
of science.
Summary of Lectures by the Academy and Its Sections.
‘‘Tiate Results in Celestial Photography,’’ by B. R. Baumgardt.
‘¢Harthquakes,’’? by F. C. Crosby.
‘‘Seientific Commercial Standards,’’ by Alvin H. Low.
‘“‘Hther and Gravitational Matter,’’ by Edward L, Larkin.
“Deposits of Alkaline Salts,’’ by Julius Koebig.
‘«TMhe Cactaceae,’’? by A. D. Hougihton.
“‘Radium,’’ by Edgar L. Larkin.
‘‘The Sun as the Lighthouse and Furnace of the Earth,’’ by John
Woodbridge.
‘“Origin of Petroleum,’’ by C. J. Callahan.
‘¢The Technique of Blood Examination,’’ by Louisa Burns.
‘Concerning Fleas,’’ by J. J. Rivers.
‘“The So-called Kissing Bug,’’ by Anstruther Davidson.
‘‘The Manufacture of Explosives,’’? by E. H. Fosdick.
‘*Oxygen,’’ with experiments, by Wm. M. Friesby.
““Sweden,’’ by B. R. Baumgardt.
“‘Herbert Spencer’s Symposium,’’ by President Comstock, Rabbi S.
Hecht, Elizabeth Cheney, W. A. Spaulding, W. A. Cheney, B. R. Baum-
ardt.
; ‘*Malaria,’’? by F. B. Gamber.
‘Physical Geography and Geology of Brazil,’’ by Theo. B. Com-
stock.
‘The Nissl Bodies,’’? by Louisa Burns.
“‘Radio-Activity of Metals,’’ by E. M. Wade.
“‘Anemia and Leukemia and Ehrlich’s Theory of Immunity,’’ by
C. A. Whiting.
‘*Pood and Food Products and Their Adulterations,’? by Julius
Koebig.
‘*Midwinter Birds of Los Angeles, Etc.,’’ by Joseph Grinnell.
““Autogeny and Phylogeny of the Eye,’’ by Lyman Gregory.
‘“TMhe Sun’’ (illustrated), by George E. Hale.
‘“The Larval Balanoglossus,’’ by B. M. Davis.
“eThe. Chemical Geology of Sedimentary Deposits,’’ by Frank I.
Shepherd.
‘*The Relation of Electricity and the X-Ray to Radioactivity,’’ by
O. Shepard Barnum.
roo SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
‘¢Mineral Formation and Crystalization,’’ discussed by G. Major
Taber and Theo. B. Comstock.
‘‘The Principles of Logarithms and the Paradox of the Conchoid
Curve,’’ by B. R. Baumgardt.
‘‘Some Bacilli Related to the Bacilli of Tuberculosis,’’ by Dr.
Leonard.
“‘Cliff Dwellers of the Southwest,’’?’ by Mrs. Charles Nelson Green.
‘“‘The Trisection of an Angle,’’ by Melville Dozier.
““Desert Views and Desert Development,’’ by John Stewart.
‘Polarization of Light,’’ illustrated. S. J. Keese, demonstrator,
with explanation by Messrs. Dozier, Whiting, Houghton and Comstock.
Financial.*
Received from) membership iamd dues) )s:2 ee ee sie estes eae $591.00
Gitt? from Marts SoD sEbooker a scwie levcusks sectors tocueiceere sry eiaive ece ate 100.00
el Bea 2 See eiyeah oe Pee Tree WN ey OOP A” DER AH RMU a alg g $691.00
Paidsover to) Dreasunens sso Senin seca ens eee ere lake eee $691.00
There has been added to the Academy during the year one life mem-
ber, Dr. Theodore B. Comstock.
The only source from which the Academy draws its income at pres--
ent is the membership dues. These are barely sufficient to cover tthe
expenses, which are principally made up of the expense of publishing the
Bulletins, hall rent and lantern services. The Secretary, therefore, de-
sires to take this opportunity of expressing the ‘hope that all members,
in the future, will pay their dues promptly and that each member will
also consider himself a committee of one for the purpose of bringing in
new members to the Academy and especially, if possible, some life mem-
bers. The Academy needs funds for various undertakings which, on
account of the expenses involved in same, it finds itself unable at present
to undertake.
B. R. BAUMGARDT, Secretary.
Professor Melville Dozier, Vice President of the State
Normal School, now President of the Academy, is peculiarly
fitted for the honor justly conferred upon him. His work for
years as a-member of the Board of Directors and as an officer
of the Astronomical Section, as well as his important papers
read before the Academy and Section evince great interest in
the aims and purposes of the Academy, and he has taken hold
of the new duties with an earnestness which bespeaks good
progress in the current year.— | Editor. |
*The Constitution provides for an annual meeting of the Academy in
May, at which time it is expected that the reports of Secretary and
Treasurer will be presented. Inasmuch as the Treasurer goes out of office
at the beginning of June and his final report must be made up to May 3list,
there is liable to be some discrepancy in the receipts reported by the two
officers. This will be overcome by the new rule of the Board placing the
collections in the hands of the Treasurer. At the first meeting of the new
Board in June, 1904, the Auditing Committee reported the accounts of the
Treasurer correct and in order, the difference apparent in the two reports
at the Annual Meeting in May having been due to the above cause. By
closing the Treasurer’s books in June the discrepancy disappeared.—[Ed. ]
SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES ror
Annual Report, of the Treasurer to May 31, 1904
To the Board of Directors, Southern California Academy of Sciences:
Gentlemen: I have the honor to submit the following financial re-
port for the fiscal year ending May 31, 1904.
Reported receipts by A. Davidson, Treasurer, May 1 to Sept. 21,
OO Sm Gniclhuicine samount on hand: Mary 1)... 255.20. 5.5.6 5. $357 .99
EMOTE MOIS IO MESCMICMES) Gaara terre dite cut. win icletas soabieleie are mate i 306.98
Balance turned over by former Treasurer.,.................. $ 51.01
Total receipts from Secretary, Sept. 22, 1903, to May 31, 1904... .$468.88
Total receipts by present Treasurer..... poate Sick, a See $516". 89
Dotal disbursements by present Treasurer...................+:. 519.11
Balanceron band “May Bi 1904... i... kee eee ee te en oD .78
Disbursements, as below:
Printing of Bulletins and notices of meetings..................$286.11
HEE Ta iam Onlin Ulla meter vclal syaratsosve ree Abt cvchdet toataiie Siena) snd a ese claleia.al gles ioe dose 210.00
Sundry expenses (collections, advertising, hire of lantern, ete.).. 23.00
ILC (yet) am RR NA CNN RR Bees Nie Calc Lala nae Be ee cod oie NN $519.11
Outstanding accounts are fairly offset by uncollected dues of mem-
bers, there being practically no surplus above running expenses.
Respectfully,
G. MAJOR TABER, Treasurer.
Report, of Section of Astronomy for Year
1903-1904
The Section has held regular monthly meetings during the year, with
fairly good attendance and excellent interest in the subjects presented
for consideration.
The topics considered during the year have covered quite a wide
range, including some that were purely astronomical, and others that
were astro-plhysical.
The December meeting was of unusual interest, having been de-
voted to a symposium on the life and character of Herbert Spencer, par-
ticipated in by several members of the Academy and by several schol-
arly gentlemen from without.
At the January and February meetings the Section was highly fav-
ored by the presence of Professor Hale of the Yerkes Observatory, who
delivered most interesting and instructive lectures on the Sun, a subject
on which he has ‘become a recognized authority.
In connection with Professor Hale’s work the Section congratu-
lates itself and the Academy and ‘the scientific interests of the com-
munity at large that the favorable conditions of our atmosphere have
induced the authorities of the Yerkes Observatory to establish a station
for solar study and observaition on Mount Wilson.
This is an enterprise that appeals to the appreciation of every
citizen ‘but especially to that of the Academy of Sciences.
At the March and April meetings of the Section, the topics were
in the field of pure mathematics, being respectively the principles and
102 SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
practical value of logarithms, the properties of the conchoid and of the
eycloid curves and the method of trisecting an angle, all of which de-
veloped points of real interest to the members.
At the May meeting the Section enjoyed another rare treat in the
presence of Bishop Warren of the Methodist Conference, a man of as-
tronomical erudition and reputation; who made a delightful address
before the Section.
The Section is greatly indebted to its energetic and capable Chair-
man for the well sustained interest in its monthly gatherings.
MELVILLE DOZIER, Secretary.
WM. H. KNIGHT, Chairman.
Annual Report. of Section of Biology
I have the honor to make the following report of the work done in
the Biological Section of the Academy for the year:
During the year ending June, 1904, the Biological Section thas held
nine meetings. The average attendance of the meetings has been about
forty. The subjects discussed in these meetings are of such deep in-
terest and are so creditable to the Section that I present you with a list
of all of the formal lectures:
Dr, A. D. Houghton, ‘‘The Cactaceae.’’
Dr. Louisa Burns, ‘‘ Blood Examinations and the Nissl Bodies.’’
Dr. C. A. Whiting, ‘‘Anemia and Leukemia and Ehrlich’s Theory
of Immunity.’’
Prof. Joseph Grinnell, ‘‘The Mid-Winter Birds of Los Angeles and
the Geographical Distributon of Animals.’’
Dr. B. F. Gamiber, ‘‘ Malaria.’’
Dr. Lyman Gregory, ‘‘The Autogeny and Phylogeny of the Eye.’’
Prof. B. M. Davis, ‘‘The Larval Balanoglossus.’’
Dr. Leonard, ‘‘Some Bacilli Related to the Bacilli of Tuberculosis. ’’
Aside from the formal lectures, which I have presented, there have
been a great number of very interesting and valuable discussions.
At a considerable number of the meetings there have been exhibi-
tions of microscopical preparations, some of them of deep scientific
interest and others very interesting from a popular standpoint.
Every effort will be made next year to make the work of the
Section of even greater value to its members and to the public than
it has been in the past.
Very respectfully submitted,
C. A. WHITING, Secretary.
A. B. ULREY, Chairman.
Annual Report of Section of Geology for Year
Ending June, 1904
The meetings have been well attended and much interest has been
shown throughout.
September 28, 1903, Prof. Julius Koebig, city chemist, lectured on
‘“The Deposits of Alkaline Salts’’ and their method of formation.
October 26, Mr. C. J. Callahan gave an interesting talk on the
‘*Origin of Petroleum.’’
November 23, Prof. E. H. Fosdick favored us with a very instruc-
SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 103
tive lecture on ‘‘Explosives, Their Manufacture, etc.,’’? exhibiting sam-
ples.
December 28, President Theo. B. Comstock delivered a highly in-
structive and entertaining lecture on ‘‘Physical Geography and Geology
of Brazil.’’
January 25, 1904, Mr. HE. M. Wade gave a talk on ‘‘Radium,’’
exhibiting the millionth part of a grain, and was followed by Dr.
Arthur Houghiton on ‘‘Radio-Activity of Metals.’’
February 22, Prof. Frank I. Shepard of University of California
read a very interesting paper on ‘‘The Chemical Geology of Sedimentary
Deposits.’
April 25, Mr. G. Major Taber had ‘a paper on ‘‘ Mineral Formation
and Crystalization,’’?’ and exhibited several specimens. President Com-
stock followed, treating the subject from a scientific standpoint.
May 23, Ex-President Wm, H. Knight read an interesting poem on
the Tribolite, and Mrs. Charles Nelson Green of Colorado gave a very
interesting paper on the ‘‘Cliff Dwellers of the Southwest.’’
Owing to the inclemency of the weather, the meeting intended for
March was necessarily postponed. We shall hope in the coming year
to make all meetings of still more value and interest than they have
been in the past.
G. MAJOR TABER, Secretary.
GEO. W. PARSONS, Chairman.
; Publications Received
‘*Some Miscellaneous Results of the Work of the Division of Ento-
mology.’’ Entomology Bulletin No. 44 U. S. Department of Agriculture.
‘Carnegie Museum Annual Report, 1904.’’ Pittsburgh, Pa.
‘The Farm Separator.’’ U.S. Department of Agriculture, Bureau of
Animal Industry, Bulletin No. 59.
‘“The Southwest Society of the Archaeological Institute of America.’’
‘Something About Its Aims and Its First Year’s Work.’’
‘*A List of the Publications of the U. S. National Museum.’’
Smithsonian Institute Bulletin No. 51.
‘*A Fossil Egg From Arizona.’’ University of California, Geology,
Bulletin No. 19.
‘‘Euceratherium, a New Ungulate From the Quaternary Caves of
California.’’ University of California, Geology, Bulletin No. 20.
‘*Report on the Habits of the Guatemalan Cotton-Boll-Weevil Ant.’’
U. 8S. Department of Agriculture, Entomology, No. 49.
““The Useful Properties of Clays.’’ U. S. Department of Agriculture,
Circular 17.
“‘Methods for the Detection of Renovated Butter.’’ U.S. Depart-
ment of Agriculture, Circular 19.
‘“Parergones del Instituto Geologico de Mexico.’’ Tomo I, No. 2,
pp. 3-26, 3 Pl., 1904. I. ‘‘ Notes on Physiography, Geology and Hydrology
of Lower California.’’ By Dr. Ernest Angermann. (Translation.) II.
““Area Covered by the Eruption of the Volcano Santa Maria, October,
1902.’ By Dr. Emilio Boese. (Translation.)
‘‘Annals of Carnegie Museum’’ (Pittsburgh). Vol. TI, No. 4. Au-
gust, 1904.
‘‘Mining, Magazine.’’ New York, Sept., 1904. Vol. X, No. 3.
‘‘American Journal of Archaeology.’’ 2nd Ser. July-September,
1904. Vol. VIII, No. 3.
rog SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
TRANSACTIONS
I. SESSIONS OF THE ACADEMY.
1. Academy Reception, June 6, 1904.
The Annual Reception of the Academy was held at the residence of
Mr. 8. J. Keese, 1509 Shatto street, on Monday, June 6, 1904, at 8 p.m.
The President of the Academy, Dr. Theo. B. Comstock, presided and
Geo. W. Parsons was chosen Secretary pro tem in the absence of the
regular secretary, Mr. Baumgardt.
The Treasurer presented this final report, which was received and
filed after explanation of apparent differences between it and the re-
port of the Secretary, due to closing at different dates.
Reports of the Sections of Biology, Astronomy and Geology were
filed in writing by the respective secretaries after being duly read and
received by the Academy. Dr. 8. M. Woodbridge, Secretary of the Sec-
tion of Agricultural Chemistry, also gave an interesting verbal report
of the year’s work.
All these Section reports show careful and patient work during the
past year and increasing interest along the several lines of study and
research, auguring well for the future of the Academy. Mr. Keese, the
host, then gave an exhibition of Microscopic Projections of Crystals and
other objects showing the beautiful effects of polarization, explanations
being made at the same time by Dr. Whiting with physiological speci-
mens and Professor Dozier of the principles of polarization, in very
clear and interesting talks, they being followed by Dr. Comstock and
Dr. Houghton, who also elucidated clearly and concisely some technical
points.
A vote of thanks was then tendered Mr. Keese for his kindness and
trouble in providing entertainment.
Dr. Theo. B. Comstock retired from his office as President of the
Academy, in a few well chosen words, and Professor Dozier assumed
the office with expressions of congratulation for work done faithfully
and ably ‘by the retiring president. Dr. Comstock responded, thanking
all for the earnest and hearty support given ‘him during his two years
of administration. Dr. Whiting, in strong terms of praise for what Dr.
Comstock had accomplished, proposed resolutions of thanks, to be
spread upon the minutes and an engrossed copy sent to retiring presi-
dent. Dr. Houghton heartily seconded the motion, which was carried
unanimously, the resolutions to be drawn up by the movers. thereof and
duly presented.
The meeting then adjourned.
GEO. W. PARSONS, Secretary Pro Tem.
2. Regular Session, September 5, 1904.
The first general meeting of the Academy for the season of 1904-
1905 was held at the Chamber of Commerce hall Monday evening, Sep-
tember 5, 1904, President Melville Dozier in the chair. It was ad-
dressed by Prof. Wm. H. Pickering, of the Harvard Observatory. He
spoke of his recent observations of the moon, made in the clear skies
and ‘‘good-seeing’’ atmosphere of ‘the Lowe Observatory on Echo
Mountain. He had detected what the believed to be evidences of
activity and possibly of vegetable life on the moon. He noticed that,
after the long lunar night of two weeks, small patches of white would
turn to a grayish or ‘brownish hue wnder the powerful rays of the sun
tal tee
SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 105
in the long lunar day. Also that deep cracks or ravines—at first almost
black—changed to a grayish tint and broadened out to a measurable
extent. He accounts for the latter phenomenon by assuming that ‘there
is a little moisture beneath the surface im these localities, and that
the ‘heat of the sun melts the frozen crystals and instantly transforms
them into vapor which rises to the surface and fills the depressions,
broadening out to visibility. ;
Regarding the brown patches, he thinks there may be a low form
of vegetation capable of quick growth and development, which would
account for the slight change in color perceived from the vantage site
of the Lowe Observatory, but also previously noticed at the Arequipa
Observatory in the high Andes, over which Prof. Pickering presided for
some years. Other astronomers have noted these lunar markings and
their verity is now conceded, but there is not a perfect agreement as
to their cause.
Referring to the so-called canals of Mars, Prof. Pickering believes
they are caused by the same agency, but acting on a larger scale, and
on a body in which the atmosphere and vapor are not wholly absorbed
into the interior. He does not admit that there ‘are any seas on the
surface of Mars. But the canal appearance is produced by vapor
being exuded from long, deep cracks and spread along the margin to
such an extent as to make the phenomenon visible under good-seeing
in our powerful telescopes.
Prof. Pickering’s lecture was preceded by Secretary Baumgardt’s
account of an interesting gathering of astronomical workers on Mount
Wilson. Prof. George E. Hale, Director of the Yerkes Observatory;
Dr. Herbert H. Turner, Director of the Oxford University Observatory;
Prof. G. W. Ritchey, Optician of the Yerkes Observatory, and Prof.
Wm. H. Pickering of the Arequipa Observatory in South America were
among the distinguished astronomers Mr. Baumgardt met on that oc-
easion. They were on Mount Wilson inspecting the new instrument
now being installed by Prof. Hale for furthering researches into the
constitution of the sun. This instrument is a coelostadt, and 'the tube,
five feet in diameter, is 145 feet in length, and imbedded in solid
granite. The tube is horizontal and fixed, a large plane, movable
mirror reflecting objects from every portion of the ‘heavens into the tube
where the image is magnified to any desired degree. The summit of
Mount Wilson is 5886 feet above sea level and about thirty miles north-
east of Los Angeles. It was selected from among many other sites
examined as being the most suitable from which to conduct Prof. Hale’s
astrophysical investigations of the sun.
President Dozier announced that an arrangement has been effected
with the Trustees of the State Normal School which gives the use of
one of the halls to the Academy of Sciences for its general and section
meetings on each Monday evening during the season of 1£04-1905.
WM. H. KNIGHT.
II. MEETINGS OF SECTIONS.
No meetings of Sections are held in June. The Board of Direc-
tors, by advice of the Chairmen, on account of tthe difficulty of getting
speakers and gathering audiences earlier than October, passed a resolu-
tion suspending the meetings of all Sections in September, also. Regular
meetings will be resumed in October, at the State Normal School.
1706 SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
Section of Geology, April, 1904.
(Through inadvertence the following brief minute of the April meet-
ing of the Section of Geology was omitted from the May Bulletin, the
‘proceedings of the Section for May being substituted therefor.)
The regular meeting of the Geological Section was theld at the
Chamber of Commerce hall April 23d. In the absence of Chairman
Parsons, Dr. Theo. B. Comstock presided. After the reading of an
amusing poem on the Trilobite by Mr. Wm. H. Knight, the Chairman
and Secretary introduced Mrs. Charles Nelson Green, Vice Regent of
the Cliff Dwellers’ Association of Colorado, who gave an interesting ac-
count of the Cliff Dwellers of the Southwest. With some reference to
the various speculative theories of the origin of the Cliff Dwellers the
speaker remarked that the once abundant foot prints in the arid lands
of Colorado, Utah, New Mexico and Arizona of millions who once in-
nabited those regions have long since passed away. The traces of their
occupancy are now to be found in the utensils, pottery and mummified
remains which constitute, with the relics of their dwellings, their legacy
to ‘history. She described the evidences of their mode of life to be
gleaned from pictures on the rocks and from remains of their homes
~ sculptured out of ‘the rocks or walled up tenements on the cliffs.
In the profitable discussion which followed, remarks were made
by the speaker and by Mrs. C. R. Olney, Messrs. Knight, Butterworth,
Comstock and others.
At the close of the meeting the officers of the Section, Mr. Geo. W.
Parsons, Chairman, and Mr. G. Major Taber, Secretary, were re-elected
to serve for the year 1904-1905.
G. MAJOR TABER, Secretary.
III. DIRECTORS’ MEETINGS. (Not Previously Reported.)
The Board met May 13, 1904, at the Office of President Comstock,
who occupied the chair. All members present except Mr. Hooker. Mr.
M. R. Preston was elected to membership in the Academy. Mr. Geo.
W. Parsons tendered his resignation as member-elect of the Board for
the following year, and the same was accepted.
An earnest discussion followed on the prospects for a permanent
home for the Academy. Dr. Woodbridge, who had previously been ap-
pointed a committee of one for this purpose, reported progress in the
matter.
Voted that the Constitution and By-laws and list of members be
printed in the next number of the Bulletin.
A number of bills were approved and ordered paid.
B. R. BAUMGARDT, Secretary.
The Board met at 1:00 p.m., June 4, 1904, at the Office of President
Comstock, who presided. Report of previous Board Meeting, May 13,
was read and approved. The report of Auditing Committee was re-
ceived and referred back for adjustment of reports of Secretary and
Treasurer to an equivalent date, as of June 1, 1904, in accordance with
the Constitution, with instructions to audit the Treasurer’s accounts and
report at first meeting of the new Board.
Professor A. H. Chamberlain, of Throop Institute, of Pasadena, was.
elected to membership.
Upon motion of B. R. Baumgardt, voted that in the future all col-
lections of membership dues and other resources of the Academy be at-
tended to by the Treasurer, with the aid of the Assistant Treasurer,
SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 107
thus relieving the Recording Secretary of all pespones balibyg for these
collections,
Voted that the membership dues be hereafter pro-rated by ‘che
month, for the first year, of persons joining the Academy after the be-
ginning of the fiscal year.
Adjourned sine die.
B. R. BAUMGARDT, Secretary.
Board met at Chamber of Commerce Committee Room on Tuesday,
June 7, 1904, at 4:30 p.m. President Dozier presided. Present, Messrs.
Comstock, Knight, Taber, Parsons and Baumgardt. To fill the vacancy
in the Board of Directors caused by the resignation of Mr. G. W. Par-
sons, Dr. C. A. Whiting was unanimously elected.
Mr. Parsons, whose resignation had previously been accepted, is
returned to the Board by virtue of his election as Chairman of the
Section of Geology.
Mr. G. Major Taber was re-elected to the office of Treasurer of the
Academy.
Voted that, unless the financial condition of the Academy be im-
proved, the Bulletin shall be issued quarterly, beginning with the issue
for October, 1904.
President Dozier announced the appointment of the Standing Com-
mittees, as provided by the Constitution, the Secretary being added to
the Program Committee by vote of the Board at this meeting.
(See list of Standing Committees elsewhere in this Bulletin.)
Adjourned.
B. R. BAUMGARDT, Secretary.
Board met at Chamber of Commerce Committee room at 4:30 p.m.,
September 12, 1904. President Dozier presiding. All members present
except Mr, Hooker.
President Dozier announced that the authorities of the State Normal
School had granted permission to use such rooms as may be required on
Monday evenings, for the meetings of the Academy and its Sections,
the necessary expenses of such meetings to be paid by the Academy.
The courtesy was gratefully accepted and an unanimous vote of thanks
tendered. By vote of the Board the weekly meetings will hereafter be
held at this ‘place.
This disposing to some ‘extent of the hindrance from lack of funds,
it was resolved to continue the monthly issue of the Bulletin for the
remainder of the calendar year, in the hope that enough interest may be
aroused to enable the Publication Committee to continue the same
monthly next year.
Mr. B. R. Baumgardt, Secretary of the Academy, was chosen as
Delegate to the International Congress of Arts and Sciences to convene
at St. Louis September 19-25.
A proposition of Dr. Davidson to recommend to the Academy a re-
duction in the amount of annual dues now assessed was discussed an:l
made special order for the next meeting of the Board.
Voted that no meetings of Seetions be held in the month of Septem-
ber this year.
Adjourned.
B. R. BAUMGARDT, Secretary.
1708 SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
Government. Game Refuges*
BY ALDEN SAMPSON, A. M., HAVERFORD, PA.
(Read before the Academy Oct. 3, 1904)
The arguments here adduced are the result of personal
observations and special studies made in a trip, aggregating
some thirteen thousand miles, during the summer of 1903,
while engaged in inspecting forest reserves of California and
Washington for the purpose of selecting tracts to be set aside
as refuges and breeding grounds, and to enable the representa-
tive of the Government to report intelligently on this general
plan of Game Refuges. :
The existing conditions are not conducive to the most
satisfactory results In game preservation, so far as the control
of public forest reserves is concerned. It is my own opinion
that the Department of Agriculture, through its efficient Bu-
reau of Forestry, should have the charge of the forest areas.
The Land Office, a bureau of the Interior Department, is now
in actual control of the reserves, although the Bureau of For-
estry—a_ scientific, non-political body—is often supposed to
be responsible for what it has no power to prevent. It should
be clearly understood that, however free this department may
be to act in certain directions, it cannot prevent depredations,
the kindling of forest fires, or the destruction of game, except
in very limited degree.
The idea of establishing game preserves, as such, is not
new. In Europe, e. g. in Russia, Germany and Great Britain,
certain wild animals have long been protected by governmental
edict, not always from motives higher than the assurance of
pastime for royalty or the maintenance of the chase among
the gentry. Game laws are not rare in our several states, and
to a certain extent, more especially with the smailer species,
these are fairly effective hindrances to extinction of wild ani-
mals. In the case of big game, however, several causes have
operated to distract attention of law-makers and public spir-
ited citizens, who have rested secure in the belief that possible
danger from excessive breeding is a convincing argument in
favor of the ‘‘let alone’’ policy. Such persons could not have
been aware of the ruthless slaughter which has been going on
for decades past, and which has resulted in all but extinction
of several types of the larger animals, such as the Bison,
Grizzly Bear, Elk, Antelope and Mountain Sheep. Fortunately
the refuge afforded by the Yellowstone Park has checked this
*The author of the paper of which an abstract is here given, was
recently Game Preserve Expert in the U. 8. Biological Survey.
SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES $709
devastation, at least in the cases of the bison, antelope and elk,
and the experience thereby gained has taught good lessons for
our future guidance.
Whether the control of the forest reserves shall pass to
the Bureau of Forestry, or otherwise, there can be no more
appropriate site for big game refuges than within these tracts.
The same spirit which was the cause of reckless waste of
wealth in timber, through forest fires and the grazing of sheep,
is evident in the wanton destruction of hordes of game for the
mere lust of killing, which is as far removed from sportsman-
ship as bloody war from the homely arts of peace. But the
craft of the hunter is now more sorely taxed by the cleverness.
of the hunted, who have come to know their danger and to
flee from it. It is surprising how quickly the pursued learn
to realize the safety of the refuge tracts. This fact disposes
of all the force there might be in the argument that the reser-
vation of such protected areas will destroy the rightful hunter’s
privilege, and require the segregation of vast areas of unpro-
ductive territory.
From eareful observation and experience elsewhere, it is
now very apparent that the best results will come from small
refuges, say about four townships, or twelve square miles, scat-
tered with considerable intervals intervening.
There is far more immediate danger, and greater future
menace to vested interests and the progress of civilization, in
the threatening devastation by tame sheep than could ever
arise from undue multiplication of the most ferocious wild
animals. As a matter of fact, bears and mountain lions do not
attack man unless wounded. Sheep do untold injury by
browsing on the short vegetation, nibbling close enough to kill;
by destroying the young forest growth, the future dependence
for all forest products of value; their sharp hoofs cut out the
roots of grasses and grind the soil to dust, which is washed off
by rains. In this way untold damage ensues, not only to the
forests, but to the farms in the valleys, which depend upon
the undergrowth of these forests to retain the water for regu-
larity of distribution.
California’s—nay the world’s—greatest living prose poet,
beloved John Muir, has stated that every great public issue of
a similar nature requires about ten years of unswerving devo-
tion from its votaries before it may become an accomplished
success. We can wait, therefore, not without hope, for already
the sentiment, which first bitterly opposed the work at hand,
is changing enough to ensure respectful hearing. I thank you
cordially for the support you have given by your attention and.
sympathy upon this occasion.
rio SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
Flora of Clift-on, District., Arizona
BY A. DAVIDSON, M. D.
( Paper read before Section of Botany Oct. 18, 1904)
In due course of time some enterprising botanist will give
us, if not a flora, at least a local list, of the plants of Arizona.
Arizona possesses probably the most interesting and varied
flora of any state in the Union. Many of its plants are consid-
ered rare and local, but this rarity is probably more apparent
than real. The greater part of the country is practically un-
known to the naturalist and many years must elapse before the
work of exploration is even superficially performed.
The lack of facilities for travel and accommodation are
the least of the difficulties. The climatic conditions are the
deterrent factors. Contrary to the usual belief, Arizona is by
no means an arid country. The average rainfall, even in the
south, is probably at least seven inches and in the north it is
more. The greatest precipitation is normally in the summer
time, beginning with the Ist of July and ending the end of
August, or middle of September. The winter’s snow or rain-
fall appears in January and December. Thus there are two
floras, contingent on the rainfall in spring and autumn. To
thoroughly explore any district the same ground would require
visiting after each rain, but the summer rains are so unequally
distributed that a locality explored one spring might not re-
ceive sufficient summer rain for the two or three seasons fol-
lowing.
Last autumn I visited Chase Creek and found it practi-
cally destitute of vegetation, while the country ten miles away
was a carpet of green. These experiences are common. As
you go botanizing in the summer time, with the thermometer
around 90 degrees at midnight, you clothe yourself in a silk
shirt and a pair of duck trousers and pray for rain, and when
it catches you on some rocky slope or treeless plain in the form
of a cold, drenching thunderstorm you pray again for warmth.
Altogether the conditions are not favorable to good and philo-
sophie work.
As many years are likely to elapse before the country is
sufficiently closely explored to give a clear idea of the distribu-
tion of its numerous species, any list of plants now published
will prove of immense value to future investigators.
In this number I have begun the publication of the plants
secured by me in the neighborhood of Clifton. The district
covered extends from the New Mexico border near Dunean,
twenty-five miles south of Clifton, to the Blue River, a tribu-
tary of the Frisco, nearly twenty miles north of Clifton, and
SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 111
west along Chase Creek for twelve miles. The River Frisco,
with its tributaries, traverses the district, as it flows southwards
to join the Gila about twelve miles below Clifton.
LIST OF PLANTS.
Anemone sphenophylla Poepp. Clifton. Longfellow.
April.
: Aquilegia chrysantha Gray. Moist banks Chase Creek and
Blue River. May.
Thalictrum Fendleri Eng. var. Wrightii Trealease. Met-
ealf. July.
Clematis Drummondii T. & G. Fairly common. Septem-
ber.
R. cymbalaria Pursh. Gila River at Guthrie. May.
Myosorus minimus L. River at Clifton. May.
Eschscholtzia Mexicana Greene. Common. May.
Corydalis aurea Willd. var. occidentalis Eng. Frequent
along shaded river banks.
Wislizenia refracta Eng. On the Gila banks at Sheldon.
October.
Cleome integrifolia T. & G. Locally abundant in sandy
soils. May.
Polanisia trachysperma T. & G. Widely distributed May
to October. ;
ASTRONOMICAL NOTES.
EDITED BY WM. H. KNIGHT.
The new instrument which is being installed on Mount Wilson by
Director Hale of the Yerkes Observatory, will be known as the Snow
Memorial Telescope, and is the largest of the kind in the world. This is
made possible by the liberal contribution of Miss Snow in connection
with an appropriation of $13,000 from the Carnegie research fund. In
connection with this great instrument there will be spectographs, spec-
troheliographs, and the finest astronomical apparatus possible to obtain.
It is expected that it will be ready for research work in December of
this year, and will be used in observing the phenomena of sunspots and
solar disturbances during the maximum sunspot year of 1905.
Regarding the possibilities of this research work Professor Hale
says: ‘‘The solar observer may be the spectator of physical and chem-
cial experiments on a scale far transcending any ‘that can ever ‘be per-
formed in a laboratory. In this enormous crucible, (the sun), heated to
temperatures greatly exceeding those attainable by artificial means, im-
mense masses of luminous vapor, including most of the elements known
on earth and many not yet discovered here, may ‘be seen undergoing
changes and transformations well calculated to assist in the explanation
of problems which the laboratory cannot solve.’’
An important astronomical event is the return of Encke’s comet.
under favorable conditions for observation, similar to those of 1805, 1838,
and 1871. It will be at perihelion January 4, 1905. Its nearest approach
to the earth will be about 35,000,000 miles, when, early in December, it
zzz SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.
may be visible to the naked eye near the star Altair. It will be five
degrees north of Beta Pegasi on November 1, its course being westward.
Sir David Gill of the Royal Observatory at Cape Town has deter-
mined the parallax of the star Antares as 0.021 sec., making its distance
in round numbers one quadrillion miles. From photometric considera-
tions J. E. Gore computes the mass to be 88,000 times that of our sun.
‘*Tf,’? says Prof. Edgar Larkin, ‘‘its density is equal to that of our sun,
the diameter of that stupendous world would be 37,000,000 miles, or
about equal to the radius of the planet Mercury.’’
There is confirmaton of the existence of a ninth satellite revolving
around the mighty system of Saturn, far out in space beyond all the
satellites of that body hitherto known. It was discovered by the photo-
graphic method, by Professor Wm. H. Pickering, with the Bruce 24-inch
telescope at Arequipa, Peru. This new moon has been given the name of
Phoebe by its discoverer.
ANNOUNCEMENTS FOR OCTOBER-NOVEMBER, 1904.
Many members of the Academy were enabled to enjoy the illustrated
lecture of Mr. Alden Sampson at the Woman’s Club House, on Friday
- evening, September 30, through the courtesy of the Friday Morning Club
and the local section of the Sierra Club, by whom the invitations were
given.
We have also to express thanks to the Ebell Club for their esteemed
invitation to the Academy to join with them in welcoming Sir John
Murray, who was expected at their meeting on Monday afternoon, Octo-
ber 11. We share their regret at the contretemps which delayed their dis-
tinguished guest, depriving all of delectable and profitable entertainment.
But later, upon the arrival of Sir John in the city, it became possible to
arrange a joint meeting of the Ebell and the Academy at the State
Normal School, when the lecturer aroused much enthusiasm by his very
interesting and important address upon the subject of ‘‘Oceanology.’’
The Section of Biology met Monday evening, October 10, at the
Normal School, the program being varied and of the nature of general
discussion upon current topics. These occasions are always profitable to
members and others who attend.
The Section of Botany met October 18, 8 p.m., at Room 501, Laugh-
lin Building. Dr. Anstruther Davidson spoke on ‘‘The Botany of Ari-
zona,’’ to which he has given particular attention in the field. We are
able to give an abstract of his paper in this issue of the Bulletin.
The regular session of the Section of Geology will take place at the
Normal School, Monday evening, October 24, when Mr. J. B. Lippincott,
supervising engineer of the Reclamation Service of the U. S. Geological
Survey, for this district, will outline the work of his division. Nothing
can now occur of more general interest or importance to the welfare of
this community, and we bespeak for him a large attendance of members
and their friends.
The Academy will have a lecture on the evening of November 7, by
Dr. Theo. B. Comstock, on the subject: ‘‘ Wild Nature in the Rocky
Mountains, Around and About Yellowstone Park,’’ illustrated by lantern
slides, mostly colored. Jr. Comstock was the geologist of Capt. Wm. A.
Jones’ Expedition in 1873, which discovered four passes not previously
recorded on any map, among them two which had been pronounced myth-
ical theretofore. The lecturer has collected a large number of views of
remarkable and very little known scenery and natural groups of wild
animals, many of which cannot be duplicated.
SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 113
The several Sections are preparing interesting and profitable pro-
grams for November, but we go to press too early to give decails in
this place.
RECENT LITERATURE.
The Annual Report of the Carnegie Museum, Pittsburgh, for the year
ending March 31, 1904, possesses interest to us in Southern California in
several ways. First, it shows what can be done by enlightened public
spirit assisting and assisted by donations from those who have the good
sense to appreciate the prime value of scientific work and museum col-
lections as educational and retining influences. Secondly, it adds to our
discredit for the meager accomplishment here, by disclosing the purchase
of A. W. Anthony’s collection of ten thousand birds of the Pacific Coast,
taken out from under the noses of local men of money. But still more,
we have let go to this same museum a valuable collection of plants from
Southern California, sold by Professor H. M. Hall, of Berkeley. Thirdly,
it stands as an example of what opportunity lies open to us, if only we
can get together funds enough to make a decent start in conserving what
is near to our hands. The experience of the Southwest Society of the
Archaeological Institute of America, in simply pushing to the front clearly
indicates that ripe fruit needs plucking here in Los Angeles, and the
harvest awaiting the reapers of the Academy of Sciences is far more
abundant than many of us realize. “Let us then be up and doing.” (C.)
“A Fossil Egg From Arizona” is the title of a paper by Wm. Conger
Morgan and Marion Clover Tallman, issued as Bulletin No. 19, Vol. 3, of
University of California Publications. The specimen was found embedded
in a pebble picked up from gravel on the Gila River. Its age, though
not absolutely determinable, was probably as old as the Quaternary (Pleis-
tocene) Period. The markings of the shell and the interior structure are
well preserved, and the condition of the contents affords proof of actual
transformation of animal tissue into bituminous matter. The bulk of
the inner space is filled with the mineral, colemanite, with small patches
of a tarry substance closely allied to the petrolene series of natural as-
phalts. The authors fairly demonstrate the impossibility of external
origin of the tarry ingredient. (€.)
Bulletin No. 20, Vol. 3, of University of California Publications, is a
paper on “Euceratherium, a New Ungulate From the Quaternary Caves
of California,’ by Wm. J. Sinclair and E. L. Furlong. This discovery in
places in Shasta county, is interesting to technical students, who will
see in it a link in the chain of ancestry of an important group composing
the Sheep Family. The name, signifying beautiful-horned wild beast, is
taken from the gentle curve of the horns, which are smaller than those
of the Bighorn Mountain Sheep, although the head was larger. (C.)
“The Useful Properties of Clays,” by Allerton S. Cushman, appears as
Circular No. 17, Bureau of Chemistry, of the U. S. Department of Agricul-
ture. The intimate relation of clays to progress in civilization, the back-
wardness of America in the fashioning of works of art and beauty from
this material, and the lack of any cause therefor except indifference of
the people, are briefly presented. Then follows an explanation of the
reasons for the prestige attained by certain potteries and the final passage
of celebrated wares into the domain of the lost arts, mainly because of
very slight differences in chemical composition of the materials used.
Every deposit of clay is a problem by itself and men skilled in the work-
ing of one grade may be entirely at a loss how to manipulate another
which differs only in minute particulars. The clays of the United States
are aS diverse and as well adapted to the production of art pottery and
fine porcelains as those of Europe; and yet in 1902, 11.5 per cent. in bulk
and eves 56 per cent. in cost, of all clays used in this country were im-
ported.
Mr. Cushman gives valuable information on varieties, physical prop-
erties, treatment, uses and methods of testing. Eighty-eight modes of
use are given, on the authority of the U. S. Geological Survey, and the
list quoted does not comprise all that might be mentioned. (C.)
“Informe Acerca de la Fisiografia, Geologia e Hidrologia de los Alrede-
dores de La Paz, Baja California, por Ernesto Angermann, Dr. Phil.” 1904.
26 p. This document forms the first paper of Vol. 1, No. 2, of the Transac-
tions of the Instituto Geologico of Mexico. It contains a map made up
from the previous work of Dr. Gustav Hisen, the Instituto Geologico and
the imperfect railway maps in the Mexican Official Guide, with correc-
tions and additions by the author. Upon a tracing sheet superimposed the
geological terranes are outlined. Interesting facts regarding the topo-
tig SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
graphic divisions, water supply, ete., of the southern portion of Lower
California are given. (C.)
“The Southwest Society of the Archaeological Institute of America;
Something About Its Aims and Its First Year’s Work. Mr. Chas. F.
Lummis, tireless worker; faithful, persevering and efficient Secretary
of the local branch of this great scientific body; indefatigable, versatile
and consistent recorder and elaborator, has, in this illustrated reprint of
an article from Out West, entitled “Old Art in America,’ given the his-
tory of the priceless Cabelleria collection of old Mission paintings, now
preserved through the efforts of the Southwest Society. The Executive
Committee of this young, but virile organization has sent this out as a
campaign publication, adding thereto a “Brief Summary” of the first year’s
work of the Society. The thorough work being done in the phonographic
recording and the harmonizing of Indian and. Mexican folk-songs, by
Messrs. Farwell and Lummis, the vigorous and scientific labors of Dr.
F. M. Palmer, the most modest, but most competent of local archaeolo-
gists, in collecting and arranging relics of earlier man in this region, and
the advanced stage of progress in the plans of the Execeutive Committee
towards the erection of a Museum in Los Angeles; all these and other
accomplishments of the Society in much less than one year are grounds
for great local pride. But when it is understood that no other branch of
the Institute has ever accomplished anything like this amount of work
in twice the same time, we are strongly admonished that the Southern
California Academy of Sciences must look to its laurels at once. If here-
tofore, we have not believed enough in ourselves and have been too self-
eonfident of the worth of our aims, let us now pursue a more aggressive
policy and compel the attention of those who now neglect their abundant
opportunity to put where they rightfully belong the potent factors for
good in this community.
The Quarterly issue of the Journal of the Archaeological Institute of
America, Vol. VIII, No. 3, is replete with details of discoveries in classical
archaeology by the American schools at Athens and Rome, maintained by
the Institute, and voluminous discussions of archaeologic questions, be-
sides numerous notes of recent work all over the world. These invaluable
records are presented in good form and they add one more to the long
list of contributions to archaic science made by this vigorously active
organization.
“El Area Cubierta por la Ceniza del Volcan de Santa Maria, Octubre,
1902,” by Dr. Emil Boese, is the second paper of Vol. 1, No. 2, of Trans-
actions of Instituto Geologico de Mexico. He scores Dr. Gustav Eisen for
remarks regarding the distribution of ash by this volcano in Guatemala
in the eruption cited. In the region visited by the author, where Hisen
had given the depth from cone inch to ten feet, Dr. Boese finds a maximum
ot less than one foot, and in other places cited as important, the covering
varied from traces to considerably less than one-half inch (less than one
centimeter.) (C.)
“Annals of Carnegie Museum, Pittsburgh.” Vol. II, No. 4, August, 1904,
contains article No. IX, and an appreciative memorial sketch of John Bell
Hatcher, whose death leaves a gap which no other student of vertebrate
paleontology can essay to fill. The sketch is by Dr. W. J. Holland, Direc-
tor of the Museum and Editor of its publications. The bulk of the
volume is made up of an exhaustive treatise on “The Birds of Erie and
Presque Isle, Erie County, Pennsylvania,” by W. E. C. Todd. We cannot
give space for a proper review of this important contribution to Science,
but may note the strong tone of protest uttered by Mr. Todd against in-
discriminate hunting, rather slaughter, of birds, which occurs in his field
as in too many other districts in this country.
Mining Magazine, September, 1904. The continuation of the Pacific
Coast Miner as a monthly magazine is evidently meeting with favor, if
we may judge from the increased advertising patronage in this third
number under the new form. The articles are timely reviews by appro-
priate authorities on subjects interesting to those who cannot digest more
technical treatises for lack of time or preliminary training. For busy
engineers and others who need access to such technical articles, without
leisure or facilities for assorting from the mass of literature published,
a very complete mining index is given each month. This, and the able
Mining Digest, which constitutes a regular department, furnish just what
is required by amateur and professional in order to keep abreast of the
world’s work in the mining field. The first issue, in July, was excellent,
but improvement may be detected in each succeeding output.
SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 115
(Incorporated March 21, 1902 )
CONSTITUTION AND BY-LAWS
(Adopted October 6, 1902)
CONSTITUTION
ARTIC aL
NAME AND OBJECT.
SEcTION I. The name of this Association shall be Southern
California Academy of Sciences.
Sec. 2. The objects of the Academy are:
(1) To promote intercourse among those who are culti-
vating science; (2) to elicit public interest in the results of
technical investigation by the dissemination of correct informa-
tion relating thereto; (3) the study of local natural features
and phenomena; (4) the conservation of material illustrating
local phases.
ARAN CIEE Ul
MEMBERSHIP.
SECTION I. The membership of the Academy shall consist
of Active, Affiliated and Corresponding Members, Fellows,
Patrons and Honorary Members.
Honorary Members shall be chosen with life tenure, they
shall be exempt from the payment of dues and shall receive the
publications of the Academy, but shall not be entitled to vote or
to hold office.
Active Members and Fellows shall have the right to vote
and hold office, subject. only to the restrictions imposed by this
Constitution, and they may acquire life tenure in their respec-
tive classes under the provisions of this Constitution. Patrons
and Honorary Members shall be chosen with life tenure, and
Corresponding Members may be elected with limited tenure or
life tenure at the option of the Board of Directors.
Sec. 2. Any person living in California, south of Latitude
37°, may become an Active Member of the Academy upon sub-
scribing to this Constitution, after formal election as herein pre-
scribed, and due compliance with the By-laws in force at the
time of election.
Sec. 3. All duly qualified members, in good standing, of
any affiliated local society shall be enrolled as Affiliated Members
of the Southern California Academy of Sciences.
SEC. 4. .Corresponding Members may be elected (with
limited tenure or life tenure) from duly qualified persons, non-
resident in Southern California, in the same manner as provided.
for the election of Active Members of the Academy.
116 SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
Sec. 5. Fellows shall be chosen from among the Active
Members and Affiliated Members of the Academy, as provided in
Article III, Section 3, of this Constitution.
Sec. 6. Any person contributing in any one year the sum
of Five Hundred Dollars shall be classed as Patron, with all
the privileges of a Life Member. Should such patron be at the
time a Fellow of the Academy, the status shall become that of
Life Fellow.
Sec. 7. Honorary Members may be elected from outside
the membership of the Academy, in manner prescribed in Article
III, Section 4, of this Constitution.
Sec. 8. Life Members and Life Fellows shall be such as
may commute by the payment of Fifty Dollars at one time, which
payment shall exempt from all dues thereafter during life, with
all privileges appertaining to the class to which the member or
fellow then belongs.
ARDICEE Ti:
ELECTION OF MEMBERS.
SECTION I. Candidates for Active Membership shall be
proposed by two members, in writing, and all such proposals shall
be acted upon by the Board of Directors. The names of elected
members shall be announced at the first regular meeting. of the
Academy following election.
Sec. 2. Corresponding Members shall be elected by the
Board of Directors. The names of those so elected shall be an-
nounced at the first regular meeting of the Academy thereafter.
Sec. 3. Fellows may be elected by the Board of Directors
in virtue of their scientific attainments or services. All such
elections shall be by ballot and seven affirmative votes shall be
necessary to elect. Only Active Members and Affiliated Members
shall be eligible for election as Fellows. Provided, however, that
all Active Members enrolled prior to October 1, 1902, shall have
the option to become Fellows, without formal election, not later
than November 15, 1902, upon compliance with the other pro-
visions of this Constitution and of the By-laws in force at the
date of exercising this option.
Sec. 4. Honorary members may be elected at the annual
meeting of the Academy, by unanimous vote of the members
present at said meeting. If the vote be not unanimous, the
matter shall be at once referred to the Board of Directors for
final action.
INRANGE Save
WORKING SECTIONS.
SEcTION I. There may be organized, as occasion warrants,
separate working sections, corresponding in scope to individual
branches of science. ach section shall elect its own officers
SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES — 117
and conduct its scientific work, per se, subject to the limitations
of the Constitution and By- -Laws and the supervision of the Board
of Directors. All legislative acts passed by any Section shall
be inoperative until formally approved by the Board.
Sec. 2. No Section shall be formed without petition pre-
sented at a regular meeting of the Academy, signed by at least
five members, of whom not less than three shall be Fellows. Such
petition shall be read before the Academy and referred to the
Board of Directors for action.
Sec. 3. Upon authorization, as provided in Article IV,
Section 2, the President and Secretary of the Academy, as tem-
porary officers of the proposed section, shall call a meeting of
members interested and proceed to organize the section in man-
ner following:
1. Calling Meeting to order.
2. Reading of Petition and Minutes relating to same.
3. Signing roll by organizing members.
4. Election of Chairman and Secretary.
5. Formal announcement of organization.
Upon organization, the Section shall adopt a set of By-Laws
in no way conflicting with the Constitution and By-Laws of the
Academy, which shall thereupon be submitted to the Board of
Directors for approval. When so approved and attested by the
President and Secretary of the Academy, the Section shall be
regarded as fully established on equivalent basis with any and
ali other Sections of the Academy.
Sec. 4. All members and Fellows of the Academy shall be
free to unite with any or all Sections and no Section shall admit
to voting privileges any non-member of the Academy.
PRA CWE eVe
AFFILIATED SOCIETIES.
SEcTION 1. Any local scientific society within the limits
prescribed in Article II, Section 2, may enter into affiliation with
the Academy, upon the terms and in manner prescribed in the
succeeding sections of Article V of this Constitution.
SEc. 2. Application for affiliation must be made by the
President and Secretary of the society, upon a blank form author-
ized by the Board of Directors, giving evidence that the applica-
tion is made in accordance with the vote of a clear majority of
the members of said society, and that the objects and purposes
of the society are similar to those of the Academy. Each appli-
cation must be accompanied with a fee of five dollars.
Sec. 3. Application for affiliation shall first be referred to
the Standing Committee on Affiliation, who shall investigate and
report to the Board of Directors. Notice of favorable action
by the Board shall be given at the first regular meeting of the
w8& SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
Academy thereafter, and such action shall be regarded as final,
unless objection be raised by at least two members, when the
question shall be at the disposal of the Academy by a vote of
not less than two-thirds of all the members present.
Src. 4. Societies affiliated under the provisions of the three
foregoing sections of this Article V, shall contribute arinually
in advance to the treasury of the Academy a sum equivalent to
one dollar for each and every voting member of said affiliated
society, whereupon that number of persons shall be enrolled
as Affiliated Members of the Academy, with all the privileges
of Active Members, except the right to vote and hold office. For
each additional member thus enrolled, the sum of one doilar
must be paid at the date of enrollment.
RAC Vile
OFFICERS.
SECTION I. At the annual meeting of the Academy and
at the annual meetings of Sections, there shall be elected a Board
of eleven Directors, in manner following:
The Academy shall elect three Fellows to serve as Presi-
dent, Vice President and Secretary of the Academy, respectively,
and as many more Directors (from the Active Members or Fel-
lows) as may be required to complete the number of eleven,
after allowing one representative from each established Section
of the Academy. Each Section shall then elect from among the
Fellows thereof, a Chairman, who shall be the accredited repre-
sentative of the Section on the Board of Directors. But, should
any Chairman of a Section be already a member-elect of the
Board of Directors, then the Section shall elect another repre-
sentative on the Board of Directors from its own membershij:.
Provided that the eleven Directors elected by the Academy in
May, 1902, shall serve until the expiration of their respective
term in 1903.
Sec. 2. The financial and general business transactions of
the Academy shall be entrusted to the Board of Directors, who
shall have the care and control of all real and personal property
and shall receive, disburse and invest all funds of the Academy
by drafts drawn on the Treasurer by the President and counter-
signed by the Secretary.
SIBCS Bh eM NS first meeting of the Board of Directors a
Treasurer shall be chosen from the members of the Board, whose
duty shall be to receive and disburse all funds of the Academy
in accordance with the provisions of this Constitution and the
instructions of the Board of Directors.
ARTICLE Vit.
ELECTION OF OFFICERS.
Section 1. Annual elections of officers and Directors shall
SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 119
be held on the date of the annual meetings of the Academy and
its Sections in the month of May, by method prescribed in the
By-Laws, and the administrative officers shall be installed at
the annual meetings of the Academy and Sections in June fol-
lowing. The incoming Board of Directors shall assume control
immediately on the adjournment of the June meeting, and the
officers-elect of Sections shall be duly installed at the June meet-
ings of their respective Sections.
SEc. 2. Election of officers and Directors of the Academy
shall be by ballot, after nominations duly made as herein pro-
vided, viz:
Any person entitled to a vote may nominate, in writing, not
later than March 30th, one candidate for each position to become
vacant. The names of all candidates so nominated shall be duly
considered by the Board of Directors, who shall then freely nomi-
nate an official ticket, which shall be presented at the April
meeting of the. Academy, together with such other names as. shall
have been regularly nominated by not less. than ten Active
Members and Fellows. ‘The ticket, or tickets, thus announcet
shall constitute the formal nominations, to which the voting et
the May meeting must be confined.
SHCh 3. Nominations and elections of the pines of indi-
vidual Sections shall be in accord with the By-Laws governing
the particular Section at the time.
Sec. 4. A vacancy occurring at any time in the Board of
Directors shall be filled by the remaining members thereof for
the unexpired term; should, however, such vacancy leave any
Section without representation on the Board, the Section thus
excluded shall elect one of its own members to serve as Director.
Vacancies occurring among the officers of the Academy shall be
filled by the Board of Directors from its own number.
Sec. No person shall be eligible for re-election to the
office of President within one year after having served two
consecutive terms.
Sec. 6. The Chairman of a Section shall be chosen from
the Fellows on its membership roll.
AN RIMCIEAD, VANE
AMENDMENTS, ETC.
Secrion 1. Alterations of this Constitution, amendments
thereof, additions thereto, or repeal of any portion thereof, may
be made at any time, by a vote of two-thirds of the Members and
Fellows of the Academy; provided, that the changes proposed be
presented in writing at a meeting of the Academy, and that the
vote be taken at a subsequent meeting, held not less than one.
month later.
720 SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
BY-LAWS
ARG CH al:
MEETINGS.
Section I. Regular meetings of the Academy shall be held
on the first Monday evening of each calendar month, except
July and August.
Sec. 2. Regular Section meetings may be held monthly, at
such times and places as’ shall be authorized by the Board of
Directors, without whose formal consent no change shall be ai-
lowed. Special meetings and field meetings may be arranged by
the Sections without reference to the Board, but they shall be
reported in advance to the General Secretary, for the information
of the Board.
Sec. 3. As far as practicable, the Board of Directors shall
provide for meetings of the Academy and of ene principal Sec-
tions’ at one and the same place.
SEC. 4. Special meetings of the Academy may be ented
by the President, and shall be called at the request of five mem-
bers, provided that the particular business to be transacted be
stated in the call, and that no other business be consummated
at such special meeting.
SEc. 5. Special meetings of any Section may be called by
the Chairman thereof, and shall be so called at the request of
three members. The special business for said meeting shall be
stated in the call, and no other business shall be transacted at
said meeting.
Sec. 6. Advice of special meetings of the Academy shall
invariably be given to all persons entitled to vote, by written or
printed notices, duly mailed, not less than one week in advance
of the date thereof.
Sec. 7. Annual meetings of the Academy shall be held in
the place of the regular May meeting of each year.
AR TICIE sil:
ORDER OF BUSINESS.
Section I. The order of procedure at regular meetings
of the Academy shall be:
1. Minutes of preceding meeting.
Report of Board of Directors.
Report of Committees.
(Special business. )
Unfinished business.
New business.
Program for the Meeting, with discussions.
Adjournment.
Sec. 2. At regular meetings of Sections the order of pro-
cedure shall be:
DAM AAD
SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES — 121
Minutes of preceding meeting.
Business of the Section.
Presentation and Discussion of Papers.
Enrollment of Members.
. Adjournment.
Src. 3. At each June meeting of the Academy the onder of
procedure shall be:
1. Brief statement of Plan and Scope of the Academy by
the President.
2. Annual Reports of Secretary and Treasurer.
3. Announcement of donations.
4. Election of Honorary Members.
5. Necrology.
6. Program prepared by the Board of Directors, including
installation of President elect and incoming officers.
7. Address by retiring President.
8. Dismissal by President-elect.
/NRALIKCIEAS. NOE
QUORUM, ETC.
SECTION I. Fifteen members shall constitute a quorum for
the transaction of business at regular and special meetings of the
Academy, provided that not less than five Fellows be included.
Sec. 2. Five members present shall constitute a quorum of
the Board of directors for the transaction of business not other-
wise restricted by the Constitution.
ARTICLE IW
COM MITTEES.
SecTION 1. There shall be the following Standing Commit-
tees of the Board of Directors:
I. Committee on Publication.
2. Committee on Finance.
3. Committee on Membership.
4. Committee on Affiliation.
Sec. 2. The Committee on Publication shall supervise ail
publications of the Academy, subject to the control of the Board of
Directors. No paper shall be published until after being read, in
person or by title, before the Academy or one of its Sections. The
Chairman of the Publication Committee shall be the Editor of
the Bulletin and other regular publications issued under the
authority of the Academy.
SEc. 3. The Committee on Finance shall act in an advisory
capacity on matters affecting the appropriation and expenditure
of funds and the application of grants, donations and bequests,
and its members shai] also perform the duties of an Auditine
Committee, reporting at the Annual Meeting of the Academy
upon the condition of the books of the Treasurer.
EOD A
122, SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
Sec. 4. The Committee on Membership shall be charged
with the duty of enlisting suitable members by all appropriate
means.
Sec. 5. The Committee on Affiliation shall investigate ali
applications for affiliation and report to the Board of Directors
before final action thereon. It shall be the duty of the Committee
to co-operate with the President in appropriate efforts to extend
the influence of the Academy among local societies, and to in-
duce such bodies to become affiliated with the Academy.
Sec. 6. There shall be a Standing Committee on Program,
to consist of the President and the Chairmen of all the Sections,
whose duty it shall be to arrange suitable programs for all regular
meetings of the Academy, under such regulations as may be pre-
scribed by the Board of Directors.
ARICEE AV:
DUES AND FEES.
SECTION I. Each active member, upon election, shall pay an
initiation fee of One Dollar.
Sec. 2. Each active member, upon changing status to Fel-
low, shall pay a Fellowship fee of One Dollar.
Sec. 3. Annual dues of Active Members and Fellows, shali
be Three Dollars, payable January Ist, in each year.
Sec. 4. Special dues assessed by any Section, in addition to
the established dues of the Academy, shall not exceed One Dollar
per annum. All such dues shall be covered into the Treasury
of the Academy and applied solely to the current expenses of the
individual section, unless otherwise especially authorized by the
Board of Directors.
ARID CIEAR, WAL,
ELECTION OF OFFICERS.
SECTION I. On the day of the annual meeting, polls shall be
established as near as may be to the regular meeting place of the
Academy, which polls shall be open not less than two hours prior
to the hour set for the meeting. The President shall appoint
three judges of election to supervise the voting and three tellers to
count the votes. All these appointees must be selected from
without the Board of Directors, and no person who is a candi-
date for any office at such election shall be eligible as judge or
teller aforesaid.
ARTICLE Vid.
ADOPTION OF BY-LAWS AND AMENDMENTS THERETO.
SEcTION I. By-Laws for the further regulation of the So-
ciety may, from time to time, be made, and any By-Law or portion
thereof, may be temporarily suspended by vote taken at a regular
meeting of the Academy, two-thirds of the members present con-
curring; but such act shall not be operative unless the names of
‘ten Fellows present are recorded in the affirmative.
SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 123
List of Members
HONORARY MEMBERS.
(CO ll Giana, Syed Deca elie he alee ae ane a Oakland, Cal.
Ne Olatehie ler oressor ‘Aged... 1.05 oi cis scales slacoe Spe aia. se ue Wess
MOmMiS OMe: DV... ie ees peeary mee Santa Clara, Cal.
JPQGCNSID,, 1S. 4 Berea a San Bernardino, Cal.
SSARVUCEE,, LYS AUS 2124 ake Datei ge are RN nc es Came te
LIFE MEMBERS AND FELLOWS.
*
(Fellows are designated by the sign *).
ZComstock wr: Theo: Bi... son) ce cand ated Stimson Bldg.
SALSHMIGH Tay PX AMES ooo Ms hctas dere stiel Agen ore thy Batre ek Douglas Bldg.
ROOKIE IDE Ai cod et hee ot ene os oe O20. W. -AGamss ote
NIV OLS, NV. CT aR 146 W. 28th St.
124 SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
ACTIVE MEMBERS ,AND FELLOWS.
A daiis® ahs Geet ew peices aoe oe cyan ae am, Dae 906 W. 7th St.
A Ura Mes ev curce es cack ote os eke See ee Pasadena
SAMOS Paulie oe Sein onan rere: 1111 South Hope St.
JAW. Di Wears ABN src ee iin seine aon Nae Aten ce Mommas Laughlin Bldg.
Barley, wr. Cs Ave een een enc tetera ees 10th St. and Flower
Baker, Protessors Cave soe seine et ee Claremont
Ba MMISter sels bs. .g eee eae ee eee Station A, Pasadena
Barlow: Ore Were diaGVass ese et eee ee Wileox Bldg.
Barnum. Dr aOQe Oe cen somes fy ee ee eee Stimson Bldg.
Barrows: tbe (Ee Aob ease a ae aon eee .. Ontario
A Bain Card tabs hues ee on eerie eg eee ee 116 N. Broadway
Baverstocks Ralph Sivace er Los eye 322 Wi. Bars ee
Reals =broressor Hiredenicke rls .a ann ee 615 W. doth St.
Belrenss gan sc rvois acer teers eee Conservative Life Bldg.
Behrens ran saEe ne sy eens eee Conservative Life Bldg.
HB xe) iTyya da Ke) aed Dede Bey yen ARO arte Sere eget ls, Sat Mason Opera House
EXETULOT eye ATG ENUTEE ot Seer ee nce te 114 N. Spring St.
Berman aMinsvsbuss chy: sr eette aroun ees 1689 W. Adams St.
“Bishop Ore be. Mik. evans tea ieee eee ene 2627 Hoover St.
SIRO DrICK a2 HAS rae. velo: heat Se eee 727 San Fernando St.
=Boothea@has. Bite. sie sige se eee ene 824 Bonnie Brae St.
*Bordenvi Gaal... ser aera reat eee eee 908 Laughlin Bldg.
Boyles Iii). 8: isos Se oe ke ne 0 Carondoletiam
“Brackett, 2roressOr Hy sca e ee Pomona College, Claremont
“Bridcesm Dr NOTIN amie te heen eee 217 S. Broadway
Brichanre@liviassyi sh ooc cet aoe a eee 401 Court St.
Brittain. ShiwAG.. 4 etree ae tae hoy icy ene ae 417 W. 7th St.
Browns Mredenttke das 229 vs eres tale et eee Garvanza
25 ular Sr H at) oe een eee cone vk nc een Ce nce Bradbury Bldg.
iBurcham:> Minsso@5 cA. areeaacy aca se eae 700 Burlington Ave.
SUTMS te) EA OUIS AR coherent eager ey eee S. Pasadena
“Butterworths, We Acs 2st ee ae 5 Doe 2 cee eee Pasadena
= Cady, wre dleSSle Atoms terns ene ree 10th and Flower Sts.
*Callahamen Os dis cake tacoscee aaron cer ee eae ae 127 N. Main St-
=Ganield, Wim: diene osc. Sete eee Johnson Bldg.
Chamberlain. sProkessoreAc El. 5 ee Throop Inst., Pasadena
*Chamberlalmaeds Hct accra eee ee Normal School
@handler Jolarby< 326 steno ee Times-Mirror Co.
Chapin ar. ANB ecrsc0-t- cies ct eae a Altadena
Ghase ucius {Ke s,s oe coe ee ee ee Laughlin Bldg.
Cheney, Hon: 2Wey AS? eee ofan SO Stimson Bldg.
Cheney: 4H Dian oc ace ge ee eee Stimson Bldg.
Clark? JPME Sei Se cor eee ee ener ee ane 152 Lake Ave., Pasadena
*Claypole:- Dr? Bdatht Jee. see (sc eee Pasadena
SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 125
Olle, ID res (Cre KO ies Beer steers nie gee pepe Mesa core eae MesAMpe 1425 S. Hope St.
© C@llenmnennys oS DE eae ite caecae eae ei a em meee Lc roe Oakland
Gaollllirmess * Ta05 iiss et Aenea adieu eet ara ne eee ot priee ara Henne Bldg.
Collie: Ways Ie a= ve a ates le Acne eee 105 W. 5th St.
COTTE, «lla: is Gea eee ere ee aera ee Laughlin Bldg.
Conan Rev, Phomas' J... ...2...... 717 S. Burlington Ave.
COMING! ID, ei ORE eee eae sete hie a Para 454 S. Spring St.
Coalk, Ue ANsd Se ee aaa nee ane aero ae a Currier Bldg.
Clomynaig, /ANINCG 1 CER iti Ine ras ert avr wearer 202 W. 27th St.
Crosseliemerokesor. TD.) Rail soso die eects awe a ee Normal School
MOTOWN G COs Ubvsis) 00 clots wicje sie eee s ee nce Conservative Life Bldg.
OOM OUISE Bre. 5 es ee lsle ce eas les © aunt 676 Westlake Ave.
Cunmmmodwanme WD. Weeks. oe oe Sade ec lhe 627 Wi el8thy St:
MO WZAMCT ANIMES ie.6) o.5. 5 sa c0 4s -t wyoyareie dis + susie wee California Club
PDavidsony Ory Anstruther. .+...............luaughlin:’ Bldg.
“IDS NVIS., IDC. 1 CSR IRR tee em a 2 Chester Place
Dozer, wrotessor, Melville; ..2.......:. State Normal School
Taree eID MN ee eas Sie spate wicca, wae ves oe GOOG) Win 2od ot:
ET GIG AMO MIN ss cs) os SSNs ws She date aos a aaa Bryson Bldg.
HAs PMB eerie oto eR le First National Bank
Tibmmn@rny 1 Die, "kil De eae nee eee ene era 10th and Flower Sts.
IPgTreO, ID ey lbs Oe ae en ee een ere 139 W. Adams St.
ellowseOrwvAltPed 26. 2a othe eka 929 S. Main St.
TEIS COREL EIA 5! gd Dish Aer ee es a 2827 Menlo Ave.
piiletcheruC@mMarlese Ro cs Sek ed See cee 8 Lok Hotel Lovejoy
ICT OMET ENE oS Se eae lots cess a Old Westlake Ave;
JP Ollavag Oeey SID TOR DRHe. NIAn Ret ger Ionian a ener 4 i ea Laughlin Bldg.
mWoshayelerotessor J. Ac. : 2.26. 6. S. Chamber of Commerce
JP FPeTNGI A. A\Olabal. 0 Se eyes hee eeu cert Gren ene etn leet a oa Pomona
Gaccmertbilllen “Mi... foo. e. kk 717 Burlington Ave.
Caceres! is (Wi. a a SR ie 717 Burlington Ave.
Caine ra Nels HS 3 2). as ost. aosha ita sce. . obnsom. Bids:
(ChLTTNEDINA, | DIDUEXSS Kes Nae a ees oe ee 953 S. Hope St.
“GrOOchivatals OSs Leelee ee eho AA An nA SANE ee 321 W. Ave. 37
ChOIAC LO, ID. Wes eee Se en ae Braly Bldg.
Ceo Oye LOLessor MyIMaN ae was oe seed cies ae High School
sl (elma SMTA A ees ceeyewet . CRU eene eay 743 8. Hill St.
TEL aie GhisOLa, NN Gal Oo NMR Pa Ne gs Bak it a aE esi Ser Tajo Bldg.
HelleinetenmmMeapTe G COLL Cr. i. Pee atededee era bl eleven 2144 Flower St.
elteanstlewerVlaisye ME Seon 0 aha Mee Rie 2 as 1350 Constance St.
elenracis OrmemeAte CITT We 683. Ps oes wala lola ts tones take 330 W. 30th St.
JE Leys," 1 Ded S ERS OA eam tee DO ps eee ere nel el ata ke Soldiers’ Home
““Talenyaavelstod Dey. K0) 00 el eae oe ae te tea 945 Figueroa St.
echt ab bl San Ds Des isa ee eee td ale 817 Beacon St.
touehtone Dr: Arthur Dee aie eo a 417 W. 29th St.
TBLORRVOS. 1EYS TaN Aan gece Pes ae ae naan een ee a ee 1513 Millard Ave.
“TEUO SV, JG Tyan ontseieeemelear nie ob) oie Nein ols raises Pasadena
126 SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
*Huches, sDirc Wiestiaanaenc-s one aeee aera 900 W. 23d St.
Sunt Wr DOLE ee la eae ale Vege Do ae Grant Bldg.
am ters sHhae rs Soa on ae ee eee crea 334 8. Figueroa St.
James. G.couwihtar tone wei. eer .ic hve sh Geen oe Pasadena
devine? HH peo ene suet e ae eee ans 849 S. Burlington Ave.
Johnsons >-Au Campbell io. A555, ck cette oe ee Garvanza
JOMMSOMMG HACE Vere Mlels eau octane oe I eee 523 S. Olive St.
* JONSON ra seein eal cepa een Sas .c ie eat conocer 814 W. 7th St.
iOTUES HE M1) etter geet alan abst cede oe anit Ag Mans nae 226 W. Ist St.
ONE Son Mia ye aiieyey sate gicawt Oiiea tsa 20 gs oll Seah eae Public Library
SONNE SW VIS es hay ae ect eis inset A) eae 721 We 23d) St:
Kearney, Dr. Elizabeth F....... Sa So Wey NG eee 2109 Estrella Ave.
INCESE: F SaImMUelisneves wari alter oteweyet ae wee ce ov. Lrustebitdies
ere fi JE MET ios bai Gace, herria wee Moateteeecmeieere 638 Maple Ave.
amireys: Alb bOtiea ioe ic tons cee oeeee «yan eee me ke Stimson Bldg.
For Ont? Wile side cen Attica. teats aig, co as eee saat ooh 1012 W. 8th St.
Oe bie MD Tre AG SEL s Sica pete 2 yee) sae 10) or eae Stimson Bldg.
‘Larkin verokessor abn di). aac. «cls eee eee Mt. Lowe
Bauch ssrlOMmere site spi. stesso 315 8. Broadway
cg! DY =Y 4! D rier eid Rgnltar-atei athe eae ner pn ema gti hci 723 Coronado St.
hieslie sProtessor Ger P ics oie dil a net ee High School
MOE er wl COle tries ni wre. yees a), ice cee hw, eemncr ans 326 S. Broadway
PTO Wie Ney: EL ee eae Ro Nin toe cere er A suet eee 1417 Hoover St.
Os its A Gi. ail aon aerate aa Acne Cupra ne a Se ae 1417 Hoover St.
Howe, Professor: DSC Xk ws v.48 55.0 nae 6 ae ee Pasadena
INT eS Ue VV 110, 1 ates eMev rw seticdeds Coe pte eel ete as 1008 Diamond St.
PNT a cleieink Wits JA ci Mi ge ce Cee a) Kiaue eee erect eeaurrare Bradbury Bldg.
Macleod Malcolime nae seicee weet cena 600 S. Alvarado St.
MeBrides Dredge clu. ean hack panel ee eee Pasadena
= Mic Clelland? Professor Hitssse. 4. eaee Occidental College
MeConwvallllerh Jit 3 strate cathe Sutton tecciey riots eae Lankershim Bldg.
* Mattison sin JHC.) hisass a. Seen oss Pasadena
Made nsHmRlOnner alist. asic suicneeen eee 1720 Brooklyn Ave.
Mallen. AC lanes Vie 2 era ey SG pea Age aera 512 8. Boyle Ave.
Millspaugh=sPresident J. "Hiss. .... 6s on. State Normal School
1 Woy ob atetl ets pkg chee een eran ay NR aA” RRR CE Byrne Bldg.
Moody ChanleseAmadon: seme eee ee 115 8. Broadway
wal\i Woyoyo yyeagel Ba chur) fey D etn rn ce tee ERR Acai ain PRR Laughlin Bldg.
Moo dye, MSs Ole Baer ope nnces Re ee ene San Francisco
M:00r es) Tae ster’ sis ski re ioe ents Alben ances Mean eee ee Tajo Bldg.
e Nevin aDre Ji Or whe ern ey ee ee 1319 Santee St.
Palmer: iProkessor blizabeth.: ames. cee eee High School
Parker (@) WKas yaar. ceed are hues so ae ee ee ee Braly Bldg.
Parkhurst) Dre Burleichty... cbs s one cree nee Douglas Bldg.
*Parsons,“GeowiW ir ayaa ce tees) oo ener 107 S. Broadway
* PattersOmsmWenCaue eect mee eer ei Los Angeles National Bank
Payne: Theodore shits ticks tte cone eee 440 §. Broadway
SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 127
erkenasemien Ofessor El. Bei. fo oan eal cick aeeatede ais Pasadena
Peter, ANL didelg eaneee cae aene genera se min irene, 226 S. Olive St.
ileimomeye Die. Carl Hi... ws St Soe Oth avd Flower Sts.
IPIGTROS,. 181, JES 5:0 la ao eR RRR Ren eens eae 125 W. Second St.
BICC OMIM VIE eter cls ayn) cle ge) Se asraieiie S ancnoon as theachay ces 412 8. Hope St.
anne MlemencORESSOT Wa. “hao. a) .)5 5 cco epe a se ce eres Tone
Sa ennGleaMlem Virsa TWAS hn eR les oe 905 S. Alvarado St.
“SIRMOG, IE AWeATO,” 1 0 Rea e Reena hea Cr rere aes anaes Stimson Bldg.
EES OMIM OOV nee ia so oe eo 020 WanghlinyBids:
UOMO S OTM Siete eres osu aie Clats Gdakd es 1103 W. 30th St.
rolimecomenvevenGeOrge.. 5 .s4... eee snes. .c020 9. Olive St.
POC CES DN AIMeS WR. 6 s)s.6 veiw wae Sees ames wien ete ees Byrne Bldg.
MU SSellMMOOMGOM:'s) 6.12 ek seit ne an ecolte Kanesleyn St:
SCM, Ns Glge ae sn ee ee ney ann eta 218 W. 6th St.
Sevmoume Mass OM Soc Seneca eee oe « 746 W. Adams St.
SOMBTNO, AMET REG OE ate ee anna es nee eat ee a 226 S. Spring St.
SSO UII OT OMAN fs ANY foe 7.2 eyes n'-5s ui aes mol Bialate saceve tere 322 Wileox Bldg.
Stiglollere,: 1b, Alas teaasen an ee an ae ee ae 1122 W. 30th St.
SUC ugeu Ia MMI OUNTAE ried Sai, af heh ales cic. vecslbee endvaedeena se 147 EK. 21st. St.
SCC L MNES MOI. suc teeicnetavs Nzeate aS oe 12114 S. Broadway
culNen IN CTC VLA ORs 20. aces lots Gis a eset acumen se babe Laughlin Bldg.
~“Nayslieese, 118. 1D 0) Da ain eee ciara bora RUIN eames ate) ot Grant Bldg.
ROM ENVnSei lean Or VOY. .\. 2 0-n 0 ee ees 1941 S. Union Ave.
dcamelyanien Ga kramailtOM. 2.1 ss tte es ste nes 1435 W. 23d St.
“UWlreywerotessor A. B......: Sean Madd eh aceon eA 1435 W. 23d St.
WV Fetes lege cpeslB Ne ius ccrecihec/. -cicwsyaye obeviar eee nee eo 2a hao; Bide:
~ Walsieln@ie, I Desh Big Cae ae Rete MTR eKE ee aad Laughlin Bldg.
Wosloumeas, (Go aN bebe oo Ee Mahe att an eM Te 1242 Westlake Ave.
Wiosburo ohm S545 04 Blea ate sia tose 1012 Bonnie Brae St.
ANN GVGL®,. 185» JY Ls eae Re hehe cn Pee SIAL a mn ea 318 E. 1st St.
eAVadsworthy President Guy W....)..0 Occidental College
NAY ex Gleny@ir lit, AE Seat eet ae Jeeta atase HO el oe pa CN i Douglas Bldg.
Wollixermvevieb 1D De oe 1718 S. Flower St.
HY Salo warer ay Negi Faerie pet cry ris ee ar Ist and Broadway
VE n@ ellie, IN Gasiths avs Nel eaves eal ene er ee eA San Gabriel
eaten Die © Ae ta. . cs, Paeifie College of Osteopathy
WicmoreyeVirs: John) 2 tise eee 949 W. Adams St.
TAP lon, «AY col Bs een een tfc a 410 EK. 3d St.
NAV seantere, LENS Chas Se AS Se Acre SIE tel a Pe RD aia MeN 2
WO oOdnaherdbs On. 8800. ait Olle? 1926 S. Grand Ave.
sAoodmidee. re S. Mite eee sell ea a South Pasadena
eaNoodordce) John D:D eee ce South Pasadena
\WY OOM COE Eos Sr cx Nee a ee mR ser UE 1006 S. Hope St.
WV TCA: TB ms ae ontiearaeenn agin a i AUR 155 ‘.1812 Winfield St.
ST EBES, NAAITIES SR Aare ee, 6S ae aca le rte Sie Weeoodai ses
728 SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.
BOARD OF DIRECTORS,
1904-1905.
Professor Melville Dozier, President.
John D. Hooker, Vice President.
B. R. Baumegardt, Secretary.
G. Major Taber, Treasurer.
Wm. H. Knight, Chairman Section of Astronomy.
Dr. Anstruther Davidson, Chairman Section of Botany.
Professor A. B. Ulrey, Chairman Section of Biology.
George W. Parsons, Chairman Section of Geology.
Dr. S. M. Woodbridge, Chairman Section of Agricul. Chem.
Dr. Theo. B. Comstock.
Dr. C. A. Whiting.
Standing Committees.
Program—Ex-officio, Dozier, Knight, Davidson, Ulrey, Par-
sons, Woodbridge, Baumgardt.
Publeation—Comstock, Davidson, Knight.
Finanece—Parsons, Whiting, Hooker.
Membership—Taber, Woodbridge, Baumgardt.
Affihation—Knight, Ulrey, Davidson.
Secretaries of Sections.
Astronomy—Professor Melville Dozier.
Botany—Colton Russell.
Biology—Dr. C. A. Whiting.
Geology—G. Major Taber.
Agricultural Chemistry—E. M. Wade.
Meetings, (Every month except July and August.)
Academy, General, First Monday.
Section of Biology, Second Monday.
Section of Astronomy, Third Monday.
Section of Geology, Fourth Monday.
Section of Ag’l. Chem.,
. as arranged.*
Section of Botany, ae 8
All regular meetings of Academy and Sections are held at
the State Normal School, West Fifth and Grand avenue.
Seeretary’s Office—116 N. Broadway.
*At present these two Sections meet at offices of their respective
Chairmen. Section of Botany, Third Tuesday Evening, each month.
VOL. III. NOVEMBER, 1904 NO. 8
BW ws a rN,
OF THE
Southern Catiforniz Academy of Sciences
COMMITTEE ON PUBLICATION
THEO. B. COMSTOCK, S. D.; A. Davipson, C. M., M. D.; Wo. H. KNIGHT.
CONTENTS:
Page Page
This Means You! Editorial 129 | Fossil Peak, Santa Catalina Island, By
pyhawks tombhems bell) \) peameertn uote 1 , Y
Blan Creriraskecelen -tctents seteisioeiclecttra state 140
Transections for October, 1904.......... 130 mess :
Oceanclogy, By Sir John Murray, K.C.B. | A Preliminary Synopsis of the Southern
Edinburgh, Scotland .......... TAA ee ‘133. | California Cyperacec, By 5. B. Parish 141
Work of tne United States Reclamation | Announcements for November, 1904..... 143
Service in California, By J. B. Lippin-
cott, Supervising Engineer,........... 137
PUBLISHED BY
THE ACADEMY, MONTHLY EXCEPT
JULY, AUGUST AND SEPTEMBER
Yearly Subscription, $1.00 Single Copies, 26 cts,
“ Entered September 18, 1903, at Los Angeles, Cal,, as second-class matter,
under Act of Congress, July 16, 1894.”
MAILED DECEMBER 7, 1904
This Means You!
Don’t put this aside until you have accomplished something
in the way of adding to the membership. There is no organi-
zation which fills the place of the Southern California Academy
of Sciences. It provides.a course of forty high class lectures,
each year, with ample opportunity of publishing ‘much valu-
able literature, besides preserving the work of local investi-
gators. It will not keep down and it will continue to prosper
in spite of any fate or any degree of meager support. But it
deserves well at your hands and your best interest lies in up-.
holding its work. Act now and do not forget.
THANKS TO THE EBELL
The joint meeting of the Los Angeles Ebell and the Academy
was a great success, owing to the goodness and self-sacrifice of
the ladies of the Ebell. Disappointed by the tardy arrival of
Sir John Murray’s belated train, they were unable to meet the
distinguished guest in their own hall, as previously arranged,
and they generously united with the Academy, transferring
to it a goodly share of the honors, while themselves sharing
Bost heavily in the expense and providing the larger portion
£ the audience.
730 SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENGES
TRANSACTIONS FOR OCTOBER, 1904
I. ACADEMY SESSIONS.
1. Regular Monthly Meeting.
The second meeting of the Academy for the fiscal year was held
at the State Normal School, Monday evening, October 3, 1904. Presi-
dent Melville Dozier in the chair.
In fitting words of commendation cf the Government work to-
wards the preservation of the wild animals now being ruthlessly slaugh-
tered in American forests, and more especially the effective service
rendered by the gentleman introduced, President Dozier presented the
speaker of the occasion, Mr. Alden Sampson, formerly game preserve
expert of the Bureau of Forestry of the United States Department of
Agriculture.
Mr. Sampson read a most valuable paper on the ‘‘Present and
Prospective Game Preserves of the United States, ‘‘showing how inei-
dental to other contemplated objects have heretofore been the refuges
vouchsafed to the noble game which reckless slaughter has wofully
decimated almost to extinction of some species, as the buffalo, grizzly
bear, elk, moose, etce.’’ The present anomalous and ineffective policy of
the Government, due to the lack of segregation of authority, was
briefly stated and a clear notion was given of the work already ac-
complished, as viewed by the speaker in a journey of 13,000 miles
while inspecting the refuges in actual operation.
This paper was highly appreciated by the audience, as was evinced
by a warm vote of thanks tendered the speaker at the close. Some
discussion was participated in by President Dozier and Messrs. Collins,
Stewart, Knight, Taber, Comstock and others,
The secretary pro tem. announced the list of new members elected
by the Board, after which the president made announcements re-
garding meetings of Sections and the Academy in November, making
also a strong appeal to the members io aid in extending the influence
of the Academy by personal effort.
An invitation from the Ebell Club to members of the Academy
t) attend the lecture of Sir John Murray, of Challenger fame, to
be given Monday evening, October 10, was read by the president and
formally accepted. :
The Session was then adjourned to meet again Monday evening,
November 7. THEO. B. COMSTOCK, Secretary Pro Tem.
2. Extraordinary Meeting.
The regular monthly meeting of the Section of Astronomy gave
place October 17 to a gathering of the Academy in association with
the Los Angeles Ebell Club. at the Normal School, to listen to a
leeture by Sir John Murray, of Edinburgh, upon ‘‘Oceanology.’’ An
audience of 800 of our leading citizens listened attentively to this
able and interesting address. President Dozier, of the Academy, pre-
sided. The distinguished lecturer spoke feelingly and in an entertain-
ing manner of the work of the Challenger Expedition of 1872, and
of dredging enterprises under the auspices of other governments than
his own, particularly of those conducted by Americans, ineluding
that now engaged in the South Pacific under our esteemed Alexander
Agassiz. The conelusions reached by authorities regarding the topog-
raphy of the ocean: beds and the nature of the deposits accumulating
SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 131
thereon were clearly outlined, with remarks indicating the speaker’s
deductions from known faets.
The cordial thanks of the Academy are due the many members
of the Ebell who were present, and we trust that they may not be
averse to meeting often with.us in our own sessions.
An outline of Sir John’s address is given elsewhere in this issue
of the Bulletin. 133) at BAUMGARDT, Secretary.
II. DIRECTORS’ MEETING.
The Board met.at the State Normal School, Monday, October 38,
1204, at 7:30 p. m. Present: President Dozier, Messrs. Knight, Davidson,
Whiting, Woodbridge, Taber, Comstock, the latter acting as secretary
in absence of Mr. Baumgardt from the city.
The resignation of Mr. 8. G. Bennett, U. S. Geological Survey,
now residing in San Francisco. was regretfully accepted at his own
request on account of removal.
Bill of Baumgardt Publishing Company for printing, postage on
Bulletins, ete., amounting to $3.50, was approved and ordered paid.
Members elected in ame form: ;
President J. F. Millspaugh, Professors Frederick H. Beals, Charles
M. Miller and F. A, Hull, of the State: Normal School; Mr. Elmer S.
Hunter, 334 South Figueroa street, and Mr. W. H. Fletcher, 312
Westlake avenue.
After considerable discussion relatinbg to proposed changes in the
Constitution or By-Laws, as regards annual dues and membership fees,
the Board, in a vote, expressed its approval of the reduction of
annual dues to $2.00 per annum, beginning January 1, 1905, and abo-
lition of membership (initiation) fee. Mr. Comstock was directed
to report at next meeting of Board whether this will require an
amendment to the Constitution or a change of the By-Laws.
The Publication Committee, by Comstock, chairman, reported that
the Constitution and By-Laws, Reports of Officers and other official
matter, with list of members, as ordered printed by the Board, will
require twenty-four pages for the October issue of the Bulletin, and
authority was asked to issue a double number of thirty-two pages in
order to inelude other important matter in hand. This action was
unanimously approved and’ a resolution was passed that 1,000 copies
‘of this issue of the Bulletin be printed for use as a campaign document
in securing members.
Much discussion was had regarding the best means of enlarging
the usefulness of the Academy and the increase of its membership.
Adjournment followed.
THEO. B. COMSTOCK, Secretary Pro Tem.
III. MEETINGS OF SECTIONS.
1. Section of Biology.
The regular meeting, October 10, was called to order by the
chairman, who gave a general outline of the proposed work of the
Section for the current year.
Minutes of last meeting read and approved. C. A. Whiting made
a brief report on the structure and function of the cauda equina. The
point which the speaker attempted to make was that the lumbar
enlargement of the cord represents about thirteen segments. Consid-
erable discussion followed.
A. B. Ulvey made a most interesting report on some pond. organ-
isms which he collected in Westlake Park. He carefully described
132 SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
many of the life processes in these organisms. The whole report
was intended as an introduction to somewhat more technical work
which is to be presented at the next meeting of the Section, November
14. The paper was discussed at length by several members.
About eighteen members were present.
Mr. Knight, chairman of the Section of Astronomy; Mr. Tabor,
secretary of the Section of Geology, and the chairman of this Section,
Mr. Ulrey, announced the subjects of lectures for October and the
Academy meeting in November.
The meeting then adjourned.
C. A. WHITING, Secretary.
2. Section of Astronomy.
(As previously stated, no meeting of this Section was ‘held in
Oetober, owing to the extraordinary meeting of the Ebell and the
Academy, which was substituted therefor. Mr. Baumgardt’s report
of his visit to the International Congress at St. Louis, as a delegate
from the Academy, has consequently been postponed to November 21.)
3. Section of Geology.
Regular monthly meeting held at State Normal School, Monday,
October 24, 8 p. m. Chairman Parsons being absent, Dr. Theo B.
Comstock presided.
A brief paper, entitled ‘‘lossil Peak, Catalina Island,’’ by Blanche
Trask, was read by the chairman. Title of paper by Dr. Theo. B. Com-
stock was announced, ‘‘Notes on Structural Materials in Southern
Cali onnia 77%
Mr. J. B. Lippincott, Supervising Engineer of. the Reclamation
Service of the U. 8. Geological Survey, for this district, was then
introduced and gave a very interesting account of the plans for
irrigation of the arid lands in California and Arizona from the waters
of the Colorado River, known as the Yuma project. A very Iucid
explanation followed of the classification adopted in order to properly
carry out the work. This being now, in his opinion, somewhat com-
plicated and liable to interference of authority, he recommended a
businesslike rearrangement of the general plan of administration. Valu-
able stacistics and some details regarding various projects under way
were concisely presented and illustrated by blackboard sketches.
After the address a number of questions put by members were
answered satisfactorily.
Professor Dozier, president of the Academy, made a strong plea
for greater interést among members, when announcing the subject of the
lecture for the next meeting, November 7.
Adjourned to Monday evening, November 28.
4. Section of Botany.
This Section met at 501 Laughlin Building, the chairman in the
chair. Dr. A: Davidson read a paper on the ‘‘Flora of Clifton, Ari-
_zona.’?? A number of specimens of the Malvaceae were shown, one of
which was new to the United States.
COLTON RUSSELL. Secretary.
“This paper is crowded out of the Bulletin this month.
SOC EIN CALILORNGA ACADEMY: OP SCIENGES: “133
Oceanology*
BY SIR JOHN MURRAY, K. C. B, EDINBURGH, SCOTLAND.
(Abstract of Lecture before the Academy and the Los Angeles Ebell, October 17, 1904.)
The ocean was long regarded as unconquerable by man. The
poet, Byron, expressed this sentiment when he wrote:
‘
‘Ten thousand fleets sweep over thee in vain;
Man marks the earth with ruin—his control stops
with the shore.’’
And yet man has not been content to admit his lack of mas-
tery over even this mighty power in nature. So completely
has the science of marine engineering overcome the obstacles
of the deep that I think we may safely claim that vessels are
now afloat capable of resisting the onset of any storm which
can occur at sea.
The methods of study are probably familar to many of you,
but some will be interested by a brief description of the work
of an expedition and: the means adopted to secure accurate
evidence for the upbuilding of a science of oceanology. The
principal observations inciude: soundines to determine depth
over the ocean bed, from which to construct maps of its topog-
raphy; the recording of temperatures at varying depths; the
collection of samples of mud by dredging over the floor of the
ocean, and the gathering of animate forms for purposes of
study of the effect of pressure, temperature and other condi-
tions of environment.
For each and all of these, instruments have been constructed
which are well adapted to their uses. Soundines are taken
with heht strong wire. or with hempen rope, at the end of
which are attached sinkers, sometimes of three or four hun-
dred weight, surrounding a heavy iron tube in which is placed
a registering thermometer, and a greased cup for getting mud
from the sea bottom. Usuaily a registering pressure gauge
is also provided, and a water bottle designed to collect from
the lowest stratum. Bottom dredging is performed in a dif-
ferent manner. The line is played out for several miles from
the rapidly moving steamer, so that it does not settle deeply,
then it is allowed to drop gradually to the ocean floor and is
dragged slowly to scrape up mud and sueh life as may there
exist.
The maximum depth of the ocean, which is really local and
near the new possessions of the United States, in the Indian
Ocean, is less than six miles. About five miles is the greatest
*The editor of the Bulletin regrets that he has been unable to submit
either the vroof or the MS. of this abstract to the lecturer. Believing
that he has quoted accurately as to principles, nevertheless, this respon-
sibility rests wholly with the editor.
134 SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
depth over a considerable area, this also in the Indian Ocean
and the Pacific south and north of the equator. Excluding
cones, buried or but little above the surface of the water, the
average depth of the whole ocean bed is but httle more than
18,000. feet.
The resuits of ocean exploration are numerous and interest-
ing, but there is only time now to go briefly over them. If we
leave out of account the local effects of inflowing rivers and
the changes induced by living agents along the coast and the
borders of islands and more or less submerged cones—i. e., ex-
eluding the shallow water areas—there is not much diver-
gence in the composition of sea water. And the same holds
eood with respect to depth as well as latitude and longitude.
That is to say, however much the water of the ocean may vary,
from point to point, in temperature, pressure or otherwise, it
has about the same chemical ingredients, although there may
be differences in density. ;
At the surface of the ocean plant-life is far more abundant
than at any point on land. Within 600 feet of the surface, plant
hfe is profuse but not below that depth, which is the limit
of hght penetration. At deeper levels, down to the maximum
depth of the floor, animal life exists, and this is fairly prolifie
at the very bottom. All the animals there are of the type
of mud-grubbers and many of them are provided with or-
gans especially adapted to their environment, very different
from those living where light abounds. One form has phos-
phorescent hght at the tips of its tentacles, another has a
protruding eye-like organ which glows at the end, furnishing
a light which it ean direct at will over a wide field. Eyes
show a gradual change in various forms at different depths,
and they are absent in many deep sea animals.
The heht which enables the animals to see at great depths
is undoubtedly phosphorescent. This source of: illumination is
common at the ocean’s surface, as you must have observed fre-
quently on your own sea-coast. -In mid-ocean the waves in the
wake of a moving vessel exhibit it brilliantly at night. We
were frequently able to read fine print by its aid alone on the
deck of the Challenger, fifteen feet above the water.
My own views, I must admit, have not been fully accepted -
by all geologists, but I am well convinced that the former gen-
eral behef that limestones are mainly detrital will not hold for
the deposits in mid-ocean. I strongly incline to the opimion
that all true limestones not made up of cemented aggregates
of shells, have passed through living organisms. In the deep
sea, the animals work over the mud, extracting the organié
matter and rejecting the limy fragments of shells. Coral build-
SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 735
ing organisms secrete lime-rock within their own tissues.
One point of great importance to geologists is the distribution
of deposits of phosphates and glauconite. We do not find any
of these now forming, except along the coasts in peculiar sit-
uations. They are invariably in localities where cold currents
may, at intervals, rush in to warmer zones of the sea, destroy-
ing much of its life. Thus, off the coast of Canada and the
northeastern portion of the United States, we have the report
from the Fish Commissioners that untold millions of fish and
other denizens of the ocean were killed in a stormy period.
Their remains formed a layer several feet in thickness in parts
of the tract. From their decay and by processes well enough
understood beds of phosphate are built up, and in connection
therewith glauconite is also formed.
Thus is explained the location of such deposits in Florida, at
the Cape of Good Hope, in Algiers and elsewhere, always near
the coast borders, representing areas of former shallow sub-
mergenee. Something of the same action is also taking place
along the North Pacific coast, in Canada and the United States,
and I presume that beds of glauconite and phosphate are there
to be found.
The deposition of sand grains is now known to be confined
almost wholly to degradation of land surface. There is prac-
tically no accumulation of silica in the deep sea, except in re-
eions where melting icebergs drop the material which they
have transported from the land. Diatoms and other organisms
“with siliceous parts thrive in many parts of the ocean, even
away from the areas of detrital deposit. The explanation of
some of these facts is still obscure.
Contrary to general belef heretofore, there is no evidence
of convection currents in the deeper layers of the water. Below
600 feet in depth, both ight and heat are independent of atmo-
spheric influences. Not more than one degree of difference in
temperature, wpon the average, is discernible in very deep water
over the whole area of the oceans.
The old idea of geologists that the oscillations of the con-
tinental areas have had their counterpart in changes of the
ereat base-level plateau underneath the ocean, do not appear
to be warranted by the discoveries of oceanologists. They tend
rather to show that the continents have grown independently
and that they are now growing by a process of hydration.
This means the absorption of water from the ocean, producing
earth masses of less specific gravity than the covered portions
en the basal plateau. This view explains the known differ-
ence of action of the pendulum over the land and in mid-sea,
and gives me reason to conclude that the continents are grow-
736 SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
ing at the expense of the sea. It would then appear that the
main cause of land movements is pressure from the sea.
The pressure at great depth in the ocean is, of course, very
great, amounting to more than 800 pounds per square inch at
five miles. But the differences in water at the surface and on
the bottom are not as much as might be supposed. This
arises from the very great resistance of water to compres-
sion. If the action of gravity were to cease, the surface of
the ocean would rise only about 200 feet. The great pressure
is manifested in all directions, and sometimes thermometer bulbs
are smashed to dust where not sufficiently protected in sound-
ing. Adequate provision must be made against this enornrous
pressure, both to prevent what oceanologists eall ‘‘implosion,’’
as in the case cited, and explosion by outward bursting of wa-
ter bottles; for instance, by expansion on reaching the sur-
face, through excessive diminution of pressure.
The water at the bottom of the ocean where it is very deep
is extremely cold, even at the troipes, there being very littie
difference in temperature at different latitudes. The mud
brought up in the dredge is cold enough to be used as ice in
cooling bottled beverages.
The ocean floor is covered with a deposit made up of frag-
ments of shells, of vegetable detritus and other fine-grianed ma-
terial such as may drop from the rich life-zone of the first
600 feet from surface. There are also commonly found minute
spherules, of the size of a pin head, say not more than six
or eight to a pint of mud, which have centers of dense metallic
iron. These are undoubtedly of meteoric origin, apparently
contributed from sources outside our own planet. My observa-
tions and other records all go to show that there is no such
thine as a continuous shower of cosmic dust over the oceans.
The limits of my time and the lack of illustrative material
at hand, as well as the audience before me, forbid more than
these broad generalizations here. Much as we have learned,
there remain many questions to solve of great interest and
of far-reaching importance. Some of these must have great in-
fluence upon the future development of geographic and geo-
logical science. I thank you for your attention and the in-
terest you have shown in this work.
Dr. Herman L. Fairchild, of the Rochester (N. Y.) University,
has brought out a new edition of Dana’s Manual of Geology, revised
in accordance with the new conceptions as put forth by Professor
Chamberlin. Those who accept these principles have faith that their
influence upon the science of geology will be as far reaching and as
stimulative as were the promulgations of Darwin’s and Spencer’s tenets
in the field of Biology.
SOUPHE RN: GALTFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES: 137
Work of the United States Reclamation Service in
California
BY J, B. LIPPINCOIT, Supervising Engincer.
(Read Before the Section of Geology, Oct. 24, 1904.)
There is anomaly in the classification of the Government
work as relates to the administration of certain departments.
The resulting compleations have caused less practical dupli-
eation of work than would have occurred otherwise, because
the defects of the system are very well appreciated upon all
sides.
The United States Geological Survey has been given charge
of that portion of the study and construction which relates
to the utilization of the nation’s water supply for the benefit
of the greatest possible number of inhabitants. Briefly stated,
the plan of operations in each irrigation district is as follows:
When the actual owners of the land have accomplished
the proper organization of an association for water distri-
bution under conditions now clearly established by law, the
Government formally agrees to build and operate suitable
headgates without charge for taxes or interest. The original
cost must, however, be paid back to the Government by the
users, In such annual charges for the water as may be neces-
sary to liquidate the total sum in a long series of years. The
national Government contracts directly with the local asso-
ciation, but it is stipulated that from 40 to 160 acres shall
be the maximum allowance for each land owner and that
Shareholders shall be land holders only, at one share per acre.
Under these requirements of law, already a large amount of
work has been undertaken. Each district is in general charge
of a supervising engineer, with an adequate corps of engineers,
assistant engineers and other employes. These gather the
necessary information and submit projects which are care-
fully serutinzed by a board of six consulting engineers.
‘The California District extends from Central Oregon to
and including the Colorado River. Work is now well ad-
vanced in this large area upon four projeets of importance,
which together are estimated to contain sufficient water, prop-
erly conserved, to irrigate considerably more than half a mil-
lion acres of land accessible therefrom.
‘Below are given brief outlines of the work thus far under-
taken in this California District under my supervision:
Klamath Project.—Klamath River, outlet of Klamath Lake,
Oregon, with large swamp areas, feeding by overflow process
38 SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENGES
into Little Klamath Lake (Oregon-California) ; thence south-
westward through Siskiyou, Humboldt and Del Norte coun-
ties, California, to the Pacifie Ocean. Irrigation is here essen-
tial. The lands are flat, the soil fertile, sandy loam, probably
capable of economical irrigation. Estimated area to be brought
under water, 140,000 acres from Kiamath River and 72,000
acres from additional reservoirs, besides about 100,000 aeres
in Butte Creek Valley irrigable by pumping. About 1,104,000
acres have been segregated for sale, pending examination.
John T. Whistler and H. E. Green, engineers, made pre-
liminary reports upon the Klamath project in 1903, justifying a
further investigation this season. T. H. Humphreys, assistant
engineer, reporting to the supervising engineer, 1s now in
charge, with headquarters at Klamath Falls, Oregon. Topo-
eraphic surveys of the Horse Fly and me Lake reservoir
sites are being made under direction of T. S. Chapman. Esti-
mated area of Clear Lake site, about 20, 000 acres.
Near Keno, Oregon, F. K. Lowry is surveying the Klamath
River to determine the possibilities of lowermg and draining
Lower Klamath Lake. Existing canal systems are also under
survey with a view to utilization in connection with the gen-
eral project. Gauging stations are maintained at many points
and records of fluctuations, evaporation, ete., are carefully
taken. Much other important work is also in hand, some
of which will be prosecuted through the winter.
Sacramento Valley Project.—This is the northern portion
(4,196 sq. mi.) of the great Central Valley of California,
which, with the mountainous portions, has a total area of
26,187 square miles. The water supply is very great. From
1878 to 1885 the mean annual discharge of the Sacramento,
at Collinsville was 25,936,000 acre-feet. The valley is very
fertile, but the southern portion is subject to extensive over-
flow (800,000 aeres flooded in March, 1904).
Comprehensive work is planned in co-operation with the
State of California and in harmony with the work of the
Topographical branch of the Survey and the Bureau of For-
estry of the Agricultural Department.
The western side of the drainage basin and the northern
portion as far as Pit River, inclusive, have been examined
and reservoir sites surveyed aggregating in estimated capacity
1,800,000 aere-feet. Eight gauging stations are now mauin-
tained under the care of J. S. Evans, hydrographer. Stream
measurements have been regularly taken at numerous points
on tributaries. Estimates of cost of constructing dams on
Putah Creek and at Jelly’s Ferry have been prepared by H.
E. Green, engineer.
SOUTHERN CALTHORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (739
S. G. Bennett, engineer, is in charge of field work, assisted
by L. M. Lawson and J. S. Evans, and they have amassed
abundance of data relating to this tract. Their contemplated
work includes surveys of reservoir sites at Bieber, Canby, Jess
Valley, Goose Lake, Adin and West Valley. After completion
of the reports, the assistant engineers will be transferred to
the Colorado River project.
Yuma Project.—Maps, plans and careful estimates have
been prepared, supplemented by detailed observations of river
flow, with a view to the proper utilization of the Colorado
River for irrigation in California and Arizona. The project
meludes head works, and main canals upon both sides of
the river, with pumping plants for certain portions of the area
to be watered.
After very thorough study by our engineers and detailed
examinations by Mr. H. A. Storrs, consulting electrical and
mechanical engineer, followed by serutiny of the board of six
eonsultine engineers, there is a final agreement as to the best
means to accomplish the ends in view.
The area to be available under the system is about 86,700
acres, out of some 107,000 acres accessible, a portion of which
is too low or too high for economical irrigation at present.
The design adopted for the head works is one which has
been thoroughly tested on the Nile. It consists of a loose
rock structure with a pavmg of stones, the whole being tied
together with three parallel longitundinal walls of steel and
conerete between granite abutments. This is further pro-
tected by an apron of loose rock. The height of the weir is
te be ten feet above low water. The upper core wall of con-
erete will rest upon a row of sheet piling driven into the bed
of the river.
The handling of the silt is a difficult problem. At each
end of the weir there will be a sluiceway 200 feet wide, in solid
granite, closed by large gates operated by hydrauhe machinery.
The capacity of each sluiceway being about five times the
low water flow of the river, it is believed that the plan will
prove effective in use. But these figures do not adequately
express the conditions. The bulk of the silt, as observations
prove, passes near the bottom of the river. It is, therefore,
proposed to place a row of flash-boards along the intake, so
as to admit the water by a skimming process. This will per-
mit the furnishing of the entire capacity of the canal by
drawing only one foot in depth from the surface of the
river. Besides, the first 3,000 feet of canal on each side of
the river will be so constructed that the movement of water
140 SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
will be less than one foot per second. These settling basins
are planned so as to be readily scoured through gates opening
to the river below the weir.
The construction of the whole system will be substantial
and costly, but experience has: proven this to be most eco-
nomical in the end. About $1,000,000 will be expended in
the head works portion and the canals are designed to limit
seepage and other losses as much as possible.
A very troublesome matter will be the crossing of the Gila
River. It has been found necessary to provide for a strue-
ture of steel and concrete, 3,300 feet in length, to pass several
feet below the lowest bed of the river. It will also be neces-
sary to construct levees of considerable extent along the
reaches of the Colorado and Gila rivers. Drainage canals are
considered essential also, owing to the natural lay of the land.
The cost to land owners benefited by these extensive im-
provements is estimated at near $35 per acre, to be paid back
to the Government in ten equal annual installments. The
cost for irrigation will be about $1 per acre per annum.
The sum of $3,000,000 is now set aside by the Secretary of
the Interior, upon the recommendation of the Chief Engineer
of the Reclamation Service, for the installation of the Yuma
project.
Fossil Peak, Santa Catalina Island.
BY BLANCHE TRASK.
(Read Before the Section of Geology, Oct. 24, 1904.)
The fossil Pecten estrellanus Con. was found three years
ago on one of our greatest elevations. It appears like a
powder along the trail, while below, the eroded cliff-edge is
thick-set with the. shells from one to six inches in diameter.
Most of them are cracked and packed in the limestone as
though by heavy pressure.
An adjacent peak is topped with rolled pebbles, while the
ereat dikes of voleanic rock are visible here and there. In
these erosions rainbows seem to be imprisoned, and when the
winter rains set the emerald grasses aglow the effect is daz-
zling.
In the thousands of miles I have tramped here no other
trace of fossils has been found. -The elevation is about 1,500
feet above the sea.
SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (r1gi
A Preliminary Synopsis of the Southern California
Cyperacee.*
BY S. B. PARISH.
5.. SCIRPUS, Linn. Sp. Pl. 47—Bulrush.
Annual or perennial herbs with leafy culms, or the leaves
reduced to basal sheaths. Spikelets terete, or obscurely flat-
tened, solitary capitate, spikate or umbellate, the florescence
subtended by a l-several leaved involucre, or non-involucrate.
Seales spirally imbricated all around, usually all fertile, or
1-3 lower ones empty. Perianth of 1-6 bristles, or in some
Species none; stamens, 2-3; style 2-3-cleft, not enlarged at
the base, wholly deciduous, or the base persistent as a subu-
late tip to the achene.Achene 3-angled, lenticular, or plano-
convex.
A genus of some 200 widely distributed species.
KEY TO THE SPECIES.
Spikelet solitary.
Involuere wanting.
PAM a CIM tte Megs MW ens ain oon an ok Means
ewennial ~ 10-15 em, tall... 3... jae 2ee ss) -Paluciflonus
Involucral leaf promptly decrduous.........: 3. S. cernuus
Spikelets normally more than one; involuere persistent.
Culms 3-angled.
Principal involueral leaf pungent.
lueaves 2-6, long and narrow......... 4. S. Americanus
eaves; 0-2. short andi broadest wae 5. §. Olneyi
Involueral leaves all. foliaceous.
Spikelets large, few, in a short-rayed umbel... 6. S. Pacificus
Spikelets small, many, in a decompound umbel..........
rene rs cies Cat et Actin Ninel sea wh rg Mana 7. S. microcarpus
Culms, terete, sheathed at base, tail.
Umbel of a few short rays; bristles barbed.&. 8S. lacustris
> iva Rane ENE ee ata ect len ee narcotic ghast Ch mh ee abana 9. §. Tatora
*Spikelet solitary, termenal,; stamens 3, Style 3-cleft; achenes
3-angled,; culms low, tufted.
1. Scirpus nanus, Spreng. Pug. 1:4.. Britton, Trans. N. Y.
Acad. 11:74. Britt. & Br. Ill. Fl. 1:262. Eleocharis pygmaea,
Nore -Ann NY lye, 3:35. Watson, Bot, Cal. 2:221;
Annual; culms filiform, flattened, grooved, leafless, erect,
2-5 em. tall; spikelet ovoid-oblong, subacute, 3-8 flowered, 2-3
mm. long, bractless; scales ovate to lanceolate, 2 mm. long,
pale green, the lower obtuse, the upper subacute; bristles
mostly 6, retrorsely barbed, larger than the achene, or want-
* Continued from P. 86 (this volume) No. 6, June, 1904.
142 SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
ing; achenes obovoid, smooth and shining, 1 mm. long, acute.
Specimens, said to be ‘‘too young for positive determina-
tion,’’ collected April 18, 1854, at Cucamonga, by Bigelow, are
referred here by-Torrey, in Pac. R. Rep. 4:152. The species
is not otherwise known from our region, and perhaps does
not occur here. It 1s widespread both in Europe and Amer-
ica, and is usually found about salt marshes.
2. Scirpus paucifiorus, Lightf. Fl. Scot. 1078. Britton,
Trans. IN. Y.-Acad) 11 :sfo. Britt. .& Broly hi 262 leo
enaris paucifiorus, Link, Hort. Berol. 1:284. Watson, Bot.
Cal. 221
Deena by slender rootstocks; culms slender, rigid, stri-
ate, leafless, 10-15 em. tall; spikelets oblong, very acute, com-
pressed, 4-8-flowered, bractless, 5 mm. long; scales dark brown
hyaline margined, lanceolate, acuminate, 3 mm. lone; bristles
2-6, as long as the achene or longer, or none; achene ‘stramin-
eous, obovoid, pointed, obseurely reticulate, 2 mm. long.
’ Bear Valley, 6,500 ft. alt. in the San Bernardino Mts., June,
1894, 3265 Parish. In our specimens the bristles are wanting.
The species is a northern one, occurring on the Pacifie Coast
in the Sierra Nevada at considerable altitudes; eastward in
the Roeky Mts., Minnesota, Western New York and Canada;
also in Northern Europe.
3. Scirpus cernuus, Vahl, Enum. 2:285. Britton, Trans.
N. Y. Acad. 11:76. §. riparius, Spreng. Syst. 1:208. Watson,
Bom Cale2 217,”
Annual; culms tufted, setaceous or filiform, erect, 3-angled,
5-15 em. tall, the uppermost sheath usually bearing a short
leaf; involucral leaf solitary, erect, setaceous from a broad
scarious base, not exceeding the spikelet, very promptly de-
eiduous; spikelet ovoid to oblong, 2-5 mm. high; scales pur-
ple with pale midvein, or pale with brown markings, concave,
oval, 1 mm. in diameter; bristles none; achenes brown, granu-
late orbicular, the inner face flatter and broader than the
others, 0.75 mim. in width and height, mucronulate.
Common along the margins of wet streams and ponds, in
the Cismontane region, below 1,500 ft. alt. Santa Moniea;
Hasse. Los Angeles; Braunton, Davidson. San Bernardino;
Parish. A species of wide distribution in Europe, Australia
and South America; but in North America known only from
the Pacifie Coast.
** Spikelets several or many, terminal, subtended by one or more
involucral leaves; bristles 1-6; anthers tipped with an appendage,
which is hispidulous, except in No. 7; styles 2 cleft; achenes plano-
convex, perennials with strut, scaly horizontal rootstocks.
SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 143
+ Culms 3-angled; sheaths nudulose, bristles retrersely barbed
++/nvolucral leaf stiff and erect, apparently continuous with the
culm, scales obtuse or emarginate, the stout mitavein terminating in
a short mucro,; sprkelets tn a sessile cluster.
-“ 4. Scirpus Ameyicanus, Pers. Syn. 1:68. Britton, Trans. N.
Meade 73) Britt. @ Br tik Pl t:265. S: pungens) Vahl,
Enum. 2:255. Watson, Bot. Cal. 2:218. C. triangularis, Mac-
Mill. Met. Minn. Vol. 99.
Culms 1-5 dm. tall; leaves 2-6, at length divergent, rigid,
channeled, 1-3 dm. long, 1-3 mm. wide; involucral leaf, 2-20
em. long, channeled; spikelets 1-4, ovoid to ovoid-oblong,
acute, 5-10 mm. long; seales dark brown, ovate-oblong, 3-4
mm. long; stamens 3, appendages conical; achenes brown.
obovoid, 1 mm. long, mucronate, equaled by the bristles.
Apparently confined in the Cismontane region to the coastal!
subregion. Los Angeles River; Davidson. San Diego; Chan-
dler.:, Wet sand banks, San Pasqual; 1565 Parish. Also re-
ported in the Botany of the Death Valley Expedition as
abundant in marshes of the deserts of Inyo County. Through-
out North Ameriea, and in Chile.
—
5. Scirpus Olneyi, Gray, Bost. Jour. Nat. Hist. 5:238.
Culms more or less deeply triquetrous, 3-20 dm. tall, 2-3 em.
wide; 1-2 of the sheaths usually bearing a thin, broad leaf, 2-5
em. long, or leafless; involueral leaf, 3-angled, 1-2 em. long:
spikelets 2-20, oblong-ovoid acute, about 1 em. long: seales
brown, broadly ovate; stamens 2-3; achenes brown, obovate,
mucronate, 2 mm. long, equaled by the bristles.
Very common in marshes of the Cismontane region; oe-
curring also in the Desert region. Los Angeles; Davidson,
Nevin. Temecula; Névin, Parish. San Bernardino; Parish
Salt Creek and Palmetto Springs, Colorado Desert; Alderson,
North to Oregon; on the Atlantic Coast from Florida to
Rhode Island.
ANNOUNCEMENTS FOR NOVEMBER, 1904.
The audience of 700 of our most intelligent citizens, who greeted
Dr. Theo. B. Comstock, the lecturer at the November meeting of the
Academy, was stimulating and, we trust, an earnest of awakened in-
terest in the objects of our organization. We should like to see the
habit formed of regular attendance upon these monthly sessions.
Monday evening, November 14, the Section of Biology met at
the State Normal School. There was a most interesting presenta-
tion of ‘‘Studies of Some Forms of Chlorophyll-Bearing Microscopie
Animal Life of Westlake.’’
1. Relationships of the Micro-Organisms............ Prots VAC Bs Wiley:
2 Phosphoresence and Cellulose of Animal Life..Dr. Eleanor Seymour
Se Ollonopiny lB eaminioy yd Acai al Sey veil vee) oerwras tebatiey sl 2) 5 Dr. C. A. Whiting:
This section has in anticipation for its December meeting (Mon-
day, 12th) a valuable paper by Professor Joseph Grinnell on the
““Heology of Mammals.’’
14g SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.
BOARD OF DIRECTORS,
1904-1905.
Professor Melville Dozier, President.
John D. Hooker, Vice-President.
B. R. Baumegardt, Secretary.
G. Major Taber, Treasurer.
Wm. H. Knight, Chairman Section of Astronomy.
Dr. Anstruther Davidson, Chairman Section of Botany.
Professor A. B. Ulrey, Chairman Section of Biology.
George W. Parsons, Chairman Section of Geology.
Dr. S. M. Woodbridge, Chairman Section of Agricul. Chem.
Dr. Theo. B. Comstock.
Dr. C. A. Whiting.
Standing Committees.
Program—Ex-officio, Dozier, Knight, Davidson, Ulrey, Par-
sons, Woodbridge, Baumgardt.
Publeation— Comstock, Davidson, Knight.
Finance— Parsons, Whiting, Hooker.
Membership— Taber, Woodbridge, Baumegardt.
Affiliation— Knight, Ulrey, Davidson.
Secretaries of Sections.
Astronomy—Professor Melville Dozier.
Botany—Colton Russell.
Biology—Dr. C. A. Whiting.
Geology—G. Major Taber.
Agricultural Chemistry—E. M. Wade.
Meetings (Every Month except July and August).
Academy, General, First Monday.
Section of Biology, Second Monday.
Section of Astronomy, Third Monday.
Section of Geology, Fourth Monday.
Section om Avo ey Olen iio sem saci saan
Section of Botany, (has ei or
All regular meetings of Academy and Sections are held at
the State Normal School, West Fifth and Grand avenue.
Seeretary’s Office—116 North Broadway.
*At present these two Sections meet at offices of their respective
Chairmen. Section of Botany, Third Tuesday Evening, each month.
VOL. III. DECEMBER, 1904 NO 9
BW ie eb IN
OF THE
Southern California Academy of Sciences
COMMITTEE ON PUBLICATION
THEO. B. COMSTOCK, S. D.; A. Davipson, C. M., M. D.; Wo. H. KNIGHT.
CONTENTS:
Page Page
: > Pre-Historic California, (continued) by
Did You Forget? ‘pg Ah porch AM ANG E59 Dr Worenzo Gy Wates ee ee 153
eewauchy ar ple Sundry Notes 158
Transactions, Nov. 1904 1.0.0.0... wee: 146 The Bees of Southern California. VI.
Academy, DirectOrs..........0..ssceeceee ee 146 | by T. D. A. Cockerell 159
SECHONS—BiOlO SY oii is..lecccncecesseecoseeees- 146 Publications Received . 162
PAS UO MOMMY Sacer cies caissecscnesecetcerstvereesientes 147 Notes on Structural Materials al ‘South-
GeO RY APB OLATY ccc ccfcscces) ccckenceecisez¥ocre 148 ern California, by Theo.B. Comstock,
Catalogue of Indian Relics, etc., (con- Sie es eae ae eM ee ee Thanh eae gt Selle ren ie 163
tinued) by Mrs. M. Burton William- NotestanduNewSsce.csccettesscrctesecaseeescens 166
SOM ee ccacerseceoscadictecesesscccbevevarsses\scoseence's 149 | #£Publications Reviewed.................. 2.006 167
PUBLISHED BY
THE ACADEMY, MONTHLY EXCEPT
JULY, AUGUST AND SEPTEMBER
Yearly Subscription, $1.00 Single Copies, 25 cts.
“ Entered September 18, 1903, at Los Angeles, Cal,, as second-class matter,
under Act of Congress. July 16, 1894.”
MAILED JANUARY 9, 1905
Did You Forget?
The Editor of this Bulletin has secured enough new mem-
bers, by personal effort, to entitle him to say to each reader:
‘‘Go thou and do likewise.’’ If every member of the Academy
will accomplish one-eighth as much, per capita, it will very soon
be feasible to make the editorials more attractive. It is not a
pleasure, but a disagreeable duty, to urge upon you each month
to perform what is no more than your due share of the work
of upbuilding the Academy of Sciences. Kindly avoid over-
exertion in the cause.
A Worthy Example
Mr. J. D. Hooker, who has heretofore contributed more than
any other person to the funds of the Southern California Acad-
emy of Sciences, has generously defrayed the heavy expense of
transporting the equipment of the great Observatory which is
being constructed on Mt. Wilson under the direction of Pro-
fessor Hale and others. We need more members of equivalent
calibre.
146 SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
TRANSACTIONS FOR NOVEMBER
I. ACADEMY SESSION, NOVEMBER 7, 1904.
The regular meeting of the Academy for November was held in the
Auditorium of the State Normal School, a large and appreciative audi-
ence being present. The speaker of the evening was Dr. Theodore B.
Comstock, and his subject, ‘‘Wild Nature in the Rocky Mountains.’’
The lecturer was appropriately introduced by the president of the
Academy, attention being called to the fact that Dr. Comstock would
speak from the results of his personal observation while engaged in
exploring the Rocky Mountains in western Wyoming under the auspices
of the government. After a brief and eloquent introduction to his
lecture proper, the speaker proceeded to conduct his audience in im-
agination over the route pursued by his party of explorers, illustrating
tis descriptions of the magnificent scenery by stereopticon views of rare
beauty and excellence. Such exhibitions of the beauty, grandeur and
extent of our country, indicating the vast undeveloped resources yet to
be utilized for the blessing of the human race, cannot fail to intensify
the patriotic pride of our citizenship as well as to add to their en'ighten-
ment and general culture.
MELVILLE DOZIER, President.
II. DIRECTORS’ MEETING.
The Board of Directors met at the Normal School, Monday, Novem-
ber 21, at 7:30 p.m., the President in the chair and G. Major Taber
acting as Secretary. Messrs. L. R. Crowell, J. H. Morrow, Geo. H.
Kress, M. D., Wm. Bebb and Chas. F. Lummis were duly elected mem-
bers of the Academy. Application of Mr. J. W. Badger being informal,
was approved, subject to formal presentation later.
Voted to reconsider the resolution passed at previous meeting re-
garding changes in dues and fees. After some discussion the matter
was laid upon the table on account of necessity for adjournment to at-
tend the meeting of Section of Astronomy, it being understood that a
special meeting will soon be called for careful examination of the whole
question.
G. MAJOR TABER, Secretary Pro Tem.
III. MEETINGS OF SECTIONS.
1. Section of Biology.
The regular meeting, at the State Normal School, November 14, 1904,
was opened by a very interesting voluntary report by Prof. Ulrey on an
Oegonium which he recently found in the Los Angeles River. The re-
port was illustrated by black-board drawings.
C. A. Whiting briefly reviewed a report which appeared in The
Journal of Neurology to the effect that the trunk of a paralyzed Seventh
Nerve had been grafted on to the proximal end of an Eleventh Nerve
and that eventually the Eleventh Nerve assumed the functions of the
Seventh. Dr. Leonard briefly discussed the significance of the phe-
nomena, hy
The minutes of the last meeting were then read and approved.
The subject of the evening was Some Unicellular Organisms Found in
Westlake Park. Prof. Ulrey opened the subject by a discussion of the
relationship of the various forms. The talk was illustrated by some very
beautiful pen drawings as well as by black-board sketches.
SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 147
The next subject discussed was that of Phosphorescence by Dr.
Hieanor Seymore. Her paper was extremely interesting and it dealt
with Phosphorescence not only among unicellular forms, but also among
higher organisms, such as insects and the lower vertebrates. A consid-
erable discussion followed.
C. A. Whiting then spoke on Chlorophyl in Animal Forms. He briefly
described the several conditions under which it is found in animals, be-
ginning with the clearly symbyotiec forms and ending with those where
the Chlorophyll seems to be an integral part of the animal.
Mr. Knight and Dr. Comstock announced the subjects for the No-
vember meetings of the Sections of Astronomy and Geology, respectively.
Prof. Grinnell will lecture before the Biological Section at its De-
cember meeting (12th) on Mammalian Ecology.
About twenty-five members and visitors were present.
On motion the meeting adjourned.
C. A. WHITING, Secretary.
2. Section of Astronomy.
The Section met in regular monthly session at the Normal School
on Monday, November 21, 1904. Present a goodly number and Chairman
Knight presiding.
Mr. Knight opened the exercises of the evening by reading a num-
ber of recent extracts relative to meteoric observations at various points
during the August period, the observations having been confined chiefly
to August 10th, 11th, and 12th, and to the Persean group. He also gave
an interesting account of an observation made by himself and daughter
in November, when they were rewarded with a view of about a dozen
fine meteors of the Leonid group. Among the facts of astronomical in-
terest mentioned by Mr. Knight were the following:
Harvard is to have a sixty-inch reflecting telescope.
The bright star Aldebaran is to be occulted by the moon on Decem-
ber 20th, at about 5 o’clock p.m. Aldebaran is said to be eight hundred
and eighty times the mass of the sun, with a diameter of over 8,000,000
miles; a distance so great that a meteor traveling at the rate of thirty
miles per second, would require over three days to cross the disk of
the star. Yet, notwithstanding the immense volume, the accultation will
occur in a moment, so great is the distance of the star from us, and will
continue for about one hour and eight minutes.
Encke’s comet completes its successive periods in about two hours
less time each. It will appear again on December Ist, near Altair, which
is Alpha Aquilae.
The planet Jupiter is now in opposition for the first time since its
fifth satellite was discovered by Prof. Barnard, in 1892. Jupiter’s period
of revolution is twelve years, and the position of opposition brings it
180,000,000 miles nearer the earth than when in conjunction; and is,
therefore, the most favorable opportunity for observation.
The satellites of Uranus revolve about their primary in a direction
opposite to the motion of the planet. This movement is apparent rather
than real, being due to the fact that the inclination of the planet to the
plane of its orbit is about ninety degrees.
The chairman introduced Mr. B. R. Baumgardt, the speaker of the
evening, who proceeded, in his own clear and concise form, to give a
cursory account of his observations at the World’s Fair in St. Louis,
where he had gone to attend the international astronomical congress. Mr.
Baumgardt gave it as his ponion that in its personnel, discussions and
results, this was the most remarkable scientific gathering that has ever
been held in the history of the human race. This opinion was confirmed
148 SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
by a number of eloquent editoriai extracts, read by him, descriptive of
the exceeding excellence and world-wide importance of the congress.
Special reference was made to the work of the solar research committee,
which is composed of men most eminent in present astronomical investi-
gation, and which committee met to determine, among other things, the
true length of a wave of light and to build upon this unit a scientific
system of measurements. The speaker gave a most interesting account
of a great and notable banquet, at which were gathered over seven hun-
dred recognized scientists of various portions of the world, and at which
some of the most famous men of the world spoke in response to toasts.
He also made very complimentary reference to Japan’s industry and
method of developing the animal life of the ocean, and of her remark-
able skill and economy in utilizing for valuable purposes the material
which Americans throw away as waste.
In Mr. Baumgardt’s description of the intensely interesting tests
being made of the comparative excellencies and efficiency of turbine and
gas engines at the fair, he expressed preference for the former in mat-
ters of power, economy of use, and readiness of adaptation.
The meeting of the Section adjourned, conscious of having enjoyed
a profitable hour. MELVILLE DOZIER, Secretary.
3. Section of Geology.
Meeting held at the State Normal School Building, November 28,
1904. Chairman Geo. W. Parsons introduced the speaker, Prof. W. L.
Watts, who gave a very interesting lecture on the Geology and Physical
Geography of Southern Mexico. In speaking of the general topography
of that country he stated that there are two ranges of Sierra Madre
mountains with a broad plateau between them. The central portion of
Southern Mexico consists of a network of mountains. Some of the
peaks are 17,500 feet above sea level. The Tropic of Cancer crosses the
center of that section, and below this the climate is warm, tropical fruit
being raised in abundance. The mountains are only in part of sedi-
mentary formation, the volcanic rocks covering wide areas. In the
more southern portion, wild rubber and cotton trees are abundant.
Remains of an old smelter built 100 years ago stand in a locality in
Oaxaca where suitable ores for treatment therein are not very evident.
Caves occur in northwest Oaxaca, and there are many mines which were
formerly worked at a profit. Farther east, near Pueblo, there is a
pyramid similar to those in Egypt. Professor Watts visited numerous
mines in several states of Mexico. The geology has been but little
studied, the field for exploration being most enticing. Some coal and oil
are found in Cretaceous rocks, but the coal is of poor quality. The City
of Mexico is now ‘well sewered and healthy. Some Aztee relics in the
old temples were also described.
Chairman Parsons then gave a brief description of what he observed
in his recent trip to the City of Mexico. Dr. Theo. B. Comstock also
made a few remarks relating to the great backbone fault system extend-
ing from California, through Nevada, Arizona and Mexico, Professor
Watts having previously described its occurrence in Southern Durango.
Some discussion followed in which ladies took part.
G. MAJOR TABER, Seeretary.
4. Section of Botany.
At the meeting of the Botanical Section, held November 15, 1904,
Mr. Theodore Payne and Dr. Davidson presented papers on ‘‘The Desert
Flora of Thermal and Neighborhood.’’ Specimens of the rarer species
were exhibited. COLTON RUSSELL, Secretary.
SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 149
Catalogue of Indian Relics Found on Santa Catalina
Island.*
BY MRS. M. BURTON WILLIAMSON.
13,343-44. Steatite comali, plain.
13,345-47. Steatite comali, perforated.
13,348. Steatite comal, grooved and perforated.
13,349. Steatite comali, boring unfinished.
13,350. Stone comali, perforated.
13,351. Large stone pipe.
13,352. Stone pipe.
13,353. Stone pipe, broken.
12,354-55. Stone pipe, boring unfinished.
13,356. Stone pipe, with rings.
13,357. Stone pipe, steatite.
13,358. Perforated stones—d.
13,359. Perforated stones—3.
13,360. Perforated stone bead.
13,361. Perforated flat stone.
13,362. Perforated stones, polished on one side—2.
13,363-65. Stone pestles.
13,366. Stone pestle, showing how mended.
13,367. Stone pestle, pear-shape.
13,368. Stone pestle, round.
13,369. Small hammer stone.
13,370. Stone implements—3.
13,371. Rude stone implement.
13,372. Stones for grinding paint.
13,373. Steatite, with grooves—2 pieces.
13,374. Stone implement.
13,375. Perforated stone saw.
13.376-78. Stone implements.
13,379. Implement.
13.380. Fragments, stone implements—3.
13,381. Fhnt dagger, asphalt on base.
13,382. Flnt dagger, broken.
13,383. Flint knife.
13,384. Flint knife.
13,385. Obsidian arrowhead.
13,386. Broken arrowhead and chips—3.
13,387. Stone ring, broken.
13.388. Stone for straightening arrows, broken.
13,389. Bone awls, fragments—8.
13.390. Bone implements, fragments.
13,391. Bone, for extracting marrow.
*Continued from Page 63 (this volume) April, 1904.
1530 SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
13,392. Bone dagger.
13,393. Bone implement, broken.
13,394. Bone—2. i
13,395. Shells.
13,396. Shells, ornaments and pieces of fishhooks.
13,397. Perforated shell ornaments.
13,398. Claws of panther.
13,399. Fragment, basket work.
13,400. Charred.
13,401. Paint.
13,402. Seeds.
13,403. Seeds, ground.
POTTS VALLEY, SANTA CATALINA, CALIFORNIA.
13,404. Large stone dish, broken.
13,405. Unfinished pot of steatite.
13,406. Steatite pot, blocked out.
13.407. Small steatite pots, blocked out—3.
13,408. Small steatite pots, broken—6.
13.409. Fragment, steatite pot.
13,410. Pieces of steatite from ledge.
13,411. Rude stone implements—5.
13,412. Rude implements, chalcedony and quartz—6.
13,413. Small steatite pot, broken.
13,414. Small steatite pot, with groove.
13,415. Fragment, lava pot.
13416-17. Steatite comali, perforated.
13418. Steatite comali, plain.
13,419-20. Perforated stone, digging weights.
13,421-25. Perforated stones, various—5.
13,426. Stone digging weights, broken.
13,427. Pipe stone.
13,428. Arrow straightener.
13,429. Grooved hammer stone.
13,430. Round hammer stone.
13,431. Grooved stone ax.
13,432-36. Stone pestles—15; one broken.
13,437. Small rubbing stone.
13,438. Stone ornament, grooved.
13,439. Stone ornaments, rattlesnake rattle.
13,440. Perforated stone ornament (bifureated).
13,441. Shell.
13,442. Shell full of seed.
13,443. Bone mouthpiece to pipe.
13,444. Ditto, charred.
13,445. Stone knife.
SOUMAERIN CGALTHORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENGES 757
13,446. Obsidian knife.
13,447. Charred.
13,448-9. Human skulls and bones—2.
13,450. Bones of child found with 13,177, Graves at Isthmus,
Santa Catalina.
13,451. Charred ?, found with 13,177. Graves at Isthmus,
Santa Catalina.
CATALINA ISLAND, CALIFORNIA.
o7. Concha zagua.
14,758. Yerba de la bibora.
14,759. Seed used in making ‘** Pinole.’’
14,760. Cacometas.
14,761. Cobenas.
14,762. Also called Cacometas.
14,763. Cibollas (wild onions).
14,764. Indian tobacco, dwarfed.
14,765-70. Pots, form blocked out—Quarry, Catalina Island.
14,771-73. Steatite pots, unfinished.
14,774-75. Steatite pots, broken.
14,776-80. Steatite pots, unfinished, broken—Ancient Quarry,
Catalina Island.
14,781. Steatite dish, boat shaped.
14,782. Fragments, steatite pot.
14,783-84. Unfinished steatite, comali.
14,785. Chisels, slate—6.
14,786. Rude seraper, quartz.
14,787. Rude seraper,.stone.
14,788. Rude scraper, petrified bone (?).
WHITNEY’S PLACE, CATALINA ISLAND.
14,789-93. Skull and bones.
14,794. Stone mortar.
14,795-97. Small dishes, steatite.
14,798-800. Large weights for digging sticks.
14,801-05. Weights for digging stick; 14,802. Polished one
side; 14,803. With 7 grooves.
14,806-08. Comali, steatite, perforated.
14,809-11. Comali, steatite, toy.
14,812. Comali, steatite, fragments.
14,813-16. Sharpening stones, variously marked.
14,817. Rubbing stone—6.
14,181. Implements of steatite—2.
14,819. Steatite comali, 2 perforations.
14,820-21. Pipe stones—2.
14,822. Sharpening stone, steatite.
152. SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
14,823. Stone knife.
14,824. Stone dagger, broken.
14,825. Stone arrowheads—2.
14,826. Stone drills.
14,827. Arrowhead, Obsidian.
14,828-29. Pestles.
14,830. Bone whistle.
14,831. Bone dagger.
14,832. Bone awls.
14,833. Bone implements, bird bone.
14.834. Teeth of Cetaceans.
14,835. Small shell beads.
14,836-37. Shell beads.
14,838. Small glass beads.
14,839. Glass beads.
14,840. Stone bead.
14,841-44. Shell ornaments, many.
14,845. Fragments of shell ornaments.
14,846. Shell fish-hooks.
14,847-48. Cireular shell ornaments.
14,849. Small shell dish.
14,850. Ornament of (?).
14,851. Fish spine used as paint pot.
14,852. Vertebra of fish, as paint pot.
14,853. Red paint.
14,854. Fragment of basket work, charred.
14,855. Seed, unknown.
14,856. Shark’s tooth, perforated.
14,857. Glass and brass beads on string.
14,858-59. Painted stones, red and white circles.
N. B.—Timm’s Place, Catalina Island, is the site of the pres-
ent town of Avalon. (Loeality of No. 14,859.)
NOTE.— William Henry Holmes, head curator, Department of An-
thropology, of the Smithsonian Institution, in ‘‘ Anthropological Studies
in California,’’ records a number of curios found by him in an ancient
grave at the Isthmus:
‘«There were also parts of three or four steatite vessels, one small
pot, a round shallow dish, two oblong dishes, and a flattish oblong plate
with squared end, probably a baking plate. Other articles were evi-
dently mere burial offerings made for the purpose and doubtless symbolic.
They include a steatite hook of a form common in the region, a miniature
pest of steatite, a peculiar object, apparently a much conventionalized
fish or finback whale, three ladles of steatite utensils, apparently dipper
handles, an obsidian arrow point, and some decayed shell ornaments.’’
In deposits of kitchen-middens, Mr. Holmes found ‘‘many abalone
shells and some rude stone utensils, the latter including a flattish spatu-
late stone, one end of which was covered with asphaltum.’’? —
(Coneluded.)
SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 153
Pre-Historic California*
BY DR. LORENZO G. YATES.
Aboriginal Shell Money and Ornaments.
One of the peculiar characteristics which distinguish man-
kind is universally developed acquisitiveness, a trait seldom
observed among other animals. Ancient history and the oldest
remains of man demonstrate this characteristic to have been
one of the heritages common to all peoples, under all circum-
stances.
The skeletons of prehistoric man when unearthed by his sue-
eessors, are accompanied by the rude and simple personal
effects which were buried with the original owners; the weap-
ons and ornaments acquired during life were placed in the
grave by surviving friends or family, in order that they might
be of service after death, or to relieve the survivors from the
unpleasant reminders of departed friends by the sight of their
former belongings. Later, as man advanced in civilization and
acquired more wealth, his belongings increased in bulk and
numbers until it became impossible to bury them all. Then
selections were made, and perhaps a favorite weapon, horse,
wife or slave was allowed to accompany the dead on his jour-
ney to the unknown world. Where cremation was practiced,
the property was placed in the fire with the deceased.
Originally exchanges were made between individuals by bar-
tering one thing for another, and one who owned or possessed
more of an article of utility or ornament than he required,
and being desirous of obtaining some other article which he
did not possess, exchanged a portion of his surplus with some
other individual who had it to spare.- In time this troublesome
method was improved upon by the utilization of some peculiar
or rare form of a particular material, which could be carried
about the person or transported from place to place, and which
eame to have a recognized or intrinsic market or purchasing
value, for the aecquirement of the necessaries and luxuries of
life.
The first authentic history we have of the Ancient Romans
using metal for this purpose was about B. C. 400. At that
time the ox was the standard of value. Originally the animals
were transferred from one owner to another, but this method
of trade being inconvenient, irregular masses of bronze repre-
senting the value of an ox were used. These were succeeded
by bronze imitations of various animals, representing their
value.
*Continued from Page 10 (this volume) No. 1, January, 1904.
154 SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENGES.:
About two thousand years ago the Romans commenced
using circular coins of bronze. <A coin of this character made
about 2100 years ago (Fig. 1. Pl. 1.) is in the writer’s collec-
tion. It was found in the ruins of Herculaneum.
Among the simplest objects suitable for moneys and adopted
as such, were handsome natural crystals, or other forms of
mineral substances, and the beautiful shells of the sea shore.
These objects, in our age of universal travel and interchange
of commodities between nations and peoples throughout the
world, are easily obtained; but in the earlier history of our
race they were rarely carried far from their original habitat.
Those peoples or tribes who had the good fortune to occupy
the regions near a sea shore had a great advantage over their
neighbors of the interior, in the comparative ease with which
they could obtain a supply of the shells which, by general con-
sent and usage, came to represent a bartering or purchasing
power. At some time during the history of many tribes sea
shells were recognized as universal media of exchange, and to
this day the natives of Africa, the Islands of the Pacific, and
some other countries use the Cowrie as money. This custom
was so general that when, after long ages of advancement, arts
and sciences were evolved, and man studied and classified the
other representatives of the animal kingdom, the marine shell
referred to was named, and is still known as Cypraea moneita,
r “‘The Money Cowrie;’’ (See Fig. 2, Pl. 1). In countries
where the cowrie is not found, or was not attainable, other
shells of different genera and species were used as "representing
purchasing power.
In this manner, also, the natural Neyer of the race
manifested itself. Man did not stop acquiring when he had
sufficient food, weapons and utensils for his immediate use,
but these shells were carried on the person, for the purpose
of purchasing such objects as their possessor might take a
faney to acquire or store away, to be brought out and dis-
played upon great -oceasions, as material evidence of the wealth
or importance of the owner. A similar natural pride is shown
by more civilized peoples in the wearing of fine clothes, jew-
elry, diamonds and other precious stones, the display of fine
horses and carriages, expensive and elaborately ornamented
dwellings, expensive furniture and bric-a-brae.
The Indian tribes of North America have for many ages
used portions of marine shells as money, and for more than
two centuries these shell beads formed the principal medium
of traffic between the Indians and the white man under the
name of wampum, or ‘‘wampum peage’’; and so wide spread
and common was its use that the whites gave it a legal status
PLATE }.
SIZE
DENTALIUM
SAXIDOMUS ARATUS
AT.
YoNn
Yo2 NAT. SIZE
PACHYDESMA (TIVELA) CRASSATELLOIDES
THE MONEY COWRIE
Y2 NAT. SIZE
ANCIENT ROMAN BRONZE COIN
ABOUT 200 B.C.
L.6.YATES. DEL,
LITH.BRITTONG REY S.F.
ABORIGINAL SHELL MONEY OF CALIFORNIA.
SOUPDHERN CALIFORNIA ACADEM VY OF SGIENGCES — 155
by fixing its value and making it a legal tender for any sum
under twelve pence, at the rate of six beads for a penny. In
those days (1637) money had a much greater purchasing ea-
paeity than it has at present.
In New York, for nearly half a century, wampum was almost
the only curreney in use, and was employed in the Indian trade
down to nearly the middle of the nineteenth century.* Con-
necticut at one time made it a legal tender for any amount
and receivable for taxes at four beads for a penny. This
‘‘wampum’’ of the Atlantic Coast was the exact counterpart
of some of the ‘‘shell money’’ of the Pacific Coast, although
made from different species of shells.
While cowries and other shells which were used entire, were
rated by their beauty and their convenient form and size, the
value of the individual piece of shell forming the beads of
which the string of wampum was composed rested on the
amount of labor it represented. The cowrie was the lazy
man’s coin, for when found on the sea shore it was ready
coined by nature; but. in other eases, the shell was first broken
into pieces of suitable size, then rubbed on a stone to give the
proper shape, then pierced with a drill point of stone, when it
was ready to string, after which the final finish was given by
rubbing between flat stones. The fragments were sometimes
used without being strung, when they were called ‘‘sewan.’’
Strings of white shell beads were most commonly used, and
they were valued according to the number of beads or the
leneth of the string. It was not to its purchasing power alone
that wampum owed its valuation. The social system of the
aborigines required that on all state occasions, great publie
acts should be accompanied by a display of wampum. A string
of wampum was the emblem of the authority by which a mes-
senger summoned the members of the tribe to council; a string
of wampum was laid down at the end of each clause of a treaty
between ambassadors of different powers; treaties were rati-
fied by exchange of wampum; war was declared by the formal
delivery to the offending party of a belt of black wampum. A
string of black wampum borne by a messenger announced the
death of a chief, and at his burial large quantities of it were
placed in the grave with the body, or burned with it if the
body were cremated; the object in either case being to supply
the deceased with funds for his journey.
Major Rodgers, in writing of North America, in 1765, says
of the wampum used by the Indians of that time:
‘“They have the art of stringing, twisting and interweaving them
into belts, collars, blankets, moccasins, ete., in ten thousand different
156 SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
sizes, forms and figures, so as to be ornaments for every part of dress,
and expressive to them of all their important transactions.’’*
‘‘According to the Indian conception, these belts could tell, by
means of an interpreter, the exact rule, provision, or transaction talked
into them at the time, and of which they were the exclusive record.’’**
They mix and dispose the wampum of different colors and
shades, so as to be significant among themselves of almost any-
thing they please, and by these their words are kept and their
thoughts communicated to one another, as ours are by writing.
As there were no restrictions on the production of wampum
by the white people, the Dutch burghers of New Amsterdam
embarked in its manufacture. But, although they had the ad-
. vantage of machinery and better tools, they did not make a
success of the business; for we learn that the counterfeit was
so poorly made that Massachusetts and Connecticut were
obliged to legislate upon the subject of ‘‘bad, false, and un-
finished peage’’ (wampum peage, or shell money).
Shell Money of California.
Although we know comparatively little of the former history
or the details of the life and customs of the aborigines of our
coast previous to its settlement by the whites, it is certain
that they used shells for money and ornaments. Exploration
of the ancient graves has shown that the custom of burying
money with the dead was practiced long before their contact
with the white people. The Indians of the northwest used the
Dentalium, or tusk-shell, as money (See Fig. 3, Pl. 1) and with
them its use was almost as common as was that of wampum
on the Atlantic Coast. Among the Indians of Northern Cali-
fornia this tusk-shell money was ealled alli-co-cheek, meaning
Indian Money.
These shells are collected by the Indians in the following
manner:
‘“An Indian when shell-fishing arms himself with a long spear, the
haft of which is of ‘ight deal; to the end of it is fastened a strip of
wood placed transversely, but driven full of teeth made of bone. The
whole affair resembles a long comb affixed to the end of a stick with the
teeth very wide apart. A squaw sits in the stern of the canoe, and
paddles it slowly along, whilst the man with the spear stands in the bow.
He stabs this comb-like affair into the sand at the bottom of the water,
and after giving two or three prods, draws it up to look at it. If he has
been successful perhaps four or five money shells have been impaled on
the teeth of the spear.’’***
*See Horatio Hale, on ‘‘The Origin of Primitive Money,’’ in Popular
Science Monthly, January, 1886.
**Ethno-Conchology, by R. E. C. Stearns, in Report of U. S. National
Museum, 1886-87, p. 313, Washington, 1889.
***Report of U. 8. National Museum for 1886-87, p. 315.
PLATE 2.
L.G.YATES.BEL.
LITH. BRITTON REY S.F.
ABORIGINAL SHELL MONEY OF GALIFORNIA
SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 157
The unit of value of this currency differed somewhat among
the different tribes; with some it was a string of the leneth of
a man’s arm, consisting of a certain number of long shells from
the end of the fingers to the elbow, and shorter ones above.
Such a string was formerly valued at from forty to. fifty
Dollars in gold. With others, the standard of measurement
was a string of five shells, valued according to the length of
the shells. These were worth from ten to twenty-five dollars
in gold; or, from two dollars a shell for those of ordinary
length, to five dollars a shell for the longest. A wife could be
bought for from three to ten strings of alli-co-cheek.
This dentalium money was also highly prized by the Indians
of the interior, and, as late as 1866, ten of these shells would
buy a superior buffalo robe. Among the Indians of Southern
California the Dentalium was used in a subordinate way, also;
bute, the “use of the ‘‘tusk-shells’’ (Dentalums) as
money or ornaments was much less common than in
the extreme northern portion of the state. The shell-
money made from the columellas of some of the larger
univelve shells had a Dentalium imbedded in asphaltum at the
lower, or larger end, thus reducing the size of the opening to
make it correspond with the upper end or point of the shell
bead, to hold it in the proper position when strune with other
money.
The Dentalium was, moreover, a very ancient inhabitant of
California; for, in some rock recently brought from an altitude
of over 6,000 feet on the San Rafael Mountains, several speei-
mens of shells of this genus may be seen. They are also found
in other localities imbedded in rocks of cretaceous age.
In Central California the shell money was largely manu-
factured from the shells of Saxidomus and Olivella. In South-
ern California, in addition to those named, quite a number of
other genera were used, principally the Tivela (Pachydesma)
erassatelloides, the ‘‘Big Clam’’ (See Fig. 4, Pl. 1). The
Tivela is a bivalve shell of large size, close texture, fine grain,
and ivory white color. It is found much larger than here
figured, and from one-fourth to nearly one inch in thickness.
Amiantis (Callista) callosa, a somewhat similar shell, which
was used for the same purpose, is of finer grain and whiter
color. Beads or ornaments made from either of the two above
named species of shells can searcely be distinguished from
bone or ivory, for which they are often mistaken.
These represented the bullion from which the money was
manufactured, the shell being first cut or worked into suitable
size and form, then rounded and drilled (Figs. 5 to 14, Pl. 2).
How the aborigines managed to drill holes of the size and
158 SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENGES
leneth commonly found is a question which has not been satis-
factorily answered. It will be seen, by reference to Fig. 11,
that the hole, which is of uniform size (one millimeter)
throughout, is considerably curved. A line drawn between
the two extremities of the hole, on the concave side, would be
about one-quarter of an inch from the middle of the curve;
yet this hole is no larger than an ordinary knitting needle, is.
curved to correspond with the outer line of the bead. No
drills have been discovered in the graves which would do the
work referred to. Figs. 12 and 13, Pl. 2, represent beads.
drilled with stone tools, but the tapering form of the drill
made the holes too large at the ends, and glass beads were used
to reduce them to the size required. This style of work, how-
ever, was done after the advent of the white people, when glass
beads were used instead of the dentalium shells formerly used
for the same purpose.*
(To be continued.)
*See also Figs. 18 and 19, Pl. 3: (to follow)
There is much discussion now concerning the theories which have
become traditional among geologists. In different directions and upon
new grounds the nebular hypothesis is being attacked as untenable and
inadequate to explain phenomena heretofore even used as arguments.
in its favor. Disclaiming here any intention of assuming to speak
for astronomers, there is a growing belief among geologists that a
complete revision of the sub-stratum of geologic theory is becoming
necessary. That the failure of certain theories, which attempt to
explain natural phenomena, to give explanation of the phenomena
themselves, has involved geologists in illogical conclusions while em-
ploying logical methods of reasoning, is the contention of a writer in
the American Geologist.* The discussion of the paper will be taken
up in a later issue.
Professor T. C. Chamberlin, Head Professor of Geology in the Uni-
versity of Chicago, has long since taken ground against some pre-
conceived notions in geology, as to the formation of the earth and its
general life-history. His views also antagonize the nebular hypothesis.
and they are closely in accord with some of the opinions expressed by
Sir John Murray in his recent lecture on ‘‘Oceanology,’’ published in
this issue of the Bulletin. Professor Chamberlin adopts what is known
as the planetesimal theory of the earth’s origin, and he believes that
the compression due to cooling is, as it were, squeezing out gaseous
ingredients, and that this process, in varying quality, has been going.
on for ages. In a way this has bearing on the nature of radio-active
substances, which are now attracting the attention of investigators
everywhere.
*The Untenableness of the Nebular Theory. By N. Mistockles. Part
I., American Geologist, Vol. XXXIV., No. 4, Oct., 1904, p. 226; Part IL.,
No. 5. Nov., 1904. p. 310; Part III., No. 6, Dec., 1904. p. 361.
SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 159
The Bees of Southern California. VI.*
BY Tt. D. A, COCKEHRELL,.
TRACHUSA, Jurine.
Trachusa perdita, n. sp.
Male; length about 12 mm.; black; head and thorax rugose,
the punctures excessively close, the dorsum of the thorax en-
tirely dull, its pubescence and that of occiput light
ereyish) with a fait ‘yellowish tint; that of face,
cheeks, pleura and _ sides of meta-thorax white;
elypeus and lateral face-marks cream-color; the lateral
marks triangular, filling the interval between the cely-
peus and the eyes, and ending a little above the level of the
upper margin. of the clypeus, the angle formed by the upper
margin of the lateral face-marks and the eye a right angle;
elypeus shining, the punctures strong, but well separated, a
strong median longitudinal ridge; middle anterior margin of
elypeus with six httle brown nodules; mandibles black; facial
quadrangle much longer than broad; antennae entirely black,
third joint longer than fourth; thorax black without markings;
tegulae very dark brown, strongly punctured; wings stained
with reddish brown, especially in the marginal cell; second
recurrent nervure passing beyond tip of second submarginal
cell; basal nervure meeting transverso-medial; legs entirely
black, except that the tibial spurs are reddish-orange, and
the claws are ferruginous at base; pulvilli large; abdomen
black without light markings, the hind margins of the seg-
ments with thin bands of white hair; punctures stronger and
closer on the second and fifth segments than on the third and
fourth; sixth segment with a subapical nodulose transverse
keel from which proceeds a little keel in the middle line to
the hind margin, which is ferruginous and curved outwards;
seventh segment black, broadly and deeply emarginate; geni-
talia dark. ferruginous.
Tehachapi, California; one collected by r. Davidson. The
genus Trachusa has hitherto been known from Europe, and
its discovery in America is of great interest. The present
species departs from typical Trachusa, and leans towards
Dianthidium, in the venation; evidently the two genera are
closely allied. In general, it is remarkable how greatly our
insect resembles T. serratulae, which I have from Innsbruck
(Fiese).
*Continued from p. 90 (this volume) No. 6, June, 1904.
Erratum. In part V, p. 88, the characters given under 4 in the table
refer to A. cardui, ckll. A couple of lines were omitted in printing.
4f60 SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
BOMBOMELECTA, Fatton.
Bombomelecta edwardsii (Cresson).
Los Angeles, one male (Davidson). Previously known from
Ocean View. When sunlight is allowed to fall on the abdomen
from in front, the surface presents a strong purple lustre.
CEN/ RIS, Fabricius.
Centris hoffmanseggiae, subsp. noy. davidsoni.
Male; length about 15 mm.; black; face very narrow, the
eyes large and prominent, pale ochreous when dry; ocelh large,
distance between the lateral ocelli and the eyes less than the
diameter of an ocellus; elypeus, a narrow supraclypeal stripe,
and labrum cream-color; clypeus shining and sparsely punct-
ured; mandibles with a cream-colored stripe on the upper
margin; pubescence of occiput, mesothorax and scutellum pale
ochreous; of cheeks, pleura and metathorax white and strongly
plumose; scutellum prominent, shining, with strong punctures
well separated; tegulae testaceous; wings rather milky, nerv-
ures brown; legs black, the spurs and small joimts of tarsi
ferruginous; hair of legs white, slightly orchraceous on tibiae
in front. very dark brown on inner side of basal joint of hind
tarsi; abdomen rather densely covered with erect greyish-white
hair; apex produced and rounded: ventral segments with the
hind margins whitish. Mandibles tridentate. The type of
hoffmanseggiae, when the abdomen is viewed laterally, shows
short dark fuscous hair on the fourth and fifth segments;
davidsoni shows larger and entirely light hair on these seg-
ments, and is a larger insect.
Banning, Cal., one (Dr. Davidson).
Dr. Davidson’s collections are bringing out the facet that in
the bees, as in several other groups, species are represented
in many instances by an inland form, of the arid parts of
Nevada, Arizona, New Mexico, ete., and a closely allied but
distinet California form. In the absence of collections from
many intermediate localities, it is impossible to say in each
case whether these really intergrade; but when they are very
closely allied, I treat them as geographical races of a single
species for the present. Such a course, while subject to re-
vision, at all events serves to indicate the obvious relationships.
Centris cockerelli, Fox.
I give a new description, as the existing one is rather too
short.
Female; length about 12 mm.; black, shining; elypeus (ex-
cept lateral and superior margins) and labrum reddish in the
California specimens, but evidently changed from orange by
cyanide; eyes, when dry, gray; vertex about ocelli very shiny,
SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 16r
hardly punctured, a tuft of fulvous hair just behind oceelli;.
~ hair of occiput whitish, of cheeks white; antennae black; facial
quadrangle longer than broad; hair of thorax very dense,
tinged with ochreous, and even with fulvous above; tegulae
pale testaceous; wings shghtly dusky; legs black, with mainly
black pubescence, but that on anterior femora behind yellow-
ish-white; the abundant and coarse scopa of hind tibiae and
tarsi wholly black; abdomen black, practically nude, only the
first segment with pale pruinose pubescence. The pectorai
hair of thorax is variably sooty in this species, so ©. foxi,
Friese, must be separated on the characters of the clypeus and
labrum, not those of the pubescence.
Palm Spring, Cal., two collected by Dr. Davidson. Previ-
ously known from New Mexico.
EMPHOROPSIS, Ashmead.
Emphoropsis infernalis, (Dalla Torre) subsp. nov. tristissima.
Female; length about 14 mm.; black, robust, with the pubes-
eence entirely black, except a little reddish on hind part of
mesothorax, and dark reddish on inner side of basal joints of
tarsi; facial quadrangle broader than long; inner orbital mar-
gins straight; eclypeus coarsely rugoso-punctate; labrum cov-
ered with black hair; pubescence of thorax and first segment
of abdomen dense, rest of abdomen rather shining and not
conspicuously pubescent; tegulae very dark brown; wings only
a little dusky; knee-plates of hind tibiae whitish with a large
reddish patch, very conspicuous; legs normal, hind tibiae and
tarsi more or less ferruginous. Lacks the light pubescence
seen in typical infernalis, which is from Nevada.
Los Angeles, one, and Lancaster, Mohave Desert, one, both
collected by Dr. Davidson.
E. infernalis was described as an Anthophora, but Dr. Ash-
mead wrote me, some years ago, that it was an Emphoropsis.
ANTHOPHORA, Latrezlle.
Anthophora crotchii, Cresson.
Dr. Davidson obtained one at Banning; I give a new deserip-
tion, that of Cresson being rather short.
Male; length about 16 mm.; black; head and thorax with
abundant yellowish pubescence; that of abdomen more scanty,
whitish basally, but erect and black on the third to sixth seg-
ments, the sixth fringed with whitish, and a light tuft on each
side of the apex; eyes large, reddish when dry; facial quad-
rangle considerably longer than broad, narrowest in the mid-
dle; ocelli large, a prominent tuft of long ochreous hair just
162 SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
behind the anterior ocellus; scape flattened, shining and en-
tirely orange in front, black behind; rest of antenna black;
clypeus very prominent and convex, it, the labrum, the lateral
face-marks, a supraclypeal band, and the greater part of the
mandibles, orange; a tuft of hair on the lower corner of
elypeus on each side of labrum: lateral face-marks occupying
the space between the clypeus and the eye, and sending a
narrow stripe along the inner orbits to a little beyond the level
of the antennae; tegulae piceous; wings nearly clear, mar-
ginal cell appendiculate; legs black, the tarsi becoming fer-
ruginous; middle femora conspicuously fringed with ochreous
hair behind; middle tarsi with long white hairs, the basal joint
with short orange hairs within, the last jomt with a broad
black fan of hairs like a peacock’s feather; hind trochanters
with a low conical tubercle: spurs of hind tibiae far apart at
base; hind tarsi normal except that the basal jomt is broad-
ened and flattened; hind margins of the abdominal segments
narrowly palhd.
PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED.
Mining Magazine. Vol. 5, No. 4. Dee., 1904.
The Hop Aphis. By Warren T. Clarke. Bull. No. 160.
Tuberculosis in Fowls. By Arch. R. Ward. Bull. No. 161.
Sulphurous Acid and Sulphites as Food Preservatives. By C. E.
Calm, Ph. D., Chicago.
Contribution to the Study of Fermentation. Part I. By E. H.
Twight and Charles 8. Ash. Bull. No. 159.
Univ. of California, Ag’l Exper. Station. California Olive Oil; Its
Manufacture. By G. W. Shaw. Bull. No. 158.
Univ. of Arizona, Ag’l Exper. Station. Cost of Pumping for Irri-
gation. By Sherman M. Woodward. Bull. No. 49.
U. S. Dept. of Agric., Bureau of Soils. Investigations in Soil Fer-
tility. By Milton Whitney and F. K. Cameron. Bull. No. 23.
Univ. of Cal., Dept. of Geology. A New Marine Reptile from the
Triassic of California. By John C. Merriam. Bull. Dept. Geol., Vol. 3;
No. 21, pp. 419-421.
Maine Agric. Exper. Station. Soy Beans. By Chas. D. Woods and
J. M. Bartlett. Feeding Experiments. By Chas. D. Woods. Alfalfa.
By Chas. D. Woods. Bull. No. 106, Sept., 1904. Home Mixed Fertilizers.
By Chas. D. Woods. Bull. No. 107, Oct., 1904.
Tomo I, No. 5.—Informe Sobre E] Temblor del 16 de Enero de 1902 en
el Estado de Guerrero. Por los Dres. E. Bése y E. Angermann.— Escudio
de una Muestra de Mineral Asbestiforme, procedente del Rancho del
Ahuacatillo, Distrito de Zinapecunaro, Estado de Michoacan, Por. el Ing.
Juan D. Villarello.
‘‘Parergones del Instituto Geologico de Mexico.’’ Tomo I, No. 4.
Estudio de la Teoria Quimica propuesta por El Sr. D. Andres Almaraz
para explicar la Formacion del petroleo de Aragon, Mexico, D. F. Por El
Ing. Juan D. Villarello.—El Fierro Meteorico de Bacubirito, Sinaloa. Por
El Dr. E. Angermann (Lamina X).—-Los Agvas Subterraneos de Amozoe,
Puebla. Por El Ingeniero E. Ordonez.
SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 163
Notes on Structural Materials in Southern California.*
BY THEO. B. COMSTOCK, S. D. Y
(Read by Title, Section of Geology, Oct. 24, 1904.)
The use of natural products in buildings, foundations and
other structures, of higher class is annually increasing in Los
Angeles and the surrounding country, notwithstanding that
conerete has also assumed importance from the boldness with
which some engineers and architects have recently brought it
into service. But concrete itself is only artificial in a secondary
sense. The ultimate constituents are natural mineral products,
and one who discusses the subject exhaustively must necessar-
ily take into account the deposits of rock from which the com-
ponents of cements, mortars and their various combinations
are derived.
In this brief paper it is my purpose to confine attention
mainly to some particular features of the local natural supply
of ready-made building materials, such as granite, marble and
the more commonly used building stones. The elements of
color, texture, fracture, mineral composition, and even accessi-
bility to market, not to mention just now the durability and
suitability in other ways for structural use—all these features
have been dependent upon geologic history. That is to say,
the geographic distribution, topographic outlines, exposure for
working, form of blocks in a given quarry, and the appearance
and wearing quality of the rock, as well as the response to
tooling and polishing, are not mere chance results. These vary
exactly in accordance with conditions antecedent, which can
readily be determined and quantitatively estimated by the
practical geologist from observations in the field.
A prominent firm who supplied rock upon a contract in Los
Angeles started upon the delivery without knowing that their
quarry would furnish the needed stint. This risk of loss by
failure to comply with their agreement was wholly unneces-
sary, because a competent geologist could have settled the
matter beforehand with moderate study of the ground. There
are also certain well-established facts which enable one familiar
with the details to determine readily whether any given supply
of rock will become useful in the arts. For instance, a grade
of marble which is somewhat popular here, although it seriously
offends the taste of others, was examined some time ago by
the writer and the result of weathering considered dubious.
*There is room only for an abstract here.
164 SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
The effects predicted have now become prominently objection-
able in several instances* ;
We have some excellent gray granites within ready access,
and many of these are tough, fine grained, fairly homogeneous,
with texture and mineral components well adjusted for tooling
and polishing satisfactorily. But there are areas in which the
lines of jointing and faulting and other structural features
have so shattered the masses as to make impossible the proeur-
ing of suitable blocks for architectural design. Occasionally
these deposits may be utilized for rip-rap, rubble masonry and
other structures not demanding regular courses. Still, it 1s not
always safe to employ these without careful examination of the
local conditions by an expert. Lines of weakness not apparent
from cursory observation may, perhaps, be detected in the lay
of the deposit or the geologic conditions of the neighborhood.
Sometimes mineral streaks giving no evidence of cleavage will
afterwards develop fracture lines in actual use. Again, certain
minerals, easily oxidized or disintegrated by wear, may, at first,
offer an attractive or apparently serviceable surface, which
eannot long withstand the influence of city environment.
These features must be judged on the ground by experts.
familiar not only with the requirements of construction, but
also with the geologic and engineering conditions concerned
in each particular problem. It is a prevalent opinion that ex-
posures with the rock badly shattered at surface are liable to
show improvement in this respect at greater depth. This idea
is commonly erroneous, except as it may apply to deposits.
wheer atmospherie agencies have been responsible for the sur-
face conditions. And, usually, then the bringing of unexposed
portions to air will produce similar results. Per contra, it is.
not always certain that surface exposures of wholly satisfae-
tory material will hold out the same in depth, although the
chances are, perhaps, more in favor of such occurrence than
otherwise.
There are some black granites in the foothills of the San
Gabriel Mountains, which ought to find limited use in orna-
mental work. For parts, or the whole of monuments, and for
some decorative purposes, they are valuable on account of their
toughness, variegated appearance and susceptibility of polish.
They are usually coarse-grained and do not tool as readily, in
consequence. There is some variety in these particulars. Some
of our local monument dealers are using fine-grained black
*T refer to the staining, really the rusting, of the black minerals along
the seams, due to oxidation of the iron-bearing minerals.
SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 165
granites, which appear to work well, but they are less attractive
to most persons.
Red granites are not so common. ‘These must pass muster
on more points of criticism, and probably few of those in this
neighborhood are really desirable for general application.
Marbles are extremely variable in quality and in appearance.
The desire to utilize local material has carried some of our
architects beyond the bounds of prudence. Fortunately the
uses made of this rock are mainly decorative, which places
them wholly in the class of veneering materials, where they can
be replaced if found unsatisfactorily. Much of the Catalina
marble which has gone into prominent office buildings of late
is regarded as bizarre by persons of refined taste, but its bold,
bad lines might still be forgiven were it not for the inevitable
result. It will certainly “‘paint the town red’’ in streaks in
the districts where it is used. The black markings contain
some ferrous mineral, which must oxidize to a rusty brown on
exposure to the weather, staining the white lime-rock for some
inches on either side. This action, aside from the unpleasant
discoloration, will develop lines of weakness; and, if carried
far enough, the slabs will fracture and separate along these
lines. No serious danger threatens, because the thin veneer of
marble sustains little besides its own weight, and it ean be
removed without weakening the building to which it is at-
tached. The white body of this rock is of fair tint and of good
erain.
There are some choice marbles in use in Los Angeles which
contain black or greenish black streaks of resistant quality.
Some of these have withstod weathering agencies for years
without discoloration. The determination whether the particu-
lar mineral compositon in any given ease will be suitable or
otherwise is not very difficult; but the test should be applied
beforehand. Otherwise, as has been evident locally, time may
demonstrate the disadvantage most expensively.
Red granites and red marbles usually contain iron in ferric
oxidation, and if they possess the requisite strength, even if
streaked with red, there is not usually any lability to change.
The rocks which form the masses of the high mountains in
Southern California are not usually such as will attain popu-
larity for building purposes. An experiment in the new Calis
fornia Club building in Los Angeles, using a rock from near
Chatsworth, gives hope of substantial success with this substi-
tute for hght buff sandstone. It is a fine grained, mixed rock,
rather tender in fracture, rubbing smooth without polish, show-
ing little or no difference between exposed and newly fractured
surfaces. There are diffused grains of a black mineral, which
t66 SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
might suggest the possibility of reddening later by oxidation.
But these specks are scattered so regularly and the rock has
apparently been so long exposed, that such result is probably
not to be anticipated. If such change should occur, it is very
hable to affect the whole surface evenly, which would do us
harm unless disintegration were to ensue. This is very im-
probable.
Within the bounds of the more recent rock series, which form
the lowland areas, there are probably some members which may
eventually become useful in structural work. But they are
generally thin-bedded or too little indurated to be widely ser-
viceable.
We have, however, ample deposits of raw materials suitable
for cement and for burning to quick-lime, and these have been
capitalized and now constitute important factors in the market
supply of structural substances. The manufacture of brick and
tile from our local clays has probably not progressed beyond
the initial stages of its productive history. Some day there
will be a much increased demand for this class of products.
Notes and News
Dr. R. S. Woodward, of Columbia University, was elected
President of the Carnegie Institution, by the trustees, De-
cember 13th.
An expedition from the Indiana University, under Professors
John A. Miller and W. A. Coggshall, will go to Spain to observe
the total eclipse of the sun to take place on August 13, 1905.
Luther Burbank has been appointed special lecturer at Stan-
ford. <A large grant in furtherance of his masterful researches
in plant hybridization has been given him by the Carnegie In-
stitution.
Dr. J. C. Merriam, of the University of California, and Dr.
J.C. Branner, of the Leland Stanford Junior University, have
both recently returned to the United States from vaeation trips
to Europe.
The American Institute of Mining Engineers will hold its
summer session in 1905, at Victoria, B. C. <A special train will
leave Chicago June 24th, going direct to Victoria. Followmg
the meeting, an excursion of 21 days by chartered steamer and
special trains, will take in Snettisham Bay, Juneau, Skagway,
White Horse, Dawson and other Alaskan points, including the
Treadwell mines on Douglas Island. Returning to Victoria
five days more will be given to British Columbia mining dis-
triets. Eastern participants will reach Chicago, upon the re-
turn, early in August.
SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 1767
PUBLICATIONS REVIEWED.
The Cementing Power of Road Materials. By Logan Waller Page
and Allerton 8. Cushman, of Division of Tests, U. 8. Dept. Agric., Bur.
of Chem. Bull. No. 85. Washington, 1904. Pp. 24, 1 Pl.—A ‘timely and
most valuable contribution to an important subject by worthy experi-
menters. The methods of testing are clearly described and illustraced
by cuts in the text. It is demonstrated by their work that the binding
quality of road metal is not due ‘to particular chemical elements, but
to the degree of hydration. Therefore, it is not practicable to determine
the relative values of different rocks, in this respect, by hthologic exam-
ination or by mere chemical analysis.. A table of tests already made
from various widely scattered localities in the United States affords
interesting suggestions, but it is too early to draw wholly reliable
conclusions as to the geographic distribution of the most suitable road-
making materials. Engineers have heretofore given far too little study
to this important subject.
The ‘‘Instituto Geologico’’ of Mexico continues to send out notes.
and papers of scientific interest. Vol. I, No. 4 contains a somewhat
exhaustive study of a theory upon which Dr. Almarez had predicated
the probability of the existence of petroleum in Aragon. Sr. Villarello
critically dissects the author’s reasoning and concludes that it is in-
conclusive and inapplicable, and that no evidence of the occurrence of
oil there in commercial quantity has been produced. An excellent plate
of a large meteorite is given by Dr. Angermann, who describes it, with
an interesting account of its discovery, in 18638, and its announcement
scientifically, in 1876 and 1889. Dr. Henry A. Ward, of Rochester, N. Y.,
had it exhumed and he more fully described it in 1902. In Vol. I, No. 5
(titled elsewhere in full), valuable notes on the earthquake of 16th
Jan’y, 1902, in Guerrero, are given from studies on the ground by Drs.
Bose and Angermann, both diligent workers, whose labors have been
earlier announced in the ‘‘Parergones.’’ The article on an asbestiform
mineral, in the same issue, by Senor Villarello, an engineer of repute,
is very thorough. He concludes that this is an aluminum hydrosilicate,
allied to the kaolins, approximating montmorillinite, with some physical
features of asbestos, from which it materially differs in composition
and properties. It does not bear out the hope raised for ‘its application
in the arts as a perfect substitute for asbestos, although it has limited
usefulness in that direction.
In Dr. Merriam’s description of ‘‘A New Marine Reptile From the
Triassic’’ of Shasta County, there are some points of great technical
interest and bearing upon the development of vertebrate types. But,
more than this, we have in the discovery and publication a fitting
tribute of Miss A. M. Alexander, ‘‘who has not only contributed gener-
ously to the financial support of the work on the vertebrates of the
Marine Triassic, but was herself the discoverer of the type specimen,’’
which has been named in her honor, Thalattosaurus alexandrae.
Cost of Pumping for Irrigation, in ten examples selected by Pro-
fessor Woodward, of the University of Arizona, varied from less than
4 cents to more than 29 cents per acre-foot of water raised one foot.
The best results are due to the application of brain power to the
problem of adapting the machinery to the duty at hand. In ocher
words, the investigation once more emphasizes the costliness of saving
engineers’ fees at the start. One plant, with wood at lowest cost per
unit, had the greatest cost per unit of power developed, and the great-
est cost for attendance, lubricating, repairs, etc., although the duty
108 SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
required was actually the lowest. An interesting fact brought out is
that two pumps at the University of Arizona, operated under practically
the same conditions of duty, were very close in performance and eosts,
one being of reciprocating type, run by steam from wood fuel, the other
a centrifugal pump, run by electricity. The cost of the electricity is
given at 5 cents per kilowatt-hour, this apparently being the price paid
for current to the local electric company. This is not the place to dis-
cuss the engineering features, nor does Professor Woodward regard the
small number of tests as more than illustrative of a few general princi-
ples. But the work is important, and it is to be regretted that the
removal of Mr. Woodward to take the professorship of Steam Engineering
in the University of Iowa is about to deprive Arizona of his valuable
services,
Dr. Calm, well known in Los Angeles, has done good service by his
thorough investigations concerning the effects of ‘‘Sulphurous Acid and
Sulphites as Food Preservatives.’’ His paper cited gives details of
his researches, from which his own conclusions follow logically. He
decides that these preservatives are harmless, not only because not dele-
terious in themselves, but because they cannot preserve any but untainted
substances; and, if used in excess, the results are such as to give due
warning to consumers.
The recent Bulletins of the Agricultural Experiment Station of the
University of California evince careful work. The lines of investiga-
tion are mainly in directions which need long continued study and com-
parison. The future importance of the olive oil and wine induséries
depend upon the solution of just such problems as are now under examin--
ation. The laws and methods of fermentation and the effects of tem-
perature and composition are too little understood. New information
upon these subjects is continually being brought out by the station
workers. Although the immediate practical results are often made
the measure of their worth, and here they rarely fail to pay their way,
the ultimate gain to pure science is far beyond what many realize.
The Mining Magazine for December is rich in concise, complete, well
digested reviews of current progress in mining and metallurgy. The
iMning Digest and Mining Index are thorough and well arranged for
convenient reference. Among the many periodicals regularly reviewed
we find our own Bulletin of the Southern California Academy of Sciences.
The deepest well-boring in the United States for oil or gas, ac-
cording to the Engineering and Mining Journal, is on the Bedeil farm,
West Elizabeth, Pa., twelve miles southwest of Butler. It has a
depth of 5,575 feet, and was completed in 1898. The diameters of
easing, from top downward, are: First 40 ft., 10 in.; next 320 ft., 8.25 in.;
next 1,000 ft., 6.25 in., the remaining distance (below 1,360 ft.) be-
ing an unecased boring of 6.25 in. diameter. The temperatures, as
taken by Professor Hallock, of Columbia University, were: At 520 ft.,
57 deg. F.; at 2,252 ft., 64 deg. F.; at 2,397 ft., 78 deg. F.5 at o,000RnEy
120 deg. Ei; at 5,380°ft5 127 deg. hh.
The boring was stopped by accidental loss of string of tools, closing
up the last 1,000 feet of the hole. yy
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