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The Balletli)

of tke

tfestepi) Tbeologleal
SemiDaFy

Voi^ XVIII. OcTOBBR, 1925. No. 1.

The Western Theological Seminary

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THE BULLETIN

OF THE

Western Theologieal Seminary

A Revie^v Devoted to the Interests or
Tneological Education

Published quarterly in January, April, July, and October, by tbe
Trustees of tbe Western Theological Seminary of the Presbyterian Church
in the United States of America.

Edited by tbe President Tvith the co-operation of tbe Faculty.

Page

The Athens of Socrates and the Athens of St Paul ... 5
Rev. A. J. Alexander, D. D.

Rev. James Caruthers Rhea Ewing, K. C. I. E 21

Rev. James A. Kelso, D. D.

Faculty Notes 25

Alumniana 26

Necrology 33

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REV. JAMES A. KELSO.

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Faculty

The Rev. JAMES A. KELSO, Ph. D., D. D., LL. D.,

President and Professor of Hebrew and Old Testament Literature
The Nathaniel W. Conkling Foundation

The Rev. DAVID RIDDLE BREED, D. D., LL. D.

Professor of Homiletics

The Rev. DAVID S. SCHAFF, D. D.

Professor of Ecclesiastical History and History of Doctrine

The Rev. WILLIAM R. FARMER, D. D.

Reunion Professor- of Sacred Rhetoric and Elocution

The Rev. JAMES H. SNOWDEN, D. D., LL. D.

Professor of Systematic Theology

The Rev. DAVID E. CULLEY, Ph. D.

Professor of Hebrew and Old Testament Literature

The Rev. SELBY FRAME VANCE, D. D., LL. D.

Memorial Professor of New Testament Literature and Exegesis

The Rev. FRANK EAKIN, Ph. D.

Associate Professor in the New Testament Department and Librarian

Pkof. GEORGE M. SLEETH, Litt. D.

Instructor in Elocution

Mr. CHARLES N. BOYD

Instructor in Hymnology and Music

The Rev. HOWARD M. Le SOURD

Instructor in Religious Education

The Bulletin

of the

WESTERN THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY

Vol. XVIII. October, 1925 No. i

The Athens of Socrates and the Athens of St. Paul
Eev. Albert J. Alexander, D. D.

We are told that when the Jews stirred up a riot in
Macedonian Beroea also, the Christian brethren sent Paul
off at once on his way to the sea. His escort apparently
did not leave him until they had delivered him safe upon
Attic soil.

We can imagine the apostle and his companions
walking the short few miles from the Port of PirsBus up
to Athens. Many others have taken that path, men liv-
ing just before Paul's day, or his contemporaries, or
those to come shortly after. Philo and Josephus have
followed the line of "the long walls", and Cicero and
Seneca. All the world went that road to its school-mas-
ters. For Athens was — shall we say is — the intellectual
and artistic capital of the world.

Of course when Paul covered the ground the ''long
walls" were down. But the tradition regarding those
walls, which gave to Athens at the height of her power a
protected way to the sea, was strong in Paul's day. In-
deed it still abides a proud memory.

Entering the city and bending his steps toward the
Agora (or market place) Paul would have the Theseum
and the temple to Zeus and the Stadium on his right.
On his left would rise the Acropolis, Mars Hill, and the
Pnyx.

The Bulletin of the Western Theological Seminary

Arriving at the market place (Agora) Paul finds him-
self in the midst of a hollow square, like the Piazza of
San Marco, Venice. The square is surrounded by public
buildings. Portico after portico arrests the eye with its
slightly raised platform and the groups of columns airily
supporting their roofs, and here and there the eye detects-
a beautiful statue. The temples and enclosed buildings,
while larger and really very massive, convey still the
impression of delicate beauty and airy grace. In places
one may thread his way through veritable avenues and
groves of statues. Altars are everywhere. And even
the street of the tombs makes death as beautiful as it is
pathetic. The statues, so abundantly in evidence, are
dedicated to gods and goddesses, to public men, to ab-
stract qualities, life, truth, wisdom, courage, virtue, and
to unknown super-powers.

We are told that Paul spoke on the Sabbath to the
Jews and the pious (proselytes) in the synagogue, and
on week-days to those he chanced upon in the Agora —
the market-place, forum, public square — that center of
life in every town of the Mediterranean, ancient and
modern. Precisely that same statement, touching a way
he had of entering into conversation with men singly or
in groups in the public square, is made regarding Socra-
tes four and a half centuries before Paul's day. Socrates
and Paul were perhaps the two greatest men who ever set
foot in Athens. Let us attempt to reconstruct first the
Athens of Socrates' day, then the Athens that Paul vis-
ited.

The main lay-out of the city, its salient features,
even its great individual centers of interest, were much
the same in the one age as in the other. The difference
was that in Paul's day buildings and statues— except a
few, like those to Augustus and Rome— were ancient and
mellowed by time. In Socrates' day the great statues
either were new, or were very shortly to be erected— for
the last days of Socrates ran over into the great century
of Pericles. Socrates lived just on the edge of creative

The Athens of Socrates and the Athens of St. Paul

days — the great blossoming time of the Greek genius —
the age of the wonderful spring-time in political life, art,
architecture, literature, drama, and philosophy, which
accompanied and followed the conflict with Persia and
the Asiatic powers. A similar outburst is seen in the age
of Elizabeth following the defeat of the Spanish Armada.
The "Age of Pericles" sees the erection of the temples
and altars of the lower town and of the Acropolis. That
age is the blossoming time also for the drama of Aeschy-
lus, Sophocles and Euripides, in the theatre of Diony-
sius, which one passes on the road up to the Acropolis
and Mars Hill. The theatre snuggles close up to the
base of the cliff which forms the citadel. Here were pro-
duced also ' ' The Birds ' ' and ' ' The Frogs ' ' and other
comedies of Aristophanes, with their powerful satire on
the men and measures of the age. A strange feeling-
comes over the traveller as he sits for a moment in one
of the marble stalls still in place in the first three rows
of the theatre and reads, carved on the backs of the seats,
the names of the ancient Athenian families to whom they
belonged. That age was the blossoming time of a political
life and a political philosophy of abiding value for our
western world. It was the blossoming time finally of
thougl^t — serious, systematic, disciplined thought about
the world and man and life.

The three outstanding moral and mental character-
istics of Socrates were his modest}^, his irony, and a cer-
tain intellectual method in the examination of concepts
and the analyzing of experience. Socrates was not mod-
est in his relation to other men, but in his relation to
truth and the higher values of life. He declined the
term sophist — it claimed too much; he wished not to be
considered a wise man, or as having attained; he chose
rather the term lover of wisdom, seeker after wisdom.
An instance of the Socratic irony, and a proof of its effec-
tiveness, is brought to mind when we recall the place ac-
corded the "sophists" in the history of philosophy and
the invidious meaning (not etymologically justified)

Tlie Bulletin of the Western Theological Seminary

wMcli the words "sophist" and "sophisticated" carry
to this day.

A main element in the Socratic method was his in-
sistence upon a man's defining the objects of thought in
terms of their essence rather than of their accidents.
You speak of a "statesman" — what do you mean? "A
man like Pericles", you say. A man tall and slight of
figure — you mean? Not that — what then? And so the
analysis was carried on until the real essentials of states-
manship were arrived at. So about the Beautiful — it
is useless to discuss whether a given thing is — or is not —
beautiful until some criterea for beauty are agreed upon.
So in morals, discussion of what to do and what not to do
is useless until there is some standard of right and wrong.

As to the true subject matter for thought and for the
application of this method — shall we ask first as to the
nature of things like earth, air, water, fire, and the com-
mon source of these, or shall we not first apjjly the
method to man himself? Socrates was skeptical about
the jDossibility of knowing things and the external world
before knowing the self. Man's knowledge of the whole
of things is very limited. He can never knoAV fully the
nature of the world, its origin, its end, or the laws gov-
erning it. He can know what he himself ought to be, the
meaning and end of his own life, the highest good of the
soul. Things such as these a man, not only can, but
must know. "Know th3^self" — know and cultivate your
own soul and its powers, know the moral laws governing
life and revealed in experience.

Now a man can't think profoundly about himself
and about the spiritual conditions of life and well-being
without thinking presently about God. The ethical ap-
proach to life becomes presently the ethical approach to
religion. The dictum of experience embodied in the
saying of the medieval mystic has probably held true of
the thinking of the pure in heart in all ages and races —
"When a man gets into the depths of his own soul he
finds himself on the heights of God. " So it proved with

The Athens of Socrates and the Athens of St. Paul

Socrates. Meditation on life led to meditation on God —
to spiritual insight and vision.

What form does tlie vision take? Well, there were
the gods, the temples, the altars everywhere about Soc-
rates as about Paul later. It all troubled Socrates in
a vague dim way — nay, in a clear well-defined way — as
it will Paul four or five centuries later.

The words "atheist" and ''believer" were being
bandied about in Socrates' days as in every age since.
Socrates applied his method. Stop — says Socrates — you
have no right to call a man either ''atheist" or "be-
liever" until you have arrived at some clear apprehen-
sion of the essential concepts of religion — until you can
state what you men by "God" or "gods". A man may
be an a-theist in respect to gods possessed of human pas-
sions and jealousies — an a-theist in respect to gods of
myth and fable, and yet a believer in respect to one great
and wise and good Power ruling the world and giving
laws for the guidance of men's lives. Therefore, before
you bandy the word "atheist", better check up on your
definition of your term ' ' God ' ', and on your understand-
ing of the essence of religion. Would that Christian
theologians in the generations since and in our da}^ had
been and were always equall}^ wise !

Socrates himself held that God was one, the creator
and ruler of the world; that he exercised a universal
providence over the world of things and men; that he
spoke in a man's soul — if the man would listen. Socra-
tes held that conscience reflects more than individual
caprice or taste, that conscience speaks of a world order,
one, absolute, omnipotent.

He held that this supernatural power is interested
in and watches over nations and over men. He held that
this power, as a sort of inspiring all-informing intelli-
gence, may preside over a man 's thinking, and may giiide
him — if he be teachable and free from self-will — into the
truth. So deep was the persuasion of Socrates at this
point that he held that this overruling intelligence rested

The Bulletin of the Western Theological Seminary

down upon Ms own soul as his ''daimon" or guardian
spirit, somewhat like an individual angel in later Hebrew
thought. Socrates held that God had given him a mis-
sion to help men into ways of right and true thinking.
He certainly worked as a man conscious of a mission —
worked with boundless zeal and boundless tact.

The labors of Socrates bore fruit. The splendid sin-
cerity of the man, the sense of reality in his appeal to
experience, the clearness and effectiveness of his argu-
ments, the humanness and the splendid loftiness of his
conversation, his disinterestedness in his work (not look-
ing to fees like the sophists), his courage in lifting all
problems of the day and of life to the highest ethical
and spiritual plane, — all this directed the attention of
thinking men to him. He gathered a circle of lo^^al dis-
ciples and friends about him. Men, and especiall}^ young
men, left the sophists with their form of knowledge,
their ignorance, their dogmatism, their unreality, and
they became disciples of Socrates, attracted by his mod-
esty, by his appeal to experience, his searching method,
his deep sincerity, and his capacity for making thinking
fruitful.

But, — but,- — there were the gods, the temples, the
altars, the statues. The organized life of society, the
welfare of the state was bound up with these. The high-
est court tried him. The charge was that his teaching
undermined faith in the state religion; that he was an
a-theist, and a corrupter of the youth of Athens. He was
condemned to die. We have a somewhat detailed ac-
count of his last hours. He talked quietly of his work,
of what might await him beyond, until the fatal hemlock
was brought him to drink. It all reminds one of another
city in the Eastern Mediterranean, and the way she, too,
treated her great ones — ' ' Oh, Jerusalem — thou that ston-
estthe prophets". All in all, Socrates was one of the
tw^o or three men who came nearest to the spirit of an
Old Testament prophet, nearest to the wisdom of the
Man of Nazareth, of all who have arisen in ancient or

The Athens of Socrates and the Athens of St. Paul

modern times, apart from the Hebrew tradition and the
influence of Christianity.

No wonder Socrates and his pupil Plato have been
called "Christians before Christ". No wonder the early
Fathers of the Church — who thought in Greek, wrote in
Greek, set the Christian facts in a framework of Greek
words and ideas — no wonder these Church Fathers re-
garded Socrates and Plato as having done the work of a
John the Baptist in preparing the way for the Gospel in
the gentile world. They one and all echo the verdict of
Justin Martyr : ' ' Socrates did his work by inspiration of
God."

But Paul has arrived from Piraeus and is waiting
down there in the Agora. Paul 's presence recalls us into
the middle of the first century A. D. We hav^e been lin-
gering in the Athens of 400 B. C. (Socrates died 399.)
Crossing the centuries in seven league boots, a sentence
to a century, let us remind ourselves that Socrates' work
was done in the four hundreds. Plato, his pupil, and
Aristotle, his pupil's pupil, worked in the three hundreds.
The tivo -hundreds see Epicurus in his garden and Zeno in
his stoa (porch). And we recognize in the last two the
founders of the two schools of thought which were the
fashionable schools down to Christian times and the
days of Paul.

Here we are at last beside Paul in the Agora. Be-
fore we listen in to his conversation let us look about and
orient ourselves and the Apostle in respect to the several
groups represented among the loungers.

There, to one side the Agora, and looking out upon it
is the stoa or porch of the Stoics. They stand closer to
the Platonic tradition than some others. Their interest
is in psychology, morals, man, God. They hold to the
unity of God. The gods of tradition are only personifi-
cations of the energies and functions of the one God. But
they have gotten God a bit tangled up, pantheistic fash-
ion, in his world. The world is the body of God. God

The Bulletin of the Western Theological Seminary

is a prisoner, lie works in and througli the world but not
over it. God therefore functions as a providential and
moral order, also as a reason ( ^6Yos ) in man. The best
that can be expected is that God will show himself in an
occasional great soul possessed of a ''daimon". It nat-
urally followed that the Stoics were great hero-worship-
pers ; the paintings in the stoa were of heroic scenes from
Greek history. The Stoics were also great at drawing
up schemes of rules and fine ethical formulas for the
guidance of life. They were a good deal like our splen-
did group of the nineteenth century Puritans — Carlyle,
Matthew Arnold, Henly, stronger on the side of ethic
than of theology. But that only served to make such
theology as they had ethical through and through. The
highest wisdom, they said, is to follow the God within.

Since the world is one, and God is one, and reason
and the law governing human life is also one, it follows
that the differences among men are accidental, not es-
sential. The soul makes a true man independent of sta-
tion and of the mere conditions — circumstances — of life.
A slave and a dweller in a palace living by the guidance
of the immanent ^6Yos are both alike in the right path
and equally praiseworthy. All men should live accord-
ing to reason. And as they so live a sense of universal
brotherhood springs up among men. There was on the
part of the leaders and the members of this school a fine
devotion to certain lofty ideals and a note of seriousness
respecting life and conduct which made of Stoicism a
veritable religion combining in itself both mystical and
practical elements.

And this school of thinkers was in the days of Paul
exerting a tremendous creative influence in many direc-
tions. The mingling of the ideals of austerity and self-
control, on the one hand, and of a broad humanity and
catholicity of spirit, on the other, gave a splendid basis
for character and life to great numbers of the Roman in-
telligencia, and equipped with a high sense of responsi-
bility that broad-minded and honorable and tolerant ad-

The Athens of Socrates and the Athens of St. Paul

ministrative aristocracy which represented Eome — on the
whole so admirably — throughout the world. Again,
Stoicism profoundly influenced the development of the
Boman legal system. Any one who has ever read Eoman
law (as did the writer devotedly for a year) will never
forget the impression of humanness and of a world-
brotherhood which found expression in the wealth of
provisions for the manumission of slaves, and for the
extension of the rights of citizenship throughout the
provinces and to different classes of people. No wonder
Paul himself was proud of citizenship in such an empire.
Yet again this system just because it dominated the
minds of serious thinking people everywhere was des-
tined presently to influence profoundly the development
of Christian theology.

But in plain sight from the market place, but a short
step away, was the garden of the Epicureans. They, too,
could easily throng into the public square on short notice.
They stand closer to the Aristotelian tradition. They are
interested in the objective world — so much so that they
have pretty completely lost the feeling for God and the
soul in the world. Practically they are materialists.
While the gods may exist, they, like the souls of men, are
only a finer form of matter. These gods neither create
nor do they exercise a true providence. There is no moral
order, only a mechanistic order, a fate and hard necessity.
The only escape from the mechanistic is through the cul-
tivation, by the man of taste, of the humanities, the arts,
literature, the refinements of life. In religion they hold
that the gods and their worship, the temples, statues, and
the rest have onlj aesthetic value. In morals they are
not puritans, but lovers of pleasure, refined pleasure at
first, but grosser as the pursuit continues. In a word, as
has been said, if the Stoics were the Pharisees of Phi-
losophy the Epicureans were the Sadducees.

Farther out — much farther — the Academj^ of the Pla-
tonists might have been pointed out in Paul's day (as
the traditional site is still shown) near the city gate on

The Bulletin of the Western Tnt^ological Seminary

the left. And some distance to the right, near another
gate, would stand the Lyceum of Aristotle's followers.

In regard to the Court of the Areopagus our interest
is not in the criminal side of its jurisdiction. As the
highest court of a Eoman province, the Areopagus of
Athens has before Paul's time been shorn of much of its
power in criminal matters. But a nobler function re-
mains. Athens has long been the great university of
the world. Other universities have sprung up at Anti-
och, Tarsus, and Alexandria. All shine with the bor-
rowed light that had its source in Athens. And at Athens
the Areopagus is a sort of central Bureau of Education
with authority to pass on the teaching of professors, and
on the qualifications of speakers, admitted to address the
people. In view of this surviving function of the Areop-
agus, there is a special appositeness in the question of
some of the philosophers who question Paul in the mar-
ket-place and later lead him up to the council on the
hard-by hill-top. "What will this picker-up-of-wisdom's-
-crumbs — this philosophical parasite — have to say?"
(or in Moffatt's words — "Whatever does this fellow
mean with his scraps of learning?").

Paul is not ignorant respecting the groups encoun-
tered in the public square and represented in the Mars
Hill court. Zeno, the founder of the Stoic system, had
come from Paul 's northeast corner of the Mediterranean,
the northern tip of C^^prus. Six great leaders of the
school had come from that same corner of the world.
Paul had doubtless encountered this teaching, or felt the
impact of its spirit, before even he left home to sit at
the feet of Gamaliel. Of course he had been initiated
into the teaching of the rival school. Within Judaism
there had been debate between the schools of Hillel and
Shammai, whether educated Jewish youth should be in-
structed in the philosophy of the Greek schools. Gama-
liel, Paul's teacher, had taken the liberal side, and said
they should be so taught.

The Athens of Socrates and the Athens of St. Paul

Paul's address on Mars Hill shows his easy famili-
arity with the thoughts of the men before him. The
opening portion of his address is an adroit argumentimi
adhominem {or, ad homines, rather). For his words are
a tissue of balanced allusions and quotation, commend-
ing him now to the favor of one school, now to the sym-
pathy of the other. It was a dangerous double role that
Paul essayed. Evidently he played it with a high de-
gree of skill and success. He might, to judge fromx the
record, have gone on indefinitely — driving his philosophi-
cal steeds neck and neck, and stepping lightly from one
horse to the other. It is even conceivable that he might
have come off that day with some considerable reputa-
tion as a mediating philosopher if he had been content
to balance compliments throughout his address. But
having by the art of the rhetorician carried both parties
with him up to- a point, Paul had the temerity to suddenly
introduce the Christian matter, and that in its most un-
philosophical and offensive form. Instantly the budding
reputation of the mediating philosopher is blasted. The
close of the story reads like a decided anti-climax, —
"some sneered while others said, 'We will hear you
again on that subject.' So Paul withdrew from them."
And yet the anti-climax is only in appearance. For the
world's interest in Mars Hill to-day is not because of the
philosophers, but because Paul once spoke there. We do
not know the names of those philosophers who opposed
Paul, while one of the principal thoroughfares of mod-
ern Athens is to-day named in honor of Paul's convert,
Strada Dionysios Areopagites.

Stopping for a moment on Paul's address, we note
that the one line quoted by the Apostle from Cleanthes,
the poet-philosopher of Asia Minor (the Troad), is the
most beautiful line in the so-called hymn by this author.
What humanism, what masterly apologetic, what Christ-
like catholicity of soul Paul displays in thus broad-mind-
edly and freely laying hold of ''pagan" material (as
some would call it) and incorporating it into an address

The Bulletin of the Western Theological Seminary

proclaiming the Christian gospeL After that one won-
ders if Paul would have shied at "evolution!" Verily
those were the days when the faith was bold and not tim-
orous. Let us recall the words of the hymn.

"0 God, most glorious, called by many a name,
Nature's great King, through endless years the same.
Omnipotent, thou by thy just decree
Controllest all. Hail Zeus, for unto thee
'T behooves thy creatures in all lands to call.
We are thy children, we alone of all
On earth's ways that wander to and fro,
Bearing thine image whereso'er we go, r^
Wherefore with songs of praise I will th^y power forth-
show. " .

Having expressed in this line from Cleanthes a dis-
tinctly stoical sentiment, the next movement of the apos-
tle's thought leans toward the Epicurean interest as he
alludes to the relation of temple and statue to religion.
One may almost detect between the lines a gesture and
a wave of the hand toward the wealth of temples and
statues rising on the still loftier spur of the same hill not
fifty yards distant and not over forty feet above the level
on which they were all standing. Both the reference to
the shrines, and the sentiment respecting the limited
function of these for intelligent men in that day, would
appeal to some hearers as good Epicurean doctrine.

Presently the Apostle quotes another poet — neither
Stoic nor Epicurean, but belonging to an earlier day and
acceptable to both. This was Epimenides of Crete. A
short bit of his yields not only an apt line for Paul's
Areopagus address, but yields also a line found in the
Epistle to Titus, characterizing the Cretans as liars and
gluttons :

''They think, 0 Zeus, thou loftiest and best,
They have fashioned a grave for thee,
That is what these Cretans think.

The Atliens of Socrates and the Athens of St. Paul

But tliou art not dead,

For to eternity thou livest and endurest,

And in thee ive live and move and have our being".

Ill

In closing let us ask — why did Paul go to Atliens at
all?

If tlie religious thinking of Athens and of the Greek
world generally projected itself along the line of the tra-
dition of Socrates and Plato, of Zeno and the Stoics, of
the Hellenist Jew, Philo, and later of Plautinus, the mys-
tical neo-Platonist ; and if the thinkers of this great line-
age were possessed of so profound a religious philosophy,
such spiritual insight, such sound psychology, and such
a lofty ethic, and if they displayed a capacity for great
constructive thinking in matters of the soul, which puts
much professedly Christian thinking to shame— then
why did Paul ever move westward from Tarsus and Anti-
och — why did he cross over into Macedonia? What
apologia can be made out for the apostolic mission to the
Grseco-Roman world? What was it that Paul possessed
in the Hebrew scriptures and the Christian gospel that
stood unmatched in the whole range of Greek wisdom?

Let me attempt very briefly to sketch three answers
to those questions:

First- — Paul knew that in the message he carried the
interest of religion and the interest of a high ethic stood
in perfect accord and harmony. The Socratic-Platonic-
Stoic ethic was not only lofty and pure, but wonderfully
thought out, wonderfully close to human experience and
life. But such a system could be developed in Greece
only by cutting it loose from the gods and the religion of
Greece's own past. In Palestine, on the other hand, the
religion of Jehovah was set forth in connection with a
moral system and a code of conduct which took its char-
acter from the character of the God of Israel. Paul,
whether as Jew or Christian, always associated his Chris-
tian ethic with the character of his God and his Christ.

The Bulletin of the Western Theological Seminary

Tliis truism of the oneness of religion and morality has
become so much a commonplace in our modem world's
thinking that we forget it was not always a truism. Our
indebtedness here is not — or not primarily— io Grreece,
but to Palestine.

Second — In the realm of religion and of ethics the
Greeks themselves stress knowledge as the need of men
and the means of salvation. Yet Greek thought and
Greek drama together constitute a confession that knowl-
edge is not enough. It was a wonderful vision of a uni-
versal providence, of a sublime moral order, and of a
magnanimous high-souled manhood and human life that
Socrates, Plato, Zeno, and the others possessed. It is
a vision which abides still one of the most splendid that
it has entered the heart of man to conceive. But how
powerless it was then ! how powerless to-day ! — power-
less to get life lifted measurably to the level of vision.
Knowledge is not the crying lack of the world, but some-
thing else!

" 'Tis power whereof our nerves are scant
More power and fuller that we want."

And right here is the marvel of the religion and religious
experience snap-shot in the Old and New Testaments,
and made energic and vital through the proclamation of
the Christian gospel. And the marvel consists — not so
much in the revelation of a moral ideal, though, of course,
that is included — but rather in the glad consciousness
that takes possession of struggling souls that they are
not alone in the struggle, but that a boundless grace and
an almighty power are near — are near and waiting to
change men's hearts, to reorganize their souls, and to
lift human life to new levels of loyalty and of strength
and of assured character, and of victory over the world
and all things in it. It is this mighty spectacle of power
— spiritual power sufficient for men's need and freely
given — it is this which is at once the "charm" of the
Christ and the dynamic of Christianity.

The Athens of Socrates and the Athens of St. Paul

Third — Greek religion stresses at best the abstract
ideal. It was in the most advanced stage of the develop-
ment of the cultus — when it was most deeply influenced
by the newer thinking — that the Athenians erected
statues and altars to wisdom, and piety, and courage, and
modesty, and to the unknown super-powers. We have
here perhaps the "ideas" of Plato's philosophy (more
real than the things they stood for) becoming the ideals
of religious contemplation and worship. The theory was
presumably that by "re-collection" of the powers of the
soul and concentration upon the elements of the ethical
ideal considered in the abstract one might grow into the
possession of those qualities. Is there not a good deal
of this later Greek religious philosophy in our Christi-
anity to-day? Biblical Eeligion and Christianity, on the
other hand, stress the concrete, personal as against the
abstract; not only the idea of the personal God as the
source and home of the moral ideal, but also the concept
of a revelation of that ideal in one historic life. In the
words of the late Hiram Corson, of Cornell, in his "Aims
of Literary Study", "the secret of Christianity is found
in the fact that at the heart of it stands a real person
in whom all that is potential in humanity has once been
realized". But even this statement of Corson's is hardly
complete. For the Christian that which is potential in
humanity is realized through the help, the moral uplift
and succor imparted by its central personality, and at
His cost. "Power had gone out of Him."

". . . . Think, Abib; dost thou think?
So, the All-Great were the All-Loving, too —
So, through the thunder comes a human voice
Saying, '0 heart I made, a heart beats here!
Face, my hands fashioned, see it in myself.
Thou hast no power nor mayst conceive of mine,
But love I gave thee, with Myself to love,
And thou must love me who have died for thee!' " ,

The Bulletin of the Western Theological Seminary

No — tliat truth, ''The All-Great is the All-Loving,
too", never was sighted through Greek speculation! It
came through history, and by way of Nazareth and Ca-
pernaum and Calvary. And now — as Christ has proved
himself greater than Greek wisdom and supplies that for
the lack of which this loftiest system failed — shall we not
believe that this same Christ is the one all men con-
sciously or unconsciously are seeking, and shall one day
find?

Rev. James Caruthers Rhea Ewing,
D.D., LL.D., KX.I.E,

Rev. James A. Kelso

By birth and education James Caruthers Rhea
Ewing was a son of Western Pennsylvania. He saw the
light of day on January 23, 1854, near Saltsburg, in
Armstrong County, Pennsylvania. In 1872 he entered
Washington and Jefferson College and graduated in
1876. The same year he entered the Western Theological
Seminary, Pittsburgh, Pa., and completed the regular
course of that institution as a member of the Class of
1879. He was ordained by the Presbytery of Kittanning
on September fourth of the same year, as he Avas under
appointment by the Board of Foreign Missions of the
Presbyterian Church. A few weeks later he landed in
India, where he was to spend his life as a preacher, edu-
cator, and leader in the Church of Christ.

He began his missionary career at Fatehgarh. It was
here that he learned the language and made his first ac-
quaintance with the people to Avhom he was to minister.
After two years he was transferred to Allahabad, the
capital of the Northwest Province (afterward the
United Province of Agra and Ough) where he spent
three 3^ears. At this period of his missionary career
Dr. Ewing devoted himself to evangelistic work. In
India the term "evangelistic work" is used to cover
preaching to non- Christians in bazaars, at the city
gates, and itinerating among the villages of the district.
This type of work compels the missionary to learn the
mental habits of the people and to become acquainted
with the details of their religion. AA^Iiile the missionary
learns the mental and spiritual idios;\Ticrasies of the
people, he himself receives a thorough schooling for his
future labors. In Dr. Ewing 's case these years of ap-
prenticeship Avere to bear rich fruit in his career of mis-
sionary leadership.

The Bulletin of the Western Theological Seminary

Dr. Ewing's fellow missionaries were so impressed
with the rapid progress which he had made in learning
the language and in understanding the people, that he
was transferred to a chair in the theological seminary
at Saharanpur within five years of his arrival in the
country. In this institution he labored three years, train-
ing native preachers for the Presbyterian Churches of
India, and in order to make it possible for the native
preacher, unacquainted with English, to use his New^
Testament in Greek, he published a dictionary, "Greek-
Hindustani Dictionary of New Testament Greek". His
Alma Mater, Washington and Jefferson College, recog-
nized his contribution to theological education by con-
ferring the degree of D. D. in 1887.

It was at the Theological Seminary that Dr. Ewing
speedily won his spurs as an educator. Within four
years after his taking up theological teaching he became
President of Forman Christian College at Lahore in the
Punjab, a position w^hich he held for thirty years. Under
his presidency the institution prospered and came to be
generally recognized as one of the leading Christian
colleges of the Indian Empire. Forman Christian
College is affiliated with the Punjab University, and
through this affiliation Dr. Ewing was in turn, a fellow
of the University, dean, and for the seven closing 3'ears
of his presidency vice-chancellor of the Punjab Uni-
versity.

Busy as his teaching and administrative duties kept
him. Dr. Ewing found time for literary work. The out-
put of his pen was extensive for one who w^as engaged
in administrative duties. His writings were devotional
and biographical. Among the former we may mention
"Seven Times Victorious", to which ought to be added
numerous contributions to the religious press, American
and Indian. Among the latter we note the "Life of Dr.
Duff" and "A Pioneer of the Church in India" (Life of
Rev. Dr. K. C. Chatter jee.) In the year 1918, while on

Rev. James Caruthers Rhea Ewing

furlough, Dr. Ewing served as lecturer on the Severance
Foundation at his theological Alma Mater. His course
of lectures on Hinduism were delivered under the title
' ^ The Growth of a Might^^ System ' '.

He severed his connection with the Forman Chris-
tian College in 1918 and became the Secretary of the
India Council, a directing administrative agency of our
missions. In this position he wielded a far-reaching in-
fluence as the general adviser and counsellor of all the
work of the Presbyterian Board of Foreign Missions in
India. Dr. Ewing returned to his native land in 1922 and
settled in Princeton, N. J., where as lecturer on Missions
he became a member of the Faculty of the Theological
Seminary. A year later he w^as elected a member of the
Board of Foreign Missions, and on November 17, 1924
received the high honor of being selected by this same
Board as its President. But God in His providence did
not permit the Board of Foreign Missions to enjoy the
benefit of his ripe experience and wise judgment for
many months, for on August 20, 1925, he was suddenly
called to his Heavenly reward. Without question, Dr.
Ewing was the leading American missionary in India.
He was trusted and honored by all classes, British and
native Indians. The British Government recognized hi,s
services to the people of India by the many honorrt
which they conferred on him. His zealous labors for the
alleviation of famine suffering were recognized by the
Kaiser-i-Hind Gold Medal, which Avas presented to him
by King Edward VII. in 1907, and a 3^ear later his
Alma Mater conferred the degree of LL. D. on him in
recognition of his notable services to the cause of mis-
sions. In 1915, King George V. created him a Companion
of the Indian Empire, and a little later (in 1928) made
him Knight Commander of the Indian Empire. This
latter honor entitled him to use the title of knighthood:
he w^as no longer Dr. Ewing, but Sir James C. R. Ewing,
K. C. I. E. But the honor which he himself prized most

The Bulletin of the Western Theological Seminary-

of all was the election to the presidency of the Board of
Foreign Missions.

Dr. Ewing is survived by his widow, Mrs. Jane
Sherrard Ewing, who resides in Princeton, N. J., and
by three daughters and two sons. The missionary mantle
of the fathers has fallen upon tAvo of the daughters, who
are wives of missionaries in India. A third married
daughter resides in America. His eldest son is engaged
in social service activities, while the younger has re-
cently been taken under the care of Presbytery as a
candidate for the ministry.

When the Associated Press telegrams of August
21st flashed the news of Dr. Ewing 's sudden and unex-
pected death there was universal mourning in the
Church which he had served long and faithfully both in
India and America, for all realized that a prince and a
great man in the Church of Christ had fallen that day.

Faculty Notes

For the last three seasons Dr. Breed has taught the Men's Bible
Class of the Shadyside Presbyterian Church, for about three months,
previous to his going to California for the winter. This class is
remarkable not for its great numbers, for the average attendance
Is about 3 5, but for its personnel. There is scarcely a man in at-
tendance who does not fill some responsible and conspi-
cuous position in business or professional life. Many of them are
members of old Pittsburgh families of the first social lank. Some
are men of large wealth. Some are prominent lawyers, doctors, or
teachers in our great schools. Some are members of large manufac-
turing concerns. All are earnest, active Christians. It is doubtful if
the class can be duplicated in such respects in the United States. Dr.
Breed's plan has not been to study in detail any passage or book of
the Bible, but rather to present a comprehensive and systematic sur-
vey of certain elements of revelation. For six weeks this Fall he
gave a course on "The Unique Teachings of Jesus." He is now en-
gaged with "Providential Agents in secular history preparatory to
the Coming of Christ: Cyrus, Alexander, Judas Maccabeus, Julius
Caesar, Herod the Great."

The connection of Professor Schaff with the Seminary will cease
with the close of the present semester, in December. Dr. Schaff has
been a member of the faculty since 19 03, when he was called from
the professorship of Church History in Lane Seminary. During his
connection with Western he has, in addition to other literary pub-
lications, issued two volumes on Medieval Church History, two
works on John Huss, and a small work on the Reformation. He was
chairman of the Assembly's committee to prepare the Intermediate
Catechism, also of the Assembly's committee on the celebration of
the four hundredth anniversary of the Reformation. In connection
with the commemoration of the four hundredth anniversary of John
Calvin's birth, he delivered addresses on Calvin at Prag and before
the General Assembly in Denver. He represented the Seminary at
the celebration in commemoration of the birth of Calvin and of the
founding of the University of Geneva. On this occasion the Uni-
versity of Geneva conferred on him the degree of D. D. In 1917 he
addressed the Assembly in Dallas in commemoration of the Refor-
mation and the Ninety-five Theses. He made an address before the
Pan-Presbyterian Council in Aberdeen in 1913. He was appointed
to give the opening address at the recent meeting of the Council
in Cardiff, but found it inconvenient to attend.

Dr. Snowden spent five weeks during July and August lecturing
on theology and religious education in the Graduate School of
Theology at the University of Dubuque. The last week of August
he was at Chautauqua, where he lectured each morning and
preached the closing sermon in the amphitheater.

Mr. and Mrs. LeSourd spent the latter part of the summer
travelling abroad. They left New York June 27th and returned
September 12th, their itinerary including Great Britain, the Con-
tinent, Egypt, and Palestine.

Dr. Eakin underwent a serious operation for peritonitis in a
Chicago hospital on August 1st. After spending the early autumn
in New England and the Adirondacks, in an effort to regain full
strength, he was able to resume his seminary work in October. He
is now enjoying excellent health.

Alumniana

1872
Rev. John W. Little, Ph. D., of Madison, Nebraska, was elected
G. A. R. chaplain for the state at the annual encampment at
Omaha, May 6th. He was also chosen as delegate to the national
G. A. R. meet in Grand Rapids, August 30th. He is chaplain of the
local post at Madison. Dr. Little was born in 18 42, was graduated
from Washington & Jefferson College in 1869 and from the
Seminary in 1872. He served in an Illinois regiment during the
Civil War and was well acquainted with Abraham Lincoln. On last
Memorial Day he delivered an address in the Madison auditorium
on "Reminiscences of Mr. Lincoln and the Civil War."

1881
Arlington Avenue Presbyterian Church, Brooklyn, N. Y., Rev.
John H. Kerr, D. D., pastor, has recently celebrated its thirty-fifth
anniversary. There were 49 charter members, and 18 3 8 persons
have been received.

1884
In the Highland Church, Pittsburgh, Pa., a bronze tablet has
been dedicated to the memory of Dr. Charles P. Cheeseman, who
for twenty-nine years was the beloved pastor of this church.

Rev. Calvin C. Hays, D. D., has accepted the position of
Synodical Executive of the Synod of Pennsylvania under the plan
of the organization of the Board of National Missions. His office
is in the Granite Building, Pittsburgh, Pa.

1887
The College of Idaho, of which Rev. Wm. J. Boone, D. D., is
president, graduated a class of fifty young men and women at its
Commencement exercises in June.

Rev. and Mrs. J. A. Eakin, of Siam, are home on furlough..
They spent the summer at Chautauqua and are now at Wooster,
Ohio.

During the summer Rev. Charles Herron attended the meet-
ings of the General Presbyterian Alliance at Cardiff, Wales, and the-
World Conference on Liffe and Work, at Stockholm. Between the
meetings he visited the churches of Central and Southeastern.
Europe.

1889
Rev. William F. Weir, D.D., acted as official representative of
the Seminary at the installation of the Rev. Frederick Carl Eiselen,
Ph.D., D.D., LL.D., as President of Garrett Biblical Institute, Evans-
ton, 111., on June 9th.

1892
Rev. W. E. Allen, for 14 years pastor of the First Church, New
Cumberland, W. Va., has taken up the work in his new field, the
Lemington Avenue Church, Pittsburgh, Pa.

Alumniana

Dr. R. Lew Williams has completed the twenty-fifth year of his
pastorate in the Lake Street Church, Elmira, N. Y. This church is
erecting a new Sunday School building, to cost $100,000. It will be
ready for occupancy early next year. Dr. Williams was one of the
Assembly's delegates to the quadrennial meeting of the Pan-Pres-
byterian Council held at Cardiff, Wales.

1893
Rev. E. K. Mechlin, of Cherry Tree, Pa., owing to some severe
throat trouble, has been obliged to give up the work of the pastor-
ate. Mr. Mechlin is spending this winter in Florida.

1894
College Hill Church, Cincinnati, of which Rev. C. A. Austin is
pastor, is proceeding with plans for the erection of a parish house.
The building will cost about $100,000 and will be used for educa-
tional and recreational purposes.

On July 12 the West View Presbyterian Church, Rev. E. A.
Culley, pastor, celebrated the twentieth anniversary of its founding.

1896
The church at Rural Valley, Pa., and its pastor, Rev. Dr. U. S.
Bartz, are receiving numerous congratulatory messages in connec-
tion with the ninetieth anniversary of the founding of the church,
which was observed October 9th to 11th. The main address of the
occasion was to have been delivered by Dr. J. C. R. Ewing, whose
parents were members of this church at the time of his birth, in
1854. The vacancy in the program caused by Dr. Ewing's death
was filled by Dr. Calvin C. Hays, who spoke on "What Presby-
terianism Has Stood For Through the Years."

Rev. D. A. Greene, of the Poplar Street Church, Cincinnati,
has had marked success in promoting a community week-day Bible
school. The school, started three years ago, had an enrollment of
420 its third year. Six other churches in the neighborhood are co-
operating in its support.

Rev. J. Mont Travis has been stated clerk of Denver Presby-
tery since 1918. He is now giving his entire time to the work of the
Presbytery — particularly its church extension work — and to the
promotion of the Presbyterian Hospital of Colorado.

• 1898
The Rev. C. W. Kerr, D.D., with Mrs. Kerr and their daughter,
spent the past summer travelling in Europe and the Holy Land. Dr.
Kerr is pastor of the First Church of Tulsa, Oklahoma.

1900
Montview Boulevard Church of Denver, Rev. Wm. L. Barrett,
D.D., pastor, has reached its first goal of $150,000 in its building
fund campaign, and is proceeding with plans for erecting a new
church home.

The Bulletin of the Western Theological Seminary

Sanford Presbyterian Church, of Erie, Pa., Rev. C. S. Beatty,
D. D., pastor, has recently received a legacy of $120,000, and with
some other property which they own they are planning a memorial
church, to be erected within the next year or two, with proposed
equipment the best in Northwestern Pennsylvania.

1901
Rev. Merchant S. Bush is serving as student pastor in Greater
Boston, representing the Presbyterian Church U. S. A., the South-
ern Presbyterian Church, and the United Presbyterian Church. His
headquarters are at the new Westminster House at 185 Bay State
Road, Boston. Mr. Bush officially represented the Seminary at
the Centennial exercises of the Newton Theological Institution on
June 10th.

Rev. Charles F. Irwin, of Wilmerding, read a paper before the
Presbyterian Ministerial Association of Pittsburgh on June 15th,
his subject being "Oliver Cromwell: A Study of His Life and In-
fluence".

Rev. J. H. Lawther received. 607 new members into the
Church during the four years of his pastorate at Niles, Ohio. In
this time the membership has increased from 400 to 847, contribu-
tions for current expenses have more than doubled, and the mis-
sionary gifts are three times what they were.

1903
Rev. A. P. Bittinger, Moderator of the Synod of Pennsylvania
for the current year, on May fourth celebrated his tenth anniver-
sary as pastor of the Presbyterian Church of Ambridge, Pa. The
degree of D. D. was conferred upon Mr. Bittinger by Grove City
College at its Commencement exercises on June 17th.

Rev. George C. Fisher, D. D., pastor of the Highland Presby-
terian Church, Pittsburgh, Pa., spent his vacation travelling in
Mediterranean lands, visiting Egypt, Palestine, and Syria. At its
next meeting, December 7th, Dr. Fisher is to address the Presby-
terian Social Union of Pittsburgh on his impressions and observa-
tions on this trip. During the summer the Highland congregation
installed a new organ costing $15,000.

Rev. A. J. McCartney, of Chicago, has been called to the
Fourth Church of New York City.

1906
Rev. C. E. Bovard, of Waukesha, Wis., has taken up his new
work in Rockledge, Florida.

The degree of Doctor of Divinity has been conferred upon Rev.
Harry A. Rhodes, of Seoul, Korea, by Grove City College.

1907
Grove City College has conferred the degree of Doctor of
Divinity upon Rev. G. W. Kaufman, assistant pastor at the Third
Church, Pittsburgh.

Alumniana

Rev. Francis I. Woollett, of Brookville, Pa., has been called to
the West Broad. Street Church, Columbus, Ohio.

1910
Rev. F. F. Graham is home on furlough from his mission field
in Brazil and may be addressed 144 Avenue A, Westinghouse Place,
East Pittsburgh, Pa.

In September, Rev. A. P. Kelso severed his connection with the
James Millikin University, Decatur, 111., to accept a call to the
Chair of Bible in Southwestern College, Memphis, Tenn.

During the first year of his pastorate in the Washington
Avenue Church, Charleroi, Rev. Frank S. Montgomery received 122
members, 89 of whom came in by profession. Recently a new par-
sonage, costing over $22,000, has been built.

Rev. and Mrs. Herbert W. Stewart are home on furlough from
their station at Pitsanuloke, Siam. Their present address is
Wooster, Ohio.

The First Church of Martin's Ferry, Ohio, is planning the erec-
tion of a new parish house. Its membership is nearing the thou-
sand mark. Dr. C. B. Wingerd is pastor.

1912
Rev. H. H. Bergen, of Cleveland, Ohio, has accepted a call to
the Plymouth Congregational Church, Lockport, N. Y.

1913
The First Church of Van Wert, Ohio, of which Rev. G. A.
Frantz is pastor, dedicated its new church home the week of
October 11th to 18th. The building is a beautiful structure in the
spirit of fifteenth century Gothic. Adjoining apartments provide
ample facilities for educational and social activities. Among those
who took part in the dedication ceremonies was Rev. John W.
Christie, D.D., '07, a former pastor of the church.

1914
Rev. Dwight M. Donaldson, writing from his station at Meshed,
Persia, reports a variety of interesting activities for the year 1924-
1925. Much of his time is occupied with building transactions, ac-
counts, and other matters of an administrative character. But he
finds time to teach church history to theological students, study
local history and customs, practice his knowledge of Hebrew on
Jewish acquaintances, attend mission meetings, attend to social ob-
ligations, etc.

Rev. Leroy C. Hensel is secretary of the Children's Foundation,
with headquarters at Valparaiso, Indiana. This Foundation came
into existence in 19 21, being chartered as a corporation not for pro-
fit, its objects being the study of the child and the dissemination of
knowledge promotive of the well-being of children. In 1924 it pub-
lished an important volume entitled "The Child: His Nature and
His Needs" — a survey of the present status of knowledge in the
fields of child study and elementary education. A second volume
is promised for 1925. Mr. Hensel reports that his connection with
the Foundation has been a thoroughly happy one.

The BuUetin of the Western Theological Seminary

In the First Presbyterian Church of Hutchinson, Kansas, Rev.
D. G. MacLennan, pastor, 100 families have enrolled in a promise
to conduct daily family worship. This was the result of a special
campaign conducted in this church by Dr. MacLennan assisted by
Tlev. A. T. Dewey, Synodical representative of the Presbyterian
Board of Christian Education.

1915

Rev. W. P. Harriman was elected a member of the Board of
Trustees of Cedarville College at their last annual meeting, held
June 4th.

Rev. C. V. Reeder, of China, has suffered bereavement through
the death of his wife. Mr. Reeder's mother will go to China to care
for his children. His Seminary friends extend their deep sympathy
to him in his loss.

Rev. Paul Sappie has been installed over the Presbyterian
Church of Johnsonburg, Pa.

1916
Rev. J. G. 'Bingham was elected Moderator of the Presbytery
of Shenango at the September meeting.

Rev. Ralph V. Gilbert, of Independence, Iowa, has published a
l)00k entitled "The Church and Printer's Ink" (New York, Revell,
$1.25). Mr. Gilbert has devoted much study to the promotional as-
pect of the Christian enterprise and has put his theories into prac-
tice with marked success. His book is being warmly commended by
reviewers as a suggestive manual on church advertising.

At the September meeting of the Presbytery of Shenango, Rev.
J. A. King was elected permanent clerk.

Rev. Thomas R. Meily, of Montgomery, Pa., has been called
to the First Presbyterian Church of Masontown, Pa.

1917
West Alexander Church, Rev. Glenn M. Crawford pastor, re-
ports offerings for benevolences totalling 52 per cent, of the
regular church budget. The average attendance at the mid-week
prayer service in this church for the past three and a half years has
been eighty-two.

The Finance Committee of Central Presbyterian Church, Mc-
Keesport, Pa., reports that more than ninety-five per cent of the
pledges for last year were paid. In the year book of this church a
complete report is given of each member's financial standing with
reference to the church. Rev. LeRoy Lawther is pastor.

Rev. and Mrs. Frank B. Llewellyn have returned to their work
in the Punjab, India. During his furlough Mr. Llewellyn rendered a
highly appreciated service as special lecturer on missions at the
Seminary.

At the meeting of the Presbyterian Ministerial Association of
Pittsburgh on June 8th, Rev. H. H. Nicholson read a paper on "The
Place of the Elder in the Government of the Presbyterian Church".

Alumniana

Following a year of post-graduate work in the Seminary, M>-..
Nicholson has reentered the pastorate, having taken charge of the-
Presbyterian Church at Wellston, Ohio.

1918

Rev. H. A. Gearhart recently read a paper on "The Church ia
Scotland" before the Pittsburgh Presbyterian Ministerial Associa-
tion.

Rev. and Mrs. Wilbur H. Lyon, home on furlough from their-
station in western India, are at the University of Chicago.

1919

The financial report of the Riverdale Church of Glenwillard,
Pa., Rev. D. Earl Daniel, pastor, after the first year's use of the
duplex envelope system and a published financial report, showed an
increase of 370 per cent in benevolences, 80 per cent increase in
current expenses, and a surplus of over a thousand dollars in the
treasury.

Rev. H. M. Eagleson, of Bucyrus, Ohio, has accepted a call to
the Hawthorn Avenue Church, of Crafton, Pa., where he will be
installed on November 2 3d.

Several missionary alumni of the Class of 1919 are home this
year on furlough. .

Rev. Donald A. Irwin, of China, will deliver the lectures on
the Severance Foundation at the Seminary during the second
semester of the current year. His present address is 915 Irwin
Avenue, N. S., Pittsburgh, Pa.

Rev. J. E. Kidder, of China, is living in the Seminary dormi-
tory and taking courses in the Seminary and in the University of
Pittsburgh.

Rev. R. L. Steiner, of Persia, is at his home in Oakmont. Pa.

1920

We print an interesting extract from a recent letter from Rev^
S. Neale Alter, of the American Mission, Hama, Syria.

"We have been having a rather stormy time here in Syria dur-
ing the past few weeks, especially in Hama where there was a revo-
lution against the French, made up entirely of Muslims. Fortunately"
Mrs. Alter was in the Lebanon and I was in Aleppo when the revo-
lution took place.

"The revolutionists succeeded in burning the Post Office, Tele-
graph Office, and all the government buildings, and had practically
defeated the two small garrisons of soldiers when help arrived from
Aleppo and bombing planes from the south. Our house was
not damaged although it is not far from the scene of some of the-
hardest fighting between the soldiers and revolutionists.

"It seems there was a general revolution arranged for all the
interior of Syria, to begin on Muhammad's birthday, but only Hama
actually tried to carry it out. Investigation now in progress seems
to show pretty clearly that robbing and killing the Christians was a.
scheduled part of the program, and only prevented by the soldiers.
The bravery and efficiency of the French soldiers when the troop-
train arrived from Aleppo was very commendable.

The Bulletin of the Western Theological Seminary

"The only part of the fighting which I got in for was the hold-
up of the train by the revolutionists two stations above Ham a, but
fortunately we had three carloads of soldiers and machine guns
which quickly overpowered the rebels. It was a very exciting hour
nevertheless.

"Syria has been called the gilt edge mission, but in these rather
stormy days a bit of the gilt may get rubbed off. Nevertheless I
have not lost hope that there is an awakening here in the Near East
which may ultimately have very fine results even though the process
of getting anywhere may be a bit stormy. The problems of this
part of the world, with its myriads of sects, are so complicated that
no one sees the way out. The revoluntionists had no program of re-
construction even if they had succeeded."

1921
Among the twenty new members received by the New Salem
church at the Easter communion were six young men and two
young women who had been reared in the Catholic faith. This
church has a building fund of more than $24,000 deposited in the
local bank. Rev. George K. Bamford is pastor.

1924

Rev. John K. Bibby will be installed pastor of the First Presby-
terian Church, of Clairton, Pa., on Nov. 12th.

The Presbyterian Church at Champion, Ohio, Rev. J. Carroll
Wright, pastor, rededicated its building on Sept. 20th. after a very
extensive remodeling program, which included the installation of a
new heating plant, new windows, pulpit furniture, and additional
Sunday School rooms and rooms -for social purposes. Mr. Wright
has recently accepted a call to the church at Canfield, Ohio.

1925

Rev. John B. Barker and Miss Blair Jessop were married on
June second, and left immediately for a trip to Europe. Mr. Barker
had been ordained on May 18th and on the following day installed
pastor of the Presbyterian Church of Smithfield, Ohio. On his re-
turn from Europe in August he took up the work of the pastorate
in Smithfield.

Rev. Claude S. Conley was ordained and installed pastor of the
Plum Creek and Renton Churches, Presbytery of Blairsville, on May
22d. His address is R. F. D., Parnassus, Pa.

Rev. Joseph Holub left this country in August for a short visit
to his home in Poland. He expects to have his wife and young son
return to America with him.

Miss Mary Jeanette Shane and Rev. C. Marshall Muir were
married at the home of the bride's parents in McDonald, Pa., June
24. Mr. and Mrs. Muir spent the summer in Europe and are now
at home in St. Paul, Minn,, where Mr. Muir is associated with Dr.
Swearingen as assistant pastor of the House of Hope Church.

Mr. Clayton E. Williams has left Sewickley and accepted a
position as associate pastor of the First Presbyterian Church of
Poughkeepsie, N. Y.

Rev. Albert Z. Maksay sailed from New York late in August,
expecting to return to his home in Cluj-Kolozsvar and accept a posi-
tion as teacher in the Reformed Theological Seminary in that city.

Necrology

Buchanan, Aaron Moore. Born, Beaver County, Pa., July 7, 1856;
A.B., 1879, and D.D., 1899, Washington and Jefferson
College; Seminary, 1882; licensed, April 27, 1881, Presbytery
of Washington; ordained, October 4, 1882, Presbytery of
Pittsburgh; pastor, Hebron, Pa., 1882-6; Morgantown, W. Va.,
1886-1915; field agent for College Board, 1916-17; field
secretary New Era Movement, 11919-20; Superintendent of
Missions, Redstone Presbytery, 1920-24; stated clerk, Pres-
bytery of Grafton, 2 5 years; stated clerk. Synod of West
Virginia, 9 years; chaplain, First Infantry West Virginia
National Guard; died, Morgantown, W. Va., June 20, 1924.

Day, Alanson Ritner. Born, Washington Co., Pa., October 2, 1835;
Washington College, 1858; Seminary, 1859-62; licensed, April,
18 61, Presbytery of Washington; ordained, September, 18 62,
Presbytery of Highland; stated supply, Waynesburg, Pa.,
1861-2; Denver, Colorado, 1862-5; Brodhead, Wis., 1873-6;
near Waukesha, 1876-80; Pleasant Unity, Pa., 1900-3; Saxton,
1904-8; pioneer home missionary of Rocky Mountain dis-
trict; residence, Alexandria, Pa., 1903-24; died, Alexandria,
Pa., February 24, 1924.

Publications: History of the Presbyterian Church in Colorado
from 1860 to 1873; Christianity and Sect; The Divine Father-
hood; The Morning Land (hymn).

Eldredge, Clayton W. Born, N-Pitcher, N. Y., April 7, 1869;
Westminster College, New Wilmington, Pa., 1891; Seminary,
1892-5; licensed, April, 1893, Presbytery of Shenango;
ordained, October 10, 1895, Presbytery of Allegheny; pastor,
Fairmount and Pleasant Hill, 189 5-6; Leetonia, O., 189 6-8;
Poplar Street, Cincinnati, O., 1898-1903; Evanston, Cincin-
nati, O., 1903-5; Superintendent Cincinnati District Anti-
Saloon League, 1905-12; Columbus, Ohio, 1913-24; died,
Columbus, Ohio, July 19, 1924.

Hepler, David E. Born, Limestone, Pa., August 16, 1863; Wash-
ington and Jefferson College, 1892; Seminary, 1902-5; licensed,
April, 1894, and ordained. May 18, 1895, Presbytery of
Clarion; pastor, Spring Creek, Pa., 1895-1903; Fruit Hill,
Pa., 1903-7; Williamsburg, Pa., 1907-10; Elders Ridge and
West Lebanon, 1910-17; Pisgah, Clarion Presbytery, 1917-
21; Presbyterial Superintendent, Presbytery of Clarion,
1921-4; died. Clarion, Pa., January 7, 1925.

Hill, Winfield Euclid. Born, East Liverpool, Ohio, June 2, 1842;
Jefferson College, 1864; Seminary, 1868; licensed, April 29,
1868, Presbytery of New Lisbon; ordained. May 11, 1875,
Presbytery of Lima; stated supply, Gettysburg and Fletcher,
Ohio, 1869-70; Gettysburg, 1870-1; Wapakoneta, 1872-6;
Ottawa, 1876-9; pastor, Fairview, W. Va., 1879-90; Waynes-
burg and Bethlehem, 1890-7; stated supply, Senecaville and
Lore City, 1898-9; stated supply, and evangelist, 1900-8;
residence. East Liverpool, Ohio; honorably retired. Presbytery
of Cleveland; died, East Liverpool, Ohio, May 6, 1923.
Publications: Birds of the Panhandle; Plants of the Pan-
handle; many articles in church and science journals.

The Bulletin of the Western Theological Seminary

Knight, Hervey B. Born, Newcastle, Ohio, July 20, 18 41; Wash-
ington College, 1864; Seminary, 1867; D.D., Parsons College,
1904; licensed, June, 18 66, Presbytery of Saltsburg; ordained,
April 14, 1868, Presbytery of Iowa; stated supply. West.
Point, Iowa, 1867-9; pastor, Ottumwa, 1869-81; Geneseo, 111.,
1886-7; financial secretary, 1881-4, professor, 1884-6, 1887-
93, 1899-02, dean, 1899-02, Parsons College, Fairfield, Iowa;
general secretary, McCormick Theological Seminary, 1893-7;
principal. Marietta Academy, Marietta, Ohio, 1897-9; general
secretary, Whitworth College, Tacoma, Wash., 1902-6; Pendle-
ton Academy, Pendleto^n, Oregon, 19 06-7; College of Idaho,
Caldwell, Ida., 1907-10; secretary, Presbyterian Bible Train-
ing School, Chicago, 1910; died, Pueblo, Colorado, March 27,
1925.

Lovvrie, Samuel Thompson. Born, Pittsburgh, Pa., February 8,
1835; Miami University, Oxford, O., 1852; Seminary, 1852-6;
D.D., Washington and Jefferson College, 1874; post-graduate,
Heidelburg, 1856-7; Berlin, 1863; licensed, January 1856,
Presbytery of Ohio; ordained, 1858, Presbytery of Hunting-
don; pastor, Alexandria, Pa., 1858-63; city missionary, Phila-
delphia, 1864; pastor, Bethany, Philadelphia, Pa., 1865-9;
Abington, Pa., 1869-73; Ewing, N. J., 1879-85; associate
pastor, Wylie Memorial, Philadelphia, Pa., 1891-6; traveled,
Europe and Palestine, 18 57; professor. Western Theological
Seminary, 1873-8; chaplain, Presbyterian Hospital, Philadel-
phia, 1885-9; died, St. David's, Pa., September 21, 1924.
Publications: Explanation of Hebrews; translated Lange's
Numbers and Isaiah; translated Cremer's Beyond the Grave;
published The Lord's Supper; articles in Reviews, etc.

MacDonald, Herbert O. Born, Oil City, Pa., August 21, 1871;
Grove City College, 189 6; Seminary, 189 9; licensed, April
189 8, Presbytery of Butler; ordained. May 8, 18 99, Presbytery
of Redstone; stated supply, Dawson, Pa., 1898-9; pastor, Daw-
son, Pa., 1899-1901; New Providence, Carmichaels, Pa.,.
1901-6; Monessen, Pa., 1907-17; Unity, Shenango Presbyterj'-,
1917-21; Enon Valley, 1921-4; Chester, W. Va., 1924-5; died
Chester, W. Va., January 7, 192 5.

Magill, Hezekiah. Born, near Steubenville, O., September 12, 1842;
Jefferson College, 1864; Seminary, 1867; D.D., Franklin Col-
lege, New Athens, O., 1898; licensed, April 25, 1866, Pres-
bytery of Steubenville; ordained. May 9, 18 67, Presbytery of
Kittanning; pastor, Co^ncord and Mahoning, Pa., 1867-72;
Apollo, 1872-9; Union and Midway, 1879-84; Prairie City,
111., 1884-5; Council Grove, Kans., 1885-8; Phoenix, Ariz.,
1888-90; St. Louis, Mo., (Memorial Tabernacle, 1891-1905;
Kingsland Memorial, 1906-13; Curby Memorial, 1913-17);
stated clerk, St. Louis Presbytery, 1900-25; died, St. Louis,.
Mo., April 6, 1925.

Mechlin, John Carvithers. Born, Dayton, Pa., May 15, 1859; Wash-
ingto.n and Jefferson College, 188 2; Seminary, 1887; licensed,
1886, and ordained July 28, 1887, Presbytery of Kittanning;
foreign missionary, Salmas, Persia, 1887-96; pastor. Middle-
port, N. Y., 1897-1904; Fredericksburg, O., 1904-22; stated
clerk, Presbytery of Wooster, 1910-22; honorably retired,.
1923; died, Fredericksburg, O., April 15, 1924.

Necrology

Minton, Henry Collin. Born, Prosperity, Pa., May 8, 1855; Wash-
ington and Jefferson College, 1879; Seminary, 1882; A.M.,
1882, D.D., 1892, and L.L.D., 1902, Washington and Jefferso-n
College; licensed, April 2 7, 1881, Presbytery of Washington;
ordained, June 15, 1882, Presbytery of St. Paul; pastor,
Duluth, Minn., 1882-3; pastor elect, 2nd, Baltimore, Md.,
188 3-4; pastor, 1st, San Jose, Cal., 1884-91; St. Johns, San
Francisco, Cal., 1892; 1st, Trenton, N. J., 1902-18; traveled
around world, 1888-9; professor of Systematic Theology, San
Francisco Theological Seminary, 1892-1902; moderator Gen-
eral Assembly, 1901; chairman of Committee on Creed Revi-
sion, 1901-2; Stone lecturer, Princeton Theological Semi-nary,
1901; lecturer (theology), Auburn Theological Seminary,
1901; died, San Rafael, Cal., Ju.ne 14, 1924.
Publications: Christianity Supernatural, 19 00; The Cosmos
and the Logos, 19 02; frequent contributor to religious press.

Patterson, John Fulton. Born, Wellsville, Columbiana County, Ohio,
November 13, 1856. Mount Union College, 1878; Seminary,
1879-82; D.D., Mt. Unio-n College, 1893; D.D., Lafayette Col-
lege; licensed, April 27, 1881, Presbytery of Steubenville;
ordained, November 2, 18 82, Presbytery of Pittsburgh; pastor,
Mingo, Pa., 1882-7; 6th, Pittsburgh, Pa., 188 7-9 4; Central,
Orange, N. J., 1894-1924; died, Orange, N. J., October 21,
1924.

Price, Robert Thompson. Born, New Hagerstown, O., June 2, 1836;
Washington College, 1861; Seminary, 1864; D.D., Scio Col-
lege, 1900; licensed, April 28, 1864, Presbytery of Steuben-
ville; ordained, June, 1866, Presbytery of Washington; pastor,
Wellsburg, W. Va., 1866-8; Mt. Prospect, Pa., 1868-73;
Bellevue, 1873-5; Dunbar, 1875-84; Shreve and Hopewell, O.,
1884-7; Hopewell and Nashville, 188 7-9 3; Scio, The Ridge,
Jewett, 1893-1902; supply, Crowley, La., and vicinity, 1903-
12; residence, Wooster, Ohio, 1912-25; died, Wooster, Ohio,
April 18, 1925.

Reed, John Brice. Born, Washington County, Pa., April 2 9, 1839;
Washington College, 18 60; Seminary, 1863; licensed, April,
1862, Presbytery of Washington; ordained, April, 18 64, Pres-
bytery of West Virginia; stated supply and pastor, Parkers-
burg, W. Va., 18 63-71; Sistersville, W. Va., 1871-82; Fair-
mont, W. Va., 1882-8; Laurel Hill, Pa., 1888-1916; honor-
ably retired, 1917; residence, Uniontown, Pa., 1917-24; died,
Uniontown, Pa., August 23, 1924.

Ross, John Elliott. Born, near Smith Center, Smith Co., Kansas,
January 29, 1883; A.B., College of Emporia, 1912; A.M.,
Princeton University, 1914; Princeton Theological Seminary,
1912-14; Seminary, 1916; licensed, September 20, 1916,
Presbytery of Osborne; ordained, September 21, 1916, Pres-
bytery of Osborne; foreign missio>nary (Ferozepore, Punjab,
India, 1917; Saharanpur, 1918-25); died, Kasur, Punjab,
India, January 13, 1925.

Rutter, Lindley Charles. Born, Chestnut Level, Pa., November 7,
1847; Lafayette College, 18 67; Seminary, 1867-70; licensed,
April, 1869, Presbytery of Donegal; ordained, October, 1870,
Presbytery of St. Clairsville; pastor, Caldwell and Olive, Ohio,

The Bulletin of the Western Theological Seminary

1870-2; Nottingham, Pa., 1872-85; North Bergen, N. Y., 1886-
90; stated supply, Lycoming Centre, Pa., 1891-3; pastor,
Bethany (organized same), 1891-19 04; pastor, Arkport, N.
Y., 1905-12; supply, in aad near Williamsport, Pa., 1913-25;
died, Williamsport, Pa., January 8, 1925.

Swan, Benjaniin, M. Born, Glasgow, O., May 24, 1865; University
of Wooster, 1888; Seminary, 1888-9 and 1891-3; licensed,
April 189 3, Presbytery of Steubenville; ordained, June 6,
189 3, Presbytery of Mahoning; stated supply. Pleasant Valley,
Ohio; Bethany Center, N. Y., 1890-1; pastor. New Waterford,
O., 1893-5; Bakersville and Newcomerstown, O., 1897-1903;
Mt. Sterling, O., 1904-6; Kingsville and North Kingsville, O.,
1907-10; Calvary, Lockport, N. Y., 1910-15; First, Willard,
Ohio, 1915-19; First, North Warren, Pa., 1919-24; Lake
Alfred, Florida, 1924-5; died. Lake Alfred, Florida, Jan. 20,
1925.

THE BULLETIN

OF THE

Western Theological
Seminary

CATALOGUE NUMBER

Vol. XVIII. January, 1926

No. 2.

■0 .>"-',fw '--i. Y'l^-^w^^^^wm

CATALOGUE
1925 - 1926

THE BULLETIN

OF THE

Western Theological
Seminary

Published quarterly, in January, April, July, and October
by the

TRUSTEES OF THE

Western Theological Seminary

OF THE

PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH IN THE UNITED
STATES OF AMERICA

Entered as Second Class Matter December 9, 1909, at the Postoffice at Pittsburgh,
Pa. (North Diamond Station), Under the Act of Aug, 24, 1912

PITTSBURGH PRINTING COMPANY
PITTSBURGH, PA.

The Bulletin of the Western Theological Seminary

CALENDAR FOR 1926

FRIDAY, APRIL 30tli.

Written examinations at 8:30 A. M., continued Saturday, May
1st, Monday, May 3d, and Tuesday, May 4th.

SUNDAY, MAY 2nd.

Baccalaureate sermon.

Seniors' communion service at 3:00 P. M. in the Chapel.

WEDNESDAY, MAY 5th.

Oral examinations at 10 A. M.

THURSDAY, MAY 6th.

Annual meeting of the Board of Directors in the President's

Office at 10:00 A. M.
Meeting of Alumni Association and Annual Dinner 3:30 P. M,
Commencement exercises. Conferring of diplomas and address

to the graduating class 8:15 P. M.

FRIDAY, MAY 7th.

Annual meeting of Board of Trustees at 3:00 P. M.

in the parlor of the First Presbyterian Church, Pittsburgh.

Session of 1926-7

TUESDAY, SEPTEMBER 21st.

Reception of new students in the President's Office at 3:00

P. M.
Matriculation of students and distribution of rooms in the

President's Office at 4:00 P. M.

WEDNESDAY, SEPTEMBER 22d.

Opening address in the Chapel at 10:30 A. M.

TUESDAY, NOVEMBER 16th.

Semi-annual meeting of the Board of Directors at 2:00 P. M.

WEDNESDAY, NOVEMBER 17tb.

Semi-annual meeting of the Board of Trustees at 3:00 P. M.

WEDNESDAY, NOVEMBER 24th. (noon) — FRIDAY, NOVEMBER
26th. (8:30 A. M.)

Thanksgiving recess,

TUESDAY, DECEMBER 21st, (noon) — TUESDAY, JANUARY

4th, (8:30 A. M.)

Christmas recess.

3 (39)

The Bulletin of the Western Theological Seminary
BOARD OF TRUSTEES

OFFICERS

President
R. D. CAMPBELL

Vice-President

R. W. HARBISON

Secretary
THE REV. SAMUEL J. FISHER, D. D.

Counsel

T. D. McCLOSKEY

Treasurer

COMMONWEALTH TRUST COMPANY

TRUSTEES

Class of 1926

The Hon. J. McF. Carpenter Charles A. Dickson

The Rev. W. A. Jones, D. D. John R. Gregg

Daniel M. Clemson *Sylvester S. Marvin

Robert Wardrop

Class of 1927

Geo. D. Edwards R. D. Campbell

John G. Lyon The Rev. P. W. Snyder, D.D.

The Rev. S. J. Fisher, D. D. Alex. C. Robinson

The Rev. Stuart Nye Hutchison, D. D.

Class of 1928

Joseph A. Herron W. J. Morris

Ralph W. Harbison Wilson A. Shaw

Geo. B. Logan William M. Robinson

The Rev. William J. Holland, D. D., LL. D.

♦Died May 12, 1924.

4 (40)

The Bulletin of the Western Theological Seminary

STANDING COMMITTEES

Geo. B. Logan
Robert Wardrop

Executive

W. J. Holland, D. D. George D. Edwards
W. J. Morris S. J. Fisher, D. D.

C A. Dickson

Auditors

"W. M. Robinson

R. D. Campbell

R. W. Harbison

Property

Geo. B. Logan

Alex. C. Robinson

Finance

President, Treasurer, Secretary, and Auditors

A. C. Robinson

Library

John G. Lyon

J. A. Kelso, Ph.D., D. D.

Advisory Member of all Committees

James A. Kelso, Ph. D., D. D., ex officio

General Secretary
Rev. J. W. Laughlin, D. D.

Annual Meeting, Friday before second Tuesday in May, and
semi-annual meeting, Wednesday following third Tuesday in
November at 3:00 P. M., in the parlor of the First Presbyterian
Church, Sixth Avenue.

5 (41)

The Bulletin of the Western Theological Seminary

BOARD OF DIRECTORS

OFFICERS

President

THE REV. HUGH T. KERR, D. D.

Vice-President

THE REV. WILLIAM HAMILTON SPENCE, D. D., Litt. D.

Secretary
THE REV. GEORGE TAYLOR, Jr., Ph. D., D. D.

DIRECTORS
Class of 1926

Examining Committee

The Rev. Maitland Alexander, D. D. T. D. McCloskey

*The Rev. Wm. O. Campbell, D. D. J. S. Crutchfield

The Rev. Geo. N. Luccock, D. D. James Rae

The Rev. George C. Fisher, D. D.

The Rev. J. Millen Hobinson, D. D.

The Rev. John M. Mealy, D. D.

The Rev. Samuel Semple, D. D.

Class of 1927

The Rev. Calvin C. Hays, D. D.

The Rev. Wm. H. Hudnut, D. D.

The Rev. Hugh T. Kerr, D. D.

The Rev. George Taylor, Jr
The Rev. William E. Slemmons, D. D
The Rev. George M. Ryall, D. D.
The Rev. William F. Weir, D. D.

Ralph W. Harbison
Wilson A. Shaw
Dr. A. W. Wilson, Jr.
Ph. D., D. D.

*Died, Jan. 8, 1926.

(42)

The Bulletin of the Western Theological Seminary

CTlass of 1928

The Rev, William R. Craig, D. D. Charles N. Hanna

The Rev. Charles F. Wishart, D. D. George B. Logan

The Rev. Frederick W. Hinitt, D. D. Alex. C. Robinson

The Rev. S. B. McCormick, D. D., LL. D.

The Rev. William L. McEwan, D, D.

The Rev W. P. Stevenson, D. D.

The Rev. A. P. Higley, D. D.

Class of 1929

The Rev. Thomas B. Anderson, D. D.
The Rev. John W. Christie, D. D.
The Rev. Joseph M. Duff, D. D.

The Rev. John A. Marquis, D. D.

The Rev. J. M. Potter, D. D,

The Rev. William H. Spence, D. D., Litt. D

The Rev. Stuart Nye Hutchison, D. D.

W. D. Brandon
Dr. S. S. Baker
Wells S. Griswold

STANDING COMMITTEES

S. N. Hutchison, D. D.
A. C. Robinson

Executive

S. B. McCormick, D. D.

Joseph M. Duff, D. D.

T. D. McCloskey

James A. Kelso, Ph. D., D. D,, ex officio

Hugh T. Kerr, D. D., ex officio

George Taylor, Jr., Ph. D., D. D., ex officio

A. P. Higley, D. D,
Samuel Semple, D. D.

Curriculum

Williahl F. Weir, D. D.
J. S. Crutchfield

Annual Meeting, Thursday before second Tuesday in May, at 10
A. M. and semi-annual meeting, third Tuesday in November at
2:00 P. M., in the President's Office, Herron Hall.

7 (43)

The Bulletin of the Western Theological Seminary

FACULTY

The Kev. James A. Kelso, Ph. D., D. D., LL. D.

President and Professor of Hebrew and Old Testament Literature
The Nathaniel W. Conkling Foundation

The Kev. David Riddle Breed, D. D., LL. D.

Professor of Homiletics

The Eev. David S. Schaff, D. D.

IProfessor of Ecclesiastical History and History of Doctrine

The Rev. William R. Farmer, D. D.

Reunion Professor of Sacred Rhetoric and Elocution

The Rev. James H. Snowden, D. D., LL. D.

Professor of Systematic Theology

The Rev. Selby Frame Vance, D. D., LL. D.

Memorial Professor of New Testament Literature and Exegesis

The Rev. David E. Culley, Ph. D.

Professor of Hebrew and old Testament Literature

The Rev. Fraitk Eakin, Ph. D.

fProfessor of Ecclesiastical History and History of Doctrine

Prof. George M. Sleeth, Litt. D.

Instructor in Speech Expression

Mr. Charles N. Boyd

Instructor in Music

Rev. Howard M. Le Sourd

Instructor in Religious Education

$Dr. Schaff retired from this chair Dec. 31, 1925.
tDr. Eakin's appointment took effect Jan. 1, 1926.

8 (44)

The Bulletin of the Western Theological Seminary

COMMITTEES OF THE FACULTY

Ck)nfereiice

Dr. Schapf and Dr. Vance

Elliott Lectureship

Dr. Schatf and Dr. Snowden

Bulletin

Dr. Culley and Dr. Eakin

Curriculum

Dr. Farmer and Dr. Vance

library

Dr. Culley and Dr. Eakin

Advisory Member of All Committees

Dr. Kelso, ex officio

Secretary to the President

Miss Margaret M. Read

Assistant to the Librarian

Miss Sara M. Higgins

9 (45)

TJie Bulletin of the Western Theological Seminary

LECTURES

Opening Lecture

The Rev. George Johnson, Ph. D.
"The Perfection of Scripture"

On the Severance Foundation

The Rev. Donald A. Irwin is giving a course of lectures on
Missions, meeting a class one hour weekly during the second
semester.

On National Missions

The Rev. Baxter P. Fullerton, D. D., LL.D., gave a course of
four lectures.

Conference Lectures

"The Great Korean Revival", The Rev. W. N. Blair, D. D.

"Jerusalem"; "Israel in Egypt"; "The Exodus"; "Footsteps
of Paul in Italy" — four illustrated lectures. The Rev.
David R. Breed, D. D., LL.D.

"Tutuilla Indian Mission", The Rev. J. M. Cornelison

"Educational Work of the Board of Freedmen", The Rev. John
M. Gaston, D. D.

"The Influence of the Near East Colleges", Prof. Philip K.
Hitti, Ph. D.

Sermon, preached on Good Friday, The Rev. James G. Hunt,
D. D.

"Missionary Education", The Rev. John Bailey Kelly, D. D.

"Student Friendship Fund", Mr. Ray H. Legate

"National Council for the Prevention of War", Mr. Frederick
J. Libby

10 (46)

The Bulletin of the Western Theological Seminary

AWARDS: MAY, 1925

The Degree of Eachelor of Sacred Theology

was conferred upon

David K. Allen Paul Lyle Pickens

John Bryant Barker Jacob C. Ruble

Claude Sawtell Conley George Henry Rutherford

William P. Ehmann Lewis Oliver Smith

C. Marshall Muir Clayton E. Williams

Charles Edward Ziegler

A Certificate

was awarded to
Joseph Holub

The Degree of 3Iaster of Sacred Theology

was conferred upon

Frank Bowman Llewellyn George Karl Monroe

Albert Z. Maksay Harry Allen Price

Henry Harrison Nicholson Earle W. Terry

The Seminary Fellowships

were awarded to
David K. Allen George H. Rutherford

The Keith Memorial Homiletical Prize

was awarded to
David K. Allen

The Hebrew Prize

was awarded to
Lloyd David Homer

Merit Pi-izes

were awarded to

John Lyman Eakin Thomas Davis Ewing

Lloyd David Homer

11 (47)

The Bulletin of the Western Theological Seminary
STUDENTS

Fellows

David K. Allen Mamont, Pa.

A. B., College of Wooster, 1922.

S. T. B., Western Theological Seminary, 1925.

Willard Colby Mellin Himersburg, Pa.

A. B., University of California, 1920.

S. T. B., Western Theological Seminary, 1923.

Harold Francis Post Petersburg, Ohio

A. B., Washington and Jefferson College, 1918.
S. T. M., Western Theological Seminary, 1924.

George Henry Rutherford Dillonvale, Ohio

A. B., College of Wooster, 1922.

S. T. B., Western Theological Seminary, 192 5.

Deane Craig Walter Kennedy School of Missions, Hart-
ford, Conn.
A. B., Grove City College, 1920.
S. T. B., Western Theological Seminary, 1924.

Fellows, 5

Graduate Students

Claude Sawtell Conley R. F. D. 2, Parnassus, Pa.

Nyack Missionary Institute, 1922.

S. T. B., Western Theological Seminary, 1925

Dwight Brooker Davidson Hickory, Pa.

A. B., College of Wooster, 1916.
Princeton Theological Seminary, 1919.

Francis Milton Hall, 1731 Wymore Ave., Cleveland, Ohio 103

A. B., 1888 and A. M., Washington & Jefferson College.
S. T. B., Western Theological Seminary, 1891.

Charles E. Held 2112 Rockledge St., N S.

Susquehanna College.

Susquehanna School of Theology, 1922.

Jonathan Edward Kidder, Britton Heights, Knoxville, Tenn.,

Chenchow, Hunan, China 203

A. B., Maryville College, 1916.

S. T. B., Western Theological Seminary, 1919.

Charles Kovacs, Nagyenyed, Baroczy, U. 4, Roumania 218

A. B., Budapest Pazmany University, 1918.
Budapest Reformed Theological Seminary of Dunamellek
District, 1915.

12 (48)

The Bulletin of the Western Theological Seminary

John Maurice Leister Florence, Pa.

A. B., Lebanon Valley College, 1915.

S. T. B., Western Theological Seminary, 1924.

Ralph I. McConnell, Chiengmai, Siam 7813 Susquehanna St.

A. B., Grove City College, 1914.

S. T. B., Western Theological Seminary, 1918.

John Henry Mark, Anthony, Kansas 210

Westminster College.
Western Theological Seminary.

Robert Sheridan Miller 176 Noble Avenue, Crafton.'Pa.

A. B., Gettysburg College, 1919.
Gettysburg Theological Seminary, 1921.

Henry F. Obenauf 64 Grant Avenue, Etna, Pa.

A. B., Wittenberg College, 1902.

Lutheran Theological Seminary, Maywood, 111., 1905.

Paul L. Philipp 208 E. Mclntyre Ave., N. S.

Prediger Seminar, Frankfort on the Main, Germany.

Howard Rodgers 141 Oliver Avenue, Emsworth, Pa.

A. B., 1915 and A. M., 1916, Grove City College.
S. T. B., Western Theological Seminary, 1918.

August Francis Runtz 3337 East St., N. S.

German Department, Rochester Theological Seminary,

1913.
Rochester Theological Seminary, 1916.

Arthur Schade 75 Onyx Ave.

German Department, Rochester Theological Seminary,

1910.
A. B., Oskaloosa College, 1921.

Lewis Oliver Smith R. F. D. 3, Coraopolis, Pa.

A. B., Southwestern College, 1916.

S. T. B., Western Theological Seminary, 1925.

John Burton Thwing 1021 Kirkpatrick Ave., Braddock, Pa.

A. B., Valparaiso University, 1920.

Th. B., Princeton Theological Seminary, 1923.

John Arndt Yount 1149 Portland St.

A. B., Roanoke College, 1901.

A. M., West Virginia University, 1911.

Mt. Airy Lutheran Theological Seminary, 19 04.

Graduate Students 18

Senior Class

Horace Edward Chandler, 706 Clark St., Cambridge, Ohio,

Tsingtao, Shantung, China 203

B. Sc, Brown University, 1906.

Franz Omer Christopher, Cumberland, Ohio .Y. M. C. A., Butler, Pa.
A. B., College of Wooster, 1923.

13 (49)

The Bulletin of the Western Theological Seminary

John A. Clark Westmoreland City, Pa.

A. B., Oskaloosa College, 1923.
John Lyman Eakin, Petchaburi, Slam 302

A. B., Washington and Jefferson College, 1923.
Newton Carl Elder, Darlington, Pa 302

College of Wooster.
James Herbert Garner, 5 624 Woodmont St 206

B. Sc, University of Pittsburgh, 1924.

Paul T. Gerrard, 28 Merritt Ave. Carrick 304

University of Pittsburgh.

James Henry Gillespie, Glen Spey, N. Y 304

Litt. B., Grove City College, 1923.
Herbert Beecher Hudnut, Cross Creek, Pa 303

A. B., Princeton University, 1916.
William C. Marquis Creighton, Pa.

Mount Union College.
William Owen, 805 Western Avenue, N. S 214

Metropolitan Seminary, London, 1912.

Victor Charles Pfeiffer 305 Millbridge St.

A. B., Baldwin Wallace College, 1920.

Fred Eliot Robb, Sarcoxie, Mo 2i02

Ph. B., Missouri Valley College, 1923.
*Mrs. Forrest Miller Smith 25 E. Robinson St., N. S.

A. B., Elizabeth College, Salem Va., 1916.

Philip L. Williams, Marion, Ind 317

B. A. S., Young Men's Christian Association College, Chi-

cago, 1922.

Senior Class, 15

/ Middle Class

V
Rev. William Augustus Ashley .909 Franklin Ave., Wilkinsburg, Pa.

Agricultural and Mechanical College of N.C., Raleigh, N.C.
Thomas F. Cooper, 15 Whitford St., Roslindale, Boston, Mass.. .205

A. B., Greenville College, 1925.
Crawford McCoy Coulter, Washington, Pa 306

A. B., Washington and Jefferson College, 1924.
Thomas Davis Ewing, 1516 South Negley Ave 303

A. IB., Princeton University, 1921.

A. M., American University of Beirut, 1924.

Curtis Kline France, Blairsville, Pa 305

A. B., Grove City College, 1924.

*Pursuing selected studies.

14 (50)

The Bulletin of the Western Theological Semvnary

Byron Stanley Fruit 4 Trueman St., N. S.

B. Sc, University of Pittsburgh, 1924.

William Austin Gilleland, Dunbar, Pa 217

A. IB., Washington and Jefferson College, 1924.

Darwin M. Haynes, Hanover, Ohio 316

; A. B., Muskingum College, 1923.

Paul Hagerty Hazlett, Newark, Ohio 318

A. B., Denison University, 1924.

Lloyd David Homer, Fredonia, Pa 206

B. Sc, Grove City College, 1922.

Edgar Coe Irwin, Washington, Pa 306

A. B., Washington and Jefferson College, 1924.

Ralph Waldo Emerson Kaufman . . . .111 Columbia Ave., Westwood,

Grafton, Pa.
A. B., Albright College, 1924.

James Allen Kestle, Belief ontaine, 0 318

A. B., Ohio Wesleyan University, 1924.

'Martin Rudolph Kuehn, Richmond, Ind 305

A. B., Earlham College, 1918.

Roy Lincoln McQuiston, Dippold Ave., Baden, Pa.

A. B., Geneva College, 1924.

Theodore Evan Miller, R. F. D. 8, Bridgeton, N. J 215

A. B., Lafayette College, 1921.
William Victor E. Parsons 841 N. Lincoln Ave., N. S.

Bourne College, Birmingham, England, 1919.

A. of A., Oxford University, 1919.

John Alvin Stuart, Erie, Pa 317

B. Sc, Grove City College, 1924.

Guy Hector Volpitto, Johnstown, Pa 205

A. B., Washington and Jefferson College, 1924.
Middle Class, 19

Junior Class

Byron Elmer Allender, 640 Allison Ave., Washington, Pa 217

A. B., Washington and Jefferson College, 192 5.

*H. Wayland Baldwin 1008 Zahniser St.

A. B., Greenville College, 1925.

*Harry Charles Blews 100 Ruth St., Mt. Washington Sta.

^Pursuing selected studies.

15 (51)

TJie Bulletin of the Western Theological Seminary

James E. Fawcett 52 Waldorf St., N. S.

A. B., Maryville College, 1925.
George Lee Forney, Rea, Pa 204

A. B., Geneva College, 1925.
Howard Weston Jamison, Virginia Ave. Ext., Rochester, Pa. . . .204

A. B., West Virginia Wesleyan College, 1925.
* Oscar Maurice Polhemus 813 Wood St., Wilkinsburg, Pa.

A. M., Indiana University, 1922.
Generoso Racine, 310 Tremont Ave. E. Orange, N. J 214

William Semple, Jr., 7941 Division St., Pittsburgh 215

A. B., University of Pittsburgh, 192 3.
Linson Harper Stebbins, 4 Myrtle St. Warren Pa 202

A. B., Westminster College (Pa.), 1925.

Pasquale Vocaturo, 2211 S. Colorado St., Philadelphia, Pa 218

Gymnasium, Nicastro, Italy.
*Harry L. Wissinger Manor, Pa.

A. B., Allegheny College, 1918.
Junior Class, 12

Summary of Students

Fellows 5

Graduates 18

Seniors 15

Middlers 19

Juniors 12

Total 69

REPRESENTATION

Theological Seminaries

Budapest Reformed Theological Seminary 1

Gettysburg Theological Seminary 1

Lutheran Theological Seminary, Maywood, 111 1

Metroloplitan Seminary, London 1

Mount Airy Lutheran Theological Seminary 1

Prediger Seminar . 1

Princeton Theological Seminary 2

Rochester Theological Seminary 1

Susquehanna School of Theology 1

Western Theological Seminary 13

*Pursuing selected studies.

16 (52)

The Bulletin of the Western Theological Seminary

Colleges aiid LTniversitles

Agricultural and Mechanical College of N. C, Raleigh, N. C. . . 1

Albright College . 1

Allegheny College 1

American University of Beirut 1

Baldwin-Wallace College 1

Bourne College, Birmingham, England 1

Brown University 1

Budapest Pazmany University 1

California, University of 1

Denison University . 1

Earlham College 1

Elizabeth College 1

Geneva College 2

Gettysburg College 1

Greenville College 2

Grove City College 7

Indiana University 1

Lafayette College 1

Lebanon Valley College 1

Maryville College 2

Missouri Valley College 1

Mount Union College 1

Muskingum College 1

Nicastro, Gymnasium .in 1

Nyack Missionary Institute 1

Ohio Wesleyan University 1

Oskaloosa College 2

Oxford, University of 1

Pittsburgh, University of 4

Princeton University 2

Roanoke College 1

Southwestern College 1

Susquehanna College 1

Valparaiso University 1

Washington and Jefferson College 8

Westminster (Pa.) College 2

West Virginia University 3

West Virginia Wesleyan 1

Wittenberg College 1

Wooster, College of 5

Y.M.C.A. College (Chicago) 1

States aud Countries

Connecticut 1

Indiana 2

Kansas 1

Massachusetts 1

Missouri 1

New Jersey 2

New York 1

Ohio 8

Pennsylvania 49

Poland 1

Roumania 1

Siam 1

Tennessee 1

17 (53)

The Bulletin of tJie Western TTieological Seminary

President:

STUDENT ORGANIZATIONS

Senior Class

Fred E. Robb Vice President: Paul T. Gerrard

Secretary-Treasurer: Jolin L. Eakin

Middle Class

President: James Allen Kestle Secretary: Crawford M. Coulter

Vice President: Wm. V. E. Parsons Treasurer: Thomas D. Ewing

Junior Class

President: B. E. Allender Vice President: L. H. Stebbins

Secretary-Treasurer: G. Lee Forney

Y. M. C. A.

President: Herbert B. Hudnut
Vice Preident: N. Carl Elder

Secretary: James H. Gillespie
Treasurer: E. C. Irwin

Y. M. C. A. COMMITTEES

Devotional

John L. Eakin, Chairman
William Semple

Athletics

Crawford M. Coulter, Chairman
Paul T. Gerrard

Darwin M. Haynes
Theodore E. Miller

Linson H. Stebbins
Lloyd D. Homer

Publicity

Paul H. Hazlett, Chairman
Paul T. Gerrard

Linson H. Stebbins
Thomas D. Ewing

Social

John A. Stuart, Chairman
J. Herbert Garner Crawford M. Coulter

Fred E. Robb B. E. Allender

James Allen Kestle G. Lee Forney

Leader of Student Volunteer Group

Newton Carl Elder
18 (54)

The Bulletin of the Western Theological Seminary

Historical Sketch

The Western Theological Seminary was established
in the year 1825. The reason for the founding of the
Seminary is expressed in the resolution on the subject,
adopted by the General Assembly of 1825, to wit: "It
is expedient forthwith to establish a Theological Serai-
nary in the West, to be styled the Western Theological
Seminary of the Presbyterian Church in the United
States". The Assembly took active measures for carry-
ing into execution the resolution which had been adopted,
by electing a Board of Directors consisting of twenty-
one ministers and nine ruling elders, and by instructing
this Board to report to the next General Assembly a
suitable location and such ''alterations" in the plan of
the Princeton Seminary as, in their judgment, might
be necessary to accommodate it to the local situation of
the "Western Seminary".

The General Assembly of 1827, by a bare majority
of two votes, selected Allegheny as the location for the
new institution. The first session was formally com-
menced on November 16, 1827, with a class of four young
men who were instructed by the Rev. E. P. Swift and the
Rev. Joseph Stockton.

During the ninety-eight years of her existence, two
thousand five hundred and fourteen students have
attended the classes of the Western Theological Semi-
nary; and of this number, over eighteen hundred have
been ordained as ministers of the Presbyterian Church,
U. S. A. Her missionary alumni, one hundred forty-four
in number, many of them having distinguished careers,
have preached the Gospel in every land where mission-
ary enterprise is conducted.

Location

The choice of location, as the history of the institu-
tion has showTi, was wisely made. The Seminary in

19 (55)

The Bulletin of the Western Theological Seminary

course of time ceased, indeed, to be western in the strict
sense of the term; but it became central to one of the
most important and influential sections of the Presby-
terian Church, equally accessible to the West and East.
The buildings are situated near the summit of Ridge
Avenue, Pittsburgh (North Side), mainly on West Park,
one of the most attractive sections of the city. Within
a block of the Seminary property some of the finest resi-
dences of Greater Pittsburgh are to be found, and at the
close of the catalogue prospective students will find a
map showing the beautiful environs of the institution.
It is twenty minutes' walk from the center of business
in Pittsburgh, with a ready access to all portions of the
city, and yet as quiet and free from disturbance as if in
a remote suburb. In the midst of this community of
more than 1,000,000 people and center of strong Presby-
terian churches and church life, the students have unlim-
ited opportunities of gaining familiarity with every type
of modern church organization and work. The practical
experience and insight which they are able to acquire,
without detriment to their studies, are a most valuable
element in their preparation for the ministry.

Buildings

The first Seminary building was erected in the year
1831; it was situated on what is now known as Monu-
ment Hill. It consisted of a central edifice, sixty feet
in length by fifty in breadth, of four stories, having at
each front a portico adorned with Corinthian columns,
and a cupola in the center; and also two wings of three
stories each, fifty feet by twenty-five. It contained a
chapel forty-five feet by twenty-five, with a gallery of
like dimensions for the library ; suites of rooms for pro-
fessors, and accommodations for eighty students. It
was continuously occupied until 1854, when it was com-
pletely destroyed by fire, the exact date being January
23d.

20 (56^

The Bulletin of the Western Theological Seminary

The second Seminary building, usually designated
''Seminary Hall", was erected in 1855, and formally
dedicated January 10, 1856. This structure was consid-
erably smaller than the original building, but contained
a chapel, class rooms, and suites of rooms for twenty stu-
dents. It was partially destroyed by fire in 1887 and
was immediately revamped. Seminary Hall was torn
down November 1, 1914, to make room for the new
buildings.

The first dormitory was made possible by the gen-
erosity of Mrs. Hetty E. Beatty. It was erected in
the year 1859 and was known as "Beatty Hall". This
structure had become wholly inadequate to the needs of
the institution by 1877, and the Eev. C. C. Beatty fur-
nished the funds for a new dormitory which was knoAvn
as "Memorial Hall", as Dr. Beatty wished to make the
edifice commemorate the reunion of the Old and New
School branches of the Presbyterian Church.

The old library building was erected in 1872 at an
expenditure of $25,000, but was poorly adapted to library
purposes. It has been replaced by a modern library
equipment in the group of new buildings.

For the past fifteen years the authorities of the Semi-
nary, as well as the almuni, have felt that the material
equipment of the institution did not meet the require-
ments of our age. In 1909 plans were made for the erec-
tion of a new dormitory on the combined site of Memorial
Hall and the professor's house which stood next to it.
The corner stone of this building was laid May 4, 1911,
and the dedication took place May 9, 1912. The historic
designation, "Memorial Hall", was retained. The total
cost was $146,970; this fund was contributed by many
friends and alumni of the Seminary. Competent judges
consider it one of the handsomest public buildings in the
City of Pittsburgh. It is laid out in the shape of a Y,
which is an unusual design for a college building, but
brings direct sunlight to every room. Another notice-

21 (57)

The Bulletin of the Western Theological Seminary

able feature of this dormitory is that there is not a single
inside room of any kind. The architecture is of the type
known as Tudor Gothic; the materials are reenforced
concrete and fireproofing, with the exterior of tapestry
brick trimmed with gray terra cotta. The center is sur-
mounted with a beautiful tower in the Oxford manner.
It contains suites of rooms for seventy students, together
with a handsomely furnished social hall, a well equipped
gymnasium, and a commodious dining room. A full
description of these public rooms will be found on other
pages of this catalogue.

The erection of two wings of a new group of build-
ings, for convenience termed the administration group,
was commenced in November, 1914. The corner stone
vvas laid on May 6, 1915, and the formal dedication, with
appropriate exercises, took place on Commencement
Day, May 4, 1916. These buildings are removed about
half a block from Memorial Hall, and face the West
Park, occupying an unusually fine site. It has been
planned to erect this group in the form of a quadrangle,
the entire length being 200 feet and depth 175 feet.
The main architectural feature of the front wing is
an entrance tower. While this tower enhances the
beauty of the building, all the space in it has been care-
fully used for offices and classrooms. The rear mng,
in addition to containing two large classrooms which
can be thrown into one, contains the new library. The
stack room has a capacity for 165,000 volumes. The
stacks now installed will hold about 55,000 volumes. The
reference room and the administrative offices of the li-
brary, with seminar rooms, are found on the second floor.
The reference room, 88 by 38 feet, is equipped and dec-
orated in the mediaeval Gothic style, with capacity for
10,000 volumes. The architecture of the entire group is
the English Collegiate Gothic of the type which prevails
in the college buildings at Cambridge, England. The ma-
terial is tapestry brick, trimmed with gray terra cotta of

22 (58)

The Bulletin of the Western Theological Seminary

the Indiana limestone shade. The total cost of the two
completed wings was $154,777.00, of which $130,000.00
was furnished by over five hundred subscribers in the
campaign of October, 1913. The east wing of this group
will contain rooms for museums, two classrooms, and a
residence for the President of the Seminary. A gener-
ous donor has provided the funds for the erection of the
chapel, which will constitute the west wing of the quad-
rangle. The architect is Mr. Thomas Hannah, of Pitts-
burgh.

There are four residences for professors. Two are
situated on the east and two on the west side of the new
building and all face the Park.

Social Hall

The new dormitory contains a large social hall,
which occupies an entire floor in one wing. This room
is very handsomely finished in white quartered oak, with
a large open fireplace at one end. The oak furnishing,
which is upholstered in leather, is very elegant and was
chosen to match the woodwork. The prevailing color in
the decorations is dark green and the rugs are Hartford
Saxony in oriental patterns. The rugs were especially
woven for the room. This handsome room was erected
and furnished by Mr. Sylvester S. Marvin, of the Board
of Trustees, and his two sons, Walter E. Marvin and Earl
R. Marvin, as a memorial to Mrs. Matilda Eumsey Mar-
vin. It is the center of the social life of the student
body, and during the past year, under the auspices of the
Student Association, four formal musicals and socials
have been held in this hall. The weekly devotional meet-
ing of the Student Association is also conducted in this
room.

Dining Hall

A commodious and handsomely equipped dining
hall was included in the new Memorial Hall. It is lo-

23 (59)

The Bulletin of the Western Theological Seminary

cated in the top story of the left wing, with the kitchen
adjoining in the rear wing. Architecturally this room
may be described as Gothic, and when the artistic scheme
of decoration is completed will be a replica of the din-
ing hall of an Oxford college. The actual operation of
the commons began Dec. 1, 1913; the management is in
the hands of a student manager and the Executive Com-
mittee of the Student Association. It is the aim of the
Trustees of the Seminary to furnish good wholesome
food at cost; but incidentally the assembling of the stu-
dent body three times a day has strengthened, to a
marked degree, the social and spiritual life of the insti-
tution.

Library

The library of the Seminary is now housed in its
new home in Swift Hall, the south wing of the group of
new buildings dedicated at the Commencement season,
1916. This steel frame and fireproof structure is English
Collegiate Gothic in architectural design and provides
the library with an external equipment which, for beauty
and completeness, is scarcely surpassed by any theolog-
ical institution on this continent. The handsome beam-
ceilinged reading room is furnished in keeping with the
architecture. It is equipped with individual reading
lamps and accommodates many hundred circulating
volumes, besides reference books and current periodicals.
Adjoining this are rooms for library administration.
There is also a large, quiet seminar room for all those
who wish to conduct researches, Avhere the volumes that
the library contains treating particular subjects may be
assembled and used at convenience. A stack room with
a capacity for about 165,000 volumes has been pro-
vided and now has a steel stack equipment with space
for about 55,000 volumes.

The library has recently come into possession of a
unique hymnological collection of great value. It con-
sists of 9 to 10 thousand volumes assembled by the late

24 (60)

The Bulletin of the Western Theological Seminary

Mr. James Warrington, of Philadelphia. During his
lifetime Mr. Warrington made the study of Church Music
his chief pastime and had gathered together all the ma-
terial of any value published in Great Britain and Amer-
ica dealing with his favorite theme. The library is
exceedingly fortunate in the acquisition of this note-
worthy collection, which will not only serve to enhance
the work of the music department of the Seminary but
offers to scholars and investigators, interested in the field
of British and American Church Music, facilities un-
equaled by any theological collection in the country. The
collection, together with Mr. Warrington's original cata-
logue and bibliographical material, occupies a separate
room in the new building. The latter has been arranged
and placed in new filing cabinets, thus rendering it con-
venient and accessible. Already in recent years, before
the purchase of Mr. Warrington's collection had been
thought of for the library, the department of hymnology
had been enlarged, and embraced much that relates to the
history and study of Church Music.

Other departments of the library also have been
built up and are now much more complete. The mediae-
val writers of Europe are well represented in excellent
editions, and the collection of authorities on the Papacy
is quite large. These collections, both for secular and
church history, afford great assistance in research and
original work. The department of sermons is supplied
with the best examples of preaching — ancient and mod-
ern— while every effort is made to obtain literature
which bears upon the complete furnishing of the preacher
and evangelist. To this end the missionary literature
is rich in biography, travel, and education. Constant
additions of the best writers on the oriental languages
and Old Testament history are being made, and the li-
brary grows richer in the works of the best scholars of
Europe and America. The department of New Testa-
ment Exegesis is well developed and being increased, not

25 (61)

Tlie Bulletin of the Western Theological Seminary

only by the best commentaries and exegetical works, but
also by those which through history, essay, and sociolo-
gical study illuminate and portray the times, people, and
customs of the Gospel Age. The library possesses a
choice selection of works upon theology, philosophy, and
ethics, and additions are being made of volumes which
discuss the fundamental principles. A^Hiile it is not
thought desirable to include every author, the leading
writers are given a place without regard to their creed.
Increasing attention is being given to those writers who
deal with the great social problems and the practical
application of Christianity to the questions of ethical and
social life. The number of works on the shelves of the
library dealing with religious education has multiplied
many fold in recent years, and new books in this im-
portant field are being added constantly.

The number of volumes in the library at present is,
approximately, 40,000. This reckoning is exclusive of
the Warrington collection, and neither does it include
unbound pamphlet material. Over one hundred period-
icals are currently received, not including annual reports,
year books, government documents, and irregular con-
tinuations. A modern card catalogue, in course of com-
pletion, covers, at the present time, a great majority of
the bound volumes in the library.

The library is open on week days to all ministers
and others, without restriction of creed, subject to the
same rules as apply to students. Hours are from 9 to
5; Saturdays from 9 to 12; Tuesday, Wednesday, and
Thursday evenings from 7 to 9.

The library is essentially theological, though it in-
cludes much not to be strictly defined by that term ; for
general literature the students have access to the Car-
negie Library, which is situated within five minutes' walk
of the Seminary buildings.

The James L. Shields Book Purchasing Memorial
Fund, with an endowment of $1,000, has been founded

26 (62)

The Bulletin of the Western Theological Seminary

by Mrs. Robert A, Watson, of Columbus, Ohio, in
memory of her father, the late James L. Shields, of
Blairsville, Pennsylvania.

The library is receiving the following periodicals :

All the V^orld.
Alt^(fc)rient.
America.

American Catholic Quarterly Re-
view.
American Issue.

American Journal of Archeeology.
American Journal of Philology.
American Journal of Semitic
Languages and Literature.
American Journal of Sociology.
American Lutheran Survey.
Ancient Egypt.
Archiv fiir Reformations-

geschichte.
Archiv fiir Religionswissenschaft.
Art and Archaeology.
Asia.

Atlantic Monthly.
Auburn Seminary Record.
Bible Champion.
Biblical Review.
Bibliotheca Sacra.
B'nai B'rith.
British Weekly.
Eiulletin of American Schools of

Oriental Research.
Bulletin of National Conference

of Social Work.
Bulletin of National Council

for Prevention of War.
Catholic Historical Review.
Chinese Recorder.
Christian Century.
Christian Endeavor World.
Christian Herald.
Christian Observer
Christian Statesman.
Christian Union Quarterly.
Christian Work.
Churchman.

Congregationalist and Advance.
Contemporary Review.
Continent.
Crozer Quarterly.
Cumulative Book Index.
East and West.
Educational Review.
Ewing Christian College

Magazine. 27

Expositor.
Expository Times.
Federal Council Bulletin.
Glory of Israel.
Harvard Theological Review.
Hibbert Journal.
Homiletic Iidviev/.
International Conciliation.
International Goodwul
International Index to Periodicals.
International Journal of Ethics.
Internationul Review of Missions.
Internationale Kirchliche

Zeitschrift
Interpreter
Jewish Missionary Magazine.

Jewish Quarterly Review.

Journal Asiatique.

Journal of American Oriental
Society.

Journal of Biblical Literature.

Journal of Egyptian Archaeology.

Journal of Hellenic Studies.

Journal of Palestine Oriental
Society.

Journal of Presbyterian Histor-
ical Society.

Journal of Religion.

Journal of Royal Asiatic Society.

Journal of Theological Studies.

Krest'anske Listy.

L'Aurore.

Liberty.

London Quarterly Review.

Lutheran.

Lutheran Quarterly.

Meadville Theological Seminary
Bulletin.

Methodist Review.

Missionary Herald.

Missionary Review of the World.

Modern Churchman.

Month, The

Moody Bible Institute Monthly.

Moslem World.

Nation, The

National Geographic Magazine.

Neue Kirchliche Zeitschrift.

(63)

The Bulletin of the Western Theological Seminary

New Near East Rochester Theological Seminary
New Republic. Bulletin.

Nineteenth Century and After. Russell Sage Foundation
North American Review. Library Bulletin.

Our Jewish Neighbors. Sailors' Magazine.

Outlook. Siam Outlook.

Palestine Exploration Fund. Slovensky Kalvin.

Pedagogical Seminary. Survey, The

Philippine Presbyterian. Syria.

Pittsburgh Christian Outlook. Theologisches Literatur-Blatt »

Prayer aaf' Work for Israel. Theologische Literaturzeitung.

Presbyterian. TlieoIogiGChe Studien und Kritiken.

Presbyterian Advance. Union Theological Seminary

Presbyterian Banner. ^^ "?«"^i^^"' i. ^ •

Presbyterian Magazine Uniled Presbyterian.

Princeton Theological Review. H? ■^' , ,,r. •

Quarterly Register of Reformed W^^^n^^^ Missions.

■' '^ World To-morrow.

Yale Review.

Zeitschrift fiir die Alttestament-
liche Wissenschaft.

Churches.
Quarterly Review.
Reader's Guide.

Reformed Church Review. r^ -x t. -^^ ^- k • i •

Religious Education. ^^ij''^^^" ^^'' Assy"olofie.

T?^-,„f^ -oiMir,,-.^ Zeitschrift der Deutschen Mor-

f !!"! ?^^i^^rH.....o genUindischen Gesellschaft.

i.evu'e. d' Assyriologie
Revue de rHlstoire des Reii

Zeitschrift des Deutschen Pala-
stina-Vereins.

Revue des Etudes Juives Zeitschrift fiir Kirchengeschichte

Revue d'Histoire et de Zeitschrift fiir die Neutestament-

Philosophie Religieuses. liche Wissenschaft.

Religious Exercises

As the Seminary does not maintain public services
on the Lord's Day, each student is expected to connect
himself with one of the congregations in Pittsburgh, and
thus to be under pastoral care and to perform his duties
as a church member.

Abundant opportunities for Christian work are af-
forded by the various churches, missions, and benevo-
lent societies of this large community. This kind of
labor has been found no less useful for practical training
than the work of supplying pulpits. Daily prayers at
11 :20 A. M., which all the students are required to attend,
are conducted by the Faculty. A meeting for prayer
and conference, conducted by the professors, is held
every Wednesday morning, at which addresses are made
by the professors and invited speakers.

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The Bulletin of the Western Theological Seminary

Senior Preaching Service

{See Study Courses 74, 47, 56.)

Public worship is observed every Monday evening
in the Seminary Chapel, from October to April, under
the direction of the professor of homiletics. This ser-
vice is intended to be in all respects what a regular
church service should be. It is attended by the mem-
bers of the faculty, the entire student body, and friends
of the Seminary generally. It is conducted by members
of the senior class in rotation. The Cecilia Choir is in
attendance to lead the singing and furnish a suitable
anthem. The service is designed to minister to the
spiritual life of the Seminary and also to furnish a model
of Presbyterian form and order. The exercises are all
reviewed by the professor in charge at his next subse-
quent meeting with the senior class. Members of the
faculty are also expected to offer to the officiating
student any suggestions they may deem desirable.

Students' Y. M. C. A.

This society has been recently organized under the
direction of the Faculty, which is represented on each
one of the committees. Students are ipso facto and mem-
bers of the Faculty ex officio members of the Seminary
Y. M. C. A. Meetings are held weekly, the exercises be-
ing alternately missionary and devotional. It is the suc-
cessor of the Students' Missionary Society, and its spe-
cial object is to stimulate the missionary zeal of its
members; but the name and form of the organization
have been changed for the purpose of a larger and more
helpful cooperation with similar societies.

Christian Work
The City of Pittsburgh affords unusual opportuni-
ties for an adequate study of the manifold forms of mod-
ern Christian activity. Students are encouraged to en-
gage in some form of Christian work other than preach-

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The Bulletin of the Western Theological Seminary

ing, as it is both a stimulus to devotional life and forms
an important element in a training for the pastorate.
Eegular religious work of various types has been carried
on under the direction of committees of the Y. M. C. A.,
in connection with missions and philanthropic institu-
tions of the city. Several students have had charge of
mission churches in various parts of the city while others
have been assistants in Sunday School work or have con-
ducted Teacher Training Classes. Those who are in-
terested in settlement work have unusual opportunities
of familiarizing themselves with this form of social ac-
tivity at the Wood's Run Industrial Home, the Kingsley
House, and the Heinz Settlement.

Bureau of Preaching Supply

A bureau of preaching supply has been organized by
the Faculty for the purpose of apportioning supply work,
as request comes in from vacant churches. No at-
tempt is made to secure places for students either by ad-
vertising or by application to Presbyterial Committees.
The allotment of places is in alphabetical order. The
members of the senior class and regularly enrolled
graduate students have the preference over the middle
class, and the middle class in turn over the junior.

Rules Governing the Distribution of Calls for
Preaching

1. AH allotment of preaching will be made directly from the

President's Office by the President of the Seminary or a
member of the Faculty.

2. Calls for preaching will be assigned in alphabetical order, the

members of the senior class having the preference, followed
in turn by the middle and junior classes.

3. In case a church names a student in its request, the call will

be offered to the person mentioned; if he decline, it will be
assigned according to Rule 2, and the church will be notified.

4. If a student who has accepted an assignment finds it impossible

to fill the engagement, he is to notify the office, when a new

30 (66)

Tlie Bulletin of the Western Theological Seminary

arrangement will be made and the student thus giving up
an appointment will lose his turn as provided for under Rule
2; but two students who have received appointments from
the office may exchange with each other.

5. All students supplying churches regularly are expected to re-

port this fact and their names will not be included in the al-
phabetic roll according to the provisions of Rule 2.

6. When a church asks the Faculty to name a candidate from the

senior or post-graduate classes, Rule 2 in regard to alpha-
betic order will not apply, but the person sent will lose his
turn. In other words, a student will not be treated both as
a candidate and as an occasional supply.

7. Graduate students, complying with Rule 6 governing scholar-

ship aid, will be put in the roll of the senior class.

8. If there are not sufficient calls for the entire senior class any

week, the assignments the following week will commence at
the point in the roll where they left off the previous week,
but no middler will be sent any given week until all the
seniors are assigned. The middle class will be treated in the
same manner as the senior, i. e., every member of the class
will have an opportunity to go, before the head of the roll
is assigned a second time. No junior will be sent out until all
the members of the two upper classes are assigned, but, like
the members of the senior and middle classes, each member
will have an equal chance.

9. These rules in regard to preaching are regulations of the Fac-

ulty and as such are binding on all matriculants of the Sem-
inary. A student who disregards them or interferes with
their enforcement will make himself liable to discipline, and
forfeit his right to receive scholarship aid.
10. A student receiving an invitation directly is at liberty to fill
the engagement, but must notify the office, and will lose
his turn according to Rule 2.

Physical Training

In 1912 the Seminary opened its OAvn gymnasium
in the new dormitory. This gymnasium is thoroughly
equipped with the most modern apparatus. Its floor and
walls are properly spaced and marked for basket ball
and handball courts. It is open to students five hours
daily. The students also have access to the public ten-
nis courts in West Park.

Expenses

A fee of ten dollars a year is required to be paid to
the contingent fund for the heating and care of the 11-

31 (67)

The Bulletin of the Western Theological Seminary

brary and lecture rooms. Students residing in the dor-
mitory and in rented rooms pay an additional twenty
dollars for natural gas and service.

All students who reside in the dormitory are re-
quired to take their meals in the Seminary dining hall.
The price for boarding is six dollars and a half per week.

Prospective students may gain a reasonable idea of
their necessary expenses from the following table:

Contingent Fee ? 30

Boarding for 32 weeks 208

Books 40

Gymnasium Fee 2

Y. M. C. A. Fee 5

Sundries 15

Total $300

Students in need of financial assistance should ap-
ply for aid, through their Presbyteries, to the Board of
Education. The sums thus acquired may be supple-
mented from the scholarship funds of the Seminary.

Scholarship Aid

1. All students needing financial assistance may re-
ceive aid from the scholarship fund of the Seminary.

2. The distribution is made in four installments:
on the last Tuesdays of September, November, January,
and March.

3. A student whose grade falls below "C", or 75
per cent, or who has five absences from class exercises
without satisfactory excuse, shall forfeit his right to aid
from this source. The following are not considered valid
grounds for excuse from recitations: (1) work on Pres-
bytery parts; (2) preaching or evangelistic engagements,
unless special permission has been received from the
Faculty (Application must be made in writing for such
permission) ; (3) private business, unless imperative.

32 (68)

The Bulletin of the Western Theological Seminary

4. A student who so desires, may borrow his schol-
arship aid, with the privilege of repayment after gradua-
tion, this loan to be without interest.

5. A student must take, as the minimum, twelve
(12) hours of recitation work per week in order to obtain
scholarship aid and have the privilege of a room in the
Seminary dormitory. Work in Elocution and Musia is
regarded as supplementary to these twelve hours.

6. Post-graduate students are not eligible to schol-
arship aid, and, in order to have the privilege of occupy-
ing a room in the dormitory, must take twelve hours of
recitation and lecture work per week.

Loan Funds

The Kev. James H. Lyon, a member of the class of
1864, has founded a loan fund by a gift of $200. Needy
students can borrow small sums from this fund at a low
rate of interest.

Recently a friend of the Seminary, by a gift of
$2500, established a Students' Loan and Self-help
Fund. The principal is to be kept intact and the in-
come is available for loans to students, which loans may
be repaid after graduation.

General Educational Advantages

Pittsburgh is an ideal seat for a theological
seminary, because it is one of the leading manufactur-
ing and commercial cities of the country. It is obvious
that a minister ought to come in contact with the prob-
lems of community life in one of the great throbbing
centers of activity, where every social problem is in-
tensified, in order to be able to enter into sympathetic
and intelligent relations with the people of the churches
and communities which he may be called on to serve.
To put it in a word, a term of residence in Pittsburgh
brings a man into vital contact with life in its many
complex modern forms.

33 (69)

The Bulletin of the Western Theological Seminary

In Pittsburgh we find some of the largest, most
aggressive, and best equipped churches of our com-
munion. Pittsburgh Presbytery is the largest presby-
tery of the Presbyterian Church, IT. S. A., with 137
churches and 218 ministers on its rolls. In 1925 the
total membership of these churches was 65,185. On the
rolls of the Presbytery there are twelve churches with a
membership of between 1000 and 2000, and there is one
church mth a membership of more than 2900. The local
national missionary budget of Pittsburgh Presbytery for
the fiscal year 1925-6 reached a total of approximately
$150,000. This large sum was raised in addition to the
contributions of the Board of National Missions and the
Synodical funds. As might be expected, every tj^pe of
modern church activity and organization is represented
in the churches of this Presbytery. A student has abun-
dant opportunity to familiarize himself with the organi-
zation and methods of an efficient modern church, not
merely through the study of a text book, but by personal
observation or actual participation in the work.

Not only do many of these churches carry on an
extensive and aggressive program of social service, but
in addition the student has access to the many social
settlements and other centers of welfare work with
which Pittsburgh is well supplied. To prospective stu-
dents who are especially interested in this type of
modern philanthropic activity a pamphlet giving de-
tailed information on Pittsburgh as a social centre will
be mailed on request.

In addition to being a manufacturing center, with
the largest tonnage of any city in the world, Pitts-
burgh is the seat of a University with an enrollment of
9,304 (1924-5). Students of the Seminary have the
privilege of attending the University and of receiving
the Master's degree under certain conditions (see
p. 55). Besides the University, there are the Carnegie
Institute of Technology, the Pennsylvania College for

34 (70)

The Bulletin of the Western Theological Seminary

Women, and the Pittsburgh Musical Institute. Mr.
C. N. Boyd, our instructor in Church Music, is one of
the directors of the Pittsburgh Musical Institute, and
through him any student who is interested in music may
have access to special lectures and classes. Some idea
of Pittsburgh as a musical center may be gained from
the fact that during each season from two to four or five
concerts are given by the foremost artists and musical
organizations of the country. To these should be added
the free organ recitals which are given every Saturday
by Dr. Charles Heinroth, one of the world's greatest
organists, in Carnegie Music Hall. Pittsburgh also oc-
cupies a prominent place as an art center, with the nota-
ble permanent and frequent transient exhibits in the
Carnegie Institute.

In such a survey the library facilities of the city
are not to be passed by. In addition to the Seminary
librar}^, which is exclusively theological in its scope and
rich in its collections, there are the two Carnegie
Libraries. The North Side Library, the first founded
by Mr, Carnegie, in 1886, which is situated within five
blocks of the Seminary buildings, affords the student
ready access to general literature of every type. The
main Library, in connection with the Carnegie Insti-
tute, with its larger collections, is also available to the
students. The Museum of the Carnegie Institute is of
large educational value, and students will be well re-
paid by a careful survey of its collections.

Admission

The Seminary, while under Presbyterian control, is
open to students of all denominations. As its special
aim is the training of men for the Christian ministry,
applicants for admission are requested to present satis-
factory testimonials that they possess good natural tal-
ents, that they are prudent and discreet in their deport-
ment, and that they are in full communion with some

35 (71)

The Bulletin of the Western Theological Seminary

evangelical churcli; also that they have the requisite
literary preparation for the studies of the theological
course.

College students intending to enter the Seminary are
strongly recommended to select such courses as will pre-
pare them for the studies of a theological curriculum.
They should pay special attention to Latin, Greek, Ger-
man, English Literature and Rhetoric, Logic, Ethics,
Psychology, the History of Philosophy, and General
History. If possible, students are advised to take ele-
mentary courses in Hebrew and make some study of
New Testament Greek. For elementary study in the lat-
ter subject Machen's ''New Testament Greek for Be-
ginners" and Nunn's "Short Syntax of New Testament
Greek" are recommended.

College graduates with degrees other than that of
Bachelor of Arts are required to take an extra elective
study in their senior year. If an applicant for admis-
sion is not a college graduate, he is required to submit
evidence that he has had an education which is a fair
equivalent of a college course.

Students from Other Theological Seminaries

Students coming from other theological seminaries
are required to present certificates of good standing and
regular dismissal before they can be received.

Graduate Students

Those who desire to be enrolled for post-graduate
study will be admitted to matriculation on presenting
their diplomas or certificates of graduation from other
theological seminaries.

Resident licentiates and ministers have the privilege
of attending lectures in all departments.

36 (72)

The Bulletin of the Western Theological Seminary

Seminary Year

The Seminary year, consisting of one term, is di-
vided into two semesters. The first semester closes with
the Christmas holidays and the second commences imme-
diately after the opening of the New Year. The Semi-
nary Year begins with the third Tuesday of September
and closes the Thursday before the second Tuesday in
May. It is expected that every student will be present
at the opening of the session, when the rooms will be al-
lotted. The more important days are indicated in the
calendar (p. 3).

Examinations

Examinations, written or oral, are required in every
department, and are held twice a year, or at the end of
each semester. The oral examinations, which are held the
day before Commencement, are open to the public. Stu-
dents who do not pass satisfactory examinations may be
re-examined at the beginning of the next term, but, fail-
ing then to give satisfaction, will be regarded as partial
or will be required to enter the class corresponding to
the one to which they belonged the previous year.

The Bachelor's Degree

Upon graduation students receive the degree of
Bachelor of Sacred Theology. The degree will be
granted to those students who are graduates of an ac-
credited college or who sustain satisfactory examina-
tions, and who have completed a course of three years'
study, pursued in this institution or partly in this and
partly in some other regular theological Seminary.

The candidate for the degree must pass satisfactory
examinations in all departments of the Seminary
curriculum and satisfy all requirements for attendance.

37 (73)

The Bulletin of the Western Theological Seminary

Men who have taken the full course at another Semi-
nary, including the departments of Hebrew and Grreek
Exegesis, Dogmatic Theology, Church History, and Pas-
toral Theology, and have received a diploma, will be en-
titled to the Bachelor's degree from this Seminary on
condition: (1) that they take the equivalent of a full
year's work in a single year or two years; (2) that they
be subject to the usual rules governing our classroom
work, such as regular attendance and recitations; (3)
that they pass the examinations with the classes of
which they are members; (4) it is a further condition
that such students attend exercises in at least three de-
partments, one of which shall be either Greek or Hebrew
Exegesis.

Courses of Study

The growth of the elective system in colleges has
resulted in a wide variation in the equipment of the stu-
dents entering the Seminary, and the broadening of the
scope of practical Christian activity has necessitated a
specialized training for ministerial candidates. In
recognition of these conditions, the curriculum has been
developed to prepare men for five different types of
ministerial work: (1) the regular pastorate; (2) the
foreign field; (3) home missionary service; (4) reli-
gious education; (5) teaching the Bible in colleges.

The elective system has been introduced with such
restrictions as seemed necessary in view of the general
aim of the Seminary.

The elective courses are confined largely to the
senior year, except that students who have already com-
pleted certain courses of the Seminary curriculum will
not be required to take them again, but may select from
the list of electives such courses as will fill in the entire
quota of hours.

38 (74)

The Bulletin of the Western Theological Seminary

Students who come to the Seminary with inade-
quate preparation will be required to take certain ele-
mentary courses, e. g., Greek, Hebrew, Philosophy. In
some cases this may entail a four years' course in the
Seminary, but students are urged to do all preliminary
work in colleges.

Sixteen hours of recitation and lecture work are re-
quired of Juniors. In the middle year students who
entered the Seminary with preparation in Greek will
have fifteen hours, while those coming without such
preparation will be expected to take sixteen hours work
throughout the year. Fourteen hours are required of
Seniors and twelve of Graduate Students. Those desir-
ing to take more than the required number of hours must
make special application to the Faculty, and no student
who falls below the grade "A" in his regular work will
be allowed to take additional courses. A student absent
from twenty-five percent of the classroom exercises in
any course will not receive credit for that course.

In the senior year the only required courses are
those in Practical Theology, N. T. Theology, and 0. T.
Prophecy. The election of studies must be on the
group system, one subject being regarded as major
and another as minor; for example, a student electing
N. T. as a major must take four hours in this depart-
ment and in addition must take one course in a closely
related subject, such as 0. T. Theology or Exegesis.
He must also write a thesis of not less than 4,000 words
on some topic in the department from which he has
selected his major.

Hebrew Language and Old Testament Literature
Dr. Kelso, Dr. Culley

I. Linguistic Courses

The Hebrew language is studied from the philological stand-
point in order to lay the foundations for the exegetical study of the

39 (75)

The Bulletin of the Western Theological Seminary

Old Testament. With this end in view, courses are offered which
aim to make the student thoroughly familiar with the chief exe-
getical and critical problems of the Hebrew Scriptures.

1. Introductory Hebrew Grammar. Exercises in reading and
writing Hebrew and the acquisition of a working vocabulary. Gen.
1-20. Three hours weekly throughout the year (five credits). Jun-
iors. Required. Prof. Culley.

2a. First Samuel I-XX or Judges. Rapid reading and exegesis.
Preparation optional. One hour weekly throughout the year. All
classes. Elective. Prof. Culley. Prerequisite, Course 1.

2b. The Minor Prophets or Jeremiah. Rapid reading and exe-
gesis. Preparation optional. One hour weekly throughout the year.
Seniors and Graduates. Elective. Prof. Culley.

3. Deuteronomy I-XX or one Book of Kings. Hebrew Syntax.

Davidson's Hebrew Syntax or Driver's Hebrew Tenses. Two hours
weekly throughout the year (three credits). Middlers. Elective.
(Middlers must elect either O. T. Exegesis 3 or O. T. Introduction
12.) Prof. Culley.

7a. Biblical Aramaic. Grammar and study of Daniel 2:4b —
7:28; Ezra 4:8 — 6:18; 7:12-26; Jeremiah 10:11. Reading of
selected Aramaic Papyri from Elephantine. Two hours weekly first
or second semester. Seniors and Graduates. Elective. Prof.
Culley.

7b. Elementary Arabic. A beginner's course in Arabic gram-
mar is offered to students interested in advanced Semitic studies
or those looking towards mission work in lands where a knowledge
of Arabic is essential. One or two hours weekly throughout the
year depending upon the requirements of the student. Prof. Culley.

7c. Elementary Assyrian. After the mastery of the most com-
mon signs and the elements of the grammar, Sennacherib's Annals
(Taylor Cylinder) will be read. This course is intended for those
who propose to specialize in Semitics or are preparing themselves
to teach the Bible in Colleges. Prince, Assyrian Primer; Delitzsch,
Assyrische Lesestiicke. Prerequisite, Courses 1, 3, 7a, 7b. Hours to
be arranged. Prof. Kelso.

II. Critical and Exegetical Courses
A. Hebrew

4. The Psalter. An exegetical course on the Psalms, with
special reference to their critical and theological problems. One
hour weekly, throughout the year. Seniors. Elective. Prof. Culley.

5. Isaiah I-XII, and selections from XL-LXVI. An exegetical
course paying special attention to the nature of prophecy and criti-
cal questions. One hour weekly throughout the year (1926-7).
Seniors. Elective. Prof. Kelso.

6. Proverbs and Job. The interpretation of selected passages
from Proverbs and Job which bear on the nature of Hebrew Wis-
dom and Wisdom Literature. One hour weekly throughout the
year (1925-6). Seniors and Graduates. Elective. Prof. Kelso.

40 (76)

The Bulletin of the Western Theological Seminary

Biblia Hebraica, ed. Kittel, and the Oxford Lexicon of the Old
Testament are the text-books.

In order to elect these courses, the student must have attained
at least Grade B in courses 1 and 3.

B. English

8a. The History of the HebreAvs. An outline oourse from the
.earliest times to the Assyria.n Period, in which the Biblical material
is studied with the aid of a syllabus and reference books. Two
hours weekly, second semester (192 5-6). Juniors and Middlers.
Required. Prof. Kelso.

8b. The History of the Hebrews. A continuation of the pre-
ceding course. The Babylonian, Persian, and Greek Periods. Two
hours weekly, second semester (1925-6). Juniors and Middlers.
Required. Prof. Kelso.

10. The Psalter, Hebrew Wisdom and Wisdom Liiteratiire. In
this course a critical study is made of the books of Job, Psalms,
Proverbs, Ecclesiastes, and the Song of Solomon. One hour weekly,
second semester. Seniors and Graduates. Elective. Prof. Kelso.

11. Old Testament Prophecy and Prophets. In this course the
general principles of prophecy are treated and a careful study is
made of the chief prophetic books. Special attention is paid to the
theological and social teachings of each prophet. The problems of
literary criticism are also discussed. Syllabus and reference works.
Required of Seniors, open to Graduates. Two hours weekly through-
out the year. Prof. Kelso.

12. Old Testament Introduction. This subject is presented
in lectures, with collateral reading on the part of the students. Two
hours weekly throughout the year. Middlers, Seniors, and Gradu-
ates. Elective (Middlers must elect either this course or Course 3).
Prof. Culley.

25. Old Testament Theology (see p. 44).

67. Biblical Apocalyptic. A careful study of the Apocalyptic
element in the Old Testament with special reference to the Book
of Daniel. After a brief investigation of the main features of the
extra-canonical apocalypses, the Book of Revelation is examined in
detail. One hour weekly throughout the year (1925-6). Seniors
and Graduates. Elective. Prof. Kelso.

69. The Book of Genesis. A critical exegetical study of the
Book of Genesis in English based upon the text of the American
Revised Version. Seminar. Two hours weekly, one semester
(1926-7). Seniors and Graduates. Elective. Prof. Kelso.

All these courses are based on the English Version as revised
by modern criticism and interpreted by scientific exegesis.

New Testament Literature and Exegesis
Dr. Vance

A knowledge of New Testament Greek is required for gradu-
ation. Students who enter without previous adequate knowledge
of the language are required to take Course 13; those who have
taken Greek in college should review the grammar preparatory to
an examination.

41 (77)

The Bulletin of the Western Theological Seminary

I. Linguistic Courses

13. Elementary Greek. This course is designed for students
who have made little or no previous study of Greek. The aim is
to prepare such students, as thoroughly as possible in the time
available, to read and interpret the Greek New Testament. The
text-book used is Machen's "New Testament Greek for Beginners".
Three hours weekly throughout the year.

81. Advanced Greek. The aim is to give the student facility
in reading the New Testament in Greek. Rapid reading of selec-
tions from the Gospels and Epistles. Two hours weekly, second
semester. Elective. Prof. Vance.

*82. New Testament SjTitax. Characteristics of the Greek of
the New Testament; principles of syntax; translation of
the Gospel according to Luke; grammatical interpretation. Pre-
requisite, Course 13 or its equivalent. Two hours weekly, first
semester. Prof. Vance.

*83. The Epistle to the Galatians. The principles of Biblical
interpretation are applied to the study of the Epistle to the
Galatians. Paul's fundamental doctrines; his relation to the
Jewish branch of the Church. Prerequisite, Course 81. Two
hours weekly, second semester. Prof. Vance.

II. Critical and Exegetical Courses
A. Greek

20a. The Epistle to the Romans. Introduction; analysis;
study of terminology; interpretation. Two hours weekly, second
semester (1927-1928). Elective. Prof. Vance.

20h. The Epistle to the Hebrews. The Jewish Christian in-
terpretation of the person and work of Christ contrasted with that
of Paul. Analysis; interpretation. Two hours weekly, second
semester (1928-1929). Elective. Prof. Vance.

24. The Epistles of James and Petei*. Problems confronting
Jewish Christians of the dispersion. Analysis; interpretation. Two
hours weekly, first semester (1927-1828). Elective. Prof. Vance.

84. The Epistles to the Colossians and Ephesians. Problems
confronting the churches in Western Asia Minor. Paul's developed
Christology. Analysis; interpretation. Two hours weekly, first
semester (1928-1929). Elective. Prof. Vance.

85. The Gospel according to Matthew. Special attention is
given to the plan and purpose of the Gospel and the teachings of
Jesus. Analysis; interpretation. Two hours weekly, first semester
(1926-1927). Elective. Prof. Vance.

86. The Pastoral Epistles. Introduction; new conditions of
the Church; interpretation. Two hours weekly, second semester
(1926-1927). Elective. Prof. Vance.

B. English

87. The Literature of the New Testament. History of the
Canon, text, and translations. Origin, form, contents, and ideas
of the several books. Reading of the entire New Testament. Four
hours weekly, first semester; two hours weekly, second semester.
Juniors. Required. Prof. Vance.

*Required of all students in either their middle or senior year.
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The Bulletin of the Western Theological Seminary

16. The Life of Christ. Critical examination of the Gospel
material. Constructive presentation of the material in order to
understand Christ's method, purpose, and person. Modern inter-
pretations. Two hours weekly, second semester (192 8-1929). Elec-
tive. Prof. Vance.

88. The Life of Paul. His Jewish Life; Christian experi-
ence; missionary work; relation to Jewish and Gentile environ-
ment. Two hours weekly, second semester (1926-1927). Elective.
Prof. Vance.

17. First Century Christianity. (See Early Church History,
page 44). Prof. Eakin.

73. History of Biblical Interpretation. (See Church History,
page 45). Prof. Eakin.

89. The Epistles to the Corinthians. Conditions of the early
Christians in the midst of heathenism. Analysis; interpretation.
Two hours weekly, second semester (1927-1928). Elective. Prof.
Vance.

90. The Gospel according to Mark. Characteristics; analy-
sis; interpretation. Two hours weekly, first semester (1927-1928).
Elective. Prof. Vance.

91. The Acts of the Apostles. Reliahility as a source for
early Christia^n History. Interpretation. Two hours weekly, first
semester (19 2 6-19 27). Elective. Prof. Vance.

67. Revelation. (See Biblical Apocalyptic, page 41). Elec-
tive. Prof. Kelso.

26. Theology of the New Testament. (See below). Sen-
iors. Required. Prof. Vance.

Biblical Theology

25. Theology of the Old Testament. A comprehensive his-
torical study of the religious institutions, rites, and teachings of the
Old Testament. The Biblical material is studied with the aid of a
syllabus and reference books. Two hours weekly. Offered in alter-
nate years (1926-7). Elective. Open to Middlers, Seniors, and
Graduates. Prof. Kelso.

26. Theology of the New Testament. A careful study is
made of the N. T. literature with the purpose of securing a first-
hand knowledge of its theological teaching. While the work con-
sists primarily of original research in the sources, sufficient collat-
eral reading is required to insure an acquaintance with the litera-
ture lof the subject. Two hours weekly throughout the year. Re-
quired of Seniors, and open to Graduates. Prof. Vance.

English Bible

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The Bulletin of the Western Theological Seminary

exact scientific study of the Bible in tlie Englisli version, or in other
words, more than one-fifth of the student's time is concentrated on
the Bible in English. In addition to this minimum requirement,
elective courses occupying 4 term-hours, are offered to students.
For details in regard to courses in the English Bible, see under Old
Testament Literature, p. 3 9f. and New Testament Literature, p.
4 If. See especially the following courses:

10. The Psalter, Hebrew Wisdom and Wisdom Literature (see
p. 41).

11. Old Testament Prophecy and Prophets (see p. 41).

67. Biblical Apocalji^tic (see p. 41).

69, The Book of Genesis (see p. 41).

16. The Life of Christ (see p. 43).

88. Life of Paul (see p. 43).

89. L & II. Corintliians (see p. 43).

90. Mark (see p. 43).

91. Acts of the Apostles (see p. 43).

61b. The Social Teaching of the New Testament (see p. 48).

The English Bible is carefully and comprehensively studied in
the department of Homiletics for homiletical purposes, the object
being to determine the distinctive contents of its separate parts and
their relation to each other, thus securing their proper and con-
sistent construction in preaching, (see course 45).

Church History

Dr. Eakin

30. General Church History: The Ancient and Mediaeval
Periods. Two hours weekly throughout the year. Juniors. Re-
quired. Prof. Eakin.

31. General Church History: The Reformation and the
Modern Period. Two hours weekly throughout the year. Middlers.
Required. Prof. Eakin.

In courses 3 0 and 31 the aim is to give the student a general
view of the whole field of Christian history, from the beginning to
the present time. In the courses which follow, periods and locali-
ties of special interest are studied more intensively, or the general
field is surveyed from the point of view of special interests and
activities.

17. Early Church History. The background of early Chris-
tianity is traced, first on the Jewish and then on the Gentile side.
This is followed by a sketch of the origin of the Christian move-
ment itself and its development to the latter part of the second
century. Two hours weekly throughout the year (192 6-7). Elec-
tive. Prof. Eakin.

32. The Reformation. The rise, progress, and effects of the
movement, both on the Continent and in Great Britain, are traced.
Two hours weekly, second semester (1927-8). Elective. Prof.
Eakin.

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The Bulletin of the M' est em Theological Seminary

34. American Church History, The trainsplanting of Euro-
pean faiths in America. The growth, controversies, and practical
activities of the denominations. Progress to the situation of to-
day. Two hours weekly, first semester (1927-8). Elective. Prof.
Eakin.

73, History of Biblical Intei-pretation. A study of the under-
standing and use of the Scriptures by representative interpreters
from the first century to the twentieth. Two hours weekly through-
out the year (1926-7). Elective. Prof. Eakin.

79. History of Christian Missions, Christianity's conquest
of the Roman Empire, and later of northern Europe. The expan-
sion of Christia-nity in the modern world since the Reformation.
Particular attention given to the missionary advance in the nine-
teenth and twentieth centuries. Two hours weekly, second semester
(1927-8). Elective. Prof. Eakin.

80. History of Christian Mysticism. The outcropping of the
mystic temdency is traced through the history of the Church, atten-
tion being given to the lives and writings of the leading Christian
mystics in ancient, mediaeval, and modern times. Two hours
weekly, first semester (1927-8). Elective. Prof. Eakin.

Systematic Theology and Apologetics
Dk. Snowdex

37. Theology Proper and Apologetics. This course includes
in theology proper the nature and sources of theology, the existence
and attributes of God, the trinity, the deity of Christ, the Holy Spirit,
the decrees of God. In apologetics it includes the problem of the
personality of God, antitheistic theories of the universe, miracles, the
problems connected with the inspiration of the Bible, and the virgin
birth and the resurrection of Christ. Three hours weekly through-
out the year. Juniors. Required. Prof. Snowden.

39. Anthropology, Christology, and the Doctrines of Grace.

Theories of the origin of man: the primitive state of man; the fall;
the covenant of grace; the person of Christ; the satisfaction of
Christ; theories of the atonement; the nature and extent of the
atonement; intercession of Christ; kingly ofiice; the humiliation
and exaltation of Christ; effectual calling, regeneration, faith, justi-
fication, repentance, adoption, and sanctification; the law; the doc-
trine of the last things; the state of the soul after death; the resur-
rection; the second advent and its concomitants. Three hours
weekly throughout the year. Middlers. Required. Prof. Snow-
den.

41a. Philosophy of Religion. A thorough discussion of the
problems of theism and of Ritschlian and other modern theories.
One hour weekly throughout the year. Seniors and Graduates.
Elective. Prof. Snowden.

41b. The Psychology of Religion. A study of the religious
nature and activities of the soul in the light of recent psychology;
and a course in modern theories of the ultimate basis and nature
of religion. One hour weekly throughout the year. Seniors and
Graduates. Elective. Prof. Snowden.

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The Bulletin of the Western Theological Seminary

Practical Theology
Dr. Farmer, PRor. Sleeth, Mr. Boyd

Including Homiletics, Pastoral Theology, Speech Expression, Church
Music, The Sacraments, and Church Government

A. Homiletics

The course in Homiletics is designed to be strictly progressive,
keeping step with the work in other departments. Students are ad-
vanced from the simpler exercises to the more abstruse as they are
prepared for this by their advance in exegesis and theology.

Certain books of special reference are used in the department
of Practical Theology, to which students are referred. Valuable new
books are constantly being added to the library, and special addi-
tions, in large numbers, have been made on subjects related to this
department, particularly Pedagogics, Bible Class Work, Sociology,
and Personal Evangelism.

43. Public AVorship. A study of the principles underlying the
proper conduct of public worship, with discussion of the various ele-
ments which enter into it, such as the reading of Scripture,
prayer, music, etc. One hour weekly, first semester. Juniors.
Required. Prof. Farmer.

45. Introduction to Homiletics. A study of the Scriptures
with reference to their homiletic value. One hour weekly, first
semester. Juniors. Required. Prof. Farmer.

46. Homiletics. The principles governing the structure of the
sermon considered as a special form of public discourse. The study
of principles is accompanied by constant practice in the making of
sermons which are used as a basis for classroom discussion. Two
hours weekly, second semester. Juniors. Required. Prof. Farmer.

74. Homiletics. This course is designed to give the necessary
practice in the preparation and delivery of sermons. The students
are required to preach before the class, and the sermons are criti-
cized by the professor and the students in respect of content, form,
and delivery. Two hours weekly, first semester, one hour weekly,
second semester. Middlers. Required. Dr. Farmer.

47. Advanced Homiletics. Historical and critical study of the
work of representative preachers in all periods of the church's his-
tory, with special emphasis on modern preaching as it is affected by
the conditions 'of our time. Students are required to submit critical
analyses of selected sermons and also sermons of their own, com-
posed with reference to various particular needs and opportunities
in modern life. One hour weekly throughout the year. Seniors.
Required. Prof. Farmer.

57a. Pastoral Care. A study of the principles underlying the
work of the minister as he serves the spiritual welfare of men
through more intimate personal contact, with practical suggestions
for dealing with typical conditions and situations. One hour weekly,
first semester. Seniors. Required. Prof. Farmer.

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The Bulletin of the Western Theological Seminary

57b. Pastoral Care. A study of the minister's relations
to the community in which he lives, his problems and opportunities
as a leader in community life through inter-church activities and
other forms of united effort for civic and social betterment. One
hour weekly, second semester. Seniors. Required. Prof Parmer.

60. Administration. A comparative study of the various types
of church polity, with special emphasis on the distinctive character-
istics of the Presbyterian order, and the organization and procedure
of its several structural units. The course covers also the whole
field of administration in the individual church and the church at
large. One hour weekly, second semester. Middlers. Required.
Prof. Farmer.

B. Speech Expression

50. The Foundations of Expression. Imagination and sym-
pathy. Phrasing, rhythm, and melody. Vocal technique: breath-
ing, tone production, resonance, articulation. One hour weekly
throughout the year. Juniors. Required. Prof. Sleeth.

51. Oral Interpretation of the Scriptures. Reading from the
platform. One hour weekly throughout the year. Middlers. Elec-
tive. Prof. Sleeth.

52. Platfoi-m Training in Delivery of Public Discoui'se. One

hour weekly throughout the year. Seniors. Elective. Prof. Sleeth.

C. Church Music

The object of the course is primarily to instruct the student in
the practical use of desirable Church Music; after that, to acquaint
him, as far as is possible in a limited time, with good music in gen-
eral.

42. Hynmology. The place of Sacred Poetry in History. An-
cient Hymns. Greek and Latin Hymns. German Hymns. Psal-
mody. English Hymnology in its three periods. Proper use of
Hymns and Psalms in public worship. Text book: Breed's "History
and Use of Hymns and Hymn Tunes". One hour weekly, first sem-
ester. Juniors. Required. Mr. Boyd.

53. Hymn Tunes. History, Use, Practice. Text book: Breed's
"History and Use of Hymns and Hymn Tunes". Practical Church
Music: Choirs, Organs, Sunday School Music, Special Musical Ser-
vices, Congregational Music. One hour weekly, second semester.
Juniors. Required. Mr. Boyd.

54. Practical Church Music. A year with the music of the
"Hymnal", with a thorough examination and discussion lof its tunes.
A new feature, started in 192 5, is the examination and discussion
of special musical services for congregational participation, with
actual use of various types. One hour weekly throughout the year.
Middlers. Required. Mr. Boyd.

55. Musical Appreciation. Illustrations and Lectures. One
hour weekly throughout the year. Seniors. Elective. Mr. Boyd.

56. Vocal Sight Reading and Choir Drill. Students who have
sufficient musical experience are given opportunity for practice in

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choir direction or organ playing. Anthem selection and study. One
hour weekly throughout the year. Offered in alternate years. Open
to students of all classes. Elective. Mr. Boyd.

D. The Cecilia Choir

The Cecilia is a chorus of twenty-two voices, chosen from men
and women in various city choirs, organized in 19 03 by Mr. Boyd
to illustrate the work of the Music Department of the Seminary.
It is in attendance every Monday evening at the Senior Preaching
Service to lead the singing and set standards for the choir part of
the service. During the year special programs of Church Music
are given from time to time both in the. Seminary and in churches
throughout the vicinity. The Cecilia has attained much more
than a local reputation, especially for its performance of unaccom-
panied vocal music.

Christian Ethics and Sociology
Dr. Snowden, De. Faemer

61a. Christian Ethics. The Theory of Ethics considered con-
structively from the point of view of Christian Faith. One hour
weekly throughout the year. Seniors and graduates. Elective. Prof.
Snowden.

61b. The Social Teaching of the New Testament. This course
is based upon the belief that the teachings of the New Testament,
rightly interpreted and applied, afford ample guidance to the Chris-
tian Church in her efforts to meet the conditions and problems which
modern society presents. After an introductory discussion of the
social teaching of the Prophets and the condition and structure of
society in the time of Christ, the course takes up the teaching of
Jesus as it bears upon the conditions and problems which must be
met in the task of establishing the Kingdom of God upon the earth,
and concludes with a study of the application of Christ's teaching
to the social order of the Grsco-Roman world set forth in the Acts
and the Epistles. One hour weekly throughout the year. Seniors
and Graduates. Elective. Prof. Farmer.

Missions and Comparative Religion
Dr. Kelso, Dr. Culley

The Edinburgh Missionary Council suggested certain special
studies for missionary candidates in addition to the regular Semi-
nary curriculum. These additional studies were Comparative Re-
ligion, Phonetics, and the History and Methods of Missionary
Enterprise. Thorough courses in Comparative Religion and Pho-
netics have been introduced into the curriculum, while a brief lecture
course on the third subject is given by various members of the
faculty. It is the purpose of the institution to develop this depart-
ment more fully.

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A VIEW OF THE PARK FROM THE QUADRANGLE

The Bulletin of the Western Theological Seminary

63. Modem 3Iissions. A study of fields and modern methods;
each student is required either to read a missionary biography 'or
to investigate a missionary problem. One hour weekly, one sem-
ester. Elective. Seniors and Graduates.

64. Lectures on Missions. In addition to the instruction regu-
larly given in the department of Church History, lectures on Missions
are delivereed from time to time by able men who are practically fa-
miliar with the work. The students have been addressed during
the past year by several returned missionaries and Rev. Donald A.
Irwin is giving a course on Modenn Missions, running through the
second semester.

65. Comparative Religion. A study of the origin and develop-
ment of religion, with special investigation of Primitive Religion,
Hinduism, Buddhism, Confucianism, and Islam with regard to their
bearing on Modern Missions. Two hours weekly. Offered in alter-
nate years. (1925-6). Elective. Open to Middlers, Seniors, and
Graduates. Prof. Kelso.

68. Phonetics. A study of phonetics and the principles of
language with special reference to the mission field. One hour
weekly throughout the year. (192 5-6). Elective. Open to all
classes. Prof. Culley.

7b. Elementary Arabic (see p. 40).

Religious Education

MR. LE SOURD

The purpose of these courses is to give the student a knowl-
edge of the principles and methods 'of religious education. The
field that is covered includes the psychological and pedagogical as-
pects of the subject as well as the organization, principles, and
methods of the Sunday School. They are open to Seniors, Middlers,
and Graduates. Those who desire to specialize still further in this
department have access to the courses in Pedagogy and Pychology
at the University of Pittsburgh.

75. Principles of Religious Education. A course in the theory
which underlies the whole program of religious education. It will
include the question of aims, both general and specific; the social
point of view; evangelism through education; and the application
of some of the findings of educational psychology and philosophy
to the educational task of the' church. Two hours weekly, first
semester (1926-7). Elective. Mr. Le Sourd.

76. How to Teach Religion. A practical course in the teach-
ing process, which will prepare for leadership of teacher training
classes, and the supervision of teaching. Specific methods for va-
rious age groups will be studied, along with the application of the
project method to religious education. This course will be valu-
able to those who will become supervisors of religious education.
Two hours weekly, second semester (192 6-7). Elective. Mr. Le
Sourd.

77. Organization and Administration of Religious Education.

This course considers the problems of organizing and administering

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religious education in the church and community. It deals with
the Church School, Week-day Religious Education, the Daily Vaca-
tion Bible School, Community Training School, and cooperating
agencies in religious education. Two hours weekly, first semester
(1925-6). Elective. Mr. Le Sourd.

78. Curriculum Construction for Church Schools. This
course is a study of the scientific development of curricula, and the
analysis of religious ideals. Definite curriculum problems, having
to do with particular situations and specific social conditions, will
be studied. An experiment in actually constructing a curriculum
will be carried on in the class. This course will prove helpful also
in preaching. Two hours weekly, second semester (1925-6). Elec-
tive, Mr. Le Sourd.

41b. Tiie Psychology of Religion (see p. 45).

curricuijUm courses in outline

Junior Class
1. Hebrew Grammar

Prof. Culley 3 hours*

8. History of the Hebrews

Prof. Kelso . 2 hrs, 2nd. sem.

87. Literature of the New Testament

Prof. Vance 4 hrs. 1st., 2 hrs. 2nd sem.

30. General Church History

Prof. Eakin 2 hrs.

37. Theology Proper and Apologetics

Prof. Snowden 3 hrs.

43. PubUc Worship

Prof. Farmer 1 hr. 1st. sem.

45. Introduction to Homiletics

Prof. Farmer 1 hr. 1st. sem.

46. Homiletics

Prof. Farmer 2 hrs. 2nd sem.

42. Hymnology

Mr. Boyd 1 hr. 1st. sem.

53. Hymn Tunes

Mr. Boyd 1 hr. 2nd. sem.

50. Foundations of Expression

Prof. Sleeth 1 hr.

* Unless otherwise indicated courses continue throughout the
year.

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The Bulletin of the Western Theological Seminary

Middle Class**
8. History of the Hebrews

Prof. Kelso 2 hrs. 2nd. sem.

13. New Testament Greek 3 hrs.

82. New Testament Syntax

Prof. Vance 2 hrs. 1st. sem.

83. The Epistle to the Galatians

Prof. Vance 2 hrs. 2nd. sem.

31. General Church History

Prof. Eakin 2 hrs.

39. Theology Proper

Prof. Snowden 3 hrs.

74. Homiletics

Prof. Parmer .2 hrs. 1st. 1 hr. 2nd. sem.

60. Administration

Prof. Farmer 1 hr. 2nd. sem.

54. Practical Church Music

Mr. Boyd . 1 hr.

Senior Class*
11. Old Testament Prophecy

Prof. Kelso 2 hrs.

26. New Testament Theology

Prof. Vance 2 hrs.

47. Advanced Homiletics

Prof. Farmer 1 hr.

57. Pastoral Care

Prof. Farmer 1 hr.

Elective Courses
2a. Rapid Reading of I Samuel or Judges

Prof. Culley . . 1 hr.

2b. Rapid Reading of Minor Prophets

Hour to be arranged
Prof. Culley 1 hr.

3. Old Testament Exegesis

Prof. Culley 2 hrs.

**Mlddlers must elect either O. T. Exegesis 3 or O. T. Introduc-
tion 12.

*In addition to the required courses, Seniors must select eight
hours per week from Electives.

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7a. Biblical Aranialc

Hours to be arranged
Prof. Culley

7b. Elementary Arabic

Hours to be arranged
Prof. Culley

7c. Elementary Assyrian

Hours to be arranged
Prof. Kelso

4. Exegetical Study of the Psalter

Prof. Culley 1 hr.

5. Exegeitical Study of Isaiah

Prof. Kelso (1926-7) 1 hr.

6. Proverbs and Job Interpreted

Hour to be arranged
Prof. Kelso (1925-6) 1 hr.

10. Ciitical Study in English of the Psalter and Wisdom Literature

Hour to be arranged
Prof. Kelso 1 hr. 2nd. sem.

12. Old Testament Introduction

Prof. Culley 2 hrs.

25. Old Testament Theology

Prof. Kelso (1926-7) 2 hrs.

67. Biblical Apocalyptic

Hour to be arranged
Prof. Kelso (1925-6) 1 hr.

69. Critical Study of Genesis in English

Hours to be arranged
Prof. Kelso (1926-7) 2 hrs. one sem.

81. Advanced Greek

Prof. Vance 2 hrs. 2nd. sem.

20a. The Epistle to the Romans

Prof. Vance (1927-8) 2 hrs. 2nd. sem.

20b. The Epistle to the Hebrews

Prof. Vance (1928-9) . . 2 hrs. 2nd. sem.

24. The Epistles of James and Peter

Prof. Vance (1927-8) 2 hrs 1st. sem.

84. The Epistles to the Colossians and Ephesians

Prof. Vance (1928-9) 2 hrs. 1st. sem.

85. The Gospel according to Matthew

Prof. Vance (1926-7) 2 hrs. 1st. sem.

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The Bulletin of the Western Theological Seminary

86. The Pastoral Epistles

Prof. Vance (1926-7) 2 hrs. 2nd. sem.

16. The Life of Christ

Prof. Vance (1928-9) 2 hrs. 2nd. sem.

88. The Life of Paul

Prof. Vance (1926-7) 2 hrs. 2nd. sem.

89. The Epistles to the Corinthians

Prof. Vance (1927-8) 2 hrs. 2nd. sem.

90. The Gospel according to Mark

Prof. Vance (1927-8) 2 hrs. 1st. sem.

91. The Acts of the Apostles

Prof. Vance (1926-7) 2 hrs. 1st. sem.

17. Early Church History

Prof. Eakin (1926-7) 2 hrs.

32. The Reformation

Prof. Eakin (1927-8) 2 hrs. 2nd. sem.

34. American Church History

Prof. Eakin (1927-8) 2 hrs. 1st. sem.

73. History of Biblical Intei-pretation

Prof. Eakin (1926-7) 2 hrs.

79. History of Christian Missions

Prof. Eakin (1927-8) 2 hrs. 2nd. sem.

80. History of Chi'istian Mysticism

Prof. Eakin (1927-8) 2 hrs. 1st. sem.

41a. Philosophy of Religion

Prof. Snowden 1 hr.

41b. Psychology of Religion

Prof. Snowden 1 hr.

51. Oral InteiT)retation of the Scriptures

Prof. Sleeth 1 hr.

52. Platfonn Delivery

Prof. Sleeth 1 hr.

55. Musical Appreciation

Mr. Boyd 1 hr.

56. Vocal Sight Reading

Mr. Boyd 1 hr.

Ola. Christian Ethics

Prof. Snowden 1. hr.

61b. Social Teaching of the New Testament

Prof. Farmer 1 hr.

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63. Modem Missions

Hour to be arranged

65. Comparative Religion

Prof. Kelso (1925-6) 2 hrs.

68. Phonetics

Prof. Culley (1925-6) 1 hr.

75. Principles of Religious Education

Mr. Le Sourd (1926-7) 2 hrs. 1st. sem.

76. How to Teach Religion

Mr. Le Sourd (1926-7) 2 hrs. 2nd. sem.

77. Organization and Administration of Religious Education

Mr. Le Sourd (1925-6) 2 hrs. 1st sem.

78. Curriculum Constniction for Church Schools

Mr. Le Sourd (1925-6) 2 hrs 2nd sem.

Reports to Presbyteries

Presbyteries having students under their care re-
ceive annual reports from the Faculty concerning the
attainments of the students in scholarship and their at-
tendance upon the exercises of the Seminary.

Graduate Studies

The Seminary confers the degree of Master of
Sacred Theology on students who complete a fourth
year of study.

This degree will be granted under the following con-
ditions :

(1) The applicant must have a Bachelor's de-
gree from a college of recognized standing.

(2) He must be a graduate of this or of some
other theological seminary. In case he has gradu-
ated from another seminary, which does not require
Greek and Hebrew for its diploma, the candidate
must take in addition to the above requirements the
following courses: Hebrew, 1 and 3; New Testa-
ment, 13 or its equivalent, and 82 and 83.

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(3) He must be in residence at this Seminary
at least one academic year and complete courses
equivalent to twelve hours per week of regular cur-
riculum work.

(4) He shall be required to devote two-thirds
of said time to one subject, which will be called a
major, and the remainder to another subject termed
a minor.

In the department of the major he shall be re-
quired to write a thesis of not less than 4,000 words.
The subject of this thesis must be presented to the
professor at the head of this department for ap-
proval, not later than November 15th of the aca-
demic year at the close of which the degree is to be
conferred. By April 1st a typewritten copy of this
thesis is to be in the hands of the professor for ex-
amination. At the close of the year he shall pass a
rigid examination in both major and minor subjects.

(5) Members of the senior class may receive
this degree, provided that they attain rank ''A" in
all departments and complete the courses equivalent
to such twelve hours of curriculum work, in addition
to the regular curriculum, which twelve hours of
work may be distributed throughout the three years '
course, upon consultation with the professors. All
other conditions as to major and minor subjects,
theses, etc., shall be the same as for graduate stu-
dents, except that in this case students must elect
their major and minor courses at the opening of the
middle year, and give notice October 1st of that year
that they expect to be candidates for this degree.

Relations with University of Pittsburgh

The post-graduate courses of the University of Pitts-
burgh are open to the students of the Seminary. The
A. M. degree will be conferred on students of the Sem-

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TJie Bulletin of the Western Theological Seminary

inary who complete graduate courses of the University
requiring a minimum of three hours of work for two
years, and who prepare an acceptable thesis ; and, on ac-
count of the proximity of the University, all require-
ments for residence may be satisfied by those who desire
the degree of Doctor of Philosophy.

The following formal regulations have been adopted
by the Graduate Faculty of the University of Pittsburgh
with reference to the students of the Seminary who de-
sire to secure credits at the University.

1. That non-technical theological courses (i. e.,
those in linguistics, history, Biblical literature, and
philosophy) be accepted for credit toward advanced
degrees in arts and sciences, under conditions de-
scribed in the succeeding paragraphs.

2. That no more than one-third of the total
number of credits required for the degrees of A. M.
or M. S. and Ph. D. be of the character referred to in
paragraph 1. In the case of the Master's degree,
this maximun credit can be given only to students in
the Western Theological Seminary and the Pitts-
burgh Theological Seminary.

3. That the acceptability of any course offered
for such credit be subject to the approval of the
Council. The Council shall, as a body or through
a committee, pass upon (1) the general merits of
the courses offered; and (2) their relevancy to the
major selected by the candidate.

4. That the direction and supervision of the
candidate's courses shall be vested in the University
departments concerned.

5. That in every case in which the question of
the duplication of degree is raised, by reason of the
candidate's offering courses that have already been
credited toward the B. D. or other professional de-
gree in satisfaction of the requirements for advanced

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The Bulletin of the Western Theological Seminary

degrees in arts and sciences, the matter of accepta-
bility of such courses shall be referred to a special
committee consisting of the head of the department
concerned and such other members of the Graduate
Faculty as the Dean may select.

6. That the full requirements as regards resi-
dence, knowledge of modern languages, theses, etc.,
of the University of Pittsburgh be exacted in the
case of candidates who may take advantage of these
privileges. In the case of the Western Theological
Seminary and the Pittsburgh Theological Seminary,
this paragraph shall not be interpreted to cancel
paragraph 2, that a maximum of one-third of the
total number of credits for the Master's degree may
be taken in the theological schools.

The minimum requirement for the Master's degree
is the equivalent of twelve hours throughout three terms,
or what we call thirty-six term-hours. According to the
above resolutions a minimum of twenty-four term-hours
should be taken at the University.

Fellowships and Prizes

1. A fellowship paying $600 is assigned upon grad-
uation to that member of the senior class who has the
best standing in all departments of the Seminary
curriculum, but to no one falling below an average
of 85 percent. It is offered to those who take the entire
course of three years in this institution. The recipient
must pledge himself to a year of post-graduate study at
some institution approved by the Faculty. He is required
to furnish quarterly reports of his progress. The money
will be paid in three equal installments on the first day
of October, January, and April, Prolonged absence
from the classroom in the discharge of extra-seminary
duties makes a student ineligible for the fellowship.

57 (93)

The Bulletin of the Western Theological Seminary

2. The Michael Wilson Keith Memorial Homiletical
Prize of $100.00. This prize was founded in 1919 by the
Keith Bible Class of the First Presbyterian Church of
Coraopolis, Pa., by an endowment of two thousand
dollars in memory of the Rev. Michael "Wilson Keith,
D. D., the founder of the class, and pastor of the church
from 1911 to 1917. This foundation was established in
grateful remembrance of his service to his country as
Chaplain of the 111th Infantry Regiment. He fell while
performing his duty at the front in France. It is
awarded to a member of the senior class who has spent
three years in this Seminary and has taken the highest
standing in the department of homiletics. The winner
of the prize is expected to preach in the First Presby-
terian Church of Coraopolis and teach the Keith Bible
Class one Sunday after the award is made.

3. A prize in Hebrew is offered to that member of
the junior class who maintains the highest standing
in this subject throughout the junior year. The prize
consists of a copy of the Oxford Hebrew-English Lexi-
con, a copy of the latest English translation of Gesenius-
Kautzsch's Hebrew Grammar or a copy of Davidson's
Hebrew Syntax, and a copy of the Hebrew Bible edited
by Kittel.

4. All students reaching the grade "A" in all de-
partments during the junior year will be entitled to a
prize of $50, which will be paid in four installments in
the middle year, provided that the recipient continues
to maintain the grade "A" in all departments during the
middle year. Prizes of the same amount and under
similar conditions will be available for seniors, but no
student whose attendance is unsatisfactory wiU be eli-
gible to these prizes.

5. In May 1914, Miss Anna M. Reed, of Cross
Creek, Pa., established a scholarship with an endowTnent
of three thousand dollars, to be known as the Andrew

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The Bulletin of ilie Western Theological Seminary

Reed Scholarship, with the following conditions: The
income of this scholarship to be awarded to the student
who upon entering shall pass the best competitive exam-
ination in the English Bible; the successful competitor
to have the use of it throughout the entire course of
three years, provided that his attendance and class stand-
ing continue to be satisfactory.*

6. In February 1919, Mrs. Eobert A. Watson, of
Columbus, Ohio, established a prize with an endowment
of one thousand dollars, to be known as the John Watson
Prize in New Testament Greek. It will be awarded to
that member of the Senior Class who, having elected
Greek exegesis, shall submit the best grammatical and
exegetical treatment of an assigned portion of the Greek
New Testament. The prize will be available for mem-
bers of the Class of 1927. The passage for the 1927
assignment is Philippians 2:1-18.

7. In September 1919, Mrs. Robert A. Watson, of
Columbus, Ohio, established a prize with an endowment
of one thousand dollars, to be knowm as the William B.
Watson Prize in Hebrew. It will be awarded to that
member of the Senior Class who, having elected Hebrew,
shall submit the best grammatical and exegetical treat-
ment of an assigned portion of the Hebrew Old Testa-
ment. The prize will be available for members of the
Class of 1927. The passage for the 1927 assignment is
Psalm 68.

8. In July 1920, Mrs. Robert A. Watson, of Colum-
bus, Ohio, with an endowment of $1,000, established the
Joseph Watson Greek Prize, to be awarded to the stu-
dent who passes the best examination in classical Greek
as he enters the junior class of the Seminary. The prize
will be available in September 1926. The assignment
upon which the examination will be given in Xenophon 's
Anabasis, Book II, or Plato's Apology, Chapters I-X.

*The income from this fund is not available at present.
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The Bulletin of the Western Theological Seminary

9. At their ten-year reunion (May 1921), the class
of 1911 raised a fund of one hundred dollars, to be
offered as a prize by the faculty to the member of the
senior class (1922) who had maintained the highest
standing in the Greek language and exegesis during the
three years of his course. This prize was awarded at
the Commencement in 1922.

10. Two entrance prizes of $150 each are offered by
the Seminary to college graduates presenting themselves
for admission to the junior class. The scholarships a\^111
be awarded upon the basis of a competitive examination
subject to the following conditions :

(I) Candidates must, not later than September
1st, indicate their intention to compete, and such state-
ment of their purpose must be accompanied by certifi-
cates of college standing and mention of subjects elected
for examination.

(II) , Candidates must be graduates of high stand-
ing in the classical course of some accepted college or
university,

(III) The examinations will be conducted on
Thursday, Friday, and Saturday of the opening week of
the first semester.

(IV) The election of subjects for examination shall
be made from the following list: (1) Classical Greek
— Greek Grammar, translation of Greek prose, Greek
composition; (2) Latin — Latin Grammar, translation of
Latin prose, Latin composition; (3) Hebrew — Hebrew
Grammar, translation of Hebrew prose, Hebrew composi-
tion; (4) German — translation of German into English
and English into German; (5) French— translation of
French into English and English into French ; (6) Philo-
sophy— (a) History of Philosophy, (b) Psychology,
(c) Ethics, (d) Metaphysics; (7) History — (a) Ancient
Oriental History, (b) Grgeco-iloman History to A. D.
476, (c) Mediaeval History to the Eeformation, (d)
Modern History.

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The Bulletin of the Western Theological Seminary

(V) Each competitor shall elect from the above
list four subjects for examination, among which subjects
Greek shall always be included. Each division of Phil-
osophy and History shall be considered one subject. No
more than one subject in Philosophy and no more than
one subject in History may be chosen by any one candi-
date.

(VI) The awards of the scholarshij)S will be made
to the two competitors passing the most satisfactory ex-
aminations, provided their average does not fall below
ninety per cent. The payment will be made in two in-
stallments, the first at the time the award is made, and
the second on April 1st. Failure to maintain a high
standard in classroom work or prolonged absence will
debar the recipients from receiving the second install-
ment.

The intention to compete for the prize scholarships
should be made knowTi, in writing, to the President.

Donations and Bequests

All donations or bequests to the Seminary should be
made to the "Trustees of the Western Theological Sem-
inary of the Presbyterian Church in the United States of
America, located in xlllegheny Cit}', Penns^dvania".
The proper legal form for making a bequest is as follows :

I hereby give and bequeath to the Trustees of the
Western Theological Seminary, of the Presbyterian
Church in the United States of America, incorporated
in the State of Pennsylvania, the following : —

Note : — If the person desires the Seminary to get the
full amount designated, free of tax, the following state-
ment should be added : — The collateral inheritance tax to
be paid out of my estate.

In this connection the present financial needs of the
Seminary may be arranged in tabular form :

61 (97)

The Bulletin of the Western Theological Seminary

Chair of Apologetics . . $100,000

Apartment for Professors 100,000

Apartment for Missionaries 100,000

Chair of Religious Education and Missions 100,000

General Endowment 500,000

Library Fund 30,000

Two Fellowships, $20,000, each 40,000

The Memorial idea may be carried out either in the
erection of one of these buildings or in the endowment of
any of the funds. During recent years the Sem-
inary has made considerable progress in securing new
equipment and additions to the endowment funds. One
of the recent gifts was that of $100,000 to endow the
President's Chair. This donation was made by the Rev,
Nathaniel W. Conkling, D. D., a member of the class of
1861. In May 1912, the new dormitory building, costing
$146,097, was dedicated, and four years later, May 4,
1916, Herron Hall and Swift Hall, the north and south
wings of the new quadrangle, were dedicated. During
this period the Seminary has also received the endow-
ment of a missionary lectureship from the late Mr. L. H.
Severance, of Cleveland; and, through the efforts of Dr.
Breed, an endowment of $15,000 for the instructor ship
in music; as well as eight scholarships amounting to
$22,331.10.

In the year 1918 a lectureship was established
by a gift of $5,000 from Mrs. Janet I. Watson, of Colum-
bus, Ohio, in memory of her husband. Rev. Robert A.
Watson, a member of the class of 1874. Mrs. Watson has
also founded the James L. Shields Book Purchasing
Memorial Fund, with an endowment of $1,000, in memory
of her father, the late James L. Shields, of Blairsville,
Pennsylvania.

During the year 1919 Mrs. Watson established two
prizes, each with an endowment of $1,000 : (1) The John
Watson Prize in New Testament Greek, in memory of her
husband's father, Rev. John Watson; (2) The Rev.

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The Bulletin of the Western Theological Seminary

William B. Watson Hebrew Prize, in memory of Rev.
William B. Watson, a member of the class of 1868 and a
brother of Eev. Robert A. Watson.

Also during the year 1919 the Michael Wilson Keith
Memorial Homiletical Prize of $100 was founded by the
Keith Bible Class of the First Presbyterian Church of
Coraopolis, Pa., by an endowment of two thousand
dollars in memory of the Rev. Michael Wilson Keith,
D. D., the founder of the class and pastor of the church
from 1911-1917. This foundation was established in
grateful remembrance of Dr. Keith's service to his coun-
try as Chaplain of the 111th Infantry Regiment. He fell
while performing his duty at the front in France.

In December 1919, a friend of the Seminary, by a
contribution of $2,500, established a Students' Loan and
Self-help Fund. The principal is to be kept intact and
the income is available for loans to students which may
be repaid after graduation.

In July 1920, Mrs. R. A. Watson established, with
an endowment of $1,000, the Joseph Watson Greek Prize,
in memory of her husband's youngest brother.

In Nov. 1919 a member of the Board made a contri-
bution of ten thousand dollars to the endowment fund.
During the same year one of the holders of annuity
bonds cancelled them to the sum of $7,500. In addition
a legacy of $25,000 was received from the Estate of
James Laughlin, Jr.

During the year 1923 a donation of $5,000 was re-
ceived from the J. B. Finley Estate.

At their ten-year reimion (May 1921), the Class of
1911 raised a fund of one hundred dollars, to be offered
as a prize by the faculty to the member of the senior class
(1922) who had maintained the highest standing in the
Greek language and exegesis during the three years of
his course. This prize was awarded at the Commence-
ment 1922.

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The Bulletin of the Western Theological Seminary

The whirlwind campaign of October 24 — November
3, 1913, resulted in subscriptions amounting to $135,000.
This money was used in the erection of the new Admin-
istration Building, to take the place of Seminary Hall.
A friend of the Seminary has subscribed $50,000 for the
erection of a chapel; as soon as conditions in the busi-
ness world become more normal, the chapel will be
erected according to plans already adopted. Attention is
called to the special needs of the Seminary — ^the endow-
ment, of additional professorships and the completion of
the building program.

List of Scholarships

1, The Thomas Patterson Scholarship, founded in 1829, by

Thomas Patterson, of Upper St. Clair, Allegheny County, Pa.

2. The McNeely Scholarship, founded by Miss Nancy McNeely, of

Steubenville, Ohio.
b. The Dornan Scholarship, founded by James Dornan, of Wash-
ington County, Pa.

4. The O'Hara Scholarship, founded by Mrs. Harmar Denny, of

Pittsburgh, Pa.

5. The Smith Scholarship, founded by Robin Smith, of Allegheny

County, Pa.

6. The Ohio Smith Scholarship, founded by Robert W. Smith, of

Fairfield County, O.

7. The Dickinson Scholarship, founded by Rev. Richard W. Dick-

inson, D.D., of New York City.

8. The Jane McCrea Patterson Scholarship, founded bj- Joseph

Patterson, of Pittsburgh, Pa.

9. The Hamilton Scott Easter Scholarship, founded by Hamilton

Easter, of Baltimore, Md.

10. The Corning Scholarship, founded by Hanson K. Corning, of

New York City.

11. The Emma B. Corning Scholarship, founded by her husband,

Hanson K. Corning, of New York City.

12. The Susan C. Williams Scholarship, founded by her husband,

Jesse L. Williams, of Ft. Wayne, Ind.

13. The Mary P. Keys Scholarship, No. 1, founded by herself.

14. The Mary P. Keys Scholarship, No. 2, founded by herself.

15. The James L. Carnaghan Scholarship, founded by James L.

Carnaghan, of Sewickley, Pa.

16. The A. M. Wallingford Scholarship, founded by A. M. Walling-

ford, of Pittsburgh, Pa.

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TJie Bulletin of the Western Theological Seminary

17. The Alexander Cameron Scholarship, founded by Alexander

Cameron, of Allegheny, Pa.

18. The "First Presbyterian Church of Kittanning, Pa." Scholar-

ship.

19. The Rachel Dickson Scholarship, founded by Rachel Dickson,

of Pittsburgh, Pa.

20. The Isaac Cahill Scholarship, founded by Isaac Cahill, of Bu-

cyrus, O.

21. The Margaret Cahill Scholarship, founded by Isaac Cahill, of

Bucyrus, O.

22. The "H. E. B." Scholarship, founded by Rev. Charles C. Beatty,

D.D., LL.D., of Steubenville, O.

23. The "C. C. B." Scholarship, founded by Rev. Charles C. Beatty,

D.D., LL.D., of Steubenville, O.

24 The Koonce Scholarship, founded by Hon. Charles Koonce, of
Clark, Mercer County, Pa.

25. The Fairchild Scholarship, founded by Rev. Elias R. Fair-

child, D.D., of Mendham, N. J.

26. The Allen Scholarship, founded by Dr. Richard Steele, Execu-

tor, from the estate of Electa Steele Allen, of Auburn, N. Y.

27. The "L. M. R. B." Scholarship, founded by Rev. Charles C.

Beatty, D.D., LL.D., of Steubenville, O.

28. The "M. A. C. B." Scholarship, founded by Rev. Charles C.

Beatty, D.D., LL.D., of Steubenville, O.

29. The Sophia Houston Carothers Scholarship, founded by herself.

30. The Margaret Donahey Scholarship, founded by Margaret

Donahey, of Washington County, Pa.

31. The Melanchthon W. Jacobus Scholarship, founded by will of

his deceased wife.

32. The Charles Burleigh Conkling Scholarship, founded by his

father. Rev. Nathaniel W. Conkling, D.D., of New York City.

33. The Redstone Memorial Scholarship, founded in honor of Red-

stone Presbytery.

34. The John Lee Scholarship, founded by himself.

35. The James McCord Scholarship, founded by John D. McCord, of

Philadelphia, Pa.

36. The Elisha P. Swift Scholarship.

37. The Gibson Scholarship, founded by Charles Gibson, of Law-

rence County, Pa.

38. The New York Scholarship.

39. The Mary Foster Scholarship, founded by Mary Foster, of

Greensburg, Pa.

40. The Lea Scholarship, founded in part by Rev. Richard Lea and

by the Seminary.

41. The Kean Scholarship, founded by Rev. William F. Kean, of

Sewickley, Pa.

65 (101)

The Bulletin of the Western Theological Seminary

42. The Murry Scholarship, founded by Rev. Joseph A. Murry,

D.D., of Carlisle, Pa.

43. The Moorhead Scholarship, founded by Mrs. Annie C. Moor-

head, of Pittsburgh, Pa.

44. The Craighead Scholarship, founded by Rev. Richard Craig-

head, of Meadville, Pa.

45. The George H. Starr Scholarship, founded by Mr. George H.

Starr, of Sewickley, Pa.

46. The William R. Murphy Scholarship, founded by William R.

Murphy, of Pittsburgh, Pa.

47. The Mary A. McClurg Scholarship, founded by Miss Mary A.

McClurg.

48. The Catherine R. Negley Scholarship, founded by Catherine R.

Negley.

49. The Jane C. Dinsmore Scholarship, founded by Jane C. Dins-

more.

50. The Samuel Collins Scholarship, founded by Samuel Collins.

51. The A. G. McCandless Scholarship, founded by A. G. McCand-

less, of Pittsburgh, Pa.

52-53. The W. G. and Charlotte T. Taylor Scholarships, founded by
Rev. W. G. Taylor, D.D.

54. The William A. Robinson Scholarship, founded by John F.

Robinson in memory of his father.

55. The Alexander C. Robinson Scholarship, founded by John F.

Robinson in memory of his brother.

56. The David Robinson Scholarship, founded by John F. Robinson

in memory of his brother.

57-58. The Robert and Charles Gardner Scholarships, founded by
Mrs. Jane Hogg Gardner in memory of her sons.

59. The Joseph Patterson, Jane Patterson, and Rebecca Leech

Patterson Scholarship, founded by Mrs. Joseph Patterson,
of Philadelphia, Pa.

60. The Jane and Mary Patterson Scholarship, founded by Mrs.

Joseph Patterson.

61. The Joseph Patterson Scholarship, founded by Mrs. Joseph

Patterson.

62. The William Woodward Eells Scholarship, founded by his

daughter, Anna Sophia Eells.

*63. The Andrew Reed Scholarship, founded by his daughter, Anna
M. Reed.

64. The Bradford Scholarship, founded by Benjamin Rush Brad-

ford.

65. The William Irwin Nevin Scholarship, founded by Theodore

Hugh Nevin and Hannah Irwin Nevin.

*Special Prize Scholarship (vide p. 59).
€6 (102)

The Bulletin of the Western Theological Seminary

Special Funds

The James L. Shields Book Purchasing Memorial Fund.
The James H. Lyon Loan Fund.
Students' Loan and Self-help Fund.

Lectureships

The Elliott Lectureship. The endowment for this
lectureship was raised by Prof. Robinson among the
alumni and friends of the Seminary as a memorial to
Prof. David Elliott, who served the institution from 1836
to 1874. Several distinguished scholars have delivered
lectures on this foundation : the Rev. Professor Alexan-
der F. Mitchell, D. D., Principal Fairbairn, the Rev. B. C.
Henry, D. D., the Rev. J. S. Dennis, D. D., Prof. James
Orr, D. D., the Rev. Hugh Black, D. D., the Rev. David
Smith, D. D., President A, T. Ormond, the Rev. Prof.
Samuel Angus, Ph. D., and the Rev. John Mackintosh
Shaw, D. D.

The L. H. Severance Missionary Lectureship.
This lectureship has been endowed by the generons gift
of the late Mr. L. H. Severance, of Cleveland, Ohio. The
first course of lectures on this foundation was given dur-
ing the term of 1911-12, by Mr. Edward Warren Capen,
Ph. D., of the Hartford School of Missions. The subse-
quent courses were delivered as follows: 1914-15, the
Rev. Arthur J. Brown, D. D.; 1915-16, the Rev. S. G.
Wilson, D. D. ; October, 1917 (postponed from the term
1916-17), the Rev. A. Woodruff Halsey, D. D. ; Januarv,
1918, the Rev. J. C. R. Ewing, D. D., LL. D., C. I.
E.; September, 1919, the Rev. Robert F. Fitch, D. D.;
November, 1922, the Rev. J. Stewart Kunkle; December,
1923, the Rev. Robert F. Fitch, D. D. The ninth course
was given as classroom lectures, one hour per week dur-
ing the first semester 1924-5 by the Rev. Frank B.
Llewellyn. The tenth course is being given as classroom
lectures, one hour per week during the second semester
1925-6, by the Rev. Donald A. Irwin.

67 (103)

The Bulletin of the Western Theological Seminary

The Robert A. Watsoist Memorial Lectureship.
This lectureship was endowed in May, 1918, by Mrs.
Janet I. Watson, of Columbus, Ohio, as a memorial to
her husband, Eev. Robert A. Watson, D. D., a graduate
of the Seminary class of 1874.

Seminary Extension Lectures

In recent years a new departure in the work of the
Seminary has been the organization of Seminary Exten-
sion courses. Since the organization of this work the
following courses of lectures have been given in various
city and suburban churches :

(1) "The Sacraments", four lectures, by Rev.
David R. Breed, D. D., LL. D.

(2) "Social Teaching of the New Testament",
six lectures, by Rev. William R. Farmer, D. D.

(3) "Theology of the Psalter", four lectures, by
President Kelso.

(4) "Prophecy and Prophets", four lectures, by
President Kelso.

(5) "The Fundamentals of Christianity", five
lectures, by Rev. James H. Snowden, D. D., LL. D.

(6) "The Psychology of Religion", five lectures,
by Rev. James H. Snowden, D. D., LL. D.

(7) "The Personality of God", five lectures, by
Rev. James H. Snowden, D. D., LL. D.

(8) "Crises in the Life of Christ", four lectures, by
Rev. Selby Frame Vance, D. D., LL. D.

(9) "Jerusalem" and "Petra", two illustrated
lectures, by President Kelso.

68 (104)

The Bulletin of the Western Theological Seminary

ALUMNI ASSOCIATION

OFFICERS FOR 1925-6

President

The REV. LEROY LAWTHER
Class of 1917

Vice Presidents

The REV. J. NORMAN HUNTER

Class of 1912
The REV. CHARLES C. CRIBBS

Class of 1911

Secretary

The REV. GEORGE C. FISHER, D. D.
Class of 1903

Treasurer

The REV. R. H. ALLEN, D. D.
Class of 1900

EXECUTIVE COIVIMITTEE

President, Vice Presidents, Secretarj% Treasurer, President of Sem-

inaiy, ex officio

NECROLOGICAL COMMITTEE

The REV. R. H: ALLEN, D. D.
The REV. J. A. KELSO, Ph.D., D.D., LL.D.

69 (105)

The Bulletin of the Western Theological Seminary

DIRECTORY

Assistant to Librarian .. . .A.L. Middler M.

Director D. President Pres.

Fellow F. Professor Prof.

General Secretary G.S. Registrar R.

Graduate G. Secretary Sec.

Instructor I. Senior S.

Junior J. Trustee Tr.

Librarian L.

Ashley, Rev. William A M.909 Franklin Ave., Wilkinsburg

Alexander, Rev. Maitland, D.D. . .D 920 Ridge Ave., N. S.

Allen, Rev. David K F Majnont, Pa.

Allender, B. E J 217

Anderson, Rev. T. B., D.D. . . . D Beaver Falls, Pa.

Baker, Dr. S. S D . WasBington, Pa.

Baldwin, H. Wayland J 1008 Zahniser St.

Blews, H. C J 100 Ruth St., Mt. Wash. Sta.

Boyd, Charles N I 131 Bellefield Ave.

Brandon, W. D D Butler, Pa.

Breed, Rev. D. R., D.D Prof Bellefield Dwellings

Campbell, R. D Pres. of T 6210 Walnut St.

*Campbell, Rev. W. 0., D.D. . . D Sewickley, Pa.

Carpenter, J. McF T . Frick Annex

Chandler, Rev. H. E S 203

Christie, Rev. J. W., D.D D. . . .103 E-Auburn Ave. Cin. O.

Christopher, F. O S Y. M. C. A., Butler, Pa.

Clark, Rev. John A S Westmoreland City, Pa.

Clemson, D.D T Carnegie Building

Conley, Rev. C. S G R. F. D. 2, Parnassus, Pa.

Cooper, Thos. F M 205

Coulter, C. M M 306

Craig, Rev. W. R., D.D D Latrobe, Pa.

Crutchfield, J. S d 2034 Penn Avenue

Culley, Rev. D. E., Ph.D Prof. & R 57 Belvidere St.,

Crafton, Pa.

Davidson, Rev. D. B G Hickory, Pa.

Dickson, C. A T 316 Fourth Avenue

Duff, Rev. J. M., D.D D 1641 Shady Avenue

♦Deceased

70 (106)

The Bulletin of the Western Theological Seminary

Eakin, Rev. Frank, Ph.D Prof. & L 90 Pilgrim. Road,

Rosslyn Farms, Carnegie, Pa.

Eakin, J. L S 302

Edwards, George D T Commonwealth Trust Co.,

Fourth Ave.

Elder, N. C S. . 302

Ewing, T. D M 303

Farmer, Rev. W. R., D.D Prof 936 Ridge Ave., N. S.

Fawcett, James E J 52 Waldorf St., N. S.

Fisher, Rev. George C, D.D D 5519 Wellesley Avenue

Fisher, Rev. S. J., D.D Sec. of T. . . .5611 Kentucky Ave.

Forney, G. L J 204

France, C. K M 305

Fruit, B. S ,M 4 Trueman St., N. S.

Garner, J. H S 206

Gerrard, Paul T S 304

Gillespie, J. H S 304

Gilleland, William A M 217

Gregg, John R ,T P. O. Box 481, Pittsburgh

Griswold, Wells S D 102 Woodbine Ave..

Youngstown, O.

Hall, Rev. F. M G 1731 Wymore Ave.,

Cleveland, O.

Hanna, C. N D Bellefield Dwellings

Harbison, R. W D. & T. . . 1317 Farmers Bk. Bldg.

Haynes, D. M M 316

Hays, Rev. C. C, D.D D 304 Granite Building

Hazlett, Paul H M 318

Held, Rev. C. E G 2112 Rockledge St., N. S.

Herron, Joseph A T Monongahela City, Pa.

Higgins, Miss Sara M A. L Glenshaw, Pa.

Higley, Rev. A. P., D.D D..2020 E. 79th St., Cleveland, O.

Hinitt, Rev. F. W., D.D D Indiana, Pa.

Holland, Rev. W. J., D.D .T 5545 Forbes Avenue

Homer, Lloyd D M 206

Hudnut, Herbert B S 303

Hudnut, Rev. W. H., D.D D 245 N. Heights Ave.,

Youngstown, O.
Hutchison, Rev. S. N., D.D D. & T. . . .5915 Wellesley Avenue

Irwin, Edgar C M 306

Jamison, H. W J 204

Jones, Rev. W. A., D.D T. . .136 Orchard Ave., Mt. Oliver

Station

Kaufman, R. W. E M Ill Columbia Ave.,

Westwood, Grafton, Pa.

71 (107)

The Bulletin of the Western Theological Seminary

Kelso, Rev. J. A., Ph.D., D.D. . .Pres 725 Ridge Ave., N. S.

Kestle, J. A M 318

Kerr, Rev. Hugh T., D.D Pres. of D. .827 Amberson Avenue

Kidder, J. E G 203

Kovacs, Rev. Charles G 218

Kuehn, M. R M 305

Laughlin, Rev. J. W., D.D G.S 731 Ridge Avenue, N. S.

Leister, Rev. J. M G Florence, Pa.

LeSourd, Rev. H. M I. . . .244 Hilands Ave., Ben Avon,

Pa.

Logan, George B D. & T.1007 N. Lincoln Ave., N.S.

Luccock, Rev. G. N., D.D D Wooster, Ohio

Lyon, John G T Commonwealth Building

McCloskey, T. D D Oliver Building

McConnell, Rev. R. I G 7813 Susquehanna St.

McCormick, Rev. S. B., D.D D Coraopolis, Pa.

McEwan, Rev. W. L., D.D D 83 6 S. Negley Ave.

McQuiston, Rev. Roy L M Baden, Pa.

Mark, Rev. J. H G 210

Marquis, Rev. J. A., D.D D 15 6 Fifth Ave., New York,

N. Y.

Marquis, W. C S Creighton, Pa.

*Marvin, S. S T Bryn Mawr, Pa.

Mealy, Rev. J. M., D.D D Sewickley, Pa.

Mellin, Rev. W. C F Rimersburg, Pa.

Miller, Rev. R. S G. . ..176 Noble Ave., Crafton, Pa.

Miller, T. E M 215

Morris, W. J T 6735 Penn Avenue

Obenauf, Rev. H. F G 64 Grant Ave., Etna, Pa.

Owen, Rev. William S 805 Western Ave., N. S.

Parsons, Rev. W. V. E M 841 N. Lincoln Ave., N. S.

Pfeiffer, Rev. V. C S 305 Millbridge St.

Philipp, Rev. P. L G. . . .208 E. Mclntyre Ave., N. S.

Polhemus, Rev. O. M J..813 Wood St. Wilkinsburg, Pa.

Post, Rev. H. F F Petersburg, Ohio

Potter, Rev. J. M., D.D D Wheeling, W. Va.

Racine, Generoso j 214

Rae, James j) 801 Penn Avenue

Read, Miss Margaret M Sec. to Pres 51 Chestnut St.,

Crafton, Pa.
Robb, Fred E S 202

Robinson, A. C D. & T. .Fourth Ave. & Wood St.

Robinson, Rev. J. M., D.D D 629 S. Negley Avenue

♦Deceased

72 (108)

The Bulletin of the Western Theological Seminary

Robinson, W. M T Union Trust Building

Rodgers, Rev. Howard G.141 Oliver Ave., Emsworth, Pa.

Runtz, Rev. A. F • G 3337 East St., N. S.

Rutherford, Rev. G. H P .Dillonvale, Ohio

Ryall, Rev. G. M., D.D D Saltsburg, Pa.

Schade, Rev. Arthur G 75 Onyx Avenue

Schaff, Rev. David S., D.D Prof 737 Ridge Ave., N. S.

Semple, Rev. Samuel, D.D D Titusville, Pa.

Semple, William, Jr J 215

Shaw, Wilson A D. & T Bank of Pgh., N. A.

Sleeth, G. M., Litt. D I. . . . 749 River Road, Avalon, Pa.

Slemmons, Rev. W. E., D.D D Washington, Pa.

Smith, Mrs. Forrest Miller S 25 East Robinson St., N. S.

Smith, Rev. L. O G R. F. D. 3, Coraopolis, Pa.

Snowden, Rev. J. H., D.D Prof 723 Ridge Ave., N. S.

Snyder, Rev. P. W., D.D .T 634 Fulton Building

Spence, Rev. W. H., D.D D Uniontown, Pa.

Stebbins, L. H J 202

Stevenson, Rev. P. W.., D.D D MarjrvriHe, Tenn.

Stuart, John A M 217

Taylor, Rev. George, Jr., Ph.D. ..Sec. of D Wilkinsburg, Pa.

Thwing, Rev. J. B G Braddock, Pa.

Vance, Rev. S. F., D.D Prof 237 Hilands Ave.,

Ben Avon, Pa.

Vocaturo, Pasquale J 218

Volpitto, Guy H M 205

Wardrop, Robert T First National Bank

Walter, Rev. D. C F. . .Kennedy School of Missions,

Hartford, Conn.

Weir, Rev. W. F., D.D D 17 N. State St.,

Chicago, 111.

Williams, P. L S 317

Wishart, Rev. C. F., D.D D Wooster, Ohio

Wissinger, Rev. H. L J Manor, Pa.

Yount, Rev. J. A G 1149 Portland Street

73 (109)

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Christian Ethics-61a

Prof. Snowden

N. T. Greek-13

Church History-30
Prof. Eakin

Psychology of Rel.-41b

Prof. Snowden

N. T. Exegesis-20
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Hebrew-1

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Theology-39
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Life of Christ-16
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Church History-30
Prof. Eakin

0. T. Intro,-12

Prof. Culley

Heb. Sight Reading-2a

Prof. Culley

Homiletics-46
Prof. Farmer

0. T. Prophecy-11

Prof. Kelso

Church History-31
Prof. Eakin

Hebrew-1

Prof. Culley

Comp. Religion'-65

Prof. Kelso

0. T. Intro.- 12

Prof. Culley

Apologetics-37

Prof. Snowden

N. T. Theology-26
Prof. Vance

N. T. Greek-13

Homiletics-46
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N. T. Exege9is-24d

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N.T. Exegesis (Mark) 27

Prof. Eakin

O. T. Exegesis-3
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Theology-37
Prof. Snowden

Pastoral Care-57
Prof. Farmer

0. T. History-8
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O. T. History-8

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N. T. Theology-26
Prof. Vance

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0. T. Exegesis-3
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N. T. Intro. -22
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Social Teaching-61b

Prof. Farmer

N. T. Exegesis-24d
Prof. Vance

Theology-37

Prof. Snowden

Philosophy of Rel.-41a

Prof. Snowden

Homiletics-74
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The Bulletin of the Western Theological Seminary

" Index

Admission, Terms of 35

Alumni Association 69

Awards 1 ^

Bequests 61

Boarding i^l

Book Purchasing Memorial Fund - 26

Buildings 20

Calendar J^

Cecilia Choir, The 48

Christian Work 29

Conference •• 28

Courses of Study • • 38

Biblical Theology - 43

Christian Ethics 48

Church History « 44

English Bible 43

Hebrew Language and O. T. Literature 39

Missions and Comparative Religion , 48

New Testament Literature and Exegesis 42

Practical Theology, Department of „ 46

Homiletics, Pastoral Theology, Sacred Rhetoric, Speech Expression,
Church Music, Administration.

Relig-ious Education 49

Semitic Languages 40

Sociology 48

Systematic Theology and Apologetics 45

Degrees 37, 54

Dining Hall , 23

Diplomas 37

Directors, Board of fi

Directory .- 70

Educational Advantages , 33

Examinations ^ 37

Expenses D 1

Extension Lectures 68

Faculty ^

Committees of 0

Fellowships 57

Funds, Special 67

Gifts and Bequests 61

Graduate Students ' 36

Graduate Studies and Courses „ 54

Gymnasium 31

Historical Sketch 19

Lectures:

Elliott 67

Extension « 68

On Missions 48

L. H Severance » 67

Robert A Watson Memorial ., 68

List of 10

Library 24

Loan Funds 33

Location ^ ]9

Outline of Courses 50

Physical Training 31

Preaching Service 29

Preaching Supply, Bureau of • 30

Presbyteries, Reports to ',. '. '. 54

Prizes ^ 57

Religious Exercises ....'.!..' 2 8

Representation, College and State .'.'.'.16

Schedule of Classes 74

Scholarship Aid , 32

Scholarships, List of 64

Seminary Year 37

Social Hall 23

Student Organizations •,.!.'.'.'.'.'.* 18

Students, Roll of .'.'.'.*.'.'.' .12

Students from other Seminaries *...'...' ,.'.'.*.*.'.'.'.'. 36

Trustees, Board of ,'. . //, , // 4

University of Pittsburgh, Relations with .' .*..".* „".".'.'.'.*.'.'. 55

Warrington Memorial Library 25

Y. M. C. A .' .'..'.'.'.".'.!'.'. 29

Committees of ' ' ' " ig

78 (114)

The Bulletin of the Western Theological Seminary

~ Index

Admission, Terms of 35

Alumni Association 69

Awards ^

Bequests y^

Boarding i^l

Book Purchasing Memorial Fund > 26

Buildings 20

Calendar :''

Cecilia Choir, The 48

Christian Work 29

Conference • ■• 28

Courses of Study • • 3°

Biblical Theology 43

Christian Ethics 48

Church History 44

English Bible 43

Hebrew Language and O. T. Literature , 39

Missions and Comparative Religion 48

New Testament Literature and Exegesis 42

Practical Theology, Department of 46

Homiletics, Pastoral Theology, Sacred Rhetoric, Speech Expression,
Church Music, Administration.

Religious Education 49

Semitic Languages 40

Sociology 48

Systematic Theology and Apologetics 45

Degrees 37, 54

Dining Hall , 23

Diplomas 37

Directors, Board of fi

Directory 70

Educational Advantages 33

Examinations 37

Expenses ."]

Extension Lectures 68

Faculty ^*

Committees of f»

Fellowships 57

Funds, Special • 67

Gifts and Bequests 61

Graduate Students '. 36

Graduate Studies and Courses 54

Gymnasium 31

Historical Sketch 19

Lectures :

Elliott 67

Extension „ 68

On Missions 48

L. H Severance »' 67

Robert A Watson Memorial , 68

List of 10

Library 24

Loan Funds 33

Location , ]P

Outline of Courses 50

Physical Training 31

Preaching Service 29

Preaching Supply, Bureau of • • 30

Presbyteries, Reports to „ 54

Prizes ^ 57

Religious Exercises 28

Representation, College and State '.'.'.". 16

Schedule of Classes - 74

Scholarship Aid , 32

Scholarships, List of 64

Seminary Year 37

Social Hall , 23

Student Organizations .,...'.' i .'.'.' 18

Students, Roll of , .'.'.'.'.*.*.* .12

Students from other Seminaries '.'.'.'.'.'.".'. 36

Trustees, Board of '. . . . 4

University of Pittsburgh, Relations with *.*.'.'.*.'.'.*. 55

Warrington Memorial Library 25

Y. M. C. A ..'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.29

Committees of . * is

78 (114)

BEECH

^WESTERN:

RIDGE

LYNDALE

AVE.

^/A

SH'

kft

WEST PARK

SHOWING THE LOCATION Or

"WESTERN THEOLOGICAL
SEMINARY

N.S. PITTSBURGH, PENN'A

A — HEREON HALL C~DR. SNOWDEN'S RESIDENCE. E— OLD LIBRARY. F— MEMORIAL HALL.

B — DR. KELSO'S RESIDENCE. D — DR. SCHAFF'S RESIDENCE. G — SWIFT HALL.

The BaltetlD

of tke

tfestepQ Tbeologieal
Seminary

Vol. XVIII.

Aprii,, 1926.

No. 3.

The Western Theological Seminary

North Side. Pittsburgh, Pa.

FOUNDED BY THB GEWERAl, ASSEMBLY, 1825

The faculty consists of eight professors and three
instructors. A complete modern theological curriculum,
with elective courses leading to degrees of S.T.B. and
S.T.M. Graduate courses of the University of Pitts-
burgh, leading to the degrees of A.M. and Ph.D., are
open to properly qualified students of the Semmary. A
special course is offered in Practical Christian Ethics, in
which students investigate the problems of city missions,
settlement work, and other forms of Christian activity.
A new department of Religious Education was inaugu-
rated with the opening of the term beginning September
1922. The City of Pittsburgh affords unusual opportuni-
ties for the study of social problems.

The students have exceptional library facilities. The
Seminary Library of 40,000 volumes contains valuable
collections of works in all departments of Theology, but
is especially rich in Exegesis and Church History; the
students, also have access to the Carnegie Library, which
is situated mthin five minutes' walk of the Seminary

buildings.

A post-graduate fellowship of $600 is annually
awarded the member of the graduating class who has the
highest rank and who has spent three years in the insti-
tution.

Two entrance prizes, each of $150, are awarded on
the basis of a competitive examination to college gradu-
ates of high rank.

All the public buildings of the Seminary are new.
The dormitory was dedicated May 9, 1912, and is
equipped with the latest modern improvements, includ-
ing gymnasium, social hall, and students' commons. The
group consisting of a new Administration Building and
Library was dedicated May 4, 1916. Competent judges
have pronounced these buddings the handsomest struc-
tures architecturally in the City of Pittsburgh, and un-
surpassed either in beauty or equipment by any other
group of buildings devoted to theological education in
the United States.

For further information, address

President James A. Kelso,
North Side, Pittsburgh, Pa.

THE BULLETIN

OF THE

Western Theological Seminary

A Revie\v Devotea to the Interests or
Xneological Education

Published quarterly in January, April, July, and October, by tte
Trustees of the Western Theological Seminary of the Presbyterian Church
in the United States of America.

Edited by the President with the co-operation of the Faculty.

QlnntnttB

Page
Some New and Recent Books

Dr. Kelso 5

Dr. Culley 9

Dr. Vance 3 7

Dr. Eakin 4 6

Dr. Snowden 6 3

Dr. Farmer 6 7

Mr. Le Sourd 73

Alumniana 76

Coraraunications for the Editor and all business matters should be
addressed to

REV. JAMES A. KELSO.

731 Rid«-e Ave.. N. S.. Pittsburgh. Pa.

75 cents a year.

Single Number "25 cents.

Each author is soieiv resoonsible for the views expressed in his article.

Entered as second-class matter Decemtierg. 1909, at the postoffice at Pittsburgh, Pa,
(North Side Station) under the act ot August 24, 1912.

Press of

pittsburgh printing company

pittsburgh, pa,

1926

Faculty

The Rev. JAMES A. KELSO, Pli. D., D. D., LL. D.,

President and Professor of Hebrew and Old Testament Literature
The Nathaniel W. Conkling Foundation

The Eev. DAVID RIDDLE BREED, D. D., LL. D.

Professor of Homiletics

The Rev. DAVID S. SCHAFF, D. D.

IProfessor of Ecclesiastical History and History of Doctrine

The Rev. WILLIAM R. FARMER, D. D.

Reunion Professor of Sacred Rhetoric and Elocution

The Rev. JAMES H. SNOWDEN, D. D., LL. D.

Professor of Systematic Theology

Tlie Rev. DAVID E. CULLEY, Ph. D., D. D.

Professor of Hebrew and Old Testament Literature

The Rev. SELBY FRAME VANCE, D. D., LL. D.

Memorial Professor of New Testament Literature and Exegesis

The Rev. FRANK EAKIN, Ph. D.

tProfessor of Ecclesiastical History and History of Doctrine

Prof. GEORGE M. SLEETH, Litt. D.

Instructor in Elocution

Mr. CHARLES N. BOYD

Instructor in Hymnology and Music

The Rev. HOWARD M. Le SOURD

Instructor in Religious Education

JDr. Schaff retired from this chair Dec. 31. 1925.
tDr. Eakin's appointment took effect Jan. 1, 192 6.

The Bulletin

of me

WESTERN THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY

Vol. XVIII. April, 1926 No. 3

Some New and Recent Books

The present is^iie of the Bulletin, following the pre-
cedent of last year, has been made primarily a book
number. On the following pages, members of the
faculty discuss books which they think particularly
worthy of being brought to the attention of alumni and
other readers.

Dr. Kelso

A Gold Dollar. By Joseph M. Duff. New York and
Chicago: Fleming H. Revell Company. 1926. 138
pages. $1.25.

Twenty-Five Years, 1892-1912. By Viscount Grey of
Fallodon. London: Hodder and Stoughton. 1925.
Volume I, 342 pages; Volume II, 329 pages. $10.00.

The Heart of Aryavarta. By The Earl of Ronaldshay.
London: Constable and Company Limited. 1925.
262 pages. $5.00.

These three books are brought together by the re-
viewer, not because of any similarity in their subject
matter, for they are poles apart in their contents, but
only because he has read them with pleasure and profit.
With all their difference they have one quality in com-
mon and that an important one. Each one of these works
reflects its author's penetrating insight into the vital

5 (115)

The Bulletin of the Western Theological Seminary

problems of human life, and his sincerity in dealing with
them.

The title, "The Gold Dollar", does not give a elew
to the contents, but we who know the author open the
book with great expectations and we are not disap
pointed. Dr. Joseph M. Duff, a graduate of the AVestern
Theological Seminary, Class of 1876, and pastor of the
important church at Carnegie, Pa., for forty years, has
given us eleven sketches from nature and life. The title
is taken from the first of these sketches, the story of
"A Gold Dollar". Minted in the year 1851, "it became
the persona] property of an old Irish lady, in whose long
pocket, snug in the knot of a linen handkerchief, it re-
posed Avhile she lived, seeing the light onh^ for affec-
tionate inspection, or when ceremoniously displayed to
the admiring view of favoured friends. It never went
to market, or jingled across a counter, or clinked into a
cash drawer". These introductory words are sug-
gestive of the sentiment and the pathos which runs
through this sketch taken from a pastor's experience.
When we liave completed this story, tlie charm of the
narrative attracts us irresistibly to the succeeding
chapters with alluring titles such as: ''A Minister's
Vacation on His Own Acre", "Jock MacGregor's Fu-
neral", "The Home Sabbath at Murrysville", "A Day at
the Graves of Ancestors". The scenes of these reminis-
cences are laid in a beautiful valley nestling among the
hills of Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania, but there
is one — the last one— entitled "Hill 258", which carries
us to the battle line in France. This hill is linked by
the holiest of ties with the valley in Western Pennsyl-
vania, because a youth who was reared among the nes-
tling hills of the New World laid down his life for free-
dom far across the ocean in Northern France. It is im-
possible in a brief revicAv to give the literary flavor of
these delightful reminiscences or to indicate the lofty
Christian idealism which is their dominating note. The

6 (116)

Some Neiv and Recent Books

book must be read to be appreciated, and it ought to
be in the hands of every minister who knows and loves
AVestern Pennsj'lvania.

"Twenty-Five Years 1892-1916", by Viscount Grey,
is considered by many authorities the most notable book
of 1925. Viscount Grey entered Parliament in 1892,
and retired from active service in 1916 on account of
failing eyesight. Under Mr. Gladstone he was Under
Secretary of Foreign Affairs, and from this subordinate
position he rose by industry and merit to be head of
this important department of the Imperial Government.
In this capacity he rendered notable service to his
country, especially during the critical yeai's immedi-
ately preceding. the Great AVar and the first two years
of the titanic struggle. From his position of vantage,
Viscount Grey gives a straightforward account of the
relation of the great powers of Europe to each other.
His narrative makes clear that the Great War was the
result of fear, suspense, and jealousies, which had their
origin in the Franco-Prussian War of 1870, and were
shared by all the European nations. The impression
that the narrative makes is one of transparent honesty
and fair-mindedness. The personal equation is as little
in evidence as is possible in a Avork of this kind, when
one considers the prejudices and bitterness which war
always arouses. The nations of the w^orld as well as
the statesmen would do Avell to ponder Viscount Grey's
conclusions in the closing- chapter of the second volume,
where the origins of the Great War, which almost de-
stroyed Western civilization, are laid bare. The causes,
as he traces them, are not economic, but psychological.
They are rooted in the fear bred of suspicion and jeal-
ousy; and, in his opinion, if war is to be avoided in the
future, the nations must not fear each other and mu<t
keep themselves free from all suspicion of each other.
In the judgment of this experienced and wise states-
man, mutual understanding and good will are stronger

7 (117)

The Bulletin of the Western Theological Seminary

barriers against war than treaties and leagues. AVhile
this work is by no means a theological treatise. Vis-
count Grey's recollections of his life spent in the For-
eign Office in London is valuable for ministers because
it will broaden their intellectual horizon and give them
a world vision. Furthermore, the thoughtful reader as
he completes these two volumes will realize how greatly
international relations need the spirit and ethics of
Jesus.

"The Heart of Aryavarta" takes us to Southern
Asia and sets before us the currents of thought and
opinion that are surging up from the heart of India.
The author, the Earl of Eonaldshay, is thoroughly con-
versant with Indian character and is well acquainted
with Hindu philosophy, literature, and religion. With
his intimate knowledge of the historical antecedents
and sjDiritual environment of the Hindu, he set himself
to the task of presenting the psychology of the Indian
unrest of our day. In America we scarcely realize
the ferment that has been injected into Indian thought
and life by modern science. Western political theories,
and Christianity. On the foundations of a culture and
a religion which antedate the historical narratives of
the Old Testament, a new civilization is rising. Of
course, many factors are involved in these stupendous
changes, but let us remember that one of the chief of
these influences is the work of the missionary who has
proclaimed the Cross of Jesus and His ethics. While
"The Heart of Aryavarta" does not purport to be a
missionary Avork, yet we have discovered that its con-
tents bear very directly on the probelms which the
Church in India faces at the present time.

8 (118)

-2^

Some New and Recent Books

Dr. CuUey

Archceology and the Bible. 4th Edition. By Geo. A. (

Barton. Philadelphia: American Sunday School
. Union. 1925. Pp. 561. $3.50.
A Century of Excavation in Palestine. By R. A. S. » "^-^

Macalister. London: Religious Tract Society.

1925. 10s.6d.
Israel and Babylon. By W. L. Wardle. NeAv York:

Pleming H. Revell Company. 1925. Pp. 343. $2.50.
Egyptian Papyri and Papyrus-Hunting. By James ^ Z 5^

Baikie. London: Religious Tract Society. 1925.

Pp. 324. 10s.6d.
Babylonian Life and History. By E. A. Wallis Budge. f ^S

New York: Fleming H. Revell Company. 1925.

$3.00.
The People and the Book. Edited by A. S. Peake. Ox- / 7^ S'

ford: Oxford University Press. 1925. 10s.
Cambridge Ancient History Volume III. Cambridge: / 3 '^

Cambridge University Press. 1925. £1-16-3.

The Date of the Exodus. By J. AV. Jack. Edinburgh: / ^ 'y

T. & T. Cark. 1925. 10s.
The Religion of the People of Israel. By Rudolf Kit- ^ U j

tel. London: Allen & Unwin. 1925. Pp. 229. ^

7s.6d.
The Books of the Prophets Micah, Obadiah, Joel, and t ^^

Jonah. By G. W. Wade. London : Methuen and

Company. 1925. Pp. CXLIII 156. 16s.
The Poetry of Our Lord. By C. F. Burney. Oxford : )V ^

Clarendon Press. 1925. Pp. 182. 15s.
Jeremiah and the Neiv Covenant. By W. F. Lofthouse. r \J \^

London: Student Christian Movement. 1925. 6s.

*Two important hooks have been omitted here. They are Prophecy and
Eschatology hj' Nathaniel Micklem (Allen & Unwin, London, IQ25) and
The Neiv Psychology and the tlcbrezv Profhets by Major J. W. Povah
(Longmans, Green & Co., New York, IQ25). It had been expected that Dr.
Kelso would discuss these volumes but other demands upon his time have
prevented. As their titles indicate, they have much significance for the
student of prophecy.

9 (119)

,4^

' The Bulletin of the Western Theological Seminary

I ^ Sacrifice in the Old Testament. By Geo. B. Gray. Ox-

ford: The Clarendon Press. 1925. Pp. 434. 16s.

The Use of the Old Testament in the Light of Modern
Knou-ledqe. Bv Jno. E. McFadyen. New York:
Geo. H. boran Company. Pp. 255. $1.00.

Hoiv to Teach the Old Testament. By Frederick J. Rae.
London: Hodder and Stonghton. 1925. Pp.255. 5s.

To know the Old Testament is the Avork of a life-
time. Or perhaps it should be pnt even more strongly,
for to he entirely proficient in all phases of Old Testa-
ment study in the present age is a greater task than
most men can rightfully hope to accomplish though their
years stretch to the proverbial three score and ten. By
reason of this fact it is becoming more and more appar-
ent that in order to the largest results a division of labor
here is imperative.

Up until recently the Old Testament was an isolated
book to be known largel}^ through a study of its oa\ti
pages. The Hebrews were thought to be a separate
people; their life, experiences, development were pecu-
liar to themselves. Wellhausen and W. R. Smith, it
was, who first showed that a study of Arabia, its cus-
toms, institutions, and religious practices might shed
considerable light upon the pages of the Hebrew Scrip-
tures and enable us more clearly to understand the life
and religion of Israel.

But latterly the Old Testament is being taken out
of its isolation entirely and is being studied and inter-
preted upon the background of mingled civilizations and
races of Avhich Israel is seen to be but a part. No longer
therefore can we hope to understand Hebrew history,
Hebrew literature, or Hebrew religion except upon the
basis of this broad and many-sided, recently recovered
background.

The literary study of the Old Testament, which has
absorbed the attention of scholars for more than a half

10 (120)

Some Neiv and Recent Books

century with the resultant and far-reaching analysis
of the several Old Testament books, has provided a most
important ke^^ for the solution of their myriad problems.
But that work is, in a general way, completed by noAV.
It was foundation Avork and although certain phases, of
it Avill be reexamined from time to time, as is being done
at the present hour in certain quarters, the center of
interest is shifting, the task is being modified, or has
already largely changed. kSo that to-day it is the object
of stud}'' and research to secure for Israel and the Old
Testament their proper setting, to discover their right-
ful place in relation to their environment. Much of the
material for the task is already at hand but much is stiU
to be provided. The excavator has been busy and has
brought to light whole civilizations that were once lost
and forgotten. The historian is revivif^dng the dead
bones of this great past and setting them before us in
a man}^ colored and kaleidoscopic pageant. And the
student of religion, by his masterful reconstruction of
the religious practices and institutions of the whole Near
East, has resolved many problems in connection with
the religion of Israel as well as opened up new avenues
of investigation. Of course all along the line, as hinted
above, the question is one of determining Israel's rela-
tion to the manifold life about her. It is marvellous
how many new fields of investigation have been, and
are now, inviting the student, how many Old Testament
problems are awaiting resolution and also Avhat rich
rewards are promised the worker.

Now the books that have appeared during the last
year, touching some phase of this larger Old Testament
field, clearly illustrate, it seems to me, what has been
said here. There is a goodly number of them and they
cover a wide range of subjects. And of course it is not
my purpose to review the entire group but simply to
call attention to those which seem to me to have greater
significance for the present-day student.

11 (121)

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The Bulletin of the Western Theological Seminary

Of the works whose aim it is to make available the
results of excavation and archselogical investigation
generally, three or more should be mentioned. Dr.
George K. Barton has brought out the fourth edition
y of his well-known work entitled "Archaeology and the
Bible". Besides one hundred twenty-three plates, cov-
ering as many leaves given over to pictorial reproduc-
tion of monuments and other objects of discover}^, the
volume has now grown to 561 pages. To those who are
familiar with its earlier editions it is here only neces-
sary to say that in this last edition all new material
which has accumulated since the first publication of the
work in 1916 has been distributed through the body
of the book Avhere it belongs instead of being added in
the form of an appendix. Four entirely new chapters
have also been added, at the close of which Dr. Barton
has included an appendix on the Place of the Amorites
in the Civilization of Western Asia. Since the 3rd edi-
tion, explorations in Palestine, Mesopotamia, and Egypt
have brought with them important discoveries and these
are here ably reported and their significance indicated.

Perhaps the chief value of this work lies in its
comprehensive character. Within the compass of a
single volume its author has gathered together and pre-
sents in convenient and attractive form the vast results
of excavation, decipherment, archaeological researches
of all kinds that promise to shed light upon anj^ por-
tion of the Scriptures whether of the Old or New Tes-
taments. And this fourth edition offers us the latest
finds in all fields from the tomb of Tutankhamen to the
ancient city of Ur of the Chaldees.

Every reader will no doubt bear in mind that exca-
vations and discovery are now making rapid progress
in many parts of the Biblical Avorld and wiU therefore
not expect to see here discussed the very latest finds
about which he may have read in the newspapers. To
keep entirely abreast of archaeological discovery, a book

12 (122)

Some New and Recent Books

would need to appear in a new edition about every six
months.

As I have just indicated, it is a part of the excel-
lence of Dr. Barton's book that it is so inclusive. Other
writers, whose books have appeared during the year,
have been content to confine themselves to some one
phase of this larger subject. Prof. Macalister, for
example, has limited his contribution to a presentation
of the story of excavations in Palestine as these have
been prosecuted during the last century. The title of
his book was chosen out of consideration for a com-
panion volume on Egypt which accounts for its some-
what misleading character. He himself acknowledges
that "not more than sixty years have passed since the
first attempts were made in modern times, to find out
the secrets hidden in the soil of the Holy Land".

Even during these sixty years the work has pro-
ceeded rather intermittently and at no time has it been
executed on an extensive basis. Palestine possesses
unique interest for very large numbers of people, it is
true, and might be expected to attract the excavator.
But the story of his activities there is rather drab and
lacks color in contrast with the romance and brilliance
of discovery in neighboring lands. Several facts, when
recalled to mind, may easily account for this situation.
In the first place, Palestine through all the centuries
never did bring forth a highly developed civilization.
Her people never showed any aptitude for the things
that belong to material advance. In the words of Prof.
Macalister, "It is no exaggeration to say that through-
out these long centuries [from the Palaeolithic Age to
the time of the Crusaders] the native inhabitants of
Palestine do not appear to have made a single contri-
bution of any kind whatsoever to material civilization.
It was perhaps the most unprogressive country on the
face of the earth. Its entire culture was derivative.
Babylon, Egypt, Crete, Rome, each in its turn lends it
a helping hand; never is it stimulated to make an etfort

13 (123)

The Bulletin of the Western Theological Seminary

for itself" (p. 210). Thus it is not difficult to under-
stand why the pick and the spade have revealed a monot-
onously low level of existence among the peoples of Pal-
estine while elsewhere results of excavation have been
astounding b}^ reason of the remarkably advanced char-
acter of the culture uncovered to view.

Again, in Egypt, thanks to a very dry climate, and
in Babylonia and Assyria as a result of the writing
materials emplo^^ed, a large and varied literature has
come to light, while in Palestine very few ancient records
of any kind have been preserved, Israel certainly pro-
duced a much larger literature than that found at pres-
ent in our Old Testament. But, owing to the fact that
papyrus and ink were emplo^^ed rather than burnt clay
or stone upon which to write and also that nothing per-
ishable can long survive in Palestine's damp climate,
all such writing has disappeared long ago. Of course
. it is true that documents more important than potsherds
and broken jar handles may yet come to light, but so
far the paucit}'- of inscriptions out of Israel's ancient
past is striking and no doubt significant.

Prof. Macalister's brief sketch also reveals some-
thing of the difficulties confronting the worker due to
native superstition and inability to understand the
object a westerner might have in digging into a soil that
has so little to offer for his pains. Likewise, too, before
1918, a hostile government hedged him round with every
difficulty Turkish ingenuity could invent.

It must not be supposed, however, that these sixty
years of excavation in Palestine have gone for naught.
On the contrary, the results are considerable. There
are large numbers of important places yet to be exam-
ined, many tells to be opened up, and the workers have
gained much in experience and method. But, apart
from this, direct gains have been registered in a better
knowledge of Canaan before the Conquest; of Pales-
tinian topography ; of Hebrew life and political history ;

14 (124)

Some New and Recent Books

of Hebrew cultural and religious history. Much light
too has been shed as a result upon many an obscure
Old Testament passage, and many an unknown Hebrew
word has found a meaning.

One thing more must l)e said in this connection, for
while the rewards of excavations in Palestine have not
been so alluring and, as stated above, the work itself has
been rather colorless as compared with the romance of
excavation elsewhere, yet the story here is told by a
master and is most interesting from beginning to end.
Prof. Macalister knows Palestine and has contributed
much to our better imderstanding of it as a result of
his residence there and especially by his excavations
of the old city of Gezer.

A book, dealing with a most fascinating enterprise,
which the author has called "Egyptian Papyri and
Papyrus Hunting", -we nmst pass by not because it lacks
importance in this connection but simply for want of
space. The author is James Baikie.

Likewise too we must leave to one side "Babylonian
Life and History", by E. A. Wallis Budge, an able and
interesting book.

But Prof. Wardle's "Israel and Babylon" cannot
be so lightly passed over. It deals primarily with a yX
problem which has been insistently before the Christian
world ever since Friedrich Delitzsch startled the Ger-
man public with his monograph on Babel imd Bihel.
That book produced a tremendous stir and furnished the
subject for a controversy the echoes of which may still
be heard in the halls of German universities and else-
where. Soon after Delitzsch the Pan-Babylonists came
to the fore with Hugo Winckler as founder of the New
School and A. Jeremias as its popularizer. Speedily
thereupon it ])ecame the vogue to explain much if not
all of the Old Testament upon the basis of Babylonian

15 (125)

The Bulletin of the Western Theological Seminary

mythology. And some members of the New School
allowed themselves to be carried far afield in the appli-
cation of their hypotheses to all the heroes of Hebrew
history.

Now it will scarcely be denied that Hebrew life has
some of its roots in Mesopotamian soil. But to explain
everything Hebrew on a Babylonian basis is no doubt
extreme. It has become necessary therefore to enquire
just what the relation between Israel and Babylon is.
Did Israel borrow extensively from Mesopotamian cul-
ture and tradition? How are we to explain the ideas
and ideals, laws and literature that seem common to
Mesopotamia and Palestine? To answer these questions
is the task Prof. Wardle has set himself. Not in any
exhaustive fashion, to be sure, has he attempted to ful-
fil the obligation. His aim has been rather a compre-
hensive treatment of the vast and urgent problems in-
volved with the idea of setting the whole matter before
the reader, in a clear and careful fashion, that the latter
may form some independent conclusion for himself.

The first three chapters of the book are given over
to what might be called a general introduction in which
the author treats such matters as the recovery of the
past; decipherment of ancient scripts; Israel's relation
to Egypt; Hebrew patriarchs, etc. Then follow chap-
ters on Babjdonian Religion; Origins of Hebrew Mono-
theism; Creation Stories; Paradise and the Fall; The
Deluge; Sabbath and Yahweh; Legislation; The Pan-
Babylonian Theory. Finally in a closing brief chapter
the author sums up the conclusions reached. Some of
these are as follows: That Canaan was deeply influ-
enced by both Babylon and Egypt for centuries before
the coming of Israel ; That Israel was made up of many
elements one of which came from Mesopotamia; That
thus two Babylonian tributaries flowed into the main
current of Israel's culture; That Babylonian influence
on Israel was considerable must be acknowledged but

16 (126)

Some New and Recent Books

must not be exaggerated, — it was not dominant; There
are certain clear parallels between Babylonian religion
and the religion of Israel; in particular the same view
of life after death is found in both religions; in the
religious poetry of Babylonia evidence is present that
there were pious souls seeking after God 'if haply they
might feel after Him and find Him'; but the ethical
sense of sin which is so marked in the Old Testament is
absent here ; Hebrew prophecy is unique ; in spite of
claims to the contrary, nothing like it has 'been discov-
ered in Babylonia. The author calls special attention to
the fact that his "investigations into the origins of
Hebrew monotheism seemed to discredit the assertion
that they are to be found in Egypt or Babylonia, and to
show that this great truth was developed among the
Hebrew people".

"Babylonian legislation is unquestionably shown to
present many notable points of contact Avith that of
Israel, but many of these are of common Semitic origin".

"That in some details Israel is debtor to Babylon
may be taken as reasonably proved: these details,
however, affect rather the outAvard form than the spir-
itual content of the traditions".

In conclusion it should be said that Prof. Wardle has
given us an excellent book on this most fascinating sub-
ject. It provides evidence of complete familiarity with
the material or literature involved and his results are
reached aftej.' careful weighing of the evidence. Indeed
it is the only book giving us a broad compl'ehensive view
of the whole Babylon-Bible problem, and can be strongly
recommended to all those interested in this subject.

I have grouped Prof. AYardle's book with those
dealing with excavation and discovery, and it seems to
me that so it should be classified although it is true that
some of its problems must also be dealt Avith by the his-
torian, the commentator, and the interpreter of religion.

17 (127)

The Bulletin of the Western Theological Seminary

J Another product of the year's output in the Old Testa-
ment field likewise covers a wide range of subjects. It
is a book edited by Prof. Arthur S. Peake, whose edi-
torial activity is now well knoMH and leads us to antici-
pate in the present volume a contribution of value. The
book contains fifteen essays all of them written by mem-
bers of the Society for Old Testament Study, a group
Qf British scholars having for their object "to advance
research in the Old Testament field, to encourage Old
Testament study, and to deepen general interest there-
in". Dr. Peake mentions two reasons which led to the
publication of the book at this time : First, the Society
desired to put out a work that might serve to counter
a tendency observed in some circles "to relegate the
Old Testament to a position of relative insigiiificance".
And second, they felt that there was need for a volume
that might serve to take stock, as it were, of the present
situation in Old Testament study. Knowledge marches
on and is just now rapidly increasing and a clear state-
ment of the present position of Old Testament research
might be expected to serve an admirable purpose.

Two of the essays sketch the history first of the
nations surrounding Israel and second of Israel itself.
The former is Avritten by H. R. Hall whose excellent his-
tory of the Near East in one volume has now passed
through six editions; the latter is by Adam C. Welch
whose recent monograph on the "Code of Deuteron-
omy" threatens to c( mpel a re-statement of the criti-
cal view of the i^entateuch. We shall return to these
essays later.

Almost all the contributions in the book run from
thirty to for^y closely printed pages. One however ex-
ceeds these limits and well it may since it is treating
of the Modern Study of the Hebrew Language, a depart-
ment of Old Testament research which has registered
tremendous gains in recent years. The essay is the work
of G. R. Driver, the son of Samuel Holies Driver, who

18 (128)

Some New and Rexent Books

more than any other has contributed to the spread of
the knowledge of the Old Testament in the English
speaking Avorld in modern times. The son here shows
himself well equipped to continue the work of the
father. He possesses a much broader background indeed
in Semitic knowledge than was possible for the father,
the appearance of whose "Hebrew Tenses" many years
ago marked an epoch in the study of Hebrew in Eng-
land and America. The growing knowledge of Assyrian
especially is now a great aid in our attempts at clearer
understanding of the Hebrew both on the side of gram-
mar and lexicography. But of course all the languages
of the Semitic group' have been laid under contribution
by the modern student and all such gains are well illus-
trated in Prof. Driver's carefull}^ prepared and valuable
treatise.

Two further essays present the present status in
Old Testament criticism. One (on methods) is written
by Theodore H. Robinson while the other is the contri-
bution to the volume of Prof. John E. McFadyen. Both
are well known Old Testament scholars. Prof. Robin-
son's essay offers nothing new to the well informed stu-
dent and need not long detain us. It is well written and
is apparently intended for the general reader who knows
little or nothing of the higher criticism. He points out
that many approach the Old Testament through the
critical method who perhaps would be greatly shocked
if they discovered that tliey were higher critics. Higher
criticism he defines as the- study of the structure, date,
and authorship of any particular book or collection of
books. The man who arrives at the conclusion through
serious stud}^ that Moses is the author of the Pentateuch
is just as much a higher critic as Wellhausen. Higher
criticism has nothing to do with inspiration; that is a
question for theology.

Prof. McFadyen 's article is a well considered
resume of the present critical position. The critical

19 (129)

The Bulletin of the Western Theological Seminary

method has been employed now for more than 170 years
and the practical-minded man is likely to think that we
should be in a position to shoAv results, and indeed it is
possible to tabulate a number of well established con-
clusions. The most significant of these no doul)t is the
fact that, thanks to critical study, "the old mechanical
view of the Bible has gone forever and been replaced by
an intelligible and living conception of the great his-

I torical and religious movement of which the Bible is the

literary deposit". But at the same time it is true that
there are still remaining many unresolved problems with
which the scientific student must grapple. Along broad
lines, it may be said, we have a fairly clear picture of
the growth of the Hebrew nation and its literature, but
many details still elude us and no doubt always will.
The reason for this simply is that we do not possess
sufficient data upon which to reach indisputable conclu-
sions at every point. AYe must always therefore, in
many instances, be satisfied with hypothetical results.
But, as Prof. Kittel has ably demonstrated in his "Sci-
entific Study of the Old Testament", such results may
be accepted with varying degrees of assurance. They
may be viewed as results of the first, second, or third
magnitude. It should be kept in mind that life is full
of hypotheses, many of which we employ as though they
were facts. The Copernican theory of the universe, for
example, is an hypothesis, and so in any attempt to mark
off the "assured results" of Old Testament research
these considerations must not be allowed to elude us.

I In his anal}' sis of the present situation Prof. Mc-

Fadyen points out that the Old Testament text is now

ji receiving much more attention than was formerly the

I practice, and this is well. Indeed a very large number

of Old Testament passages have been very generally
misconstrued in the past because little or no pains had
been taken to discover whether the text were sound.
"Frequently in passages of crucial importance the very

20 (130)

Some New and Recent Boohs

slightest alteration in the traditional text effects a radi-
cal transformation of the meaning by eliminating ideas
on which the older orthodoxy lays great stress". Prof.
McFadyen cites a number of such passages, but his
citations could be duplicated many, many times.

One of the most significant phases of the scientific
study of the Old Testament to-day is the movement to
be observed in certain quarters away from the more
radical positions of the generation of scholars who built
largely on the foundations laid by the Kuenen-Well-
hausen School. A leading representative of this ten-
dency is Sellin, who may well be contrasted with Cornill.
These are both able scholars. They have conducted a
spirited debate since the appearance of Sellin 's "Intro-
duction to the Old Testament" in 1910. Prof. McFad-
yen aptly points put the difference between them. "Cor-
nill interprets Israel from within", he says, "and on the
basis of the Old Testament as evolutionally interpreted
by Wellhausen. Sellin sets Israel in the, framework of
ancient Oriental histor}-, and, by insisting on the numer-
ous and subtle points of contact betw^een Egypt, and
more particularly Babylon on the one hand, and Israel
on the other he can postulate a far wider range of
thought, due to this cultural influence, not only for tlie
prophetic but even for the pre-prophetic period". No
doubt the conclusions of tlie older scholars were often
much too sweeping. Tliey will need to be modified. But
it seems to me on the other hand that the reaction, espe-
cially in the hands of Sellin, is often much too pro-
nounced. However, it is liealthy and no doubt in the
right direction and will culminate eventually in more
stable and satisfactory results.

Another most interesting phase of present Old
Testament research is the reopening of the Deuteron-
omy problem. At first glance it would seem that there
is no room for further debate on this question. Surely
in the whole field of criticism the position occupied by

21 (131)

The Bulletin of the Western Theological Seminary

Deuteronomy has long been definitely settled. But not
so. Over against the view Avhich has held the field for
more than 120 years, namely: that the central portion
of the book of Deuteronomy provided the program for
the Josianic reform in 621 B.C., now come two different
opinions widely at variance one with the other and both
challenging the older view. Holscher of Marburg is the
exponent of the position that Deuteronomy is a post-
exilic product while Prof. Welch maintains that, apart
from chapter twelve, the laws of Deuteronomy are very
old, many of them going back to the period of the Judges
or the early monarchy. Of course we cannot go into
the merits of these different points of view here, but it
seems likeh^ that they can neither of them stand. It
is quite probable, however, that this further investiga-
tion will at least modif}^ somewhat our view of this book
that is pivotal in all critical discussion of the Old
Testament.

It would be interesting to examine further a num-
ber of the problems to which Prof. McFadyen calls our
attention in his essay but space will not permit. The
reader desiring to refresh his knowledge of Old Testa-
ment criticism and bring it up to date cannot do better
than to follow the suggestions of this article.

No doubt one should not attempt too much in a
review such as the present, but there is so much of value
in this volume that the temptation is great. A treatise
that is most timel}' and offers much that cannot but aid
greatly in the elucidation of parts of the Old Testament
is the contribution of Prof. H. Wheeler Robinson on
Hebrew Psychology. Interpreters have often been sadly
misled because they failed utterly to understand that
terms employed in the Old Testament may have a very
different content when compared with similar terms
employed in modern speech. The Hebrew word
nephesh, for example, which we so regularly translate
"soul" may be used in three well defined senses, none

22 (132)

Some New and Recent Books

of which corresponds to our conception of the soul. The
Hebrews were not scientific nor did they think in the
abstract and their terms carry shades of meaning which
we fail to grasp except as we put ourselves as largely
as possible back in their world and think as they thought.
A careful study of psychology will help us greatly in
our attempts to do this difficult thing. When the Hebrew
says of Yahweh the good Shepherd, "He restoreth my
soul", he no doubt simply means "He brings me back
to the path from which I have strayed". Or again we
must understand that the Hebrew usually says heart
when he means head, and so on. An intelligent study
of Hebrew eschatology must be based upon thorough-
going investigation of Hebrew psychology. The present
essay is an excellent illustration of the character of the
returns to be had from such study.

It is significant that, out of the fifteen essays con-
tained in the volume, four or, we may say, six of them
treat of religion. After all, the value of the Old Testa-
ment to us, or to most of us, lies in its meaning for
our religious development, and the study of Old Testa-
ment history or literature is very largely a means to
the greater end.

The most promising and satisfactory approach to
the religion of Israel is probably by the comparative
route. Just as Israel is seen to be a part of the great
pulsing world about her from which she borrowed much,
so it is only logical to expect that her religious life was
influenced by her environment. The first of these essays,
therefore, is "The Religious Environment of Israel"
contributed by Dr. Stanley A. Cook. There can be no
question that Israel in her religious development far
outstripped the peoples about her. Yet many of her
practices can best be explained when seen in comparison
with customs observed elsewhere. This method of study
has its limitations to be sure. As the author here puts
it: "The comparative method affords parallels, sug-

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Tlie Bulletin of tlie Western Theological Seminary

gests explanations; it is highly stimulating, but, in it-
self, it is inconclusive". It does not conduce to cer-
tainty or immediate clarity nor does it make our prob-
lems more simple — rather it adds to their complexity,
multiplies questions and difficulties. Y/t we are con-
vinced that it is the path of truth. The method is recog-
nized as scientific and may be trusted to produce results
that are sound and in the end acceptable to all. Dr.
Cook's article offers many examples of such results.

The treatment of the religious development within
Israel was assigned to three men : To W. F. Lofthouse,
Hebrew Religion from Moses to Saul; to Arthur S.
Peake, Tlie Religion of Israel from David to the Return
from Exile ; and to W. Emery Barnes, The Develop-
ment of the Religion of Israel from the Return to the
Death of Simon the Maccabee. Noting these names, one
realizes that this important portion of the book has fallen
into good hands. The form is good and the authors'
positions are well stated. Dr. Lofthouse is among those
who see in Moses the founder of Israel's religion
although he recognizes that Moses has a background.
His religion did not fall full formed from above. He
thinks that Yahweh may have been known before Moses,
but in any case the latter gave the religion of Yahweh
another content. No one before tlie Exodus ever meant
by it what Moses saw in it. To him it was new. It was
a revelation. Of one thing Dr. Lofthouse is quite con-
fident, and that is that to Moses religion was not ritual.
When the later prophets, looking back, found no place
for sacrifice in the Avilderness period they were giving
voice to a historical fact, he believes. Moses had no
interest in forms. To him Dr. Lofthouse assigns the
Decalogue but not the Book of the Covenant.

AVhen the Israelites came into Canaan, true to their
heritage from Moses, they brought no ritual tradition
with them. This they took over wholesale from their
neighbors. But even now it was Yahweh, it must be

24 (134)

Some Neiu and Recent Books

kept in mind, to whom they offered their sacrifice and
not Baal, When they used the term Baal, as frequently
they did, it was of the God of the wilderness. Along
iwith the ritual system must also be included their legal
icode. It was Yahweh's will that this too they should
adopt from their neAV environment. That through all
[srael's experiences in Canaan Yahweh never ceased
for a moment to be her God, is the view Dr. Lofthouse
strongly asserts here. There was of course constant
danger that He should become simply a Baal with an-
other name. One thing, however, prevented this dis-
aster, namely the perpetual call to war. When Israel
engaged in battle, and that was often, it was by the com-
mand of the God of Moses who had given her the land
as He had fought with her for its conquest. The lord-
ship of Yahweh was thus kept perennially before her.
Finally when she faced the formidable Philistine foe
and won, the danger that Yahweh might be eclipsed by
Baal was passed. In the land of the Baals Yahweh, the
God of Hosts, had proved Himself the abiding God of
Israel.

Dr. Peake gives us a very able and interesting
sketch of Israel's religion during the Prophetic period.
Of course we are much better informed concerning this
portion of the history. Our sources for the period are
much fuller and more satisfactory by reason of the fact
that many of them are contemporary documents. Reli-
gion and life were one in Ancient Israel so the prophet
had a profound interest in politics and Dr. Peake thinks
that his "keen political insight" should be drawn upon
to a much greater extent in an effort to explain his mes-
sage. In treating the history it is usual to decry the
disruption of the brilliant kingdom of David and Solo-
mon so soon after the death of the latter. Dr. Peake,
however, thinks that it was a blessing in disguise. If
Solomon's dream of a great Hebrew monarchy had not
been so soon shattered "the Hebrew state might have

25 (135)

The Bulletin of the Western Theological Seminary

developed into a richer and mightier kingdom, after the
common oriental pattern; and possibly taken its place
among the powerful empires of the Nearer East. Under
an established despotism the religion would have been
stifled. There would have been one more commonplace
religion, splendid in its ceremonial, but dominated by
the Court, served by a sycophant priesthood and
divorced from morality".

The period covered by Prof. Barnes is in turn more
obscure and consequently more difficult. The author
succeeds nevertheless in painting a very fair picture of
the development of post exilic religious life. In evalu-
ating the work of Ezra he takes the position "that Ezra
followed Nehemiah after an interval of about forty
years and that he took up part of Nehemiah 's work and
carried it to success". Ezra, that is, came up to Jeru-
salem in the seventh year of Artaxerxes II (not Arta-
xerxes I) which would mean 397 B.C. rather than 458,
the usual date assigned for his coming. Ezra was a
scribe and legalist but the religious development in post-
exilic Judaism Avas far from being a dead level of legal-
ism. Indeed some of the most spiritual writings of the
Old Testament fell here. It was an age fraught with
great significance for the future religious history of
mankind, and Prof. Barnes has given us a most accept-
able resume of the entire period.

That worship and ritual play an exceedingly
prominent role everywhere in Old Testament religion no
one will dispute, and Dr. W. 0. E. Oesterley has con-
tributed a very clear and succinct presentation of their
place and development. Prof. Kennett, discussing "The
Contribution of the Old Testament to the Religious
Development of Mankind", has also put us under obli-
gation to him for his illuminating treatment of this
important subject.

All in all, this is indeed a very valuable book,
written by men whose lives are dedicated wholly to the

26 (136)

Some New and Recent Books

great task of elucidating the Old Testament, not as an
end in itself but because they are persuaded that it is
the greatest picture we possess of "The Divine Pro-
cess working among men".

In the sphere of history some notable books have
appeared ; the most important of these doubtless is the
Cambridge Ancient History, edited by J. B. Bury, S. A. V
Cook, and F. E. Adcock. It was an ambitious enter-
prise which many years ago proposed to produce a com-
plete history of the world from the palaeolithic age to
modern times. The Cambridge Modern History in
twelve volumes, the first output of the enterprise, has
long since been completed; the Cambridge Mediaeval
History has just reached its fifth Volume (1926) and,
although the Ancient History was not begun until
recently (the first volume appeared in 1923), it has made
rapid progress, sending out a volume each year. As
we write, a fourth volume is reported available for the
book trade. But it is Volume III which interests us
just now. Volume I had carried the history down to
the beginning of the sixteenth eentur}' B.C. The sec-
ond volume touches the Old Testament more directly,
for it covers the advent of the Hebrews into the field
of histor}^ ; the period of the Exodus ; the Conquest ; and
the early Monarchy. Volume III takes up the tale at
a critical moment. It is a time of change. Iron is dis-
placing other materials, providing mankind a better
implement of destruction. The earlier splendors of
Egypt, Babylon, and the Hittite peoples have passed.
The Hebrew tribes are, as a result of this latter fact,
left free to work out their oAvn destiny unmolested by
these great powers which had already so largely deter-
mined the fate of the land of Canaan. But, within the
period covered by this volume, Assyria comes to the
fore. Hitherto the historian has been handicapped by
the paucity of materials from which to weave his story.

27 (137)

The Bulletin of the Western Theological Seminary

Discoveries have opened up a new world to him but much
\\ithin that world still remains obscure. In the present
instance, on the other hand, that is, in the story of
Assyria's rise and fall, the writer is embarrassed by the
wealth of material at his disposal rather than by its
scarcity, Assyrian and Hebrew history are so dove-
tailed that the Old Testament student is vitally concerned
with the history of the former. P'rom the coming of
Tigiathpileser IV to the fall of Nineveh in 612 B.C.
Hebrew life was influenced at every point b}^ her great
neighbor to the east.

The Hittites also helped mould the world of whicli
Israel was a part. Modern discovery is piecing together
bit by bit the obscure narrative of the existence and
contribution to the civilization of the Near East of this
great people to the North of Canaan. The history of
Egypt is of course continued. The writer is, in this
volume, H. R. Hall, and it is clear from his treatment
that, although her role is no longer so important, yet
Egypt's story for this epoch of the history cannot be
neglected. For the Old Testament student especially,
a chapter on the Influence of Babylonia has importance.
It deals Avith such matters as the quest of eternal life,
the epic of creation, hymns and ritual. Astronomy and
Astrology.

But of more direct significance is of course the por-
tion of the volume devoted to the History of the
Hebrews. Prof. Macalister has an excellent chapter on
the topography of Jersusalem, while several chapters
are from the pen of Dr. Stanley A. Cook, one of the
general editors. We cannot discuss the details of this
part of the volume at the present time but this at least
can be said that the treatment is scholarly, scientific,
and, generally speaking, quite satisfactory to the mod-
ern student.

The Cambridge Ancient History has this impor-
tance that it so vividly reminds us that Israel was but

28 (138)

Some Neiv and Recent Books

a part of the great civilization of the Ancient Near East.
It is true that, measured in the light of her relative
unimportance in a political way, too much prominence
is assigned her in these volumes. But when considered
upon the basis of the significance of her contribution
to the life of the world, to most of us the restoration
of the. civilizations of the whole of the Near East has its
greater value in this that these peoples Avere Israel's
neighbors and their life touched and influenced hers.

Another book of considerable significance for /
Israel's history is Mr. J. W. Jack's "The Date of the /
Exodus". It is well known that this subject presents a
problem of crucial importance for Old Testament re-
search. It is not simply a matter of unrelated chron-
ology. It is much more. For if we knew the exact time
of the Exodus we could relate Israel's formative period
to Egypt ; we could, with greater certainty, answer the
question as to whether the Amarna letters tell us any-
thing about the Hebrews; we could too, with more con-
fidence, reconstruct the career of Moses. The Exodus,
that is, in a real sense is the starting point in our effort
to understand Hebrew history whether secular or reli-
gious, and if we could fix it we should thereby have
taken a long step towards our goal. But, to date, no
unanimity has been obtained by scholars in this impor-
tant matter. Three different theories, or even four,
have been proposed and maintained. The more gener-
ally accepted theory holds that the Pharaoh of the Op-
pression was Ramses II, and that his successor Merenp-
tah Avas on the throne at the time of the Exodus. Prof.
Kittel, whose History of Israel is an accepted authority,
argues strongh^ for this vieAV. Prof. Sellin also accepts
it, as do Petrie, Burney, Driver, and a host of others.

The second theory connects the Exodus Avith the
religious movement under Akhenaten. Some have
thought that his monotheism Avas a model taken by

29 (139)

The Bulletin of the Western Theological Seminary

Moses who introduced it into Israel, or perhaps indeed
Moses had inspired the Pharaoh. Moses and the Israel-
ites were living in Goshen at the time, and in the reli-
gions troubles they would favor the king as against idol
worshippers. Under the restoration of the old religion
thev would, then, come in for persecution and were
ultimatel}^ expelled from the realm. The date of the
Exodus in this case would be about 1345. This theory
has recently become fairly popular in connection with
the literature growing up about the person and period
of Tutankhamen. Mr. Jack devotes two chapters to its
discussion, but it has little to recommend it and may
be passed over.

The theory advocated by the author holds
that the Exodus occurred about 1445. He thinks
it was natural to see in Ramses II the Pharaoh of the
Oppression, and in Merenptah the reigning king at the
time of the Exodus, so long as we had no better data.
But now two discoveries especially render these dates
extremely improbable, namely the T ell-el- Amarna let-
ters and the Merenptah stele showing the Israelites to
have been already, in Canaan. It is admitted by Mr.
Jack that the Hebrews may have built Pithom and Ram-
ses, this simply on the basis of Exodus 1 :11. The
recently discovered stele of Ramses II, found in the
excavations at Beisan (the ancient Bethshean), stating
that Semites aided in the building of Ramses in the
Delta, proves nothing here. It is not evident that these
cities were founded b}^ Ramses. They may have been
built earlier. And, as for the argument that the weak-
ness of Egypt under Merenptah provided a good oppor-
tunity for Israel's escape, it seems to the author to
carry little weight in itself, since the reign of Amenhotep
II following Thutmose III is just as suitable.

When, therefore, the Amarna letters make indis-
putable the entrance of Hebrews into Palestine around
1400 B.C. (for it is now generally conceded that the

30 (140)

Some New and Recent Books

Habiru could have been none other), and Avhen, in addi-
tion to this, Israelites are mentioned in Merenptah's
stele as inhabitants of Canaan in his day, it is difficult
not to conclude that these facts fix the dates of the Exo-
dus and the Conquest. Mr, Jack's treatment has con-
vinced me that he has the best of the argument. ~ It
should be observed that Prof. Welch in his essay on
"The People and the Book" also arrives at this conclu-
sion. H. R. Hall in his article, on the other hand, iden-
tifies the Exodus with the expulsion of the Hyksos in
1580 B.C., a position for which he has long argued but
for which he admits that he cannot adduce any evidence
unless one might accept the testimony of Josephus in
this particular. But in other respects his view coincides
with that of Mr. Jack and Prof. Welch. .

Mr. Jack's book has value beyond his eloquent and
well supported plea for the early date of the Exodus.
Indeed, he covers a vast deal of the history of the last
half of the second millennium B.C. and presents a vivid
picture of life in Egypt and Palestine during these
centuries.

As touching the religion of Israel, in addition to
the essays already discussed in connection with "The
People and the Book", another volume must not be over-
looked. It is the translation of Prof. Kittel's monograph
on "The Religion of Israel". This work has been hailed
by many as a very welcome addition to our present
literature on this subject: Prof. Kittel has devoted a
long life to Old Testament research. His "History of
the People of Israel" {Gescliichte des Volkes Israel)
is well known as in many respects the best we have yet
had on this all-important phase of Old Testament
research. The fifth and sixth editions of the first vol-
ume of this work appeared in 1923 and the sixth and
seventh editions of the second volume came out during
the last year. It is greatly to be hoped that these last

31 (141)

The Bulletin of the Western Theological Seminary

editions ma}^ be translated. Throughout these volumes
the author has devoted much space to a discussion of
Old Testament religion, and the book under review
gathers up the results of this long period of investiga-
tion and presents them in an attractive English form.
Those acquainted with Prof. Kittel's work know how
s^aiipathetic is his approach to his subject, how care-
ful also he is to reckon with all the evidence, and what
insight he has gained into Israel's historical and reli-
gious development. He is indeed a tried workman in
whom we may place much confidence.

In his interpretation of Israel's religion he may be
said to be conservative. In the present book he first
reviews the religion of pre-Israelite Cannan, then dis-
cusses the religion of Moses. He thinks it incontestable
"that the great factor from which we must seek to
understand the post-Mosaic, and perhaps the very earli-
est religion of Israel, is the religion of Canaan". In
his discussion of terms for deity emplo^^ed in Canaan he
finds that both ''Baal" and "El" are very old. Baal
is found in Babylon as earh' as the time of Sargon I.
He was probably earty introduced into Canaan by the
Amorites where he took the place of still earlier earth
and water spirits. Baal never was the personification
of a natural force. He always remained possessor,
owner of the land, the spring, or tree. The term "El"
is found in Canaan first about 2000 B.C. "El"
however is a generic term until the coming of Israel.
But in general, just as Canaan was the meeting place
of the nations, so the gods of east and west met on her
soil and her religion became syncretistic. Nevertheless,
Baal worship was always dominant, and a monarchic
polytheism was the eventual result.

Kittel has no doubts as to the place of Moses in the
history of Israel's religion. He was in a real sense
its founder. He introduced Yahweh to his people and
a Yahweh it was, too, highly exalted above all concep-

32 (142)

Some New and Recent Boohs '

tions of deity before known. He was the god of a moral
will and from him came the Decalogue. Thus Moses
gave Israel a law, although of course it was not the later
Mosaic Torah. Kittel does not hold that Moses was the
author of the Book of the Covenant as we know it but
he did give the initial stimulus to it, a form of law trans-
mitted orally. The importance of this law was its inti-
mate relation to religion. Yahweh religion was ethical
religion. The religion which Moses bequeathed to his
people was "national and ethical henotheism". "Yah-
weh was not yet for Moses as He was for his great suc-
cessors a world-God but certainly he was an ethical
national god, lord and protector of an ethical national
order, and the way was prepared for ethical mono-
theism".

When Israel came into Canaan and no longer had
Moses to guide her, she soon fell away from the high
conceptions with w^hich her great leader had inspired
her. She had to learn a manner of life far removed
from the free easy way of the wilderness. Her tutors
were her Canaanite neighbors. From them she learned
not only the approved methods of planting and reaping
but the secrets of Baal worship held necessary to insure
the crops. The result was that many went over to Baal
permanently. Others went to the high places but
thought of Yahweh there. Many thought themselves
true to him but were confused. "They paid homage to
Baal and meant Yahweh".

It seems to me that just here neither Kittel nor
Lofthouse goes quite far enoguh. Surely the apostasy
was much more complete than Lofthouse represents it
to have been or than Kittel perhaps would allow. Of
course it is true that Yahweh religion as given by Moses
never lost adherents, but at times through the period
of the judges it was in grave danger. Gradually the
stricter group gained strength until the so-called schools
of the prophets grew up and in spite of many imper-

33 (143)

The Bulletin of the Western Theological Seminary

fections performed an important mission in preserving
and arousing enthusiasm for the true religion.

Kittel's sketch is in my judgment the most satis-
factory presentation of the difficult subject of Israel's
religion we have yet had. He proceeds carefully and
upon the basis of all the facts at our disposal and his
judgments are soundly critical and sane. The book
should be widely read.

Several other volumes dealing each of them with
some phase of Old Testament study should at least be
mentioned here before closing. Prof. G. W. Wade's
commentary in the Westminster series on the Books of
the prophets Micah, Obadiah, Joel, and Jonah is a very
welcome addition to this series. The treatment is that
adopted in the series generally. It is conventional and
offers nothing new. The results are those of the mod-
ern critical school and are very ably marshalled and
presented. The commentary on Jonah is especially
interesting and attractive. Included in the volulne are
chapters on Messianic Prophecy and Its Fulfilment, and
on the Principles of Hebrew Versification.

This last is an important subject the modern study
of which has already shed light on many an Old Testa-
ment passage. Another very clear and helpful discus-
sion of it has appeared recently, having been prepared
for publication by the late Prof. C. F. Burney whose
early death has been such a great loss to Old Testament
scholarship. Prof. Burney called his book The Poetry
of Our Lord since his main object was a study of the
poetry of Jesus. A treatment of the elements of Hebrew
v/ poetry, however, was a necessary preliminary to the

discussion of his main theme and many will find both
Prof. Wade's essay and this discussion very illuminat-
ing and interesting.

No one can deny that Old Testament research has
\ accomplished great things in modern times and it is

\\ 34 (144)

Some New and Recent Books

encouraging to find that scholars are more and more
feeling the obligation to present this knowledge in popu-
lar form. A very good example of such practice is to
be seen in Prof. W. F. Lofthouse's new volume on Jere-
miah. A fascinating book it is, presenting one of the
greatest religious personalities of all time. Preachers
desiring inspiration should read this book.

Another serious loss to the field of Old Testament
research was the death of Dr. Geo. Buchanan Gray whose
paper on The Horizons of Old Testament Study appears
as the final essay in ''The People and the Book". This
is a stimulating article. Prof. Gray has been held by
some to have been the greatest Old Testament scholar
of modern times. Certainly his contributions have been
very valuable. His temper and equipment fitted him
for original research and this character of his work is
manifest in practically his entire output. Before his
death he had been working on the subject of sacrifice
in the Old Testament and later it was feared that the
results of these his last labors had been lost. Fortu-
nately, however, much of his work was already in manu-
script form when he laid down his pen for the last time.
Many scholars have contributed to the task of preparing
these for the press and our gratitude is due them for
preserving such an important discussion of a most diffi-
cult Old Testament theme. It is only possible liere to
say of Dr. Gray's point of view that he believed that
W. R. Smith's thesis regarding sacrifice, according to
which the chief element • in it was communion of the
worshipper with the deity, wg.s misleading or at least
wrong in its emphasis. He undertook therefore "to
examine the extent to which the idea of gift was con-
sciously associated with sacrifice— the extent to which
sacrifice was subsumed under the general class of sa-
cred gifts, and the depth and variety of the belief that
gifts, whether sacrifices or not, could be and ought to
be made by man to God".

35 (145)

The Bulletin of the Western Theological Seminary

J Two books of a practical nature deserve at least

^ to be listed here. They are: "The Use of the Old Tes-
tament in the Light of Modern Knowledge", by John
E. McFadyen (available for two or three years) and
''How to Teach the Old Testament", by Frederick J.
Rae. Dr. McFadyen, after a brief introduction, pre-
sents a large number of illustrations of the modern
method, taken from many parts of the Old Testament.
Mr. Rae proceeds in a somewhat different fashion. He
selects a passage as the basis of study. He then gives
(A) directions for the teacher (B) notes on the text,
and finally (C) lessons deriving from the passage. Both
books will be found exceedingly helpful by those who
are persuaded that the critical view of the Old Testa-
ment is correct and should be utilized in present day
religious instruction. Such books are greatly needed
just now.

:u; (i4(i)

Some New and Recent Books

Dr. Vance

Afi Introduction to tlie Textual Criticism of the New

Testament. By A. T. Robertson, M.A., D.D., LL.D., V^?
Litt.D. New York: George H. Doran Company. '

1925. Pp. 300. $2.50.

The Origin of the Neiv Testament, and the Most Impor- . ^
tant Consequences of the Neiv Creation. By Adolf ^ ^ ^
von Harnack. New York: The Macmillan Com-
pany. 1925. Pp. 230. $2.00,

The Making of the English Neiv Testament. By Edgar / f/ ^
J. Goodspeed. Chicago : The University of Chi- 7

cago Press. 1925. Pp. 129. $1.50.

Tlie Gospel of Jolin, A Handbook for Christian Leaders. / ^"""^
By Benjamin W. Robinson. New York: The Mac-
millan Company. 1925. Pp. 275. $2.25.

Through Eternal Spirit, A Study of Hebrews, James
and I Peter. By Joseph F. McFadyen, M.A., D.D.
New York: George H. Doran Company. 1925.
Pp. 255. $2.00.

The Life, Letters and Eeliqion of St. Paul. Bv C. T. / -f^2-
Wood, B. D. Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark. 1925.
Pp. 418. 8s.

Jesus and the Greeks, or Early Christianity i)i the Tide-
Way of Hellenism. Bv William Fairweather, M.A., ^ ^^~\
D.D. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. 1924.
Pp. 408. $3.50.

/6-/

The Mystery Religions and Christianity, A Study in the
Religious Background of Early Christianity. Bv S.
Angus, Ph.D./D.Litt., D.D. New York: Charles
Scribner's Sons. 1925. Pp. 358. $3.50.

"An Introduction to the Textual Criticism of the
New Testament," by Dr. Robertson, is not a. revision

37 (147)

The Bulletin of the Western Theological Seminary

of Dr. Warfield's handbook (long out of print) on that
subject, but is intended to take its place. The history
and material of Textual criticism have been well pre-
sented by Kenyon, Nestle, and Souter. Dr. Robertson
feels that the theological student and minister need
fuller treatment of the method than these writers have
given. The opening chapter on the ''Textus Receptus,"
in which its inadequacy is made clear, is followed by one
on the "Critical Text", to the obtaining of which due
credit is given to the great work of Lachmann, Tre-
gelles, Tischendorf, Gregory, Wescott and Hort, and
Von Soden. The material to be used in obtaining this
critical text is adequately described in five chapters.
The method of textual criticism is clearly and interest-
ingly presented in the next 100 pages. One of the most
helpful features of the book is the eleven facsimiles of
earl}^ texts.

The translation of Dr. Harnack's work on "The
Origin of the New Testament" is a valuable contribu-
tion in English to the subject of the Canon. The author
answers five questions.

How did the Church arrive at a second authorita-
tive canon, having received from its founders the Old
Testament? By a very natural process the Church had
made use of Gospel narratives and writings of the apos-
tles. Through these writings it felt God had spoken.
When Montanism arose with its claim to a new mes-
sage and when Gnosticism presented its peculiar writ-
ings, the Church felt the need for a clearly defined list
of books which would give it God's authoritative voice.
Thus the conception of a New Testament canon arose.

Why does the New Testament canon contain other
books aside from the Gospels? The apostles were com-
missioned by Christ to be his witnesses and the dis-
pensers of his power. The Gospels were written by
apostles or their companions. So also are the other
books of the New Testament. Attestation of the revela-

38 (148)

Some New and Recent Books

tion is no less important than the content.

Why did the Church accept four Gospels, no more,
no less? The four arose in different sections of the
Church. They were accepted elsewhere on the theory
that they gave testimony to Christ by apostles. This
apostolic authority was needed in the days of contro-
versy. Tatian's "Diatessaron," not having such
authority, ceased to be used even in the Syrian Church,
where once it had held sway. Other gospels which had
temporary recognition in certain sections of the Church
ceased to be so used, because they lacked this apostolic
authority.

Why has only one Apocalypse been able to keep its
place in the New Testament! The Church concluded
that out of the three that for a time were used the Reve-
lation of John was the only one by an apostle.

Was the New Testament created consciously^ ? His-
tory reveals that in the first half of the second century
no definite conception of a New Testament existed. By
200 throughout the Church a New Testament existed,
for the most part uniform. Controversy in Avhich Rome
and Ephesus were principally concerned had necessitated
a definite formulation. This New Testament consisted
of most of the books now recognized. Others were added
as they were accepted as apostolic.

The question often asked, Hoav did Ave get our New
Testament?, is in this book plainly and interestingly
answered. The layman as well as the* minister will find
help here.

Goodspeed's "The Making of the New Testament" ^
is published in celebration of the four hundredth anni-
versary of Tyndale's translation of the New Testament.
It is a survey of the efforts that have been made during
these four hundred years to improve the English form
of the New Testament. The story of the Tyndale,
Coverdale, Rogers, Cranmer, and other early transla-
tions is succinctly presented.

39 (149)

The Bulletin of the Western Theological Seminary

Similar questions to those asked to-day, What need
is there for a new translation of the New Testament?
Why not be satisfied with the King James Version?,
were frequently asked in those days. Satisfactory
answers are given in this small book. A better Greek
text than that employed in the King James translation
has been obtained through the great Greek manuscripts
that have come to light since those days. This led the
scholars of the last century to make the efforts which
resulted in the English and American Revised versions.

The discovery of the Greek papyri during the last
thirty years has made it possible to understand the
Greek text of the New Testament much more accurately.
So Ballantine, Moffatt, Goodspeed, and others have tried
their hands at translations.

Those interested in the New Testament will find
much valuable information in these 125 pages.

"The Gospel of John," by Dr. Robinson, is, for the
preacher, one of the most suggestive and stimulating
treatments of this Gospel that has appeared for many
a day. With the critical position, many will find them-
selves not in agreement. With the treatment of cer-
tain portions there will be actual opposition. But no
man can read this book- with open mind, without obtain-
ing a higher conception of his opportunities in jDortray-
ing Jesus Christ as the hope of the world, the only
Saviour. Dr. Robinson believes that the author of the
Gospel was a personal disciple of Jesus, the Beloved
Disciple, not the Apostle, the John of Western Asia
Minor, the leader in the Church at Ephesus for a quar-
ter of a century, that he spoke from firsthand knowl-
edge, interpreting the historical Jesus in a wa}^ suited
to the philosophical and ethical needs of the Hellenistic
World.

After reading the book one feels anew that the
Jesus of History is far beyond one's powers of delinea-

40 (150)

Some New and Recent Books

tion, that He is able to save all men in all ages, if the
preacher only knows Him sufficiently in his own inward
life, and is able to present Him to men. The one great
need of humanity is to be brought into close contact
with Jesus.

"Through Eternal Spirit", by Prof. McFadyen of
Kingston, is written "to help the readers of the Bible
to feel that its writers were bone of our bone, and flesh
of our flesh, men who knew perplexity and sorrow, and
were well acquainted with our doubts, and fears, and
griefs", "to set forth the human experience that under-
lies and is reflected in the Bible", "to indicate the per-
manent interest and worth" of the Epistle to the He-
brews, the Epistle of James, and I Peter. The work is
a running commentary on the text of three epistles.

Of I Peter the author says in one place, "The book
of Job leaves us wondering Avhether there is any solu-
tion of the problem of unmerited suffering, or at least
whether the author has found it. I Peter leaves us won-
dering whether there is any problem, at least, for one
who has caught anything of the spirit of Jesus".

While there are some difficulties in presenting James
as a modern book, yet for the most part James' practi-
cal ethical suggestions seem to be self-evidently appro-
priate for our day.

The Epistle to the Hebrews is more difficult. How-
ever, Dr. McFadyen shows that the argument for the
finality of Christianit}^ as over against Judaism, based
on the sonship of Christ is just as effective to-day over
against the World Religions.

If what the author of the Epistle says of Jesus is
true, viz: — that He is the Son of God, the perfect re-
vealer of God, the perfect High Priest, with a perfect
sacrifice, in a perfect tabernacle, under a perfect cove-
nant— then the religion inaugurated by Him is the final
one, and the book has a vital message for to-day. How

41 (151)

The Bulletin of the Western Theological Seminary

can there be any other priest in the Christian religion
or any religion than the priest after the order of Mel-
chizeciek? How can the man who stands gazing into
heaven, awaiting the coming of our Lord fail to see from
Hebrews that there is a very practical life to live now,
with confidence that when Christ's ministry of interces-
sion has been completed He will come, and not mi til
then? How can he who has lost his first love for the
Saviour fail to heed the warnings of the sixth and tenth
chapters? How can the earnest reader fail to discern
that it is not upon the first principles (the milk) that
one is to feed, but that he is to go forward to the larger
truth, never fearing the guidance of the Spirit into that
larger truth of God! The real danger that confronts
the Christian is drifting on the stream of temptation.
Dr. McFadyen's treatment of the eleventh chapter is
wonderfully stimulating.

This is a good book for a minister, who desires to
lead his congregation through the exposition of these
three epistles, to possess.

Dean Wood's '^The Life, Letters and Religion of
St. Paul" is one of the notable recent contributions to
Pauline literature. It is designed especially for theo-
logical students and ministers. Following a discussion
of Paul's education, conversion, and early missionary
labor, each epistle is treated in its chronological setting,
with introduction, elaborate paraphrase, and notes.
Separate discussions of more important questions have
their place, such as the sacraments, the mystical union
with Christ, expectation of the speed}' return, Paul's
phraseology on the atonement.

Galatians is treated as the first of his letters, Avrit-
ten from Antioch in Syria between the first missionary
journey and the Council at Jerusalem. The visit to
Jerusalem recorded in the second chapter is the same
as that in Acts 11 :27-30, at the time of the famine. The

42 (152)

Some New and Recent Books

author believes in two Roman imprisonments, although
he does not accept the Pastorals in their present form
as Pauline. II Thessalonians, Colossians, and Ephe-
sians are Pauline.

The closing chapter of the book is a summary of
Paul's religion as presented here and there in the treat-
ment of the various epistles.

A sound scholar, master of the facts, well versed
in the mystery religions, Greek thought, and Pharasaic
theology, brings to the subject a mind of singular fresh-
ness and penetration. The charm of the book lies partly
in the simplicity of style, partly in the sincerity and
independence of treatment. The book contains two
excellent maps and an extensive bibliography. It is one
of the best introductions to the study of St. Paul that
exists. The great apostle is presented sympathetically,
lucidly, dynamically, comprehensiveh\

"Jesus and the Greeks", by Rev. William Fair-
weather, D.D., of Kirkcaldy, is one of the authoritative
discussions on the study of Christian origins that have
appeared this past year. Did Christianity have its
source exclusively in the Old Testament, or have Egypt,
Assyro-Babylonia, Persia, Hellenism contributed large-
ly to its content I This book attempts to answer the
question as to any contribution that Hellenism may
have made.

The thoroughness of treatment may be inferred as
one glances at the table of contents. The first Part is
entitled "The Diffusion of Hellenism" and such top)ics
as Xenophon and Isocrates, Alexander the Great, The
Stoics and Epicureans, Hellenism in Egypt, in Syria and
the Orient, and Hellenistic Piety are discussed. The
second Part discusses the Jewish Hellenist Philo and
the third Part is on Hellenism and Christianity, under
which some of the chapter headings are The Fullness of
Time, Jesus and the Gospel, Jesus and the Gentile

43 (153)

The Bulletin of the Western Theological Seminary

World, Importance of Greek to Christianity, Early
Christianity in Relation to Hellenism, The Essential
Independence of Christianity.

"Greek philosophy paved the way for the Gospel
by demonstrating- the inadequacy of the human reason
to formulate a satisfactory doctrine of God and of sal-
vation." Philo's doctrine of the Logos was a composite
from many sources. He would never have agreed to
John's doctrine that "The Word became flesh". Paul
knew the Stoic system of ethics but did not derive his
system thence. Hellenism is polytheistic; Christianity
is monotheistic. Hellenism teaches man must seek God.
Christianity teaches God seeks man. "Stoicism was
materialistic, pantheistic, determinist; for the Christian,
^Your heavenly Father knoweth what things ye have
need of before ye ask Him' ". Stoicism teaches that
moral evil may be eradicated by physical means. Chris-
tianity declares there is need of a Divine Redeemer.

This is a very timely book in the midst of the claims
of certain students of Comparative Religion.

Those who heard Dr. Angus give the Elliott lectures
on the Mystery Religions at Western Theological Semi-
nary in 1920 will eagerly read the pages of "The Mys-
tery-Religions and Christianity" in which those lectures
have been incorporated. One of the foremost scholars of
this age has here written on a subject that interests every
man who cares to understand the religious conditions
under which Christianity was founded and spread. As
one turns over these pages with ever growing interest,
he will appreciate his Christian belief all the more, as he
realizes against what his faith had to contend in those
early days. He will gain a new conception of the reli-
gious condition of the first centuries of the Christian era,
and in a new way understand what the "fulness of time''
was, in w^hich Christ came into this world.

44 (154)

Some Neiv and Recent Books

Why did Christianity conquer these many saviour
gods? The last chapter answers that question. Chris-
tianity's outstanding merits and chief weapons of propa-
ganda were its intolerance, its genuine universality, its
faith (a new religious force), its Bible, its satisfj-ing
message for the widespread sorrow of the ancient world,
its historic and personal center. Dr. Angus lays special
stress on the historical center of the Christian faith. The
mystery religions were based on nature myths, were
linked with magic and astrology, emphasized the indi-
vidualistic-mystical type of religion, together with a fail-
ure to recognize social duties, and were exceedingly
vague theologically. Thus, although by their promises
to their initiates, they made a strong appeal to men
conscious of sin, desiring redemption and an assurance
of future life, they ultimately failed.

They were defended by such men as Apuleius, Cel-
sus, Porphyry, lamblichus, Proclus, and Julian the
Apostate. In the midst of the failure of the Greek and
Roman religions, these Mystery Religions gave hope to
many a soul. What they really were, one may discover
by a careful reading of this most interesting book.

45 (155)

The Bulletin of the Western Trmological Seminary

Dr. Eakin

-I The Religion of Yesterday and To-morrow. By Kir-
/ sopp Lake, D.D. New York: Houghton Mifflin

Company. 1925. 183 pages. $2.00.

The Reasonableness of Christianity. By Douglass Clyde
I ( Macintosh. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons.

I ^ ' 1925. 293 pages. $1.50.

Jesus of Nazareth His Life, Times, and Teaching. By
I / ^ Joseph Klausner, Ph.D. Tr. by Herbert Danby,

1^ D.D. London: George Allen & Unwin. 1925. 434

pages. $4.50.

, (a St. Mark. By A. E. J. Rawlinson. New York: E. S.
\y ' Gorham. $5.50.

An Outline of Christianity The Story of Our Civiliza-
tion. Volume I. The BiHh of Christianity. By
O Ernest Findlay Scott, D.D. and Burton Scott

Easton, Ph.D., D.D. 429 pages. Volume II. The
Builders of the Church.. By F. J. Foakes Jackson,
D.D. 505 pages. New York : Dodd, Mead & Com-
pany (cl926) $5.00 per volume.

The History and Literature of the New Testament. By
\ Henry Thatcher Fowler, Ph.D. New Y^ork: The

V V ^ Macmillan Company. 1925. 443 pages. $2.50.

^ The First Age of Christianity. By Ernest F. Scott,
A ' ; D.D. New York : The Macmillan Company. 1926.

\ 242 pages. $1.50.

In "The Religion of Yesterday and To-morrow",
as in "Landmarks of Early Christianity", Professor
Lake has packed a great deal of thought-provoking
material in small space. Naturally it has been the chap-
ter on "The Real Divisions in Modern Protestantism"
which has attracted most attention. The threefold
classification— Fundamentalists, Experimentalists, and

46 (156)

Some Neiv and Recent Books

Institutionalists — has already gained wide currency. On
the other hand it may be questioned whether the two
opening chapters, on Catholicism and Protestantism,
have had as thoughtful consideration on the part of
Protestant ministers as they deserve.

As Professor Lake sees it, "Two permanent con-
tributions were made by Protestantism to Christianity,
and point the way to the religion of to-morrow." (1)
The reformers abolished belief in the infallibility of the
Church. It is true that they retained the Catholic belief
in the infallibility of Scripture; at the same time they
held that the Bible was its own interpreter, or rather
that every Christian had the right to interpret it for
himself. This means "that a long step was taken toward
the supremacy of logic and reason in the interpretation
of Scripture. . .'. For the moment, at least, the Protes-
tant Church was the intellectual leader of humanity."
(2) "Equally important was the emphasis laid upon Jus-
tification by Faith as opposed to Sacramental Grace."
In its essence this means an insistence "that man can
bring his life to a higher level, not by the magic of sac-
raments, but by an attitude of will on his own part which
binds him to all that is noble in life, and sets him free
from what is base. . . . This effort of the individual. . . .
is not an attempt to 'do right,' to live in accordance
with a code of conduct, but to 'be right,' to become capa-
ble of right action".

These were "great achievements; but they were off-
set from the beginning by grave defects, so that though
Protestantism made real contributions to progress it
did not and cannot take the place of Catholicism. The
Catholic Church has remained an incomparable force in
the world of religion and of politics, for, Avhatever were
its faults before the Keformation, it had also certain
great virtues and performed functions which are not
performed by Protestantism and only very slowly are
being taken over by other bodies. This is especially true
of three points: —

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The Bulletin of the Western Theological Seminary

(1) "Protestantism has not supplied the need of
a supra-national society. Its curse has always been
nationalism. When the English, Dutch, German, and
other North-European nations broke away from the
Catholic Church, they adopted the principle that each
nation had independent sovereignty in ecclesiastical as
well as secular matters. An end was made of any the-
ory of a power above nations. This was not progress:
it was retrogression. . . . Nor as time has gone on has
there been any serious effort in Protestantism to remedy
its defect; on the contrary, the general trend has been
toward further disruption and greater loss of powder.
It soon became evident that a national Church was open
to exploitation by the government of the country; the
tyranny of the court proved as evil as the tyranny of the
Vatican. . . . Thus there arose a movement for 'free'
churches; free, that is to say, from any organic connec-
tion with nations. In this way some evils were certainly
abolished, but the price was considerable." The result,
especially in America, was a great lot of 'sub-national'
churches.

"To achieve a system which shall be supra-national
has been the vision seen b}^ the noblest minds for two
thousand years." Some have dreamed of a system
which would be dominantly political, others of religion
as dominant. Sometimes it seems as if our generation
were on the way to the production of a supra-national
system in which Industry and Finance will dominate,
with both politics and religion subordinate — "but the
ideal of the popes appeals to me as the higher. His-
tory rarely repeats its offer to those who once refuse it,
but it is still possible that the vision seen by the Catho-
lic Church, and the opportunity which it missed because
of human fallibility and wickedness, may be seen again
and followed to a triumphant end."

(Is it perhaps more probable— and more desirable —
that what will triumph is a supra-national spirit rather

48 (158.)

Some Neiv and Recent Books

than a supra-national "system" or organization — a
spirit manifesting itself in mutual understanding, sym-
pathy, cooperation 1 )

(2) "It has not supplied the need of sacraments."
(The Mass is particularly in view here). "Regarded
from the outside, the sacraments of the Catholic Church
appear to be magical performances in which we mod-
erns have neither part nor lot. They merely pander to
the superstititions of the populace. That is half true;
but the other half" should not be overlooked. "The
theory of the Mass is indeed Avrong — for the educated,
perversely wrong — but in Italy or France, not so much
among the educated and learned as among the peasants,
that Mass, which is to us a superstitious ceremony, is an
insight into the mystical value of life, lit up by the splen-
dor of divine grace. . . . The mistake which so many
Protestants make is in thinking that, because they can
see the mythical element of the Mass, or of the sacra-
mental S3"stem in general, they can achieve truth merely
by cutting those things out; whereas the error in the
Catholic system is not in claiming a sacramental value
for the Mass, but in denying the possibility of that same
value to all the events of life."

(3) "It has not supplied the need of personal care
for the spiritually sick. ... In Catholicism the confes-
sional heretofore ahvays has been part of its strength,
because the confessional, like the Mass, is the wrong
way of doing the right thing. The priest in the confes-
sional presents himself to us who are outside as merely
the descendant of the magician who is making a wholly
impossible claim to forgive or not to forgive sins, and
we say truly that experience proves that his claim is
wrong. That is so, but nevertheless there are two groups
to which he gives the help of trained knowledge when
it is needed; and this help is not efficiently given in
Protestant churches. The first group is those who feel
spiritually ill, unhappy, and miserable." Their souls

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The Bulletin of the Western Theological Seminary

are sick. Now 'Hhe priest does not know as much about
the soul as he ought." In treating such cases he mixes
medicine with magic. Hence "the strength of the
Catholic Church in this direction is gradually failing
because it is being surpassed in actual knowledge by psy-
chopathic doctors, whose methods are often very like
those of the confessional, but are founded on better
knowledge, and are free from the taint of magic. An-
other group . . . contains those who really do not know
what they ought to do and doubt where the line comes
between right and wrong. In modern life it is some-
times impossible not to doubt. ... To whom should men
go! The Catholic goes to his priest." And often he
gets good advice which, especially in the case of the
poor, often could not be otherwise obtained.

But even Catholicism has not been wholly success-
ful in its efforts to minister to these two groups. "Other
men are taking up the burden which the priest has failed
adequately to carry. The pendulum is swinging back.
In the Middle Ages the priest was the lawyer, and he
was also the doctor, for practically all learned profes-
sions were concentrated into the hands of the priests.
Now the ministry of the Church is losing function after
function and other professions are taking hold of them."
(Is this after all perhaps for the best! Had the minis-
try of the church better content itself with the effort to
infuse the Christian spirit into the doctors and lawyers
— taking care meanwhile to measure up to a high stand-
ard in the fulfillment of its own office, so that it will be
in a position to offer constructive criticism to other
professions'?)

"Finally a weakness which has no analogy in
Catholicism has developed recently with alarming rapid-
ity in some Protestant churches. It is a tendency to
make the congregation the ultimate court of appeal.
This is held to be in accordance with the spirit of democ-
racy; but, though no doubt the will of the people is the

50 (160)

Some Neiu and Recent Books

best method of making certain that they shall have the
political leaders whom they deserve, it has its limita-
tions in the ecclesiastical world. It produces a type of
'echoing' Christianity, in which the pulpit gives back in
loud tones the whispers which it has heard from the
pews. ' '

The question of wherein the strength and the weak-
ness of Protestantism lies is a question with which every
Protestant minister will do well to concern himself, and
Professor Lake's discussion should serve as a valuable
stimulus.

Professor Macintosh's book, which won the $6000
Bross Prize last year, is an extremely interesting exam-
ple of the "new apologetics". The modern argument
for Christianity, ' we are told in the first chapter, has
two distinctive characteristics: "the choice of the
essence of Christianity in place of an entire traditional
content and the defense of this essence without recourse
to stories of miracle." And from these characteristics
"two questions of method naturally emerge: How is
one to distinguish the essence of Christianity from the
non-essential elements in Christian tradition? And how
is one to defend this essence of Christianity as true?"
To these questions two main answers are to be found in
recent religious thought — the Hegelian answer and the
Ritschlian answer. "Roughly speaking, the distinction
between the two groups is this: the Hegelians have
taken reasonableness, rationality, as the criterion of the
essence of Christianity, and have sought to defend this
essence as true by exhibiting its reasonableness, whereas
the Ritschlians have taken religious value as the criterion
of the essence of Christianity and have sought to defend
this essence as true by exhibiting its religious value."

From the title Avhich he gives to his book the reader
will naturally expect Professor Macintosh to line himself
up with the Hegelians. And so he does in a measure but

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The Bulletin of the Western Theological Seminary

in a measure only. The Hegelian criterion of the essence
of Christianity he finds unsatisfactory. When the thinker
of this school "undertakes to select the reasonable ele-
ment in traditional Christianity as its true essence, what
he really does is to select that, and that alone, which
he can interpret as agreeing with his own speculative
doctrines." The Ritschlian criterion seems more trust-
worthy. "That in historic Christianity which human
experience shows to have permanent positive value for
the life of man must surely belong to the essence of
Christianity." But when we turn from the discovery
of the essence to the question of how to defend it as
true the matter is different. Here the Ritschlian argu-
ment in effect is "that the spiritually valuable element
in Christianity is true, not because it is reasonable, but
just because it is valuable." But against this the objec-
tion is often, and fairly, made that it is too subjective.
It has little force except with those who are already in
the enjoyment of the Christian experience, and they do
not need to be convinced. In the apology proper, then,
not the Ritschlian but the Hegelian position must be
assumed. The thing which needs to be proved is that
"the spiritually valuable content of historical Chris-
tianity is reasonable," for "there can be no doubt that
what is genuinely reasonable is presumably true."

In the second chapter the effort is made to estab-
lish the reasonableness of Christian morality. The posi-
tion is taken, to begin with, that "a moralit}' that is
truly free, empirical, spiritual, and social is reason-
able." It must be free — "free from any authority of
the ultimately external and arbitrary type" — since only
thus can the power of moral judgment be developed in
the individual. It must be empirical — ready to learn
from experience. This is the one adequate means
of assuring that freedom in the long run will be produc-
tive of good rather than harm. It must be spiritual —
that is to say, it must have "an adequate appreciation of

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Some New and Recent Books

the relative value of the material and the spiritual",
must "see that spiritual values are fitted to be made the
end of life, and the material values never more than
mere means". (By spiritual values are meant "insight
into the truth, ideal beauty, ideal love and friendship,
. . . moral goodness itself, . . . the value of fellowship
with God", etc.). Freedom, checked by experience, will
yield an adequate morality onl}^ as there is "a proper
estimate of the higher values" among the consequences
wdiich experience yields. And it must be social. "The
spiritual values must be sought for others, not for one's
self alone. Truly reasonable conduct must aim at the
greatest total well-being, spiritual primarily and mate-
rial as far as may be, of every person concerned." It
must meet Kant's tests: — "Act so that the principle of
your action might be made a universal law," and
"Treat every person always as an end, and never as
a mere means."

The next question, obviously, is. Does Christian
morality measure up to this four-fold test. Professor
Macintosh believes that it does. He does not contend
"that all Christian morality has been sufficiently free,"
but he does hold that "Whether the appeal be to his-
tory or to contemporary experience, it has not been
shown that an essentially Christian morality cannot be
perfectly free nor that a free morality cannot be thor-
oughly Christian," And essential Christian morality
meets the second condition. At bottom it is empirical.
"The Christian is to prove all things and hold fast that
which is good." As to the third and fourth conditions
there is no room for doubt. Christian morality is "in
its principles and ideal thoroughly spiritual and social."
These are, indeed, its outstanding characteristics. "In
the original documents of our faith materialistic ideals
and covetousness are constantly condemned," while its
social quality is "the most conspicuous feature of the
Christian moral ideal. It is the morality of unselfish

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The Bulletin of the Western Theological Seminary

love." Therefore, ''we are entitled to conclude that
Christian morality is reasonable, universally valid, and
permanently true."

But is Christianity reasonable also as a religious
faith f In working toward an answer to this question
we are to note that there are four general attitudes
which may be taken toward reality, life, and destiny.
They are ''pessimism, non-moral optimism, mere melior-
ism, and moral optimism." And of these four only the
last (which also may be called "religious meliorism")
is thoroughly reasonable. "It is the simple resultant,
the joint product of the natural, normal optimism of
the healthy mind in a healthy body, and what one of the
greatest of philosophers has evaluated as the only ulti-
mately good thing in the universe, the good or moral
will. . . . Would you be reasonable? Be normal and be
moral. Be healthy in body and mind, be buoyantly opti-
mistic; but take full account of your moral responsi-
bility. Be yourself and your best possible self. Be
strong, be heroic, but not by fits and starts ; be not weary
in well-doing. Steadily do your part and for the final
outcome trust the Higher Power upon which you and
yours are ultimately dependent. This simple, normal,
moral, and reasonable attitude is what we mean by moral
optimism." It is "not only normal; it is necessary . . .
for the realization of the highest ends." It is "an act
of self-maintenance on the part of the spiritual life of
man. Is it not reasonable, then to regard it as a morally
justified hypothesis, and to act upon the supposition that
it is true?"

Now "it is indisputable that this moral optimism
was present in primitive Christianity, and that it is at
the heart of what is still vital and essential in the his-
toric Christian faith." Therefore, essential Christian-
ity is reasonable not only as a morality but as a reli-
gious faith.

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Some New and Recent Books

Professor Macintosh reaches this point at the end
of his third chapter. In the next three chapters he
attempts to show that the reasonableness of moral opti-
mism carries with it the reasonableness of belief in
man's Freedom, in Immortality, and in God. There fol-
low chapters dealing, from the same point of view, with
Providence, Revelation, the Historic Jesus, the Person
and Work of Christ. The three final chapters — on
KnoAvledge in General, Religious Knowledge, and Real-
ity— are in the nature of a philosophical appendix. It
is not possible, in the space here available, to follow the
argument of the book to the end. Nor is it desirable.
Enough has been said to reveal the author's point of
view and method: those who wish to follow him further
should go to the book itself.

It is a keenly interesting book. Some readers (and
these not entirely among ultra-conservatives) may have
a vague feeling that Professor Macintosh makes Chris-
tianity too reasonable — that they would prefer for it
not to be quite so reasonable. But that would be an inside
point of view, and it may be presumed that this book
is intended for the outsider — or for him who is inside
but feels that maybe he ought to be out. The book will
stand or fall by its success in appealing to intellectually
disposed men and women of these two groups. But
probably a good deal of this influence will be exerted
indirectly — mediated, for example, through Christian
ministers.

It is a matter for much congratulation that Dr.
Klausner's Life of Jesus, published only a short time
ago in "modern Hebrew," is now to be had in an Eng-
lish translation. It was intended primarily for Jewish
readers, but Christians will find in it a great deal that
is of interest and value. The translator calls attention
to the fact that "here, probably for the first time, there
is set out a full range of what modern Jewish scholar-

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TJie Bulletin of the Western Theological Seminary

ship has to offer on the subject of the Jewish back-
ground of the Gospels." Much matter from Rabbini-
cal sources has long been available in the works of Eder-
sheim, Lightfoot, and others, but in these "there is no
pretence at critical sifting or weighing of the Jewish
material. For a critical knowledge of the Jewish back-
ground of the Gospels the Christian can never wholly
dispense with Jewish scholarship. The present work
gives this in a handy, accessible form, and this fact alone
seemed to justify its translation into English."

But the value of the book to the Christian reader
is not limited to the matter of background. Students of
the New Testament have long known — particularly
through such a work as that of C. G. Montefiore on the
Synoptic Gospels — that Jewish scholarship Avas capable
of making important contributions to our knowledge of
the character, personality, and outlook of Jesus. Al-
lowance must be made for bias, of course. This is true
of Mr. Montefiore, notwithstanding his sound scholar-
ship and beautiful spirit. It is true also of Dr. Klaus-
ner. Yet the fact remains that this Jewish rabbi has
seriously tried to be fair, and, further, that he has suc-
ceeded at least as well as the majority of Christian
scholars who have written about the Pharisees. He says
of his book that "every effort has been made to keep
it within the limits of pure scholarship and to make it
as objective as possible."

Some quotations from the last two chapters ^\i\\
serve to reveal the general picture of the Founder of
Christianity as this modern Jewish scholar sees him:

"The influence of Jesus upon his disciples and fol-
lowers was exceptional. In Galilee masses of people
followed him : for his sake his disciples forsook all and
followed him to the danger zone, to Jerusalem; th-ey
remained faithful to him both during his life and after
his terrible death. Every word he spoke— even parables
which they did not understand and the more enigmatic

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Some New and Recent Boohs

figures of speech — tliey treasured like a precious pearl.
As time went on his spiritual image grew ever more
and more exalted till,, at length, it reached the measure
of the divine. Never has such a thing happened to any
other human creature in enlightened, historic times and
among a people claiming a two thousand years- old
civilization.

"What is the secret of this astonishing influence?

"In the opinion of the present writer the answer
should be looked for in the complex nature of his per-
sonality and also in his methods of teaching.

"The great man is not recognizable as such by vir-
tues alone, but by defects which can themselves, in cer-
tain combinations, be transformed into virtues. Like
every great man Jesus was a complex of many and
amazing contradictions ; it was these which compelled
astonishment, enthusiasm and admiration."

"On the one hand, Jesus was humble and lowly-
minded." On the other hand he "possesses a belief in
his mission which verges on the extreme of self-venera-
tion." On the one side he is. "one of the people," a
Galilean artisan. On the other side he is "as expert
in the Scriptures as the best of the Pharisees" and
knows also the "tradition of the elders". Again, there
is to be seen in him "gentleness and charm on the one
side, the extremest moral demands on the other . . .
nothing can more influence and attract people to some-
thing new, no matter whether that something be of the
smallest or the gravest importance." Yet again he
exhibits "extreme kindliness of heart and the most vio-
lent passion." These traits "show in him a character
akin to that of the Prophet — save only that he had not
the wide political perspective of the Prophets nor their
gift of divine consolation to the nation. However this
may be, these two contradictory attributes are the sign
of the great man. Onl}^ such a man, mighty in forgive-
ness and equally mighty in reproof, could exert so in-

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The Bulletin of the Western Theological Seminary

effaceable an influence on all who came in contact with
him." The final contrast is between Jesus the man of
the world and Jesus the unworldly visionary. "The
complete visionary and mystic exerts an influence only
upon other visionaries like himself, and his influence
soon passes. The man of practical wisdom, alert in
wordly matters only, merely influences the brain while
leaving the heart untouched; and never in this world
was anything great achieved unless the heart, deeply
stirred, has pla3^ed its part. Only where mystic faith
is yoked with practical prudence does there follow a
strong, enduring result. And of such a nature was the
influence exerted by Jesus of Nazareth upon his fol-
lowers, and through them, upon succeeding generations."
"His method of teaching tended to the same end.
. . . He was a great artist in parable," and there were
also his striking proverbs — "short, sharp and shrewd,
hitting their mark like pointed darts, and, in the man-
ner of homely epigrams and proverbs, impossible to be
forgotten. Herein lies the secret why his disciples
could preserve the bulk of his proverbs, almost un-
changed, precisely as he uttered them. Almost all are
stamped mth the seal of one great, single personality,
the seal of Jesus, and not the several seals of many and
varied disciples."

For the Jewish nation, then, Jesus is "a great
teacher of morality and an artist in parable." His
moral teachings yield "no ethical code for the nations
and the social order of to-day," yet there is in them
" a , sublimity, distinctiveness and originality in form
unparalleled in any other Hebrew ethical code; neither
is there any parallel to the remarkable art of his para-
bles. The shrewdness and sharpness of his proverbs and
his forceful epigrams serve, in an exceptional degree, to
make ethical ideas a popular possession. If ever the
clay should come and this ethical code be stripped of
its wrappings of miracles and mysticism, the Book of

58 (168)

Some Neiv and Recent Books

the Ethics of Jesus will be one of the choicest treasures
in the literature of Israel for all time."

Thus the book ends. One might remark that the
desire to see the Gospels stripped of their mysticism
and left a bare ethical code seems a little strange ,on
the part of one who has just called attention to the fact
that "never in this world was anything great achieved
unless the heart, deeply stirred, has played its part."
Probably to most of us, as to St. Paul, an ethical code
seems rather conspicuously lacking in power to stir the
heart and so control the life. But it is to be remem-
bered that St, Paul, in this respect, was not a typical
Jew. No doubt Dr. Klausner feels much closer affinity
with the psalmist's "Oh how love I thy law!" than with
Paul's "to me to live is Christ." Christianity, happily,
has room for both ; yet it is the Christian conviction that
Paul got closer to the heart of the matter than did the
psalmist.

Mr. Kawlinson's new commentary on Mark prom-
ises to meet a real need and meet it acceptably. The
situation with regard to English commentaries on this
very important pioneer Gospel is admirably summed up
by Professor Burton Scott Easton in a recent issue of
the Churchman:

"We have not lacked for commentaries on St. Mark
in English; our only lack has been for a commentary
on St. Mark that was of real utility. Menzies' book, on
the whole the least unsatisfactory of all, has been out
of print for years. Bacon's, despite its modest appear-
ance, makes terrific demands on the student and must
be employed critically. Swete's ponderous volume for
the most part might have been published in 1798 quite
as well as in 1898; Swete never allowed his reading to
influence his opinions. Gould is eccentric and undig-
nified; W. C. Allen is dignified but equally eccentric.

59 (169)

The Bulletin of the Western Theological Seminary

And Plummer is little more than an aid for school boys
who are learning New Testament Greek."

That has been the situation exactly. Space forbids
more than a bare notice of the new commentary here.
Suffice it to say that it gives promise of affording sub-
stantial help in the difficult but fascinating task of try-
ing to use Mark's Gospel as a means of penetrating back
of the Jesus of written and oral tradition to the Jesus
whom his contemporaries knew in Palestine. The study
is based entirely on the English text and a knowledge
of the Greek is not presupposed in the discussions,
though of course the author himself has made constant
use of it. The book is an excellent example of scholarly
popularizing in a difficult technical field. It is a pity

7t the price has to be so high.
Two volumes of the new "Outline of Christianity"
are now at hand. They also are expensive, but it is
safe to predict that many readers of the Bulle-
tin will want to buy them. There are two rea-
sons why it would probably be well to do so. In the
first place these volumes will have great value for the
preacher with scholarly tastes in coordinating his knowl-
edge and bringing it up to date. In the second place
by lending them to intelligent members of his congre-
gation he can facilitate his task of bridging the chasm
between pulpit and pew. The editors have aimed at
producing a work "of indubitable authority and scholar-
ship" which at the same time would be so lucid as to
make "vivid appeal to the average reader." And they
have been at vast pains to assure the realization of this
end.

Of the thirty-six chapters in the first volume eight-
een are written by the two directing editors: eight by
Professor Scott and ten by Professor Easton. Other
contributors to this volume are S. Parkes Cadman,
Henry van Dyke, W. G. Jordan, Samuel Dickey, J. H.

60 (170)

Some Neiv and Recent Books

Leckie, Frederick C. Grant, Edward I. Bosworth, James
H. Ropes, Benjamin W. Bacon, B. H. Streeter, Arthur
S. Peake, W. Russell Bowie.

The second volume carries Christian histor}' from
the close of the first century to the eve of the Reforma-
tion. Of its forty-seven chapters twenty-six are written
by the editor, Professor Foakes Jackson. The remain-
der are contributed by Dana Carleton Munro, A. C.
McGiffert, Burton S. Easton, William B. Selbie, A. E.
J. Rawlinson, Alexander Nairne, William H, Hutton,
Henry Preserved Smith, Bernard L. Manning, Frank
Gavin, G. G. Coulton, A. V. W. Jackson, F. C. Burkitt.
Cornelius Clifford.

The editing has been carefully done, so that the
work as a whole .gives the impression not of a series of
detached sketches but of a compact and unified presen-
tation. In general the level of literary excellence is high,
while binding, printing, and illustrations do much toward
making these volumes works of art.

It will be seen that the "Outline of Christianity" is
primarily an American work, though the names of not
a few British scholars appear among the contributors.
The directing editors are all Americans (though some,
as Professors Scott and Foakes Jackson, are British by
birth and training) and so are all the members of the
various editorial boards and advisory councils. The
appearance of the remaining volumes will be awaited
with interest.

For those who ma}^ wish to avoid the expense of
buying the first volume of the "Outline", but would
like a scholarly and up-to-date work covering the gen-
eral field of New Testament "Introduction," there are
two new books Avhich may be recommended. In his
"History and Literature of the New Testament" Pro-
fessor FoAvler has covered the ground in pretty nmeli
the way in which it is usually covered in classroom

61 (171)

llie Bulletin of the Western Theological Seminary

studies in modern institutions. His book is intended for
class use, though the general reader has also been kept
in view. Professor Scott's "First Age of Christianity"
is more brief, more original, and perhaps one might add
more readable and suggestive.

62 (172)

Some New and Recent Books

Dr. Snowden

A History of the Warfare of Science ivith Theology in
Christendom. By Andrew Dickson White. New
York: D. Appleton and Company. 1914. Two
Volumes. $5.00.

.Science and Scientists in the Nineteenth Century. By
.vi/ Rev. Robert H. Murray. New York: The Macmil-
P, Ian Company. (1925). 450 pages. $5.00.

The Letters of William James. By Henry James. Bos-
Aj ton : Atlantic Monthly Press. 1920. Two volumes.

1 ^ $10.00.

Contributions of Science to Religion. By Shailer Math-
(^ ews. New York: D. Appleton & Company. (cl924)

427 pages. $3.00.

Science Religion and Reality, (various authors) Edited
by Joseph Needham. New York: The Macmillan
''] "" Company. 1925. 396 pages. $2.50.

Science and the Modern World. By Alfred North
Whitehead. (Lowell Lectures, 1925). New York:
The Macmillan Company. 1925. 296 pages. $3.00.

•1

Religion and science are two fields of human inter-
est which go back to the beiginning of man's think-
ing on the meaning of life and the world. At
first they dwelt under the same roof and were united
in the same process of thought, the priest being
also the interpreter of nature. They early sepa-
rated and went out from the old home along divergent
roads and in time suspicion and friction and unfriend-
liness developed between them which have continued to
this day. Of course there can be no fundamental dis-
agreement between religion and science as all truth is
unitary and harmonious, but men's partial and imper-
fect understandings of these two aspects of reality may

63 (173)

The Bulletin of the Western Theological Seminary

disagree and even violently contradict each other.
The monumental record of this conflict is Andrew D.
White's Warfare of Science with Theology. This book
is mournful reading for theologians and yet it is good
medicine for us to take. The mistakes that our fore-
bears made we should learn to avoid. White's book,
however, is a bit unfair in that it does not bring out
fully enough the fact that the "warfare" has not alwa^^s
been squarely "of science with theolog}^," but often has
been between scientists themselves. The line dividing
the hostile camps has hardly ever run sharply between
science and theology, but has cut across and run divisive
lines through both of these camps. Over important new
truths both scientists and theologians have divided.
Notable instances are Copernicus, Malthus, and Mendel
who made epochal scientific discoveries and yet were
clergymen. A new edition of White's work is now being
prepared by a professor in Cornell University and the
publishers recently informed us that it will ha a year
before it is completed. It is to be hoped that the impres-
sion created by White that theologians Avere nearly
always on the wrong side Avill be corrected in the new
edition.

However, this correction has already been made in
another notable work, entitled Science and Scientists
in the Nineteenth Century, by Rev. Robert H. Murray.
In this large and learned volume the author traces the
history of science through the last century and shows
how every important scientific discovery was opposed
and misrepresented and ridiculed by rival scientists.
Jenner with his vaccine, Simpson with his chloroform,
Lyell with his uniformitarianism in geologv, Darwin
and evolution, Pasteur and microbes, and Lister with
his antiseptics, encountered this unfair treatment and
unhappy fate. Many lesser scientists who made notable
contributions to science were neglected and consigned to

64 (174)

Some Neiv and Recent Books ' \

oblivion. The work is as humiliating reading for scien-
tists as White's Warfare is for theologians. Sir Oliver
Lodge writes an Introduction to Murray's book in which
he admits the truth and gravity of the author's charge^
but pleads that scientists have grown more broad-minded
and tolerant in our day. "In the past," he says, "we
see the supporters of new doctrines, the detectors of
unwelcome facts, coming forward apologeticall}^, humbly
presenting their credentials, and we see them immedi-
ately snuffed out or else browbeaten and ridiculed by
High Priests of Science. Surely that sort of thing can-
not happen to-day!" It is to be hoped not, and yet this
"sort of thing" may still lurk in some scientific breasts.
There is such a thing as heresy in science that still per-
vades the scientific world and makes itself felt. And
so Murray has turned the tables on White and given him
a good strong dose of his own medicine. William James
also in his Letters, Volume II, page 32, took a
fall out of the scientists for their narrow outlook and
purblind vision in relation to the things of the spirit.
"Of all insufficient authorities," he says, "as to the total
nature of reality, give me the scientists. Their inter-
ests are most incomplete and their professional conceit
and bigotry immense." There has been fault on both
sides and it is to be hoped that both may acquire broader
minds and better tempers. "It is a sad sight," says
professor Charles A. Seymour, of Yale Divinity School,
"to see a physicist come out of his laboratory, with the
standards and habits which befit his work, and go up to
that high tableland where the spirit struggles with its
mighty problems and destiny, to pass pontifical judg-
ments which only reveal his own limitations. On the
other hand, the scientist can suffer no more exquisite
torture than to hear the theologian, who evidenth^ knows
nothing of the care needed to establish even the sim-
plest fact, make sweeping generalizations." These dog-
matists bring both science and religion into disrepute

65 (175)

The Bulletin of the Western Theological Seminary

and they in no small degree have been the cause of the
long nnhappy conflict between these two fundamental
fields of thought. Both of these classes are now hap-
pily passing, such prejudice and partisanship are no
longer respectable and are becoming obsolete in the
scholarly world, and both old faith and new knowledge
are beginning to understand each other better and to
respect each other's rights and results and to w^ork to-
gether in harmony.

V Books on the relations of science and religion con-
tinue to pour from the press in a steady stream. Con-
tributions of Science to Religion, edited by Shailer
Mathews, consists of a series of chapters by American
experts in the various fields of science and is an up-to-
date handbook of science, the religious interpretation
being furnished in several chapters by the editor.
Science Religion amd Reality is a similar composite
work by English scientists, the religious interpretation
being given by Dean Inge. This is a work of great
ability and shows how thorough and profound the
English thinkers are. In Science and the Modern
World, A. N. Whitehead, one of the greatest mathe-
maticians in the world and a profound metaphysical
thinker, drops his plummet into depths where few
can follow him. Dr. Whitehead thinks we must
scrap most of our scientific terminology and view the
universe of reality in other thought terms. He finds
that all things are of the nature of organisms and sug-
gests that this may be the key to reality. Kn organism
is shaped by purpose and "the new philosophy presents
us with a purposeful universe, one in which our aspira-
tions towards the good and the beautiful find a worthy
place." The general outcome of this discussion is that
science and religion are coming into better relations and
religion stands grounded and established in reality and
is growing with all our growth in knowledge.

66 (176)

Some New and Recent Books

Dr. Farmer

Putting it Across. By William H. Leach, Ph.D., Editor
of "Church Management". Nashville, Tenn. :
Cokesbury Press. 1925. Pp. 125. $1.25.

Principles of Puhlicity. By Glenn C. Quiett, of Tamblyn

and Brown, New York City, and Ralph D. Casey,

J Associate Professor of Journalism and University

['Ny^ Editor, University of Oregon. New York: D.

Appleton and Company. 1926. Pp. 420. $3.00.

Devotional Leadership. By Gerrit Verkuyl, Ph.D., D.D.,
Field Representative, Presbyterian Board of Chris-
A tian Education; Author of "Scripture Memory
Work (Graded)" and "Children's Devotions".
New York and Chicago : Fleming H. Revell. 1925.
Pp. 160. $1.25.

The Minister's Everyday Life. By Lloyd C. Douglas.
New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. 1924. Pp.
220. $1.75.

Best Sermons — 192S. Edited with Introduction and Bio-
I graphical Notes by Joseph Fort Newton, D.D.,

\i\ Litt.D. New York: Harcourt, Brace and Company.

'^' ,1925. Pp. 337. $2.50.

\'\

The author of "Putting It Across", an admirable
little book on the technic of organized activity in
churches and other forms of voluntary association, has
brought to his task three qualifications of the first order.
To begin with, he was evidently born with a flair for
organization. He speaks of getting people to serve on
committees in the same spirit of joyous enthusiasm that
Isaak Walton shows in his discourse on catching trout.
And in the second place, he has given to this natural apti-
tude the training of the schools which devote themselves
to the technic of organization, such as the Summer
Schools of the American City Bureau at the University

67 (177)

TJie Bulletin of the Western Theological Seminary

of Wisconsin, and of the United States Chamber of Com-
merce at Northwestern University, and finally he has had
more than twelve years of experience in the pastorate,
and is now pastor of the Walden Presbyterian Church of
Buffalo, N. Y.

It is not surprising that with such an equipment Mr.
Leach has been able to put into this little book a great
amount of definite and practical information on the art
of getting things done through proper organization.
There are eleven short chapters, on such topics as "The
Man", "Getting Organized", "Team- Work", "Tools
for Handling Men", "The Committee Way", etc. The
treatment throughout is clear and concise, and while
there is no unnecessary discussion of theory, the practi-
cal directions given are based on sound principles which
are stated with sufficient fullness. It wiU be a very use-
ful book to the pastor who needs guidance in the art of
developing and using the latent power in his church
through sound and efficient organization.

The first thing to be said about "Principles of Pub-
licity" is that it makes very interesting reading for any
body who is concerned with the manifold phases of what
we call modern civilization. For we have here a
thoroughgoing discussion of the principles and j)ractice
of what is in reality a new profession, a profession which
has been called into being by the growing complexit}^ of
modern life. "The purpose of publicity", say the authors
in the opening chapter, "is to inform the public about a
specific individual, an institution, or a cause so as to cre-
ate a public opinion that is intelligent, informed, and
favorable. Although the creation of opinion is not a
problem of modern origin, the technic of publicity has
recently assumed a new importance. The spread of
democracy and the attendant shift of authority from top
to bottom; the release, by reason of educational and eco-
nomic opportunity, of new energies, ambitions, and

68 (178)

Some Neiv and Recent Books

ideals, and the increase of literacy and knowledge among
the ranks of common men ; the invention of quick and effi-
cient means of communication; and the growing com-
plexity of our institutions, have combined to create a
situation wherein the opinion of the public is a matter
to be reckoned with, wherein it may be easily reached,
and wherein so many things bid for its attention that a
special technic is required to interest it. Publicity is
that tecJinic. Publicity is the specialized effort of pre-
senting to the piihlic particularistic neivs and vieivs in an
effort to influence opinion and conduct."

This rather long quotation may be justified by the
fact that it gives a good example of the clearness, force,
and dignity of stjde which characterize the whole book,
but still more because it is an admirable statement of
the main business of the preacher and of the conditions
under which he must carry it on. For the preacher is the
chief of all "publicity men", and any book which sets
forth the underlying principles and the technical pro-
cedures of this craft must command his attention, even
though some parts of this technic may not be adapted to
his particular work.

There is only one chapter in the book which deals
specifically with Church Publicity, and if the preacher
will study this chapter carefully he will be saved from
the trivial sensationalism on the one hand and the bar-
ren stiffness on the other, which, each in its own way,
defeat the purpose of much of our church publicity. But
there is not a chapter in- the book which will not help a
preacher to gain a new conception of his task and a mas-
tery of better waj'S of doing it.

y The subtitle of Dr. Verkuyl's book ("Devotional
Leadership") is "Private Preparation for Public AVor-
ship", and the first sentence of the Foreword is, "The
secret of success in devotional leadership is adequate
preparation". It is the necessity of preparation for this

69 (179)

The Bulletin of the Western Theological Seminary

very important part of the minister's work which makes
it seem worth while to call the attention of ministers to
a book Avhich was perhaps written rather for leaders of
Young People's Societies, Missionary Meetings, and
other gatherings not superintended by the Minister. For
it can scarcely be denied that very many ministers give
little care to preparation for the "devotional exercises"
which they are called upon to conduct, in the prayer
meeting and elsewhere, or even for the devotional parts
of Sunday services.

Dr. Verkuyl places due emphasis upon the necessity
of a deeply devotional spirit in the leader himself, but
he recognizes also the necessity of learning how this
spirit may express itself in such a way as to quicken and
direct the devotions of others who are gathered for the
purpose of worshipping God together. The book is char-
acterized by clear and logical analysis, by sound common
sense unspoiled by false pietism, and by a wealth of defi-
nite practical suggestion. It is made available for use
as a text-book by the valuable apparatus at the close of
each chapter, consisting of an outline of the chapter, a
list of subjects for discussion, and some suggestions for
research, with a brief bibliography on the topic covered
in the chapter. It is a good text-book for the preacher —
hipiself being both the teacher and the class.

Some time ago Dr. Douglas wrote for The Christian
Century a series of articles upon various phases of the
minister's life and work which were so admirable in con-
tent, spirit,^ and style that the author was straightway
involved in a "voluminous correspondence" with minis-
ters and theological students i-be sought his counsel on
matters not touched upon in the articles. And so he was
led to the writing of "The Minister's Everyday Life",
which is undoubtedly one of the most delightful and most
helpful of all the many books that have been written on
the minister and his work. He makes it clear that he is

70 (180)

Some New and Recent Books

offering his remarks to the youth of our profession —
seminary students in training for the ministry, and
young preachers who are meeting many of their pastoral
experiences for the first time. But for all that, there is
not a page in the book in which the most experienced
veteran will not find both entertainment and profit. -As
for the novices who are invited "to drape themselves
about the old man's knee, and turn an attentive ear" —
happy are they, who may begin their life work with the
help of counsel so full of wisdom and humor and kindness.
Dr. Douglas in his preface gives fair warning that
if it pleases him '^to ramble from the motion before the
house at an}^ time" he will do so "without so much as
a by-your-leave ". And he does. But in his ramblings
he pretty well covers the field indicated by the title he
has chosen. "The Ministry as a Profession"; "The
Pastoral Relationship"; "Receipts and Disburse-
ments"; " Machiner}'- " ; "Visiting the Sick"; "Earth to
Earth"; "For Better, For Worse"; "The Minister's
Library"; "The Minister's Mail"; "Sermon Making";
— these are the titles of the ten chapters of the book, and
they give some idea of its scope and content. Dr. Doug-
las has high ideals, but he has no illusions. He has a
great deal of common sense, a clear insight into the frail-
ties and foibles, and also the beauties and powers of
human nature, a very fine and understanding sympathy,
and a fairly delicious humor. And when to these is
added a style that is perfectly adapted to its matter the
result is such that every reader will certainly add to the
author's chapter on the Minister's Library this footnote
—"and by all means a copy of "The Minister's Every-
day Life".

It is obviously impossible here to make any ap-
praisal of each of the twenty-one sermons which Dr.
NeAvton gives us as, in his judgment, the "Best Ser-
mons"of 1925. It is equally obvious that the selection of

71 (181)

The Bulletin of the Western Theological Seminary

a few for critical examination might seem to put the
present writer in a position which he is wholly incompe-
tent to fill. The sermons chosen by Dr. Newton are no
doubt fairly representative of the best preaching that
has been done in American pulpits in the last church
year, for no man is better qualified to make such a selec-
tion than Dr. Newton. Aside from the content of the
sermons themselves there are two things in this book that
attract our attention. The one is the inclusiveness of
the collection. "In the present volume", says Dr. New-
ton in his introductory chapter, "a larger number of
communions are represented, and the editor rejoices in
the cooperation of both the Jewish and the Catholic pul-
pits, not alone for the high quality of the sermons con-
tributed, but also to make plain that in our pulpit sym-
phou}^ all voices are welcome: only exclusiveness is
excluded". It is a good thing to be brought face to face,
as we are in this group of sermons, with the evidences
of spiritual fervor and spiritual power in the preaching
of men whose intellectual positions are widelj" se^Darated.
The other noteworthy thing in the book is to be
found in Dr. Newton's discussion of the position in which
the pulpit finds itself in this modern world of noisy, hur-
rying activity. It amounts i)ractically to an admission
that really great x>reaching is impossible in these days,
although the preachers are, on the whole, doing the best
work that could be done under the existing handicaps;
and that we are to hold on to a hope that there will be
in the future "new births in this holy line of descent",
that the Life of the Spirit will ' ' achieve to new and more
perfect forms". Yet Dr. Newton holds that "In these
despites we have a great pulpit to-day, as this volume
bears witness, in many keys and tones eloquent in behalf
of the spiritual life in a hurrying time". And as we read
carefully the sermons in this collection we are con-
strained to accept not only Dr. Newton's hope for the
future but his belief that in these our own days the pul-
pit is proving itself worthy of its hour.

72 (182)

Some New and Recent Books

\ Mr. Le Sourd

T.eaching the Youth of the Church. By Cynthia Pearl
Maus. New York : Geo. H. Doran Company. 1925.
Pp. 211. $1.75.

The Curriculum of Religious Education. By Wiliiam
Clayton Bower. New York: Charles Scribner's
Sons. 1925. Pp. 283. $3.00.

A Handbook of the Outdoors. By Earle Amos Brooks.
New York: Geo. H. Doran Company. 1925. Pp.

238. $2.00.

^ Current Week-day Religious Education. By Philip

uj' Henry Lotz. New York: Abingdon Press. 1925.

\^ Pp. 412. $2.00.

<^- ^^'
The Manuel, The Preshgterian Program for Young Peo-

li'-^ pie. Philadelphia: Board of Christian Education.

^^ 1925. Pp. 144. 60 cents.

The Church's Program for Young People. Herbert
J Carleton Mayer. New York: The Century Com-

,p pany. 1925. Pp. 387. $2.00.

Books in the field of Religious Education are giving
new insight into the problems, new methods of attaining
objectives, new inspiration to perfect the organization
of this department of church work. As in every other
phase of church work, success comes to those who study,
and plan, and execute.

The present list includes just a few of the new books
that deserve careful reading.

'Teaching the Youth of the Church" is a book which
sums up in an attractive and popular way the modern
methods of teaching. It is most suggestive to teachers,
and gives the supervising officers the standards by which
they can judge the quality of teaching. It is based on
the theory of education that the pupil is a reacting agent

73 (183)

The Bulletin of the Western Theological Seminary

and therefore creates his own personality by his own
activity. With the acceptance of the principle that chil-
dren learn by doing, emphasis is placed on those methods
that call for the largest initiative on the part of the
pupils. It is a very stimulating book.

The Curriculmn of Keligious Education." Mr.
Bower's treatment of the theory of the curriculum is the
best that has been produced. Every one who is in any
way responsible for the selection of materials for reli-
gious education ought to be familiar with this book. Its
keen analysis of ''The Curriculum as Discipline", '"'The
Curriculum as Knowledge", "The Curriculum as Re-
capitulation", and "The Curriculum as Enriched and
Controlled Experience" should be a part of the 'mental
equipment of every one interested in religious education.
The closing chapter on "A Dynamic Curriculum" is a
clarion call for an ever-changing, ever-grooving body of
material by means of which the child may enter into the
richest and deepest experiences of life.

In "A Handbook of the Outdoors", we at last have
a source book on the Outdoors that will be most sug-
gestive to teachers of Religious Education who wish to
use the great laboratory of nature for the upbuilding of
character. When the writer urges the religious appre-
ciation of nature as the highest mode, he is making hik-
ing, camping, sports, and woodland games, not only a
means of entertainment, but an integral part of the
w^hole process of developing a religious personality. Such
a book as this is valuable to Avorkers with young people.

Current Week-day Religious Education" is the
best book that has appeared dealing with the problems
of Week-Day Religious Education. Its treatment of the
history of the movement, objectives, program, organiza-
tion, management, finances, curriculum, teachers, etc., is

74 (184)

Some New and Recent Books

comprehensive and illuminating. In the promotion of
this work, this book will be an invaluable source book for
guidance and suggestion.

'The Manual, The Presbyterian Program for Young
People." The effort on the part of the Board of Chris-
tian Education in "The Manual" to correlate the study
and activities of the young people in all the agencies of
the church that deal with them, is most promising. The
first part of this book treats in a general way the place of
young people in the church and their opportunities of
worship, instruction, service, and recreation. The sec-
ond part deals with a practical program in which these
phases of young people's work ma^^ find expression in
different organizations. It is published in loose leaf form
in order that revisions and additions may be made at
small cost.

V "The Church's Program for Young People" is the
best and most suggestive book that is available on young
people's work. It is a real scientific study of adolescent
leadership programs. After treating the history and
significance of work Avith young people, Mr. Mayer has
a chapter on the psychological study of young people,
which seems rather inadequate, but excellent as far as
it goes. He deals with ever^^ phase of the work, the class,
the department, the curriculum, activities, worship, and
the program. It is made clear that leadership is the
crux of the whole program, which it is the purpose of this
book to develop.

75 (185)

The Bulletin of the Western Theological Seminary

ALUMNIANA

1866

Dr. William O. Campbell, pastor emeritus of the Sewickley
Presbyterian Church, died in Atlantic City, January 8th, at the age
of 85.

1882

Dr. Wm. 0. Thompson, recently retired from the presidency
of Ohio State University at the age of seventy, thus closing a dis-
tinguished service of twenty-six years. He has since been serving
temporarily as minister of the Central Presbyterian Church of
Denver.

1884

Dr. C. C. Hays, has resigned the presidency of the board of
trustees of the Pennsylvania Anti-Saloon League.

A tablet, in memory of Dr. C. P. Cheeseman, has been erected
in the Highland Church, of Pittsburgh. Dr. Cheeseman was
pastor of this church for twenty-nine years. The present pastor
is Dr. G. C. Fisher ('03).

1893

Dr. J. L. Ewing has been elected president of Lincoln Univer-
sity, located near Phialdelphia. For the three years preceding his
election to this important position. Dr. Ewing had been superin-
tendent of national missions in the Synod of New Jersey. He is
a brother of the late Dr. J. C. R. Ewing and of Dr. Arthur Ewing.

1894

The Bulletin has received an attractive souvenir booklet pub-
lished by the Mingo Presbyterian Church, Finleyville, Pa., on the
occasion of "Old Home Coming", September 12-13, 1925. The
celebration commemorated the 13 9th anniversary of the organiza-
tion of the church. A monument has been erected to the memory
of the first installed pastor, Dr. Samuel Ralston, a graduate of the
University of Glasgow. The present pastor is Rev. R. Frank
Getty.

1895

Rev. M. D. McClelland, Ph.D., has resigned his charge at
Portersville, to accept calls from the Elderton group of churches in
Kittanning Presbytery.

1896

The First Presbyterian Church of Ravenswood, W. Va.. cele-
brated its seventy-fifth anniversary in November. Rev. W. A.
Brown is pastor.

Rev. H. T. Chisholm, D.D., of Rochester, N. Y.. has accepted
a call to the pastorate of the East Brady church in Clarion
Presbytery.

76 (186)

Alumniana

Rev. J. S. Cotton read a paper before the Shenango Valley
Ministerial Association at Sharon, Pa., in December. His subject
was "Children and the Kingdom." Mr. Cotton has since removed
from the pastorate of West Middlesex Church to that of Clinton-
vLlle, Pa.

The completion of improvements on the Poplar Street Presby-
terian Church of Cincinnati, was celebrated with a home-coming
service in March. This church has the largest week-day religious
school in the county, the enrollment being 565. The pastor is Rev.
D. A. Greene.

1897

Dr. Hugh Thompson Kerr has recently been preaching a series
of sermons on themes drawn from famous religious paintings.
These services, held in the Shadyside Church of Pittsburgh, at five
o'clock each Sunday evening, are broadcast by KDKA, so that Dr.
Kerr preaches to a very large and widely distributed audience.

The First Presbyterian Church of Oakmont, Pa., has completed
an addition to the Sunday School room costing $30,000. The
church now has four departmental assembly rooms and class rooms
separated by solid partitions. Rev. C. A. McCrea, D.D., is pastor.

1898

The Presbyterian Church of Goheenville, Pa., was rededicated
in December, following the completion of extensive refurnishing and
repairs. The pastor is Rev. Harry C. Prugh.

1899

Rev. J. D. Humphrey has removed from the Plumville and
Sagamore Churches to the pastorate of West Lebanon and Elder's
Ridge, in Kittanning Presbytery.

1900

Rev. Harry W. Kilgore has been called from Long Run and
Sewickley Churches, Redstone Presbytery, to the New Salem Church
in the same presbytery.

Dr. P. W. Snyder was reelected president of the Pennsylvania
State Federation of Churches, at Harrisburg, December 1st.

1901

Rev. H. B. Marks, is rector of St. Philip's Episcopal Church
of Crompton, West Warwick, R. I. This church has recently re-
opened and rededicated its building after the completion of exten-
sive reconstruction work.

1903

Rev. E. W. Byers has removed from Jersey Shore, Pa., to the
pastorate of the Morningside Church of Pittsburgh.

Rev. F. Benton Shoemaker has been called from Jeannette to
Brookville, Pa.

The session of the Hopewell Presbyterian Church, New Bed-
ford, Pa., has published, in an artistic booklet, a "History of a

77 (187)

The Bulletin of the Western Theological Seminary

Century and a Quarter" — the period since the church was organized.
The present building is the fourth, the first two having been built
of logs. The present minister, Rev. T. E. Thompson, Ph.D., is the
twelfth pastor of the church. The 125th anniversary was observed
October 14-17, 1925.

1911

Rev. John L. Howe, is president of Highland College, the
oldest Presbyterian College west of Missouri. Some of the schools
out of which the College grew were established as early as 1837.
Five years ago the Synod of Kansas gave the College up as a hope-
less enterprise. This year there are more regular students in
attendance that at any other time in its history. Recently the
College raised in the immediate community $127,000, for endow-
ment and building purposes. The unique thing about the present
program of the College is its relationship with the State University.
The University reorganized the educational program, and now
recommends that the young people of Northwestern Kansas attend
Highland for the first two years of their University course.

The Bulletin has received an attractive "Year Book and Church
Directory," published by the Prospect Presbyterian Church of
Ashtabula, Ohio. Rev. Malcolm Matheson, Ph.D., has been pastor
of this church since 1920.

1912

Rev. Francis Hornicek, who is employed by Blairsville Pres-
bytery as a missionary among foreign-speaking peoples within the
bounds of the presbytery, has recently been preaching in Czecho-
slovakia. He reports religious progress in that country to be very
encouraging.

1913

Rev. Howard J. Baumgartel has left Parnassus, having ac-
cepted a call to the First Church of Ebensburg, Pa.

Rev. Charles W. Cochran has resigned the pastorate of the
Summerville Church, Clarion Presbytery, and accepted a call to the
Midland Church in Beaver Presbytery.

1914

The First Presbyterian Church of Hutchinson, Kansas, raised
1103,000 in one day for enlarging the church building and other
improvements. Twenty-two members were received Into the church
the same day. Facilities for religious education in the new build-
ing will be modern in every respect. The proposed construction
was expected to cost $100,000. Rev. D. G. MacLennan is pastor.

1916

Rev. James M. Fisher, of Mount Joy, Pa., has been called by the
First Presbyterian Church of Marion, Ohio, to take charge of the
work of the Lee Street Mission in that city.

78 (188)

Alumniana

Rev. R. V. Gilbert, of Independence, Iowa, assisted in an
evangelistic campaign in Minneapolis Presbytery in February.

1919

The Seminary friends of Rev. H. B. Clawson extend to him
their very deep sympathy in the loss of his wife. Mrs. Clawson
died at their home at Mt. Pleasant, Pa., in January.

Riverdale Presbyterian Church of Glen Willard, has received
substantial improvements, including new lights, new carpet, and
redecorating. Rev. D. Earl Daniel has been pastor of this church
for the past three years. Mr. Daniel recently read a paper before
the Presbyterian Ministerial Association of Pittsburgh, which was
very favorably commented upon. The subject was, "Where is the
happiness of sorrow?"

Rev. Hodge M. Eagleson, entered upon the pastorate of the
Hawthorne Avenue Church of Crafton, Pa., in November. Mr.
Eagleson came from Bucyrus, Ohio, where he had been pastor for
four years.

Three of the members of the class of 1919, have recently pub-
lished articles in our Presbyterian papers: Rev. J. E. Kidder, Rev.
W. W. McKinney, and Rev. D. Earl Daniel.

1922

Rev. Ralph K. Merker, after a two year pastorate in the
Manchester church, has become associate pastor of the Knoxville
church. Both churches are in Pittsburgh.

1923

Rev. R. L. Roberts has removed from the Montour and Moon
Run pastorate to the Bull Creek church. Both are in the Pres-
bytery of Pittsburgh.

Rev. John Lloyd has accepted a call to the Pine Run Pres-
byterian Church of Markle, Pa., taking charge of the new field the
second week of April. His mail address is R. D. No. 1, Apollo, Pa.

1924

Rev. John K. Bibby, after three years' service as assistant
pastor of the Knoxville church of Pittsburgh, and teacher of the
Men's Community Bible Class of Knoxville, has been installed as
pastor of the church at Clairton, Pa.

Rev. Harold P. Post, has charge of the Young People's Con-
ference work of Mahoning Presbytery. A conference was held at
Alliance, December 5th and 6th. Mr. Post is pastor at Petersburg,
Ohio.

Rev. William Merwin has resigned the pastorate of the Yates-
boro and Atwood churches in Kittanning Presbytery, to accept a
call to the Summerville church in Clarion Presbytery.

79 (189)

Subscription Blank for the Bulletin of the Western Theological Seminary.

Rev. James A. Kelso, Ph., D., D.D.,

Pres. Western Theological Seminary,

731 Ridge Ave., N. S., Pittsburgh, Pa.

Dear Sir: —

Enclosed find 75 cents for one year's subscription to the Bulletin of the
Western Theological Seminary, commencing July, 1926.

Name

Address

The Balletii)

of tke

tfestepD Theologleal
Seminapy

Vol,. XVIII. July. 1926. No. 4.

The Western Theological Seminary

North Side, Pittsburgh. Pa.

FOUKDBD BY THE OENEEAL ASSEMBLY^ 18^

The faculty consists of eight professors and three
instructors. A complete modern theological curricnlnm,
with elective courses leading to degrees of S.T.B. and
S.T.M. Graduate courses of the University of Pitts-
burgh, leading to the degrees of A.M. and Ph.D., are
open to properly qualified students of the Seminary. A
special course is offered in Practical Christian Ethics, in
which students investigate the problems of city missions,
settlement w^ork, and other forms of Christian activity.
A new department of Religious Education was inaugu-
rated with the opening of the term beginning September
1922. The City of Pittsburgh affords unusual opportuni-
ties for the study of social problems.

The students have exceptional library facilities. The
Seminary Library of 40,000 volumes contains valuable
collections of works in all departments of Theology, but
is especially rich in Exegesis and Church History ; the
students also have access to the Carnegie Library, which
is situated within five minutes' walk of the Seminary
buildings.

A post-graduate fellowship of $600 is annually
awarded the member of the graduating class who has the
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tution.

Two entrance prizes, each of $150, are awarded on
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For further information, address

President James A. Kelso,
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THE BULLETIN

OF THE

Western Theologieal Seminary

A Revie-w Devoted to the Interests of
ineological Education

Published quarterly in January, April. July, and October, by tbe
Trustees of the Western Theological Seminary of the Presbyterian Church
in the United States of America.

Edited by the rresident with the co-operation of the Faculty.

Page

Some Reconsiderations of the Ministry 5

Rev. Harris E. Kirk, D.D.

The Graduating Class 17

President's Report 18

Librarian's Report 2 9

Treasurer's Report 3 3

Faculty Notes 35

Alumniana 36

Coramunications for the Editor and all business matters siiould be
addressed to

REV. JAMES A. KELSO.

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(North Sifle Station) under llie act of August 24, 1912.

Press of

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pittsburgh. pa.

1926

Faculty

The Rev. JAMES A. KELSO, Ph. D., D. D., LL. D.,

President and Professor of Hebrew and Old Testament Literature
The Nathaniel W. Conkling Foundation

The Rev. DAVID RIDDLE BREED, D. D., LL. D.

Professor of Homiletics

The Rev. DAVID S. SCHAFF, D. D.

{Professor of Ecclesiastical History and History of Doctrine

The Rev. WILLIAM R. FARMER, D. D.

Reunion Professor of Sacred Rhetoric and Elocution

The Rev. JAMES H. SNOWDEN, D. D., LL. D.

Professor of Systematic Theology

The Rev. DAVID E. CULLEY, Ph. D., D. D.

Professor of Hebrew and Old Testament Literature

The Rev. SELBY FRAME VANCE, D. D., LL. D.

Memorial Professor of New Testament Literature and Exegesis

The Rev. FRANK EAKIN, Ph. D.

fProfessor of Ecclesiastical History and History of Doctrine

Prof. GEORGE M. SLEETH, Litt. D.

Instructor in Elocution

Mr. CHARLES N. BOYD

Instructor in Hymuology and Music

The Rev. HOWARD M. Le SOURD

Instructor in Religious Education

JDr. Schaff retired from this chair Dec. 31, 192 5.
tDr. Eakin's appointment took effect Jan. 1, 1926.

The Bulletin

of rhe

WESTEI^N THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY

Vol. XVIII. July, 1926 No. 4

*Commencement Address

Some Reconsiderations of the Ministry

Eev. Harris E. Kirk, D.D.

You have laid upon me a divided duty. On the one
hand I must remember that you are celebrating your
100th anniversary in 1927, and on the other hand I
must keep in mind the hopes and aspirations of the
graduating- class. I believe that I can discharge this
dual obligation by discussing with you the theme: "Some
Reconsiderations of the Ministry".

The function and importance of a theological semi-
nar}' is intimatel}' connected with a question that is
being widely discussed to-day, namely whether the pres-
ent trend of society, and the modern developments of
the Church, justify us in concluding that there must be
some radical change of view as to the need and function
of the gospel ministry. It is a common assumption that
probably this special vocation in the Church will be
superseded b}^ something else ; or at any rate that there
is less need now than formerly for seminaries of this
type to fit men for the service of the Church.

It is wise that w^e should frankly face this question,
not only to justify the sort of training given in semi-
naries, but also to strengthen one's convictions in the

^Address delivered at the auunal Commencement exercises, held in
the First Presbyterian Church Sixth avenue, Pittsburgh. Thursday
evening May 6, 192 6.

5 (195)

The Bullei'n) of the Western Theologicat Seminary

face of criticism and opposition, to maintain the voca-
tion of the minister in a world like this.

If one accept under conviction a call to the minis-
try, he will not lack positive injunctions to maintain it
under all the conditions that prevail. He must make
full proof of his ministry; he must see to it that the
ministry be not blamed. He must fulfil his ministry
and not faint. But if he is to do this, he must not only
have resources within himself, but examine those re-
sources from time to time, in the face of whatever criti-
cism ma^^ prevail. On this account, then, I think I am
justified in asking 3^ou to reconsider the gospel minis-
try. If we can justify this calling to ourselves, we shall
go a long way towards the justification of the mainte-
nance and support of seminaries of a normal type.

We all know that both ministr^^ and seminary are
being criticised to-day. Some say that the modern
church has become such a complicated organization that
it requires a different sort of leadership than formerly.
The spread of popular education, the influence of books
and magazines make it no longer necessary to go to
church to learn what religion is; the sermon has been
outgrown, and what is now required is a type of leader-
ship modeled upon that of a secular rather than a sa-
cred calling; and in so far as this sort of opinion prevails
it is said that whatever training a minister needs can
better be provided by professional schools of a secular
type, than by seminaries sustained by churches and
denominations.

This has an effect upon whatever special training
the church has to provide. On the one hand, responding
fully to the demand for the modernization of ministerial
education, we have seen certain seminaries evolve into
schools of religion, in Avhich the advocacy of a particu-
lar conception of the gospel has been superseded by a
rather impressionistic consideration of comparative reli-
gion; and some of these modified institutions have

6 (196)

Commencement Address

advanced still further into schools of religions, in which
it seems to me all special consideration of Christianity
has been lost. On the other hand, a reactionary tradi-
tionalism turns away from the normal seminary type
and sets up Bible Schools, as a kind of religious chiro-
practic offering a short cut into the ministry, and by
reducing the educational requirements appears to fur-
nish a larger number of ministers to the time.

With neither of these movements have I any sym-
pathy, for in the long last they completely fail to meet
the needs of the Church and time. Neither religious
impressionism nor reactionary^ traditionalism can be a
substitute for thoroughgoing intelligent advocacy of the
gospel of Christ. If the gospel is worth preaching, if
it be true, then no education can be too thorough and
comprehensive to present it to our age. My own belief
is that what the Church needs to-day among other things
is not less or more seminaries, but better seminaries,
which, while in closest sympathy with the modern world,
are able vitally and comprehensively to connect our
present age Avith the stabilizing influence of the great
past, and to sustain in the modern preacher that true
apostolical succession, that strong feeling of continuity
in history, without which influence and power for God
can hardly be expected. Justify then the preacher of
the gospel, and 3^ou justify the theological seminary. I
believe that one function of a seminary is to develop
scholars in the Church; for if the seminary fail in this,
we can expect scholars from no other source. But the
primary function of a seminary is to develop preachers
of the gospel. If the modern Church is going to con-
tinue to require preachers, then one of its primary
duties will be to maintain, at their highest efficiency,
seminaries which alone can train them.

Permit me now to give expression to what I believe
to be the primary conviction of a preacher. It is this,

7 (197)

The Bulletin of the Western Theological Seminary

that if a man believe he is called of God to preach the
gospel, if he be overtaken by such a conviction as shall
separate him mito the advocacy of the redemptive sal-
vation of Jesus Christ as Lord and Saviour, then his
responsibility in this respect is absolute and not rela-
tive. The instant he gives force to such a conviction,
he puts his feet upon a pathway that has no turnings.
It is a determination to live heroically; to put his life
and future in jeopardy. In the beginning it led to
hardship, prison, pain, and sometimes martyrdom; and,
if we of the modern world have almost lost sight of this
essentially sacrificial aspect of our calling, it is because
we have identified religion with comfort rather than
finding within its awakening and enlarging experiences
an increasing discomfort and power to upset and to dis-
turb a complacent and time-serving secularism. We
should ever aim to face Paul's injunction: ''Seeing we
have this ministry we faint not." There must be no
looking back, no alteration of determination at its
increasing hardships, no surprises at the dangers and
difficulties in the way. It is literally true that if we are
to meet the simple obligations of our calling we must be
ready at all times to take our share of the hardships.
We must accept the scourgings of time, the reverses of
fortune, the criticisms of enemies, and the misunder-
standings of friends with equal good nature ; for finally
our authority over others will be evidenced and s^niibol-
ized to them in the marks of Jesus, in the authority of
the worn life.

The reason for this is that we are leaders. Look at
it historically. The human race is divided into two
groups, the leaders and the led. No human philosophy,
however optimistic or generous, has ever been able to
conceal effectively this radical difference in men. Some
are capable of leadership, others are not ; and no system
of government, no idealistic philosophy, from the time
of Aristotle to the present can alter this essential dif-

8 (198)

Commencement Address

ference. The majority of the human race at any time is
incapable of directing itself ; it must be led, and directed
by the minority. This distinction is as clearly set forth
in the Bible. The difference there is between the sheep
and the shepherds. Read the Bible with discrimination
aiid see that God praises the doings of the sheep, and
condemns the misdoings of the shepherds. It is the for-
tune of leaders to be lonely, misunderstood, criticised,
and often to die for their convictions ; they are per-
mitted to ask for only one reward, the right to do their
work well, "to finish their ministry with joy" and have
the approval of a good conscience; but one thing they
must not do, and that is to faint, to fail, or to turn
back. Once to have finally and completely accepted this
conception of the function is practically to remove all
formidable elements of discouragement from the way;
it gives a supreme sense of finality to one's calling, and
such a man is practically incapable of failure. It be-
comes an enthusiasm which defies death: "I am not
ashamed of the gospel of Christ for it is the power of
God unto salvation".

II.

But it must be obvious that such a mighty persuasion
about one's self cannot be developed by fine words, by
simply saying I will be this or that. Enthusiasm of
itself is of no enduring value. Its value depends at least
on two things : experience and intelligence. It depends
on the maturity of actual experience, the testing of the
practical life, the disciplines of struggle and strain Avitli-
in the world ; but a vital element in this maturity lies in
intelligence ; in the breadth, the depth, and scope of one 's
knowledge of what he is about, what and Avhy he believes
what he does; or, to put it in another way, enthusiasm
can be trusted and matured only when it is intelligent.

The man of God must not only be soundly taught,
but apt to teach; and without a thoroughgoing theologi-
cal education, superimposed upon a liberal culture, can

9 (199)

The Bulletin of the Western Theological Seminary

a man be safely trusted with so great a sense of his call-
ing? The product of the Bible school has enthusiasm,
often out of all proportion to his fitness, but he is rarely
intelligent, and frequently without historical perspjective.
The product of the schools of religion has a varied mass
of things lying upon the surface of his mind, but rarely
develops any sustained enthusiasms for his calling. He
has views about religion, but no convictions; many
diplomas but few of the marks of the Lord Jesus, and
hence no authority to command the allegiance of the
troubled soul amid the fearsome experiences of eternity.
I am going then to insist that Christianity is an in-
telligent enthusiasm for Christ, based upon actual expe-
rience of salvation, and that the gospel minister is sus-
tained in his lonely calling by a sense of predestination,
of a setting apart unto a certain life, sustained at all
points by growing practical experience with the world,
and supported by a sense of historical background.
Once grant this and the necessity for theological semi-
naries of a normal t^^pe will be accepted beyond dispute.
Much of the criticism of seminaries proceeds not from
zeal for religion, but lack of conviction as to the impor-
tance of a religion of such absolutely exclusive type as
Christianity.

III.

But granting the truth of this there still remains
a choice of type. B}^ what means shall a man, inspired
with a sense of a divine call, serve the cause of Christ?
Historically there has been a line of cleavage Avithin
the church from the beginning. There were men of the
message, and men of the church. One the evangeli-
cal type, going out to the lost world ; the other the eccle-
siastical type, with eye turned towards the institution
of the church, and depending less upon persuasive
preaching and teaching than on ritual and liturgical
practices to adequately effect a union with God in the
experience of worship. This line of cleavage became

10 (200)

Commencement Address

historically distinct at the Reformation; but eventually
within the Protestant Church it appeared again. Some
reformers developed rituals and liturgies, others based
their advocacy upon the message. The liturgical branch
of the Church stressed ecclesiastical relations, and chiefly
feared division within the visible Church ; others stressed
evangelical experiences, and feared the influence of false
doctrines. One dreaded sedition, the other heresy; and
such disputes chiefly characterized the Protestant tra-
dition which finally entered the modern world, the age
of science and of fresh endeavors to gain de novo a view
of God and the universe.

No man is fit to lead the modern Church as a minis-
ter who does not understand something of the rise and
development of this tradition, or appreciate the influ-
ence of this line of cleavage ; and from what university
or educational institution is one to gain this knowle-dge
save from a seminary specially appointed to give this
knowledge and properly to relate it to the body of con-
viction which gave rise to it!

IV.

It is not necessary in this place to say that the
Presbyterian conception of Christianity and the Pres-
byterian ideal of the gospel ministry are founded frankly
upon the evangelical tradition. Other non-liturgical
denominations stress this of course, but we among them
all have ventured to base our whole position upon it.
We advocate no peculiar views as to methods, nor of
the sacraments ; and while we do hold to a certain type
of government from which we take our name, our essen-
tial position is based upon a comprehensive and intelli-
gent conception of Christianity, a theological concep-
tion, if you please, consistently based upon the New
Testament tradition, and logically and historically re-
lated to the theological development in the Church most
in harmony with the evangelical tradition.

11 (201)

The Bulletin of the Western Theological Seminary

Again I affirm the necessity of seminaries to give
us this consistent, historical knowledge, this sense of
perspective and contact with the stabilizing influences of
the great past. No matter how capable our age may be
in shaping up its consistent religious beliefs and convic-
tions— and I am entirely certain that it is not only our
privilege but our solemn duty to God to think our own
thoughts about these matters — still I insist that no man
is capable of doing this who is ignorant of our religious
and theological heritage, and there is and can be no place
other than the normal seminary to furnish this sort of
training. It might be asserted of certain types of de-
nominational religion that they can be sustained in our
modem world, without specific seminary influence, but I
am absolutely certain that our Presbyterian conception
requires systematic seminary training for its full power
and justification.

If this be thought by some an old-fashioned view,
I beg you not to accuse me of being a praiser of old
times, but rather to think of me as one who honestly pre-
fers to be behind the times, than forever astride the
times, for in a very remarkable New Testament book I
find that when the Church rode astride the times it was
called an ugly name, but when it stood behind the times
it was a veritable bulwark of human life and the stay
and support of the eternal God. I further maintain that
only he who has a consistent and historical knowledge
of the tradition of the Church, who is conscious of a
supporting sense of continuity, can look upon the fevered
and restless changes of the present day with the philo-
sophical calm, and intense human sympathy, of one who
is conscious amid the floods of mortal ills prevailing of
standing upon a Rock.

Notice now some of the implications of this sense
of historical continuity, which gives to one's enthusi-
asm for Christ the courage of rich and deep conviction.

12 (202)

Commencement Address

1. It is the most generous and encouraging view of
the possibilities of human nature that one can take, who
admits the reality of the limitations of the majority of
men. For if the majority can never lead itself, but
must depend upon leaders, that appeal to the majority
which offers the largest sort of independence and utili-
zation of latent capacities will always be the most
potent influence in lifting men from the class of the led
into the class of the leaders.

We Presbyterians conceive Christianity partly as
a movement of living thought ; we frankly insist that men
shall think about their religious experiences, and develop
convictions which shall prove superior to emotional and
environmental changes. We try to train believers in
the Pauline school: ''I am not ashamed of the gospel,
because it is the power of Grod unto salvation". And
in that word hecause we place our whole emphasis. We
try to get men to see things in relation ; we tell them to
distrust their first impressions, and to follow their sober
second thoughts; we endeavor to get them to respect
guiding principles, and we appeal to them ideally at any
rate in such a way as to arouse their intellectual powers,
to make them aware of their hidden resources, to quicken
and call out their deeper mental capacities; and when
one can begin a living thought movement in a man, he
has so far made that man free of mass influence, and
definitely set him apart as a living, self-conscious move-
ment. In other words, whatever makes a man think
about God and salvation so far makes him an indepen-
dent man.

That is why we believe in the living voice, . as su-
perior to the printed page. That is why Ave insist upon
the glory of the preached word ; for it is not a mere or-
derly arrangement of thoughts, but the impact of a living
personality, which arouses men to their hidden capa-
cities. And so long as we believe this, we shall insist
upon preaching as the supreme expression of the essen-
tial Protestant spirit, and seek by normal seminary edu-

13 (203)

The Bulletw of the Western Theological Seminary

cation to develop in men the passion to preach. I wish
to make this appeal to you of the graduating class.
Make full proof of your ministry; think no labor too
severe to fit yourselves for great preachers ; and remem-
ber that no preacher can be great whose mind is un-
familiar with the structural lines of development with
which your seminary training has made you familiar.
2. If then our approach to the minds of men to-day
is charged with a thought-provoking movement, does^ it
not follow that such an appeal is most in harmony with
what is the chief need of the Church, and also the chief
need of the time? What the time needs is guiding prin-
ciples. No age has ever done so much secret thinking
about the seriousness and gravity of life as ours; but
it is true that it is not inclined to look for solutions of
these grave problems within the organized Church. Let
us confess this, and yet see how needful it is to call back
to Christ and the Church the intelligence of the age.

Harold Begbie has recently said: "So far as I
am able to judge the spirit of the time, it seems to me
that animalism is wearing itself out, and that the
pathetic effort to live a small life of petty excitements
and trivial pleasures is ending in a sensation of rather
perplexed weariness. Out of this reaction may come,
not a religious revival as our fathers understood the
phrase, but a useful curiosity concerning the soul and
its destiny." If we then can help' this useful curiosity
to turn itself into living convictions ; if we can recall the
world to the Church to learn the ways of salvation, we
shall fulfil our ministry greatly. But we must see to
it that our preaching is strongly impregnated with teach-
ing, with consistent interpretation of religion, and how^
can we do this if we fail of a thorough theological
education 1

3. As to what this teaching should be I can say
but a word, for I do not think this the place to enlarge
upon it; but I believe that we should restore to our
preaching the thorough instruction of our people in the

14 (204)

Commencement Address

meaning of the Christian religion. One plain task is to
explain to people the nature and meaning of the reli-
gion they already believe, and then to persuade Chris-
tians who believe this religion to live in harmony with
its precepts. But I should go further and say that a
very necessary task is in the domain of apologetics:
the justification of Christianity through a sound philos-
ophy of the universe, and its proper understanding in
relation to scientific conceptions and prevailing social
movements. Such tasks call for the best intellects of
the world; and no calling offers a man such a field for
the use even of the highest gifts as that of the gospel
ministry.

And this again brings the need for the seminary into
view. The minister is the only liberally educated man
in society to-day whose mind has been trained in and
kept in close communion with the fertilizing influences
of the world. He must strive to be something more than
useful ; he must become a potent ferment in other minds,
and stir such minds to deep and passionate thought
about the ways of salvation and the gospel of God.

4. But deeper far and of the first importance I
wish to stress this simple fact. The preacher is an
ambassador of Christ. An ambasador is the represen-
tative not of an institution, or a bod}'' of laws, or a
philosophy of government, but of the sovereign, of a per-
son. Do not let this slip lightly over the convolutions of
your brain. You may believe in the institution of the
Church, you may be possessed of a consistent theologi-
cal knowledge, and hold all manner of necessary con-
victions on such points, and yet unless you can in your
total influence set forth the fact that you are in Christ's
stead, you will fail and ought to fail.

What I mean in plain English is this, that the spirit
of Christ must pervade the totality of your life and min-
istry. You are set to defend the faith, but remember
that there are ways of defending it more destructive than
any frontal attack made on it. The weapons of our war-
is (205)

The Bulletin of the Western Theological Seminary

fare are not carnal; uncharitable differences, political
methods, malice and prejudice, are carnal weapons, and
never helped or can help the cause we love. Our weapons
are not carnal, but mighty to the pulling down of strong-
holds. Let me put it as clearly as possible, that no
method of presenting Christianity which obscures or
misrepresents the spirit of Christ can ever hope to be
blessed of Him, or to help the blind and stumbling mul-
titudes to find their way to God.

Let then your walk and manner of life be such as
shall commend the doctrine of Christ. Keep your mind
above prejudice and party spirit ; preach your principles
and not your moods ; ever keep' in mind the harm 3^ou may
do your cause by forgetting, in the heat of debate about
ideas, the Person 3^ou represent. Your calling is not to
order people about, or to separate them into sheep and
goats, but to beseech them to be reconciled unto God
through Jesus Christ your Lord. Remember that it Avas
ipot to insult Christ that the Roman soldiers crowned Him
with thorns, and placed the reed sceptre in His hands, but
to pour their scorn upon the Jews ; and that Paul once
found it necessary to say to Jews: ''the very name of
Christ your Messiah is blasphemed among the heathen
on account of 3"ou". Much of the present-day criticism
of the Church and of Christianity is aimed indirectly
at those of us who have been unfortunate enough to fail
of the world's respect.

Use valiantly the Aveapons which God has given
you, faith, love, the power of a sound mind; make
your advocacy of Christ amid the splendour of
your intellectual and moral wealth; remember that
the world you go to is full of dangers and hardships,
that adversaries await you at every turn; and then
quietly but with the passion of the soldier say to 3^our-
self, a great door and effectual is open unto me; and
great indeed will be the way in which God and a good
conscience will steady you for a noble ministry to an

16 (206)

The Graduating Class

age which in spite of all its vagaries is turning amid
the twilight of its needs back to the old pathway that
leadeth unto life eternal.

The Graduating Class

Horace Edward Chandler — Brown University, B.Sc. 1906.
Missionary under Board of Foreign Missions of
Presbyterian Church, U. S. A. Will return to China.
Tsingtao, Shantung, China.

Franz Omer Christopher — College of Wooster, A.B.

1923. Assistant to pastor, First M. E. Church, But-
ler, Pa.

John A. Clark— Oskaloosa College, A.B. 1923. Will
enter the Presbyterian ministry. 82 Abbott St.,
Plains Parsons, Pa.

John Lyman Eakin — Washington and Jefferson College
A.B. 1923. Under appointment of Board of Foreign
Missions of the Presbyterian Church, U. S. A., to
Siam. Bangkok, Siani, after September first.

Newton Carl Elder — College of Wooster. Under appoint-
ment of Board of Foreign Missions of the Presbyte-
rian Church, U. S. A., to Siam. Bangkok, Siam,
after September first.

James Herbert Grarner — University of Pittsburgh, B.Sc.

1924. Pastor, Presbvterian Church, Cochranton,
Pa.

Paul T. Cerrard— University of Pittsburgh, A.B. 1926.
Pastor, Mt. Pleasant and Scotch Ridge Presbyterian
Churches, Mt. Pleasant, Jetferson Co., Ohio.

James Henry Gillespie — Grrove City College, Litt.B.
1923. Assistant to pastor, Presbyterian Church,
Tacoma Park, D. C.

17 (207)

The Bulletin of the Western Theological Seminary

Herbert Beecher Hudnut— Princeton University, A.B.
1916. Associate pastor, City Temple, Dallas, Texas.
Patterson and Akard Sts., Dallas, Texas.

William Owen — Metropolitan Seminary, London, 1912.
Will enter the Presbyterian pastorate. 805 Western
Avenue, N. S., Pittsburgh.

Victor Charles Pfeiffer— Baldwin Wallace College, A.B.
1920. Pastor, German M. E. Church. 305 Mill-
bridge St., Pittsburgh, Pa.

Fred Eliot Robb— Missouri Valley College, Ph.B., 1923.
Pastor, Laurel Hill Presbyterian Church, R. F. D.
1, Dunbar, Pa.

Philip L. Williams — Young Men's Christian Association
College, Chicago, B.A.S., 1922. Will pursue a year
of post graduate study. 731 Ridge Ave., N. S.,
Pittsburgh, Pa.

President's Report

May 6, 1926

To the Board of Directors of the
Western Theological Seminary

Gentlemen : —

In behalf of the Faculty I have the honor to submit
the following report for the academic year ending Mav
6, 1926.

Attendance

Since the last annual report twenty-nine new stu-
dents have been admitted to the classes of the Semi-
nary, and four have re-entered after periods of absence.

To the Junior Class

1. Byron Elmer Allender, a graduate of Washington
and Jefferson College, A.B., 1925.

18 (208)

President's Report

2. H. Wa^dand Baldwin, a graduate of Greenville Col-
lege, A.B., 1925.

3. Harry Charles Blews.

4. James E. Fawcett, a graduate of Maryville College,
A.B., 1925.

5. George Lee Forney, a graduate of Geneva College,
A.B., 1925.

6. Howard Weston Jamison, a graduate of West Vir-
ginia Wesleyan College, A.B., 1925.

7. Oscar Maurice Polhemus, a graduate of Indiana
University, A.M., 1922.

8. Generoso Racine, a graduate of Upsala Academy.

9. William Semple, Jr., a graduate of University of
Pittsburgh, A.B., 1923.

10. Linson Harper Stebbins, a graduate of Westmin-
ster College (Pa.), A.B., 1925.

11. Pasquale Vocaturo, re-entered after an absence of
seventeen years.

12. Harry L. Wissinger, re-entered after an absence of
seven years.

To the Middle Class

1. Thomas F. Cooper, a graduate of Greenville Col-
lege, A.B., 1925.

2. Martin Rudolph Kuehn, re-entered after an absence
of one year.

3. Theodore Evan Miller, a graduate of Lafayette
College, A.B., 1921.

To the Senior Class

1. Horace Edward Chandler, a graduate of Brown
University, B.Sc, 1906.

2. William Owen, re-entered after an absence of three
years.

3. Mrs. Forrest Miller Smith, a graduate of Elizabeth
College, A.B.,.1916. (Pursuing selected studies).

19 (209)

The Bulletin of the Western Theological Seminary

To the Graduate Class

1. Claude Sawtell Conley, a graduate of Western
Theological Seminary, S.T.B., 1925.

2. Francis Milton Hall, a graduate of Western Theo-
logical Seminary, S.T.B., 1891.

3. Jonathan Edward Kidder, a graduate of Western
Theological Seminary, S.T.B., 1919.

4. Charles Kovacs, a graduate of Budapest Reformed
Theological Seminary of Dunamellek District, 1915.

5. John Maurice Leister, a graduate of Western Theo-
logical Seminary, S.T.B., 1924.

6. Ralph I. McConnell, a graduate of Western Theo-
logical Seminary, S.T.B., 1918.

7. John Henry Mark, a student of Western Theologi-
cal Seminary, 1901.

8. Robert Sheridan Miller, a graduate of Gettysburg
Theological Seminary, 1921.

9. Henry F. Obenauf, a graduate of Lutheran Theo-
logical Seminary, 1905.

10. Paul L. Philipp, a graduate of Western Theologi-
cal Seminary, S. T. M. 1924.

11. Howard Rodgers, a graduate of Western Theologi-
cal Seminary, S.T.B., 1918.

12. August Francis Runtz, a graduate of Rochester
Theological Seminary, 1916.

13. Arthur A. Schade, a graduate of the German De-
partment, Rochester Theological Seminarj^, 1910.

14. Lewis Oliver Smith, a graduate of the Western
Theological Seminary, S.T.B., 1925.

15. John Burton Thwing, a graduate of Princeton
Theological Seminary, Th.B., 1923.

The total attendance for the year has been 69, which
was distributed as follows : fellows, 5 ; graduates, 18 ;
seniors, 15 ; middlers, 19 ; juniors, 12. •

20 (210)

President's Report

Three members of the Senior Class have gone into
other lines of work and did not return to the Seminary
at the beginning of this year: Andrew Babinsky, to
take full charge of his mission work in the Presbytery
of Shenango; J. H. P. Logan, to go into business; and
John Waite, Jr., to do home mission work in Moccasin,
Mont.

Two members of the Middle Class were at their own
request granted letters of dismissal to other Seminaries :
Howard M. Strobel, to the Presbyterian Theological
Seminary of Kentucky at Louisville; and J. Carter
Swaim, to Princeton Theological Seminary.

Toward the end of the tirst semester of the current
year, Mr. Generoso Racine, of the Junior Class, was at
his own request granted a letter of dismissal to Auburn
Theological Seminary.

Fellowships and Prises

The fellowship was awarded to John Lyman Eakin,
a graduate of Washington and Jefferson College; the
Michael Wilson Keith Memorial Homiletical Prize, to
Newton Carl Elder, a graduate of Wooster College; a
Hebrew Prize, offered to members of the Junior Class,
to Byron Elmer Allender, a graduate of AYashington
and Jefferson College ; a Greek Prize given by the Class
of 1912 was awarded to Newton Carl Elder; and Merit
Prizes to Lloyd David Homer and Ralph Waldo Emer-
son Kaufman of the Middle Class, and Byron Elmer
Allender and William Semple, Jr., of the Junior Class.

Elective Courses

In addition to the required courses of the Seminary
curriculum, the following elective courses have been
offered during the year 1925-6, the number of students
attending each course being indicated:

Dr. Kelso: Comparative Religion, 7

Post Exilic Pro^Dhets and Apocalyptic
Literature, 8

21 (211)

The Bulletin of the Western Theological Seminary

Dr. Schaff : Reformation, 16

Dr. Farmer: Social Teaching of the New Testament,

Dr. Snowden: Philosophy of Religion, 15
Psychology of Religion, 4
Christian Ethics, 2

Dr. Vance: New Testament Theology, 12

New Testament Exegesis (20b) 12

(24) 2
(19b) 7
(20a) 6
(24d) 4
Life of Christ, 18

Dr. Culley: Old Testament Introduction, 27

Old Testament Exegesis (Psalter), 4
Middler Hebrew, 6
Aramaic, 1

Dr. Eakin: Exegesis of Mark, 13
Galatians, 5

Prof. Sleeth : Oral Interpretation of the Scriptures, 13

Faculty

Dr. Breed gave a course on Pastoral and Personal
Evangelism during the first semester, and conducted
four conference periods at which he gave a series of illus-
trated lectures. Thirteen students elected this course.

Dr. Schaff retired from his professorship, in ac-
cordance with the action of the Board, December 31st.
and Professor Eakin, Professor elect in the Department
of Church History, took the courses in this department.

On account of the transfer of Professor Eakin from
the New Testament Department to the Department of
Church History, Dr. Vance assumed full charge of the
New Testament Department. A special provision had
to be made for five students in Beginning Greek, and

22 (212)

President's Report

Mr. T. D. Ewing, of the Middle Class, a graduate of
Princeton University, conducted this class to the satis-
faction of the head of the Department.

Missions

A class in Missions was conducted during the -sec-
ond semester by Kev. Donald A. Irwin, a graduate of
the Seminary, Class of 1919, and a missionary of the
Presbyterian Church, U.S.A., in Yihsien, Shantung,
China. The class met once a week on Wednesday after-
noons, and twelve topics on Problems and Programs of
Missions were discussed, special emphasis being given
to the subjects of Nationalism and the Indigenous Church
in foreign lands. For every problem a program was
worked out, both from the angle of the Mission Field
and the home Church. An invitation was extended by
the Seminary to the churches of Pittsburgh PresbAi:ery
for representatives of the churches to attend the second
part of the course — on Programs. As the course was
primarily arranged for Seminary students, the afternoon
hour was not changed to a more convenient one for out-
siders. During the course there were seven visitors who
attended at different times, two of whom took the full
course on Programs. Dr. D. J. Fleming's recent book,
''Whither Bound in Missions", was used as a reference
text book. The interest of the Seminary students was
good, as demonstrated in the class discussions.

In connection with the report on missionary instruc-
tion, we would call your special attention to the fact that
three returned missionaries have been enrolled as stu-
dents of the Seminary, doing graduate work both in the
Seminary and in the University of Pittsburgh. This
number would be doubled if we were to include other
missionaries who have been residents of Pittsburgh dur-
ing the past winter. All these missionaries, except tliose
who made their homes Avith relatives, have found it very
difficult to secure apartments in a good environment at

23 (213)

The Bulletin of the Western Theological Seminary

a reasonable rent. These facts show that a building with
missionary apartments, one of the goals of the financial
campaign, is an imperative necessity.

Religious Education

The work in Religious Education was in charge of
Rev. Howard M. LeSourd, who conducted two courses.
In one he dealt with "Organization and Administration
of Religious Education", and in the second,. " Curriculum
Construction for Church Schools". The enrollment in
this class numbered 21.

Lectures

The lecture at the opening exercises of the Semi-
nary was delivered by Prof. George Johnson, Ph.D., on
''The Perfection of Scripture", Mr. Irwin's course of
lectures on "Problems and Programs of Missions", one
hour weekly during the second semester, was given on
the Severance Foundation. In addition the following
special lectures were given in the Seminary chapel :

"The Great Korean Revival", The Rev. W. N.
Blair, D.D.

Four illustrated lectures. The Rev. David R. Breed,
D.D., LL.D.

"Jerusalem"

"Israel in Egypt"

"The Exodus"

"Footsteps of Paul in Italy"

"Pension Plan", Rev. Reid S. Dickson.

"The Economic Consequences of Hinduism", Dr.
Sam Higginbottom.

"The Influence of the Near East Colleges", Prof.
Philip K. Hitti, Ph.D.

"Mission A¥ork in the Philippine Islands", Rev. J.
L. Hooper.

24 (214)

President's Report

''Three Hour, Sermon", Prof. Paul M. Kanamori,

''Historic Presbyterianism", Eev. Hugh T. Kerr,
D.D.

"National Council for the Prevention of War", Mr,
Frederick J. Libby.

"Latin America", Bishop Francis J. McColmell^
D.D.

"Religious Work in the U. S. Navy", Chaplain A.
N. Park.

"Some Sidelights on the Situation in China", Rev.
Charles E. Patton.

For the session of 1926-7 arrangements have been
made with the Rev. Maitland Alexander, D.D., for a
course of five lectures on the general subject, "The Pas-
tor and His Methods".

Student Y.M.C.A.

The students of the Seminary are organized into a
Y.M.C.A., with the faculty as ex officio members of the
various committees. Once a month the Wednesday con-
ference is conducted by the President of the Y.M.C.A.
and the Devotional Committee of this organization. In
addition, the Devotional Committee conducts a weekly
prayer meeting on Thursday evenings in the social hall
of the dormitory. On the average of once a month a
member of the faculty, or one of the pastors of the city,
or a foreign missionary addresses this prayer meeting.
Under the supervision of the Athletic Committee bas-
ket ball and volley ball were played. There were inter-
class matches, as well as games with teams representing
other institutions. The Social Committee conducted
four socials during the year. At one of these socials the
members of the Cecilia Choir were the guests of honor.
Representatives were sent by the Association to the
International Y.M.C.A. Conference in Washington^

25 (215)

The Bulletin of the Western Theological Seminary

D.C., to the Interdenominational Student Conference at
Evanston, 111., and to the Conference of the Association
of Middle Atlantic Theological Seminaries at Croser
Theological Seminar^^ The delegates to these confer-
ences made reports before the student bodv and the
faculty. The Y.M.C.A. budget was $240. The student
body contributed $176 to the Church Boards and $37.50
to the Student Friendship Fund. The total amount col-
lected was $453.50.

Visitation of Colleges and Recruiting for the Ministry

Dr. Kelso preached in the college chapel at Wooster
and lectured under the auspices of the Oscar A. Hills
Club. Dr. Vance, as Chairman of the Faculty Conunit-
tee on Recruiting for the Ministry, conducted a cam-
paign in many of the Presbyterian Colleges from which
the Seminary draws its student body. Under his direc-
tion Dr. Farmer visited Macalester, Carroll, aaid Park
Colleges; and, accompanied by a student, Grove City
College. Dr. Snowden, with two students, visited AVash-
ington and Jefferson College, and addressed the student
body. Dr. Vance visited Muskingum; with two students,
Grove City; with one student, Westminster; and with a
graduate of the Seminary, Wooster. Literature was
sent to about 550 men (mostly college students), con-
sisting of a catalogue, a postal picture of Memorial Hall,
a circular entitled "Western Theological Seminary from
a Student's View Point", three blotters, a circular by
Dr. Kelso entitled "Real Men and the Ministry", a cir-
cular containing two letters from students on finance
while in the Seminary, and two letters, one at the be-
ginning of the campaign and one at the end, written by
Dr. Vance.

The correspondence that followed indicates a favor-
able impression has been made and that a number of
students will be in attendance next fall and in the near
future as the result.

26 (216)

President's Report

A letter was also sent to all the alumni, asking for
their co-operation in interesting prospective students in
Western, to which many kind responses were received.

An effort has been made to encourage some of the
Pittsburgh clergymen to employ students as assistants
in Young Peoples' Work.

Finances

In view of the approaching Centennial Campaign
no attempt has been made to secure additions to the per-
manent funds of the Seminary, but one gift is to be noted.
A member of the Board of Trustees purchased a large
stable standing in the rear of the old library building,
and gave the deed to the Seminary Trustees. The trans-
action involved five thousand dollars, but the possession
of the piece of property means more to the institution
than its money value. With this building in the pos-
session of other parties it would be impossible to sell the
lot and unwise to build upon the front part of this same
lot.

The financial campaign has been planned in three
separate stages: (1) the effort to secure the endow-
ment for a Chair of Religious Education by personal
subscriptions of graduates. This part of the campaign
was inaugurated about the first of April, and encourag-
ing progress has been made toward the goal of one hun-
dred thousand dollars. (2) The canvass of a selected
list of the membership of the Presbyterian churches
within the limits of Greater Pittsburgh. The details of
this campaign have been worked out, the publicity has
been prepared, the canvassing committee organized, and
it is hoped to begin the canvass Monday, May tenth, and
finish it during the months of May and June. (3) In
the third stage it is planned to take up the solicitation
of contributions from the communities of Western Penn-
sylvania, Eastern Ohio, and West Virginia outside tlie
Greater Pittsburgh territory.

27 (217)

The Bulletin of the Western Theological Seminary

Recommendations

The Faculty of the Seminary submit the following
recommendations :

(1) That the following members of the Senior Class
be awarded the degree of S.T.B. :

Horace Edward Chandler Paul T. Gerrard
Franz Omer Christopher James Henry Gillespie

John Lyman Eakin Herbert Beecher Hudnut

Newton Carl Elder William Owen

James Herbert Garner Victor Charles Pfeiffer

Fred Eliot Robb

(2) That the degree of S.T.M. be awarded the follow-
ing:

John Arndt Yount, of the Graduate Class
James Herbert Garner, of the Senior Class.

(3) That the following members of the Senior Class be
granted certificates covering the work they have
completed :

John A. Clark
Philip L. Williams

All of which is respectfully submitted.

(Signed) James A. Kelso^

President

28 (218)

Librarian's Report

To the Board of Trustees of the Western Theological
Seminary :

I submit herewith my report as Librarian of the
Seminary, covering the year April 1, 1925 — March 31,
1926 :—

1. Additions :

The additions for the year, classified and compared
with the data for the four preceding years, have been
as follows : —

1921-2 ) 922-3 1923-4 1924-5 1925-6

Old Testament 51 58 32 79 45

New Testament 60 45 30 50 53

Bible (in general) 19 64 15 19 22

Theologv, Philosoph}^, Psy-
chology, Ethics, etc. ... 83 84 56 82 96

Church History 54 44 27 63 93

Preaching, Sermons, Pas-
toral AVork 36 60 31 21 37

Missions, Comparative Re-
ligion 44 24 62 63 64

Sociology 35 20 22 20 10

Religious Education .... 7 30 19 63 92

Judaism (exclusive of Old

Testament) 18 20 7 7 3

Miscellaneous (Religious) 6 8 20 25 56

Language and Literature . 62 49 34 25 23

Miscellaneous (Non - reli-
gious) 98 54 85 61 80

Periodicals (bound) 145 156 113 64 163

718 716 553 642 837

29 (219)

The Bulletin of the Western Theological Seminary

2. Catalog-iiing :

The figures for the year, with those of the four pre-
ceding years, are as follows : —

Date Volumes Catalogued Cards Added
1921-2 725 2111

1922-3 741 1983

1923-4 490 1881

1924-5 544 1938

1925-6 572 1929

3. Circulation :

(a) Books loaned: —

1921-2 1951

1922-3 1741

1923-4 2118

1924-5 ..2194

1925-6 2696

(b) Periodicals loaned :—

1921-2 217

1922-3 180

1923-4 133

1924-5 155

1925-6 200

The number of additions was greater than in any
previous year of the library's history. The distribution
of these new books, among the different fields of religious
interest, will be seen from the table above. As in previous
years, the effort was made to do full justice to the older
departments of theological discipline while at the same
time keeping the library well supplied with books repre-
senting the newer outlook and interests. In the older
"fields additions in the Church History and Missions Sec-
tions are especially noteworthy. A number of important
source books and reference works in Church History
have been purchased from Dr. Schaff. The price paid for
these works was very much below their market value.

30 (220)

Librarian's Report

Some of them could scarcely have been secured through
the ordinary .channels at any price. In the Missions sec-
tion special attention has been given to supplementing
the library's collection of books on Latin America, this
being the subject for study in mission study courses dur-
ing the year. It will be seen that the Religious Education
section continues to grow. And by no means of least im-
portance, among the year's accessions, are the books
which must be classified as "Miscellaneous — non-reli-
gious". Included here are the best of the new books in
the fields of history, biography, science, etc. The library
makes no attempt to secure all the important books on
these subjects, but it does aim at making the outstanding
works available for its patrons, particularly works Avhich
have a bearing on the experiences and problems of
religion.

The figures for circulation also surpass those of
preceding years. Nearly twenty-seven hundred books
and two hundred periodicals were loaned in the period
covered by this report. One hundred and nineteen books
were sent out by mail. By this means the library is able
to serve alumni and others in any part of the country. It
is an important service which could and should be ex-
tended. Thus far efforts to advertise it have not met
with as large response as had been hoped.

During the latter part of the year the library staff
has been cooperating with a committee of the American
Society of Church History in an effort to locate source
materials for the religious history of our country, and
make them more available for use than they hitherto have
been. For nearly three months Miss Higgins, the assis-
tant librarian, devoted a good deal of her time to the task
of discovering and tabulating the resources of our library
in this important field. We feel that the expenditure of
time and work has been well justified. It has yielded in-
creased familiarity with the materials on our own part, as
well as being a contribution to the larger enterprise.

31 (221)

The Bulletin of the Western Theological Seminary

"We have again to report that in the matter of cata-
loguing, owing to our small staff of workers, progress has
not been as rapid as we would wish. We are keeping up
as best we can.

Of the 837 books added to the library during the
year, 63 have been received as gifts. To the following
donors grateful acknowledgment is due : Dr. J. A. Kelso,
Mr. A. L. Humphrey, Dr. Clay MacCauley, Trustees of
Lake Forest College, Mr. Kirby Page, Dr. John Mc-
Naugher, Princeton University, Dr. A. J. Brown, Bahai
Publication Committee, Mr. C. L. Wiltse, ISTeAvton Theo-
logical Institution, Mr, E. E. Eggers, Rev. H. A. Bald-
win, First Baptist Church of Pittsburgh, W^estminster
Press, Dr. D. E. Culley, Bigelow Hartford Carpet Co.,
Presbyterian Board of National Missions, Hebrew Union
College, Rev. S. A. Hunter, Dr. M. W. Jacobus, Church
Peace Union, Rev. H. R. Johnson, Prof. George M.
Sleeth, Dr. Stanley Scott, Rev. M. Schwartz, Dr. L. F.
Benson, Dr. S. A. Brown, Commonwealth of Pennsyl-
vania.

Respectfulh^ submitted,

(signed) FRANK EAKIN,

Librarian.

32 (222)

Treasurer's Report

Treasurer's Condensed Financial Report for year ended
March 31, 1926.

INCOME RECEIPTS

Income from investments $ 31,845.68

Income from Annuity Bond Fund 5,402.00

Interest on daily balances 438.79

Income from Room Rents and Old Library

Building 10,493.66

Income from House Rents 1,355.25

Contributions by Individuals 5,200.00

Contributions from Churches 5,735.02

Miscellaneous . • 210.13

$ 63,680.53

INCOME DISBURSEMENTS

Salaries paid $ 43,666.44

Interest paid on Annuity Bonds 7,075.44

Interest paid on loan from Commonwealth

Trust Co 910.96

Insurance, Taxes and Water Rents paid . . 4,981.54

Office expenses 1,047.63

Library expenses 2,113.21

Light and fuel 4,237.53

Scholarships 4,611.00

Laundry expense 298.70

Lectures 405.84

Sundry Equipment & Improvements 2,140.46

Repairs to Seminary Buildings 2,580.73

Other Miscellaneous Expenses 2,185.84

Professors' Annuities 2,736.90

Pensions . 1,249.97

Printing 1,214.20

33 (223)

The Bulletin of the Western Theological Seminary

Janitor's Supplies 335.75

Advertising 866.84

Surveying & Appraisal 175.00

Commissions 65.25

$ 82,899.23
ASSETS

Land, Buildings and Equipment $ 552,139.70

Investments 730,495.29

Cash 18,755.01

$1,301,390.00

LIABILITIES

Notes Payable $ 17,900.00

Funds 1,287,475.49

$1,305,375.49
Deficit 3,985.49

34 (224)

Faculty Notes

Dr. Kelso preached in the college chapel at Wooster, Ohio, on
Sunday Nov. 8th., and in the evening gave an illustrated lecture on
"Petra, the Ruined City of Arabia" in the auditorium of Taylor
Hall. He also gave a stereopticon lecture on Jerusalem in the
Sharpsburg Church Jan. 17th and in the 3rd Presbyterian Church
of Pittsburgh Feb. 3rd.

During the week of March 14th, Dr. Kelso gave a course of
three lectures at EUwood City, Pa., on "The Teachings of
Isaiah" under the auspices of the Ministerial Association; he spent
Sunday, March 28th, in Boston, preaching in the Roxbury Presby-
terian Church in the morning and in the Brookline Church in the
evening, as well as addressing an audience of students in the West-
minster House; and on Sunday, April 11th, he preached the ser-
mon at the seventy-fifth anniversary service of the First Presbyte-
rian Church of West Newton, Pa.

At the celebration of the semi-centennial of the founding of
Grove City College, on June 15th, the Seminary was represented by
Dr. Kelso and Dr. Eakin.

Dr. Snowden has resumed the editorship of the Presbyterian
Banner, resigning his position as editor of the Presbyterian Maga-
zine. His connection with the Banner began with the issue of
May 20th. On Feb. 14th he preached in the Fourth Church, New
York, and on May 16th delivered the address at the laying of the
cornerstone of the new edifice of the First Church of Sharon, Pa.

Dr. Kelso and Dr. Farmer took part in the Pre-Assembly Edu-
cational Conference held under the auspices of the Board of Chris-
tian Education on May 2 6th in Baltimore.

The degree of Doctor of Divinity was conferred upon Dr. Culley
at the recent commencement of Washington and Jefferson College.

Dr. Culley and Dr. Eakin attended the interdenominational
student conference at Evanston, 111., the last week in December.

Dr. Eakin represented the faculty at the inauguration of the
Rev. Milton J. Hoffman, D. D., as Professor of Church History at
New Brunswick Theological Seminary, New Jersey, May 20th.

35 (225)

The Bulletin of the Western Theological Seminary
Alumniana

During the meeting of the General Assembly in Baltimore,
fifty members of the Alumni Association attended the Western
Theological Seminary luncheon at the Maryland Club. Short ad-
dresses were made by Dr. Porter, of Brazil ('84), Dr. Silsley, of
California ('98), Rev. Albert I. Good, of Africa ('09), Rev. Wilbur
H. Lyon, of India ('18), Dr. William O. Thompson ('82), and Dr.
Snowden ('78).

1872

Rev. F. X. Miron has suffered great bereavement in the loss of
his wife, who died in Clarion County, Pa., April 5th, at the age of
seventy-six. During fifty-two years of wedded life she had been a
loyal and capable co-worker with her husband in pioneer fields in
the middle west and in pastorates in the east.

The address of Rev. J. H. Shields has been changed from Spo-
kane, Wash., to 16 3 5 Queen Ann Ave., Seattle, Wash.

1876

The address of Rev. J. B. Worrall, D. D., has been changed
from Vanceburg, Ky., to Ashland, Ky. Dr. Worrall is retiring from
the active pastorate.

1878

Rev. Robert L. Clark, D. D., New Park, Pa., is President of the
Directorate of the Westiminster Bible Conference which held its
twenty-seventh annual session at the Retreat, Chestnut Level, Pa.,
June 8-10, 1926.

1879

On April 27th, a service in memory of Dr. J. C. R. Ewing was
held in the Third Presbyterian Church of Pittsburgh. Addresses
were delivered by Dr. E. D. Lucas, President of Forman Christian
College; Dr. Charles R. Erdman, Moderator of the General Assem-
bly; and Dr. Robert E. Speer, Secretary of the Board of Foreign
Missions. Dr. William L. McEwan, pastor of the church, presided.
The Board of Foreign Missions has approved the plan to raise a
"Ewing Memorial Library Fund" of $50,000, to be employed in
meeting the most essential need of the Forman Christian College
at Lahore, to which Dr. Ewing gave thirty years of his life.

1882

Rev. Wm. O. Thompson, D. D., was elected Moderator of the
General Assembly at the meeting held in Baltimore, Md., May, 1926.

1894

The address of Rev. R. J. Roberts has been changed from
Homer City, Pa., to Hanoverton, Ohio.

1895

Rev. and Mrs, William C. Johnston of the West African Mis-
sion are home on furlough, having sailed from Liverpool June 19th
on the S. S. Fonconia.

36 (226)

Alumniana

1896

The West End Community School for Religious Education
meets in the Poplar Street Presbyterian Church, Cincinnati, Ohio,
of which Rev. David A. Greene, D. D. is pastor. This school which
now has 58 5 children enrolled was founded about four years ago by
Dr. Greene with an enrollment of twelve children.

1899

Rev. A. B. Minamyer has accepted a call to the Presbyt-erian
Church of West Salem, Ohio.

1899 (P. G.)

Rev. E. H. Gelvin's address has been changed from Belling-
ham,. Wash., to Plainsfield, N. J.

1900

Rev. Earle A. Brooks is now professor of field science in the
School of Religious Education of Boston University, in addition to
carrying on his pastoral work. He has published an interesting
book entitled "A Handbook of the Outdoors", the aim of which is to
make usable, in the building of character, the great field of outdoor
activities. The volume offers many helpful suggestions to the
young people of the churches. Mr. Brooks' address has been
changed from Everett, Mass., to 2 8 Newburg St., Maiden, Mass.

1906

A congregational reception, in honor of the pastor, was held in
the Concord Presbyterian Church, Carrick, Pa., May 12th. The
pastor is Rev. E. C. Ludwig, and the occasion marked the twen-
tieth anniversary of his ordination to the ministry. The speakers
were Dr. C. C. Hays ('84) and Dr. M. M. McDivitt ('07).

1910

The First Presbyterian Church of St. Clairsville, Ohio, Rev.
Homer G. McMillen pastor, has just closed a very successful year.
During the year there were 63 accessions and the contributions to
missions amounted to more than $7 500. The present membership
of this church is 600.

At the Easter service in the First Presbyterian Church of
Wilkinsburg, Pa., a new echo organ and chimes were dedicated.
This addition is the gift of Mr. C. D. Armstrong, president of the
board of trustees, and was dedicated to his wife. The Easter Com-
munion was the greatest in the history of the church. Sixty-nine
new members were received. Additions to the church membership
during the year numbered 18 6, additions to the Sabbath School
345. Dr. George Taylor has been pastor of this church the past
twelve years. Rev. George O. Reemsnyder ('19) is assistant min-
ister and director of religious education.

37 (227)

The Bulletin of the Western Theological Seminary

1912

The First Presbyterian Church of Sharon, Pa. of which Rev. P^
E. Burtt is pastor, has under construction a beautiful new Gothie
church building. The cornerstone was laid on May 16th, the prin-
cipal speaker on this occasion being Dr. James H. Snowden, ('78>
who was at one time pastor of the church.

1913

The degree of D. D. was conferred upon Rev. G. A. Frantz by
Grove City College at the recent Commencement exercises.

1916

Figures taken from a three-year summary in a report of the
treasurer of the First Presbyterian Church of Independence, Iowa.
(Rev. R. V. Gilbert pastor), showed the average gifts per member
to be as follows: 1923-4, $16.22; 1924-5, $22.64; 1925-6, $24.30.

1917

Rev. Alexander Gibson has resigned his position as chaplain of
the Pittsburgh Association for the Improvement of the Poor and.
has since been engaged in evangelistic work under the auspices of
the Presbytery of Pittsburgh.

At the spring communion 9 6 members were received into the
Central Presbyterian Church of McKeesport, Pa., Rev. L. R. Law-
ther pastor. The yearly report of the finance committee of this con-
gregation shows that 97.47% of the pledges made last year had
been paid.

1918

Rev. H. A. Gearhart, Ph.D., of Aspinwall, Pa., has prepared
and made available in printed form an attractive and useful "Com-
municant's Class Book."

Rev. and Mrs. Wilbur H. Lyon will return to India after a fur-
lough of one year, sailing August 18th on the S. S. City of Baroda.

Owing to the death of Mrs. Ralph I. McConnell, which occurred
in Pittsblrgh while they were home on furlough, Mr. McConnell
will not be able to return to Siam for a time at least. He and his
two young children are at present at New Castle, Pa. (R. D. No. 9).

1919

Rev. E. J. Hendrix has accepted a call to the Chestunt Street
Presbyterian Church of Erie, Pa, For the past year he has been
studying at the University of Chicago and McCormick Seminary.
He is unable to return to his mission post in India at present, as the
Board advises Mrs. Hendrix to remain in this country for a rest.

A son was born to Rev. and Mrs. J. E. Kidder on May 18th.
They are to sail for China in company with Rev. and Mrs. D. A. Ir-
win in August. Mr. Kidder was in residence in the Seminary dur-
ing his year of furlough pursuing courses here and at the Univer-

38 (228)

Alumniana

sity of Pittsburgh which led to his I'eceiving the A. M. degree at the
University.

Rev. W. W. McKinney has declined a call to Sistersville, W.
Va., yielding to the urgent request of his congregation at Elizabeth,
Pa., that he remain with them. He has been in this pastorate seven
years.

Rev. and Mrs. R. L. Steiner and family have returned to Per-
sia after a year's furlough spent in the vicinity of Pittsburgh.

1924

Rev. Ross M. Haverfield and Miss Margaret Cornelius were
married June 23, 1926, at the home of the bride's parents, Dr. and
Mrs. S. A. Cornelius, Wooster, Ohio. Since his graduation Mr.
Haverfield has been pastor of the Westfield Presbyterian Church,
Presbytery of Shenango.

1925

Miss Esther Aileen Symons and Rev. David K. Allen were mar-
ried on Wednesday, June 16th, at Adena, Ohio. Mr. Allen, who has
been pastor of the Presbyterian Church at Mamont, Pa., since his
graduation a year ago, was the winner of one of the Seminary fel-
lowships in his class and expects to study abroad for a year. He
and Mrs. Allen will sail for Scotland early in September.

Miss Hazel Harriet Home and Rev. George H. Rutherford
were united in marriage at Steubenville, Ohio, on Monday evening,
June 19th. Mr. Rutherford is pastor of the Presbyterian Church of
Dillonvale, Ohio.

1926

Rev. John L. Eakin and Miss Louisa W. Temple of Grove City,
Pa., were married June 1st in Grove City, Pa. They will sail for
Siam August 2 8th, S. S. President Garfield.

Rev. Newton Carl Elder and Miss Josephine B. Fernyak of
Mansfield, Ohio, were married near Darlington, Pa, May 28th and
will sail for the mission field in Siam on Aug. 2 8th. S. S. President
Garfield.

Rev. James H. Gillespie was ordained and installed assistant
pastor of the Tacoma Park Presbyterian Church on June 18th.
192 6. His address is 310 Tulip Ave., Tacoma Park, D. C.

39 (229)

Index

Vol. XVIII Oct., 192G — July, 1926

ARTICLES

Athens of. Socrates' and the Athens of St. Paul, The 5

Albert J. Alexander

Ewing, Rev. James Caruthersi Rhea 21

James A. Kelso

Some Reconsiderations of the Ministry 19 5

Harris E. Kirk

Some New and Recent Books llTi

Dr. Kelso 115

Dr. Culley 119

Dr. Vance 147

Dr. Eakin 156

Dr. Snowden 173

Dr. Farmer 177

Mr. LeSourd 183

REVIEWS

Archaeology and the iBible — By Geo. A. Barton 122

Babj'lonian Life and History — Ey E. A. Wallis Budge 12 5

Best Sermons — 1925 — Edited by Joseph Fort Newton, D.D.,

Lltt.D 181

Books of the Prophets Micah, Obadiah, Joel, and Jonah, The —

By G. W. Wade 144

Cambridge Ancient History Vol. Ill 13 7

Century of Excavation in Palestine, A — By R. A. S. Macalister . 123

Church's Program for Young People, The — By Herbert Carle-
ton Mayer 18 5

Contributions of Science to Religion — )B(y Shailer Mathews .... 176

Current Week-day Religious Education — By Phillip Henry Lotz 184

Curriculum of Religious Education, The — By William Clayton

Bower . 184

Date of the Exodus, The — By J. W. Jack 139

Devotional Leadership — By Gerrit Verkuyl, Ph.D., D.D 179

40 (230)

Index

Egyptian Papyri and Papyrus-Hunting — By James Baikie .... 12.".

First Age of Christianity, The — iBy Ernest F. Scott, D.D 172

Gold Dollar, A — By Joseph M. Duff 116

Gospel of John, The — By Benjamin W. Robinson 1.5 0

Handbook of the Outdoors, A — By Earle Amos Brooks 184

Heart of Aryavarta, The — By The Earl of Ronaldshay 118

History and Literature of the New Testament, The — iBy Henry

.Thatcher Fowler, Ph.D 171

History of the Warfare of Science with Theology in Christen-
dom, A — By Andrew Dickson White 173

How to Teach the Old Testament — By Frederick J. Rae 14 6

Introduction to the Textual Criticism of the New Testament,

An — By A. T. Robertson, M.A., D.D., LL.D., Litt.D ' 147

Israel and Babylon — By W. L. Wardle 12.5

Jeremiah and the New Covenant — By W. F. Lofthouse 144

Jesus and the Greeks, or Early Christianity in the Tide-Way of

Hellenism — iBy William Fairweather, M.A., D,D 153

Jesus of Nazareth His. Life, Times, and Teaching — By Joseph

Klausuer, Ph.D 16.5

Letters of William James, The — By Henry James 175

Life, Letters and Religion of St. Paul, The — By C T. Wood.

B.D ; 152

Making of the English New Testament, The — By Edgar J.

Gcodspeed 149

Manual, The, The Presbyterian Program for Young People .... 185

Minister's Everday Life, The — By Lloyd C. Douglas ISO

Mystery Religions and Christianity, The — By S. Angus, Ph.D-,

DLitt., D.D 154

Origin of the New Testament, and the Most Important Conse-
quences of the New Creation, The — By Adolf von Har-
nack 148

Outline of Christianity, An — The Story of Our Civilization.
Vol. I. The Birth of Christianity — By Ernest Fiudlay
Scott, D.D., and Burton Scott Easton, Ph.D., D.D.; Vol. II.
The Builders of the Church — Bv F. J. Foakes Jackson,
D.D 170

People and the Book, The — Edited by A. S. Peake 128

Poetry of Our Lord, The — By C. F. Burney 144

Principles of Publicity — By Glenn C. Quiett and Ralph D. Casey 178

Putting it Across — By William H. Leach, Ph.D 177

Reasonableness of Christianity, The — By Douglas Clyde Mac-
intosh 161

Religion of the People of Israel, The — By Rudolf Kittel 141

41 (231)

The Bulletin of the Western Theological Seminary

Religion of Yesterday and To-morrow, The — By Kirsopp Lake,

D.D 156

Sacrifice in the Old Testament — By Geo. B. Gray 145

St. Mark — By A. B. J. Rawlinson .- 169

Science and the Modern World — By Alfred North Whitehead . . 176

Science and Scientists in the Nineteenth Century — By Rev.

Robert H. Murray 174

Science Religion and Reality — (various authors) Edited by

Joseph Needham 176

Teaching the Youth of the Church- — By Cynthia Pearl Maus . . 183

Through Eternal Spirit, A Study of Hebrews, James and I Peter

— By Joseph F. McFadyen, M.A., D.D 151

Twenty-Five Years, 1892-1916 — By Viscount Grey of Fallodon. 117

Use of the Old Testament in the Light of Modern Knowledge,

The — By John E. McFadyen 146

MISCELLANEOUS

Alumniana 26, 186, 226

Catalogue 37

Commencement Address 195

Faculty Notes 25, 225

Financial Report 223

Graduating Class, The 207

Librarian's Report 219

Necrology 3 3

President's Report 208

42 (232)

The Balletin

oi tke

tfesterD Theologieal
Seminapy

Vol. XIX. OcToBBR, 1926. No. 1.

The Western Theological Seminary

North Side. Pittsburgh. Pa.

POUNDED BY THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY, 1825

The faculty consists of eight professors and three
instructors. A complete modern theological curricnlmn,
with elective courses leading to degrees of S.T.B. and
S.T.M, Graduate courses of the University of Pitts-
burgh, leading to the degrees of A.M. and Ph.D., are
open to properly qualified students of the Seminary. A
s^pecial course is offered in Practical Christian Ethics, in
which students investigate the problems of city missions,
settlement work, and other forms of Christian activity.
A new department of Religious Education was inaugu-
rated with the opening of the term beginning September
1922. The City of Pittsburgh affords unusual opportuni-
ties for the study of social problems.

The students have exceptional library facilities. The
Seminary Library of 40,000 volumes contains valuable
collections of works in all departments of Theology, but
is especially rich in Exegesis and Church History; the
students also have access to the Carnegie Library, -which
is situated within five minutes' walk of the Seminary
buildings.

A post-graduate fellowship of $600 is annually
awarded the member of the graduating class who has the
highest rank and who has spent three years in the insti-
tution.

Two entrance prizes, each of $150, are awarded on
the basis of a competitive examination to college gradu-
ates of high rank.

All the public buildings of the Seminary are new.
The dormitory was dedicated May 9, 1912, and is
equipped with the latest modern improvements, includ-
ing gymnasium, social hall, and students* commons. The
group consisting of a new Administration Building and
Library was dedicated May 4, 1916. Competent judges
have pronounced these buildings the handsomest struc-
tures architecturally in the City of Pittsburgh, and un-
surpassed either in beauty or equipment by any other
group of buildings devoted to theological education in
the United States.

For further information, address

President James A. Kelso,
North Side, Pittsburgh, Pa.

THE BULLETIN

-OF THE-

Western Theologieal SeminaFy

A Review Devoted to tke Interests of
Theological Education

Published quarterly in January, April, July, and October, by tbe
Trustees of tbe Western Tbeological Seminary of tbe Presbyterian Cburcb
in the United States of America.

Edited by tbe President with tbe co-operation of tbe Faculty.

dnnfenta

Page
The Opening of the Centenary Year 5

The Personality of God: A defence 6

Rev. A. K. Rule, Ph.D.

Centennial Fund Campaign 26

An Open Letter 28

Rev. Geo. Taylor, Jr., Ph.D , D.D.

The Elliott Lectures 30

Faculty Notes 31

Alumniana 32

In Memoriam 40

Necrology . . . 41

Communications for the Editor and all business matters should be
addressed to

REV. JAMES A. KELSO.

T31 Ridge Ave., N. S., Pittsburgh, Pa.

75 cents a vear. Single Number 25 cents.

Each author is solely responsible for the views expressed in his article.

Entered as second-class matter December 9, 1909, at the postoffice at Pittsburgh, Pa.
(North Side Station) under the act of August 24, 1912.

Press of

pittsburgh printing company

pittsburgh, pa,

1926

Faculty

The Eev. JAMES A. KELSO, Ph. D., D. D., LL. D.,

President and Professor of Hebrew and Old Testament Literature
The Nathaniel W. Conkling Foundation

The Kev. DAVID RIDDLE BREED, D. D., LL. D.

Professor of Homiletics

The Rev. WILLIAM R. FARMER, D. D.

Reunion Professor of Sacred Rhetoric and Elocution

The Rev. JAMES H. SNOWDEN, D. D., LL. D.

Professor of Apologetics

The Rev. SELBY FRAME VANCE, D. D.^ LL. D.

Memorial Professor of New Testament Literature and Exegesis

The Rev. DAVID E. CULLEY, Ph. D., D. D.

Professor of Hebrew and Old Testament Literature

The Rev. FRANK EAKIN, Ph. D.

Professor of Ecclesiastical History and History of Doctrine

Prof. aEORGE M. SLEETH, Litt. D.

Instructor in Elocution

Mr. CHARLES N. BOYD

Instructor in Hymnology and Music

Rev. WILLIAM H. ORR, S. T. M.,

Instructor in Systematic Theology

Rev. CHARLES A. McCREA, D. D.,

Instructor in Greek

The Bulletin

of the

WESTERN THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY

Vol. XIX. October, 1926 No. i

The Opening of the Centenary Year

The Centenary term of the Western Theological
Seminary opened Tuesday, September 21st, with the
registration of students. The customary address at the
beginning of the academic year was delivered by the
Eev. Andrew K. Eule, Ph. D., Professor of Biblical Li-
terature and Philosophy in Illinois College, Jackson-
ville, 111. Dr. Rule discussed the Personality of God in
a closely reasoned and philosophical presentation. A
large and appreciative audience of students, ministers,
and friends of theological education greeted the lec-
turer. We are printing the lecture in full in this num-
ber of the Bulletin, and we commend it to our readers
as a strong defence of a fundamental doctrine of Chris-
tian faith. The enrollment for the current term is grati-
fying. The popularity of the post-graduate courses is
attested by an enrollment of 24 graduate students. Most
of the men in this group are ministers who are candi-
dates for the degree of S. T. M. A year's residence
with twelve credits and a thesis constitute the minimum
requirement for this degree. The enrollment in the
other classes is as follows: Fellows, 5; Seniors, 20; Mid-
dlers, 9 ; Juniors, 15 ; the total enrollment being 73.

The Bulletin of the Western Theological Seminary
The Personality of God: A Defence ,

Rev. A. K. RULE, Ph. D.

''Tlie feeling of dependence in religion is akin to
the dependence which man feels toward other human
beings who may help or harm him, and this feeling is
present in religion, even in the cases wdiere the religious
agency is not attributed to or identified with a personal
being."

That is quoted from Wright's recent volume, A Stu-
dent's Philosophy of Religion^ It is loart of an attempt
to arrive at a purely descriptive, as distinct from a nor-
mative, definition of religion. AYright finds its genus in
the endeavour "to secure the conservation of socially
recognized values", and the differentia is to be found
in the type of agency involved and the consequent atti-
tude of the religious subject. The agency, in brief, is
always in some sense personal and superhuman. How-
ever one may evaluate Wright's definition as a whole,
we may agree that his location of the differentia of reli-
gion goes to the heart of the matter. It is probably im-
possible, historically, to draw a hard and fast line be-
tween religion, in its lower manifestations, and magic,
but the distinction in thought is clear enough. In so far
as desired results are sought from a power that is con-
ceived mechanically and regarded as subject to the con-
trol of man we have magic; in so far as the object is
thought of as personal and as superior to man's control
we have religion. The personality of God, we shall there-
fore claim, is the calm assumption of the religious con-
sciousness. It is to this assumption that we wish to in-
vite your attention. In the time allotted, our treatment
must, of course, be sketchy and inadequate. We shall not
attempt to make a formal definition of the terms "per-
son" and "personality", though certain of the definitive
elements will be indicated. But we shall endeavour to
use the term "person" in its ordinary sense except in so

1. p. 46.

The Personality of God : A Defence

far as it is modified in the course of our discussion, and
when we refer to "the personality of God" we shall
mean, not His force of character, but the fact that He is
a person. Our procedure will be as follows. We shall
notice, first, three types of thought which by their essen-
tial nature are hostile to the personality of God; then we
shall consider two specific objections. Having dealt with
these, we shall briefly marshal the evidence in favor of
belief in the personality of God.

In striking contrast with the assurance of religion
as to the personality of God is the conflict of philosophic
opinion on the subject. On the face of it, this conflict
would seem to throw doubt on religion, by suggesting
that religion essentially makes unscrutinized demands
which reflection finds it hard, if not impossible, to con-
cede; but an adequate discussion of the philosophy of
personality would show, we are convinced, that it is only
when she is not true to her own best self that philosophy
finds the demand of religion impossible to grant. That
the subject of personality has problems of its own we
readily admit, but these are quite unnecessarily aug-
mented when philosophy fails to possess the whole of her
domain. In particular, two tendencies in philosophy
have caused unnecessary trouble in this discussion. One
is the tendency of the mechanical sciences to impose their
forms of thought upon the whole field of reflection to the
exclusion of those of the distinctively human sciences
and the arts — a tendency which may be briefly character-
ized as materialistic; the other is the monistic or panthe-
istic tendency, a tendency of philosophy to become so
enamoured of her own principle of unity as to lose sight
of the manifold which is at once the beginning and the
goal of thought.

There is no room in materialism for the concept of
personality. It simply does not belong there, because
personality is not a materialistic category. It is there-
fore not surprising that Democritus, the first thorough-
going materialist, unless it be Parmenides, just smashed

The Bulletin of the Western Theological Seminary

the soul to atoms, denied immortality and teleology, and
maintained toward religion an attitude of studied indif-
ference. But what is obviously true of Democritus, with
his charming Greek frankness, is just as certainly true
of all materialism, whether, like the fabled ass — a good,
though not very complimentary analogy — it masquerade
in the lion's skin of evolution, or with an amusing self-
assurance that is quite common at present, it act the
oracle from the pages of a psychology textbook. The
materialist sacrifices on the altar of a spurious simplicity
not only the personality of God but also the personality
of the person who makes the sacrifice. In so far, there-
fore, as thought is dominated by materialistic presup-
positions, it necessarily finds itself unfriendly to the per-
sonality of God. But it need hardly be remarked that
materialism is as bad philosophy as it is bad religion; —
bad because it shuts its eyes to so much that experience
vouches, for, bad because, like some labour organizations,
it levels down instead of up.

That pantheistic tendencies are also inimical to per-
sonality the history of pantheism makes abundantly evi-
dent. The subject is extremely broad, but we have time
to notice only its leading stream in modem western
thought. As a moralist and psychologist, Spinoza was
forced to ascribe some reality to finite persons, but in his
metaphysics he all but loses them. His substance is, as
Hegel put it, the lion's den to which all paths lead and
from which none return. And this Substance or God,
I which swallows up finite persons, is not itself personal.

In His modal nature, God may be said to contain per-
sonality, for, to quote Joachim, "so far as any human
properties express reality, they must be absorbed in
God's completeness "^ But personality may not be pred-
icated of God in His absolute being. Fichte's funda-
mental moralism also compels him to ascribe reality to
finite persons, and from this position he does not waver
as Spinoza does. But his Absolute Ego is an entirely
unconscious being, or else its reality consists in that of

2. Ethics of Spinoza, p. 124.

The Personality of God: A Defence

the individual egos. God, for him, at least in the later
stages of his thought, is merely the moral order of the
universe. Fichte's religious instincts, however, forced
their way through the logical fence which strove to con-
fine them, and in "The Vocation of Man" he addressed
the ''Sublime and Living Will" in clearly theistic terms.
Hegel's persistent tendency, and perhaps his final result,
is to resolve reality into thought without a thinker, but
the conception of a divine consciousness plays an impor-
tant part in his system for all that. However, the essen-
tial interdependence of God and the world, in Hegel's
thinking, drives him to the dilemma that either history
is illusory, time being unreal, or the divine consciousness
is not eternally complete. In all the followers of Hegel
personality is at best a struggling concept. This fact is
very patent in Green. In his thinking the individual self
seems to be lost in the universal self, which somehow, in
relation to these finite selves, loses its "timeless unity".
On the other hand, as one studies the eternal ego, though
Green does refer to it as "an Eternal Self-consciousness",
one is bound to sympathise with the comment of Francis
Patton, "I am not always sure whether T. H. Green was
a theist or a pantheist, whether he regarded God as a
person or a principle, a reality or an abstraction "^
Bradley has equal difficulty with the concept of person-
ality. On the one hand, he is quite certain that the Abso-
lute, while it possesses personality, is itself super-per-
sonal; he also insists that "the plurality of souls in the
Absolute is appearance, and their existence is not gen-
uine"*. But, on the other hand, he admits that "to know
the universe, we must fall -back upon our personal experi-
ence and sensation '^ In his Gifford Lectures, Bosanquet
well illustrates the struggle to which we have referred.
He wavers continually between the view that the mould-
ing of individual souls is the typical business of the uni-
verse and the opposite position that the "formal distinct-
ness" of finite souls is an appearance due to "im-

3. Pundamental Christianity, p. 39.

4. Appeaxance and Reality, p. 305.

5. Ibid., p. 206.

The Bulletin of the Western Theological Seminary

potence ' ' ; and he at least leaves it doubtful whether ' ' the
absolute experience possesses the centrality or focalized
unity which is the characteristic of a self"®. Pringle-
Pattison was once a neo-Hegelian, but he has broken
away from the school. He is definitely a theist. He in-
sists that if we are to keep the name God at all, then an
existence of God for Himself, analogous to our own per-
sonal existence, is an essential element of the conception,
and he regards the reality of finite centres of experience
as "the very essence and open secret of the Absolute
life"^ Pringie-Pattison's position may be regarded as
the ultimate self-criticism of neo-Hegelianism.

Agnosticism cannot consistently deny, but it is equ-
ally unable to permit us to affirm, the personality of God.
Spencer expressly declared that "duty requires us
neither to affirm nor deny personality "^ Kant's limita-
tion of the categories to the materials of sense-experi-
ence led to Hamilton's doctrine that all the objects of
knowledge are conditioned. This doctrine grew into the
explicit religious Agnosticism of Mansel and Spencer.
To know, so the argument runs, is to condition; but God
is essentially unconditioned; therefore, knowledge of God
would involve the self-contradictor}- feat of conditioning
the essentially unconditioned. God is the unknowable.
This being so, the ascription of personality to God is
illegitimate. It is easy to reply that, in that case, God
must not even be named or thought about. The very
name would be meaningless. If the word is to have any
meaning, some attributes must be predicated of God and
meaning, some attributes must be predicated of God,
and Orr very properly asks why we should shrink from
the attribute of personality any more than from that of
cause^. When we say that God is the unconditioned we
merely wish to deny that there are any necessary ex-
ternal conditions. Spencer himself speaks of a relation
between the Non-relative and the Relative. And surely

6. Pringle-Pattison, Idea of God, p. 271.

7. Ibid., p. 277.

8. Orr. The Christian View of God and the World, p . 101, n. 5.

9. Ibid., 104

The Personality of God: A Defence

he was bound to do so. When he asserts that reason is
compelled to affirm the existence of an Absolute Being
as the ground and cause of the universe, and then de-
nies that we can form a conception of the nature of this
being, surely he is involved in contradiction. Surely
the affirmation ikai something exists involves some
knowledge of ivhat it is that exists ; and if we have some
knowledge of the what of God, then, though God is the
unknowable in the sense that He is too great for us to
know adequately. He cannot be unknowable in the sense
that, as Huxley put it, a knowledge of Him is "theoret-
ically inconceivable". A more illuminating answer to
Agnosticism must involve a refutation of its epistem.o-
logical foundations; but, in our day, that should not be
difficult. These views are based on what was intended
as a vivisection of knowledge that really became a dis-
section, and the dissevered fragments simply will not
reunite. Such a system, of course, was quite unable to
maintain itself. Spencer's was not really an Agnostic
system at all. It has been well said that he gives us a
remarkable amount of information about his unknow-
able. His most ardent follower, John Fiske, what is
more, has had to work through the position to an ex-
plicit theism. In the preface to his little book, "The
Idea of God", he rejects as a serious misstate-
ment of his position Pollock's assertion that "Mr.
Fiske 's doctrine excludes the belief in a so-called per-
sonal God, and the particular forms of religious emotion
dependent on it". After endeavouring to show that this
is a misstatement, Fiske continues, "Always bearing in
mind the symbolic character of the words, we may say
that 'God is Spirit'. How my belief in the personality
of God could be more strongly expressed without entirely
deserting the language of modern philosophy and taking
refuge in pure mythology, I am unable to see". Here
we have a denial of Agnosticism by itself. Our belief
in the personality of God, therefore, need not be disturbed
by Agnosticism.

The Bulletin of the Western Theological Seminary

One of the oldest of the specific objections to the per-
sonality of God may be expressed in the one word, anthro-
pomorphism. It is at least as old as Xenophanes. ''If
oxen and lions had hands," he said, "and could paint
with their hands, and fashion images, as men do, they
would make the pictures and images of their Gods in
their own likeness; horses would make them like horses,
oxen like oxen. Ethiopians make their gods black and
snub-nosed; Thracians give theirs blue eyes and red
hair ". Ever since that time the charge has been made
that, instead of God making man in His own image, man
has made God in his. Indeed the term anthropomor-
phism has become with some thinkers something of a bo-
gy. Like a lot of the popular delusions, this attitude is
amusingly illustrated by Mrs. Eddie. She will permit
us to say that God is a person, but not, she adds, in any
anthropomorphic sense of the term^°. What sense, other
than the anthropomorphic, this term might have I can-
not imagine, and her contrast of the anthropomorphic
with the scientific sense does not help because I cannot
find a definition of the latter. In the hands of a writer
like Feuerbach this attitude to anthropomorphism ex-
presses itself as atheism. For him, God is mereW the
projection of our ego into the infinite. There is, of course,
an element of value in this suspicion of anthropomor-
phism, for God certainly transcends our best thought
about Him, and it is to be feared that the popular work-
ing-conception of God falls far below the Westminster
Cathechism's definition. From this point of view, it is
not hard to understand why such eminent thinkers as
Spinoza, von Hartmann, Spencer, Bradley, Bosanquet,
and others want to say that God transcends personality
or is superpersonal. With such a desire to exalt God the
Christian must be in profound sympathy, but at the same
time he cannot agree with the way in wdiich the exalta-
tion is expressed. It is easy enough to say that God is
superpersonal, and even to know what is meant, as long

10. Science and Health, p. 336.

The Personality of God : A Defence

as that adjective is defined formally. But when an at-
tempt is made to render it more explicit, the impossibility
of the task becomes at once apparent. And the reason is
obvious. The highest categories we have are anthro-
pomorphic, and we are therefore shut up to only three
possibilities. We may refuse to think of God at all and
be atheists ; or we may think of Him in anthropomorphic
terms; or we may think of Him in terms that are less
adequate than the anthropomorphic. To admit that our
best terminology is inadequate to the grandeur of God is
not to say that it does not express truth as far as it goes;
and as a matter of fact those who call God Principle are
not as free of the dreaded anthropomorphism as they
imagine. For, by Principle, they probably mean, not a
very general mathematical formula, which is the mean-
ing of the term- in science, but the real Force which the
scientific formula may be supposed to represent. But,
as Fiske well says, "our notion of Force is purely a gen-
eralization from our subjective sensations of effort over-
coming resistance", and so "there is scarcely less anthro-
pomorphism lurking in the phrase 'Infinite Power' than
in the phrase 'Infinite Person' "". The contention of
Xenophanes is superficially brilliant, but not very pro-
found. For these imagined lions of his would need, in
order to be able to paint pictures and make images, not
only the hands but also the mentality of man. Then,
when they made their Gods in their own likeness, they
might endow them with lion-shaped bodies, but they
would also ascribe to them mental powers which, because
like their own, would be like man 's. And, having human
intelligence, might they not presently come to see that
God is a Spirit, the lion-shaped body having fallen out
of the conception and only the anthropomorphic spirit
remaining? In short, would the^^ not also conceive their
Gods anthropomorphically ? The argument of Xeno-
phanes will convince only those Avho are superficial
enough to believe that the sole necessary equipment of

11. Idea of God, p. xvi.

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the artist is a pair of hands. Pringle-Pattison states our
position in a nut-shell when he writes, "Nothing can he
more certain than that all philosophical explanation must
be explanation of the lower by the higher, and not vice
versa, and if self-consciousness is the highest fact we
know, then we are justified in using," — he might have
said, "we are bound to use", — "the conception of self-
consciousness as our best key to the ultimate nature of
existence as a whole "^^

Perhaps the chief specific objection that philosophy
has raised to the personality of God arises from the con-
viction that personality and infinity are mutually repug-
nant terms. "For me", says Bradley, "a person is finite
or is meaningless". But why? Among popular thinkers
one often meets with the conviction that the body is an
essential element in our personality, and this belief,
strangely enough, is not unknown in the sphere of more
instructed thought. It seems to me that James is really
guilty of it in his Ingersoll Lectures on Human Immor-
tality, where he curiously subscribes to the doctrine of
Platonic realism to the extent of making humanity more
real than human individuals, and compares the relation
of the latter to the former with that of the coloured lights
to a unitary stream of sunlight out of which they are
broken by a stained-glass window. Green suggests that
our consciousness may be a function of the animal organ-
ism; the same suggestion is found in Schopenhauer and
von Hartmann, and I seem to remember that even Bosan-
quet would like to use this conception. It is, of course,
a necessary conclusion for those psychologists who think
to find a facile explanation of proper psychological prob-
lems by exclusive reference to the brain. If this con-
ception be granted, then we cannot think of God as a
person without ascribing to Him a body, which would be
necessarily finite. In answer it is enough to say that
the assumption here is entirely w^ithout warrant in fact.
There is no reason w^hatever for the belief that spirit is

12. Hegelianism and Personality, p. 89.

The Personality of God : A Defence

per se structureless and diffused, or that mind is more
dependent on matter than matter is on mind. Further,
this view cannot escape the objections which, as we have
already seen, inhere in all materialism.

But the main reason for the belief that personality
involves finitude is that it involves self-consciousness;
and this seems to depend on the opfjosition of ego and
non-ego. It was Kant who laid the foundation for this
contention by his doctrine of the mutual dependence of
the unity of apperception and the knowable object of
which it is the synthesis. Fichte builds his system on
the idea that the self becomes conscious of itself only as
its outgoing activity is reflected back by the opposition
of the not-self which it creates. Schelling holds that to
say that the absolute reason is beyond the opposition of
subject and object is to say that it is entirely without
attributes, and Hegel insists that it is only in this opposi-
tion that the Absolute exists. It is a commonplace of
modern Idealism that knowledge is the Avhole in separa-
tion from which both subject and object are mere ab-
stractions. If this be so, how can the infinite God be
self-conscious? And, in the absence of self-conscious-
ness, how is personality possible?

In the face of this contention, it might seem prefer-
able to give up, not the personality, but the infinity of
God. The list of those who have subscribed to the fini-
tude of God includes such well-known names as H. G.
Wells, John Stuart Mill, James, Howison, and even such
an exponent and respresentative of Christianity as Canon
KashdalP'. The moment we surrender the infinity of God
the argument based on His infinity falls to the ground.
Patton says that 'Hhe doctrine of a finite God opens the
way to a recrudescence of polytheism except in so far as
the order of the world would put a veto on this hypoth-
esis"". This danger does not impress me as at all
imminent, but there is a much more serious danger in the
theory of a finite God. It is, in brief, that such a belief,

13. cf. Merrington. The Problem of Personality.

14. Fundamental Christianity, p. 62.

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while it might, as James thought, have a certain appeal
to the moral heroism of some, and might seem, as most
of its supporters contend, to vindicate God of responsi-
bility for evil, would undermine moral and spiritual
assurance and open the way to hopelessness and despair.
Before agreeing to give up the infinity of God in the
interests of His personality, we would be Avell advised
to attempt to defend both.

Here it is time to remember that Lotze has consider-
ably changed the complexion of this discussion by his
suggestion that, instead of personality and infinity being
mutually repugnant, jDersonality is essentially infinite.
Admitting that the non-ego is an inseparable factor in
our self-consciousness, he yet suggests that the non-ego,
instead of being a producing cause, is really a limitation
of our personality, and its necessity in our case is due
to our relation, as finite, to the system of finite things.
Personalit}^, he says, "is an ideal, which, like all ideals,
belongs only to the Infinite as unconditioned, but to us,
as every good, is only given as conditioned and therefore
imperfect". This amounts to the suggestion that the
Absolute Idealists have mistaken an accident of our per-
sonality for an essential condition of personality as such,
and, as far as I know, no one has been able to show that
Lotze is wrong. McTaggart thinks to refute him by
pointing out that there are other self-contained realities
that are not, for that reason, persons^°. This Lotze may
cheerfully admit, for it does not afi:'ect his contention.
He is not using the self-dependence of God as a proof
of His personality, — for this he has other considerations
to rely on; but his contention is that self-dependence may
be one of the conditions of perfect personality — a very
different thing. McTaggart 's contention is probably true
in a measure, but it is irrelevant. In point of fact, I be-
lieve, Lotze is correct. Personality in us is imperfect,
and the conditions of personality as such obtain in their
essence only in God. On the basis of this insight, how-

15. Hegelian Cosmology, 79-84.

The Personality of God : A Defence

ever, Lotze goes on to say that reasoning should move
from the personality of God to personality in us, and not
in the opposite direction. This, it seems to me, would
be an impossible procedure, for it would violate the essen-
tial principle that we must reason from the known to the
unknown. By this I would not be understood as con-
ceding that our knowledge of God in general is purely
inferential, and that in particular our knowledge of His
personality is merely an inference from our own person-
ality; my position in this matter will be made clear pres-
ently. But it does seem to be true that we have in our-
selves the clearest and surest knowledge of personality
and its conditions, and that, therefore, where we know
it best, personality is conditioned on finitude.

We, therefore, shall bear in mind the fact that per-
sonality in us is imperfect, and shall be careful not to
include an accidens in the definition; but we shall not
attempt the procedure which Lotze suggested. However,
it still is not difficult for us to guard the personality of
God against those whose objection we are considering.
Let it be granted that, as they contend, limitation of ego
by non-ego is essential to self -consciousness; it would
follow that the Infinite could not be self-conscious only
if, b}^ the Infinite, we mean the All. This assumption is
by no means uncommon, but surely the fallacy is obvious.
Cannot a straight line be infinite without being the whole
universe? And cannot we believe in the infinity of God
without being pantheists! Surely God could be infinite,
and there still be a whole universe to serve as a non-ego
to Him. This answer sufficiently refutes the objection
we are considering, for it shows that its suppressed pre-
mise is untenable; but it is not quite adequate for our
purpose, for it would lead us to consequences all of which
are unsatisfactory. For if the non-ego which, on this
theory, makes God's personality possible is something
outside of Him, then we would have to believe either in
some form of ultimate dualism like Martineau's, or in an
eternal creative activity on God's part, as Origen and

The Bulletin of the Western Theological Seminary

Lotze did, in order to hold that God is eternally a per-
son; or else we would have to conclude, with Fichte, that,
to put it crudely, God became a person when His creative
activity began. Each of these positions has difficuties of
its own, and they all fall under the condemnation of mak-
ing God dependent on the world. If we are to grant that
the opposition of ego and non-ego is essential to person-
ality, w^e will have to find that opposition as an eternal
fact within the being of God. And here the profound
philosophic importance of the Christian doctrine of the
Trinity makes itself manifest. If that doctrine be true,
and I believe that even apart from special revelation some
support for it may be found, then within the Godhead
there is eternally enough of the distinction of ego and
non-ego to make personality possible.

We may feel safe, therefore, in the conclusion that
the personality of God is philosophically possible; what
reason is there for believing in its actuality? The theistic
proofs suggest themselves. Amongst the traditional
proofs the cosmological establishes merely the eternal
existence of something without further characterizing
this something. In its simplest form it merely urges
that because something contingently exists, therefore
something necessarily exists. It has to leave to some
other kind of reasoning the determination of the nature
of a necessary existence, and the justification of its con-
tingent starting point lies strictly outside itself. If the
self be regarded as its point of departure, and the popular
conception of causation be granted, then this argument
might, of itself, prove the personality of God; but the
course of philosophic discussion since Descartes has
shown that both the existence of a soul and the validity
of the popular conception of causation are no mean
assumptions. The teleological proof, on the contrary,
essentially involves the personality of God, for, if valid,
it establishes the existence of a universal plan-maker.
The validity of this proof has often been called in ques-
tion. Spinoza most emphatically preferred the arbitrary

The Personality of God : A Defence

voluntarism of the Scotists to the doctrine of teleology,
which, he thought, would, with no stronger justification
than an appeal ad ignorantiam, subject God to fate and
involve His imperfection. Hume's brilliant dialogues
searched every nook and cranny of the argument; Kant
sought to show that its validity rests on that of the
ontological argument which he regarded as fallacious.
But he paid it great respect, for all that, and, while re-
ducing its claims, granted that it is "the oldest, clearest,
and most in conformity with human reason". It has
sometimes been treated as if its sole claim rested on such
incidental adaptions as the fitness of cork-bark for mak-
ing stoppers for bottles, and in this form it has been held
up to ridicule. The theory of evolution was once re-
garded by friend and foe alike as finally handing to
mechanism what had previously been thought of as the
impregnable stronghold of teleology; but to date the re-
sult has been just the reverse. More and more mechan-
ism has been subordinated, and the place of purpose
deepened and extended. But, if there is purpose in
Nature, there must be a personal cause operative in
Nature; and the unity of the plan demands the unity of
the cause. Let it be freely granted that this argument
does not prove all that we wish to prove about God;
admit also that it is not as strong as we would like, — it
is a confirmation rather than a proof; still it goes a long
way toward proving the existence of a personal God. The
ontological proof properly takes a personal form also.
In the Anselmic fonnulation of it, it starts from the idea
of God as that than which nothing greater can be con-
ceived, and the term "greater" would undoubtedly be
given a personalistic definition by Anselm. The Cartesian
form based itself on the concept of the ens perfectissi-
mum, but the prevalent tendency of the Cartesians to-
ward a confusion of perfectissimiim with realissiimim
caused the personalistic element to be submerged. The
underlying moment of the ontological argument is the
congruity, involved in the fact of knowledge, between

The Bulletin of the Western Theological Seminary

the presuppositions of thought and the constitutive prin-
ciples of realit}^ This would seem to justify an inference
from us as persons to the existence of a personal God.
It is a deep insight that these three theoretic proofs must
be woven into a unitary, cumulative argument, and not
presented as though they were separate and independent.
In such a unitary argument the presence of the teleolog-
ical and ontological strands would necessitate belief in
the personality of God.

To these must be added, of course, the moral proof
which, since Kant's advocacy of it, has often been re-
garded as the most compelling. Here we are on definitely
personalistic ground. The argument has been formu-
lated in various ways, but its essence is that moral ex-
perience points beyond itself to the existence of a
supreme moral Person. There can be little doubt that
here too we have a necessary movement of the mind, the
rejection of which would entail serious consequences for
thought.

But the best reason for belief in the personality of
God is to be found in religion itself. It is usually assumed
by philosophers that religion can validate itself, if at all,
only in terms of some other kind of experience. But
surely this assumption is invalid. The history of science
will illustrate ' my argument. At one time the demand
was that biological facts take the forms of mathematico-
physics, and one of the great attractions of Lotze's works
is the clearness w^ith which they reveal the hopeless
struggle of biology to conform to this limiting assump-
tion. It has now come to be acknowdedged that a pre-
supposition of biology has as much claim on us as a
presupposition of mathematics. Indeed Bergson, for one,
would grant it immeasurably more claim. Kant brought
himself at last to admit, what his fundamental moral
interests should have caused him to see from the first,
that the presuppositions of morality have their rights
along side of those of physics. Similarly, we contend,
and in doing so we are in harmony w^ith the practice of

The Personality of God: A Defence

theologians generally, that the presuppositions of reli-
gious experience are as valid as any, and that a sound
philosophy simply must find room for them. We do not
overlook the obvious fact that the ideal of thought is a
harmonious unity of all truth in which propositions
which now seem to conflict find their place; but that
ideal lies far ahead. Our contention is that, if, in the
present imperfection of the system of knowledge, the
necessary claims of religion seem to conflict with those
of some other branch of experience, the former have as
much claim on us as the latter in the world of fact and
more in the world of value, A¥ith this contention, Bosan-
quet, as we shall see, is in substantial agreement. If
religion demands a personal Object, then it is narrow
and unwarranted dogmatism to refuse to regard that fact
as a sufficient justification for belief in a personal God.
Of course, if it be granted to Bradley that religion is
transcended in the Absolute and therefore is not an ulti-
mate form of experience, my contention is open to ques-
tion; but a method which, like his, sweeps out of the
familiar room of experience, not only the dust and litter,
but also the furniture, the wall-paper, even the family,—
such a method may well be rejected If, w^e repeat, reli-
gion demands a personal God, that is a valid and suffi-
cient reason for belief in a personal God; and, if there
are difficulties in such a belief,— what system lacks diffi-
culties?

The Ritschlian distinction between religion, as the
realm of value judgments, and science as the realm of
factual judgments calls for a word in passing. If this
be taken rigorously, then the contention that religion
demands a personal God furnishes no basis whatever
for the factual statement, God is a person. Just what
the relation is between value judgments and reality we
are not prepared to say, but we are sure both that they
cannot be ruthlessly divorced in this manner, and that
religious judgments essentially claim objective, as well
as subjective, validity.

The Bulletin of the Western Theological Seminary

But does religion demand a personal object? We
started this lecture with the claim that it does; and now
we must defend our claim. Many influential thinkers
would not be prepared to grant it. We have already im-
plied that a confusion between religion and magic is re-
sponsible for at least some of the opposition. This re-
sults in an undue extension of the denotation of the term
"religion" with a consequent impoverishment of its
connotation. Another related cause is to be found in the
effort to maintain a strictly psychological point of view
in the treatment of religion. Psychology is interested in
the subjective aspect of experience, and any reference it
may make to the objective aspect is purely incidental to
its purpose. Now we may readily grant the value of the
psychological study of experience without admitting its
adequacy, for, if there ever is a state of pure subjectivity,
it is rare and devoid of meaning. Certain writers, how-
ever, treat religion so predominantly from the psycho-
logical point of view that they do less than justice to
the objective factor. It is this influence that explains
Bradley's definition of religion in terms of a certain
intensity of feeling, modified by reflection, "no matter
what the object may be". But such a divorce of the
subjective from the objective aspect in religion is inex-
cusable. In an Idealist like Bradley it is almost unbe-
lievable, and it is no occasion for surprise that this out-
standing apostle of consistency cannot maintain his o^Yn
consistency with this position. He recognizes, for ex-
ample, that the term "religion" is used in senses that
are higher or lower according as the object is higher or
lower, and, though he does not clearly indicate what his
standard of judgment is, this surely shows that the
nature of the object of religious feeling cannot be indif-
ferent. He also admits that, in the highest sense, reli-
gion can have but one object, and that this object must
be of such a nature as to make possible toward it an
attitude of moral prostration. But whether moral pros-
tration is ultimately possible toward any but a personal

The Personality of God : A Defence

object may well be questioned. Indeed, in liis earlier
writings, Bradley was willing to grant that religion
demands a personal object.

To find Bosanquet denying that religion demands
a personal object is, from one point of view, decidedly
disconcerting; for it has been one of his basic principles
to found on experience at its highest. If this principle
justifies him, as he thinks it does and as we will readily
grant, in finding in religion the key to the nature of
reality, surely it should lead him to" find that key in reli-
gion at its highest. If experience as a whole is best
explained in terms of its highest form, religion, then it
would seem to follow that religion as a whole is best
explained in terms of its highest form. And there is no
question with Bosanquet that the highest form of reli-
gion is Christianity. He, therefore, should have found
in Christianity the key to the explanation of reality, and
the careful reader cannot fail to see that in the main he
did so. But his treatment of religion is wavering and
inconsistent. Much of the philosophic and scientific dis-
cussion of religion in our time is based on the assump-
tion, the very opposite of Bosanquet 's, that its essence
is discovered only by isolating what is common to all
religions, that is to say, by reducing religion to its lowest
terms. Under the influence of this contradictory prin-
ciple, Bosanquet resolves religion into a sense of depend-
ence and denies that the feeling of dependence needs a
personal object. Of course it is what Pringle-Pattison
calls his monistic tendency that makes such a conclusion
congenial to him. On the contrary, it seems likely that,
in the cases where the' object of specifically religious
dependence is not explicitly a person, it is personified or
else regarded as under the control of a person. Now
Bosanquet 's principle — founding on experience at its
highest — is, we believe, a valid one. Pringle-Pattison,^ as
we have seen, also insists that philosophic explanation
musT be explanation of the lower in terms of the higher.
''Nothing", he says, "can be more certain". We also

The Bulletin of the Western Theological Seminary

agree with Bosanquet that experience finds its highest
terms in religion, and that religion attains finality in
Christianity. We, therefore, propose to say, quite frankly
now, that we are philosophically compelled to grant to
religion its characteristic presuppositions; that the essen-
tial presuppositions of religion can best be found in reli-
gion at its highest, — Christianity; and that a study of
Christianity leads inevitably to the conclusion that the
primary presupposition of all religion is the personality
of God. For, as Orr emphatically states it, "Christian-
ity is a theistic system; this is its first postulate — the
personal, ethical, self-revealing God."^^

It is so obviously true that Christianity is theistic
that little need be said in defence of the statement. What
we do say will be more by way of illustration than of
proof. But which way shall we turn when, in every direc-
tion, the aspect is the same? Christianity claims to be
based on a revelation of God. But the very idea of reve-
lation implies a personal Revealer; the whole tenor of
the Scriptural revelation is personalistic; and this prog-
ressive revelation reaches its height and culmination in
One Whose final word was this. He that hath seen me
hath seen the Father. The ultimate revelation of God,
•therefore, is a theanthropic Person. In its doctrine of the
Person of Christ the church has always been true to the
New Testament doctrine of incarnation. It has ever
rejected explanations of the Saviour's origin in terms of
the acquisition of deity by a human person, and, w^hen
pressed to state in which of the two natures the unitary
person of Jesus is to be sought, it chose the divine. Be-
fore His advent, therefore, before ever He became man,
He was an eternal divine Person. If Jesus Christ, as
Immanuel, proves God to be a Person, His teaching about
God and the implication of His conscious relations with
God are perfectly in harmony with what we learn from
His Person. His name for God is Father; He attributes
self-conscious acts to the Father; He talks to Him, and

16. Christian View of God and the World, p. 91.

The Personality of God : A Defence

submits to His will; He is conscious of possessing the
Father 's love, and of living in a relation of peculiar, per-
sonal intimacy with Him. All this would be unintelli-
gible apart from the personality of God. The only aspect
of theology in which there has been any marked tendency
amongst Christians to obscure the personality of God is
in respect of the Holy Spirit; and even here it is only by
implication, it is due to oversight, and it is immediately
rejected as soon as it becomes explicit. Warfield certainly
interpreted the Christian spirit aright when he wrote,
"It would probably be no exaggeration to say that no
heresy could be more gross than the heresy which con-
ceives the operations of God the Holy Spirit under the
forms of the action of an impersonal, natural force"^';
and other representative theologians might be quoted to
similar effect. Thus personality is attributed to Father,
Son, and Holy Spirit ; but these are not three individual
persons. Trinitarian Christianity is monotheistic.

If Christian theology is personalistic, equally so are
Christian anthropology and soteriology. Sin, in the
Bible view, is not mere weakness, not just a violation of
the moral law, but an affront to a personal and holy God.
The transactions that lead to salvation take place either
within the being of a personal God, or between a personal
God and human persons. They find their motive in divine
love, and the message of God 's love is the greatest power
Christianity has for melting hard hearts and producing
repentance and joy. Only a Person can be propitiated;
only a Person can exercise the creative grace that is
manifested in Regeneration; only a personal God can
walk with us in the sanctifying way, and be the object of
the adoration w^hich is worship and the communion
which is prayer. The Christian life is in its essence a
mystical union, by faith, between the soul and its God,
and this is possible only because God is a Person. We
simply are unable to adopt toward a non-personal object
the attitude in which this life consists. In short, the
Christian view of God is personalistic to the core.

17. Plan of Salvation, p. 82f.

The Bulletin of the Western Theological Seminary

Our argument lias been as follows: — first, we con-
sidered the more respectable objections to the personality
of God, and found them untenable; then we saw that cer-
tain of the well-known theistic arguments, separately and
in their cumulative effect, lead to our conclusion; finally,
we argued that the nature of religion, as most clearly
manifested in its most perfect form, Christianity, essen-
tially demands the personality of God. The last conten-
tion might easily be extended by a philosophical and
historical consideration of religion, but in itself it is suffi-
cient. It is the best, and a quite adequate, reason for be-
lief in the personality of God.

The Centennial Fund Campaign

The Centennial of the Western Theological Semi-
nary will be observed in November, 1927, with appropri-
ate public exercises. To make the occasion really me-
morial the Alumni have undertaken to establish a Chair
of Religious Education. Up to the present time one-
fourth of the endowment of this Chair has been sub-
scribed by 245 of the graduates. This speaks volumes
for the loyalty and sacrificial spirit of the men who once
enjoyed the student life of the Seminary. As Secretary
of the Alumni Association, Rev. George C. Fisher, D.
D., pastor of the Highland Presbyterian Church, Pitts-
burgh, has been active in presenting the claims of this
Chair to his fellow-graduates. In this connection we
would urge the Alumni who have not already subscribed
to the Alumni Chair of Religious Education to send in
their pledges at their earliest convenience.

It was not anticipated that the full amount needed
for an adequate endowment and for a modern equip-
ment would be secured before the Anniversary in 1927,
and yet so much interest was manifested in the event

Centennial Fund Campaign

that preparations were made during the present year
for a preliminary campaign in which one hundred thou-
sand dollars have been secured in cash and pledges,
while an additional two hundred thousand dollars have
been assured by friends of the institution. Through
the untiring effort of Rev. George Taylor, Jr., Ph. D.,
D. D., pastor of the First Presbyterian Church of ,Wil-
kinsburg, and President of the Board of Directors of
the Seminary, all the churches of Wilkinsburg were
open for a full and free visitation of the members, and
his message in the interest of the Seminary has quick-
ened the zeal of generous people in other congregations.
A number of the churches in Pittsburgh Presbytery
have permitted the Seminary to present the Centennial
Endowment to their congregations and a canvass of a
selected list of members has been made immediately
after the presentation, with the results noted above. On
account of the campaign for the Service-Pension Fund
and the approaching drive for the Presbyterian Hosi^i-
tal, the Centennial Committee of the two Boards after
due deliberation decided that it would be wise for the
Seminary to suspend an ora'anized effort in the
churches. It is hoped that it will be possible to resume
an active campaig-n in the churches of Western Pennsvl-
vania early in the new year. In order to obviate the
possibility of a misunderstanding, it is emphatically
stated that the Centennial Endowment campaign in the
churches is only temporarily quiescent.

The Bulletin of the Western Theological Seminary

Western Seminary's Services in Field of
Learning Lauded

An open letter to the Philadelphia Co.'s commercial
development department has heen received hj THE
PEESS from Rev. George Taylor, Jr., pastor of the
First Presbyterian church of Wilkinshurg, in ivhich trib-
ute is paid the Company for its efforts in the Pitts-
burgh "Forward Movement," and attention called to
an omission. The letter folloivs :

Grentlemen :

I am sure I share the appreciation of the ministers
of the Pittsburgh district in expressing my indebted-
ness to the Philadelphia Co. for the information con-
tained in the pamphlet entitled "Know Pittsburgh"
and which was put out with the compliments of your
company in connection with the Pittsburgh Forward
Movement. It represents a tremendous amount of work,
is a very ready compendium of useful knowledge and is
contributing greatly to the disseminating of that infor-
mation which will help the citizens of this community to
appreciate the city of their homes.

Because it is so complete, I venture to call the at-
tention of the compilers to an omission in estimating
the greatness of the educational contribution of Pitts-
burgh to the world. I refer to the seminaries in our
midst, out from which there have gone about 4,200
ministers of the Gospel and 300 missionaries of the
Cross. And especially, as secretary of its board of di-
rectors, I would mention The Western Theological
Seminary of Ridge Ave., Northside, which has grad-
uated more students than any of the institutions of
higher learning mentioned in "Know Pittsburgh" with
the exception of the University of Pittsburgh and the
Carnegie Institute of Technology. Western Seminary
has sent out into different fields of labor 2,514 ministers
and 114 missionaries. These men have become centers
of transforming power in those communities in which

An Open Letter

they have settled, and the value of their influence can-
not be estimated.

This institution will be 100 years old next fall and
has stood as a representative institution of learning-
throughout the history of Pittsburgh. And no one can
understand the greatness of this city without knowing
the place of Western seminary in her life. Among her
noted graduates are Dr. S. Hall Young of Alaska fame ;
Dr. Adolphus C. Good, the first apostle to the Bulu peo-
ple of West Africa; Dr. Calvin W. Mateer, a leader in
evangelistic and educational work of China; Dr. John
Newton and Dr. John C. Lowrie, founders of the Pun-
jab missions of northern India; and Sir J. C. R. Ewing,
who was regarded by the government of India as the
leading educator of recent years. In recognition of his
services the British government conferred on him the
Kaiser-i-hind medal and later knighthood. Among the
noted men of our country there are Ex-Chancellor Sam-
uel B. McCormick, the distinguished educator of the
University of Pittsburgh; President Isaac C. Ketler,
founder of Grove City College ; Dr. Daniel W. Fisher,
President of Hanover College for 35 years, and Dr.
William 0. Thompson, President of Ohio State Univer-
sity, and Dr. Matthew B. Riddle, a member of the New
Testament Revision Committee and a New Testament
scholar of international reputation. These are only a
few of those who have distinguished themselves in the
world of service.

At times in this city, where we are surrounded con-
stantly by an overwhelming industrial life, perhaps
greater in capacity than that of any in the world, wo
are prone to forget that to know Pittsburgh it is neces-
sary to know those men and women who have kept hei"
life from crystallizing into a sordid selfishness and
who have conserved in her midst a generosity of heart
and a greatness of soul which are not excelled by any
city of this land.

I have every confidence that the next ten years will
see a progress in Pittsburgh which will surpass the ex-
pectation even of the most optimistic citizen.

The Bulletin of the Western Theological Seminary

The Elliott Lectures

The Elliott Lectures will be delivered by the Eev.
Maitland Alexander, D. D., in the Seminar}^ Chapel,
Swift Hall, at 11:20 each morning, on November 30th,
December 1st, 2d, 3d, and 8th. His general subject is
''The Pastor and His Methods". The syllabus of his
course of lectures is as follows :

I. The Minister and His Personality.

His spiritual outlook. His great objectives. His
manners. His place in the community. His sacri-
fices. His fraternal relationshi^DS. His determina-
tion in the face of difficulties. His devotional life.
His temptations along professional lines. His meas-
ures of success. His proofs of his ministry.

II. The Minister and His Sermons.

His preparation. His selection of material. His
]Dulpit details. The church ser^dce. Doctrinal
preaching. Evangelistic preaching. Preaching that
draws. The relation of the pulpit to all other parts
of a minister's w^ork.

III. The Minister and His Organizations.
Promotional w^ork for congregations. Advertising.
The Session. The Trustees. The Prayer Meeting.
The organization of the home devotional life of his
people. Young People's Meetings. Missionary
Societies. Problems of leadership.

IV. The Sunday School. The Pastor's relation to it.
Teachers and their qualifications. Variety in the
school. Socials and their value. Promotional work
in the school. Training in prayer and Bible read-
ing. Men's work. Objectives for men's organiza-
tions. Recruiting for the Session.

V. Institutional Worh.

Interesting the congregation. Financial support.
Boys' clubs. Girls' clubs. Mothers' Meetings.
The value of institutional work.

Faculty Notes

Dr. Kelso was official representative of the Seminary at the in-
auguration of Rev. Harry L. Reed, D.D., as President of Auburn
Theological Seminary on October 2 6th. He will also represent the
Seminary at the inauguration of Rev. Henry Sloane Coffin, D.D., as
President of Union Theological Seminary on November 4th.

Two appreciative reviews of Dr. Kelso's syllabus, "A History
of the Hebrews in Outline," appeared recently; one was in the
Jewish Quarterly Review and the other in the Orientalische Litera-
turzeitung. The latter was especially complimentary to the peda-
gogical method of the syllabus.

Dr. Breed is giving a series of lectures on "The Acts of the
Apostles" to the Men's Bible Class of the Shadyside Presbyterian
Church. He recently gave an illustrated lecture in the Seminary
chapel on "St. Francis of Assisi" in commemoration of the seven
hundredth anniversary of the death of St. Francis. He is also con-
ducting a course of lectures on Evangelism two hours a week dur-
ing the first semester.

Dr. Farmer and Dr. Snowden are lecturing one night a week
under the auspices of the Y. M. C. A. of Pittsbugh, Dr. Farmer on
"Eight Great Characters" in Bethel Lutheran Church, and Dr.
Snowden on "The International Lessons" in Calvary Community
House.

Dr. Snowden delivered a six weeks' course of lectures on Theo-
logy at the Graduate School of Theology in connection with the Uni-
versity of Dubuque during part of July and August. Dr. Snowden
again has editorial charge of the Presbyterian Banner.

In the Department of Systematic Theology Dr. Snowden con-
tinues in charge of the courses in Apologetics, Psychology of Reli-
gion, and Philosophy of Religion, while the courses in Theology
Proper are being conducted by Rev. William H. Orr, B.D., pastor of
the Avalon Presbyterian Church. Mr. Orr was the fellow of the Class
of 19 09 and spent a year in the study of Philosophy in Johns Hop-
kins University. Rev. Charles A. McCrea, D.D., pastor of the Pres-
byterian Church of Oakmont, Pa., also an alumnus of the Seminary
(Class of 1897), is acting as Instructor in New Testament Greek.
We regret to announce that Rev. H. M. LeSourd, who has served
with marked success as Instructor in Religious Education for the
past two years, has moved from Pittsburgh in order to accept a call
to become Professor of Religious Education in Duke University,
Durham, N. C. We wish Mr. LeSourd success in this enlarged field
of service in the South.

Dr. Vance represented the Seminary at the meeting of the
Synod of Pennsylvania held in Williamsport, Pa., October 26-8.

At her home in Edgeworth, Pa., on July 2 0th, occurred the
death of Mrs. Matthew B. Riddle, widow of the late Rev. Matthew
B. Riddle, D.D., former professor of New Testament Literature and
Exegesis in Western Theological Seminary.

The Bulletin of the Western Theological Seminary
Alumniana

I860

Dr. W. F. Johnson, a veteran missionary of the Board of For-
eign Missions of the Presbyterian Church, U. S. A., in North India,
passed to his heavenly reward on June 29th. Dr. Johnson rendered
notable service in more than one department of missionary work
and through his contributions to Christian literature he exercised
a far-reaching influence not only in the Christian Church, but also
among the non-Christian people of India.

1861

Dr. Nathaniel W. Conkling, who endowed the President's Chair
by a gift of one hundred thousand dollars, met a tragic death May
18th. Dr. Conkling had reached the age of ninety with the full pos-
session of all his faculties and in good health. He was returning
from a meeting which he had attended when he was struck by
a taxicab at a street crossing. In this accident he received such in-
juries that he died a few days later in a hospital. Dr. Conkling was
a generous benefactor of the Western Theological Seminary, and it
is appropriate that a life-size bust in bronze, a gift of his daughter-
in-law, Mrs. Paul B. Conkling, has been placed in the Reading
Room of the Seminary Library. It is interesting that this bronze
bust was the work of Dr. Conkling's son who was a sculptor, and was
only completed shortly before his own death and the death of his
father.

1873

Rev. Francis X. Miron of New Bethlehem, Pa., during the sum-
mer visited Sainte Anne, 111., renewing acquaintances of early youth
and preaching Sunday morning and evening in First Church. Mr.
Miron spoke and sang in the French language. He was one of a
class of thirty-six from Sainte Anne to begin preparation for the
ministry during the earlier days of Father Chiniquy and Rev. Theo-
dore Monod.

1878

Dr. S. Hall Young, for forty-three years missionary to Alaska,
was a member of the party under the Missionary Education Move-
ment which recently made a tour of Alaska.

1880

Rev. A. H. Jolly, D.D., was elected Moderator of the Synod of
Pennsylvania at its October meeting in Williamsport, Pa.

A book entitled "Evolution Disproved," by Rev. W. A. Williams,
has been widely and favorably reviewed. A copy has been presented
to the Seminary library as well as to other libraries throughout the
country.

1881

The Bulletin extends sympathy to Rev. John H. Kerr, D.D.,
whose wife passed away on September 28th. Dr. Kerr is minister
of the Arlington Avenue Presbyterian Church of Brooklyn, N. Y.
During the past year he has had the honor of serving as moderator
of the Synod of New York.

Alumniana

1885

Dr. A. S. Hunter died suddenly on July 30th. Several years
ago he retired from his professorship at the University of Pitts-
burgh, but had been very active in philanthropic Avork as President
of the Board of Directors of the Presbyterian Hospital where he
was engaged in developing the campaign to raise $6,000,000, for the
medical center of Pittsburgh.

1886

Rev. O. N. Verner, D.D., has recently observed the fortieth an-
niversary of his pastorate in the First Presbyterian Church of Mc-
Kees Rocks, Pa.

1887

Rev. Matthew Rutherford, D.D., on June first retired from the
pastorate of the Third Presbyterian Church of Washington, Pa.,
thus closing thirty years of service in this church. At a reception
in honor of Dr. Rutherford and his family a purse was presented to
him by the congregation.

1888

The address of Rev. James B. Lyle, D.D., has been changed
from Albert Lea, Minn., to Turtle Creek, Pa.

1891

The Third Presbyterian Church, of Newark, N. J., held a recep-
tion on October 12th, in celebration of the twenty-fifth anniversary
of the pastorate of their pastor. Rev. Robert Scott Inglis, D.D.

1892

Rev. J. E. Giflin, formerly of Cross Roads Church, Gibsonia, Pa.,
has accepted a call to the Presbyterian Church of Plumville, Pa.

1893

Rev. Harry A. Grubbs of Oakland, Md., has accepted a call to
the Presbyterian Church of Waterford, Pa.

1894

The address of Rev. Wm. M. Jennings has been changed from
Adrain, Mich., to 203 South Perry Street, St. Marys, Ohio.

1896

Rev. J. Mont Travis of Denver, Colorado, was elected Moderator
of the Synod of Colorado.

Rev. Harvey Brokaw writes, "To be bitten by a mad-dog, and
to have an operation for appendicitis in one year is somewhat of a
variety in my usual program. Both threw the machinery out of gear
and took a lot of time." There is much more that is interesting in
Mr. Brokaw's "Kyoto (Japan) Bulletin," sent out under date of
June 2 5, 1926. We are glad to note that he recovered fully from
both the operation and the dog-bite, and is continuing his busy mis-
sionary life.

The Bulletin of the Western Theological Seminary

1897

The Pine Street Presbyterian Church of Harrisburg, Pa., is de-
voting the week of October 3-10 to dedication services of their new-
Church and Sunday School buildings. Among those participating
will be Dr. Lewis S. Mudge, Dr. W. O. Thompson, and Mr. Ralph A.
Cram, the architect. The pastor of the church is Dr. C. Waldo
Cherry, D.D. Dr. Cherry was the official delegate of the Seminary at
the Centennial of Gettysburg Theological Seminary on September
21st.

After a short vacation in Canada in July Rev. Hugh T. Kerr,
D.D., left for a trip to the Orient in company with Dr. Robert E.
Speer of the Board of Foreign Missions. They will visit China,
Japan, and Korea.

Pikeville College, Pikeville, Ky., Rev. J. F. Record, Ph.D., D.D.,
President, on October 2 8th, celebrated its second annual Founders
Day. This college was established thirty-seven years ago with two
teachers in a building of three rooms. At the recent celebration
a beautiful new administration building and chapel, costing $125,-
000, was dedicated.

1899

Rev. C. O. Anderson was installed pastor of the Presbyterian
Church of Cherry Tree, Pa., June 24th.

The degree of Doctor of Divinity has recently been conferred
upon Rev. George G. Kerr, of Canonsburg, Pa.

1900

During the four years that Dr. William L. Barrett has been
pastor of the Montview Church in Denver, Col., the church budget
has increased from $11,000 to $33,000 and the benevolence budget
from $3,000 to $9,000. The membership has been increased by 800
during the same period. Recent anniversary services were broadcast
over Station KOA. '

1901

Rev. Harvey B. Marks has been rector of St. Phillips Church,
Crompton, Rhode Island, since 192 3. Recently after extensive re-
pairs and renovations, the church was rededicated by Bishop Perry.

1902

;Rev. A. B. Allison has resigned the pastorate of the First Pres-
byterian Church of Tarentum, Pa. His present address is 234
Laurel Avenue, Ben Avon, Pa.

Rev. R. P. Lippincott observed October 3-10 as "Autumn De-
votional Week," in his church at Cadiz, Ohio. Meetings were held
each evening, with neighboring pastors assisting.

In the six years ending September first, the Wilson Presby-
terian Church of Clairton, Pa.. Rev. E. R. Tait, pastor, has received
437 members and has raised $71,152.00. The present membership
of this church is 548. '

1903

Bethel Presbyterian Church in the Presbytery of Pittsburgh,
Rev. Murray C. Reiter pastor, is installing a fine new pipe organ.

Alumniana

1905

The Presbyterian Church of Slippery Rock, Pa., Rev. Geo. S.
Bowden, pastor, has recently expended $65,000.00 in enlarging and
refurnishing their church building, which when finished will be com-
plete in all departments and will be worth approximately $100,-
000.00. I

1907

Rev. C. E. Houk, for many years pastor at Claysville, Pa., has
accepted a call to New Concord, Ohio.

Rev. M. M. McDivitt, D.D., was elected a member of the Board
of Directors of the Western Theological Seminary, to take the place
made vacant by the death of Rev. William O. Campbell, D.D.

1908

Rev. Platte T. Amstutz, D.D., has moved from Detroit, Mich.,
to 551 East Bowman Street, Wooster, Ohio. Dr. Amstutz resigned
the pastorate of the Covenant Church in Detroit to accept work
with Dr. A. F. McGarrah in the Department of Building Fund Cam-
paigns of the Board of National Missions.

1909

Rev. Arthur L: Hail of Allison Park, Pa., has accepted a call to
Donora, Pa.

1910

The Waverly Presbyterian Church, of which the Rev. Thomas
C. Pears, Jr., is pastor, is building a beautiful new edifice at the
corner of Forbes Street and Braddock Avenue, Pittsburgh. The
architectural style is Early English Gothic, the entire exterior being
of stone. The auditorium will accommodate 75 0 people, while the
adjoining Sunday School building will provide ample educational
and recreational facilities.

Rev. George S. Watson, until recently pastor of the First Pres-
byterian Church of Nowata, Oklahoma, is taking a post-graduate
course in McCormick Theological Seminary. During the month of
August he preached a series of sermons in the First Presbyterian
Church of Frankfort, Ky., on the general theme "Why I Believe."

Dr. C. B. Wingerd, of Martin's Ferry, Ohio, has been called to
Central Church, New Castle, Pa.

1911

Graduates of the Western Theological Seminary held a reunion
and Alumni dinner at Landour, India, early in July. Rev. and Mrs.
W. H. Hezlep were hosts to Rev. J. L. Dodds ('17), Rev. John E.
Wallace, ('19), and Rev. Calvin G. Hazlett, ('23).

Rev. M. A. Matheson, of Ashtabula, Ohio, has accepted a call
to the Kelvyn Park Church of Chicago, and has taken up the work
in his new field.

1912

Rev. P. E. Burtt celebrated the third anniversary of his pas-
torate in the First Church of Sharon, Pa., on July 8th. In three
years 460 members have been received. The present membership
is 1328.

The Bulletin of the Western Theological Seminary

Rev. Harry J. Findlay, pastor of Roanoke Churcli, Kansas City,
Mo., accepted a call to the First Church of Shenandoah, Iowa, and
assumed his duties September 1st. During the eight and a half
years of Mr. Findlay's pastorate in the Roanoke Church the mem-
bership has increased from 200 to 900.

Rev. Francis Hornicek has returned from Czechoslovakia where
he went recently to deliver a large sum of money which he collected
in thi.'J country for an institution in that country. The institution
was a large castle owned by private individuals before the war,
"but confiscated by the government and later sold to the Czech
Brethren for an orphanage,, and is now being turned to this use. It
was dedicated with elaborate ceremonies June 2 0, in the presence
of two thousand people. Mr. Hornicek is now engaged in mission
work among his people in the bounds of Redstone Presbytery. His
address is 2 3 Cleveland avenue, Uniontown, Pa.

1913

Midland Church, Rev. C. W. Cochran pastor, recently raised
in a three day campaign, $45,000 for a new building.

Rev. G. A. Frantz, D.D., of "Van Wert, Ohio, accepted a call
to the First Church of Indianapolis, Ind., and was installed pastor
on October 2 8th. His present address is 2 3 09 Broadway, Indiana-
polis, Ind.

Rev. Ashley S. Wilson has resigned the pastorate of the Pres-
byterian Church of Union City, Pa., and on July 25th assumed
charge of the Presbyterian Church of DuBois, Pa.

1914

The address of Rev. J. Wallace Fraser, D.D., has been changed
from Girard, Pa., to New Bethlehem, Pa., he having accepted a call
to the Presbyterian Church of New Bethlehem.

Rev. Albert Sheppard, of Forest Hills, Long Island, N. Y., has
accepted a call to the First Church of Kittanning, Pa.

1915

Rev. L. L. Tait was installed pastor of the Presbyterian Church
of Brockway, Pa., on June 2 8th.

Rev. G. P. West has taken up the work in his new field at
Houtzdale, Pa.

1916

Rev. George H. Cheeseman was installed pastor of the Porters-
ville and Mountville United Presbyterian Churches, Beaver Valley
Presbytery, on June 22nd.

The "Bulletin" of the First Presbyterian Church of Indepen-
dence, Iowa, shows a full and interesting program of work planned
by this church for the fall months. On Labor Day Sunday — the
pastor, Rev. Ralph V. Gilbert, preached on the subject — "Jesus the
Worker."

Rev. Roy M. Kiskaddon, who for some time has been Assistant
Pastor of the First Presbyterian Church of Pittsburgh, has accepted
a call to the First Church of Coshocton, Ohio.

Rev. John O. Miller was installed pastor of the Presbyterian
Church of Carmichaels, Pa., on July 13th.

Alumniana

1917

Rev. Glenn M. Crawford of West Alexander, Pa., has accepted
a call to the Presbyterian Church of Jeannette, Pa.

Rev. A. R. Hickman, of Minneapolis, Minn., has accepted a call
to the Third Presbyterian Church of Chicago, 111. For
the past three years Mr. Hickman has been chairman of
the committee on program and field activity for Minneapolis Presby-
tery and active in all the religious life of the city.

The Bulletin is indebted to Rev. LeRoy Lawther for a copy of
the 192 5-2 6 year book of his church — the Central Presbyterian
Church of McKeesport — and copies of weekly bulletins. This church
is observing the week of October 3-10 as Rally Week for the entire
church. Beginning October 17th Mr. Lawther will preach a series-
of eight Sunday morning sermons on "The Jesus of the New Testa-
ment."

1919

Rev. D. Earl Daniel began the work of his new pastorate at
the Memorial Presbyterian Church of Dayton, Ohio, on August 1st.
"The Beacon," published weekly by this church, contains editorials
and news items as well as the programs for the church services and
announcements of .church activities.

On July 20th Rev. E. J. Hendrix was installed pastor of
the Chestnut Street Church, Erie, Pa.

The Old Home Day exercises at the Round Hill Presbyterian
Church of Elizabeth, Pa., October 2, were planned in commemora-
tion of the one hundred forty-eighth anniversary of the organization
of the church. The principal address was delivered by Dr. Percival
Barker of the Point Breeze Church of Pittsburgh. A very large au-
dience was present. Rev. W. W. McKinney is pastor of the church.

A sermon by Rev. O. W. Pratt is included in a recent volume of
"One Hundred Choice Sermons for Children," edited by G. B. F.
Hallock. Mr. Pratt is pastor of the Presbyterian Church of Mt.
Vernon, 111.

1920

On August 19th Rev. Roy F. Miller began his new pastorate at
Reynoldsville, Pa. Mr. Miller has been out of the pastorate for two
years pursuing graduate studies.

1932

Rev Clifford E. Barbour has resigned the pastorate of the
Herron Avenue Presbyterian Church of Pittsburgh in order to pur-
sue a year of graduate work in Scotland.

Rev. Daniel Hamill, formerly pastor of the McKinley Park
Presbyterian Church, Pittsburgh, has accepted a call to Mt. Gilead,
Ohio. He began work in his new field September 1st.

Rev Ralph K. Merker, co-pastor of the Knoxville Presbyterian
Church, Pittsburgh, was a member of the faculty of one of the sum-

The Bulletin of the Western Theological Seminary

mer conferences for Presbyterian young people at Saltsburg, Pa.,
during the past summer.

On September 11th, Rev. Walter H. Millinger was married to
Miss Ruth Pingrey, of Lexington, Mass. Mr. Millinger is minister
of the Puritan Congregational Church of Pittsburgh.

Rev. Roscoe W. Porter, pastor of the Arlington Heights
Church since his graduation, has become ah assistant pastor at the
First Presbyterian Church, Pittsburgh.

1923

Rev. J. Morgan Cox of Dravosburg, Pa., has accepted a call to
the Herron Avenue Church, Pittsburgh.

Rev. C. H. Hazlett and Miss Sara Higgins were married in
Mussoorie, India, on September 3 0th. Mrs. Hazlett is well known
to all recent alumni of the Seminary, by reason of the fine service
which she rendered as Assistant Librarian.

1924

In August the Pleasant Unity Presbyterian Church, Rev. G. K.
Monroe, pastor, celebrated its eighty-fifth anniversary.

Rev. Deane C. Walter, who has been appointed to Shantung
Mission, stationed at Tsining, is just beginning language study and
registering first impressions of China in the Yenching School of
Chinese Studies, Peking, China.

1925

Rev. Clayton E. Williams has resigned as Director of Religious
Education in the First Church of Poughkeepsie, N. Y., and accepted
a call as student pastor in the American Church in Paris, France.
Mr. and Mrs. Williams sailed September 18th.

1926

Rev. H. B. Hudnut was installed as associate pastor of
City Temple, Dallas, Texas, on June 4th. He preaches over the radio
every second Sunday night of each month. The pastor of this church
is Dr. B. P. Fullerton. It is supporting Rev. John L. Eakin, a class-
mate of Mr. Hudnut's, as its missionary in Siam.

Rev. Fred E. Robb was installed pastor of Laurel Hill Church,
near Uniontown, Pa., on July 4th. This church, founded in 1776,
celebrated its sesqui-centennial October 9th and 10th. An attractive
souvenir booklet was published, containing a historical sketch and
pictures of the successive buildings and pastors.

Rev. Andrew Babinsky was ordained on July 17th and the
church of which he has charge was received into the Presbytery of
Shenango on the same day. On July 18th the church was dedi-
cated and Mr. Babinsky was installed pastor. In April 1924 this
congregation was organized under Mr. Babinsky with sixteen adult
members and twelve children. There are now one hundred and two
members, and seventy children in the Sunday School.

Accessions

Following is a tabulated list of accessions received at the sum-
mer communion of churches administered to by alumni of the
Seminary:

Church

Accessions Pastor

Class

First, McKees Rocks, Pa 9

Elderton, Pa 16

Currie's Run 11

Shady Side, Pittsburgh, Pa... 7
Vance Memorial, Wheeling

W. Va 5

Concord and Goheenville

Kittanning Presbytery . ..11
Brighton Rd., Pittsburgh, Pa. 19

First, Brookville, Pa 8

Mt. Washington, Pgh. Pa 10

First, Wilkinsburg, Pa 2 5

First, Sharon, Pa 18

First, Blairsville, Pa 7

Sharpsburg, Pa 4

First, Independence, Iowa ... 7
Middlesex, Butler Presbytery. 7
Westfield Ch, Mahoning Pres. 8
Central, Tarentum, Pa 28

O. N. Verner, D.D 1886

M. D. McClelland, Ph.D. . ..1895
Hugh T. Kerr, D.D 1897

J. M. Potter, D.D 1898

H. C. Prugh, Ph.D 1898

R. H. Allen, D.D 1900

F. B. Shoemaker 1903

C. B. Wible 1907

Geo. Taylor, Jr. Ph.D., D.D. 1910

P. E. Burtt 1912

J. Norman Hunter 1912

A. E. French 1916

R. V. Gilbert 1916

H. Russell Crummy 1917

R. M. Haverfield 1924

A. N. Stubblebine . . . .p.g. 1924

The Bulletin of the Western Theological Seminary

Jn Mi^xnavxnm

The Boards of the Seminary suffered great loss in the
death of Rev. William O. Campbell, D.D., and Judge J.
McF. Carpenter. Dr. Campbell was a graduate of the
Seminary and had long been vitally interested in the wel-
fare of the institution. A brief outline of his ministerial
career will be found in the Necrology published in the cur-
rent number of the Bulletin.

Judge J. McF. Carpenter, who has been a Trustee of
the Seminary since 1897, died very suddenly May 13, 1926.
His death was a great loss to the institution as he gave
both his time and his legal knowledge without stint to the
promotion of the interests of theological education.

Necrology
Necrology

Conkling, Nathaniel W. Born, Coshocton, Co., Ohio, December 21,
1835; College of New Jersey, 1857; S. T. B., 1861, Seminary;
D.D.; licensed, 1860, Presbytery of Allegheny, and ordained,
1861, Presbytery of Philadelphia; pastor, Scots, Philadelphia,
■ 1861-63; Arch Street, 1863-68; Rutgers Street, New York City,
1868-81; voluntary home missionary work. New York City,
.1881-1926; died New York City, N. Y., May 18, 1926.

Ewinjs. James Caruthers Rhea. Born, Armstrong County, Pa., June
23, 1854; A.B., Washington and Jefferson College, 1876; S. T.
B. Seminary, 1879; M.A., 1879; D.D. 1887; LL. D., 1908,
Washington and Jefferson College; Lift. D., University of the
/Punjab, 1917; licensed, April 24, 1878, and ordained, Septem-
ber 4, 1879, Presbytery of Kittanning; foreign missionary,
Fatehgarh, India, 1879-81; Allahabad, 1881-4; professor Theo-
logical Seminary, Saharanpur; 1884-8; President Forman
Christian College, Lahore, 18 88-1918; Dean of the Faculty of
Arts. University of Punjab, 189 0-1910; Vice-Chancellor, Uni-
versity of Punjab, 1910-17; Kaiser-i-hind gold medal for
famine relief work, conferred by King Edward VII, 19 05;
created Companion of the Indian Empire by King Gorge V,
1915; Moderator of the Presbyterian Church in India, 1916;
Knight Commander of the Indian Empire by King George Y,
1923; Secretary India Council, 1918-22; retired to U. S., 3 922;
Lecturer on Missions, Princeton Theological Seminary, 1922-
25; Member Board Foreign Missions, 1922-25; President Board
of Foreign Missions, 1924-5; died Princeton, N. J., August 2 0,
1925.

Zenana Reader; Seven Times Victorious; Life of Dr. Duff;
Greek-Hindustani Dictionary of the New Testament; A Prince
of the Church in India (Life of Rev. Dr. K. C. Shatterjee).

Fife, Noah Hallock flillett. Born. Allegheny County, Pennsylvania,
February 19, 1840; Jefferson College, 1859; teacher, Louis-
ville, Ky., 1859-60, S. T. B., 1863, Seminary; D.D., Washington
and Jefferson College, 1896; licensed, June, 1862, and ordained
1863, Presbytery of Redstone; pastor, Connellsville, Pa. 1S63-8;
Long Run, 1868-73; Sterling, 111., 1873-89; Fremont, Neb.,
1889-91; Pasadena, Cal., 1891-9; Bloomington, 111., 1900-4;
Clearfield, Pa., 1905-8; Philadelphia, Pa., 1909-26; died, Phila-
delphia, Pa., May 22, 1925.

Gregg, Andrew Jackson. Born, near Saltsburg, Pa., September 10,
1855; Western Reserve College *1879; S. T. B., 1885, Semi-
nary; licensed, April 23, 1884, and ordained, April 29, 1885,
Presbytery of Kittanning; pastor, Worthington and West Glade
Run, Pa., 1885-9 9; stated supply, Frankville and Rossville,
Iowa, 1899-1902; Ringsted, Hoprig, and Depew, Iowa, 1902-3;
Atkins and Newhall, Iowa, 19 03-7; Frankville, Iowa, 1907-8;
pastor, Frankville, Iowa, 19 07-8; Sunday School Missionary Os-
borne Presbytery, 1909-13; Carthage Presbytery. 1913-16;
pastor, Churdan, Iowa, 1916-19; Waterman, 111., 192 0-23;
Omaha, 111., 192 3-25; President Benton County Sunday School
Association, 1903-7; President 13th District Iowa State Sunday

The Bulletin of the Western Theological Seminary

School Association, 1905-6; President DeKalb County, 111., Sun-
day School Association, 1922-3; pastor-at-large, Cairo Presby-
tery, 1925-6; died Creal Springs, 111., April 3, 1926.

Hamilton, John Milton. Born, Rowsburg, (near Mansfield), Ohio,
May 16, 1842; Washington and Jefferson College, 186 6;
S. T. B., 1869, Seminary; licensed January 1868, Presbytery of
Richland; ordained, January, 1869, Presbytery of Clarion;
pastor, Corsica and Greenville, Pa., 1869-71; Plum Creek, Pa.,
1873-87; New Florence and Armagh, Pa., 1885-94; occasional
supply Johnstown, Pa.; died, Johnstown, Pa., January 13, 1926.

Irwin, James Perry. Born, Northumberland Co., Pa., November 13,
1839; Washington and Jefferson College, 1864; S. T. B. 1867,
Seminary; licensed. May 8, 18 67, Presbytery of Erie; ordained
July 1, 1868, Presbytery of New Lisbon; pastor Canfield, Ohio,
1868-79; stated supply, Hanover, Ohio, 1880; pastor Pulaski,
Pa., 18 81-87; Jamestown and Atlantic, 18 87-8 8; stated supply.
Belle Valley, Pa., 18 8 8-9 5; supply and evangelist, Erie and
vicinity, 1895-1917; pastor, Eastminster, Erie, Pa., 1917-1923;
honorably retired, 1923; died, Erie, Pa., March 22, 1926.

History of Presbyterianism in Erie County, Pennsylvania,
and many articles for religious papers.

Kozma, Michael. Born, Cleveland, Ohio, November 21, 1896;
Bloomfield Theological Seminary (college department, 1910-
16; theological department, 1916-20); post graduate. Western
Seminary, 1922-3; licensed, Connecticut Valley Presbytery; or-
dained. White River Presbytery, 1920; pastor, Hungarian Pres-
byterian Church, Lackawanna, N. Y., 1920-22; died, Albuquer-
que, N. M., March 18, 1926.

Montgomery, Donnell Rankin. Born, Oakland, 111., April 6, 1870;

A. B. 1897, Franklin College, Franklin, Ind.; S. T. B. 1900,
Seminary; licensed, June, 1899, and ordained May 10, 1900,
Presbytery of Indianapolis; missionary to Alaskan Indians,
1900-05; stated supply, Cle Elum, Washington, 1905-10;
pastor, Sharpsburg, Pa., 1910-18; Plum Creek and Renton, Pa.,
1918-2 5; died. New Texas, Pa., January 27, 1925.

Patterson, James Trimhle. Born, Tuscarora Valley, Juniata Co., Pa.,
April 28, 183 3; Waveland Academy, Hanover College, 18 62; S.T.

B. 1865, Seminary; licensed, April, 1864, and ordained, Septem-
ber, 18 6 5, Presbytery of Logansport; stated supply, Monticello,
Ind., 18 64; Bethlehem and West Union, 18 6 5-7; Sugar Creek
and Jefferson, 18 68-70; Oxford, 1870-4; pastor, Buffalo and
Westminster, Pa., 1874-80; stated supply New Salem, 1880-3;
pastor Two Ridges and Cross Creek, Ohio, 1883-4; Congress,
1884-7; St. Edwards, Neb., 1887-8; stated supply, Ocome, Neb.,
1888-93; Hamlet and Perryton, 1893-5; Carry's Creek, 1896-7;
Brighton and Plainview, 1897; honorably retired, 1898; died,
Newburgh, Ind., August 30, 1925.

Smith, Matthew F. Born. Falls Creek, Pa., October 12, 1882;
A. B. 1906, A.M. 1908, Grove City College; S. T. B. 1911, Semi-
nary; D.D., Geneva College, 1916; licensed, April 19, 1910,
Presbytery of Clarion; ordained. May 10, 1911, Presbytery of
Beaver; pastor, Hookstown and Millcreek, 1911-15; First,

Necrology

Beaver Falls, Pa., 1915-21; First, Indianapolis, Ind., 1921-26;
died, Indianapolis, Ind., February 27, 1926.

Smith, Robert Futhey. Born, Wegee, Belmont Co., Ohio, October
29, 18 53; Washington and Jefferson College, 1876; S. T. B.
1887, Seminary; licensed, April 27, 1886, Presbytery of Shen-
ango; ordained, May 2 6, 1887, Presbytery of Redstone; pastor.
Pleasant Unity. Pa., 1887-1901; stated supply, Wayne,
Wooster, Ohio, 1901-10; pastor and stated supply, Cardington,
Ohio, 1910-24; honorably retired, 1924; died, Wegee (now
Shadyside), Ohio, Feb. 20. 1926.

Srodes, John Jay. Born, Allegheny Co., Pa., February 20, I860;
Washington and Jefferson College *1887; S. T. B. 1890, Semi-
nary; licensed, April 23, 1889, and ordained, June 10, 1890,
Presbytery of Pittsburgh; pastor, Phillipsburg and North
Branch, Pa., 1890-7; Mount Prospect, 1897-1902; Moundsville,
W. Va., 1902-11; New Athens and Crab Apple, Ohio, 1911-21;
Woodsfield, Ohio, 1921-25; honorably retired, 1925; died,
Woodsfield, Ohio, July 23, 1925.

VVachter, Egon. Born, Prussia; St. Vincent's College, 1881; S. T. B.
18 84, Seminary; M.D.; licensed, April 24, 188 3, and ordained.
May 11, 1884, Presbytery of Pittsburgh; foreign missionary,
Rajaburee, Siam, 1896-1910; Bankok, Siam, 1910-12; Na-
. kawn, Sri Tamarat, Siam, 1912-18; Trang, South Siam, 1918-
23; honorably retired, U.S.A., 1924; died, Berkeley, Cal., Aug.
12, 1925.

Campbell, William Oliver. Born, Middlesex, Pa., November 14,
1841; Jefferson College, A. B., 1862; Seminary, 1863-64; U.S.
Army, 1863-64; Princeton Theological Seminary, 1864-66; D.D.,
University of Wooster, 188 5; licensed, 18 6 5, Presbytery of But-
ler; ordained, April 17, 1867, Presbytery of Winnebago; stated
supply and pastor, Depere, Wis., 1866-69; pastor, Mononga-
hela. Pa., 1870-85; Sewickley, Pa., 1885-1909; instructor.
Western Theological Seminary, 1883-85; director, Western
Seminary, 1881-1904 and 1919-26; pastor emeritus, Sewickley,
Pa., 1910-26; died, Atlantic City, N. J., January 8, 1926.

liowe, Cornelius Marshall. Born, Warren Co., N. J., February 23,
1850; Oberlin College, 1878; teacher, Dayton, Ohio, 1878-82;
Union Biblical Seminary, Dayton, 1881-2; Seminary, 1882-3;
Ph.D.; professor of Latin, Heidelberg College, 1883- ; ordained
by Tiffin Classis of the Reformed Church United States America,
May, 1892; pastor, Presbyterian Church, Osawatomie, Kan.,
1919-22; stated supply, Bern, Kansas, 1922-3; died, Bern, Kan-
sas, May 27, 1923.

Marshman, David McGill. Born, Nashville, Ohio, September 1,
18 50; University of Wooster, 1881; Seminary, 1881-83;
Princeton Theological Seminary, 1883-84; licensed, June 19,
1883 and ordained, 1884, Presbytery of Wooster; stated sup-
ply, DeGraff and Zanesfield, 1883; Royalton, Minn., 1884-86;
stated supply, and pastor, Shakopee, Minn., 188 6-88; stated
supply and pastor, Montpelier, Ohio, 1888-96; stated supply
and pastor, Fall River Mills, Cal., 1899-1901; stated supply,
Tehama and Red Bank, Cal., 1902-03; stated supply, Richmond

The Bulletin of the Western Theological Seminary

and Princeton, Kan., 1904-05; stated supply. Fort Bragg, Cal.,
1906-07; stated supply. Crescent City, Cal., 1908-1909; stated
supply, Tehama, Cal., 1913-19; honorably retired, 1921; died,
Yosemite Park, Cal., August 13, 1925.

Reed, Alvin McClure. Born, Salineville, Ohio, September 21, 1841;
A.B., 1872 and A.M. (hon.) 1873, Washington and Jefferson
College; Seminary, 1872-3 and 1874-6; licensed, April 26,
1876, Presbytery of Mahoning; ordained, June 12, 1876, Pres-
bytery of Shenango; pastor, Princeton and Hermon, Pa., 1876-
82; stated supply and pastor. Plain Grove and Harlansburg,
Pa., 18 82-9 3; stated supply, Salem, Greenville, 189 3-98; stated
supply, Sandy Lake and New Lebanon, Pa., 1895-99; stated
supply. Mill Village, Pa., 1899; stated supply, Arlington, Kan-
sas, 1902-5; stated supply, "Vienna and Brookfield, Ohio, 1905-
08; residence, Greenville, Pa., 1909-25; honorably retired,
1917; died, Greenville, Pa., June 3, 1925.

Szekely, Alexander. Gymnasium Rimaszombat, Hungary, 1903;
Seminary, 1907-9; licensed, June 9, 1908, and ordained
September 23, 1908, Presbytery of Redstone; stated supply,
Uniontown, 1908-9; stated supply, Columbus, Ohio, 1909-11;
pastor, Hungarian church, Uniontown and Brownsville, Pa.,
1911-25; died, Brownsville, Pa., July 6, 1925.

THE BULLETIN

OF THE

Western Theological
Seminary

CATALOGUE NUMBER

Vol. XIX. January, 1927 No. 2.

CATALOGUE

1926 - 1927

THE BULLETIN

OF THE

Western Theological
Seminary

Published quarterly, in January, April, July, and October
by the

TRUSTEES OF THE

Western Theological Seminary

OF THE

PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH IN THE UNITED
STATES OF AMERICA

Entered as Second Class Matter December 9, 1909, at the Postoffice at Pittsburgh,
Pa. (North Diamond Station), Under the Act of Aug. 24, 1912

PITTSBURGH PRINTING COMPANY
PITTSBURGH, PA.

The Bulletin of the Western Theological Seminary

CALENDAR FOR 1927

MONDAY, JANUARY 24tli.

Opening of second semester.

SUNDAY, MAY 1st.

Baccalaureate sermon.

Seniors' communion service at 3:00 P. M. in the Chapel.

MONDAY, MAY 2d and TUESDAY, MAY 3d.
Written examinations.

WEDNESDAY, MAY 4th.

Oral examinations at 10 A. M.

THURSDAY, MAY 5th.

Annual meeting of the Board of Directors in the President's

Office at 10:00 A. M.
Meeting of Alumni Association and Annual Dinner 3:30 P. M
Commencement exercises. Conferring of diplomas and address
to the graduating class 8:15 P. M.

FRIDAY, MAY 6th.

Annual meeting of Board of Trustees at 3:00 P. M.

in the parlor of the First Presbyterian Church, Pittsburgh.

Session of 1927-8

TUESDAY, SEPTEMBER 20th.

Reception of new students in the President's Office at 3:00

P. M.
Matriculation of students and distribution of rooms in the

President's Office at 4:00 P. M.

WEDNESDAY, SEPTEMBER 21st.

Opening address in the Chapel at 10:30 A. M.

FRIDAY, NOVEMBER 11th.
Armistice Day.

TUESDAY, NOVEMBER 15th.

Semi-annual meeting of the Board of Directors at 2:00 P. M.

WEDNESDAY, NOVEMBER 16th.

Semi-annual meeting of the Board of Trustees at 3:30 P. M.

WEDNESDAY, NOVEMBER 23d. (noon)— MONDAY, NOVEMBER

28th. (7:45 P. M.)

Thanksgiving recess.
WEDNESDAY, DECEMtBER 21st. (noon) — TUESDAY. JANUARY

3d. (8:30 A. M.)

Christmas recess.

3 (51)

The Bulletin of the Western Theological Seminary
BOARD OF TRUSTEES

OFFICERS

President

R. D. CAMPBELL

Vice-President

R. W. HARBISON

Secretary
THE REV. SAMUEL J. FISHER, D. D.

Counsel

T. D. McCLOSKEY

Treasurer

COMMONWEALTH TRUST COMPANY

TRUSTEES

Class of 1927

Geo. D. Edwards R. D. Campbell

John G. Lyon The Rev. P. W. Snyder, D.D.

The Rev. S. J. Fisher, D. D. Alex. C. Robinson

The Rev. Stuart Nye Hutchison, D. D.

Class of 1928

Joseph A. Herron W. J. Morris

Ralph W. Harbison Wilson A. Shaw

Geo. B. Logan William M. Robinson

The Rev. William J. Holland, D. D., LL. D.

Class of 1929

*The Hon. J. McP. Carpenter Charles A. Dickson

The Rev. W. A. Jones, D. D. John R. Gregg

Daniel M. Clemson Robert Wardrop

*Died May 13, 1926.

4 (52)

The Bulletin of the Western Theological Seminary

STANDING COMMITTEES

Executive

Geo. B. Logan W. J. Holland, D. D. George D. Edwaj-da

[ Robert Wardrop W. J. Morris S. J. Fisher, D. D.

Auditors

W. M. Robinson R. D. Campbell John G. Lyon

Property
R. W. Harbison Geo. B. Logan Alex. 0. Robinson

Finance

President, Treasurer, Secretary, and Auditors

Library
A. 0. Robinson John G. Lyon J. A. Kelso, Ph.D., D. D.

Advisory Member of all Committees

James A. Kelso, Ph. D., D. D., ex officio

General Secretary

The Rev. J. W. Laughlin, D. D

Annual Meeting, Friday before second Tuesday in May, and
semi-annual meeting, Wednesday following third Tuesday in
November at 3:30 P. M., in the parlor of the First Presbyterian
Church, Sixth Avenue.

5 (53)

The Bulletin of the Western Theological Seminary

BOARD OF DIRECTORS

OFFICERS

President

THE REV. GEORGE TAYLOR, JR., Ph. D., D. D.

Vice-President

THE REV. WI-b-LIAM-Ha^^MHaTON DrEI>J.CE-,^D. D.,-4ai4

Secretary

THE REV. GEORGE C. FISHER, D. D.

DIRECTORS
Class of 1927

EXAMINING COMMITTEE

The Rev. Calvin C. Hays, D. D. Ralph W. Harbison

The Rev. Wm. H. Hudnut, D. D. Wilson A. Shaw

The Rev. Hugh T, Kerr, D. D. Dr. A. W. Wilson, Jr.

The Rev. George Taylor, Jr., Ph. D., D. D.

The Rev. William E. Slemmons, D. D.

The Rev. George M. Ryall, D. D.

The Rev. William F. Weir, D. D.

Class of 1928

The Rev. William R. Craig, D. D. Charles N. Hanna

The Rev. Charles F. Wishart, D. D. George B. Logan

The Rev. Frederick W. Hinitt, D. D. Alex. C. Robinson

The Rev. S. B. McCormick, D. D., LL. D.

The Rev. William L. McEwan, D. D.

The Rev W. P. Stevenson, D. D.

The Rev. A. P. Higley, D, D.

6 (54)

The Bulletin of the Western Theological Seminary

Class of 1929

The Rev. Thomas B. Anderson, D. D.
The Rev. John W. Christie, D. D.
The Rev. Joseph M. Duff, D. D.

The Rev. John A. Marquis, D. D.

The Rev. J. M. Potter, D. D.

The Rev. William H. Spence, D. D., Litt. D

The Rev. Stuart Nye Hutchison, D. D.

W. D. Brandon

Dr. S. S. Baker
Wells S. Griswold

Class of 1930

The Rev. Maitland Alexander, D. D.
The Rev. M. M. McDivitt, D. D.
The Rev. Geo. N. Luccock, D. D.

The Rev. George C. Fisher, D. D.

The Rev. J. Millen Hobinson, D. D

The Rev. John M. Mealy, D. D.

The Rev. Samuel Semple, D. D.

T. D. McCloskey
J. S. Crutchfield
James Rae

STANDING COMMITTEES

S. N. Hutchison, D. D.
A. C. Robinson

Executive

Hugh T. Kerr, D. D.

Joseph M. Duff, D. D.

T. D. McCloskey

James A. Kelso, Ph. D., D. D., ex officio
George Taylor, Jr., Ph. D., D. D., ex officio
George C Fisher, D. D., ex officio

duTiculum

A. P. Higley, D. D.
Samuel Semple, D. D.

William F. Weir, D. D.
J. S. Crutchfield

Annual Meeting, Thursday before second Tuesday in May, at 10
A. M., and semi-annual meeting, third Tuesday in November at
2:00 P. M., in the President's Office, Herron Hall.

7 (55)

The Bulletin of the Western Theological Seminary

FACULTY

The Rev. James A. Kelso, Ph. D., D. D., LL. D.

President and Professor of Hebrew and Old Testament Literature
The Nathaniel W. Conkling Foundation

The Rev. David Riddle Bkeed, D. D., LL. D.

Professor of Homiletics

The Rev. William R. Farmer, D. D.

Reunion Professor of Sacred Rhetoric and Elocution

The Rev. James H. Si^owDEi^r, D. D., LL. D.

Professor of Apologetics

The Rev. Selby Frame Vance, D. D., LL. D.

Professor of Hebrew and Old Testament Literature

The Rev. David E. Culley, Ph. D., D. D.

Professor of Hebrew and Old Testament Literature

The Rev. Frank Eakin, Ph. D.

Professor of Ecclesiastical History and History of Doctrine

George M. Sleeth, Litt. D.

Instructor in Speech Expression

Charles N. Boyd, Mus. D.

Instructor in Music

The Rev. Wm. H. Orr, S. T. M.

Instructor in Systematic Theology

The Rev. Charles A. McCrea, D. D.

Instructor in Greek

The Rev. Stanley Scott, Ph. D.

Instructor in Religious Education

8 (56)

The Bulletin of the Western Theological Seminary

COMMITTEES OF THE FACULTY

Conference

Dr. Kelso and De. Vance

Elliott Lectureship

Dr. Kelso and Dr. Farmer

BnUetin

Dk. Culley and Dr. Eakin

Curriculum

Dr. Farmer and Dr. Vance

Library

Dr. Culley and Dr. Eakin

Advisory Member of All Committees

Dr. Kelso, ex officio

Secretary to the President

Miss Margaret M. Read

Assistant to the Librarian

Miss Agnes D. MacDonald

9 (57)

The Bulletin of the Western Theological Seminary
LECTURES

Opening Lecture

The Rev. Andrew K. Rule, Ph. D.
"The Personality of God: a Defence"

On the Eliott Foundation

The Rev. Maitland Alexander, D. D., LL. D.
"The Pastor and His Methods"

1. "The Minister and His Personality"

2. "The Minister and His Sermons"

3. "The Minister and His Organizations"

4. "The Sunday School; The Pastor's Relation to it"

5. "Institutional Work"

Conference Lectures

The Rev. Henry A. Atkinson, D. D.

"International Relations"
The Rev. David R. Breed, D. D., LL. D.

"St. Francis of Assisi" (illustrated)
The Rev. Reid S. Dickson

"The Pension Plan"
The Rev. Lindsay S. B. Hadley

"The New Age in Foreign Missions"
Dr. Sam Higginbottom

"Economic Consequences of Hinduism"
The Rev. J. L. Hooper

"Mission Work in the Philippine Islands"
The Rev. Stuart Nye Hutchison, D.D.

"The Minister in the Modern World"
Prof. Paul M. Kanamori

"Three Hour Sermon"
Dr. Earl A. Kernahan

"Personal Evangelism"
The Rev. Hugh T. Kerr, D. D.

"Historic Presbyterianism"
Bishop Francis J. McConnell, D. D.

"Latin America"
Chaplain A. N. Park

"Religious Education in the U. S. Navy"
The Rev. Charles E. Patton

"Some Sidelights on the Situation in China"
The Rev. Lee Anna Star, D. D., LL. D.

"The Bible Status of Woman"
The Rev. Joseph A. Vance, D. D., LL.D.

"An Overpaid Vocation"

10 (58)

The Bulletin of the Western Theological Seminary

AWARDS: MAY 6. 1926

The Degree of Bachelor of Sacred Theology

was conferred upon

Horace Edward Chandler Paul T. Gerrard

Franz Omer Christopher James Henry Gillespie

John Lyman Eakin Herbert Beecher Hudnut

Newton Carl Elder William Owen

James Herbert Garner Victor Charles PfeifiEer

Fred Eliot Robb

A Certificate

was awarded to

John A. Clark Philip L. Williams

The Degree of Master of Sacred Theology

was conferred upon

John Arndt Yount (of the Graduate Class)
James Herbert Garner (of the Graduating Class)

The Seminary Fellowship

was awarded to

John Lyman Eakin

Honorable Mention

Newton Carl Elder James Herbert Garner

The Keith Memorial Homiletical Prize

was awarded to

Newton Carl Elder

The Hebrew Prize

was awarded to

Byron Elmer Allender

Merit Prizes

were awarded to

Lloyd David Homer Ralph W. E. Kaufman

Byron Elmer Allender William Semple, Jr.

11 (59)

The Bulletin of the Western Theological Seminary

STUDENTS

Fellows

David K. Allen, Mamont, Pa. ..106 Marchmont Road, Edinburgh,

Scotland.
A. B., College of Wooster, 1922.
S. T. B., Western Theological Seminary, 1925.

John Lyman Eakin Bangkok, Siam.

A. B., Washington and Jefferson College, 1923.
S. T. B., Western Theological Seminary, 1926.

Willard Colby Mellin Rimersburg, Pa.

A. B., University of California, 1920.

S. T. B., Western Theological Seminary, 1923.

Harold Francis Post Petersburg, Ohio.

A. B., Washington and Jefferson College, 1918.
S. T. M., Western Theological Seminary, 1924.

George Henry Rutherford Dillonvale, Ohio.

A. B., College of Wooster, 1922.

S. T. B., Western Theological Seminary, 1925.

Fellows, 5.

Graduate Students

John K. Boston 1332 Liverpool Street, N. S.

A. B., College of Wooster, 1914.

S. T. B., Western Theological Seminary, 1917.

Welsh Sproule Boyd 1517 Fallowfield Avenue

A. B., West Virginia Wesleyan College, 1921.

B. D., Drew Theological Seminary, 1924.

Edna Patterson Chubb (Mrs. A. L.) . .109 Licoln Ave., Bellevue, Pa.
Michigan State Normal School.
Divinity School, University of Chicago.

*Claude Sawtell Conley R. F. D. 2, Parnassus, Pa.

Nyack Missionary Institute, 1922.

S. T. B., Western Theological Seminary, 1925.

* Maxwell Cornelius 201 Waldorf Street, N. S.

A. B., University of Wooster, 1911.

S. T. B., Western Theological Seminary, 1914.

*Zolton Csorba, Szentmihalyuit 104, Rakospalota, Hungary,. . . .318

Miskolczi Reformatus Fogymnazium, 1922.
Eretts^gi, University of Biudapest, 1924.
Reformed Theological Seminary, Budapest

B. D., Central Theological Seminary, Dayton, Ohio, 1926.

*Candidate for the degree of S. T. M.

12 (60)

The Bulletin of the Western Theological Seminary

*Karoly Dobos, 2094 Laktanya Korut, Szolnok, Hungary 318

Eretts6gi, Allami Fogymnazium, 1921.

Reformed Theological Seminary, Budapest.

B. D., Central Theological Seminary, Dayton, Ohio, 1925.

S. T. M., Pittsburgh Theological Seminary, 1926.

Ermanno E. Genre, Inverso Pinasca, Turin, Italy 215

Ginnasio-Liceo, Torre Pellice, 1922.

Cand. Theol., Waldensian Theological Seminary, Rome,
1925.

Jacob Lott Hartzell, Prae, Siam 315

A. B., Trinity College, 1908.
Lane Theological Seminary, 1911.

*Melvin Clyde Horst Windber, Pa.

A. B., Juniata College, 1923.

B. D., School of Theology, Juniata College, 1924.

* Charles Kovacs, Nagyenyed, Baroczy, U. 4., Roumania 110

University of Budapest 1918.

Budapest Reformed Theological Seminary of Dunamellek
District, 1915.

* John Maurice Leister Florence, Pa.

A. B., Lebanon Valley College, 1915.
S. T. B., Western Theological Seminary, 1924.
William Ellsworth Marshall East Butler. Pa.

A. B., Grove City College, 19 04.

B. D., Auburn Theological Seminary, 1916.

Owen Wilborn Moran 122 Whitfield Street.

B. S., University of Pittsburgh, 1926.

B. C. T., Baptist Bible Institute, 1922.
George Joseph Muller 1208 Iten St., N. S.

A. M., Muhlenberg College, 1906.
*Walter Brown Purnell Imperial, Pa.

A. B., Grove City College, 1911.

S. T. B., Western Theological Seminary, 1914.
*Howard Rodgers 141 Oliver Ave., Bellevue, Pa.

A. B., Grove City College, 1915.

iS. T. B., Western Theological Seminary, 1918.
August Francis Runtz 333 7 East Street, N. S.

German Department, Rochester Theological Seminary,
1913.

Rochester Theological Seminary, 1916.
Arthur A. Schade • 75 Onyx Ave.

German Dept., Rochester Theological Seminary, 1910.

A. B., Oskaloosa College, 1921.
Harry S. D. Shimp R- D. 1, Oakdale, Pa.

Westminster Theological Seminary, 1913.
Hugh Alexander Smith, 38 Penn Avenue, W. Irwin, Pa 314

Glasgow University, 1900.

S. T. B., Western Theological Seminary, 19 03.

*Candidate for the degree of S.T.M.

13 (61)

The Bulletin of the Western Theological Seminary

Robert Lincoln Smith 2 Mansion Street.

Moody Bible Institute.
Frederick Stueber 432 Talco St., N. S.

A. B., Gettysburg College, 1923.
Gettysburg Theological Seminary, 1926.

Isaac Kelley Teal 300 N. Negley Ave.

B. S., Waynesburg College, 1910.

Giovanni Arnold Vecchio, 536i/^-5th Ave., McKeesport, Pa. ...202

A. B., Upsala College, 1924.
Bloomfield Theological Seminary, 1923.

B. D., Drew Theological Seminary, 1925.

Arthur Christian Waldkoenig 1309 Paulson Avenue.

A. B., Gettysburg College, 1920.
Gettysburg Theological Seminary, 1923.

Philip L. Williams, Marion, Ind 317

B. A. S., Young Men's Christian Association College, Chi-

cago, 1922.
"Western Theological Seminary, 1926.

Edward Myrten Wilson 1142 Wayne Ave., McKees Rocks, Pa.

B. D., Kenyon College, 1922.
Divinity School, Kenyon College.

Graduate Students 28

Senior Class

JWilliam Augustus Ashley 855 Hazlett Avenue, Lincoln, Place, Pa.

Agricultural and Mechanical College of N.C., Raleigh, N.C.
Crawford McCoy Coulter 1316 Western Avenue, N. S.

A. B., Washington and Jefferson College, 1924.

Thomas Davis Ewing, 1516 South Negley Avenue 303

A. B., Princeton University, 1921.

A. M., American University of Beirut, 1924.

$ Joseph Steve Fejes, 8815 Buckeye Rd., Cleveland, 0 110

A. B., University of Dubuque, 1926.

Byron Stanley Fruit 1316 Western Avenue, N. S.

B. Sc, University of Pittsburgh, 1924.

William Austin Gilleland, Dunbar, Pa 217

A. B., Washington and Jefferson College, 1924.

Darwin M. Haynes, Hanover, Ohio 316

A. B., Muskingum College, 1923.

Paul Hagerty Hazlett, Newark, Ohio 302

A. B., Denison University, 1924.

Lloyd David Homer, Fredonia, Pa 304

B. Sc, Grove City College, 1922.

$Not a candidate for a degree.
14 (62)

The Bulletin of the Western Theological Semvnary

Edgar Coe Irwin, 833 Allison Avenue, Washington, Pa 304

A. B., Washington and Jefferson College, 1924.

Ralph Waldo Emerson Kaufman, Cross Creek, Pa 204

A. B., Albright College, 1924.

James Allen Kestle, Belief ontaine, 0 302

A. B., Ohio Wesleyan University, 1924.

$Martin Rudolph Kuehn, Richmond, Ind 206

A. iB., Earlham College, 1918.

^William C. Marquis Baden, Pa.

Mount Union College.

Theodore Evan Miller 411 S. Graham Street

A. B., Lafayette College, 1921.

William Victor E. Parsons .841 N. Lincoln Ave., N. S.

Bourne College, Birmingham, England, 1919.

A. of A., Oxford University, 1919.

Oswald Otto Schwalbe, 106 W. Mowry St., Chester, Pa 315

Th. B., Gordon College, 1925.

John Alvin Stuart, 151 East 6th St., Erie, Pa 205

B. Sc, Grove City College, 1924.

Joseph Carter Swaim, Brownsville, Pa 303

A. B., Washington and Jefferson College, 1925.

Clarence R. Thayer, Scranton, Pa 202

A. B., University of Pittsburgh, 1922.

tJohn S. Vance, West Brownsville, Pa 206

Guy Hector Volpitto, Johnstown, Pa 205

A. B., Washington and Jefferson College, 1924.

Senior Class, 22 •

Middle Class

Byron Elmer Allender, 640 Allison Ave., Washington, Pa 217

A. B., Washington and Jefferson College, 192 5.

James E. Fawcett 52 Waldorf Street, N. S.

A. B., Maryville College, 1925.
George Lee Forney . .R. F. D. 9, Box 74, S. Hills Branch, Pgh., Pa.

A. B., Geneva College, 1925.
William Semple, Jr., 7941 Division St., Pittsburgh, Pa 203

A. B., University of Pittsburgh, 1923.

$Not a candidate for a degree.

15 (63)

The Bulletin of the Western Theological Seminary

Linson Harper Stebbins, 4 Myrtle St., Warren, Pa 203

A. B., Westminster College (Pa.), 1925.
Pasquale Vocaturo, 2211 S. Colorado St., PMladelphla, Pa. ... .218

Gymnasium, Nicastro, Italy.
Joseph Lawrence Weaver, Jr .78 Grant Ave., Etna, Pa.

Colorado College.
Peter Zurawetzky, Uhriw, Ukraine 214

Bloomfield Theological Seminary.
Middle Class, 8

Jiuilor Class

H. Wayland Baldwin 1008 Zahniser St.

A. B., Greenville College, 1925.
$Harry Charles Blews . . .100 Ruth St., Mt. Washington, Pgh., Pa.
Howard Salisbury Davis, West Sunbury, Pa 306

A. B., Washington and Jefferson College, 1926.
t(Miss) Hester Juanita Deller, South Bend, Ind. .939 Beech Ave.,

A. B., Pennsylvania College for Women, 192 5. N. R.
Robert Lloyd Dieffenbacher, 925 West 30th St., Erie, Pa 202

A. S., Lafayette College.

William Fennell, Export, Pa 204

A. B., University of Pittsburgh, 1925.
Dwight Raymond Guthrie, 404 N. Fifth St., Apollo, Pa 305

A. Bi., Grove City College, 1925.

Charles Edward Haberly, Washington, Pa 210

Washington and Jefferson College
Morris Lyman Husted P. O. Box 94, South Heights, Pa.

B. S., Washington and Jefferson College, 1926.

ICharles Andrew Ittel 1216 Tremon Ave., N. S.

James Howard Kelso, Unadilla, Nebr. 215

A. B., Hastings College, 1926.
Gerrit Labotz, Grand Rapids, Mich 314

Kweek School, Doetichem, Holland, 1912.
Joseph Luciejko, Lubycza, Ukraine 214

Ukrainian School of Technology, Czecho-Slovakia.

Bloomfield Theological Seminary.
t(Miss) Elizabeth S. McKee, Waynesburg, Pa. ...241 N. Dithridge

Washington Seminary 1908. St., E. E.

George D. Massay 5008 Glenwood Ave.

A. B., Bethany College, 1924.
Lee Erwin Schaeffer, Apollo, Pa ....317

A. B., Washington and Jefferson College, 1926.
Archibald John Stewart, Mount Forest, Ontario, Canada 315

Stratford Normal School, 1922.
Oscar Sloan Whitacre, R. D. 2, Dayton, Pa 305

A. B., Grove City College, 1926.
Montague White, 836 Pennsylvania Ave., Youngstown, O ....306

A. B., Hamilton College, 1922.
Junior Class, 19

$Not a candidate for a degree.
tPursuing selected studies.

16 (64)

The Bulletin of the Western Theological Seminary

Summary of Students

Fellows 5

Graduates 28

Seniors 22

Middlers g

Juniors 19

Total 82

REPRESENTATION

Theological Seminaries

Auburn Theological Seminary 1

Baptist Bible Institute, New Orleans, La 1

Bloomfield Theological Seminary 3

Budapest Reformed Theological Seminary 3

Central Theological Seminary, Dayton, Ohio 2

Chicago, University of. Divinity School 1

Drew Theological Seminary 2

Gettysburg Theological Seminary 2

Juniata College School of Theology 1

Kenyon College Divinity School 1

Lane Theological Seminary 1

Moody Bible Institute 1

Pittsburgh Theological Seminary 1

Rochester Theological Seminary 1

Waldensian Theological Seminary, Rome 1

Western Theological Seminary 13

Westminster Theological Seminary 1

Yale Divinity School 1

Colleges and Universities

Agricultural and Mechanical College of N. C, Raleigh, N. C. . . 1

Albright College 1

Allami Fogymnazium 1

Beirut, American University of 1

Bethany College '. 1

Bourne College, Birmingham, England 1

Budapest, University' of 2

California, University of 1

Colorado College 1

Denison University 1

Dubuque, University of 1

Earlham College 1

17 (65)

The Bulletin of the Western Theological Seminary

Geneva College 1

Gettysburg College 2

Ginnasio-Liceo, Torre Pellice, Turin, Italy 1

Glasgow, University of 1

Greenville College 1

Gordon Callege 1

Grove City College 7

Hamilton College 1

Hastings College 1

Juniata College 1

Kenyon College 1

Kweek School, Doetichem, Holland 1

Lafayette College 2

Lebanon Valley College 1

Maryville College 1

Michigan State Normal School 1

Miskolczi Reformatus Fogymnazium 1

Mount Union College 1

Muhlenberg College 1

Muskingum College 1

Nicastro, Gymnasium in 1

Nyack Missionary Institute 1

Ohio Wesleyan University 1

Oskaloosa College 1

Oxford, University of 1

Pennsylvania College for Women 1

Pittsburgh, University of 5

Princeton, University of 1

Stratford Normal School 1

Trinity College 1

Ukrainian Technical School 1

Upsiala College 1

Washington and Jefferson College 12

Washington Seminary 1

Waynesburg College 1

Westminster (Pa.) College 1

West Virginia Wesleyan College 1

Wooster, College of 4

Y.M.C.A. College (Chicago) 1

States and Countries

Canada ; 1

Hungary ... 2

Indiana 3

Italy 1

Michigan 1

Nebraska 1

Ohio 7

Pennsylvania 61

Roumania 1

Siam ... 2

Ukraine 2

18 (66)

The Bulletin of the Western Theological Seminary

STUDENT ORGANIZATIONS

Senior Class

President: E. C. Irwin Secretary: C. M. Coulter

Vice President: Paul H. Hazlett Treasurer: Darwin M. Haynes

Middle Class

President: B. E. Allender Vice President: Linson H. Stebbins
Secretary-Treasurer: G. Lee Forney

Junior Class

President: Montague White Vice President: Dwight M. Guthrie
Secretary-Treasurer: Howard S. Davis

Y. M. C. A.

President: Thomas D. Ewing Secretary: James Allen Kestle
Vice President: E. C. Irwin Treasurer: William Semple, Jr.

Y M. C. A. COMMITTEES

Devotional

Lloyd D. Homer, Chairman G. Lee Forney

Paul H. Hazlett Oscar Sloan Whitaker

R. W. E. Kaufman Dr. D. E. Culley

Athletics

Byron S. Fruit, Chairman Dwight R. Guthrie

Guy H. Volpitto Dr. Frank E. Eakin

B. E. Allender

Publicity

J. C. Swaim, Chairman A. J. Stewart

W. V. E. Parsons Dr. Selby F. Vance

J. L. Weaver, Jr.

Social

B. E. Allender, Chairman William Semple, Jr.

Lloyd D. Homer Linson H. Stebbins

James Allen Kestle Howard S. Davis

Montague White Dr. Wm. R. Farmer

Cosmopolitan Club

President: Karoly Dobos Secretary: A. J. Stewart

19 (67)

The Bulletin of the Western Theological Seminary

Historical Sketch

The Western Theological Seminary was established
in the year 1825. The reason for the founding of the
Seminary is expressed in the resolution on the subject,
adopted by the General Assembly of 1825, to wit: ''It
is expedient forthwith to establish a Theological Semi-
nary in the West, to be styled the Western Theological
Seminary of the Presbyterian Church in the United
States". The Assembly took active measures for carry-
ing into execution the resolution which had been adopted,
by electing a Board of Directors consisting of twenty-
one ministers and nine ruling elders, and by instructing
this Board to report to the next General Assembly a
suitable location and such "alterations" in the plan of
the Princeton Seminary as, in their judgment, might
be necessary to accommodate it to the local situation of
the "Western Seminary".

During the ninety-nine years of her existence, two
thousand five hundred and forty-seven students have
attended the classes of the Western Theological Semi-
nary; and of this number, over nineteen hundred have
been ordained as ministers of the Presbyterian Church,
U. S. A. Her missionary alumni, one hundred forty-four
in number, many of them having distinguished careers,
have preached the Gospel in every land where mission-
ary enterprise is conducted.

Location

The choice of location, as the history of the institu-
tion has shown, was wisely made. The Seminary in

20 (68)

The Bulletin of the Western Theological Seminary

course of time ceased, indeed, to be western in the strict
sense of the term; but it became central to one of the
most important and influential sections of the Presby-
terian Church, equally accessible to the West and East.
The buildings are situated near the summit of Ridge
Avenue, Pittsburgh (North Side), mainly on West Park,
one of the most attractive sections of the city. Within
a block of the Seminary property some of the finest resi-
dences of G-reater Pittsburgh are to be found, and at the
close of the catalogue prospective students will find a
map showing the beautiful environs of the institution.
It is twenty minutes' walk from the center of business
in Pittsburgh, with a ready access to all portions of the
city, and yet as quiet and free from disturbance as if in
a remote suburb. In the midst of this community of
more than 1,000,000 people and center of strong Presby-
terian churches and church life, the students have unlim-
ited opportunities of gaining familiarity with every t^^pe
of modern church organization and work. The practical
experience and insight which they are able to acquire,
without detriment to their studies, are a most valuable
element in their preparation for the ministry.

Buildings

The first Seminary building was erected in the year
1831; it was situated on what is now known as Monu-
ment Hill. It consisted of a central edifice, sixty feet
in length by fifty in breadth, of four stories, having at
each front a portico adorned with Corinthian colunms,
and a cupola in the center ; and also two wings of three
stories each, fifty feet by twenty-five. It contained a
chapel forty-five feet by twenty-five, with a gallery of
like dimensions for the library ; suites of rooms for pro-
fessors, and accommodations for eighty students. It
was continuously occupied imtil 1854, when it was com-
pletely destroyed by fire, the exact date being January
23d.

21 (69)

The Bulletin of the Western Theological Seminary

The second Seminary building, usually designated
"Seminary Hall", was erected in 1855, and formally
dedicated January 10, 1856. This structure was consid-
erably smaller than the original building, but contained
a chapel, class rooms, and suites of rooms for twenty stu-
dents. It was partially destroyed by fire in 1887 and
was immediately revamped. Seminary HaU was torn
down November 1, 1914, to make room for the new
buildings.

The first dormitory was made possible by the gen-
erosity of Mrs. Hetty E. Beatty. It was erected in
the year 1859 and was known as "Beatty Hall". This
structure had become wholly inadequate to the needs of
the institution by 1877, and the Eev. C. C. Beatty fur-
nished the funds for a new dormitory which was known
as "Memorial Hall", as Dr. Beatty wished to make the
edifice commemorate the reunion of the Old and New
School branches of the Presbyterian Church.

For the past fifteen years the authorities of the Semi-
nary, as well as the almuni, have felt that the material
equipment of the institution did not meet the require-
ments of our age. In 1909 plans were made for the erec-
tion of a new dormitory on the combined site of Memorial
Hall and the professor's house which stood next to it.
The corner stone of this building was laid May 4, 1911,
and the dedication took place May 9, 1912. The historic
designation, "Memorial Hall", was retained. The total
cost was $146,970; this fund was contributed by many
friends and alumni of. the Seminary. Competent judges
consider it one of the handsomest public buildings in the
City of Pittsburgh. It is laid out in the shape of a Y,
which is an unusual design for a college building, but
brings direct sunlight to every room. Another notice-

22 (70)

The Bulletin of the Western Theological Seminary

The erection of two wings of a new group of build-
ings, for convenience termed the administration group,
was commenced in November, 1914. The corner stone
<vas laid on May 6, 1915, and the formal dedication, with
appropriate exercises, took place on Commencement
Day, May 4, 1916. These buildings are removed about
half a block from Memorial Hall, and face the West
Park, occupying an unusually fine site. It has been
planned to erect this group in the form of a quadrangle,
the entire length being 200 feet and depth 175 feet.
The main architectural feature of the front wing is
an entrance tower. While this tower enhances the
beauty of the building, all the space in it has been care-
fully used for offices and classrooms. The rear wing,
in addition to containing two large classrooms which
can be thrown into one, contains the new library. The
stack room has a capacity for 165,000 volumes. The
stacks now installed will hold about 55,000 volumes. The
reference room and the administrative offices of the li-
brary, -svith seminar rooms, are found on the second floor.
The reference room, 88 by 38 feet, is equipped and dec-
orated in the mediaeval Gothic style, with capacity for
10,000 volumes. The architecture of the entire group is
the English Collegiate Gothic of the type which prevails
in the college buildings at Cambridge, England. The ma-
terial is tapestry brick, trimmed with gray terra cotta of

23 (71)

The Bulletin of the Western Theological Seminary

There are four residences for professors. Two are
situated on the east and two on the west side of the new
building and all face the Park.

Social Hall

The new dormitory contains a large social hall,
which occupies an entire floor in one wing. This room
is very handsomely finished in white quartered oak, with
a large open fireplace at one end. The oak furnishing,
which is upholstered in leather, is very elegant and was
chosen to match the woodwork. The prevailing color in
the decorations is dark green and the rugs are Hartford
Saxony in oriental patterns. The rugs were especially
woven for the room. This handsome room was erected
and furnished by Mr. Sylvester S. Marvin, of the Board
of Trustees, and his two sons, AYalter K. Marvin and Earl
R. Marvin, as a memorial to Mrs. Matilda Rumsey Mar-
vin. It is the center of the social life of the student
body, and during the past year, under the auspices of the
Student Association, four formal musicals and socials
have been held in this hall. The weekly devotional meet-
ing of the Student Association is also conducted in this
room.

Dining Hall

A commodious and handsomely equipped dining
hall was included in the new Memorial Hall. It is lo-

24 (72)

The Bulletin of the Western Theological Seminary

cated in the top story of the left wing, with the kitchen
adjoining in the rear wing. Architecturally this room
may be described as Grothic, and when the artistic scheme
of decoration is completed will be a replica of the din-
ing hall of an Oxford college. The actual operation of
the commons began Dec, 1, 1913; the management is in
the hands of a student manager and the Executive Com-
mittee of the Student Association. It is the aim of the
Trustees of the Seminary to furnish good wholesome
food at cost; but incidentally the assembling of the stu-
dent body three times a day has strengthened, to a
marked degree, the social and spiritual life of the insti-
tution.

Library

The library of the Seminary is now housed in its
new home in Swift Hall, the south wing of the group of
new buildings dedicated at the Commencement season,
1916. This steel frame and fireproof structure is English
Collegiate Gothic in architectural design and provides
the library with an external equipment which, for beauty
and completeness, is scarcely surpassed by any theolog-
ical institution on this continent. The handsome beam-
ceilinged reading room is furnished in keeping with the
architecture. It is equipped with individual reading
lamps and accommodates many hundred circulating
volumes, besides reference books and current periodicals.
Adjoining this are rooms for library administration.
There is also a large, quiet seminar room for all those
who wish to conduct researches, where the volumes that
the library contains treating particular subjects may be
assembled and used at convenience. A stack room with
a capacity for about 165,000 volumes has been pro-
vided and now^ has a steel stack equipment with space
for about 55,000 volumes.

The library has recently come into possession of a
unique hymnological collection of great value. It con-
sists of 9 to 10 thousand volumes assembled by the late

25 (73)

The Bulletin of the Western Theological Seminary

Mr. James Warrington, of PMladelphia. During his
lifetime Mr. Warrington made the study of Church Music
his chief pastime and had gathered together all the ma-
terial of any value published in Great Britain and Amer-
ica dealing with his favorite theme. The library is
exceedingly fortunate in the acquisition of this note-
worthy collection, which will not only serve to enhance
the work of the music department of the Seminary but
offers to scholars and investigators, interested in the field
of British and American Church Music, facilities un-
equaled by any theological collection in the country. The
collection, together with Mr. Warrington's original cata-
logue and bibliographical material, occupies a separate
room in the new building. The latter has been arranged
and placed in new filing cabinets, thus rendering it con-
venient and accessible. Already in recent years, before
the purchase of Mr. Warrington's collection had been
thought of for the library, the department of h5annology
had been enlarged, and embraced much that relates to the
history and study of Church Music.

26 (74)

The Bulletin of the Western Theological Seminary

only by the best commentaries and exegetical works, but
also by those which through history, essay, and sociolo-
gical study illuminate and portray the times, people, and
customs of the Gospel Age. The library possesses a
choice selection of works upon theology, philosophy, and
ethics, and additions are being made of volumes which
discuss the fundamental principles. "Wliile it is not
thought desirable to include every author, the leading
writers are given a place without regard to their creed.
Increasing attention is being given to those writers who
deal with the great social problems and the practical
application of Christianity to the questions of ethical and
social life. The number of works on the shelves of the
library dealing with religious education has multiplied
many fold in recent years, and new books in this im-
portant field are being added constantly.

The library is essentially theological, though it in-
cludes much not to be strictly defined by that term; for
general literature the students have access to the Car-
negie Library, which is situated within five minutes ' walk
of the Seminary buildings.

The James L. Shields Book Purchasing Memorial
Fund, with an endowment of $1,000, has been founded

27 f75)

The Bulletin of the Western Theological Seminary

by Mrs. Robert A. Watson, of Columbus, Ohio, in
memory of her father, the late James L. Shields, of
Blairsville, Pennsylvania.

The library is receiving the following periodicals :

Alte Orient.

America.

American Issue.

American Journal of Archaeology

American Journal of Philology.

American Journal of Semitic

Languages and Literatures.
American Journal of Sociology.
American Lutheran Survey,
Ancient Egypt.
Archiv fiir Reformations-

geschichte.
Art and Archseology.
Asia.

Atlantic Monthly.
Auburn Seminary Record.
Bible Champion.
Biblical Review.
Bibliotheca Sacra.
B'nai B'rith.
Book Review Digest
British Weekly.
Blulletin of American Schools of

Oriental Research.
Bulletin of National Conference

of Social Work.
Canadian Journal of Religious

Thought
Catholic Historical Review.
Chinese Recorder.
Christian Century.
Christian Education
Christian Endeavor World.
Christian Herald.
Christian Observer
Churchman.
Congregationalist
Contemporary Review.
Crozer Quarterly.
Cumulative Book Index.
East and West.
Educational Review
Expository Times.
Federal Council Bulletin.
Genetic Psychology Monographs
Glory of Israel.
Golden Book

Harvard Theological Review.
Hibbert Journal.

Holborn Review

Homiletic Review.

Humanity

Inquiry

Inter collegian

International Index to Periodicals.

International Journal of Ethics.

International Journal of Religious
Education

International Review of Missions.

Internationale Kirchliche
Zeitschrift

Jewish Missionary Magazine.

Jewish Quarterly Review.

Journal of American Oriental
Society.

Journal of Biblical Literature.

Journal of Egyptian Archaeology.

Journal of Hellenic Studies.

Journal of Palestine Oriental
Society.

Journal of Presbyterian Histor-
ical Society.

Journal of Religion.

Journal of Royal Asiatic Society.

Journal of Theological Studies.

Krest'ansk§ Listy.

L'Aurore.

Liberty.

London Quarterly Review.

Lutheran.

Lutheran Quarterly.

Magyar Egyhaz

Magyarsag

Mercer Dispatch

Methodist Review.

Missionary Herald.

Missionary Review of the World.

Modern Churchman.

Month, The

Moody Bible Institute Monthly.

Moral Welfare

Moslem World.

Nation, The

National Council for Prevention
of War, News Bulletin

National Geographic Magazine.

National Republic

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The Bulletin of the Western Theological Seminary

Neue Kirchliche Zeitschrift.

New Near East

New Republic.

Nineteenth Century and After.

North American Review.

Our Jewish Neighbors.

Outlook.

Palestine Exploration Fund

Park Stylus

Pedagogical Seminary.

Pittsburgh Christian Outlook.

Pittsburgh Red Triangle

Presbyterian.

Presbyterian Advance.

Presbyterian Banner.

Presbyterian Magazine

Princeton Theological Review.

Quarterly Register of Reformed

Churches.
Quarterly Review.
Reader's Guide.
Reformed Church Review.
Religious Education.
Revue Arch^ologique
Revue Biblique.
Revue Chretienne
Revue des Etudes Juives

Revue d'Histoire et de

Philosophie Religieuses.
Russell Sage Foundation
Sailors' Magazine.
Siam Outlook, The
Slovensky Kalvin.
Specialty Salesman
Survey, The
Syria.

Theologisches Literaturblatt
Theologische Literaturzeitung.
Theologische Studien und Kritiken.
Times Literary Supplement
United Presbyterian.
Unity.

Women and Missions.
World To-morrow, The
Yale Review.
Zeitschrift fiir die Alttestament-

liche Wissenschaft.
Zeitschrift fiir Assyriologie.
Zeitschrift der Deutschen Mor-

genliindischen Gesellschaft.
Zeitschrift des Deutschen Pala-

stina-Vereins.
Zeitschrift fiir Kirchengeschichte
Zeitschrift fiir die Neutestament-

liche Wissenschaft.

Religious Exercises

As the Seminary does not maintain public services
on the Lord's Da}^, each student is expected to connect
himself with one of the congregations in Pittsburgh, and
thus to be under pastoral care and to perform his duties
as a church member.

29 (77)

The Bulletin of the Western Theological Seminary

Senior Preaching Service

{See Study Courses 74, 47, 56.)

Public worship is observed every Monday evening
m the Seminary Chapel, from October to April, under
the direction of the professor of homiletics. This ser-
vice is intended to be in all respects what a regular
church service should be. It is attended by the mem-
bers of the faculty, the entire student body, and friends
of the Seminary generally. It is conducted by members
of the senior class in rotation. The Cecilia Choir is in
attendance to lead the singing and furnish a suitable
anthem. The service is designed to minister to the
spiritual life of the Seminary and also to furnish a model
of Presbyterian form and order. The exercises are all
reviewed by the professor in charge at his next subse-
quent meeting with the senior class. Members of the
faculty are also expected to offer to the officiating
student any suggestions they may deem desirable.

Students' Y. M. C. A.

Christian Work

The City of Pittsburgh affords unusual opportuni-
ties for an adequate study of the manifold forms of mod-
ern Christian activity. Students are encouraged to en-
gage in some form of Christian work other than preach-
so (78)

The Bulletin of the Western Theological Semimary

ing, as it is both a stimulus to devotional life and forms
an important element in a training for the pastorate.
Regular religious work of various types has been carried
on under the direction of committees of the Y. M, C. A.,
in connection with missions and philanthropic institu-
tions of the city. Several students have had charge of
mission churches in various parts of the city while others
have been assistants in Sunday School work or have con-
ducted Teacher Training Classes. Those who are in-
terested in settlement work have unusual opportunities
of familiarizing themselves with this form of social ac-
tivity at the Wood's Run Industrial Home, the Kingsley
House, and the Heinz Settlement.

Bureau of Preaching Supply

A bureau of preaching supply has been organized by
the Faculty for the purpose of apportioning supply work,
as request comes in from vacant churches. No at-
tempt is made to secure places for students either hy ad-
vertising or hy application to Preshyterial Comrnittees.
The allotment of places is in alphabetical order. The
members of the senior class and regularly enrolled
graduate students have the preference over the middle
class, and the middle class in turn over the junior.

Rules Governing the Distribution of Calls for
Preaching

1. All allotment of preaching will be made directly from the

President's Oflace by the President of the Seminary or a
member of the Faculty. .

2. Calls for preaching will be assigned in alphabetical order, the

members of the senior class having the preference, followed
in turn by the middle and junior classes.

3. In case a church names a student in its request, the call will

be offered to the person mentioned; if he decline, it will be
assigned according to Rule 2, and the church will be notified.

4. If a student who has accepted an assignment finds it impossible

to fill the engagement, he is to notify the oflSce, when a new

31 (79)

The Bulletin of the Western Theological Seminary

5. All students supplying churches regularly are expected to re-

port this fact and their names will not be included in the al-
phabetic roll according to the provisions of Rule 2.

6. When a church asks the Faculty to name a candidate from the

7. Graduate students, complying with Rule 6 governing scholar-

ship aid, will be put in the roll of the senior class.

8. If there are not sufficient calls for the entire senior class any

9. These rules in regard to preaching are regulations of the Fac-

Physical Training

In 1912 the Seminary opened its own gymnasium
in the new dormitory. This gymnasium is thoroughly
equipped with the most modern apparatus. Its floor and
walls are properly spaced and marked for basket ball
and handball courts. It is open to students five hours
daily. The students also have access to the public ten-
nis courts in West Park.

Expenses

A fee of ten dollars a year is required to be paid to
the contingent fund for the heating and care of the li-

32 (80)

The Bulletin of the Western Theological Semmary

brary and lecture rooms. Students residing in the dor-
mitory and in rented rooms pay an additional twenty
dollars for natural gas and service.

All students who reside in the dormitory are re-
quired to take their meals in the Seminary dining hall.
The price for boarding is six dollars and a half per week.

Prospective students may gain a reasonable idea. of
their necessary expenses from the following table:

Contingent Fee $ 30

Boarding for 32 weeks 208

Books 40

Gymnasium Fee 2

Y. M. C. A. Fee 5

Sundries 15

Total $300

Scholarship Aid

1. All students needing financial assistance may re-
ceive aid from the scholarship fund of the Seminary.

2. The distribution is made in four installments:
on the last Tuesdays of September, November, January,
and March.

33 (81)

The Bulletin of the Western Theological Semi/nary

4. A student who so desires, may borrow Ms schol-
arship aid, with the privilege of repayment after gradua-
tion, this loan to be without interest.

5. A student must take, as the minimum, twelve
(12) hours of recitation work per week in order to obtain
scholarship aid and have the privilege of a room in the
Seminary dormitory. Work in Elocution and Music is
regarded as supplementary to these twelve hours.

Loan Funds

The Eev. James H. Lyon, a member of the class of
1864, has founded a loan fund by a gift of $200. Needy
students can borrow small sums from this fund at a low
rate of interest.

General Educational Advantages

Pittsburgh is an ideal seat for a theological
seminary, because it is one of the leading manufactur-
ing and commercial cities of the country. It is obvious
that a minister ought to come in contact with the prob-
lems of community life in one of the great throbbing
centers of activity, where every social problem is in-
tensified, in order to be able to enter into sympathetic
and intelligent relations with the people of the churches
and communities which he may be called on to serve.
To put it in a word, a term of residence in Pittsbnro'h
brings a man into vital contact with life in its many
complex modern forms.

34 (S2)

The Bulletin of the Western Theological Seminary

In Pittsburgh we find some of the largest, most
aggressive, and best equipped churches of our com-
munion. Pittsburgh Presbytery is the largest presby-
tery of the Presbyterian Church, U. S. A., with 139
churches and 209 ministers on its rolls. In 1926 the
total membership of these churches was 65,945. On the
rolls of the Presbytery there are twelve churches with a
membership of between 1000 and 2100, and there is one
church with a membership of more than 2900. The local
national missionary budget of Pittsburgh Presbytery for
the fiscal year 1926-7 reached a total of approximately
$150,000. In addition, the Presbytery makes a large
contribution to the work of the Board of National
Missions. As might be expected, every type of modern
church activity and organization is represented in
the churches of this Presbytery. A student has abun-
dant opportunity to familiarize himself with the organi-
zation and methods of an efficient modern church, not
merely through the study of a text book, but by personal
observation or actual participation in the work.

In addition to being a manufacturing center, with
the largest tonnage of any city in the world, Pitts-
burgh is the seat of a University with an enrollment of
10,131 (1925-6). Students of the Seminary have the
privilege of attending the University and of receiving
the Master's degree under certain conditions (see
p. 56). Besides the University, there are the Carnegie
Institute of Technology, the Pennsylvania College for

35 (83)

The Bulletin of the Western Theological Seminary

Women, and the Pittsburgh Musical Institute. Dr.
C. N. Boyd, our instructor in Church Music, is one of
the directors of the Pittsburgh Musical Institute, and
through him any student who is interested in music may
have access to special lectures and classes. Some idea
of Pittsburgh as a musical center may be gained from
the fact that each week during the season from two to
four or five concerts are announced for this city by the
foremost artists and musical organizations of the coun-
try. To these should be added the free organ recitals
which are given every Saturday by Dr. Charles Hein-
roth, one of the world's greatest organists, in Carnegie
Music Hall. Pittsburgh also occupies a prominent
place as an art center, with the notable permanent and
frequent transient exhibits in the Carnegie Institute.

In such a survey the library facilities of the city
are not to be passed by. In addition to the Seminary
library, which is exclusively theological in its scope and
rich in its collections, there are the two Carnegie
Libraries. The North Side Library, the first founded
by Mr. Carnegie, in 1886, which is situated within five
blocks of the Seminary buildings, affords the student
ready access to general literature of every type. The
main Library, in connection with the Carnegie Insti-
tute, with its larger collections, is also available to the
students. The Museum of the Carnegie Institute is of
large educational value, and students will be well re-
paid by a careful survey of its collections.

Admission

36 (84)

The Bulletin of the Western Theological Seminary

evangelical church; also that they have the requisite
literary preparation for the studies of the theological
course.

College students intending to enter the Seminary are
strongly recommended to select such courses as will pre-
pare them for the studies of a theological curriculum.
They should pay special attention to Latin, Greek, Ger-
man, English Literature and Rhetoric, Logic, Ethics,
Psychology, the History of Philosophy, and General
History. If possible, students are advised to take ele-
mentary courses in Hebrew and make some study of
New Testament Greek. For elementary study in the lat-
ter subject Machen's "New Testament Greek for Be-
ginners" and Nunn's "Short Syntax of New Testament
Greek" are recommended.

College graduates with degrees other than that of
Bachelor of Arts' are required to take an extra elective
study in their senior year. If an applicant for admis-
sion is not a college graduate, he is required to submit
evidence that he has had an education which is a fair
equivalent of a college course.

Students from Other Theological Seminaries

Students coming from other theological seminaries
are required to present certificates of good standing and
regular dismissal before they can be received.

Graduate Students

Those who desire to be enrolled for post-graduate
study will be admitted to matriculation on presenting
their diplomas or certificates of graduation from other
theological seminaries.

Eesident licentiates and ministers have the privilege
of attending lectures in all departments.

37 (85)

The Bulletin of the Western Theological Seminary

Seminary Year

The Seminary year, consisting of one term, is di-
vided into two semesters. The first semester closes the
third week of January and the second commences the
following Monday. The Seminary Year begins with the
third Tuesday of September and closes the Thursday
before the second Tuesday in May. It is expected that
every student will be present at the opening of the ses-
sion, when the rooms will be allotted. The more impor-
tant days are indicated in the calendar (p. 3).

Examinations

The Bachelor's Degree

The candidate for the degree must pass satisfactory
examinations in all departments of the Seminary
curriculum and satisfy all requirements for attendance.

38 (86)

The Bulletin of the Western Theological Seminary

Men who have taken the full course at another Semi-
nary, including the departments of Hebrew and Greek
Exegesis, Dogmatic Theology, Church History, and Pas-
toral Theology, and have received a diploma, will be en-
titled to the Bachelor's degree from this Seminary on
condition: (1) that they take the equivalent of a full
year's work in a single year or two years; (2) that they
be subject to the usual rules governing our classroom
work, such as regular attendance and recitations; (3)
that they pass the examinations with the classes of
which they are members; (4) it is a further condition
that such students attend exercises in at least three de-
partments, one of which shall be either Greek or Hebrew
Exegesis. ' . ,

Courses of Study

The elective system has been introduced with such
restrictions as seemed necessary in view of the general
aim of the Seminary.

39 (87)

The Bulletin of the Western Theological Seminary

Fourteen hours of recitation and lecture work are
required of Juniors, Middlers, and Seniors, and twelve
hours of Grraduate Students. Those, entering the Junior
Class without preparation in Greek will be expected to
take three additional hours, and anyone desiring to take
more than the required number of hours must make
special application to the Faculty, and no student who
falls below the grade "A" in his regular work will be
allowed to take additional courses. A student absent
from twenty-five per cent of the classroom exercises in
any course will not receive credit for that course.

In the senior year the only required courses are
those in Practical Theology, N. T. Theology, and 0. T.
Prophecy. The election of studies must be on the
group system, one subject being regarded as major
and another as minor; for examx)le, a student electing
N. T. as a major must take four hours in this depart-
ment and in addition must take one course in a closely
related subject, such as 0. T. Theology or Exegesis.
He must also write a thesis of not less than 4,000 words
on some topic in the department from which he has
selected his major.

Hebrew Language and Old Testament Literature
Dr. Kelso, Dr. Culley

I. Linguistic Ckjurses

The Hebrew language is studied from the philological stand-
point in order to lay the foundations for the exegetical study of the

40 (88)

HEREON HALL

The Bulletin of the Western Theological Seminary

Old Testament. With this end in view, courses are offered which
aim to make the student thoroughly familiar with the chief exe-
getical and critical problems of the Hebrew Scriptures.

2a. First Samuel I-XX or Judges. Rapid reading and exegesis.
Preparation optional. One hour weekly throughout the year. All
classes. Elective. Prof. Culley. Prerequisite, Course 1.

2b. The Minor Prophets or Jeremiah. Rapid reading and exe-
gesis. Preparation optional. One hour weekly throughout the year.
Seniors and Graduates. Elective. Prof. Culley.

3. Deuteronomy I-XX or one Book of Kings. Hebrew Syntax.

Davidson's Hebrew Syntax or Driver's Hebrew Tenses. Two hours
weekly throughout the year (three credits). Middlers. Elect'^e.
(Middlers must elect either O. T. Exegesis 3 or O. T. Introduc.ion
12.) Prof. Culley.

II. Critical and Exegetical Courses
A. Hebrew

4. The Psalter. An exegetical course on the Psalms, with
special reference to their critical and theological problems. One
hour weekly, throughout the year. Seniors. Elective. Prof. Culley.

6. Proverbs and Job. The interpretation of selected passages
from Proverbs and Job which bear on the nature of Hebrew Wis-
dom and Wisdom Literature. One hour weekly throughout the
year (1927-8). Seniors and Graduates. Elective. Prof. Kelso.

41 (89)

The Bulletin of the Western Theological Seminary

Biblia Hebraica, ed. Kittel, and the Oxford Lexicon of the Old
Testament are the text-books.

In order to elect these courses, the student must have attained
at least Grade B in courses 1 and 3.

B. English

8a. The History of the Hebrews. An outline course from the
earliest times to the Assyria^n Period, in which the Biblical material
is studied with the aid of a syllabus and reference books. Two
hours weekly, second semester (1927-8). Juniors and Middlers.
Required. Prof. Kelso.

8b. The History of the Hebrews. A continuation of the pre-
ceding course. The Babylonian, Persian, and Greek Periods. Two
hours weekly, second semester (192 6-7). Juniors and Middlers.
Required. Prof. Kelso.

10. The Psalter, Hebrew Wisdom and Wisdom Literatiufe. In
this course a critical study is made of the books of Job, Psalms,
Proverbs, Ecclesiastes, and the Song of Solomon. One hour weekly,
second semester. Seniors and Graduates. Elective. Prof. Kelso.

25. Old Testament Theology (see p. 44).

67. Biblical Apocalyptic. A careful study of the Apocalyptic
element in the Old Testament with special reference to the Book
of Daniel. After a brief investigation of the main features of the
extra-canonical apocalypses, the Book of Revelation is examined in
detail. One hour weekly throughout the year (1926-7). Seniors
and Graduates. Elective. Prof. Kelso.

69. The Book of Genesis. A critical exegetical study of th©
Book of Genesis in English based upon the text of the American
Revised Version. Seminar. Two hours weekly, one semester
(1926-7). Seniors and Graduates. Elective. Prof. Kelso.

All these courses are based on the English "Version as revised
by modern criticism and interpreted by scientific exegesis.

New Testament Literature and Exegesis

Dr. Vance, Dr. McCrea

42 (90)

The Bulletin of the Western Theological Seminary

I. Linguistic Courses

82. New Testament Syntax. Characteristics of the Greek of

the New Testament; principles of syntax; translation of
the Gospel according to Luke; grammatical interpretation. Pre-
requisite, Course 13 or its equivalent. Two hours weekly, first
semester. Middlers. Required. Prof. Vance.

II. Critical and Exegetical Courses
A. Greek

20a. The Epistle to the Romans. Introduction; analysis;
study of terminology; interpretation. Two hours weekly, second
semester (1927-1928). Elective. Prof. Vance.

20b. The Epistle to the Hebrews. The Jewish Christian in-
terpretation of the person and work of Christ contrasted with that
of Paul. Analysis; interpretation. Two hours weekly, second
semester (1928-1929). Elective. Prof. Vance.

24. The Epistles of James and Peter. Problems confronting
Jewish Christians of the dispersion. Analysis; interpretation. Two
hours weekly, first semester (19 27-1928). Elective. Prof. Vance.

86. The Pastoral Epistles. Introduction; new conditions of
the Church; interpretation. Two hours weekly, second semester
(1926-1927). Elective. Prof. Vance.

B. English

87a. The Literature of the New Testament. History of the
canon, text, and translations. Study of the four gospels. Origin,
purpose, and plan of each. Synoptic problem. Outline life of
Christ. Two hours weekly, first semester (1927-8). Juniors and
Middlers. Required. Prof. Vance.

87b. The Literature of the New Testament. Continuation of

* Required of all students in either their middle or senior year.
43 (91)

The Bulletin of the Western Theological Seminary

preceding course. Origin, form, occasion, purpose, contents of
Acts., Epistles, and Revelation. Critical problems. Two hours
weekly, first semester (1926-7). Juniors and Middlers. Required.
Prof. Vance.

88. The Life of Paul. His Jewish Life; Christian experi-
ence; missionary work; relation to Jewish and Gentile environ-
ment. Two hours weekly, second semester (1926-1927). Elective.
Prof. Vance.

17. First Century Christianity. (See Early Church History,
page 44). Prof. Eakin.

73. Histoi-y of Biblical Interpretation. (See Church History,
page 45). Prof. Eakin.

89. The Epistles to the Corinthians. Conditions of the early
Christians in the midst of heathenism. Analysis; interpretation.
Two hours weekly, second semester (1927-1928). Elective. Prof.
Vance.

90. The Gospel according to Mark. Characteristics; analy-
sis; interpretation. Two hours weekly, first semester (192 7-1928).
Elective. Prof. Vance.

91. The Acts of the Apostles. Reliability as a source for
early Christiain History. Interpretation. Two hours weekly, first
semester (1926-1927). Elective. Prof. Vance.

67. Revelation. (See Biblical Apocalyptic, page 41). Elec-
tive. Prof. Kelso.

26. Theology of the New Testament. (See below). Sen-
iors. Required. Prof. Vance.

Biblical Theology

25. Theology of the Old Testament. A comprehensive his-
torical study of the religious institutions, rites, and teachings of the
Old Testament. The Biblical material is studied with the aid of a
syllabus and reference books. Two hours weekly. Offered in alter-
nate years. Elective. Open to Middlers, Seniors, and Graduates.
Prof. Kelso.

26. Theology of the New Testament. A careful study is
made of the N. T. literature with the purpose of securing a first-
hand knowledge of its theological teaching. While the work con-
sists primarily of original research in the sources, sufficient collat-
eral reading is required to insure an acquaintance with the litera-
ture of the subject. Two hours weekly throughout the year. Re-
quired of Seniors, and open to Graduates. Prof. Vance.

English Bible

44 (92)

The Bulletin of the Western Theological Seminary

exact scientific study of the Bible in the English version, or in other
words, more than one-fifth of the student's time is concentrated on
the Bible in English. In addition to this minimum requirement,
elective courses occupying 4 term-hours, are offered to students.
For details in regard to courses in the English Bible, see under Old
Testament Literature, p. 4 Of. and New Testament Literature, p.
42f. See especially the following courses:

10. The Psalter, Hebrew Wisdom and Wisdom Literature (see
p. 42).

11. Old Testament Prophecy and Prophets (see p. 42).
67. Biblical Apocalyptic (see p. 42).

69. The Book of Genesis (see p. 42).

16. The Life of Chiist (see p. 44).

88. Life of Paul (see p. 44).

89. I. & n. Corintliians (see p. 44).

90. Mark (see p. 44).

91. Acts of the Apostles (see p. 44).

61b. The Social Teaching of the New Testament (see p. 49).

Church History

Dr. Eakin

30. General Church History: The Ancient and Mediaeval
Periods. Two hours weekly throughout the year. Juniors. Re-
quired. Prof. Eakin.

31. General Church History: The Reformation and the
Modern Period. Two hours weekly throughout the year. Middlers.
Required. Prof. Eakin.

In courses 30 and 31 the aim is to give the student a general
view of the whole field of Christian history, from the beginning to
the present time. In the courses which follow, periods and locali-
ties of special interest are studied more intensively, or the general
field is surveyed from the point of view of special interests and
activities.

17. Early Church History. The opening weeks are devoted
to a consideration of the influence of environmental forces (Jewish
and non-Jewish) on early Christianity. This is followed by a study
of the origin of the Christian movement and its development to
the latter part of the second century. A seminar course. Two
hours weekly throughout the year (1928-9). Elective. Prof. Eakin.

92. Christian Thought in the Eighteenth and Xiiieteentb
Centuries. The attempt is made to trace the development of mod-
ern religious ideas through these two significant centuries. The
method is largely biographical, the ideas being studied in connec-
tion with their embodiment in outstanding personalities. A seminar
course. Two hours weekly, first semester (1927-S). Elective.
Prof. Eakin.

45 (93)

The Bulletin of the Western Theological Seminary

34. American Church History, The transplanting of Euro-
pean faiths in America. The growth, controversies, and practical
activities of the denominations. Progress to the situation of to-
day. Two hours weekly, second semester (1927-8). Elective. Prof.
Bakin.

73. History of Biblical Interpretation. At the beginning some
time is Sipent in a study of the idea and use of Scriptures in gen-
eral, as illustrated in the great "book religions" of the world.
The main part of the course, which follows, has to do with the
understanding and use of the Jewish-Christian Scriptures by repre-
sentative interpreters from the first century to the twentieth. Two
hours weekly throughout the year (1928-9). Elective. Prof.
Eakin.

79. History of Christian Missions. Christianity's conquest
of the Roman Empire, and later of northern Europe. The expan-
sion of Christianity in the modern world since the Reformation.
Particular attention given to the missionary advance in the nine-
teenth and twentieth centuries. Two hours weekly, second semester
(1927-8). Elective. Prof. Eakin.

80. Histoi-y of Christian Mysticism. The outcropping of the
mystic tendency is traced through the history of the Church, atten-
tion being given to the lives and writings of the leading Christian
mystics in ancient, medieeval, and modern times. Two hours
weekly, first semester (1927-8). Elective. Prof. Eakin.

Systematic Theology and Apologetics
Dr. Snowden, Mr. Orr

87. Theology Proper and Apologetics. This course includes
in theology proper the nature and sources of theology, the existence
and attributes of God, the trinity, the deity of Christ, the Holy Spirit,
the decrees of God. In apologetics it includes the problem of the
personality of God, antitheistic theories of the universe, miracles, the
problems connected with the inspiration of the Bible, and the virgin
birth and the resurrection of Christ. Three hours weekly through-
out the year. Juniors. Required. Mr. Orr.

39. Anthropology, Christology, and the Doctrines of Grace.
Theories of the origin of man; the primitive state of man; the fall;
the covenant of grace; the person of Christ; the satisfaction of
Christ; theories of the atonement; the nature and extent of the
atonement; intercession of Christ; kingly office; the humiliation
and exaltation of Christ; effectual calling, regeneration, faith, justi-
fication, repentance, adoption, and sanctification; the law; the doc-
trine of the last things; the state of the soul after death; the resur-
rection; the second advent and its concomitants. Three hours
weekly throughout the year. Middlersi. Required. Mr. Orr.

41a. Philosophy of Religion. A thorough discussion of the
problems of theism and of Ritschlianism and other modern theories.
One hour weekly throughout the year. Seniors and Graduates.
Elective. Prof. Snowden.

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Practical Theology

Dr. Farmer, Dr. Sleeth, Dr. Boyd

Including Homiletics, Pastoral Theology, Speech Expression, Church
Music, The Sacraments, and Church Government

A. Homiletics

43. Public Worship. A study of the principles underlying the
proper conduct of public worship, with discussion of the various ele-
ments which enter into it, such as the reading of Scripture,
prayer, music, etc. One hour weekly, first semester. Juniors.
Required. Prof. Farmer.

45. Introduction to Homiletics. A study of the Scriptures
with reference to their homiletic value. One hour weekly, first
semester. Juniors. Required. Prof. Farmer.

46. Homiletics. The principles governing the structure of the
sermion considered as a special form of public discourse. The study
of principles is accompanied by constant practice in the making of
sermons which are used as a basis for classroom discussion. Two
hours weekly, second semester. Juniors. Required. Prof. Farmer.

47. Advanced Homiletics. Historical and critical study of the
work of representative preachers in all periods of the church's his-
tory, with special emphasis on modern preaching as it is affected by
the conditions 'of our time. Students are required to submit critical
analyses of selected sermons and also sermons 'of their own, com-
posed with reference to various particular needs and opportunities
in modern life. One hour weekly throughout the year. Seniors.
Required. Prof. Farmer.

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60. Administration. A comparative study of the various typea
of church polity, with special emphasis on the distinctive character-
istics of the Presbyterian order, and the organization and procedure
oi its several structural units. The course covers also the whole
field of administration in the individual church and the church at
large. One hour weekly, second semester. Middlers. Required.
Prof. Farmer.

B. Speech Expression

51. Oral Interpretation of the Scriptures. Reading from the
platform. One hour weekly throughout the year. Middlers. Elec-
tive. Prof. Sleeth.

52. Platform Training in Delivery of Public Discourse. One

hour weekly throughout the year. Seniors. Elective. Prof. Sleeth.

C. Church Music

42. Hynmology. The place of Sacred Poetry in History. An-
cient Hymns. Greek and Latin Hymns. German Hymns. Psalm-
ody. English Hymnology in its three periods. Proper use of
Hymns and Psalms in public worship. Text book: Breed's "History
and Use of Hymns and Hymn Tunes". One hour weekly, first sem-
ester. Juniors. Required. Dr. Boyd.

53. Hymn Tunes. History, Use, Practice. Text book: Breed' 3
"History and Use of Hymns and Hymn Tunes". Practical Church
Music: Choirs, Organs, Sunday School Music, Special Musical Ser-
vices, Congregational Music. One hour weekly, second semester.
Juniors. Required. Dr. Boyd.

54. Practical Church Music. A year with the music of the
"Hymnal", with a thorough examination and discussion lof its tunes.
The examination and discussion of special musical services for
congregational participation, with actual use of various types. One
hour weekly throughout the year. Middlers. Required. Dr. Boyd.

55. Musical Appreciation. Illustrations and Lectures. One
hour weekly throughout the year. Seniors. Elective Dr. Boyd.

56. Vocal Sight Reading and Choir Drill. Students who have
sufficient musical experience are given opportunity for practice in

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choir direction or organ playing. Anthem selection and study. One
hour weekly throughout the year. Offered in alternate years. Open
to students of all classes. Elective. Dr. Boyd.

D. The Cecilia Choir

The Cecilia is a chorus of twenty-two voices, chosen from men
and women in various city choirs, organized in 19 03 by Dr. Boyd
to illustrate the work of the Music Department of the Seminary.
It is in attendance every Monday evening at the Senior Preaching
Service to lead the singing and set standards for the choir part of
the service. During the year special programs of Church Music
are given from time to time both in the Seminary and in churches
throughout the vicinity. The Cecilia has attained much more
than a local reputation, especially for its performance of unaccom-
panied vocal music.

Christian Ethics and Sociology
De. Snowden, Dr. Faemer

61a. Christian Ethics. The Theory of Ethics considered con-
structively from the point of view of Christian Faith. One hour
weekly throughout .the year. Seniors and graduates. Elective. Prof.
Snowden.

61b. The Social Teaching of the New Testament. This course
is based upon the belief that the teachings of the New Testament,
rightly interpreted and applied, afford ample guidance Lo the Chris-
tian Church in her efforts to meet the conditions and problems which
modern society presents. After an introductory discussion of the
social teaching of the Prophets and the condition and structure of
society in the time of Christ, the course takes up the teaching of
Jesus as it bears upon the conditions and problems which must be
met in the task of establishing the Kingdom of God upon the earth,
and concludes with a study of the application of Christ's teaching
to the social order of the Greeco-Roman world set forth in the Acts
and the Epistles. One hour weekly throughout the year. Seniors
and Graduates. Elective. Prof. Farmer.

Missions and Comparative Religion
Dr. Kelso, Dr. Culley

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63. Modem Missions. A study of fields and modern methods;
each student is required either to read a missionary biography or
to investigate a missionary problem. One hour weekly, one sem-
ester. Elective. Seniors and Graduates.

65. Comparative Religion. A study of the origin and develop-
ment of religion, with special investigation of Primitive Religion,
Hinduism, Buddhism, Confucianism, and Islam with regard to their
bearing on Modern Missions. Two hours weekly. Offered in alter-
nate years. (1926-7). Elective. Open to Middlers, Seniors, and
Graduates. Prof. Kelso.

68. Phonetics. A study of phonetics and the principles of

language with special reference to the mission field. One hour

weekly throughout the year. Elective. Open to all classes Prof.
Culley.

7b. Elementary Arabic (see p. 41).

Religious Education

75. Principles of Religious Education. A course in the theory
which underlies the whole program of religious education. It will
include the question of aims, both general and specific; the social
point of view; evangelism through education; and the application
of some of the findings of educational psychology and philosophy
to the educational task of the church. Two hours weekly, first
semester. Elective.

77. Organization and Administration of Religious Education.
This course considers the problems of organizing and administering

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religious education in the church and communitj'. It deals with
the Church School, Week-day Religious Education, the Daily Vaca-
tion Bible School, Community Training School, and cooperating
agencies in religious education. Two hours weekly, first semester
(1927-8). Elective.

78. Curriculuin Construction for Church Schools. This
course is a study of the scientific development of curricula, and the
analysis of religious ideals. Definite curriculum problems, having
to do with particular situations and specific social conditions, will
be studied. An experiment in actually constructing a curriculum
will be carried on in the class. This course will prove helpful also
in preaching. Two hours weekly, second semester (192 7-8). Elec-
tive.

41b. The Psychology of Religion (see p. 46).

CURRICXILUM COURSES IN OUTLINE

Junior Class
1. Hebrew Grammar

Prof. Culley 3 hours*

8. History of the Hebrews

Prof. Kelso . 2 hrs, 2nd. sem.

13. New Testament Greek 3 hrs.

87. Literature of the New Testament

Prof. Vance 2 hrs. 1st., sem.

30. General Church History

Prof. Eakin 2 hrs.

37. Theology Proper and Apologetics

Mr. Orr 3 hrs.

43. Public Worship

Prof. Farmer 1 hr. 1st. sem.

45. Introduction to Homiletics

Prof. Farmer 1 hr. 1st. sem.

46. Homiletics

Prof. Farmer 2 hrs. 2nd sem.

42. Hymnology

Dr. Boyd 1 hr. 1st. sem.

53. Hymn Tunes

Dr. Boyd 1 hr. 2nd. sem.

50. Foundations of Expression

Prof. Sleeth 1 hr.

♦Unless otherwise indicated courses continue throughout the
year.

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Middle Class**
8. History of the Hebrews

Prof. Kelso 2 hrs. 2nd. sem.

82. New Testament Syntax

Prof. Vance 2 hrs. 1st. sem.

83. The Epistle to the Galatians

Prof. Vance 2 hrs. 2nd. sem.

87. Literature of the New Testament

Prof. Vance 2 hrs. 1st. sem.

31. General Church History

Prof. Eakin 2 hrs.

39. Theology Proper

Mr. Orr 3 hrs.

74. Homiletics

Prof. Farmer • . 2 hrs. 1st. 1 hr. 2nd. sem.

60. Administration

Prof. Farmer ■ 1 hr. 2ud. sem.

54. Practical Church Music

Dr. Boyd 1 hr.

Senior Class*
11. Old Testament Prophecy

Prof. Kelso 2 hrs.

26. New Testament Theology

Prof. Vance 2 hrs.

47. Advanced Homiletics

Prof. Farmer 1 hr.

57. Pastoral Care

Prof. Farmer 1 hr.

Elective Courses
2a. Rapid Reading of I Samuel or Judges

Prof. Culley . . 1 hr.

2b. Rapid Reading of Minor Prophets

Hour to be arranged
Prof. Culley 1 hr.

3. Old Testament Exegesis

Prof. Culley 2 hrs.

**Middlers must elect either O. T. Exegesis 3 or O. T. Introduc-
tion 12.

*In addition to the required courses. Seniors must select eight
hours per week from Electives.

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TJie Bulletin of the Western Theological Seminary

7a. Biblical Aramaic

Hours to be arranged
Prof. Culley

7b. Elementariy Arabic

Hours to be arranged
Prof. Culley

7c. Elementary Assyrian

Hours to be arranged
Prof. Kelso

4. Exegetical Study of the Psalter

Prof. CuUey 1 hr.

5. Exegeitical Study of Isaiah

Prof. Kelso (1927-8) 1 hr.

6. Proverbs and Job Interpreted

Hour to be arranged
Prof. Kelso (1927-8) 1 hr.

10. Critical Study in English of the Psalter and Wisdom Literature

Hour to be arranged
Prof. Kelso 1 hr. 2nd. sem.

12. Old Testament Introduction

Prof. Culley 2 hrs.

25. Old Testament Theology

Prof. Kelso (1926-7) 2 hrs.

67. Biblical Apocalyptic

Hour to be arranged
Prof. Kelso (1926-7) 1 hr.

69. Critical Study of Genesis in English

Hours to be arranged
Prof. Kelso (1926-7) 2 hrs. one sem.

81. Advanced Greek

Prof. Vance 2 hrs. 2nd. sem.

20a. The Epistle to the Romans

Prof. Vance (1927-8) 2 hrs. 2nd. sem.

20b. The Epistle to the Hebrews

Prof. Vance (1928-9) 2 hrs. 2nd. sem.

24. The Epistles of James and Peter

Prof. Vance (1927-8) 2 hrs 1st. sem.

84. The Epistles to the Colossians and Ephesians

Prof. Vance (1928-9) 2 hrs. 1st. sem.

85. The Gospel according to Matthevp

Prof. Vance (1926-7) 2 hrs. 1st. sem.

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TJie Bulletin of the Western Theological Seminary

86. The Pastoral Epistles

Prof. Vance (1926-7) 2 hrs. 2n(i. sem.

16. The Life of Christ

Prof. Vance (1928-9) 2 hrs. 2nd. sem.

88. The Life of Paul

Prof. Vance (1926-7) 2 hrs. 2nd. sem.

89. The Epistles to the Corinthians

Prof. Vance (1927-8) 2 hrs. 2nd. sem.

90. The Gospel according to Mark

Prof. Vance (1927-8^ 2 hrs. 1st. sem.

91. The Acts of the Apostles

Prof. Vance (1927-8) 2 hrs. 1st. sem.

17. Early Church History

Prof. Eakin (1928-9) 2 hrs.

92. Chrisitian Thought in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries

Prof. Eakin (1927-8) 2 hrs. 1st. sem.

34. American Church History

Prof. Eakin (1927-8) 2 hrs. 2nd. sem.

73. History of Biblical Interpretation

Prof. Eakin (1928-9) 2 hrs.

79. History of Christian Missions

Prof. Eakin (1927-8) 2 hrs. 2nd. sem.

80. History of Christian Mysticism

Prof. Eakin (1927-8) 2 hrs. 1st. sem.

41a. Philosophy of Religion

Prof. Snowden 1 hr.

41b. Psychology of Religion

Prof. Snowden 1 hr.

51. Oral InteiTpretation of the Scriptures

Prof. Sleeth 1 hr.

52. Platfonn Delivery

Prof. Sleeth 1 hr.

55. Musical Appreciation

Dr. Boyd 1 hr.

56. Vocal Sight Reading

Dr. Boyd 1 hr

61a. Christian Ethics

Prof. Snowden 1. hr.

61b. Social Teaching of the New Testament

Prof. Farmer 1 hr.

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TJie Bulletin of the Western Theological Seminary

63. Modem Missions

Hour to be arranged
65. Comparative Religion

Prof. Kelso (1926-7) 2 hrs.

68. Phonetics

Prof. Culley 1 hr.

75. Principles of Religious Education

(1926-7) 2 hrs. 1st. sem.

76. How to Teach Religion

(1926-7) 2 hrs. 2nd. sem.

77. Organization and Administration of Religious Education

(1927-8) 2 hrs. 1st. sem.

78. Curriculum Construction for Chtu-ch Schools

(1927-8) 2 hrs. 2nd. sem.

Reports to Presbyteries

Graduate Studies

The Seminary confers the degree of Master of
Sacred Theology on students who complete a fourth
year of study.

This degree will be granted under the following con-
ditions :

(1) The applicant must have a Bachelor's de-
gree from a college of recognized standing.

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The Bulletin of the Western Theological Semmary

(3) He must be in residence at this Seminary
at least one academic year and complete courses
equivalent to twelve hours per week of regular cur-
riculum work,

(4) He shall be required to devote two-thirds
of said time to one subject, which will be called a
major, and the remainder to another subject termed
a minor.

(5) Members of the senior class may receive
this degree, provided that they attain rank "A" in
all departments and complete the courses equivalent
to such twelve hours of curriculum work, in addition
to the regular curriculum, which twelve hours of
work may be distributed throughout the three years '
course, upon consultation with the professors. All
other conditions as to major and minor subjects,
theses, etc., shall be the same as for graduate stu-
dents, except that in this case students must elect
their major and minor courses at the opening of the
middle year, and give notice October 1st of that year
that they expect to be candidates for this degree.

Relations with University of Pittsburgh

The post-graduate courses of the University of Pitts-
burgh are open to the students of the Seminary. The
A. M. degree will be conferred on students of the Sem-

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The Bulletin of the Western Theological Seminary

1. That non-technical theological courses (i. e.,
those in linguistics, history. Biblical literature, and
philosophy) be accepted for credit toward advanced
degrees in arts and sciences, under conditions de-
scribed in the succeeding paragraphs.

4. That the direction and supervision of the
candidate's courses shall be vested in the University
departments concerned.

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The Bulletin of the Western Theological Seminary

The minimum requirement for the Master's degree
is the equivalent of twelve hours throughout three terms.
or what we call thirty-six term-hours. According to the
above resolutions a minimum of twenty-four term-hours
should be taken at the University.

Fellowships and Prizes

1. A fellowship paying $600 is assigned upon grad-
uation to that member of the senior class who has the
best standing in all departments of the Seminary
curriculum, but to no one falling below an average
of 85 per cent. It is offered to those who take the entire
course of three years in this institution. The recipient
must pledge himself to a year of post-graduate study at
some institution approved by the Faculty. He is required
to furnish quarterly reports of his progress. The money
will be paid in three equal installments on the first day
of October, January, and April. Prolonged absence
from the classroom in the discharge of extra-seminary
duties makes a student ineligible for the fellowship.

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The Bulletin of the Western Theological Seminary

2. The Michael Wilson Keith Memorial Homiletical
Prize of $100.00. This prize was founded in 1919 by the
Keith Bible Class of the First Presbyterian Church of
Coraopolis, Pa., by an endowment of two thousand
dollars in memory of the Rev. Michael Wilson Keith,
D. D., the founder of the class, and pastor of the church
from 1911 to 1917. This foundation was established in
grateful remembrance of his service to his country as
Chaplain of the 111th Infantry Eegiment. He fell while
performing his duty at the front in France. It is
awarded to a member of the senior class who has spent
three years in this Seminary and has taken the highest
standing in the department of homiletics. The winner
of the prize is expected to preach in the First Presby-
terian Church of Coraopolis and teach the Keith Bible
Class one Sunday after the award is made.

3. A prize in Hebrew is offered to that member of
the junior class who maintains the . highest standing
in this subject throughout the junior year. The prize
consists of a copy of the Oxford Hebrew-English Lexi-
con, a copy of the latest English translation of Gesenius-
Kautzsch's Hebrew Grammar or a cop}" of Davidson's
Hebrew Syntax, and a copy of the Hebrew Bible edited
by Kittel.

4. All students reaching the grade "A" in all de-
partments during the junior year will be entitled to a
prize of $50, which will be paid in four installments in
the middle year, provided that the recipient continues
to maintain the grade "A" in all departments during the
middle year. Prizes of the same amount and under
similar conditions will be available for seniors, but no
student Avhose attendance is unsatisfactory will be eli-
gible to these prizes.

5. In May 1914, Miss Anna M. Eeed, of Cross
Creek, Pa., established a scholarship with an endo^^^nent
of three thousand dollars, to be lalo^^^l as the Andrew

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The Bulletin of the Western Theological Seminary

6. In February 1919, Mrs. Robert A. Watson, of
Columbus, Ohio, established a prize with an endowment
of one thousand dollars, to be known as the John Watson
Prize in New Testament Greek. It will be awarded to
that member of the Senior Class who, having elected
Greek exegesis, shall submit the best grammatical and
exegetical treatment of an assigned portion of the Greek
New Testament. The passage for the 1928 assignment
is Philippians 2:1-18.

7. In September 1919, Mrs. Robert A. Watson, of
Columbus, Ohio, established a prize with an endowment
of one thousand dollars, to be known as the William B.
Watson Prize in Hebrev/. It will be awarded to that
member of the Senior Class who, having elected Hebrew,
shall submit the best grammatical and exegetical treat-
ment of an assigned portion of the Hebrew Old Testa-
ment. The passage for the 1928 assignment is Psalm 73.

8. In July 1920, Mrs. Robert A. Watson, of Colum-
bus, Ohio, with an endowment of $1,000, established the
Joseph Watson Greek Prize, to be awarded to the stu-
dent who passes the best examination in classical Greek
as he enters the Junior Class of the Seminary. The as-
signment upon which the examination will be given is
Xenophon's Anabasis, Book II, or Plato's Apology,
Chapters I-X. In connection with the awarding of this
prize in September, 1926, fifty dollars was added to the
amount of the prize by a special contribution from the
session of the First Presbyterian church of Apollo, Pa.

*The income from this fund is not available at present.
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The Bulletin of the Western Theological Seminary

10. Two entrance prizes of $150 each are offered by
the Seminary to college graduates presenting themselves
for admission to the junior class. The scholarships will
be awarded upon the basis of a competitive examination
subject to the following conditions:

(II) Candidates must be graduates of high stand-
ing in the classical course of some accepted college or
university.

(III) The examinations will be conducted on
Thursday, Friday, and Saturday of the opening week of
the first semester.

(IV) The election of subjects for examination shall
be made from the following list: (1) Classical Greek
— Greek Grammar, translation of Greek prose, Greek
composition; (2) Latik^ — Latin Grammar, translation of
Latin prose, Latin composition; (3) Hebrew — Hebrew
Grammar, translation of Hebrew prose, Hebrew composi-
tion; (4) German — translation of German into English
and English into German; (5) French — translation of
French into English and English into French; (6) Philo-
sophy— (a) History of Philosophy, (b) Psychology,
(c) Ethics, (d) Metaphysics; (7) History — (a) Ancient
Oriental History, (b) GrEeco-Eoman History to A. D.
476, (c) Mediaeval History to the Keformation, (d)
Modern History.

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The Bulletin of the Western Theological Seminary

(VI) The awards of the scholarships will be made
to the two competitors passing the most satisfactory ex-
aminations, provided their average does not fall below
ninety per cent. The payment will be made in two in-
stallments, the first at the time the award is made, and
the second on April 1st. Failure to maintain a high
standard in classroom Avork or prolonged absence will
debar the recipients from receiving the second install-
ment.

The intention to compete for the prize scholarships
should be made knoA\Ti, in writing, to the President.

Donations and Bequests

All donations or bequests to the Seminary should be
made to the "Trustees of the Western Theological Sem-
inary of the Presbyterian Church in the United States of
America, located in Allegheny City, Pennsylvania".
The proper legal form for making a bequest is as follows :

I hereb}^ give and bequeath to the Trustees of the
Western Theological Seminary, of the Presbyterian
Church in the United States of America, incorporated
in the State of Pennsylvania, the following : —

Note : — If the person desires the Seminary to get the
full amount designated, free of tax, the follomng state-
ment should be added : — The collateral inheritance tax to
be paid out of my estate.

In this connection the present financial needs of the
Seminary may be arranged in tabular form :

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The Bulletin of the Western Theological Seminary *

Chair of Apologetics $100,000

Apartment for Professors 100,000

Apartment for Missionaries 100,000

Chair of Religious Education and Missions 100,000

General Endowment 500,000

Library Fund 30,000

Two Fellowships, $20,000, each 40,000

The Memorial idea may be carried out either in the
erection of one of these buildings or in the endowment of
any of the funds. During recent years the Sem-
inaiy has made considerable progress in securing new
equipment and additions to the endowment funds. One
of the recent gifts was that of $100,000 to endow tiie
President's Chair. This donation was made by the Rev.
Nathaniel W. Conkling, D. D., a member of the Class of
1861. In May 1912, the new dormitory building, costing
$146,097, was dedicated, and four 3^ears later. May 4,
1916, Herron Hall and Swift Hall, the north and south
wings of the new quadrangle, were dedicated. During
this period the Seminary has also received the endow-
ment of a missionary lectureship ($5000, in 1910) from
Mr. L. H. Severance, of Cleveland; and, through the
efforts of Dr. Breed, an endowment of $15,000 for the
instructorship' in music ; as well as eight scholarships
amounting to $22,331.10.

In the year 1918 a lectureship was established
b}^ a gift of $5,000 from Mrs. Janet I. Watson, of Colum-
bus, Ohio, in memory of her husband. Rev. Robert A.
Watson, a member of the class of 1874. Mrs. Watson has
also founded the James L. Shields Book Purchasing
Memorial Fund, Avith an endowment of $1,000, in memory
of her father, the late James L. Shields, of Blairsville,
Pennsylvania.

During the year 1919 Mrs. Watson established two
prizes, each with an endowment of $1,000: (1) The John
Watson Prize in New Testament Greek, in memory of her
husband's father, Rev. John Watson; (2) The Rev.

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The Bulletin of the Western Theological Seminary

William B. Watson Hebrew Prize, in memory of Rev.
William B. Watson, a member of the class of 1868 and a
brother of Rev. Robert A. Watson.

In July 1920, Mrs. R. A. Watson established, with
an endowment of $1,000, the Joseph Watson Greek Prize,
in memory of her husband's youngest brother.

During the year 1923 a donation of $5,000 was re-
ceived from the J. B. Finley Estate.

At their ten-year reunion (May 1921), the Class of
1911 raised a fund of one hundred dollars, to be offered
as a prize by the faculty to the member of the senior class
(1922) who had maintained the highest standing in the
Greek language and exegesis during the three years of
his course. This prize was awarded at the Commence-
ment 1922.

In December 1926 six scholarships, amounting to
$18,408.36, were founded by the will of Mr. W. B. Neg-
ley. 64 (112)

The Bulletin of the Western Theological Seminary

The whirlwind campaign of October 24 — November
3, 1913, resulted in subscriptions amounting to $135,000.
This money was used in the erection of the new Admin-
istration Building, to take the place of Seminary Hall.
A friend of the Seminary has subscribed $50,000 for the
erection of a chapel; as soon as conditions in the busi-
ness world become more normal, the chapel will be
erected according to plans already adopted. Attention is
called to the special needs of the Seminary — ^the endow-
ment of additional professorships and the completion of
the building program.

Memorial Funds

This list includes all memorial fundsi bearing either the name
of the donor or of those in whose memory the fund was contributed.
I. Professorships

1. The Nathaniel W. Conkling Foundation. President's
Chair.

2. The Reunion Professorship of Sacred Rhetoric and Elocu-

tion.

3. The Memorial Professorship of New Testament Literature

and Exegesis.

II. Lectiireships

1. The Elliott Lectureship.

2. The L. H. Severance Missionary Lectureship.

3. The Robert A. Watson Memorial Lectureship.
m. Prizes

1. The Andrew Reed Prize in English Bible (see Scholarship

#63).

2. The Michael Wilson Keith Memorial Homiletical Prize.

3. The John Watson Prize in New Testament Greek.

4. The William B. Watson Prize in Hebrew.

5. The Joseph Watson Greek Prize.
IV. Fellowships

1. The Sylvester S. Marvin Fellowship.
V. Special

1. The James H. Lyon Loan Fund.

2. The James L. Shields Book Purchasing Memorial Fund.

3. Students' Loan and Self-help Fund.

VI. Scholarships

1. The Thomas Patterson Scholarship, founded in 1829, by

Thomas Patterson, of Upper St. Clair, Allegheny County, Pa.

2. The McNeely Scholarship, founded by Miss Nancy McNeely, of

Steubenville, Ohio.

65 (113)

The Bulletin of the Western Theological Seminary

b. The Dornan Scholarship, founded by James Dornan, of Wash-
ington County, Pa.

4. The O'Hara Scholarship, founded by Mrs. Harmar Denny, of

Pittsburgh, Pa.

5. The Smith Scholarship, founded by Robin Smith, of Allegheny

County, Pa.

6. The Ohio Smith Scholarship, founded by Robert W. Smith, of

Fairfield County, O.

7. The Dickinson Scholarship, founded by Rev. Richard W. Dick-

inson, D.D., of New York City.

8. The Jane McCrea Patterson Scholarship, founded by Joseph

Patterson, of Pittsburgh, Pa.

9. The Hamilton Scott Easter Scholarship, founded by Hamilton

Easter, of Baltimore, Md.

10. The Corning Scholarship, founded by Hanson K. Corning, of

New York City.

11. The Emma B. Corning Scholarship, founded by her husband,

Hanson K. Corning, of New York City.

12. The Susan C. Williams Scholarship, founded by her husband,

Jesse L. Williams, of Ft. Wayne, Ind.

13. The Mary P. Keys Scholarship, No. 1, founded by herself.

14. The Mary P. Keys Scholarship, No. 2, founded by herself.

15. The James L. Carnaghan Scholarship, founded by James L.

Carnaghan, of Sewickley, Pa.

16. The A. M. Wallingford Scholarship, founded by A. M. Walling-

ford, of Pittsburgh, Pa.

17. The Alexander Cameron Scholarship, founded by Alexander

Cameron, of Allegheny, Pa.

18. The "First Presbyterian Church of Kittanning, Pa." Scholar-

ship.

19. The Rachel Dickson Scholarship, founded by Rachel Dickson,

of Pittsburgh, Pa.

20. The Isaac Cahill Scholarship, founded by Isaac Cahill, of Bu-

cyrus, O.

21. The Margaret Cahill Scholarship, founded by Isaac Cahill, of

Bucyrus, O.

22. The "H. E. B." Scholarship, founded by Rev. Charles C. Beatty,

D.D., LL.D., of Steubenville, O.

23. The "C. C. B." Scholarship, founded by Rev. Charles C. Beatty,

D.D., LL.D., of Steubenville, O.
24 The Koonce Scholarship, founded by Hon. Charles Koonce, of
Clark, Mercer County, Pa.

25. The Fairchild Scholarship, founded by Rev. Elias R. Fair-

child, D.D., of Mendham, N. J.

26. The Allen Scholarship, founded by Dr. Richard Steele, Execu-

tor, from the estate of Electa Steele Allen, of Auburn, N. Y.

27. The "L. M. R. B." Scholarship, founded by Rev. Charles C.

Beatty, D.D., LL.D., of Steubenville. O.

28. The "M. A. C. B." Scholarship, founded by Rev. Charles C.

Beatty, D.D., LL.D., of Steubenville, O.

66 (114)

The Bulletin of the Western Theological Seminary

29. The Sophia Houston Carothers Scholarship, founded by herself.

30. The Margaret Donahey Scholarship, founded by Margaret

Donahey, of Washington County, Pa.

31. The Melanchthon W. Jacobus Scholarship, founded by will of

his deceased wife.

32. The Charles Burleigh Conkling Scholarship, founded by his

father. Rev. Nathaniel W. Conkling, D.D., of New York City.

33. The Redstone Memorial Scholarship, founded in honor of Red-

stone Presbytery.

34. The John Lee Scholarship, founded by himself.

35. The James McCord Scholarship, founded by John D. McCord, of

Philadelphia, Pa.

36. The Elisha P. Swift Scholarship.

37. The Gibson Scholarship, founded by Charles Gibson, of Law-

rence County, Pa.

38. The New York Scholarship.

39. The Mary Foster Scholarship, founded by Mary Foster, of

Greensburg, Pa.

40. The Lea Scholarship, founded in part by Rev. Richard Lea and

by the Seminary.

41. The Kean Scholarship, founded by Rev. William F. Kean, of

Sewickley, Pa.

42. The Murry Scholarship, founded by Rev. Joseph A. Murry,

D.D., of Carlisle, Pa.

43. The Moorhead Scholarship, founded by Mrs. Annie C. Moor-

head, of Pittsburgh, Pa.

44. The Craighead Scholarship, founded by Rev. Richard Craig-

head, of Meadville, Pa.

45. The George H. Starr Scholarship, founded by Mr. George H.

Starr, of Sewickley, Pa.

46. The William R. Murphy Scholarship, founded by William R.

Murphy, of Pittsburgh, Pa.

47. The Mary A. McClurg Scholarship, founded by Miss Mary A.

McClurg.

48. The Catherine R. Negley Scholarship, founded by Catherine R.

Negley.

49. The Jane C. Dinsmore Scholarship, founded by Jane C. Dins-

more.

50. The Samuel Collins Scholarship, founded by Samuel Collins.

51. The A. G. McCandless Scholarship, founded by A. G. McCand-

less, of Pittsburgh, Pa.
52-53. The W. G. and Charlotte T. Taylor Scholarships, founded by
Rev. W. G. Taylor, D.D.

54. The William A. Robinson Scholarship, founded by John F.

Robinson in memory of his father.

55. The Alexander C. Robinson Scholarship, founded by John F.

Robinson in memory of his brother.

56. The David Robinson Scholarship, founded by John F. Robinson

in memory of his brother.

67 (115)

The Bulletin of the Western Theological Seminary

57-58. The Robert and Charles Gardner Scholarships, founded by
Mrs. Jane Hogg Gardner in memory of her sons.

59. The Joseph Patterson, Jane Patterson, and Rebecca Leech

Patterson Scholarship, founded by Mrs. Joseph Patterson,
of Philadelphia, Pa.

60. The Jane and Mary Patterson Scholarship, founded by Mrs.

Joseph Patterson.

61. The Joseph Patterson Scholarship, founded by Mrs. Joseph

Patterson.

62. The William Woodward Eells Scholarship, founded by his

daughter, Anna Sophia Eells.
*63. The Andrew Reed Scholarship, founded by his daughter, Anna
M. Reed.

64. The Bradford Scholarship, founded by Benjamin Rush Brad-

ford.

65. The William Irwin Nevin Scholarship, founded by Theodore

Hugh Nevin and Hannah Irwin Nevin.

66. The Jacob Negley Scholarship, founded in 1926, by the will

of W. iB. Negley in memory of his great-great grandfather.

67. The Alexander Negley Scholarship, founded in 1926, by the

will of W. B. Negley in memory of his great grandfather.

68. The Jacob Negley Scholarship, founded in 1926, by the will

of W. B. Negley in memory of his grandfather.
6 9. The Daniel Negley Scholarship, founded in 1926, by the will
of W. B. Negley in memory of his father.

70. The James Backhouse Scholarship, founded in 1926, by the

will of W. B. Negley in memory of his maternal grandfather.

71. The Joanna Wilmerding Negley Scholarship, founded in 1926,

by the will of W. B. Negley in memory of his wife.

Lectureships

The Elliott Lectureship. The endowment for this
lectureship was raised by Prof. Kobinson among the
alumni and friends of the Seminary as a memorial to
Prof. David Elliott, who served the institution from 1836
to 1874. Several distinguished scholars have delivered
lectures on this foundation : the Rev. Professor Alexan-
der F. Mitchell, D. D., Principal Fairbairn, the Rev. B. C.
Henry, D. D., the Rev. J. S. Dennis, D. D., Prof. James
Orr, D. D., the Rev. Hugh Black, D. D., the Rev. David
Smith, D. D., President A. T. Ormond, the Rev. Prof.
Samuel Angus, Ph. D., the Rev. John Macldntosh Shaw,
D. D., and the Rev. Maitland Alexander, D. D., LL. D.

*Special Prize Scholarship (vide p. 59).
68 (116)

The Bulletin of the Western Theological Seminary

The L. H. Severance Missionaey Lectureship.
This lectureship has been endowed by the generous gift
of the late Mr. L. H. Severance, of Cleveland, Ohio. The
first course of lectures on this foundation was given dur-
ing the term of 1911-12, by Mr. Edward Warren Capen,
Ph. D., of the Hartford School of Missions. The subse-
quent courses were delivered as follows: 1914-15, the
Rev. Arthur J. Brown, D. D.; 1915-16, the Rev. S. G.
Wilson, D. D. ; October, 1917 (postponed from the term
1916-17), the Rev. A. Woodruff Halsey, D. D. ; January,
1918, the Rev. J. C. R. Ewing, D. D., LL. D., C. I.
E.; September, 1919, the Rev. Robert F. Fitch, D. D.;
November, 1922, the Rev. J. Stewart Kunkle ; December,
1923, the Rev. Robert F. Fitch, D. D. The ninth course
was given as classroom lectures, one hour per week dur-
ing the first semester 1924-5 by the Rev. Frank B.
Llewellyn. The tenth course was given as classroom
lectures, one hour per week during the second semester
1925-6, by the Rev. Donald A. Irwin.

The Robert A. Watson Memorial Lectureship.
This lectureship was endowed in May, 1918, by Mrs.
Janet I. Watson, of Columbus, Ohio, as a memorial to
her husband. Rev. Robert A. Watson, D. D., a graduate
of the Seminary class of 1874.

Seminary Extension Lectures

(1) ''The Sacraments", four lectures, by Rev.
David R. Breed, D. D., LL. D.

(2) "Social Teaching of the New Testament",
six lectures, by Rev. William R. Farmer, D. D.

69 (117)

The Bulletin of the Western Theological Seminary

(3) "Theology of the Psalter", four lectures, by
President Kelso.

(4) "Prophecy and Prophets", four lectures, by
President Kelso.

(5) "The Fundamentals of Christianity", five
lectures, by Kev. James H. Snowden, D. D., LL. D.

(6) "The Psychology of Religion", five lectures,
by Rev. James H. Snowden, D. D., LL. D.

(7) "The Personality of God", five lectures, by
Rev. James H. Snowden, D. D., LL. D.

(8) "Crises in the Life of Christ", four lectures, by
Rev. Selby Frame Vance, D. D., LL. D.

(9) "Jerusalem" and "Petra". two illustrated
lectures, by President Kelso.

70 (118)

TTie Bulletin of the Western Theological Seminary

ALUMNI ASSOCIATION

OFFICERS FOR 1926-7

President

The REV. GEORGE P. ATWELL, D. D.
Class of 1898

Vice Presidents

The REV. CHARLES C. CRIBBS

Class of 1911
The REV. HUGH L.EITH, D. D.

Class of 1902

Secretary

The REV. GEORGE C. FISHER, D. D.
Class of 1903

Treasurer

The REV. R. H. ALLEN, D. D.
Class of 1900

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE

President, Vice Presidents, Secretary, Treasurer, President of Sem-
inary, ex officio

NECROLOGICAL COMMITTEE

The REV. R. H. ALLEN, D. D.
The REV. J. A. KELSO, Ph.D., D.D., LL.D.

71 (119)

The Bulletin of the Western Theological Seminary

Directory

Anderson, R. E Onarga, 111 1878

Anderson, T. B Beaver Falls, Pa 1871

Anderson, W. W Wilmette, 111 1862

Armstrong, H. P Winnebago, 111 1901-p

Armstrong, J. N Rosedale, Long Island, N. Y 1891

Arney, W. J North East, Pa.. 1871-p

Arthur, J. H... Hangchow, Chekiang, China 1912

Asdale, Wilson 2633 Reagan St., Dallas, Tex 1877

Ashley, William A 855 Hazlett Ave., Lincoln Place, Pa...l927

Aten, S. H Burtt, Iowa 1908

Atkinson, Wm. A..... Rochester, Pa 1896

Atwell, G. P Washington, Pa 1898

Aukerman, Elmer Malcolm, Iowa 1893

Aukerman, R. C 3876 Garland Ave., Detroit, Mich 1895

Austin, Chas. A 1538 Grosbeck Rd., Cincinnati,

Ohio..... 1894

Axtell, John S _ ....Winona Lake, Ind..... 1874

Axtell, R. S..... New Brighton, Pa 1917-p

Babinsky, Andrew ....42 Thomas St., South River, N. J. ..1926-p

Backora, V. P..... 604 Broadway, McKees Rocks, Pa...l905

Bailey, H. A 602 Park Ave., Johnstown, Pa...... 1902

Baker, H. Vernon Mayview, Pa 1908

Bamford, Geo. K 1266 Lansdowne Ave., Toronto,

Canada- 1921

Banker, Willis G _ ....Tahlequah, Okla 1885

Barbor, John P Grove City, Pa 1874

Barbour, Clifford E 53 Salcom St., Edinburgh, Scot-
land 1922

Bardarik, George Box 224, St. Clair, Pa 1920

Barker, John B. Smithfield, Ohio....... .....1925

Barnes, W. C ....197 Washington Ave., Vandergrift,

Pa 1916

Barr, A. H 845 Chalmers Place, Chicago, 111 1895-p

Barr, Floyd W... Beaver Falls, Pa 191 1-p

Barr, Robert Lord Elbow Lake, Minn..... 1897

Barrett, W. L 4503 E. 18th Ave. Denver, Colo 1900

Bartholomew, A. R..... 1st. Unitarian Church, Morewood

and Ellsworth Aves., Pittsburgh,

Pa... 1917

Barton, Joseph Hughes 1422 Cleveland Blvd., Caldwell,

Idaho 1884

Bartz, U. S Rural Valley, Pa ...1896

Baumgartel, H. J ...Ebensburg, Pa 1913

Bausman, J. H Rochester, Pa.... 1883

Beatty, C. S -. 945 W. 9th. St., Erie, Pa 1900

Bedickian, S. V ....R. F. D., Halstead, Pa 1896

Behrends, Arthur D 1125 N. Main St., Avoca, Pa 1923

Bell, Charles R. F. D. No. 1, Ellwood City, Pa.....l899

Bell, L. Carmon Huron, S. Dak 1889

Bell, Wm. J Mt. Iron, Minn .....1893-p

Bemies, C. O 1417-23d Ave., Minneapolis, Minn...l997

Benham, DeWitt M... The Cecil, Baltimore, Md 1887-p

Bergen, H. H ....Plymouth Congregational Church,

Lockport, N. Y ...1912

Bergen, S. V ....2168 E. York St., Philadelphia, Pa 1910

Bibby, John K... Clairton, Pa 1924

Biddle, Eugene L :.. 7422 17th. Ave., Brooklyn, N. Y 1924

58 (222)

Bulletin of the Western Theological Seminary

Biddle, R. L -..- Westwood, Crafton, Pa 1895-p

Bierbaum, M. L 1000 E. Ohio St., N. S. Pittsburgh,

Pa _.... - ...- - 1925 p-g

Bierkemper, Charles H Marcus, Wash 1901

Bingham, J. Greer Wampum, Pa _ 1916

Bingham, Wm. S Punta Gorda, Fla.... 1908

Bisceglia, J. B.. 505 Forest Ave., Kansas City, Mo... 1918

Bittinger, Ardo P Ambridge, Pa - 1903

Black, Wm. Henry... 405 College St., Marshall, Mo 1878

Blacker, Saml 617 Main St., Irwin, Pa .1907

Blayney, Charles P 326 College St., Marshall, Mo 1878

Bleck, E. A ...Okmulgee, Okla... 1908

Boggs, John M Marathon, N. Y 1885

Bonsall, A. J Dr. J. B. Gold, 2459 Perrysville Ave.,

N. S., Pittsburgh, Pa... 1883

Boone, Wm. J 1904 Hazel St., Caldwell, Idaho 1887

Boothe, Willis A 413-4th Ave., Pittsburgh, Pa ......1884-p

Boston, John K.. 1102 Bidwell St., N. S., Pittsburgh,

Pa 1917

Boston, Samuel L 805 Western Ave., N. S., Pittsburgh,

Pa 1886

Bovard, Charles E ..Box 205, Rockledge, Fla.. ..1906-p

Bowden, Geo. S 224 Main St., Parnassus, Pa 1905

Bowman, Edwin M Brownsville, Pa 1889

Bowman, W. Scott Uniontown, Pa. 1892

Boyce, Isaac 178 Dakota St., Bellevue, Pa 1884

Boyd, J. N ...Penny Farms, Fla... 1879

Boyd, W. S ...-'. 1517 Fallowfield Ave., Pittsburgh,

Pa 1927 p-g

Bradley, Matthew H Painesville, Ohio... _.-. ......1927 p-g

Brandner, E. L... Ness City, Kans.... 1918

Bransby, C. Carson... 210 N. Lang Ave., Pittsburgh, Pa 1913-p

Breckenridge, W. L Sedalia, Colo 1886

Brice, James B.... Plymouth, Ind 1900

Briceland, J. M ....3112 Landis St., Corliss Station,

Pittsburgh, Pa Associate

Broadley-East, A Barnesboro, Pa.. 1924 p-g

Brockway, J. W ...587 Central Ave., Albany, N. Y 1897-p

Brokaw, Harvey ..Ichijo Dori, Muro Machi, Kyoto,

Japan 1896-p

Brooks, E. A 28 Newbury St., Maiden, Mass .1900

Brown, Alexander B. ....Canonsburg, Pa 1878-p

Brown, F. F. Harrisonville, Ohio 1898

Brown, Geo. Wilber.... ..Nankin, Ohio 1903-p

Brown, S. T.. 1600 Chislett St., Pittsburgh, Pa. ....1902

Brown, T. Murray -.. Leetsdale, Pa..... 1923 p-g

Brown, Wm. A Ravenswood, W. Va 1896

Browne, H. R ..Shields, Pa ...1915 p-g

Brownlee, Daniel ....Dayton, Ohio 1895

Brownson, M. A Southern Pines, N. C 1881

Bruce, Charles H ....6730 Paxton Ave., Chicago, 111 1881-p

Bryan, A. V ..Kadoka, S. Dak 1881

Bucher, Victor Pleasantville, Pa... 1904

Burns, George G Hamilton, 111 1896

Burtt, P. E Sharon, Pa 1912

Bush, M. S 185 Bay State Rd., Boston, Mass 1901

Byczynski, S. A 396 Mountain Ave., Winnipeg,

Manitoba, Canada 190S-p

59 (223)

Directory

Byers, Edward W 1164 Jancey St., Pittsburgh, Pa.... 1903

Byers, Wm. F Corsica, Pa 1910

Cable, John H Nyack, N. Y...... '... ....1915-p

Calder, R. S St. Charles, Mo 1897

Caldwell, David..... New Brighton, Pa 1894

Calhoun, Joseph P.. West Palm Beach, Fla 1880-p

Campbell, E. V St. Cloud, Minn 1864-p

Campbell, Harry M 607 Washington Rd., Mt. Lebanon,

Pittsburgh, Pa 1904-p

Campbell, H. N .Olympia, Fla 1887

Campbell, Howard ..Chiengmai, Laos, Siam 1894

Campbell, W. M Kiung-chow, Hainan, China 1898

Carmichael, Geo -3915-65th. Street, Portland, Ore 1900

Carson, Chalmers F 135 Clarencedale Ave., Youngstown,

Ohio 1881-p

Chalfant, Charles L Presbyterian Hospital, Pittsburgh,

Pa ...1892

Chandler, Horace Edward. Tsingtau, Shantung, China 1926

Cheeseman, Geo. H Euclid, Butler Co., Pa.. 1916

Cheeseman, Jos. F 5003 N. Post St., Spokane, Wash. ..,.1898

Cherry, C. W 315 N. Front St., Harrisburg, Pa.......l897

Christie, Jno. W 103 E. Auburn Ave., Cincinnati,

Ohio 1907

Christoff, A. T Maunder & Daugherty Co., 209 N.

7th. St., Kansas City, Kan 1907

Christopher, Franz O 72 Mt. Vernon St., Boston, Mass.....l926

Chubb, A. L. (Mrs.) ..109 Lincoln Ave., Bellevue, Pa 1927-p

Clark, Chas. A Rivera, Calif 1890

Clark, Chester A.. 3204 Iowa St., Pittsburgh, Pa 1909

Clark, J. Calvitt..... 400 The 1900-Euclid Bldg., Cleve-
land, Ohio ......1919

Clark, John A.... R. F. D., Port Deposit, Md 1926

Clark, Robert L., Sr New Park, Pa .....1878

Clawson, H. B.. R. D. No. 2, Mount Pleasant, Pa.....l919

Coan, F. G .....2420 Lake Place, Minneapolis, Minn.l885-p

Cobb, Wm. A Cambridge Springs, Pa..... ..1899

Cochran, Charles W ..Midland, Pa ......1913

Cole, Wm. D Darlington, Ind 1894-p

Collins, Alden Delmont Lafayette, N. J .1891

Compton, Elias .Wooster, Ohio 1884-p

Conley, B. H Adena, Ohio 1910

Conley, Claude S R. F. D., Parnassus, Pa ..1925

Connell, John ......1608 W. 25th. St., Minneapolis,

Minn.. _. 1913

Conrad, Ross E. Freeport, Ohio. .1917

Cooke, Silas. St. Cloud, Fla. 1874

Cooper, H. C... 2830 N. 25th. St., Philadelphia, Pa...l906

Cooper, Hugh A Albuquerque, N. Mex 1890

Cooper, John H 442 Stafford Ave., Erie, Pa 1883

Cooper, Thos. F 228 S. 8th. St., Connellsville, Pa 1927-p

Cornelius, Maxwell.. Watson Memorial Church, Perrys-

ville and Riverview Aves., N. S.,

Pittsburgh, Pa 1914

Cotton, James S Clintonville, Pa 1896

Cotton, Jarvis M New Waterford, Ohio 1924

60 (224)

Bulletin of the Western Theological Seminary

Cottoa, J. L 109 E. Broadway, Louisville, Ky 1888

Coulter, C. M .Dawson, Pa.. 1927

Cox, J. Morgan. ...3326 McNeil Place, Pittsburgh, Pa..-1923

Cozard, F. A.... ...R. D. No. 11, Grove City, Pa 1898

Cozad, Wm. K ....R. F. D., Mercer, Pa 1893-p

Craig, J. A. A Washington, Pa 1895

Craig, Wm. R .625 Main St., Latrobe, Pa 1906

Craighead, D. E.... ...Strasburg, Pa.... 1891-p

Crawford, F. Swartz R. F. D. No. 2, New Milford, Conn. 1879

Crawford, Glenn M Jeannette, Pa..... ......1917

Crawford, John A ..536 Haws Ave., Norristown, Pa 1891

Crawford, Oliver C ...Soo Chow, China .1900

Cribbs, Chas. C 94 Prospect Ave., Ingram, Pa 19U

Grosser, John R ..Summitville, Ohio .1885

Grouse, N. P Stanhope, N. J 1879

Crowe, A. N...... McGonnellsville, Ohio 1900 p-g

Crowe, Francis W .....150 Castle Shannon Rd., South

Hills, Pittsburgh, Pa ......1902-p

Crummy, H. Russell... R. F. D. No. 6, Butler, Pa 1917

Csorba, Zoltan.. Vintondale, Pa ....1927 p-g

Gulley, David E .....57 Belvidere St., Grafton, Pa 1904

Gulley, E. A ...131 Ridgewood Ave., Westview, Pa. ..1894

Cunningham, H. G ....Churchville, N. Y 1899-p

Cunningham, James A. ....138 W. Seneca St., Syracuse, N. Y 1892

Curtiss, Howard T ....Waynesburg, Ohio 1924

D'Aliberti, Alfred.. ......707 Lincoln Ave., Steubenville,

Ohio 1921 p-g

Daniel, D. E 101 N. Quentin Ave., Dayton, Ohio..l919

Daubenspeck, R. P.... .....Huntingdon, Pa 1899

David, Wm. O 606 Fairview Ave., Butler, Pa ...1903-p

Davidson, Dwight B.... ...Barnesville, Ohio... 1919

Davidson, Harrison .......Enon Valley, Pa 1918

Davis, Jno. P Dunlap, Iowa... 1889

Davis, M. W ....5155 Wildwood Lane, Seattle,

Wash 1896

Day, E. W Minerva, Ohio.... 1882

Deffenbaugh, Geo. L 103 South Branciforte Ave., Santa

Cruz, Calif... 1878

Denise, Larimore C ..2020 Spencer St., Omaha, Nebr ...1905 p-g

Dent, F. R ......Millvale, Pa 1908

DePrefontaine, C. L Sigel, Pa.... 1924

Depue, James H ..3104 Mt. Pleasant St., N. W.,

Washington, D. C 1900-p

Dible, J. C 4120 Pauley Ave., East San Diego,

Calif .1893

Dinsmore, W. W Vanderbilt, Pa 1907

Diven, R. J... ..Wrangell, Alaska 1896-p

Dobos, Karoly Box 37, Daisytown, Pa. 1927 p-g

Dodds, J. LeRoy.. American Presbyterian Mission,

Saharanpur, India ....1917

Donahey, Martin L Bowling Green, Ohio 1872

Donaldson, D. M Meshed, Persia 1914

Donaldson, R. M ...518 Camden Drive, Beverly Hills,

Calif 1888-p

Donaldson, W. E 346 N. Lockwood Ave., Chicago,

111 1883

Donehoo, Geo. M Menlo, Iowa..... 1897

61 (225)

Directory

Donehoo, G. P 2230 N. Second St., Harrisburg, Pa...l886

Douglass, Elmer H _ .Bay City, Mich. 1905

Drake, J. E Holland, Iowa 1891

Duff, George M Presbyterian Manse, Riverdale-on-

-the-Hudson, N. Y 1914

Duff, J. M 1641 Shady Ave., Pittsburgh, Pa 1876

Duffield, T. E McClellandtown, Pa 1906

Dunbar, J. W Old Concord, Pa 1895

Duncan, J. S Mercer, Pa.. 1898 p-g

Dunlap, J. B Bangkok, Siam.

Eagleson, H. M Grafton, Pa.. 1919

Eagleson, W. F 1704 Irving St., N. E., Washington,

D. C 1898

Eagleson, W. S 84 N. Ohio Ave., Columbus, Ohio......l863

Eakin, Frank 90 Pilgrim Rd., Rosslyn Farms,

Carnegie, Pa... 1913

Eakin, John A.... Bangkok, Siam ..1887

Eakin, John L , Bangkok, Siam ....1926

Eakan, Paul A Bangkok, Siam 1913

Earsman, H. F.... Knox, Pa 1885

Edmundson, Geo. R 4654 Tennyson St., Denver, Colo 1892

Edwards, Charles E. ...6911 Prospect Ave., Ben Avon, Pa...l884-p

Edwards, C. T Huntingdon Valley, Pa 1884-p

Ehmann, Wm. F .Logan, Utah 1925

Elder, Newton Carl ....24 Bamrung Muang Road, Bangkok,

Siam. 1926

Elder, S. C Jackson, Center, Pa 1896

Elliott, A. M ..Millford, Pa 1909 p-g

Elliott, J. W Dollar Title & Trust Bldg., Sharon,

Pa ..1885-p

Elliott, Paul H...: ..R. F. D. No. 1, Elwood City, Pa 1915-p

Elliott, Samuel E Monongahela House, Pittsburgh,

Pa 1876-p

Elterich, Wm. O Temple Hill, Chefoo, China 1888

Ely, Robt. W...... 556 Jefferson St., St. Charles, Mo.....l885

Ernst, John L 600 N. Euclid Ave., Pittsburgh, Pa...l914-p

Espey, J. M South Gate, China... 1905

Evans, D. H.. P. O. Box 142, West Palm Beach,

Fla 1862-p

Evans, F. W 2 W. 122nd. St., New York, N. Y.....1905-p

Evans, W. E 210 Byron St., Mankato, Minn 1905

Evans, W. M 1444 B. Ave., Cedar Rapids, Iowa....l882

Ewing, H. D Scio, Ohio 1897

Ewing, Joseph L ...132 Bryant St., Rahway, N. J ......1893

Ewing, Thomas D First Presbyterian Church, Port

Arthur, Texas.. 1927

Farmer, William R 511 Amberson Ave., Pittsburgh, Pa... 1895

Fast, J. W. G 2212 St. Paul St., Baltimore, Md.. 1902-p

Fejes, J. S.. 737 Mahoning Ave., Youngstown,

Ohio 1927-p

Felmeth, W. G...... .Milton, Pa 1911

Ferguson, H. C. ..1945 N. 31st. St., Philadelphia, Pa...l885

Ferguson, T. J R. D., Mechanicsburg, Pa 1878

Ferver, W. C R. F. D. No. 1, Mercer, Pa 1907

Fields, J. C 100 Jackson Ave., Susquehanna,

Pa 1899-p

62 (226)

Bulletin of the Western Theological Seminary *

Filipi, B. A... - -Clarkson, Nebr '. 1902

Findlay, H. J. - ....Shenandoah, Iowa 1912-p

Fiscus, Newell Scott ...5134 Holly St., Seattle, Wash 1899

Fish, Frank Millsboro, Pa.... 1886

Fisher, Geo. C 5919 Wellesley Ave., Pittsburgh,

Pa 1903

Fisher, Geo. W Neoga, 111 1861

Fisher, G. E Turtle Creek, Pa..... ...1896

Fisher, James M 450 Avondale Ave., Marion, Ohio....l916

Fisher, S. G 2936 Wabash, Kansas City, Mo 1869-p

Fisher, Wm. J.... 1482-6th Ave., San Francisco, Calif...l891

Fitch, Robert F Hangchow, China 1898

Fleming, J. S West Findley, Pa 1879

Fleming, Wm. F West Newton, Pa 1903

Fohner, G. C. ..New Castle, Pa 1914-p

Foote, S. E Williamstown, W. Va..... 1897

Foreman, C. A 409 E. 14th. St., Long Beach, Calif...l900-p

Fowler, Owen S Claysville, Pa. 1903

Fracker, G. H..... Storm Lake, Iowa 1883-p

France, Curtis K Box 54, White Sulphur Springs,

Mont 1927-p

Francis, John Junkin 5719 Aldama St., Los Angeles,

Calif .......1869

Frantz, G. A 2309 Broadway, Indianapolis, Ind. ..1913

Eraser, Charles Daniel ..College of Wooster, Wooster, Ohio.— 1907

Eraser, C. M Bessemer, Mich ....1881

Eraser, James A. D Baker, Oregon ....1914

Eraser, J. Wallace :... New Bethlehem, Pa 1914

Frederick, P. W. H ...4300 E. 45th. St., Seattle, Wash 1897-p

French, A. E... Sharpsburg, Pa.. 1916

Fruit, Byron S Ingomar, Pa 1927

Fulton, Archibald F Grove City, Pa 1922

Fulton, G. W... Osaka, Japan 1889-p

Fulton, John E 335 W. College St., Canonsburg,

Pa.... 1897

Fulton, J. T ....Red Wing, Minn 1898

Fulton, John W Wooster, Ohio 1880

Fulton, S. A... 1603 E. 9th. St., Des Moines, Iowa..l898-p

Fulton, William S ...225 N. Granada Ave., Alhambra,

' Calif 1875

Funkhouser, G. A.... 27 N. Summit St., Dayton, Ohio. 1871

Gaehr, T. J. 1198 Jefferson Ave., Brooklyn,

N. Y 1904

Gahagen, C. B. 2345 Rosewood Ave., Toledo, Ohio....l9 18

Galbraith, L. A. ....218 Guy Park Ave., Amsterdam,

N. Y 1922

Galbreath, Robert F.. Bellevue, Pa. ...Associate

Gantt, A. G 6287 FrankstownAv., Pittsburgh, Pa. 1895

Garner, J. Herbert Cochranton, Pa 1926

Garver, James C 1449 Josephine St., Denver, Colo 1883

Garvin, James E... Neville Station, Coraopolis, Pa 1890-p

Gaut, R. L Jennertown, Pa..... 1908

Gay, T. Boyd 139 W. 6th. St., Columbus, Ohio......l899-p

Gearheart, H. A Aspinwall, Pa 1918

Geddes, Henry Delphos, Ohio 1911

Gelvin, Edward H Plainfield, N. J 1899 p-g

Genre, E. E 156-5th. Ave., New York, N. Y 1927 p-g

63 (227)

Directory

George, Arthur H Box 639, Wilson, N. C 1921 p-

Gerrard, Paul T .Mt. Pleasant, Jefferson Co., Ohio......l926

Gettman, A. H ......1621 Hillsdale Ave., Dormont, Pa...l902

Getty, R. Frank Finleyville, Pa 1894

Gibb, J. D..... Chatfield, Minn ....1893

Giboney, E. P... ....1616-37th. Ave., Seattle, Wash... 1899

Gibson, Alexander 208 Chalfont St., Pittsburgh, Pa 1917

Gibson, E. L ..Davis, W. Va 1922

Gibson, Wm. F... Brighton, 111 1877

Giffin, James E..... Plumville, Pa 1892

Gilbert, R. V 403 Second St., S. W., Independence,

Iowa 1916

Gilleland, William A Thomas Station, Pa ...1927

Gillespie, James H ....Presbyterian Church, Takoma Park,

D. C. 1926

Gilson, H. O Castle Shannon, Pa .-. ...1888

Glass, S. J... .....1500 Orchlee Ave., Pittsburgh,

Pa Associate

Glunt, George L 3371 Parkview Ave., Pittsburgh,

Pa 1911

Goehring, Jos. S Brewster, Minn 1905-p

Good, Albert I Lolodorf, Cameroun, W. Africa 1909

Good, E. C ..Leechburg, Pa 1916

Gordon, P. H 366 Franklin Ave., Salem, Ohio 1896

Gordon, S. R 1844 Boston Ave., Tulsa, Okla 1877

Gourley, J. C ....Delmont, Pa ....1875-p

Graham, D. S R. F. D., Sewickley, Pa.... 1901

Graham, F. F Planaltina, Goyaz, Brazil, S. A 1910

Gray, T. J. 228 Prospect Ave., Carnegie, Pa 1886

Graybeill, J. H Box 1013, Annville, Pa _ 1876

Green, A. J.. 3057 Zephyr Ave., Pittsburgh, Pa 1925 p-j

Greene, D. A '. 806 Dayton St., Cincinnati, Ohio 1896

Greenlee, T. B.... 811 Lindaraxa Court, Alhambra,

Calif 1882

Gregg, O. J Adams Mills, Ohio 1894

Greves, U. S New Alexandria, Pa 1895

Griffith, O. C 108 W. 7th. St., Owensboro, Ky.......l918

Gross, J. H Witherspoon Bldg., Philadelphia,

Pa 1912-p

Gross, O. C... 115 E. Luverne St., Luverne, Minn. ..1910

Groves, Samuel B 1223 Wilmette Ave., Wilmette, 111..... 1891

Grubbs, H. A Waterford, Pa 1893

Guichard, G. L Trenton, Mich ...1897-p

Guttery, A. M Hankow, China 1911

Hackett, J. T ......Bridgeton, N. J 1895

Hail, A. L Donora, Pa .1909

Hail, J. B. Wakayama, Japan 1875

Haines, A. H .....Seleck, Washington.. 1900

Halenda, Dimitry 1005 Carson St., Pittsburgh, Pa 1909

Halenda, Theodore 39 Russ St., Hartford, Conn 1912

Hall, F. M 3151 Scranton Rd., Cleveland, Ohio..l891

Hamill, Daniel, Jr Mt. Gilead, Ohio. 1922

Hamilton, Chas. H Delta, Utah..... ....1903

Hamilton, Daniel M 241 Brady St., Dearborn, Mich ....1925-p

Hamilton, James Washington, Pa. 1892-p

Hamilton, James A.. .....Elkland, Pa 1921 p-

Hamilton, Joseph Washington, Pa 1893-p

64 (228)

Bulletin of the Western TJi^eological Seminary

Hanna, H. W - ..Loudonville, Ohio 1902

Harriman, W. P Cedarville, Ohio. 1915

Harrop, Ben. Galloway, Ohio 1888

Harter, Otis Lima, Ohio 1895

Hartzell, J. L Lakawn, Lampariz, Siam 1927 p-g

Harvey, P. R -Long Valley, N. J 1908

Haverfield, Ross M R. F. D. No. 8, Mahoningtown, Pa...l924

Hayes, A. W Somerset, Pa .1893

Hayes, W. M Tsinan, Shantung, China 1882

Haymaker, E. C Winona Lake, Ind 1890

Haynes, Darwin M Mineral Ridge, Ohio 1927

Hays, Calvin C Granite Bldg., Pittsburgh, Pa 1884

Hays, Frank W College of Wooster, Wooster, Ohio... 1890

Hays, Geo. S 1708 W. 33rd. St., Oklahoma City,

Okla 1885

Hays, W. M...... Burgettstown, Pa 1886

Hazlett, C. G. 151 W. Liberty St., Hubbard, Ohio..l893

Hazlett, Calvin H Ewing Christian College, Allahabad,

U. P., India... 1923

Hazlett, D. McF 5800 Helen Ave., St. Louis, Mo 1875

Hazlett, Paul H ..Hookstown, Pa 1927

Hazlett. W. J Grove City, Pa 1883

Heany, B. F McDonald, Pa 1906

Hefner, Elbert ...Clarksville, Ark .......1908

Held, Charles E 2112 Rockledge St., N. S., Pitts-
burgh, Pa 1926 p-g

Helm, John S 131 Linden Ave., Edgewood, Pa 1882

Heltman, Andrew F,....' 2624 Beale Ave., Altoona, Pa 1915 p-g

Henderson, S. C Concepcion, Chile .1923 p-g

Hendrix, Everett J Chestnut St. Presbyterian Church,

Erie, Pa 1919

Henry, Robert H Darlington, Pa 1921

Hensel, L. C ...Valparaiso, Ind 1914

Herries, A. J ....65 Putnam St., Tunkhannock, Pa 1884

Herron, Chas 2024 Emmet St., Omaha, Nebr ....1887

Hezlep, Herbert 3637 Zumstein Ave., Cincinnati,

Ohio 1898

Hezlep, W. H A. P. Mission, Jhansi, India 1911

Hickman, A. R ....3rd. Presbyterian Church, Chicago,

111 1917

Highberger, Wm. W... Hangchow, China 1913

Hill, J. B. G 120 E. Shorb Ave., Los Angeles,

Calif 1891

Hilty, J. R Library, Pa 1924

Hine, T. W .R. D. No. 2, Boise, Idaho 1894

Hitchings, Brooks La Veta, Colo.... 1893-p

Hodil, E. A 164 Beeson Ave., Uniontown, Pa 1899

Hofmeister, Ralph C 170 E. Cleveland St., Stockton,

Calif 1918

Hogg, W. E ....Centerville, Mich .....1913 p-g

Holmes, W. J...... West Middlesex, Pa ...1902

Holub, Joseph .671 Margaret St., Mt. Oliver Sta.,

Pittsburgh, Pa 1925

Homer, Lloyd D Bakerstown, Pa 1927

Hoon, Clarke D. A..... Fairchance, Pa 1894

Hoover, W. H 3721 Salome Ave., Pine Lawn, St.

Louis, Mo 1909

Hopkins, John T ...R. F. D. No. 2, Puente, Calif..... 1884-p

65 (229)

Directory

Hornicek, Francis 23 Cleveland Ave., Uniontown, Pa. ..1912

Horst, Clyde M ......Windber, Pa _ 1927 p-g

Hosack, Herman M Perrysville, Pa _ 1898

Houk, C. E.. New Concord, Ohio 1907

Houston, Robt. L ....Washington College, Tenn 1908

Houston, Wm ....1652 Neil Ave., Columbus, Ohio 1893

Howard, W. E _ 3426 Parkview Ave., Pittsburgh,

Pa - 1894-p

Howe, E. C Canton, China 1914

Howe, J. L ......Highland, Kan ....1911

Hubbard, A. E.._ ....118 N. Chandler Ave., Monterey

Park, Calif..-. .1898

Hubbell, E. B 19 S. LaSalle St., Chicago, 111 _..-__1887-p

Hudnut, Herbert B City Temple, Patterson & Akard

Sts., Dallas, Texas 1926

Hudock, A. J 1628 Wyoming Ave., Kingston, Pa...l921

Huey, J. Way Bottineau, N. Dak ...1907

Hummel, H. B __ 1211 N. Weber St., Colorado Springs,

Colo...... 1893

Humphrey, J. D Plumville, Pa _ 1899

Hunter, J. L.... Fort McArthur, San Pedro, Calif 1888

Hunter, J. Norman _ ....Blairsville, Pa. 1912

Hutchison, H. C Shelby, Ohio.. _ 1909

Hutchison, J. E Clarion, Pa... 1894

Hutchison, William J Boulevard Church, Cleveland, Ohio..l898

Hyde, W. M _ ._ Walnut, N. C ....1877

Illingworth, Ralph W., Jr Philipsburg, Pa 1924

Inglis, John ....808 Majestic Building, Denver,

Colo... __ _ 1894-p

Inglis, Robert S... Newark, N. J _.1891-p

Irvine, J. E . Williamsburg, Pa.. ...1887

Irwin, Charles F 127 Wall St., Wilmerding, Pa._ 1901

Irwin, Donald A.._ Yihsien, Shantung, China 1919

Irwin, Edgar C.__ __.R. F. D., Karns City, Pa 1927

Irwin, J. C Hamilton, Mont ....1879-p

Irwin, J. P Tengchow, China._ 1894

Jackson, T. C Upper Alton, 111..... 1898

Jennings, William M 203 South Perry St., St. Marys,

Ohio 1894

Johnson, H. R ._ ....2502 Cliffbourne Place, N. W.,

Washington, D. C 1886

Johnston, D. H _ Scranton, Pa 1907

Johnston, R. C New Matamoras, Ohio. _.1924

Johnston, S. L ....Box 802, Youngwood, Pa..... ...1913

Johnston, William C Yaounde, Cameroun, W. Africa 1895

Jolly, Austin H... 1110 South Avenue, Wilkinsburg,

Pa _ 1880

Jones, John Paul Binghamton, N. Y 1925-p

Jones, Wm. A 136 Orchard St., Mt. Oliver Sta.,

Pittsburgh, Pa - ....1889

Junek, Frank _ .1015 Province St., N. S., Pittsburgh,

Pa... _. _ 1908

Junkin, C. M Shreve, Ohio._ 1887

66 (230)

Bulletin of the Western Theological Seminary'

Kane, Hugh 92 Park Place, St. Paul, Minn _ 1889

Kardos, Joseph 1131 Trendley Avenue, E. St.,

Louis, Mo.--. 1907-p

Kaufman, George W ......5430 Walnut St., E. E., Pittsburgh,

Pa.... ...1907

Kaufman, H. E Elderton, Pa 1904

Kaufman, R. W. E Cross Creek, Penna 1927

Keener, A. I.. Clinton, New York 1904

Keirn, R. E..... Limestone, Pa 1911

Keller, Claudius A.... Ashtabula, Ohio 1917 p-g

Kelly, A. A 766 S. Freedom Ave., Alliance,

Ohio 1893

Kelly, Jonathan C ...R. F. D., Youngstown, Ohio 1896

Kelly, N. B Axtell, Kansas ....1884-p

Kelso, Alexander P., Jr 1694 Tutwiler Ave., Memphis

Tenn 1910

Kelso, James A 731 Ridge Ave., N. S., Pittsburgh,

Pa ...1896

Kelso, James B ....Unadilla, Nebraska.... 1899

Kelso, John B.. 1022 N. Bever St., Wooster, Ohio. 1904

Kennedy, F. F ....2943 Fairmount Blvd., Cleveland,

Ohio... ....1892

Kennedy, John Tacoma, Washington 1895-p

Kennedy, Samuel J ...Alhambra, Calif ...1889

Kerns, F. A _ 422 Perry Ave., Greensburg, Pa 1888

Kerr, C. W .1738 S. Boston, Tulsa, Okla....... 1898-p

Kerr, D. R .'. 116 Courtland Ave., Topeka, Kan. ....1876

Kerr, George G 221 W. Pike St., Canonsburg, Pa.. 1899

Kerr, G. M .......R. F. D. No. 1, Bulger, Pa 1871

Kerr, Hugh T 827 Amberson Ave., Pittsburgh, Pa...l897

Kerr, J. H ..268 Arlington Ave., Brooklyn, N. Y...1881

Keusseff, T. M Mt. Pleasant, Utah..... 1904

Kidder, J. E Chenchow, Hunan, China 1919

Kienle, Gustav A ......5421 S. Morgan St., Chicago, 111 1907 p-g

Kilgore, H. W New Salem, Pa 1909

King, B. R ..1431 Addison Road, Cleveland,

Ohio 1891

King, F. Z Arroyo Grande, Calif .._ 1909 p-g

King, J. A Ellwood City, Pa ....1916

Kinter, William A... ...Bell Ave., N. S., Pittsburgh, Pa.... 1889-p

Kirkbride, James F New Galilee, Pa ....1892

Kirkbride, S. A New Wilmington, Pa.. 1892

Kirkpatrick, J. Max... ..Center Hall, Pa ..-. 1919

Kiskaddon, Jesse Fulton North East, Pa 1915

Kiskaddon, Roy M 138 N. 4th. St., Coshocton, Ohio 1913

Kmeczik, George Factoryville, Pa 1911-p

Knepshield, E. J Fayette City, Pa..... ....1905

Knox, J. T. McClure... .Mason, Mich 1891-p

Kohr, Thomas H ......R. F. D., Westerville, Ohio...... 1875

Koonce, M. E...... South Charleston, Ohio 1894

Kovacs, Andrew W Leechburg, Pa 1915

Kovacs, Charles 43 Cleveland St., Tonawanda, N.

Y 1927 p-g

Kreger, W. S ..Snow Hill, Md... 1897

Krichbaum, Allan Morenci, Arizona 1890

Kuehn, M. R ....731 Ridge Ave., N. S., Pittsburgh,

Pa .1927

67 (231)

Directory

Kumler, F. M DeGraff, Ohio. 1880

Kunkle, J. S ...Lien Chow, via Canton, China 1905

Laird, Alexander Glassboro, N. J 1891-p

Lambert, George R.... ....2115 Arlington Ave., Pittsburgh,

Pa 1924-p

Lane, J. C...... East Paterson, N. J ......1896 *

Lang, John R. D. 1, Nampa, Ida ...1913

Langfitt, O. T.... Mankato, Minn 1882

Lanier, M. B 1704 W. Chestnut St., Louisville,

Ky... 1895

Lashley, E. E.... Newell, W. Va...... 1895

Lathem, A. L 434 E. Broad St., Chester, Pa... .1893-p

Laverty, L. F 5332 Abbot Place, Los Angeles,

Calif...... ...1884

Lawrence, E. B Mars, Pa 1910

Lawther, J. H 35 Neal St., Niles, Ohio 1901

Lawther, LeRoy Lakewood Presbyterian Church,

Lakewood, Ohio 1917

LeClere, George F ..5203 Rockland Ave., Eagle Rock,

Los Angeles, Calif 1875

Leister, J. M.... Florence, Pa ...1924

Leith, Hugh ...1106 Center Ave., Wilkinsburg, Pa... 1902

Lemmon, Lyman H... Dry Run, Pa 1922

Leslie, William H... Woodstown, N. J 1898

Lewis, T. R Concord, N. C 1882

Lewis, William E Cresson, Pa 1907

Leyenberger, J. P Wheeling, W. Va 1893

Leypolt, Frederick C 1232 N. 28th. St., Philadelphia,

Pa 1921

Liggitt, A. W ....Kiowa, Colo...... 1896

Lincoln, J. C... 403 Main St., Grinnell, Iowa 1902

Linhart, Samuel B ..4100 Allequippa St., Pittsburgh,

Pa 1894

Linn, J. P Council Bluffs, Iowa .1898-p

Lippincott, R. P..... .Cadiz, Ohio 1902

Little, J. W.. Madison, Nebraska : ....1872

Llewellyn, Frank Bowman Kasur Dist., Lahore, India.... 1917

Lloyd, John R. F. D. No. 1, Apollo, Pa 1923-p

Lloyd, H. E 207 S. Walnut St., Blairsville, Pa.....l907-p

Logan, J. H. P Conneautville, Pa ....1926-p

Long, B. J .....Trafford, Pa 1902

Loughner, J. R N. Nelson St., Allentown, Pa 1908

Love, C. H Casa Grande, Arizona 1899

Love, W. B Sidney, Ohio 1911

Lowe, Arnold H Kingshighway Presbyterian Church,

St. Louis, Mo 1917 p-g

Lowe, Titus ..150 Fifth Ave., New York City, N.

Y 1903-p

Lowes, John L 7 Francis Ave., Cambridge, Mass 1894

Lowry, H. W 3514 Bosworth Place, Cleveland,

Ohio... 1881

Luccock, E. W Siangtan, Hunan, China..._ 1919-p

Luccock, G. N.... Wooster, Ohio 1881

Ludwig, C. E Third Presbyterian Church, Wash-
ington, Pa 1906

Lyle, D. M...... Cresson, Pa 1898

Lyle, James B Turtle Creek, Pa...._ 1888

68 (232)

Bulletin of the Western Theological Seminary

Lyle, Ulysses L ....Penfield, Pa ....._ 1891

Lyon, David Nelson Ovid, N. Y _.- 1869

Lyon, Wilbur H Miraj, S. M. C, India _ 1918

Lyons, John F _..._.2304 N. Halsted St., Chicago, 111 1904-p

Macartney, J. R 102 Independence Ave., Waterloo,

Iowa 1896-p

Macaulay, G. S 46 Perrieo St., Roxbury, Mass 1910

Macaulay, P. W 10417 Elmarge Road, Cleveland,

Ohio 1916

MacHatton, B. R 4126 Ingersoll Ave., Des Moines,

Iowa 1899

Maclnnis, A. J Leetonia, Ohio... 1910

Maclver, J. W — 4501 Westminster Place, St. Louis,

Mo 1905

Maclver, Murdock John Tionesta, Pa. 1919

Mackenzie, Duncan Faust, N. Y.. 1918

MacLennan, D. G .Calvary Presbyterian Church, Pasa-
dena, Calif 1914

MacLeod, D. C ...4915 California St., Omaha, Nebr 1898

MacLeod, K. E Steubenville, Ohio 1905

MacMillian, U. Watson ......1144 Portland St., Pittsburgh, Pa.....l895

MacQuarrie, David P 1216 Berger Building, Pittsburgh,

Pa... 1905

Magill, C. N..... ..Lucena, Tayabas, P. I 1902-p

Maharg, M. B 1007 Lexington Ave., Zanesville,

Ohio 1914

Mahovsky, Rudolf Humpolec, Czecho-Slovakia 1924 p-

Maksay, Albert Z.. Reformed Theo. Seminary, Cluj-

Kolozsvar, Roumania 1925 p-

Malcolm, William D ..3929 Edwards Road, Cincinnati,

Ohio 1895-p

Mark, John H New Wilmington, Pa 1901-p

Marks, Harvey B... .1565 Main St., W. Warwick, R. 1 1901

Marks, S. F Saltsburg, Pa 1882

Marquis, John A 156 Fifth Ave., New York City,

N. Y 1890

Marquis, R. R Winona Lake, Ind 1883

Marquis, Wm. C Baden, Pa 1927

Marshall, D. C Caldwell, Ohio 1917

Marshall, J. T 3121 P. St., N. W., Washington,

D. C - 1888-p

Marshall, Wm. E East Butler, Pa.. 1903-p

Martin, James Mififiintown, Pa 1923

Martin, J. A Westfield, N. Y 1920

Matheson, M. A.... 240 Prospect St., Ashtabula, Ohio....l911

Mayne, James..... St. Albans, Long Island, N. Y 1918

Mayne, Samuel Tincumcari, N. Mexico 1907

McBride, J. D R. D. 1, Wilkinsburg, Pa.. 1905

McCammon, L. Lane..._ Delmont, Pa 1923

McCarrell, T. C...... 19 W. Main St., Middletown, Pa 1880

McCartney, A. J First Presbyterian Church, Santa

Monica, Calif 1903-p

McCartney, E. L Route 1, Uplands, Calif 1892

McCaughey, Wm. H R. F. D. No. 1, Warsaw, Ind 1877

McClelland, C. S 423 W. 118th. St., New York City,

N. Y 1880

69 (233)

Directory

McClelland, M. D Portersville, Pa 1895

McClelland, R. G Fredericktown, Ohio _ 1881-p

McClure, W. L.._ Altoona, Pa 1893

McCombs, H. W -- Fort Pierce, Fla 1900

McConkey, W. P Washington, Pa .1906

McConnell, H. W 170 Alexander St., Princeton, N. J...1919-p

McConnell, Ralph I ...R. F. D. No. 9, New Castle, Pa 1918

McConnell, S. D Sunset Farm, Easton, Md 1871-p

McConnell, Wm. G Montrose, Colo 1904

McCormick, A. B.... 159 Chapin St., Binghamton, N. Y...1897

McCormick, Samuel Black University of Pittsburgh, Pitts-
burgh, Pa 1890

McCoy, J. N Pike, N. Y 1879

McCracken, C. J Conemaugh, Pa 1895

McCracken, C. R Utica, Pa ..1888

McCracken, J. C ....R. F. D., Leechburg, Pa 1878

McCracken, J. O. C... 7th. Ave., Juniata, Pa 1897

McCracken, W. H.... Carnlough, County Antrim, Ire-
land 1915

McCrea, C. A... Oakmont, Pa.... 1897

McCutcheon, H. S ....Tinmath, Colo 1897

McDivitt, M. M 403 Zara St., Pittsburgh, Pa 1907

McDowell, E. W Mosul, Irak 1887

McFadden, Hampton T..... ....Box 452, Louisburg, N. C 1921

McFadden, S. W 724 South St., Peekskill, N. Y 1895

McFarland, O. Scott...... ....303 Orange Ave., Santa Ana, Calif...l913

McGarrah, A. F ....Suffern, N. Y... 1903

McGogney, A. Z Le Mars, Iowa. 1878

Mcllvaine, E. L Meadville, Pa 1898

Mclntyre, G. W Dayton, Pa..... 1895

McKay, A. D Clinton, Wisconsin .1898

McKee, C. L..: 144 Le Moyne Ave., Washington,

Pa 1892

McKee, W. F Monongahela, Pa 1896

McKee, W. T Chester, W. Va ..1894

MeKenzie, R. W 1800 Montpelier St., Pittsburgh,

Pa ..1918-p

McKibbin, Wm Lane Theo. Seminary, Cincinnati,

Ohio..... ....1873

McKinney, Wm. H ....Smithville, Okla 1868-p

McKinney, W. W Elizabeth, Pa 1919

McLeod, Donald W E. Liverpool, Ohio 1908

McMillan, W. L R. F. D. No. 6, Evans City, Pa 1904

McMillen, Homer George St. Clarirsville, Ohio 1910

McNees, W. S North Washington, Pa ..1889-p

McQuilkin, H. H.. ....67 Cleveland St., Orange, N. J 1899-p

McQuiston, R. L Dippold Ave., Baden, Pa 1927-p

Mealy, A. A Bridgeville, Pa..... 1880

Mealy, John M .Sewickley, Pa... 1867

Mechlin, Ernest K Box 2954, West Palm Beach, Fla.....l893

Meily, T. R..... Masontown, Pa 1916

Mellin, Willard C Box 143, Ridgeway, Pa 1923

Mellott, William Franklin 1000 12th. St., N. W., Canton,

Ohio 1919

Mendenhall, H. G.. ....156 Fifth Ave., New York City,

N. Y ...1874

Mercer, John M.. Murrysville, Pa 1878

Merker, Ralph K 148 Jucunda St., Mt. Oliver Sta.,

Pittsburgh, Pa 1922

70 (234)

Bulletin of the Western Theological Seminary

Merwin, W. S ._ Summerville, Pa 1924

Millar, Charles Caven 212 East North St., Butler, Pa 1892

Miller, Charles R Huron, S. Dakota 1909

Miller, F. Dean Bradford, Pa ....1903

Miller, George C...... Box 34, Butler, Pa 1907

Miller, H. K Harbor Creek, Pa 1907

Miller, James E Beechview, Pittsburgh, Pa 1900

Miller, John B Vincennes, Ind 1895-p

Miller, J. O Carmichaels, Pa 1916

Miller, J. Walker... 1109 King Ave., Pittsburgh, Pa 1883

Milller, P. H 422 Witherspoon Building, Phila-
delphia, Pa 1902

Miller, Paul G ....16 Welch Ave., Bradford, Pa... 1-907

Miller, Robert S 176 Noble Ave., Crafton, Pa...... 1926 p-g

Miller, Roy F Reynoldsville, Pa 1920

Miller, R. P Phillipsburg, Pa 1888

Millinger, Walter Harold 3401 Forbes St., Pittsburgh, Pa 1922

Milman, F. J 567 Highland Ave., Newark, N. J 1899-p

Minamyer, Albert B West Salem, Ohio 1899

Miron, F. X R. F. D. No. 3, New Bethlehem,

Pa.. ...1872

Mitchell, E. A ...Hillburn, N. Y 1895

Mitchell, R. C 625 N. Roosevelt St., Cherokee,

Iowa...... 1900-p

Mohr, J. R Box 173, Freedom, Pa.. ....1900

Monroe, G. K ....West Alexander, Pa 1924

Montgomery, A. J 156 Fifth Ave., New York City,

N. Y... 1890-p

Montgomery, Frank S... Charleroi, Pa ....1910

Montgomery, Samuel T 1151 South Broadway, Los Angeles,

Calif 1896

Montgomery, Thomas H 1234 Cochran Rd., Pittsburgh, Pa..... 1909

Montgomery, U. L 2312 S. Washington Ave., Saginaw,

Mich 1897

Moody, Samuel. Dillsburg, Pa 1900

Moore, C. N Zelienople, Pa ..1896

Moran, Owen W 122 Whitfield St., Pittsburgh, Pa 1927 p-g

Moreland, G. B., Jr ..129 W. Swissvale Ave., Edgewood,

Pa ...1926-p

Morgan, E. C 8624 S. Sangamon St., Chicago, III... 1916 p-g

Morton, D. C Hollidays Cove, W. Va 1916

Morton, S. M... 504 W. Adams St., Taylorville, I11...1867-p

Moser, W. L..... .Apollo, Pa 1921

Mowry, E. M Pyeng Yang, Chosen 1909

Mowry, T. G Halstead, Kansas ....1914-p

Muir, C. Marshall 15 W. Maple Ave., Van Wert, Ohio..l925

Muller, Geo. J 1208 Iten St., N. S., Pittsburgh,

Pa 1927 p-g

Murray, Basil A ....R. D., Ford City, Pa 1922

Nadenicek, Joseph... 2670 Taylor St., Youngstown, Ohio.. 1917

Neal, Samuel G Clinton, Pa 1922

Nelson, E. A 21 Virginia Ave., Poughkeepsie,

N. Y... ...1882-p

Nesbitt, Harry.. Union, N. J 1894

Nesbitt, S. M. F Wooster, Ohio ._ 1898

Newell, D. A 199 Milton Ave., Ballston Spa.,

N. Y 1871-p

71 (235)

Directory

Newell, J. M 445 E. Adams St., Los Angeles,

Calif... 1868

Nicholls, J. Shane 315 Bryant Ave., Cincinnati, Ohio-...1892

Nicholson, H. H Old Washington, Ohio 1917

Notestein, W. L.._ Huron, S. Dakota 1886

Novak, Frank Bohemian Church, Baltimore, Md. 1903

Obenauf, Henry F 64 Grant Ave., Etna, Pa 1926 p-g

Offield, R. L 725 Leonard Ave., Columbus, Ohio..l916 p-g

Offutt, R. M Indiana, Pa... 1897

Oliver, J. M 508 Kansas Ave., Frankfort, Kans...l897

Orr, S. C..._ Buhl, Idaho.. ...1902

Orr, W. H 26 Monitor St., Ben Avon, Pa 1909

Osborne, P. N Rockview, B. 3, Bellefonte, Pa 1907

Owen, William ...Algonquin Hotel, Cumberland, Md...l926

Palm, Wm. J 2217 S. Colfax St., Sta. F., Minne-
apolis, Minn .1884-p

Park, A. N ...Naval Hospital, San Diego, Calif 1914

Paroulek, Freiderich. Wahoo, Nebraska 1909

Parr, S. W 3233 Lawton St., St. Louis, Mo 1895-p

Parsons, W. V. E Babcock Memorial Church, Balti-
more, Md 1927

Patrono, F. P 46 Huffman St., Washington, Pa 1910

Patterson, E. E Alliance, Ohio. 1896

Patterson, John C. ....Sierra Madre, Calif 1899-p

Pazar, Nicholaus._ 4 Bowman St., Westmoor, Kingston,

Pa ....1912-p

Pears, Thomas C, Jr ..308 East End Ave., Pittsburgh, Pa...l910

Pearson, T. W Hopedale, Ohio 1893

Peterson, C. E 1200 Security Bldg., 189 Madison

St., Chicago, 111 ..1913

Pfeiffer, Victor C 414 Main St., Huntingburg, Ind 1926

Phelps, Stephen 404 West 10th. St., Vancouver,

W^ashington ...1862

Philipp, Paul L.. 208 East Mclntyre Ave., N. S.,

Pittsburgh, Pa 1924 p-g

Phillips, Geo. R.... 12 Watsonia Blvd., Pittsburgh, Pa...l902

Phipps, R. J.... Littleton, Colo... 1886

Pickens, John C.._ .Canfield, Ohio 1888

Pickens, Paul L 104 Allison Ave., Washington, Pa 1925

Plumer, J. S.... Gibsonia, Pa 1884

Plummer, Wm. F Washington, Pa 1889

Pollock, G. W Washington, Pa 1881

Porter, Arthur R.... Marietta, Pa 1916-p

Porter, J. C 502 Shelbourne Ave., Wilkinsburg,

Pa 1919

Porter, R. E 402 Atwood St., Gallon, Ohio 1896

Porter, Roscoe W First Presbvterian Church, 320

Sixth Ave.^ Pittsburgh, Pa 1922

Porter, Thos. J 3 Rua Padre Vieira, Campinas,

Brazil 1884-p

Post, Harold F. 525 Riverside Ave., Wellsville,

Ohio ....1824

Post, R. W .Petchaburi, Siam. 1902

Potter, J. M Woodsdale, Wheeling, W. Va.._ 1898

Potts, T. P ....1230 Nuttman St., Fort Wayne,

Ind .1894

72 (236)

Bulletin of the Western Theological Seminary

Powell, A. C Edgeway Drive, Fairmont, W. Va...l904

Pratt, O. W 1019 Harrison St., Mt. Vernon, I1I...1919

Price, H. A.. ...Myersdale, Pa 1925 p-

Proudfit, J. L.. Connellsville, Pa 1898

Prugh, H. I. C Echo, Pa - ...1898

Prugh, I. R Blue Rapids, Kansas 1900-p

Pugh, R. E 77 W. Washington St., Chicago,

111 1899

Purnell, W. B Imperial, Pa 1914

Ralston, J. H ..153 Institute Place, Chicago, 111 1879

Ramage, W. G Belle Vernon, Pa 1898

Ramsey, N. L 209 Central Ave., Oil City, Pa 1917

Reagle, William G Grove City, Pa 1891

Reasoner, A. H Irmo, S. C 1914

Reber, Wm. Frank 944 East End Ave., Pittsburgh, Pa...l897

Record, J. F Pikeville, Ky ......1897

Reed, R. R Indianola Presbyterian Church,

Columbus, Ohio 1910

Reed, Wm. A Vienna Manse, R. D. No. 2, Tyrrell,

Ohio 1900

Reeder, Chas. Vincent American Mission, Weihsien, Shan-
tung, China ....1915

Reemsnyder, George 0.._ 5435 Aylesboro Ave., Pittsburgh,

Pa 1919

Reese, F. E 319 S. Jay St., Aberdeen, S. Dak 1911

Reis, J. A., Jr .Kribi, Kamerun, W. Africa 1912

Reiter, Murray C .'. No. 9 South Hills Branch, Pitts-
burgh, Pa ......1903

Reiter, U. D Santa Fe, N. Mexico 1908

Rhodes, H. A Chosen Christian College, Seoul,

Korea 1906-p

Riale, F. N Council Ch. Bds. of Educ, 111 5th

Ave., New York City, N. Y 1886

Richards, T. D Mt. Lake Park, Md..... 1888-p

Riddle, Benton V Pikeville College, Pikeville, Ky 1911

Riddle, H. A., Jr Greensburg, Pa 1910

Ridgley, F. H .2011 Maple St., Omaha, Nebr 1903

Robb, Fred E R. D. No. 1, Dunbar, Pa 1926

Roberts, R. J Hanoverton, Ohio .1894

Roberts, R. Lloyd ..Tarentum, Pa 1923

Robinson, John L Port Royal, Pa 1917

Robinson, Thos McMinnville, Oregon 1915

Rodgers, Howard 141 Oliver Ave., Bellevue Sta.,

Pittsburgh, Pa.. 1918

Rodgers, J. A 156 Fifth Ave., New York City,

N. Y 1898

Rodgers, M. M ...Maryville, Tenn 1903

Roemer, J. L St. Charles, Mo 1892

Rose, J. G Mercersburg, Pa... 1888

Rowland, George P .1324 Ridge Ave., Coraopolis, Pa 1903

Ruble, Jacob West Alexander, Pa 1879

Ruble, Jacob C West Alexander, Pa. ...- 1925

Ruecker, August 1716 Chateau St., St. Louis, Mo 1916 p-i

Runtz, August F 3337 East St., N. S., Pittsburgh,

Pa 1926 p-i

Rupp, John C .2317 Cronemeyer Ave., McKeesport,

Pa 192 1

73 (237)

Directory

Russell, W. P - Box 635, Renova, Pa 1915

Rutherford, George Henry Dillonvale, Ohio.— 1925

Rutherford, Matthew ..Washington, Pa.... ...1887

Ryall, G. M Saltsburg, Pa....... ...1898

Ryland, H. H Ligonier, Pa...... ....1891

Sangree, Wm 321 Riley St., Buffalo, N. Y.. ....1887

Sappie, Paul.. Johnsonburg, Pa.... ....1913

Satterfield, D. J Wooster, Ohio ....1873

Say, David Lester East McKeesport, Pa 1917

Schade, Arthur A , 75 Onyx Ave., Pittsburgh, Pa 1926 p-g

Schloter, Franklin G Pataskala, Ohio ..1901

Schmale, Theodore R... 506 Lockhart St., N. S., Pittsburgh,

Pa 1910

Schultz, A. R ...Mentone, Calif 1900

Schuster, Wm. H 4012 Riverside Ave., Cleveland,

Ohio ..1913

Schwalbe, Oswald O Dallas, W. Va.... .....1927

Scott, D. T ....: 1508 L Street, Bedford, Ind 1901

Scott, W. A Aneta, N. Dakota .1896

Sehlbrede, G. E. 146 N. Broadway, South Amboy,

N.J .....1896

Sewell, M. H Attica, N. Y 1912-p

Sharpe, John C Blairstown, N. J 1888-p

Shaw, E. B 1413 Westmoreland St., Phila-
delphia, Pa... .1913

Shaw, Hugh S ....269-7th. St., Claremont, Calif ......1902-p

Shaw, J. A Follansbee, W. Va..... 1916

Shea, G. H..... R. D. No. 4, Quarryville, Pa 1914

Sheeley, Homer..... Bergholz, Ohio ..1874 p-g:

Sheppard, Albert S First Presbyterian Church, Kittan-

ning, Pa 1914

Shields, C. E London, Ohio .1900-p

Shields, R. J Charleroi, Pa ..1910

Shields, W. F Wallowa, Oregon... 1890

Shimp, Harry S. D. R. F. D. No. 1, Oakdale, Pa 1927 p-g

Shoemaker, F. B ....First Presbyterian Church, Brook-

viUe, Pa 1903

Shriver, Wm. P 126 Lincoln Ave., Ridgewood, N. J...1904-p

Silk, Joseph Meryl 3908 Perrysville Ave., Pittsburgh,

Pa ....1922-p

Silsley, F. M 26th and Broadway, Oakland,

Calif 1898

Simmons, K. P ...Pikeville Junior College, Pikeville,

Ky ....1892

Sirny, John.... 525-lOth. St., Monessen, Pa... 1912

Skilling, D. M Webster Groves, St. Louis, Mo 1891

Slade, Wm. F....... 3978 Lake Park Ave., Chicago, 111. ....1905 p-g

Slemmons, W. E 56 W. Maiden St., Washington, Pa... 1887

Sloan, W. H... Savannah, Ohio 1894

Sloanker, Paul J ..1211 Boyle St., N. S., Pittsburgh,

Pa 1895

Smith, A. E ...Ida Grove, Iowa 1866

Smith, Forrest Miller, (Mrs.) 151 Union St., Salem, Va 1926-p

Smith, George B Soldiers' Home, Minneapolis, Minn. ..1871

Smith, Hugh A 38 Penn Ave., Irwin, Pa 1903

Smith, James M Pasadena, Calif... ....1876

Smith, Lewis O... R. F. D. No. 3, Coraopolis, Pa 1925

74 (238)

Bulletin of the Western Theological Seminary

Smith, R. L. 25 McKennan Ave., Washington,

Pa.. 1881

Sneberger, Frank Jessup, Pa 192 1-p

Snook, Ernest McC. Barbourville, Ky ....1885-p

Snowden, J. H 941 Miami Ave., Mt. Lebanon, S. S.,

Pittsburgh, Pa 1878

Snyder, P. W - 2010 Commonwealth Bldg., Pitts-
burgh, Pa 1900

Snyder, W. J _...West Elizabeth, Pa..... .1907

Spargrove, J. M....... R. D. No. 4, North East, Pa 1894

Spargrove, Wm. P Willmar Apts., Pittsburgh, Pa 1896

Speckman, T. A.. ....606 E. Market St., Louisville, Ky 1912-p

Speer, J. H 156-5th. Ave., New York City, ~

N. Y 1896-p

Sprague, Paul S Emlenton, Pa 1920

Springer, F. E Caldwell, Idaho.. 1901

Stancliffe, T. A Waterford, Pa ......1900

Stanley, W. Payne.... 2409 Hadley Ave., Houston, Texas.... 19 19-p

Steele, J. C Van Port, Pa.... ....1905

Steele, M. P R. D., New Salem, Pa .....1906

Steffey, C. I Nickleville, Pa 1915

Steiner, R. Lisle Teheran, Persia 1919

Stemme, H. A Chetek, Wisconsin.... 1925-p

Sterrett, C. C... Monteverde, Fla 1900

Steuber, Frederick... 432 Talco St., N. S., Pittsburgh,

Pa..: 1927 p-g

Stevenson, Francis B... 3117-4th Ave., S., Minneapolis,

Minn 1895

Stevenson, James Van Eman Bulger, Pa 1889

Stevenson, Joseph A, 408 S. Eight St., San Jose, Calif 1896

Stevenson, Thos. E Burbank, Calif .1901

Stevenson, W. P Maryville, Tenn 1885

Stewart, R. Curtis.. Rayland, Ohio 1895

Stewart, Geo. P Keene, Ohio .1904

Stewart, Gilbert W... Mandan, N. Dakota 1907

Stewart, Herbert W Pitsanuloke, Siam 1910

Stewart, S. A La Porte, Ind ......1894

Stiles, H. H 1430 Sixth Ave., Altoona, Pa 1889

Stoops, P. D Anglemont, B. C 1881-p

Stophlet, S. W Canal Fulton, Ohio .1882

Storer, H. B ....137 Margaret St., Pittsburgh, Pa.....l916-p

Strubel, John C Columbiana, Ohio ..1905

Stuart, Jno. A Edinboro Presbyterian Church,

Edinboro, Pa 1927

Stubblebine, Albert N Tarentum, Pa 1924 p-g

Suzuki, Sojiro 27 Kita Tanabecho, Wakayama,

Japan..... 1898-p

Svacha, Frank 313 Woodford Ave., McKees Rocks,

Pa 1902

Swaim, J. Carter 228 High St., Brownsville, Pa .....1922

Swan, Alfred W 1115-8th. St., Greeley, Colorado...... 1920-p

Swan, C. W Nankin, Ohio 1892

Swan, T. W 211 Luzerne Ave., West Pittston,

Pa 1887

Swan, Wm. L Willoughby, Ohio ...1880-p

Swart, C. E 72 E. Wheeling St., Washington,

Pa 1908

Swarts, A. A ...3406 Ave. J, Brooklyn, N. Y 1913

75 (239)

Directory

Swoyer, C. E : 4016 Grizella St., N. S., Pittsburgh,

Pa.._ 1923 p-g

Szilagyi, Andrew 1233 N. Franklin St., Philadelphia,

Pa _ 1911-p

Tait, E. R Clairton, Pa 1902

Tait, L. L.- - Brockway, Pa 1915

Tamblyn, Ronald J 2 Sprague Ave., Bellevue, Pa 1925 p-g

Taylor, Geo., Jr 1305 Singer Place, Wilkinsburg,

Pa .....1910

Teal, Isaac K 300 N. Negley Ave., Pittsburgh,

Pa 1927 p-g

Terry, Earle W Rigby, Idaho 1925

Thayer, Clarence R Sandy Lake, Pa 1927

Thomas, C. R Ada, Ohio... ..1920-p

Thomas, Isaac N ....Lima, Ohio.. 1877-p

Thomas, Wm. P...... 1334 E. 112th. St., Cleveland, Ohio....l890

Thompson, David R Colerain, Ohio. 1915

Thompson, Jno. M.. Far Rockaway, L. I., New York 1894

Thompson, T. E .New Bedford, Pa ......1903

Thomspon, T. N Ichowfu, Shantung, China 1901

Thomspon, Wm. O ....Ohio State University, Columbus,

Ohio...... 1882

Thomson, J. R...... New Sheffield, Pa 1916

Thurston, Ralph E R. F. D., Pataskala, Ohio 1915

Thwing, John B 1021 Kirkpatrick Ave., Braddock,

Pa 1926 p-g

Timblin, Geo. J R. F. D., Euclid, Pa 1897

Tipper, William ..234 Dickson St., Bellevue, Pa ....1901-p

Todd, Milton E Rockford, Ohio 1884-p

Tomasula, John Jablunka na Morave, U Val. Meze-

rici Morava, Czecho-Slovakia 1920

Townsend, E. B .Marietta, Ohio 1909

Travers, Edward J Lonaconing, Md .1912

Travis, J. M 651 High St.., Denver, Colo 1896

Tron, B 366 W. 25th. St., New York City,

N. Y 1910

Trosh, W. S .Calvary M. E. Church, Beech and

Allegheny Aves., N. S., Pitts-
burgh, Pa.--^..... 1923 p-g

Turner, J. B Port Deposit, Md 1881

Ulay, J. D Booneville, Ind 1906-p

Van Buskirk, W. R Uniontown, Pa.. 1914

Vance, John S Dravosburg, Pa 1927

Van Eman, R. C R. F. D. No. 1, Brownsville, Pa .1888

Veach, Robt. W ...Ridgewood, N. J 1899-p

Vecchio, Giovanni Arnold 536|^ Fifth Ave., McKeesport, Pa... 1927 p-g

Vecsey, Eugene A 1118 Darr Ave., Farrell, Pa 1911

Verner, O. Newton McKees Rocks, Pa 1886

Vernon, F. E Monticello, 111 1896

Volpitto, Guy H..-. Neville Island Presbyterian Church,

Coraopolis, Pa 1927

Wagner, H. N Twin Falls, Idaho .1900-p

Waite, John, Jr. Moccasin, Mont..... 1926-p

76 (240)

Bulletin of the Western Theological Seminary

Wakefield, C. B 348 Main St., Greenville, Pa 1879

Waldkoenig, Arthur C 1309 Paulson Ave., Pittsburgh, Pa...l927 p-g

Walker, A. F Tarentum, Pa _.1884

Wallace, J. B Saline, Mich _ 1890

Wallace, John E Fategarh, U. P., India 1919

Wallace, O. C 1216 Chester St., Little Rock, Ark 1901

Wallace, Scott I Box 302, Wilbur, Washington .1902

Wallace, T. D 11025 Eucalyptus St., Inglewood,

Calif --- 1870

Wallace, Wm Arenal 42, San Angel, D. F., Mexico..l887-p

Walter, Deane C. Yenching School of Chinese Studies,

Peking, China ._ 1924

Ware, S. M ._... 854 E. 57th. St., Seattle, Wash -..1884-p

Warnshuis, H. W Blairsville, Pa ..1876

Warnshius, P. L ...1727 N. Edgemont Ave., Hollywood,

Calif..... .. 1922

Watson, Geo. S McCormick Theological Seminary,

Chicago, 111 ...1910

Weaver, J. L...._ Rocky Ford, Colo 1883

Weaver, M. J Homer, Mich .1912

Weaver, Thomas N Spring Valley, N. Y 1880

Weaver, Wm. K Billings, Mont 1890

Weaver, Willis 6047 Ellis Ave., Chicago, 111 1874

Wehrenberg, Edward L Woodsdale, N. C 1912

Weidler, A. G Berea, Ky 1911 p-g

Weir, J. B.... Forman Christian College, Lahore,

India .....1918

Weir, Wm. F ! 77 W. Washington St., Chicago, I11...1889

Weisz, A. B Cowansville, Pa .1921

Welch, J. R ...22 Seward St., Danville, N. Y..... 1902-p

Welenteichick, Joseph J 808 13th. St., McKees Rocks, Pa 1921

Wells, E. B 1002 Union St., Emporia, Kansas...... 1869

West, Albert M... 4003 W. 12th. St., Chicago, 111 1885

West, Chas. S.... Freeport, Pa 1882

West, G. P 823 Elizabeth St., Houtzdale, Pa 1915

West, J. G Ozark, Ark 1908

Wheeland, C. R 4045 N. Keeler Ave., Chicago, 111 1917

Wheeler, F. T Newille, Pa..... .1889-p

Whipkey, Andrew J 1 Madison Ave., New York, N. Y 1911 p-g

White, DeWitt Elliott Hotel, Des Moines, Iowa.. 1894-p

White, Harry C 119 Woodruff Ave., Hillside, Eliza-
beth, N. J... ...1893-p

White, Samuel S Great Belt, Pa 1899

White, W. G.. Schuyler, Neb .1903

Whitehill, J. B...... .....117 Walnut St., Brookville, Pa ..1901-p

Wible, Clarence B 301 Grandview Ave., Pittsburgh,

Pa 1907

Wiley, A. L Ratnagiri, India 1899

Wilkins, Geo. H :..163-lst. St., Albany, N.Y ......1903-p

Williams, B. F Emlenton, Pa.... 1886

Williams, C. G 2529 Dahlia St., Denver, Colo... 1893

Williams, C. E 103 Rue Bobillat (13e), Paris,

France .1925

Williams, D. P ...East Palestine, Ohio.. 1902

Williams, Frederick S New Athens, Ohio 1916

Williams, H. B.... Osborn, Ohio... 1899

Williams, Philip L Brilliant, Ohio.. 1927

Williams, R. L 407 East Church St., Elmira, N. Y...1892

77 (241)

Directory

Williams Wm. A 1202 Atlantic Ave., [Camden, N. J.....1880-p

Willoughby, J. W American Mission, Mosul, Meso-
potamia. ..1922

Wilson, Aaron 393 Adams St., Rochester, Pa ...1870

Wilson, A. B Mollis, L. I., N. Y ..1880

Wilson, A. S Du Bois, Pa 1913

Wilson, Calvin D...... Glendale, Ohio 1879

Wilson, E. M Trinity Church, Sixth Ave., Pitts-
burgh, Pa..... 1927 p-g

Wilson, G. I Parkersburg, W. Va 1899

Wilson, Gill Robb 19 N. Clinton Ave., Trenton, N. J 1920

Wilson, James M.. 4984 Cuming St., Omaha, Nebr ...1885-p

Wilson, J. M South Bellingham, Wash 1895

Wilson, John Nesbit..... 3819 Payne Ave., Cleveland, Ohio-...1869

Wilson, J. R... .Morningside Farm, Hemet, Calif. ....1870

Wilson, M. E 124 S. Wade Ave., Washington, Pa...l879

Wilson, N. B Blawnox, Pa 1914

Wilson, R. D Princeton, N. J... 1880

Wilson, Thomas M. Naches, Washington 1906

Wingerd, C. B Central Presbyterian Church, New

Castle, Pa 1910 p-g

Wingert, R. D 115 E. Paradise Ave., Orrville,

Ohio ..1911

Wise, F. O Toronto, Ohio 1908

Wishart, John M 526 Beechwood Ave., Carnegie,

Pa Associate

Wisner, Oscar F Oakland, Calif....... ...1884-p

Witherspoon, J. W., Jr 611 Loucks Ave., Scottdale, Pa 1909

Wolfe, Arthur Whiting.... Apartado 127, Oaxaca, Mexico 1916

Woods, D. W., Jr.... R. D. No. 4, Gettysburg, Pa... ....1885-p

Woods, H. E........ Sharpsville, Pa.. 1912

Woodward, F. J.... Oroquieta, Misamis, P. I 1911

Woolf, M. H Minerva, Ohio 1912

Woollett, F. I W. Broad St., Columbus, Ohio .1907

Worley, L. A Glenwood, Florida 1911

Worrall, J. B Ashland, Ky 1877

Wright, J. Carroll Canfield, Ohio ....1924

Wylie, Leard R Dunbar, Pa 1892

Wylie, S. S R. F. D., Shippensburg, Pa 1870

Yarkovsky, J. J 2330 North Halsted St., Chicago,

111 1924-p

Yates, W. O... Swissvale, Pa 1915 p-g

Young, J. C 119 W. 40th. St., Seattle, Wash ;.1878-p

Young, S. H R. F. D. No. 1, Bellevue, Wash 1878

Young, S. W.... . Bucyrus, Ohio 1893

Yount, J. A 1149 Portland St., Pittsburgh, Pa.....l926 p-g

Zahniser, C. R 1515 Homewood Ave., Pittsburgh,

Pa 1899-p

Ziegler, Charles Edward. 424 Elm St., Cincinnati, Ohio 1925

Zuck, Wm. J... .1448 Neil Ave., Columbus, Ohio 1882-p

78 (242)

Bulletin of the Western Theological Seminary

LIVING ALUMNI BY CLASSES

Class of 1862

Anderson, William Wylie
Gray, James H.
Madden, Samuel W.
Phelps, Stephen

Bakewell, John
Bolar, A. J.
Cooper, Daniel C.
Evans, Daniel Henry
Gibson, William N.
Machett, Alexander
Price, William H.
Smith, Joseph H.
Whiten, I. J.
Williams, Richard G.

Class of 1863

Eagleson, William Stewart

Beinhauer, John C.
Geckler, George-
Paine, David B.
Patterson, Reuben F.
Warren, William H.
Waters, James Q.

Class of 1864
Campbell, Charles M.

Campbell, Elgy V.
Dagnault, Pierre S
Davis, David S.
Davis, James S.
Jones, Sugars T.
Kinkaid, James J.
Peairs, Benjamin F.
Woodbury, Frank P.
Young, A. Z.

Class of 1865
Bridge, D. J.
Davis, William

Hill, Charles
Kemerer, Duncan M.
Park, William J.

Class of 1866

McConnell, Alexander S.
Smith, Alexander Ewing

Woods, Robert

Jones, Isaac F.
Mills, William J.
Scott, Geroge R. W.
Thompson, Benjamin

Class of 1867

Harbolt, John H.
Mealy, John M.
Moore, John M.

Hippard, Samuel M.
' McCauley, Clay

Morton, Samuel Mills

Class of 1868

McFarland, George M.
Newell, James M.
Rea, John

Boice, Evan
Jones, Thomas R.
King, Joseph
McKinney, William H.
Richards, John
Thomas, William H.

Class of 1869
Foy, John

Francis, John Junkin
Luty, Adolph E.
Lyon, David N.
Wells, Elijah Bradner
Wilson, John Nesbit

Dodd, Reuel

Fisher, Sanford George

McMartin, John A.

Class of 1870

Wallace, Thomas Davis
Wilson, Aaron
Wilson, Jospeh Rodgers
Wylie, Samuel Sanderson

Jones, Alfred
Larimore, John K.
Wycoff, J. L. R.
Youngman, Benjamin C.

79 (243)

Directory

Class of 1871

Anderson, Thomas Bingham
Funkhouser, George A.
Kerr, Greer Mcllvain
McNulty, Rob Roy
Smith, George B.

Kohr, Thomas Henry
Leclere, George F.

Arney, William James
Brown, Henry J.
Graham, Thomas L.
Landis, Josiah P.
McConnell, Samuel D.
Newell, David Ayers
Piper, O. P.
Sampson, John P.

Class of 1872

Asbury, Dudley E.
Donahey, Martin Luther
Humphrey, G. H.
Little, John Wilder
Miron, Francis Xavier
Shields, James Harvey
Welty, F. B.
Workman, A. D.

Carter, William J.

Class of 1873

Asbury, Cornelius
Baker, Anthony G.
McKibbin, William
Satterfield, David J.

Class of 1874

Axtell, John Stockton
Barbor, John Park
Bradley, Matthew Henry
Cooke, Silas
Copland, George
Craig, J. E.
De Long, David D.
Houston, James T.
Howey, R. H.
Jones, E. R.
McLane, William W.
Mendenhall, Harlan G.
Porter, Robert B.

Gosweiler, Augustus V.
Kelsey, Joel S.
Weaver, Willis

Class of 1875

Fulton, William Shouse

Hail, John Baxter

Hazlett, Dillwyn McFadden

Fairfax, Isaac
Fields, Samuel G. A.
Gourley, John Crawford
Kellogg, Robert O.
March, Alfred
Street, S. T.

Class of 1876

Duff, Joseph Miller
Graybeill, John H.
Kerr, David Ramsey
McFarland, William H.
Murray, Stockton Reese
Ritchey, James A.
Smith, James Mease
Warnshuis, Henry W.
Worrall, John B.

Allen, F. M.
Barr, Frank A.
Birch, John M.
Elliott, Samuel Edward
Hutchins, John C.

Class of 1877
Allen, Perry S.
Asdale, Wilson
Gibson, William F.
Gordon, Seth Reed
Hyde, Wesley Middleton
Luther, Benjamin D.
McCaughey, William H.

Brown, John F.
Brown, William H.
Hay, Lewis
Nesbit, James H.
Paisley, George M.
Sampson, George C.
Thomas, Issac N.
Thompson, Theodore A.

Class of 1878

Anderson, Robert Elder
Black, William Henry
Blayney, Charles P.
Clark, Robert L.
Deffenbaugh, George L.
Ferguson, Thomas J.
McCracken, John Calvin
McGogney, Albert Z.
Mercer, John M.
Neese, William D.
Oiler, William E.

80 (244)

Bulletin of the Western Theological Seminary

Simpson, John W.
Snowden, James H.
Young, S. Hall

Smith, R. Leard
Turner, Joseph B.
Willard, E. S.

Brown, Alexander B.
Kerlinger, Charles C.
McLain, W. J. E.
Morris, John T.
Patterson, David H.
Phillis, T. W.
Sawhill, Thomas A.
Wallace, Thomas M.
Young, John C.

Class of 1879
Boyd, Joseph N.
Buchanan, George Davison
Crawford, Frederick S.
Crouse, Nathaniel P.
De Jesi, L. M.
Fleming, James Samuel
McCoy, John Norris
Ralston, Joseph Hughes
Ruble, Jacob
Wakefield, Charles B.
Wilson, Calvin D.
Wilson, Maurice, E.

Creighton, Andrew E.
Grant, Henry A.
Irwin, John C.
Smith, J. A. Livingstone

Class of 1880
Fulton, John W.
Jolly, Austin Howell
Kumler, Francis M.
McCarrell, Thomas C.
McClelland, Charles S.
Mealy, Anthony A.
Wilson, Andrew Bloomfield
Wilson, Robert Dick

Caldwell, Stewart S.
Caldwell, Thomas B.
Calhoun, Joseph P.
Swan, William Linville
Williams, William A.

Class of 1881

Brownson, Marcus A.
Bryan, Arthur V.
Eraser, Charles M.
Kerr, John Henry
Lowry, Houston W.
Luccock, George N.
Pollock, George W.

Bruce, Charles H.
Carson, Chalmers F.
Lee, George L.
McClelland, Raymond G.
Mateer, William N.
Smith, C. S.
Stoops, Philip D.

Class of 1882

Anderson, Joseph M.
Beall, Marion E.
Day, Edgar Willis
Evans, William M.
Greenlee, Thomas B.
Hayes, Watson M.
Helm, John S.
Langfitt, Obadiah T.
Lewis, Thomas R.
Marks, Samuel F.
Stophlet, Samuel W.
Thompson, William O.
West, Charles Samuel

Day, William H.
Granger, William R.
Lewis, David
Nelson, Emory A.
Woolf, G. R.
Zuck, William J.

Class of 1883

Bausman, Joseph H.

Bonsall, Adoniram J.
. Cooper, John H.

Donaldson, Wilson E.

Graver, James C.

Hazlett, William J.

Marquis, Rollin R.

Miller, Jonathan Walker

Weaver, Joseph L.

Fracker, George H.
Johnson, Neill Davies
McCarthy, William B.

Class of 1884
Allen, David D.
Barr, Lewis W.
Barton, Joseph H.
Boyce, Isaac
Forsyth, Clarence J.
Hays, Calvin C.
Herries, Archibald J.

81 (245)

Directory

Laverty, Levi F.
Plumer, John S.
Walker, Alexander F.

Boothe, Willis A.
Compton, Elias
Edwards, Charles E.'
Edwards, Chauncey T.
Hopkins, John T.
Kelly, Newton B.
Palm, William J.
Patterson, James M.
Peepels, Henry C.
Porter, Thomas J.
Todd, Milton E.
Ware, Samuel M.
Winger, C. N.
Wisner, Oscar F.

Class of 1885

Banker, Willis G.
Boggs, John M.
Earsman, Hugh F.
Ely, Robert W.
Ferguson, Henry C.
Freeman, John W.
Hays, George S.
Stevenson, William P.
West, Albert M.

Coan, Frederick G.
Grosser, John R.
Elliott, John W.
Kuhn, Louis J.
Morris, Jeremiah M.
Shepard, Simon P.
Snook, Earnest M.
Walker, Edward F.
Wilson, James M.
Woods, David W., Jr.

Class of 1886

Aller, Absalom Toner
Anderson, J. Philander
Boston, Samuel L.
Breckenridge, Walter Lowrie
Donehoo, George Patterson
Fish, Frank

Gray, Thomas Jefferson
Hays, William McClement
Johnson, Hubert Rex
Notestein, William Lee
Phipps, Robert Jackson
Riale, Franklin Neiman
Verner, Oliver Newton
Williams, Boyd F.

Class of 1887

Ambrose, John C.
Boone, William Judson
Campbell, Howard Newton
Collier, Francis Marion
Eakin, John Anderson
Herron, Charles
Irvine, James Elliott
Junkin, Clarence Mateer
McDowell, Edmund Wilson
Rutherford, Matthew
Sangree, William
Slemmons, William E.
Swan, T. W.

Benham, DeWitt Miles
Bente, Christopher H.
Hubbell, Earle B.
Jenkins, George W. W.
Johnson, C. O.
Miller, John Hoffman
Sinclair, B. D.
Wallace, William

Class of 1888

Cotton, Jesse Lee

Dunlap, John Barr

Elterich, William Otto

Gilson, Harry O.

Harrop, Ben

Hunter, Joseph Lawrence

Kerns, Francis A.

'Lyle, James B.

McCracken, Charles Raymond

Miller, Rufus Philemon

Pickens, John Caldwell

Rose, James Gray

Van Eman, Robert Clarence

Vaughn, Bert C.

McAyeal, Howard S.

Donaldson, Robert McMorran
Donehoo, James D.
Fredericks, William J.
Gordon, Edwin W.
Marshall, James Trimble
Richards, Thomas Davis
Sharpe, John C.
Walden, Anthony E.

Class of 1889
Bell, L. Carmon
Bowman, Edwin M.
Davis, John Proctor
Jones, William Addison
Kane, Hugh

Kennedy, Samuel James
Plummer, William Franklin

82 (246)

Bulletin of the Western Theological Seminary

Stevenson, James Van Eman
Stiles, Henry Howard
Weir, William F.

Countermine, James Langdon
Fulton, George W.
Holliday, Thomas E.
Kinter, William Alexander
Lindsay, George D.
McNees, Willis S.
Wheeler, Franklin Taylor

Class of 1890

Allen, Cyrus Glenn
Clark, Charles Avery
Cooper, Hugh Albert
Haymaker, Edward Graham
Hays, Frank Winfield
Kirchbaum, Allan
McCormick, Samuel Black
Marquis, John Abner
Shields, Weston F.
Sutherland, Joseph H.
Thomas, William Price
Wallace, James Buchanan
Weaver, Thomas Newton
Weaver, William K.

Campbell, Henry Martyn
Criner, Alvin M.
Garvin, James Ellsworth
Haworth, James
Koehne, John Betts
Montgomery, Andrew J., Jr.
Munden, J. N.
Norris, John H.
Smith, Charles L.

Class of 1891

Armstrong, James Newton
Bradshaw, Charles Lincoln
Collins, Alden Delmont
Crawford, John Allen
Drake, J. E.
Fisher, William James
Groves, Samuel B.
Hall, Francis Milton
Hill, James Barnett G.
King, Basil Robert
Lyle, Ulysses L.
Reagle, William Grant
Ryland, Henry H.
Skilling, David Miller
Craighead, D. E.
Inglis, Robert Scott
Knox, J. McClure
Laird, Alexander

Miller, William W.
Stephens, Herbert T.
Wightman, J. R.
Williams, Charles Barnes

Class of 1892

Allen, William Elliott
Bowman, Winfield Scott
Chalfant, Charles Latta
Cunningham, James Alexander
Edmundson, George R.
Gififin, James Edwin
Kennedy, Finley F.
Kirkbridge, James F.
Kirkbride, Sherman Asher
McCartney, Ernest L.
McKee, Clement L.
Miller, Charles Caven
Nicholls, James Shane
Roemer, John Lincoln
Simmons, Kiddoo Thomas P.
Swan, Charles Wylie
Williams, Robert Lew
Wylie, Leard Reed

Clark, Walter B.
Dickerson, J. O.
Hamilton, James
Jones, William M.
Liles, Edwin Hart
McGrew, James
Marshall, Thomas Chalmers
Rodebaugh, William H.
Watson, James H.

Class of 1893

Alter, Robert L. M.
Aukerman, Elmer
Dible, James C.
Ewing, Joseph Lyons
Gibb, John D.
Grubbs, Henry Alexander
Hayes, Andrew Williamson
Hazlett, Calvin Glenn
Houston, William
Hummel, Henry Bradford
Kelly, Aaron Alfred
Leyenberger, James P.
McClure, William Lincoln
Mechlin, George Ernest K.
Pearson, Thomas Warner
Williams, Charles Gaston
Young, Sylvester Wylie

Bell, W. J.

Cozad, W. K.

Graham, Ralph Laurie E.

83 (247)

Directory

Hamilton, Joseph
Hitchings, Brooks
Latham, Abraham Lance
White, Harry C.

Class of 1894

Austin, Charles Anderson
Caldwell, David
Campbell, Howard
CuUey, Edward Armor
Getty, Robert Francis
Gregg, Oscar Job
Hine, Thomas William
Hoon, Clarke David A.
Hutchinson, J. E.
Irwin, J. P.

Jennings, William Mason
Koonce, M. Egbert
Linhart, Samuel Black
Lowes, John Livingston
McKee, William Thompson
Nesbitt, Harry
Potts, Thomas Pliny
Roberts, R. J.
Sloan, Wilson Hurst
Spargrove, James Marchand
Stewart, Samuel Arthur
Thompson, John Milton

Bettex, Paul F. G.
Griffiths, William
Howard, W. E.
Inglis, John
Smith, Wayne P.
Varner, W. P.
White, DeWitt
White, Prescott C.

Class of 1895

Aukerman, Robert Campbell
Brownlee, Daniel
Craig, Joseph A. A.
Dunbar, Joseph Wallace
Farmer, William Robertson
Gantt, Allen Gilbert
Greves, Ulysses Sherman
Hackett, John Thomas
Harter, Otis
Howell, Otis

Johnston, William Caldwell
Lanier, Marshall Bell
Lashley, Ellsworth E.
McClelland, Melzar DeLoss
McCracken, Charles J.
McFadden, Samuel Willis
Mclntyre, G. W.
MacMillan, Uriah Watson

Mitchell, Eugene Augustus
Oliver, William Loveridge
Sloanaker, Paul J.
Stevenson, Francis Bacon
Stewart, R. Curtis
Wilson, James M.

Barr, Alfred H.
Biddle, Richard Long
Blair, Thomas S.
Bullard, F. L.
Caliman, D. F.
Kennedy, John
Malcom, William D.
Miller, John B.
Parr, Selton Wagner
Wash, Morris T.
Wilkinson, A. P.

Class of 1896

Atkinson, William A.
Bartz, Ulysses S.
Bascomb, Lawton Bristow
Bedickian, Shadrach V.
Brown, William Albert
Burns, George Garrett
Chisholm, Harry T.
Cotton, James Sumner
Davis, McLain White
Elder, Silas Coe
Fisher, Grant Eugene
Gordon, Percy Hartle
Greene, David A.
Kelly, Jonathan Glutton
Kelso, James Anderson
Lane, John C.
Liggitt, A. W.
McKee, William Finley
Moore, C. N.

Patterson, Elmer Ellsworth
Porter, Robert Elbert
Scott, William A.
Sehlbrede, G. E. (B.D. 1913)
Spargrove, William Plumer
Stevenson, J. A.
Travis, J. M.
Vernon, Fayette Emery
Zoll, Joseph

Allison, Frank R.
Brokaw, Harvey
Diven, Robert Joseph
Macartney, John Robertson
Montgomery, S. T.
Speer, J. H.

84 (248)

Bulletin of the Western Theological Seminary

Class of 1897
Barr, Robert L.
Bemies, Charles O.
Benton, Dwight, Jr.
Calder, Robert Scott
Cherry, Cummings W.
Donehoo, George M.
Ewing, Harry D.
Foote, Samuel E.
Fulton, John E.
Kerr, Hugh T.
Kreger, Winfield Scott
McCormick Arthur B.
McCracken, John O. C.
McCrea, Charles A.
McCutcheon, Harry Sylvester
Matson, Walter T.
Montgomery, Ulysses L.
Oliver, John M.
Reber, William F.
Record, James F.
Tinblin, George J.
Wilson, Walter L.

Ryall, George M.
Schleifer, Oscar
Silsley, Frank M.

Brockway, Julius W.
Brown, Nathan L.
Chisholm, James D.
Frederick, P. W. H.
Guichard, George L.
Seward, Oliver L.
Yates, Thomas R.
Young, Alexander B.

Class of 1898

Atwell, George P.
Brown, Franklin F.
Campbell, Wilbur M.
Cheeseman, Joseph F.
Coazd, Frank A.
Eagleson, Walter F.
Fitch, Robert F.
Fulton, John T.
Hezlep, Herbert
Hosack, Hermann M.
Hubbard, Arthur E.
Hutchison, William J.
Leslie, William H.
Lyie, David M.
Mcllvaine, Edwin L.
McKay, Alexander D.
MacLeod, Donald C.
Nesbit, Samuel M. F.
Potter, James M.
Proudfit, John L.
Prugh, Harry L C.
Ramage, Walter G.
Rodgers, John A.

Brown, Charles H.
Fulton, Silas A.
Gilmore, John L
Jackson, Thomas C.
Kerr, Charles W.
Linn, James P.
Magee, Samuel G.
Myers, Percy L.
Rankin, T. C.
Sharp, Samuel F.
Suzuki, Sojiro
Vogan, Frank H.
White, Daniel C.
Wishard, Frederick G.

Class of 1899
Bell, Charles
Cobb, William A.
Daubenspeck, Richard P.
Fiscus, Newell S.
Giboney, Ezra P.
Hodil, Edward A.
Humphrey, James D.
Kelso, James B.
Kerr, George G.
Love, Curry H.
MacHatton, Burtis R.
Minamyer, Albert B.
Offntt, Robert M.
Pugh, Robert E.
White, Samuel S.
Wiley, A. Lincoln
Williams, Hamilton Bertel
Williams, John L
Wilson, Gill Irwin

Anderson, Clarence O.
Cunningham, Harry C.
Fields, Joseph C.
Gay, Thomas B.
Griffiths, S. W.
Kittell, James S.
Kritz, William B.
McQuilkin, Harmon H.
Milman, Frank J.
Patterson, John C.
Sterrett, Walter B.
Veach, Robert W.
Waite, James
Wells, Earl B.
Wilson, Charles R.
Zahniser, Charles R.

85 (249)

Directory

Class of 1900
Allen, Robert H.
Barrett, William L.
Beatty, Charles S.
Brice, James B.
Brooks, Earle A.
Carmichael, George
Crawford, Oliver C.
Haines, Alfred H.
Kilgore, Harry W.
McCombs, Harry W.
Miller, James E.
Mohr, John R.
Moody, Samuel
Reed, William A.
Schultz, Adolph R.
Snyder, Peter W.
Stancliffe, Thomas A.
Sterrett, Charles C.

Coad,H. W.
Depue, James H.
Foreman, Chauncey A.
Garvin, Charles E.
Leroy, Albert E.
Mitchell, Robert C.
Prugh, Irvin R.
Schneider, William P.
Shields, Curtis E.
Wagner, Henry N.

Class of 1901

Bierkemper, Charles H.
Boice, Robert A.
Bush, Merchant S.
Graham, David S.
Irwin, Charles F.
Lawther, J. H. (S.T.M. 1911)
Marks, Harvey B.
Schloter, Franklin G.
Scott, DeWitt Talmage
Springer, Francis E.
Stevenson, Thomas E.
Thompson, Thomas N.
Wallace, Oliver C.

Armstrong, Harry P.
McKelvey, Charles M.
Mark, John H.
Steele, Alexander
Tipper, William
Whitehill, John B.

Class of 1902

Allison, Alexander B.
Bailey, Harry A.
Brown, Samuel T.

Filipi, Bohdan A.
Gettman, Albert H.
Griffith, Howard L.
Hanna, Hugh W.
Holmes, William J.
Leith, Hugh
Lincoln, John C.
Lippincott, Rudolph P.
Long, Bertram J.
Miller, Park H.
Orr, Samuel C.
Phillips, George R.
Post, Richard W.
Svacha, Frank
Tait, Edgar R.
Wallace, Scott L
Williams, David P.

Crowe, F. W. (S.T.M. 1911)
Fast, Joseph W. G.
Magill, Charles N.
Moore, Will L.
Shaw, Hugh S.
Welch, John R.

Class of 1903

Bittinger, Ardo Preston

Byers, Edward W.

Fisher, George C.

Fleming, W. F. (S.T.M. 1915)

Fowler, Owen S.

Hamilton, C. H. (S.T.M. 1911)

Kromer, E. G.

McGarrah, Albert F.

Miller, Frank D.

Novak, Frank

Rail, Emil

Reiter, Murray C.

Ridgley, F. H. (S.T.M. 1912)

Rodgers, M. M. (S.T.M. 1910)

Rowland, Goerge Peabody

Shoemaker, Frederick B.

Smith, Hugh A.

Thompson, T. E. (S.T.M. 1910)

White, Wilber G.

Askew, Tony J.
Brown, George W.
David, William O.
Hicks, Thomas G.
Lowe, Titus
McCartney, Albert J.
Marshall, William E.
Sarver, Jonathan E.
Stevenson, James F.
Wilkins, George H.

86 (250)

Bulletin of the Western Theological Seminary

Class of 1904
Bucher, Victor
Culley, David E.
Gaehr, Theophilus J.
Kaufman, Harry E.
Keener, A. I. (S.T.M.
Kelso, John B.
KeussefT, Theodore M.
McConnell, William G.
McMillan, William L.
Powell, Amos C.
Stewart, G. P. (S.T.M. 1910)

1911)

Campbell, Harry M.
Kelly, Dwight Spalding
Lyons, John F.
Shriver, William P.

Class of 1905

Backora, Vaclav Paul
Bowden, George S.
Crawford, Frank W.
Douglass, Elmer H.
Espey, John M.
Evans, Walter E.
Knepshield, Edward J.
Kunkle, John S.
McBride, John D.
Maclvor, John W.
MacLeod, Kenneth E.
MacQuarrie, David P.
Steele, John C.
Strubel, John C.

Evans, Frederick W.
Goehring, Joseph S.
Lytle, Marshall B.

Class of 1906

Cooper, Howard C.
Craig, William R.
Dufifield, T. Ewing
Heany, Brainerd F.
Hockman, Stanislav B.
Ludwig, Christian E.
McConkey, Walter P.
Nizankowsky, Alexander (c)
Steele, Merrill P. (S.T.M. 1911)
Wilson, Thomas
Bovard, Charles E.
Rhodes, Harry A.
Ulay, Jerome D.

Class of 1907
Blacker, Samuel
Christie, John W.
Christoff, Athanasious T.

Dinsmore, W. W. (S.T.M.'1912)

Ferver, William C.

Eraser, Charles D.

Houk, Clarence E.

Huey, James W.

Johnston, David H. (c)

Kaufman, George W.

Lewis, William E.

McDivitt, M. M. (S.T.M. 1912)

Mayne, Samuel

Miller, George C.

Miller, Homer K.

Miller, Paul G.

Nussmann, Geo. S. A.

Osborne, Plummer N.

Schodle, Adam G.

Snyder, William J.

Stewart, Gilbert W.

Wilble, Clarence B.

Woollett, Francis L

(c)

Kardos, Joseph
Lloyd, Howard E.

Class of 1908

Amstutz, T. Platte

Aten, Sidney Henry

Baker, Henry Vernon

Bingham, William S.

Bleck, Erich A.

Dent, Frederick R.

Gaut, Robert L.

Harvey, Plummer R.

Hefner, Elbert

Houston, Robert L.

Junek, Frank

Loughner, J. R. (S.T.M. 1909)

McLeod, Donald W.

Reiter, Uriah D.

Swart, Charles E.

Viehe, Albert E.

West, James G.

Wise, Frederick O.

Anderson, John T.
Byczynski, Sigmundus A.
Ferrante, Victor
Puky de Bizak, Stephen
Streeter, E. E.
Uherka, Frank

Class of 1909

Clark, Chester A. (c)

Good, Albert L

Hail, Arthur L.

Halenda, Dimitry (S.T.M. 1910)

Hoover, William H.

87 (251)

Directory

Hutchinson, Harry C.
Miller, Charles R.
Montgomery, Thomas H.
Mowry, Eli M.

Orr, William H. (S.T.M. 1916)
Paroulek, Friedrich (c)
Townsend, Edwin B.
Witherspoon, John W. Jr.

Class of 1910

Bergen, Stanley V.

Byers, William F.

Conley, Bertram H.

Graham, Franklin F.

Gross, Oresta C.

Kelso, A. P. Jr., (S.T.M. 1910)

Lawrence, Ernest B.

Macaulay, George S.

Maclnnis, Angus J. (S.T.M. 1911)

McMillen, Homer G.

Montgomery, Frank S.

Patrono, Francesco P. (c)

Pears, T. C. Jr., (S.T.M. 1910)

Reed, Robert R.

Riddle, Henry Alexander, Jr.

Schmale, Theodore R.

Shields, Robert J.

Stewart, Herbert W.

Taylor, G. Jr., (S.T.M. 1910)

Tron, B. (S.T.M. 1911)

Watson, George S.

Almassy, Lajos
Cran, John N.
Kucera, Jaroslav
Kuziw, Wasil
Moricz, B. D.
Morrison, Joseph E.
Sautuccio, Agatino

Class of 1911

Cribbs, Charles C.

Felmeth, W. G. (S.T.M. 1912)

Geddes, Henry

Glunt, George L. (c)

Guttery, Arthur M.

Hezlep, William H.

Howe, John L.

Keirn, Reuel E.

Love, Wilbert B.

Matheson, M. A. (S.T.M. 1912)

Reese, Francis E.

Riddle, Benton V. (c)

Wingert, Rufus D. (S.T.M. 1924)

Woodward, Frank J. (c)

Worley, Lewis A.

Beseda, Henry E.
Howell, H. G.
Kmeczik, George
Pender, Thomas M.
Szilagyi, Andrew
Vecsey, Eugene
Weber, Pierre

Class of 1912

Arthur, James H.

Bergen, Harry H.

Burtt, Percy E.

Halenda, Theodore

Hornicek, Francis

Hunter, James Norman

Reis, Jacob A., Jr.

Sirny, John (S.T.M. 1913)

Travers, E. J. (S.T.M. 1913)

Wehrenberg, E. L. (S.T.M. 1912)

Woods, Harry E.

Woolf, Mahlon H.

Findlay, Harry J.
Gross, John H.
King, H. W.
Pazar, Nicholaus
Sewell, Mayson H.
Speckman, Timothy A.
Weaver, Mahlon J.
Wilson, H. Luther

Class of 1913

Baumgartel, Howard J.
Cochran, Charles W.
Connell, John

Eakin, Frank (S.T.M. 1915)
Eakin, Paul Anderson
Frantz, G. A. (S.T.M. 1915)
Highberger, William Waltz
Johnston, Samuel L.
Kiskaddon, Roy McKee
Lang, John

McFarland, Orris Scott
Morello, Salvatore
Peterson, Charles E.
Schuster, W. H. (S.T.M
Shaw, Edward B.
Swarts, A. A. (S.T.M. 1916)
Wilson, Ashley Sumner

1914)

Barr, Floyd W.

Bransby, Charles Carson
Jamieson, Roy W.
Simpson, James Thomas
Yoo, Charles

Class of 1914

Cornelius, Maxwell

88 (252)

Bulletin of the Western Theological Seminary

Crapper, Wm. Horatio (c)
Donaldson, Dwight M.
Duff, George Morgan
Fraser, James Alexander D.
Fraser, James Wallace
Hensel, Leroy Cleveland
Howe, Edwin Carl
Kish, Julius
MacLennan D. George
Maharg, Mark Brown
Park, Albert Newton, Jr.
Purnell, Walter B. (S.T.M. 1927)
Reasoner, Alfred Henry (c)
Shea, George Hopkins
Sheppard, Albert Samuel
VanBuskirk, William Riley
Willard, Hess Ferral
Wilson, Nodie Bryson

Boyd, R. Earle

Brenneman, Geo. Emmor

Ernst, John L.

Fohner, George C. *^

Mowry, Thomas G.

Worth man, Diedrich

Class of 1915
Alter, Gray (c)
Cowieson, William Reid (c)
Harriman, Walter Payne
Kiskaddon, Jesse Fulton
Kovacs, Andrew (c)
McCracken, W. H. (S.T.M. 1915)
Reeder, C. V. (S.T.M. 1915)
Russell, William P.
Sappie, Paul (c)
Steffey, Charles I.
Tait, Leo L. (S.T.M. 1917)
Thompson, David Ryan (c)
Thurston, Ralph Eugene
West, Gusty Philip

Ambrosimoff, Paul Wasile
Biddle, Earle Henry
Binkley, Stanford Burney
Cable, John Henry
Elliott, Paul H.
Falck, Charles M.
Imhoff, Thomas Burton
Litten, Ross Burns

Class of 1916

Barnes, William Clyde
Bingham, John Greer
Cheeseman, George H.
Fisher, James Mclntyre
French, Arthur Edward (c)

Gilbert, Ralph V.
Good, Edward Clair
King, John Allison
Macaulay, Peter Wilson
Meily, Thomas Ruby
Miller, John Owen
Morton, David Chisholm
Shaw, John Angus
Strub, Henry M.
Thomson, John Robert
Williams, F. S. (S.T.M. 1917)
Wolfe, Arthur Whiting

Adams, James, Jr.
Baillie, Alexander Stuart
Conn, Lloyd Herbert
Newell, Harry Nelson
Porter, Arthur Reno
Schultz, Irvin Struger
Storer, Happer Beacom

Class of 1917

Bartholomew, Archie Randal
Betts, John Melson
Boston, John Keifer
Conrad, Ross Elmer
Crawford, Glenn Martin
Crummy, H. Russell
DeMarco, Michele Francesco
Dodds, Joseph LeRoy
Gibson, Alexander (c)
Hickman, A. Ross iS.T.M. 1924)
Lawther, LeRoy (S.T.M. 1917)
Llewellyn, Frank Bowman

(S.T.M. 1925)
McCormick, Thos. Howard (c)
Marshall, Daryl Cedric
Nadenicek, Joseph
Nicholson, Henry Harrison

(S.T.M. 1925)
Ramsey, Nathan LeRoy
Robison, John Lawrence
Say, David Lester (S.T.M. 1922)
Wheeland, C. R. (S.T.M. 1917)

Axtell, Robert Stockton
Grant, James Alexander
Gray, D. Vincent
Kaczmarsky, Roman
Patterson, Charles David
Payne, Henry P.

Class of 1918

Bisbee, Geo. A. (S.T.M. 1918)
Bisceglia, Giovanni Battista
Blosser, Marion Elmer
Brandner, Edward Lewis

89 (253)

Directory

Davidson, Harrison
Gahagen, Clair Boyd
Gearhart, Harry Alonzo
Griffith, Ole Curtis
Hofmeister, Ralph C.
Husak, Alois (S.T.M. 1919)
Lyon, Wilbfur H.
McConnell, Ralph I.
Mackenzie, D. (S.T.M. 1919)
Mayne, James (S.T.M. 1918)
Rodgers, Howard
Weir, John Barr

Beal, Joseph Ephraim
Dobias, Joseph
Garner, Joseph
Haden, George Richard
McKenzie, Ralph Waldo
Sabacky, Vladimir
Soucek, Frank

Class of 1919

Clarke, J. Calvitt
Clawson, Harry Blaine
Daniel, David Earl (c)
Eagleson, Hodge Mcllvaine
Hendrix, Everett J.
Irwin, D. A. (S.T.M. 1920)
Kidder, Jonathan Edward
Kirkpatrick, J. Max (c)
Maclver, Murdock John (c)
McKinney, William Wilson
Mellott, William Franklin
Porter, John Craig
Pratt, Owen William
Reemsnyder, Geo. Oswald (c)
Steiner, Robert Lisle
Trovato, Joseph
Wallace, John Elder

Hrbata, Leopold
Little, Robert Henry
Luccock, Emory Wylie
McConnell, Harry W.
Shauer, Joseph John
Stanley, Walter Payne
Toth, Kalman

Class of 1920

Alter, Samuel Neale
Bardarik, Geo. (S.T.M. 1920)
Martin, Joseph Albert
Miller, Roy Frank
Sprague, Paul Steacey
Tomasula, John (S.T.M. 1921)
Wilson, Gill Robb

McSherry, Hubert Luther
Moore, John Ely
Richmond, Charles Francis
Shuey, Theodore George
Stulc, Joseph
Swan, Alfred Wilson
Thomas, Coovirt R.

Class of 1921

Bamford, G. K. (S.T.M. 1921)
Buczak, Leon (c)
Henry, Robert Harvey
Hudock. Andrew Jay
Krivulka, Charles Jesse
Leypoldt, Frederic Christian
McFadden, Hampton T.
Moser, W. L. (S.T.M. 1921)
Rupp, John Christian
Weisz, Abraham Boyd
Welenteichick, Joseph J.

Sneberger, Frank

Walrond, Maurice Elrington

White, Charles G.

Class of 1922

Barbour, Clifford Edward
Fulton, Archibald Ferguson (c)
Galbraith, Lewis Arthur

(S.T.M. 1923)
Gibson, Elgie Leon
Hamill, Daniel, Jr. (c)
Lemmon, Lyman N.
Merker, Ralph K. (S.T.M. 1923)
Millinger, Walter Harold
Murray, Basil A. (c)
Neal, Samuel Galbraith
Porter, Roscoe Walter

(S.T.M. 1923)
Rivard, Emile Augustin
Warnshuis, Paul Livingstone
Willoughby, James Wallace

Silk, Joseph Meryl

Class of 1923

Behrends, Arthur Dow
Cox, Jasper Morgan
Hazlett, Calvin Hoffman
McCammon, Lester Lane
Martin, James
Mellin, Willard Colby
Roberts, Robert Lloyd

Lee, Harold

McCracken, A. V.
Lloyd, John
Wissinger, H. L., Jr.

90 (254)

Bulletin of the Western Theological Seminary

Class of 1924

Bibby, John Kurtz
Biddle, Eugene L.
Cotton, Jarvis Madison
Curtiss, Howard Truman
DePrefontaine, C. LeRoy
Haverfield, Ross M.
Hilty, James Russell
Illingworth, Ralph W. Jr.
Johnston, Robert Caldwell
Leister, John Maurice

(S.T.M. 1927)
Merwin, William Stage (c)
Monroe, George Karl

(S.T.M. 1925)
Post, Harold Francis

(S.T.M. 1924)
Walter, Deane Craig
Wright, J. Carroll

Helm, A. J.
Jackson, A. J.
Lambert, George R.
Yarkovsky, Jno.
Vaidyla, Michael

Class of 1925
Allen, David K.
Barker, John Bryant
Conley, Claude Sawtell

(S.T.M. 1927)
Ehmann, William F.
Holub, Joseph (c)
Muir, C. Marshall
Pickens, Paul Lyle
Ruble, Jacob C.
Rutherford, George Henry
Smith, Lewis Oliver
Williams, Clayton Edgar
Ziegler, Charles Edward

Anderson, F. S.
Fohner, G. C.
Hamilton, D. M.
Hart, E. R.
Jones, John Paul
Stemme, H. A.

Class of 1926

Chandler, Horace Edward
Christopher, Franz Omer
Clark, John A. (c)

Eakin, John Lyman
Elder, Newton Carl
Garner, James Herbert

(S.T.M. 1926)
Gerrard, Paul T.
Gillespie, James Henry
Hudnut, Herbert Beecher
Owen, William
Pfeififer, Victor Charles
Robb, Fred Eliot

Babinsky, Andrew
Beecher, Dwight E.
Blanchard, Forest I.
Glunt, H. G.
Kennedy, G. A.
Logan, J. H. P.
Moreland, Geo. B.
Smith, C. M.
Smith, (Mrs.) F. M.
Waite, John, Jr.

Class of 1927

Ashley, William Augustus (c)
Coulter, Crawford McCoy
Ewing, Thomas Davis

(S.T.M. 1927)
Fruit, Byron Stanley
Gilleland, William Austin
Haynes, Darwin M.
Hazlett, Paul Hagerty
Homer, Lloyd David
Irwin, Edgar Coe
Kaufman, Ralph Waldo Emerson
Kuehn, Martin Rudolph (c)
Marquis, William C. (c)
Parsons, William Victor E. (c)
Schwalbe, Oswald Otto
Stuart, John Alvin
Swaim, Joseph Carter
Thayer, Clarence R.
Vance, John S.
Volpitto, Guy Hector
Williams, Philip L.

Cooper, Thos. F.
Fejes, J. S.
France, C. K.
McQuiston, R. L.
Philipp, O. J.
Strobel, H. W.

91 (255)

Directory

POST-GRADUATE STUDENTS

1873— Pierce, David A.
1874— Sheeley, Homer
1884— Ressler, John I. L.

Staneff, Demetrius

Currie, J. T. R.

Sanders, Frank P.

Duncan, John S.

Gelvin, Edward H.

Haupt, H.

-Crowe, Alvin N.

Denise, Larimore C.

Slade, William F.

Kienle, Gustav A.

Loos, Carl

Peterson, Conrad A.

-Elliott, Arthur M.

King, Felix Z.

McMillan, John

Quick, Errett B.

Wingerd, Charles B.

Weidler, Albert G.

Whipkey, A. J.

Winn, W. G.

McGiffin, Russell B.

Pierce, W. E.

Hogg, W. E.

Allen, Louis C.

Pfeiffer, Erwin G.

Ansberg, John H.

Browne, Harry R.

Heltman, Andrew F.

Robinson, Thomas

Ruecker, August

Stewart, Joseph

Yates, William O.
J916— Ackman John B.

Morgan, Earl C.

Offield, Robert L.
1917— Keller, Argyle C.

Lowe, Arnold H.
1918 — Simpson, Samuel T.

Vancura, Vaclav F.

Wright, John V.
1921— D'Aliberti, Alfred

George, Arthur H.

Hamilton, James A.

1893-

1898-
1899-

1900-
1905-

1907-

1908-
1909-

1910-

1911-

1912-

1913-
1914-

1915-

Nordlander, Eric J.
1922— Stafford, H. Erwin

Stanton, Charles E.

Taylor, Walter Perkins
1923 — Brown, Thomas Murray

Eames, Laurence Frederic

Henderson, Samuel C.

Swoyer, Grover Elmer

Trosh, Walter Scott
1924— Broadley-East, Albert

Mahovsky, Rudolf

Philipp, Paul L.

Stubblebine, Albert N.
1925— Bierbaum, Martin F.

Green, Alden J.

Maksay, Albert Z.

Moessner, Ludwig R.

Price, Harry A.

Tamblyn, Ronald J.

Terry, Earle W.
1926— Davidson, Dwight B.

Held, Charles E.

Miller, Robert S.

Obenauf, Henry F.

Thwing, John B.

Yount, John A.
1927— Boyd, Welsh Sproule

Chubb, Mrs. Edna P.

Csorba, Zoltan

Dobos, Karoly

Genre, Ermanno E.

Hartzell, Jacob Lott

Horst, Melvin Clyde

Kovacs, Charles

Moran, Owen Wilborn

Muller, George J.

Runtz, August F.

Schade, Arthur A.

Shimp, Harry S. D.

Smith, Robert Lincoln

Steuber, Frederick

Teal, Isaac Kelley

Vecchio, Giovanni A.

Waldkoenig, Arthur C.

Wilson, Edward M.

92 (256)

Bulletin of the Western TJieological Seminary

STUDENTS WHOSE ADDRESSES ARE UNKNOWN

Adams, James 1916-p

Allen, F. M 1876-p

Allen, L. C 1914 p-

Allison, Frank R 1896-p

Almassy, Lajos ....1910-p

Alter, Gray._ 1915

Ambrosimoflf, Paul W 1915-p

Amrine, A. H 1853

Anderson, S. M _..1851

Ansberg, J. H... 1915 p-

Asbury, Cornelius 1873

Asbury, Dudley E.. .1872

Askew, Tony J 1903-p

Avery, R. N - 1850

Babcock, Orville 1857

Baillie, Alexander S. 1916-p

Baker, Anthony G 1873

Bakewell, John 1862-p

Barclay, Hugh A... ......1861

Barr, Frank Alva 1876-p

Barr, Lewis William..: 1884

Bascomb, Lawton B 1896

Beal, Joseph E 1918-p

Beall, Marion E ....1882

Beecher, D. E ......1926-p

Beinhauer, John C .....1863-p

Bente, Christopher H 1887-p

Benton, Dwight, Jr 1897

Beseda, Henry Ernest 191 1-p

Bettex, Paul F. G 1894-p

Betts, J. M 1917

Biddle, Earle Henry 1915-p

Binkley, Stanford B ....1915-p

Birch, John M 1876-p

Bisbee, George Allen 1918

Blair, Thomas S .1895-p

Blanchard, F. I 1926-p

Blosser, Marion Elmer.. ..1918

Boice, Evan 1868-p

Boice, Robert A 1901

Bolar, A. J 1862-p

Bollman, S. P ..1852

Boyd, R. Earle ...1914-p

Brenneman, George E 1914-p

Bridge, D. J .1865-p

Brown, C. H ..1898-p

Brown, Henry J 1871-p

Brown, John F 1877-p

Brown, Nathan L 1897-p

Brown, William H 1877-p

Buchanan, George D 1879

Buczak, Leon 192 1

Bullard, F. L.... 1895-p

Burchfield, W. A 1859

g Burton, L. W ...1846

Caldwell, Stewart S 1880-p

Caldwell, Thomas B 1880-p

Caliman, D. F 189S-p

Campbell, Charles M 1864

Campbell, Henry M 1890-p

g Campbell, Samuel L 1861-p

Carter, William J 1872-p

Chisholm, Harry 0 1896

Chisholm, James D 1897-p

Clark, Walter B 1892-p

Coad, H. W 1900-p

Collier, Francis M ......1887 J

Conn, Lloyd, H 1916-p

Converse, Rob Roy 1871

(formerly McNulty)

Cooper, Daniel C 1862-p

Copland, George 1874

Countermine, James L 1889-p

Cowieson, W. R ..1915-p

Craig, J. E 1874

Cran, John N .1910-p

Crapper, Wm. H.... ....1914

Crawford, Frank W 1905

Creighton, Andrew E.. 1879-p

Criner, Alvin M 1890-p

Culbertson, William F 1856-p

Currie, J. T. R 1893 p-g

Dagnault, Pierre S. C. ....1864-p

Dannels, Ellis W 1857-p

Davis, David S ..1864-p

Davis, Henry 1845

Davis, James S.. 1864-p

Davis, William 1865

Dejesi, L. M..... 1879

DeLong, David D... ..1874

DeMarco, Michele F 1917

Dickerson, J. 0 1892-p

Dobias, Joseph 1918-p

Dodd, Cyrus M 1861-p

Dodd, Reuel.. 1869-p

Donehoo, James D 1888-p

Eames, L. F 1923 p-g

Edgerton, John M 1859-p

Elder, Joshua. 1844

Fairfax, Isaac... 1875-p

Falck, Charles M 1915-p

93 (257)

Directory

Ferrante, Victor ....1908-p

Fields, Samuel G. A 1875-p

Forsyth, Clarence J 1884

Foy, John.-.. 1869

Francis, David 185 8-p

Fredericks, William J ..1888-p

Freeman, John W 1885

Garner, Joseph 191 8-p

Garvin, Charles E 1900-p

Geckler, George 1863-p

Gibson, William N 1862-p

Gilmore, John 1 1898-p

Glunt, H. G 1926-p

Goettman, John G 1865-p

Gonzales, Benjamin 1838

Gordon, Edwin W ....1888-p

Gosweiler, Augustus.. 1874-p

Graham, Grafton H 1856-p-

Graham, Ralph L. E 1893-p

Graham, Thomas L ..1871-p

Granger, William R 1882-p

Grant, Henry A 1879-p

Grant, James A 19l7-p

Gray, D. V..... ..1917-p

Gray, James H 1862

Gray, William S ..1861-p

Griffith, Howard Levi......l902

Griffiths, S. W ......1899-p

Griffiths, William 1894-p

Haden, George R 1918-p

Hamer, J. P 1856 p-

Harbolt, John H 1867

Hart, E. R 1925-p

Hart, Joshua 1845

Haupt, H 1899 p-

Haworth, James 1890-p

Hay, Lewis 1877-p

Hicks, Thomas George... 1903-p

Hill, Charles 1865-p

Hippard, Samuel M 1867-p

Hochman, Stanislav B.....1906

Holliday, Thomas E 1889-p

Holmes, G. B 1846

Houston, J. T 1874

Howell, H. G .1911-p

Howell, Otis 1895

Howey, R. H 1874

Hrbata, Leopold..: 1919-p

Hume, Robert 1859-p

Humphrey, G. H ....1872

Husak, Alois 1918

Hutchins, John C 1876-p

Imhoff, Thomas Burton.. 1915-p
Irwin, John C 1858

Jamieson, Roy W... 1913-p

Jenkins, George W 1887-p

Johnson, C. O .1887-p

Johnson, Neill Davies .1883

Johntson, Daniel 0 1865

Jones, Alfred ...1870-p

Jones, E. R... ...1874

Jones, Isaac F 1866-p

Jones, Sugars T 1864-p

Jones, Thomas R ..1868-p

Jones, William M 1892-p

Kaczmarsky, Roman 1917-p

Keir, William 1857 p-

Kellogg, Robert 0 1875-p

Kelsey, Joel S 1874-p

Kelly, Dwight S ....1904-p

Kemerer, Duncan M 1865-p

Kennedy, G. A 1926-p

g Kennedy, John B 1847

Kerlinger, Charles C 1878-p

King, Courtlen ....1860-p

King, H. W 1912-p

King, Joseph 1868-p

Kinkaid, James J 1864-p

Kish, Julius ..1914

Kittell, James S ...1899-p

Knight, Moses G .1845

Koehne, J. B 1890-p

Kritz, William Blakely....l899-p
Krivulka, Charles Jesse ..1921

Kromer, E. G 1903

Kucera, Jaroslav ...1910-p

y Kuhn, Louis John 1885-p

Kuziw, Wasil ..1910-p

Lambe, Henry B .1861

Landis, J. P - 1871-p

=• Larimore, John K 1870-p

Lee, Charles H 1860-p

Lee, George L .._.1881-p

Lee, Harold 1920-p

Leroy, Albert E 1900-p

Lewis, David 1882-p

Liles, Edwin H ..1892-p

Lindsay, George D.. ...1889-p

Litten, Ross R 191S-p

Little, Robert H .1919-p

Livingston, W. S 1852

Lloyd, William A..... 1861-p

Loos, Carl 1907 p-j

Luther, Benjamin D 1877

Luty, Adolphe E 1869

Lyons, D. W 1849

Lytle, Marshall Blaine.... 1905-p

Machett, Alexander 1862-p

Madden, Samuel W ....1862

Magee, Samuel G 1898-p

94 (258)

Bulletin of the Western Theological Seminary

March, Alfred 1875-p

Marshall, Thomas C 1892-p

Mateer, William N 1881-p

Matson, Walter T 1897

McAyeal, Howard S.... 1886-p

McCarthy, William B 1883-p

McCauley, Clay __..._ 1867-p

McConnell, Alexander S. 1866
McCormick, Thomas H... 1917

McCracken, A. V 1923-p

McElhenny, John J 1861-d

McFarland, George M 1868

McFarland, William H...1876

McGiffen R. B 1912 p-

McGrew, James 1892-p

McKelvey, Charles M 1901-p

McLain, W. J. E 1878-p

McLane, Wm. W... ...1874

McMartin, John A..... 1869-p

McMillan, John. 1910 p-

McNulty, Rob Roy..... 1871

(R. R. Converse)

McSherry, Hubert L 1920-p

Miller, John H 1887-p

Miller, William W 1891-p

Mills, Wm. J 1866-p

Mitchell, Robert .'.1856

Moessner, Ludwig R... 1925 p-

Montgomery, Willis W 1900

Moore, John E 1920-p

Moore, John M 1867

Moore, Will L 1902-p

Morello, Salvatore 1913

Moricz, Balint Dezso 1910-p

Morris, Jeremiah M ..1885-p

Morris, John T 1878-p

Morrison, Joseph Emil.... 1910-p

Morton, J. W .1844

Munden, J. N 1890-p

Murray, Stockton R 1876

Myers, Percy L 1898-p

Neese, William D 1878

Nesbit, James Harvey ....1877-p

Newell, Harry N 1916-p

Nizankowsky, Alexander 1906

Nordlander, E. J.. 1921 p-

Norris, John H 1890-p

Nussmann, George S. A. 1907

Oliver, W. L 1895

Oiler, W. E.... 1878

Paine, David B 1863-p

Paisley, George M 1877-p

Park, William J.. 1865-p

Patterson, Charles D ..1917-p

Patterson, David H ...1878-p

Patterson, James B .1859-p

Patterson, James M 1884-p

Patterson, Reuben F 1863-p

Payne, Henry P 1917-p

Peairs, Benjamin F 1864-p

Peepels, Henry C 1884-p

Pender, Thomas M 191 1-p

Peterson, Conrad A .1908 p-

Pfeiffer, Erwin Gordon... 1914 p-

Phillis, T. W 1878-p

Pierce, David A.. 1873p-g

Pierce, W. E ...1912 p^

Piper, O. P.. 1871-p

Porter, J. W 1853

Porter, Robert B ...1874

Posey, David R...... .1857-p

Price, William H 1862-p

Puky de Bizak, S 1908-p

Quick, Errett B 1910 p-

Rall, Emil.... 1903

Rankin, T. C ..1898-p

Rea, John... 1868

Ressler, J. I. L... 1884 p-

Richards, John 1868-p

Richmond, Charles F 1920-p

Ritchey, James A ..1876

Rivard, Emile A 1922

Rodebaugh, William H...1892-p

Sabacky, Vladimir ....1918-p

Sampson, George C 1877

Sampson, John P 1871-p

Sanders, Frank P 1893 p-

Santuccio, Agatino 1910-p

Sarver, Jonathan E. 1903-p

Sawhill, Thomas A 1878-p

Schleifer, Oscar .1898

Schneider, William P ..1900-p

Schodle, Adam G 1907

Schultz, Irwin S.... ..1916-p

Scott, George R. W ...1866-p

Seward, Oliver Lee.. 1897-p

Shadrack, William ...1834

Sharp, Samuel F 1898-p

Shauer, Joseph J ....1919-p

Shepard, Simon P 1885-p

Shields, Harry M ..1893-p

Shields, J. H 1872

Shuey, Theodore George 1920-p

Simpson, James T 1913-p

Simpson, John W 1878

Simpson, S. T 1918 p-

Sinclair, B. D..... 1887-p

Skinner, E. W 1846

Smith, Benjamin 1848

Smith, Charles L 1890-p

95 (259)

t)irectory

Smith, C. M 1926-p

Smith, C. S _...._ 1881-p

Smith, David -..- 1851

Smith, James P 1858-p

Smith, Joseph H 1862-p

Smith, Wayne P _...1894-p

Soucek, Frank 1918-p

Stafford, H. Erwin 1922 p-

Stanton, Charles E 1922 p-

Staneff, Demetrius ...-1888 p-

Steele, Alexander ....1901-p

Stephens, Herbert T 189 1-p

Sterrett, Walter B 1899-p

Stevenson, James F ....1903-p

Stewart, Joseph... 1915 p-

Street, S. T 1875-p

Streeter, E. E ....1908-p

Strub, Henry M.. ...1916

Stulc, Joseph 1920-p

Sutherland, Joseph H. ....1890

Tanner, Benjamin T 1860-p

Taylor, Walter P 1922 p-

Thomas, William H ....1868-p

Thompson, Benjamin 1866-p

Thompson, Theodore A. 1877-p

Torrence, A. F ...1853

Toth, Kalmon 1919-p

Trovato, Joseph 1919

Uherka, Frank.... 1908-p

Vancura, V. F _.1918 p-

Van Emman, Craig R 1869-p

Varner, W. P 1894-p

Vaughn, Bert C 1888

Viehe, Albert E 1908

Vogan, Frank H 1898-p

Waite, James 1899-p

Walden, Anthony E 1888-p

Walker, Edward F 1885-p

Walker, William E 1859-p

Wallace, Thomas M 1878-p

Walrond, Maurice E 1921-p

Warren, William H 1863-p

Wash, Morris T 1895-p

Waters, James Q 1863-p

Watson, James H 1892-p

Watts, Samuel 1862-p

Weber, Pierre _...1911-p

Wells, James '. 1848

Wells, Earl B 1899-p

Welty, F. B 1872

White, Charles G 1921-p

White, Daniel C 1898-p

White, Prescott C 1894-p

Whiten, I. J.-.. 1862-p

Wightman, J. R 1891-p

Wilkinson, A. P 1895-p

WiUard, E. S 1881

Willard, Hess Ferral 1914

Williams, Charles B 1891-p

Williams, John Ira ....1899

Williams, Richard G 1862-p

Williamson, John 1852

Wilson, Charles Reid 1899-p

Wilson, H. Luther 1912-p

Wilson, Walter L 1897

Winger, C. N 1884-p

Winn, W. G.. ....1911-p

Wishard, Frederick G 1898-p

Wisner Oscar F.... 1884-p

Wissinger, H. L ....1923-p

Wood, William S 1859-p

Woodbury, Frank P .-1864-p

Woods, Robert... 1866

Woolf, G. R 1882-p

Workman, A. D 1872

Wortabet, G. M 1858-p

Worthman, Diedrich 1914-p

Wright, J. V... 1918 p-

Wycoff, J. L. R 1870-p

Yates, Thomas R 1897-p

Yoo, Charles 1913-p

Young, Alexander B 1897-p

Young, A. Z 1864-p

Youngman, Benjamin C. 1870-p

Zoll, Joseph.. 1896

6 (260)

The BalletiD

of tke

WesteFD Theologieal
Seminary

THE FOUNDING AND EARLY HISTORY

of the

WESTERN THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY

By Rev. Allan Ditch field Campbell, D. D.

Vol. XX.

October, 1927

No. 1

THE BULLETIN

OF THE

Western Tbeologieal Seminary

A Revie-w Devoted to the Interests of
Tneological Education

PublisKed quarterly in January, April, July, and October, by the
Trustees of tbe Western Theological Seminary of the Presbyterian Church
in the United States of America.

Edited by the President with the co-operation of the Faculty.

The Founding and Early History

of the

Western Theological Seminary

Rev. Allan Ditchfield Campbell, D. D.

Director 1825 - - 1S61

Sometime Instructor in Church Government
and General Agent

Communications for the Editor and all business matters should be

addressed to

REV. JAMES A. KELSO,

731 Ridge Ave.. N. S., Pittsburgh, Pa.

75 cents a year. Single Number 25 cents.

Each author is solely resoonsibie for the views expressed in his article.

Entered as second-class matter December 9, 1909, at the posloffice at Pittsburgh, Pa,
(North Side Station) under the act of August 24, 1912.

HISTORICAL RECOLLECTIONS

of the Persons and Means Employed
in Establishing the

Western Theological Seminary
AT ALLEGHENY, PA.

with

A Memorial to the Worthy Dead.

Rev. Allan Ditchfield Campbell, D. D.

"Blessed are the dead which die in the Lord from
henceforth: yea, saith the Spirit, that they may rest from
their labours; and their works do follow them." Rev. 14:13.

FOREWORD

A few 3'ears ago Rev. John H. Kerr, D.D., of Brook-
lyn, N. Y., a graduate of the Seminary, Class of 1881,
presented to the Seminary a manuscript from the pen of
his grandfather. Rev. Allan Ditchfield Campbell, D.D.
The publication of this document was postponed until
the time of the celebration of the founding of the insti-
tution as it contained an account of the establishment of
the institution and its early histor}^, written by an eye
witness who would have been justified in using Virgil's
famous line, '' quorum pars magna fui", had his modesty
permitted.

The sketch of the life of the author was furnished
by Dr. Kerr, and is prefixed as an introduction to the
history. In preparing the manuscript for the press, it
v\^as decided to print the document without any changes.
For this reason the reader must keep in mind the fact
that Dr. Campbell would probably have made some revi-
sion and rearrangement of the manuscript had he been
alive to correct it for the press. Time has dimmed the
ink in some instances to such a degree that in places a
word was almost illegible even under a magnifying glass.
In such a case the word as deciphered is printed in
brackets, sic [ ].

On his visit to Great Britain for the purpose of
securing a Librar^^ for the Seminar}^, Dr. Campbell was
befriended by men who were influential in ecclesiastical
circles. He often mentions them in a casual way as if
they bore household names. We have thought it wise in
some cases to append a note whereby the reader may
easily identify them.

The members of the faculty have generously given
assistance both in the preparation of the manuscript for
ihe printer, and in the reading of the proof, but the main
burden of this work has fallen upon Miss Margaret M.
Read, the Secretary to the President of the Seminary,
to whose painstaking care and accuracy the alumni and
friends of the Seminary are indebted for the printed
form of this original and interesting account of the begin-
nings of the Western Theological Seminary.

James A. Kelso.

Sketch of the Life of the Rev. Allan
Ditchfield Campbell, D, D.

Eev. Allan Ditchfield Campbell (D.D., Washington
College, 1843), was born at Chorley, Lancashire, Eng-
land, March 15, 1791. He came to the United States
with his mother when quite young, and joined his father
who in 1795 had come to the United States and settled in
Baltimore. Mr. Campbell graduated from the Univer-
sity of Pennsylvania.

He was licensed by the Presbytery of the Associate
Reformed Church of Philadelphia in 1815, and appointed
by that body to preach in vacant churches in Western
Pennsylvania.

He was married in 1817 in Pittsburgh. In 1818 he
was ordained by the Presbytery of Monongahela over the
churches of Meadville and Sugar Creek, where he labored
devotedly until the Synod of Scioto separated from the
Associate Reformed Church east of the mountains. He
refused to go with them, and united with the Presbytery
of Redstone of the Presbyterian Church.

In the fall of 1820 he removed to Tennessee, taking
charge of the First Presbyterian Church of Nashville,
where for seven years he labored faithfully in his
Master's work, amid many difficulties and much pain and
suffering from frequent attacks of illness. To Andrew
Jackson h*e was specially indebted for his unceasing
friendship and kind hospitalities at ''The Hermitage."
Dr. Campbell returned East with his family in 1827, and
finally settled in the fall of 1828 at Maple Grove.

He took a leading part in the establishment of the
Western Theological Seminary in Allegheny City, hav-

ing been hj the Greneral Assembly of the Presbyterian
Church appointed a director of the contemplated semin-
ary, which was, in 1827, by authority of the General As-
sembly, located on the "common ground in the reserved
tract opposite Pittsburgh," the citizens of Allegheny
having executed a grant to the Assembly (confirmed by
the Legislature of Pennsylvania in 1827) of eighteen
acres, including the elevation now called '^ Monument
Hill," on which was built the original seminary, de-
stroyed by fire in 1854. The validity of the transfer of
the commons property having been questioned, in 1850
the trustees of the seminary, in compromise with the Citj
of Allegheny, relinquished their title to all of the prop-
erty except about one acre, on the corner of Eidge and
Irwin Avenues, on which the seminary and professors'
houses are now built.

The infant institution began Avith four students,
under the instruction of Revs. Joseph Stockton and E. P.
Swift. In 1828 Dr. Campbell visited England and Scot-
land, for the purpose of collecting a library for the infant
seminary, and secured a much needed collection of 2,000
volumes. Dr. Campbell for a time had charge of the
Fourth Presbyterian Church of Pittsburgh, but resigned
that charge to give his entire attention to the seminary,
in which he discharged with rare fidelity the duties of
his position as general agent, and instructor in Church
Grovernment and Discipline, until his official relations
terminated in 1840, and to the end of his life he was the
untiring advocate of what he deemed for the best interest
of the institution.

For some years after 1840 Dr. Campbell was pastor
of the Second Presbyterian Church of Allegheny, and,
after his resignation on account of ill health, was always
ready in church work, supiDlying vacant pul^Dits and aid-
ing struggling churches.

As a true lover of his country, the unhaippy condi-
tion of public affairs at the outbreak of the Rebellion
aroused in his mind a profound but anxious interest. He
had in 1814, when a young theological student, gone out
with the citizens of Baltimore to resist the British opera-
tions against that city. So in 1861, although prevented
by the infirmities of age from going into active service
for his countr}^, to give evidence of the interest he took
in the nation 's cause he accompanied a regiment of Home
Guards of which he had been appointed chaplain, in their
parade July 4, 1861. He never recovered from the
fatigue of the long, hot march, and September 20, 1861,
went to his reward. He is buried in Allegheny Cemetery.

''He was earnest, loyal, aggressive for his Master's
work, for the right ; outspoken and candid, warm-hearted
and impulsive. Peculiarly hapipy in his marriage, he
owed to it much of his usefulness. His ardent impulses
were wonderfully tempered by the calm dignity of char-
acter and judicious influence of Mrs. Campbell."

Contents

I. The Founding and Location of the Semi-

nary 13

II. The Title to the Site Questioned 36

III. , Dr. Campbell Visits England 49

IV. Dr. Campbell Goes to Scotland 66

V. The First Professors 84

VI. The Raising of an Endowment 93

VII. Early Difficulties Surmounted 103

VIII. The Seminary and Foreign Missions .... 115

IX. Grounds for Encouragement 121

X. The Fathers of the Seminary 126

XI. Conclusion 142

CHAPTER I.

The Founding and Location
of the Seminary

The establishment of the Theological Seminary of
Princeton was a movement in response to the neces-
sity and importance of Seminaries in promoting
theological education. Probably public attention was
called to this subject from the experiment that was mak-
ing by the Reformed Dutch and Associate Reformed
Churches in the United States. If my history serves
me, to the Dutch Church belongs the honor of having
established the tirst theological seminary in the United
States. Shortly afterwards a similar institution was
commenced by the Associate Reformed Synod.

The inauguration of such an idea could have been
placed in no better hands than those of the Rev. Dr.
Livingston of the Reformed Dutch Church and the Rev.
Dr. John M. Mason of New York of the Associate Re-
formed Church, men of mark in their several denomina-
tions whose praises are still in the churches, although
they have long been called to sing the song of the
redeemed in the upper sanctuary.

New Brunswick in New Jersey became the seat of
the Dutch Seminary, and New York that of the Associate
Reformed Church.

From a growing interest on the part of the various
evangelical denominations as to the direction that should
be given to the theological education of the ministry, a
deep feeling of interest was called forth in the Presby-
terian Church as to the practical workings of the experi-
ment going on in the two seminaries which had been
established by sister Churches. We find in looking into
the Digest issued in 1820, under the heading of "Theo-

Founding and Early' History of Western Seminary

logical Seminary," that as early as 1809 a committee, to
which was referred the overture from the Presbytery of
Philadelphia, reported in relation to the establishment
of a theological school, and as to the modes of compass-
ing this important object. In the prosecution of the idea
of establishing a seminary further action of the General
Assembly on the subject took place in 3810, in which
after careful deliberation it was resolved, "1st. That
the state of our churches, the loud and affecting calls of
the destitute frontier settlements and the laudable ex-
ertions of various Christian denominations around us,
all demand that the collected wisdom, piety and zeal of
the Presbyterian Church be without delay called into
action for furnishing the Church' with a large -apply of
able and faithful ministers. 2nd, That the General
Assembly will in the name of the Great Head of the
Church immediately attempt to establish a seminary for
securing to candidates for the ministry more extensive
and efficient theological instruction than they have here-
tofore enjoyed. The local situation of this seminary is
hereafter to be determined. ' '

We find that in 1812 the Assembly resolved that the
permanent location of the Theological Seminary be in
the borough of Princeton, New. Jersey.

From the standing of the professors, with the names
of Alexander, Miller, etc., the seminary was destined to
take a high position in the opinion of the Church for
theological lore and eminent capabilities to train young
men for the gospel ministry.

In the language of a plea issued in 1839 in behalf
of the Western Theological Seminary addressed to the
members of the Presbyterian Church, we would say,
"Hitherto Princeton has deservedly ranked highest in
the list of institutions of this kind. Be it so — let none
dare detract from the merits of this hallowed place,
whose venerable professors command the highest respect
and whose numerous and devoted students have filled the

The Founding and Location of the Seminary

highest stations in the Church. But from its locality (it
was not then the days of railroads) Princeton is not
equall}^ accessible to all the inhabitants of our widely ex-
tended country, and hence the necessity for a Western
Seminary which might be better situated with reference
to the vast extent of territory west of the Allegheny
Mountains." The term "Western" may appear now
somewhat inappropriate. How different the area west
from what it was thirty-five 3^ears ago ! The Rocky
Mountains, it was supposed, would be the utmost bounds
to which population would extend for very many years.
It may be said with some shew^ of truth, looking at the
difference of meaning of terms and phrases that occur
at one period to that of another "'Tempora mutantnr et
nos mutamur in illis."

In 1825 at a meeting of the Assembly which Avas held
in Philadelphia, "iVn overture on the subject of establish-
ing a Theological Seminary in the west" was reported
by the Committee of Overtures. The action of the As-
sembly on this overture is as follows: — "The General
Assembly taking into consideration the numerous and
rapidly increasing population of that part of the United
States and their territories situated in the great valley
of the Mississippi, and believing that the interests of the
Presbyterian Church require it, and that the Redeemer's
kingdom will thereby be promoted, do resolve that it is
expedient forthwith to establish a Theological Seminary
in the West, under the supervision of the General As-
sembly."

At the same Assembly the committee appointed to
consider and report the measures which may be neces-
sary and expedient for carrying into effect the resolu-
tions of the Assembly relative to the establishment of a
Theological Seminary brought in a report, which being
read and amended and adopted, is as follows: — "Re-
solved 1. That the style or name of the contemplated in-
stitution shall be the AVestern Theological Seminary of
the Presbyterian Church in the United States. 2. That in

Founding and Early History of Western Seminary

the opinion of your committee the plan of the Theo-
logical Seminary at Princeton ought to be also the
plan of the contemplated Seminary in the West, with no
other alterations whatever than those which are indis-
pensably necessary to accommodate it to the local situa-
tion and circumstances of the new institution, and a
single provision of a temporary kind which will be speci-
fied in the next particular. 3. The Board of Directors*
consisting of twenty-one ministers and nine ruling elders
be axjpointed by ballot by the present Assembly, who
shall continue in office no longer than till they shall have
had opportunity to report to the Assembly next year,
and till that Assembly shall have made provision for a
future election agreeably to an arrangement to be made
for the purpose by said Assembly. 4. That five com-
missioners be appointed by the present Greneral Assem-
bly to examine carefully the several sites which may be
proposed for the contemplated seminary, as to the
healthfulness of the places and regions Avhere these sites
may be found, as to the amount of pecuniary aid and
other property which may be obtained trom the in-
habitants of the sites and their vicinity severally in es-
tablishing the contemplated seminary. ... 5. That the
first meeting of the Board of Directors appointed this
year by the Assembly shall be on the third Friday of
July next at two o'clock P.M., at Chillicothe in the State
of Ohio, when they shall choose their officers and do
whatever else shall be found necessary to their full or-
ganization."

"An election was held for Directors of the Western
Theological Seminary and the following persons were
chosen : —

*The Board of Directors from the organization in 1825 to 1857
consisted of twenty-one ministers and nine ruling elders, but at the
meeting of the Assembly at Lexington in 1857, at the request of the
Board, the following resolution was passed:

"Resolved that the Board of Directors of the Western Theo-
logical Seminary be enlarged to forty and divided into four equal
classes one of which shall go out of oflBce annually, that is, 28 Min-
isters and 12 Elders."

The Founding and Location of the Seminary

"Ministers, Rev. Gideon Blackburn, D.D., Matthew
Brown, D.D., Francis Herron, D.D., Robert G. Wilson,
D,D., Duncan Brown, Randolph Stone, William Wylie,
James Scott, James Hoge, John T. Edgar, Allan D.
Campbell, Obadiah Jennings, Elisha P. Swift, William
Speer, John Breckinridge, John Seward, James Culbert-
son, John Thompson, James Blythe, D.D., Murdock
Murphy, Donald Mcintosh.

"Elders, Edward Ward of Florence, Alabama,
George Plummer of Robstown, Pa., Walter Dunn of
Chillicothe, Ohio, Samuel Hudson of Hudson, Ohio,
Matthew B. Lowrie of Pittsburgh, Pa., John Milligan of
Steubenville, Ohio, Thomas T. Skillman of Lexington,
Ky., Samuel F. McCracken of Lancaster, Ohio, Thomas
P. Smith of Paris, Ky.

"The Assembly also proceeded to elect commission-
ers to act in regard to the location of the Western Semi-
nary when the following persons were appointed, viz. —
Gen. Andrew Jackson of Tennessee, Hon. Benjamin Mills
of Paris^ Kentucky, Hon. John Thompson of Chillicothe,
Ohio, Rev. Obadiah Jennings of Pennsylvania, and Rev.
Andrew Wylie of Pennsylvania."

"The Board of Directors of the contemplated
Western Theological Seminary met agreeably to the
appointment of the last General Assembly at 2 o~^clock
p.m., in Chillicothe, Ohio, July 15, 1825, and after the
delivery of the sermon by the Rev. William A¥ylie, the
roll was called and the following members answered tc
their names, to wit: — The Rev. James Blythe, D.D.,
Robert G. Wilson, D.D., Francis Herron, D.D., Gideon
Blackburn, D.D., William Wylie, James Culbertson,
John Thompson, John Seward, John T. Edgar, Elisha
P. Swift, and Donald Mcintosh, with Messrs. Walter
Dunn, Matthew B. Lowrie, Esq., Samuel F. McCracken,
elders. The Rev. Dr. Blythe, the senior member pres-
ent, being in the chair, the Board was then constituted
with prayer, after which the Board proceeded to the

Founding and Early History of Western Seminary

election of officers for the ensuing year. The following
members were chosen to the offices annexed to their re-
spective names, to wit: —

Rev. James Blythe, D.D., President.
Rev. Francis Herron, D.D., 1st Vice-President.
Rev. John Thompson, 2nd Vice-President.
Rev. Elisha P. Swift, Secretary.

"The General Assembly having resolved that the
plan of the Theological Seminary at Princeton should
form that of the contemplated Western Theological Semi-
nary with such alterations as the particular local situa-
tion of the latter should in the opinion of the Board of
Directors require, the Rev. Robert G. Wilson, D.D., Fran-
cis Herron, D.D., and John T. Edgar were appointed a
committee to examine said plan, enquire what alterations
if an}^ are necessary, and rejDort to this Board to-morrow
morning. ' '

This action of the General Assembly, adopting the
plan* of the Theological Seminary with such changes as
local circumstances should dictate as it respects the con-
templated institution, teaches an imp)ortant moral, name-
ly, that no Board of Directors or Professors can be at lib-
erty to ignore the plan or make it very little better than a
dead letter. The guards against assumption should be
carefully watched. An opposite course always will be del-
eterious to any cause. The Board goes on to say, "Re-
solved that inasmuch as the establishment in the western
country of such a seminary as is now contemplated by
the General Assembly of our Church, is to be justly
viewed both as a felicitous and highly important event
to the Church of God, this Board, sensible of the
solemnity and importance of the business intrusted to
them, do unite this evening with such persons as may
think proper to join them in devoutly imploring the
presence of God with them in their present sessions and

= Refers to the original Princeton plain.

The Founding and Location of the Seminary

His blessing upon the great undertaking now about to
be commenced in the name and in reliance upon the
gracious aid of the Head of the Church."

On Saturday morning, July 16th, at 9 o'clock, the
Board met again agreeably to adjournment, members
present as before with the addition of the Rev. Obadiah
Jennings and the Rev. Allan D. Campbell, who took their
seats as members of the Board. In this preliminary
meeting at Chillicothe after reading the plan of the Theo-
logical Seminary at Princeton some alterations were
suggested by the Board and a circular letter adopted ad-
dressed '^To the friends of piety and benevolence in the
western country not only on the subject of the location
of the contemplated seminary, but also inviting pro-
posals from different places." All such overtures were
to be made to the Commissioners on or before the next
stated meeting of the Commissioners, which was to take
place on the 23rd, November next, at Washington, Pa.,
when they were expected to act upon the proposals which
should be offered to them from different places. In such
proposals it is suggested in the circular "that satisfac-
tory assurances should accompany the proposals offered,
that the amount in cash or other property xjroposed to be
given for the endowment of the Seminary will be ulti-
mately realized by the Board in case these proposals are
accepted and care should be taken that every estimate
of the worth of grounds, buildings, etc, proposed to be
given be fixed at a fair and equable valuation."

The Board then brought the business of this first
meeting to a close and adjourned to meet the third
Thursday of April (the 20th) 1826, in AVheeling.

The first meeting indicated a good measure of
harmony and a pretty clear expression of sentiment as
to the necessity of having a Western Seminary, but still
it was plain there w^ould be differences of opinion as to
the ultimate seat of the institution which might be fatal
to the idea of general unity of all the interests in the
West.

Founding and Early History of Western Seminary

The Board of Directors of the contemplated Semin-
ary met at Wheeling, according to their adjournment, on
April 20th, 1826. A communication was received from
the Board of Commissioners appointed by the General
Assembly on the subject of the location of the Seminary,
stating that proposals had been received from a number
of places offering various inducements to the considera-
tion of the Commissioners, but that owing to the fact
that but three of the five members of which the Board is
composed had attended either of their meetings, that in
most instances the proposals inviting a location had been
considered at their second meeting and, having left the
business open for further exertions, they had not been
able to form a quorum, and had concluded to transfer all
these papers to the Directors without recommending to
them any one place in particular as the most eligible site
for the Seminary contemplated.

As a matter of history and also to see the influence
these proposals had in the decision of the Board as to
their preference of location, there had been appointed
at this meeting in Wheeling a committee to take the
papers submitted by the Board of Commissioners, and to
prepare a condensed view of the several propositions
made to the Board in regard to the location of the
Western Theological Seminary. The report goes on to
say that proposals had been received from thirteen
places, all of which are represented as healthful and
affording great facilities of communication with differ-
ent parts of the country and all are furnished with
abundant and cheap markets. In these respects little
difference if any can be noticed among the several pro-
posals.

Proposals

1st. West Union, Ohio, offers by subscription

$4,595, of which $165 is in trade and $125 doubtful as to

collection.

2nd. Chillicothe offers their Academy lot and

The Founding and Location of the Seminary

building on condition of continuing in it a grammar
school in which the languages are to be taught, and also
a subscription to the amount of $3,130, the principal to
be paid when the subscribers think it expedient, but 6%
interest to be paid while the principal is retained.

3rd. New Richmond, Clermont County, Ohio, offers
the brick walls of the Court House and a subscription of
$4,305 to be paid in annual installments and more than
half in trade.

4th. Cincinnati offers a lot of ground with a brick
building valued at $17,000. on which is a debt of $3,000.

v5th. Springfield, Ohio, offers a lot of one acre for
a site and four lots in the town and a subscription
amounting to $1,000.

Gth. Harmony, Butler County, Pa., offers lands
and buildings valued (the amount not stated in the re-
port to the Committee) and a subscription to the amount
of $4,000.

7th. Ripley and Georgetown, Brown County, Ohio,
offer their Court House, sixty acres of land in the
vicinity, and a subcription to the amount of $1,347.

8th. Charleston, Indiana, offers by guarantee
eighteen acres of land valued at $100 per acre and $10,-
000 in cash to put the Seminary in operation.

9tli. Lebanon, Ohio, offers $3,400 including a dona-
tion of lots and eight acres adjoining the town for a site.

10th. Decatur, Ohio, offers by subscription $3,603,
one-fourth to be paid in hand and the balance in three
annual installments, also sixteen acres of land.

11th. Meadville, Pa., offers the gratuitous use for
ten years of a college library worth $20,000 and one-half
of the college edifice for the same time.

12th. Allegheny town. Pa., opposite Pittsburgh,
offers a subscription of $21,000 together with eighteen
acres of land estimated at $20,000.

Founding and Early History of Western Seminary

13th. Walnut Hills, Ohio, near Cincinnati, offers
30 acres of land in three parcels estimated at $6,000.

A motion was made in the Board after reading the
report of the Committee as to the proposals that the
town of West Union in Adam County, Ohio, be recom-
mended to the next General Assembly as the most suit-
able place for the location of the contemplated seminary.
It was after considerable discussion determined in the
negative. Yeas 5, Noes 8. The members voting yea : Dr.
Blythe, President of the Board, Dr. Wilson, Mr. Cul-
bertson, Mr. Hoge, and Mr. Edgar, 5. Noes : Drs. Her-
ron and Brown, Mr. W^ylie, Mr. Jennings, Mr. Stone, Mr.
Smft, Mr. Mcintosh, and Mr. Milligan, 8.

A motion W'as then made that it be recommended to
the Greneral Assembly to locate the contemplated semin-
ary in the town of Allegheny, Yeas 8, Noes 5. The names
the same pro and con as in the previous vote as to West
Union.

A dissent by several members of the Board was read
and ordered to be entered on the minutes as to the reso-
lution recommending the location in Allegheny town.
The dissent and the answer to it will cover the whole
ground for and against the recommendation of Alle-
gheny town as the proposed site of the contemplated
seminary.

The dissent is as follows: —

"Wheeling, April 21, 1826.

"The undersigned beg leave respectfully to represent
to the General Assembly that to the business committed
to the Board of Directors of the contemplated Western
Theological Seminary they have hitherto attended at
Chillicothe and at this place, and now regret that in the
absence of all the Directors belonging to the Synod of
Tennessee and the greatest part of those appointed from
the Synods of Ohio and Kentucky, the members from the
Synod of Pittsburgh with one from the Reserve Synod

The Founding and Location of the Seminary

have by tlieir vote recommended Allegheny town for the
proposed Seminary. This location we humbly conceive
will not promote the benevolent wishes of the Assembly
and hereby enter our solemn dissent from it.

Robert G. Wilson, James Hoge, James Blythe,
J. T. Edgar, James Culbertson. "

Messrs. Stone and Mcintosh were appointed a Com-
mittee to prepare an answer to the preceding dissent,
which was adopted and is as follows : —

"The Committee appointed to express to the General
Assembly in connection with the solemn dissent from the
decision of the majority the views and principles on
which the majority acted, report that the great deficiency
of pecuniary encouragement manifested by all the com-
munications from the South and West created a seriouc
doubt whether an institution of the kind contemplated
could be carried into effective operation for many years
to come if located in any of the proposed places. And,
moreover, that the vast extent of w^hat is called the valley
of the Mississippi, the variety of its climate, the different
manners, customs, and habits of its population all con-
spired to produce and force upon the minds of the
majority the conviction that no single seminar}' wherever
located can ever combine the strength and supply the
wants of such a numerous wide-spread and mixed popu-
lation. They consider the success of such an attempt as
a moral and physical impossibility. With these views
and under this conviction the majority was compelled
by their sense of duty to select the place within their
knowledge where such a seminary is most needed and
which will combine the greatest advantages and promise
the greatest immediate benefit to the cause of piety in
the Presbyterian Church. In the humble opinion of the
majority the Town of Allegheny is that place and there-
fore is recommended to the consideration of the Assem-
bly."

Foundmg and Early History of Western Seminary

It often happens that high moral intentions art
seriously damaged by mere collateral issues. Why thi&
should be so is capable of no better solution than this,
that even good men sometimes permit the selfishness of
their natures to get the better of their determinations to
live up to the gospel rule "to do all to the glory of God."

A mere question as to the place the Seminary should
be established was no justification for the alienations
that occurred to the great cause of establishing a
Western Theological Seminary. An Allegheny town, a
Walnut Hills, a West Union, etc., could not answer the
question, what is the duty of the Church in educating a
ministry to aid in the evangelization of the world.

This question of the final location of the Seminary
called forth no little interest in the Assemblies of '26
and '27. One would have supposed the place was the
great question which gave intensity to the discussion be-
fore that body. It is strange how we are often led
away ' ' to seek the great things of this world rather than
those of the kingdom."

This was the starting point in the history of the
difficulties in establishing the Western Theological Sem-
inary which should not have occurred. We may not
permit our local attachment to have an advantage over
our better judgment under certain circumstances which
in our cooler moments we may be ready to condemn.
The answer to the dissent to recommend Allegheny town
is full and directly to the point. While Allegheny was
preferable in a pecuniary point to all other proposals,
there was another consideration of a most convincing
character. The surroundings of the Seminary in Alle-
gheny town would be more thoroughly Presbyterian than
in any other part of the West or South.

It is decidedly my opinion that at that period in the
West a theological seminary could not have been sus-
tained in any other locality than within the bounds of
the Synod of Pittsburgh, and even there future events

The Founding and Location of the Seminary

made it doubtful whether it should have been commenced
at that period of time. We are not to look at the ques-
tion as it is now but what it was thirty-five years ago.

It is altogether likely the West was not prepared for
the establishment of such an institution. There was a
want of similarity of views as well as of means. Could
the friends of the Seminary cause have foreseen the diffi-
culties connected with the founding of the Western Theo-
logical Seminary they would have been led to postpone
the effort to a more propitious period.

One of the buddings of the discordant views of the
Seminary matter was the Synodical movement irre-
^;pective of General Assembly supervision. The product
of th^s feeling was the establishment of the New Albany
Semina.ry by the joint effort of several Synods. If
there was a comparative failure in the incipient steps
of the Western Theological Seminary how much more so
in such an institution as New Albany, having no general
pledged fidelity either for its establishment or continued
support.

In the progress of years this merely sectional
synodical effort, dwarfed as to insuring general support,
caused a movement to be got up to remove Allegheny
Seminary with New Albany, as with a sort of vi et annis
impulse, to some point which would be acceptable to the
ones dissatisfied as to Allegheny as the seat of the West-
ern Theological Seminar}^ Such a scheme could not suc-
ceed, for the friends of the Allegheny Seminary were not
consulted as they should have been, but a certain outside
pressure was attempted to accomplish the object. A
little cheap civility goes a great way. The removal ques-
tion received no countenance on the part of Allegheny,
not only on account of the uncertainty of a general
agreement in founding a new seminary, but also too
much had been done at Allegheny to abandon it for a
Utopian scheme of a very doubtful character. Future
events shewed the wisdom of the decision. Instead of

Founding and Early History of Western Seminary

agreement, the result was that three seminaries were
called into existence instead of one. Unions are worth
nothing without there is agreement. May it not be that
this rage for nmltipl>dng seminaries will be anything
else bat for good to the Church, creating competition and
rivalship of a most unhealthy kind. Many ministers are
drawn off from the legitimate work of preaching the
gospel and pastoral duties to be professors. The in-
stitutions themselves arg too often burdened Avith debt
and difficulties so as to render the matter yqyj doubtful
whether there were not more imprudence in their
creation than anything else. It is the qualit}" of the
thing and not the quantity that should be looked after.
Again, not only men but means are withdrawn from the
other great objects of the Church by this rage for multi-
plication. It would be rather startling to shew how
much every minister costs the Church for his theological
education. Every new project demands a further out-
lay and in so far is increasing the burden. There may
be too much invested in this way for the good of the
Church and the expensiveness of our machiner}^ as a
church may do the cause serious injury.

The action of the Assembly of 1827 with respect to
the Western Theological Seminary reads as follows: —
"The Assembly took up the subject of the location of
the Western Theological Seminary. Several proposals
and communications in relation to different sites were
read, after which prayer was offered for divine direction.
A motion was then made to locate the Seminary at Alle-
gheny town and after some discussion the Assembly ad-
journed until to-morrow morning." "The Assembly re-
sumed the consideration of the location of the Western
Theological Seminary. The original motion was modi-
fied so as to read as follows, viz: 'Resolved that a Theo-
logical Seminary be, and it is hereby to be located at
Allegheny town, near Pittsburgh, in the State of Penn'a.,
and that the style and title of said Seminary be The

The Founding and Location of the Seminary

Theological Seminary of the Greneral Assembly of the
Presbyterian Church in the Synod of Pittsburgh. Re-
solved, as the judgment of this Assembly, that a theo-
logical Seminary under the care of the Presbyterian
Church ought to be located in some suitable place in the
bounds of the Synods to the westward of the Synod of
Pittsburgh, so soon as it shall appear that there is a
reasonable prospect of obtaining funds adequate to its
establishment and support.' After considerable dis-
cussion a motion was made and carried to postpone the
above resolutions and the following was introduced as a
substitute, viz: — 'Resolved, That the Western Seminary
l»e located at Walnut Hills.' After considerable discus-
sion a motion was made to postpone this resolution also
with a view to introduce the following, viz: — 'Resolved,
that the roll be now called and that each member be
allowed to vote either for Allegheny town or Walnut
Hills.' This motion was carried. The roll was called
when it was decided that Allegheny town be the site of
the Western Theological Seminary.' "

It is a curious fact and puts to silence the slanders
of the grasping character of the Presbyterian Church
that the General Assembly of 1827 only determined by
a majority of two votes to locate the Seminary at Alle-
gheny town rather than Walnut Hills. This did not look
like a wish to take advantage of the Commons of Alle-
gheny town in wresting property from them to promote
the interests of a particular denomination.

In the proper place I shall take occasion to give the
history of how the Presbyterian Church got an interest
in a part of the public commons of that '^ity. For the
honor of the Presbyterian Church and in justice to those
who were active in obtaining this transfer a statement
should be made that may speak for itself. Truth is
mighty and can plead its own cause.

By the same Assembly that placed the Western
Theological Seminary in Allegheny toA\ni the Rev. Dr.
Jacob J. Janeway, one of the pastors of Arch Street

Founding and Early History of Western Seminary

Presbyterian Church, Philadelphia, was chosen its first
professor of Didactic Theology. He did not assume the
duties of the professorate until the next year. The elec-
tion of one so well known gave great pleasure to the
friends of the Seminary after the toils and vexations
connected with the question of the location of the insti-
tution. The Board afterwards elected Rev. Dr. Herron
President and during the year made such arrangements
as circumstances seemed to require. The first session
was formally commenced on Nov. 16, 1827, with a class
of four young men who were instructed by Rev. E. P.
Swift and Rev. Joseph Stockton. They assumed this duty
at the urgent request of the Board of Directors.

At this stage of the narrative a recognition of the
eminent services of the Rev. Dr. Ashbel Green, of Phila-
delphia, is both just and interesting. From the very first
when the Western Theological Seminary question was-
mooted, Dr. Green took that lively interest in the move-
ment that shewed both the generosity and Christianity
of that venerable man. If selfish views could have in-
fluenced him the natural conclusion would have been that
his attachments to Princeton were of such a kind that
his agency in favor of the West would be of very nega-
tive character. From the fact of Dr. Green's being one-
of the founders of Princeton Theological Seminary, a
Director, etc., it might be supposed that his feelings
would be there. But there was another thing. Very
many of the students were to be drawn particularly from
Western Pennsylvania and Ohio. The setting up of an in-
stitution in the very portion of the Church Avhere large-
additions were to be looked for to fill up the classes at
Princeton shewed how entirely unselfish he was, particu-
larly when a question of usefulness came before his mind.
In the eye of my imagination I am carried back to the
meeting of the General Assembly of 1827 when, having-
the privilege of being a fellow-member with that vener-
able father in the Lord during the very ardent discussion.

The Founding and Location of the Seminary

on the location question, there was not an individual on
that floor that took a more lively interest in favor of
the Seminary and its final location at Allegheny town.
It is very well known that Dr. Green was the counselor
to Dr. Herron and others in this whole business and under
God we are, as it respects outside influence, as much in-
debted to him as to any other person in the Church. To
have had the prayers, counsel, and agency of such a man
is worth a great deal to any cause. As a testimony of
the thorough appreciation of the course of Dr. Green, the
same Assembly of 1827 elected him one of the Directors
of the Allegheny Seminary, although he was an officer
of the Princeton institution, a delicate compliment that he
was capable of appreciating.

I find by a recurrence to the minutes of the Board as
early as the first meeting at Chillicothe, the Secretary
gave notice that the sum of $46 had been received from
the Rev, Dr. Green toward the endowment of a scholar-
ship to be called the Christian Advocate Scholarship and
also from the same gentleman one copy of Home's In-
troduction to the Critical Study of the Scriptures for the
library of the Western Theological Seminary. Had such
singleness of purpose and self-sacrifice been manifested
in the West as to the Seminary and the location of it at
Allegheny town, how many mortifications and troubles
the friends of the institution would have been spared.

If such was the spirit of Dr. Green to the contem-
plated theological school, equally so Avas the conduct of
those connected with the Theological Seminary at Prince-
ton. We hear of no Professor or Director commencing a
partisan warfare against the enterprise. The eye of
jealousy was not directed to the Seminary from a source
that some little feeling might have been expected. It is
a petty rivalship which would seek pre-eminence over a
sister institution. A Christian and honorable mind will
not cherish such a feeling.

I shall take occasion during this narrative (either in
the body of it or appendix, by the introduction of letters

Founding and Early History of Western Seminary

from those connected with the undertaking or otherwise)
to speak of many whose names should be held in honor-
able remembrance for their self-denying spirit in build-
ing up this school of the prophets. It will not be my in-
tention to make heroes of some or detract from others,
but simply to note the doings of bye-gone years, so that
another generation may know who were the agents in
doing the work.

If old Kedstone brightens up the recollection of what
the Fathers were, certainly it cannot be an unacceptable
work to speak of Herron, Johnston, M'Millan, Brown,
Anderson, Ralston, Patterson, Baird, Stockton, Swift,
Beatty, M'Andy, Speer, Lea and others, together with
the worthy laymen, Harmar Denny, Esq., Michael Allen,
Benjamin Williams, elders of the churches of Pittsburgh,
Allegheny, etc. etc. In this way, by the recognition of
tJiose who were interested in the Seminary cause, can we
briefly notice the changes which have taken place in the
condition of the Western churches since the project and
location of the Seminary began.

This Seminary began with the early pioneers of the
Church. Many received the idea from the primitive
Theological Seminary under the auspices of that whole-
hearted heroic old man, Rev, Dr. John M'Millan, who
with a self-sacrifice greater than the majority of Foreign
Missionaries have to endure, pitched his tent in the
wilderness for the purpose of preaching the gospel to
the early settlers. While many had gone to their solemn
account before the establishment of the Western Theo-
logical Seminary, still there were some of them in the
field when this movement took place. They were mighty
in the cause of Christ. With such men as a Herron,
Ralston, Brown, M 'Curdy, and others for the advocates
of the Seminary it was bound ultimately to succeed. It
was well that those who caught their zeal in the early
revivals of Western Pennsylvania should have been
selected by Providence to lay the foundations of this

The Founding and Location of the Seminary

school of the prophets. The original idea of a Theologi-
cal Seminary west of the Allegheny Mountains had its
origin in the Synod of Pittsburgh, a body which has had
no low conceptions in the matter of doing good. The very
missionary spirit which had always characterized that
judicatory would naturally suggest a Theological Semi-
nary both for the domestic and foreign field. The doc-
trine of influences, how remarkable in producing great
moral results!

In the year 1827, when the instruction of the Semi-
nary commenced under the supervision of Messrs. Stock-
ton and Swift, steps were taken by the Board both as
to the possession of the property in Allegheny town and
also to the erection of building or buildings for the use
of the Seminary. At the meeting of the Board on the
J 9th of June, 1827, Michael Allen, Esq., was appointed
Treasurer of the Board, which situation he held for many
years, giving his time, and very frequently his money
to aid in the building up of the Seminary. On motion it
was resolved that ''Messrs. Joseph Stockton, Elisha P.
Swift, James Graham with John Hannen and M. B. Low-
rie be, and they hereby are appointed a Building Com-
mittee to take possession in the name of this Board of the
ground given to it for the use of the Seminary in Alle-
gheny town, to procure estimates of the expense of grad-
ing it for the use of the same, and to procure plans of a
building or buildings proper to be erected for the institu-
tion with the various estimates of the cost of the same to
be laid before this Board at its next meeting, and they are
hereby authorized to solicit the advice and co-operation
of Joseph Patterson and Da;vid Evans, of Pittsburgh, and
Wm. B. Robinson and James Anderson of Allegheny town
in carrying into effect the several provisions contained in
this resolution."

The Building Committee not only entered upon their
duties, but at the meeting on October 15th, 1827, made a
report in part on subjects connected with the appoint-
ment, and the Board went into the consideration of the

Founding and Early History of Western Seminary

site, plan and dimensions of the building or buildings
proper to be erected for the use of the Seminary. The
Board proceeded to consider the subject of improving
the ground belonging to the Seminary and determining
the site and description of the building or buildings
proper to be erected on the same, when, after consider-
able discussion, on motion it was resolved, "That the
Building Committee be instructed to erect the contem-
plated building on the center of the hill, provided that it
can be placed there without incurring (including the ex-
pense of levelling the eastern and middle sections) an ex-
penditure of more than $1000 above what a building of
the same character and dimensions would cost erected on
the eastern section with the levelling of that section
onl}'. ' '

After considerable deliberation on the subject of the
form and dimensions of the building necessary to be
erected for the use of the Seminary, it was "Resolved
that the Building Committee be authorized and directed
to proceed as soon as practicable to erect an edifice not
exceeding in dimensions the Theological Seminary at
Princeton, three stories high, and that the funds sub-
scribed or which may be subscribed in the city of Pitts-
burgh and Allegheny town be, and they hereby are with
the consent of the donors pledged for the completion of
the same."

It is proper to say that some members of the Board
had great doubts as to the propriety of placing the build-
ing on the hill, believing it would be very expensive to
erect the Seminary in such a place and would be also
very difficult of access, but the general opinion of the
Board appeared to be otherwise, and therefore they
acquiesced. Future events proved that these doubts were
not without reason and added something to the difficulties
with which the Board had to contend.

The expense of the grading and the erection of the
building were much greater than what was calculated
upon, but still there was a safety clause even in the ac-

Tlie Founding and Location of the Seminary

count of profit and loss. A considerable amount of the
money paid for the grading of the site and for work at
building was to students, thereby assisting them to meet
their expenses at the Seminary and promoting their
health. That this was perfectly legitimate and in accord-
ance with the opinion of the Board is evident from a
resolution passed at the meeting at Wheeling, April 24,
1826, "Resolved, That it be recommended to the serious
consideration of the General Assembly in the adoption
of a plan for the government of the Western Theological
Seminary whether such a plan of government ought not
to embrace a regulation requiring all the students at the
said Seminary regularly and habitually to perform such
an amount of labor either in agriculture, horticulture or
some mechanic art as may be deemed necessary to main-
tain and promote health of body and vigour of mind."

Whether the Assembly responded to this recommen-
dation I am not able to say, but the Directors practically
acted upon the theory of labour for the students, for a
workshop was erected on Seminary Hill where the stu-
dents made boxes «&c., and sold them and also assisted
in the grading, not only for health but also to eke out a
little of their expenses. To erect this workshop Mr.
Walter Lowrie, Secretary of the Presbyterian Foreign
Missionary Society, contributed $500.

In the Spring of 1828, Dr. Janeway came to Alle-
gheny Seminary and was engaged in discharging the
duties of the professorship, but for reasons which are
difficult to unravel for his change of mind a letter was
received by the Board at .the October meeting, inform-
ing the Directors that after mature deliberation he had
concluded that it was his duty to decline the appointment
made by the General Assembly as Professor of Theology
in the Western Theological Seminary. Which letter hav-
ing been read it was moved that the President of the
Board be authorized to write to Dr. Janeway and an-
nounce to him the receipt of his letter, express to him the

Founding and Early History of Western Seminary

regret of the Board that he had felt it his duty to decline
the important office assigned him by the General Assem-
bly, and at the same time assure him that this Board,
unpropitious as this result may seem to be to the best
interests of the institution committed to their care, enter-
tain the fullest persuasion that this decision 'has been
dictated by his sincere and prayerful convictions of duty.

Upon receiving the notice of the resignation of Dr.
Janeway and responding to it, the Board of Directors,
understanding that sundry students of theology are want-
ing to enter the Seminary expecting that it would go into
operation this season and learning that the professor-eJect
had declined the appointment, and being sensible that an-
other professor cannot be appointed until the next Gen-
eral Assembly, "Resolved that in order to provide as far
as practicable for the reception and instruction of such
students and to commence the operations of the institu-
tion, the Rev. Messrs. E. P. Swift and Joseph Stockton be
appointed to perform the duties of a professor until the
next General Assembly."

The provisional help of the Seminary by Messrs.
Stockton and Swift both before and after Dr. Jane-
Avay's resignation was most satisfactory to the Directors
of the Seminary and the friends of the movement. Mr.
Stockton, with a painstaking that shewed he was reli-
giously interested in the establishment of the Seminary,
and Dr. Swift, with fine and noble impulses, entered upon
the work of instruction. Neither of these gentlemen had
any intention of permanent professorships or to seek such
appointments from the Assembly, for they were pastors
and associated fidelity with such a position as would pre-
vent their assuming the two-fold obligation of being
pastor and professor. The mere name of professor had no
cabalistic influence about it with them. Professor, teach-
er, instructor, were all words of synonymous import.

Mr. Stockton has long gone to his reward. On a
mission of parental affection, he visited Baltimore to at-
tend a son attacked with the cholera. While the son re-

The Founding and Location of the Seminary

covered from the illness the father fell a sacrifice to the
disease. It was my privilege to preach his funeral sermon
at Fine Creek, Allegheny County, near Sharpsburg, of
which place he was pastor, and twenty years afterwards
to occupy the same pulpit to mingle my sympathies with
the people on account of the death of Brother Mowray
their pastor who died away from home and of the same
disease. The coincidence was striking and calculated to
produce an impression.

Mr. Stockton had an agency in the property matter
in arranging about the surrender of a part of the Com-
mon of Allegheny town which was endorsed by the peo-
ple, as an instance of his attachment to the prosperity
of the town as well as important to the interests of the
Seminary.

Dr. Swift is still among us bearing the ennobling
position before the church of being a good man, full of
good works. The affection of his people to him is the
best evidence of his moral worth.

CHAPTER II.

The Title to the Site Questioned

I find the Executive Committee at a meeting on July
28, 1843, passed the following resolution, "Resolved that
Drs. Herron and Campbell be a committee to take legal
counsel in any case connected with the Seminary grounds
that may seem to require legal advice."

The character of the suit, decisions and opinions of
judges will furnish a true history of the property contro-
versy and place this business in its true light for the
inspection of those who may desire to know the truth in
the matter.

The multifarious positions which Dr. Swift has held
in the Seminary as agent for the collection of funds, in-
structor, director, secretary, counselor, vice-president of
the Board of Directors, Trustee, &c.^all go to shew that
his connection in building up the interests of theological
literature in the Seminary was most important. Dr.
Swift was not the friend of a day, coming in with his aid
at the eleventh hour of this enterprise, but in the long
years of difficulty without pecuniary reward and some-
times almost without thanks. I employ not the language
of adulation either to the living or the dead, but a feeble
tribute is due to moral worth and piety wherever found.

It is not always those who endure the heat and
tug of the day that get the acknowledgment of gratitude.
This has always been and ever will be to the end of time.

The next spring after the Doctor's announcement
that he intended to retire from the institution was memo-
rable as the commencement of difficulties which long over-
clouded the prospects of the Seminary. Although the
citizens of Allegheny had invited the Assembly to make
choice of the location and in two town meetings held on
the subject, of which ample and general notice was given

The Title to the Site Questioned

(so that none of the Commoners might plead ignorance
of such meetings), giving an opportunity which was not
embraced, to the opposers, if any such there were, to
express their opinion, and though an Act of the Legisla-
ture had been obtained at Harrisburg by the exertions
of Hon. Harmar Denny to authoriS;e the occupation of
the ground, there were some persons who thought the
title insecure. Among these was Dr. Janeway (based as
was asserted on the fact that two prominent lawyers, one
of Pittsburgh and the other of Philadelphia, had ex-
pressed this opinion) who gave this as his reason to the
Assembly in 1829 for tendering his resignation, thus ter-
minating all the expectations wbich his high standing
among his brethren and sound judgment had excited. The
surrender of a part of the public common for Seminary
purposes did not originate in the Church. No Presby-
terian domination called for it. The question was one of
supposed advantage to Allegheny town by the people,
not by Presbytery, Synod, or General Assembly. The
only thing that looked like Presbyterian influence Avas
the fact that the Eev. Joseph Stockton who was a Pres-
byterian, had an agency in the negotiation more as a
medium by which the people could approach the church
on the subject.

Wh}!^ the prominence of Mr. Stockton in the matter
is evident. He was a Commoner of Allegheny town, hold-
ing several lots, and a resident of the place, and would
have no doubt town sympathies, which would have re-
sisted Presbyterian aggressions, if any had been attempt-
ed, either on the property or general interests of the
place.

We must seek for another reason rather than Pres-
byterian aspirings for an explanation of the whole trans-
action. In order to induce the General Assembly of 1827
to locate the Seminary in this country the inhabitants of
Allegheny town came forward with a property proposal,
while Presbyterians in Western Pennsvlvania had a

Founding and Early History of Western Seminary

$20,000 subscription pledge to spread before the Assem-
bly. In a former action the Commissioners, appointed
by the General Assembly, in order to obtain proposals
either of money or property, or both, gave general notice
to all places which desired that their claims should be
recognized in the decision of the question as to the
locality that should be recommended by them to the Gen-
eral Assembly.

This notice called forth, as will be perceived by a
reference to a condensed view of the several propositions
made to the Board in regard to the location of the West-
ern Theological Seminary, many offers from various
places. Amongst the number was that of Allegheny town.
It was believed by the Allegheny people to have the
Seminary established in their midst would be an impor-
tant thing even on the score of pecuniary advantage.
The property of that place had not the value it now has.
To have prophesied the use of property according to the
present standard of valuation a man would have been
thought a mere dreamer. What now appears large in the
public eye was much smaller in dimension at the time this
property proposal was made to the General Assembly.
The offer M^as very much a question of dollars and cento,
for it was believed that large sums would be expended
(which turned out to be the fact) in the erection of the
building and also in carrjdng on the institution. Such a
consideration, it was thought, would be no small matter to
the town in the days of its infancy. Releases of the Com-
moners, in accordance with the decisions of the two town
meetings, were obtained from the Commoners as to their
right of pasturage, while by the efforts of Mr. Harmar
Denny a bill passed the legislature to give up the title
to a right of soil which was in the State. The Western
Penitentiary holds a part also of the public common with
a title certainly not of the strength of that of the Semi-
nary, for the State never had the releases of the Com-
moners to their right of pasturage.

This property was a dear gift to the Presbyterian

The Title to the Site Questioned

Church. It cost a great deal more than it came to, for
in the end the property was leased by the Trustees of the
Seminary to the Councils of Allegheny City in perpetuo
for a sum which did not compensate for the outlay in
the erection of the building and excavation. So that which
ultimately could not be accomplished by law was gained
by the continual agitation of men who should have been
engaged in a better cause. It would have been better for
tlie Church, according to the proposition of John Irvine,
Esq., of Allegheny City, to have purchased a lot of ten
acres to give to the Seminary. The plot that gentleman
wished to obtain was that which now embraces the prop-
erty of Messrs. J. T. Logan, Forsyth, and Brewer.

So anxious were the Commoners of Allegheny to
make the matter doubly sure to get the Seminary estab-
lished there, that no proposition from any source would
be entertained at those meetings but that of the public
common. A public release of a part of the common was
thought by the people would be more effective with the
Assembly than the purchase of a lot by private donation.
Now if there was anything wrong in this business it lay
at the door of Allegheny and not at that of the Presby-
terian Church.

When the question of the location of the Seminary
was decided and the property taken possession of by the
Directors, things moved on quietly for a time until the
Board began to make such arrangements as they wished
for about the property, laying out the grounds, etc. This
called forth the opposition of Mr. Town, whose property
was adjacent to the Seminary, who, in connection with
some secret opposers to this said gift, but more properly
burden, to the Church, threatened suit. To be on the side
of peace, the Board made such a compromise with Mr.
Town as pacified the opposition for a period, but again
in the process of time were other aggressions made from
other sources against the title which certainly were pro-
moted by Dr. Janeway's course. Dr. Janeway's resigna-
tion and the reason for it acted most unpropitiously for

Founding and Early History of Western Seminary

the Seminary. I am ready to admit that the Doctor did
not intend it. He was a good man, bnt very many_ of
our troubles could be accounted for by his resignation
and the reason for it.

In order to meet the difficulties connected with the
property, I find the Executive Committee of the Semi-
nary, to whom was committed the practical carrying out
of the desires of the Board, at a meeting on July 28, 1843
passed the following resolution, "Resolved that Drs.
Herron and Campbell be a committee to take legal counsel
in any case connected with the Seminary grounds that
may seem to require legal advice." The character of the
suits, decisions and opinions of the judges will furnish
a true history of the property controversy and place this
business in its true light for the inspection of those who
may desire to know the truth.

These threatened suits were in ungracious return for
expenditures not only large, but important to Allegheny
town in the days of its infancy. But even now with the
increasing importance of the institution not only in stu-
dents, but in revenue from this and other sources for
maintenance of professors and students (for not a dollar
is taken away from the community) go to shew it was not
so bad a speculation in getting the Theological Seminary
established in Allegheny.

Take then after the destruction of the old building
and the erection of the new professors ' houses and
Beatty Hall, and you have a footing up, even in a finan-
cial view of the matter, which joroves that the Seminary
has been a good concern to the community. Now what
has the Seminary acquired in return? Just the interest
on $35,000, which is a less sum than was expended in the
erection of the Old Seminary and grading the hill, and
one acre of ground which the Trustees reserved for the
new Seminary. This interest on $35,000 is -created by
ground rents of lots sold by the Councils, or can be,
wherever they put the property fairly in the market.
The purchase on the part of the Councils is much better

The Title to the Site Questioned

than Allegheny bonds for laid roads. Things appear
very different when looked at with the eye of truth than
when beheld through the magnifying glass of objection
and detraction.

The Act of Kelease by the Commoners runs as fol-
lows: "Know all men by these presents. That, whereas
the General Assembly of the Presbyterian Church have
declared their intention of establishing somewhere in the
Western Country a Theological Seminary of learning on
a plan similar to the one now in operation in Princeton
in the State of New Jersey, therefore we the subscribers,
residents, lot holders and land owners in the town of
Allegheny, opposite Pittsburgh in Allegheny County,
Pennsylvania, being duly sensible of the advantages that
would result from the establishment of such an institu-
tion and as an inducement to its location on condition
that the Seminary shall be established in said town of
Allegheny, and so long as the same shall be continued
there Ave the residents, lot holders and land owners at a
public meeting held this day in said town of Allegheny
for that purpose do hereby give, grant, assign and trans-
fer unto the said General Assembly all our right, title and
claim to the full, free and entire use and right and pri-
vilege of use to piece of ground on a public common of
said town situate in the S. W. corner commencing near
said 40 ft. from South line to the common and 5 perches
from West line thence northerly and parallel with said
West line 45 perches and 9 ft. to a post thence easterly
and parallel with the South line of said common 64 perch-
es to a post and thence northerly and parallel with the
West line of the common 45 perches and 9 ft. to a post
40 ft. from the South line of the common, thence westerly
and parallel with said South line 64 perches to the place
of beginning, containing 18 acres and 37 perches nearly,
hereby giving and granting unto the said General Assem-
bly as far as such right, use and privilege is in our power
to grant and confer for the sole use and benefit of said
Seminary, provided said Seminary shall be established

Founding and Early History of Western Seminary

thereon and that the same shall be commenced within
four years. And we do hereby warrant and defend the
grant and privilege hereby conferred unto the General
Assembly aforesaid on the above conditions against us
the subscribers, our heirs and assigns forever. In testi-
mony whereof we hereunto set our hands and seal the 11th
of November, A.D. 1825.

"Joseph Stockton, John Scull, Thomas Barlow,
Thomas Sample, Clemson Moore, Ebenezer Williams, Da-
vid Wilson, I. H. Howard, Harmar Denny for the Estate
of Jas. O'Hara, Robert Campbell, James Anderson, Thos.
Salters, Richard Gray, R. Stewart, John Irwin, Robert
M'Elhinny, John Snider, Ludwig Cupps, Hugh M'Gon-
nigle, Hugh Davis, Wilson Stewart, James Sample,
James Boyle, Sr., John Darragh, John Caldwell, Wm.
Carson, Wm. Robinson, Jr., James H. Stewart, Wm.
Leckey, W^m. Hays, Fred Woods."

This release was acknowledged before John Mason
one of the justices of the peace for Allegheny County on
November, 11, 1825.

Again, Section 6 runs as follows to the release of
their right of soil for the same purpose:- —

"Section 6. And be it &c. That all the right and title
of this Commonwealth of, in and to the reversion of so
much of the common ground annexed to and belonging
to the town of Allegheny in the reserved tract opposite
Pittsburgh as follows, the same as in release containing
18 acres and 37 perches, be and the same is hereby vested
in John Brown, John Hannes, and Hugh Davis in trust
and free use, occupation and benefit of the Western The-
ological Seminary proposed to be erected and establishd
under the direction of the General Assembly of the Pres-
byterian Church in the United States."

The first suit to test the title was by Samuel Carr vs.
Mary Wallace. The defendant was the housekeeper of
the Refectory of the Western Theological Seminary. The
suit was brought against Mrs. Wallace because she was
in occupancy at the Seminary. The decision of Judge

The Title to the Site Questioned

Grier in the District Court of Allegheny County on the
issue was carried up to the Supreme Court for their ap-
proval or reversal of the action of the District Court.

"Error to the District Court of Allegheny County,
Samiiel Carr vs. Mary Wallace. This was an action for
disturbance of the plaintiff's right of common upon a
piece of land in the town of Allegheny. The plaintiff's
right was founded upon his right to a part of an inlot
in the town and an outlot. The opinion of the Supreme
Court on this case of appeal from the District Court was
delivered by Judge Rodgers. After reciting that this
suit was brought to test the title of the Seminary to the
property, the plaintiff declares as a part owner of one of
the inlots in the town of Allegheny, and in his second
as owner of an outlot attached to the town, and in support
of his declaration he has shown title to a part of an out-
lot and also to. a portion of an inlot. Judge Rodgers goes,
on to say that the learned Judge of the District Court
has given a brief but accurate history of the case which
appears to be this. After recounting the history of this
public common, one hundred acres for common pasture^
and also referring to the grant given by the Legislature
on the 18th, February, 1819, of 40 acres of this public
common to the Western University without the consent
of the owners of the town lots. In consequence of the
manner in which the Trustees undertook to locate their
grant, the lot holders, deeming it highly injurious to their
interests, resolved to try the constitutionality of the law.
Accordingly a suit was brought which was decided at
the September, 1824 session. In this case, the Western
University vs. Robinson, it was held that the State had
the right of soil but subject to the right of common and
that this right the lot holders might release or modify at
their pleasure with the assent of the Legislature. Two or
three years after this decision, in which their rights are
thus recognized, the lot holders, having understood that
the General Assembly of the Presbyterian Church intend-
ed to erect a Theological Seminary somewhere in the-

Founding and Early History of Western Seminary

western country, called a public meeting to devise meas-
ures to induce the General Assembly to locate the institu-
tion in the town of Allegheny. They supposed that great
advantage would result to them from such an establish-
ment and it has been insinuated that some of them advo-
cated the measure to rid themselves of the odium which
has been attempted to be fixed upon them as the enemies
of education. But whatever may have been their motives
it is very certain that more than one public meeting with
that avowed purpose was held and that at the first meet-
ing but three persons made any objection to such an ap-
propriation of the public common. After this another
meeting is called at which all objections previously made
are abandoned.

The Commissioners of the General Assembly are in-
vited to attend, and the land in dispute is offered as an
inducement to the General Assembly to locate the institu-
tion in the town of Allegheny. A deed of release is also
drawn and signed by a large proportion of the lot holders
and sent to the Legislature. An Act is passed by their
desire vesting in the Trustees for the use of the Seminary
the land in question. The deed show^s the motive which
governed them. It recites (See release of commoners).

By means of the offer thus made and a liberal sub-
scription of the inhabitants the General Assembly were
prevailed on, and it would seem with some difficulty, to
pass by other advantageous offers made by the inhabit-
ants of other places and to locate the Seminary in Alle-
gheny town. Before the expenditure of any money, per-
sons were employed to go around and procure the written
assent or release of every person then known to hold a
lot in the town, whether a resident or not. On the faith
therefore and with the confident belief the assent of all
who had an interest in the common had been obtained, the
Directors of the Seminary proceeded to the erection of a
building in a most conspicuous place and at the expense
for the excavations and the necessary buildings.

Two or three years are spent in making these ex-

The Title to the Site Questioned

penditiires, during which not one whisper of discontent
is heard, nor are the Trustees from any quarter apprized
that there is the slightest objection on the part of any
person to the occupancy of a portion of the common for
the use of the Seminary. After the lapse of several years,
when the town had increased in size and property had
risen in value, this suit is brought to test, in effect to
retract, the grant after this great expense made at their
instance and request. There can be no doubt as to the
accuracy of this statement, and on these facts, which can
not be denied, three questions arise: 1st. "Whether the
owner of an inlot has a right of commonage. 2nd. Whether
the proprietors of outlots or parts of outlots are entitled
to commonage. And lastly, whether under the facts we
are bound to presume a release from the plaintiff or those
under whom he claims, or an assent or acquiescence by
him or them in the erection of the buildings and in the
occupation of the property of the Theological Seminary.

The Judge, as the organ of the Court, after consider-
ing these several questions, gave as the decision of the
Supreme Court that the judgment of the District Court
which was appealed from be affirmed.

The next case to show the ill disposed feelings of
some to this Seminary grant was an act of trespass in
which the plaintiffs, the Trustees of the General Assem-
bly of the Presbyterian Church, commenced suit against
Samuel S. Shields, George E. Kiddle and others. The
Trustees of the Seminary had caused an excavation for
a cellar to be made upon the common on the level ground
at the base of the Seminary hill, being a portion of the
ground over which no ownership had been exercised by
the Seminary agents, other than claiming it as included
in the 18 acres. The citizens resisted the attempt to
occupy the ground and filled up the excavation. The suit
was brought by Trustees to recover damages for the
alleged trespass.

(Extract from testimony) Dr. Francis Herron :
''There were efforts made at different times to obtain the

Founding and Early History of Western Seminary

names of persons who were lot holders and we supposed
we had release from every man owning a foot of any lot
in that place, Mr. Stockton reported to us that every man
in that town whose name appeared in the tax lists had re-
leased to us. Dr. Janeway did this on account of a sup-
posed difficulty in this title. He was here two or three
3^ears. Then Mr. Stockton obtained additional releases
and said he had all, he believed. I cannot tell the number
of names obtained after Dr. Janeway left. There are
other releases on record. I think Mrs. Dewsnap (for-
merly Mrs. Williams) refused, or Mr. Stockton told mo
so. Montgomery and Geyer were the last two whose
releases were obtained. I went myself to get Montgom-
ery to release. He said since I came he would sign it."

The result of this suit and further testimony given,
besides that of Dr. Herron, may be seen with the judge's
opinion in a pamphlet entitled ''The Common Grounds
of Allegheny embracing the Acts of Assembly laying out
the town, legal opinions and decisions in relation to tho
Seminary and University Grant."

The conclusion of Judge Hepburn summing up in
his charge to the jury is as follows: "The Court having
instructed 3^ou that the justification pleaded by the de-
fendants furnished no defense in this case there would be
little left for the jury, but to determine which of the de-
fendants had an agency in the alleged trespass and the
amount of damages to which the plaintiffs are entitled.
As to the damages, if the defendants entered under an
honest claim of title and with no other view than to assert
that title, then this would not be a case of excessive dam-
ages. But if they entered with no such view and intended
to harass and vex the plaintiff and coerce their title to
this property to be doubted, then the case would demand
exemplary damages at your hands." To this charge the
defendants by their counsel excepted and at their instance
it is written and filed.

This was the closing up of this business of the Semi-
nary litigation in a form, which, to say the least of it,

The Title to the Site Questioned

was a poor return for Presbyterian expenditures. These
had more to do with the advancement of Allegheny than
the loud talking and jealousy of many who had no reason
for their opposition other than from a hatred of religion
or from sectarian jealousy.

Amidst the un-Christian bearing and unjust asper-
sions that were so liberally dispensed not only against the
Presbyterian Church but individuals, particularly Dr.
Herron, myself and others, they called forth more of pity
than anger for the spirit manifested on the part of those
who were assailed. The establishment of the Seminary
in Allegheny town was a great pecuniary loss inflicted by
those who should have pursued a very different course.
And pray what was this great outrage perpetrated by
the Presbyterian Church? It was the prevention of lot
holders' cows browsing on Hogback Hill and a small strip
of the low grounds. This is all. The lot holders in and
out had nothing more. The soil was deeded to the Semi-
nary by the State and just the surface, the pasture,
was in controversy; and if Allegheny cows had
no better source of sustenance, I am certain the
milk obtained from them would be neither rich
nor palatable. In Judge Grier's charge in the District
Court he rather facetiously went to shew that it would
be rather difficult for a jury to shew what amount of
damage should be given for the depriving of the com-
moners of this wonderful right. I would ask whether
was it better to permit the public commons to be the re-
ceptacle of tilth &c. &c. than to be adorned for example
with such a beautiful collection of edifices as are now
presented to the eye on Ridge Street. Let what has been
written on this vexed question suffice. I am willing to
leave the decision of this whole matter to the Christian
public. Let the Gospel rule be acted on, to do to others
as we wish to be done by, and then I know the response
of every unprejudiced mind will be that the Presbyterian
Church has been treated badly in this property question.
It is true in morals as well as religion — the sentiment

Founding and Early History of Western Seminary

that justitia virtiitum regina. Having been in the Assem-
bly rej)resenting the Presbytery of West Tennessee in
1827 when the question of location came up for discussion,
I united with the majority in saying that Allegheny to^vn
should be the place where the institution should be
j)laced; and, being in the first Board of Directors by ap-
pointment of the Assembly which met at Chillicothe, when
Providence directed my steps back to Pennsylvania after
a settlement of seven years as pastor of the Nashville
Presb^^terian Church, my desire for the establishment of
the Western Theological Seminary took a more practical
character than merely good wishes. Having been edu-
cated in a Theological Seminary under the instruction of
such a man as the Eev. Dr. John M. Mason, my convic-
tions were fixed as to the importance of having a limited
number of well sustained seminaries in a church, with
competent professors, who have piety, zeal and ac-
quaintance with a thorough course of study for the bene-
fit of the students, and in addition a disposition on the
part of the young men to stay long enough in an insti-
tution to accomplish something, and when there to make
laborious study their great business, not attending to this
little religious meeting and that at the expense of the
precious time which should be devoted to preparation for
the Gospel ministry. There is no royal road in the study
of theology. It is tru« here as w^ell as in other things
that "the hand of the diligent maketh rich and addeth
no sorrow in the end. ' ' Slovenly preparation wdien in the
Seminary for the work is one of the evils from which the
Church suffers in the present day. Something more is
required than frothy declamation in the pulpit. There is
rmich more embraced in the idea "Feed my sheep, Feed
my lambs" than loose talking. A people may starve spirit-
ually even with religious ordinances about them.

CHAPTER III.

Dr. Campbell Visits England

As has been stated before, the resignation of Dr.
Janeway, together with the difficulty about the title to the
property, had a very unhappy influence upon the public
mind. The impression with many was that the Seminary
project would be a failure. To prophesy evil is the sure
way to bring it upon an enterprise. The croaker of evil
rather than good is a most undesirable ally to any cause.

In this state of the public mind, one afternoon I hap-
pened to visit Dr. Herron at his house with no very defi-
nite object but' that of attachment and a wish to spend
a pleasant hour with that venerable father in the church.
In the course of conversation the condition of things
about the Seminary happened to be mentioned. How dark
were our prospects. We must do something to call back
the confidence of the friends of the Seminary. Very in-
cidentally I threw out the idea, "Suppose I go to Great
Britain and beg a library for the institution. This will
shew the people that if the Seminary is to die it will
not be without a struggle. We want confidence as well
as money from the Church." The reply of Dr. Herron
was to this effect, "You must do one of two things, either
go to Washington next winter, get 3'our old j)arishoner
General Jackson to use his influence to have you appoint-
ed chaplain to Congress and seek from your southern
friends contributions during the winter to aid the Semi-
nary, or go to Europe for a library."

With no lasting impression upon my mind of the
conversation and certainly with no idea of the practica-
bility of either of the plans of going to Washington or
to Great Britain on behalf of the Seminary, on my return
home I incidentally communicated to my wife the con-

Founding and Early History of Western Seminary

versation that took place between Dr. Herron and myself.
Very promptly and decidedly she made for answer, "1
do not wish you to go to Washington. Let it not be sup-
posed that the friendly relation that exists between Gen-
eral Jackson and yourself has any selfishness in it, asking
favours of him as President, but if you think it your duty
to go to Europe and the Board of Directors appoint you
as an agent to Great Britain to collect a library, I shall
not oppose it."

This led to a more serious conversation on the sub-
ject. While I was astonished at the acquiescence so
promptly made, yet it caused me to look more seriously
into the matter. What is the voice of Providence in the
thing, what do I hear the Lord saying to me as to my
duty? In a word, the next day I communicated to Dr.
Herron that if the Board of Directors wished it, I was
willing to go as an agent for the Board to Great Britain.
In less than two weeks I left my family for a toilsome pil-
grimage of 6 (!) months among strangers with a strong
purpose to try to be useful to the Seminary and feeling
that the voice of the Lord to me in this rmexpected event
was ' ' Occupy till I come. ' '

The President of the Board of Directors, the Rev. Dr.
Herron, called a special meeting of that body on the
25th March, 1829, in Pittsburgh. The proposition was
submitted to them of my visiting Great Britain as agent
for collecting a library for the institution. The enter-
prise r^et with favour. I was commissioned and early
in May 1829 took passage on the Packet Ship New York,
Capt. Bennet, and arrived on Sabbath 24th, May, at quar-
ter before 3 P.M. at Liverpool.

An appeal to the friends of Christianity in England
and Scotland was drafted by order of the Board of Direc-
tors of the Western Theological Seminary, signed by
Francis Herron, D.D., President, and E. P. Swift as Secre-
tary. The writer of the said appeal is said to have been
the Eev. Joseph Stockton, a man whose every feeling of
heart appeared in consonance with the idea of perfecting

Dr. Campbell Visits England

the great work of establishing a Theological Seminary
in the West. The following is a copy of the circular.

' ' To the Friends of Christianty,
in England and Scotland.

"The Board of Directors for the Western Theologi-
cal Seminary in the United States, by their agent,, the
Rev. A. D. Campbell, would beg leave to call your atten-
tion to a brief statement of the moral condition and wants
of that part of the world where Divine Providence has
cast our lot.

"The great valley of the Mississippi, and its tribu-
tary streams, where we live, spread over a surface con-
taining more than 1,800,000 square miles. Here there is,
at the present time, a scattered population, rapidly in-
creasing, amounting to more than four millions.

"What is to be the moral and religious condition
of this great multitude, is a consideration well deserving
the serious attention of the friends of religion and human
happiness in every part of the world. Firmly persuaded
that where there is no vision, the people perish, the
friends of the Redeemer, in this western region, are mak-
ing an effort to erect and endow a Theological Seminary,
for the education of pious young men, on such a plan,
and to such an extent, that a competent supply of well
educated ministers may be prepared to go forth and
labour in this great, but, as yet, little cultivated, vineyard
of the Son of God.

"The plan, constitution, and contemplated course of
instruction (of which our agent can furnish all the de-
tails) are upon the most liberal principles. Its Theologi-
cal views are in entire accordance with the Assembly's
Catechism, and Westminster Confession of Faith.

"We are urged to this great undertaking by the
fact, that more than four-fifths of the inhabitants in this
western world are living without the benefits of a regular
ministry; and, at the present time, there are more than

Founding and Early History of Western Seminary

a thousand organized cliurclies here, which have no stated
ministry, and a mnch larger number coukl soon be
formed, had we men of competent education, and a right
missionary spirit, to send forth.

''To save this rising country from the miseries of
infidelity or superstition, or both combined, is "the sole
object of this Seminary which has been placed under the
direction and patronage of the General Assembly of the
Presbyterian Church in the United States.

"But, beloved friends, our resources are few, and
our means limited; our people are yet comparatively
poor, and therefore it is we have sent our agent to ask
aid of a people from whom we boast we have descended,
and whose pious and benevolent exertions are now filling
the Christian w^orld with delight and thanksgiving.
Brethren in Christ, we earnestly solicit your aid in this
arduous undertaking. We send unto you the Macedonian
cry, "help us;" pity the multitudes dwelling in our vast
forests, who have none to bring them the glad tidings of
the gospel.

"Your donations to this institution shall be sacredly
devoted in the manner, and to the object, you may speci-
fy; your names enrolled on its records, among its bene-
factors, whilst the prayers of thousands in this distant
land, will be continually offered up in behalf of those by
whose instrumentality they have received the gospel of
our Lord and Saviour Jesus Christ.

"Signed, by Order of the Board of Directors of the
Western Theological Seminary.

Francis Herroit, D.D., President,

E. P. Swift, Secretary.
Pittsburgh, March 25, 1829.

"P. S. Donations of Theological or Scientific Books
will be thankfully received. It is requested that the
Donors will write their names in the title pages of the
books they may be pleased to bestow."

In order to strengthen my position and make it as
favorable as possible in view of my proposed agency to

Dr. Campbell Visits England

Great Britain, I visited Washington to solicit letters
from General Jackson, and to obtain a circular letter
from him. addressed to British Christians and others on
the subject. I had two objects of the Seminary in view
in taking this step. As General Jackson had been a Com-
missioner appointed by the General Assembly to recom-
mend a suitable location for the institution, to obtain, an
endorsement from such a source would add respectability
to the agency. 2nd. In being President of the United
States it ensured to me civility and kindness not only
from the American Attache at the Court of St. James,
but also from the churches in Great Britain.

In my experience I found the circular not only rec-
ommended the object but also gave me an open door to
classes of society which it would have been found under
the circumstances would have been difficult to approach.
My having been the pastor of the General and he the
head of the nation and a successful military chieftan,
called forth a great deal of enquiry as to the character,
moral bearing etc. of a man who had attracted public
attention not only in Great Britain but France etc. The
Hero of New Orleans even to British eyes was no mean
personage. To have overcome some of +he veterans of
Waterloo excited profound interest.

There was another thing occurred about the period I
visited England. General Jackson had a little plain talk-
ing with France about certain spoliations upon American
commerce. He declared that the matter must be settled
now, the money must be paid or else he would take steps
to close the account by reprisals to the amount of the
American claim. The pluck of the old Chief pleased
Englishmen, but to British Christians the statement that
he respected holy things was a feature of his character
with which they had not been conversant. So we see
that the old General was worth something to the
Western Theological Seminary in other countries
besides that of home. It would be well if in the
ordering of Providence we had now his stern will

Founding and Early History of Western Seminary

to meet in this day the treason, the Judas-like betrayals
of the peace and happiness of these United States, by
persons and even some ministers who talk about seces-
sion as if it were a virtue instead of a great moral wrong.

It may be considered a work of supererogation to
write about Great Britain after an interval of thirty
years. My object is not to describe castles, cities, not-
able scenes of mighty prowess, but about Christian be-
nevolence, whole-hearted charity, the brotherhood of the
gospel which knows no country and is graduated by no
scale of time. The brotherhood of Christians after the
lapse of years is just as good and fresh as if it was called
forth at a more recent period. The Christianity of the
(Gospel in Great Britain gave me the right hand of con-
fidence, affection and hospitality. Well might the poet
Cowper exclaim, "England with all thy faults I love
thee still."

On the Sabbath evening that I arrived at Liverpool 1
attended at Rev. Dr. Raffles' Chapel. I could hardly
realize that I was in the chapel built by the exertions of
the Rev. Thomas Spencer, a young man of remarkable
promise who attracted much attention in England not
only on account of his piety but his pulpit qualifications.
He went to bathe in the river Merse}^, Liverpool, and was
drowned. This event together with his whole history as
a preacher has embalmed his memory mth a freshness
of interest peculiarly striking. In casting my eye over
the place of worship I saw a monumental inscription
dedicated to the memory of Spencer. How mysterious
are the ways of Providence that such a burning light
should have been removed in such a mysterious way in
the midst of great usefulness. "Thy w^ay, 0 Lord, is in
the sea and Thy path in the great Avaters, and Thy foot-
steps are not known."

When in the Church I could scarcely believe that I
was in England, so much similarity was there in the wor-
ship and appearance of the people to those in my own,
country.

Dr. Campbell Visits England

On the day after my arrival I sought an introduc-
tion to the Doctor at his own house by the Rev. Mr.
M'Lean, to whom I had a letter of introduction and who
had formerly been in this country, but had returned to
England and was preaching in the old chapel in which
Spencer ministered. Mr. M'Lean was brother of the
Rev. Wm. M'Lean who was pastor of the Presbyterian
Church at Beaver for many years.

Dr. Raffles received me with great kindness and prof-
fered his assistance to promote the object of my mission
in England. The Doctor at that period was a very rising
man among the Independents, frank, generous and
possessed of a catholic spirit in his desire to encourage
any cause which had for its design the advancement of
the Redeemer's kingdom.

Through hini and Mr. M'Lean a way w^as opened
up to make my first appeal in Liverpool. A list of
names was furnished me. The first person I visited
having a letter to him from Dr. Raffles treated me rather
rudely and refused to contribute. The salutation I re-
ceived from him was that the people of the United States
were able to help' themselves and particular^ the Pres-
byterians. He thought it very strange that we should
come there for an^^thing especially from Dissenters. I
made for answer to all this, if England and Dissenters
too sent their thousands of emigrants to America it was
not very unreasonable to ask them to assist the Church
here in thromng around them the culture of the Gospel.
How different the conduct of this man from that of an-
other, a Mr. [Haight], an architect in that city, with a
true Christian spirit and frankness which went to my
heart under the circumstances in Avhich I was placed.
He stated it gave him great pleasure to subscribe, but
regretted that having a demand of benevolence that very
day he was unable to respond according to his wishes
for America and American Christians who were the ob-
ject of his regard and profound respect and then handed

Founding and Early History of Western Seminary

me five pounds. What a solace this conduct so full of
generosity to a stranger with a thousand fears that he
might not succeed in the object of his visit.

The more I saw of Dr. Raffles, the more I became
attached to him. Generous, kind, and hospitabl-e, he gave
me a liberal contribution in money and books. The Dr.
was a cousin of Sir Stamford Raffles of Eastern celebrity.

If I had ever been sceptical about a particular Provi-
dence my doubts must have passed away, for in this
agency I had so many manifestations of the goodness
of God in raising up friends to me at times in which my
way, to human observation, appeared to be hedged up.
With a dark future before me I attended a conference,
meeting with Rev. Mr. M'Lean among the number.
Inhere I became acquainted with Rev. Robert Philip* of
Dalston, London, who formerly was a pastor in Liver-
pool, of Newington Chapel in the Independent Connec-
tion. Mr. Philip subsequently attained a world wide
reputation among Christians as an author of such works
as Manly Piety, Life of Bunyan, Whitfield, &c &c. This
gentleman gave me a most cordial invitation to go to
London. There was the place I should make my great
effort. He promised his assistance to open up the way
for me among the Dissenters, a pledge which he most
religiously fulfilled, while he, together with his amiable
Lady, made his house everything that I could desire in
my exiled condition. I am free to say that I was largely
indebted to him for my success in London. Mr. Philip
was a native of Scotland, with strong intellect, ardent in
his affections and determined in his pursuits. He was
the pastor of an Independent Chapel at Dalston, a mem-
ber of the London Missionary Society and actively en-
gaged in all good things. I never knew the value of
friendship so much as I did during this visit. I was
taught that there was a depth of knowledge both of head

Robert Philip (1791-1858), minister of the Maberly Chapel,
Kingsland London, and a powerful advocate of the claims of the
London Missionary Society.

Dr. Camphell Visits England

and heart in the Apostolic injunction, ''Use hospitality
and thereby some have entertained angels unawares."

Another minister in Liverpool brought me under a
deep feeling of obligation. The Rev. Dr. Stewart of
Liverpool, a member of the United Secession Church,
Scotland. This worthy father was pastor of a United
Secession congregation in connection with the Church -in
Scotland. The congregation was very large. They
were principally from Scotland. They used Rouse and
Watts in the praises of God. Psalmody in this congre-
gation, as well as in Scotland in the United Secession
Church, is not made the shibboleth that it is here. While
Rouse is the foundation of praise in Scotland the para-
phrases and hymns are used among the Seceders cer-
tainly without incurring the charge of bringing strange
fire to the altar of God. It is difficult to give a reason
for the exclusiveness in this country which does not exist
in Great Britain.

From Dr. Stewart I received profitable introduc-
tions to ministers and others both of England and Scot-
land, which took away from me the disadvantage of be-
ing considered a stranger, while a more general publicity
was given to the object and in this way aided in my
success.

I arrived in London on Saturday evening, the 13th
of June, 1839. On Sabbath morning I sought out the
Rev. Robert Philip at Dalston and preached to his
people. Felt very much at home in occupying the pul-
pit, everything looked so homelike, the gospel the same,
the worship, attention of the congregation and appear-
ance of the people so similar to that of ourselves that
the fact pressed itself upon my mind. Although in the
Providence of God the churches in England and America
are in different localities, yet they are the same race of
people, whose religion, conscience, sense of right and
spiritual freedom establish that we are all one in Christ
Jesus. Blot out of the page of history Great Britain

Founding and Early History of Western Seminary

and America, and then I would ask where are you to
find out the true religion of the world. France with its
scepticism, Germany with its neology, Itab • with its dark
papal despotism, are poor aids to lead the world to the
truth as it is in Christ.

From the very nature of my mission to London, the
vastness of the place, the slow iprogress m making
acquaintance of those who would feci an interest in my
mission created for me great embarrassment in my work.
In the eight weeks I spent in London I think it was near
three weeks before I got any contributions to assist in
purchasing books or had a single volume presented to
me for the Seminary library. Ignorance of the localities
of London and of the way of getting from one point to
another to see persons made the early part of my so-
journ anything else but pleasant. There must be a
preparation in this as well as in other things and I had
to meet it.

A word by the way. The more I see of London
the more I am astonished. Such multitudes of
people, such trappings of grandeur, such abject poverty,
such buildings, such commercial bustle, such lines of
shops and houses that the mind is lost in astonishment.
It was in the midst of this vast assemblage of people
the lines of Byron came strongly to my mind.

''But 'midst the crowd, the hum, the shock of men.
To hear, to see, to feel, and to possess.
And roam along, the world's tired denizen.
With none who bless us, none whom we can bless:
Minions of splendour shrinking from distress!
None that, with kindred consciousness endued,
If we were not, would seem to smile the less
Of all that flatter 'd, followed, sought and sued:
This is to be alone ; this, this is solitude ! ' '

Dr. Campbell Visits England

I accompanied my friend, the Eev. Robert Philip, to
the London Missionary Society for the purpose of becom-
ing acquainted with the ministers and other members.
-It was held at Austin Friar's in the Missionary Rooms.
It was a stated meeting and among the persons present
were the Rev. Dr. Philip, missionary to South Africa,
Rev. Dr. Henderson, theological tutor of the Missionary
Academy at Hoxton and formerly an agent for the Bible
Society in Russia, Rev, John Clayton, Jr., Poultry
Chapel, London, Rev. Dr. Bennet, formerly theological
tutor at Rotheram, Yorkshire, but then pastor of Silver
Street Chapel, London (formerly the place where John
Howe preached). Rev. Mr. Orme, Secretary of the Mis-
sionary Society, Rev. Mr. Towne, former missionary to
India, and Mr. Bennet, companion to the late Rev. Mr.
Tyerman in his visit to the South Sea.

On another occasion through the same individual I
was introduced to Thomas Wilson, Esq., Spencer's early
friend and supporter during his studies. He was a man
of fortune and devoted his ample means to the promo-
tion of Christ's kingdom on earth by erecting chapels
and supporting indigent students and sustaining the
interests of Highbury College. Also to Joshua Wilson,
Esq., son of the former. To both of these gentlemen I
was under great obligations not only for their hospi-
tality and Christian attention but contributions for my
object. Mr. T. Wilson stated that on a former occasion
he had contributed to aid Dr. J. M. Mason when making
a similar appeal in England. Mr. Joshua Wilson jiur-
chased a number of books to give me, for instance, the
whole of John Owen's works. As laymen these indi-
viduals very deservedly held a high place in the Dissent-
ing interests of London. They shewed in their whole
demeanor to me the catholicity of the Gospel. They
were Independents, my position that of a Presbyterian
laboring to build up a Presbyterian Theological Semi-
nary in the United States. But still they felt, acted and

Founding and Early History of Western Seminary

talked to me as if party shibboleths had no right to mar
our Christian intercourse and affection. This is the
practical Christianity which is calculated to do good.
If there were more of it in the Church one should be in
a holier and happier condition both to be good and to
do good to a lost and dying world. David sang of "breth-
ren dwelling together in unity," while one of the love-
liest of Christ's apostles inculcated love to the brethren
not only for the happiness it produces but as an evidence
of our regeneration.

On the 24th of June, I visited the Eev. Edward
Irving.* I found Mr. Irving walking about with his child
in his arms on a green plot before his house. He is said
to be exceedingly fond of his family. I knew him imme-
diately from the description I had of him and made
myself known. His appearance was very singular, quite
primitive. He was about five feet ten or six feet high,
black bushy hair hanging in ringlets over his shoulders,
black velvet cap on his head, and plain breasted coat,
with a countenance exceedingly peculiar. There was in
it the lines of thought with a mildness of expression. He
had a defect in the cast of his eyes which gave his face
an unique appearance. From the view I had of him I
saw he was no ordinary man.

Mr. Irving received me with great cordiality,
expressed a high sense of the value of the object of my
mission and promised that he would endeavor to enlist
the feelings of the Session in my favor. He unhesitat-
ingly stated it as his belief that I would succeed in Scot-
land and offered to get the Presbytery of London to
write in my behalf to the friends in that country. I
was exceedingly pleased with my visit to that popular
but eccentric man. It appeared to be a prevalent opinion
with all classes, however much in fault he was from

Edward Irving (1792-1834), eloquent and ecceintric British
divine who claimed the gift of tongues. On his removal from the
Regent Square Presbyterian Church (1832), he founded the Holy
Catholic Apostolic Church, London.

Br. CampheU Visits England

his strange opinions, that he was a good man and very
amiable in private life. When I solicited Mr. Irving for
his works for the Seminary he cheerfully promised them
and said that he would view it as an honor to have them
placed in the library of the institution.

The encouragement that Mr. Irving gave me was
very pleasant. He told me to keep up, not be discour-
aged, it might be a crucifixion work to the feelings to
meet the rebuffs of people, but it was a good cause I
was engaged in.

I heard Mr. Irving lecture on Wednesday evening,
June 25, from 10th chapter of Hebrews, from the first
to the end of the fourth verse, and was introduced by
him that evening to his session. After I had made
known my mission, with prayer and a hearty endorse-
ment of the enterprize Mr. Irving called upon the elders
to co-operate with him to aid me in my efforts.

On another occasion I heard Mr. Irving preach.
His remarks about other denominations were very
liberal, particularly with respect to Dissenters. He
reiterated at that time his notion with respect to Christ's
human nature being sinful nature. He had not then
broached the unknown tongue heresy. It was to be
regretted that a person so amiable in private life should
have been so indiscreet in his public ministrations.

The manner of Mr. Irving in preaching was very
peculiar, his sarcasm caustic in extreme, his sneer was
withering, his gesticulations strange, his attitudes were
according to no rule of elocution, his pronunciations full
of Scotchisms when excited. When I take into consid-
eration the manner of his discussing subjects, his genius,
the singular expression and contortion of his counte-
nance, his power over his body in stretching himself
out to appear much larger than he really was, his black
visage and flowing hair, he looked like a being of another
age. If I could judge at all from the manner of Mr.
Irving and his mode of illustrating subjects, I should

Founding and Early History of Western Seminary

suppose lie imagines he has such views of truth which
the great mass of ministers and people have not, that
he is constrained to make them known whatever might
be the consequences.

I shall introduce another celebrated minister, but
of a very different type from that of Mr. Irving, who
took an interest in my work, the Rev. George Bruder,
the author of the Village Sermons. Mr. Bruder was
one of the finest specimens of the Christian gentleman
that I became acquainted with while in London.
The practical effects of religion were finely de-
Xucted in his manner and conversation. He was in
his 78th year and was suffering under a painful disease
which he endured with great Christian fortitude. At the
time I became acquainted with this godly man he still
discharged his public duties, but expected every Sabbath
would be the last that he could do so. He gave me his
works for the Seminary and promised to use his influ-
ence in behalf of my object. In beholding this venerable
servant of Christ who after a long life of usefulness was
waiting calmly for his change I could not but exclaim,
"The hoary head is a crown of glory, if it be found in
the way of righteousness."

Through the Rev. Robert Philip I became acquainted
with the Rev. Dr. Harris, a minister of intellect and high
moral standing. The Doctor was professor of S3^ste-
matic Theology in Highbury College, an institution of
a theological and literary character under the control
of the Independent Connection. Dr. Harris was the
pastor of the Stoke Newington Chapel, of which Dr.
Watts was the evening lecturer. I attended a missionary
prayer meeting there and was called on to give an
account of the state of religion in America and to make
known the object of my mission. The reflection was
fraught with interest to my mind that I was speaking
in the very spot which was the scene of the labors of so
eminent a man as the late Dr. Watts.

Dr, Campbell Visits England

The chapel was near the residence of Sir Thomas
Abney, a plain brick building. Dr, Harris pointed out
to me the house where Dr. Aiken lived and that inhabited
by Mrs. Barbauld. In the latter a shop is now kept.
How great a transition from being the abode of the
authoress of 1811! At a future period I preached in
the chapel and a collection was taken up to aid in the
purchase of a library. Dr. Harris presented me an able
dissertation on the question of Infant Salvation. In my
intercourse with the ministers, however prominent may
be the situation they hold, they appear to be remark-
ably unpretending in their manner and affectionate in
their intercourse.

To enumerate the long list of persons, par-
ticularly of the Independent Connection, would cover
too great space in this history. But while this is so, I
cannot but recognize the kind interest of the Rev. Dr.
Bennet, whose literary, religious and moral character
made him prominent in the religious world, and whose
genial hospitality proved that he had heart as w^ell as
head.

Amongst other worthies who felt an interest in my
work and gave me assistance were the Rev. Henry
Bruder, pastor of the Independent Chapel at Hackney,
the place where Mr. Palmer, the author of the Non-
Conformist Memorial, preached. Mr. Bruder was his
successor. This gentleman was the son of Rev. George
Bruder, was well educated, held a professorship at High-
bury and was intellectual and highly influential among
his brethren.

Rev. Mr. Orme, Secretary of the London Mission-
ary Society and pastor of the Independent Chapel,
Camberwell, a Scotchman with strong points of charac-
ter, of business capabilities, and what was better, conse-
crated to his Master's service, is the author of
the best and fullest biography of Richard Baxter.
Rev. I. Blackburn, pastor of a chapel at Islington and

Founding and Early History of Western Seminary

editor of the Congregational Magazine, was a man whose
heart was in the right place. The Rev. Dr. Henderson
upon the death of Dr. Harris succeeded him in High-
bury College. He was also a native of Scotland, has
tilled a large place not only as an author but was a most
successful advocate of the Bible Cause as an agent for the
London Missionary Society in Russia. A layman of
London of Baptist attachments with whom I became
acquainted took so direct an interest in my agency that
he not only contributed books and money to purchase
others, but after I returned to America continued to send
us additions to the number of volumes on the shelves.

To Robert Lee, Esq., of Clapham Common, near
London, the Seminary owes much and the writer of this
history much more for Christian kindness was sho^vn
by him to myself in a way that must be recollected with
gratitude as long as memory lasts. There are green
spots in the dark field of human life which prove there
are blessings as well as sorrows even in this world of
sin and sorrow.

With respect to the Presbyterian interests of Lon-
don, whether springing from the Church of Scotland or
Secession, their agency was not so prominent in my
behalf with the exception of the Rev. Edward Irving.
At that day Presbyterianism had not that prominence
it may have in that city at the present time, but still the
countenance from that source was not only encouraging
there but did much for me in my appeal in Scotland.
Circumstances, to all appearance quite wonderful,
opened up ni}^ way for success in Scotland, as the^^ had
done in England. For as meeting the Rev. Robert Philip
in Liverpool at the ministerial conference scattered light
in my path in London, so a Mr. Oliphant, a son of the
great publisher in Edinburgh, who happened in a short
sojourn in London to board in the same house with
myself, at a Miss Nennett's, niece of the late Dr. Nen-
nett, a leading minister in his day of the Baptist Con-

Dr. Camphell Visits England

nection, ensured to me not only his acquaintance but
friendship together with that of his excellent father and
family. To this source I am indebted for very much of
the attentions I received, particularly from the ministers,
etc. of the United Presbyterian Church of Scotland. It
is singular how potential sometimes circumstances
apparently trivial in themselves become, giving a form
a lid direction to things which in the end may be very
important.

CHAPTER IV.

Dr. Campbell Goes to Scotland

My introduction into Edinburgh in the prosecution
of my mission was marked with the same catholicity of
feeling on the part of the Establishment interest, United
Secession Baptist, and [ ] or Independent people.

In all these various denominations I preached, with the
exception of the State Church, as they had a restricted
act in force, closing their pulpit against all who had not
received license from an established Presbytery. This
act of the Assembly was a feeble attempt to prevent evan-
gelical practice preaching from influencing the people,
such preaching as that of Whitefield, Rowland Hill,'*
and Simeon,** who were amazingly popular and
did much good in their visits to Scotland. At
the time of this restricted act against foreign
or outside effort in the way of preaching, the
moderates were the dominant j)ower in the Church
of Scotland, much to the grief of the lovers of piety in
that communion. Very early in my residence in Edin-
burgh, through the agency of Mr. Oliphant, my relations
with Dr. Brown,*** the grandson of John Brown of Had-
dington, became of the most interesting and confidential
kind.

^Rowland Hill (1744-1833), an eloquent and earnest preacher.
Minister of Surrey Chapel, London (1783-1810), who attracted large
congregations.

** Charles Simeon (1759-1836), the famous evangelical of Cam-
bridge was one of the founders of the Church Missionary Society,
and influenced Henry Martyn to devote his life to the evangelization
of India.

***Rev. John Brown, D.D. (1784-1858), a minister of the so-
called burgher church, which later joined with other bodies to form
the United Presbyterian Church. He was a venerable man, an
author, a theological professor, the editor of a religious periodical,
and an active participant in the religious controversies of his day.
In 1830 he received the degree of D.D. from Jefferson College.

Br. Camphell Goes to Scotland

In spreading my credentials before the Doctor, to
shew that I had a reputable standing as a minister in
the Presbyterian Church, U. vS., he smiled and, taking
two books down from the shelves of his library, pointed
out my name in the minutes as a minister of the Asso-
ciate Reformed Church and again in those of the Pres-
bj^terian Church. Dr. Brown appeared to be well versed
in American Ecclesiastical History particularly of a
Presbyterian type.

The prominence of Dr. Brown in his connection grew
out not only from his descent from John Brown and also
from his father, who was a venerable minister of the
United Presbyterian Church, whom in spirit and conver-
sation I found from my acquaintance with him to be
worthy of his pious father, the late John Brown of Had-
dington. But the chain of piety was not all that belonged
to Dr. Brown in his position. He was pastor of Broughton
Place, one of the leading congregations in this denomina-
tion, but also a professor in the Theological Seminary of
that Church. All the professors in that Seminary were
pastors but it was understood that during the term, which
I think was about three months, the pulpits were supplied,
so that the attention of the professors might then be
given entirely to the institution. The salaries were
graduated according to the time employed in the general
instruction of the young men in the view of the Gospel
ministry.

There is an admirable portrait drawn of the late
Dr. Brown in a recent North British Review, intellectu-
ally, morally, and socially. His varied acquirements —
liigli Christian courtesy, amiability and liberality, gave
evidence that the fame of John Brown of Haddington
would not suffer in the hands of such a grandson as Dr.
John Brown of Broughton Place, Edinburgh.

Dr. Brown as an author the public has been made
acquained with by the issue of several theological works
which have been reprinted in this country. An instance

Founding and Early History of Western Seminary

of Dr. Brown's truly catholic spirit was manifested in
his endeavor to obtain a library of a very rare theological
character to be presented to the Western Theological
Seminary from a connection of the United Presbyterian
Church. The project ultimately failed, but not on sec-
tarian and narrow grounds but an unwillingneBs on the
part of a lady to deprive herself of the books which be-
longed to her deceased husband. The moral of Dr.
Brown's conduct was worth a great deal more than any
library however valuable.

By special invitation I assisted in the administration
of the Lord's Supper both at Broughton Place and Bristo
Street, the charges of Drs. Brown and Peddie. No shib-
boleth term of communion to exclude me from the Lord 's
table and ministerial civilities because I was not in
organic form of their special denomination. It is diffi-
cult to account for it, but my experience of the Presby-
terianisni of Scotland had less of the shades or partisan
lines of distinction which divide and rend asunder
brethren in America, where the lines of brotherhood can
be plainly traced both as to principle and practice. Is it
either Christian or fraternal virtually to act out the idea,
'stand off I am holier than thou'? Fraternity is of more
value to the Christian cause than party distinctions
which are often of so nice a character that it is difficult
to know where the truth lies.

Dr. John Jamieson,* the author of the Etymological
Dictionary of the Scottish Language and many other
works theological and philological, is another celebrity
of the United Presbyterian Church well worthy of note
not only from his ecclesiastical position but from the
generosity and liberality of his character. Fame, as far
as I could judge of distinguished ministers with whom I
became acquainted in Scotland, so far from puffing up
gave a mellowness and simplicity in their intercourse
which shewed the transforming influence of the Gospel

*John Jamieson (1759-1838), a^ntiquary and philologist as well
as a minister of pronounced evangelical views.

Dr. Cainphell Goes to Scotland

upon the characters of those who felt the power of reli-
gion. Dr. Jamieson was the pastor of the congregation
to which Adam Gibb, the prominent leader in his day of
the Antibnrgher faction of the Secession interest of Scot-
land, had ministered, but with a different type of char-
acter from that rigid defender of Antibnrgher peculiari-
ties.

When the better mind of the Secession brethren of
the two parties of Burghers and Antiburghers led to a
conscientious consideration of the points of difference,
the partisan spirit was lost in the one great and Christian
feeling, why should not those who are so much alike in
thought, feeling, and action be together. Communion
will bring union. In the preparatory steps to effect this
union Dr. Jamieson took a decided stand and no heart
glowed with more gratitude to God than did that vener-
able minister's when Burgher and Antibnrgher was lost
in that of the name of the United Presbyterian Church
of Scotland.

In the church of Dr. Jamieson on a Sabbath evening
one of the largest collections in books and money was
taken up that I had in Scotland for the benefit of the
Western Theological Seminary.

Among those that attended to hear me preach at Dr.
Jamieson 's when the collection was taken up was a min-
ister of the Establishment who preached in a Parish
Church in the Cannongate who was said to be one of the
moderates of the Church of Scotland. His coming to a
Secession place of worship after he had done preaching
to hear an American was thought singular. Upon the
close of the exercises he came to see me in the minister's
room and was introduced to me b}^ Dr. Jamieson. He
invited me to partake of his hospitalities at his house at
breakfast on Monday morning. This gentleman was not
only polite but requested me to make a selection of books
out of his library. This I declined, but observed I must
leave the selection to him. The donation was made with

Founding and Early History of Western Seminary

a heartiness which shewed there was earnestness and
liberality in the act.

I was honored by this worthy man not only to
preach in his pulpit several times but was entrusted with
the duty to announce to his congregation on the Sabbath
previous to the meeting of his Presbytery of his inten-
tion to apply to that body for a dissolution of the pastoral
relation in consequence of his age. When that event took
place the congregation took steps to provide for his sup-
port, voting one hundred fifty pounds sterling of his
salary for life and more if the financial condition of the
church improved. This is rather different from the con-
duct of congregations in this country, particularly in
Pennsylvania people will tax a minister's efforts some-
times without much feeling or consideration and then
when he is old will (with very few exceptions to the
contrary) turn him over to the cold charities of the world.
Should such things be? Let duty and conscience answer
this question.

Progress according to truth had more to do with Dr.
Jamieson's rule of action than party. This was evident
from a remark he made to me when I presented him the
minutes of the Associate Synod of this country testify-
ing against the Union in Scotland.

The writings of Dr. Jamieson were various theolo-
gically: the use of sacred history, especially as illustrat-
ing and confirming the great doctrines of revelation;
letters to Priestley, etc.; philological, etc.; an Etymolo-
gical Dictionary of the Scottish Language illustrating
the words in their different significations by examples
from ancient and modern writers, showing their affinity
to those of other languages and especially the northern,
elucidating national rites, customs, and institutions in
their analogy to those of other nations, etc., etc. The
Edinburgh Review of April 1809 wiien reviewing this
work speaks as follows : ' ' This is a title page of no slight
pretension but after having gone through the book we

Dr. Camphdl Goes to Scotland

have no hesitation in saying that the pretension is com-
pletely made good and that Dr. Jamieson has brought
together a mass of curious and multifarious information
infinitely more valuable than anything that has ever been
presented to the public in this country under a similar
form". Dr. Jamieson's work is perhaps as valuable for
the luminous explanation it affords of existing customs
and expressions as for the learning and patient research
with which he has rescued remoter usages from a more
immediate oblivion. It is said that Sir Walter Scott had
frequent communications with the Doctor as to ancient
usages, customs, and sa^dngs of Scotland, believing that
he had more antiquarian knowledge of his country than
any other individual in Great Britain. This appears also
to have been the impression of the Eoyal Antiquarian
Society of Great Britain. Unsolicited on his part a pen-
sion of one hundred fifty pounds sterling per year was
voted to him. This was no small compliment to a Seceder
minister while lordly churchmen were passed by. The
Archbishop of Canterbury as a member of the Society
was appointed to make tthe announcement to the Doctor
of the appropriation.

Another venerable minister alike distinguished in
the United Secession Church that I visited and not only
enjoyed Christian hospitality at his hands but direct rec-
ognition of the claims of a Presbyterian Theological
Seminary to the prayers and liberality of Presbyterians
whether in or out of the Church Establishment was Dr.
James Peddie.* When Dr. Mason was in Scotland Dr.
Peddie was viewed by him socially, theologically, and
morally a mentor Avorthy of all regard.

In my intercourse with the Doctor, his son who was
his assistant in his church, and his family, my feelings
were entirely in unison with that of Dr. Mason. As an

*James Peddie (1758-1845), minister of the Bristo Street
Secession Chapel in Edinburgh, a leader in that branch of the
Church. He took an active part in the great theological controversy
of his time — the "Old" and "New Light" dispute, siding with the
latter for toleration and liberty.

Founding and Early History of Western Seminary

author I am told he manifested the possession of intel-
lectual accomplishments, and as a friend he was a patri-
arch to those in younger years. His example was worthy
of imitation. Moral worth united with affection, the ap-
preciation of the brotherhood of the Gospel is the best
answer to the selfishness and infidelity of either a Hume,
a Voltaire, or any other of the free thinkers either of
Great Britain or the Continent.

Infidelity is selfishness. In vain do you look for the
generosity of Christianity from those who divorce them-
selves from the influence of the Gospel. France would
never have gone such lengths in the Revolution if it had
not been for the infidelity and atheism of the leaders and
the demoralization of the people under their training.

Many others of the Secession ministers of the United
Secession Church of Edinburgh could call forth on my
part not only remark but gratitude if necessary, but
enough has been said.

Among the ministers of the Church Establishment
(it was before the disruption) that attracted my atten-
tion and took an interest in my work were:

The first amidst a noble band of ministers that I
shall mention is that of Dr. Thomas Chalmers. My inter-
view with Dr. Chalmers grew out of a request on his
part that I would meet him at a Presbyterian dinner after
the installation of a minister by the Presbytery of Edin-
burgh at Greyfriars. To accomplish this object a Rev.
Mr. Tate, who was then a member of Presbytery and one
of the parish ministers, took me to dine with the Pres-
bytery and gave me the introduction desired which was
to me a matter of great gratification. The afternoon was
spent pleasantly. Dr. Gordon commenced an argument
with me on the subject of religious establishments which
was a never failing topic of discussion between the Gen-
eral Assembly ministers and myself. They could not
imagine how we could get on without such an ecclesiasti-
cal organization.

Dr. Campbell Goes to Scotland

Of the ministers present Drs. Gordon, Chalmers, etc.,
had a history on this very point of church establishments
in future years, and it is worthy of note that if it had
been told them at the time I was present with them
they could not have believed. And yet for conscience'
sake they had to leave the Establishment in consequence
of patronage and the baneful influence of the State in
the matter of the settlement of ministers. I am well
aware for consistency's sake the Free Church sympathiz-
ers profess to hold the doctrine of church establishments
but practically they had to give up their status in such a
politico-theological connection. Thus the theory was one
thing but the practice another.

Dr. Chalmers, who was my next neighbor at the
table, made many inquiries about America and after
dinner invited me to walk with him on Calton Hill. When
we were looking down from that eminence on the New and
Old Town, Leith, the Forth, and Fifeshire, his imagina-
tion appeared excited and he permitted his fancy to range
upon surrounding objects. There was a devotional feel-
ing about his conversation that pleased me much. He
spoke with enthusiasm of the revivals mentioned by
Edwards who held a high place in his mind among theo-
logical writers while he objected to some of his views
of divine truth.

My interview with Dr. Chalmers was of a most in-
teresting character. There was so much simplicity and
affection in his manner and sufch freedom from pride,
hauteur, and ostentation that he completely won my
heart.

A case in point of Dr. Chalmers' simplicity and
humility of character. Before his removal to the Scot-
tish Metropolis when he visited that city he was in the
habit of lodging with a brother minister. One evening
when his friend with whom he stayed had led the family
devotions at the close Dr. Chalmers arose from his knees
and clasped him in his arms and said, "Ah ! man, you are
far be^^ond me in religious experience." There is a moral

Founding and Early History of Western Seminary

power connected with such a character which is above
mere talent, jaosition, or w^ealth.

A short time before I had this interview with Dr.
Chalmers I went to St. George's Parish Church (Dr.
Thompson) to hear him preach. The duty w^as assigned
to him by the Presbytery of Edinburgh to preach at the
ordination of a missionary going to India. That mis-
sionary was no less a person than Dr. Duff of Calcutta
whose burning zeal in the cause of his Master, shining
talents, and self sacrificing spirit have cast a halo of glory
on a page of missionary history which will not be soon
forgotten.

Dr. Chalmers' text w^as II Cor. 4th chapter last clause
of second verse. "By manifestation of the truth com-
mending ourselves to every man's conscience in the sight
of God." The great principles laid down in the text were
made to bear upon the missionary work. There was a
practical exhibition of Christ in the discourse and the
inculcation of the truth that the Spirit of God must in-
fluence the heart. The appearance of the Doctor was pre-
possessing, there was a mild expression of countenance,
and from his apparent simplity excited the interest of
his hearers. His imagination was brilliant and in his
illustrations he was often impassioned. His dialect was
broad Scotch and his gesticulation w^as limited almost al-
together to clenching his fist and raising his left hand. I
apprehend the great se(*ret of the Doctor's power over
an audience arose more from richness of thought than
eloquence of delivery. In the most kind and affectionate
manner he presented me with all his works for the Sem-
inary Library. Although Dr. Chalmers is dead he yet
speaketh in the recollections of those who loved him as
a Christian and man; while his zeal and wholehearted
fervor, as manifested in his sermons and writings,
proved, even to those who were not personally acquainted
with him, "that he was a good man and full of the Holy
Ghost". When we think of such men there is joy even

Dr. Camphell Goes to Scotland

ill our grief that we shall see their faces no more on
earth.

As I have been speaking of the installation at Grey-
friars which was the cause of the meeting of the Pres-
bytery of Edinburgh a reference to some of the surround-
ings of that place are worth a record in historic recollec-
tions of bygone years with respect to the Western Theo-
logical Seminary. I visited old Greyfriars Church
Yard, which was situated near the Grass Market, for
the purpose of seeing the place where many of the
martyrs were buried. The stone opposite to the place
where they lie has this inscription:

''Halt, passenger! tak heed what ye do see!
This tomb doth shew, for what some men did die.
Here lies interred, the dust of those who stood
'Gainst perjury, resisting unto blood;
Adhering to the Covenants and laws.
Establishing the same; which was the cause
Their lives were sacrificed unto the lust
Of Prelatists abjured; though here their dust
Lies mixt with murderers and other crew,
Whom Justice justly did to death pursue;
But as for them, no cause was to be found,
Worthy of death; but only they were found
Constant, and steadfast, zealous, witnessing
For the prerogatives of Christ their King:
Which truths were sealed by famous Guthrie's head
And all along to Mr. Kenwick's blood.
They did endure the wrath of enemies'
Eeproaches, torments, death and injuries ;
But yet they're those who from such troubles came
And now triumph in glory with the Lamb."

From May 27th, 1661, that the most noble Marquis of
Argyle was beheaded, to the 17th February 1688, that
James Renwick suffered, were one way or other mur-
dered and destroyed for the same cause about 1800, of

Founding and Early History of Western Seminary

whom was executed at Edinburgh about 100 noblemen,
gentlemen, ministers, and other noble martyrs of Jesus
Christ. The most of them lie here.

At the foot of the stone are these texts: Eev. 6:10, 11;
7:14; 11:10. In this graveyard are many eminent per-
sons interred such as Sir George McKenzie, Allaii Ram-
sey, Dr. Robertson, Alexander Henderson one of the
Scotch worthies, Adam Gib, etc.

It was amusing to hear the remarks about America,
not only with the people, particularly those of the State
Church connection, but also from many ministers that
you would suppose should know better. That our ulti-
mate destiny is to be governed by a king, that we are
now in a state of great ferment, especially the people of
the South who are almost ripe for a dissolution of the
Union, etc. After thirty years the last assertion appears
too true, our glorious and happy confederation in danger
of destruction about slavery. Pretty commentary of our
great moral progress in the 19th Century; yea, "the bap-
tism of blood" can fall from the lips of a Presbyterian
minister when addressing his people.

I enjoyed the hospitalities of the Rev. Dr. Andrew
Thompson who is a kind genial man in private but a
fierce opponent when engaged in controversy who not
only recognized the importance of my agency but gave
books for the Library.

Dr. Thompson had in his parlour a large print of
Bonaparte. His admiration of him as a man of genius
was very great. He declared as his opinion that he was
as good as any of the monarchs on the continent as far
as it regarded private character.

Dr. Thompson was a man of indomitable energy,
with a good degree of Scotch obstinacy, strong evan-
gelical views; and from mind, religious convictions, and
settled opposition to all species of neutrality hostile to
sound principles and Presbyterianism, was admirably
fitted to be a leader in the judicatories of the Scottish

Dr. Campbell Goes to Scotland

Established Churcli. Hence Dr. Thompson was the terror
of all that opposed him. In the General Assembly mod-
eratism never was more severely pressed than under the
scathing of this man of iron nerves and astonishing
powers of debate.

I had an opportunity of hearing Dr. Thompson
preach the Monday after the communion in the West
Parish Church formerly under the care of Sir Harry
Moncrieff. The general tenor of the sermon was to
develop Christ's kingly office. He made the question in
the Shorter Catechism the basis of his discourse. It was
a good plain discourse without any attempt at display.
In this respect it was deserving of all praise and worthy
of imitation. He was the opposite of the idea of being
a sensational preacher.

Under the marshalling of such a man as Dr. Thomp-
son, the fire and genius of a Chalmers, and many others,
evangelicalism became a reality in the Scotch kirk, a re-
turn back to the days of the piety of a Knox, a Melville,
a Henderson, etc., which prepared the way for the dis-
ruption and coming out of the Establishment of hundreds
of ministers, laying down their livings rather than their
consciences. It is said when that event took place and
they had left the Assembly and were in procession in the
streets of Edinburgh to the large Hall of Canonmills pre-
pared for the New Assembly, Lord Jeffrey was sitting
reading in his quiet room when one burst in upon him
saying, ''Well, what do you think of it? More than 400
are actually out. ' ' The book was flung aside and spring-
ing to his feet Lord Jeffrey exclaimed, "I'm proud of my
country, there's not another country upon earth where
such a deed could have been done".

Another minister of the Establishment, the Rev. Dr.
Muirhead of Crammouth, is worthy of recognition by me
— Dr. Muirhead, the Moderator of the Presbytery of
Edinburgh at the installation at G-reyfriars. I became
acquainted with him at the Presbyterial dinner.

Founding and Early History of Western Seminary

Another of the Establishment ministers with whom
I became acquainted and who took an interest in my
work was the Eev. Dr. Gordon, quite an efficient agent
in the cause of truth in the evangelical ranks. I heard
the Doctor preach at a Chapel of Ease* connected with
St. Cuthbert's. His evangelical tendencies were quite ap-
parent in his discourse. Those of this type of theology
were esteemed much more than the moderates. From this
cause and others Dr. Gordon was probably the most popu-
lar preacher of those that were pastors in Edinburgh.

His text was from John 6 :68, 69. The Doctor dwelt
largely on the importance of knowing experimentally all
that was included in the phrase, Christ the Anointed. His
discourse was in the form of an essay. I apprehend the
modern method of discussing subjects without proper
divisions is bad. It is impossible that the mass of the
people can derive much benefit from such preaching. In
my intercourse with the Doctor I found him one of the
most ultra Church Establishment advocates I met with
in Scotland, and yet he became one of the prominent ones
in the great disruption agitation, giving up his position
as one of the pastors of St. Giles and his earthly honors
rather than do violence to his conscientious convictions.
How strange in the turning up of events are the
changes that sometimes occur not only in the opinions
but situations of men. Here the strong churchman is
thrown into the ranks of dissent.

Another individual who met me with sympathy was
the Eev. Dr. Dickson, senior pastor of St. Cuthbert's or
West Kirk, the former charge of Sir Harry Moncrieff.
Good sense and benevolence appeared to be the develop-
ment in Dr. Dickson's character. A singular circum-
stance occurred at the interview I had with the Doctor
which at the time made a very pleasing impression on
my mind. Scarcely had I stated to him my errand than

* Chapel or dependent church built for the ease or accommoda-
tion of an increasing parish or parishioners living at a distance from
the principal church.

Dr. Cmnphell Goes to Scotland

he made for answer, "Well, this is the very thing I
want". It appeared that he had at his disposal the inter-
est of a small sum left expressly to purchase books to
send to North America and did not know how to dispose
of the proceeds for this year. He gave it to me amount-
ing to six pounds sterling and also contributed a number
of works from his own library.

He invited me to preach for him, notwithstanding
the Assembly's exclusive edict against all outside of the
Kirk. He was the first person of the Establishment that
invited me to preach, that recognized my Presbyterian
status although all the ministers of the Kirk that I be-
came acquainted with have treated me most kindly. How
inconvenient a little absurd and injudicious ecclesiasti-
cism is sometimes in the way of good men, throwing a
barrier in the path against the feelings of their better
nature. The doctor sent me a number of books with a
note, an extract of which I shall record. "I send you,
with them my best wishes and earnest prayers for the
blessing of God to rest upon the institution and for an
abundant outpouring of the Hol^'^ Spirit upon the min-
isters and congregations of our sister church in Amer-
ica."

Mention also the Rev. Dr. Buchanan, senior minister
of the parish church in the Cannongate. He and his wife
are truly interesting old persons, full of Christian kind-
ness. The doctor knew Dr. Mason of New York, who
when in Scotland on a similar object to that of mine own,
the collecting a Library for the Associate Reformed Sem-
inary, received a contribution of books from this vener-
able minister. He did the same in my case, gave a num-
ber of books and went to Mr. Oliphant's bookstore and
purchased Milner's Church History for the Seminary.

If it were not from the danger of covering too great
a space in these historical recollections I could describe
many valuable ministers of other communions in Edin-
burgh who shewed me kindness, such as the Rev.

Founding and Early History of Western Seminary

Christopher Anderson of the Baptist Church, author of
a work on the domestic economy of a family in a reli-
gious aspect of the case, Rev. Mr. Innes, once an Estab-
lishment minister, but then a Baptist, an intelligent and
liberal man (being in the book business he made a con-
tribution to me). Rev. McCleghorn, of the Independent
Connection, etc. It was remarkable what whole-hearted
catholicity was manifested to me in my work. Such a
spirit and temper is a better argument for Christianity
than the broadest declaration "the temple of the Lord
the temple of the Lord", stand off I am holier than thou.
It is perfectly compatible with the greatest degree of
fidelity to our highest modes of thought as to principles
to cherish the sincerest regard and affection to those who
may not have organic connection with us but yet bear
likness to Christ.

While to Mr. Oliphant and family I must be largely
a debtor in the tenderest recollections of my heart, still
there was another family with whom I was brought to
cherish a most profound respect and gratitude, Mr.
Archibald Gordon and his generous-hearted wife. This
family was highly respectable not only in position and
piety but hospitable in a manner both touching and grati-
fying. Upon my arrival at Edinburgh, I obtained rooms,
etc., with no other expectation but to remain during my
visit to that city, but upon being introduced to this
worthy family, hearing me preach and knowing my
errand, they would take no denial to my remaining with
them while in Edinburgh. Apologies for not wishing to
comply with their invitation availed nothing, stay with
them I must. They were pleasant weeks that I spent with
this estimable family. The liberality exercised for my
mission, etc. were bright spots in my pilgrimage far from
my country and family.

Others regarded my efforts, for example, Lady Car-
negie (mother-in-law of Sir Andrew Agnew of Sabbath
Observance effort in Parliament) entered into my feel-

Dr. Campbell Goes to Scotland

ings as to the Library for the Seminary and took the
trouble to go to her bookseller and make a selection of
valuable works for the object. I could go on and mention
individual after individual who gave me countenance
and confidence in my effort, but to say more is not neces-
sary.

Edinburgh was to me a most fascinating place.
Theologically and intellectually it had many advantages.
The associations connected with Scotland to me were
very interesting. To think of all the worthies who have
suffered in the cause of religious freedom while it excites
admiration for their Christian courage presents in strik-
ing contrast the blessings enjoyed by those who are at
liberty to worship God according to the dictates of their
own consciences.

The next place I visited in pursuing my agency was
the Gity of Glasgow. Here as in Edinburgh I met the
same response to my effort. Among the Secession I had
intercourse with the Rev. Dr. Dick, author of the volume
on Inspiration (since his death his lectures on Theology
in the Seminary of the United Presbyterian Church were
published and are well known by students of Theology) ;
-Rev. Dr. Hugh Mitchell, Professor in the Seminary; the
Church Establishment ministers. Rev. Drs. Dervan, Trone
Church, Brown, St. John's; Rev. Patrick McFarland, of
St. Enoch's; Rev. David Welch, a descendent of John
Knox, author of the Life of Dr. Brown the Metaphysi-
cian (he was also the Moderator of the General Assembly
at the Disruption and went out of the Establishment with
Chalmers, etc.); Rev. Duncan McFarland, pastor of a
Chapel of Ease, a man of energy and strength of purpose
in the great work; and Mr. Collins a publisher, an elder,
Dr. Chalmer's right hand man in his effort. All the min-
isters mentioned made contributions either in money or
books, but to Messrs. Duncan and Collins I was indebted
for the most liberal addition in Glasgow to the stock of
books I had collected.

Founding and Early History of Western Seminary

"VVitli my effort in Glasgow closed my work in Scot-
land. After a flying visit to Ireland for a few days I
took the steamer at Dublin for Bristol, England, and from
thence returned to London, closed up my agency, sent to
Liverpool the boxes from London, and there received the
Scottish contributions and through the kind offices of
Alexander Gordon, Esq., a merchant of that city and a
family connection, brought my business to a close in Great
Britain. The exact number of books collected I do not
now recollect, but there were upwards of 2,000 volumes
brought to America by myself or were sent to the Sem-
inary after my return home.

If it had been compatible with my sense of duty to
my family to have stayed longer in Great Britain I could
have collected a very large number of books for the
Library, but what I did met the approval of the Directors
and friends of the Seminary. The minute is as follows:
*' Resolved that the thanks of the Board be tendered to
Mr. Campbell for his diligence and perseverance in the
service of the Board." It was said the collection was not
only valuable as to the character of the Library but it was
a little remarkable that the contributions gathered to-
gether in so miscellaneous a way should have been so
good.

In honor of the donors it was styled by the Directors
the English and Scottish Library. Not only were books
given but money contributed to meet the expenses of the
mission and upon my return I paid over to the treasury a
balance of money unexpended. So the library money
contributions and the Christian brotherhood exliibited on
the part of British Christians were gains in this move-
ment of establishing the Western Theological Seminary.

It may be asked, why occupy so large a space in these
historical recollections of the Seminary as to the Agency
in Great Britain. The reasons are apparent.

1st. The success of this movement gave confidence
and shewed that the resignation of no individual con-

Br. Ccunphell Goes to Scotland

nected witli the Seminary could nullify the prayerful
effort of Assembly and friends in establishing the insti-
tution.

2nd. The donors in Great Britain not only to the
library but in the kindness and hospitality shewn to the
agent were worthy of a record and honorable mention in
a history of the means employed in building up this
School of the Prophets.

CHAPTER V.

The First Professors

But to take up the action of the Board of Directors
with regard to the professorates. By request and appoint-
ment of the Board, Messrs. Stockton and Swift provision-
ally held the instruction in their hands until the General
Assembly could appoint a professor in the place of Rev.
Dr. J, Janeway who had resigned his place.

In May, 1829, the Rev. Dr. Halsey of Princeton, N. J.,
was elected Professor of Theology, Church History, etc.,
in place of Rev. Dr. Janeway and at this period Rev.
John W. Nevin by appointment of the Board commenced
his labors in the institution as instructor in the Depart-
ment of Oriental and Biblical Literature. Subsequently
the Board wished to get the Assembly to appoint Dr.
Nevin a professor, but, although spoken of by the Board
and expected by the Church that he would be appointed.
Dr. Nevin forbade the prosecution of the matter in the
Assembly. This was a matter of regret to the Board.
To relieve the Faculty of too enlarged field of instruction
and to give an individuality of responsibility and advan-
tage to the students in attendance, the Board of Direc-
tors sought at the hands of the Assembly the appoint-
ment of a professor for the Ecclesiastical History and
Church Government, although it was with fear and tremb-
ling from the very limited amount of funds at their dis-
posal. The Rev. Dr. John McDowell was elected, 1828,
professor to fill that department but saw fit to decline
that appointment. Five years afterwards the Rev. Dr.
Ezra Fisk was chosen to direct that department of in-
struction. Having accepted the appointment, when on
his way to Western Pennsylvania, he died in Philadel-
phia. Here was another abortive effort to complete the

The First Professors

faculty. The circumstances connected witli the history
of this professorship in the refusal of Dr. McDowell to
accept and the death of Dr. Fisk appeared singular, but
providentially there was a meaning in them. First, the
embarrassments of the Seminary financially were then
so great it appeared rashness to increase the burdens of
the institution. And, second, the willingness of Drs.
Halsey and Nevin to toil in the manner they did shewed
a self-sacrificing spirit that placed the Board and ChurcJi
under a debt of obligation which should be long remem-
bered. In the numerous appointments to fill the chair
of the Seminary, without any stretch of imagination,
these two brethren probably made larger pecuniary
abatements in their salaries than any others that have
been in the institution.

There was a reason for it. Within those years the
effects of the dispute about the title of the property were
practically manifested, making the possession of the
property a mere figment as to pecuniary advantage, a
bill of expense from lawyers' fees, etc. Nominally the
institution had property wdiich could have endowed it
but that was all; it was a name, not a reality.

But again: The great controversey in the Church at
that time about doctrines, order, and ecclesiastical organ-
ization, about Boards in contrary distinction to voluntary
associations which ultimately ended in the division of the
Church into Old and New School had a withering influ-
ence upon the prospects of the institution without en-
dowments and with a great want of confidence on the
part of the people that this. School of the Prophets like
other Theological Seminaries (such as Harvard, Geneva
in Switzerland, and many others) might get in such hands
that would be a curse instead of a blessing to the Church.

A Seminary wholly unprovided for, nothing but the
goodwill and piety of the Church to look to, would feel
the effect of such agitations in the curtailment of means
to meet the expenses. The wonder to me is how the Sem-

Foimding and Early History of Western Seminary

inary got along at all. The forbearance of the professors
had much to do in preventing the entire failure of the
project. As to qualifications for the professorships, sim-
ple justice demands the acknowledgment that they were
eminently fitted for the situations they held, and as to
moral worth their good name was worthy of all honor.

In 1835 Dr. Elliott was elected Professor of Church
History but finally in June, 1836, commenced profes-
sorial duties in the Seminary by the sanction of the
Assembly in the Theological instead of the Ecclesiastical
History chair.

At this time the writer of these historical recollec-
tions was induced to enter the Seminary by the solicita-
tions of the Board of Directors principally to superin-
tend the financial operations of the Seminary as General
Agent and also to assist a little in the instruction as
Instructor of Church Government. And here I think
it necessary to say something about myself. I had laid
it down as a rule of action as to my course as a minister
in this country that with respect to my ministerial fidel-
ity I would engage in any class of duties without the
expectation of pecuniary advantage so long as my pro-
fessional efforts would be an advantage to the Cause.
My Agency to Great Britain was without any pecuni-
ary emolument to myself. My second position had a
nominal salary of $600 per year connected with it. Part
of this salary I took, but then on the other hand post
office accounts connected with the Agency and for the
most part my travelling expenses were met by my ow^n
means, and other expenses growing out of the difficulties
of the institution and to make friends for the Seminary
made my connection with the matter shew a pretty large
deficit on the debit side of the profit and loss account.

I think it necessary to make this statement for sev-
eral reasons not necessary now to repeat. If I know my
own heart nothing could have induced me to give up the
Fourth Church in Pittsburgh, which I had been made the

The First Professors

means in the Lord's hand to gather, but the wish to
strive to rescue the institution from difficulties most pal-
pable and distressing. A minister well acquainted with
the churches in this country (who had been a successful
agent for the Tract Society, Board of Domestic Missions,
etc.) and who knew the feelings of the people to the Semi-
nary growing out of the controversy, etc., in the Church,
gave it as his opinion that no man could collect $1,000
for this cause in the Synod of Pittsburgh (then the Pres-
byteries in the Synods of Wheeling and Allegheny were
embraced in the Synod of Pittsburgh), but through the
kindness of Providence I was enabled to collect between
eight and nine thousand dollars in one year. This
enabled me to engage in finishing the Seminary build-
ings which had stood unfinished for a long time, to pay
many pressing debts, and to do something in the way of
paying professors. As to any aspirations about pro-
fessorships, this had no resting place in m}^ bosom. Pro-
fessor, teacher, whether with or without Assemblies'
imprimation, had nothing to do with my purpose as the
friend of the Seminary. The toils, anxieties, and physi-
cal infirmities brought on by the relation I had with the
Seminary were sometimes very grievous, but the motive
was like that of my venerated and departed friend, the
Rev. Dr. Herron, and others to attempt to do good for
the School of the Prophets so long as the Lord said to
us ''this is the w^ay walk ye in it". This Avas reward
enough without seeking with ambitious feelings either
name or prominence as professor or as one of the labour-
('Ts in the cause of establishing the Western Theological
Seminary.

I quote from an Historical Sketch delivered at the
opening of the new chapel on the 10th of January, 1836, IPS^
by Rev. Dr. David Elliott for the accounts of resignations
and appointments in the institution.

"In the Spring of 1837, Dr. Halsey resigned, leav-
ing the chair of Ecclesiastical History again vacant. In

Founding and Early History of Western Seminary

1840 Dr. Nevin also resigned, having consented to accept
a professorship in the Theological Seminary of the Ger-
man Reformed Church. And in the same year, Dr.
Campbell resigned and retired from the institution.
Thus, the Seminary was left with but a single professor.
Dr. Elliott, with the aid of a temporary assistant, con-
ducted the studies of the young men during the summer
of 1840. The General Assembly of that year had elected
the Rev. Dr. Lewis W. Green to the chair of Biblical and
Oriental Literature. This was accepted and occupied at
the opening of the winter session. In this post Dr. Green.
remained until 1847, when he resigned, to take the pas-
toral charge of the Second Presbyterian Church in the
City of Baltimore. To the vacant chair of Ecclesiastical
History and Church Government, the Rev. Dr. Alexander
T. McGill was elected, by the Assembly of 1842, a posi-
tion which he finally resigned in 1854, on his being chosen
to a Professorship at Princeton.

"The Chair of Biblical and Oriental Literature,
which had become vacant by the resignation of Professor
Green, remained vacant until 1851, when the Rev.
Melancthon W. Jacobus, D.D., was elected to it, by the
Assembl}^ of that 3^ear. He entered ujDon its duties the
succeeding autumn. The General Assembly of 1854
elected the Rev. Dr. William S. Plumer to the chair
vacated by Dr. McGill. Dr. Plumer declined, but sub-
sequently, according to an arrangement voluntarily ten-
dered by Dr. Elliott, and sanctioned by the Assembly, he
accepted the chair of Didactic and Pastoral Theology.
Drs. Elliott, Jacobus, and Plumer, with the aid of Mr.
Samuel Jennings Wilson, now constitute the very effec-
tive faculty of the institution. ' '

Rev. Samuel Jennings Wilson, who acted for a time
as a teacher in the Seminary, was elected Professor of
Ecclesiastical History and Composition and Delivery of
Sermons at the Assembly which met in Lexington, Ky.,
the Assembly having agreed to appoint a fourth profes-
sor. Since that period a fifth professor was asked for by

The First Professors

the Board of Directors. The prayer was granted and
Eev. Dr. William M. Paxton was appointed Professor
oi Sacred Rhetoric embracing the composition and deliv-
ery of sermons. It would be invidious to discriminate
^s to the merits of professors, their disposition to meet
the self-denial to which they were exposed by reduction
of salaries, want of punctuality in the payment of them
particularly at the period when the institution had no
permanent fund, or, if any, not adequate to meet the
drafts upon it.

It may be asked why occupy so large a space in these
frequent resignations, such changes not by deaths. The
difficulties and poverty of the institution with the causes
flowing from such a state of things must be the answer.
While there was a forbearance on the part of all on this
question, the wonder is they bore so long. No doubt the
feeling did press sometimes upon their minds that with
them to continue any longer forbearance would cease
to be a virtue. That such men as McGill, Green, etc.,
with talents that could command positions, to be incon-
venienced in the manner they were about their salaries
v/as not to be expected. With the well-known fact of the
intimate and affectionate relations that existed between
Dr. McGill and the writer of this narrative I feel it would
be rather gross to enter into a fervid expression of my
feelings with regard to that brother, warm in his affec-
tions and confiding in his friendships. To have had such
a friend ever has been a source of satisfaction to my
mind.

A word more as to Dr. McGrill's resignation and
appointment as a Professor in Princeton. Such Avas the
Doctor's position in this country whether from pecuniary
or other causes that he might have been induced to con-
tinue his connection with the Seminary had not a move-
ment taken place by the Directors of the Theological
Seminary at Princeton to have him appointed and trans-
ferred as a professor in that institution.

To look at this act of the Directors in the light of

Founding and Early History of Western Seminary

the connection the Western Theological Seminary held
with the Assembly. It belonged to the Presbyterian
Church under the jurisdiction of the Assembly. Now
was it exactly right to have a highly qualified professor
removed from an institution that was struggling almost
for existence and place him in one powerful as to ability,
friends, position, and faculty that was above all praise!
1 do not say there was any statute or law to forbid such
a movement but that of the golden rule to do to others
as we w^ish to be done by.

I do not dot down this criticism about Princeton in
anger upon the modus operandi of taking away a pro-
fessor from one institution in the Church to place him
in another. The reason for such an act should be very
good. There is rivalry and competition enough in the
world without Theological Seminaries engaging in such
a strife.

The action of the Board on March 31st, 1840, is as
follows: "Upon the resignation of Dr. Xevin of his
place in the Seminary which was tendered agreeably to
a notice given by him in the fall of 1839, which deter-
mination was strengthened by receiving a unanimous
call from the S>Tiod of the German Reformed Church
to take charge of their Theological Seminary at Mercers-
burg, Pa. The Board, while they accept his resignation
with sincere regret for the loss which it will occasion to
our own Seminary, cannot but express their high sense
of the fidelity, ability, and uniform integrity of the pro-
fessor during the period of his connexion with this insti-
tution in its various vicissitudes through a period of ten
years, and in dissolving this connexion it is their hope
and prayer that the eminent talents and acquirements
of the professor ma}^ be made greatly subservient to the
advancement of the Redeemer's Kingdom in the inter-
esting community with which he is about to be connected
and in the important and extensive sphere of usefulness
to which he has been called."

the First Professors

I find also upon the proposed introduction of Dr.
Elliott to the Seminary, he being averse to accept the
Ecclesiastical History chair but willing to occupy that
of Theology, an expression of opinion in accordance with
this preference led the Board to endorse this idea, know-
ing that Dr. Halsey liad some attachments to Ecclesias-
tical History investigations and supposing it might be
best under the circumstances of the case; certainly On
the part of the Board with no wish to oust Dr. Halsey
to elevate Dr. Elliott, and, lest the expression of the
transfer from one professorship to another in the action
of the Board on May 28th, 1836, might be misunderstood,
go on to say that the arrangements adopted in the change
of the Professor's Chair with the addition of Dr. Elliott
is best under present circumstances and that Professor
Halsey be requested to continue his connexion with the
Seminary. Subsequently Dr. Halsey, being invited to a
professorship in Auburn Seminary, New York, saw fit
to announce to the Board his resignation of his position
at Allegheny at a meeting of the Board in May, 1837.

Drs. Brown and E. P. Swift were appointed a com-
mittee to prepare a minute in regard to Dr. Halsey 's
retirement from the professorship in the Seminary.
The copy of their report I find through an oversight was
neglected to be recorded but I have no doubt it was in
accordance with an opinion expressed on a former occa-
sion by the Board: "So far as they are personally in-
formed they have full confidence in the capacity of Dr.
Halsey and the correctness of his theological sentiments
and their entire satisfaction in the ^ discharge of his
duties as a Professor." The future manifestations of
liberality of Dr. Halsey in permitting his library to
remain in the institution, together with the thanks of
the Board for so doing, and for the interest he continued
to manifest for an institution for whom he toiled for so
many years, all went to shew that reciprocal and right
feelings were responded to both on the part of the Board
and the professor.

Founding and Early History of Western Seminary

As I stated before, the great disquietude in the his-
tory of the Seminary as to the professors, etc., was the
want of funds. There was also a great lack of unity of
action in the West. The effort was fragmentary, thrown
almost entirely upon the Synod of Pittsburgh. But also
the condition of the Church from the doctrinal agitation
in her midst engendered suspicions about Seminaries and
professors which made up an aggregate of difficulties
both as to retaining the professors and keeping the
Seminary in existence.

CHAPTER VI.

The Raising of an Endowment

I suspect there were fewer cabals or wire pulling
in the progress of this enterprize than falls to the lot
of most projects with such difficult surroundings as were
connected with the history of this institution. Stern dif-
ficulties growing out of circumstances was the cause of
the disquietude both to Seminary and professors.
Schemes and manoeuvering are bad anywhere, but more
especially in religious matters. They may be termed
strange fire to be put on the altar of God. The end of
such things cannot be good.

Again, the efforts to raise the means to establish the
Seminary were points which occupied the attention of
the Board from the first.
/. Agencies.

It cannot be said that either the Board or the friends
of the institution expected to succeed without labor and
toil. Such were not the Utopian views of those who
were called to labor in this matter. Western men Avho
acquired their habits, energy, and enterprise in the early
settlement of the country were not trained to such modes
of thought. After the Assembly had settled the question
of location we find at the first meeting of the Board at
Pittsburgh the raising of funds, agencies, etc., [entered]
into the deliberations of that body.

Thus run the Minutes: "On motion resolved that
the first installment of the monies subscribed for the
endowment of the Western Theological Seminary shall
be considered as becoming due on the first day of May,
1827, and that this information be communicated to sub-
scribers through the Pittsburgh Recorder."

Again: "The Rev. Messrs. Francis Herron, D.D.,

Founding and Early History of Western Seminary

and -E. P. Swift, D.D., were appointed a committee to
enquire for and if practicable obtain a suitable and per-
manent agent to be employed to solicit under the direc-
tion of this Board funds in aid of the endowment and
support of the Seminary and report the same at next
meeting. The Rev. James Graham was appointed an
agent in behalf of the Seminary to sj)end two months in
the several towns and congregations in the central part
of this state soliciting donations and contributions to
its treasury. The Rev. Obadiah Jennings was also
appointed for the like iDurpose to the Cities of Harris-
burg, Lancaster, Washington, Baltimore, and New York.
The Professor of Theology elect (Dr. Janeway) Avas
authorized and appointed to solicit funds in aid of the
Seminary in Philadelphia in case he may find it conveni-
ent to attend to that business. The Rev. James Smylie
was also empowered to act as agent in behalf of this
institution within the bounds of the Presbytery of Mis-
sissippi."

Dr. Herron, always true to his aspirations of doing
good particularly to the Seminary, which feeling con-
tinued to the evening of his life, probably one of the last
efforts in this way was in asking of Washington Irving
the contribution of his works to put on the shelves of the
library.

I find a minute to this effect in the records of the
Western Theological Seminary. "Dr. Herron made a
report to the Board June 24th, 1828, of his services as
an agent (to Philadelphia) in behalf of the institution by
which it appeared that he had obtained :

Subscriptions for professorships $3250.00

Ditto at discretion 2150.00

Ditto for building 185.00

$5585.00

''He also stated that he had saved to the institution
by the exchange of money about twenty-six dollars and

. , 94

The Raising of an Endowment

that his expenses amounted to fifty-one dollars.

"On motion resolved that the Board accept the
report of Dr. Herron, that they tender to him their
thanks for his services, and that his agency be
continued."

The Eev. Thomas D. Baird was appointed an agent
to the Synod of Ohio and collected during his agency
two hundred ninety dollars and fift};- cents.

Aaron Herr, Esq., was appointed an agent to solicit
funds in aid of the Seminary in Harrisburg and its
vicinity.

A Committee was appointed, Messrs. Patterson and
Brown, to examine the subscription papers belonging to
the Seminary and report on such matters in relation to
them as they ma}' think proper to bring before the
Board.

The Committee appointed to confer with Messrs.
Swift and Stockton stated that they had attended on the
business of their appointment and that they were
directed to apprize the Board that, as the said services
were intended to be gratuitous, no charge was made for
the same. The thanks of the Board were also tendered
to Messrs. Swift and Stockton for their gratuitous serv-
ices as agents of the Board and the sum of $100 each was
voted to them as a small acknoAvledgement for their serv-
ices as teachers the last year, the former during the
Avinter and the latter during the summer session. Dr.
Swift being present during the p^issage of the resolu-
tions, returned thanks to the Board for the said acknowl-
edgement and asked permission to decline accepting the
pecuniary consideration mentioned.

Rev. William Wylie was appointed for three months
in the several Presbj^teries of Ohio and Kentucky, John
Joyce for the city of Philadelphia, Dr. Herron for Pitts-
burgh, and A. D. Campbell and Joseph Stockton special
agents to solicit subscriptions and advanced payments
on old subscriptions, Rev. Thos. E. Hughes to operate

Founding and Early History of Western Seminary

principally in the Synod of Pittsburgh. Dr. Elliott
made a successful effort in Philadelphia, Carlisle, etc.,
A. D. Campbell, general agent, William 0. [Patton] for
Ohio, etc. Committees of Presbyteries to supervise the
collection of funds, collect old subscriptions, and to urge
the people to accomplish the great work of establishing
the Seminary, were appointed from time to time who
acted with great devotion in the cause.

My object in dwelling on the subject of the agencies
was to give some particularity to this instrumentality,
to show the earnestness of the Board, and also to make
a record of a few of the names of those who labored and
toiled to establish the institution. From my knowledge
of this subject I must say as a point of belief that in no
enterprise of so much magnitude was ever less money
expended in the agencies. Those who acted manifested
that they thought more of the object than their pecuni-
ary advantage. This is a striking fact. Under the head-
ing of voluntary agencies there is a large credit in the
profit and loss account in favor of those who were
employed. This self-sacrifice will appear more striking
when the fact is recurred to that the salaries of ministers
were so limited as to make it necessary for them to exer-
cise the utmost economy to sustain themselves. Men can
afford to be liberal when wealthy but it is another thing
to be poor and still to exercise self-denial for the sake
of the cause.

//. The Endoivment Question 'with Its History.

The Seminary, by a reference to the doings of the
Board, will be seen to have commenced with the idea of
endowment to be raised by contributions or else by the
appropriation of the property, leasing lots to create a
fund for the support of the institution. The progress
to endowment by the property appeared to be hopeless
from the early developed opposition to ignore the grant
on the part of citizens of Allegheny, and as to the other
[ ] for the permanent funds to come in would

The Raising of an Endowment

not pay professors' salaries or meet the current expenses
of the institution. As the institution had to live from
hand to mouth, the money collected for to-day had to be
disposed of in the same manner. To talk about the insti-
tution living upon the interest of funds was then idle.
The wish might have been the father of the thought but
the sober reality then was that under the circumstances
the Directors had to do the best they could.

Here, by the way, what became of the twenty thou-
sand dollar subscription proffered to the Assembly for
the location and which was extended to thirty-five or
forty thousand which was to be paid in five annual
installments! The early installments in the freshness
of the enterprise were collected with prompitude, but
discouragements, the property disappointment, the doc-
trinal controversy in the church, the weakening of confi-
dence in Seminaries, and want of business aptitudes led
to loss of subscriptions, but still by no means to the
extent it has been supposed. But what was wanted from
the original subscription was made up sevenfold in the
yearl}^ collection of the churches, donations within the
l)ounds of the Synod of Pittsburgh. For years she
became almost the entire almoner to the institution. And
here I must say we have done more in this part of the
country for the Seminary singly than in any other por-
tion of the Presbyterian Church. Princeton has had
larger sums given to her, has been on a broader founda-
tion, but it must be recollected it was the effort of the
whole Church, not of a single district which was any-
thing else but wealthy when this work was thrown
upon it. Outside of the Synods of Pittsburgh and Ohio
(I speak of the Synod of Pittsburgh as it was before
the existence of Synods of Wheeling and Allegheny)
subscriptions were obtained and liberality manifested
Imt still as a great work the Western Theological Semi-
nary is the child of the West. It is indebted both as to
its patrons, friends, and contributions in a great degree

Founding and Early History of Western Seminary

to the Presbyterianism of Pittsburgh and Ohio. Where
the honor is to be found there should be rendered the
credit. "Honor to whom honor is due".

As to any practical etfect, the endowment scheme
was a thing in name but not in reality until a movement
was made on this subject through the instrumentality
of the Rev. Richard Lea of Lawrenceville. Wishing to
become acquainted with the facts on this subject I
addressed a letter to Mr. Lea. The answer is so much
to the point to give it a permanent record is most
desirable.*

Mr, Lea, in another note addressed to the writer of
these historical recollections, goes on to say, "In 1843
or 4 my proposition for endowment w^as discussed and
voted down by the Presbytery of Ohio ; my elder, Malcom
Leech, Esq., alone voted with me. Grieved but not dis-
heartened, I appealed to the churches in the Advocate.
Other articles appeared, scoffs ceased, Presbyteries and
Synods acted. Dr. N. 0. Patterson pledged himself to
visit the New Lisbon Presbyter}^, Rev. John Kerr that of
Washington. I visited all the others in the three Synods,
following your track and reaping some of the fruits of
your former labours."

I find in the minutes the action of the Board of
Directors on the question of endowment on June 12, 1844.

"Endowing Professorships, Scholarships, amount
of Property under the control of Trustees, etc. After
discussing at some length the subject of endowing pro-
fessorships in the Western Theological Seminary the
following minute was adopted. "Whereas, information
has been received from different Presbyteries intimating
a willingness to make efforts to endow professorships
in the Western Theological Seminary, therefore,

"Resolved that the Presbyteries within the bounds
of the Synods of Pittsburgh, Wheeling, and Ohio be
requested without delay to proceed in endeavoring to

*Unfortunately the copy of this letter was not with the ms.

The Raising of an Endowment

.>ecure by donations and subscriptions in all their con-
gregations, the permanent endowment of two professor-
ships according to the plans and estimates heretofore
suggested. ' '

Again, at a meeting on September 17th, 1844:
"Professorship funds how to be invested. Resolved
that all sums of money contributed for the endowment
of professorship and scholarships in the Western Theo-
logical Seminary shall be considered as solemnly pledged
for those objects exclusively, the interest only to be
applied for their use and the said sums shall be invested
or loaned under the following conditions. All loans shall
be made on bonds and mortgages of [ ] held

real estate bearing interest at the rate of six per cent
payable semi-annually, etc. etc."

In November, 1846 it was resolved that an agent be
appointed to prosecute the endowment project and have
the whole matter relating to the pecuniary interests of
the institution under his special supervision from this
time till January, 1848. Mr. Lea was appointed the agent
of the Board in accordance with the above resolution.

I have been thus particular on the subject, first, to
give the history of the matter ; and second, to point out
the sense of obligation that the Church is under to the
Rev. Richard Lea for not only suggesting the endowment
remedy but also for the perseverance manifested in car-
rying it out. If we record gratitude for liberality and
large-heartedness to donors who have generously given
their means to establish the Seminary, certainly to the
author of the scheme of endowment, as far as any prac-
tical value was connected with the idea, to the Rev. Rich-
ard Lea emphatically a friend of the Seminary.

The present position of the financial aspect of the
endowment is as follows: Three professorships are
endowed, two of them by the contributions of the
churches and one from the interest on the $35,000 in the
hands of the Councils of Allegheny City ; the fourth pro-

Founding .and Early History of Western Seminary

fessorship is partially so. As this professorship was
asked by the Board at the hands of the Assembly, noth-
ing more than common justice requires that the pledge
to the professor should be made good for his support
from a permanent fund rather than from sources which
may have uncertainty thrown around them.

The fifth professorship has no endowment but is
filled by one who asks no salary, but even here the honor
and character of the Seminary required steps should be
taken to give a reality to this professorship as it regards
salary. If the present professor chooses to be at no
charge to the institution that can be no reason for letting
this professorship be entirely unprovided for. Without
this, either from the resignation or death of the present
incumbent, the Board may not be able to fill the vacancy
by the appointment of another. It would have been
better that the Board should not have asked the Assem-
bly for such an appointment than that such be the result.

There is another reason that should have w^eight.
Gratuitous service, although rendered cheerfully and
faithfull}^, is not always estimated in the manner it
should be. While Paul chose to be at charges to no one,
raid that for certain reasons, yet still he says: "Even
so hath the Lord ordained that they which preach the
gospel should live of the gospel". The moral is "the
labourer is worthy of his hire" in other things as well
as preaching.

III. With Respect to the Financial Advantages of the
Western Theological Seminary to Aid Young Men
Wanting Pecuniary Assistance ivhile Prosecuting
their Studies in the Institution.

By legacies and other contributions the Trustees
have about twenty scholarships under control. The sum
necessary to endow a scholarship is $2,000. Such is the
pecuniary provision belonging to the Seminary to meet
the payment of professors' salaries and the sustentation

100

The Raising of an Endowment

of students who do not receive aid from the Board of
Education.

As it respects the property, the new Seminary (in
the place of the old edifice which was situated on the
hill and which was consumed by fire on Jan. 23, 1854),
together with Beatty Hall capable of accommodating
eighty-one students, and four professors' houses, with. a
library now increasing from the money derived from the
insurance of the same, together with donations now
receiving, you have an amount of property which is
rather wonderful if w^e take into consideration from
what a small beginning the Seminary sprang and what
difficulties were met in bringing the institution to the
point which it now holds.

The management of the financial concern is under
the control of a Board of Trustees separate from that
of the Board of Directors. The Seminary, upon the
application of the Board of Directors, asked an act of
incorporation from the Legislature of Pennsylvania
which was granted in the winter of 1843-4 but which w^as
not finally accepted by the Assembly until an alteration
>:hould be made of the 11th Section of the charter by the
Legislature.

The action of the Board of Directors on June 12th,
1844, on the charter to be changed reads as follows:

•'Whereas the Executive Committee Jiad secured
from the Legislature of this State an act of incorpora-
tion for the Western Theological Seminary, and whereas
ihe General Assembly declined accepting the said char-
ter because of the 11th Section of the same and referred
it back to the Board of Directors of the Western Theo-
logical Seminary to take such measures as may secure
the repeal of said section or a supplementary act pro-
viding for the security of the property to the institution
in case this charter should hereafter be repealed ; there-
fore: Resolved that this whole matter be committed to
the Executive Committee to endeavour to obtain from

101

Founding and Early History of Western Seminary

the next Legislature the alteration of the charter above
referred to."

Agreeably to the direction of the General Assembly,
the Board of Directors, through their Executive Com-
mittee, the next winter sought the alteration to the char-
ter which was acceded to by the Legislature and hence
the act of incorporation was accepted on the part of the
Church.

102

CHAPTER VII.

Early Difficulties Surmounted

Before I attempt to give an account of these diffi-
culties which have been partially mentioned in the course
of this statement two incidents are worthy of note. Dis-
couragements were but a name to the difficulties that
were felt in the progress of the work. When the walls
of the building on the hill were not more than one-third
up there was not a dollar in the treasury to go on with
the work and the Executive Committee knew not where
to look for aid. I well remember the strength of faith
of that untiring friend of the Seminary, the late Dr. F.
Herron. On that occasion he remarked to the writer of
This narrative, "Our way is hedged up but our duty is
to hope against hope". By the kindness of Dr. Matthew
Brown, Dr. Herron and myself effected a loan of $2,000
giving him our own notes for the same. Without this
needful supply the work must have been arrested. To
Dr. Brown we owe the further progress of the work in
putting the building under roof.

Another incident. In a time of great discouragement
with respect to the Western Theological Seminary, wher
insurmountable difficulties appeared to paralyse the
energy of the friends of the cause, the question was
mooted in the Board, "Are we not called upon to close
the institution for a time from the want of means to carry
it on and also from the distractions growing out of the
unsettled state of our Church from the great contro-
versy ? ' '

The Rev. Thomas D. Baird, always true to himself
with a firmness and praj^erfulness equal to the occasion,
answered promptly: "Certainly not; our duty is to
trust in the Lord". Shut up to faith was the voice in

103

Founding and Early History of Western Seminary

the Providence of God to all the friends of the enterprise
whatever might be the difficulties to be overcome. If
Professor Franke, the founder of the celebrated Orphan
House at Halle in Grermany, had to draw upon the Bank
of Faith for success in his benevolent work, even so in
the dealings of the Lord the friends of the Seminary
were taught a similar lesson as to their dut}^ It is a
good bank to draw upon in a moment of extremity.
There are times and seasons in which it is valuable to
take a retrospect of events which were shrouded with
such difficulties that the only remedy was a Throne of
Grace. From my recollections there was more praying
in those days for the Seminary than is now done when
we talk rather boastingly of the number of our students.

The rivalry of the Seminaries in the Presbyterian
Church for members is one of the bad influences grooving
out of the multiplication of them. And here a word is
only necessary by way of caution. In our overheated
zeal for success we ma^^ be left to be governed by worldly
policy rather than a ''thus saith the Lord".

But to prosecute the idea of difficulties. If contri-
butions could not be obtained for the institution they
had to be borrowed and that upon individual security,
and here I must say upon my own knowledge no man
ever lost a dollar by the Western Theological Seminary
who stepped forward to raise money to meet the liabili-
ties of the concern. This cannot be asserted of all reli-
gious enterprises. This the writer of this narrative from
his own experience can fully testify. It Avas remarkable
how in moments of extreme embarrassment friends would
be raised up with pecuniary aid, praj^'ers, and etfort
just to suit the occasions.

An example. Thus read the minutes May 26th, 1836 :
"The President informed the Board that he had received
the sum of $1,000, the proceeds of a legacy left to the
institution by the late Mr. John Kennedy, of Hagerstown,
Maryland, and had invested the same in productive

104

Early Difficulties Surmounted

stock for the benefit of the Seminary. The Board
approved of the action of the President in the premises
and resolved that the aforesaid sum be appropriated to
extinguish a debt due Dr. Brown for which the Presi-
dent and Mr. Campbell are personally responsible."

An instance of the strong purpose of the Board to
persevere in the good work of establishing the Seminary
upon a sure foundation even although the walls had to
be built in troublous times. The Board met the
15th of March, 1836. The Committee on the state
of the Seminary reported, and their report, after
a free discussion at several sittings, was adopted,
and is as follows: "The Committee on the pres-
i^nt exigenc}^ of the Seminary beg leave to report that
they have encountered much difficulty and embarrass-
ment upon the subject arising from a variety of sources.
Without entering into the details of these difficulties,
which we presume are equally w^ell known to all the
Board, they feel satisfied that an important crisis in the
history of the Seminary has arrived. The question with
us is simply this: shall a Seminary, devoted to the
training of young men for the ministr}^, at this interest-
ing period, when the cry is every day growing louder
and stronger for more labourers and when the harvest
of the world is perishing, shall they go or shall the doors
be closed? Over these questions the Committee have
pondered and as the result for the action of the Board
Ihey would propose the following resolutions:

"1st. That in the deliberate opinion of the Board the
Western Theological Seminar}^ ought to be continued and
sustained and that it would be contrary to our duty to
God and His Church to relinquish this important institu-
tion after sustaining it thus far w^ith so much cost and
trouble and such evident tokens of the divine blessing.

"2nd. Resolved that, after a careful examination of
the pecuniary ability of the members of the churches, arc
deliberately convinced that the Seminary might be abun-

105

Founding and Early History of Western Seminary

dantly supported even by the congregations of the Synod
of Pittsburgh alone if they would contribute to this
object as its importance demands without the coopera-
tion which we have a right to expect from the churches
generally and especially the Synod of Ohio."

I might go on and spread out at length the difficul-
ties of the professors such as Dr. McGill's proposed
resignation, Feb. 11, 1848, presented by the President
and ordered to be entered upon the minutes.

Extract of letter, etc.

'^I am constrained by circumstances to inform yon
(that is the President) that unless some guarantee other
than I have at present be afforded for my future support
J cannot remain in my present position. Other places
press me at present for my services. I would gladly con-
tinue where I am with any amount of labour you are
pleased to impose and I am adequate to perform, but
while my responsibilities in the Seminary are greatly
increased of late my salary is reduced and is really
inadequate to the wants of my family, etc."

Another. Dr. Green, upon his accepting a call from
the Second Presbyterian Congregation of Baltimore,
addressed a letter to the Board, dated Nov. 6th, 1846.
It was read and contained a proposition in regard to his
pecuniary relations to the institution, offering to relin-
quish five or six hundred dollars of what will be due to
him on January 9th, 1847, provided that on or before
that time he receive $500 and that provision be made
to pay him the balance during 1847. This offer was
accepted by the Board. The goodwill of all the profes-
sors had been shewn, some more and some less, to sub-
mit to reduction of salary which was borne until a proper
sense of their own interests demanded they should speak
out, which was not only right but a duty considering
their obligations to their families.

Another discouragement. Enough has been said

106

Early Difficulties Surmounted

on the dark side of the matter. But there were
lights as well as shadow^ in the history of the
Seminary. A few of these will give something of
a completeness to the account of the institution.
Although the Seminary on the hill was ultimately to be
abandoned agreeably to the lease of the propert^^ to the
Council of Allegheny City, yet at the time when the build-
ing was destroyed by fire on January 23d, 1854, the event
was not propitious to the interest of the institution, as
the loss was greater than the insurance covered, for much
of the material might have been employed in the erec-
tion of the new building since in the contract with Alle-
gheny this was especially reserved by the Trustees in
the sale. But the great loss was in the destruction of
so many of the books out of the Henry and the English
and Scottish Libraries, many works of rare value which
could not be easily picked up again. Bricks and mortar
might be got, house or houses erected, insurance recov-
ered on the property and books destroyed, but all these
would not repair the loss of valuable standard works,
theological, etc.

The faculty "presented to the Board of Directors their
annual report for the term 1853-4; in which after
making a full report of the condition of the Semi-
nary as it regards their various departments, they go on
to speak of the destruction of the Seminary by fire on
the 23rd of January last. "On the 23rd. day of January
last it pleased the holy providence of God to visit our
institution with a calamitous fire which originated in a
manner unknown to us upon the evening of a day in-
tensely cold and at an hour when many of the students
who lodged in the building were absent at their boarding
houses and elsewhere.

"The building was totally destroyed and the library
nearly so. The Halsey Library was mostly saved yet
not without considerable injury. This visitation was
truly afflictive and nothing but levity and ignorance can

107

Founding and Early History of Western Seminary

represent it an event which we might have coveted with
the idea it would afford us an opportunity not only to
gain the sums insured by regular policies but to appeal
successfully to the sympathies of the people for a bet-
ter establishment than we have lost. The policies we
have referred to are utterly inadequate to indemnify our
losses and it remains to us yet to see how far the public
liberality will enable us to secure our necessary accom-
modation.

"In the two cities a noble fund was raised to assist in
the erection of a new edifice and in assisting students who
t^uffered loss by the fire. The First Church, Allegheny,
tendered the basement of the church edifice for the
accommodation of the Seminary."

I make these statements of the fire to notice the
assertions which were made by certain x)ersons on the
event of the fire and subscriptions taking up to erect the
new building that the destruction of the Seminary Avas
a gain rather than a loss. To use no severer terms I
must say such remarks were highly objectionable and
should not have been made. To impeach the integrity
of those promoting the raising of funds for the object
was anything else but Christian. Rash speaking some-
times does great injury even in a religious point of view.
The destruction was felt and known to be a loss by men
whose characters in a moral point of view were above
reproach and who could not have been induced to say
such a thing was a loss if it had not been so.

With as much propriety the designation of the insti-
tution might have been the Providence Seminary as any
thing else. While for years without funds, yea without
much affection for it outside of the Synod of Pittsburgh,
yet, while it lived, did good not only in providing minis-
ters for the destitute places of the West, the older settle-
ments of this country, but even among the heathen. How
wonderful are the ways of the Lord!

An early ground of encouragement which the Board

108

Early Difficulties Surmomited

liad. There were Aarons and Hurs to hold up their hands
amidst their difficulties. The presentation of the library
of the late Dr. Thos. Charlton Henry of Charleston,
S.C, by his father, Alex. Henry, Esq., of Philadelphia,
was a striking instance of disinterestedness on the part
of that excellent man.

All the relations which Mr. Henry had on a Semi-
]!ary matter one might have supposed would have led
him to give it to Princeton. His son was educated there
and he himself on most intimate terms with both Direc-
tors and Faculty of that institution, but such was not
in his mind. Part of that Library still exists, having
been saved from the fire, as a representative of the good
feelings of Alex. Henry, Esq., to the Western Theologi-
cal Seminary.

Dr. T, C. Henry was a minister in his day not only
of mental accomplishments and piety but of great capa-
bilities to attach a people to him. That he had the love
of his congregation at Charleston, S. C, read the follow-
ing minute :

''At a meeting of the Board of Directors held in
Pittsburgh on the 26th of May, 1835, a request was pre-
sented by the congregation of the late Dr. Henry, of
Charleston, S. C, for a few books from the 'Henry
Library' as a token of veneration for their late pastor.
It was resolved that the request be granted." True
Christian affection, "many waters cannot quench it".

Another ground of encouragement was the success
of the mission in collecting the English and Scottish
Library, "a library", says one of the reports of the
Faculty to the Board, "rich in the theological literature
of the 16th and 17th centuries". But another and equally
important point was gained by this mission to Great
Britain. Our own people saw blood earnestness (to
employ an expression of the late Dr. I. M. Mason when
asked what he thought of Dr. Chalmers as a preacher)
to have a Seminary with divine permission, whatever

109

Founding and Early History of Western Seminary

might be the difficulties in accomplishing it. Confidence
is sometimes worth more than money to a cause.

Another encouragement. Scholarships began to be
endowed; for instance, McNeely's Scholarship, etc., and
legacies were made to the Board, one from the late Moses
Middlesworth, of Allegheny County, of $2,000, one from
Mr. William Laird, of Indiana County, of $800, etc.

Then came the endowment movement through the
agency of Rev. Richard Lea. The doctrine of influences
has much to do in the production of great events. Chris-
tian people beginning to leave property to the School of
the Prophets may have been the forerunner of the per-
manent movement finding favour in the sight of the peo-
ple. There is a very striking resolution in the report
of the Committee which was adopted by the Board on
the 30th of January, 1845, on the proposed resignation
of Dr. McGill on account of inadequate support.

''Resolved, 1st, that the Directors recognize a special
Providence in donations recently made to relieve the
institution from embarrassment arising from heavy
arrears of salary due to their professors. These have
been bestowed at a time of such urgent need and with
such generous liberality as to encourage a confidence in
the favour of God to the Seminary and that He deigns
to render it a blessing to the Church of God and the
world. ' '

At this point of the statement of the encouragements
ci proper sense of justice as well as a high feeling of
respect leads me to speak of the deep interest and
liberality manifested by the Rev. Dr. C. C. Beatty to
the Seminary from his first connection with that insti-
tution as a Director and Trustee to the present time.

To flatter is no part of Christian duty but to render
proper acknowledgment for kindnesses shown is cer-
tainly proper. Without a wish to pry into the secrets of
another, on a recent occasion I made a request of my min-
isterial brother to state to me what amount of money

110

Early Difficulties Surmounted

from first he had contributed to the institution. I have
not received an answer to the enquiry; probably his
modesty forbids it, but it may be safely asserted that
his good lady Mrs. Beatty and himself stand preeminent
as the benefactors of the Seminary. The Professors'
Houses, the Seminary, and Beatty Hall all have invested
in them on their part an amount of funds that should
call forth the gratitude of the friends of the Western
Theological Seminary.

Again. The unwavering manifestation of fidelity
of the churches in Pittsburgh, Allegheny, and the congre-
gations in the several Presbyteries and Synods in the
West for so many years stands as an abiding debt of
obligation on the part of the Presb^'^terian Church and
the Boards of Directors and Trustees of the Western
Theological Seminary to those who felt the importance
of more enlarged theological education to the future min-
istry of the Church.

Another friend who in his day took a deep interest
in the cause as Treasurer of the Board and also as a
liberal contributor Avas Michael Allen, Esq., who for
many years unweariedly looked after the interests of
the institution and who would, if he had not been lead
to a wrong conclusion, have endowed a professorship,
but left to the Boards what would have been given to
the institution.

The impression that he had taken up from state-
ments made to him was that the sale or lease of the prop-
erty would endow the Seminary. Here is an instance in
which those statements and opinions do harm. But the
Church receives from his estate the appropriation to the
Lord out of his property but in other channels than that
of the Seminary. This explanation appears necessary
as it was a matter of surprise that Mr. Allen, the friend
of the Seminary, did not recognize it in his will.

A worthy friend in the East who is in the habit of
making large donations to the various interests of the

111

Founding and Early History of Western Seminary

Church made several liberal contributions to the Semi-
nary in times of great need which proved that while
Princeton had his first love his kindness did not end
there. The usual practice of that worthy man to have his
name withheld in these appropriations to the Lord pre-
vents my intrenching upon his wishes.

More recently in the excavation of the ground for
the new Seminary John T. Logan, Esq., not only was
highly interested in accomplishing the work but expended
quite a large sum as the earnest on his part that the
building should be completed. This and his other
efforts to the present time for the Seminary should
elicit from the Church those acknowledgments which the
circumstances demand.

I could go on and speak of Moses Middlesworth,
Thomas Patterson, Wm, Laird of Bethany Church,
Judah Colt, Montgomery, etc., together with a farm in
Mercer County willed for a professor's house, to show
how light was scattered in the pathway of the Seminary
in the darkest days of her history.

I presume there never were more contributions given
by ministers and people in very moderate circumstances
to establish a Theological Seminary than was exhibited
in this enterprize. The Rev. Richard Lea gives a graphic
account of the self-sacrificing spirit of a few of those wh^o
were rich in faith although poor in the things of the
world.

From the poor man without arms who heard me
plead the cause of the Seminary in Stoke Newingto)!
Chapel, near London, England, where Dr. Watts
jjreached in former days, who accosted me after the
sermon upon returning to my lodging, "Are you not the
American minister that preached in our chapel today?
1. was much was much moved with your statements about
America. I am an unfortunate man, some would say,
but I am not so. It is true I am without arms, but will
you put your hand in my pocket and take out a shilling!'^

112

Early Difficulties Surmounted

This is a poor man's contribution to the multitude of
those in the midst of these hills of Pennsylvania, Vir-
ginia, and Ohio, with very little property, almost depend-
ent from every day's labor for the subsistence of the daj^,
and yet they had hearts to contribute to the Seminary.

Do not tell me that the Seminary can falter in the
])athway with the piety of the poor ones of the earth- in
its favour, if the administration of it is kept under the
fear of God. I am more afraid of the want of piety for
the Seminary than that of funds. Success is not in
mone}^ but in the living influence of religion. One may be
rich and increased in goods and have need of nothing and
yet the moral estimate may be "that thou art wretched
and miserable and poor and blind and naked."

The piety of these Seminaries of the Church is more
to be looked after than either Boards of Directors,
Trustees, Professors, or Endowments. Without this.
Seminaries may have numbers but be mere pest houses
sending out an ungodly unconverted ministry into the
Church.

Another ground of encouragement. The Semi-
nary was built upon the pra3^ers of God's people. It is
]:emarkable how difficulties drive God's people to their
knees. This was eminently the case in the present in-
stance. Disappointment in ensuring a united A¥est to es-
tablish the Seminary, the want of value of the property
to the project, the controversy in the Church, the coolness
to professors through the influence of party feeling
(whether above or below the mark of what would be
required as the true type of Presbyterianism), the weari-
ness produced from thwarted efforts in the cause, these
and many other trials put the fidelity of the friends of
the Seminary to the test and drove them to their knees.

And here came in the prayerful spirit of the early
pioneers. Born in revivals, they had their prayer books
not made with types or pens or paper but in their hearts.
They knew how to pray and they went with their bur-
ns

Founding and Early History of Western Seminary

dens to the throne. For it must be remembered very
many of those who had been in the early revivals in this
country were enlisted in this cause, such men, for
instance, as Robert Johnston, Dr. Brown, McMillan,
Ralston, McCurdj^, Benj. Williams, and Duncan of Flo-
rence, etc., elders. Time would fail me to ruii over the
list. They knew what prevalent prayer meant. I have
sometimes thought if ever these pra^'^ers of these holy
men of God are rolled back to the throne and there be
written in the broad letters of divine displeasure upon
the destin^^ of the Seminary "Icabod, the glory is
departed", it will be by the degenerate sons of a once
revived Church and people.

114

CHAPTER VIII.

The Seminary and Foreign Missions

Another ground of encouragement. The spirit of Mis-
sions early characterized the Seminary. The Synod of
Pittsburgh at a very early date of its history commenced
missionary efforts, forming a society and incorporated
imder the designation of the Western Missionary Soci-
ety, having a twofold object in view for the supplying
of the destitute congregations within her bounds and the
evangelization of the Indians in Pennsylvania and Ohio.

This Society existed until the following action took
place at a meeting of Synod in Pittsburgh in 1829:
"Resolved that the operations of the Board of Trustees
of the Western Missionary Societ}^ be suspended during
the will of the Synod with the view of putting the whole
Missionary business into the hands of the Board of Mis-
sions of the General Assembly for so long a period as
circumstances shall in the view of the Synod justify such
an arrangement."

Another memorable event occurred in the onward
march of the Synod of Pittsburgh in the cause of mis-
sions. At the meeting of the body in Pittsburgh in
October, 1831, an overture was introduced of the follow-
ing import. The minutes read as follows: "The Com-
mittee of Missions reported. The report was accepted
and having been read by sections was adopted and is as
follows : viz : The Committee to whom was referred the
overture on the subject of the organization of a Foreign
Missionary Society and to prepare the plan of such a
society reported as follows :

"It is a fact which the members of the Presbyterian
Church, in common with some other branches of Christ's
visible empire, recognize Avitli joy and gratitude to God,

115

Founding and Early History of Western Seminary

that the indications of prophecy and the signs of th-
times, call upon all who love our Lord Jesus Christ, ii:
sincerity, of every denomination, and of every clime, to
employ redoubled exertions, to extend the glorious
Gospel in the earth, and especially to those, who are en-
veloped in pagan and anti-Christian darkness. -The time
appears to have come, when Zion should awake and put
on her strength, and not only plead before the throne,
with increasing importunity, for the fulfillment of the
blessed promise made to the Mediator, that all nations
should flow unto Him, and be saved, that the mountain
of the Lord's house may be established; but by their
actual, untiring and liberal exertions, to exemplify the
reality and sincerity of their desires, to convey to a dying
world, the precious blessings contemplated in these glori-
ous engagements of the covenant of redemption. The
Church and the world, wait to see such a degree of ardor
and enterprise, on this great subject, as the love of Christ,
and the wants of man, demand of his own blood-bought
family; living as it does, in comfort and affluence, and
possessing the rich favors of a munificent Providence.

''In saying this, however, there is no wish to depre-
ciate the exertions of the children of Zion, either in
Europe, or in this country, in behalf of the pagan world.
To say nothing of the eastern continent, much has been
done in these United States, in years past, and the
memory of many precious servants of Christ, whose mor-
tal bodies now moulder in distant climes, and the record
of many missionary stations, now existing in various
places, and under different directions, attest to the truth
of this cheering declaration. Especially it is with great
pleasure, that this Synod recur to, and acknowledge the
laudable and persevering, and truly splendid operations
of the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign
Missions, in the cause of the heathen world; and they
cherish towards that Society and its varied and animating
movements, none but unmingled feelings of respect and

116

The Seminary and Foreign Missions

affection. In years past, many of them have esteemed it
a privilege to pray for its success, and contribute to its
funds; and they hope to have opportunities, in years to
come, to express in similar ways their love to it.

"Nor do the Synod regard it as improper to recur
with grateful sentiments, to those humbler efforts, which
they were enabled, in departed years, to put forth through
the Western Missionary Society, in this great and good
cause.

"Still, however, much remains to be done. The re-
sources of large districts of the Presbyterian Church, are
slumbering in inaction, and experience for a few years
past, has demonstrated the fact, that they cannot be fully
drawn forth, by a society so remote as the American
Board, or by any that does not involve an ecclesiastical
organization comporting with the honest predilections
of many of our people. No judicatory of the Presbyterian
Church, it is believed, can act at this time on this subject,
with as much propriety and prospect of unanimity as
this ; and from various considerations, which it is unneces-
sary to specify, it is also believed that no position on the
continent is so favorable as this, for undertaking the in-
stitution of a society, which shall bring up the forces of
the Presbyterian Church, in the Middle and Western
States, to this great and blessed work.

"Without any feeling of unkindness to any existing
Board, here, in these western regions, of this large and
opulent republic, the friends of the perishing heathen, can
lift up a banner intended for other benefactors, and other
ardent aspirants after missionary toils and labors, than
any institution has yet numbered, and from hence a
stream of benevolence can roll, which shall meet and
commingle with those of distant places, and the friends
of God, even, here, supply its demands, without coming in
unhappy conflict, with any other society whatever. Dis-
claiming all party feelings, therefore, and listening to that
voice from the Mediatorial throne, which seems to say,

117

Founding and Early History of Western Seminary

'Arise and be doing — collect my scattered soldiers, and
display my banner, for the day of Salvation is opening on
the world!', this Synod, trusting in the aid and guid-
ance of the God of Missions,

"Resolved, 1st. That it is expedient forthwith to
establish a Society or Board for Foreign Missions, on such
a plan as will admit of the co-operation of such parts of
the Presbyterian Church as may think proper to unite
with it, in this great and important concern.

'^Eesolved, 2nd. That for the purposes above speci-
fied, the following be adopted as the Constitution of the
contemplated Society, viz:" (See printed minutes of
the S^mocl of Pittsburgh or ''Record of the Synod of
Pittsburgh from 1802-1832. Loomis.).

The history of this movement was somewhat curious.
The motion for the adoption of the report was made by
Dr. Swift and was seconded by the writer of this narra-
tive. The overture and the constitution of the Western
Missionary Society of the United States were drawn up
by Dr. Swift. Before the meeting of the Sj^nod Dr.
Swift and myself had several conversations as to the
necessity of such a movement. Our opinions were in
unison with the resolution to have if possible the idea
entertained by the Synod.

Surprise was expressed at the motion that we so dis-
tant from the seaboard (for then we had no railroad or
telegraph — indeed it was said by one it was a crazy idea
on the part of Swift and Campbell) should commence
Foreign Missions, and with not a few in the Synod
positive opposition Avas manifested. After a somewhat
ardent debate on the subject, when the vote was taken,
with a few exceptions the Synod declared the report of
the Committee should be adopted.

Although the Church was distracted by the contro-
versy, parties divided on the question of ecclesiastical
or voluntary supervision, strong attachments cherished
to the American Board as the channel to operate on the

118

The Seminary and Foreign Missions

heathen world, yet the effort met with a response from
many sources. To the professors of Princeton Theo-
logical Seminary the cause owed much, also to the First
Presbyterian Church of New York and other sources.

From an agency and causes which it is not necessary
now to mention we were shut out from the Southern
Synod and an association formed in some way or other
in connection with the American Board, but, notwith-
standing the discouragements, the effort met with favour,
and to the Synod of Pittsburgh belongs the honor of
being the first to commence Foreign Missions as a
Church.

The Board and Executive Committee necessarily
found the foreign field a new path of duty to them, and,
although the Presbyterian Board have more experience
and may have had more wisdom, still the friends of
the cause in the Synod of Pittsburgh would not suifer
in a comparison with them as to a love of missions. I
thought it necessary to make these statements about the
establishment of the Western Foreign Missionary Soci-
ety by the Synod to show the influence this movement
had upon the Western Theological Seminary. As I have
stated before in the course of this narrative, the influ-
ence of circumstances often gives shape and importance
to movements which in themselves in their commence-
ment appear so feeble. The idea was presented to the
Church she should commence foreign missions and the
voice that was heard from the Synod in their vote in
the Second Presb^^terian Church, Diamond Alley, was
this. Is the Seminar}^ ready to present her offering of
missionaries to engage in the work in preaching the Gos-
pel to the heathen? The first trophies to the missionary
work from the Seminary were Messrs. John C. Lowrie,
Reed, Cloud, etc.

In the language of a plea for the Western Theologi-
cal Seminary at Allegheny City, addressed to the mem-
bers of the Presbyterian Church in 1839, ''A very pleas-

119

Founding and Early History of Western Seminary

ing characteristic of this Seminary is the missionary
spirit which has prevailed among the students." The
names of Cloud and Reed are registered in heaven as no
longer among the living, together with the wife of Rev. J.
C. Lowrie who died at Calcutta. Of the surviving mission-
aries from this Seminary it would be invidious -to speak.
The blood of beloved missionaries at Cawnpore tells the
melancholy story how Johnston and Campbell of the
Presbytery of Ohio with their wives of our Western
Church together with others gave proof not only of hero-
ism in death but true Christian courage under the most
appalling circumstances. The mother of Mrs. Johnston is
a relict of the late Rev. McGill and lives in Allegheny
Cit}^ While we shed a tear over the martyr's grave, we
give gratitude to God that the sons of our Seminary have
been strong for Christ when wicked men thirsted for
their blood.

But there were others who, although not students of
the Western Seminary but of Princeton, yet were the
sons of Western Pennsylvania for whom we have had
to mourn. Rev. Walter M. Lowrie, killed by pirates in the
Chinese seas ; and more recently from wasting consump-
tion another of the loved ones of the Presbyterian For-
eign Missionary Society, Walter Lowrie, Esq., of the Re-
formed Presbyterian Church, has been called away to
other scenes than those of earth. This sister church has
not been slow to send ambassadors to the heathen
through the channel of the Presbyterian Foreign Mis-
sionary Society as the agent of our Reformed brethren.

120

CHAPTER IX.

Grounds for Encouragement

Another ground of encouragement. Look at the re-
sults. The men for carrying out the project of the
enterprize have been raised up from time to time. In
my knowledge no better man for persevering effort and
fearlessness in meeting difficulties could have been found
than my late friend the Rev. Dr. F. Herron. Again, I
would mention the Hon. Harmar Denny who, for honest}
of purpose, singleness of design in aiding the Seminary,
frank and Christian resolution as a member of the Penn-
sylvania Legislature in getting the right of the State to
the soil of the Seminary grant given to the Presbj^terian
Church, efforts in obtaining releases of Commoners to
the property, liberal donations to assist in support of
the institution, and punctuality in attending the meetings
of the Board, mingled with unselfish motives in all that
he did, has placed the friends of the cause under
I'eligious obligations to cherish the memory of the Honor-
able Harmar Denny. Were it at all necessary I could
state instances of self-sacrifice in point of feeling and
toil in times of difficulty that would shew that the Semi-
nary was a favorite idea that lay verj^ near his heart.
Peace be to his ashes. The revelation of the resurrec-
lion day will reveal the sincerity of his attachment to
the institution.

Another. Mr. Benjamin AVilliams of Washington
County, an elder of Mingo Church. A better man to assist
did not belong to the ranks of those who were engaged in
the enterprise. Jefferson College owes much as it
respects effort and good wishes on her behalf to this
worthy elder, and I know, for experieniia docef, that to
this excellent man I was indebted when connected with

121

Founding and Early History of Western Seminary

the Seminar}^ for relief by loans and donations from
others through his agency without which I must have
been thrown into inextricable difficulty. I love his
memory for the work of his hands, and there is "joy in
grief" when I think of the many happy hours I spent in
the hospitable house of Benjamin Williams.

Time would -fail me to talk of the worthies of other
days. I sometimes feel that I am almost alone. Those
who labored and toiled for this School of the Prophets
have passed away while the shadows are becoming longer
and longer in my pathway telling me that "the place
which now knows me will soon know me no more for-
ever". It. is a touching fact that only Dr. Swift and
myself are living of those who met at Chillicothe as
Directors to consult about the establishment of the
Western Theological Seminary. Browai, of Tennessee,
and Dr. Hoge, of Ohio, are the only survivors of those
who were not at the meeting. "What shadows we are".
Dr. Duncan, Messrs. Beans, James Laughlin, and
J. D. McCord, as a building Committee in erection of
the new Seminary, the professors' houses, and Beatty
Hall, have done a good work and they have the satisfac-
tion to know that they have done their duty. This is
reward enough to a Christian mind.

And here I shall notice something of the character
and dimensions of the Seminar}^ and Beatty Hall for the
information of those who are unacquainted with these
buildings.*

Another result. A very considerable number
of young men have been educated in the Seminary
since its establishment. The statistics of students I find
it difficult to obtain as many of the catalogues are lost
but I quote from Dr. Elliott's address delivered Janu-
ary 10th, 1856, as follows.**

*The author either forgot to carry out his purpose or a section
of his ms. was lost.

**The text of Dr. Elliott's address is found in the Presbyterian
Banner and Advocate, Pittsburgh, January 19, 1856.

122

Grounds for Encouragement

In session 1860-61 there are 165. AYliile many have
been removed by death, still in almost every state in the
West, Southwest, and those of the middle districts of
our country students of the Seminary are to be found
preaching the gospel of the grace of God; while in India,
China, Siam, and South America there are those Avho
look upon the Western Theological Seminary as their
Alma Mater where they prayed and where God imbu.ed
them with the spirit of missions. But the honor of an
institution is not in numbers; the quality not the quan-
tity of a thing is that which should be looked after.

Boards of Directors and Professors and the Church
should take care not to hold out inducements to young
men to study for the ministry who do not give evidence
that they are the sent of God. The dangers of such a
course are palpable and should be guarded against.
And here I remark while on this question of young men
having in view the Gospel ministry. From the haste to
get into professional life on the part of American youth
the time devoted to preparation is so short that the
educational training must necessarily be very imperfect.
This in connection with the college course, frequently so
meager that young men have often to be uneducated in
much they professed to acquire in their academic train-
ing, and all this before the student can be fitted to com-
mence his studies for the Gospel ministry. Time has to
be given to make up deficiencies either in the college
education or from an irregular entrance into the Sem-
inary classes. Thus the 36 months, or, what is more com-
mon, the 24 or 30 months of theological studies have to
experience a large reduction of the time Avhich is far too
limited to give anything else than a mere index knowl-
edge of the great subject of theology.

I say decidedly, from a pretty long experience of
Seminar}^ life and with some measure of zeal and self-
sacrifice in the cause, the curriculum of education, taking
the time allotted for preparation either by statute or

123

Founding and Early History of Western Seminary

3^outliful aspiration, is too short to make a thorough
scholar. Then it may be questioned whether our Theolo-
gical training is not more forensic than substantial. There
is no royal road in theology. To be thoroughly furnished
there must be piety, the fear of God, industry, persever-
ance, and sufficient time for the education of the -head and
heart.

I cannot withhold as another result the argument
of the plea of the Seminary of 1839 which is worthy of
due consideration which teaches a moral which should
be regarded even at this late date. The argument and
appeal is as follows and is good not only as to the fitness
of the location, etc., but also as a reason why the endow-
ments should be completed and the institution be freed
from pecuniary embarrassment.

''There are indeed some persons, who say, 'that
there must be a great Western Theological Seminary, not
upon the borders of the Valley, but somewhere in or near
its centre'. To these we would reply, when for salu-
brity, cheapness, accommodations, Presbyterian influence
in the vicinity, and capability to support an institution,
you can excel us, we will yield to your claims ; or, if you
prefer the alternative, let us be once fairly established,
and we will then do all we can to advance your interests ;
whereas, by urging your plan before ours is matured,
you distract public attention, and endanger both. To
sister Synods, this plea, it is hoped, will in some degree
answer the purpose of a personal appeal from the Gen-
eral Agent, which he had contemplated making, had not
the pressing necessities of the Seminary called him else-
where. Ministers cannot but be interested in this great
undertaking; their prayers, their co-operation for its re-
lief from debt, and their endeavors to excite the feelings
of their people in its favor, are especially requested.
Those of their number, who have at Allegheny received
their training which fitted them for the holy office, must
feel that it has a strong claim on their sympathies, and

124

Grounds for Encouragement

they are called on to liquidate the debt of early years, by
persevering and conscientious efforts, to further its inter-
ests and promote its welfare. But it is not to the Church
in its collective capacity, or to the ministry only, that
this plea addresses its application. If the ministerial
calling be of such paramount importance, as it has been
my endeavor to shew, both for society at home, and mis-
sions abroad, if the want of ministers be so serious, an
evil, if Theological Seminaries really supply the best
method of preparing preachers, and if Allegheny posses-
ses those claims to sympathy and aid, which its friends
believe it does, every member of the Presbyterian Church
is solemnly required to consider whether the excuses by
which he now satisfies his conscience in the neglect of this
Institution, will be received as valid, at the awful day of
accounts !

'' Parents are called on to vest a part of their chil-
dren's fortunes in this venture; they may perhaps find
the return in temporal good, certainly in spiritual. Oh !
it is useless for them to lay up propert}^ for their fami-
lies, without provision is made for their moral and spirit-
ual natures !

"The matrons in Zion, whose weakness of body has
led them to seek the consolations of religion, and whose
hearts have been cheered by a sense of pardoned sin, are
appealed to in behalf of this object, which must surely
address itself to their warmest and purest emotions,

"The youth in our church, who are just commencing
their heavenward way, are entreated to lay aside some
portion of that money, which is too often wasted on
trifles, and appropriate it to the sustentation of this Insti-
tution ; never in after years, or on a dying bed, will they
regret their donation. The approaching jubilee seems
peculiarly adapted to benefactions like these, and
though this particular object was not designated in the
letter of the Resolutions of the iVssembly, it certainly
accords well with their spirit, to 'offer gifts' through
this medium 'for the glory of God and the good of
man.' "

125

CHAPTER X

The Fathers of the Seminary

I should do violence to my better nature to terminate
these historical recollections without a few sketches of
some of those whom Providence directed to the duty of
establishing the Western Theological Seminary.

The first that I shall mention is that of the Eev. Dr.
Francis Herron. Dr. Herron was a graduate of Dickin-
son College, studied theology with the Eev. Dr. Cooper of
Shippensburg, and was settled in the first instance at
Eocky Spring, Franklin Count}^, Pa., etc. Very early in
my ministry I became acquainted with Dr. Herron and
with him I was called to participate in much ecclesias-
tical business. The first among the series was that of
the establishment of the Western Theological Seminary.

In the first instance Dr. Herron was not prepared
to enter into the theological project of having an institu-
tion established in the West and more especially in West-
ern Pennsylvania. And there was a reason for it. He
knew how difficult it was to accomplish such a work.
Seminaries on paper or b}^ Assembly votes could easily
be accomplished; but the doing of the thing, that was
another matter. Dr. Herron had been long a director at
Princeton, he acquired information on the point which
made him doubt as to the practicability of the effort in
the West, and again he was attached to Princeton and did
not wish that there should be anything that would appear
like rivalry on this theological education question by
establishing a new Seminary. But, when looking at the
whole subject, when his course was determined on, he
entered on the path of duty to aid in building up a Sem-
inary in the West with a zeal which never flagged until
the day of his death. This was one of the strong points

126

The Fathers of the Seminary

in Dr. Herron's character, "to liold fast his confidence
firm to the end". Other men could be found who would
talk more, loom large while a thing was popular, but let
adversity occur they become prudently cautious. It ap-
peared to me that Dr. Herron's character never appeared
to more advantage than in a time of difficulty when
friends are scarce and their encouragements to persever-
ance, like angels' visits, are few and far between; then
that noble man was true to himself and to the cause' in
which he was engaged. I venerate his memory for the
Christian manliness he possessed. Practically he under-
stood the injunction of the Apostle, "Add to your faith
virtue," courage. It is with no spirit of fulsome adula-
tion when I say, as far as instrumentality was concerned,
to Dr. Herron belongs very much of the success in pro-
moting the cause of the Western Theological Seminary.
He was an host in himself. Here he has a better likeness
drawn than the painter could trace upon canvass to be
placed in the chapel of any Theological Seminary.

It is impossible for one to express in stronger lan-
guage than that employed by the Board of Directors in a
minute in relation to the death of Dr. Herron at their late
meeting in December, 1860, as to the moral estimate in
which he was held:

"Francis Herrox, D.D.

" (Correspondence of The Presbyterian.)

. "Messrs. Editors: The Board of the Western Theolo-
gical Seminary, at a late meeting, passed the following-
minute in relation to the beloved father who held so im-
portant a place in our Western Zion for about half a cen-
tur}^ past. It is of interest to many of your readers, hence
I place it at your disposal.

'It is with mournful interest this Board enters upon
its records their last minute relating to the Rev. Francis
Herron, D.D., who fell asleep in Jesus, and entered his
rest on the 6th day of December, 1860.

127

Founding and Early History of Western Seminary

'He presided over the Board of Directors of the
Western Theological Seminary from its inception, and
continued to occupy that office with universal acceptance
and eminent usefulness and efficiency till the day of his
death. His gentleness, urbanity, and piety always gave
him a controlling influence over his brethren.

'His prayers, example, counsels, and abundant
labours were of the highest value to the Institution he
loved so well, and over which he presided through the
long years of its trials and perilous vicissitudes.

'His eminent fidelity and usefulness as the chief
officer of the Board we who remain desire here to attest
and record. In its darkest days — when sanguine and
liberal friends were ready to despair — when insuperable
obstacles seemed to arise on every hand and peril the
very existence of the Seminary — his faith failed not — he
seemed to hope against hope. He was ever ready by
renewed personal exertion, self-denial, and sacrifice to
add effort to effort, and prayer to prayer, to save the
school of the prophets. So effectually had he identified
himself with the Institution, and incorporated it in his
heart, that at home and abroad its advancement was a
prominent theme of his thoughts, prayer, and conversa-
tion. When mingling with rich men of all classes,
authors, or literary circles, he sought to turn the high
regard he always commanded for himself to the advan-
tage of the Seminary. The very last appeal he made
on earth was for the Seminary, and rendered effective
by this significant and solemn sentence, "It is my dying
request".

'He lived to see the Seminary rise from nothing-
through a succession of severe struggles— perhaps un-
paralleled in the history of any similar institution — to a
measure of success and prosperity not exceeded by any
Seminary in the land, and far transcending his highest
expectations.

'In a green old age, exceeding four-score years, full

128

The Fathers of the Seminary

of peace and a joyful hope of immortality, almost impa-
tient for his last summons, he came to his grave in a
full age, like a shock of corn cometh in his season.

'Long will this Board most affectionately cherish
the memory of this beloved and venerated man. Long
will his fidelity and zeal in his office as President of this
Board, and as a Director of this Institution, stand for an
example and incentive for all who may succeed him in
these important trusts.

H. G. COMINGO,

W. D. Howard,
Francis Bailey,

Committee.' "

There is a fact in the history of the early friends and
benefactors of the Seminary among the ministers. They
had never been in- a Theological Seminary to prosecute
their studies for the Gospel ministry, for these institu-
tions in this country did not exist in their day, but no
stronger endorsement was ever given to them than by
these pioneer fathers.

The second is that of the Rev. Dr. John McMillan
who was emphatically the Father of the Churches in the
Synod of Pittsburgh, etc. The wilderness had no terrors
to this renowned self-denying Christian-hearted servant
of the Lord. Born in Chester County, baptized with
]-evival feelings by men Math whom Whitefield preached,
educated at Princeton, N. J., under the training of Dr.
Witherspoon, it was no w^onder that head and heart
should have been trained to seek the great things of the
Kingdom.

In the primitive days of Christian effort Dr. McMil-
lan had something like a Theological Seminary at Can-
nonsburgh, and it is said he delivered a course of theolo-
gical lectures. One thing is certain, he was the educator
of the ministry of that day.

129

Foimdlng and Early History of Western Seminary

If the Log Cabin College had a history about it, no
less had Cannonsburgh under the management of that
man of might but still of heart. It is said his benevolence
was without stint to persons of piety who wished to de-
vote themselves to the Lord in the ministry.

When the Western Theological Seminary matter
came upon the tapis Dr. McMillan's days of active admin-
istration were drawing to a close, but still his counte-
nance, prayers, and sanction to his peoples' liberality to
the Seminary shewed that the old patriarch was true to
himself although it was the evening of life with him.
This told well, as not only many in his congregation at
Chartiers over which he was the pastor for near half a
century but also among the ministry in this country were
seals to his ministry. This was an agency truly in favour
of the Seminary, an appeal to the consciences of his
spiritual children which had its effect.

The third is that of the Kev. Samuel Ealston, D,D.
Dr, Ralston was a native of Ireland, Graduated at the
Glasgow University, Scotland, he was probably the best
educated minister then in the West. It is said he kept
up his acquaintance with the ancient classical languages
to even old age which stretched itself to between ninety
and one hundred.

Upon his arrival in the United States he came West,
then little more than a wilderness, very different from
the scenes of his early youth or the intellectual walks of
his Alma Mater; but this venerable man lived for other
objects than merely his own personal comforts and en-
joyments.

Receiving a call, he was settled at Mingo Presby-
terian Church, AYashington County, Pa., and ordained
by the Presbytery of Redstone, and remained pastor of
that congregation during his whole ministerial life.

Upon his first introduction to the churches in West-
ern Pennsylvania a friendship grew up between him and
Dr. McMillan which continued until the latter was called
to his reward.

130

The Fathers- of the Seviiuarp

It was well that Dr. Ealston's visit to the Western
Churches was in the days of revival, for he had judgment,
capabilities to examine into the genuineness of the work,
and independence enough to express his opinion as to
what he saw. Convinced that it was of God, and believing
that the moral tone of society which existed could alone
be the product of heavenly grace, Dr. Ealston became the
direct advocate of the revival manifestation in this coun-
try which occurred in the early period of this century. A
testimony was issued against the revival from a source
outside of our branch of the Presbyterian Church. Dr.
Ralston felt it his duty to show in a pamphlet called ' ' The
Curry Comb" the utter fallacy of the arguments from
this anti-revival source. And he was no mean opponent,
especially when he had right on his side.

As an expounder of divine truth, controversialist
following up error showing its utter untruthfulness, lov-
ing the doctrines and order of the Presbyterian Church,
and also being a warm-hearted Christian man. Dr. Eals-
ton was a valuable acquisition to the Church to which
he belonged.

It is entirely useless to sa}^ that Dr. Ralston was an
efficient friend of the Seminary and one of the Directors
for many years.

The fourth is that of the Rev. Joseph Patterson or,
as the boatmen used to call him, the old Bible man. He
was a man of remarkable primitive manners. Rather
late in life he turned his attention to preparation for the
Gospel ministry under the direction of the Rev. Dr. John
McMillan. For many years he was pastor of the Pres-
byterian Church of Raccoon tinder the care of Presbytery
of Ohio. When he retired from that field of labour he
took up his abode in the Cit^^ of Pittsburgh in order to
be near his sons, the Rev. Robert Patterson and Joseph
Patterson, Esq., and to be within reach of the means of
grace. Having connected himself with the Second Pres-
byterian Church, the pastor and congregation became ob-
jects of great interest to him.

131

Founding and Early History of Western Seminary

But, althougli unfitted for continuous service at Ms
advanced period of life, yet he could not be idle, and
entered with great zeal into the circulation of the Scrip-
tures for the Bible Society, particularly to the river men.
There was a cheerfulness, a quaintness of expression, and
something of an originality in his modes of thought that
interested even the illiterate and neglected ones of
society.

Many a word fell from the lips of this old disciple on
the subject of religion to the boatmen which may have
told to the conversion of some who may rise up and call
him blessed in the day of final accounts. This preaching
from house to house, a word in season in the common
intercourse of life, is no mean qualification to a minister
of the Gospel. This was Father Patterson's great forte.

With respect to the establishment of the Western
Theological Seminary, it lay very near his heart. Many
a prayer he offered up for it; many a note of encourage-
ment he gave to those engaged in the days of discourage-
ment to faint not. It was his practice also to visit the
young men in the Seminary, urging them to fidelity in
the Master's cause. Father Patterson and his devoted
wife were a remarkable couple for piety and congeniality
in aiding the interests of the Seminary. They were in
earnest in the matter. On a certain occasion Mrs. Patter-
son, wishing to visit the Seminary to see that the rooms
of the young men were comfortable, found the road so
slippery from a late frost that she could not get up the
hill. Putting her invention to the test, she crept on her
hands and knees until she passed the point of difficulty.

The prayers of these old people were worth more to
the Seminary than any other subscription they could have
given. The prayers of the righteous indeed availeth
much. The old patriarch was gathered to his fathers
many years ago, but Mrs. Patterson, truly a mother in
Israel, was called away from scenes of earth only last
year, verifying the truth of the declaration that "the

132

The Fathers of the Seminary

lioary head is a crown of glory if found in the way of
righteousness ' '.

The fifth is the Rev. John Andrews. Although
Father Andrews, as he was called, did not get his educa-
tion either collegiate or theological in Western Pennsyl-
vania nor could it be said that he was a co-worker with
those who were privileged to labor in days when the
candle of the Lord burnt brightly in the churches in the
first revivals, for he was, I understand, a native of North
Carolina and prepared for the Gospel ministry in that
•country, yet still he lived in a revival atmosphere where
Dr. Hall and others saw the wonderful works of the
Lord in the salvation of sinners in North Carolina.

When he came to Ohio, I am not able to state; but,
when there, he commenced a religious newspaper in Chil-
licothe, which is believed to have been the first one ever
issued in this country. The project was thought at the
time rather novel but still it met with favour.

Reasons which were thought most potent induced Mr.
Andrews to remove his press to Pittsburgh, believing that
£t religious newspaper would be more influential in the
midst of a dense Presbyterian population such as that
which was to be found in the bosom of the Synod of Pitts-
burgh,

This religious sheet did good in Western Pennsyl-
vania, giving information to the people as to the state
of religion, missionary enterprises, and the value of co-
operative action on the question of education. Througii
the agency of the paper the cause of the Theological
Seminary was advocated with much advantage. Without
this medium of communication the people could not have
known the importance of this effort to raise up an intel-
ligent ministry well prepared for the work.

But Father Andrews was not only the editor of our
religious newspaper but he was a self-denying, laborious
pastor in a rural church within the bounds of the Pres-
bytery of Ohio. There his works praised him; his inter-

133

Foimding and Early History of Western Seminary

course among Ms people was a practical commentary on
the mellowing influence of tlie Gospel. The memory of
Father Andrews is cherished to this day, and the tradi-
tions of him as to his fidelity, humility, and piety are
of the most pleasing kind. Such a man had friends, and
when in the last days of his life, comparatively alone, his
wife being dead and his family scattered, still there were
those who looked after his comforts while life lasted.
Well may it he said in the language of divine truth,
"Pure religion and undefiled before God and the Father
is this. To visit the fatherless and widows in their afflic-
tion (and certainly the old servant of the Lord, for the
moral embraces the one as well as the other) and to keep
himself unspotted from the world". The meekness and
loveliness of a character which ever evokes approbation
from the world belonged to this good man who when his
work was done went to enjoy the rest.

To be heralded in the book of God's remembrance
how much better than to have all the pomp and circum-
stances of life without the favor of God.

An esteemed ministerial brother, well known in this
country for his piety, talents, and acquirements, when
writing to me last August, 1860, about the proposed his-
torical recollection, observes as follows: "Eev. Samuel
Jennings, Robert Johnston, Dr. Herron, etc., are yet
around you; most have gone to rest from their labors.
Drs. McMilan, Brown, Anderson, Ealston, Rev. Brothers
Patterson, Baird, Stockton, McCurdy, Wiley, Boyd, etc.,
together with the worthy laymen, Harmar Denny, Esq.,
Mr. Allen; and many more will occur to your memory
and deserve monumental sketches. I hope you will not
forget a suitable rememhrance of ' father \ Andreivs."
This was the estimate of this man of lovely temper "full
of faith and the Holy Ghost ' '.

The sixth is the Rev. Elisha McCurdy, who probably
was one of the most effective practical preachers in this
country. He sought an education for the ministry rather

134

The- Fathers of the Seminarij

late in life, studied at Cannonsl)urgli, and was settled at
Florence, Pa., in the Washington Presbytery, during the
whole of his active ministerial existence.

There was a searching power in the preaching of
Father McCurdy which shewed he was deeply read in the
hook of Christian experience. He got his religion in the
early revivals of this country. Again, he was a hero in
the missionary cause. Barnett, the Indian trained in the
Christian life by him received into his family as an in-
mate, the Maumee Missions at Sandusky, Ohio, and
doing good in the highways of the earth, with love for
the Western Theological Seminary were objects of higher
moment to him than the great things of earth.

For several years before his death he resided in
Allegheny City respected and honored. The last time I
presume he ever performed a ministerial duty was in
being carried to a. meeting of the first convention (which
was held in Pittsburgh to pray for a revival of religion)
to exhort his Fathers and Brethren to earnestness in the
Master's cause and to bid them farewell, it being prob-
able that "they would never see his face again" in an
assembly of his brethren. The scene was touching and
well calculated to produce an impression. There are some-
times moments in a man's existence which concentrate
in them emotions which can never be forgotten. The life
of McCurdy by Dr. D. Elliott is a volume which can be
read with profit and should have a place in a library.

The seventh is that of the Kev. Dr. Brown, President
of Jefferson College. He graduated at Dickinson College,
studied theology mth Dr. Nesbit, President of that Col-
lege, was settled first at Mifflin, Pa., and from thence
several years afterwards was called to Washington, Pa.;
a man who in his constitutional temperament, ardent emo-
tions, moral and Christian traits exhibited an individu-
ality of character which could not be mistaken.

Very early in my connection with Western Penn-
sylvania I became acquainted with Dr. Brown when a

135

Founding and Early History of Western Seminary

pastor and President of Washington College. Although
upon my first acquaintance I belonged to another branch
of the Presbyterian family, yet I could discover no differ-
ence in his attentions to me from those who were con-
nected with his own church. He was hospitable and kind,
and somewhat condescending in his attentions to youth,
which was the secret of his power in controlling young
men. While he was sometimes susceptible of being
warped in his opinions of persons, yet in main he could
infuse the emotions of his better nature into those who
had felt the force of his displeasure. The doctor was
strong in his knowledge of human nature, particularly
among the young.

I have always considered Dr. Brown better calcu-
lated to be at the head of a college than any one with
whom I ever was acquainted. I have known persons who
had more learning; but for controlling power, vigilant
supervision, tact to make his discipline either stringent
or relaxed, I have considered Dr. Brown a great educator
who was blessed as an instrument of doing much good.

In ecclesiastical matters it sometimes fell to my lot
to differ in opinion from my brother presbyter but this
did not produce lasting alienation on either side. This
is as it should be.

There was one point in Dr. Brown which I have
always recognized as most desirable in a minister. When
looking at the question of usefulness, he would urge the
matter of religion upon the young in a way that com-
pelled many to think who would have acted otherwise.
He knew what was meant by the aggressiveness of reli-
gion, hence more young men by his efforts were led to
think seriously and ultimately to seek the ministry of^
Jesus Christ than falls to the lot of most men.

He was a revival man and did not put his light under
a bushel. There was a glow of religious emotion mani-
fested by him whenever he dwelt on the scenes of other
days in this country when God came down with almighty

136

The Fathers of the Seminary

"power among his people. But while this was so, he was
iDost withering in his expressions of disgust at attempts
to put in the place of real revivals movements which car-
ried with them the evidence of their spurious character.

Dr. Brown's abiding friendship for the Western
Theological Seminary Avas shewn in many ways not only,
as I have stated, at a time of great pecuniary distress;
but in [Christian] efforts and prayers as a Pastor, Presi-
dent of College, Director, etc., he was an earnest advocate
of the institution. Jefferson College in his hands was a
nursery for the Seminary; but, while this was so, no man
was more indisposed than Dr. Brown to urge young men
to study theology without they had the evidence of a
change of heart. An unconverted minister was in his
mind another name for a moral monster.

For a further view of Dr. Brown's character I refer
to an interesting address delivered at Jefferson College
at Commencement, August 4, 1860, by my friend Eev.
J. J. Marks, D.D.

The eighth is that of the Rev. James Graham. The
Rev. James Graham was educated at Dickinson College,
licensed by the Presbytery of Carlisle, and was settled
as a pastor in Beulah Congregation near Wilkinsburgh,
Allegheny County, Pennsylvania, in which he labored the
whole of his ministerial life, which only terminated by
his death from a fall from his horse not far from his
residence.

Mr. Graham was a man of very considerable mental
strength and had he sought a situation more in the view
of public observation he would have assumed a position
of considerable prominence, but such was not his dis-
position. His friendship was of a very direct character,
and practically he exhibited he was a social being that
loved communication with his brethren and understood
what was meant by "using hospitality".

He was a Director of the Seminary and made the
first appeal in the region of Chambersburgh, Carlisle,

137

Founding and Early History of Western Seminary

etc., as an agent, not only for the purpose of obtaining^
funds but to interest that part of the Church in the enter-
prise. In the Carlisle Presbytery not only donations have
been obtained but several individuals from that Pres-
bytery have received their theological education here,
not only doing honor to their Ahna Mater but have been
useful to the church.

The ninth is that of the Kev. Thomas Dickson Baird,
Mr. Baird was a native of Ireland. For several years
after his coming to America he resided in the South and,
being led to look at the question of devoting himself to
the service of the Lord, he came to the conclusion to
study theology. Under the direction of Dr. Waddel, of
South Carolina, he prosecuted his studies and was
licensed by a Northern Presbytery to preach the Gospel.
Some years afterwards he removed to Ohio and was
settled as pastor of the Newark Presb3^terian Church. The
tenor of Mr. Baird 's mind would make him a profitable
preacher, with strong judgment and capabilities to ana-
lyse a subject, connected with great honesty of purpose.
He was one of that class of men that would be useful.

The preacher of showy talents ma^^ dazzle and extort
the admiration of those who look for something that may
give them pleasure rather than profit, but, after all, the
great good of the world is accomplished by those who
seek for usefulness rather than popularity.

After continuing at Newark, Ohio, for a time, Mr.
Baird received a call from the Presbyterian Church at
Lebanon, Allegheny County, Presbyter^' of Ohio. Here
he ministered with success, having gained the respect
and affection of his people.

At a period of great unsettledness in the Presby-
terian Church, owing to the doctrinal controversy, at the
strong solicitation of friends, Mr. Baird was induced to
assume the editor's chair. For several years he con-
ducted the Presb^^terian Herald and represented the

138

The Fathers of the Seminary

views of the Synod of Pittsburgh on the controversy
not onl}' with ability but firmness.

The escutcheon of Thomas D. Baird could never
liave written on it traitorship to his principles or to the
best interests of the Presbyterian Church, He was full
of loyalty to his God and his Church. It fell to my lot
to be on habits of the closest intimacy with this excellent
brother. He was a true friend; there were no mental
reservations in the expression of his regards. In your
intercourse with him you felt you had to do with a God-
fearing honest man.

As early as the year 1827 Mr. Baird became a Direc-
tor of the Western Theological Seminary and held that
relation until his death. Amidst all the lights and
shadows of the history of that institution Mr. Baird was
the firm friend, the judicious counselor, and able advo-
cate through the columns of his paper. It was not in
his nature to play neutral in anything ; decision with per-
severance characterized his course as a public man. You
had not to ask the question, where does he stand on a
point of moment.

When Mr. Baird retired from the editorship of the
paper, after the division in the Presbyterian Church
took place, he paid a visit to South Carolina, Georgia,
etc., and on his way home to Pennsylvania took sick
and died in North Carolina. This was a severe blow to
his family, but the Lord can temper the storm to the cir-
cumstances. The family of Thomas D. Baird have been
peculiarly blessed. God has taken care of the widow
and the fatherless. Three of his sons are in the minis-
try, another a professor of merit in a literary institu-
tion, while the widow and daughter are living in the
view of the favor of a CoA^enant-keeping God.

The legacy of piety to a family is a better inheritance
than property bequeathed which too often is the ruin of
many of the children of the wealthy.

139

Founding and Early History of Western Seminary

I cherish the memory of Thomas D. Baird and ant.
ready to say in the expressive words of Scripture, "Ah!
my brother".

The tenth is that of the Rev. William Speer. Mr.
Speer settled at Greensbnrg, Westmoreland County, for
a number of years, and held this relation with 'that peo-
]Aq to the day of his death. The same remark holds good
with respect to the Theological Seminary; he was a"
Director and held this connection until his decease.

Mr. Speer was a man of great propriety of charac-
ter, a Christian gentleman of the old school. While he
was grave yet he was cheerful and courteous in his inter-
course with his brethren.

As a Presbyter and Director he was cautious and
prudent and came up to the idea of being a safe coun-
selor. No individual took more interest in the proposed
Seminary than did Mr. Speer. Some of his views which
were not endorsed at the time as to the erection of the
Seminary on the hill, etc., if they had been followed would
have saved us a great deal of trouble and expense, but
the majority of the Board thought differently.

The eleventh is the Eev. Thos. E. Hughes. He was
educated at Cannonsburgh and graduated at Princeton,
and for many years was pastor of Darlington Congrega-
tion, Beaver Presbytery. His early days were spent in
the revival times, which might with justice be called the
Jubilee Days, in which many of the congregations in the
then bounds of the Synod of Pittsburgh were organized.
Mr. Hughes, at the earnest solicitation of the Board in
the early stages of the effort after the General Assembly
designated Allegheny town as the place where the Sem-
inary should be located, was appointed as an agent to
visit the churches in the Synod to collect subscriptions
and to increase the amount of funds to enable the Board
to move on with efficiency. He did a good work, was
successful, and also as a director shewed that he was no

140

The Fathers of the Seminary

neutral friend to the Western Theological Seminary. The
Hughes family have been remarkably blessed. Several
sons of Father Hughes have been ministers Avhile all the
children I believe have been and are members of the
Church. What an honor to 'be a household for the Lord.

The last relict of bygone years which I shall mention
is the Eev. Kobert Johnston. He obtained his education
at Cannonsburgh and when licensed labored in Scrub-
grass, Meadville, and subsequently in Round Hill and
Rhehoboth (Redstone Presbytery), and Bethel (Blairs-
ville Presbytery). Father Johnston lived in the days of
the early revivals, knew what they were, and was then
taught much of that religious activity which marked him
as a minister. He was a fearless advocate of truth and
could not be intimidated even although opposition had to
be met in doing his duty.

As a Director he was a regular attendant at the meet-
ings of the Board, shewed how interested he was in the
success of the cause, and how deeply he felt when diffi-
culties and disappointments proved the blighted hopes
of friends, but still he was one of those who never fal-
tered. He realized even under such circumstances that
"weeping may endure for a night but joy cometh in
the morning". Father Johnston still lingers on earth,
]'esiding with his son in New Castle, full of years, the
last link which binds the ministry of former days to that
of the present. The contemporaries are all gone but still
there is one with him and whose promise is "as your day
is so shall your strength be ' '. What can the aged disciple
want more as the shadows become longer and longer?

I could continue these brief notices; it is pleasant
to linger along the pathways that the worthies have trod,
but let what has been said suffice.

141

CHAPTER XI.

Conclusion

The changes that have taken place in the condition
of the Western Churches since the Seminary enterprise
began are striking. There has been a great expansion
of Presbyterian churches since 1825. We have enlarged
our borders, but, whether for strength or the opposite,
time must show. The proper cultivation of the field is a
very different thing than mere running over a great sur-
face of country. Numbers, expansions, development, and
progress may be in the mouth of the Church and yet it
will not do to date these things as the evidence of vital
godliness.

If I were called upon to give my opinion of the piety
of these days as exhibited in our western churches, and
particularly in the Synod of Pittsburgh, I would be con-
strained to say that there is a deterioration in the evi-
dences of growth in the divine life. Religion is more
external, palpable, capable of observation, but is there
not a want of that meekness and godly fear which be-
longed to the forming age of the Church in this country?
The ministry Avere not then as learned as now but they
would not suffer if brought in comparison on the score
of the true spirit of real religion. When I think of those
venerable pious men who lived in the atmosphere of the
Spirit's influence I am ready to pray, may the Church
follow in the footsteps of those who have gone hence, in
so far as thev have followed Christ.

142

THE BULLETIN

OF THE

Western Theological
Seminary

CATALOGUE NUMBER

Vol. XX.

January, 1928

No. a.

SBSBBBSte

r'-rri

CATALOGUE
1927 - 1928

THE BULLETIN

OF THE

Western Theological
Seminary

Published quarterly, in January, April, July, and October
by the

TRUSTEES OF THE

Western Theological Seminary

OF THE

PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH IN THE UNITED
STATES OF AMERICA

Entered as Second Class Matter December 9, 1909, at the Postoffice at Pittsburgh,
Pa. (North Diamond Station), Under the Act of Aug. 24. 1912

PITTSBURGH PRINTING COMPANY
PITTSBUPGH, PA.

The Bulletin of the Western Theological Seminary

CALENDAR FOR 1928

MONDAY, JANUARY 23(i.

Opening of second semester.

SUNDAY, APRIL 29th.

Baccalaureate sermon.

Seniors' communion service at 3:00 P. M. in the Chapel.

MONDAY, APRIL 30th and TUESDAY, MAY 1st.
Written examinations.

WEDNESDAY, MAY 2d.

Oral examinations at 10 A, M.

THURSDAY, MAY 3d.

Annual meeting of the Board of Directors in the President's

Office at 10:00 A. M.
Meeting of Alumni Association and Annual Dinner 3:30 P. M.

Commencement exercises. Conferring of diplomas and address
to the graduating class 8:15 P. M.

FRIDAY, MAY 4th.

Annual meeting of Board of Trustees at 3:00 P. M.

in the parlor of the First Presbyterian Church, Pittsburgh.

Session of 1928-9

TUESDAY, SEPTEMBER 18th.

Reception of new students in the President's Office at 3:00

P. M.
Matriculation of students and distribution of rooms in the
President's Office at 4:00 P. M.

WEDNESDAY, SEPTEMBER 19th.

Opening address in the Chapel at 10:30 A. M.

TUESDAY, NOVEMBER 20th.

Semi-annual meeting of the Board of Directors at 2:00 P. M.

WEDNESDAY, NOVEMBER 21st.

Semi-annual meeting of the Board of Trustees at 3:30 P. M.

WEDNESDAY, NOVEMBER 28th. (noon) — MONDAY, DECEMBER
3d. (7:45 P. M.)
Thanksgiving recess.

WEDNESDAY, DECEMBER 19th. (noon) — WEDNESDAY, JANU-
ARY 2d. (8:30 A. M.)

Christmas recess.

3 (147)

The Bulletin of the Western Theological Seminary
BOARD OF TRUSTEES

OFFICERS
President

R. D. CAMPBELL

Vice-President

R. W. HARBISON

Secretary

THE REV. SAMUEL J. FISHER, D. D.

Counsel
T. D. McCLOSKEY

Treasurer
COMMONWEALTH TRUST COMPANY

TRUSTEES

Class of 1928

Joseph A. Herron W. J. Morris

Ralph W. Harbison "Wilson A. Shaw

Geo. B. Logan William M. Robinson

The Rev. William J. Holland, D. D., LL. D.

Class of 1929

The Rev. W. A. Jones, D. D. John R. Gregg

Daniel M. Clemson Robert Wardrop

Charles A. Dickson S. W. Meals

Geo. S. Davidson

Class of 1930

Geo. D. Edwards R. D. Campbell

John G. Lyon The Rev. P. W. Snyder, D.D.

The Rev. S. J. Fisher, D. D. Alex. C. Robinson

The Rev. Stuart Nye Hutchison, D. D.

4 (148)

The Bulletin of the Western Theological Seminary

STANDING COM>IITTElES

Executive

W. J. Holland, D. D. John G. Lyon
Robert Wardrop Wm. M. Robinson

George D. Edwards
S. J. Fisher, D. D.

Auditors

Charles A. Dickson R. D. Campbell

W. J. Morris

R. W. Harbison

Property

Geo. B. Logan

S. W. Meals

Finance

President, Treasurer, Secretary, and Auditors

Library

A. C. Robinson S. N. Hutchison, D. D. J. A. Kelso, Ph.D., D. D.

Advisory Member of all Committees

James A. Kelso, Ph. D., D. D., ex officio

General Secretary
The Rev. Charles L. Chalfant, D. D.

5 (149)

The Bulletin of the Western Theological Seminary

BOARD OF DIRECTORS

OFFICERS

President
THE REV. GEORGE TAYLOR, JR., Ph. D., D. D.

Vice-President
THE REV. WILrLIAM HAMILTON SPENCB, D. D;, Litt. D.

Secretary
THE REV. GEORGE C. FISHER, D. D.

DIRECTORS
Class of 1928

EXAMINING COMMITTEE

The Rev. William R. Craig, D, D. Charles N. Hanna

The Rev. Charles F. Wishart, D. D. George B. Logan

The Rev. Frederick W. Hinitt, D. D. Alex. C. Robinson

The Rev. S. B. McCormick, D. D., LL. D.

The Rev. William L. McEwan, D. D.

The Rev W. P. Stevenson, D. D.

The Rev. A. P. Higley, D. D.

Class of 1929

The Rev. Thomas B. Anderson, D. D. W. D. Brandon

The Rev. John W. Christie, D. D. Dr. S. S. Baker

The Rev. Joseph M. Duff, D. D. Wells S. Griswold

The Rev. John A. Marquis, D. D.

The Rev. J. M. Potter, D. D.

The Rev. William H. Spence, D. D., Litt. D.

The Rev. Stuart Nye Hutchison, D. D.

6 (150)

The Bulletin of the Western Theological Seminary

Class of 1930

The Rev. M. M. McDivitt, D. D.
The Rev. Geo. N. Luccock, D. D.
The Rev. George C. Fisher, D. D,

The Rev. J. Millen ^oBinson, D. D.

The Rev. John M. Mealy, D. D.

The Rev. Samuel Semple, D. D.

T. D. McCloskey
J. S. Crutchfield
James Rae

Class of 1931

The Rev. Calvin C. Hays, D. D.
The Rev. Wm. H. Hudnut, D. D.
The Rev. Hugh T. Kerr, D. D.

The Rev. George Taylor, Jr., Ph. D., D. D.

The Rev. William E. Slemmons, D. D.

The Rev. George M. Ryall, D. D.

The Rev. William F. Weir, D. D.

Ralph W. Harbison

Wilson A. Shaw

Dr. A. W. Wilson, Jr.

STANDING COMMITTEES

S. N. Hutchison, D. D.
A. C. Robinson

Executive

Hugh T. Kerr, D. D.

Joseph M. Duff, D. D.

T. D. McCloskey

James A. Kelso, Ph. D., D. D., ex officio
George Taylor, Jr., Ph. D., D. D., ex officio
George C. Fisher, D. D., ex officio

Curriculum

A. P. Higley, D. D.
Samuel Semple, D. D.

William F. Weir, D. D.
J. S. Crutchfield

Annual Meeting, Thursday before second Tuesday in May, at 10
A. M., and semi-annual meeting, third Tuesday in November at
2:00 P. M., in the President's Office, Herron Hall.

7 (151)

The Bulletin of the Western Theological Seminary

FACULTY

The Rev. James A. Kelso, Ph. D., D. D., LL. 1).

President and Professor of Hebrew and Old Testament Literatnre-
The Nathaniel W. Conkling Foundation

The Rev. David Riddle Breed, D. D., LL. D.

Professor of Homiletics

The Rev. William R. Farmer, D. D.

Reunion Professor of Sacred Rhetoric and Elocution

The Rev. James H. Snowden, D. D., LL. D.

Professor of Apologetics

The Rev. Selby Frame Vance, D. D., LL. D.

Memorial Professor of New Testament Literature and Exegesis

The Rev. David E. Culley, Ph. D., D. D.

Professor of Hebrew and Old Testament Literature

The Rev. Donald Mackenzie, M. A.

Professor Elect of Systematic Theology

Professor of Ecclesiastical History and History of Doctrine

George M. Sleeth, Litt. D.

Instructor in Speech Expression

Charles N. Boyd, Mus. D.

Instructor in Music

The Rev. Charles A. McCrea, D. D.

Instructor in Greek

The Rev. James E. Detweiler, D. D.

Instructor in Missions (Severance Foundation)

The Rev. David F. McGill, D. D.

Lecturer on Chujch History

The Rev. Walter L. Moser, Ph. D.

Instructor in Church History

8 (152)

The Bulletin of the Western Theological Seminary

COMMITTEES OF THE FACULTY

Conference

Dr. Kelso and Dr. Vance

Elliott Lectureship

Dr. Kelso and Dr. Farmer

Bulletin

Dr. Culley

Gurriculum

i Dr. Farmer and Dr. Vance

Library

Dr. Culley

Advisory Member of All Ck)nunittees

Dr. KelsO; ex officio

Secretary to the President
Miss Margaret M. Read

Assistant to the Librarian

Miss Agnes D. MacDonald

9 (153)

The Bulletin of the Western Theological Seminary

LECTURES

Opening L/ecture

Professor James Y. Simpson, D. Sc, F. R. S. E.
"Some Reflections on the Present Relations of Scientific and
Religious Thought"

On the Eliott Foundation

The Rev. Donald MacKenzie, M. A.

"Relation between Christian Belief and Christian Practice"

1. "Conflict between the Two in the Eighteenth Century"

2. "The Problem in the Nineteenth Century between

Science and Conscience and Conscience and Creed"

3. "Modern Attempts at Religion Making and Criticism"

4. "Solution in Christian Experience of Forgiveness"

5. "Analysis of Forgiveness and its Moral Effects"

On Missions

The Rev. Samuel M. Zwemer, D. D.
"Mohammedan Apologetics"

1. "Introductory: Points of Contact and of Contrast

between Christianity and Islam"

2. "The Genuineness and Authority of the Bible"

3. "The Trinity"

4. "The Death of Christ: the Atonement"

Conference Liectures

The Rev. John Bailey Kelly, D. D.
"Missionary Education"

The Rev. William F. Albright, D. D.

"The Excavation of an Israelite City"

The Rev. W. C. Johnston, D. D.
"Missions in West Africa"

The Rev. Herman C. Weber

"Every Member Mobilization"

The Rev. David G. Latshaw

"Y.M.C.A. Policy and Program in Relation to the Church"

The Rev. W. S. Holt, D. D.
"New Pension Plan"

The Rev. C. Carson Bransby, D. D.

"Religious Conditions in England"

The Rev. Charles Vincent Reeder
"Chinese Revolution"

10 (154)

The Bulletin of the Western Theological Seminary

AWARDS: MAY 5, 1927

The Degree of Bachelor of Sacred Theology

was conferred upon

Crawford McCoy Coulter Edgar Coe Irwin

Thomas Davis Ewing Ralph Waldo Emerson Kaufman

Byron Stanley Fruit Oswald Otto Schwalbe

William Austin Gilleland John Alvin Stuart

Darwin Marion Haynes Joseph Carter Swaim

Paul Hagerty Hazlett Guy Hector Volpitto

Lloyd David Homer Philip L. Williams

Special Certificates

were awarded to
William Augustus Ashley William C. Marquis

Martin Rudolph Kuehn William Victor E. Parsons

The Degree of Master of Sacred Theology

was conferred upon
Claude Sawtell Conley Charles Kovacs

Zolton Csorba John Maurice Leister

Karoly Dobos Walter Brown Purnell

Thomas Davis Ewing (of the graduating class)

The Seminary Fellowship

was awarded to
Lloyd David Homer

The Keith Memorial Homiletical Prize

was awarded to
Lloyd David Homer

The John Watson Prize in New Testament Greek

was awarded to
Thomas Davis Ewing

The William B. Watson Prize in Hebrew

was awarded to
Lloyd David Homer

Merit Prizes

were awarded to
Byron Elmer Allender William Semple, Jr.

11 (155)

Tlie Bulletin of the Western Theological Seminary

STUDENTS

Fellows

John Lyman Eakin Bangkok, Siam.

A. B., Washington and Jefferson College, 1923.
S. T. B., Western Theological Seminary, 1926-.

Willard Colby Mellin Ridgway, Pa.

A. B., University of California, 1920.

S. T. B., Western Theological Seminary, 1923.

Harold Francis Post Wellsburg, Ohio

A. B., Washington and Jefferson College, 1918.

S. T. B. and S. T. M., Western Theological Seminary, 1924.

George Henry Rutherford Dillonvale, Ohio.

A. B., College of Wooster, 1922.

S. T. B., Western Theological Seminary, 1925.

Lloyd David Homer Bakerstown, Pa.

B. Sc, Grove City College, 1922.

S. T. B., Western Theological Seminary, 1927.
Fellows, 5.

Graduate Students

Walter Leslie Allison 425 North St. Clair Street

A. B., University of Pittsburgh, 1928
McCormick Theological Seminary, 1920.

Edna Patterson Chubb (Mrs. A. L.) . . . .109 Lincoln Ave., Bellevue
Michigan State Normal School.
Divinity School, University of Chicago.

*Maxwell Cornelius 201 Waldorf St., N. S.

A. B. University of Wooster, 1911.

S. T. B., Western Theological Seminary, 1914.

Joseph L. Fisher 531 N. St. Clair Street

A. B., Johnson Bible College, 1912.

Byron Stanley Fruit Box 75, Ingomar

B. S. (in Economics), University of Pittsburgh, 1924.
S. T. B., Western Theological Seminary, 1927.

Bphraim Z. Gallaher 330 Bigelow Street

Bethany College (W. Va.)

LeRoy Emerson Grace R. D. 3, Gibsonia

Philadelphia School of the Bible, 1921.

Th. B., Pittsburgh Theological Seminary, 1925.

*Candidate for the degree of S. T. M.

12 (156)

The Bulletin of the Western Theological Seminary

Ralph L. Holland 246 Franklin Ave., Vandergrift

A. B., 1922, and A. M., 1926, Franklin & Marshall College.
Reformed Seminary in Lancaster, Pa., 1926.

*Melvin Clyde Horst, Windber, Pa 214

A. B., Juniata College, 1923.

B. D., School of Theology, Juniata College, 1924.

Robert Linton Hutchinson 7395 Schley Ave., Swissvale

A. B., Cedarville College, 1918.

B. D., Reformed Presbyterian Theological Seminary,

Pittsburgh, 1918.

Linus Johnson 1911 Solis St., McKeesport

A. B., Macalester College.

A. M., Bethany College, Lindsburg, Kan., 1923.

Th. B. and B. D., Bethel Theological Seminary, 1925.

Warren Charles Jones, McConnellsville, S. C 314

A. B., 1924, and B. D., 1927, Johnson C. Smith University,

Arlie Roland Mansberger 105 Eleventh St., Turtle Creek

Westminster and American Extension University, 1921.

Gideon Carl Olson 2210 Jenny Lind Ave., McKeesport

A. B., Augustana College, 1910.

A. M., University of Pittsburgh, 1917.

B. D., Augustana Theological Seminary, 1913.

*Howard Rodgers 141 Oliver Ave., Bellevue

A. B., Grove City College, 1915.

S. T. B., Western Theological Seminary, 1918.

*Hugh Alexander Smith, 38 Penn Avenue, W. Irwin, Pa 315

Glasgow University, 1900.

S. T. B., Western Theological Seminary, 1903.

Lewis Oliver Smith, R. F. D. 3, Coraopolis 215

A. B., Southwestern College, 1916.

S. T. B., Western Theological Seminary, 1925.

Meade M. Snyder 8 N. Third St., Youngwood

Grove City College.

*Paul Steacy Sprague, 731 Ridge Avenue, N. S 217

A. B., Wabash College, 1917.

S. T. B., Western Theological Seminary, 1920.

Stephen Szabo, Miskolc, Hungary 202

University of Budapest, 1923.

B. D., Central Theological Seminary, 1927.

Arthur Christian Waldkoenig 1309 Paulson Avenue

A. B., Gettysburg College, 1920.
Gettysburg Theological Seminary, 1923.

John W. Whisler 354 Spahr Street, E. E.

A. B., 1906, A. M., 1920, Findlay College.

'Candidate for the degree of S. T. M.

13 (157)

The Bulletin of the Western Theological Seminary

Edward Myrten Wilson . . . .1142 Wayne Ave., McKees Rocks, Pa.
Kenyon College, 1922.
B. D., Divinity School, Kenyon College, 1923.

Nodie Bryson Wilson Blawnox, Pa.

A. B., Grove City College, 1911.
S. T. B., Western Theological Seminary, 1914.
Graduate Students, 24

Senior Class

Byron E. Allender, 640 Allison Ave., Washington, Pa 217

A. B., Washington & Jefferson College, 1925.

James E. Fawcett . . 604 Lenox Ave., Forest Hills Boro, Wilkinsburg
A. B., Marsrv^ille College, 1925.

Joseph Steve Fay (Fejes), 8815 Buckeye Rd., Cleveland, O. . . .215
A. B., University of Dubuque, 1926.

George Lee Forney R. F. D., Tarentum, Pa.

A. B., Geneva College, 1925.

*Enno Frederic Jansen, Lakeview, Iowa 318

University of Dubuque.

Presbyterian Theological Seminary, Louisville, Ky.

Clarence Ware Kerr 828 N. Lincoln Ave., N. S.

A. B., Miami University, 1915.
McCormick Theological Seminary, 1926-7.

James Allen Kestle, 205 E. Sandusky Ave., Bellefontaine, O. . . .302
A. B., Ohio Wesleyan University, 1924.

Theodore Evan Miller 428 S. Atlantic Ave.

A. B., Lafayette College, 1921.

Arthur A. Schade . 75 Onyx Avenue

German Dept., Rochester Theological Seminary, 1910.
A. B., Oskaloosa College, 1921.

William L. Schoeffel 3337 East St., N. S.

University of Rochester, 1914-5.

German Dept., Rochester Theological Seminary, 1918.

William Semple, Jr., 7941 Division St 304

A. B., University of Pittsburgh, 1923.

Mayson Hodgson Sewell, Attica, N. Y 315

B. D., Oskaloosa College, 1911.

Linson Harper Stebbins, 828 N. Lincoln Avenue, N. S 214

A. B., Westminster College (Pa.), 1925.

Pasquale Vocaturo, 2318 S. Percy Street, Philadelphia, Pa. . . .218
Gymnasium, Nicastro, Italy.

Joseph Lawrence Weaver, Jr Etna, Pa.

Colorado College.

Senior Class, 15

''Not a candidate for a degree.

14 (158)

The Bulletin of the Western Theological Seminary

Middle Class

Howard Salisbury Davis, West Sunbury, Pa 205

A. B., Washington & Jefferson College, 1926

Robert Lloyd Dieffenbacher, 925 West 30th. Street, Erie, Pa. . .303

B. S., Lafayette College, 1927.

George Carlan Elliott, 331 Mitler Ave., Dennison, 0 210

A. B., Mount Union College, 1926.
Boston University School of Theology.

William Fennell, Export, Pa 304

A. B., University of Pittsburgh, 1925.

Dwight Raymond Guthrie, 404 N. Fifth St., Apollo, Pa 316

A. B., Grove City College, 1925.

*Charles Andrew Ittel 1216 Tremon Ave., N. S.

Desiderius Kozma, (Hungary), 4427 Lorain Ave., Cleveland, O. 206
Reformatus Tanit6k6pzo, Nagykoros (Normal School),

1911.
Bloomfield Theological Seminary.

Gerrit Labotz, (Holland), Grand Rapids, Mich 306

Groen van Prinsterer School, Doetichem, Holland, 1907.

George D. Massay 5008 Glenwood Ave.

A. B., Bethany College, 1924.

Archibald John Stewart, Mount Forest, Ontario, Canada 317

Stratford Normal School, Canada, 1922.

Forrest R. Stoneburner, Zanesville, O. .400-D, Pittsburgh Life Bldg.
A. B., Capital University, 1926.
Capital University Theological School

Oscar Sloan Whitacre, R. D. 2, Dayton, Pa 305

A. B., Grove City College, 1926.

Montague White, 836 Pennsylvania Ave., Youngstown, 0 302

A. B., Hamilton College, 1922.

Middle Class, 13

Junior Class

George Cochran Ashton, 808 Quail Ave., Bellevue 314

A. B., Lincoln University, 1927.

Raymond Boice Atwell, R. D. 4, Emlenton, Pa 217

A. B., Washington & Jefferson College, 1927.

H. Wayland Baldwin 1008 Zahniser Street

A. B., Greenville College, 1925.

Eugene Barnard, 1171 Washington St., Indiana, Pa 305

A. B., Grove City College, 1927,

Harry Glenn Carpenter 464 4th St., Beaver, Pa.

A. B., Bethany College, 1924.

*Not a candidate for a degree.

15 (159)

The Bulletin of the Western Theological Seminary

Chalmers Roosevelt Crockett 209 Joseph St., Homestead

B. Th., Virginia Theological Seminary & College, 1927.

Samuel Earl Gray, Winnipeg, Man., Canada 203

Gordon College, 1925-7.

Charles Edward Haberly, Bethel, Kansas 303

A. B., Washington & Jefferson College, 1927.

Frank Gallup Helme 725 Clinton Place, Bellevue

A. B., University of Buffalo, 1923.

James R. Henry, 308 E. Vilas, Guthrie, Okla 204

A. B., Tulsa University, 1927.

*Ralph Johnson 1008 Ridge Ave., N. S.

Luther Macdonald, 15 Ashwood St., Worcester, Mass .203

Gordon College.

William Gilbert Nowell 209 Grace Ave., Canonsburg, Pa.

A. B., 1926, A. M., 1927, University of Pittsbu;-gh.

Thomas Ross Paden, Jr., 74 Penn Ave., N. Minneapolis, Minn. 204
A. B., Macalaster College, 1926.

John Ficklin Phipps, Huntsville, Mo 202

Missouri Valley College.

James Gilbert Potter, Woodsdale, Wheeling, West Virginia ... .306
A. B., Washington & Jefferson College, 1927.

William Howard Ryall, Saltsburg, Pa 205

A. B., 1926, A. M., 1927, Washington & Jefferson College.

R. S. Shirey 362 5th Street, Freedom

A. B., Albright College, 1921.

Byron Alvin Wilson, . .3580 Brighton Road, N. S., Pittsburgh, Pa.
Temple University

Junior Class, 19

Partial Students

Adelaide Marshall Allender (Mrs. B. E.)

640 Allison Ave. Washington, Pa.
Ohio Wesleyan University.

Sarah May Garrett (Miss) 2000 Fifth Ave.

Lucy Webb Hays National Training School, 1919.

Florence Reed Jury (Miss) 2000 Fifth Ave.

Lucy Webb Hays National Training School, 1919.

Ruth Leake (Miss) 1130 Fayette St., N. S.

Pennsylvania State College.

Hugh Thompson Russell, 828 Ridge Ave., N. S 108

Ph. B., Bucknell University, 1917.

Caroline Belle Thornton (Miss) 2000 Fifth Ave.

Iowa National Bible Training School, 1914.

Partial Students, 6

*Not a candidate for a degree.

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The Bulletin of the Western Theological Seminary

Summary of Students

Fellows 5

Graduates 24

Seniors 15

Middlers 13

Juniors 19

Partial Students 6

Total 82

REPRESENTATION

Theological Seminaries

Augustana Theological Seminary 1

Bethel Theological Seminary, St. Paul, Minn 1

Bloomfleld Theological Seminary 1

Boston University School of Theology 1

Capital University Theological Seminary 1

Central Theological Seminary, Dayton, Ohio 1

Chicago, University of. Divinity School 1

Gettysburg Theological Seminary 1

Johnson C. Smith University School of Theology 1

Juniata College School of Theology 1

Kenyon College Divinity School 1

Louisville Theological Seminary (Presbyterian) 1

McCormick Theological Seminary 2

Pittsburgh Theological Seminary 2

Reformed Theological Seminary, Lancaster, Pa 1

Reformed Theological Seminary, Pittsburgh, Pa 1

Rochester Theological Seminary 2

Virginia Theological School and College 1

Western Theological Seminary 12

Colleges and Universities

Augustana College 1

Albright College 1

Bethany College, Lindsburg, Kansas 1

Bethany College, Bethany, W. Va 3

Bucknell University 1

Budapest, University of 1

Buffalo, University of 1

California, University of 1

Capital University, Columbus, Ohio 1

Cedarville College 1

Colorado College 1

Dubuque, University of 2

Findlay College 1

Franklin and Marshall College 1

Geneva College 1

Gettysburg College 1

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TJie Bulletin of the Western Theological Seminary

Glasgow, University of 1

Gordon College 2

Greenville College 1

Groen van Prinsterer School, Doetichem, Holland 1

Grove City College 7

Hamilton College 1

Iowa National Bible Training School 1

Johnson Bible College 1

Johnson C. Smith University 1

Juniata College 1

Kenyon College 1

Lafayette College 2

Lincoln University (Pa.) 1

Lucy Webb Hays National Training School 2

Macalester College 2

Maryville College 1

Miami University 1

Michigan State Normal School 1

Missouri Valley College 1

Mount Union College 1

Nicastro, Gymnasium in 1

Ohio Wesleyan University 2

Oskaloosa College 2

Pennsylvania State College 1

Philadelphia School of the Bible 1

Pittsburgh, University of 6

Reformatus Tanitokepzo, Nagykoros (Normal School) 1

Rochester, University of 1

Southwestern College 1

Stratford Normal School 1

Temple University 1

Tulsa, University of 1

Wabash College 1

Washington & Jefferson College 8

Westminster (Pa.) College 1

Westminster & American Extension University, Tehuacana, Tex. 1

Wooster, College of 2

States and Countries

Canada 2

Holland 1

Hungary 2

Iowa 1

Kansas 1

Massachusetts 1

Minnesota 1

Missouri 1

New York 1

Ohio 7

Oklahoma 1

Pennsylvania 60

Siam 1

South Carolina 1

West Virginia 1

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The Bulletin of the Western Theological Seminary

STUDENT ORGANIZATIONS

Senior Class

President: B. E. Allender Vice President: L. H. Stebbins

Secretary-Treasurer: G. Lee Forney

Middle Class

President: Dwight R. Guthrie Vice President: O. S. Whitacre
Secretary-Treasurer: Howard S. Davis

Junior Class

President: T. Ross Paden Vice President: Eugene Barnard

Secretary: James G. Potter Treasurer: John F. Phipps

Y. M. C. A.

President: William Semple, Jr. Vice President: B. E. Allender
Secretary: L. H. Stebbins Treasurer: O. S. Whitacre

Y. M. C. A. COMMITTEES

Dwight R. Guthrie, Chairman
Clarence W. Kerr
Montague White

Devotional

John F. Phipps

J. A. Kestle, Chairman

B. E. Allender

C. E. Haberly

D. Kozma

Dr. W. L. Moser

Athletic

Eugene Barnard
Dr. Selby F. Vance

William Fennell, Chairman
W. Howard Ryall
R. L. Dieffenbacher
James Fawcett

Publicity

W. C. Jones
James Henry
Dr. D. E. Culley

Montague White, Chairman
James R. Henry
James G. Potter
A. J. Stewart

Social

Dwight R. Guthrie
J. A. Kestle
J. L. Weaver, Jr.
Dr. William R. Farmer

19 (163)

The Bulletin of the Western Theological Seminary

Historical Sketch

The Western Theological Seminary was established
in the year 1825. The reason for the founding of the
Seminary is expressed in the resolution on the subject,
adopted by the General Assembly of 1825, to wit: ''It
is expedient forthwith to establish a Theological S :;mi-
nary in the West, to be styled the Western Theological
Seminary of the Presbyterian Church in the United
States". The Assembly took active measures for carry-
ing into execution the resolution which had been adopted,
by electing a Board of Directors consisting of twenty-
one ministers and nine ruling elders, and by instructing
this Board to report to the next General Assembly a
suitable location and such "alterations" in the plan of
the Princeton Seminary as, in their judgment, might
be necessary to accommodate it to the local situation of
the "Western Seminary".

During the ninety-nine years of her existence, two
thousand five hundred and eighty-eight students have
attended the classes of the Western Theological Semi-
nary; and of this number, over nineteen hundred have
been ordained as ministers of the Presbyterian Church,
U. S. A, Her missionary alumni, one hundred eighty-one
in number, many of them having distinguished careers,
have preached the Gospel in every land where mission-
ary enterprise is conducted.

Locat

ion

The choice of location, as the history of the institu-
tion has shown, was wisely made. The Seminary in

20 (164)

The Bulletin of the Western Theological Seminary

course of time ceased, indeed, to be western in the strict
sense of the term; but it became central to one of the
most important and influential sections of the Presby-
terian Church, equally accessible to the West ajid East.
The buildings are situated near the summit of Kidge
Avenue, Pittsburgh (North Side), mainly on West Park,
one of the most attractive sections of the city. Within
a block of the Seminary property some of the finest resi-
dences of Greater Pittsburgh are to be found, and at the
close of the catalogue prospective students will find a
map showing the beautiful environs of the institution.
It is twenty minutes' walk from the center of business
in Pittsburgh, with a ready access to all portions of the
city, and yet as quiet and free from disturbance as if in
a remote suburb. In the midst of this community of
more than 1,000,000 people and center of strong Presby-
terian churches and church life, the students have unlim-
ited opportunities of gaining familiarity with every type
of modern church organization and work. The practical
experience and insight which they are able to acquire,
without detriment to their studies, are a most valuable
element in their preparation for the ministry.

Buildings

The first Seminary building was erected in the year
1831; it was situated on what is now known as Monu-
ment Hill. It consisted of a central edifice, sixty feet
in length by fifty in breadth, of four stories, having at
each front a portico adorned with Corinthian columns,
and a cupola in the center ; and also two wings of three
stories each, fifty feet by twenty-five. It contained a
chapel forty-five feet by twenty-five, with a gallery of
like dimensions for the library ; suites of rooms for pro-
fessors, and accommodations for eighty students. It
was continuously occupied until 1854, when it was com-
pletely destroyed by fire, the exact date being January
23d.

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The Bulletin of the Western Theological Seminary

The second Seminary building, usually designated
"Seminary Hall", was erected in 1855, and formally
dedicated January 10, 1856. This structure was consid-
erably smaller than the original building, but contained
a chapel, class rooms, and suites of rooms for twenty stu-
dents. It was partially destroyed by fire in 1887 and
was immediately revamped. Seminary Hall was torn
down November 1, 1914, to make room for the new
buildings.

The first dormitory was made possible by the gen-
erosity of Mrs. Hetty E. Beatty. It was erected in
the year 1859 and was known as "Beatty Hall". This
structure had become wholly inadequate to the needs of
the institution by 1877, and the Eev. C. C. Beatty fur-
nished the funds for a new dormitory which was known
as "Memorial Hall", as Dr. Beatty wished to make the
edifice commemorate the reunion of the Old and New
School branches of the Presbyterian Church.

The old library building was erected in 1872 at an
expf^nditure of $25,000, but was poorly adapted to library
purposes. It has been replaced by a modern library
equipment in the group of new buildings.

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The Bulletin of the Western Theological Seminary

able feature of this dormitory is that there is not a single
inside room of any kind. The architecture is of the type
known as Tudor Gothic; the materials are reenforced
concrete and fireproofing, with the exterior of tapestry
brick trimmed with gray terra cotta. The center is sur-
mounted with a beautiful tower in the Oxford manner.
It contains suites of rooms for seventy-five students, to-
gether with a handsomely furnished social hall, a well
equipped gymnasium, and a commodious dining room. A
full description of these public rooms will be found on
other pages of this catalogue.

The erection of two wings of a new group of build-
ings, for convenience termed the administration group,
was commenced in November, 1914. The corner stone
ivas laid on May 6, 1915, and the formal dedication, with
appropriate exercises, took place on Commencement
Day, May 4, 1916. These buildings are removed about
half a block from Memorial Hall, and face the West
Park, occupying an unusually fine site. It has been
planned to erect this group in the form of a quadrangle,
the entire length being 200 feet and depth 175 feet.
The main architectural feature of the front wing is
an entrance tower. While this tower enhances the
beauty of the building, all the space in it has been care-
fully used for offices and classrooms. The rear wing,
in addition to containing two large classrooms which
can be thrown into one, contains the new library. The
stack room has a capacity for 165,000 volumes. The
stacks now installed will hold about 55,000 volumes. The
reference room and the administrative offices of the li-
brary, with seminar rooms, are found on the second floor.
The reference room, 88 by 38 feet, is equipped and dec-
orated in the mediseval Gothic style, with capacity for
10,000 volumes. The architecture of the entire group is
the English Collegiate Gothic of the type which prevails
in the college buildings at Cambridge, England. The ma-
terial is tapestry brick, trimmed with gray terra cotta of

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The Bulletin of the Western Theological Seminary

There are four residences for professors. Two are
situated on the east and two on the west side of the new
building and all face the Park.

Social Hall

The new dormitory contains a large social hall,
which occupies an entire floor in one wing. This room
is very handsomely finished in white quartered oak, with
a large open fireplace at one end. The oak furnishing,
which is upholstered in leather, is very elegant and was
chosen to match the woodwork. The prevailing color in
the decorations is dark green and the rugs are Hartford
Saxony in oriental patterns. The rugs were especially
woven for the room. This handsome room was erected
and furnished by the late Mr. Sylvester S. Marvin, of the
Board of Trustees, and his two sons, Walter R. Marvin
and Earl R. Marvin, as a memorial to Mrs. Matilda Rum-
sey Marvin. It is the center of the social life of the student
body, and during the past year, under the auspices of the
Student Association, four formal musicals and socials
have been held in this hall. The weekly devotional meet-
ing of the Student Association is also conducted in this
room.

Dining Hall

A commodious and handsomely equipped dining
hall was included in the new Memorial Hall. It is lo-

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Library

The library of the Seminary is now housed in its
new home in Swift Hall, the south wing of the group of
new buildings dedicated at the Commencement season,
1916. This steel frame and fireproof structure is English
Collegiate Gothic in architectural design and provides
the library with an external equipment which, for beauty
and completeness, is scarcely surpassed by any theolog-
ical institution on this continent. The handsome beam-
ceilinged reading room is furnished in keeping with the
architecture. It is equipped with individual reading
lamps and accommodates many hundred circulating
volumes, besides reference books and current periodicals.
Adjoining this are rooms for library administration.
There is also a large, quiet seminar room for all those
who wish to conduct researches, where the volumes that
the library contains treating particular subjects may be
assembled and used at convenience. A stack room with
a capacity for about 165,000 volumes has been pro-
vided and now has a steel stack equipment with space
for about 55,000 volumes.

The library has recently come into possession of a
unique hymnological collection of great value. It con-
sists of 9 to 10 thousand volumes assembled by the late

25 (169)

The Bulletin of the Western Theological Seminary

26 (170)

The Bulletin of the Western Theological Seminary

only by the best commentaries and exegetical works, but
also by those which through history, essay, and sociolo-
gical study illuminate and portray the times, people, and
customs of the Gospel Age. The library possesses a
choice selection of works upon theology, philosophy, and
ethics, and additions are being made of volumes which
discuss the fundamental principles. While it is not
thought desirable to include every author, the leading
writers are given a place without regard to their creed.
Increasing attention is being given to those writers who
deal with the great social problems and the practical
application of Christianity to the questions of ethical and
social life. The number of works on the shelves of the
library dealing with religious education has multiplied
many fold in recent years, and new books in this im-
portant field are being added constantly.

The number of volumes in the library at present is,
approximately, 44,000. This reckoning is exclusive of
the Warrington collection, and neither does it include
unbound pamphlet material. Over one hundred period-
icals are currently received, not including annual reports,
year books, government documents, and irregular con-
tinuations. A modern card catalogue, in course of com-
pletion, covers, at the present time, a great majority of
the bound volumes in the library.

The library is essentially theological, though it in-
cludes much not to be strictly defined by that term; for
general literature the students have access to the Car-
negie Library, which is situated within five minutes ' walk
of the Seminary buildings.

The James L. Shields Book Purchasing Memorial
Fund, with an endowment of $1,000, has been founded

27 (171)

The Bulletin of the Western Theological Seminary

by Mrs. Robert A. Watson, of Columbus, Ohio, in
memory of her father, the late James L. Shields, of
Blairsville, Pennsylvania.

The library is receiving

Alte Orient.

America.

American Issue.

American Journal of Archeology.

American Journal of Philology.

American Journal of Semitic

Languages and Literatures.
American Journal of Sociology.
American Lutheran Survey.
Ancient Egypt.
Archiv fiir Reformations-

geschichte.
Archiv fiir Religionswissen-

schaft
Art and Archaeology.
Asia.

Atlantic Monthly.
Auburn Seminary Record.
Bible Champion.
Biblical Review.
Bibliotheca Sacra.
B'nai B'rith.
Book Review Digest
British Weekly.
Biulletin of American Schools of

Oriental Research.
Bulletin of National Conference

of Social Work.
Canadian Journal of Religious

Congregational Quarterly.
Contemporary Review.
Crozer Quarterly.
Cumulative Book Index.
East and West.
Educational Review
Expository Times.
Federal Council Bulletin.
Glory of Israel.

the following periodicals :

Harvard Theological Review.

Hibbert Journal.

Holbom Review

Homiletic Review.

Inquiry

Inter collegian

International Index to Periodicals.

International Journal of Ethics.

International Journal of Religious

Education
International Review of Missions.
Internationale Kirchliche

Zeitschrift
Jewish Missionary Magazine.
Jewish Quarterly Review.
Journal Asiatique
Journal of American Oriental

Society.
Journal of Biblical Literature.
Journal of Egyptian Archaeology.
Journal of Hellenic Studies.
Journal of Palestine Oriental

Society.
Journal of Presbyterian Histor-
ical Society.
Journal of Religion.
Journal of Royal Asiatic Society.
Journal of the Society of Oriental

Research.
Journal of Theological Studies.
Krest'anske Listy.
London Quarterly Review.
Lutheran.

Lutheran Church Quarterly.
Magyar Egyhaz
Magyarsag
Mercer Dispatch
Methodist Review.
Missionary Herald.
Missionary Review of the World.
Modern Churchman.
Month, The

Moody Bible Institute Monthly.
Moslem World.
Nation, The
National Council for Prevention

of War, News Bulletin
National Geographic Magazine.
National Republic

28 (172)

The Bulletin of the Western Theological Seminary

Neue Kirchliche Zeitschrift.

New Near East

New Republic.

Nineteenth Century and After.

North American Review.

Outlook.

Palestine Exploration Fund

Park Stylus

Pedagogical Seminary.

Pittsburgh Christian Outlook.

Pittsburgh Red Triangle

Presbyterian.

Presbyterian Advance.

Presbyterian Banner.

Presbyterian Magazine

Princeton Theological Review.

Quarterly Register of Reformed

Churches.
Quarterly Review.
Reader's Digest.
Reader's Guide.
Reformed Church Review.
Religious Education.
Revue Arch^ologique
Revue Biblique.
Revue Chr^tienne

Revue des Etudes Juives
Revue d'Histoire et de

Philosophie Religieuses.
Russell Sage Foundation
Sailors' Magazine.
Survey, The
Syria.

Theologisches Literaturblatt
Theologische Literaturzeitung.
Theologische Studien und Kritiken.
Times Literary Supplement
United Presbyterian.
Unity.

Women and Missions.
World To-morrow, The
Yale Review.
Zeitschrift fiir die Alttestament-

liche Wissenschaft.
Zeitschrift fiir Assyriologie.
Zeitschrift der Deutschen Mor-

genliindischen Gesellschaft.
Zeitschrift des Deutschen Pala-

stina-Vereins.
Zeitschrift fiir Kirchengeschichte
Zeitschrift fiir die Neutestament-

liche Wissenschaft.

Religious Exercises

Abundant opportunities for Christian work are af-
forded by the various churches, missions, and benevo-
lent societies of this large community. This kind of
labor has been found no less useful for practical training
than the work of supplying pulpits. Daily prayers at
11 :20 A. M., which all the students are required to attend,
are conducted b}^ the Faculty. A meeting for pra^^er
and conference, conducted by the professors, is held
every Wednesday morning, at which addresses are made
by the professors and invited speakers.

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The Bulletin of the Western Theological Seminary

Senior Preaching Service

{See Study Courses 74, 47, 56.)

Public worship is observed every Monday evening
in the Seminary Chapel, from October to April, nnder
the direction of the professor of homiletics. This ser-
vice is intended to be in all respects what a regular
church service should be. It is attended by the mem-
bers of the faculty, the entire student body, and friends
of the Seminary generally. It is conducted by members
of the senior class in rotation. The Cecilia Choir is in
attendance to lead the singing and furnish a suitable
anthem. The service is designed to minister to the
spiritual life of the Seminary and also to furnish a model
of Presbyterian form and order. The exercises are all
reviewed by the professor in charge at his next subse-
quent meeting with the senior class. Members of the
faculty are also expected to offer to the officiating
student any suggestions they may deem desirable.

Students' Y. M. C. A.

Christian Work

The Bulletin of the Western Theological Semvnary

ing, as it is both a stimulus to devotional life and forms
an important element in a training for the pastorate.
Regular religious work of various types has been carried
on under the direction of committees of the Y. M. C. A.,
in connection with missions and philanthropic institu-
tions of the city. Several students have had charge of
mission churches in various parts of the city while others
have been assistants in Sunday School work or have con-
ducted Teacher Training Classes. Those who are in-
terested in settlement work have unusual opportunities
of familiarizing themselves with this form of social ac-
tivity at the Wood's Run Industrial Home, the Kingsley
House, and the Heinz Settlement.

Bureau of Preaching Supply

A bureau of preaching supply has been organized by
the Faculty for the purpose of apportioning supply work,
as request comes in from vacant churches. No at-
tempt is made to secure places for students either by ad-
vertising or hy application to Preshyterial Committees.
The allotment of places is in alphabetical order. The
members of the senior class and regularly enrolled
graduate students have the preference over the middle
class, and the middle class in turn over the junior.

Rules Governing the Distribution of Calls for
Preaching

1. All allotment of preaching will be made directly from the

President's OflOice by the President of the Seminary or a
member of the Faculty.

2. Calls for preaching -will be assigned in alphabetical order, the

members of the senior class having the preference, followed
in turn by the middle and junior classes.

3. In case a church names a student in its request, the call will

be offered to the person mentioned; if he decline, it will be
assigned according to Rule 2, and the church will be notified,

4. If a student who has accepted an assignment finds it impossible

to fill the engagement, he is to notify the oflBce, when a new

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The Bulletin of the Western Theological Seminary

5. All students supplying churches regularly are expected to re-

port this fact and their names will not be included in the al-
phabetic roll according to the provisions of Rule 2.

6. When a church asks the Faculty to name a candidate from the

7. Graduate students, complying with Rule 6 governing scholar-

ship aid, will be put in the roll of the senior class.

^8. If there are not sufficient calls for the entire senior class any
week, the assignments the following week will commence at
the point in the roll where they left off the previous week,
but no middler will be sent any given week until all the
seniors are assigned. The middle class will be treated in the
same manner as the senior, i. e., every member of the class
will have an opportunity to go, before the head of the roll
Is assigned a second time. No junior will be sent out until all
the members of the two upper classes are assigned, but, like
the members of the senior and middle classes, each member
will have an equal chance.
9. These rules in regard to preaching are regulations of the Fac-
ulty and as such are binding on all matriculants of the Sem-
inary. A student who disregards them or interferes with
their enforcement will make himself liable to discipline, and
forfeit his right to receive scholarship aid.

10. A student receiving an invitation directly is at liberty to fill
the engagement, but must notify the oflSce, and will lose
his turn according to Rule 2.

Physical Training

Expenses

A fee of ten dollars a year is required to be paid to
the contingent fund for the heating and care of the li-

32 (176)

The Bulletin of the Western Theological Seminary

brary and lecture rooms. Students residing in the dor-
mitory and in rented rooms pay an additional twenty
dollars for natural gas and service.

All students who reside in the dormitory are re-
quired to take their meals in the Seminary dining hall.
The price for boarding is six dollars and a half per w^eek.

Prospective students may gain a reasonable idea of
their necessary expenses from the following table:

Contingent Pee ? 30

Boarding for 32 weeks 208

Books 40

Gymnasium Fee 2

Y. M. C. A. Fee 5

Sundries 15

Total $300

Scholarship Aid

1. All students needing financial assistance may re-
ceive aid from the scholarship fund of the Seminary.

2. The distribution is made in four installments:
on the last Tuesdays of September, November, January,
and March.

3. A student whose grade falls below ''C", or 75
per cent, or who has five absences from class exercises
without satisfactory excuse, shall forfeit his right to aid
from this source. The following are not considered valid
grounds for excuse from recitations: (1) work on Pres-
bytery parts; (2) preaching or evangelistic engagements,
unless special permission has been received from the
Faculty (Application must be made in writing for such
permission) ; (3) private business, unless imperative.

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The Bulletin of the Western Theological Semi/nary

4. A student who so desires, may borrow his schol-
arship aid, with the privilege of repayment after gradua-
tion, this loan to be without interest.

5. A student must take, as the minimum, twelve
(12) hours of recitation work per week in order to obtain
scholarship aid and have the privilege of a room in the
Seminary dormitory. Work in Elocution and Music is
regarded as supplementary to these twelve hours.

Loan Funds

The Eev. James H. Lyon, a member of the class of
1864, has founded a loan fund by a gift of $200. Needy
students can borrow small sums from this fund at a low
rate of interest.

Kecently a friend of the Seminary, by a gift of
$2500, established a Students' Loan and Self-help
Fund. The principal is to be kept intact and the in-
come is available for loans to students, which loans may
be repaid after graduation.

General Educational Advantages

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The Bulletin of the Western Theological Seminary

In Pittsburgh we find some of the largest, most
aggressive, and best equipped churches of our com-
munion. Pittsburgh Presbytery is the largest presby-
tery of the Presbyterian Church, U. S. A., with 138
churches and 209 ministers on its rolls. In 1927 the
total membership of these churches was 66,347. On the
rolls of the Presbytery there are thirteen churches with a
membership of between 1000 and 2100, and there is one
church with a membership of more than 2400. The local
national missionary budget of Pittsburgh Presbytery for
the fiscal year 1927-8 reached a total of approximately
$150,000. In addition, the Presbytery makes a large
contribution to the work of the Board of National
Missions. As might be expected, every type of modern
church activity and organization is represented in
the churches of this Presbytery. A student has abun-
dant opportunity to familiarize himself with the organi-
zation and methods of an efficient modern church, not
merely through the study of a text book, but by personal
observation or actual participation in the work.

In addition to being a manufacturing center, with
the largest tonnage of any city in the world, Pitts-
burgh is the seat of a University with an enrollment of
10,207 (1926-7). Students of the Seminary have the
privilege of attending the University and of receiving
the Master's degree under certain conditions (see
p. 56). Besides the University, there are the Carnegie
Institute of Technology, the Pennsylvania College for

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The Bulletin of the Western Theological Seminary

In such a survey the library facilities of the city
are not to be passed by. In addition to the Seminary
librar}^, which is exclusively theological in its scope and
rich in its collections, there are the two Carnegie
Libraries. The North Side Library, the first founded
by Mr. Carnegie, in 1886, which is situated within a few
blocks of the Seminary buildings, affords the student
ready access to general literature of every type. The
main Library, in connection with the Carnegie Insti-
tute, with its larger collections, is also available to the
students. The Museum of the Carnegie Institute is of
large educational value, and students will be well re-
paid by a careful survey of its collections.

Admission

36 (180)

The Bulletin of the Western Theological Seminary

evangelical church; also that they have the requisite
literary preparation for the studies of the theological
course.

College students intending to enter the Seminary are
strongly recommended to select such courses as will pre-
pare them for the studies of a theological curriculum.
They should pay special attention to Latin, Greek, Ger-
man, English Literature and Rhetoric, Logic, Ethics,
Psychology, the History of Philosophy, and General
History. If possible, students are advised to take ele-
mentary courses in Hebrew and make some study of
New Testament Greek. For elementary study in the lat-
ter subject Machen's "New Testament Greek for Be-
ginners" and Nunn's "Short Syntax of New Testament
Greek" are recommended.

Students from Other Theological Seminaries

Students coming from other theological seminaries
are required to present certificates of good standing and
regular dismissal before they can be received.

Graduate Students

Those who desire to be enrolled for post-graduate
study will be admitted to matriculation on presenting
their diplomas or certificates of graduation from other
theological seminaries.

Resident licentiates and ministers have the privilege
of attending lectures in all departments.

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The Bulletin of the Western Theological Semimary

Seminary Year

The Seminary year, consisting of one term, is di-
vided into two semesters. The tirst semester closes the
third week of January and the second commences the
following Monday. The Seminary Year begins with the
third Tuesday of September and closes the Thursday
before the second Tuesday in May. It is expected that
every student will be present at the opening of the ses-
sion, when the rooms will be allotted. The more impor-
tant days are indicated in the calendar (p. 3).

Examinations

The Bachelor's Degree

Upon graduation students receive the degree of
Bachelor of Sacred Theology. The degree will be
granted to those who are graduates of an accredited col-
lege or who sustain satisfactory examinations in college
subjects, and who have completed a course of three
years' study, pursued in this or partly in this and
partly in some other regular theological Seminary.

The candidate for the degree must pass satisfactory
examinations in all departments of the Seminary
curriculum, present an acceptable thesis, and satisfy all
requirements for attendance.

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The Bulletin of the Western Theological Seminary

Courses of Study

The elective system has been introduced with such
restrictions as seemed necessary in view of the general
aim of the Seminary.

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The Bulletin of the Western Theological Seminary

Fourteen hours of recitation and lecture work are
required of Juniors, Middlers, and Seniors, and twelve
hours of Graduate Students. Those, entering the Junior
Class without preparation in Greek will be expected to
take three additional hours, and anyone desiring to take
more than the required number of hours must make
special application to the Faculty, and no student who
falls below the grade "A" in his regular work will be
allowed to take additional courses. A student absent
from twenty-five per cent of the classroom exercises in
any course will not receive credit for that course.

In the senior year the only required courses are
those in Practical Theology, N. T. Theology, and 0. T.
Prophecy. The election of studies must be on the
group system, one subject being regarded as major
and another as minor; for example, a student electing
N. T. as a major must take four hours in this depart-
ment and in addition must take one course in a closely
related subject, such as 0. T. Theology or Exegesis,
He must also write a thesis of not less than 4,000 words
on some topic in the department from which he has
selected his major.

Hebrew Language and Old Testament Literature
Dr. Kelso, Dr. Culley

I. Linguistic Courses

The Hebrew language is studied from the philological stand-
point in order to lay the foundations for the exegetical study of the

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HEREON HALL

The Bulletin of the Western Theological Seminary

Old Testament. With this end in view, courses are offered which
aim to make the student thoroughly familiar with the chief exe-
getical and critical problems of the Hebrew Scriptures.

1. Introductory Hebrew Grammax*. Exercises in reading and
writing Hebrew and the acquisition of a working vocabulary. Gen.
1-20. Three hours weekly throughout the year (five credits). Jun-
iors. Required. Prof. Culley.

2a. First Samuel I-XX or Judges. Rapid reading and exegesis.
Preparation optional. One hour weekly throughout the year. All
classes. Elective. Prof. Culley. Prerequisite, Course 1.

2b. The Minor Prophets or Jeremiah. Rapid reading and exe-
gesis. Preparation optional. One hour weekly throughout the year.
Seniors and Graduates. Elective. Prof. Culley.

3. Deuteronomy I-XX or one Book of Kings. Hebrew Syntax.

II. Critical and Exegetical Courses
A. Hebrew

4. The Psalter. An exegetical course on the Psalms, with
special reference to their critical and theological problems. One
hour weekly, throughout the year. Seniors. Elective. Prof. Culley.

6. Proverbs and Job. The interpretation of selected passages
from Proverbs and Job which bear on the nature of Hebrew Wis-
dom and Wisdom Literature. One hour weekly throughout the
year (1928-9). Seniors and Graduates. Elective. Prof. Kelso.

41 (185)

The Bulletin of the Western Theological Seminary

Biblia Hebraica, ed. Kittel, and the Oxford Lexicon of the Old
Testament are the text-books.

In order to elect these courses, the student must have attained
at least Grade B in courses 1 and 3.

B. English

8a. The History of the Hebrews. An outline course from the

earliest times to the Assyria.n Period, in which the Biblical material
is studied with the aid of a syllabus and reference books. Two
hours weekly, first semester (1927-8). Juniors and Middlers.
Required. Prof. Kelso.

8b. The History of the Hebrews. A continuation of the pre-
ceding course. The Babylonian, Persian, and Greek Periods. Two
hours weekly, first semester (1928-9). Juniors and Middlers.
Required. Prof. Kelso.

10. Hebrew Wisdom and Wisdom Literature. In this course
a critical study is made of the books of Job, Proverbs, Ecclesiastes,
and the Song of Solomon. Two hours weekly, first semester.
Seniors and Graduates. Elective (1927-8). Prof. Kelso.

25. Old Testament Theology (see p. 44).

67. Biblical Apocalyptic. A careful study of the Apocalyptic
element in the Old Testament with special reference to the Book
of Daniel. After a brief investigation of the main features of the
extra-canonical apocalypses, the Book of Revelation is examined in
detail. One hour weekly throughout the year (1928-9). Seniors
and Graduates. Elective. Prof. Kelso.

69. The Book of Genesis. A critical exegetical study of the
Book of Genesis in English based upon the text of the American
Revised Version. Seminar. Two hours weekly, second semester
(1927-8). Seniors and Graduates. Elective. Prof. Kelso.

All these courses are based on the English Version as revised
by m'Odern criticism and interpreted by scientific exegesis.

New Testament Literature and Exegesis

Dr. Vance, Dr. McCrea

A knowledge of New Testament Greek is required for gradu-
ation. Students who enter without previous adequate knowledge
of the language are required to take Course 13; those who have
taken Greek in college are required to take course 81, unless excused
by examination.

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The Bulletin of the Western Theological Seminary

I. liingnoistic Ck)urses
13. Elementary Greek. This course is designed, for students
who have made little or no previous study of Greek. The aim is
to prepare such students, as thoroughly as possible in the time
available, to read and interpret the Greek New Testament. The
text-book used is Machen's "New Testament Greek for Beginners".
Three hours weekly throughout the year. Juniors. Dr. McCrea.

81. Advanced Greek. The aim is to give the student facility
in reading the New Testament in Greek. Rapid reading of selec-
tions from the Gospels and Epistles. Two hours weekly, first
semester. Juniors. Required. Prof. Vance.

82. New Testament Syntax. Characteristics of the Greek of
the New Testament; principles of syntax; translation of
the Gospel according to Luke; grammatical interpretation. Pre-
requisite, Course 13 or its equivalent. Two hours weekly, first
semester. Middlers. Required. Prof. Vance.

83. The Epistle to the Galatians. The principles of Biblical
interpretation are applied to the study of the Epistle to the
Galatians. Paul's fundamental doctrines; his relation to the
Jewish branch of the Church. Prerequisite, Course 82. Two
hours weekly, second semester. Middlers. Required. Prof. Vance.

II. Critical and Exegetical Courses
A. Greek

20a. The Epistle to the Romans. Introduction; analysis;
study of terminology; interpretation. Two hours weekly, second
semester (1927-1928). Elective. Prof. Vance.

24. The Epistles of James and. Peter. Problems confronting
Jewish Christians of the dispersion. Analysis; interpretation. Two
hours weekly, first semester (1927-1928). Elective. Prof. Vance.

86. The Pastoral Epistles. Introduction; new conditions of
the Church; interpretation. Two hours weekly, second semester
(1928-9). Elective. Prof. Vance.

B. English

87a. The Ititeratnre of the New Testament. History of the
canon, text, and translations. Study of the four gospels. Origin,
purpose, and plan of each. Synoptic problem. Outline life of
Christ. Two hours weekly, second semester (1927-8). Juniors and
Middlers. Required. Prof. Vance.

87b. The Idterature of the New Testament. Continuation of

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preceding course. Origin, form, occasion, purpose, contents of
Acts., Epistles, and Revelation. Critical problems. Two hours
weekly, second semester (1928-9). Juniors and Middlers. Required.
Prof. Vance.

19b. The Fourth Gospel. A critical and exegetical study of
the Fourth Gospel, for the purpose, first, of forming a judgment on
the question of its authorship and its value as history, and second,
of enabling the student to apprehend in some measure its doctrinal
content. Two hours weekly, 1st. semester (1928-9). Elective.
Prof. Vance.

88. The Life of Paul. His Jewish Life; Christian experi-
ence; missionary work; relation to Jewish and Gentile environ-
ment. Two hours weekly, second semester (1928-9). Elective.
Prof. Vance.

17. First Century Christianity. (See Early Church History,
page 45).

73. History of Biblical Interpretation. (See Church History,
page 46). Dr. Moser.

89. The Epistles to the Corinthians. Conditions of the early
Christians in the midst of heathenism. Analysis; interpretation.
Two hours weekly, second semester (1927-1928). Elective. Prof.
Vance.

90. The Gospel according to Mark. Characteristics; analy-
sis; interpretation. Two hours weekly, first semester (1927-1928).
Elective. Prof. Vance.

91. The Acts of the Apostles. Reliability as a source for
early Christian History. Interpretation. Two hours weekly, first
semester (1928-9). Elective. Prof. Vance.

67. Revelation. (See Biblical Apocalyptic, page 42). Elec-
tive. Prof. Kelso.

26. Theology of the Nevp Testament. (See below). Sen-
iors. Required. Prof. Vance.

Biblical Theology

25. Theology of the Old Testament. A comprehensive his-
torical study of the religious institutions, rites, and teachings of the
Old Testament. The Biblical material is studied with the aid of a
syllabus and reference books. Two hours weekly. Offered in alter-
nate years. Elective. Open to Middlers, Seniors, and Graduates.
Prof. Kelso.

26. Theology of the New Testament. A careful study is
made of the N. T. literature with the purpose of securing a first-
hand knowledge of its theological teaching. While the work con-
sists primarily of original research in the sources, sufficient collat-
eral reading is required to insure an acquaintance with the litera-
ture of the subject. Two hours weekly throughout the year. Re-
quired of Seniors, and open to Graduates. Prof. Vance.

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English Bible

Great emphasis is laid upon the study of the English Bible
through the entire Seminary course. In fact, more time is devoted
to the study of the Bible in English than to any other single subject.
For graduation, 46 term-hours of classroom work are required of
each student. Of this total, S term-hours are taken up with the
exact scientific study of the Bible in the English version, or in other
words, more than one-fifth of the student's time is concentrated on
the Bible in English. In addition to this minimum requirement,
elective courses occupying 4 term-hours, are offered to students.
For details in regard to courses in the English Bible, see under Old
Testament Literature, p. 4 Of. and New Testament Literature, p.
42f. See especially the following courses:

10. The Psalter, Hebrew Wisdom and Wisdom Literature (see
p. 42).

11. Old Testament Prophecy and Prophets (see p. 42).
67. Biblical Apocalyptic (see p. 42).

69. The Book of Genesis (see p. 42).

16. The Life of Cluist (see p. 44).

88. Life of Paul (see p. 44).

89. I. & II. Corinthians (see p. 44).

90. Mark (see p. 44).

91. Acts of the Apostles (see p. 44).

611). The Social Teachina; of the New Testament (see p. 49).

Church History

Dr. McGill, Dr. .Closer

30. General Church History: The Ancient and Mediaeval
Periods. Two hours weekly throughout the year. Juniors. Re-
quired. Dr. McGill.

31. General Church History: The Reformation and the
Modern Period. Two hours weekly throughout the year. Middlers.
Required. Dr. McGill.

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92. Christian Thought in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth
Centuries. The attempt is made to trace the development of mod-
ern religious ideas through these two significant centuries. The
method is largely biographical, the ideasi being studied in connec-
tion with their embodiment in outstanding personalities. A seminar
course. Two hours weekly, first semester (1927-8). Elective.

34. American Church History. The transplanting of Euro-
pean faiths in America. The growth, controversies, and practical
activities of the denominations. Progress to the situation of to-
day. Two hours weekly, second semester (1927-8). Elective. Dr.
Moser.

73. History of Biblical Interpretation. At the beginning some
time is spent in a study of the idea and use of Scriptures in gen-
eral, as illustrated in the great "book religions" of the world.
The main part of the course, which follows, has to do with the
understanding and use of the Jewish-Christian Scriptures by repre-
sentative interpreters from the first century to the twentieth. Two
hours weekly throughout the year. Elective.

80. History of Christian Mysticism. The outcropping of the
mystic tendency is traced through the history of the Church, atten-
tion being given to the lives and writings of the leading Christian
mystics in ancient, medieval, and modern times. Two hours
weekly, second semester (1927-8). Elective. Dr. Moser.

Systematic Theology and Apologetics
Dr. Si!TOwdex

37. Theology Proper and Apologetics. This course includes
in theology proper the nature and sources of theology, the existence
and attributes of God, the trinity, the deity of Christ, the Holy Spirit,
the decrees of God. In apologetics it includes the problem of the
personality of God, antitheistic theories of the universe, miracles, the
problems connected with the inspiration of the Bible, and the virgin.
birth and the resurrection of Christ. Three hours weekly through-
out the year. Juniors. Required. Prof. Snowden.

39. Anthropology, Christology, and the Doctrines of Grace.
Theories of the origin of man; the primitive state of man; the fall;
the covenant of grace; the person of Christ; the satisfaction of
Christ; theories of the atonement; the nature and extent of the
atonement; intercession of Christ; kingly oflace; the humiliation
and exaltation of Christ; effectual calling, regeneration, faith, justi-
fication, repentance, adoption, and sanctification; the law; the doc-
trine of the last things; the state of the soul after death; the resur-
rection; the second advent and its concomitants. Three hours
weekly throughout the year. Middlers. Required. Prof. Snowden.

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41b. The Psychology of Religion. A study of the redigious
nature and activities of the soul in the light of recent psychology;
and a course in modern theories of the ultimate basis and nature
of religion. One hour weekly throughout the year. Seniors and
Graduates. Elective. Prof. Snowden.

Practical Theology
Dr. Farmer, Dr. Sleeth, Dr. Boyd

Including Homiletics, Pastoral Theology, Speech Expression, Church
Music, The Sacraments, and Church Government

A. Homiletics

The course in Homiletics is designed to be strictly progressive,
keeping step v^^ith the work in other departments. Students are ad-
vanced from the simpler exercises to the more abstruse as they are
prepared for this by their advance in exegesis and theology.

45. Introduction to Homiletics. A study of the Scriptures
with reference to their homiletic value. One hour weekly, first
semester. Juniors. Required. Prof. Farmer.

46. Homiletics. The principles governing the structure of the
s©rmion considered as a special form of public discourse. The study
of principles is accompanied by constant practice in the making of
sermons which are used as a basis for classroom discussion. Two
hours weekly, second semester. Juniors. Required. Prof. Farmer.

47. Advanced Homiletics. Historical and critical study of the
work of representative preachers in all periods of the church's his-
tory, with special emphasis on modern preaching as it is affected by
the conditions lof our time. Students are required to submit critical
analyses of selected sermons and also sermons lof their own, com-
posed with reference to various particular needs and opportunities
in modern life. One hour weekly throughout the year. Seniors.
Required. Prof. Farmer.

57a. Pastoral Care. A study of the principles underlying the
work of the minister as he serves the spiritual welfare of men

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Tlie Bulletin of the Western Theological Seminary

t.hrougli more intimate personal contact, with, practical suggestions
for dealing with typical conditions and situations. One hour weekly,
first semester. Seniors. Required. Prof. Farmer.

57b. Pastoral Care, A study of the minister's relations
to the community in which he lives, his problems and opportunities
as a leader in community life through inter-church activities and
other forms of united effort for civic and social betterment. One
hour weekly, second semester. Seniors. Required. Prof Farmer.

B. Speech Expression

51. Oral Interpretation of the Scriptures. Reading from the
platform. One hour weekly throughout the year. Middlers. Elec-
tive. Prof. Sleeth.

52. Platfonn Training in Delivery of Public Discourse. One
hour weekly throughout the year. Seniors. Elective. Prof. Sleeth.

C. Chui'ch Music

42. Hymnology. The place of Sacred Poetry in History. An-
cient Hymns. Greek and Latin Hymns. German Hymns. Psalm-
ody. English Hymnology in its three periods. Proper use of
Hymns and Psalms in public worship. Text book: Breed's "History
and Use of Hymns and Hymn Tunes". One hour weekly, first sem-
ester. Juniors. Required. Dr. Boyd.

54. Practical Church Music. A year with the music of the
"Hymnal", with a thorough examination and discussion 'of its tunes.
The examination and discussion of special musical services for
congregational participation, with actual use of various types. One
hour weekly throughout the year. Middlers. Required. Dr. Boyd.

55. Musical Appreciation. Illustrations and Lectures. One
hour weekly throughout the year. Seniors. Elective Dr. Boyd.

56. Vocal Sight Reading and Choir Drill. Students who have
sufficient musical experience are given opportunity for practice in

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The Bulletin of the Western Theological Seminary*

choir direction or organ playing. Anthem selection and study. One
hour weekly throughout the year. Offered in alternate years. Open
to students of all classes. Elective. Dr. Boyd.

D. The Cecilia Choir

• Christian Ethics and Sociology

Dr. Snowden, De. Faemer

61a. Christian Ethics. The Theory of Ethics considered con-
structively from the point of view of Christian Faith. One hour
weekly throughout the year. Seniors and graduates. Elective. Prof.
Snowden.

61b. The Social Teaching of the 'Sew Testament. This course
is based upon the belief that the teachings of the New Testament,
rightly interpreted and applied, afford ample guidance to the Chris-
tian Church in her efforts to meet the conditions and problems which
modern society presents. After an introductory discussion of the
social teaching of the Prophets and the condition and structure of
society in the time of Christ, the course takes up the teaching of
Jesus as it bears upon the conditions and problems which must be
met in the task of establishing the Kingdom of God upon the earth,
and concludes with a study of the application of Christ's teaching
to the s'ocial order of the Graeco-Roman world set forth in the Acts
and the Epistles. One hour weekly throughout the year. Seniors
and Graduates. Elective. Prof. Farmer.

Missions and Comparative Religion
Dr. Kelso, Dr. Culley

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64. Lectures on Missions. In addition to the instruction regu-
larly given in the department of Church History, lectures on Missions
are delivered from time to time by able men who are practically fa-
miliar with the work. The students have been addressed during
the past year by several returned missionaries.

65. Ck>mparative Religion. A study of the origin and develop-
ment of religion, with special investigation lof Primitive Religion,
Hinduism, Buddhism, Confucianism, and Islam with regard to their
bearing on Modern Missions. Two hours weekly. Elective. Open
to Middlers, Seniors, and Graduates. Prof. Kelso.

68. Phonetics. A study of phonetics and the principles of

language with special reference to the mission field. One hour

weekly throughout the year. Elective. Open to all classes Prof.
Culley.

7b. Elementary Arabic (see p. 41).

Religious Education

75. Principles of Religious Education. A course in the theory
which underlies the whole program of religious education. It will
include the question of aims, both general and specific; the social
point of view; evangelism through education; and the application
of some of the findings of educational psychology and philosophy
to the educational task of the church. Two hours weekly, first
semester. Elective.

77. Organization and Administration of Religious Education.
This course considers the problems of organizing and administering

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78. Curriculnm Construction for Church Schools. This
course is a study of the scientific development of curricula, and the
analysis of religious ideals. Definite curriculum problems, having
to do with particular situations and specific social conditions, will
be studied. An experiment in actually constructing a curriculum
will be carried on in the class. This course will prove helpful also
in preaching. Two hours weekly, second semester. Elective.

41b. The Psychology of Religion (see p. 47).

CURRICULUM COURSES IN OUTLINE
Junior Class
1. Hebrew Grammar

Prof. Culley 3 hours*

8. History of the Hebrews

Prof. Kelso 2 hrs. 1st. sem.

13. New Testament Greek 3 hrs.

81. Advanced Greek

Prof. Vance 2 hrs. 1st. sem.

87. Literature of the New Testament

Prof. Vance 2 hrs. 2nd. sem.

80. General Church History

Dr. McGill 2 hrs.

37. Theology Proper and Apologetics

Dr. Snowden 3 hrs.

43. Public Worship

Prof. Farmer 1 hr. 1st. sem.

45. Introduction to Homiletics

Prof. Farmer 1 hr. 1st. sem.

46. Homiletics

Prof. Farmer 2 hrs. 2nd sem.

42. Hymnology

Dr. Boyd 1 hr. 1st. sem.

53. Hymn Tunes

Dr. Boyd 1 hr. 2nd. sem.

50. Foundations of Expression

Prof. Sleeth 1 hr.

♦Unless otherwise indicated courses continue throughout the
year.

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Middle Class**
8. History of the Hebrews

Prof. Kelso 2 lirs. 1st. sem.

82. New Testament Syntax

Prof. Vance 2 hrs. 1st. sem.

83. The Epistle to the Galatians

Prof. Vance 2 hrs.. 2n(i. sem.

87. Literature of the New Testament

Prof. Vance 2 hrs. 2nd. sem.

31. General Church Histoiy

Dr. McGill 2 hrs.

39. Theology Proper

Dr. Snowden 3 hrs.

74. Honiiletics

Prof. Farmer .2 hrs. 1st. 1 hr. 2nd. sem.

60. Administration

Prof. Farmer • 1 hr. 2ud. sem.

54. Practical Church Music

Dr. Boyd 1 hr.

Senior Class*
11. Old Testament Prophecy

Prof. Kelso 2 hrs.

26. New Testament Theology

Prof. Vance 2 hrs.

47. Advanced Homiletics

Prof. Farmer 1 hr.

57. Pastoral Care

Prof. Farmer 1 hr.

Elective Courses
2a. Rapid Reading of I Samuel or Judges

Prof. Culley . . 1 hr.

2b. Rapid Reading of Minor Prophets

Hour to be arranged
Prof. Culley . . 1 hr.

3. Old Testament Exegesis

Prof. Culley 2 hrs.

**Middlers must elect either O. T. Exegesis 3 or O. T. Introduc-
tion 12.

*In addition to the required courses, Seniors must select eight
hours per week from Electives.

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7a. Biblical Aramaic

Hours to be arranged
Prof. Culley

7b. Elementary Arabic

Hours to be arranged
Prof. Culley

7c. Elementary Assyrian

Hours to be arranged
Prof. Kelso

4. Exegetical Study of the Psalter

Prof. Culley 1 hr.

5. Exegetical Study of Isaiah

Prof. Kelso (1927-8) 1 hr.

6. Proverbs and Job Interpreted

Hour to be arranged
Prof. Kelso ( 1928-9 ) 1 hr.

10. Critical Study in English of Hebrew Wisdom and Wisdom
Literature

Prof. Kelso (1927-8) 1 hr. 1st. sem.

12. Old Testament Introduction

Prof. Culley 2 hrs.

25. Old Testament Theology

Prof. Kelso (1928-9) 2 hrs.

67. Biblical Apocalyptic

Hour to be arranged
Prof. Kelso (1928-9) 1 hr.

69. Critical Study of Genesis in English

Prof. Kelso (1927-8) 2 hrs. 2nd. sem.

20a. The Epistle to the Romans

Prof. Vance (1927-8^ 2 hrs. 2nd. sem.

20b. The Epistle to the Hebrews

Prof. Vance (1928-9) 2 hrs. 2nd. sem.

24. The Epistles of James and Peter

Prof. Vance (1927-8) 2 hrs 1st. sem.

84. The Epistles to the Colossians and Ephesians

Prof. Vance (1928-9) 2 hrs. 1st. sem.

85. The Gospel according to Matthew

Prof. Vance (1928-9) 2 hrs. 1st. sera.

86. The Pastoral Epistles

Prof. Vance (1928-9) 2 hrs. 2nd. sem.

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The Bulletin of the Western Theological Seminary

19b. The Fourth Gospel.

Prof. Vance (1928-9) 2 hrs. 1st. sem.

16. The Life of Christ

Prof. Vance (1928-9) 2 hrs. 2nd. sem,

88. The Life of Paul

Prof. Vance (1928-9) 2 hrs. 2nd. sem.

89. The Epistles to the Corinthians

Prof. Vance (1927-8) 2 hrs. 2nd. sem.

90. The Gospel according to Mark

Prof. Vance (1927-8^ 2 hrs. 1st. sem.

91. The Acts of the Apostles

Prof. Vance (1928-9) 2 hrs. 1st. sem.

17. Early Church History

2 hrs.

92. Christian Thought in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries

2 hrs. 1st. sem.

34. American Church History

Dr. Moser (1927-8) 2 hrs. 1st. sem.

73. History of Biblical Interpretation

2 hrs.

79. History of Christian Missions

2 hrs. 2nd. sem.

80. History of Christian Mysticism

Dr. Moser (1927-8) 2 hrs. 2nd. sem.

41a. Philosophy of ReUgjon

Prof. Snowden 1 hr.

41b. Psychology of Religion

Prof. Snowden 1 hr.

51. Oral Interpretation of the Scriptures

Prof. Sleeth 1 hr.

52. Platform Delivery

Prof. Sleeth 1 hr.

55. Musical Appreciation

Dr. Boyd 1 nr.

56. Vocal Sight Reading

Dr. Boyd 1 hr

61a. Christian Ethics

Prof. Snowden 1. hr.

61b. Social Teaching of the New Testament

Prof. Farmer 1 hr.

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The Bulletin of the Western Theological Seminary

63. Modern Missions

Hour to be arranged

65. Comparative Religion

Prof. Kelso , .... 2 hrs.

68. Phonetics

Prof. Culley 1 hr.

75. Principles of Religious Education

(1926-7) 2 hrs. 1st. sem.

76. How to Teach Religion

(1926-7) 2 hrs. 2n(i. sem.

77. Organization and Administration of Religious Education

2 hrs. 1st. sem.

78. Curriculum Construction for Church Schools

2 hrs. 2nd. sem.

Reports to Presbyteries

Graduate Studies

The Seminary confers the degree of Master of
Sacred Theology on students who complete a fourth
year of study.

This degree will be granted under the following con-
ditions :

(1) The applicant must have a Bachelor's de-
gree from a college of recognized standing.

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(3) He must be in residence at this Seminary
at least one academic year and complete courses
equivalent to twelve hours per week of regular cur-
riculum work.

(4) He shall be required to devote two-thirds
of said time to one subject, which will be called a
major, and the remainder to another subject termed
a minor.

In the department of the major he shall be re-
quired to write a thesis on an approved theme.
The subject of this thesis must be presented to the
professor at the head of this department for ap-
proval, not later than November 15th of the aca-
demic year at the close of which the degree is to be
conferred. By April 1st a typewritten copy of this
thesis is to be in the hands of the professor for ex-
amination. At the close of the year he shall pass a
rigid examination in both major and minor subjects.

. (5) Members of the senior class may receive
this degree, provided that they attain rank "A" in
all departments and complete the courses equivalent
to such twelve hours of curriculum work, in addition
to the regular curriculum, which twelve hours of
work may be distributed throughout the three years'
course, upon consultation with the professors. All
other conditions as to major and minor subjects,
theses, etc., shall be the same as for graduate stu-
dents, except that in this case students must elect
their major and minor courses at the opening of the
middle year, and give notice October 1st of that year
that they expect to be candidates for this degree.

Relations with University of Pittsburgh

The post-graduate courses of the University of Pitts-
burgh are open to the students of the Seminary. The
A. M. degree will be conferred on students of the Sem-

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The Bulletin of the Western Theological Seminary

4. That the direction and supervision of the
candidate's courses shall be vested in the University
departments concerned.

5. That in ever}^ case in which the question of
the duplication of degree is raised, by reason of the
candidate's offering courses that have already been
credited toward the B. D. or other professional de-
UTce in satisfaction of the requirements for advanced

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6. That the full requirements as regards resi-
dence, knowledge of modem languages, theses, etc.,
of the University of Pittsburgh be exacted in the
case of candidates who may take advantage of these
privileges. In the case of the Western Theological
Seminary and the Pittsburgh Theological Seminary,
this paragraph shall not be interpreted to cancel
paragraph 2, that a maximum of one-third of the
total number of credits for the Master's degree may
be taken in the theological schools.

Fellowships and Prizes

1. A fellowship paying $600 is assigned upon grad-
uation to that member of the senior class who has the
best standing in all departments of the Seminary
curriculum, but to no one falling below an average
of 85 per cent. It is offered to those who take the entire
course of three years in this institution. The recipient
must pledge himself to a year of post-graduate study at
some institution approved by the Faculty. He is required
to furnish quarterly reports of his progress. The money
will be paid in three equal installments on the first day
of October, January, and April. Prolonged absence
from the classroom in the discharge of extra-seminary
duties makes a student ineligible for the fellowship.

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2. The Michael Wilson Keith Memorial Homiletical
Prize of $100.00. This prize was founded in 1919 by the
Keith Bible Class of the First Presbyterian Church of
Coraopolis, Pa., by an endowment of two thousand
dollars in memory of the Eev. Michael Wilson Keith,
D. D., the founder of the class, and pastor of the church
from 1911 to 1917. This foundation was established in
grateful remembrance of his service to his country as
Chaplain of the 111th Infantry Regiment. He fell while
performing his duty at the front in France. It is
awarded to a member of the senior class who has spent
three years in this Seminary and has taken the highest
standing in the department of homiletics. The winner
of the prize is expected to preach in the First Presby-
terian Church of Coraopolis and teach the Keith Bible
Class one Sunday after the award is made.

5. In May 1914, Miss Anna M. Reed, of Cross
Creek, Pa., established a scholarship with an endo-wnnent
of three thousand dollars, to be known as the Andrew

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The Bulletin of the Western Theological Seminary

Reed Scholarship, with the following conditions: Th'^
income of this scholarship to be awarded to the student
who upon entering shall pass the best competitive exam-
ination in the English Bible; the successful competitor
to have the use of it throughout the entire course of
three years, provided that his attendance and class stand-
ing continue to be satisfactory.*

6. In February 1919, Mrs. Robert A. Watson, of
Columbus, Ohio, established a prize with an endowment
of one thousand dollars, to be known as the John Watson
Prize in New Testament Greek, It will be awarded to
that member of the Senior Class who, having elected
Greek exegesis, shall submit the best grammatical and
exegetical treatment of an assigned portion of the Greek
New Testament. The passage for the 1929 assignment is
Ephesians 2:1-10.

7. In September 1919, Mrs. Robert A. Watson, of
Columbus, Ohio, established a prize with an endowment
of one thousand dollars, to be known as the William B.
Watson Prize in Hebrew. It will be awarded to that
member of the Senior Class who, having elected Hebrew,
shall submit the best grammatical and exegetical treat-
ment of an assigned portion of the Hebrew Old Testa-
ment. The passage for the 1929 assignment is Job 28.

8. In July 1920, Mrs. Robert A. Watson, of Colum-
bus, Ohio, with an endowment of $1,000, established the
Joseph Watson Greek Prize, to be awarded to the stu-
dent who passes the best examination in classical Greek
as he enters the Junior Class of the Seminary. The as-
signment upon which the examination will be given is
Xenophon's Anabasis, Book II, or Plato's Apolog^^,
Chapters I-X. In connection with the awarding of this
prize in September, 1926, fifty dollars was added to the
amount of the prize by a special contribution from the
session of the First Presbyterian church of Apollo, Pa.

*The inoonip from this fund is not available at present.
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The Bulletin of the Western Theological Seminary

9. At their ten-year reunion (May 1921), the class
of 1911 raised a fund of one hundred dollars, to be
offered as a prize by the faculty to the member of the
senior class (1922) who had maintained the highest
standing in the Grreek language and exegesis during the
three years of his course. This prize was awarded at
the Commencement in 1922.

(II) Candidates must be graduates of high stand-
ing in the classical course of some accepted college or
university.

(III) The examinations will be conducted on
Thursday, Friday, and Saturday of the opening week of
the first semester.

(IV) The election of subjects for examination shall
be made from the following list: (1) Classical Greek
— Greek Grammar, translation of Greek prose, Greek
composition; (2) Latix — Latin Grammar, translation of
Latin prose, Latin composition; (3) Hebrew — Hebrew
Grammar, translation of Hebrew prose, Hebrew composi-
tion; (4) German — translation of German into English
and English into German; (5) Frei^ch — translation of
French into English and English into French; (6) Philo-
sophy— (a) History of Philosophy, (b) Psychology,
(c) Ethics, (d) Metaphysics; (7) History — (a) Ancient
Oriental History, (b) Gr^co-Eoman History to A. D.
476, (c) Mediaeval History to the Eeformation, (d)
Modern History.

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(VI) The awards of the scholarships will be made
to the two competitors passing the most satisfactory ex-
aminations, provided their average does not fall below
ninety per cent. The payment will be made in two in-
stallments, the first at the time the award is made, and
the second on April 1st. Failure to maintain a high
standard in classroom work or prolonged absence will
debar the recipients from receiving the second install-
ment.

The intention to compete for the prize scholarships
should be made known, in writing, to the President.

Donations and Bequests

All donations or bequests to the Seminary should be
made to the "Trustees of the Western Theological Sem-
inary of the Presbyterian Church in the United States of
America, located in Allegheny City, Pennsylvania".
The proper legal form for making a bequest is as follows :

In this connection the present financial needs of the
Seminary may be arranged in tabular form:

62 (206)

The Bulletin of the Western Theological Seminary

Chair of Apologetics |100,000

Apartment for Professors 100,000

Apartment for Missionaries 100,000

Chair of Religious Education and Missions 100,000

General Endowment 500,000

Library Fund 30,000

Two Fellowships, $20,000, each 40,000

The Memorial idea may be carried out either in the
erection of one of these buildings or in the endowment -of
any of the funds. During recent years the Sem-
inary has made considerable progress in securing new
equipment and additions to the endowment funds. One
of the recent gifts was that of $100,000 to endow the
President's Chair. This donation was made by the Rev.
Nathaniel W. Conkling, D. D., a member of the Class of
1861. In May 1912, the new dormitory building, costing
$146,097, was dedicated, and four years later, May 4,
1916, Herron Hall and Swift Hall, the north and south
wings of the new quadrangle, were dedicated. During
this period the Seminary has also received the endow-
ment of a missionary lectureship ($5000, in 1910) from
Mr. L. H. Severance, of Cleveland; and, through the
efforts of Dr. Breed, an endowment of $15,000 for the
instructorship in music ; as well as eight scholarships
amounting to $22,331.10.

In the year 1918 a lectureship was established
by a gift of $5,000 from Mrs. Janet I. Watson, of Colum-
bus, Ohio, in memory of her husband, Rev, Robert A.
Watson, a member of the class of 1874. Mrs. Watson has
also fomided the James L. Shields Book Purchasing
Memorial Fund, with an endowment of $1,000, in memory
of her father, the late James L. Shields, of Blairsville,
Pennsylvania.

During the year 1919 Mrs. Watson established two
prizes, each with an endowment of $1,000: (1) The John
Watson Prize in New Testament Greek, in memory of her
husband's father, Rev. John Watson; (2) The Rev.

63 (207)

Tile Bulletin of the Western Theological Seminary

William B. Watson Hebrew Prize, in memory of Rev.
William B. Watson, a member of the class of 1868 and a
brother of Rev. Robert A. Watson.

In July 1920, Mrs. R. A. Watson established, with
an endowment of $1,000, the Joseph Watson Greek Prize,
in memory of her husband's youngest brother.

In Nov. 1919 a member of the Board made a contri-
bution of ten thousand dollars to the endowTuent fund.
During the same year one of the holders of annuity
bonds cancelled them to the sum of $7,500. In addition
a legacy of $25,000 was received from the Estate of
James Laughlin, Jr.

During the year 1923 a donation of $5,000 was re-
ceived from the J. B. Finley Estate.

At their ten-^^ear reunion (May 1921), the Class of
1911 raised a fund of one hundred dollars, to be offered
as a prize by the faculty to the member of the senior class
(1922) who had maintained the highest standing in the
Greek language and exegesis during the three years of
his course. This prize was awarded at the Commence-
ment 1922.

In December 1926 six scholarships, amounting to
$18,408.36. were founded by the will of Mr. W. B. Neg-
ley. 64 (208)

The Bulletin of the Western Theological Seminary

The whirlwind campaign of October 24 — November
3, 1913, resulted in subscriptions amounting to $135,000.
This money was used in the erection of the new Admin-
istration Building, to take the place of Seminary Hall.
A friend of the Seminary has subscribed $50,000 for the
erection of a chapel; as soon as conditions in the busi-
ness world become more normal, the chapel will be
erected according to plans already adopted. Attention, is
called to the special needs of the Seminary — the endow-
ment of additional professorships and the completion of
the building program.

Memorial Funds

This list includes all memorial funds bearing either the name
of the donor or of those in whose memory the fund was contributed.
I. Professorships

1. The Nathaniel W. Conkling Foundation. President's
^ Chair.

2. The Reunion Professorship of Sacred Rhetoric and Elocu-

tion.

3. The Memorial Professorship of New Testamfent Literature

and Exegesis.

II. Lectureships

1. The Elliott Lectureship.

2. The L. H. Severance Missionary Lectureship.

3. The Robert A. Watson Memorial Lectureship.
m. Prizes

1. The Andrew Reed Prize in English Bible (see Scholarship

#63).

2. The Michael Wilson Keith Memorial Homiletical Prize.

3. The John Watson Prize in New Testament Greek.

4. The William B. Watson Prize in Hebrew.

5. The Joseph Watson Greek Prize.
IV. Fellowships

1. The Sylvester S. Marvin Fellowship.
V. Special

1. The James H. Lyon Loan Fund.

2. The James L. Shields Book Purchasing Memorial Fund.

3. Students' Loan and Self-help Fund.
VI. Scholarships

1. The Thomas Patterson Scholarship, founded in 1829, by

Thomas Patterson, of Upper St. Clair, Allegheny County, Pa.

2. The McNeely Scholarship, founded by Miss Nancy McNeely, of

Steubenville, Ohio.

65 (209)

The Bulletin of the Western Theological Seminary

b. The Dornan Scholarship, founded by James Dornan, of Wash-
ington County, Pa.

4. The O'Hara Scholarship, founded by Mrs. Harmar Denny, of

Pittsburgh, Pa.

5. The Smith Scholarship, founded by Robin Smith, of Allegheny

County, Pa.

6. The Ohio Smith Scholarship, founded by Robert W. Smith, of

Fairfield County, O.

7. The Dickinson Scholarship, founded by Rev. Richard W. Dick-

inson, D.D., of New York City.

8. The Jane McCrea Patterson Scholarship, founded by Joseph

Patterson, of Pittsburgh, Pa.

9. The Hamilton Scott Easter Scholarship, founded by Hamilton

Easter, of Baltimore, Md.

10. The Corning Scholarship, founded by Hanson K. Corning, of

New York City.

11. The Emma B. Corning Scholarship, founded by her husband,

Hanson K. Corning, of New York City.

12. The Susan C. Williams Scholarship, founded by her husband,

Jesse L. Williams, of Ft. Wayne, Ind.

13. The Mary P. Keys Scholarship, No. 1, founded by herself.

14. The Mary P. Keys Scholarship, No. 2, founded by herself.

15. The James L. Carnaghan Scholarship, founded by James L.

Carnaghan, of Sewickley, Pa.

16. The A. M. Wallingford Scholarship, founded by A. M. Walling-

fprd, of Pittsburgh, Pa.

17. The Alexander Cameron Scholarship, founded by Alexander

Cameron, of Allegheny, Pa.

18. The "First Presbyterian Church of Kittanning, Pa." Scholar-

ship.

19. The Rachel Dickson Scholarship, founded by Rachel Dickson,

of Pittsburgh, Pa.

20. The Isaac Cahill Scholarship, founded by Isaac Cahill, of Bu-

cyrus, O.

21. The Margaret Cahill Scholarship, founded by Isaac Cahill, of

Bucyrus, O.

22. The "H. E. B." Scholarship, founded by Rev. Charles C. Beatty,

D.D., LL.D., of Steubenville, O.

23. The "C. C. B." Scholarship, founded by Rev. Charles C. Beatty,

D.D., LL.D., of Steubenville, O.
24 The Koonce Scholarship, founded by Hon. Charles Koonce, of
Clark, Mercer County, Pa.

25. The Fairchild Scholarship, founded by Rev. Elias R. Fair-

child, D.D., of Mendham, N. J.

26. The Allen Scholarship, founded by Dr. Richard Steele, Execu-

tor, from the estate of Electa Steele Allen, of Auburn, N. Y.

27. The "L. M. R. B." Scholarship, founded by Rev. Charles C.

Beatty, D.D., LL.D., of Steubenville, O.

28. The "M. A. C. B." Scholarship, founded by Rev. Charles C.

Beatty, D.D., LL.D., of Steubenville, O.

66 (210)

The Bulletin of the Western Theological Seminary

29. The Sophia Houston Carothers Scholarship, founded by herself.

30. The Margaret Donahey Scholarship, founded by Margaret

Donahey, of Washington County, Pa.

31. The Melancthon W. Jacobus Scholarship, founded by will of

his deceased wife.

32. The Charles Burleigh Conkling Scholarship, founded by his

father, Rev. Nathaniel W. Conkling, D.D., of New York City.

33. The Redstone Memorial Scholarship, founded in honor of Red-

stone Presbytery.

34. The John Lee Scholarship, founded by himself.

35. The James McCord Scholarship, founded by John D. McCord, of

Philadelphia, Pa.

36. The Elisha P. Swift Scholarship.

37. The Gibson Scholarship, founded by Charles Gibson, of Law-

rence County, Pa.

38. The New York Scholarship.

39. The Mary Foster Scholarship, founded by Mary Foster, of

Greensburg, Pa.

40. The Lea Scholarship, founded in part by Rev. Richard Lea and

by the Seminary.

41. The Kean Scholarship, founded by Rev. William F. Kean, of

Sewickley, Pa.

42. The Murry Scholarship, founded by Rev. Joseph A. Murry,

D.D., of Carlisle, Pa.

43. The Moorhead Scholarship, founded by Mrs. Annie C. Moor-

head, of Pittsburgh, Pa.

44. The Craighead Scholarship, founded by Rev. Richard Craig-

head, of Meadville, Pa.

45. The George H. Starr Scholarship, founded by Mr. George H.

Starr, of Sewickley, Pa.

46. The William R. Murphy Scholarship, founded by William R.

Murphy, of Pittsburgh, Pa.

47. The Mary A. McClurg Scholarship, founded by Miss Mary A.

McClurg.

48. The Catherine R. Negley Scholarship, founded by Catherine R.

Negley.

49. The Jane C. Dinsmore Scholarship, founded by Jane C. Dins-

more.

50. The Samuel Collins Scholarship, founded by Samuel Collins.

51. The A. G. McCandless Scholarship, founded by A. G. McCand-

less, of Pittsburgh, Pa.
52-53. The W. G. and Charlotte T. Taylor Scholarships, founded by
Rev. W. G. Taylor, D.D.

54. The William A. Robinson Scholarship, founded by John F.

Robinson in memory of his father.

55. The Alexander C. Robinson Scholarship, founded by John F.

Robinson in memory of his brother.

56. The David Robinson Scholarship, founded by John F. Robinson
* in memory of his brother.

67 (211)

The Bulletin of the Western Theological Seminary

57-58. The Robert and Charles Gardner Scholarships, founded by
Mrs. Jane Hogg Gardner in memory of her sons.

59. The Joseph Patterson, Jane Patterson, and Rebecca Leech

Patterson Scholarship, founded by Mrs. Joseph Patterson,
of Philadelphia, Pa.

60. The Jane and Mary Patterson Scholarship, founded by Mrs.

Joseph Patterson.

61. The Joseph Patterson Scholarship, founded by Mrs. Joseph

Patterson.

62. The William Woodward Eells Scholarship, founded by his

daughter, Anna Sophia Eells.
*63. The Andrew Reed Scholarship, founded by his daughter, Anna
M. Reed.

64. The Bradford Scholarship, founded by Benjamin Rush Brad-

ford.

65. The William Irwin Nevin Scholarship, founded by Theodore

Hugh Nevin and Hannah Irwin Nevin.

66. The Jacob Negley Scholarship, founded in 1926, by the will

of W. iB. Negley in memory of his great-great grandfather.

67. The Alexander Negley Scholarship, founded in 1926, by the

will of W. B. Negley in memory of his great grandfather.

68. The Jacob Negley Scholarship, founded in 1926, by the will

•of W. B. Negley in memory of his grandfather.

69. The Daniel Negley Scholarship, founded in 1926, by the will

of W. B. Negley in memory of his father.

70. The James Backhouse Scholarship, founded in 1926, by the

will of W. B. Negley in memory of his maternal grandfather.

71. The Joanna Wilmerding Negley Scholarship, founded in 1926,

by the will of W. B. Negley in memory of his wife.

Lectureships

The Elliott Lectureship. The endowment for this
lectureship was raised by Prof. Robinson among the
alumni and friends of the Seminary as a memorial to
Prof. David Elliott, who served the institution from 1836
to 1874. Several distinguished scholars have delivered
lectures on this foundation : the Rev. Professor Alexan-
der F. Mitchell, D. D., Principal Fairbairn, the Rev. B. C.
Henr}^, D. D., the Rev. J. S. Dennis, D. D., Prof. James
Orr, D. D., the Rev. Hugh Black, D. D., the Rev. David
Smith, D. D., President A. T. Ormond, the Rev. Prof.
Samuel Angus, Ph. D., the Rev. John Mackintosh Shaw,
D. D., the Rev. Maitland Alexander, D. D., LL. D., and the
Rev. Donald Mackenzie, M. A.

♦Special Prize Scholarship (vide p. 59).
68 (212)

The Bxdletin of the Western Theological Seminary

The L. H. Severance Missionary Lectureship.
This lectureship has been endowed by the generous gift
of the late Mr. L. H. Severance, of Cleveland, Ohio. The
first course of lectures on this foundation was given dur-
ing the term of 1911-12, by Dean Edward Warren Capen,
Ph. D., of the Hartford School of Missions. The subse-
quent courses were delivered as follows: 1914-15, the
Rev. Arthur J. Brown, D. D.; 1915-16, the Rev. S. G.
Wilson, D. D. ; October, 1917 (postponed from the term
1916-17), the Rev. A. Woodruff Halsey, D. D.; January,
1918, the Rev. J. C. R. Ewing, D. D., LL. D., C. I.
E.; September, 1919, the Rev. Robert F. Fitch, D. D.;
November, 1922, the Rev. J. Stewart Kunkle; December,
1923, the Rev. Robert F. Fitch, D. D. The ninth course
was given as classroom lectures, one hour per week dur-
ing the first semester 1924-5 by the Rev. Frank B.
Llewellyn; the tenth course, one hour per week during the
second semester 1925-6, by the Rev. Donald A. Irwin; the
eleventh course, one hour per week during the first
semester 1927-8, by the Rev. James E. Detweiler, D. D.

The Robert A. Watson Memorial Lectureship.
This lectureship was endowed in May, 1918, by Mrs.
Janet I. Watson, of Columbus, Ohio, as a memorial to
her husband, Rev. Robert A. Watson, D. D., a graduate
of the Seminary Class of 1874.

Seminary Extension Lectures

(1) ''The Sacraments", four lectures, by Rev.
David R. Breed, D. D., LL. D.

(2) "Social Teaching of the New Testament",
six lectures, by Rev. William R. Farmer, D. D.

69 (213)

The Bulletin of the Western Theological Seminary

(3) "Theology of the Psalter", four lectures, by
President Kelso.

(4) "Prophecy and Prophets", four lectures, by
President Kelso.

(5) "The Fundamentals of Christianity", five
lectures, by Kev. James H. Snowden, D. D., LL. D.

(6) "The Psychology of Religion", five lectures,
by Rev. James H. Snowden, D. D., LL. D.

(7) "The Personality of God", five lectures, by
Rev. James H. Snowden. D. D., LL. D.

(8) " Crises in the Life of Christ ' ', four lectures, by
Rev. Selby Frame Vance, D. D., LL. D.

(9) "Jerusalem" and "Petra", two illustrated
lectures, by President Kelso.

70 (214)

The Bulletin of the Western Theological Seminary

ALUMNI ASSOCIATION

OFFICERS FOR 1927-8

President

The REV. CHARLES C. CRIBBS, D. D.
Class of 1911

Vice Presidents

The REV. HUGH LEITH, D. D.

Class of 1902

The REV. JOHN K. BIBBY

Class of 1924

Secretary

The REV. GEORGE C. FISHER, D. D.
Class of 1903

Treasurer

The REV. R. H. ALLEN, D. D.
Class of 1900

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE

President, Vice Presidents, Secretary, Treasurer, President of Sem-"

inaiy, ex officio

XECROLOGICAL COMMITTEE

The REV. R. H. ALLEN, D. D.
The REV. J. A. KELSO, Ph.D., D.D., LL.D.

71 (215)

The Bulletin of the Western Theological Seminary

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