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0980.6 P1S1 v.3« 1813 LAC

LIBRARY

THE • UNIVERSITY- OF TEXAS

THE UNITED STATES

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BULLETIN

Cf tívà' •'■

F»AN AMERICAN
UNION

Vol. XXXVI

JANUARY-JUNE
1913

JOHN BARRE:TT , Director General

FRANCISCO J, yÁneS . . AasisiaAt Director

WASHINGTON, D. C, U. S. A. :::::::

CABLE ADDRESS fof UNION jtnd BULLETIN: "PAU," WASHINGTON

Ï 693 1.1

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VOL. XXXVI JANUARY, 1913 NO. 1

EIGHTY DAYS WITH THE
"BLUECHER" PARTY' V

VII.

fa The Beautifitl: jS^toÁL -cfF^BiiAziL, and Its Environs.

^ jk T 7.30, on the moming^of March 12, 1912, the Bluecher

^bjJpod. çtncMonin thcj-h^flioi^^oif Rio de Janeiro. There
is'hbfiini^ partîéularïy'slàAlingin that statement, and to
one who has never been aroused from a sound sleep to
take a.hasty glance out of an open porthole to view for the first time
the bay of Rio de Janeiro, with its marvelous beauties and the won-
derful dreamland city on its shore, it will mean but little.

To one who has been there, however, it will mean much; for who
that has eyes to see and soul to stir can forget the scenic beauty that
bursts upon his vision when the early morning sun bathes in its
golden glory the bluish bay set with its island jewels, the snow-white
walls of distant villas framed in the emerald of tropic plants and
clinging vines, while in the background Corcovado, Tijuca, Gavea,
and the farther mountains of the Serra dos Órgãos rise from a sea of
green through circling mists with topmost peaks outlined in bold
relief against a cloudless sky of blue ? No, Rio once seen will never
be forgotten, though time may gradually confuse the clear outlines
of the image and the recollection of its beauties be mingled witli
those of by^gone dreams and pictures fair painted on the filmy fabrics
conjured up by fancy's magic wand. Even as the touch of a living
hand shatters the beauties of a delightful dream, so does language
but destroy the charming visions that linger in misty memories of

» By Edward Albes, of Pan Amerioin Union Staff. The poem " Corcovado," In the frontispiece, was
written by Mr. L. V. F. Randolph, of Plainfield, N. J., a member of the Bluecher party, Immediately
after the return from the trip to the top of the mountain.

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EIGHTY DAYS WITH THE '* BLUECHER " PARTY. 3

certain scenes that can not be described. Of such is the vision of
Rio and her "islanded, garlanded bay'' — a vision of such rare beauty
that even a poet's inspiration could not describe nor an artist's brush
depict it.

Refraining, therefore, from any attempt to give the reader an idea
of the beauty of the scene, the writer will endeavor to tell, as best he
may, of a few of the things that the casual sojourner in Rio may
see and enjoy in a week's stay, and incidentally a little of what our
southern neighbors, the Brazilians, have accomplished in the way of
building an ideal "city beautiful."

That "Rio de Janeiro" means "River of January" most people
probably know. The Portuguese explorer who first sailed past the
"Pao d'Assucar," or Sugar Loaf, through the rock-guarded entrance
of the bay thought he had entered the wide nioutli of a river, and,
since it happened in the month of tlie double-faced Janus, he promptly
misnamed it. The name, however, is beautiful and melodious, and
it is just as well that it has never been changed.

The city lies mainly upon the southwestern side of the bay, although
some of the suburbs have built on the dividing tongue of land which
separates it from the Atlantic. The shore of the bay is taken up for
perhaps a half dozen miles with the city, which is divided by several
ridges extending down from the mountains to the water's edge.
From the top of Coicovado, of which more anon, Rio de Janeiro seems
to be more of a collection of cities built around the several inlets than
just one great metropolis. These sections are connected, however, by
fine avenues, and wherevei the lay of the land permits the city spreads
out. Beautiful villas are found clinging to the sides of cliffs of luxu-
riant green, overlooking compact groups of houses built in the level
spaces. There is no samene^^s to weary the visitor to Rio. Moun-
tains rise up from the midst of the city itself and overlook the mag-
nificent boulevards that skirt along the blue wateis of the bay.

On the ridge that divides the bay from the ocean, standing like a
grim sentinel on duty at the harbor's entrance, is the Sugar Loaf, the
great granite rock over 1,300 feet in height, resembling more an
enormous blackened egg standing on its smashed laiger end than a
loaf of sugar. Very few have scaled its precipitous sides; but since
the writei's visit an enterprising company has commenced the con-
struction of an aerial railway, by means of which visitors will be
enabled to reach the top in cars swung from a heavy cable. Thus
future sight-seers will enjoy a new panoramic view of the beautiful
city. The Sugar Loaf is probably the best known feature of Rio's
harbor, for every photographer that ever trained his camera on the
city has managed to include it in the landscape.

Passing the Sugar Loaf and rounding the point on which is built
the Fortaleza de São JoSo, the fortress which guards the western side

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EIGHTY DAYS WITH THE ^^ BLUECHER " PABTY. 5

of the entrance, you float into the placid waters of a landlocked bay,
which is 20 miles long and nearly 14 miles across its greatest width —
an inland sea capable of harboring the combined navies of the world.
Something over 100 islands and islets stud its blue waters like emeiald
jewels, varying in size from the Ilha do Governador, which has a
circumference of 25 miles and boasts of a town called Paranapuam,
down to small wave-worn rocks which persist in peeping up above
the water" line, •their grotesque forms often capped with a palm tree
or two and other tropical vegetation. This Governors Island, by the
way, was once owned by one Miguel Ayres Maldonado, whose widow
sold it in the early years of the seventeenth century to Salvador Corrêa
de Sá, one of the early governors of Rio de Janeiro, hence its name.
Here King John VI had his hunting park, and here also was located
a Benedictine monastery, where once were celebrated the splendid
religious ceremonies of that order. The marine hospital is located
there now, and among other industries carried on is the manufacture
of bricks and tiles.

The next largest island of the bay is Paquetá, where may be seen
beautiful Uttle villas set in gorgeous gardens, shaded paths, high
palms, and radiant flowers galore — an ideal place for rest and recrea-
tion and dreams of ^'dolce far niente." A product of this little
island is kaolin, and it is said that as far back as 1815 a porcelain
service was made of this clay for John YI.

As our boats were towed from the Bluecher to the landing we passed
close to Fiscal Island, formerly the site of a summer p^ace of Dom
Pedro II, now transformed into the customhouse. To the right of
this is the Hha das Cobras (Isle of Serpents), a most picturesque
spot, on which is located the marine arsenal and other buildings.

We landed at the Caes Pharoux, a stone and concrete quay, close
to the Jardim da Praca Quinze de Novembro, which contains a fine
monument erected to the memory of Gen. Ozorio. Here a line of
carriages drawn by fine, sleek, well-groomed mules awaited the
party for the initial drive through the city. In Rio the ^'swellest*'
carriage teams are mules. These, for some reason — probably
because they thrive better in this climate — have almost entirely
supplanted horses. With their elevation in the social scale of animal
society they seem to have developed a more amiable disposition as
well as a more spirited and stylish appearance, much as their newly
rich human prototypes in some other countries we wot of, and some
of these teams could give good account of themselves in a race with
some of the fast roadsters in the United States.

The first impression made on the traveler who starts sightseeing
in Rio de Janeiro is that here at last he has found a positively clean
city. In this respect the writer knows of but one city in the United
States that can be even compared with it — and that is Washington.

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Photo by I. ('. Moopp. Hharon. P«.

PRAÇA QUINZE DE NOVEMBRO, RIO DE JANEIRO.

This is the first park the visitor sees upon landing at the Caes Pharoux. In the background may
be seen one of the new skyscrapers being erected in Rio de Janeiro.

I'hoto by I. C Moore. Sharon, Pa.

CAES DA LAPA AND MORRO DA GLORIA, RIO DE JANEIRO.

The Morro da Gloria (Gloria Hill) is the end of a promontory which juts out into the Bay of Rio de
Janeiro, on which are clusters of picturesouc villas set among palms and other tropical trees.
In the left background is seen the Sugar Loaf, guarding the entrance of the bay.

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But for scientific sanitation and scrupulous cleanliness the Brazilian
capital goes even our own a few better, for not only do they sweep
the stnpets but they wash and scrub the principal thoroughfares with
water and wash off the walls of the houses, as far as they can con-
veniently reach withHhe hose, every night. Upon the two occa-
sions that the writer and his companions were out in the city after
11 p. m. and walked from the Avenida Rio Branco down to the
Caes Pharoux, they were repeatedly compelled to dodge the hose and
water-slushing scrub men of the street-cleaning department who
were engaged in this work. We stopped long enough to see them
scrub the street, the sidewalk, and the walls of the adjacent stores
and were told that this was a nightly occurrence. No wonder that
Rio's sidewalks look as clean as the tiled floors of fine interiors.
Dr. Oswaldo Cruz and his assistants have taught the city the value
of cleanliness, and from the fever-stricken, disease-laden port of 12
or 15 years ago it has become a splendid health resort. When any
person is the victim of a contagious disease the authorities do not
depend upon the occupants of the premises to disinfect it. They
send a squad of sanitary poUce, in spotless white uniforms, supplied
with the latest sanitary appliances and germ-killing devices, and
when they get through with a house it is disinfected îrom *Hurret
to foundation stone," inside and out. They may burn up some of
your clothes, your bedding, and other belongings, but when you
leave the premises you will not be an animated, circumambient
germ distributor and general menace to the public health. Hence
epidemics are things of the past in Rio de Janeiro.

Our drive along the First of March Street showed us some of the
finest business houses, among them being the Bourse, a massive
structure built entirely of granite. Granite, by the way, is quarried
in the mountains close to the city and is the favorite building material
in all the fine public buildings, quays, and public works generally.
The next handsome building to attract our attention was that of the
Rio de Janeiro Tramway, Light & Power Co. As we drove by the
beautiful white front of this palatial structure Mr. Edward J. Hall,
of New York, with whom the writer happened to be sharing the
carriage, remarked, ''That looks very much like our terra cotta.''
Upon consulting a memorandum in his pocket he found that a
t^rra-cotta manufacturing company, in which he was a stock-
holder and of which he had been president, had furnished the artistic
front upon which we were gazing with so much interest and which
made this one of the show buildings of Rio. Even the writer felt a
little thrill of pride in seeing this evidence that American products
were adding to the beauty of the Brazilian metropolis.

The Praça de Republica was the first fine park we came to. It is
located in the heart of the main part of the city and it was here that

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A BAMBOO GROVE, BOTANICAL GARDEN, RIO DE JANEIRO.

The spacious grounds cover an area of nearly 2,000 acres situated on the border of the large suburban
lake, Rodrigo Freitas, which is near the seacoast and separated therefrom by only a narrow strip
of sand. Trollev cars from Rio pass the main entrance. This world-famed institution is sup-
ported by the CTeneral Government for the purpose of botanical research and cllmatical experi-
ments. Its natural beauty is further enhanced by the tropical luxuriance of Brazilian forests,
the choicest specimens of native flora preserved in all their artistic settings, and many trees and
rare plants from foreign lands.

MTJNICIAPL THEATER AT RIO DE JANEIRO.

This handsome structure, which is one of the many notable buildines to be foimd on the Avenida
Rio Branco (formerly the Avenida Central), is one of the most beautiful and best-equipped theaters
In the world. Its dome, 147 feet high, is surmounted by a gilded bronte eagle whose outstretched
wings measure 20 feet.

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Courtesy of IlluHtmcao Brazilvira.

THE NEW TERMINAL OF THE RIO DE JANEIRO TRAMWAY, LIGHT AND POWER
CO., RUA MARECHAL FLORIANO, RIO DE JANEIRO, BRAZIL.

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EIGHTY DAYS WITH THE '* BLUECHER " PARTY. 11

Brazil's independence from the mother country, Portugal, was first
proclaimed. It was formerly known as the Praça de Acclamacâo,
but upon the overthrow of the empire and the establishment of the
republic the name was changed. Artistic benches, fine palms and
shade trees, little streams and lakes upon whose glassy surfaces
sported aquatic birds, among them splendid specimens of white and
black swans, fine collections of animals representing the fauna of the
country, afternoon band concerts, and other pleasing features com-
bine to make this one of Rio's most popular places for recreation.

It was In the Praça Tiradentes, however, that we found one of the
most artistic and elaborate monuments in South America. This is
the heroic equestrian statue in bronze of Dom Pedro I, executed by
the celebrated French sculptor, Rochel. It was unveiled March 30,
1862, and in artistic conception and finished execution is unexcelled
on the American continent. The Emperor is represented as pro-
claiming the independence of Brazil on the banks of the Rio Ypiranga.
On each of the four sides of the great pedestal of the statue is an artistic
allegorical group of Indians representing the four great rivers of the
country: The Amazon, the Parana, the San Francisco, and the
Madeira. About each group of Indians are sculptured figures repre-
senting the fauna of the respective regions. Among those typifying
the Amazon valley are a crocodile, a jaguar, and a boa constrictor;
an enormous river turtle represents the Madeira; a tapir, an arma-
dillo, and an ostrich the Parana; and an anteater of huge proportions
the San Francisco. The inscription, ''A Dom Pedro I. Gratidão
dos Brasileiros," bears testimony of the gratitude of the Brazilian
people.

The chief beauty of the parks and gardens of Rio hes, of course, in
the magnificent tropical trees, plants, and flowers, verbal descriptions
of which are futile to convey an idea of the luxuriant coloring and
the charm of this profusion of vegetation seen in our own country
only in dwarfed forms in our conservatories.

Our carriages finally turned into the Avenida Rio Branco, that
magnificent thoroughfare formerly known as the Avenida Central.
It is characteristic of the ardent temperament of the Brazilian people
that irmnediately upon his death they should have honored the mem-
ory and so appropriately shown their appreciation of their best loved
and most widely known statesman by giving his name to the most
beautiful avenue in their greatest city. We learned of the death of
the Baron Rio Branco while in Buenos Aires and within less than a
month the people of Rio had not only given his name to the avenue,
but had become accustomed to it and were calling it that.

This avenue, hke the Avenida de Mayo of Buenos Aires, stands as an
imperishable monument to the wonderful energy of the Latin race
when once aroused to action. It was during the administration of

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EIGHTY DAYS WITH THE *' BLUECHER " PARTY. 13

Dr. Rodrigues Alves as President of the Republic that the regenera-
tion of Rio was begun. Determined to place the Federal District of
Rio de Janeiro in the hands of a man strong enough to execute the
plans for the sanitation and remodeling of the city, he appointed
Dr. Passos, who as the head of the National Railways of Brazil had
shown himself to be a master of great constructive work, as prefect.
At once things began to materialize. Among the many great
improvements contemplated was the opening and construction of a
great central avenue, straight through the main portion of the city
and extending from one water front to the other; from the Avenida
do Caes, where the great port works were to be constructed, over to
the Avenida Beira Mar, the great boulevard sweeping along the
curved bay, on the other side. A thousand or so of old houses and
some dingy, crooked streets were to be eliminated, but what of it?
The administration went quietly to work, the great fund was raised
by a bond issue, the right of eminent domain was invoked, the prefect
and his administrative helpers were given somewhat extraordinary
powers by the National Congress, houses and other property along the
surveyed route were condemned and disappeared even in a night, and
the way was cleared. Great was the protestation at fii-st, but the
owners were paid the price at which their property was assessed for
taxes and, upon appeals to the courts, it was held that a man's sworn
valuation of his property for purposes of taxation was a fair criterion
to establish its value when it was wanted for the public benefit — and
there you are. In 18 months the avenida, pavement, sidewalks,
trees, public buildings, all was an accomplished fact, and to-day it
challenges the world to produce its equal as a beautiful business street.

Almost 120 feet wide and a mile and a quarter in length; lined with
fine new stores, hotels, office buildings, cafés; one end given over to
the Monroe Palace, the Municipal Theater, the National Library, the
Museum of Fine Arts, and other public buildings; with its artistic
black and white mosaic sidewalks and rows of fine shade trees; its
brilliant electric lights mounted on artistic ii'on poles; its throngs of
well-dressed people and continuous procession of fine automobiles
and handsome carriages, Rio may well be proud of the Avenida do
Rio Branco.

The limits of this article will permit mention of but a few of the
public buildings visited during our stay. Prominently among
these is the Municipal Theater, erected at a cost variously estimated
at from $3,500,000 to $5,000,000. Regardless of its exact cost,
however, it is one of the finest in the world. Located near the end
of the avenida, its grand façade fronts on the Marechal Floriano
Peixoto place. It is of the Renaissance style of architecture and its
interior decorations of mural paintings, sculptured marbles and
bronzes, its vitreaux, its grand stairway, patterned after that of the
72890— Bull. ;--18 2

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ON THE WAY TO CORCOVADO'S UMBRELLA.

Tl»o Riggenbach railway which winds to the top of Corcovado is about 2 J miles in length. "And all along,
over it, under it, by the side of it, is the dense undergrowth and brilliant vegetation of a primeval tropical
forest, within the confínes of a cosmopolitan city of 1,000,000 people."

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EIGHTY DAYS WITH THE '* BLUECHER " PARTY. 15

Grand Opera House of Paris, its pillars of Italian marble are all on
a scale of elegance and luxury not equaled in any of the large theaters
of the United States. Its stage is very large and equipped with every
modem convenience. The greatest singers of the world are heard
here at times, and as much as $25 each is paid for seats by subscrip-
tion when some of the world's celebrities appear in grand opera.

)nal de Bellas Artes (National School of Fine
1 on the avenida just across from the theater,
general pubhc while we were there, many of the
: still unmounted and scattered promiscuously
ral large halls. Upon presenting his credentials
npanion were admitted one afternoon and spent
>st pleasantly in admiring the many art treasures
the courteous attendants. Quite a number of
the masters were found, but we were especially
of some of Brazil's talented native sons. Among
we noted particularly were Pedro Américo,
aoedo, Henrique Bernadelli, Brocos, Zepherino
Taunay, and Victor Meirelles. Among the fine
ip ^Thrist and the Adulteress," by Rodolpho
arkable.

lal Library, however, which evoked the writer's

admiration. The building, which is also on the

the Academy of Fine Arts, is four stories above

and is built of granite, marble, and structural

y of its architecture, relieved by columns with

uch that its classic lines make it more imposing

the beholder than many more ornate buildings.

ase, large well-lighted reading rooms, artistically

nd haUs, together with its thorough and up-to-

lent, can not be adequately described in this

J of this interesting Ubrary with a description

its equipment will form the subject of a special

pear in an early issue of the Bulletin.

uilding which interests visitors from the United

B Palace. The building is practically the same

Brazilian pavilion at the St. Louis Exposition.

md shipped in sections from the United States,

sent site, and given the name of ^*The Monroe

Palace," in honor of that President of the United States whose edict

had erected a bulwark of defense against European aggression in

Latin America. Marble steps and other improvements have been

added to the building, which is now used for holding conventions

and large public meetings.

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EIGHTY DAYS WITH THE '' BLUECHER " PARTY. 17

To the traveler unaccustomed to Brazilian currency the price of
about the first thing he wants to buy is somewhat staggering. Our
first luncheon was taken at the Hotel dos Estrangeiros, and upon
searching the wine list Mr. Hall found that his favorite brand of
champagne was to be had. When the price was found to be 20,000
reis per bottle the writer suggested that he buy a farm instead.
However, after some abstruse calculations were made on the basis
of 1,000 reis being equivalent to about 33 cents United States, we
realized that 20,000 reis was really a little over $6.66, whereupon
Mr. Hall, being a capitalist and not a farmer, scouted the tendered
advice and closed the deal on the champagne. Habana cigars
could be had from 1,000 reis on up to as much as you would stand
for, whüe domestic brands were cheaper. Subsequent experience
proved that very good meals and excellent service could be had at a
leading restaurant for 3,000 reis per meal, exclusive of anything in
the way of the '^cup that cheers."

At 8.30 on the morning of the day after our arrival our party
started on the trip to the top of Corcovado, the Hunchback. Special
cars awaited us on the quay and the weather was ideal. It almost
always is — in Rio. The sun's rays may get pretty warm during the
early afternoon, but the ocean breezes keep one comfortable and
the nights are always cool and pleasant. Our first stop was at the
fine beach of the suburb Copacabana, which modern bath houses
and a good hotel could make an ideal summer resort. At the café,
where the dispensers of liquid refreshments must have been warned
of our coming, we found beer that was fresh and actually cold, which
was a pleasant surprise even at the price of 800 reis per glass.

From here we went to the Botanical Gardens, a fairy land of
floral and arboreal gorgeousness. One avenue, leading from the
entrance, is nearly a half mUe in length and is bordered on both
sides with the grandest rows of royal palms known to the world.
There are 134 trees in the two rows, having an average height of
over 85 feet. Many of them are over 100 feet, and their waving
crowns of-green top perfect trunks. Bamboo Avenue is another
rare sight, shaded its entire length by the arching canes overhead.
Statues, rustic benches, gorgeous flowers, and pretty lakes abound,
on some of the last of which we found that queen of all water lUies,
the Victoria Regia^ in fuU bloom. Among the many tropical trees of
interest to the visitor may be found the '^milk'' tree, whose latex is
said to be used by travelers in the BraziUan wilds as a substitute for
milk; the* traveler's" tree, whose sap is so profuse that in seasons of
drought it furnishes water for the thirsty wanderer; one avenue was
lined with camphor trees, while such rarities as the breadfruit, cacao,
ebony, rubber, and the countless other varieties of trees peculiar to
the Tropics could be found on every hand. Our time was too limited

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20 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.

to see them all, for we had to leave for the station, where we were
to take the remarkable railway to the top of Corcovado.

This railway is of the Riggenbach system, and an electrical engine
provided with a cogwheel device and safety appUances in case of a
sudden break pushes the cars up inclines which sometimes reach an
angle of 30°. This ascent of Corcovado is beautiful beyond descrip-
tion, and to a nervous person must be at times quite startling. The
road winds, curves, and turns sharp corners on the edge of precipices,
runs over spidery trestles whose altitude above the yawning chasm of
green foliage below makes even the boldest gasp, and then seems to
chng to the side of some huge cliff without support of any kind.
And all along, over it, under it, by the side of it, is the dense under-
growth and brilliant vegetation of the primeval forest — the real
wilds of the Tropics within the confines of a city of 1,000,000 people.
We were told that the wild monkeys could often be seen playing on
the track in the early morning hours, and that huge snakes still
abounded in the damp recesses of the forest.

At times, as you come to an unexpected open'mg on a sudden curve,
you catch a glimpse of the city and bay beneath, but the picture
stays for but a moment, and the next minute you gaze on the per-
pendicular side of some huge bluff surmounted by its crown of green.
At an elevation of about 2,100 feet we found a pretty mountain hotel,
the Hotel Paineiras, where we stopped for lunch. Here again are to
be had some wonderful views of the distant ocean, the beach of Copa-
cabana, the Lagoa Rodrigo de Freitas, and of the Botanical Gardens,
which from this altitude looked like a tiny playground. The ancient
aqueduct, built over 200 years ago and ^hich once was the source
of Rio's entire water supply, runs close by the hotel, and the road
built alongside makes a most beautiful and romantic promenade
for '4overs wandering mid the vine-clad hills.'' The aqueduct is
built of granite, the moss-covered top being 3 or 4 feet wide, and
varies in height accord'mg to the slope of the ground, sometimes
being 5 or 6 feet above the roadway. It stiU furnishes part of Rio's
pure water.

After lunch the cars took us up to the highest point of the road, and
from here it was but a five or six minutes' climb by numerous stone
stairways to the circular kiosk, which crowns the highest point and is
known as Corcovado's Umbrella. A stone platform, with a wall
about 5 feet high around it, leads out from this kiosk to the very edge
of the tremendous precipice which overhangs the city of Rio de
Janeiro, and here we saw the culmination of all that is grand and
beautiful in scenic wonders.

At first a veil of clouds hung beneath us and hid the city and the
bay from view. In a few moments, however, the winds gently dis-
pei-sed the mists, the veU was drawn aside, and there, 3,000 feet

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22 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.

beneath us, unrolled a magnificent panorama that made us almost
speechless. The afternoon sun was sinking close to the mountain
tops in the western horizon, and its mellowing light was beginning to
paint the filmy clouds with delicate rainbow colors while the shadows
began to darken the valleys below. Misty wreathes seemed to cling
to the neighboring peaks, while immediately beneath lay belts of
forest growth, the tops of trees so massed that swaying breezes made
them seem a sea of green. Lower still the white city gleamed, down
almost to the foot of the great cliff on which wo stood, and yet so far
away that its snowy houses seemed but toys, while out beyond it was
the picture of the bay with its many emerald islets, and still farther
off the distant peak of ''The Finger of God" was outlined against the
darkening sky. Turn which way we would, enchanting pictures
filled the eye, while just beneath and almost at us, flitting in and out
among the wild flowers of brightest hue, were the great butterflies
whose waving wings were solid blue. It seemed a fairyland unveiled
to mortal eyes, and regretful sighs answered the shrill whistlers call
which broke the spell and bade us leave the paradise.

The next day had been set aside for a visit to the little city of
Petrópolis, former summer capital of Brazil and site of the palace of
Dom Pedro II. It was here that the court and diplomats lived when
Rio became impossible because of epidemics in the days of 5'ore,
before its reconstruction and sanitation. Many of the foreign envoys
still have their homes here in summer, and we had the pleasure of
saluting the American flag as we drove past the palace now occupied
by the ambassador from the United States. Petrópolis is a beautifiü,
restful, ])icturesque little place with a population which varies some-
what with the seasons from 10,000 to 15,000 or more. Its chief charm
lies in the route you take to get there. The fii*st part of the journey
consisted of a most enjoyable trip across the bay in a steam launch,
passing the countless picturesque little islands and stopping at one
of the prettiest, Paqueta, which has been mentioned heretofore. We
left the boat at Maua, the station of the Leopoldina Railway, and were
whisked up the mountains through wonderful scenery and up wonder-
ful grades, passing a pretty little village on the way which clustered
about an extensive cotton and wool factory. The return trip over
the Bay of Rio de Janeiro at sunset was superb, but the writer will
forego further attempts at scenic descrij)tion, lest he be accused of
exaggeration.

On the 15th we took the automobile trip to Tijuca, and if the writer
is ever so fortunate as to return to Rio he will take the trip again —
but not in an automobile. He will walk. Of all the wUd, thrilling,
hair-raising rides he can recommend the one to Tijuca in a fins
machine with a chauffeur who speaks only Portuguese and can not
understand 3ven sign language, whose one fear is tha¿ he will fail to

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AERIAL RAILWAY TO THE TOP OF THE SUGAR LOAF.

The car, driven by electricity, is suspended in the air on a heavy cable and has a cai)acity of 20
persons. The entire trip of 1,400 meters will take but 12 minutes, and will afford visitors a new
view of the city and Bay of Rio de Janeiro.

PETRÓPOLIS, A MOUNTAIN SUBURB OF RIO DE JANEIRO.

Here the foreign diplomats make their permanent homes because of the delightful climate and the

proximity to the capital.

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24 THE PAN AMEBICAN UNION.

run over the fellows who have Iiad the start of him and who evidently
bears a channea life. Otherwise he would have been killed. It was
iiofc so much because of the nppiig speed with which we went up the
mclinas, but the almost impossible curves and luros, sometimes on
the edge of precipices where the tons of giant treef some hunared or
two feat below seemed to stretch out welcoming branche to impale
you as you laaded. In some places the larger machines had to go
up a part of the sharp curve at an angle of 30 degrees, back for a f 3W
feet, and take a fresh stare on a new angle to negotiate the turn at all.
And this seemed generally to happen just on the edge of a bluff.
And coming down was worse. The officers in charge of the expeditio-i
kept our chauffeur from starting until the machine in front had been
gone five minutes. We started, and in three minutes came uear run-
ning over it.

We knew that there was grand scenery all about us, for we saw
some of it when we stopped at the top of Tijuca, some 4,000 feet high,
but we had no time for scenery on the way up and down. We were
busy holding on to the automobile to keep it from turning into an
aeroplane. When we got down to the level earth once more we took
an hour's spin around the most magnificent seaside boulevard in the
world — the Avenida Beira Mar. It seems there is no speed limit
on this driveway and we gave the chauffeur to understand that we
knew we could not be killed now, so he ''let her out,'' and his soul
seemed happy.

Among the many places of unusual interest visited during our stay
was the Quinta de Boa Vista, a park of unusual scenic beauty, in
which is located the former palace in which resided in turn King
John VI, Dom Pedro I, and Dom Pedro II. After the establishment
of the Kepublic the palace became the home of the National Museum.
The building was closed for repairs, and we had no opportunity to
enjoy the many interesting collections it contains. One of its treas-
ures we had repeatedly heard of is the enormous meteorite, the
''Bendegó," thus named for the little stream in the State of Bahia,
on whose banks it was discovered in the latter part of the eighteenth
century, and wliich had been transported to the museum in 1888.
By some chance this interesting wanderer from the unknown realms
of space had been left b^ng on its pedestal in the large entrance hall
and in full view from the iron-barred front door. We could even read
the inscription on the pedestal. Its weight is said to be 5,360 kilo-
meters, or about 11,000 pounds.

Rio furnishes a striking illustration of the value of water power.
The Rio de Janeiro Tramway, Light & Power Co., which has a
monopoly in furnishing the light and power for the city and its indus-
trial plants and factories, derives its power from the falls of Ribeirão
das Lages, 50 miles from the city, where it has a plant wliich generates

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26 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.

50,000 horsepower at present, and which is being increased to 80,000.
The reservoir impounds 204,000,000 cubic meters of water.

All places of interest in the city and its environs are easily reached
by means of the splendid car system. Fares are cheap and vary
according to distance and class. In order to ride in a first-class car
gentlemen are expected to wear coats and collars and must carry no
packages or bundles. Coatless, collarless, and burden-carrying indi-
viduals are relegated to the second-class and cheaper accommoda-
tions. Only as many passengers as can be seated are permitted to
board a car, and "strap hangers" are unknown.

Having noted various well-dressed gentlemen wearing rings with
rather large stones on their forefingers, the writer inquired as to the
reason for such display. He was told that it is customary in Rio
for gentlemen of the learned professions to wear a ring or watch
charm set with certain stones indicating their calUng. Doctors wear
emeralds; engineers, sapphires; dentists, garnets; lawyers, rubier;
chemists, topaz, etc. These jewels are usually presented to the stu-
dents by parents or admiring friends upon the occasion of their
graduation, and ever after serve as marks of distinction.

Street vendors of ice cream and soft drinks transport their wares
about in small carts shaped just hke a ship, full rigged, and flying the
tiny flags of many nations, in the place of the ugly and often dirty
pushcarts we see in our cities.

Since so much remains to be told of Rio, the writer regrets that he
has already used up much more than his allotted space. To those
who travel and love the beauties of nature and seek rest or recreation
in an ideal cUmate amidst ideal surroundings he would sa}^, go to
Rio de Janeiro. It's worth the price. If you can stand for but an
hour at sunset on top of Corcovado and see the last rays paint the
drifting clouds, the shadows of the mountains fall and deepen and
Rio growing dim and dimmer in short, soft twihght, until suddenh^
the twinkhng hghts begin to appear in hundreds and then in thou-
sands until far beneath you a fairy city hes outUned in Uttle stars of
light, and tiny specks of red and green and white show where the
sliips from all the ports of earth rest in the greatest, safest harbor in
the world. It's worth the price — for nowhere else on earth can just
such sights be seen.

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UNIQUE HONOR FOR HON.
CHARLES H. SHERRILL /.

ON January 9 the Midday Club of New York City was the scene
of an interesting gathering when some 50 friends of Hon.
Charles H. SherriU, former United States minister to the
Argentine Republic, gave a luncheon in his honor and pro-
vided an opportunity for the presentation to him of a gold medal
from his friends in the Argentine Republic. Hon. John Bassett
Moore, the distinguished authority on international law, presided at
the luncheon and made an appropriate speech complimentary to
Minister SherrUl and then introduced Dr. Rómulo S. Naón, the
minister of the Argentine Republic in the United States, who, in a

GOLD MEDAL .AW ARDED EX-MINISTER SHERRILL.

This gold memento was presented personally by Dr. Rómulo S. Naon, the Argentine minister in
the United States, at a limcheon at the Midday Club of New York on January 9, 1913.

happy address, formally presented the medal to Mr. Sherrill. The
latter replied in a carefully prepared speech, extracts of which ap-
peared in most of the New York papers and were telegraphed to Latin
America, where they were generally and interestingly commented
upon. In the course of his remarks, this eminent diplomat made
particular reference to Mexico, the Monroe Doctrine, and the rela-
tionship of the United States to its sister republics. Actual copies
of this address can be obtained by addressing Mr. Sherrill personally
at 30 Broad Street, New York City.

Both sides of the beautiful and artistic medal presented by the
people of Argentina are reproduced in the accompanying illustration.

TTiose in attendance at the luncheon included the following repre-
sentative men: Dr. Rómulo S. Naón, the Argentine minister to the
United States, and Hon. Charlrs H. Sherrill; and Messrs. John Barrett,

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HON. CHARLES H. SHEURILL,

Former United Stales Minisier to the Argentino Republic, who was honored with a gold medal pre-
sented by the many friends which he acquired in Argentina during his oificial residence there.

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UNIQUE HONOR FOR HON. CHARLES H. SHERRILL. 29

H. K. Bird, Walter ^S. Brewster, Frederic Brown, James Brown,

John Candler Cobb, J. W. Curtis, W. N. Dickinson, A. L. Doremus,

E. O. Drake, Frederick H. Eaton, Thomas A. Eddy, J. H. Fahey,

X. T. Fisher, Paul Fuller, jr., Joseph P. Grace, H. G. Hemming, A.

Barton Hepburn, Frederick B. Jennings, Kobert C. Kammerer,

Judge Luce, John B. Lunger, Chester W, Lyman, Charles F. Mathew-

hn Bassett Moore, WiUiam CliflFord Moore,

les M. Muchnic, Lewis Nixon, Herbert L. Sat-

r, James A. Scrymser, S. L. Selden, Henry

-Smith, Lewis Spinks, WiUiam H. Stevens,

ick Strauss, Robert A. Suifem, W. A. Taylor,

il M. Warburg, Wilham E. Webb, J. G. White,

3 T. Wilson, and George W. Woodruff. Letters

liso received from the following distinguished

miversities, and leading organizations: Presi-

Taft; Secretary of State Philander C. Knox;

win, of Connecticut; Gov. William Sulzer, of

irai Francis T. Bowles, president of the Fore

; Brown University; Butler College; Columbia

:y of Chicago; University of lUinois; Uni-

la; and Yale University; the Ainerican Cham-

ris; Boardof Trade of Jei-sey City; Bridgeport

falo Chamber of Commerce; Business Men^s

lio; Business Men's League of St. Louis, Mis-

nmerce of Atlanta, Georgia; Chamber of Com-

sachusetts; Chamber of Commerce of Chatta-

:iiamber of Commerce of Cleveland, Ohio ;

B of Dayton, Ohio; Chamber of Commerce of

,\ Chamber of Commerce of Houston, Texas;

îe of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Chamber of

ted States; Chattanooga Manufacturers' Asso-

ociation of Commerce; Commercial Club of

t; Commercial Club of Providence, Rhode

ub of St. Louis, Missouri ; Commercial League of

nsylvania; Detroit Board of Commerce ; Greater

Hartford Business Men's Association ; Industrial

lem, Pennsylvania; Manufacturers' Association

bicut; Merchants' Association of Joliet, Illinois;

[)f St. Louis Missouri; Now Orleans Progressive

Union; Pan American Union; Philadelphia Board of Trade; Rochester

Chamber of Commerce; Southern Commercial Progress; Syracuse

Chamber of Commerce, and Utica Chamber of Commerce..

The Director Greneral, in extending to him feUcitations, hopes that

Mr. Sherrill will continue to cooperate in the future, as he has in the

past, with the Pan American Union in its broad work of promoting

closer relations of comity and commerce among the American nations.

72890— Bull. 1—13 3

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THE LITERATURE OF
SPANISH AMERICA /. '/

A ACCORDING to Sr. Guglielmo Ferrero, the great American

/\ novel has at last appeared, though strange to say it

/ % comes not, as might be expected, from North, but from

South America.

The book which has ehcited such enthusiastic praise from the

eminent Italian historian is entitled Canaan, and was written by a

Brazilian diplomatist, Sr. Joseph
Graça Aranha.

The importance of the work hes
more in its deep philosophical and
sociological significance than in its
fine literary form, as it deals with
the interplay of Old World and of
New World forces in a masterly
fashion and depicts in an unique
way the historical moment when
America is being Europeanized and
Europe Americanized.

This estimate, even though con-
sidered by some exaggerated, may
be food for thought for those who
have disregarded South American
letters, or are astonished to hear
that they amount to anything
at all.

The ignorance of the general pub-
lic in this respect should not sur-
prise us, as it is scarcely better
informed about the great classical
hterature of the Hispanic Penin-
sula, which has been an exhaustle^s
fountain-head of inspiration to the
writers of the world.
Spain and Portugal, all but surrounded by the sea, shut off from
the rest of the continent by an inexpugnable mountain range, hved
their own lives and kept aloof from foreign intercourse so long that
they never acquired the knack of self-propaganda; wrapped up in
their pride the hidalgos disdained the opinion of outsiders.

Photo by Harris- Kwingr.

MRS. BLANCHE Z. BARALT, PH. I).

Noted writer, lecturer, and linguist of Cuba.
Mrs. Baralt has occupied the chair of professor
of languages at the University of Havana, and
has collaborated with her husband in the pub-
lication of various learned works. Though a
native of Chicago, she has lived in Cuba since
her marriage to the eminent Luis A. Baralt,
student and author.

» By Blanche Zacharie Baralt, Ph. D.

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THE LITEBATÜEE OF SPANISH AMERICA. 31

This ancient haughtiness is perhaps the remote cause of the compara-
tive neglect to proclaim even to-day the intellectual feats performed
at Madrid or Lisbon, while the slightest event happening at Paris,
London, or Berlin, is flashed throughout Christendom instantly.

It is almost natural, therefore, that the hterary output of Spanish-
America should have failed to attract the attention of the average
English-speaking reader.

But a great change has come, in recent years, over the Southern
Continent; the eyes of the world are fixed upon it; it is looming
immense in the future; the ties which bind us to our sister repubUcs
are strengthening daily, and nothing American, in the broad sense,
can remain indifferent to us.

The Western Hemisphere is, linguistically, either English or
Spanish, and these two tongues,
with a knowledge of their lit-
erary' history, ought to be in-
dispensable to all cultured
Americans.

An opportunity should be
opened for the admission of
Portuguese, the language of
Brazil, which can boast of a
wealth of poetry superior even
to its luxuriant prose,^ but we
shall limit this paper to a sum-
mary consideration of Spanish-
American letters, the very

earUest to flourish in the New ^^ j^^^ j^sÉ leopoldo luoones.
World

Argentina's most admired poet. Sr. Lugones em-

In Mexico, the most favored í^^Í^^ V^ *»J? T?"®^ .^^ ^'^^ genius of originality

x^v, V** vr V xc* vr ^VA aud an imagination of suTpassing VI vidncss.

province of Spain's colonial

empire, we find the oldest institutions of learning, together with the

establishment of the first printing press in America.

In 1551 the Viceroy, Luis de Velazco, obtained for the recently
inaugurated University of Mexico the same privileges and franchises
enjoyed by that of Salamanca; and the Augustinian monk. Fray
Alonso de Veracruz, an ardent advocate of the AristoteUan philosophy,
prepared and published his treatise of dialectics in the City of Mexico
in 1554, w^here a printing press had been set up by Juan Pablos, pupil
of the famous Sevillan printer Cromberger.

As soon as the colonists began to write verse took the precedence of
prose. The number of poets soon became considerable. Fernández
Guerra tells us that in a literary tournament held in 1585 as manj^ as

i Fernando Wolf, as far back as the sixties, declared it to be the most intensely American of them all
''Le Brésil Littéraire"— Histoire de la Littérature Brésilienne— Berlin, 1863.

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32 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.

three hundred poets entered the Usts, and Mexico began to be
known as the Athens of the New World.

Of these early bards, the names of Terrazas and of Valbuena have
come down to us. The latter, though bom in Spain, was a thoroughly
American 'WTiter. His poems overflow with admiration for the mar-
velous beauty of the new land, and are exuberant and bountiful as
the fertile landscape.

The greatest genius w^hich Spanish- America has produced is Juan
Ruiz de Alarcón. He was — quite the reverse of Valbuena — a
hispanized American, and though bom and educated in Mexico,
belongs as absolutely to the Hterature of Spain as Seneca, Quintillian,

and Ijucan belong to that of Rome,
bom and bred as they were in Cor-
dova and of Spanish parentage.

Alarcón's activité' was developed in
Spain, when he became one of the
foremost dramatists of the Golden
Age, in line with Lope de Vega, Tirso
de Molina, Rojas, Moreto, and Calde-
rón. So completely did he identify
himself with the country of his adop-
tion that not a single reference is
made in any of his works to the land
of his birth.

True, the mediocre level of a colo-
nial town was insufficient for the
sR. DR. JOSÉ iNGEGNiEROs, development of so great a talent as

Who ranks among the foremost scientific Alarcon's ; he needed to be trans-
writers of contemporary Argentina. % . i . • x • • i

planted to a more propitious soil
where, indeed, his spirit blossomed and fruited magnificently.

From Spanish-American stock have sprung, in recent times, not
a few writers of note, who, having attained the maturity of their
powers abroad, are claimed by Europe as its very own; such are the
Argentine, Ventura de la Vega; the Venezuelans Rafael Maria
Baralt and Garcia de Quevedo; the Cuban poetess Gertrudis Gomez
de Avellaneda, who as a dramatist (a field where very few women
of any nationality have achieved success) is without doubt a peer
among her sex; and in our own day, the Cuban-born member of the
French Academy, José María de Heredia, author of "Les Trophées,"
perhaps the greatest sonnetist of modern times.

Having mentioned the name of Avellaneda, we can not omit that
of another woman, Sister Juana Inez de la Cruz, a glorious daughter
of Mexico. She has been called the tenth muse, and her appearance
on the literary firmament of the period (1651-1691) is considered
by no less an authority than Menéndez y Pelayo as a wonder, living,

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Photograph by Harris-Ewln^.

JOSÉ MARTI,

He was as ?reat a literary genius of Cuba as he was a military leader in the strugRles for independence.
In arms be strove to liberate his country from Spanish sovereignty, and in literary efforts he was
among the pionoers of the movement to break away from the old conventional Spanish- American
style of writing. Photograph from marble bust in the Gallery of Patriots at the Pan American
Union Building.

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THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.

as she did, the secluded life of a cloistered ^nun. Her poems show
such original talent, brdliant fantasy, impetuosity, and ardor of
feeling, both in her secular and mystic compositions, that she may
well be considered superior to all other poets of the time of Charles
II, either in Spain or her colonies.

With the exception of Mexico, there is very little to register in the
annals of Spanish American letters previous to the nineteenth cen-
tury. The writings of a people struggling for the defense of their
territory against the attacks of savages and pirates and for the

acquisition of material pros-
perity do not contain much
that Ls artistic or remark-
able. In some of the States
the colonial government
frankly opposed any intel-
lectual progress. In Peru,
for instance, a royal decree,
promulgated in 1543 and
often renewed in the course
of its long colonial rule,
prohibited ^Hhe importation
into America of novels, fa-
bles, romances of chivalry,
and all other but religious
books.''

The intellectual life of
South America can be said
to have awakened after the
wars of independence (1810
to 1824).

During tlie bitter strife
between despotism and revo-
lution there was not much
leisure for meditation
or aesthetic composition;
ephemerous journalistic notices, political pamphlets, and works of
propaganda were the chief writings of the colonists.

Art, the flower of civilization, needs the sweet waters of peace,
and letters blossom when the temple of Janus is closed.

With the rising sun of independence came the dawn of literature
in th^ new Republics. Not that the violent transition period was
precisely favorable to art and letters, but the glorious generation
that fought for liberty scattered broadcast a noble seed, and patriotism
exalted the spirit "and inflamed the heart to heroic acts and words.

Bolivar the Liberator was himself an inspired orator. In Vene-
zuela, Coto Paul, Briceño, and Muñoz Tebar were magnetic speakers.

SOR JUANA INÉS DE LA CRUZ,

' Literary glory and ornament not only of her century, but
of the whole colonial period." Her talents extended
over a wide and versatile field of knowledge, and she
wrote with wonderful inspiration on matters of theology,
philosophy, music, numerous arts, and even politics.
As a poetes'î, the oeauty of her verses reflected tlie
charming and delightful character of her life.

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THE LITERATUBE OP SPANISH AMERICA.

Some of the warriors like San Martin and Mitre chronicled their
deeds and won a high place among historians.

Best of all, the freedom of the customs, removing the former chains
that crippled commerce, permitted the unrestricted importation of
all sorts and manner of books.

But a simple change of government is not sufficient to modify-
essentially the life of a nation. » Educated in the mold and tradi-
tion of Spain, the emancipated colonies still clung to the ideals of
their old metropolis, and Spanish- American letters followed all the
vicissitudes of those of
Spain, passing through neo-
classicism and romanticism
to modem realism. The
classics of the Golden Age
were, however, their revered
standards and formed some
of the greatest New World
poets, such as Bello, Ol-
medo, and Heredia.

Wonderful as the models
are, and unrivaled though
they be to develop a trust-
worthy taste and faultless
style, they are too set and
antiquated a vehicle for
modem thought.

Every epoch must speak
its own language, which
should follow the evolution
of the ideas it strives to
convey.

There is a certain incon-
gmity in Lafayette, dazzled
with the light of New World
democracy, speaking of liberty on his return to France in the cere-
monious language of the court of Versailles.

It is often dangerous to imitate too closely obsolete forms, classi-
cal though they be. While trying to be a purist it is easy to fall
into artificiality.

The florid, bombastic style of the subsequent Spanish romantic
period was likewise ill suited for direct and concise expression.
Latin American writers in an effort to find themselves forsook their
old standards, turned their backs on mother-country tradition, and
bag and baggage scaled the Pyrenees, giving themselves over body
and soul to the worship of the French masters of poetry and prose.

SR. nON JUAN RUIZ DE ALARCON,

One of the foremost dramatists of the Golden Age of Spanish-
American literature. Bom in the seventeenth century in
Mexico (New Spain), he received his literary education at
the Court of Spain, and became a prominent figure in that
school of writers.

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THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.

In the Peninsula it is claimed that the American Republics, abandon-
ing the narrow path, strictly guarded by the canons of the '^Spanish
Academy of the Language, '^ are gradually falling away from pure
Castilian; whereas the ex-Colonists pretend to be more philosophical
in their use of grammar, and to have a more scientific idea of the
evolution of speech, a broader, more plastic instrument for expression.
French books, eageily read, opened up new horizons to these
young nations; French thought seduced the Fouth American soul,
and France, embodying all the qualities that captivate the Latin
mind, appeared to her willing disciples as guide and master.

Henceforth Paris, not Madrid, became the intellectual center that

nourished Spanish America,
but in this new-found en-
thusiasm the wheat was not
separated from the chaff.

True its benefits were
great, inasmuch as French
influence brought to the
younger writers a complete
mental independence from
old shackles, an infusion of
new life, a flexibility of ex-
pression and daintiness and
precision which gave their
style unprecedent<îd ele-
gance.

It ofl^ered them also a
much broader field for spec-
ulation and . a more varied
choice of subjects.

Some of the effects of
French influence, however,
were pernicious. As it usu-
ally happens in all revolu-
tions and conversions, their
adepts go to extremes; and
when it comes to imitation the weak points and eccentricities are the
first to be copied.

The morbid wave which swept over French letters during the last
quarter of the nineteenth century, known as the decadent movement,
found a strong echo in the hearts of the rising generation of Spanish-
American poets.

It required the genius of a Baudelaire or a Verlaine to juggle with
meters and tyrannize over words as they did; to turn language topsy-
turvy and throw tradition to the winds; to dig for new terms to
express unheard-of feelings; walk on forbidden ground and speak of
the unmentionable, and yet not cease a moment to be artistic.

EMMANUEL GUTIERREZ N A JERA,

Mexican poet who is numbered among the pioneers of Die
new school of Spanish- American writers.

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THE LITERATURE OF SPANISH AMERICA. 37

The Spanish- American emulators of the decadents and symboHsts
were frequently immoral, at times incoherent, but the habit of delv-
ing deep to discover new shades of thought and subtle delicacies of
speech nimbled their faculties and developed their technical skill.

This departure marks an epoch; it is the begimiing, as Ugart^ says,
of *^the definite disappearance of Spanish survivorship and the tan-
gible advent of a regional literary conscience/'

Throwing off the past these ardent young writers merged into a rich
new field, where they sought to assert their personality.

Among the pioneers of this movement were Gutierrez Nájera, José
Asunción Silva, José Martí, and Ruben Darío, all of whom, despite
neurotic moods and eccentric concepts, gave wings to the tongue and
prepared it for a freer flight;
but a host of mediocre rhym-
sters, following in their wake,
brought discredit on the
school by using symbolism
as a mask for their vanity,
ignorance, and intruding
personality.

From the Spanish past,
re j u venated by French
methods, German science,
and Yankee progressiveness.
South American letters are
issuing triumphant.

With a modernized and
more flexible instrument of
expression, a wide-awake
interest in social aspirations,
a strong generation is rising. ^^- ^^^ manuel diaz rodríguez,

^tflt/KsinAn liL-i» IVTftKiinrk Contemporary phUosopher and writer of Venezuela, who is
oiai^^iiieiL ilKe l>iaüUCO exerting an elevating influence on the thought of his

and Drago, philologists and ~"°^'^-

lexicographers like Caro and Rufino J. Cuervo, have compelled admira-
tion; educators like Bunge and Varona commanded respect; but newer
wTiters are excelling for originality of thought and beauty of style.

A son of Uruguay, José Enrique Rodó, has become a leader of vital
importance, preaching in his books ''Arier' and ''Motivos de Proteo''
the gospel of hope, vocation, and self-confidence.

The Venezuelan, Manuel Diaz Rodriguez, with his ''Camino del Pro-
greso," is another optimistic philosopher of healthy and uphf ting ideas.

Enrique Gomez Carrillo, a Guatemalan, is a finished artist, who
chisels Spanish prose with terse Parisian elegance.

The Argentines, José Ingegnieros and Leopoldo Lugones, are fervent
apostles of the new ideals.

Spanish America is plowing rapidly to the front and there is every
reason to believe that its literature will soon take a place with that of
the great nations.

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DEVELOPING THE AMAZON
VALLEY /. ■/ /, •/

THE map of Brazil can give no adequate conception of dis-
tances in that immense region known as the Amazon Valley.
It is impossible to take into account the conditions govern-
ing travel there. A map shows merely dead distances.

In the modem industrial world we are accustomed to think in what
may be called live distances. For instance, from New York to
Chicago is about 1,000 miles, but our concept is rather of time than
of space; we think in terms of hours. We know that we can get on a
train in one place and that at the end of 24 hours we shall be in
the other place. From New York to Southampton is about 3,000
miles, but our concept is that the traveler takes a five, or a six, or an
eight day boat, quite irrespective of the distance covered.

On the Amazon the distance from Para to Manaos is something less
than 900 miles, and so far the modern feeling of distance still hoi 's,
for by taking one of the ocean-going steamers the traveler feels con-
fident of reaching his destination within five days. But on the
interior rivers, such as the Madeira, the Purus, the Tapajoz or the
Jurua, distance becomes of secondary importance, and the season of
the year, the conditions of the current, the character of the weather,
the kind of boat and cargo it carries, are all of major importance, for
in covering the distance from Manaos to Porto Velho on the Madeira
River, 653 miles, it may take 5 or 7 or even 17 days, according to any
one of the factors just given, with an estimated proportion of good or
bad luck thrown in. Hitherto it has been impossible to gauge with
any degree of certainty what day the traveler would arrive at any
destination after the steamer or smaller launch or canoe left the place
in which the passenger had embarked. It was all guesswork. If the
weather was favorable, if the currents had not changed the course, if
the water was high so that banks were accessible, and if there was
little local cargo and therefore no demand for frequent stops, the
experienced pilot or captain would hope to arrive within 24 hours of
the average time in which the voyage had in his experience been
made before.

This preliminary statement and the conditions of travel indicated
therein, must be borne sharply in mind in order to understand and to
appreciate the changes which are proposed and which will soon be
carried into cflFect by the new Amazon Navigation Co.

»By Albert Hale, of Pan American Union Staff.
38

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DEVELOPING THE AMAZON VALLEY. 39

But perhaps it is best, for the sake of contrast, to describe an ordi-
nary trip up or down any of the tributaries of the Amazon into the
far corners of the navigable area of this immense basin. The steamer
is advertised to leave port at a certain hour of the morning or evening.
All is bustle and confusion. Most of the cargo is on board at the hour
specified, but many things must yet be considered ; supplies are still
coming from shore, officials are checking up accounts and papers, and
passengers of all sorts and conditions continue to crowd upon the
steamer, the matter of space for accommodation being apparently
of no importance at all. One, two, or three hours may be consumed
in these final details, but nobody is in a hurry and nobody seems
annoyed. The day has only the four grand divisions, morning, noon,
evening, and night. Arrival and departure is close enough if taking
place within the interval mentioned.

On deck the confusion is by no means overcome once the steamer
is clear from the anchorage or the landing stage, trunks, boxes.

READY FOR ACTION.

A modern type of upriver steamboat, to be used in regular navigation both on the Amazon and
on its tributaries. These boats have electric lights and fans, are equipped with all convenienca^;,
the cabins are spacious, airy, and have regular beds, while mosquito-proof wire netting protects
the traveler from all the annoyance and danger of these pests.

bags, and bedding are heaped up in the few staterooms and along the
rails, while hammocks are slung from every possible pillar and beam.
In fact, the first concern of the passenger, no matter in what class he
travels, is to find the best location left for his hammock, because, in
most of the river boats at present plying the Amazon and tributa-
ries, the staterooms are used chieñy for the storage of personal eflfects,
and only occasionally for such private matters as change of clothing.
On the lower deck all sorts and conditions of men and animals can be
met. Cattle ready for slaughter during the voyage occupy one corner ;
perhaps mules, destined for upcountry labor, are penned in another;
chickens and such small game may be in coops against the pantry,
or not unusually allowed to run free, picking up what they can in
addition to the regular food offered them; these chickens being also
part of the future provender or cargo destined for some farm farther
along the river bank. But hammocks, hammocks, everywhere.

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40 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.

Hammocks so close together that to go from one end of the deck to
the other is to thread a maze of legs, arms, ropes, and swmging bodies.
Some of the occupants of these hammocks seem never to leave their
nests, while others, more active, revolve their hammocks into a
bundle during the day, leaving them stretched between the hooks
on which they were first suspended.

But all is carried on with good nature and patience. Nobody is
in a hurry, and the unfortunate individual who thinks he would like
to arrive at his destination within reasonable closeness to the hour
or day vaguely stated in the steamer's schedule soon loses this
anxiety and becomes content, like the rest of his fellows, to let the
time, with the river, drift by, consoling himself with the frequently
asked question as to the probability of reaching a certain point by
a certain estimated average.

Paciencia (patience) is the third but unregistered word in the
Brazilian legend — ordem e progresso. The Brazilians themselves
joke about it, assuring the stranger and traveler that until the full
significance of the word is appreciated the essence of the Brazilian
character can not be understood. And certainly there is no better
place in all the world to learn what patience means than on an
Amazon Valley steamer. If an arrival at a certain port is antici-
pated, it may be in the evening or the morning; if an unexpected
stop take^ place, those who have signaled the boat and wish to get
on it for a journey up or down, as the case may be, have probably
been waiting for the last 24 hours, in patience, glad of the chance to
embark at any time with the promise of reaching their destination
in the indefinite future.

Coffee is served at about sunrise, and everybody takes a cup or
two. Then there is an interval of apparent activity while men,
women, and children leisurely readjust themselves from night to
day garments. A bath is a not unusual preliminary to this function,
because many of the proper river steamers have shower-bath rooms,
and it helps pass the time to enjoy the refreshing spray. Breakfast
will be served about 10 o^clock, a pretty substantial meal, because
it is a long-established custom in the Tro})ics to interrupt the day's
labor toward noon, and the BraziUan merely readjusts this habit to
suit the circumstances on the river. After breakfast hammocks
again, because there is small space in which to sit or walk, and
smaller inclination for doing so. Those who do not go to sleep may
amuse themselves with a book, or perhaps a game of cards, if enough
other passengers can be aroused to take part. In fact, among
foreign travelers on these steamers card playing means generally
gambling, and considerable sums of hard-earned money have been
won and lost, so fascinating is any occupation that helps pass the
time and distract from the monotony of the day. About 5 o'clock

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DEVELOPING THE AMAZON VALLEY. 41

dinner is served. This is another substantial meal, and breaks into
the monotony as quite an exciting event. A simple cup of tea or
coffee may be had along toward 8 o'clock, but gradually after that
the day is ended, the hammocks occupied, and the night, with its
silence and monotony, is over all.

Some river steamers run straight through the 24 hours, allowing of
course for stops, which may consume an hour or more. Others, and
this particularly during the dry season when the water is low and the
channel not to be trusted, tie up to the bank or anchor in the stream,
from shortly after sunset until sunrise the next morning. Some-
times, also, a too ambitious captain will try to run over the shallows
in order to save the interval of darkness, or even the cautious captain
may not have learned the shifts in the stream since he was last up or
down the river; then the steamer runs aground, and may stick there,
no amount of maneuvering being able to release her nose from the
muddy bottom. In that case the patience of both crew and passen-
gers IS manifest to a most remarkable degree; days ma}^ pass before a
change in the current frees the captive boat or before a passing steamer
will come to its aid and succeed in hauling it into deep water again.

All these experiences have been inlierited from the old days when
rubber was high, when no competition was imagined or offered to that
valuable and only product of the Amazon Valley. If rubber did not
come down the rivers to-day, to-morrow or next month would do as
well. If those going up the river did not arrive one week, it was only
a trifling delay until the next, and anyhow there were supplies suffi-
cient to last for a good part of the year to come. In some cases this
irregularity worked hardships, because, when supplies were exliausted,
when rubber gatherers were ready to enter the forest for their weeks
of toil, a delay in obtaining the necessary supphes meant a short
season and therefore reduced crop to send down river when the high
water began. The picturesque side of river navigation was a delight
to those who had no dread of any competition from elsewhere, and
the indolence of it appealed to those who knew what dreadful expo-
sures awaited them as soon as rubber gathering was once underway.
This river commerce bore a faint resemblance to old times on the
Mississippi, when cotton was king in the Mississippi Valley, and when
the times of harvest marked the rounding of the year. No compari-
son should be drawn, however, between the character of this commerce
and that on the Mississippi, for *m the latter there was a height of
luxury and civilization which made it an era of comfort and display,
while on the Amazon rivers everything remained primitive, semi-
savage, and undeveloped. In the United States the old time planters
had their riA^er palaces in which they enjoyed life to the full with all
that money could buy, and no traffic of any importance whatever
was worth while on the minor streams flowing into the main channel.

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42 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.

In the Amazon Valley, on the contrary, almost all traffic developed
along the lesser rivers, the Amazon carrjnng the heavy cargoes destined
for consuming markets abroad, while the seringueiros, those in whose
hands the commercial handling of the rubber business was centered,
preferred to spend their money in the cities where the buying and
selling took place. An entire book might be written of this fascinating
story of the rubber transportation, with its picturesque and its
miserable sides, although only a few paragraphs in travel sketches
about the Amazon country give it the detailed consideration it
deserves; but its end is approaching, and, with the great study given
to the problem of economic rubber gathering in the heart of South

THE BOWS or RIVER STEAMBOATS.

The hulls of these steamboats are of steel; they are flat bottom and very strong, but every inch
of space is utilized. The draft is only 30 inches for those of 130 tons capacity, so that even in
the driest season navigation continues uninterruptedly.

America, a few years from now the old, happy-go-lucky interior
navigation will haA^e disappeared.

Because of this extravagant way of doing things, this most uneco-
nomic way of bringing rubber to market and the irregular, unsys-
tematic means of transport, much of the cost of the rubber, between
the gathering of the latex and its final delivery to the manufacturer
abroad, was consumed. Therefore the profits on the crop, enormous
so long as Amazon rubber controlled the price throughout the world,
had to reckon with this wasteful habit of transportation.

Leaving out of consideration the freight charges on rubber coming
down river and on supplies gomg up river, which made little difference

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DEVELOPING THE AMAZON VALLEY. 43

in cost whether the trip took three days or three weeks, two great
factors are exposed in studying the evüs of this interior navigation.
One was the unnecessarily high estimate of carrying passengers, for
the passage once paid, whether of first or second class accommodation,
food must be furnished every day until the destination was reached.
For instance, a first-class ticket from Manaos to Porto Velho, the
northern terminus of the Madeira-Mamore Railway, costs about
55$000 (55 milreis, or say $18); the trip can be made in 5 days of
favorable weather, but has been known to take 15, and the passengers'
subsistence increases enormously as the time passes. The other was
the irregularity of the delivery of supplies to up-river stations, and
the accompanying excessive profit which the dealer made or hoped to
make from these supplies. During high water, when steamers reached
with little trouble the distant stations up river, supplies were plentiful,
but when the period of low water (from May to toward November)
commenced, supplies were scarce for months or sometimes entirely
cut off, and dealers raised the prices accordingly. For it must be
remembered that the whole region has been and is even yet a one-crop
r^ion. Rubber has completely monopolized the attention and the
energy of the people, so that to the gathering of rubber has been
devoted all their energy, and whatever time and labor could not be
given to the rubber crop was dissipated.

It is very erroneous, however, in perceiving the fact that the Amazon
Valley has been a one-crop region, to conclude that the soil and the
climate are suitable just for rubber and nothing but rubber. The
truth is that practically all of the necessaries of life can be grown at
a reasonable cost over most of the territory contiguous to or even
within the rubber area. Certainly the cost of Uving can be materially
lowered by deUberate recognition of this favorable condition, and
recent experiments, conducted on a simple commercial basis as well
as with a more theoretic regard for future possibilities, have proved a
warrant for this statement.

Small farms on which are cultivated a variety of vegetables and
fruits are now to be seen along the Amazon and the Madeira Rivers.
On smaller and tributary streams other patches of land are being
utiHzed for similar crops, and away from the beds of the river, in
the teira firme,^ as it is called, cattle can be raised with even less
expense than they can be on the clearings necessary for their ranging
close to the rivers themselves.

' The terra firme is the upland, l3ring a few or many miles from the rivers, and is always above high-
water mark of the wet ceason— November to May. In the dense forest close to the rivers the jungle is
extreme, the thicket is almost impassable, and a clearing can be maintabied only with difilculty. In
the terra firme, on the other hand, although the forest is as extensive,, the jungle, the imdergrowth, is
thio or altogether absent, so that passage between the trees offers smaU difficulty, while natural clearings
are not unfrequently met in which catUe can range in health. Farther toward the south and west, in
the Brazilian State of Matto Grosso and in Bolivia, the forest is thinner or has disappeared, so that millions
of acres of agricultural and pastoral country are commercially accessible, now that the Madeira-Mamore
Railway is open.

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44 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.

Diversified farming, therefore, is a reasonable outlook for many
sections of the Amazon Valley, and when food supplies can be
furnislied from an area relatively close to the area of consumption
the one crop incubus will be removed.

That the rubber industry in the Amazon Valley lias reached a
critical period can not be doubted by anyone who knows Brazil and
is familiar with the development of the cultivation of rubber in other
parts of the world. In spite of the emphasis that must be given to
the statement that the Amazon Valley is the natural habitat of certain
great rubber-producing trees, the fact is clear to an unprejudiced
observer that the price of gathering and marketing Amazon rubber
must be materially reduced.

Now, the four great factors in the price of rubber in Brazil are:
(1) The cost of labor; (2) the means whereby the latex (juice of
the tree) is extracted and prepared; (3) the mamtenance of an
adequate and inexpensive supply of food and material for both
living and work; and (4) the economic transportation of the rubber
crop to a consuming market. The solutions of the first two factors
are receiving the careful study of economists and business men in
Brazil and wherever the prosperity of Brazil is held to be of vital
necessity to the prosperity of the whole world. The attempt to
solve the last two factors is the principle underlying the organiza-
tion of the new navigation company which is about to enter upon
its career of usefulne^is in the Amazon Valley. This company has
the official title of Companliia Navegçãao do Amazonas.

The Amazon Navigation Co. operates under a Federal charter.
The subvention routes embraced by its activity are 15 in number,
and an annual distance of 235,552 miles must be covered. The rivers
on which its steamers are to ply are, besides the Amazon, as follows:
The Tapajós, the Javory, the Madeira, the Perus, the Alto Perus, the
Jurua, the Rio Negro, the Solomoes (or upper Amazon), the Mamore,
the Beni, the Madre de Dios, the Guapure, and the Abuna; together
with two so-called outside routes, one along the coast southward from
Para as far as Salinas, the present pilot station for Para; the other
northward, beyond the island of Tapajós across the main mouth of
the Amazon and thus along the coast to the River Oyapock, which is
the dividing line between Brazil and French Guiana. Thus it will be
seen that, in addition to Brazilian Amazonas, parts of Bolivia, Peru,
and French Guiana are to be tapped by these steamers.

This is by no means all virgin territor>% for many of these rivers
have been used for navigation of one kind or another since rubber
was first transported to Para. For instance, there is a monthly
Bolivian Government steamer on the Beni River to the head of navi-
gation, carrying the mails for Riveralta, the chief town of the district;
it covers 250 to 300 miles, in from 25 to 30 days, and connects with

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DEVELOPING THE AMAZON VALLEY. 45

Other boats on still smaller rivers, but during August, September, and
October its schedule may be abandoned on account of low water.
Launches of only 3 to 4 feet are employed to supplement this larger
navisjation. On the Mamore River, into Matto Grosso, as well as on
the Orton in Bolivia and many others in Brazil and into Peru, steam-
ers and launches are in service, but from June or July to November,
shallow water may interrupt their traffic or entirely interfere with it.
Only a careful study of the map of the Amazon will convey a rudi-
mentary idea of the immensity of the area involved, and only a
serious acceptance of the preliminaiy part of this article will convince
the student of the radical change which is contemplated by the sys-

A STERNWHEEL FLEET ON THE AMAZON.

The newer vessels of the Amazon Navigation Co. have been sent down in sections and put together
at the workshops at Val de Caens, near Para. Thev are powerful steamboats of their class
and promise to add greatly to the economic welfare of the great Amazon Valley.

tematization of Amazon navigation as outlined by the charter of the
Amazon Navigation Co. For the transportation of the Amazon
Yalley as a whole, is contemplated. Not one river, or the commerce
of a single area, is under consideration, but its ambitious plan is the
uniform and harmonious organization of the commerce of 40,000
miles of navigable waterways.

The fleet will consist of about 100 craft in all. Some of these have
been taken over from the old (English) Amazon Navigation Co.,
that organization having had 32 steamers in service when it
relinquished its charter. Of the newer boats, 12 are on Dutch lines,
but modified in some details to conform to the ideas of experienced
rivermen who know what local conditions are to be met. The
72890— Bull. 1—13 4

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46 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.

others are on the Unes of steamboats used in the United States, where
navigation on inland rivers, in many ways not unlike the tributaries
of the Amazon, has developed an economic commerce unequaled in
any other part of the world.

One essential feature warrants notice. The Dutch steamers are of
twin screw, whereas most of the English steamers are single screw,
although a few of later pattern have stern wheels. All the steamers
of American build are stern-wheelers, such as have been so familiar to
travelers on the Mississippi for two or more generations past.

Several advantages are claimed for this class of steamboat, and the
people of the Amazon are eagerly looking for a practical demonstra-
tion of what can be accomplished. They can haul more freight, for,
in addition to their carrying capacity, they may be used for towing.
They can push barges ahead, a facility hitherto little considered on
these tropical waters. They can turn quicker. They can go back-
ward with only slight loss of their horsepower. They are at present
adjusted for burning coal, but when a saving in the cost of the fuel
can be effected their engines can be made to burn wood, so much of
which is obtainable along the river banks, and ultimately oil can be
burned, and this may be the fuel in future, whenever the supply of
oil can bo obtained in dependable quantity. They are modem, clean,
and commodious, the accommodations for all classes of passengers
being above that furnished by the older type of boat, although the
traditions of the river have not been heedlessly violated, so that the
arrangement of berths, bath and toilet rooms, hammock space, and
dining tables is not altogether unfamiliar to those who know their
Amazon or other rivers well, but who have no acquaintance with for-
eign travel. And above all, these steamers can navigate from one
year's end to the other, because they are of such light draft that even
in the driest season they can escape the dangers of the upriver
shallows.

This scheme of uninterrupted na^ngation is intended to aid most
thoroughly in reducing high cost of living throughout the regions
reached by these steamers, or, in other words, throughout the area
where Amazon rubber is gathered. Two subdivisions of the com-
pany's schedule are to be operated. The first is confined to the main
stream of the Amazon, the steamers being larger and faster, -although
they wall be able to touch at the small landing places, and thus to
collect rubber or to deliver supplies wherever the chance is offered.
The second will ply on the upper rivers (rios altos), the size of the
boat being selected according to the depth of the stream and the
character of the banks alongside it. But all steamboats, whether on
the larger or on the smaller streams, are to run on a regular time-
table, as it may be called, and service will be performed all the year
round.

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DEVELOPING THE AMAZON VALLEY. 47

As yet no precise estimate can be made concerning the lessened
expense which this change in navigation implies. It can not be
doubted, however, that a large percentage of the former w^aste in
transportation must be eliminated. The fact that rubber can bé
brought down to market regularly and within a certain time means
that the market will not be glutted at one season of the year and
unable to meet calls upon it at another. The energy of the rubber
gatherers and rubber dealers must thereby be stimulated to the intro-
duction of a healthier system of supplying that market, for it stands
to reason that where an opportunity is offered the average business
man will take advantage of it. The success of the Amazon Naviga-
tion Co. means in all probability the removal of one of the economic
impediments to the restoration of the Amazon rubber industry.

The return or rather the upgoing freight to be carried by the com-
pany must consist of supplies to the seringueiros. This is the name
commonly given to the upriver owner of rubber lands, or who at least
acts as the middleman between the actual gatherers from the tree
(trabalhadores) and the dealer in rubber for export in cities like Para
and Manaos (aviareiros) . The seringueiro outfits the trabhalador with
implements, food, clothing, and other supplies. Exorbitant prices
are charged for the outfit, because, in the first place, everything must
come from a great distance at a high cost, and, in the second place,
owing to the system of employing labor, the risk run by advancing
supplies must find some compensation in such a high charge. This
unreasonable cost of supplies, the result of years of careless disregard
of all sides of the economic problem, has led to abuses somewhat simi-
lar to the ancient peonage of Mexico and other parts of Latin America.
It is due in part also to the complete dependence upon rubber as the
wealth of the Amazon, which fostered the feeling that nothing else
was worth producing within the charmed rubber area. The regular
and continuous navigation of the interior rivers by the Amazon Co.
is a long step toward a material reduction of this factor in the initial
cost of rubber, but it is only one of the means proposed to aid the
Amazonian in realizing that he has another source of natural wealth
within his grip.

For its own commercial prosperity any transportation company
must see to it that freight is carried at a profit both ways along its line.
On the Amazon earnest effort is to be made to encourage local farming,
whether it be the raising of the simplest crops like corn, mandioca, and
bananas or a more diversified market gardening to include beans,
potatoes, other vegetables, and fruits. This is part of the scheme of the
Companhia Navigaçáo do Amazonas, but a further development of
this idea can be found in the Amazon Land & Colonization Co.,
which deserves a chapter by itself.

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UNIVERSITY EDUCATION
IN MEXICO •/ /.

THE University of Mexico is one of the oldest on the Western
Continent. The date usually assigned as its beginning is
1553, and it is antedated only by the University of San
Marcos, at Ijima. A difference of a few years is after all
but a trifling matter, and even the authoritative date of establish-
ment does not always indicate the beginning of university studies.
In some instances these were inaugurated before the university char-
ter was secured, while in other cases the formal organization pre-
ceded the actual beginnings of university instruction.

The University of Mexico had a continuous and honorable history
during the entire colonial period. With the political independence
of the country came a change in its status. As in France at the
time of the revolution the university with its close organization, its
academic privileges, and its medieval traditions seemed to partake
too strongly of the old aristocratic and monarchic régime, and it was
resolved into separate and independent faculties of law, medicine,
etc. Higher education in Mexico continued under this organization
until 1910, the centennial year of the first insurrectory movement.
Among the elaborate festivities that marked the centennial celebra-
tion was the inauguration of the new Universidad Nacional de Mexico.
As the independent faculties had been formed by breaking up the old
colonial university, the new institution was formed by the amalga-
mation of existing schools. The university included at its reorgani-
zation five colleges — law, medicine, engineering, fine arts, and the
graduate school (altos estudios). The National Preparatory School
is also an integral part of the university system, although it is simply
a secondary school, similar in rank to many others throughout the
Republic. It differs, however, from the ordinary high school in that
its mission is to prepare specifically for one or another of the uni-
versity careers. The faculty of theology that formed a part, and a
very considerable part, of the colonial university is not found in the
new institution. Not that the churcli is less scholarly or efficient,
but the separation of churcli and state forbids the introduction of a
college of theology into a national university. The College of Medi-
cine included originally the departments of pharmacy and dentistry,
but in December, 1911, the latter was detached from the faculty of
medicine and erected into a separate school. Its requirements for

I By Edgar Ewing Brandon.
48

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THE NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF MEXICO AT MEXICO CITY.

The reorganization of the university, bringing toi^ther the colleges of law, medicine, engineering,
fine arts, and the graduate school, and the dedication of its new building, were special features
of the centennial celebration in 1910.

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NORTH FAÇADK OF THE NATIONAL PREPARATORY SCHOOL, MEXICO CITY.

A<lmission to mast of the coUepes of the university is l)a,sed on the completion of secondary studies
either here or at other secondary schtwls of equal rank.

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UNrV'ERSITY EDUCATION IN MEXICO. 51

admission are not as high as those demanded by the colle<]:?s of
medicine, law, and engineering.

Admission to most of the colleges of the university is based on the

completion of secondary studies either in the National Preparatory

School or another secondary school of equal rank. The duration of

studies varies in the different colleges. In medicine it is six years,

ngineering five, four, and three years, according

er that the student follows.

astic year began the 1st of April, or rather after

e end of January. A new regulation makes the

from February 1 to the end of November.

and January will comprise the annual vacation

> effect the change one term was materially

g with 1913 the new regulation will be in effect

the university.

tos estudios has already been referred to as the
It could more properly be designated the col-
ai and special studies, and is sometliing unique
niversity life. Everj^where in Latin America
►ol dominates. Tiie universities are little else
ïssional colleges. Pure science, literature, liis-
studies are accorded small consideration in th.e
I. These subjects are confined to the secondary
by is almost everywhere given over exclusively
es. It is to th.e credit of the new National
that alongside its schools of law, medicine, and
I anotlier devoted to disinterested learning and
ultad de altos estudios is not, liowever, properly
It has no curriculum. It may and does offer
I, but it may engage a professor for research
be done in Mexico City or in any part of the
oreign countries. As a sample of the teaching
le college the announcement for 1912 includes
try, authropometry, linguistic families of the
lians, and botany. Certain courses given by
this faculty partake of the nature of university extension work.

The organization and administration of the univei-sity differs in
one point from the customary type. This difference consists in the
presence of student members in the university council. The faculty
of each college is represented in the council by two professoi-s chosen
by their colleagues. Likewise the students of each college choose one
of their number from the highest class who also sits in the council
and assumes his part in its deliberations on the same terms as other
members. Four professors at large are appointed to the council by
the minister of public instruction. The rector is named by the

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UNIVEBSITY EDUCATION IN MEXICO. 53

President of the Republic for a term of three years and may be
reappointed. He can not be a director or professor in any college
of the university. This is a wise provision. It makes the rector
the chief of the entire institution and frees him from unreasonable
sympathy with any one department. He can see things in the
large, and if he confines his activities to this one work, as is the evident
intention of the charter, he can become a real leader in educational
thought in the country.

The university council distributes the revenue among the different
department^ fixes the curricula, creates or abolishes chairs, advises
the rector in regard to the personnel of the various faculties, adminis-
ters imiversity extension courses, and takes whatever measures are
necessary to promote the moral, intellectual, and material welfare of
the institution as a whole.

The budget of the imiversity for the fiscal year 1912-13 reaches
the sum of $1,236,473 (national currency) of which $111,000 is
devoted to the School of Engineering besides $20,600 for the mainte-
nance of the practical School of Mines, at Pachuca, which is an
adjimct of the Engineering CoUege of the imiversity; $167,000 goes
to the CoUege of Medicme, $40,000 to the Dental College, and $30,000
to the Graduate School. The College of Law receives only $44,000.
Mexico is one of the few universities of Latin America in which the law
school does not predominate. This is evidenced not only in the
budget but also in 'the enrollment. The medical school contains
more than twice as many students as the college of law, and the
engineering school also numbers more than law.

The largest collection of the university in point of numbers is the
College of Fine Arts, which in 1910-11 enrolled 1,181 students. This
large number is accounted for by the fact that the school contains
three distinct departments: Painting, sculpture, and architecture.
Only the last named is of university rank, the other two admit pupils
who may have but an elementary education and their curricula are
purely artistic in character. The department of architecture is,
however, of full university rank, requires a secondary education for
admission and offers a scientific and practical course of study. Dur-
ing the past year it has been installed in other and more appropriate
quarters and has been furnished with much new and modern equip-
ment.

The work of the university is not confined to the colleges enumer-
ated above. As a corollary to the faculty of medicine which is a
teaching body there exist the Instituto Patológico, the Instituto
Médico, and the Instituto Bacteriológico, which devote themselves
to research and general scientific study in tlie realms of medicine and
hygiene. Each has its director, a staff of experimentors, and labora-
tories. The first receives an appropriation of $40,000 and the others

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LECTURE HALL IN THE SCHOOL OF MIXES AT MEXICO CITY

MILITARY INDUSTRIAL SCHOOL AT SAX LUIS POTOSÍ, STATE OF SAX LUIS

POTOSÍ MEXICO.

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9^
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56 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.

$60,000 (national currency). During the past year the Instituto
Patológico has conducted research in typhus, leprosy, and cancer.

Other adjuncts of the university are the two museums of natural
history, and of Mexican archaeology, ethnology, and history. These
institutions are not simply museums, they are teaching bodies as
well. They maintain a staff of professors and conduct classes in
their respective specialties. The latter, for example, during tlie last
scholastic year maintained classes in Mexican history, archaeology,
ethnology, and in the Aztec language. The class in history is at
present compiling under the direction of the professor an historical
bibliography of Mexico. Each museum publishes a review, as do
also some faculties of the universities.

THE UNIVERSITY OF GUADALAJARA, STATE OF JALISCO, MEXICO.

Higher education in Mexico is not all centered in the national
capital. There are scliools of law in almost all the State capitals;
schools of medicine at Guadalajara, Merida, San Luis Potosi, Oaxaca
and Puebla; engineering schools, either civil, mining, mechanical,
electrical or agricultural, at Chihuahua, Guanajuato, Pachuca,
Queretaro, San Luis Potosi, Culiacam, Puebla and San Juan Bautista.
The only departments of university instruction that are not dupli-
cated in one or more of the pro\âncial centers are the faculty of fine
arts and the graduate school, and the latter, as stated avove, is in
no sense a local institution. Its activities are intended to be nation
wide and its influence in favor of higher learning should permeate
the entire Republic.

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NEW YEAR'S RECEPTION
BY SECRETAR YJNOX V

IN accordance with a time-honored custom, the Secretary of State
of the United States and Mrs. Knox were hosts at a brilliant
reception given in the form of a breakfast on New Year's morn-
ing, January 1, 1913, to the diplomatic corps resident in Wash-
ington. Officials of the Department of State, members of the Com-
mittees on Foreign Affairs in both the Senate and House, with ttíe
ladies accompanying them, assisted the Secretary and Mrs. Knox.
The recollection of the delightful and charming occasion of a year
ago when the official hosts departed from their usual custom of
receiving at their own home and tendered the function in the
spacious Hall of the Americas in the Pan American Union Building
doubtless prompted the choice of this place again. The stairways
and the grand foyer were artistically decorated, while heavy banks
of palms, a profusion of poinsettias, and a number of other floral
pieces lent an harmonious color to the scene. The tropical effect
presented by these decorations and the inviting warmth of the patio
vrith its dashing verdure were in striking contrast to the gray gloomy
skies of the winter day without. The Secretary and Mrs. Knox, at
the head of the receiving line, welcomed the guests at the foot of the
south stairway. Passing them the diplomats and ladies ascended
the broad stair hall into the foyer and then to the magnificent ball-
room, where the invited guests had opportunity to extend the greet-
ings of the season to each other. The scene in the building was
particularly pleasing, and the striking brilliancy of the uniforms worn
by the diplomatic corps was most effective as they appeared here
and there in the throng. Music was furnished by a band which
played during the reception. The breakfast was served in the large
reading room looking out upon the placid pool and the scenic land-
scape effect of the gardens in the rear of the building. The idea of
holding such functions in the Pan American Union Building is a most
felicitous one, for the atmosphere of peace and comity which so
strongly characterizes the building and its surroundings seems to
transfuse its noble spirit into the multitudes which gather under the

roof of this building.

tó^^^

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NEW THEATER AT PANAMA

PANAMA is experiencing; to-day an era of progress and devel-
opment unprecedented in the history of this romantic Re-
public. Tlie advancement Ls general, and appears in nearly
every branch of activity, social, commercial, and inteUectual.
One of the latest indications of tliis splendid forward movement is
an artistic theater which has but recently been completed and
opened in the city of Panama, tlie Teatro Variedades.
. This large spacious building with its attractive style of architecture
occupies a commanding position facing Santa Ana Plaza in the central
section of the city, and marks a signal tribute to the artistic taste
and sound business sagacity of its owner, a prominent Panaman,
Sr. Don Tomas Arias.

The work of constructing this edifice commenced three years ago,
and during this period every detail was carefuUy supervised by Sr.
Arias personally with the cooperation of his architect. It is a three-
story structure, and totally equipped has cost over $75,000. Consid-
erable of the material for both building and decorations was pur-
chased from manufacturing concerns in the United States. On the
ground floor of the building is a unique arrangement by which it is
possible to convert the main auditorium into a dancing parlor. A
roof garden large enough to accommodate over 200 people, and a
promenade balcony extending along the entire upper floor of the the-
ater building are unusual features and give the theater a hospitable
and pleasing atmosphere.

The interior decorations, paintings, and scenic effects indicate
careful, discriminate, and artistic selection. The windows, too, are
brilliantly adorned with replicas of the world's famous masterpieces
done in harmoniously blended coloring. From the center of the
great dome is suspended a large vase elaborately painted. Soft, com-
fortable chairs, electric fans, illuminating devices, and a dozen and
one other little details have all been so solicitously' provided that the
playhouse compares most favorabl}' with those in other large cities.
In point of construction and beauty of decoration, it is a worthy
addition to the buUdings of the city as well a.s a compliment to its
owner.

Õ8

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THE NEW TEATRO DE VARIEDADES AT PANAMA CITY.

CURTAIN AND INTERIOR OF THE NEW THEATER AT PANAMA CITY.

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NEW HAVANA TERMINAL
STATION /. •/ /. ■/

WITH ceremonies appropriate to an occasion of such impor-
tance, the new terminal station of the United Railways
of Havana was formally inaugurated on the afternoon
of November 30, 1912, and on the following day the
building and its entire equipment were thrown open to public use. . '
The erection and dedication of this splendidly equipped depot mar^s
a new and important era in the railroad history of Cuba. It means
that travel and transportation, which have been enjoying a steady
growth, will now have adequate facihties for their expansion.

The building is of the Spanish Renaissance style of architecture
and stands on the old arsenal grounds. Concrete, steel, and Tennessee
marble are the materials of which it is built, and the structure presents
a solid and substantial appearance. Large waiting roonis, both
inside and outside the station, furnish abundant room for the thou-
sands of passengers who use tliis building daily, and the ticket oflSces
of the various railroads which center there are arranged in such a
manner as to render confusion impossible.

The first train to leave the new depot pulled out on the night of
November 30 at 10 o'clock amidst the cheere of hundreds of officials
and spectators who had gathered to witness the practical inauguration
of the equipment. The ceremonial exercises, however, occurred on
the afternoon of the 30th. A special train left the old Villanueva
station at 2.40 p. m. for the new terminal, carrying the officials of the
road and a number of invited guests. It was the last passenger train
to ever leave the historic old depot. As the train drew into the new
station it was received with enthusiastic cheers by the assembled
crowd, while a brass band added to the spirit with its martial strains.
Then Bishop Estrada, surrounded by Dr. Julio de Cardenas, the
mayor of Havana, Mr. Robert Orr, the general manager of the
United Railways & Havana Terminal Co., and other high officials of
the State and company, formally gave his blessing to the new station.
The ceremonies closed with a speech by Sr. Don Antonio S. de
Bustamente, general counsel for the road, who traced the progress
of the United Railways of Havana and the importance which the new
improvement meant not only to the capital but to the entire Republic
of Cuba.
60

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72890°— Bull. 1—13-

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62 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.

Ill liis review the speaker pointed out some striking facts and
figures. He showed that during the past year the three allied lines
had carried more than 11,000,000 passengers, 8,000,000 tons of mer-
chandise, and employed nearly 7,000 people, mostly natives of Cuba,
who earned close to $3,000,000 in salaries.

The terminus contains four double train sheds for passenger trains,
the freight yards being located to the east of the station and occupying
a low planice about 20 feet below the floor of the passenger station.
Passenger trains reach the new station over a viaduct stretching for a
distance of about a kilometer, which starts at the end of the arsenal
yard, to the Agua Dulce bridge, where they again descend to the level
of the ground. The freight yards, which have now been in operation
since July 1, occupy a space of about 140,000 square meters, there
being two large steel built warehouses for the use of incoming and
outgoing merchandise, and, like the passenger sheds, are equipped
for both steam and electric tractions. Considerable space was also
allowed for future development.

The new station is used by three lines now fused under the United
Railways of Havana, the United Railways, the Havana Central
Railroad, and the Western Railroad of Havana, and also by the Cuba
company, which has a direct daily service to Santiago de Cuba. The
managers of the company are to be congratulated upon this splendid
addition to their material equipment and for their efl'orts to make
this new building thoroughly modem and comfortable for their
employees and the public alike.

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BUREAU OF EXPOSITIONS
AT MONTEVIDEO, URU-
GUAY •/ /. '.' /. •.'

EVER alert and active in developing her wonderful natural
resources and in making known the great possibilities which
exist in that country for the immigrant as well as for the
man seeking new fields for investing capital, the Republic of
Uruguay is steadily increasing the facilities for spreading practical
information concerning the country and its opportunities. One of

DKVELOPING ROOM AND MOVING PICTURE EQUIPMENT OF THE BUREAU OF EXPO-
SITIONS AT MONTEVIDEO.

the most recent methods adopted by the ofiicial Government in this
direction is the Bureau of Expositions at Montevideo. This depart-
ment was created to disseminate broadcast useful and practical data
about the conditions of the country, information concerning immi-
gration and immigration laws, and to arrange for the exposition of
native products in other lands. The national propaganda is thus

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IlEADQUARTKRS OF THK BUREAU OF EXPOSITIONS, AT MONTEVIDEO, URUGUAY.

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BUREAU OF EXPOSITIONS AT MONTEVIDEO, URUGUAY. 65

definitdv concentrated in one well-organized department of the Gov-
ernment, and from it will emanate the projects and details of foreign
exhibits, expositions, and publicity work.

According to the plans of the Government, no means or efforts
will be spared to make this organ one of the most efficient agencies in
the world for biinging about a general appreciation of the riches and
productive potentialities of the Republic. It will arrange for the
various exhibits which the Government sanctions at international
expositions and execute any publicity matters which may arise from
time to time. In addition to this phase of its activity, it will also
publish, at frequent intervals, special descriptive pamphlets, bulletins,
and other reports dealing with opportunities which the country
affords to settlers and to the business world. To aid in this publicity
movement, special photographs will be taken and widely distributed
by the photographic division of the Bureau. This particular branch,
moreover, as constituted here, represents a distinct advance in the
idea of advertising. A large studio with an up-to-date photographic
equipment has been installed in connection with the work. It is not
only planned to have photographs, but a moving picture device is
also a part of the plant. In this way commercial institutions abroad,
leading newspapers and magazines, and other recognized commercial
agencies will receive oflScial photographs of views of the country, its
industries, institutions, and other attractive features, while the
cinematograph will be utilized for public lectures at home and at the
various expositions in which Uruguay participates. Another inter-
esting part of the work will be to keep in touch with domestic mer-
chants, manufacturers, exporters, and importers who may wish to
display their products at the different foreign exhibits.

The Bureau of Expositions is at present housed in a large building
at 1467 Calle Solis, at Montevideo, and at its head is the well-known
engineer, Sr. Alfredo Ramos Montero.

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PROMINENT IN PAN
AMERICAN AFFAIRS /.

THE COUNTRIES of Pan America have experienced much
sorrow in the last few months through the demise of a
number of prominent men who had rendered distinguished
services to their respective countries both at home and
abroad. In the list of the lamented ones appear those whose activities
have extended through many countries of Latin America so that the
bereavement is keenly felt not alone in their native land but through-
out Pan America.

The sad loss, moreover, was not confined to any one country or to
any one class of men, but official, diplomatic, and literary circles
alike have been deprived of able leaders. Mexico mourned the death
of its one time Vice President, Sr. Ramon Corral; also of one of its
noted diplomats and writers, Sr. Justo Sierra. In Colombia, Sr.
Enrique Cortés, diplomat and financier, was called to rest. The
Argentine Republic was cast into great gloom when the governor of the
Province of Buenos Aires, Gen. José Inocencio Arias, passed away.
The United States and also Peru sadly felt the death of Richard
Renshaw Neill, who for nearly a quarter of a century was the Secre-
tary of the United States Legation at Lima. Pan America and the
world at large voiced their lamentations at the death of Albert K.
Smiley, the great advocate of peace and arbitration, and founder of
the now famous Lake Mohonk International Arbitration Conferences.
It is, however, a pleasure to record at the same time tlie activities of
a group of Americans who are exerting their good offices for the pro-
motion of commerce and comity between the American Republics,
and thus cementing still firmer the existing ties of peace and friend-
ship throughout Pan America. Peru contributes an active worker
in Sr. Don Eugenio Larrabure y Unanue, formerly Vice President of
the Republic, who has done much to promote friendly intercourse
with other nations of America. In Brazil, Dr. Fernando Mendes de
Almeida, through the medium of two representative periodicals of
which he is editor in chief, is doing a splendid work in tliis direction.
Sr. Francisco Escobar, the able consul general of Colombia in New
York, is serving the cause by promoting the commercial intercourse
between his country and the United States; Sr. Don Garcia de
Paredes, now secretary of the civil division of the supreme court of
justice of Panama, while consul general in New York became gen-
erally known in Pan American circles; Sr. David Montt, of Chile, has
shown himself an ardent advocate of closer relations between the
66

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PROMINENT IN PAN AMERICAN AFFAIRS.

American Republics in a public address at a recent celebration;
Stuart J. Fuller and Graham H. Kemper, of the United States Con-
sular Service, detailed at Latin-American ports, are ably assisting
in bringing about closer associations through a greater exchange of
trade between the countries; and the appointment by Panama of
Walter Scott Penfield, of Washington, District of Columbia, as
counselor of the legation of Panama is another expression of the Pan
American spirit.

Sincere regret of a genuine nature was everywhere voiced when the
sad news of the death of Sr. Ramon Corral, one time Vice President
of Mexico, was announced
on November 10,1912. Sr .
Corral had served his coun-
try for a long period of
years and had shown such
a devotion to duty and
executive ability of so high
an order that he was re-
garded as one of the great-
est statesmen of Mexico.
In his highest positions he
exerted a powerful influ-
ence to develop a strong
feeling of confraternity be-
tween his own country and
the other nations of Amer-
ica. This brought his name
prominently before the
leaders of Pan American
thought, and the loss of
his energetic efforts in the
promotion of commerce
and comity between the
American Republics will be
strongly felt.

Sr. Corral was born on January 10, 1854, on the hacienda of Las
Mercedes, near the city of Alamos, where his father was manager.
As a boy Don Ramon showed great tenacity, ability for hard work,
and business acumen which soon brought him to the fore. He
became editor and publisher of two journals, and correspondingly
active in the political arena of the State of Sonora, where he was
appointed general secretary to the government of that State.

Soon after Sr. Corral was elected deputy to the National Congress
he made a strong impression on his colleagues by a brilliant fight in
connection with an agrarian bill affecting his State. This brought
him into national prominence and resulted in his election as governor

SR. DON RAMON CORRAL

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THE PAX AMERICAN UNION.

of Sonora for the period from 1S87 to J 891, and reelection in 1895.
Several years later he traveled in Europe, and on his return he was
made governor of the Federal District, an exalted and most respon-
sible post. His strict adherence to principle, his sincere, frank, cor-
dial, and gentlemanly nature became so generally recognized that he
was appointed minister of the interior hi the cabinet of 1903. The
following 3'ear witnessed his further rise in public life — his election
to the office of Vice President of the Republic. This last post he
held until May, 1911, when he tendered his resignation.

Few men in recent years have acquired so firm a hold on the
affections and admiration of their fellow countrymen as to bring

forth such eloquent tributes and
fervid eulogies as has the death of
the late Sr. Don Justo Sierra,
envoy extraordinary and minister
plenipotentiary of Mexico at
Madrid, Spain. One of the most
cultured men of America, a writer
and poet of skill and beauty, a
philosopher of deep intellect, a
diplomat and statesman of note,
his demise was, indeed, a sharp
blow to the Republic of Mexico
and to the world at large.

Sr. Sierra was a man of excep-
tional talents and many mterest«.
As statesman occupying the posi-
tion of secretary of mstruction he
directed the educational forces of
his country in a manner that bore
excellent fruit many years after
he had left that post. His adminis-
trative policies and pedagogic
theories were the result of long
years of careful thought and practical investigation. Clothed in the
somber toga of the judge, he was no less renowned for his lofty sense
of justice and sympathetic interpretation of the rigors of the law.
As a diplomat he won a high place of respect in the circles where he
was accustomed to mingle.

Born in the city of Campeche Januarj' 26, 1848, he received a legal
education at the College of San Ildefonso. His first public appoint-
ment was that of secretary^ of the supreme court of justice, which
position he held from 1872 until 1881, when he resigned to enter the
National Congress, of which he had been elected a member. During

SR. DON JUSTO SIERRA

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PROMINENT IN PAN AMERICAN AFFAIRS.

^^ service in this body Señor Sierra acquired great distinction as
*'^ Orator and man of letters. He contributed freely and frequently
.^Hrious periodicals, including in his offerings poetry, fiction, his-

torjV

and pedagogic treatises, etc.

iiivc\ '^^"gh actively engaged in the public service in one dapacity or
, . ^ W for nearly 40 years, he nevertheless found tinie to devote to

"^^^ literary penchant. He is the author of a number of novels, a series

0Î delightful stories on travel, essays on sociological topics, as well as

several histories of Mexico.
His works on history are
regarded as authoritative.

In 1905 he was appointed
ininister of public instruc-
tion in the cabinet of Presi-
dent Diaz, and several years

lat<?r was honored with the

position of minister to Spain,

which post he occupied up

íOéíiíe^timc of his demise.*

^G Pan American Union

records with keen sorrow the

demise of a former member

of its [Governing Board, Se-
ñor Don Enrique Cortés,

ex-minxster of Colombia, on

thellth of December, 1912.

Señor Cortés represented

hotK the highest culturo and

the best business quality of

his Country, and acquired

great prominence not only

^ Bogota but also in Lon-

d^^n as a successful financier.
"^ Was the founder and for many years director of a large banking
organization in London which conducted an extensive international
business. Sefior Cortés is well remembered here for the excellent im-
prftssion he made during his residence in 1907 as minister to the United
Stat^. He was appointed for the special purpose of conducting
negotiations for a new treaty, and his wide and practical experience
made him a conspicuous figure in diplomatic and official circles. His
death is deeply felt by his many friends and former associates.

When death carried away the late Gen. José Inocencio Arias,
governor of the Province of Buenos Aires, on September 11,1912, there
wss deep mourning throughout the entire Republic of Argentina.

SR. DON ENRIQUE CORTÉS.

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THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.

Gov. Arias was one of those noblo patriots whose every act was
marked by some evidence of altruism, by some expression of concern
for the public weal. Although his career in the earlier years of his
life was mainly military, it was his noteworthy achievements and
brilliancy in this field that placed him in the foreranks of leaders and
later won for him positions of trust in the public service of his country.
Perhaps there is no better characterization of the loss and sorrow
which his demise has caused than the statement in one of the
leading periodicals of Buenos Aires, which said:

With the death of Gen. Arias the country lost a true son, the Province a sincere
governor and a courageous defender of its laws, society a most distinguished mem-
ber and example of modesty, his
friends a generous brother and
a perfect gentleman.

Gon. Arias was born in
Buenos Aires on December
28, 1846. After a brilliant
course of studies in Monte-
video ho returned to Argen-
tina and joined the Legion
de Voluntarios, where he
soon rose in rank by intelli-
gence and bravery . His ad-
vancement in the arni}^ was
rapid , and at the age of 28 he
was promoted to the rank
of colonel on the field of La
Verde, where he had distin-
guished himself in action.

Withdrawing from mili-
tary life, he was chosen sen-
ator from the Province of
Buenos Aires in 1880. In
1888 he was honored with
the election as national
deputy. About the same time ho was made chairman of the national
committee which proclaimed the candidacy of Dr. Roque Saenz Peña
for the Presidency of the Republic. His next rise in public life came
in his election to the office of vice governor of the Province of Buenos
Aires, followed several years later by his election to the position of
governor of the Province. Contemporaneous with his election to this
office the military rank of general was bestowed upon him.

In respect to the memory of the late governor the national flag
was flo^^na at half-mast for 10 days on all the state buildings in the
city of La Plata while the body laj^ in state in the Government palace
at that city.

aKN. JOSÉ INOCENCIO ARIAS

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PROMINENT IN PAN AMERICAN AFFAIRS.

On October 5, 1912, Richard Renshaw Xeill, an interesting
figure in the diplomatic history of the United States, died at his home
in Wayne, Pennsylvania. For nearly a quarter of a century Mr. Neill
had served in the diplomatic corps of his country and had the unique
distinction of being accredited to one post for a greater length of time
than perhaps any other diplomat in the service. Mr. Neill was the
secretary of the United States legation at Lima, Peru, for 25 years,
and during this time he frequently acted as chargé d'affaires of the
United States in the absence of the minister.

Mr. Neill was born in Philadelphia October 20, 1845, and received
a thorough academic education. His first experience in Latin Amer-
ica came in 1868, when, as
a young naval lieutenant,
he landed in the midst of
the tumidt and turmoil of
the early struggles of South
America to protect the
United States legation and
to assist in the reestablish-
ment of peace and order.
He so ingratiated himself
with the people of those
countries thaf he was re-
garded as their friend, and
when the announcement
came years later that Mr.
Neill had been appomted
to a diplomatic post in Peru
his coming was awaited
with much pleasure and
satisfaction.

In 1909, when Mr. Neill
retired from the service, he
was tendered a brilliant farewell banquet, at which many of the
most prominent men in Lima participated, besides the diplomatic
repr^entatives of all the great powers of Europe and South America.
It was a fitting honor to a man who had spent 25 years of his life in
one country and had formed imperishable ties of loyal friendships.
When the parting came it was as if a native son of Peru was leaving
his own country perhaps never to return again. His death, therefore,
has caused much sorrow in the United States, his native country; in
Peru, where he had lived for so many years; and in the other South
American Republics, where his name was familiar by reason of his
broad social intercourse and his wide circle of friends.

RICHARD RENSHAW NEILL

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THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.

Albert K. Smiley, kno>\Ti to all advocates of world peace and
international arbitration, died at his winter home in southern Cali-
fornia on December 1, 1912, in the eighty-fifth year of his age. His
death brings to a close a life of rare usefulness, characterized by
unique achievements. His death is particularly mourned by the
countries of Latin America, for whom Mr. Smiley always had a fond
admiration. Many, indeed, are the prominent statesmen and diplo-
mats of Pan America who have particijmted in the deliberations of

the famous Lake Mohonk
International Arbitration
Conferences and have en-
j oyed his genial hospitality.
The origin and develop-
ment of these notable peace
gather mgs form an inter-
esting chapter in his life.
The great influence which
they exert in promoting the
cause of peace and arbitra-
tion in all lands is a real
reflection of the character
of this man, who combined
in a remarkable degree the
spirit of peace and good
will and the spirit of devo-
tion to high ideals with
great catholicity.

Born in Vassalboro,
Maine, March 17, 1828, Mr.
Smiley attended the public
schools and later Haver-
ford College, Pennsylvania,
from which he graduated in
1849. Since then he was
the recipient of several
honorary degrees, includ-
ing that of LL. D. from his own alma mater. At first Mr. Smiley
taught school and later established several academies of ñis own which,
under his strong and manly influence, grew to national prominence.
In 1869 he acquired the Lake Mohonk property, whera, each
spring since 1894, he invited several hundred prominent persons as
his personal guests to discuss international peace and arbitration.
While a sturdy advocate of peace, he nevertheless possessed such a
breadth of vision that to these meetings he would invite representa-
tives of both the Army and the Navy to present their vievrs, always

ALBERT K. SMILEY

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PBOMINENT IN PAN AMERICAN AFFAIRS. 73

as advocates of peace, if possible. So important have these con-
ferences grown that to-day they are looked upon as one of the most
powerful agents in the world for molding a sentiment in favor of
peace and arbitration. Under the auspices of this institution, for
its 18 years of continual existence have virtually rendered it a per-
manent institution in the peace movement, there have assembled the
most distinguished men and women of the world, representing all
creeds and all nations. Throughout the deliberations a most tolerant,
sympathetic, and liberal atmosphere prevailed, and beneath it all
was the noble influence of Mr. Smiley, who had founded these meetings
and who had watched them grow in size, in importance, and in power.
Though the loss of his per-
sonality will be keenly felt
in the future workings of
this splendid institution,
still the fruition of his ef-
forts will live on forever, a
silent tribute to the man
with a mission.

In the splendid array of
noted diplomats, states-
men, and men of literary
tiilents who have contribu-
ted to the fame and glory
of Peru, Sr. Don Eugenio
Larrabure y Unánue oc-
cupies a position of pecul-
iar prominence. Sr. Lar-
rabure is the grandson of
the well-known scientist sr. don EUCrENio larrabure y unánue,

Hipólito Unánue, who, it Noted statesman and schoUvr oí Pem.

is claimed, was the first

South American to be honored with membership in the American

Academy of Science of Philadelphia, about 100 years ago.

Educated at home and abroad, Sr. Larrabure was attracted to tlic
political arena in 1871 and founded a paper called La Republica
through which he vigorously directed the movements of his party in
various campaigns. Several years later he was called upon to serve
as editor in chief of the official paper of the Republic, El Peruano,
after which he was appointed chief of the diplomatic section of the
foreign office. The experience acquired in this capacity gave him a
deep insight into international affairs, thus equipping h'un for his
next post of importance, that of subsecrctary of foreign affairs. His
ofiicial capacity brought him into close touch with many of the sister
nations of South America, and it^was not long before he advocated

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74 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.

closer intercourse between all the Republics of America. This
naturally made him the ideal man for the position of secretary of
foreign affairs, to which he was promoted.

Sr. Larrabure served in this portfolio during the term of Gen. Igle-
sias, and also in 1892, during the incumbency of President Morales
Bermúdez. Resigning office the following year, he devoted himself to
extensive agricultural interests and at the same time pursued his
literary inclinations. His services as a public official were again
demanded, however, and in 1901 he assumed charge of the portfolio

of public works and im-
provements. In this
branch of the public ad-
ministration he rendered
valuable service.

As a man of letters Sr.
Larrabure was instrumental
in the organization of the
Lima Atheneum, a literary
society numbering among
its members the foremost
writers and savants of Peru.
The Spanish Historical
Academy and the Royal
Spanish Language Acad-
emy made him their corre-
sponding member in 1880,
ho being the first Peruvian
to receive this marked dis-
tinction. Sr. Larrabure also
served as first vice president
of the Republic during the
past i)residential term.
Dr. Fernando Mendes

DR. FERNANDO MENDKS DE ALMEIDA, DEALMEIDAisonCof BrazU^S

Prominent jouriiaiLst of Brazil. ™^8t rcspectcd and ad-

mired citizens. Prominent
in political and newspaper circles, he has won the esteem and affection
of all with whom he came in contact. I^ike his brother, Count Can-
dido Mendes de Almeida, he is a true Pan American and uses to
happy advantage the facilities which his position affords him to
advocate a closer union between the united States and Brazil.

Dr. Fernando de Almeida holds the position of Federal senator from
the State of Maranhão and wields a commanding influence in that
dignified body. As editor in chief of the Jornal do Brasil and of the

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PROMINENT IN PAN AMERICAN AFFAIRS. 75

Revista da Semana, he has so raised the standard of these publica-
tions that they are to-day worthy exponents of the press of South
America. The doctor is also a student and scholar of high attain-
ments. In matters of social and juridical science he ranks as an
eminent authority in learned circles.

His brother, Count Candido Mendes de Almeida, it will be recalled,
recently visited the United States as delegate to the International
Congress of Cliambers of Commerce, and other important gatherings,
where he made a most favorable impression by his genial personality,
ready wit, and high ideals. It is sincerely hoped that this country
may soon be honored with
a visit from his brother,
Dr. Fernando de Almeida.

Sr. Francisco Escobae
is tlie able and energetic
consul general of the Re-
public of Colombia in New
York City. Highly cul-
tured, splendidly endowed
with a liberal education,
and possessing a genial and
attractive personality, he
is exerting a noteworthy
influence in his efforts to
bind stronger the ties of
commerce and comity be-
tween the United States
and his country.

Sr. Escobar received his
professional education in
the United States, where he
acquired a liost of friends
and acquaintances. I^ater
he returned to Colombia sr. pon francisco escobau.

Consul General of Colombia in New \ ork City.

to serve his country m

official capacity, and then again chose United States as home and
headquarters for his commercial activities. This frequent travel back
and forth has equipped Sr. Escobar with a thorough practical knowl-
edge of tlie social and economic conditions, both of his own country
and that of the United States, and has rendered him eminently quali-
fied for the important position he now occupies.

Sr. Escobar was bom at Manizales, Colombia, in 1865, and attended
school at Medellin. At the age of 19 he came to New York and after
a year of preparatory work entered Columbia University. In 1889
he was graduated with the degree of mining engineer and made a

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76 THE PAX AMERICAN UNION.

tour of study and iuvostij^ation through the leading mining centers
of the country. He then returned to (*olombia and became engineer
of the Antioquia Railroad, but resigned the position shortly aft<*r-
wards to engage independently in the practice of his profession. His
unusual success in practice brought him the honor of an offer to become
assistant director of the mining school at Medellin. He accepted this
call, and during the years that ho taught at the school a high standard
of scholarship obtained.

In the interim Sr. Escobar made another trip to the United States,
and married an American young lady, one of Cleveland's social

belles, and then returned to
resume teaching at Medellin .
Once more he left Colombia,
coming to New York to
engage in business. He
organized and directed sev-
eral commercial enterprises
and was establishing a suc-
cessful export trade with
his country when he was
proffered the position of
consul general at New York
City, which he accepted.
The multiplicity of the
duties in this new position
engaged so much of his
time that he was obliged
to give up all his private
interests in the businesses
he started.

su. DON GARCIA 1)K FAKKDKS, With thc clcctioU of Sr.

Secretary of the Civil Division oí thc Supreme Court of DoN GaRCIA DE PaREDES
Panama. , r xi • 'i j •

as secretary of the civu di-
vision of thc supreme court of justice of Panama, a new and worthy
honor has been bestowed upon one who has become prominently iden-
tified with the movement of promoting commerce and comity between
the American Republics. Sr. Paredes has held various positions of
importance, both official and commercial, in his own country as well
as in thc United States, and has developed a deep feeling of appre-
ciation of the benefits derived from a growing exchange of trade
between nations. Toward thc accomplishment of this end he ex-
erted his best offices while he was consul general of Panama in
New York.

Sr. Paredes was born on July 24, 1863, at Panama City. He pur-
sued his studios at the Jesuit College. At an early age he entered

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PROMINENT IN PAN AMERICAN AFFAIRS. 77

the service of the Pacific Steam Navigation Co., where he obtained
practical training in the branches of commerce and displayed such
aptitude in his work that he was advanced to the position of agent
at the port of Buenaventura, the most important port of Colombia
and of the Pacific coast of South America. Terminating his con-
nection with this company, Sr. Paredes next joined the staff of the
Panama Raibroad Co., and soon after his aflSliation with this com-
pany became assistant cashier in the treasury department, a most
responsible and trustworthy position. His association with this
company was curtailed by his election to an important position with
the Federal tribunal of accounts (Tribunal de Cuentas). The elec-
tion was made by the National Assembly in 1908, and the next year
that same distinguished body advanced him to the position of presi-
dent of this tribunal. Here he remained until 1910, when he resigned
to accept the position of Consul General at New York, with juris-
diction over a lai^e group of Northern and Eastern States. While
the incumbent of this important post Sr. Paredes was elected secre-
tary of the civil division of the supreme court, to assume which posi-
tion he recently sailed from New York.

Sr. Paredes is a member of a number of clubs and scientific organi-
zations, among which are the National Geographic Society, of Wash-
ington, and the Society of International History, of Paris, which pre-
sented him with a diploma and gold medal.

It must be a source of much satisfaction to friends of Pan America
to learn of the frequent occasions when fitting expression is given to
this cause. While in the United States the subject of closer acquaint-
ance with the Latin American Repubhcs is constantly being dis-
cussed by the leading men of affairs,, it is gratifying to note that a
corresponding reciprocal sentiment is being voiced in the various
countries to the south.

A conspicuous example of such friendly utterance occurred at
Santiago, Chile, on July 4, 1912, at the celebration of the one hun-
dredth anniversary of the adoption of the national flag of that Re-
pubUc. The exercises were arranged on an elaborate scale and were
carried off with the spirited enthusiasm and characteristic precision
of the sister American nations.

The main feature of the program was heLi outdoors, in the spacious
Plaza de Armas, where stands the imposing monument to Portales,
the great Chilean hero. Here assembled a large gathering of pa-
triotic citizens to commemorate a notable event in ¡the history of
Chile, the adoption of an independent national emblem. The occa-
sion was graced by the presence of His Excellency the President of
the Republic, members of his cabinet, and other high Government
and diplomatic ofSicials.
72890— Bull. 1—13 6

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78 THE PAN AMEBICAN UNION.

The principal address was delivered by Sr. Don David Montt, a
prominent son of Chile, whose name is closely identified with the
various movements of his country to promote the commerce, comity,
and confraternity of the American nations. He is a member of tlie
distinguished Montt family, which has helped make intensely inter-
esting tlie history of Cliilc.

The speaker delivered an eloquent address^conveying the ideals
of his nation in the interests of peace and harmony between the
countries of tlie world, saying:

Instead of contemplating the formidable spectacle of one half the world in arms

against the other half, we shall see
in the future the "United States
of tlie World," a single Congress,
one only, opening everywhere
schools, founding colonies, protect-
ing and instructing the masses,
making life cheaper and generaliz-
ing ita commodities, protecting
really and effectively whatever
humble creature in order that he
may raise himself to the highest "
positions which his virtues and in-
telligence entitle him to aspire to;
we shall see all men traveling
openly, freely, among all the na-
tions of the earth and meeting
everywhere equality, liberty,
brotherly love.

lie tlien spoke of the
struggles of the United
States of Americafor liberty,
and pointed out how the
history of his own country
closely resembled it, con-
cluding: witli a splendid trib-

SR. DON DAVID MONTT ^ , . ^^. , ,

utc to their national hero,

Ardentadvocateof closer Pan American relations. ^ , ^ r- i /-«• i

José Miguel Carrera who
' ' raised the first national flag/' Outlining the events leading up to tlie
recognition of Chile as an independent nation, Sr. Montt contmued:

Now that through the examples of Washington and Lincoln we have succeeded in
becoming a nation of people, educated, fraternal, and also powerful, let us honor,
fellow-citizens, the illustrious leader and martyr who willed us this flag; this to-day
is the desire of our people. And as we have at this time reconstituted the mag-
nificent and historical scene of the journey of 1812, let us recall, reecho also, the his-
torical and enthusiastic clamor, "Vivan los Estados Unidos de America! Viva el
Gen. Carrera! Viva! Viva! Viva! mil veces viva la Bandera de Chile!'* (Long
live the United States of America; long live Gen. Carrera; one thousand times again
long live the flag of Chile.)

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PROMINENT IN PAN AMERICAN AFFAIRS. 79

The Consular Service of the United States has succeeded^in develop-
ing a splendid array of officials who are doing a wonderful work in
bringing closer together through commercial intercourse their own
country and the nations to which they are accredited. Years of service
in foreign lands afford these men an unusual opportunity to study
closely and intimately the peoples, their customs, and institutions,
and serve to bring about a broadness of mind and a sympathetic
temperament which become potent factors in further cementing the
ties of commerce and comity between nations. In this connection
Latin America is especially fortunate. With 20 Republics naturally
grouping themselves as part of the Pan American Union, the charge
of residence from one Latin-
American post to another
necessarily widens the field
for promoting better under-
standing through more fre-
quent intercourse and
through the common ties of
interest and association thus
produced.

From this class of officials
the Bulletin is pleased to
include in this column the
portraits of Stuart Jamieson
Fuller, Esq., the consul at
Iquitos, Peru, and Graham
Hawes Kemper, Esq., the
consul at Cartagena, Colom-
bia.

Mr. Fuller entered the
United States Consular Ser-
vice on April 20, 1906, as
vice and deputy consul gen-
eral at Honkong, China. stuart j. fuller, esq.,

Two years later, after due united states consul at IquUos, Pem.

competitive examination on November 10, 1908, he won an appoint-
ment as consul at Goteborg, Sweden. He occupied this post from
July 29, 1909, until he was detailed as vice consul in charge of the
consulate at Naples — a much larger and more responsible office. Here
he was stationed from October 12, 1910, to January 10, 1911. On
April 11, 1912, he was appointed consul at Iquitos, Peru, of which
consulate he is now in charge.

Mr. Fuller is a native of Keokuk, Iowa, where he was bom on
May 4, 1880. He is a graduate of the University of Wisconsin, and
before entering the consular service he engaged in railway and export
business for several years.

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80 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.

In charge of the consulate at Cartagena, Colombia, is Graham
Hawes Kemper, Esq. Mr. Kemper was bom in Bethany, West
Virginia, April 15, 1877. After a common-school education he
entered Transylvania University, from which he graduated with the
degree of B. S. The following year he obtained a master's degree at
Kentucky State University. Coming to Washington, Mr. Kemper
pursued special courses both at George Washington and at George-
town Universities. He then taught school here and in the Phihp-
pinc Islands, and from 1909 to 191 1 he was connected with the United
States Civil Service Commission. While still with this department

^^___ Mr. Kemper successfully

passed a competitive consu-
lar examination and was
appointed to his present
post at Cartagena on Au-
gust 19, 1911.

The recent appointment
by the President of Panama
of Walter Scott Fen-
field, prominent interna-
tional lawyer of Washing-
ton, District of Columbia,
to the position of counselor
of the legation of Panama,
furnishes a notable exam-
ple of how the countries of
the Pan American Union
are striving to promote bet-
ter understanding. The in-
terchange of such represen-
tative men in posts of im-
. GRAHAM H. KEMPER, Esq., portancc givcs to the spirit

United states Consul at Cartagena. Colombia. «f Pan Americanism a gen-

uine expression of sincerity
wliich must advance the cause. Contemporaneous with this appoint-
ment came the announcement that Mr. Penfield had also been selected
by Panama to represent her as attorney in the settlement of the
boundary question with Costa Rica which will be submitted for
decision to Chief Justice White, of the United States Supreme Court,
who will act as arbitrator.

Mr. Penfield has for many years been identified with interests in
Latin America. In 1902 he was appointed United States secretary
of The Hague court in the arbitration of the Pious fund case between
Mexico and the United States. The following year, in the arbitration
of the Venezuelan preferential treatment case, in which many of

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PBOMINENT IN PAN AMEBIC AN AFFAIRS. 81

the countries of Europe participated; he was honored with the
appointment of secretary of the Venezuelan delegation as well as of
the United States delegation.

Bom in Auburn, Indiana, February 13, 1879, Mr. Penfield prepared
for coUege at the Howe Military School. At the age of 17 he entered
the literary department of the University of Michigan, from which he
graduated in 1900 with the degree of B. A. He then entered the law
school of George Washing-
ton University, at Wash-
ington, District of Colum-
bia. While at the law school
he was employed in the legal
division of the Department
of State, where his father,
the late Judge William L.
Penfield, held the position
of solicitor of the depart-
ment.

On completion of his
legal course in 1903, Mr.
Penfield commenced to
practice in his native city
in Indiana. His abuity
won for him a conspicuous
place and he was elected
city, and later county, at-
torney. Desiring to ex-
pand his activities over a
wider field, however, he
came to Washington to join
his father in the practice
of international law, and
with his previous exper- Walter bcott penfield, esq.,

lence in Latin America sue- Counselor of the Legation of Panama at Washington.

ceeded in establishing a

large practice, especially in matters pertaining to Latin America.
Mr. Penfield is a member of the American Society of International
Law, the American Society for the Judicial Settlement of International
Disputes, the Pan American Society of the United States, the Mexico
Society of New York, and was professor of international law in the
postgraduate school of the Washington College of Law.

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PAN AMERICAN NOTES

THE now year has started off most auspiciously for Latin
America. Everywhere there is ample evidence of material
progress and development, and the desire for closer asso-
ciations and better understanding seems to be the inspiring
thought in all the countries of Pan America. During the past
year Pan Americanism in its highest ideals was cherished and fos-
tered by all the countries embraced in the Pan American Union,
and the sentiments have on frequent occasions crystallized into
concrete forms of expression. Friendly exchange of visits by im-
portant representative officials, substantial gifts in the form of
monuments, homes for legations, and various other ways have been
used by the countries to manifest their willingness to get closer
together with their neighbors and to lay aside, in generous fashion,
differences of the past. The most notable instance, perhaps, of
two countries renewing old ties of commerce and comity is the
satisfactory agreement reached by Chile and Peru by which the
Tacna and Arica question is to be adjusted, and a treaty of contuerce
and navigation to be entered into by these two great nations. Pre-
liminary negotiations have been underway for some tune and before
long it is believed that those bonds of kinship which have so
persistently asserted themselves in the sister countries of South
America will be further intensified by the treaty and this adjustment.
Another factor entering into this movement to promote the
rapprochement is the Peruvian Steamship Co., which now has its
vessels call at Chilean ports. The exchange of calls by steamships
to each other's ports can not but help produce an increased com-
mercial relationship in addition to developing a widespread feeling
of concord and harmony. The first vessel of the Peruvian Steamship
Co. to dock at a Chilean port since this arrangement was announced
was the PacMtea, which landed at Valparaiso the latter part of
November, and was received with great éclat and enthusiasm by the
press and public of that city.

NEW YEAR\s greetings FROM ANDREW CARNEGIE.

The great work which Mr. Carnegie is doing in the interests of peace
is constantly winning for him more glory and is fixing his position as
a leader in this movement more firmly and securely. The ardent
desire of this great philanthropist to see an era of peace and friendship
reign over the entire civilized world has been the inspiring motive for
the many noble contributions and endowments which he has estab-
82

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PAN AMERICAN NOTES. 88

lished to promote this worthy cause. In various writings and utter-
ances Mr. Carnegie has always embodied these lofty sentiments, and
the many significant thoughts to which he has given expression have
been the basis for profound discussion and consideration among lead-
ing statesmen of the world. As a New Year's greeting for 1913, Mr.
Carnegie issued a little pamphlet, entitled *'The World's Unsolved
Enigma," which was forwarded to the various embassies and lega-
tions at Washington, and, through them, transmitted to the chief
executive and minister of foreign affairs of the respective nations.
The Bulletin has much pleasure in quoting from this memorable
little document which has brought forth considerable complimentary
conunent for its authpr and high words of praise for the genuine ring
of sincerity wbich characterizes the sentiments :

The World*8 Unsolved Enigma.

Every ruler of men, whether emperor, czar, king, president, prime minister, or
secretary of state, knows that the greatest blessing of all for his coimtry and the world
at laiïçe is international peace. All therefore earnestly desire this, and that anyone
in authority desires war becomes unthinkable. This being undoubtedly true our
enigma is — why does not the world enjoy the peace which those in authority so earn-
estly desire and unitedly can so easily acquire?

Here is the answer: WTiile each and every ruler tells us truly that he longs for
peace, they mistrust each other because they do not know each other well. They
reside apart, receiving false impressions from intermediaries and military, naval and
other officials, who see the shadow of the demon war in every movement; having
probably been men of war themselves in their youth they judge international ques-
tions &x)m the standpoint of this profession. Even ambassadors to the various courts
having generally spent most of their youth surrounded by military and naval officials,
inhale the atmosphere of international rivalry and suspicion, and hence are liable to
doubt or misconstrue the views and peaceful ambitions of other nations.

How, then, is this obstacle to be removed and rulers brought to the realization of
the truth that all rulers of men are sincere in their desire for the banishment of war
among civilized nations and for the settlement through peaceful means of any dis-
putes that may arise between them?

The answer is obvious. Let the rulers meet often, as friends desirous of drawing
their people closer together, secretaries of state especially paying reciprocal visits.
Arrange frequent meetings at the different capitals of each small group of officials
concerned in this problem, discard distrust and learn to trust each other, and the chief
nations will soon begin to act in unison, drawing the others with them into inter-
national peace. * * *

BOSTON CHAMBER OF COMMERCE TOUR TO SOUTH AMERICA.

The Boston Chamber of Commerce is to be congratulated on the
South American tour which it is planning to start on April 25, 1913,
to be gone for a period of several months. This trip Is mainly a
business one, to afford the members of this progressive commercial
organization an opportunity to study, first hand, the markets of
South America and the methods for increasing the commercial rela-

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84 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.

tionship between New England and the southern countries. Three
months will be consumed in the journey, and the itinerary will include
a trip to the Isthmus, where the party will inspect the canal; then a
steamer will carry the business men down the west coast, with stops
at the more important ports and cities of Colombia, Peru, and Bolivia,
until Santiago, Chile, is reached. From there the Trans- Andine Rail-
way will conduct the party over to Buenos Aires. After a six-day stay
at this point, during which excursions will be made into the more distant
Provinces of Argentina, the party will sail by boat for Montevideo,
and will then proceed to the various Brazilian cities, planning to reach
Rio de Janeiro about June 29. Five days later a return steamer to
New York, with calls at Port of Spain, Trinidad, and Barbados, will
bring this visit to an end. Through the diplomatic representatives of
these countries in Washington, the Boston Chamber of Commerce has
received gratifying assurances that every courtesy will be extended to
the visitors, while in many cases official recognition of their coming will
be taken, and a great many facilities for their convenience, comfort,
and pleasure placed at their disposal. The results of this trip will
be of great value and profit to those making it, while the splendid
opportunity for becoming better acquainted with the representative
men of the countries visited will do much to increase the friendship
with the Latin American Republics.

FIFTH CENTRAL AMERICAN CONFERENCE.

The Central American Conference held its fifth annual session at
San Jose, Costa Rica, from January 2-16, 1913. This marks the
last of the meetings as arranged for by the Central American Peace
Conference held at Washington in 1907. On the occasion of its
inaugural session the Pan American Union received the following
telegram from Sr. Don Faustino Viquez and Sr. Don Manuel Arroyo,
the president and secretary, respectively, of the conference:

In compliance with the terms of the treaty of Washington, there to-day assembled
at this capital the Fifth Central American Conference, assisted by his excellency,
Sr. Don Manuel Castro Quezada, and the following delegates: Sr. Don Faustino
Viquez, from Costa Rica; Sr. Dr. Rafael Meza, from El Salvador; Sr. Dr. Manuel Arroyo,
from Guatemala; Sr. Dr. Saturnino Medal, from Honduras; and Sr. Dr. Maximo H.
Zepeda, from Nicaragua.

At the closing session the conference sent a cablegram to the direc-
tor general, announcing the successful termination of this notable
gathering, to which the director general replied, expressing his con-
gratulations to the gathering on the occasion of their fifth meeting,
and conveying the sincere hopes that their deliberations might be
fruitful in bringing about a greater uniformity and solidary in their
economic, fiscal, and social intercourse.

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PAN AMERICAN NOTES. 85

INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS OF STUDENTS.

Aimouncement has recently beeu made that the Eighth Interna-
tional Congress of Students will be held from August 29 to Septem-
ber 13, 1913, under the auspices of the Cornell Cosmopolitan Club,
at Ithaca, New York, and an invitation has been extended to all the
student organizations of the world to partake in this great interna-
tional movement by sending delegates. The object of this gather-
ing is to bring together representatives from all the students of the
world in order that the spirit of international brotherhood and
humanity may be fostered among them as a result of the delibera-
tions of the congress, and that the students of the world may be
united into an all-embracing world organization. The student move-
ment, which has been gaining impetus throughout the world, is a
noble monument of the desire of the sturdy and vigorous young men,
the leaders of to-morrow, to know their brothers from all over the
world, and to develop a strong feeling of friendship and sympathy
which shall overcome all such artificial obstacles as race, language,
or religion. The huge success of the late International Congress of
American Students which was held at Lima, Peru, in the summer of
1912, at which there were students present from a great majority of
the American Republics, will doubtless encourage these countries to
again send representatives to this world-wide federation. A splendid
itinerary has been arranged and the delegates will be afforded ample
opportunity' to visit the central points of interest in the United
States. The committee on organization is now busily engaged work-
ing out the details of this important gathering, and under the direc-
tion of its energetic chairman, Mr. C. L. Locsin, this congress promises
to be perhaps the greatest and most far-reaching in its beneficial
effects of any similar convention yet held. Further information
regarding the congress will be furnished through the pages of the
Bulletin from) time to time, while those desiring specific data are
requested to communicate withj Mr. Locsin, Cosmopolitan Club,
Ithaca, New York.

The Pan American Union extends its felicitations to the editorial
staff of Fair Play, a weekly review published in New York, which
has just successfully completed its first year of existence and is
entering upon its second year with new plans for a larger periodical,
a broader scope, and a greatly extended influence. This publication
will continue to deal in an interestmg way with the most important
events in the various spheres of human activity with a special depart-

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86 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.

ment devoted exclusively to matters pertaining to commercial
relations of the United States with the Latin American Republics.
At the same lime it will deal with questions relating to Pan Ameri an-
ism from the standpoint that the extension of commercial intercourse
shall be accompanied by a corresponding growth of friendly feeling
and better understand'mg. Mr. Leopold Grahame, who has given
much attention to the political and economic questions of the Ameii-
can Rej>ublics, and has written extensively for magazines and news-
papers on the subject of Latin America, will be editor in chief of the
publication. Fair Play has our best wishes for a happy realization
of its ideals to develop commerce and comity among the American
nations through its interesting columns.

J. C. OAKENFULL'S W^ORK ON BRAZIL.

It is with much satisfaction and pleasure that the Pan American
Union is advised that Mr. J. C. Oakenfull is now preparing the fourth
annual edition of his Handbook on Brazil. These annual contribu-
tions on Brazil have won a distinct place in the literature of that
country^ and as each edition has seen the light of day a broader,
more comprehensive, and more attractive volume was noticed. There
is every reason to feel that the next edition which will be entitled
''Brazil in 1912," will yet surpass its worthy predecessors. Through
the courtesy of Mr. Oakenfull, a considerable number of these annual
booklets have been made available for distribution by this institution,
and the heavy demand for them from all quarters, as well as the
highly commendatory notices which they have received at the hands
of reviewers, are convincing evidences of the popularity and practica-
bility of them. ''Brazil in 1911," which this institution is still dis-
tributing, is thus far the largest and most ambitious effort of Mr.
Oakenfull along this line. Over 400 pages in volume, abundantly
illustrated, with a satisfactory index, it has well been considered a
most compact compilation of interest'mg matter. There is not an
imaginable feature of the country, its customs, its climate, its people,
industries, or society, as well as every natural feature, but is given
close and careful attention. In short, it is a valuable mine of prac-
tical information for the student, traveler, and business man.

REDUCED POSTAGE RATES IN SOUTH AMERICA.

With the inauguration of reduced postage rates between the South
American countries on January 1, 1913, as provided for in the action
of the First South American Continental Postal Congress, which

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PAN AMERICAN NOTES. 87

convened at Montevideo, Uruguay, from January 8 to Fe bruary 2
1911, a remarkable forward step has been taken to bring the countries
concerned into closer touch with each other. While this reduction
may not actually increase the volume of correspondence exchanged
between the countries, yet it must have a direct and beneficial effect
upon the amount of books, magazines, and periodicals circulating
through the southern continent. The importance of such a freer
interchange of thoughts and ideals through the medium of the press
to a group of neighboring countries can hardly be estimated. It
means that the activities and the progress of the various countries
as recorded in books and magazines will be freely transmitted through-
out the length and breadth of the South American continent and will
serve to develop those mutual bonds of interest which the noble
hero^ and historic traditions of South American independence have
created. The countries which sent delegates to the Congress were
Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Paraguay, Peru,
Uruguay, and Venezuela. The action of the conference was ad
referendum, and thus far 7 of the 10 countries have ratified the con-
vention affecting the change in postage rates. Brazil, Uruguay, and
Venezuela have yet to accept the measure. The nonacceptance,
however, will not affect the sending of mail matter to them from other
countries, but wul prevent their citizens from enjoying the same
privilege.

MEMBERS OF PAN AMERICAN UNION STAFF IN LATIN AMERICA.

Three members of the staff of the Pan American Union are now in

Latin America — Dr. Albert Hale, Mr. Charles E. Babcock, and Sr.

EmiUo M. Amores, the first two in South America, and the latter in

Cuba. By having the various members of its personnel travel and

study the countries embraced in the Pan American Union from time

to time, this institution becomes of especial value to the thousands of

correspondents and the hundreds of visitors who constantly call upon

it /or first-hand information concerning local conditions, minute mat-

^J^ of special inquiry, and questions of a general nature. Dr. Hale

^ho has now been away since August, 1912, is making an extensive

Wür through South America. He will visit practically each country

^'the Southern Zone and will submit special articles to the Bulletin

^Dibodjring the result of his study and observation. The October

^^ I^ecember issues of the Bulletin contained articles by Dr. Hale

^escril^^g the *'Port Work of Para,'' and the ^'Madeira-Mamore

^WiMray." In this issue appears his story entitled, "Developing the

™^a2;on Valley.'' Whue at Rio de Janeiro, Dr. Hale addressed the

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88 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.

Geographical Society of Brazil, of which he is a member, on the sub-
ject of the work and scope of the Pan American Union. In the course
of his remark he said:

I am a knight-errant of good will, with peace, fraternity, commerce, the arms of the
institution 1 represent, on my escutcheon, and they are for the United States of Brazil
as well as for the United States of America.

His address was enthusiasticfiJly received and extensively repro-
duced in the press of Brazil.

Mr. Charles E. Babcock, of the library staflf, sailed on December 28
for South America. Mr. Babcock will endeavor to get into personal
touch with the chiefs of the various official departments, statistical
bureaus, libraries, and publishers, and seek their cooperation in com-
pleting the files of the Columbus Memorial Library and in arranging
for the Pan American Union to receive the latest data and docu-
ments for use of its information bureau. In this way it is hoped to
maintain the reputation of its library as the most comprehensive and
practical in the United States on Latin America.

On January 8, 1913, Sr. Don Emilio M. Amores, the chief trans-
lator of the Pan American Union, left for Cuba, his native land, where
he will spend several weeks. During his stay on the island, Sr.
Amores plans to make the work and scope of this institution generally
known and will seek to increase the circulation of the Bulletin
throughout the RepubUc.

NEW ENGLISH NEWSPAPERS IN SOUTH AMEBIOA.

The appreciation of the importance of the Spanish language in the
United States has its gratifying counterpart in the increasing number
of newspapers which are being published in the English language in
South America. In Peru, the West Coast Leader, a weekly periodical
published by Mr. J. Vavasoeur Noel, of Lima, has completed its first
year of existence with every indication of a healthy and popular
growth. Its circulation has branched out in all directions, while the
quality of the sheet has constantly maintained a high standard.
To-day it has expanded from a 4-sheet newspaper to 16 pages, with
special correspondents contributing material from the centers of
the United States and Europe. The success of this periodical, as
well as that of the other English news sheets, has encouraged the
development of the English press, and recently two more publications
have seen the light of day. In Rio de Janeiro, Mr. Francis J. Tietsort
and Mr. George J. Smith have organized a newspaper known as the
Rio Daily Mail. It is published in English and makes a specialty of
North American news. Two European agencies are also maintained.
In Uruguay, under the direction of Mr. Osborne Crocker, a daily

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PAN AMEKICAN NOTES. 89

English newspaper is published called The Herald. Its headquarters
are in Montevideo and it promises to become quite popular in that
country.

STUDY OF SPANISH IN BALTIMORE.

Apropos of the growing interest in the study of the Spanish language
throughout the United States as manifested by the reports of colleges,
secondary schools, and private business institutions, an interesting
announcement has just been brought to the attention of the Bulx,e-
TiN. In the night-school classes of the City College of Baltimore,
Marylaad, instruction in Spanish was inaugurated at the beginning
of the present school year, and within the few months that this
branch of study has been taught the number of students enrolling
in the class has increased to the amazing total of 250. The signifi-
cance of such a large percentage of students entering upon the
two-year course to obtain a practical knowledge of the Spanish
language can not be overlooked. It is clear and unmistakable evi-
dence that there is an awakening realization of the importance of the
relations between the United States and the Latin Republics to the
south, an appreciation which augurs well for better understanding
and closer intercourse, both sociaJ and commercial, between all the
Americas.

STEAMSHIP SERVICE BETWEEN PENSACOLA AND PANAMA.

Mr. Leland J. Henderson, secretary of the Commercial Association
of Pensacola, Fla., has called our attention to the fact that in our
Panama Canal handbook no steamship line is shown from Pensacola
to the Canal and South America. This may be true because it was
impossible in the haste of preparation to bring out every steamship
and railway connection, although an Jionest effort was made to include
all those of general use. Mr. Henderson writes us that Pensacola is
coming rapidly forward as a port on the Gulf of Mexico and that it is
establishing steamship connections with the Canal and with Latin
America which will be of value to the commerce and trade of the
United States. We congratulate Pensacola on this fact and wish
for it a most prosperous future as a shipping point having to do with
our sister republics and the Canal.

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.SUBJECT mTTER DF CONSULAR REPORTS,

BBPOBTS RECEIVED TIP TO JANTTABT 16, 1913J

Title.

Date.

Author.

ARGENTINA. 1912.

Review of the "River Plata" Nov. 1 R. M. Bartleman, consul general, Bue

nos Aires.
Regulations of transportation of merchandise by rail- , Nov. 5 Do.

way and ferryboats.
Publication: "Contribution to the Study of Soils"... Nov. 8 Do.

Import and export statistics of Argentina Nov. 10 Do.

Automobiles in Argentina Nov. 19 Albert G. Ebert, vice consul general,

Buenos, Aires.

No market for concrete machinery Nov. 21 Robert T. Crane, consul, Rosario.

Motorcycles — duty Dec. 4 ' Do.

Pottery industry—no material suitable found in coun- Dec. 5 Do.

try.

No chicle produced do.... Do.

No tonka beans produced Doc. 6 Do.

Moldings for frames— good market in Buenos Aires— ...do Albert O. Ebert, vice consul general,

duty. Buenos Aires.

No market for heron aigrettes Dec. 7 Robert T. Crane, consul, Rosario.

CHILE. '

Stoves imported in 1911— duty Nov. 4 Alfred A. Winslow, consul, Valparaiso.

Valparaiso as shipping center do Do.

Rice imports for 1911— duty Nov. 5 Do.

Trade and industrial notes Nov. 23 Do.

Stock food tonics and veterinary remedies Nov. 29 Do.

Market for American goods in Oliilo do Do.

COLOMBIA.

Colombian notes. I*urchasoofstoel rails, cement and Doc. 5 I. A. Manning, consul, Barranqtiilla.

locomotivas for Antioquia Railway— New boats for

service on Magdalena River.

Market for paper bags— duty Dec. G Leland Harrison, chargé d'affaires, Bo-

. gota.
Raw materials exported— coffee, rubl)or, ivory, nuts, Dec. 18 Do.

and hides. I

Laws and regulations relating to advertising in Colom- . . .do Do.

bia.
No sporting goods magasine do Do.

DOMINICAN REPUBUC. !

No cottonseed oil mills in Republic ' Dpo. 5 (\ M. Hathaway, consul. Puerto Plata-
Value of importations, and duties, during first half of Dec. 6 Frank Bohr, vice consul general, Santo
1912. Domingo.

GUATEMALA.

Cycles of electric current furnished in Antigua and Nov. 14 Geo. A. Bucklin, consul general, Guafe-

quezaltenango. | mala City.

Market for kerosene lamps Nov. IS Do.

Art metal Nov. 19 Do.

Rubl)er goods, market for, duty Dec. 27 Do.

Stationery and druggists' sundries Dee. 2S Do.

HONDURAS.

Cigar and cigarette machinery Nov. 29 David J. D. Myers, consul, Puerto Cor-
tes.

MEXICO. I

Annual report for year ended Dec. 31 , 1911 Nov. 1 A.J. Le6pina.s8e. consul, Frontera.

Graph ito, production, exports and brokers Nov. 13 . Thomas W. liowman, vice consul,

I Nopalœ.

Automobiles : Nov. 18 ! Do.

Electric current in use in Tampico | Nov. 20 Thamos H. Bevan, vice consul. Tam-
pico.

Pinon Pontonsillo nut of Mexico do ... . Do.

Requirements for securing free entry of household Nov. 26 | H. M. Walcott, vice consul general,
effects, agricultural effects, etc., of colonbts. j Mexico City.

» Tliis does not represent a complete list of the reports made by the consular officers in Latin America
but merely those that are suppliea to the Pan American Union as likely to be of service to this institution.

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THE PAN AMEBICAN UNION.
Reports received up to January 15 y 19 IS — Continued.

Title.

Date.

Author.

Muaoo— continued .

Aroerican shipping through Tampico

Costoms laws and regulations of Mexico.
New oil refinery in Tampico

';Se«rf3 of Alligator Pears * '

New electric traction and light company

imports of sandpaper, emery paper, and emery
cloth, duties.

gutfes on liquid veneer, oil, and emery wheels

«otion-pjcture business

PARAGUAY.

Xo market for fly screens

PERU.

PeroTian exports, 1911, 1910, 1902

^ftawion of hours in port of Callao

í^Wbution of Peru's exports for 1911

URUGUAY.

Ijij^* -annual production and consumption— duties.

P« to be built over Tacuarembó Grande River at

Paso del Borracho,
«owcydes: Increase in trade— duty

VENEZUELA.

Tariff classifications: Liquid veneer — lubricating
I«î;^^|ery ;çrlnders.
«SlS"*^""^ ünportation and exportation oí

1912.
Dec. 5 Thomas H. Bevan, vice consul, Tam-

I pico.
Dec. 6 I H. M. Walcott, vice consul general,

Mexico City.
Dec. 9 Thomas H. Bevan, vice consul, Tam-

' pico.
Dec. 11 Marion Letcher, consul, Chihuahua.
Dec. 12 Thomas H. Bevan, vice consul, Tam-
pico.
Dec. 17 Arnold Shanklin, consul general, Mex-
ico City.
Dec. 18 I A. J. Lespinasse, consul. Frontera.
Doc. 30 Wilbert L. Bonney, consul, San Luis
' PotosL

Nov. 29 Cornelius Ferris, jr., consul, Asuncion.

Nov. 9

Nov. 23
Dec. 7

g^ classifying portable ovens,
Awree annuHing customs duty

Oct.
Oct.

28
29

Dec.

Nov.

lling customs duty on imported gold

Rwoiuüon relative to import duty on portable ovens.

2i^«S relative to bal¿eries.........„

iîîffîi classification, " sulphite of soda"

tÎÎS ri*^**^*'^ for modeling paste and beehives. .
I mu Classifications, decrees, and copy of new tariff

Commercial and industrial notes

Nov. 27
Nov. 29

...do....
Dec. 2
Dec. 10
Dec. 16

...do....

Dec. 24

Louis G. Dreyfus, jr., consular assistant,
Callao.
Do.
Do.

F. W. Coding, consul. Montevideo.
Do.

Do.

Herbert R. Wright, consul, Puerto Ca-
bello.
C. N. Clark, vice consul, La Guaira.

Do.
Herbert R. Wright, consul, Puerto
Cabello.

Do.
John A. Ray, consul, Maracaibo.
T. W. Voetter, consul, La Guaira.

Do.

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COMMERCE OF ECUADOR

THE latest oflBcial publication of the foreign trade of Ecuador
is for the year 1910, from which it appears that the corrected
figures are: Imports, 16,476,603 sucres; exports, 28,062,363
sucres; total of 44,538,966 sucres. For the preceding year
the imports were 18,704,243 sucres; exports, 24,878,799 sucres;
total, 43,583,042 sucres. This shows a decrease in the imports of
2,227,640 sucres, and an increase in exports of 3,183,564 sucres, or
a net increase in the foreign trade of 955,924 sucres.

Valuing the sucre at 48.6 cents (10 sucres equal £1 sterling) the
imports for the year 1910 amounted to $8,007,629 and the exports
to $13,638,308, or a total of $21,645,937. The figures for the pre-
ceding year were: Imports, $9,090,262; exports, $12,091,096; or a
total of $21,181,358, showing a decrease in imports of $1,082,633;
and increase in exports of $1,547,212, or a net increase in foreign
trade of $464,579.

nCPOBTS.

The imports by countries for the years 1908, 1909, and 1910, were as follows:

Countries.

1908

$3,488,227

1,991.479

2,088,942

717,933

455,659

406,804

328,505

48,929

354,673

62,707

45,741

1909

$3,052,870

2,330,-851

1,626,576

593,343

448.234

425,427

322.506

15,820

109,601

98.538

66,496

1910

United Kingdom

$2,455,50»

United States

2,249.674

Qomany

1,570,903

Franc© .

525.534

Italy

336,454

Belgium

325,351

Spain

271,390

Salvador . .

77,127

Peru

59,763

Chile

53,836

Other countries. .

81,098

Total

9,989,599

9,090,262

8,007,029

The imports for the last three years in broad classifications are as follows:

1908

I Sucra.

Oib in general 132, 875

Live animals 7. 090

Arms and ammunition 338, 739

Alimentary substances 2,447, 662

Boots, shoes, and findings 207,305

Carriages 74,719

Cements, stones, and earths 82,358

Leather 226,373

Drugs and medicines 553,941

Vessels 37,796

Hardware 1,459,194

Matches I 84,716

Cordage, twine, and thread 320, 142

Musical instruments 144, 151

Jewdry 29,327

Boolcs, blank and printed 110, 884

Crockery and glassware 295, 932

Lumber, rough and finished 229. 126

Machinery 686, 977

1909

1910

Sucret,

Sucret.

133,218

162,578

20,923

17,460

72, 101

222,853

2,264,400

2,641,793

233,662

192,085

70,794

29.789

111,911

112.028

270,371

240,868

486,715

476.830

22,370

38,752

1,138,787

1,125,893

32,371

50,735

316,350

303,606

112,023

91,229

43.391

9,386

96.862

80,044

253,204

234,623

215,845

131,743

919,454

no, 024

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COMMERCE OF ECUADOB.

1908

MixMral products

Paper in seDcral

Perfumery

Prnints and Tarnishes.

Suereê,
676,555
354,767
119,166
90,822

Ready-made dothing i 828,575

Silk fibrks, pore and mixed 249,714

Hats 314,795

Textfles, other than sOlc 5,847,810

VeeñüUfls 109,076

Candles I 332,634

Wines and Uquors l 1,034,334

1,264,881

Total 18,692,426

Money 1,862,305

1909

Suerei.
601,302
334,510
129,998
106,225
640,737
194,738
288,681

6,522,477
113,647
223,124
640,647

1,347,849

16,958,587
1,745,656

Grand total ' 20,554,731 I 18,704,243

1910

Sucra,
480,079
231,678
113,193
81,401
506,991
133,132
189,361

3,532,847
106.237
256,060
719,716

1,178,097

14,413,011
2,063,592

16,476,603

VahM in United States gold 19,989,599 ! $9,090,262 | $8,007,629

The following are the principal articles of import for the year 1910, more specifically
claasified:

Canned goodfi, 105,145 sucres, of which 49,585 sucres from the United States, 15,786
sucres from Germany, 14,541 sucres from France, and 8,834 sucres fi-om Italy.

Lard, 977,509 sucfes, practically all from the United States.

Rice, 226,794 sucres, of which 200,279 sucres from Germany and 21,975 sucres
from Peru.

Sugar, 128,617 sucres, of which 121,677 sucres from Salvador, 4,327 sucres from Ger-
many, and 1,988 sucres from the United States.

Wheat flour, 622,335 sucres, of which 585,594 sucres from the United States and
32,853 sucres from Belgium.

Cotton lace, 116,869 sucres, of which 87,624 sucres from the United Kingdom, 19, 938
sucres from Germany, and 8,^47 sucres from France.

Cott(Hi piece goods, 1,816,711 sucres, of which 1,164,064 sucres from the United King-
dom, 304,616 sucres from the United States, 102,306 sucres from Germamy.

Woolen piece goods, 597,602 sucres, of which 363,413 sucres from the United King-
dom and 91,711 sucres from Germany.

Silk piece goods, 41 ,088 sucres, of which 20,184 sucres from the United Kingdom, 10,786
sucres from France, and 5,363 sucres from Germany.

Leather for shoes, 199,135 sucres, of which 87,843 sucres from the United States,
76,687 sucres from Germany, 24,059 sucres from the United Kingdom, and 8,766 sucres
from France.

Coal, 119,049 sucres, of which 98,254 sucres from the United States and 18,628 sucres
from Australia.

Boots and shoes (leather), 134,075 sucres, of which 91,740 sucres from the United
States, 20,900 sucres from Spain, and 15,562 sucres from Germany.

Knit cotton undershirts, 206,972 sucres, of which 105,549 sucres from Spain, 34,902
sucres from the United Kingdom, 28,170 sucres from Germany, 20,366 sucres from
France, and 13,466 sucres from Italy.

Woolen shawls, 76,350 sucres, of which 66,786 sucres from Germany, 3,183 sucres
from the United Kingdom, 2,306 sucres from Spain, and 2,144 sucres from the United
States.

Cotton stockings, 133,900 sucres, of which 103,006 sucres from Germany, 14,051
sucres from Spain, and 3,567 sucres from France.

Cotton handkerchiefs, 92,400 sucres, of which 85,625 sucres from the United King-
dom, 2,792 sucres from Italy, and 2,525 sucres from Germany.
72890— BjttU. 1—13 7

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94 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.

Straw hate, 80,400 sucres, of which 27,238 sucres from Italy, 24,162 sucres from the
United Kingdom, 16,512 sucres from Germany, and 8,276 sucres from France.

Fence wire, 119,777 sucres, of which 98,452 sucres from the United States, 10,102
sucres from Germany, and 2,500 sucres from the United Kingdom.

Corrugated iron, 145,476 sucres, of which 79,656 sucres from the United States, 52,562
sucres from the United Kingdom, and 13,131 sucres from Germany.

Spool cotton, 138,475 sucres, of which 99,978 sucres from the United Kingdom, 21,917
sucres from Belgium, 12,729 sucres from Germany, and 2,386 sucres from France.

Machetes, 93,753 sucres, of which 78,476 sucres from the United States, 7,945 sucres
from the United Kingdom, and 7,252 sucres from Germany.

ECUADOR

COMMERCE - 1911
EXPORTS $13,558,033..

PAhfA M£RI CA N Un/OA/

Industrial machinery, 99,635 sucres, of which 35,237 sucres from the United StateV
21,930 sucres from Germany, 17,334 sucres from Belgium, and 13,343 sucres from
France.

Sewing machines, 85,310 sucres, of which 61,162 sucres from the United States,
6,646 sucres from Germany, and 5,331 sucres from the United Kingdom.

Other machinery, 206,895 sucres, of which 100,801 sucres from the United States,
53,205 sucres from the United Kingdom, 38,860 sucres from Germany, and 9,401 sucres
from France.

Iron piping, 68,597 sucres, of which 32,735 sucres from the United States, 14,646
sucres from Germany, 13,715 sucres from Belgium, and 5,940 sucres from the United
Kingdom.

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COMMEBCE OF ECUADOB.

Common glassware, 64,721 sucres, of which 29,876 sucres from Germany, 14,084
sucres from the United States, 10,653 sucres from Belgium, 6,461 sucres from France,
and 3,608 sucres from the United Kingdom.

Common soap, 338,572 sucres, of which 91,626 sucres from Germany, 91,546 sucres
from the United Kingdom, 87,442 sucres from Belgium, 57,074 sucres from France, and
5,080 sucres from the United States.

Furniture, 87,378 sucres, of which 46,272 sucres from Germany, 18,529 sucres from
the United States, 9,477 sucres from France, 3,749 sucres from the United Kingdom,
3,598 sucres from Belgium, and 3,050 sucres from Spain.]

Candles, 256,060 sucres, of which 127,896 sucres from the United Kingdom, 100,080
sucres from Belgium, 19,241 sucres from Germany, and 6,480 sucres from the United
States.

Railway material of all kinds, 187,307 sucres, of which 112,128 sucres from the
United States, 49,368 sucres from Belgium, and 15,050 sucres from Germany.

Beer, 208,811 sucres, of which 181,840 sucres from Germany, 11,804 sucres from
the united States, and 11,641 sucres from the United Kingdom.

Distilled liquors, 84,333 sucres, of which 52,447 sucres from France, 15,032 sucres
from the United Kingdom, 5,445 sucres from Spain, and 4,579 sucres from the United
States.

Wines, 410,740 sucres, of which 113,213 sucres from France, 104,474 sucres from
Italy, 95,201 sucres from Spain, and 31,026 sucres from the United States.

Drugs and medicines, 238,092 sucres, of which 104,443 sucres from the United States,
84,335 sucres from France, and 21,058 sucres from the United Kingdom.

Rifle cartridges, 82,000 sucres, all from Germany.

Kerosene, 205,051 sucres, of which 191,196 sucres from the United States and 9,931
from Germany.

BXPOBTS.

The exports by countries for the years 1908. 1909, and 1910 were as follows:

Countries.

FraDC6.

United States

Germán/

United Kingdom.

Spain

Chiie

Italy

AosUia-Hnngary .

Netherlands

Peru

Panama

Other countriefl. . .

Total 12,907,774

1908

1909

1910

; K911,405

$4,335,905

$4,785,613

! 3,763,009

3,320,494

4,082,112

964,012

1,633,816

2,243,607

' 1,712,119

1,213,709

1,136,827

777,399

284,252

399.656

273,979

391.521

383,071

112,640

222,429

160.176

130,530

131,830

109,402

¡ 43,658

311,549

87,808

1 72,300

156,227

71,954

, 33,102

61,137

62,811

130,721

138,168

125,276

. 12,907,774

12,091,096

13,638,308

According to the report of United States Consul General Herman R. Dietrich,
Guayaquil, the exports for the year 1911 by countries were as follows: France, $4,630,247;
united States, $3,209,478; Germany, $2,197,023; United Kingdom. $1,021,985; Chile,
$932,623; Spain, $481,674; Austria-Hungary, $183,246; Netherlands, $164,516; Italy,
$140,289; Peru, $98,496; Panama, $78,070; other countries, $420,386; total, $13,558,033.

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96 THE PAN AMEKICAN UNION.

The exports by articles for the years 1908, 1909, and 1910 were as follows:

Alligator skins

Cacao

Coffee

Cotton

Fresh fruits

Bananas

Gold (bars, dast, etc.) —

Gold ore

Panama bats

Mooora straw

Toquilla straw (for bats). .

Hides of neat cattle

Ivory nuts

Rubber

Tobacco

Miscellaneous

Total.
Reex]>orts..

Grand total

Value in United States gold..

1908

Sticret.

24,230

17,737,040

1,015,938

1,605

106,560

401,368

358,594

1,598,568

46,680

67,274

333,407

965,252

843,522

30,110

174,419

23,726,636
2.832,571

25,559,207

$12,907,774

1909

Svcrei.

11,040

14,522,617

1,037,320

4,591

127,335

286,903

261,743

2,310,142

33,940

90.465

452,7\)7

3,061,942

1,540,668

71,911

154,790

1910

Sverei.

18,100

16,213,670

1,500,540

38,478

63.463

59,989

234,880

276,781

2,584,342

27.245

61,153

528,240

3,427,883

2,065,903

28.706

162,750

23,977,294
901.505

24,878,799

112,091,096

27,292,123
770.240

28.062,363

113,638,3 U

According to the report above mentioned of Consul General Dietrich, the exports by
articles for 1911 were: Cocoa beans, $8,012,296; Panama hats, $1,404,501; coffee,
$1,119,558; ivory nuts, $868,964; rubber, $682,557; gold ore, $225,750; hides, $209,996;
fruits, $71,930; gold bullion and dust, $37,321; miscellaneous, $924,515; coined
money, $645; total, $13,558,033.

In 1910 the exports of articles in the table above were to countries as follows:

Alligator skins, 48,134 kilos, all to the United States.

Cacao, 36,305 tons, of which 19,658 tons, worth 8,986,855 sucres, to France; 8,162
tons, worth 3,461,878 sucres, to the united States; 3,945 tons, wortíi 1,724,887 sucres,
to Germany; 1,605 tons, worth 776,960 sucres, to Spain; 1,703 tons, worth 703,239
sucres, to the United Kingdom; 488 tons, worth 225,107 sucres, to Austria-Hungary;
and 367 tons, worth 179,040 sucres, to the Netherlands.

According to Mr. Dietrich's report, in 1911, the exports of cacao were: To France,
$4,317,580; to the United States, $1,536,954; to Germany, $1,031,259; to Spain,
$435,925; to the United Kingdom, $255,653; and to Austria-Hungary, $182,146.

Coffee, 3,938 tons, of which 1,610 tons, worth 585,911 sucres, to Chile; 1,420 tons,
worth 553,159 sucres, to the United States; 344 tons, worth 132,667 sucres, to Germany ;
266 tons, worth 107,997 sucres, to France; 227 tons, worth 89,296 sucres, to Panama;
and 65 tons, worth 27,191 sucres, to the United Kingdom.

According to Mr. Dietrich's report, in 1911 the e^tports of coffee were: To Chile ,
$435,012; to the United States, $349,983; to Germany, $145,135; to France, $90,668 ;
and to Spain, $32,402.

Cotton, 68,426 kilos, of which 55,941 kilos, worth 30,879 sucres, to the United States,
and 8,473 kilos, worth 4,690 sucres, to the United Kingdom.

According to Mr. Dietrich's report, in 1911 the exports of cotton were: To the United
Stated, $9,899; to the United Kingdom, $3,823; to Germany, $1,150.

Fresh fruits, mostly oranges, with some mangoes, pineapples, lemons, and tama-
rinds, 2,112 tons, nearly all to Chile.

Bananas, 1,838 tons, of which 1,800 tons, worth 57,745 sucres, to Chile, and the
remainder to Peru.

Gold (bars, dust, etc.), all to the United States, except 5,852 sucres to Germany.

Gold ore, all to the United States, except 20 sucres to France.

Panama hats were exported in three grades, as follows: Fine, worth 45,663 sucres,
of which 22,391 sucres to the United States, 6,762 sucres to Panama, 3,700 sucres to

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COMMEBCE OF BCUADOB.

^ile, 2,500 sucres to Argentina, and 2,000 sucres to Uruguay and the United Kingdom

«»<A. Medium fine, 1 ,872,372 sucres, of which 725.866 sucres to the United Kingdom,

^i, 520 sucres to the United States, 391,409 sucres to Germany, 47,758 sucres to France,

'^2f462 aucres to Cuba, 27,757 sucres to Chile, and 18,100 sucres to Costa Rica. Ordi-

'^^, 666,307 sucres, of which 298,433 sucres to the United Kingdom, 231,558 sucres to

^nnany, 109,983 sucres to the United States, 13,280 sucres to Uruguay, and 3,520

^cres to Panama.

-According to Mr. Dietrich's reports the exports in 1911 of all kinds of Panama hats
^ere: To the United Kingdom, $599,113; to Germany, $385,507; and to the United
States, $256,387.
Cócora straw, 22,906 kilos, all to Peru.

Toquilla straw, 72,509 kilos, of which 56,891 kilos, worth 48,183 sucres, to Peru;
12,222 kilos, worth 9,810 sucres, to Germany; 1,865 kilos, worth 1,600 sucres, to France;
^d 1 ,420 kilos, worth 1,440 sucres, to Belgium.

Hides of neat cattle, 931 tons, of which 551 tons, worth 340,033 sucres, to the United
States; 201 tons, worth 102,800 sucres, to the United Kingdom; 124 tons, worth 55,145
sucres, Uy Germany; and 46 tons, worth 21,784 sucres, to France.

Accord ing to Mr. Dietrich's report, in 1911 the exports of hides were: To Germany,
^»930 ; to the United States, $46,745 : to the United Kingdom, $43,125 ; and to France
$19,947.

Ivory xixits were exported in the shell and shelled, as follows: In the shell, 9,213
tons, Worth 1,426,916 sucres, of which 744,831 sucres to Germany, 553,505 sucres to tlie
United States, 49,994 sucres to France, 41,785 sucres to the United Kingdom, and
33,017 sxieres to Italy. Shelled, 7,520 tons, worth 2,000,967 sucres, of which 868,219
sucres to Germany, 595,246 sucres to France, 221,973 sucres to Italy, 181,447 sucres
'^A ^**^ States, and 99,253 sucres to the United Kingdom.

/^orcîing to Mr. Dietrich's report, in 1911 the exports of ivory nuts were: $420,466
^^^erix^ny, $163,995 to France, $115,190 to the United States, $108,876 to Italy, and
^''^^1 to the United Kingdom.
98 t!^^'' ^^ ^^^' ^^ which 443 tons, worth 1,632,103 sucres, to the United States:

r^ï^i*, worth 394,922 sucres, to Germany; and 7 tons, worth 23,461 sucres, to the
^^^^^ Kingdom.

,. .^^^>rding to Mr. Dietrich's report, in 1911 the exports of rubber were: To the
mte<i States, $571,075; to Germany, $100,700; and to the United Kingdom, $10,194.
2^ç.^^^cco, 74,731 kilos, of which 40,734 kilos, worth 11,985 sucres, to Germany;

.' '^ kilos, worth 9,154 sucres, to Peru; and 11,327 kilos, worth 5,910 sucres, to Bel-

gittxti^ ' ' » » » » »

^^er miscellaneous, the principal exports were: Ilorses, 11,360 sucres; tree cotton
. ^> 12,705 sucres; salt, 11,000 sucres; sole leather, 6,274 sucres; and heron plumes
^"^^Ues), 5,800 sucres.

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COMMERCE OF HAITI
FOR 1911 /.

The total foreign commerce of Haiti for the fiscal year ending
September 30, 1911, according to a report received from United
States Consul John B. Terres, Port au Prince, amounted to
$26,501,777, of which $7,948,117 was imports and $18,553,660 was
exports. According to Mr. Terres, this is a gain over the figures of
1910 of $266,117 in imports and $3,078,329 in exports.

nCPOBTS.

The imports by countries for the years 1909, 1910, and 1911 were
as follows :

1009

United States $4,271,046

United Kingdom 686, 190

German J 196, 886

France 644,315

AU other countries 182, 241

Total 5,880,678

1910

$5,702,065
301,770
398,848
805,924
473,139

7,681,746

1011

$5,790,203
886,517
439.732
331,849
499, 816

7,948,117

There are no statistics pubUshed of the total imports by either
articles or value.

According to Consul Terres, the following are the principal articles
of import by quantities from the United States:

Articles.

Quantity.

DEY GOODS.

Cotton cloth: I

Bleached yards..' 3,400,995

Unbleached do ... . 3, 600, 800

Chocks do.... 4,258,810

Prints do.... 3,843,423

Denims do ... . 2, 952, 740

Drills do....! 2,666,528

Duck do. ... 10, 464

Nankinettc do. . . . 5, 534, 535

Hand korchiofe dozen . . 4, 520

Stockings do 3, 22G

Tablecloths do 263

DRUGS, ETC.

Acids cases . . 1 75

Alcohol gallons. . 837

Drucs and chemicals cases.. 1,976

Medicaments do 2, 182

Sal soda pounds. . 84, 173

Toilet soap dosen. . 2,448

FURNITURE, LUMBER, ETC.

Bookcases number. . 375

Bedsteads do i 490

Cement barrels. . 10, 830

Chairs:

Arm, steamer, and rocking,

number 1, 223

Other dozen. . 925

Lumber feet.. 7,386,292

Meat safes and refrigerators . . .number. . 103

RooÛng, galvanized. pounds . . 20, 200

Tabl&s number. . 266

Articles.

; Quantity.

GLASS AND TABLE WARE.

Crockor>' and dishes dozen. .

Decanters do —

Lamps do

Lamp chimneys do

Tumblers do —

Tableware cases. .

HARDWARE, ETC.

.\ xes dozen . .

.\gricultural implements cases. .1

Auger bits dozen.. |

.\xletrees number. .

Barbed wire poimds..;

Brass wire do — i

Bee keepers' supplies cases..

Chisels dozen . .

Cooking utensils pounds . . |

Copper sheets do — '

Fishhooks dozen. .

Files do....;

Fishing lin^ pounds. . '

Gins, cotton number. .

Hatchets dozen. . l

Iron bar and sheets pounds.. |

Iron buckets dozen. .

Knives, table do

Nails:

Iron pounds..

Copper and brass do —

Spades dozen. . [

Scissors do —

Sewing machines number. .

Typewriters do — ,

528

750

3,090

2,800

562

121
20

145

42,097

80,200

17,074

1,597

1,400

25,610

238,815

1,288

6,536

152

531

23,743

235

9,013

437,066

180, 152

243

4,660

1,975

144

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COMMERCE OF HAITI FOR 1911,

Articles.

PAINTS, OIL8, ETC.

Grease, machine pounds.

Oib:

Cottonseed gallons .

¡áachine do...

Kerosene do...

Pilütst, in oil and dry pounds.

Tailow ._. do. . .

Zm pAint do...

PSOVISIONS.

fiacoizi iwunds.

Biscuits - do. . .

Butter do...

Codflsli- do...

Condezised milk dozen.

Cheese pounds.

Fruit, dried do...

Floar barrels.

HgnOS pnffTida -

HerrinKr

Smolced .• boxes.

Pickled barrels.

Quantity.

12,488 I

15,536 I
7,642
867,534

44,302
176, 108

19,900

7, WO

129,961

799,^85

3,891,165

1,658

49,102

4,579

272,763

165,586

160,964
30,848

Articles.

PROVISIONS— continued.

Lard pounds.

Macaroni and vermicelli .do. . .

Mackerel barrels.

Onions pounds.

Salt pork oarrels.

Salt beef do. . .

Sausages do. . .

Sugar iwunds.

Tobacco do . . .

MISCELLANEOUS.

Bags for coffee, etc number.

Clocks dozen.

Lamp wicks and fixtures cases.

Leatner dozen.

Paper, writing, etc reams.

Playing cards gross .

Rope pounds .

Trunks, empty number.

Quantity.

3,891,165

64,225

1,628

53,552

16,928

3,128

16,062

1,474,785

1,219,793

21,797
122
817
288

57,004
975

52,497

EXPORTS.

There are no published statistics of the value of Haitien exports,
ex(^ept; as above given in gross by Consul Torres.

HAITI

COMMERCE -19U
$26,501,777.

» 7.941

î,660.

-ííl^'Wf /P/OÍA' Ua/ion

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100

THE PAN AMEBIOAN UNION.

According to a report of the Statistical Bureau of the National
Bank, of the Republic of Haiti, the following table shows the principal
exports by quantities for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1911 :

Coffee pounds. . 51, 795, 659

Cocoa ». do. ... 3, 228, 350

CottoD do. . . . 4, 198, 227

Cotton seed do. ... 8, 058, 080

Campeche logs and roots do 75, 197, 092

Yellow wood do 83, 000

Mahogany cubk feet. . 29, 180

Gaiac wood pounds. . 5, 583, 346

Cedar do. ... 72, 758

Orange peel do 462, 725

Castor-oil beans do 2, 888

Coconuts do 7, 546

Honey gallons. . 190, 148

Beeswax pounds. . 100, 971

Cattle hides do 115, 471

Goatskins do 230, 163

Tortoise shell do 455

Copper do 27, 475

Com do.... 14,880

Horns do 9, 483

Peas do. ... 4, 921

Horsehair do 1, 581

Candelon wood do 32, 890

Annotto do 2, 604

Zinc do 6, 295

Sponges do 1, 768

According to the report above mentioned of Consul Terres, the
value of the exports to the United States invoiced through the Ameri-
can Consular Offices in 1911 was $350,730, as follows:

Artksles.

' 1911

Articles.

1011

POET AU PRINCE.

Beeswax

11,053

1,327

290

27,792
1,523
7,148

20,194
1,054
2,575

1 CAPE HAITUEN.

1 Coffee

$5,741

21,573

36,771

105

Cocoa

Coffee

1 Logwood....

Goatskin ^

j All other articles

Honey . . ...

Total

Lignura-vltae

63,190

Logwood

OONAIYES.

Beeswax

Turtle shells

All other articles

624

Tnt».l

62,956

Cotton

, Qoatskins

12,663

AUX CAYES.

2,794
996
9,581
1,029
18,496
1,711

1 Lignum-vitte

22,670

38,090

2,165

Beeswax

Logwood

Cocoa

All other articles .

Goat<«Mn«i

1 Total .

Honey

76,712

Ix)gwood

PORT DE PAIX.

Cocoa

A 11 other articla^i

TntA.1

34,607

8,540

Coffee

JEBEMIE.

34,947
8,070
3,823
1,433

' Goatskins

5,988

Cocoa

Lienum-vitae

2,685
42 620

Goatskins

Logwood

LiOgwood

! Wax '.'.

61612
347

Another articles

All other articles

1 Total

Total

47,473

65,792

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COMMERCE OF HONDURAS
FOR 1911 /. •/ /. .'.

COMPILED from the report of the minister of the treasury
and public credit made January 6, 1912, the report of the
I minister ^of fomento published in the Gaceta Oficial of
April 15, 1912, and the report of United States Consul A. T.
Haeberle, dated May 23, 1912, the foreign commerce of Honduras for
the fiscal year ending July 31, 1911, was: Imports $3,560,939 gold,
and exports 7,561,816 pesos silver. Estimating the gold premium at
150— ¡. e., 2.50 pesos silver = $1 gold — the exports expressed in gold
Would be $a,024,726, and the total foreign commerce $6,585,665.
^or the preceding year the figures were: Imports $3,019,416, gold,
^d exports 6,429,790 pesos silver.

nCPOBTS.
^o imports, by coud tries, for the last three years were:

CouDtry. 1906-9 1909-10 I 1910-11

üSted ^^*« I $1,769,877 I $2,059,622

2™a Kiii^oni 348,610 ,. 424,078

r!S2f*y— T. I 233 «6 284 387

c^Sï'z ! n4,m 101,720

^™ America I 61,220 1 67,647

iS? I 30,781 I 18,807

SSÏÎ;, 3,260 9,928

oSer*-- I 663 3,673

vu>er countries 8,399 , 20,826

$2,624,133

600,029

300,686

97,771

62,310

26,987

16,704

13,054

12,661

8,098

8,507

3,660,939

'^'**al 2,681,663 I 3,019,416

^**** — <3old premium averaged as foUows: 1908-9, 166; 1909-10, 160; 1910-11, 160.

JJ^ports^ by articles, for the year 1911,* according to the report of Mr. Haeberle,

^^ States consul at Tegucigalpa, were as follows:

f'^ls $3,461

¿°^ ^nd ammunition 81,523

p ^'^^«es 59,044

ff"^^^ 18,556

^^»^ioal8 and drugs 131,279

r*i---. 19,304

î';?^^ 8,540

p. ^^*^* and manufactures of 1,180,303

P^^^oal supplies 24,381

Kin Jrt ^^^® **^'® oovers only the imports from the four leading countries, vit. United States, United
^'^ïïï , Germany, and France. However, it comprehends $3,403,287 out of a total of $3,660,939.

101

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102 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.

Machines and machinery $364, 036

Kerosene 36,440

Linen 4, 072

I^eather. and manufactures of 1 19, 603

Musical instrumente ]2, 387

Notions 27, 337

Oils 37. 220

Oilcloth 8.912

Paints '. 2, 184

Paper, and manufactures of 310, 383

Perfumery 12. 017

Provisions 474, 512

Silks, and manufactures of 12, 106

Textiles, not specified .• 4, 509

Tobacco, and manufactures of 7, 825

Silver '. 60,000

Woods, and manufactures of 121, 900

Wools, and manufactures of 24, 023

Miscellaneous articles 134, 54 1

Total 3, 403, 287

The imports, by articles, from the four leading countries for the year 1911 were ac
follows:

Animals: United States, $3,337; Germany, $65; United Kingdom, $59.

Arms and ammunition: United States, $77,166; Germany. $3,760; France, $304
United Kingdom. $293.

Beverages — Spirits and liquors: United States, $9,057; France, $8,812; Germany
$1,820; United Kingdom, $900. Wines: United States, $7,709; France, $6,919; Ger
many, $4,070; United Kingrlom, $39. Beer: United St.nteF. $12,292; (îermany, $7,070
United Kingdom, $290; France, $66.

Candles: United States, $14.892; Germany, $2,712; United Kingdom, $950
France. $2.

Chemicals and drugs: United States, $111,912; Germany, $10,554; France, $6,705
United Kingdom, $2,108.

Coal: United States, $17,584; United Kingdom, $1,720.

Cordage: United States, $8,240; United Kingdom, $300.

Cotton and manufactures of: Unbleached muslin — United States, $279,694; United
Kingdom, $27,412; Germany, $3,093; France, $1,846. Bleached muslin— United
Kingdom, $61,137; Ignited States, $30,991 ; France, $5,734; Germany, $3,197. Drills-
United States, $147,958; United Kingdom, $31,601; Germany, $10,290; France, $3,574.
Prints— United States, $119,506; United Kingdom, $52,792; France, $3,015; Germany,
$2,957. Thread— United Kingdom, $40,300; France, $9,832; United States, $5,968;
Germany, $5,562. Cambrics— T'nited Kingdom, $25,887; United States, $1,754?
France, $1,578; Germany, $833. Percale— United Kingdom, $11,323; United States,
$1,914; France, $1,453; Germany, $1,296. Pique— United Kingdom, $1,528; Germany,
$321; United States, $101; France, $75. Satine— United Kingdom, $25,386; United
States, $3,030; France, $2,851; Germany, $902. Laces— United Kingdom, $11,096;
Germany, $5,628; France, $3,100; United States. $1,966. Canvas— United States,
$5,517; United Kingdom, $717; Germany, $470. Blankets— United States, $9,037;
United Kingdom, $7,809; Germany, $5,370; France, $3,298. Wearing fapparel—
United States, $70,784; Germany, $20,017; United Kingdom, $16,514; France, $5,857.
Other manufactiires— United States, $31,512; United Kingdom, $25,107; Germany,
$24,450; France, $4,781. Raw cotton, $582— All from the United States.

Electric supplies: United States, $21,927; Germany, $2,454.

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HONDURAS

COMMERCB-19I1
$6,585,665.

OTHER
COUNTRIEJS

CENTRAL AMERICA
452.310.

piHER COUNTRIES
Í5.400

lPmCE2.ô8ô
IWTED KINGDOM

^>v Amer/caa/ L/a/zoa/

Digitized by VjOC fl^ V

104 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.

Hats: United States, $14,248; Germany, |5,373; France, $1,600 ;*United Kingdom,
$1,597.

Iron and steel manufactures: Cutlery — Germany, $7,848; United States, $5,431;
United Kingdom, $3,037; France, $693. Farming implements— United States,
$66,114; United Kingdom, $8,716; Germany, $8,044; France, $188.

Machines and machinery: Agricultural and mining — United, States, $46,101;
United Kingdom, $16,117. Steam machinery, not specified — United States, $29,337;
United Kingdom, $145. Sewing machines— United States, $39,778; Germany, $1,201 ;
United Kingdom, $537. Rails, $65,076— All from the United States. Tools— United
States, $25,265; Germany, $2,528; France, $1,565; United Kingdom, $1,135. Wire —
United States, $26,709; United Kingdom, $60. Other articles— United States, $83,716;
United Kingdom, $12,852; Germany, $8,791; France, $3,123.

Kerosene: United States, $16,248; United Kingdom, $188; Germany, $4.

Linen: United Kingdom, $2,878; France, $860; United States, $173; Germany, $161,

Leather, and manufactures of: Shoes— United States, $93,391; Germany, $2,247;
United Kingdom, $171; and France, $55. OtherJ articles— United States, $12,430;
Germany, $5,551; United Kingdom, $5,168; France, $590.

Musical instruments: United States, $8,478; Germany, $3,307; France, $389; United
Kingdom, $213.

Notions: Germany, $16,815; United States, $4,590; France, $4,448; United Kingdom,
$1,484.

Oils: Codliver— United States, $4,473; United Kingdom, $30; Fiance, $21. Ma-
chine—United States, $3,830; .United Kingdom, $975; Germany, $25. OiL* not
specified— United States, $16,480; United Kingdom, $7,401; Germany, $3,192; France,
$793.

Oil cloth: Germany, $5,511; United States, $3,122; United Kingdom, $255; France,
$24.

Paints: United States, $1,134; United Kingdom, $993; France, $52; Germany, $5.

Paper and manufactures of: Paper and pasteboard— Germany, $21,295; United
States, $7,406; France, $2,747 ; United Kingdom, $412. Postage stamps, $272,000— AU
from the United States. Other articles— United States, $5,961; [Germany, $483;
United Kingdom, $79.

Perfumery: United States, $7,726; France, $2,316; Germany, $1,799; United King-
dom, $176.

Provisions: Beans, $10,313— All from the United States. Fruits of all kinds— United
States, $8,827; United Kingdom, $524; Germany, $378; France, $355. Flour— United
States, $228,404; United Kingdom, $141; Germany, $12. Meats, ¡fish and canned
goods-^United States, $98,192; United Kingdom, $8,027 ;lGermany, $6,759; and
France, $2,643. Rice— United States, $31,441; Germany, $4,993; United Kingdom,
$817. Sugar— United States, $37,924; Germany, $188; United Kingdom, $19.
Tea, coffee, chocolate, and cacao— United States, $8,526; United Kingdom, $588;
Germany, $333; France, $11. Other articles— United States, $22,994; United King-
dom, $1,359; Germany, $386; France, $358.

Silk and manufactures of: United States, $8,087; Germany, $3,280; United King-
dom, $561; France, $178.

Textiles, not specified: United Kingdom, $1,580; Germany, $1,551; United* States,
$952; France, $426.

Tobacco and manufactures of: United States, $7,153; Germany, $647; United King-
dom, $25.

SUver: $60,000— All from the United States.

Woods and manufactures of: Raw material— United States, $101,997; United King-
dom, $636. Manufactured articles— United States, $15,207; Germany, $2,872; United
Kingdom, $1,180; France, $8.

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COMMERCE OF HONDURAS FOR 1911. 105

Wool and manufactures of: united Kingdom, $12,654; Gennany, $6,927; France,
12,656; united States, $1,786.

Miscellaneous articles: Germany, $61,288; United Kingdom, $42^700; United
States, 128,683; France, $1,870.

Importa by ports of entry for the year 1911 were as follows:

Puerto Cortes $1,435,662

Amapala 1,251,560

La Ceiba 707, 610

Trujillo 114,467

Roatan 51,640

Total 3,560,939

EZPOBTS.

Country.

United States.....
C«atiil America..
Oennaoy
United Kingdom 1

irince

Httieo...
Otheroomitries!;!

1906-0 190»-10 ! 1910-11

PeiOi9iloer. I PeiOi$ih>er. Petoailrer.

4,861,599 , 6,637,528 I 6,732,567

87,957 I 241,235 ! 430,742

190,250 399,752 268,991

125,553 I 125,206 I 106,796

3,783 I 8,195 ; 7,220

2,550 ; 1,500

5,952 15,322 12,000
-I-

Total 5,276,094 , 6,429,790 ' 7,561,816

The exports from the five major classifications were:

Pesos silver.

Mineral products 2,634,057

Vegetable products 4,187,754

Animal products 728,785

Manufactures 7,257

Miscellaneous 3,963

Total 7,561,816

The exports by classes and articles, according to United States Consul Haeberle's

report for the year 1911, were as follows:

Animal products:

Cattle $178,687

Cattle hides 90,133

Skins, alligator 1,724

Skins, deer 16,444

Mineral matter:

Gold bullion 39,552

Ores not specified 2,660

Gold and silver cyanides 852,224

Silver, coined 146,400

Silver in bars 4,299

Silver in bullion 3,270

Silverand gold bullion 3,270

Vegetable matter:

Bananas 1,284,171

Coconuts 168,064

Coffee 75,824

India rubber 58,306

Sawaparilla : 12,242

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106 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.

Woods:

Mahogany $58,758

Other woods 5,682

Miscellaneous articles 23, 016

Total 3,024,726

The exports, by articles and countries of destination, for the year 1911, were:

Animal matter: Cattle Central America, $165,359; United Kingdom, $13,192;
United States, $136. Cattle hides- United States, $52,041; Germany, $37,536; United
Kingdom. $556. Alligator skins, $1,724— All to the United States. Deerskins — United
States, $13,794; Germany, $2,650.

Mineral matter: Gold bullion— Germany, $25,884; United States. $12,868; United
Kingdom, $800. Ores not specified, $2,660— All to the United States. Gold and
silver cyanides, $852,224- All to the United States. Silver, coined, $146,400— All to
the United States. Silver in bars— United Kingdom, $2,320; United States, $1,979.
Silver in bullion— United States, $3,020; Germany, $250. Silver and gold bullion,
$3,270— All to the Unite<l Kingdom.

Vegetable matter: Bananas— United States, $1,283,946; United Kingdom, $225.
Coconuts— United States, $151,339; United Kingdom, $16,725. Coffee— United States,
$42,010; Germany, $29,310; United Kingdom, $4,504. India rubber— United States,
$52,738; Germany, $5,556; United Kingdom, $12. Sarsaparilla— United States, $10,910 ;
Germany, $1,332.

Woods: Mahogany— United States, $58,328; Central America, $430. Other woods-
United States, $2,158; Central America, $2,713; Germany, $811.

Miscellaneous articles: United States, $4,753; Germany, $4,267; Central America,
$3,794; United Kingdom, $1,914; other countries, $8,288.

EXPORTS BY PORTS.

The exports by ports for the vear 1911 were as follows:

Pesoii, sUvcr.

Anapala 2,594,418.58

Puerto Cortes 2,106,184.56

I^ Ceiba 1,824,236.72

Trujillo 259,675.11

Roatan.'. 371,924.06

Interior ports 405, 377. 75

Total 7,561,816.78

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COMMERCE OF NICARAGUA

TE total foreign trade of Nicaragua for the year 1910, accord-
ing to the report of Señor Don J. Augusto Florez Z., director
general of statistics, published in March, 1911, amounted
to $7,401,380. The imports were $2,856,305, and the exports
$4,545.075.

In 1909 the imports were $2,583,257, and the exports $3,989,428,
or a total of $6,572,685.

IMPORTS.
The value of imports by countries for the years 1908, 1909, and 1910 was:

Country. 1906

united 8tot«

I' cited Kingdom.

Germany

Fran»

Italy

Sairador

Corta Ritt

Honduras

Guatemala....!."*!!!.!!!.
Jjiw European countries .
Other American countries.

Total (gold).

11,434,647
826,467
324,774

1909 1910

11,341,092 I 11,581,457.59
625,668 I 664,231.63

286,408 ! 358,518.88

1541455 131,826 156.645.19

52,507 ¡ 109,307 i 66,833.74

I 28,462 I 15,247.70

7,820 , 5,450.20

1 f 1,626 2,118.20

} 13,263 A 3,567 , 1,456.90

I I 330 603.00

148,687 I 43,316 , 1,934.80

4,078 1 3,235 1,717.60

2,958,878 | 2,583,257 ' 2,856,305.43

There is no official publication as yet (except in the export of coffee) of the details
of imports and exports by articles. The following statements of these details are taken
^ the report of British Acting Consul General Venables on the trade of Nicaragua
^or the year 1910:

IMPORTS, BY ARTICLES.

^^^ery $98,317

¿^cultural implements 5,929

5*<*ete8 14,050

J!^^y carpenters*, blacksmiths', and engineer's 9, 452

^^ 59,530

i^"^— : 214,676

i^eledware 6,697

r'^^nr r 10,498

T« aiid revolvers 5,492

foïtia and daggers 2,090

T"^-- 20,451

{"J^^^ters 7,358

¡^■^ooo (leaf, cigars, and cigarettes) 17,267

il^^ «'172

J'^^^wire 11,154

]JÎ^ ï^ilfl, tacks, and screws 6,692

*lf ^ inaterials 62,451

^^t.... 11,722

^^bricating 7,066

^déminerai 4,068

107

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108 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.

Keroeene $90, 612

Gasoline 8,614

Turpentine 2, 513

Mineral paints in powder 3, 217

Mixed paints 5, 599

Confectionery, sweets 4, 393

Jams and jellies 1, 438

Canned meats 15, 732

Canned fish 7,110

Sardines 10,325

Sauces and seasonings 1, 711

Boots, fine 83,617

Brògans 15, 153

Boot-making materials:

Fine leathers 50,826

Other materials 3, 276

Blacking and paste 1, 127

Bedsteads:

Plain 1,856

Ornamented 1, 745

Furniture 5,827

Soaps:

Common washing 68, 638

Toilet 6,867

Toilet waters 4,034

Jute bags 38,112

Alcohol 1,157

Wines 23,955

Bottled whiskies 15,022

Barreled whiskies 5, 438

Textiles 480,814

Textiles, manufactured 197, 675

The imports by articles and principal countries for the year 1910, according to Mr.
Venable's report, were:

Machinery: united States, $53,231; United Kingdom, |39,060; Germany, $5,117;
Italy, $773; and France, $136.

Agricultiu^l implements, such as axes, spades, shovels, hoes, etc.: United States,
$4,286; United Kingdom, $1,210; and Germany, $432.

Machetes: Germany, $4,724; United States, $4,549; United Kingdom, $4,267; France,
$369: and Italy, $141.

Tools, carpenters', blacksmiths', and engineers': United States, $7,324; Germany,
$904; United Kingdom, $661; France, $496; and Italy, $68.

Rice: United States, $46,126; Germany, $7,052; and United Kingdom, $6,352.

Flour: All from the United States.

Enameled ware: Germany, $4,986; United States, $1,322; and United Kingdom,
$389.

Crockery: Germany, $4,627; United Kingdom, $2,639; United States, $2,634; and
France, $598.

Arms and revolvers: United States, $4,374; United Kingdom, $884; and Germany,
$233.

Swords and daggers: United Kingdom, $2,090.

Beers: United States, $11,946; Germany, $6,838; United Kingdom, $1,589; and
France, $77.

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NICARAGUA

COMMBRCE
$7,401,380.

P^N American Un/on

T289a--Bull 1—13 8

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lio THB PAN AMEBIOAN UNION.

Aerated waters: United Kingdom, $4,539; Germany, $1,064; United States, $938;
and France, $816.

Tobacco (leaf, cigars, and cigarettes): United States, $15,853; United Kingdom,
865; and Germany, $549.

Zinc roofing: United Kingdom, $2,541; United States, $2,022; and Germany, $1,608.

Barbed wire: United States, $9,827; and United Kingdom, $1,326.

Wire nails, tacks, and screws: United States, $4,685; Germany, $1,044; and United
Kingdom, $962.

Mining materials: United States, $58,495; and United Kingdom, $3,956.

Paint oils: United States, $4,374; Italy, $3,533; Germany, $2,192; United Kingdom,
$1,161; and France, $461.

Lubricating oils: United States, $5,992; and United Kingdom, $1,054.

Crude mineral oils: All from the United States.

Kerosene: All from the United States.

Gasoline: United States, $8,383; and Germany, $223.

Turpentine: United States, $2,332; and United Kingdom, $136.

Mineral paints in powder: United States, $1,910; Germany, $884; and United
Kingdom, $423.

Mixed paints: United States, $3,329; United Kingdom, $1,292; and Germany, $953.

Confectionery, etc.: United Kingdom, $2,721; and United States, $1,672.

Jams and jellies: United States, $724; and United Kingdom, $714.

Canned meats: United States, $14,570; Germany, $617; and United Kingdom, $496.

Canned fish: United States, $5,035; United Kingdom, $967; Germany, $7á^; and
France, $325.

Sardines: United Kingdom, $5,103; United States, $1,686; France, $1,433; Germany,
$1,001; Spain, $661; and Italy, $340.

Sauces, etc.: United States, $948; and United Kingdom, $763.

Boots, fine: United States, $30,764; Germany, $2,551; and the United Kingdom, $301.

Brogans: All from the United Kingdom.

Boot-making materials, fine leathers: United States, $46,685; Germany, $2,153;
France, $826; United Kingdom, $821; and Italy, $340. Other materials: United
States, $1,424; Germany, $1,370; and France, $481.

Blacking and paste: All from the United States.

Bedsteads, plain: United States, $1,001; United Kingdom, $680; and Germany, $175.
Ornamented: United Kingdom, $1,361; Germany, $252; and United States, $131.

Furniture: Germany, $2,405; United States, $2,400; and United Kingdom, $1,020.

Soaps, common washing: United Kingdom, $59,457; United States, $9,180. Toilet:
United States, $3,450; United Kingdom, $1,856; France, $1,234; and Germany, $325.

Toilet waters: France, $2,984; Germany, $486; United States, $471; and United
Kingdom, $92.

Jute bags: United Kingdom, $32,654; Germany, $3,100; United States, $1,725; and
France, $632.

Alcohol: All from the United States.

Wines: France, $6,308; United States, $5,137; Italy, $4,986; Germany, $3,917;
United Kingdom, $1,881; and Spain, $1,725.

Whiskies, bottled: United States, $10,998; United Kingdom, $3,742; and Germany,
$282. Barreled: United States, $5,025; and United Kingdom, $413.

Textiles: United Kingdom, $229,601; United States, $164,020; France, $34,112;
Germany, $29,082; Italy, $20,339; and Spain, $3,659.

Textiles, manufactured: United States, $61,824; Germany, $45,052; Italy, $40,275;
France, $25,204; United Kingdom, $23,080; and Spain, $2,240.

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COMMEBCE OF NICABAGUA. Ill

ine importe by customs houses for the year 1910, were as follows:

^to 11,590,620.15

ÎÎ1 Bluff : 768,435.07

San Juan del Sur 254,985.55

El Cabo de Gracias á Dios 214,137.28

BCastillo 21.080.42

San Juan del Norte 7,046.96

Total 2,856,305.43

EXPOBTS.

The value of exports by countries for the years 1908, 1909, and 1910, were:

Country.

1908

J^nited Stat«s $1,594,567

ipûce ! 567,086

Jîermanv 641,633

l^^ted iojoidoin 502,814

Salvador...

227,871

?^ S^uropéucoim'^ês.'
"w Aineiican countries .

Total

76,145
37,864

3,647,980

1909

$1,677,010

776,420

423,579

843,453

44,190

1,857

19,281

84,167

39,395

1,430

55,374

23,263

3,989,428

1910

$1,553,410.42

1,024,960.65

824,036.70

656,006.63

208,103.33

11,746.00

11,520.30

10,985.65

8,334.40

5,220.20

211,685.00

19,055.37

4,546,075.05

Iho e^cport of coffee, by cotintries, for the years 1909 and 1910 were:

Country.

France. ^
G«naQj^ C-T —
United fc-"i —

Unit&a'c^r: -

;dom..

Otber i¿?^-

1909

1910

Otbeï- ^^J»x)pean countries.
"^^«^Vrican countries .

^>*tiU..

KUos.

3,762,913

2,267,620

1,392,861

193,758

452,554

3,036

141

360,285

8,255

Value.

1748,309.00

397,370.00

246,157.00

35,226.00

72,197.00

607.00

28.00 ;

55,374.00 !

1,651.00

Kilos.

4,072,022

3,480,629

1,859,427

906,191

743,229

41,400

923,607

8,441,323 1,556,919.00 12,028,516

Value.

$1,011,
793,
419,
200,
149,
10,

210,

221.05

614.65

044.30

748.40

5.10

O.OO

2.75

285.00

2,796,151.25

„ "l^^ exports, by articles, as given in the report of the acting consul general of Great

^ 2r^^ for the year 1910 wera:

Coflfo^.

^^an $2,150,759

^Usk 602,795

Cott^^»^ ^^'339

Coooî^,

?^^^^

MUi^

10, 974
20, 854

196, 451
46, 170

346, 182

*«Ll8:

Amalgamated gold 329,362

Cyanide gold 51,224

^^ncentrated metals 1 , 42 1

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112 THB PAN AMEBICAN UNION.

Minerals — Continued .

Gold in bars $279, 946

Smelted gold 175,650

Precipitated gold 52, 940

Auriferous copper 97

Silver in bars 4,189

Woods:

Cedar 11,523

Mahogany 1, 516

Brazilwood 525

liignum-vitœ 2, 916

Dyewoods:

Mora.. 24,601

Nambar 14, 628

Genizaro 1, 934

Turtle shell 1, 093

Coconuts 608

Bananas 107,357

Sugar 15,212

Coffee, clean: France, $1,005,203; Germany, $519,855; United Kingdom, $231,292;
Italy, $183,426; United SUtes, $92,874; Spain, $10,352; and other European coun-
tries, $107,755. Husk: Germany, $267,849; United Kingdom, $188,815; United
States, $39,852; France, $3,514; and other European countries, $102,764. Black:
Italy, $17,549; United States, $17,321; Germany, $6,371; France, $3,669; and United
Kingdom, $428.

Cotton: Nearly all to the United Kingdom.

Cacao: Central American countries, $10,536; Germany, $6,561; United States,
$1,672; United Kingdom, $1,502; and France, $583.

Hides: United States, $182,900; United Kingdom, $10,046; Germany, $3,329;
and France, $1,176.

Deerskins: All to the United States.

Rubber: United States, $336,764; United Kingdom, $5,613; and Germany, $3,805.

Minerals: Amalgamated and cyanide gold: All to the United States. Concentrated
metals: All to the United Kingdom. Gold in bars: United States, $156,954; United
Kingdom, $122,992. Smelted gold: United States, $141,533; United Kingdom,
$29,996; and France, $4,034. Precipitated gold: United Kingdom, $49,465; and
United States, $3,475. Auriferous copper: All to the United States. Silver in bars:
All to the United Kingdom.

Woods, cedar: Germany, $10,818; United States, $705. Mahogany: France, $807;
United States, $505; and Germany, $204. Brazilwood: France, $461; United King-
dom, $63. Lignum-vitœ: United States, $1,501; Germany, $807; United Kingdom,
$418.

Dyewoods, mora: United States, $21,073; France, $3,489. Namber: United States,
$12,403; France, $1,215; Germany, $875. Genizaro: All to the United States.

The total export of turtle shell, cocoanuts, and bananas went to the United States.

Sugar: Almost all to the Latin American countries.

The exports by customs houses for the year 1910 were as follows:

Corinto $3, 552, 065. 49

El Bluff 616, 006. 16

El Cabo de Gracias á Dios 267,667.66

San Juan del Sur 108,448.34

San Juan del Norte 888.00

Total 4, 545, 075. 65

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COMMERCE OF PERU FOR

THE total foreign trade of Peru for the year 1911, according to
the message of President Legnia, presented to the Peruvian
National Congress on July 28, 1912, amounted to 13,793,416
libras, of which 6,371,388 libras were imports and 7,422,028
^bt%s vrere exports.

ÎH 1910 the imports were 4,980,697 and the exports 7,074,076

^Ws, or a total of 12,054,773 libras. There was therefore an

^^tease for the year 1911, as compared with the preceding year, of

^»390,691 libras in imports and 347,952 libras in exports, or a total

gain in foreign trade of 1,738,643 libras.

Estimating the value of the Hbra at $4.86 United States gold (the

Same as the British pound sterling) the value of the Peruvian foreign

trade for the year 1911 would be: Imports, $30,964,945.68; exports,

$^^,071,056.08, or a total of $67,036,001.76. On the same basis the

%wes for 1910 would be: Imports, $24,206,188.24; exports, $34,380,-

^^-90, or a total of $58,586,198.14. This shows an increase in trade

oí imports, $6,758,757.44; exports, $1,691,046.18, or a total increase

of S8,449,803.62.

*^ere is no official publication as yet of the details of imports and

exports for the year 1911, either in value or quantities. These

details for the years 1909 and 1910 as given below are taken from the

ï^^rt dated October 1, 1911, of Señor Don Federico E. Ego-Aguirre,

^^t of the general statistical division of the customs.

IMPOBTS.

The followiog table shows the imports by countries for the years 1909, 1910, and 1911 :

Countries.

! 1909

1910

Unitid Kingdom ' $7,(

United States 4,1

619,983
112.180

Germany 3,339,951

1,201,996
950,516
572,821
732,456

98,392
441,878
255,242
885,500
154,758

42,060
140,013

13,317
166,155

23,893

BelgJom.

Aance

Aostralia

Italy

Qiina

Hongkong. . .

British ïîidiâ

Japan

Portogal

Cuba

Ecuador

Salvador

BraiU.

.\Tgentina

Canada

Other coontries..

1,214
3,888
51,513

Total 20,891,329 24,206,188

$8,158,489

4,484,214

3,842,854

1,217,892

2,361,492

885,259

815,461

20,212

639,996

254,219

739.638

144,966

72,439

208,243

36,046

100,787

25,845

35,649

54,832

16,424

91,231

1911

$8,358,383
6.060,863
4,508,565
1,623,154
1,407,114
1,114,427
969,328
1752,625

386,841

373,101

189,431

114,496

102,351

77,949

61,992

43,757

43,280

42,610

100,608

26,429,875

113

I Includes Hongkong.

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114 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.

The figures for 1909 and 1910 as stated above are based upon the official report of
the statistical division of the customs, those for 1911 are based on Sinopsis Estadística
del Perú, 1908-1912, the total as given in the ktter publication being £933,142, or
$4,535,070, less than the total as given in the message of President L^uia.

The imports by 21 major classifications for the year 1910 were:

Cotton textiles £588, 031. 0. 07

Wool and animal hair 213, 387. 1. 12

Linen, hemp, jute, and other textile fibers 93, 740. 5. 65

Silk, animal and vegetable 61, 744. 0. 17

Hides, skins, and leather goods 34, 781. 4. 98

Wearing apparel and notions 167, 375. 8. 95

Furniture 31,924 0.63

Metals, and manufactures of 449, 199. 7. 81

Stones, earths, coal, glass and china ware 122, 091. 9. 29

Woods, lumber and manufactures 89, 852. 9. 51

Paints, dyes, varnishes, bitumen, gums 79, 762. 9. 45

Live animals 9, 310. 9. 17

Stationery, paper, and cardboard 66,468.8.01

Tools, ships' stores, machines, and vehicles 183, 764. 8. 31

Musical instruments 7, 420. 0. 01

Arms, anmiunition, and explosives 38, 154. 8. 72

Dry goods and miscellaneous articles 1, 739, 630. 6. 55

Beverages 115,527.0.87

Comestibles and condiments 734, 464. 7. 35

Medicines and pharmaceutical products 113, 298. 5. 40

Articles not enumerated in the tariff 40, 764. 9. 66

Total ...» 4, 980, 697. L 68

Value United States gold $24,206,184.24

The imports by articles and countries for the year 1910 were as follows:
Cotton Textiles:

United Kingdom £363, 735. 3. 76

Germany 90,142.0,23

Italy 46,065.2.47

United States 30,659.1.55

Belgium 27, 170. 8. 47

Spain 12,496.3.73

France 12, 253. 2. 58

Japan 2,463.0.96

Other countries 3, 045. 6. 32

Total 588, 031. 0. 07

Wool and animal hair:

United Kingdom 109, 513. 0. 04

Germany 57,036.4.72

Belgium 19,054.8.57

Italy 12,644.0.43

France 8,662. L 58

Hongkong 3, 025. 4. 93

United States 514.6.84

Other countries 2, 936. 4. 01

Total 213, 387. L 12

This figure is read 4,980,607 libras or pounds, 1 sol and G8 centimes.

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COMMEBOE OF PERU FOR 1911, 115

Linen, hemp, jute, and other textile fibers:

united Kingdom £51, 257. 2. 15

British India 18, 282. 2. 80

Germany 6, 410. 3. 25

Australia 4, 035. 0. 60

Chue \ 3,354.2.80

France 3, 306. 6. 99

Belgium 2,840.3.30

Italy 2,330.2.82

United States 1,055.0.99

Other coimtries 868. 9. 95

Total 93,740.5.65

Silk, animal and vegetable:

Germany 24,894.9.47

United Kingdom 13, 076. 0. 26

France 11,943.3.99

Italy 4,837.1.87

CMle 2,236.5.79

Belgium 1,526.5.21

Other countries 3, 229. 3. 58

Total 61,744.0.17

Hides, akins, and leather goods:

United Kingdom 12, 117. 4. 51

Gemiany 8, 369. 9. 66

united States 7,702.4.34

France 2, 899. 9. 75

Other countries 3, 691. 6. 72

Total 34,781.4.98

Wearing apparel and notions:

united Kingdom 53, 212. 6.02

France 25, 577. 8. 96

Germany 24, 411. 7. 91

Italy 22,346.4.06

united States 11,935.7.96

British India 11,478.6.00

Spain 9, 218. 1. 92

Other coimtries 9, 194. 6. 12

Total 167,375.8.95

Furniture:

Germany 11, 009. 2. 61

United Kingdom 9, 043. 2. 35

United States 8,266.0.72

Prance 2, 223. 3. 94

Other countries 1, 382. 1. 01

Total 31,924.0.63

Metals and manufactures of:

United Kingdom 261, 124. 5. 79

United States 102,441.6.29

Germany 42 242. 5. 72

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116 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.

Metals and manufactures of— Continued.

Belgium £33,944.6.48

France ". 7,565.2.43

Other countries 1, 881. 1. 10

Total , 449, 199. 7. 81

Stones, earths, coal, glass and china ware:

United Kingdom 55, 913. 5. 03

Germany 29,353.5.38

Belgium 13, 964. 7. 01

United States 10, 670. 5. 43

Australia 5, 53L 6. 26

France 3, 119. 8. 65

Other countries 3, 538. 1. 53

Total 122, 091. 9. 29

Woods, lumber and manufactures:

United States 66, 316. 4. 75

Chile 3, 580. 6. 56

United Kingdom 3,562. 9. 44

Canada 3, 400. 0. 00

Ecuador 3, 300. 8. 11

Germany , 3,120.8.63

Other countries 6, 571. 2. 02

Total 89, 852. 9. 51

Paints, dyes, varnishes, bitumen, gums:

United States 43, 810. 5. 47

Germany 13,892.9.46

United Kingdom 12, 823. 5. 56

Belgium 3,377. 2. 47

Salvador 3, 285. 6. 00

Other countries 2, 573. 0. 49

Total 79, 762. 9. 45

Live animals:

Argentina 6, 117. 5. 00

Chile 2,073. 4. 49

Other countries 1, 119, 9. 68

Total 9, 310. 9. 17

Stationery, paper, and cardboard:

Germany 31,763.6.25

United States 9, 623. 9. 58

United Kingdom 7, 332. 4. 40

Belgium 5, 841. 6. 44

Spain 4,457.6.51

France. 3, 433. 1. 08

Italy 3, 014. 0. 82

Other countries 1, 002. 2. 93

Total 66,468.8.01

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COMMEBCE OF PEBU FOB 1911. 117

Tools, ships* stores, machines, and vehicles:

United States £89, 748. 4. 11

United Kingdom 55, 304. 7. 24

Germany 15,955.2.65

France 11, 918. 5. 20

Belgium 7, 333. 1. 53

Other countries 3, 504. 7. 58

Total 183,764.8.31

Musical instruments:

Germany 4,107.8.83

United States 1,631.9.76

Other countries 1, 680. 1. 42

Total 7,420.0.01

Aims, ammunition, and explosives:

United Kingdom 13, 814. 8. 64

United States 8, 082. 1. 51

Hongkong 5, 550. 5. 40

Chile 4, 704. 9. 40

Germany 3,562.3.38

Other countries 2, 440. 0. 39

Total 38,154.8.72

Dry goods and miscellaneous articles:

United Kingdom 530, 860. 3. 31

United States 370, 279. 9. 66

France 307, 310. 4. 71

Germany 306, 288. 6. 02

Belgium 115, 382. 3. 23

Chile 29, 451. 1. 94

Italy 12, 856. 1. 51

Ecuador 11,332.2.08

Hongkong 8, 703. 6. 38

Spain 7,675.6.27

Cuba 7,269.9.43

Portugal 7, 097. 4. 55

Australia 5, 507. 8. 23

Otíier countries 19, 614. 9. 23

Total 1, 739, 630. 6. 55

Beverages:

France 33, 025. 1. 60

Germany 18,093.0.87

United Kingdom 16, 927. 6. 77

Portugal 14, 271. 4. 62

Italy 9,339.7.56

China: 6, 711. 4. 98

Spain 6,559.1.16

Belgium 5, 160. 8. 30

United States 3, 369. 0. 90

Other countries 2, 069. 4. 11

Total 115, 527. 0. 87

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118

THE PAN AMEBICAN UNION.

Comestibles and condiments:

Australia £164, 726. 9. 00

United States 112, 495. 7. 78

Hongkong 104, 264. 9. 47

Chue 102, 282. 2. 24

United Kingdom 76, 143. 9. 61

Germany 70,938.3.94

Italy 37, 548. 5. 80

Portugal 11, 539. 1. 68

Belgium 7, 822. 7. 15

Argentina 3, 560. 7. 48

Other countries 22, 967. 5. 02

Total 734,464.7.35

Medicines and pharmaceutical products:

United Kingdom 29, 707. 4. 77

Germany 26,990.3.48

United States 24, 405. 2. 15

France 15, 639. 1. 20

Italy 10, 213. 4. 37

Other countries 6, 342. 9. 43

Total 113, 298. 5. 40

Articles not enumerated in the tariff:

United States 19,459.9.40

France 10, 527. 3. 41

Other countries 10, 777. 6. 85

Total 40,764.9.66

Imports by customs houses for years 1909 and 1910 were as follows:

Customs houses.

1909

Callao

IquitoB

Moliendo

Salavwry

Paita

Etan

Pisco

Pacasmayo

Buena Vista ,

Madre de Dios

Puno

Tumbes ,

Anoomarca

Agency of customs house. ,

Total libras

United States (gold).

1 £2,709,321.6.13

482,013.0.61

473,914.1.01

182,565.1.47

135,342.1.26

110,344.1.05

86,626.3.70

106,671.6,87

8,306.1.45

2,009.1.41

342.0.83

551.6.04

197.8.30

72.5.74

348.8.70

4,298,627.4.47
120,984,413

1010

£2,977,580.6.05

903,706.7.29

467,066.3.43

192,212.1.07

171,387.0.78

126,220.6.66

78,310.6.69

56,751.4.83

4,168.1.00

3,000.4.00

155.2.71

77.7.70

41.7.50

15.2.80

1 These figures are read 2,709,321 libras, or pounds, 6 sols and 13 céntimos.

4,960.607.1.68
«24,206,188.24

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COMMEBCE OF PERU FOB 1011.

119

EXPOBTS.

The following tables show the exports by countries for the years 1909 and 1910:

Countries.

1909

1910

1911

Titíted Kingdom $12,988,546

S?i?d States 1 7,268,728

^¿5« 4,138,507

B- *•-

í.¡2jMd*T¿¿¿i; Chile"

2,620,225
1,701,449
988,060
206,057
216,706
119,007
95,143

Qiu;?«f 90,563

^^^ I 15;943

iSl?tW" ";;;;;;*!;;;;;";!;;!;!;!;;;!;;;;;;!;;;;;;;;;;; !;;;j ás^iòó'

íCSLi i 4,139

Bigg^*^ ; "^'^^®

|j?J;LocU*(*wê8t'lndi<»r.!'.!!!'.!".!!!'.*.!'.^ 34Í;979

OtÏÏll- 418.148

"*» ccnint^^M 1 233,311

$12,234,119

$11,983.201

9,878,327

10,187,998

4,349,606

6,370,163

3,750,560

1,902,394

1,740,893

2,811.486

970,055

730,903

516,186

494,640

344,774

299,497

174,183

184,378

133,222

107,528

70,282

248,093

62,814

76,380

62,264

224,368

10,070
5,485

13,211

2,932

71,148

219

1,895

2,334

106

2,242

73,910

298,943

r countries

'^«>tal 31.554,379 34,380,009! 36,010,802

lue fi^^fgg for 1911 are given as contained in the report, dated December 7, 1912,
*^it^d States Vice Consul Louis G. Dreyfus, jr., Callao. The total as given by

• *-^f^yfu8 does not exactly agree, owing perhaps to a different figure of conver-

' '^^tli the figure given in the opening paragraph.

iQAû ^ ^^^llowing table shows the exports of Peru, exclusive of minerals, for the years
1ÎW9 a^^ ^gj^.

Articles.

^ss?*

??}Í¿ü¿:::::::

nee

Cottonseed.

Cocoa

AlUliseed.

m..

OanoaX

FrwtSj fresh and dried.
Ivoirmits

IVOIT

cattle.

Akobol

Cbaño

OtfoUne

Baw sugar (chancaca)

Coodorango

Horns of cattle

Chalonas

Parchment.

Bran.

Vegetables and garden stuff.

Rhatenhy root

Lhre animals

Onions

TaUow

Cacao

1909

148,458.
137,657.
206,988.
255,688.
155,224.

97,941.

93,828.
147,497.

73,820.

40,719.

60,287.

59,908.

56,103.

23,013.

3.54
8.68
1.47
1.35
5.72
0.27
5.20
3.68
0.77
2.00
5.35
1.57
3.42
6.30

16,087.2.45
15,506.2.48
19,614.1.92

3,261.2.80
7,035.1.70
6,189.0.84

3,143.0.00
7,379.4.82

3,240.5.'
11,440.6.:

1,175.9.11

4,500.0.00

34,335.7.62

9,798.3.00

8,852.5.86

1910

£1,382,151.4.89

1,278,673.7.85

1,014,822.5.79

265,757.0.44

181,582.2.00

145,386.4.90

121,078.0.54

109,615.2.23

90,744.9.39

70,702.9.17

69,151.5.75

46,234.1.46

33,754.8.09

27,157.0.19

26,064.8.72

25,164.0.80

23,228.6.64

21,659.8.80

20,337.5.03

18,851.2.29

12,956.5.70

10,682.0.80

9,548.2.41

9,325.9.00

8,543.1.00

7,493.2.88

7,434.8.91

7,408.2.34

7,260.1.24

6,788.4.16

5,833.2.05

4,829.7.34

4,777.4.73

4,746.0.00

4,391.0.82

4,171.5.10

3,868.6.00

3,772.8.21

3,232.2.82

3,200.5.93

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120 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.

ArtldeB.

1909 1910

Cottonseed oU £2,469.2.75 i £2,738.6.77

Yam , 2,651.5.79 I 2,215.5.60

Butter 2,308.2.14 I 2,003.3.34

Olives ; 1,976.6.02

Whefttflour 202.7.93 ! 1,840.1.51

Honey , 1,305.6.85 , 1,550.7.05

Wines 7,136.2.13 1,304.9.25

Beeswax , 1,013.9.94 1,288.3.38

Indian corn , 76.7.24 1,224.6.39

Horsehair ' 1,128.2.53 1,094.0.00

Barley 1,044.6.14

Meats , 8,275.6.35

Cotton textUes 36,850.5.81

AU other exports 57,010.2.94 30,946.9.24

Total ' 4,829,246.6.19 5,151,616.2.60

The following table shows the exports of minerals for the years 1909 and 1910:

1909 1910

Silver and copper bars £635, 852. 3.31

Copper and silver bars 600, 841. 6. 28

Copper and silver matte £164, 761. 9f 76 130,915.3.90

Copper and ?ilver ore 123, 698. 1. 30

SÜ ver sulphide 73,401.2.81 92,083.1.68

Vanadium 69,962.8.40 91.911.2.60

Borateoflime 74,318.2.08 i 73,169.9.12

SUver and lead ore 13,647.5.41 ! 37,516.7.47

SUverbara 47,516.0.26 32,148.1.26

Copperore • 63,218.8.70 29,749.4.48

Silverore 50,390.1.28 , 24,477.7.35

Coppermatte 15,439.3.66 10,348.4.70

Copper, lead, and silver matte « 5,591.3.73

Copper, old 4,095.4.60 4,732.4.72

liCadore 3,553.9.45 3,976.0.85

SUver and copper sulphide 1,703.6.82 3.311.2.96

Gold, silver, and copper ore 482.5.14 3,051.6.04

Silver and copper ore 60, 769. 4. 01

Copper bars 967,830.4.95

All other ¡ 52,332.3.78 19,084.6.76

Total 1.663,424.1.01 1,922,459.8.51

The export of minerals by countries, for the years 1909 and 1910, was as follows:

1909 , 1910

UnitedStates £1,075,995.8.40 £1,406,663.5.93

United Kingdom 462,046.9.57 ! 388,792.9.40

Germany 107,138.2.02 102,194.9.10

Belgium 247.3.16 , 18,435.7.41

France 1,505.5.28 ' 2,702.6.17

Other countries I 16,490.2.58 I 3,670.0.50

Total 1,663,424.1.01 1,922,459.8.51

According to the message of President Leguia, referred to above, the mineral exporta
in 1911 amounted to £2,045,022.7.18.

In 1910 there were exported of: Silver and copper bars: To the United States,
635,678.7.16 libras; to the United Kingdom, 173.6.15 libras. Copper and silver bars:
All to the United States. Copper and silver matte: To the United States, 15,468.4.03
libras; to the United Kingdom, 114,741.9.57 libras; and to Germany, 705.0.30 libras.
Copper and silver ore: To Germany, 3,013.9.70 libras; to Belgium, 1,326.3.30 libras;
to the United States, 39,671.4.86 libras; to France, 43.7.02 libras; and to the United
Kingdom, 79,642.6.38 librae. Silver sulphide: To Germany, 33,267.7.51 libras; to the
United States, 6,541.0.41 libras; and to the United Kingdom, 52,274.3.76 libras. Van-
adium: All to the United States. Borateoflime: To Germany, 46,027.7.44 libras; and to

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PERU

COMMBRCE)- 1911

f6Z 036,001.

,^ American Un /on

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122 THE PAN AMEBIOAH UNION.

the Uuited Kingdom, 27,142.1.68jibra8. Silver and lead ore: To Germany, 7,430.8.46
libras; to Belgium, 16,661.9.28 libras; and to the United Kingdom, 13,421.6.48 libras.
Silver bars: To (Jermany, 224.6.63 libras; and to the United Kingdom, 31,923.4.63
libras. Copper ore: To Germany, 3,448.8.55 libras; to the United States, 7,354.4.80
libras; to France, 2,366.7.03 libras; and to the United Kingdom, 16,480.0.10 libras.
Silver ore: To Germany, 1,110.2.54 libras; to the United States, 5,278.5.07 libras;
and to the United Kingdom, 18,088.9.74 libras. Copper matte: To Germany, 18.9.75
libras; to the United States, 2,615.6.34 libras; and to the United Kingdom, 7,713.8.61
libras. Copper, lead, and silver matte: All to the United Kingdom. Copper, old:
To the United Kingdom, 4,075.4.50 libras. Lead ore: To Grermany, 2,Í76.9.00 libras;
and to the United Kingdom, 1,351.7.02 libras. Silver and copper sulphide: To
Germany, 1,040.3.82 libras; and to the United Kingdom, 2,270.9.14 libras. Gold,
silver, and copper ore: To Germany, 601.0.97 libras; and to the United States, 60.8.20
libras.
The exports by customhouses for the years 1909 and 1910 were as follows:

Customhouses. 1909 1910

Callao 1 £2,615,825.1.54 £2,894,941.4.40

Iquitos 1,029,708.7.75 1,121,601.3.93

Salaverry 627,022.0.99 834,228.0.70

MoUendo , 623,151.0.57 765,727.0.78

Paita I 466,142,3.83 529,295-1.92

Eten , 307,927.8.98 367,127.5.03

Pisco 371,546.5.71 266,387.1.73

Agency of customhouse 122,239. 8. 78 132,650. 1. 94

Pacasmayo , 51,159.7.39 63,877.6.48

Puno I 51,382.6.94 i 30,539.4.71

Ancomarca 10,380.6.74 ; 17,066.0.32

Tumbes 157,458.5.18 14,625.4.66

Ho 6,069.7.27 12,388.9.39

Buena Vista 12,930.6.93 12,242.8.92

Madre de Dios : 40,724.8.60 11,477.6.30

Total libras 6,492,670.7.20 7,074,076.1.11

United States (gold) 131,554,379 134,380,009.90

» This flgtiro is rc:i(l 2,615,825 libras or pounds, 1 sol, and 54 céntimos.

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ARGENTT^^REPUBLIC

During the first 10 months of 1912 the EXPORTS of domestic
products from the Ai^entine Republic aggregated 9,158,400 tons, as
compared with '4,110,386 tons in the same period of 1911. The
largest single items of exports, in tons, were, in the order of their
importance, as follows: Com, 3,779,965; wheat, 2,438,520; oats,

869,280; flax, 457,223; and frozen beef, 263,844. The mmister of

agriculture of the Argentine Republic has decided, after visiting the
IGUAZU FALLS, to detail a sufficient corps of engineers to super-
intend the opening of new roads and the repair of old ones in the
vicinity of the cataracts, and to erect several houses at convenient
points to be leased as hotels for the accommodation of tourists. The
department of agriculture is also improving the great national park of

which the Argentine side of these falls forms a part. The Congress

of the Argentine Republic has been requested by the department of
^iculture to make an appropriation of 200,000 pesos for the purpose
of defraying the preliminary expenses necessary to be incurred in
^^nnection with the collection, arrangement, and display of the
Argentine exhibit at the PANAMA PACIFIC INTERNATIONAL
*^XP0SITI0N to be held in San Francisco, California, in 1915.
^^®ntina proposes to make a fine exhibit of its products, and will

jj^^t a special committee to take charge of the work. The

^^-ft Y SCHOOL of the Argentine Government at Belle Ville,
d/jú^'^TktÁnh, is one of the best equipped and managed institutions in
Sq^^Jtl America. Thorough instniction is given in the manufacture of
¿ui^t-ex-, cheese, and other operations connected with the successful
ruTàrkii^ of a dairy. A fine laboratory has been fitted up and special
att«nt;,ion is given to laboratory work. The agricultural section gives
instr-uction in food products, grazing, and forestry with a special view

to t-lx^ir use in the dairying business. The Argentine consul in

Genoa has informed his Government that the STEAMER San
G\cy^M3,-nni of the Sicula American Co., which formerly navigated
bet/^^^^en Naples and the United States, has sailed for Buenos Aires,
and trhat if the trial trip is satisfactory to the company this steamer

^^ t>« used regularly in the South American service. A shipment

01 176 head of CATTLE was recently made from Buenos Aires to
^^^*3ciuda, Argentine stock having been preferred to cattle from the

United States. A correspondent of the STANDARD of Buenos

Airee, ^{^q recently visited southern Argentina, reports that there is
a good opening for a BANK at Patagones, on the Negro River, or at
Niednia, a town of 3,000 inhabitants and capital of the province of

W'o Negro. Patagones is to be the terminus of the Pacific Railway

^^'~ —Tres Arroyos, near Bahia Blanca, has contracted for the
"AVI>;q qI 25 squares of streets at 13.30 pesos per meter for granite

123

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124 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.

and 22 pesos per meter for asphalt. The National Government has

approved a plan for the construction of a HOSPITAL at Allen, a few
leagues from Neuquen. The building wul cost approximately 385,000

pesos. IMMIGRANTS to the number of 1,400 arrived at the port

of Bahia Blanca on the steamer Santa Fe on November 7, 1912.

The municipal THEATER at Mendoza is to bé leased for one year

from February 1, 1913. The present lessee is Juan Iglesias. ^The

national school of VITICULTURE at Mendoza is to be visited by a
technical inspector who will reconmiend to the Federal Government
the manner of enlarging the institution and improving the manage-
ment and efficiency of the school. From the 3l8t of the present

month the GRANARIES which the railway companies have at their
stations are to be opened to public service with tariffs fixed by the

executive power. The 'Argentine Northeastern RAILWAY has

been granted 12 months from January 10, 1913, in which to complete
the first 100 kilometers of its extension from Concordia to Concepción

del Uruguay. A contract has been made with the South American

Bank Note Co. to print the registers of the numbers of the BONDS

of the 70,000,000 gold loan negotiated in 1911. ^The division of

commerce and industry of the department of agriculture will exhibit
specimens of all the INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS of the country.
The Argentine Industrial Union has been requested to cooperate in

the formation of the exhibit. The department of education will

engage in Europe, through the legations at Berlin and Paris, PRO-
FESSORS of philosophy, history, and French for service in the

National Institute at Buenos Aires after March, 1913. Sr. Huergo,

chief engineer of the Argentine Government in connection with the
Comodoro Rivadavia oil exploitation estimates that the oil fields at
that place cover an area of 200 hectares, on which 100 wells could be
sunk. The money needed for continuing the exploitation is, approxi-
mately 5,000,000 pesos. The Comodoro Rivadavia oil fields are
especially valuable to Argentina since up to the present time no

workable bed of good coal has been discovered in the RepubUc.

Juan Galargo, an engineer commissioned by the department of agri-
culture to inspect the IRRIGATION works along the banks of the
Rio Negro, reports a great extension of cultivation within the irrigated
area and unusual activity in the cultivation of the vine. A com-
pany has been formed entitled * ^Credito de Irrigación de Mendoza"
(Mendoza Irrigation Credit Co.) to operate in the San Rafael district.
The company proposes to use the waters of the Diamanto and Atuel

Rivers for irrigating a large area of land. The value of the trans-

ers of REAL PROPERTY in Buenos Aires during the fu-st nine
months of 1912 was 237,111,296 pesos paper, as compared with
288,605,306 pesos during the same period of 1911. The mortgages
placed on real estate during the period referred to aggregated
164,865,910 pesos paper, in 1912, as compared with 147,967,680 pesos
paper in 1911. From January to September, inclusive, 1912, there

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ARGENTINE REPUBLIC. 125

were 10,310 MARRIAGES in the City oí Buenos Aires. The

Central Argentine Railway has issued its railway MAP of the Argen-
tine Republic for 1912. A contract was signed on November 5,

1912, by the department of public works, with Vickers Son & Maxim
for the^ construction of a SHIPBUILDING YARD and maritime
workshops on the Segundo River near La Plata. The National
Government proposes to invest 2,500,000 gold pesos in the company

that is to be formed for the establishment of the works. The first

vessel to arrive at Buenos Aires using refined PETROLEUM as a
fuel was the Monte Penedo of the Hamburg American Line. Some
of the Government engineers composing the committee of administra-
tion for the exploitation of the petroleum deposits of Comodoro
Rivadavia visited and inspected the vessel. The 700 tons of petro-
leum stored in the ship for use on the journey from Hamburg to
Buenos Aires and return were loaded in four hours. The results were
satisfactory in every respect, and especially as to cleanliness and
absence of smoke. The unrefined petroleum used in the locomotives
on the railway in course of construction from Comodoro Rivadavia
to Lake Buenos Aires could not be used in the crude state on petro-
leum steamers. The bill presented to the Chamber of Deputies

providing for the PENSIONING of railway employees is based on a
5 per cent deduction from salaries exceeding 100 paper pesos per
month, the Federal Government paying into the pension fund 5 per
cent on all salaries of 100 paper pesos per month or less. Under the
l>lan proposed the Federal Government is to contribute 10,000,000
paper pesos to the pension fund as a guarantee that there will always

be sufficient money on hand to pay aU pensions falling due. Mr.

R. J. Coelho, director general of the Spanish Bank of the River
Hate in Buenos Aires and an acknowledged authority on the FINAN-
CIAL AND ECONOmC CONDITION of the Argentine Republic,
stated in an interview in Paris recently that the impression in Europe
concerning the Argentine Republic is one of admiration for its
economic progress in so short a lapse of time, made possible by the
unlimited agricultural and pastoral re450urces of the country. Con-
cerning the great increase in the price of land in Argentina, Mr.
Coelho made a comparison of the value of land in Canada with that
of the iVrgentine provinces of Cordoba, Santa Fe, Entre Rios, Corri-
entes, Tucuman, and Mendoza, which are more densely populated
than that part of Canada now offering for sale large quantities of
untilled agricultural land, and found that the value of Argentine land
in the provinces referred to is about half of that asked for the cheap
lands of Canada. Mr. Coelho believes that the policy of the Argen-
tine Dovemment should be to enter into commercial treaties with
other nations for the purpose of developing not only the commerce
of the country but also its latent resources.
72890— Bull. 1—13 9

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BOLIVIA

Sr. Don Alberto Decombe, an inspection engineer of the Arica to
La Paz RAILWAY, made a trip in November last over the line, and
reports tliat the work still to be done will require an outlay of about
£35,000. The railway is completed from Arica, Chile, to Viacha,
Pem, and grading is being done from Viacha to Altos de La Paz, a
distance of 23 kilometers. From Altos de La Paz to the City of
La Paz the distance of the route selected is 12 kilometers, and the
difference in altitude between the two places 453 meters. Of
the four machine shops which the railway will have at Chinchorro,
Viacha, Puquios, and Central, the first two are nearly completed and
installation work has begun on the other two. These shops will be
fitted up with the best modern machinery and will be able to turn out
all kinds of work. There is a steep grade in the road from kilo-
meter 40 (from Arica) to Central Station, kilometer 70, at which
point an elevation of 1,440 meters is attained. The cog-wheel
section of the railway begins at Central station and extends over a
distance of 35 kilometers to Puquois, a station situated 3,730
meters above the level of the sea. The grade continues to ascend
to Laguna Blanca, 190 kilometers from Arica, where an elevation of
4,250 meters is reached. Laguna Blanca is the station where it is
proposed to construct irrigation works for irrigating the Tacna
Valley. The Bolivian frontier is at kilometer 208. A branch Une
is being constructed under a guarantee of the Bolivian Government
from Corocoro station to the village of the same name. At Viacha,
kilometer 415, the elevation is 3,900 meters. At this point the
Arica Railway connects with the Antofagasta to Oruro and La Paz
Railway, and the railway from Moliendo to La Paz, via Lake Titicaca

and Guaqui. ^The newspaper entitled "El Ferrocarril" (The

Railway) of Cochabamba, Bolivia, states that the project of a North
American company for constructing a RAILWAY through Brazil
from a point on the Atlantic Ocean near Rio de Janeiro so as to con-
nect with the railways which communicate with the ports of Anto-
fagasta, Arica, and Moliendo on the Pacific Ocean is rapidly assum-
ing shape and that indications are that the plan will soon become
a reality. Steps have been taken to purchase all the interests
and concessions of the Governments of Bolivia and Chile in the
La Paz to Antofagasta Railway, the approximate consideration being
£15,000,000. A committee of three persons appointed to carry
on the negotiations recently disembarked at Buenos Aires,' pro-
ceeded overland to the Bolivian frontier and from thence to La
Paz. This committee made a thorough inspection of the Antofagasta

126

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BOLIVIA. 127

Railway in December last and will report upon the same to the
company. Should the negotiations be successful the new company
will proceed at once with the construction of the 3,000 kilometers
of railway from the Brazilian coast to the City of La Paz, commencing

work simultaneously at convenient points along the line. ^The

Bolivian Congress has passed a law imposing import duties of
17.40 bolivianos on each 100 kilos of raw sugar and molasses, and
6.50 bolivianos on each 100 kilos of refined sugars, white and

brown. ^The CUSTOAfflOUSE at Guaqui was transferred to La

Paz on December 1, 1912. The Bolivian press also recommends the
immediate transfer of the customhouse at Antofagasta to Uyuni, and
of the customhouse at Quiaca to Tupiza in accordance with a law

recently passed by the Bolivian Congress. ^TELEGRAPH offices

at Villa Aspiazu and Yanacachi in the province of Sud Yungas have

been opened to public traffic. ^The Government of Bolivia has

required the Bolivian Railway Co. to establish an ACCOUNTING
OFFICE at La Paz for the fiscal verification of the expenses of con-
struction of the Speyer railways. During the latter part of 1912

the Congress of Bolivia approved the following INTERNATIONAL
CONVENTIONS and agreements: Treaty of amity, exchange of
publications, and postal convention with Colombia; agreement made
at the congress held in Caracas between Ecuador, Bohvia, Peru,
Colombia, and Venezuela concerning telegraphs, academic titles,
literary and artistic property, ways of communication, execution of
foreign laws, patents, privileges, inventions, extradition, publications
of the unprinted documents of the Liberator, etc. ; treaty of commerce
with Belgium, and postal money order convention with Great

Britain. The President of Bolivia has been authorized by the

Bolivian Congress to contract a loan of 760,000 bolivianos for the
erection of military BARRACKS AND HOSPITALS, and the
sum of 500,000 bolivianos has been appropriated for the acquirement

of military supplies and dirigible balloons. ^The National Light

and Power Co. of Cochabamba has submitted a bid for the extension
of the Vinto RAILWAY to Arani and Totora with branches to

other points. ^The Bolivian Goldfields Co., a North American

enterprise, has bought the Chuquiaguillo MINE, with the intention of
exploiting it on a large scale. American mining engineers are
investigating mining properties at Potosi and other mining centers
of the Republic with the intention of developing same on a large
scale. Sr. Alfredo Jauregui Rosquellas has published an inter-
esting BOOK of 128 pages on the historical notes and statistics of

the capital of the Repubhc. ^The WATERWORKS board at

Cajamarca has negotiated a loan of 50,000 bolivianos with the
National Bank of Bolivia for the construction of waterworks at that
place. A circular has been issued from Antofagasta to merchants

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128 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.

of Bolivia stating that in view of greater expenses because of an
increase in the amount of paper and stamps required for CUSTOMS
DOCUMENTATION, in future an additional charge of 20 pesos,
Chilean currency, will be included in the charges for dispatcliing

goods tlirough the customhouse. The first scholastic year of the

COCIIABAMBA INSTITUTE, known locally as the*^ American
School, has been very successful. The teaching force of 18 professors,
under the able direction of Prof. J. E. Washburg, gave instruction
to 250 students during the year referred to, 70 of whom were boarding
pupils. The Government of Bolivia pays the expenses of 40 boarding
pupils, selected by competitive examination for entrance to this

school. Maj. Eugenio Garay, the new MINISTER of Paraguay in

Bolivia, presented his credentials to the Bolivian Government on

November 26, 1912. ^The officers of the Cochabamba LIGHT AND

POWER Company are as follows; Simon Lopez, president; Rafael
Urquidi, manager, and Felix A. del Granado, secretary. The execu-
tive power has ordered the survey by Government engineers of a
WAGON ROAD from Cochabamba to Morochata and Independ-
encia. ^The House of Deputies has passed a MINING law prohibiting

the sale of ores and metals by miners who obtain same illegitimately.
The seller of stolen ores and the purchaser of same knowing them to

be stolen are liable to severe punislunent. Sr. Don Adolfo Ballivian,

consul general of Bolivia in New York, reports that during the month
of December, 1912, 12,436 packages of merchandise weighing
575,949 kilos were shipped from the port of New York consigned to
Bolivian points. This merchandise, which consisted chiefly of
hardware, cotton goods, machinery, kerosene, groceries, liquors, and
miscellaneous articles, was invoiced at $141,880.47.

The new year opens with general business activity in Brazil. Four
NEW VEaSEKS of the North German Lloyd are to ply between
Europe and the River Plate country, callmg inward and outward at
Brazilian ports. The first sailing was from Bremen on January 4.
These ships will be 9,000 tons each and will have accommodation for

120 first-class passengers, 80 second class, and 1,300 third class.

The Anglo-Brazilian Meat Co. has been authorized to operate in
the Republic. The object is to acquire and estabhsh meat and
SIAUGHTER HOUSES in Santa Theresa and Industrial in Bage,
Rio Gran do Sul, and to engage in agriculture, real estate, and alUed
lines in Brazil. The capital named is $700,000 and the head office

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BRAZIL. 129

of the company is in London. ^At the annual meeting of the stork-
holders of tlie Carlton Hotel Co. (Ltd.), Tandon, tlie prospects of
increased hotel business in Brazil were deemed especially briglit.
HOTEIÍ5 are projected in Sao Paulo, Guaruja, and other places, in
addition to the business already established in tlic Brazilian capital.
Commenting on the subject, Mr. Ham, one of the company officials,
said that the two hotels which are projected at Rio and Sao Paulo
will probably be the finest buildings ever erected in those cities, and
that there seems to be every indication that Brazil is about to develop

ernormously. ^The Brazilian Review in speaking of the NEW

STEAMSHIPS recently put into service between England and Brazil
says that the new ships are proving most popular, especially for those
who desire a quiet voyage witliout a crowd. Some years ago this
service was oidy available occasionally but under present arrange-
ments the sailings are fortnightly. Mr. W. Alison Phillips, of the

editorial staff of the London Times, will soon become ÍJDITOR of
tlie South American supplement of tliat paper. Mr. Phillips recently
completed a circuit of the continent, during which he made exten-
sive studies of commercial and industrial conditions which will be a
valuable asset when he assumes his new duties. For eight 3'ears he
was one of the editors of the Encyclopedia Britannica. IN-
CREASED BUSINESS is the cause given by the Paulista Railway
Co. for ordering 12 new locomotives and 250 steel freight cars. The
value of the Order is estimated at about £133,335. ^Flie newspa-
pers report that the President of Brazil has signed a decree authoriz-
ing the extension of the Rio de Janeiro PORT WORKS, an improve-
ment that will give still greater facilities for shipping interests. TJie
improvements of Beira Mar along the Rue Sta. Luzia are progress-
ing, and when completed will enhance the beauty of this already

celebrated water front. ^At the end of November the STOCK OF

RUBBER at Para was 1,725 tons, and at Manaos 360 tons, or a
total of 2,085 tons; this amount is about 1,100 tons less than on the
corresponding date last year. ^Tlie one hundred and sixth ordi-
nary general meeting of the STOCKHOLDERS of the Sao Paulo
Railway Co. (Ltd.), was held in London late in October. The chair-
man presented a very interesting report, which was published in the

Brazilian Review of November 26, 1912. A call for tenders for

supplying material for the erection of 1,500 kilometers of WIRE
FENCING along the various lines of the West Minas Railway were
received up to December 30. The Middleton Car Co., of Pitts-
burgh, Pennsylvania, has been authorized to operate in Brazil. The
object is to manufacture and sell IRON AND wSTEEL, build and sell

cars and other rolling stock, etc. ^The Brazilian Review, of Rio

de Janeiro, states that the VOLUME OF PARCEI^S arriving by post
is increasing. The customs revenue therefrom in October was

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130 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.

$33,000 against $13,000 for the same moiitli last year. During:

October the REVENUE TAX in the Federal district amounted to
$135,000, or an increase of $11,000 over the same month last year,
while the revenue from perfumes and scents included in the above
figures was $13,000, or an increase of $7,000, a remarkable show-
ing. ^The President has signed a decree authorizing the Mmas

Geraes & Espiritu Santo Exploration Co., with a capital of $650,000,
to do business in the Republic. The concern will OPERATE SAW-
MIIJjS, mines, railway Unes, deal in lands, etc. News from Lon-
don stat^ that an important group of capitalists recently sent an
expert to study several RUBBER SECTIONS of the world, and that
he visited Brazil and reported that three reforms are urgently needed,
viz: Change of incision metliod, importation of Chinee labor, and

reduction of export duties. The NEW DRAINAGE system of

Para has been inaugurated, much to the benefit of the city. The con-
cessionaires are the Para Municipality Improvements Co. (Ltd.).

The State of Minas has given land for the establishment of a
model BREEDING FARM, which will be started at Uberaba, and
the President of the Republic has signed the decree of authoriza-
tion. ^The Brazilian Review of November 19 states that a RADIO-
TELEGRAPHIC STATION has been established at Stanley in the
Falkland Islands, thus bringing into wireless communication one of
the remote sections of the world. The governor of the islands has
asked, through tlie British consul in Rio Grande do Sul, that the
station at Stanley and Junccao be kept in continuous connection m

order that experiments may be made, etc. ^The report of the

North Brazil SUGAR FACTORIES states that the accounts of tlie
year to June 30, after providing for interest on debentures and trans-
ferring £2,000 to debenture reserve account show a profit and loss
account of £3,206, as against a debit balance of £530 for the pre-
vious year. Five of the larger COTTON MILKS in the Federal

district, according to the United States Consulai* Reports, employ
8,000 operatives and have an output of 75,500,000 metei-s (meter
equal to 1.09 yards). Another large mill under construction will
employ 1,500 operatives and will utilize 1,500 horsepower. Four
mills in Petrópolis manufactured 17,000,000 meters, and in Sao Paulo

24 mills produced 76,000,000 meters in 1910. During 1911, 375

foreign SAILING VESSELS arrived at Brazilian ports, an increase
of 15 vessels over 1910. It is reported that the Brazilian Govern-
ment lias made an arrangement with the States of Para and Ama-
zonas whereby tlie export DUTY ON RUBBER will be reduced, be-
ginning on January 1, 1913. It is proposed to make up for the loSvS
in revenue tlirough such reduction by imposing a tax on business

concerns and a tax on the consumption of alcohol. ^The MUSI-

CAL HOUSES of Para handle almost exclusively, among other

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CHILE. 131

instruments, the North American phonograph, wJiich is gaining in
popularity. Certain types are established but new styles of machines

well handled would doubtless soon become popular. ^The Bureau

of Statistics, of the United States Department of Commerce and
Labor, has recently made public a statement relative to COFFEE
PRODUCTION in 1911. Brazil was the world's largest producer,
that country's crop for the year being given at 1,489,437,000 pounds;
barring 1904 and 1910, this crop was the smallest turned out in 11
years. The Brazilian record was made in 1909, when the crop was
2,232,911,000 pounds. The second largest producer in 1911 was
Venezuela, with a crop that aggregated 81,911,000 pounds. Tlie
coffee production of other leading countries for 1911 was as follows:
Dutch East Indies, 49,001,000 pounds; Mexico, 41,587,000 pounds;

Porto Rico, 33,933,000 pounds; British India, 30,492,000 pounds.

MOVING PICTURES are very popular in Brazilian cities. Rio de
Janeiro alone has seating capacity for 13,000 persons, with an intake
of more than $3,000 per hour. Other cities, such as Sao Paulo,
Santos, Pernambuco, Bahia, etc., have many places for such amuse-
ments and the attendance is usually good. Western scenes and
sketches as portrayed by American film manufacturers are not
popular, the French features being more appealing.

The National Mining Society has been commissioned to study the

PETROLEUM deposits at Ancud and Carelmapu. ^The Chilean

Government has been invited to participate in the SMELTING con-
gress to be held in London in May, 1913. The bureau of mines has

compiled data showing the extent of the IRON ore districts of the
Republic to be as follows: Cerro Gordo mines, in Mejillones, 9,000
square meters; Chuquicamata mines, in Calama, 16,000 square
meters, Chillate mines, in Antofagasta, 180,000 square meters;
Chañar Quemada mines, in Freiima, 100,000 square meters; Los
Cristales mines, near the Longitudinal Railway, estimated to contain
30,000,000 tons; Los Barros mines, near Los Cristales mines, 1,000,000
tons; Sierra Piriña mines, on the Ijongitudinal Railway, 200,000 tons;

and mines at Coquimbo, over 970,000,000 tons. An appropriation

of IP'500,000 has been made to the Central Railway system for the
purchase of SLEEPERS. ^The cost of the construction of a RAIL-
WAY from Port San Antonio to Cartagena is estimated at ^595,736.

^The Puente Alto to Melocotón RAILWAY has been opened

to public traffic, and a third rail has been laid on the railway
between Copiapo and Chulo. The sum of ^120,000 is to be

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132 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.

spent in dred^n^ the port of Carahue. The department of ¡ndustrv

will expend ? 100,000 in improving]: the Renca, Nuñoa, and Viña
del Mar to Concón IIKîIIWAYS. Steps have been taken to pro-
vide POTABLE WATER for the towns of Traigjen, San Felipe, and
Ix)s Andes. The approved budjjet of the potable WATER com-
pany of Valparaiso for 1913 is ^2,320,000. Roberto Fortune

has been appointe<l VICE CONSl'L ad honorem of the Republic of

Panama at Coquimbo, Chile. The Braim & Blanchanl Steamship

Co. ha.s added an ADDITIONAI^ VESSEL to its service between

Valparaiso and Puntarenas. Steps have been taken to organize in

Santiago the Chilean ENAMELlNd Co., with LuLs Urzua Vicuña as
general manager. The invoice value and duties paid on enameled
ware imported into Chile annually is approximately ^21,000,000.
All of the raw materials for the manufacture of enameled articles are
to be found in the RepubHc of Chile in large quantities. It Ls pro-
posed to erect a factory with a capacity of 25,000 enameled articles
daily, and w^hich will give employment to more than 1,000 work-
men. I^comte & Co. have established a GIjASS factor}^ at Con-
cepción, Chile. A specialty is to be made of the manufacture of bot-
tles, ñasks, etc., for the dmggist trade.— The Xaticmal Congress
has been asked for an appropriation of ^300,000 to enable the
executive power to continue the study of the BRANCH LINES of
railway necessary to be built to Iquique, Antofagtusta, ami Mejillones

as feeders to the l^mgitudinal Railway. The bureau of railways

has recommended the standardizing of the GAUGE of the Longitu-
dinal Railway to 1 meter. The maximum grades on this line are 4.5

per cent. The inspector general of forests reports that the wooded

section of Chile does not exceed 5 per cent, when it should be at least
33 per cent, and recommends that Congress take the necessaiy legis
lative action for the CONSERVATION of the forests of the country.

The GoveiTiment of Chile has appointed an ad honorem delegate

to participate in the Tenth International Congress of AGRICIJI^-

TURE to be held in Ghent from the Sth to the 13th of June, 1913.

A commissioner of the Intemational Institute of Rome is traveling in
Chile, with the view to establishing the COOPERATIVE AGRI-
CULTLTRAL system in that Republic. The department of indus-
try has asked for an appropriation of ^100,000 for the installation

of a geodetic SCHOOL. The TRANSANDINE RAILWAY via

Nuble will have a gauge of 1.68 metei^s, and will mn from San Fabian
to Guacalafque, on the Argentine frontier, a distance of 73.2 kilo-
meters. From the Argentine boundary the railway will be extended
through Pampa Tril to General Acha, where it will connect with the
Argentine railways. The maximum grade is 3 per cent, and the
maximum altitude 1,588 meters. The distance between Santiago
and Buenos Aires via this route is 1,852 kilometei*s. The estimated

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CHILE. 133

cost of the Chilean section is ^12,869,600 gold. ^The bureau of

public works of the Chilean Government has recommended to the
department of industry the advisability of supplying Caldera with
potable WATER. The estimated cost for the installation of water

works at that place is ^18,500. ^The plan submitted by Sr. José

Muche for the installation of an ELECTRIC light and power plant in

the city of Ancud has been approved by the Chilean authorities.

The WIIARF which an English firm of contractors is to construct at
I^s Salinas, port of Valparaiso, will be 200 meters long and wide
enough to accommodate three 1.68-meter railway tracks to be used

in transporting materials. ^The finance committee of the House of

Deputies has reported favorably on a petition of the manufacturers
of wooden phosphorus MATCHES requesting an increase of duty

on the imports of same to 18 gold centavos per gross kilogram. At

the special session of the Chilean Congress held in the latter part of
1912 the council of state submitted the following important BHjIjS:
A bill authorizing the President to auction the land on which the
men's lyceum at Talca is situated; a bill providing that nitrate prop-
erties and lands be subject to attachment and alienation in accord-
ance with executive decrees; and a bill establishing a corps of mining

engineers and a geologic institute. The National Agricultural

Society has been petitioned to divide the Republic into two zones for
the purpose of registering PATENTS and BRANDING marks for
animals, the northern zone to be under the direction of the National
Agricultural Society and the zone comprising Maule and the South

under the du*ection of the Agricultural Society of the South.

Rules and regulations have been issued peimitting private parties to
use RAFTS, without obtaining licenses, for transporting timber and

other merchandise on the rivers of the Provinces of the Republic.

The steamer Pachiteaj which anchored in the port of Valparaiso on
November 17, 1912, was the first PERUVIAN VESvSEL to visit
Chilean waters for commercial purposes for more than 30 years. The
Peruvian Steamship Co., to which this vessel belongs, proposes to
establish a monthly service between Peruvian and Chilean ports.
The Pachifea bi ought a cargo of sugar and other merchandise to

Chile and returned with a cargo of hay and sundry goods. The

National Nitrate Society has been organized in Santiago, with a
capital of £1,200,000, for the puipose of exploiting NITRATE p/op-

erties in the Republic. The municipality of Vina del Mar has been

authorized by the Federal Congress to negotiate a LOAN, not to
exceed £200,000, at 5 per cent annual interest and a yearly amortiza-
tion of not less than 1 nor more than 2 per cent, to be used in pavin
streets, constructing sidewalks, public baths, sanitation, pubüc
buildings, crematory plant, slaughterhouse, etc. A law of the

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134 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.

Republic of Brazil, of October 25, 1912, places Chilean nitrate on the

free list, beg-jinrng with January, 1913. According to a law of

July 16, 1912, effective October 21 of the same year, one year is the
maximum term during which imported merchandise may be STORED
in the customs warehouses of the Republic. An AGRICUL-
TURAL congress has been organized to promote the agricultural
interests of the Provinces of Concepción, Arauco, Biobio, Cautín, and

Malleco. The hydraulic inspection office of the Government of

Chile will appoint a committee of engineers to study and report upon
the construction of new IRRIGATION canals in different parts of

the country. -The department of industry and public works of

Chile has appointed a committee to study and report upon the

AGRICULTURAL SC^HOOLS of the country. A Government

engineer has been commissioned to go to the mining districts of
northern and southern Chue to report upon the advisability of the

exploitation of UNWORKED MINES. ^A discovery of GOLD

ORES has been made in the Department of Meipilla, on the Quillayes
ranch. Assays of these oies show from 220 to 168 grams of gold per

ton. The department of industry of the Government of Chue has

been infoimed^of the existence of PETROLEU^I in the vicinity of
An tof agasta and has sent an engineer to examine and report upon
the property. An engineer has also been sent to Magallanes to report

upon the existence of peti oleum in Cambridge Island. The

exploitation of COAL MINES at Talcahuano and Arauco has been
very active recently. The department of industry of the Govern-
ment of Chile has compiled data concerning the IRON INDUSTRY
of the Republic for distribution by the Chilean legations and con-
sulates for the purpose of attracting the investment of foreign capital
in the exploitation of coal properties. It is said that a company has
been formed in Paris, with a capital of 300,000,000 francs, with the
object of establishing a large iron smelter in Chile to compete with the
Coiral smelter. There is a large quantity of iron ore in northern
Chile, some of the samples of which assay as high as 66 per cent of

iron. Construction work is actively being carried forward on the

Arica to Zapiga RAILWAY, 80,000 pesos having been appropriated
for that purpose. A preliminary survey has been made for the con-
struction of the Alamo to Molina Railway. The inauguration of the

RAILWAY between Santiago and La Serena took place during the

latter part of November, 1912. A new plan has been presented

to the National Congiess for the ELECTRIFICATION of the State
railways between Valparaiso and Santiago, Las Vegas and Los Andes,

and [Santiago and Talca, at an estimated cost of £5,000,000. The

fíõward Syndicate has been author-zed to open to pubhc traffic 118
kilometers of RAILWAY and 1,470 meters of tunnel between Tilma,

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COLOMBIA. 135

Parral, Vallenar, and Toledo. Chile has at present more than 2,600

PUBLIC SCHOOLS and numerous piivate institutions, and among
the teaching force are several highly accomplished specialists from
Europe and from North America. Many improvements in technical
education are under consideration by the school officials.

The TERMINAL STATION of the Amaga Railway on the Cauca
River in the District of Venecia is to be built at kilometer 81 at a

point 10 meters higher than the normal waters of that stream.

The Government has authorized Mr. Tomas Clark to NAVIGATE,
under the English flag, the Patia and Telembi Rivers in the steam-
boat La Palomita, ^An ELECTRIC light and power plant was

recently installed at Carmen, in the Department of Bolivar.

An order of the treasury department prohibits TRAVELING
SALESMEN from importing more than 1,000 kilos of salable sam-
ples free of duty. Dr. Francisco Jose Urrutia has been appointed

MINISTER of foreign affairs of Colombia. The LEGISLATIVE

COMMITTEE recently established by a law of Congress is com-
posed of Dr. J. M. Gonzalez Valencia, chairman; Dr. Miguel Abadía

Méndez, vice chairman; and Dr. Miguel J. Canal, secretary.

CARTAGENA BAY has recently been dredged to a depth of 3 meters

in the canals over an area of 3,500 square meters. ^The post office

at Bogota received from abroad in 1911 PARCELS POST packages
to the number of 45,246, weighing 145,823 kilos, on which import
duties amounting to $124,311 were paid. During the same period
the office at Medellin received 13,229 packages, weighing 55,052

kilos, on which duties were collected to the amount of $58,620.50.

A recent treasury order requires the fiUng in dupHcate, at the time
of paying the ANNUAL TAX ON MINES, of a statement giving
the name of the payer or of his principal, the year, name of mine,
area and situation, boundaries, etc. One of these statements wiU

be returned to the party in interest and the other retained.

The "Lago del Centenario" (Lake of the Centenary) at Bogota is
soon to be NAVIGATED by some small boats constructed by Dr.

M. Bemal Tapia, a Colombian engineer. ^Local government was

oflBcially established on the San Andres and Providencia ISLANDS

on January 1, 1913. The sum of $4,000 has been appropriated

to repair the SANITARY STATION at Port Colombia. A

VACCINE STATION has been estabUshed in Bogota to supply the
RepubUc of Colombia and other South American countries with

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136 T]IE PAX AMEKICAX LNlON.

vaccine. A BANK has been established in Medellin under the

name of ** Banco Aleman-Antioqueño/* A TOBA(XX) factory is

to be estabhshed at Pénalisa by Colombian merchants and manu-
facturers. Juan Manuel Davila, a Colombian aviator, has pre-
sented the National Govenxment with an AEROPLANE for the

purpose of establishing an aviation school in the Republic.

The SANITARY CONVENTION of December 3, 1903, as amended

in Paris on January 17, 1912, has been ratified by Colombia.

The Federal Government has appropriated $5,000 toward the erec-
tion of a statue in Buga to Jose Maria Cabal, a Colombian general
and patriot. The statue will be unveiled on August 19, 1916, the

centenary of the death of Gon. (^abal. A CLOTH AND CORD

factory has been established at Barranquilla. A plant in the vicinity
producing fiber similar to jute or henequén will furnish the raw
material for operating the factory. It is reported that a com-
pany has been organized in London with a capital of £200,000 for

the purpose of buying MINES and real property in Colombia.

The PEN.U. AND AGRICULTURiU. COLONIES recently estab-
lished under an act of Congress commenced operations on the 1st

of the present month. A TOBAœO FACTORY, said to be the

largest in the Republic, has been established at Girardot. An

AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY has been organized at Bucara-
manga. A contract has been made for the establishment of a

WIRELESS TELEGRAPH station on the Archipelago of San
Andres and Providencia for the purpose of opening up communica-
tion with the United States. Nineteen new POSTAL ROUTES

have been recently established in the Republic. ^Under a contract

made with the Federal Government the Sucre Bank at MedeUin

will operater a MORTGAGE department. The steamboat Girardot,

constructed in the canalization offices in Colombia for use in dredg-
ing the MAGDALENA RIVER, has been launched. The Govern-
ment has founded throughout the RepubUc PEDAGOGIC LY-
CEUMS at the capitals of the Departments and provinces in order

to encourage and further the cause of education. The POSTAL

RATES in Colombia on foreign correspondence are as follows:
Letters, $0.05 for each 15 grams or fraction thereof; single postal
cards, $0.02, double, $0.04; and for printed matter, business papers,

and samples, $0.01 for each 50 grams or fraction thereof. The

press of Modelhn is authority for the statement that the minister
of Colombia in France has contracted with the banking house of
Dreyfus Bolo in Paris to found a BANK at Bogota with a capital
of $12,000,000. The bank is to loan money on mortgages for a
period not exceeding 20 years, and váM furnish the Government
with money at par at an annual interest rate of 5 percent.

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The cultivation of the celebrated Italian grass known as *' RHODES
GRASS'' has greatly increased in Costa Rica during the last few
years. Formerly the price of this grass seed in the Republic was 4
colones per pound, but at the present time it sells at 2 colones per
pound. The agricultural experiment station at Guadaloupe recently
sent 150 pounds of Rhodes grass seed to the department of agricul-
ture in San Jose for distribution to farmers and plantation owners
interested in its cultivation throughout the country. The munic-
ipality of Naranjo has contracted with Victor Corrales for the con-
struction of a MUNICIPAL BUILDING m that town. An

American contracting firm is negotiating with the municipal authori-
ties of San Jose concerning the PAVING of the streets of the capital
of the Republic. The firm referred to states that the stone found
in the vicinity of San Jose is unsuitable for paving purposes, and that
stone will have to be brought from quarries along the line of the
Pacific Railway. Mr. A. S. Harrison represents the American firm
in negotiating the contract for the paving of the streets of the metrop-
olis of the Republic. ^The department of agricidture of the Repub-
lic of Costa Rica is doing active propaganda work looking to the
development of AGRICULTURE and the elimination of improper
methods of cultivation. One of the measures recently advocated is
the lessening of the practice of burning over agricultural lands now
so prevalent in the Republic, and clubs are being formed, under the

direction of the department of agriculture, to prevent this custom.

The Government of Costa Rica has asked for bids for the construction,
equipment, and exploitation of an ELECTRIC RAILWAY between
the cities of Alajuela and Grecia, with a branch to San Pedro de Poas.
The bids must be delivered to the department of fomento not later
than January 31, 1913. The Purdy Engineering Co. roughly esti-
mates the probable cost of construction, equipment, etc., at more

than 1,700,000 colones. The Fifth CENTRAL AMERICAN

œNFERENCE met in San Jose, Costa Rica, on January 1, 1913.
The delegate of Costa Rica was Sr. Faustino Viquez Zamora; of
Honduras, Gen. Saturnino Medal; of Salvador, Dr. Rafael Meza.-^- —
For some time past there has been a scarcity of fractional silver coins
of small denominations in circulation , in Costa Rica. To remedy
this condition the President of the Republic decided to place in circu-
lation, through the department of finance, 267,783 SILVER COINS
of the denomination of 10 centimes each, aggregating a value of
26,778.30 colones, and 535,565 silver coins of the denomination of
5 centimes each, representing a value of 26,778.25 colones. These

137

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138 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.

two issues of coins, which amount in value to 53,656.55 colones,

were minted in Philadelphia. The ICE FACTORY which supplies

Esparta and Puntarenas is situated at Mojon on the Cantillo planta-
tion, about 1 kilometer from Esparta. The owners of the factory,
the Drs. Lopez Cantillo, installed an ice plant at that point about a
year ago. Since that time the consumption of ice in the vicinity
has grown to such an extent that it has been necessary to enlarge
the plant by installing additional machinery. The water used in
the manufacture of ice is exceptionally pure and is taken from a
large spring on the proj)erty. The total capacity of the enlarged
plant is 3 tons of ice per day. The Esparta River runs through the
plantation on which the ice factory is located. This river contains
ample water to generate sufficient power to run the machinery.
The Drs. Lopez Cantillo also operate a carbonated water factory at
Esparta. The pay roll of the ice factory amounts to 200 colones
per week. Other manufacturers at Esparta are Figueroa Bros.,
whose weekly pay roll exceeds 500 colones. The potable water supply

of Esparta is abundant and of a fine quality. The Government of

Costa Rica recently purchased in Germany 100 Costa Rican FLAGS

for 1,227.75 colones. Climaco Arias, a young Costa Rican

MECHANIC of Cartago, who has shown considerable skill in the
exercise of his calling, has gone to the United States to complete his

education in a manufacturing establishment in Philadelphia. ^At

the STOCK show recently held at Heredia a large number of blooded
cattle was disposed of at prices varying from 46 to 18 centimes per
kilo. The principal sellers were: Alberto Young, Santiago Zamora,
Gonzalo Castro, Jose Maria Castillo, Francisco Zamora, Rafael
Lobo, Alberto Chaverri, and Esteban Ramirez. At the close of the

fair over 200 head of cattle still remained unsold. The SCHOOL

OF FINE ARTS at San Jose has about 50 pupils of both sexes.

*' El Noticiero, *' a daily newspaper of San Jose, in its issue of December
10, 1912, publishes a list of all the MUNICIPAL OFFICERS recently

elected in the Republic. Carlos Enrique Bobertz has been

appointed CONSUL of Costa Rica, ad honorem, at Los Angeles,
California. The new STATION of the Pacific Railway at Punta-
renas has been opened to public traffic. Sr. Alberto Echandi, a

member of the sanitation board of the city of San Jose, in an inter-
view concerning the WATER SUPPLY of the Federal capital, states
that the new tank at Curridabat has a capacity of 6,000,000 liters
of water, sufficient to store all the water issuing day and night from
the springs from which the capital obtains its water. This is enough
water to supply a city of 50,000 inhabitants. Sr. Echandi attributes

the present shortage of water in San Jose to waste. A consignment

of AGRICULTURAL machinery is expected soon to arrive from the
United States for the Orotina Experimental Station. Steps have

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CUBA. 139

been taken to extend the TEAAIWAY from San Jose to Coronado.
It is estimated that the receipts due to the extension would be more

than 50 colones a day. The town of Piedades is to be supplied

with ELECTRIC light and power from the electric light and power

plant at Brasil. ^The Government of Costa Rica, acting through

the department of public instruction, has commissioned Dr. Vicente
Castro Cervantes to specialize in France in the study of PATHO-
LOGIC ANATOMY. A monthly stipend of 650 francs is allowed

for necessary expenses. ^A contract has been awarded the English

Construction Co. (Ltd.) for the erection of a BARRACKS AND JAIL
at Cartago, the former to cost 199,155 colones and the latter 200,000

colones. ^The municipality of Santa Ana has modified its contract

with the Costa Rica Electric Light and Traction Co. so as to secure
better ELECTRIC service. The modified contract is subject to the

approval of the President of the Republic. ^The tax on the sale

of tickets of the Pacific Railway in August, September, and October,
1912, in favor of the HOSPITALS of Puntarenas, San Jose, and

other cities of the Republic aggregated 2,156.10 colones. ^The

CANTON OF PURISCAL is one of the richest agricultural sections
of the Republic of Costa Rica. An exceedingly fertile part of this
canton is ^*Los Canales,'' which ships annually more than 2,000
bushels of corn, 1,000 bushels of beans, and considerable quantities
of sugar. With better transportation facilities and good roads,
which the press of Costa Rica is now advocating for this section, the
production of *'Los Canales'' and of the canton of Puriscal would be

greatly increased. The department of agriculture of Colombia

has forwarded to the agricultural department of the Government of
Costa Rica two boxes of SEED POTATOES of a fine quality, and
said to be proof against the diseases common to that tuber. The
seeds will be planted at the agricultural experiment station at Guada-
lupe. ^The bureau of public works has ordered a survey of a

HIGHWAY between Agua Caliente and the rich lands of *'E1
Muñeco" in the district of Cartago.

Permission has been given to Juan M. Lamadrid to install an
ELECTRIC light and power plant at Sancti Spiritus for the purpose
of supplying hght and power to the towns of Sancti Spiritus, Cabai-
guan, Guayos, and Zaya del Medio. The installation must be com-
pleted before the close of 1913. The foreign COMMERCE of Cuba

for the first half of 1912 amounted to $167,408,796, of which $60,312,-
100 were imports, and $107,096,696 exports. The STATUE

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140 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.

erected at Parque de la Punta in Habana in memory of Jose de la Luz
Caballero, a Cuban jurist, scholar, and patriot, will be unveiled on

Febmary 24, 1913. **La Lucha," a daily newspaper of Habana,

says that the PARCELS POST TREATY between Cuba and the
Ignited States is now likely to be agreed to, as the United States has
signified its intention of permitting the entry of Cuban cigarettes in
small shipments. The treaty proposed permits packages of mer-
chandise to be exchanged that do not exceed 1 1 pounds (5 kilos) in
weight and 3 J ^y ^ i^^t ii^ length and breadth combined. The
approximate duty is to be fixed by each of the countries receiving the
parcels, thus avoiding the keeping of special postal accounts, senders

being required to make a special declaration on a custom form.

In round numbers $90,000,000 worth of SUGAR is exported from
Cuba annually, as compared udth $23,000,000 worth of tobacco,

minerals, and fruits. Branches of the Spanish BANK of the island

of Cuba, the Territorial Bank of the Republic of Cuba, and the Royal
Bank of Canada have been estabhshed at Nuevitas. These banks
propose to open other branches in important commercial centers of

the island. At the close of 1912 and the beginning of 1913 five

steamers arrived in Habana with 3,861 IMMIGRANTS from Euro-
pean ports. These immigrants were principally Spanish laborers who
come annually to the island to work in the sugar fields, returning to

Spain after the haryest is over.^ ^The Cuban Senate has passed a

bill permitting OXCARTS loaded with sugar or sugar cane to use the

macadam roads of the Republic until May, 1913. The Guantanamo

coaling station TREATY between Cuba and the United States has
been formulated. Under this treaty Cuba is to be given back the
territoiy donated to the United States at Bahia Honda in exchange
for extra territory at Guantanmo adjoining the present coaling and
naval station at that point. Before becoming operative the treaty

must be ratified by the Cuban and American Senates. A recent

executive decree grants the Nipe Bay Co. authority to import from
Panama, Colon, and Spam 2,000 white Spanish IMMIGRANTS to be
employed in cane cutting at the mills of that company. The Nipe

Bay Co. grants the laborere referred to work and passage to Cuba.

The National BANK of Cuba has declared a semiannual dividend of
4 per cent ITnited States currency in favor of the shareholders of

record December 31, 1912. Jose Tabares has been authorized by

the city council of Habana to erect an ELECTRIC light and power
plant in the suburbs of Habana. The Federal Government has like-
wise granted permission to Antonio Ramos Valdenas to extend the
electric service from Camajuani to La Fe plantation, and to the to^iis
of Vega de la Palma, and San Antonio de Vueltas. The AQUE-
DUCT at Santiago de las Vegas has been completed, thereby giving
the town an abundant supply of potable water. The Senate of

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DOMINICAN BBPUBUC. 141

Cuba recently approved the following diplomatic and consular
appointments: Manuel Marquez Sterling, minister to Mexico; Charles
Aguirre, minister to Peru; Nicolas Perez Stable, consul in Halifax;
Prospero Pichardo, consul in Galveston; Alfredo Zayas Arriate, vice
consul at Ste. Nazaire; and Julio Fabre, vice consul in Chile attached
to the Chilean Legation. Antonio Ramos Valdera has been author-
ized by the Cuban Government to establish an ELECTRIC light and

power plant at Jovellanos. A new magazine entitled ''The Times

of Cuba" is being published at Habana, the fii^st issue appearing on
December 28. The 42-inch MAIN connecting the Palatino reser-
voir with the water mains of the city of Habana has been placed in
operation. This main, the laying of which was commenced about two
years ago, >\dll practically double the water supply of the city of

Habana. The contracting firm was the Tropical Engineering Co.

Dr. Enrique B. Bamet has been appointed chief of La Benéfica
HOSPITAL in Habana. This hospital is the largest in Cuba, and is

one of the great private hospitals of the world. ^The tax collected

for account of the public DEBT during the fiscal j'ear 1912-13
amounted to $1,992,497.16, as compared with $1,782,690.83 for the

same period of 1911-12. Experiments are being made looking to

the use of Cuban ASPHAIjT for fuel. This substance, when mixed
with bagasse, is said to be an excellent fuel for use at the sugar mills
and is much cheaper than coal. Large asphalt deposits are found in
the Provinces of Habana and Pinar del Rio, both of which are centers
of the sugar industry.

P^PJIGW^REPUgjC

The press of the Dominican Republic gives the Cabinet of President
Nouel as follows: Lie. Andres Julio Mon tollo, interior and police; Tic.
Francisco Leonte Vasquez, foreign relations; Lie. Eduardo Soler,
finance and commerce; Lie. EUas Brache, war and marine; Lie.
Manuel de J. Viñas, justice and pubUc instruction; Sr. Samuel
de Moya, agriculture and immigration; and Sr. José Manuel

Jimenes, fomento and communications. The President has

appointed the following persons GOVERNORS of Provinces of the
Dominican Repubhc : EmiUo Tejera Bonetty, governor of the Province
of Santo Domingo; Antonio Acevedo, governor of the Province of
Azua; Jaime Mota, governor of the Province of Barahona; Andrés
Beras, governor of the Province of Seybo; Victor M. de Castro, gover-
nor of the Province of San Pedro de Macoris; Lie. José Ma. Nouel,
governor of the Province of Puerto Plata; Franco Bidó, governor
of the Province of Santiago; and Gen. Toribio L. Garcia, governor of

the Province of Monte Cristy. Rafael Estrella has been authorized

72890— Bull. 1—13 10

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142 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.

to constnict a TELEPHONE line between his residence in Santiago

and the Cruz de Isalguez plantation. The production of the

SUGAR Central '* Consuelo de Macoris^' for the present season is
estimated at 200,000 sacks. This central has recently been supplied

with new machinery. The ladies of the city of Santo Domingo in

the borough of Carmen have formed a PHIIANTHROPIC SOCIETY
with the special object of aiding and relieving the sufferings of poor

children. A new AUTOMOBILE service has been opened to the

pubhc in the city of Santo Domingo, and will later be extended to San

Jerónimo. The board of commerce of the city of Santo Domingo

maintains a file of CATALOGUES of foreign houses in its consultation

rooms for the use of the public. The Dominican Congress, a special

session of which met on December 6, 1912, has authorized the Presi-
dent of the Repubhc to contract a LOAN of $1,000,000, under the
terms of the Dominican-American convention, to meet the financial
exigencies of the Government. An important printing establish-
ment at San Pedro de Macoris has equipped its plant with ELECTRIC
power with which to operate its presses and other machinery. An

American electrician is in charge of the installation. Press reports

from Santiago, Dominican Republic, state that the ELECTRIC light
plant at that place will be installed and ready for use in June of the

present year. Sr. EnriquiUo Henriquez has been appointed first

secretary of the LEGATION of the Dominican Republic near the
Governments of France, Italy, and Spain, and Sr. Enrique Deschamps
has been made chargé d'affaires of the Dominican Republic in Spain

and Portugal. Sr. Roque Freites has been appointed CONSUL

general of the Dominican Repubhc at Madrid. Sr. Alberto Oquet has
been appointed acting consul general of the Republic of Mexico in the

city of Santo Domingo. A considerable quantity of Sea Island

COTTON seed has been given the Board of Trade of Puerto Plata for

distribution to plantation ovmers in the vicinity of that city. The

President of the Argentine Repubhc has presented the Dominican
Government with a handsomely bound volume of the BOOK entitled
*' ARGENTINA Y SUS GRANDEZAS'' (Argentina and its Wonders)

written by Blazco-Ibafiez. A sample of the RAPID-FIRE GUN

invented in August, 1912, by Sr. M. Gustavo Brunes, a young Domini-
can engineer, has been placed on exhibition in the store ''La Villa de
Londres" in the city of Santo Domingo. The weapon is capable of

discharging 112 shots per minute. On December 6 last, the first

edition of the new WEEKLY PAPER entitled ''Pro Patria" was
issued at Azua. The publication is owned and edited by Messrs.

Mateo & Striddels. President Nouel has invited EXPATRIATED

citizens of the Repubhc residing abroad to return to the country.
Among the number returning are some of the most prominent mem-
bers of the party in opposition to the former Government.

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#Í&JM

ECUADOR

The Gorernment of the United States has in\ate(l the Government
of Ecuador to participate in the Congress of HYGIENE to be held

in Buffalo, N. Y., in August, 1913. Sr. Carlos Tobar Borgono has

been appointed CONSUL GENERAL of Paraguay in Ecuador.

An interesting pamphlet on the geography, statistics, and com-
merce of Ecuador has been pubhshed by the consid of Ecuador in
Havre as PROPAGANDA DATA for use of emigrants, capitalists,

and agriculturists. An executive decree, recently promulgated,

provides funds for the repair and extension of the HIGHWAY from
Cuenca to Huigra by the levying of a special state tax on the

ïDanufacture and sale of aguardiente. Sr. Enrique Escudero lias

been appointed secretary of the LEGATION of Ecuador in Washing-

^0- ^The department of public instruction of the Government of

i^uador has taken steps to organize PEDAGOGIC SOCIETIES
^ the different Provinces of the RepubUc for the purpose of furthering

ine cause of education. A decree of November 9, 1912, published

^0 the daily newspaper entitled ^* Grito del Pueblo" of Guavaquil of

i>eeember 1 last amends the CODE OF CIVIL PROCEDURE.

-^fr- Joseph A. Gevdand has been appointed chief construction engi-
neer of the RAILWAY from Guayaquil to Playas. It is reported
tiiat a thousand laborers are soon to be employed in building this

^^'- ^The COOPERATIVE SOCIETY of Guayas at GuayaquU

^^ntly elected the following officers: Guillermo H. Carbo, president;

^'^^mto J. Arce, treasiu'er; and Teófilo Guillen, secretary. The

f apitai of the Central BANK of Ecuador is 1,000,000 sucres, divided

into shares of 100 sucres each, 4,000 shares of wliich belong to the

ûterxxational Issue and Investment Bank (Ltd.), of London. The

^na.ger of the new bank is Pablo Gozembach. In compliance

Va * request of the merchants of Bahia and Chone, the Bahia
.'^CLWAY has reduced its local freight rates on merchandise con-

/Sne<l to and from these places. Messrs. Fox and Moore, construct-

^ engineers of the Ciu-aray RAILWAY have employed Manuel
^''^rro, an Ecuadorian engineer, as head engineer of construction

, ^'^^ ^A WIRELESS telegraph station has been established at

^ ^Vistomhouse in Guayaquil, and the Oarmelaj a Government boat

• ^^oyed in the Guayaquil Harbor and vicinity, has been fitted up

^^ a wireless telegraph installation.— — ^A branch of the astro-

^ical OBSERVATORY of Quito is to be established at Guayaquil

^^^r the direction of Luis G. Tufino. The death in the Federal

çj *^^tal of Dr. Manuel Maria Casares, an eminent Ecuadorian physi-
^ and educator connected with the Central University of Quito,

143

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144 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.

was cause for the issuance of a Federal decree making November 20,

1912, a day of public MOURNING. The new law under which

tlie municipalities of tlie Republic are governe<l provides that the
cantonal boards shall exi)end half of the MUNICIPAL TAXES col-
lected in each rural parisli for the exclusive benefit of that parish, in
public buildings, primary schools, water supplies, and other works

of local improvement. A surtax of 17 i)er cent has been levied on

merchandise imported by PARCtiL POST tlirough the custom-
houses of the Republic, with the exception of rice, flour, noodles, lard,
wheat, bran, plows, rakes, window bars, spades, crowbars, hoes,

machetes, and cotton goods. A plan has been submitted to the

Fe<leral Government for the construction of a BRIDGE over the
Guayas River between Guayaquil and Duran. The building of this
bridge wWl enable the Guayaquil to Quito Railway to establish a
terminal station in Guayaquil. Press reports state that J. G. White

& Co., of New York, are interested in carrying out the project.

The police dei)artment of Guayaquil, acting in accord with the
National Telephone Co, and with the Federal and municipal author-
ities, will establish a sj)ecial tele¡)lione service in that city for use in

the municipal and Government offices. A daily newspaper of

Quito, '*E1 Comercio,^' publishes in its issue of November 29, 1912,
the rides and regulations of the ACADEMY of Lawyers of the Federal

capital. A FOOTBALL team, comi>osed clüefly of the students

of the schools and colleges of Latacunga, has l)een organized in that

city. COL. W. C. GORGAS, who recently made extensive studies

and investigations of tlie HEALTH CONDITIONS of the port of
Guayaquil, is now in the United States for a brief visit. He reports
that conditions may be greatly improved by adopting modern sani-
tary measures and that sucli action will probably be taken by the
Ecuadorian authorities at an early date.

GUATEMAIA

In October, 1912, the IMPORTS of the Department of Izabal,
Republic of Guatemala, amoimted to 86,206 packages of merchan-
dise, and the EXPORTS to 1,444 sacks of coffee, 220,219 bunches of
bananas, 67 bales of skhis, 11,160 oxhides, 694 sacks of sugar, 121
sacks of rubber, 63 sacks of horns, 80 sacks of minerals, and a number

of other articles. An executive decree of November 30, 1912,

changes the name of the Guatemala Railwaj' Co. to that of the
INTERNATIONAL RAILWAYS OF CENTRAL AMERICA. The
change of name does not in any way affect the prior contracts and
obligations of the company. In accordance with an executive

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GUATEMALA. 145

decree of December 4, the sum of 9,000 pesos is made available for
the purchase of 600 yards of iron piping to be used in conveying
POTABLE WATER to the municipality of Casillas, Department of

Santa Rosa. ^A MUNICIPAL BUILDING is being erected at San

Diego in the Department of El Progreso. ^A law has been passed

requiring TRANSLATORS residing in the Republic to register.
After January 15, 1913, unregistered translators can not lawfully

exercise their calling. A recent executive decree provides that the

customhouse at Puerto Barrios shall furnish 10,116 pesos for the con-
struction of a TELEGRAPH line between Las Quebradas and La

Trocha on the Honduran frontier, via Macuelizo. ^A contract has

been made by the Department of Fomento with Reginaldo Solorzano
for the reconstruction of the KIOSK in Concordia Garden in the city

of Guatemala. A contract has been entered into by the Electric

Light Committee of Momostenango, Department of Tonicapan, and
Frederic Spross for the installation of an ELECTRIC light and

power plant in Momostenango. The President of the Republic

has appointed the followmg COMMITTEE OF PUBLIC WORKS in
the city of Quezaltenango: President, the mayor of the city; vice
president, José Pacheco Monteros; members, Jose Madrid, J. Ignacio
Saenz, and J. Antonio Castillo; treasurer, Lucas T. Cojulun; auditor,
Justo R. Mazariegos; and secretar}', the secretary of the mayor's

office. The Guatemala REAI^ ESTATE Co. (Ltd.), organized

in Brussels, has been granted permission to transact business in the

Repubhc of Guatemala. The by-laws of the COMMERCIAL

SOCIETY of Mutual Assistance have been modified so as to make a
quorum for the transaction of business any number of members in

excess of one-half the total number of stockholders. The by-laws of

the society ' 'Federación Ibero Americana Colonial, '^ a Spanish organi-
zation, have been approved by the executive power. During the

month of November, 1912, there were constructed in the Depart-
ment of Jalapa 35,240 meters of PUBLIC ROADS and 1,000 meters

of bridle paths. ^A building is in course of construction in the citfj^

of Guatemala for the use of the NATIONAL SCHOOL OF INDUS-
TRY. The Colon Theater in the city of Guatemala has been pro-
vided with an ELECTRIC light and power plant for the exclusive

use of the theater. ^The School of ARTS of Quezaltenango, one

of the most flourishing institutions of its kind in the Republic, is

under the direction of Sr. Don Luis Luti. On November 21, 1912,

the MONUMENT erected in the Plaza Reina Barrios, in the City of
Guatemala, in commemoration of the completion of the Northern
Railway and the entrance of the first locomotive into the Federal
capital, was unveUed in the presence of President Manuel Estrada
Cabrera, members of his cabinet, and an assemblage of distinguished
persons. This monument, which was designed by Luis A. Fontaine,

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146 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.

is made of blocks of rough granite, some of which have a volume of
more than 3 cubic meters. The monument stands 12 meters above
its foundations, weighs over 600 metric tons, and is a symbol of work
and peace. The water flowing from its side represents strength,
and the statue of Ceres which crowns its summit is a symbol of the
agricultural wealth of the country. The statues of Mercury and
Vulcan to the right and left, respectively, are symbolic of commerce
and the forces of steam and electricity at the present time so evident
in the development of the resources of the Republic.

The health commissioners of the city of Port au Prince recently
called the medical practitioners of the city together in a CONGRESS
OF PUBIJC HYGIENE for the purpose of considering and studying
methods for the improvement of the health conditions of Port au
Prince and their effective application. Among the important ques-
tions discussed and which have a vital bearing on the pubUc health
of the community were those relating to the paving and cleaning of
the streets, the improvement of the hydraulic system of the city, and
the tapping of new sources in order to obtain a greater volume of
water per capita. On November 21, 1912, President Auguste pro-
mulgated the law passed by Congress authorizing the secretary of
public works to undertake the work of REPAIRING and reconstruct-
ing the system of WATERWORKS in the shortest possible time. An
appropriation of $400,000 was voted by Congress for this purpose.
Among other measures considered by the congress were those relating to
the control of the slaughterhouse, sale and inspection of milk, verifica-
tion of deaths, etc. Tlie report of the proceedings of the congress
has been prepared by Dr. Lebrun Bruno, director of the municipal

bureau of hygiene. The TEACHERS' ASSOCIATION of Port au

Prince recently held an important meeting, in which plans were dis-
cussed for increasing the attendance in the schools of the country,
which at the present time shows a falling off of two per thousand in
the rural districts. The president of the association, Mr. L. C. Lhéris-
son, an officer of the French Academy, has sent a letter to the secretary
of the interior, calling attention to the present condition and offering
the cooperation of the association. and the submission of a plan of reor-
ganization of the primary schools which is believed will increase the

attendance. The Union of Haitian Sports is arranging a series of

football games to be played in the near future for the championship

of Haiti. On September 21, 1912, President Auguste signed the bill

passed by Congre.ss on September 12, authorizing the Government to

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HONDURAS. 147

engage one or several expert mining engineers to study the guano and
phosphate deposits and those of magnetic iron, pyrites of iron, and
cinnabar, as well as any others of easy access. An appropriation of
$25,000 has been voted to defray the expenses attached to this enter-
prise. The report of these engineers and any information obtained will
be published by the department of public works in the Moniteur, the

official newspaper of Haiti. On the same date the President also

signed the bill voted by Congress on August 28, 1912, authorizing the
secretary of pubHc works to call for bids for the construction at Cayas
of a wharf in cement or any other material fulfiUing the desired requi-
sites of solidity and durability, extending into the water to a sufficient
depth to permit vessels of the largest draft to dock. The port of Cayes
has been steadily losing its prestige as a commercial port owing to the
continual shifting of the sands in the harbor, and many steamship lines
were on the point of abandoning it as a port of call on account of the
cliflBculties encountered in the loading and unloading of the ships.
With the building of the new wharf Cayes is destined to become one

of the principal port« of the country. Owing to the improved

condition of the streets of Port au Prince the automobile craze has
struck the city, and there are now 10 passenger cars and 1 automo-
bile truck running through the streets of the town and more have

been ordered. ^The secretary of the navy of Haiti has informed

tbe public, under date of December 16, 1912, that the two warships,
the Nord Alexis and the Pacifique^ which grounded on a sand bank off
tlie coast of Cuba during a severe storm, have been floated and towed
into the port of Habana for repairs and will soon be put into service.

'I'he RECEIPTS of the National Railway in October, 1912, were
45,670 pesos. The balance on hand at the beginning of that month
vas 2,526 pesos, making the total available cash funds during the
month, referred to 48,196 pesos. The expenditures during the month
were 47,429 pesos. — ^--The official newspaper of Honduras of November
23) 1^12, pubUshes the rules and regulations governing PUBLIC
^^Al>s and road construction in Honduras, consisting of 4 chapters

and 5j^ articles. The rules and reflations concerning PATENTS

^^ loSrVENTION, the Spanish text of which is pubUshed in La
Sa<^t^ Oficial of November 23, 1912, provide that requests for
P*^îXt:s shall be made through the department of fomento until a
fpeci^l patent office is estabhshed in Tegucigalpa. Patents are
issueii to Honduran inventors for terms of 20 yearô, subject to annual

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148 THE PAX AMEKICAN UNIOX.

taxes of from 5 to 10 pesos, according to the importance of the inven-
tion. Foreign inventors enjoy the same rights as natives except
that an annual registration tax of from 10 to 50 gold pesos is imposed.
Requests for patents must be made in dupUcate, accompanied by
dupUcate engravings or drawings. Patent rights are forfeited by
failure to pay the taxes prescribed by law, by the expiration of the
term for which patents are granted, and by judicial decisions declar-
ing the patent to have been issued in contravention of the rights of

third parties. ^The Central PHARMACY Co. has been organized

in the city of San Pedro Sula, with a capital of 60,000 pesos. The

Dolores MARKET building in Tegucigalpa has been accepted by the

city and is now in operation. Tiie Government of Honduras has

granted a subsidy of 35 pesos per month to the school for the manu-
facture of STRAW HATS estabUshed in the city of Cataraarca,
Department of Olancho. — - — ^»Juan Alvarado & Co. have been author-
ized to import free of duty the machinery necessary for the use of

their SHOE FACTORY iii Tegucigalpa. A recent decree of the

President of Honduras provides funds for the operation of the
LIGHTHOUSES on the islands of Roatan, Utiles, and Guanaja.

The Roatan customhouse is an important shipping point, ^The

Government of Honduras has contracted for a supply of 46,200
bottles of AGUARDIENTE per month for sale and consumption,
under the laws of the Republic, in the different Departments of the

country. General Somoza Vivas, consul of Honduras in San

Francisco, has been instrumental in inducing the manufacturers and
merchants of California to make an effort to secure a larger share of
the trade of Central America, and especially that of Honduras. With
this end in view a representative of a number of the principal indus-
tries of that State and of the Pacific coast recently visited the towns
of La Ceiba, Tela, Puerto Cortes, San Pedro Sula, Santa Barbara,
and Comayagua, and reports excellent prospects for increased trade

development both as to imports into and exports ^rom Honduras.

The Agalteca Mining Co. has been organized in the United StatJes
under the laws of Delaware to exploit on a large scale the Agalteca
iron ores. The new company absorbs the ''A ven tura de Agalteca"

company, which formerly operated these mines. The Ulua RIVER,

one of the principal streams of Honduras, is navigable for steamers of
light draft at all seasons of the year to its junction with the Humuya
River, and during the rainy season as far as Sulaco. With a shght
expense for dredging the Humuya River could be made navigable to

Ojos de Agua, about 12 leagues from Comayagua. On December 11,

1912, a new locomotive and 52 tons of rails arrived at Puerto Cortes

for the use of the National RAILWAY. ^A school for girls for the

manufacture of STRAW HATS was opened in Tegucigalpa on the
first of the present year under the direction of a capable instructress.

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MEXICO. 149

Teu young women, 15 years of age or over, will be admitted to the

institution. ^A. W. Duckett has been appointed CONSUL ad-

honorem at Newport News, Virginia, Pedro Jaun Berkhout, consul
adhonorem at Rotterdam; and Eduardo E. Crone, consul adhonorem

at Amsterdam. The ELECTRIC light and power plant at San

Pedro Sula was inaugurated with proper ceremonies in that city on

November 30 last. "£2 Nuevo Tiempo,-^ a daily newspaper of

Tegucigalpa, publishes in its issue of December 4, 1912, the semi-
annual report of the INTERNATIONAL CENTRAL AMERICAN
OFFICE covering the period from March 15, 1912, to September 14

of the same year. The available revenue of the Bahia Islands for

September, 1912, amounted to 19,881.68 pesos. ^The Government

of Honduras has granted a concession to Emilio P. Dutú for a period
of five years to extrecc rubber from RUBBER yielding plants (except-
ing the wild Caftilloa and Hevea) on Government lands in the
Departments of Atlântida, Colon, Olancho, and Yoro. Permission
is given for the free importation in a single shipment of the tools and
machinery necessary for engaging in the work. The concessionaire
agrees to export annually not less than 5,000 kilos of rubber and to pay
'to the Government of Honduras $3 gold for each 50 kilos of rubber

exported. Ceiba, the great BANANA PORT, ships nearly

$1,000,000 worth of bananas annually, and the revenue from this one
source is considerably larger than that of other towns of only 5,000
population, which is the number of people accredited to Ceiba. A
large portion of this revenue is appropriated for advancing education,
and as a consequence the schools of the city are in an excellent
condition.

The FIRST MEXICAN SCIENTIFIC CONGRESS was held in
the hall of the National Museum in the City of Mexico from Decem-
ber 9 to 1 1, 1912, under the auspices of the ''Antonio Álzate '^ Scien-
tific Society. The Congress was opened by President Francisco I.
Madero. After the election of the honoray oificers, Dr. Alfonso Pm-
neda was elected president of the society; Prof. Alfonso L. Herrera,
vice president; Prof. Rafael Aguilar y Santillan, secretar}^ general;

and Gabriel M. Oropesa, treasurer. On December 8, 1912, the

CHAMBER OF COMMERCE of Torreón was installed. Ignacio
Zarragoza was elected president, and Jesus de la Torre, vice presi-
dent. A bequest of $400,000 has been made for the establishment

of an AGRICULTURAL SCHOOL near the citv of Merida in the

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150 THE PAX AMERICAN UNION.

State of Yucatan. From the fii-st of the present year the govern-
ment of thé State of Puebla has increased the SALARIES of all

State employees 10 per cent. ^The Government of Mexico has

authorized the construction of LIGHTHOUSES on the Pacific coast
at Punta Maldonado, Guerrero, Ayutla, Oaxaca, and Puente de San
Telmo, Michoacan, at a total cost of more than 100,000 pesos. It
is expected that these lighthouses will be in operation by March of
the present year. A LOAN of 50,000,000 pesos is to be negoti-
ated by the State of Michoacan on the basis of a 6 per cent bond

issue at 85. The MONl^MENT erected to the memory of Gen.

Jose Maria Morelos in San Cristobal, Ecatepec, was unveiled on
December 20, 1912, the ninety-seventh anniversary of the execution

of Morelos. On February^ 1, 1913, the National SCHOOL OF

AGRICULTURE will open its sessions. The Mexican Government
is showing great interest in agricultural matters, more than 300 per-
sons having received appointments as agents of the bureau of sta-
tistics of the department of fomento to make crop reports. Lie.

Francisco Leon de la Barra, former President of the RepubUc and
ex-ambassador of Mexico to the United States, has been elected

governor of the State of Mexico. ^The National SCHOOL OF

TELEGRAPHY in Mexico City gives a two years' course of instruc-
tion with a guaranty of a position in the Federal telegraph office to

competent graduates. The sale of MATCHES made from white

phosphorus is prohibited in the State of Puebla. The Mezquital

MINING Co. of Zacatecas has begun the operation of its 50-stamp
cyanide plant and mill. About 200 tons of ore will be handled

daily. The National LIBRARY of the City of Mexico has placed

heaters in its reading room for the benefit of the public during the

winter months. A branch of the Peninsular BANK of Yucatan

is to be established at Laguna del Carmen, State of Campeche.

The new LIGHTHOUSE to be constructed at Coatzacoalcos has a

range of 75 miles in clear weather. Important documents relating

to the settlement of TEXAS and California have been transferred
by the department of fomento to the National Museum to be copied.

The originals are to be kept in the national archives. ^The branch

RAILWAY in Michoacan connecting Ajuno with Zacapu, Penjamo,

and other points has been opened to public traffic. A company

with a capital of a million pesos has been organized in the City of
Mexico to exploit a FISHING concession on the west coast of that

country. The BUDGET of the State of Puebla for 1913 is 1,950,-

139 pesos. The bureau of agriculture has issued an order prohib-
iting the destruction of WHITE CRANES m the Territory of Quin-
tana Roo. Under a ruling of the department of public instruction

the official school holidays of Mexico are February 5, May 5, April 2,
and September 16. A MONL^IENT in memory of Gen. Escobedo

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NIOABAGÜA. 151

is to be erected in Monterey, State of Nuevo Leon. The forestry

bureau has been instructed to plant TREES along the Federal

wagon roads of the Republic. ^The EXPOSITION at Colima is

to be opened on March 1, 1913. Exhibits will be received until

February 15. ^The taxes of the TEXTILE manufacturers of the

State of Puebla for 1913 amount to 62,000 pesos. ^Beginning A^dth

January 1, 1913, the miUtary and industrial school of Oaxaca be-
came a CORRECTIONAL SCHOOL for children. Press reports

state that work is soon to be commenced on the Ojinaga to Chihua-
hua RAILWAY. ^Arrangements have been made with the Sal-
vador Steamship Co. (Ltd.), to route first and fourth class MAIL
for Guatemala via Salina Cruz six times a month. Mail for Nicaragua

and Salvador will also be routed via SaUna Cruz. The legislature

of the State of Nuevo Leon has approved a plan for the establishment
in January of the present year a SCHOOL OF ARTS AND

CRAFTS at Monterey. ^A new WAGON ROAD 40 kilometers

shorter than the present one is being constructed between the City
of Mexico and the city of Puebla, and will be finished in a short
while. ^The city of Mazatlan has opened an oflSce, under the direc-
tion of the board of health, for the treatment of HYDROPHO-

BLV. ^The city of C-ordoba in the State of Veracruz has been

authorized to negotiate a loan of 30,000 pesos at 8 per cent interest
for the purpose of paying for the city waterworks. The ELEC-
TRIC railway between Xochimilco and San Gregorio has been com-
pleted. Work on the road from San Gregorio to Ameca is imder
way. The line when completed will connect the City of Mexico with

Puebla. ^The Mexican Government has been invited to participate

in the ninth annual meetmg of the International CONGRESS OF
ZOOLOGY to be held m Monaco from March 2.5 to 31, 1913.

NICARAGUA

A recent order of the Government of Nicaragua provides that
POLICEMEN in the City of Managua shall receive 300 pesos per
lîîonth, inspectors 450 pesos, and commandants 600 pesos. Police
ciubs are furnished to the policemen of the Federal capital, but the

"^. of firearms is prohibited. ^The STEAMER Œty of Sidney,

^Wch anchored at Corinto on December 4, 1912, brought 4,536
packages of merchandise and a considerable quantity of corre-

¥>ndence. Monseigneur Cagliero, the PAPAL DELEGATE to

îcaragua, arrived in Managua early in December, 1912. For the

^^modation of the public and the betterment of the service

^^AL AGENTS have been placed on passenger trains running in

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152 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.

and out of Managua. The Atlantic-Pacific RAILWAY Co. has

been granted an extension of six months^ time in wliich to commence
work on the road from Rio Grande to Matagalpa. The Govern-
ment has established a TELEPHONE inspector's office in the western
section of the RepubUc. F'lorencio Estrada has been placed in

charge of the same. The Agricultural & Mining Co. of Nicaragua

has been granted an extension of six months' time in which to com-
mence the work of DREDGING the bar of the Rio Grande. If
actual work has not been l)egun on the expiration of the extension
of time referred to, this fact will work a forfeiture of the contract.— —
The following BONDED WAREHOUSES of internal revenue have
been organized in connection with the National Bank of Nicaragua
and approved by the President of the Republic: Chinandega, Felix
Alfaro; Leon, Cesar Arana; Granada, Frutos Bolaûos Chamorro;
Carazo, Clemente Acevedo: Rivas, Alejandro Chamberlain; Bluefields,
Belarmino Chaves; Matagalpa, Enrique Belli; Juigalpa, Wenceslao
Calero ; and in Ocotal, Pablo Gutierrez. TOBACCO WAREHOUSES
and the agencies of same have been established in Managua and
Masaya under the direction of Ramon Salaverri and Tomas Salaverri.
All of the foregoing employees had to give bond before entering upon

the discharge of the duties connected with their employment. Dr.

Rafael Ramirez Goyena has been ai)pointed NATIONAL LIBRA-
RIAN at Managua. A new PERIODICAI. entitled ''El Verbo

Latino," edited by Dr. Buenaventura Cárdenas, is being published
in Bluefields. The Society of the Good Shepherd has been organ-
ized in Ijeon to found and maintain a house of CORRECTION AND
LABOR. The house will be under the control of the Sisters of the
Good Shepherd. Extensive plantings of CORN in the Depart-
ments of Chinandega and Leon will greatly lower the abnormally
high price of this cereal in Nicaragua at the present time. During
the past year the price of corn in Managua rose to 60 pesos per 100

pounds. Large numbers of men, women, and children are now

employed in harvesting the COFFEE crop in the highlands of the

Republic. The department of public instruction at Managua will

expend 15,000 pesos in the purchase of SUPPLIES for the primary
and grammar schools of the Republic. The first SILVER CÓR-
DOBAS of Nicaragua were i)laced in circulation in December last.
They l>ear the coat of arms of the Republic and the following inscrip-
tion: '*En Dios confiamos" (In God we trust). Among the

BANANA companies now shipping fruit from the Pearl Lagoon
District are the properties of the Puerto Perlas Co. on the Wawashan
River. Shipments from these properties in November and December
amounted to as many as 10,000 bunches on one steamer. The Atlan-
tic Fruit Co.'s farms also shi])ped during the same period about 10,000
bunches. The plantations on Mahogany Creek, Escondido, Cukra,

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PANAMA. 153

and Great Rivers are also producing considerable quantities of this

fruit. The Government of Nicaragua has ordered from Germany

and France EQUIPMENT and supplies for the primary and normal
schools of the Republic amounting to 40,000 marks. In Novem-
ber, 1912, the National BANK of Nicaragua paid $2,863,990.48 for

account of the Nicaraguan Government. Dr. Máximo II. Zepeda

has been appointed MINISTER to Costa Rica, and Dr. Juan Manuel
Siero, secretary of legation. The gentlemen mentioned were delegates
of Nicaragua to the Fifth Central American Conference which convened

in San Jose, Costa Rica, on the first of the present year. In 1911

there were SLAUGHTERED in the Republic of Nicaragua 31,468
cows, and 24,491 heifers, bulls, and steers. ^The American of Blue-
fields states that a recent decree "has been issued prohibiting the leas-
ing of national lands to MAHOGANY hunters. La Luz and Los

Angeles MINES have established a commissary department at Prin-
zapulca from which point provisions and supplies will be furnished

the mines referred to. Thomas Burns has been appointed civil

instructor of POLICE at Leon with a salary of $350 per month.

A law prohibiting the opening of stores, SALOONS, and liquor
depots in Managua on Sundays became effective December 22, 1912.

The Weekly Star and Herald of Panama is authority for the state-
ment that the PIERS or docks on the Atlantic side of the Canal are
to be protected against storms by a mole or breakwater extending
out in prolongation of the line separating the Canal Zone from Colon.
They are to be 1,000 feet in length, 209 feet in width, and 300 feet
apart. At present the Panama Railroad Co., to meet its own require-
ments, is engaged in building one of the piers, with a slip on either
^de, and a 1,000-foot wharf, together with the necessary length of
fljote or breakwater to afford protection. On the Pacific side the
piejs for commercial use will be placed at right angles to the axis of
iûe canal, with the ends of the piers 2,650 feet from the center of the
500-foot canal channel. The piers will be 1,000 feet long and 200

feet wide, with 300 -foot slips between the piers. The National

^©mbly of Panama has passed a law providing that, in addition to
the articles now on the FREE LIST, the following articles may be
'^ported into the Republic without the payment of duty: (1) Plows,
. ^y hoes, machinery for extracting roots, cutting, sawing, and plan-
^ ^itnber, and agricultural machinery for drilling or sowing; (2)
. ^'^ manufacturing and refining machiner}', machinery for harvest-
p ^txd preparing coffee, cacao, rubber, and tobacco; (3) machinery
^*^e preservation of fruits prepared in the Republic for export, or

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154 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.

machiner}' for the extraction of dyes and resins; (4) locomotives,
rolling stock, rails, and other machinery for the construction and con-
servation of railways, and triturating machinery used exclusively in
the construction and repair of highways; (5) machinery for boring
for and the extraction of mineral oils, and shoe-manufacturing
machinery'; (6) machinery, instruments, and appliances for the prep-
aration and conservation of meats ; and (7) machinery for the manufac-
ture of textiles, the boring of artesian wells, and for opening and

maintaining in condition navigation and irrigation canals. A bill

authorizing the city of Colon to negotiate a LOAN of $50,000 for the

erection of a city hall has been passed by the National Assembly.

Preliminary steps have been taken by the city council of Colon for

the establishment of an electric TRAMWAY line in that city.

The Congress of Panama has passed a bill providing for the founding
of SETTLEMENTS in the uninhabited parts of the Republic and for
the civilization of the tribes of Indians in the interior of the coun-
try. An executive order applicable to the Canal Zone directs the

Isthmian Canal Commission to acquire all lands within the said zone,
paying private landowners the value assessed by the Joint Commis-
sion, the Panama members of which are the Hon. Federico Boyd

and Mr. Samuel Lewis. ^The Star and Herald of Panama states that

beginning January 6, 1913, the Panama Railroad Co. will run SIGHT-
SEEING TRAINS through the Canal for the benefit of tourists and
others interested. The schedule provides for a trip over the Pacific
division in the morning and through Culebra cut in the afternoon of
Monday, Wednesday, and Friday. The principal features of the
Canal work will be explained in a lecture delivered at the tourist sta-
tion at Ancon and illustrated by the use of models. The trip over
the work at Gat un will be made on Tuesday, Thursday, and Satur-
day. It is reported that another tourist observation car is being con-
structed at the Gorgona shops. Each car will have an official guide,
and when both are in service it will be possible to take 150 persons over
the work at one time. The whole work can be seen in two consecu-
tive week days. ^A company has been organized in Colon with a cap-
ital of $100,000 to engage in the ELECTRIC light and ice busmess.
It is reported that the machinery required will be purchased in New

York. In November, 1912, 3,686 persons entered the port of

Colon, 1,574 of whom were cabin and 2,032 steerage passengers.

The BANK of Spain and America has decided to open a branch at
Asuncion. The Government of Paraguay has recognized this bank
as a juridic entity. The new STEAMER Mexico , recently built in

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PARAGUAY. 155

Scotland for the Mihanovich Co. to ply between Buenos Aires and
Asuncion, Faraway, has a displacement of 1,000 tons, a length of
250.2 feet, a width of 40.1 feet, and a depth of hold of 10.7 feet. The
Mexico is the same type of vessel as the Dublin and the Edimburgo^
both of which are now engaged in the freight and passenger service
between Buenos Aires and Asuncion. The same company has also
received from Scotland the twin screw tug Pavon for service on the
River Plate and its tributaries. This tug has a displacement of 286

tons, is 120 feet long, 26 feet wide, and 9 feet depth of hold. The

Government of Paraguay has been invited to participate *m the follow-
ing EXPOSITIONS and congresses: The Exposition of Ghent, the
>iinth International Zoological Congress, which will meet in Monaco
on March 25, 1913, and the Congress of Forestry to be held in Paris

from June 16 t^ 20, 1913. In November, 1912, the TOBACCO

inspection office of Asuncion received 2,069 bales of tobacco for
inspection and storage. The same office dispatched during that
month 265,225 kilos of tobacco. The total revenues received from
tobacco in the month referred to were 1,123.37 pesos. The stock of
tobacco on hand in the revision office on November 30 last was 3,600
bales. During the past year the Agricultural Bank of Asuncion has
made a special effort to encourage the cultivation of tobacco, and
the area planted in this crop in 1912 greatly exceeded that of any
previous j^ear. The quality of the tobacco raised in Paraguay and
the profits realized by tobacco growers in the Republic have been so
satisfactory during the past year that a number of the principal
growers have expressed their intention of increasing in 1913 the area

of land devoted to the cultivation of tobacco. It is reported that

the new electric TRAMWAY service in the City of Asuncion will be
inaugurated in May next. On December 22, 1912, the corner-
stone of the MONUMENT to be erected in Paragi^ri to ''Christ the
Redeemer,' ' was laid, the President of the Republic and high officials

of the church and State taking part. In October, 1912, 662 persons

made use of the NATIONAL LIBRARY at Asuncion, 147 of whom
were foreigners. The total number of books consulted during the

month referred to were 1,046. A WHARF, a municipal building,

and a model market are being constructed at Villeta. The two latter
will cost approximately 50,000 pesos, and all will be completed during

the present year. In October last 53 immigrants entered the

RepubUc of Paraguay, most of whom were Spanish, French, and Por-
tuguese. ^The country in the vicinity of Villa Rica is an important

center of the TOBACCO-growing industry of Paraguay. The

\ ALLEY of Manduvira, in which the town of Luque is situated, is
one of the most fertile but least developed sections of Paraguay. A
railway could easily be built from Asuncion to this valley, and such
a line would do a large business in the transportation of timber, sugar
cane, tobacco, bananas, rice, hides and skias, cotton, and numerous

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156 THE PAN AMEBICAK UNION.

other products. Tropical and somitropical agricultural crops do well
in the part of Para^^uay referred to, and the country is well adapted

to the raising of stock, poultry, and fruits. Sr. Francisco A. Viveros,

a young Paraguayan artisan of Asuncion, has invented a receptacle
to*^ prevent the ADULTERATION OF MILK during transporta-
tion. The consul of Paraguay in Santa Fe, Argentine Republic,

has made an interesting report to his Government on the influence
and work of PARAGUAYAN CONSUI>i in encouraging and develop-
ing trade with foreign nations, and especially the Argentine Republic,
and the manner of increasing immigration to Paraguay. One of
the measures recommended by the consul is the establishment of a
permanent commercial exposition in Buenos Aires for the purpose

of exhibiting Paraguayan products. The Diario of Asuncion of

October 30, 1912, publishes the tariffs now in force for the services

of licensed RIVER PIIX)TS in the waters of the Republic. ^The

Congress of Paraguay has recently given considerable attention to
the (questions of MONETARY REFORM, payment of the internal
debt, and the encouragement and protection of domestic industries.
In this connection the Government has contracted an ad referendum

LOAN of £1,250,000, for the conversion of the public debt. Work

has been commenced by the Central Paraguay RAILWAY' on the
first section of the branch line from Borja to Iguazu. This railway
is to be built in sections of 25 kilometers each. The Central Railway
is constructing a FERRYBOAT at Encarnación to run between that

point and Posadas. The Agricultural Bank at Asuncion has

ordered 10,000 PARAGUAYAN TEA PLANTS (Yerba mate) for
the purpose of starting new plantations of this staple product of the
Republic. A POPULAR LIBRARY has been organized at Asun-
cion, Dr. Rodolfo Ritte being one of the largest contributors to the

support of same. The consul general of Paraguay in Hamburg has

been appointed special minister plenipotentiary of the Paraguayan
Government for the purpose of signing the supplementary protocol

of the international OPIUM CONVENTION at The Hague. A

company has been organized in Asuncion under the name of ** Gana-
dería Sacarello'^ (Sacarello Stock Co.) to engage in STOCK RAISING
in Paraguay and the Argentine Republic on a large scale. The capital

of the company is 1,000,000 Argentine gold pesos. The enactment

of a HOMESTEAD LAW, similar to the one in force in the United
States, and the establishment of a LAND COURT resembling the
one in operation in Australia at the present time, is being agitated
in the Republic. A RAILWAY has been surveyed from Concep-
ción to Horqueta, a distance of 50 kilometers, and a line 30 kilometers

long is to bo constructed from Concepción to Loreto. The QUINTA

CABAIjLERO in Asuncion, the property of the celebrated Para-
guayan general of that name, Is to be sold. This private park, w'hich

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PERU. 157

is situated near the center of the Federal capital, contains the finest
collection of rare plants and trees in the Republic, and would be
invaluable as a national or municipal park. The press of Paraguay

is advocating that it be purchased for that purpose. Sr. Ramon

Lara Castro has been appointed MINISTER of Paraguay in Brazil.

Sr. Leo Hirsch, the consul of Paraguay at Vienna, has been decorated

with the Order of the Great Cross of Austria. -Sr. Jose Rodriguez

Alcila has been made director of EL DIARIO, an important daily
newspaper of Asuncion with a large home and foreign circidation, and
Sr. Francisco Growel has been appointed manager. The Govern-
ment of Paraguay was requested on November 5 last to allow the
importation into the country of 14,000 head of Argentine CATTLE.

The MILITARY ACADEMY of the Repubhc of Peru at ChorUlos,
near the Federal capital, is divided into two sections, one of which
is for instruction to students intended for the artillery, cavalry, and
infantry service, while the other is for cadets, who after four years of
attendance, enter the army as second lieutenants and ensigns. During
the year 1912 there were five times as many applicants for entrance

to the military academy as the school could accommodate.

A school for machinists was added to the NAVAL ACADEMY of
the Republic of Peru, at La Punta (Callao), in 1912. The naval

academy has accommodations for 200 pupils. A large ll-roUer

a\NE GRINDING PLANT for the Roma Sugar Factory has been
ordered from England. This plant wiU have a crushing capacity of
1,000 tons of cane per day of 24 hours and will consist of one Kra-
jewskf crusher, with rolls 28 inches in diameter and 72 inches long;
three mills each having rolls 34 inches in diameter, the whole driven
through heavy cast-steel gearing by one engine having a cylinder 34
inches in diameter and 60-'uich stroke. Hydraulic-pressure regula-
tion will be fitted to the top roll of each mill. All-steel cane carrier,
intermediate carriers, begasse elevators, and mechanical juice strain-
ers, and two duplex juice pumps wül be included, also a 15-ton
overhead traveling crane. This plant, when erected, wUl be the largest

in the Republic of Peru. Sr. Cesar Ben tin has been appointed

secretary of the legation of Peru m Great Britain, and Sr. Roman E.

Leguia consul ad honorem at Brussels, Belgium. A narrow-gauge

RAILWAY is planned to connect Callao and Lima with Chilca,
which is said to be the future military port of Peru. The bay of
Chilca is a deep-water, protected harbor, and would make a fine naval

or commercial port. A CENSUS is to be taken of the city of

728.90— Bull. 1— LS 11

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158 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.

Lima in 1913. The population of the Federal capital in 1908 was
140,884, and it is quite probable that the census for 1913 will show

a population considerably in excess of 150,000. The Federated

Society of Shoe Manufacturers of the Republic of Peru, at Lima has
petitioned the Government, through the President of the Republic,
to increase the duty on IMPORTED SHOES to 3 soles per
pair on shoes for adults and 2 soles per pair on children's shoes.
The same society reijuests the opening of the State shoe factories
for the purpose of manufacturing therein all the footwear used in

the army, navy, and police departments of the country. The

Agricultural Syndicate of Chancay has petitioned the Government
of Peru to permit the free importation of INSECTICIDES used in
combating agricultural pests. At different times the cotton and
other crops of the Chancay Valley have suffered from destructive
insects, and the agriculturists of that section have organized to

combat and, if possible, exterminate them. Charles Peterson has

denounced for the Carmen Mining Co. the Erica COPPER AND
SILVER mine, consisting of two claims situated in the mineral

district of Huarochiri y Canta. La Prensa of November 25, 1912,

contains an interesting article entitled "The Future of Eastern Peru, '*
in which problems concerning the development of the great wooded

region known as the "Montaña'' are discussed. It is estimated

that the construction and equipment of a RAILWAY 200 kilometers
long from Puno, Peru, around Lake Titicaca to Guaqui, would cost
£800,000. In November, 1912, the Society of Agricultural Engi-
neers in Lima published the first issue of a series of bulletins intended
for scientific AGRICTILTURAL PROPAGANDA of the resources

of Peru. On December 1, 1912, President Billinghurst delivered

a message to the Peruvian Congress recommending the renewal of
diplomatic RELATIONS WITH CHILE. The history of the
Chilean question will be reviewed in detail in the *'red and white

lx)ok " now being prepared by the department of foreign relations.

Arrangements have been made to establish a Peruvian line of
STEAMERS for freight and passenger traffic to ply between Iquitos
and New York. The plan comprises the building of extensive
wharves and warehouses at Iquitos, and the service is to be extended
to Colon and the Caribbean coast of South America. The first
steamer to enter this traflic will be the transport Iquitos. The
manager of the new company is Col. Pedro PortUlo, with headcjuar-
ters at Iquitos. Col. PortUlo is an authority on eastern Peni and
the Amazon region, and while prefect of the department of l.<oreto
explored the rivers of that region and made a map of that Republic,
which is said to be the most detailed and reliable map in existence

of eastern Peru. A project has been submitted to the Federal

Congress for the building of a railway from Chilca to the Ilatunhuasi

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SALVADOR. 159

COAL mines. The Peruvian Congress has approved the revised

plan submitted to it for the construction of a branch of the Lima

to Huacho RAILWAY between Sayan, Oyon, and Checras.

The San Juan Mining Co., of Chimbóte, opened to pubhc traffic in

December last the RAILWAY between Tabones and Limeña.

A law of December 5, 1912, establishes the DEPARTMENT OF
MADRE DE DIOS, the capital of which is port Maldonado. The
total estimated area of the Department is 64,112 sijuare kilometers.
The est'unated population is 16,000, about 10,000 of whom are
nomadic tribes. The Department is divided into three provinces, as
follows: Tahuamanu, with an area of 12,552 square kilometers;
Tambopata, with an area of 25,178 square kilometers; and Manu,
with an area of 26,382 square kilometers. The capitals of these
provinces are, respectively, Inampari, Maldonado, and Manu. The
new Department is under the jurisdiction of the Superior Court at

Puno. A communication from the Pomalca Agricultural Society

states that work was commenced in December la»st on the Pimentel
RAILWAY between Pomalca and Chiclayo.

The city of La Union celebrated early in December the inaugura-
tion of an ELECTRIC LIGHT system, the occasion bringing the
people to the streets and plazas of the city where the bands rendered
inspiring music. For this great improvement in hghting the city the
mayor, Don Santos UUoa, and Don Paulino Carias are responsible

and to whom the people are offering many congratulations.

Diario del Salvador in the edition of December 16 contains large cuts
o' the PRESIDENT-ELECT of the Unite<l States and the late Vice

President James S. Sherman. The advertising columns of the same

jojmal show that BUSINESS FIRMS in the United States are using
considerable space in calling the attention of the people of Salvador

to their proihicts. In order to better the RAILWAY SERVICE

in Salvador it is reported that Sr. Spencer, manager of the Salvador
Railway, proposes to establish quicker service by cutting out certain
ullages where traffic is very light; the train usually leaving Santa Ana
^t 7 a. m. daily will leave 15 minutes earher and make the ordinary
stops until reaching Sitio del Nino, from which place stops at a num-
ber of towns will be omitted, and the traveler will reach San Salvador

*t 9.45 a. m. instead of 11 a. m. as formerly. The American consul

jû San ^Salvador reports that a night LETTEIUiRAM service was
inaugurated in the Repubhc in October. The rates are: For the first
'^ words, 22 cents; for each additional 10 words, 4 cents. By an

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160 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.

executive order of October 19, 1912, effective one month later, import-
ers of merchandise by parcel post must pay a SURTAX of 10 per cent
of the amount of customs, unless such importers are already paying

stamp and other local taxes. œMMERCIAL TRAVELERS

must pay upon their arrival a tax of 100 pesos (peso equals 45 cents)
for a stay not to exceed two months; for a time in excess of that period
a monthly tax of 25 pesos is to. be paid by commercial travelers at the
port of departure. It is further provided that all resident agents
representing foreign concerns shall register their names and pay a
monthly tax of 25 pesos. ^The RepubUc of Salvador was repre-
sented at the FIFTH CENTRAL AMERICAN CONGRESS, which
met in San Jose, Costa Rica, on January 1, 1913, by Dr. Rafael

Meza. The annual output of candles in the RepubUc of Salvador

is, in round numbers, 60,000 boxes, which represent a weight of

132,000 kilos. On December 2, 1912, the first number of a new

DAILY PAPER entitled "El Mediodía" was pubUshed in the citv

of San Salvador. A new SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATION, undeV

the name of "La Tribuna Medica del Salvador" (The Medical Tribune

of Salvador), published its first number on January 1, 1913. The

Government of Salvador has accepted the offer of the Government of
Mexico to admit 13 Salvadorean students from 16 to 18 years of age
to a course in the National SCHOOL OF AGRICULTURE of Mexico.

URUGUAY

A bill has been introduced into the Congress of Uruguay authorizing
the purchase by the Argentine Government of a LEGATION BUILD-
ING in Las Heras Avenue, Montevideo. The property is valued at
about $200,000. A law has been passed providing for the reor-
ganization of the divisions of LIVE STOCK and agriculture. ^A

BRIDGE 130 meters long is being built at Paso del Borracho over
the Tacuarembó Grande River. The bridge is being constructed by

the Government at a cost of about $100,000. It is proposed to

hold a ROAD CONGRESS in Montevideo from March 1 to 20,

1913. A bill has been passed creating the Institutes of Industrial

CHEMISTRY, and of GEOLOGY under the direction of the depart-
ment of industries. The installation of these institutes wiU cost
about $125,000, and the annual maintenance of same $70,000,
approximately. Some of the teaching staff has been obtained from

the United States and England. The customs receipts of the

Government of Uruguay for November, 1912, were $1,300,890, as
compared with $1,162,863 during the same period of 1911. Unof-
ficial reports from Montevideo are to the effect that the Government

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URUGUAY. 161

of Uruguay proposes to establish a military SCHOOL OF AVIATION
with an aeodrome attached. The school is to be near Montevideo,
and the Italian aviator Cattaneo will be offered the directorship of
the same. The First Uruguayan HORTICULTURAL Exhibi-
tion was held in Montevideo in January of the present year. The
vicinity of Montevideo is now one of the most attractive and remu-
nerative fields in the line of horticultural work to be found in South
America. The climate is excellent, the soil rich, and there is practi-
cally an unUmited market for vegetables and fruits at good prices in

Montevideo and other Uruguayan cities. The Portland CEMENT

factory belonging to Wilson, Vicenti & Co. at Sayago, Uruguay, is in
a flourishing condition, there being a large demand for the products of

the factory in the Republic. ^A bill has been introduced into

Congress authorizing the purchase of the building and land in the
town of San Jose where the First Constitutional and Legislative
Assembly of the RepubUc was installed in* 1828 for the purpose of

conserving same as a national HISTORICAL RELIC. An

ad referendum contract has been made between the Government of
Uruguay and the Central Railway Co. for the construction of a
RAILWAY 120 kilometers long from Pampa station on the Northern
Extension to Papagay Hill where the MANGANESE mines are
located. The company is obligated to colonize 10,000 hectares of
land along the line. The contract it subject to the approval of the

Uruguayan Congress. ^A law has been promulgated authorizing

the issue of a mionthly bulletin of the department of foreign relations.
This bulletin will contain treaties, conventions, and protocols made
with foreign countries, laws and decrees relating to the diplomatic
aod consular service, reports received by the department, and useful
information and propaganda data. Sr. J. A. Frabosqui has been

appointed director of the bulletin. The amended WINES BILL,

approved by the committee of the House of Deputies of the Congress
of Uruguay, was pubUshed in the Dia of Montevideo on November 29,
1912. The bill forbids the sale of artificial wines, and prescribes that
after six months all wines, whether foreign or domestic, shall not be
sold except in closed and sealed receptacles. Under this measure an
internal consumption tax is levied on imported wines, according to

their alcoholic strength, of from one-half to 8 centavos per hter.

The director of the Uruguayan National Meteorological Institute has
proposed to the Government of Uruguay a plan of wireless service
for daily advising the OFFICIAL TIME by transmitting at a fixed
hour a conventional sign to wireless stations on land and vessels in
range at sea. By adding 3 hours 40 minutes and 5 seconds Green-
wich time will be obtained. The Government of Uruguay has

accepted the invitation of the Government of Peru to participate in
the Sixth Pan American Medical CONGRESS, the Fifth Latin

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162 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.

American Congress, and the International Exhibition of Hygiene,
which are to be held simultaneously in Lima in August, 1913. Official

delegates will be appointed in due course. The South American

Iron Syndicate (Ltd.) will establish a large FOl^NDRY in Umguay for
the manufacture of steel and iron goods, such as rails, wire, girders,
plates, and spare parts of machinery. The representatives of the
company have taken up the project with the l^ruguayan Government,
and have arranged to invest at least a million dollars in the enter-
prise. The plans for the first section of the Paloma to Treinta y

Tres RAILWAY have been approved and the w^ork of construction
authorize<l by the Government. This railway will be built under the
Caprario concession recently transferred to the '* Uruguay Railway

Co." A narrow-gauge RAILWAY SJ kilometers long is being

built by Sr. F. Piria and forms the first section of the road from

Puerto del Ingles to Cerro de Pan de Azúcar. An ad refereruhim

contract has been made between the department of pubUc works and
Furtado & Co., representing Toomey Bros. & Co., of New York, for
constructing a LIGHT TOWER on the Enghsh Bank. An apjiro-
priation of $20,000 has been made to cover the preliminary expenses

incident to the work. The Senate of the Congress of LVuguay has

approved the Uruguayan-Argentine COASTING TRADE CON-
VENTION. M. A. Lamme, formerly a professor in the University

of Colombia and a North American geologist and mining expert, is
doing EXPLORATION WORK in the departments of Montevideo,
Minas, Maldonade, Rocha, Tacuarembó, Cerro .Largo, and Rivera,
accompanied by Juan Trémoleras, assistant director of the National

Museum. Sr. Mario L. Gil, formerly CONSUL GENERAL of

Uruguay in Baltimore, has been appointed consul general at New
York, the consulate at Baltimore having been aboHshed. Sr. Rich-
ling, former consul general of Uruguay in New York has been given
other important work connected with the Government.

VENEZUELA

The SCHOOL OF ARTS ANÜ CRAFTS for women, established
in Caracas under an executive decree of October 28, 1912, teaeheí5,
among other subjects, domestic hygiene, millinerv% floriculture, print-
ing, nursing, photography, washing and ironing, hat making, cooking,
bookbinding, typewriting, bookkeeping, stenography, etc. The rule^
and regulations of this school, as well as those of the normal schools
and schools of commerce, are published in the Official Gazette of De-
cember 19, 1912. Sr. Hector Pererira Alvarez has been appointed

CONSL^L of Venezuela at Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and Julio

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VENEZUELA. 163

HanlLsson consul adhonorem at Santa Cruz, Island of Tenerife.

The SANITARY rules and regulations of the Federal Government
recently issued are published in Spanish in the Official Gazette of

Caracas of December 10, 1912, et seq. During the first half of 191 1

the RAILWAYS OF VENEZUELA transported 322,380 passengers
and 125,429,555 kilos of freight, receiving therefor 6,846,931 bolivares.
The total expenses of the railways during the period referred to were

3,478,911 bolivares. Dr. L. G. Chacin Iriago has been appointed

COX SUL of Venezuela at Southampton, England. The Canadian

Venezuelan Ore Co. has been authorized by the Federal Government
to erect and maintain in operation two luminous BUOYS near the

bars in the principal outlet or mouth of the Orinoco River. The

HIGHWAY between the port of La Ceiba and Sabana de Mendoza
has been repaired and improved, 1,000 bolivares having recently

been spent for that purpose. Dr. Jose A. Tagliaferro has been

authorized by the department of fomento to construct a TELE-
PHONE line in the district of Betijoque. -In addition to con-
siderable quantities of skins and cabinet woods exported annually
through the port of Carupano, the yearly shipment of COFFEE
AND CACAO consigned to foreign countries from said port amount,
approximately, to 100,000 sacks. A large coastwise trade in fish,

com. flour, etc., is carried on in the neighborhood of this port.

A contract has been made with the TACHIRA RAILWAY to extend
itshne to a point known as "Meseta de Cara de Perro,*' at which place
the Tachira station will be constructed. Under a recent arrange-
ment with the Tachira Railway Co. the Government of Venezuela
a^ees to pay monthly to the railway company 30,000 bolivares
until the sum of 500,000 bolivares has been paid. The company
a^ees to expend 450,000 bolivares in building the extension referred
to and 50,000 bolivares in defense and construction work on the right
hank of the Ca tumbo River opposite the town of Encontrados.

The railway is to be completed by December 31, 1913. The Ven<*-

zuelan Government has ordered from the Commercial Lithographing
Co. of Caracas 12,000,000 internal-revenue stamps of the denomination
of 1 centime each. Dr. Jose Ignacio Diaz Granados has been ap-
pointed CONSUL of Venezuela adhonorem at Santa Marta, Colombia*
— The Government of Venezuela ratified on December 19, 1912, the
I'niversal Postal Convention of April 6, 1906, relating to POSTAL

MONEY ORDERS. ^The Gaceta Oficial of December 19 last

reprints the law of November 18, 1912, making the importation of
GOLD COIN free of duty. Formerly gold coin paid an import

»'uty of 4 centimes per"^ 100 bolivares. The PARCEL-POST

CONVENTION between Venezuela and Great Britain became
etfective on the part of Venezuela on the 1st of t.he present month
^n accordance with a decree of December 19, 1912. President

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164 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.

Gomez has ordered the construction of a TELEGRAPH LINE
between Tucupido and Santa Maria de Ipire, a distance of 95 kilo-
meters. The sum of 14,460 bolivares has been set aside to defray
the expense of construction work. Other telegraph lines planned
or in course of construction are as follows : From Bobures to Toron-
doy; San Carlos to El Baul; Trujillo to Valera, and from Castillos de

Guayana to Piacoca. Rafael Sosa has been authorized by the

Government of Venezuela to construct a TELEPHONE line 20

kilometers long between Tocuyo and Sanare. An ELECTRIC

TRAMWAY for passenger and freight service has been established
from the wharf at the port of Campano to the center of the to\^Ti,
a distance of about 2 kilometers. The electric plant adjoining the
customhouse is to be enlarged and will be used for light and power
at Campano and vicinity. The LIGHTHOUSE at this port is 66

meters above the level of the sea. From March 16 to September

15, 1912, the Government of Venezuela spent 807,086.50 bolivares
in the construction and adornment of PUBLIC BUILDINGS

throughout the Republic. Mr. P. Jones, president of the IJL\-

TACA MINES, a Canadian corporation, recently inspected the mines
for the purpose of introducing measures looking to the increased

development of the same. The CONSUL GENERAL of Venezuela

in New York has been appointed by President Gomez as delegate
to the Fourth International Congress of School Hygiene which will

meet in Buffalo, New York, from August 25 to 30, 1913. The

Caribbean Coal Co. of New York has been organized, with a nominal
capital of $1,000,000, to develop the COAL MINES in the Paez

District, State of Maracaibo. There are COCONUT plantations

on the Golfo Triste in Venezuela which can furnish as many as
150,000 coconuts a month. The principal town of this region is
Cumana, a center of the coconut industry, which in this part of
Venezuela consists chiefly in the extraction of the oil from the nuts.
The ** Industrial de Manzanares, ^^ a large company engaged in the
coconut traffic along the coasts of the Cariaco, Sante Fe, Mochima
and Triste Gulfs, and the Manzanares River, has its headquarters at

Cumana.- The TELEPHONE line between Barinitas and Altamira

has been completed, and work commenced to connect by telephone

the town of Las Piedras with that of Timoteo. A recent issue of

the **Universar' of Caracas says that in the States of Zamora.
Yaracuy Lara, Carabobo, and Sucre as rich ORES are to be found
as exist in the most favored mining zones of Chile and Mexico.

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THE LATE DR. MANUEL E. ARAÚJO,
President of the Republic of Salvador.

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VOL. XXXVI FEBRUARY, 1913 No. 2

EIGHTY DAYS WITH THE
"BLUECHER" PARTY '/ /.

IX.

wo GREAT PORTS OF BRAZIL.

about 60 hours from Rio de Janeiro

/ ;hor at 7 a. m., March 20, in another

/^ harbor, the *^ Bahia de Todos os San-

:ng]ish, the *'Bay of All Saints.''

C ? fine, deep, land-sheltered gulf clusters

the il, São Salvador, better known through-

out ahia, the capital of the great State of

thai time — for a period covering something

like of government of the great Portuguese

colo

Il me 58 yeai*s earlier than England's first

attc northern hemisphere, and hence boasts

of b azil. During all these years it ha*s been

a pi im])ortance, a center of art and learning,

and p oldest and finest Catholic churches in

the Western World.

Had we not so recently left the most beautiful harbor in the
world — that of Rio de Janeiro — our first view of Bahia would un-
doubtedly have surprised us with its remarkable beaut\^ and pic-
turesqueness. On a high bluff, amid the green foliage of a profusioji
of tropical trees, are seen tall church towers and glistening monu-
ments set in among houses of varied hues, all more or le'^s jumbled

» By Edward Albes, of ran-American Urion stafT.

16Õ

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166 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.

together and apparently pushed on toward the bay until they have
spilled over the edge and filled up the space between the hillside and
the sea in a comi)act mass of buildings. Tlie city is thus divided
into the ^' lower'' and ''upper'' town, and its likeness to a crowded
amphitheater reminded us of Valparaiso.

Upon landing wo found that access to the upper half of the city
was had by means of three large elevators, two of which were found
to be the products of a well-known manufacturer of the United
States. One hundred reis, or about 3 cents, was the charge for
being ''lifted" from the lower to the upper city.

A number of special cai*s awaited us at the top of one of the ele-
vatore, near the Praça da Constitução, but before getting aboard
we took a look at the former governor's palace. This had been a

VIEW OF BAIIIA, BRAZIL.

For two centuries of the time tliat Brazil was a colonial possession of Portugal, Bahia was the seat of
government. It is now the greatest cacao port of the country, while tobacco and Us manufactures
fonn a growing industry, and rubl^er and coffee are Urge item's in its list of exports. Its population
is 2X0,000.

fine, imposing building, but owing to a recent little misunderstand-
ing between two i>olitical parties had been shot full of holes, its
interior burned, and now presented a somewhat '* the-worse-for-wear"
appearance. Not far from this place, in the Largo Quinze de No-
vembro, is the fine Catholic cathedral, a large and splendid edifice.
At the end of the street passing the cathedral, and about a square
away, is one of the oldest and richest churches of Brazil, the church
of Sao Francisco, founded in 1587. The present structure was com-
pleted in 1713 and is noteworthy for its fine interior. Tlie ceiling,
walls, altar, etc., are all profusely decorated with carved scrolls,
curves, coats of arms, heads of cherubs, and other ornamentation,
much of the fine carving being heavily gilded, giving a wonderfully-
rich effect of glittering gold in the subdued candlelight.

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3i-

X.
nil-
ViD-

VIEW OF BAHIA, BRAZIL.

Theupper city is situated at an elevation of oerhaps 20O feet above the water front. It is in this section
that the finest residences and public buildings and over a hundred churches are located Near the
cwiter of the picture maybe seen one of the elevators, by means of which communication between
the two portions of the city is_maintained.

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168 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.

Connected with this church, and immediately at its side, is the
Franciscan monaster}'. The ceiUng and altar of the little chapel
present more fine specimens of the wood-carver's art. An artistic
feature of the patio walls, as well as the walls of the church near the
entrance, is the decoration in blue and white tiles, the work of Dutch
artists, presented to the church by King Phihp IV of Portugal.
The tiles are skillfully fitted together and present a beautiful pic-
torial display of Biblical scenes, pictures representing the seasons
of the year, historic battles, etc. A few of our party visited this
interesting place during the afternoon and were most kindly and
courteously received by the friars, one of whom conducted us through
numerous rooms of the monaster}^ and, among other objects of
interest, showed us the hfe-size, handsomely dressed wax figures
of some thirty or more saints, which are kept in locked closets and
utihzed on the certain days set apart for the worship of each.

Photo bj' D. M. Hazlett.

BAHIA, FROM TFIE BAY.

The picture shows the water front and the long and steep incline, by means of which access is had to the

upper city.

Our cars took us through various winding, quaint, and crooked
streets, bordered by houses of varying shades of pink, blue, green,
yellow, brown, and buff, many of them set in fine gardens of trees,
from the branches of which hung luscious oranges, yellow lemons,
and green mangoes in profusion. Flowering trees and shrubs and all
the glorious flora of the Tropics abounded here, and the writer was
involuntarily remined of the opening lines of Mignon in Goethe's
'^WilhelmMeister'':

Kennst du das Land, wo die Zitronen blühn,
Im dunkeln Laub die Gold-Orangen glühn.
t^in sanfter Wind vom blauen Himmel weht.
Die Myrte still iind hoch der Lorbeer steht?
Kennst du es wohl ?
Di bin ! D?Jiin !
Mocbt' ich mit dir, O mein (îeliebter, ziehn.

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170 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.

A more~or less intelligible translation of which is:

Knowst thou the land wherein the lemon grows —
Midst darkened leaves the golden orange glows;
A gentle wind descends from bluest skies,
And myrtle green with highest laurel vies.
Dost know it well ?

O, there! O, there!
Would I with thee, O my beloved, fare.

Speaking of oranges, reminds us that Bahia is the home of one of
the most delicious varieties of that most delectable fruit known to
the discriminating palate of the epicure — the seedless navel orange.
It was from Bahia that the Department of Agriculture of the United

Photo by D. M. Hozlett.

VIEW OF BAHIA, SHOWING LOWER SECTION.

'On a high bluff, amid the green foIi>ige of a profusion of tropical trees, aro seen tall church towers and
glistening monuments set in among houses of varied hues, all more or less jumbled together and
apparently pushed on toward the bay until they have spilled over the edge and fill up the space be-
tween the hillside and the sea in a compact mass of buildings."

States Government secured the first six seedless orange trees from
which have sprung the thousands of acres of trees which now form
such an important item in the orange production of Cahfomia and
Florida.

We stopped at Cape Barra, on which was the old fort which had
formerlj'- guarded the entrance to the bay, but which has now been
converted to the more peaceable and probably more profitable use
of a lighthouse. That a Hghthouse is needed here was evidenced
by the remains of two wrecks which were still visible not far from
the shore. One was that of a French steamer which had been wrecked
here about 10 years ago and the other, not a pistol shot off the rocky

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EIGHTY DAYS WITH THE ** BLUECHER " PARTY. 171

beach; was that of the Cap FriOy a German steamer, which had gone
on a sunken rock in broad daylight about four years ago and went
down in less than 15 minutes.

The bay is one of the finest and safest in the world, after you are
once in. It is from 10 to 20 miles wide and about 27 miles long, and
its depth is such that it will accommodate vessels of the deepest draft.

One of the industries of the Bahians, a surprising bit of information
to most of us, is that of whaling. We were told that during the
months of May and June an average of 250 whales are caught in the
bay and its vicinity. When the terrific cold of winter begins in the
antarctic regions the whales migrate northward, and the bay of All

SHOPPING DISTRICT OF BAHIA, BRAZIL.

Most of the retail stores of the city are found in the lower section. Up on the crest of the bluff may
be seen a p9rtion of the upper or residential section.

Saints seems to offer them an attractive refuge from the stormy
Atlantic.

Our party lunched at a delightful little hotel at Rio Vermelho, a
suburb of Bahia. Among the fruits served were alligator pears,
mangos, guavas, bananas, custard apples, and the sweetest, most
delicious naval oranges we had ever tasted. These oranges have a
very thin, smooth skin and are of a mottled green and yellow color.
Owing to the predominance of the green, we thought at first that they
had not ripened, an opinion which changed immediately upon their
being tasted. The mangos, too, were the finest we had seen, and by

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172 THE PAX AMERICAN UNION.

this time our palates had been educated to the dehcious, tart taste of
tliis hiscious fruit, until with many it liad become the most highly
prized of all the tropical products. Some day the writer hopes to
revisit Bahia, and when he does he will proceed to test his capacity as
to mangos.

Upon our return from Rio Vermelho we had a long ride on the cars
through the eastern section of the city and its environs, where we
enjoyed magnificient views of green hills and valleys covered with
tropical vegetation. In the outskirts of the city we passed hundreds
of colored women engaged in washing. The clothes were being
washed in the little stream, occasionally widening out into small
lakelets, along whose banks the electric railwav is built. We saw but

Photo by D. M. HaelPtt.

CITY OF PARA FROM DECK OF STEAMER.

"The city of Para came into full view and we were most agreeably surprised at the sc^ne presented by
the greatest rubber port of Brazil. Its multicolored houses, characteristically tropical in their envi-
ronment, looked clean and fresh, and the city appeared inviting.''

few washtubs and no clotheslines, but all the linen of Bahia seemed
to be spread out on the small bushes and acres of clean, green grass
to dry.

Bahia is eminently a city of churches, there being something over
one hundred within the city limits. Quite a number of parks and
many fine monuments add to the attractiveness of the place. The
Passeio Publico is one of the finest parks, and the weary may rest
here, shaded by the green foliage of the mango trees, whose delicate
perfume fills the air. One of the finest monuments is located in the
Largo Duque de Caxias. It is a tall shaft of white marble surmounted
by the bronze figure of an Indian, and commemorates the date of the
naticmal independence of Brazil. Around the base are grouped

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EIGHTY DAYS WITH THE " BLUECHER " PARTY. 173

colcssal bronze figures rep resent in;]j ¡n allegorical form the great rivers
of the country. Another beautiful monument is in the center of the
Praça Riachuelo, a marble pillar surmounted by the flying figure of
the angel of victory, commemorating the Brazilian triumph over the
Paraguayans in the long war of 1864-70.

One noteworthy characteristic of the monuments we saw in Bahia
i.s that none was individual in character, but each represented or com-
memorated some historical event in the history of the country, giving
striking evidence of the exalted patriotism of the people.

Bahia is the great cacao port of Brazil, furnishing about one-fifth of
the world's supply. Tobacco, too, forms one of its important prod-

VISCONDE DE RIO BRAXCO SQUARE, BELEM, STATE OF PARA, BRAZIL.

The statue in the center of this beautiful square is that of the great Brazilian patriot, José da (iama.
The city of Belem, capital of the State of Para, is one of the most progressive in the Republic, and
its present population numbers about 185,000 inhabitants.

ucts, and good cigars are manufactured and exported to Argentina and
other South American countries. We found that we could buy cigars
of excellent quality much cheaper here than at any of our other stop-
ping places, and quite a number of our party provided themselves with
suificient quantities to last until our return home. Coffee and rubber
are also important exports of Bahia.

As an educational center Bahia has taken very high rank for many
years, and many of Brazil's most noted poets and literary celebrities
have come from its institutions, as have many of her learned scientists
and educators. A large and well-attended normal school, one of the

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174 THE PAN AMEBICAN UNION.

leading medical colleges of the country, a noted law school, and a
college of fine arts, second only to that of Rio de Janeiro, are among
its most famous institutions.

We left Bahia just as ''the shades of night were falling fast,'' and
our last view of the city was striking. The sun, sinking behind the
mountains in the west, gave a golden tinge to the picturesque city,
and the splendid color effects in the light and filmy clouds formed a
gorgeous canopy for the bay and its environing landscape. As we
steamed out of the harbor the electric lights of the city came on and
showed in a long, narrow girdle where the lower portion lay, while
apparently suspended high above it were the street lights in rows, with
here and there brilliant clusters, marking the parks and public build-
ings of what appeared to be an aerial city. In a half hour or so these
lights had passed from view, and only the winking lighthouse on Cape
Barra was left to remind us that Bahia was a reality and that the
interesting things we had seen were more than a passing dream.

We were scheduled to arrive at Para at noon, March 25, but rain and
fog delayed our vessel in that arm of the Amazon knowoi as the Para
River. The port, whose somewhat extended name is Santa Maria de
Belem do Pará, is usually called Belem (Bethlehem) by the Brazilians
and Para by the rest of the world generally. It is situated something
like 100 miles up the river, but is none the less an Atlantic port. The
Amazon River, however, has several ''Atlantic'' ports somewhat re-
moved from the ocean. Manaos, one of Brazil's great ports, which is
visited by ocean vessels from perhaps every maritime country in the
world, is only 1,000 miles from the river's mouth, while 2,000 miles
farther still wo find Peru's Atlantic port, tquitos. In comparison
with the Amazon our boasted Mississippi is but a fair-sized creek.

One little difficulty about navigating the river up to Pará is that the
river persists in shifting its channel from time to time, owing to the
immense amount of sand and detritus washed down from the many
square miles of territory it drains. This necessitates the employment
of skilled pilots to steer the incoming steamers into the harbor. Our
very careful captain, after áteaming very slowly through the misty
rain and fog for two hours or more, finally anchored and awaited the
pilot, who climbed aboard about noon. A little later the rain ceased,
the fog lifted, and we enjoyed fine views of the ever-changing pano-
rama of the south bank as we steamed up the river.

The air was now cool and pleasant, and as the sun, which had con-
siderately hidden until about 5 o'clock, sank lower on the horizon its
golden rays painted the magnificent foliage of the wooded shore in
varying shades of green and gold. Occasional clusters of bright-
colored houses, with here and there a tail church spire, relieved the
monotony of the scene. Little fishing boats, whose sails varied in
color from white through aU the rainbow hues, were seen on every
hand and added their quota to the picturesqueness of the views.

About 6 p. m. the city of Pará came into full view, and we were most
agreeably surprised at the sight presented by the greatest rubber port

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CATHEDRAL, PARA (BELÉM), BRAZIL.

The building itself is heavy and grave. It was erected in 1771^ and is of a pattern very common to
many Portuguese structures of the eighteenth century. The inK^rior. brighter and full of color, has
a fine altar of marble and a great organ. The cathedral faces the Frei Caetano Brand&o Square,
named after the local patriot who founded the first hospital in the city.

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EIGHTY DAYS WITH THE *' BLUECHER " PARTY. 177

of Brazil. Its multicolored houses, characteristically tropiòal in their
environment, looked clean and fresh, and the city appeared so inviting
that many of the tourists boarded a little steamer that came out to
where the Bluecher was anchored and spent an hour or two sightseeing
by electric light.

Pará, which dates its beginning back to 1616, is genuinely tropical.
It is less than a degree and a half from the equator, but greatly to our
surprise the night was pleasant. We had been told of the millions of
mosquitoes we might expect, and mosquito netting had been provided
for our staterooms to protect us against the notorious Stegomyia ca-
lopus, with its yellow-fever-distributing propensities, but. somehow
the millions failed to find their way out to the Bluecher. • The writer,
for one, failed to see or hear a single one of the little pests.

It may seem strange to those unacquainted with the peculiarities
of tropical regions, but the fact is that the climate of Pará is not only
equable, but most of the time delightful. During the hottest, season
of the year the temperature rarely exceeds 90° F., and the coldest is
seldom below 70° F. The ,thermometer readings for March 26, the
day we spent there, were as follows : J5 a. m.,i78° F;;. 9. a.m., 78° F.;
1 p. m., 80° F.; 4 p. m., 80° F.; Ijip. m., 80° F. . - ;

Almost daily showers andcpnstant sea breezes keep the atmosphere
from becoming oppressive, and the proximity of the forests gives it
unwonted purity. Sanitary conditions in the city have been vastly
improved, and the usual tropical diseases are easily preventable by i
the use of ordinary hygienic precautions. ' ^/ ' "

We anchored about a mile from thei new quay, recently completed '
by the Port of Pará Co., and were taken to the landing in a little !
double-decKfed 'steamer. The 'first- thing of interest we saw was •
rubber — rubber, every where along the street on which front the great ^;
warehouses where this product is handled for export. Hundreds of \
men, whit«, black, and all the shades between, were busy cutting open ,|
the great pelles, or balls, preparatory to packing the crude product for
shipment. Pará exports about $40,000,000 .worth of rubber in one
year, and to give the reader some idea of the importance of the port it
may be stated that in. 1910 no less than 1,969 steamers and 1,668 :
sailing vessels entered, the total tonnage being r,425,601. Its7ôreign
conmierce for the same year atnOuûted to $29,940,918 of imporfe and
$48,163,052 of exports. " ; i

The trolley ride took ¿lie Bluecher party through the principal
streets of the city. These were found to be straight and unusually \
wide, bordered by shade trees in profusion and kept remarkably clean. \
it seems that a large force of men is employed to sweep the streets
with broad palm branches early every morning, aiid aU' refuse is r
carted away, while the daily rains give them a subsequciit bath. t

The Parque AfTonso Penna was the first stop, and two of the hand- ,
some buildings fronting it, the city haU and the Governor's palace, ^

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EIGHTY DAYS WITH THE ** BLUECHER " PABTY. 179

were inspected. Xot far from here is the old cathedral whose foun-
dation was laid in 1748 and whose ornate and elaborate interior is
probably not excelled b}' an}^ church in Brazil.

The Bosque Municipal is the largest and most interesting of Para's
many parks, for it is merely a great slice of the primeval Amazonian
forest which extended close to the city. Here are hundreds of varieties
of trees representing the natural growth of the forest without the inter-
vention of man, flowers just as they grow in the jungle, and man's
handiwork is seen only in the walks and roads and occasional benches
scattered through the woods. We were told that there were over
1(K) varieties of palms alone, and several hundred varieties of other
tropical trees to be found here. Near by is the orphanage and trade
school for boys.

As in all the Latin-American cities we had visited, the theater is
one of the show places of Para. The Theatro da Paz is located in
the Parque Joáo Òoellio, formerly known as the Largo da Pólvora, is
spacious, airy, beautifully finished and decorated in its interior, and
excellently adapted to its purpose.

One of the beautiful residence streets of the city is called ^ ^Naz-
areth,*' and here may be found fine specimens of Portuguese archi-

et in gardens such a3 are seen only in the
palms, mango trees, cottonwood trees, and
g shrubs.

A, however, the writer's interest and admi-
by the Museu Goeldi. This is a botanical
ology, and zoological garden combined. It
Dr. Jacques Huber, one of Brazil's leading
ion as a botanist extends throughout the

fine stone edifice, commensurate with the
tion and roomy enough to house and prop-
treasures it owns, has not been erected for
riceless collections are now crowded into a
country residence, a frame structure which
by fire, and thus cause the loss of the fruits
id of toil.

Lhe midst of fine specimens of hundreds of

nts peculiar to the Amazonian forests, ar-

genus. Of the greatest of all rubber trees,

) finest collection in the world may be seen

ital garden, designed for the experimental

)lants having a commercial value, contains

pecies of Brazilian rubber trees known to

of palms, Pará nut trees, the tonca bean,

I timber trees are also to be found. In an

artificial lake we saw the finest specimens of the Victoria regiuy the

gigantic water lily of the Amazon, that the writer has ever seen.

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180 THE PAN AMEJRICAX UNION.

To the avera<!:e visitor, liowever, tlie archieolotrical and ethnological
features of the nuiseiun and tlie zoological department present the
most interesting features. In the first room we entered were found
extensive collections of pottery of the extinct Indian tribes which had
inhabited the region along the mouth of the Amazon at the time of
the Portuguese discovery. Interesting relics, such as funeral urns
and pottery from the mounds of the island of Marajó and other sec-
tions, were also a part of this collection. Valuable ethnological
specimens from the Amazonian Indians, especially from those tribes
inhabiting the Rio Tocantins-Araguaya regions, consisting of all
manner of primitive weapons and utensils, were exliibited. Among
these is a war canoe too large to be housed, and consequently left out
in the yard near the house, wiiich was made by the Carajás Indians

THE "MUSEU (ÎOELDI," PARA, BRAZIL.

The building, whiih is a large Brazilian country house, is located on the Avenida da Independen-
cia, in a botaincal and zoological garden comprising about 10 acre^.

from the single stem of the cedro tree, and is 60 feet long and about
3 feet 4 inches w ide.

In the zoological department may be found a remarkable collection
of the fauna of Brazil. A complete series of Amazonian monkeys
and a wonderfully rich collection of birds; specimens of the larger
mammals sucli as the tapir, black and spotted jaguar, capivara, ant-
eater, etc.; a splendid collection of insects, containing monstrous
butterflies and moths, beetles, and wasps of an infinite variety, all
scientifically arranged and classified, form })arts of the exhibit in the
building. In the grounds are found the living specimens of the fauna
of the country. A large aviary houses a collection of aquatic birds
of man}' varieties, while in the trees and on artificial perches parrots

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IN THE Ml SEU GOELDI. PARA, BRAZIL.

The room devoled to Amnzonian archa^olopy contains a collection of pottery of the extinct Indian
tribes which inhabited the region alon^; the mouth of the Amazon at the lime of the contiuest.

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182 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.

and toucans of every size and luie strut and screech and show their
gorgeous phimage.

A cage of reptiles containing huge aUigatoi*s and monstrous speci-
mens of the anaconda and the Boa constrictor, and a tank which con-
tains specimens of the electric eels, one of which is 6 feet 8 inches long,
attracted our attention. Jaguars, pumas, ocelots, foxes, and many
other specimens of Brazilian mammals were all about us in cages,
and it was wãth much regret that we left this interesting place without
having seen a tenth of its treasurei^. Just before embarking on the
Uttle steamer which was to take us out to the Bluecher we paid a
hasty visit to the market, wliich skirts around a sort of basin, or
inlet, in whicli are crowded all manner of fishing boats and small
craft, with their many-colored sails and dusky occupants. Every

AVIARY IN THE ZOOLOGICAL CARDEN, PARA. BRAZIL.

Near lhe entrance to the garden of the Museu froeliii the visitor encounters a large aviary oecupied
by a tine collection of aquatic birds, includinc specimens of Ix^auliful while herons, night herons,
ibises, spoonbills, boat bills, and various kinds of ducks.

conceivable tropical fruit is offered for sale, fish of all sizes and kinds,
earthenware and dishes made of gourds by Indians, purses made of
seeds strung on threads and other curios were to be had, but our time
was too limited to see as much as we wished.

A httle after noon the Bluecher^s whistle awoke the echoes in fare-
well, and soon the picturesque houses, the tiled and stuccoed churches,
the tall palms, and wa\âng mangoes formed a charming picture, which
grew less and less, and we were once more out in the channel of the
Pará River, waiting for the pilot to take us out into the ocean. We
anchored for the night, and it was not until the next morning that
we finally bade a long farewell to the great RepubUc of the southern
hemisphere — Brazil.

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FUTURE FARMING IN
CUBA V .'. V •

0 0

THE late presidential election in Cuba was conducted in a
manner that would have done credit to any Republic in the
Americas. The votmg was performed without the slightest
disorder, and the result distinctly expressed the popular will.
The advance toward able and wise self-government which has been
made in Cuba since the island became independent is truly remarkable
when gauged by an appreciative understanding of the difficulties which

Political conditions have greatly improved
he right direction. The people are becom-
tible to the appeal of agitators, and the
ever-increasing power to deal promptly
ng situations.

of order and the consequent creation of
s Cuba wUl enter upon an era of industrial
prosperity — a state which shall involve
The conditions that are creating Cuba's
the making for many yeai*s, and are now
lited States and the manufacturing coun-
d for foodstuffs is pressing hard upon the
dation is outstripping increase of farm
in the past have been great expórtelas of
ly shipping less, and before long will have

s are finding ever-expanding markets for
Jig directly in the principal Panama Canal
routes, Cuba is singularly well situated to play a prominent part in
meeting this growing demand. It is hardly necesssary to add that
her wonderfully rich land and splendid growing climate give her
unsurpassed advantages in the matter of production. The island
is capable of almost unlimited development. Sugar and tobacco are
the products which are to-day scientifically cultivated and raised in
adequate quantities. Less than 15 per cent of the arable land is
turned to good account, and little of it is worked to its utmost possi-
bility of production. Even in the leading industries, where the man-
ufacturing methods have been well-nigh perfected, there is room for
improvement in the field processes. Vast, as is the value of Cuba's
annual output, much less than one-fourth of her resources have been

I By Forl>es T^indsay.

183

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FUTURE FARMING IN CUBA. 185

developcíl. With well-directed effort and the aid of capital the
island may be made within the life of a generation to treble its present
yield from the soil and to support in comfort a population of 5,000,000.
And tliis would be but a moderate measure of its ultimate possibilities.

The potential development of agriculture in Cuba has been over-
shadowed by its two dominant industries and discounted by the
methods of farming prevalent on tlie island. Misconception has
been induce<l by the failures of colonies and individual settlers, the
former promoted under unfavorable conditions and the latter having
imdertaken tasks for which they had neither aptitude nor sufficient
means. Successful farming in Cuba, as elsewhere, necessitates pre-
vious experience, knowledge of local conditions, and adequate
capital. A great majority of failures are traceable to lack of one or
more of these requisits.

A glance at the hst of Cuban imports reveals a peculiar economic
state wliich will doubtless receive the careful consideration of econo-
mists and statesmen.

i Upward of $40,000,000 worth of foodstuffs are purchased by the
Cubans annually. Considerably more than half of tliis quantity
consists of things that might; berprojuced on the island, iiore than
that, several of the items ia* question represent products wliich might
be raiscil in Cuba to an extent sufficient to supply the domestic
demand and leave a considerable surj)lus for exportation. This is,
of course, only contemplated as an ultimate possibility. Let Cuba
aim for the ])resent at filling the demands of her home markets for
such proilucts as may be raised wntliin her borders.

Except for the heavily capitalized corporations whicli are engaged
in the sugar and tobacco industries, agricultural effort in Cuba is con-
fined mainly to individual natives and foreign settlers. The Chinese
truck gardeners are an imj)ortant factor in furnishing vegetables to
the local market and demonstrating what may be done by intensive
cidtivation.

: The natives farm in a j)rimitive manner, under what may be called
i^ **system,'' because the same practices are prevalent throughout the
inland. They are not as hapliazard as they appear to be, but are,
in fact, the intelligent residt of experience of the easiest wa}' of pro-
curing a subsistence from a small patch of land, llie guajiro has
had neither the knowledge nor tlie inducement to make his land more
productive. Until recently there was no market open to anytliing
tjhat he might have produced and only the most limited means of
transportation. Now there are excellent roads and extensive railway^
lines, both constantly on the increase?^ There is no doubt but that
when he is taught how «to .produce a larger crop and assured of a sale
for his surplus, he will make the required effort. But Jbefore this; is
asked of him there must be an adjustment of land' tenure. Lease-

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ROAD CONSTRICTION' IN CUBA.

Extensive road biiiUlinp; has been going on throughout the island and has rendered transportai ion
fa "ilities more a<.letiuate. This, in turn, should alTord greater opportunities for profitable farrainp.

A COUNTRY ROAD IN CUBA.

Such roods, coupled with the wonderfully rich land and splendid growing climate, give to Cuba excep-
tional advantages for increasing her agricultural products. ¿ ..

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FUTURE FARMING IN CUBA. 187

holds should be as often as possible perpetual and on terms which
will preclude the possibiKty of rents being unduly raised as the profits
of the tenants increase. The system of land taxation should be regu-
lated so as to encourage improvement, lying most lightly upon the
enterprising man and falling most heavily upon the owner of idle
property. It would be the part of wisdom to exempt the small cul-
tivator entirely from direct taxation. Under existing circumstances
he contributes his full share of the revenues through the medium of
Ixis purchases of imported articles. The Government should estab-
lish an agricultural bank to furnish moderate credit at feasible rates
of interest. There is every reason to believe that the success of such
a measure would be as great in Cuba as it lias been in Egj^pt. The .
conditions of farming are much more favorable in the former country
than in the latter. His midday rest is well earned by several hours'
work in the field before the city dweller has taken his early coffee.

The chief essentials to the improvement of Cuban farming are at
hand. The problem is to turn to account resources which are now
being wasted or improvidently used. Fertile land and a genial
climate are amply available. The necessary complement to these
is the cessation of * ^cultivation by exploitation'' and the adoption
of cultivation with conservation. The Cuban farmer must be induced
to care for his land and to make it profitably productive. He will
respond to stimxdi if intelligently applied to him. Show him the
way, furnish him the means, and give him assurance of a reward for
exertion and he will acquit himself creditably in a short while.

The Cuban may not be easily moved by theoretical argument, but
he is peculiarly susceptible to the force of an object lesson. Give
him a concrete example of how he may increase liis crops by intelli-
gent treatment of his land, and with little more effort than he expends
uix)n getting a bare living from it, and he may be depended upon to
act on the suggestion.

Tlxis is a work which should be carried on by the Government, the
railroads, and the land companies. It must be pursued in a practi-
cal manner, bringing the lessons right home to the man to be edu-
cated. Even in the United States, where the intelligence of the
farmer is of a high order, the influence of experiment stations and
railway demonstration cars is immeasurably greater than that of
scientific books.

Efforts on the part of the Government and other agencies to
promote general agriculture can not fail to attract to Cuba the
immigration necessary to the fuller development of the country. It
contains abundant land that may be cultivated with less outlay and
greater yield than the average irrigated land of the western United
States. The Cuban enterprise will also return a larger profit on
investment under the advantageous contlitions which are con-

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TYIMCAL 'COLONY IIorSE" OF AMERICAN AND CANADIAN CITRUS FRUIT
(; ROWERS IN EASTERN CUBA.

AN EXHIBIT OF CITRUS FRUITS AND VEGETABLES RAISED IN THE PROVINCE
OF CAMAÜUEY, CUBA.

The island is capaVjle of almost unlimited development , yet less than 15 per cent of the arable land
is turned to ^ood account, while little of it is worked to its utmost possibility of production.

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190 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.

temjJated, provided tlie cultivator exorcises discriminatioîi in tlie
selection of his crops. Heretofore foreigners taking up agricultural
pursuits in Cuba have bought high-priced acreage and engage<l in
citrus fruit growing or some form of fancy farming, generally with
unsatisfactory results. It has been demonstrated that compara-
tively cheap land, such as is available in every Province of the island,
can be made to j)roduce large croj)s of staj)le foodstuffs with regu-
larity and great profits.

A few illustrations will suffice to indicate the field of opportunity
open to the small farmer in Cuba.

Nearly a quarter of a million dollars is paid annually by the island-
ers for foreign potatoes of a quality inferior to those which they
raise at home. Indeed, the best Cuban potatoes rival the famed
product of Bermuda. Tliis should be an article of export from Cuba,
as well as various spring vegetables, for which there is practically
unlimiteil demand in New York.

Another costly item of import is corn, or maize. Experiments have
proved that excellent results may be had with this cereal on ordinary
Cuban land. At present it is raised only for use as fodder. The crop
is deficient in quantity and poor in quality. With reasonable care
in seed selection and cultivation, including rotation in planting, corn
may be grown upon comj)aratively cheap land and marketed at a
handsome profit.

There are thousands of acres of land in- Cuba lying idle or earning
less than 5 per cent a year on $20 an acre that could be made to pro-
duce two heav}' crops of alfalfa every year. This fact, among others
of a similarly significant character, has been established by the test
work of Prof. Kanitz at the Camaguez experiment station of the
C\iba Railroad. Alfalfa is not raised at all in Cuba at present, while
the Island pays about as much annually for imported hay as it does
for potatoes, and it is an expensive commodity in Habana and other
cities.

General agriculture in (\iba offers a j)romising field for corporate
enterprise. The story of the banana industr>^ is indicative of what
may be done in other directions. There was no shipment of this fruit
from the island until the United Fruit Co. established the industry
but a few years ago. Now the Ignited States buys upward of
$1,000,000 worth of CHiban bananas yearly.

A corporation entering upon agricultural development in Cuba
should command ample means and the services of a manager thor-
oughly familiar with crop conditions on the island. A man who is
reckoned as one of the most expert m practical Cuban agriculture,
and one of the most conversant with the conditions of it, expressed
to the writer the conviction that a company investing $100,000 in

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192 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.

1,000 acres of land and havino^ as miic ao^ain for working capital
should, under proper "nTanageitient, earn from $40,000 to $50,000
net annually. This proposition was indorsed by three other men of
similar reputation.

The suggested method of oj)eration for such a company contem-
jdatcs the leasing of its land in small tracts to be cultivated under its
direction. The comj)any would furnish each tenant with a dwelling,
implements, seed, and other necessaries, after the manner of the
Canadian land corporations, which are attracting so many Americans
to the Dominion. These concerns will put the moneyless man in
possession of a fully e(juip])ed farm and a furnished home if he can
satisfy them of his capacity as a farmer. It is believed that a some-
what similar method of colonization might be practiced with success
in Cuba. In the plan for the latter country, however, the same degree
of independence is not proposed. It is suggested that the tenant
farmer should devote his holding to such crops as the company's
manager might direct, and that the corporation should harvest and
market the output, allowing to the cultivator a certain percentage
of the net proceeds.

There are sufiiciently numerous examj)les of shining success to
prove that farming in Cuba may be made highly profitable. And this
is the conclusiori to which an intelligent survey of all the relative
conditions must lead. When eilicient farming becomes the general
practice instead of the exception, the island will be the most produc-
tive area in the world of its size.

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THE ATHENEUM OF COSTA
RICA •/ /. •.' /, •/

RECENT activities of the Atheneum at San Jose, Costa Rica,
have directed public attention to the work of this organi-
zation, which for several years past has been an important
and influential factor in the intellectual culture of the
country.

Going back to its beginning in May, 1907, it is seen that the move-
ment originated in the person of the distinguished writer and ex-
assistant secretary of public instruction, Don Justo A. Facio, who
sought k) bring together con-
genial and cultured people
for the pur[)ose of stimu-
lating study along the lines
of science, history, litera-
ture, and art. In a word, to
delve deep into the j)roblems
of the day and deduct there-
from something that benefits
and refines and thereby con-
tributes to the general i)rog-
ress of the country.

IIow well this important
organization is fulfilling its
mission it is only necessary
to look back over its short
life to see some of its notable
steps.

In commemorating the
ninety-first anniversary of
Costa Rica, and in order to

stimulate national study and señor don justo a. facio.

art, the organization last '■'^""**^'" ^""^ P"^^'»^i«^"t «' ^^^ Atheneum of costa ríc^.
autumn conducted a series of ])ublic functions and oflered prizes for
exceptionally skilled work, in whatever line of endeavor it chanced to
lie. Among the numerous topics and upon which great interest was
manifested may be noted the following: Infantile diseases and the
adoption of better means of preserving child life; practical means
that should be adopted for improving the public health, with special
reference to tuberculosis and kindred diseases: critical analysis of the
75662— Bull. 2—13—3 193

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••rLEASURES OF TROPICAL LIFE," ÜUADELIPE, COSTA RICA.
First premium awarded Don Anastasio Alfaro by the Costa Rican Alhcneum.

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196 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.

Costa Rican laws with reference to banking; study and examination
of the prevailing constitutional laws and laws relating to popular
suffrage; the electrification of the railrcad to the Pacific; discussion
of the best forms of roads that are greatly needed in the Republic;
the utilization of the water courses for ccmmercial jiurpcses; the
ideal education for Costa Ricans; organizatii n of a national school
of arts and sciences; musical and poetical crmpcsiticn, etc.

Such, in brief, are a few^ of the subjects which the Atheneum of
Costa Rica is popularizing and stimulating, and frcm which it may
be seen that the principles of the organization are very bread and
liberal, and include discussions of the leading topics which tend to
improve and elevate life and conditions.

The work of the institution is divided into various sections, such
as section of practical and experimental sciences; moral and political
sciences; section of literature; section of letters, etc. I'nder each

••EL BONGO," PRIMITIVE NAVIGATION ON THE GULF OF NICOYA, COSTA RICA.
First premium awarded to Don Anastasio Alfaro, Costa Rican Atheneum.

section are found the names of many persons w^ho are interested
more particularly w^ith the work of that section, and included
among the numerous names are found those of many of the country's
eminent thinkers and scholar's.

The name of Sr. Don Joaquin Bernardo Calvo, the Costa Rican
minister at Washington, appears in the list of members as a corre-
sponding member of the organization, and who contributes important
and interesting j)apers on timely topics.

Through tlie courtesy of Sr. Calvo the Bulletin lias the pleasure
of presenting to its readers numerous pictures which were awarded
prizes at the meeting held some weeks ago in San Jose. Many of
them are s[)lendidly executed and indicate the high degree of artistic
taste and skill jn-evailing among the younger memi)ers of the athe-
neum; the pictures also present beatutiful glimpses of Costa Rican
life and customs.

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FOREST SCENE, COSTA RICA.
Second premium awarded Don Manuel Gómez, by the Costa Rican Atbeneum.

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"CONTRASTS."
Second premium awarded to Don Manuel (lómez by the Costa Rican Atheneum.

"LEAVING MASS." CATHEDRAL L\ SAN JOSE, COSTA RICA.
Second premium awarded to Don Jor!?e Arrea by the Costa Rican Atheneum.

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ECHOES OF THE CENTEN-
NIAL AT CADIZ V .-. .

HARDENED indeed must be the individual who fails to
hearken to the call of mother and home —two words that
have come down through the ages without losing their
sweetness and which appeal alike to all grades of society.
The thought of going home to mother awakens the delight of the
child as well as the innermost senses of the man of years; we gladly
take up our journey to the haunts of cliildhood and each visit renews
and revives many of our nobler unpulses.

Public homecomings have hmg been popular, and in many countries
they are annual events of happiness and general rejoicing. When the
ancient city of Cadiz called upon her sons and daughters of the New
World to come back and renew old ties, to partake of motherly hos-
pitality, and to participate in her festivities there was a generous
response. The young nations of the West were glad to have the
opportunity of honoring the mother country. A century had passed
since the famous proclamation of tlie Cortes of Cadiz, in October,
1812. Accordingly, in October of the year just closed, Cadiz was in
gala array. She had within her precincts many delegations from for-
eign shores, all closely bound together by ties of tongue and blood.

The city of Cadiz itself dates far back into the misty ages. Tradi-
tion traces its origin to Phoenician merchants from Tyre as early as
1100 B. C. Even in tlie seventh century the place had become a
trading port for amber and tin. Later its citizens welcomed the
Romans and aided them in sending an expedition against Carthage.
Age is written throughout Cadiz, and in the truest sense of the term
Cadiz well deserves the title of mother city.

In picturasqueness it also makes its special appeal, for it is built
upon a neck of land projecting five miles into the sea, and when seen
from a distance the extreme whiteness of its fine old buildings form a
striking contrast to the blue waters of the sea which almost surround
the city. ''Cadiz the Joyous" is still another title which has long
attached to the place and its pleasure-loving people.

Such, then, is a passing glimpse of the fair old city of Spain that
invited her cliildren nations of the New World to return to the mother
land for a brief sojourn, and to assist in celebrating the anniversary of
the founding the Cortes of Cadiz, a body that has performed noble
service during its hundred years of existence.

The offsprings did go In me, and with the many delegations went the

flags of new and independent nations, and these visiting bannei-s were

entwined around and about the royal coloi-s of the Kingdom of Spain.

Seemingly the past was forgotten and forgiven, and for nearly a week

200

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THE QUEEN OF THE "JUEGOS FLORALES" (FLORAL FEAST), SEÑORITA CLARA
FIGUEROA DE ALCORTA, DAUGHTER OF THE FORMER PRESIDENT OF
ARGENTINA.

Seated on either side of the young lady are to be seen many prominent society ladifó: who formed
the "Queen's Court'' in connection with the centennial festivities.

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«'ourte'í.V of Sr. Pon Foliiyo guliitero. Cadiz.

THE ( IVIL EXERCISES.

Arrival of the head of the procession at the Plaza de la Const ituríón. In this distinguishcd column
marched many prominent ofluials of the Sp;mish Cíovemmcnt and the various delcíçations from
foreiRn countries.

Courtesy of Iji Ilui«ti*arlon Arti^tioa^ Ban*eIoiiu.

DESIOX OF THE MEDAL PRESENTED TO THE CORTES OF
CADIZ BY THE SPANISH CLUB OF BUENOS AIRES.

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(V>urtej«y of Sr. í)on l*eInyoyulnt*ro. Cadix.

MEMORIAL TABLETS OX THE PROVLVaAL BUILDING.

View in front of the Felipe dc Xeri edifioc, where the olficials ivtsemblod in connection with the
unveiling of tablets to the memory of the "Cortes of IH12. " The various memorials ujw)n lhe
walh of the building were presented by individuals and soc*ieiies in foreign countries.

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206 THE PAX AMERICAN UNION.

the city was the scene of feast and frolic; of gayeties, banquets, and
speeches that will live long in the annals of the country.

Only one event cast the shadow of gloom over the festivities, and
that was the season of mourning with the royal family, occasioned by
the death of a relative of the king.

The official ceremonies of opening the centennial began on October
3 with a brilUant reception in the halls of the Provincial Deputies'
Building, and were presided over by Capt. Gen. Marques Estela, rep-
resentative at the centennial of His Majesty King Alfonso. Partici-
pating in these ceremonies were the local authorities, the foreign dele-
gates, and other dignitaries. Later a grand banquet took place in
the Ayutamiento in honor of the delegates from Latin-American
countries, which occasion was made memorable by the brilliant
addresses of the various leaders of thought and affairs in the new
republics of the West and by orators of the homeland.

The next important feature of the festivities was the grand civic
parade, wiiich, headed by various members of the Spanish cabinet and
distinguished guests, passed through the streets of the city to the
Plaza de la Constitución, where various sections of the Constitution
of 1812 were read to the assembled multitude, followed by the singing
of patriotic hymns by a choir of 400 voices. At night at the Gran
Teatro other ceremonies took place and numerous orators made
fitting addresses. Among the speakers were Srs. Lobra, Alcorta?
Prieto, and various others.

The second day of the festivities was marked by parades of the
military, militaiy banquet, and the '* Juegos Florales,'* the latter cere-
monies being the observance of the ancient custom of bestowing
prizes upon poets and writei*s whose works merited such distinction.
As the queen of this feature, Miss Clara Figueroa, daughter of the for-
mer President of Argentina, presided and bestowed the honors. She
was assisted by numerous young ladies, and the ceremonies were most
beautiful and interesting.

Another feature of the centennial w^as the presentation of tablets
to the Cortes by societies or individuals in foreign countries. For
instance, Manila presented a tablet to the memory of Filipino depu-
ties to the mother country' ; likewise the Spaniards of Ciiba, of Mexico,
of Chile, and numerous other countries sent tributes of loyalty and
respect for former membei-s of the Cortes. These tablets, bearing
appro])riate inscriptions, were erected on the walls or other suitable
places about the Provincial Building.

The daily and weekly papers have given to the public many oth<n*
interesting details concerning this memorable anniversary^, which has
gone down as an international gathering worthy to be classed among
foremost events. The foreign delegations have returned to their re-
spective countries, but the memory of the varied pleasures and honors
and the far-reaching results of friendly intercourse and acquaintance
will live long and in many ways aid in the progress of nations.

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THE ECONOMIC RESOURCES
OF CHILE' .-. •/ /. ■.

CHILE is an old countn^, and though it is larger than any Euro-
pean countr}^ except Russia, its population (3,250,000 in
1907) is only half as large as that of Belgium. But substan-
tial increases are looked for within a short time. The
country, with its resourceful territory and latent riches, promises
to attract the attention of the world within the next decade by its
growth. No longer can it be charged that Chile must suffer from
being **on the wrong side of the world/' for the Panama Canal will
link it more closely to the rest of the world. To-day it is enjoying
a splendid forward movement, and is directing no small part of its
efforts toward preparing to reap a considerable share of the advan-
tages which must accrue from the opening of the canal and from
being brought within easier access of its sister countries.

Chile is one of the longest countries in the world, extending from
latitude 18° S. to latitude 56° S. It is also one of the narrowest
countries, for no part is 300 miles from the sea, and few important
parts are much more than 100 miles from the sea. In a way, there-
fore, Chile is naturally adapted for commercial activities. Much
of its width is occupied by the steep Andine slopes and the less steep
Coast Mountains. Between the two ranges there is, in general, less
nigged land; plateau-hke from latitude 18° S. to latitude 31° S.;
mountainous between latitudes 31° and 33° S.; and with a valley —
the central valley — fairly continuous from latitude 33° to latitude
41*^8. South of the latter point is the relatively less important
"archipelago section'' of the country. Thus the main part of Chile
^ divided topographically into three narrow, longitudinal strips.
Geologically also these strips are unlike, with resulting differences in
mineral resources.

The length of Chile suggests marked contrasts of temperature,
for its latitude range is nearly the same as that from Acapulco (Mex-
^^^) to Sitka (Alaska). Santiago and Valparaiso correspond in
^«titude to southern California. Other things than length help
sharpen clhnatic contrasts. North of about latitude 28° S. (Copiapo)
rain rarely falls, largely because the prevailing winds are not such
as to give moisture to the land. South of the twenty-eighth parallel
^^^ falls more or less regularly every year, increasing in amount
^tom 3 or 4 inches annually, in southern Atacama, to as much as 12

aDth/ ^'*'^^ S. Tower, Dspirtm^nt of Gaography, University of Chi?a?o. Photo^raphel by the

207

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- RAILROADS IK OPERATION
♦ P RO J ILCTLD RAILROAD

SECTIONAL MAP OF CHILE.

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Top picture: Section of Taltal Harbor and city, Province of Antofagusta, with the barren coast
mountains. Part of the nitrato fields which constitute the pn»atest natural wealth of Chile is
located in this Province. Center picture: The Plaza in Antofagasta. The clock tower is a pi ft
from the British colony. Lower picture: In the salinas of the Antofagasta "pampa." The
nitrate regions of Chile are distinctly barren and rain rarely falls there.

75662— Bull. 2—13-4

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210 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.

or 15 inches in Aconcagua (latitude 33° S.). As far south as Val-
paraiso the rain falls mainly in the four months from May to August,
during which time moist westerly winds strike that part of the land.
South of here these winds are more persistent, the rainfall is heavier,
and although most of it comes between April and September (the
cooler months), the quantity falling at other times is also greater.
South of about the thirty-seventh parallel (Concepción) there are no
regularly rainless months; beyond latitude 39° S. (Valdivia) the rain-
fall in summer is enough for crops ; and some places in the " archipelago
region^' are said to have even a surplus of rain. For the most part
the central valley and the landward slopes of the Coast Mountains
get less rain than the seaward slopes of that range. The height of
the Andes, however, causes heavy snowfall on their upper slopes
and summits, especially from about latitude 32° to latitude 42° S.
In this section the limit of permanent snow descends gradually from
about 13,000 feet to about 5,000 feet. Streams fed by the spring and
summer melting of this snow are of vital importance to irrigation.

These contrasts of topography, temperature, and rainfall in the
different parts of Chile give a variety of agricultural, forest, and
water resources.

Chile commonly is described as '^mainly agricultural. '^ This is
true to the extent that the number engaged in agricultural occupations
is greater than that in any other single line of pursuits. But it prob-
ably no longer is true that most of the people depend directly on
farming, since more than half the population (Census of 1907) is
credited to urban communities and to the rural districts in the north-
em, non-agricultural Provinces.

The agricultural resources of Chile are varied, for climatic conditions
permit the growth of nearly all subtropical and Temperate Zone crops.
A list of the crops grown shows the range of possibilities in the country.
Wheat is the chief crop, covering about 55 per cent of the planted area.
Barley, beans, maize (corn), vineyards, potatoes, and vegetables
cover about 35 per cent of the planted area. Oats, forage plants,
orchard and tree crops, and industrial plants make up the remainder.
Among the orchard and tree crops excellent apples, pears and peaches,
citrus fruits, olives, ])lums, cherries, quinces, and various nuts
(especially walnuts) are found. Of industrial crops, tobacco, flax,
hemp, and sugar beets are grown, but only tobacco attains any promi-
nence. The cereals, hardy fruits and vegetables are staples in the
cooler regions south of the Bio-Bio River. Vineyards and the less
hardy fruits and vegetables are relatively the more important in the
milder, irrigated region from Concepción to Coquimbo. Better fruit
than that raised in Chile is not to be found anywhere.

The northern four Provinces, Tacna, Tarapaca, Antofagasta, and
Atacama, the '^nitrate and mining zone/' are mainly non-crop lands,

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TYPICAL NITRATE PAMPA, PROVINCE OF ANTOFAOASTA.

EXPLOSION IN CALICHE BED.

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212 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.

because they lack streams to supply water for irrigation. The Prov-
inces from Coquimbo southward, comprising about 70 per cent of the
country, or about 210,000 square miles, are commonly described as
the *^ agricultural zone." But the '* archipelago region," as a whole,
has less value for crops than for grazing and forest lands, owing to
its ruggedness and ])ersistent cool, ra'my weather. Even between
Coquimbo and northern Llanquihue, unirrigable areas, uncultivable
mountain slopes and lands which should remain permanently for-
ested occupy a large part of the '* agricultural zone." As a result
of these deductions the total area ''suitable for farming" is reduced
to about 70,000 square miles.* That the estimate is generous enough
is shown by the fact that the total land area from the Province of
Coquimbo to the Gulf of Reloncavi (Llanquihue) is only about
80,000 square miles. Outside this region the farm lands are quite
limited. Only one-third of the available '^farming land," or an area
a little smaller than West Virginia, is as yet '*used profitably for £^ri-
culture." Approximately 5,000,000 acres (about 8,000 square miles)
are said to be actually under crops, while equal areas are reported as
land lymg fallow and pastures, respectively. More than half the
crop lands are said to be irrigated. Thus Chile has in actual cul-
tivation less than 3 per cent of its total area, while the whole extent
of available farm lands is said to equal nearly 25 i)er cent of the
country. Much of this latter figure, however, represents lands best
suited for forage crops and pasturage.

In the drier Provinces, the arable land yet untilled must be irri-
gated before it will yield good crops, but in many cases the water
can be secured readily. In the southerly Provinces excellent lands,
not requiring irrigation, still are untouched by the plow. Land
good for food crops is also found raising forage or being used for
pasture. Few crops are made to yield maximum returns though
the soils, in most cases, are rich enough to give large yields per acre.
Both extensively and intensively, therefore, Chilean agriculture can
be developed enough to double or treble present production. The
central valley, especially with an area more than twice the size of
Belgium probably can be made as productive as any other equal
area in the world. Exaggeration is not necessary in order to estab-
lish the fact that Chile ha.s latent agricultural resources sufficient to
provide for much growth of population. With these resources fully
developed, Chilean crops ought easily to support at least twice as
many people as the country has now.

Grazing, of both cattle and sheep, and dairying are already of con-
siderable importance, especially in the more moist southerly Prov-
inces, where good forage is available the year around. In some

I Estimates of areas adapted from Censo de Chile, 1907; G aidâmes, Jeografia Económica de Chile, Santiago ,
1911; Estadística Agrícola de Chile, 1910; Santiago. 1912.

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THE ECONOMIC RESOURCES OF CHILE. 213

places the live stock probably will be displaced by cultivated crops.
But hides and skins and wool always must be reckoned among
Chilean raw materials for manufacture, for there are many hundreds
of square miles in the ''agricultural zone'' fit only for pasturage.

The forests of commercial value are limited to the rainy sections,
mainly south of the thirty-eighth parallel. Large areas originally
forested have been cleared for crops, especially in the valleys, and
lumbering activities have deforested additional areas. As a result
the actual forest area has been reduced to about 75,000 square miles,
or about one-fourth of the country.* Several valuable species of
trees, including both conifers and hardwoods, are found in Chile.
Among the most useful are the roble, much used for heavy construc-
tion; rauli, excellent for furniture and interior finishing; hngue,
strong and durable; alamo (poplar) and laurel, soft and compara-
tively cheap; alerce, excellent timber, but not as abundant as for-
merly; and ciprés.

The development of lumbering was retarded for a time by lack
of adequate transportation facihties. But the longitudinal railroad
was extended into the forest zone as far as Temuco, in 1893, and to
Osorno, in 1895, so that along the railroad the lumber industry has
now reached large proportions. Great stocks of lumber are seen at
many of the stations south of Lautaro, waiting for cars to take it
to the markets. Many sawmills are scattered through the more
accessible forest areas. Thus in 1910 from Bio-Bio to Llanquihue,
there were reported 142 sawmills, representing invested capital of
nearly $2,500,000, employing about 2,600 persons, and with an out-
put valued at more than $2,000,000.^ If all the woodworking indus-
tries in those Provinces were included, these totals would be doubled
or trebled.

As the Cliilean forests aro probably the best commercial forests on
the Pacific coast south of California, the Government is becoming
more and more appreciative of the importance of scientific adminis-
tration and conservation of forest lands, and there is an awakening
sentiment in the country concerning the need for checking unwise
deforestation.

Some important planting of pine also has been done, especially *m
the vicinity of Talcahuano, partly as the outcome of governmental
encouragement. The country still has excellent forests. Such for-
ests well used in the future will be one of the best assets of Chile.
Water power for mills is close at liand. Railroad lines are being
extended and seaports, for the most part, are within a radius of 100
miles. Manufactures depending on the forest resource, therefore,
ought to be permanent, important activities of southern Chile. The
necessary markets for their products exist already.

1 Censo de Chile, 1907. « Statistics from Sociedad de Fomento Fabril, Santiago.

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Top pictiiro: ••í'alcoho" roady for the oars to carry it to the iiitratt» plant. Center i)ictuiv:
" Rios Decos" (Dry Rivors) in the salina. A nitrate plant in tho distinct'. Lower picture:
Workmen in a nilnite plant.

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Top picture: The ** bateas" in which the nitrato orystallizos. irvstallized nitrate in tanks at ripht of
picture. Center picture: Bagging nitrate for shipment to Àntofiigasta. Lower picture: View
of barren coast mountains, south of Caldera. Provinco of Atacaraa, Chile.

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216 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.

There are said to be more than 900 miles of navigabk^ rivers in Chile,
but owing to the ruggeclness of much of the country most of the
streams are navigable only for short distances, and not many of them
are deep enough for boats exceethng a few tons burden. Yet the
lack of long navigable streams, or a system of natural water routes,
is no drawback to Chile, owing to the nearness of all parts to the
seacoast.

Chilean water resources, however, are important in other ways.
Half the lands now cultivated are watered artificially, and much of the
lands waiting to be planted must be irrigated before they will yield
profitable crops.

From Coquimbo to the Bio-Bio River the extent of cultivated areas
and the yiekls of crops depend largely on the supplies of water for
irrigation, because most of the light rainfall comes in less than half
(the cooler part) of the year. The topography, however, makes irri-
gation easy, for the water of snow-fed streams — increasing in number
southward — can be diverted readily near the base of the mountains
and thence be (hstributed widely over the lower-lying central vallej'
and the valleys in the (^oast Range. A beginning has been made, as
in the Maipo and Cachapoal Rivers, to store water and to construct
more elaborate engineering works for its distribution. Large irriga-
tion projects, in most cases involving storage dams in the Andine
valleys, would make available for crops extensive areas not now
planted, for there is in sum total much more water than is needed
for present irrigated lands. ¡Such undertakings could greatly increase
production, especially in the region from Santiago to Bio-Bio.

Water power is now developed on a small scale at numerous places,
a little less than 14,000 horsepower being reported as used for manu-
factures in 1910.^ But the total water power used for all purposes
is probably considerably more tlian that figure. For the future,
water power is a latent resource of much significance in the Prov-
inces from Aconcagua southward. There many snow-fed streams
descend thousands of feet, in a very short distance, from the moun-
tains to the level of the central valley (nowliere over 1,800 feet
above sea level). With such great descents, a relatively small vol-
ume of water can be made to yield mucli power by methods now
common in many mountain regions. In addition to the rapid moun-
tain streams, some important falls occur, as the falls in the River
Laja, one of which has a height of more than 100 feet. Nearly all
the power sites are within the radius of economical transmission of
electricity to established centers of population and industry. Thus
the cascades of the Laja have within a radius of 120 miles: Con-
cepción (population 55,000); Chilian (34,000); Temuco (16,000);
Talcahuano (15,000, and the second port of southern Chile); as well

i statistics from Sociedad de Fomonto Fabril, SanMaco.

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Top picture: Landing lumber at Chanaral, Province of Atacama. Center picture: A Chilean vine-
yard. The wine zone of Chile extends from the Province of Aconcagua as far as the Maule River,
some oí the vineyards being of considerable extent and producing high-class grades of wine.
About 80,000,000 gallons are annually produced in Chile. Lower picture: View of Valparaiso
from the typical uncultivable slope of the coast mountains.

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218 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.

as nearly a doziMi cities raiiojing from 5,000 to 15,000 each. Manu-
facturing industries already established in these centers would be
greatly stimulated i)y the introduction of cheap hydro-electric
power

For most efficient power development storage of water probably
will be necessary in some cases, owing to the fluctuating discharge
of the streams. But in the Maipo, Kapel, Mataquito, and Maule
Rivei-s, reservoirs in the headwaters would benefit irrigation also.

The narrow valleys in the
Andine Range and conven-
ient supplies of cement-
making materials would
make easy the construction
of storage dams. From
the Bio-Bio River south-
ward, lakes are common in
the headwatei-s of most
streams, and provide much
natural storage surface,
which in most cases could
be increased artificially
with little difficulty.

There are no available
estimates of the amount of
water power in Chile, but
that the total is enormous
must be the ccmclusion of
any careful observer travel-
ing through tlie Provinces
from O'lliggins to Llan-
quihue. If the use of this
power can be combined
with the increased produc-

TYPICAL IRUKJATION DITCH IN THE MAlPO .• r _. ^ * 1 f

VALLKV. NOTK VVVKH LAVKH OF FINE ^^^^ ^^ ^^"^^ materials of

CLAYEY LOAM. 3 IKKT THICK, AND UNDER- wllicll tllC COUUtrV is Ca-

LYINO ,0ARSK:.M<AVK..S. ^^y^ ^.^^^^^ ^,j,j ;j^^,^,^p

greatly in manufacturing industries. The lines for this develop-
ment already have been laid down in the varied manufactures now
carried on, mainly in small establishments, in the seaports and
in the cities of the central valley. Thus in 1910, more than 220
classes of manufactures were carried on in 5,270 establishments,
employing more than 71,000 pei*sons, with $150,000,000 of
capital invested, and having an annual output valued at nearly
S20(),()()0,000.' This is a per capita value of manufactures nearly

1 statistics from Sociedad de Fomento Fabril, SauliaKO,

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Top picture: Santiaj^o from Santa Lucia, looking toward the stiow-capi>P(i Andes, May, 1912. Cen-
ter picture: Unirrigable slope and typical vegetation in the Province of Santi.igo. Lower pic-
ture: The snow-fed Mapocho in its canalized course through Santiago.

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Top picture: Flourishing planted pino¿; on sleep slopes overlooking Taleahuano Bay. Land at
right shows holes ready for additional planting. Center pieliire: Plowing with primitive wooden
plows on the level summits of eoastal hills, south of Concepción. Lower picture: Progri^ss of
«leforeslation and wasting of trees. Note fences of saw logs. View taken south of Lanco, in the
Valley of the Cruces River.

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THE ECONOMIC RESOURCES OF CHILE. 221

one-third as great as that in the United States in 1910. It is a
remarkable percentage when it is remembered that Chilean manu-
factures are still in their infancy, while the United States is one of
the greatest manufacturing countries in the world. If properly devel-
oped, Chilean power resources, extensively and favorably located,
might well make central and southern Chile among the leading
manufacturing regions of South America.

Minerals of various sorts are found in nearly all parts of Chile.
But in the more southerly Provinces little mining has been done,
largely, perhaps, because the heavy forest makes prospecting diilicult.
Minerals have been the leading factor in attracting capital and
immigrants to Chile, and they have been the backbone of the export
trade for many years. Minerals have built the ports north of
Valparaiso, and have induced half a million people to live in one of
the most barren regions in the world. Minerals have been the
foundation of many of the Chilean fortunes.

According to average annual value of production in recent years
the most important minerals are nitrates, copper, coal, iodine, borax,
gold, and silver. Iron, manganese, sulphur, cobalt, lead, zinc, tin,
mercury, guano, and structural materials are other minerals already
exploited or known to occur. In recent years the value of mineral
products has exceeded $100,000,000, which gives Chile a per capita
value of mineral products greater than that of the United States in
1910 (its greatest year).

The known nitrate deposits extend, in scattered patches, from
about latitude 19° S. to latitude 26° S (Pisagua to Chaûaral). Guano
is found along the coast from Camarones to Mejillones, but its chief
production has been from Pisagua to Punta Lobos. Iodine, borax,
and salt come from the '^nitrate zone." Whatever their origin may
be, these deposits of nitrate, guano, and borax owe their preservation
to the lack of rain. More rainfall, according to the people of northern
Chile, is the last thing to be desired. Copper and gold are reported
from nearly all parts of Chile, but the former has been exploited
chiefly from the Province of O'lliggins (Rancagua) northward, and
the latter from Aconcagua northward, though some gold still comes
from the gravel washings along the rivers farther south. Little
pn)fitable silver working has been done outside the district between
Santiago and Tarapaca, where the most important deposits are
found along the base of the Andine Range and its lateral spurs.

Coal mining is limited to the coast zone from Talcahuano to Lebu,
but coal measures, not proved yet to be workable profitably, are
reported as existing in nearly all the coastal and in parts of the
central region from the province of Atacama to the island of Chiloe.
In general the coal mined is a good quality of bituminous. With
such abundant water-power resources, however, coal is not essential

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IRRir.ATION WORKS OF THE RIVER MAIPO. AUTOMATIC LOCKS THAT CON-
TROL THE FLOW OF THE WATER FROM THE RESERVOIR.

MECHANISM FOR OPENING AND CLOSING DOORS LEADING TO THE SUPPLE-
MENTARY DISTRIBUTING CANALS.

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THE ECONOMIC RESOURCES OF CHILE. 223

to Chilean industrial progress. Iron and manganese ores are reported
from many sections, but the Provinces of Coquimbo and Atacama
seem to have the largest supplies. Good ore from Coquimbo is
already being exported to Europe in addition to stimulating do-
mestic manufacture of iron and steel products. In the central
region calcareous rocks supply abundant material for l'une and
cement; clay is widespread; good kaolin is fairly abundant; and
excellent building stones are found in the mountains. Aside from
coal and structural materials, the mining regions and the chief known
mineral resources are almost entirely in the Provinces from O'Higgins
northward. Similar resources are believed by many to exist to the
south also, but that is yet to be proved.

The magnitude of the nitrate industry, absorbing both capital and
labor, has in a measure caused a delay in the development of other
mining industries. Known nitrate lands are now largely preempted,
and attention is being turned in other directions. Inadequate trans-
portation facilities and the problem of reduction of ores, owing to
difficulties of getting it and the cost of fuel have also contributed
to this delay in developing mining industries. However, the recent
extension of the longitudinal railway north of Santiago is helping
solve the transportation problems and marked progress in mining is
to be looked for.

The region from Coquimbo northward must depend almost entirely
on mineral resources for future development. Only a few irrigable
valleys in Coquimbo and Atacama offer much chance for crops in this
section. The region from Aconcagua to Concepción has possibilities
of development in mining, and especially in irrigated agriculture and
in manufactures depending on water power. The region from Bio-
Bio to northern Llanquihue may develop much on the basis of
agriculture, manufacturing enterprises, and forest resources (mainly
south of latitude 39°). In the *' archipelago region" forests and
grazing lands, the latter said to represent great possibilities for sheep
especially, are the main assets now known. Thus in nearly all parts
the undeveloped natural resources are suflicient to permit much
growth in population, industry, and commerce. IIow soon this
growth is to be realized depends on the coming of outside capital,
on healthy immigration, and on the internal policy of the country
itself.

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224

THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.

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LATIN AMERICAN FOREIGN
TRADE IN 1911-GENERAL
SURVEY •/ /. •/ :•

THE foreign commerce of the 20 Latin American Republics
for the year 1911, customshouse values, was $2,431,464,101,
imports $1 ,154,778,637, an;l exports $1 ,276,685,464. For the
precedint^ year the figures (revised and corrected) are: Im -
ports, $1,058,660,249; exports, $1,286,201,210; total, $2,344,861,459.
The increase in imports for the year was $96,118,388, and the decrease
in exports $9,515,746, a net increase of $86,602,642 in total trade.

The population of these 20 Republics from the best obtainable
sources of information — estimates in many cases and in these more
probably over than understatements — amounts to about 73,666,000.
On this basis the foreign commerce for 1911 was $33 per capita —
imports $15.67 and exports $17.33.

The foreign commerce of the United States for the same year
was: Imports, $1,553,067,130; exports, $2,093,526,846; total,
$3,646,593,976, which shows a per capita of imports $16.63, exports
$22.70, total $39.33. In other words, Latin Americans per individual,
bought within $0.96 and sohl within $5.37 as much to outsiders as
the people of the United States bought and sold. Latin American
per capita foreign commerce exceeded the like per capita of Austria-
Hungary, Ruasia, Italy, Spain, Portugal, any of the Balkan States,
Greece, and Turkey. It was three and one-half times that of Japan,
nine times that of British India, and twenty times that of China.

The per capita of Cuban commerce — imports $53.35, exports
$69.92 — exceeded that of the United Kingdom, and the per capita of
Argentina ($50.91 and $45.07), of Uruguay ($42.88 and $41.65), ahd
of Chile ($36.40 and $35.40), exceeded the per capita of the United
States, France, and Germany.

In 1911, owing to the fall in price of a number of the more consider-
able Latin American exports, there was a slight decrease in exports
measured by values, but on the whole an increase measured by
quantities. The annual increase in total trade by values in 1911 was
le.^s than 4 per cent, imports 9 per cent, exports —0.7 per cent. The
increase of 1910 over 1909 was about 10 per cent, and this figure may
be conservatively reckoned as about the normal percentage of increase
in recent years, although if a ])eriod longer than 10 years be taken the
75662— Bull. 2—13 5 225

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226 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.

annual percentage of increase will be found to average more than 10
per cent.

Imports. Exports. Total.

1911 $1, 154,778, ffi7 $1 , 27G, Gí<õ, 4W «2,431,464, 101

1807 415,079,562 495,342,937 910,422,499

Increase 739,699,075 i 781,342,527 | 1,521,041,602

— ' 1= =

Per cent of increase. 14 years 178 158 : 167

Average yearly per cent of increase 12.7' 11.3 | 11.9

Of extraordinary increase in trade during this period of 14 years,
Cuba furnishes a remarkable instance, as sho^Ti in the following
table. To avoid fluctuations occurring in the case of exports, aver-
ages for the three years at the beginning and the tliree years at the
end of the period are given.

Imporis. Exports.

.Vverage 1909, 1910, and 1911 $102.852,099 $132.S35,347

Average 1896, 1897, and 1898 $11,253,063 $17,931,502

Increase $91.099,036 $114,903.845

Per cent of increase S14 | 641

Yearly per cent of increase 49. 3 62. 6

This remarkable showing, however, was due to something more
than the annual increase in trade under normal conditions. It rep-
resented Cuba's emergence from the hampering condition of European
sovereignty into the free state of republican government.

The following table shows annual increase under normal conditions:

Argentina,

Import*;. Exports.

Average 1909, 1910, and 1911 8330,232,438 $353.944,633

Average 1896, 1897, and 1898 $105,960.667 $117,266.667

Increase $224, 271. 771 $236,677.966

Per cent of increase 211 202

Yearly per cent of increase 16. 2 15. 5

A MODERN RAILWAY C AR IN ARGENTINA.

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LATIN AMERICAN FOREIGN TRADE IN 1911 GENERAL SURVEY. 227

TRADE BALANCES.

The following table gives the trade balances of the Latin American
countries for the years 1910 and 1911. Plus ( + ) means excess of
exports over imports^ and minus ( — ) excess of imports over
exports.

Trade balance.

Mexico

1910

+$32,590,244
+ 14,827.902
+ 3,552,587

- 447,500
+ ' 1,406,171
+ 481,754

- 8,287.664
+ 47,233,439
+ 4.591,932
+ 3,326,483

1911
+151,445,085

Guatemala

+ 4,467,303

Salvador

+ 3,015,939

HoDdura.«

- 536,213

Nicaragua

+ 2 1,688,770

Costa Rica

+ 52,589

P^imna

- 8,266,020

Cnba

+ 9,452,817

Dominican RepubHc. ..

+ 4,055,244

Haiti

+ 7.527,214

North American Republics

+ 89,275,348

+ 72,902,728

Argentina.

+ 20,229,738
+ 10,945,967
+ 74,431,601
+ 11,439.640
+ 599,516
+ > 4,548,046
+ 1 1,337,448
+ 8,636,229
+ 536,419
+ 5,561,019

- 40,849,753

Bolivia

+ 9,461,308

Brazil

+ 67,509,057

Chile

- 3,497,062

Colombia

+ 4,267,036

Ecuador

+ «5,550,404

Pararuav

- 2 1,463,416

i>ru!^:;.

+ 5,106,110

Cruguav

- 1,369,079

V enezuela

+ 4,289.494

South Ameticaii Republics

+ 138,265,613

+ 49,004,099

Total Latin A merica

+227,540,961

+ 121,906,827

•1909. 2 1910.

In the consideration of international commercial statistics it is
necessary to disburse one's mind of tlie idea sometime entertained
that a suq)his of exports over imports, i. e., a favorable trade bal-
ance, means that the country having such a surplus is to that extent
acciimulatiiig capital; or, conversely, with an unfavorable balance is
growing poorer. Many newspaper and magazine writers on com-
mercial and financial subjects fall into this error, believing them-
selves able to compute, almost to the exact dollar, pound, franc, or
mark, the increase in capital or wealth in any country. Nothing
could be more fallacious.

AVhile there is in truth a fundamental relation between the sum
total of exports and of imports and between this balance, favorable
or unfavorable as it may be, and national capital increases or decreases,
yet the two trades follow separate, distinct, and by no means parallel
channels, and in sums total increase or decrease in one trade, owing
to conditions which may sometimes be reflected in both trades but
most often are not, has no close relationship to increase or decrease
in the other trade. In other words, it is necessary to consider
separately the kinds and character of exports and of imports in order

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228 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.

to arrive at an uuderstanding as to whetlier tlie whole trade from a
national standpoint is gainful or otherv^ise, always bearing in mind
that what is beneficial to the individual may or may not be beneficial
to the country, and, on the other hand, that mdividual loss may be
national gain.

It is likewise essential to take into consideration questions of for-
eign capital investments as reflected in imports, and the interest and
dividend payments on this capital as reflected in exports. Does
the sum total of imports represent wholly running expenses, or does
it in part represent foreign capital investments? Does the total of
exports stand for the proceeds of profitable industry alone, or does
it in part stand for withdrawals of capital or, perhaps, reckless
exploitation and wasting of national resources?

The most notable fact apparent on the face of Latin American
commercial statistics is the large increase in imports, in the last two
years for which compiled statistics are possible, namely, 1910 and
1911.

The increase hi imports in 1910 over the preceding year was over
$171,436,000, and in 1911 over 1910 over $96,118,000; in all an
increase of nearly $267,555,000, or 30 per cent in two years. Nearly
$150,000,000 of tlie increase hi the first-mentioned year was in the
imports of Mexico, Cuba, Argentina, Brazil, and Chile, and nearly
$85,000,000 of the increase in the second year was in the imports of
Cuba, Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Peru, Venezuela, and l^ruguay.

What does this increase in imports in two years of 30 per cent for
the whole 20 countries and much more than 30 per cent for a number
of them represent ? On the face of the figures it might be taken to
mean only an increase in ruiming expenses due to an increase in
population and a raismg of the standard of living, or even to the
increase in cost of living at a like standard. All of these things have
had their influence on augmenting the volume of imports, but by no
means do they account for the whole nicrease or even for the greater
part of it.

The bulk of the hicrease in imports of $267,500,000 was additional
capital investment. The collection of statistical data has not
reached (and never will) that degree of comprehensivene-ss from
which we can determine the ultimate use and purpose of all imports.
This being true, it can readily be seen that any attempt to determbie
the percentage of capital investment nmst fail. However, from
known facts it can be stated, with a reasonable degree of certainty,
that the proportion of capital investment is certainly more than one-
half and probably two-thirds of the whole increase. This capital
investment does not represent entire foreign capital invested during
the period in Latin America; it represents only the capital indirectly
invested. In the mahi this capital investment appeal's in the customs-

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230 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.

Ixouse reports as imports of railway equipment and material, material
for dock improvements, mining, agricultural, and other industrial
development ; that is, it is a part, not the whole, of the imports credited
under these and other heads.

It is important to have a clear understanding of the social and
industrial conditions of Latin America in order to understand the
currents of trade, both in imports and exports. These conditions are
unlike those in any other part of the world. From the standpoint
of production Latin America is in general almost primitive, while
from the standpoint of consumption it is abreast of Eurojie and the
United States. That is to say, the exports of Latin America are
those of all new and but slightly developed countries, while the
imports, on the other had, are those of a highly developed and modern
civilization. Its exports are the crude products of the mines, of the
forests, and of agricultural and pastoral industries. It does not
supply its own needs for anything except raw material and primary
food products, and by no means all of these. Of manufacturing
there is but little.

EXPORTS.

The following statement shows the value in United States currency
of the exports of the 20 countries and the character and kind of the
principal thereof:

Mexico, — Value, $147,451,969; classified in general as mineral,
$93,350,060; vegetable, $41,>529,541; animal, $9,212,809; manufac-
tured products, $2,241,771 ; and miscellaneous, $1,054,788.

The principal mineral exports were: Gold (uncoined bullion),
$24,056,714; silver (uncoined bullion), $39,257,689; other metals,
including copper, lead, antimony, and zinc, $18,002,721.

The principal vegetable exports were: Coffee, $4,336,416; rubber,
$7,903,769, guayule rubber, $4,815,140; chicle, $1,829,160; chick
peas, $2,163,120; henequén, $11,134,600; ixtle, $1,644,038; cabinet
woods, $1,953,539; zacatón root, $994,775; and vanilla, $1,535,005.

The principal animal exports were: Hides and skins, $5,063,799;
and cattle, $3,544,899.

The principal manufactured exports were: Sugar, $745,412; cotton-
seed cake and meal, $387,930; and palm-leaf hats, $360,545.

Guatemala. — Value, $10,981,724. The principal exports were: Cof-
fee, $9,273,909; bananas, $526,711; sugar, $344,015; hides, $325,260;
rubber, $159,621; and woods, $158,178.

Salvador. — Value, $8,406,309. The principal exports were: Coffe'e,
$5,834,439; gold in bars, $760,413; gold and silver amalgams, con-
centrates, etc., $700,256; sugar, $391,796; and indigo, $261,031.

Honduras. — Value, $3,024,726. The principal exports were: Gold
and silver ore, $1,051,675; and bananas, $1,284,171.

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LATIN AMERICAN FOREIGN TRADE IN 1911 — GENERAL SURVEY. 231

Xicaraçua, — ^Value, $4,545,075. The principal exports were: Cof-
fee, $2,798,893; gold and silver ores, $894,832; rubber, $346,182; and
hides, $196,451.

Costa Rica. — ^\''alue, $9,020,150. The principal exports were:
Bananas, $4,375,505; coffee, $2,871,485; gold and silver in bars,
$1,183.165; and woods, $91,054.

Panama, — ^\''alue, $1,754,050. The principal exports were: Bananas,
$1,030,885; ivory nuts, $118,408; coconuts, $112,827; rubber,
$111,143; mother-of-pearl, $62,493; hides, $86,729; bar gold, $119,580.

Cuba. — Value, $122,885,952. -The principal exports were: Sugar,
$85,168,933; molasses, $1,197,433; distillates, $431,543; tobacco,
unmanufactured, $16,888,761; tobacco, manufactured, $13,098,982;
iron, gold, and copper ores, $3,874,172; woods, $2,109,890; fruits,
$1,835,952; hides and skins, $1,707,434; honey and beeswax, $431,543;
grains and vegetables, $437,732; and sponges, $299,139.

Dominican Republic. — Value, $11,004,906. The principal exports
were: Sugar, $4,159,733; cacao, $3,902,111; leaf tobacco, $1,421,424;
coffee, $319,142; bananas, $194,759; beeswax, $165,317; hides,
$104,303.

Haüi. — Value, $15,475,331. The principal exports were: Coffee,
51,795,659 pounds; cocoa, 3,228,350 pounds; cotton, 4,198,227
pounds; cotton seed, 8,058,080 pounds; campeche logs and roots,
75,197,092 pounds; honey, 190,148 gallons; orange peel, 462,725
pounds.

Argeniina. — Value, $314,956,612, classified in general as live
animals and meat products, $163,342,891; agricultural products,
$135,570,454: forest products, $11,886,966; mine products, $548,378;
hunting and fishing products, $1,613,386.

The principal live animals were beef cattle, $7,956,667. The
principal meat products were: Frozen beef, $28,880,578; frozen
mutton, $6,667,086; salt cattle hides, $19,053,091 ; flint cattle hides,
$14,353,723; wool, $48,979,206; sheepskins, $7,493,126; jerked beef,
$1,611,767; goat skins, $968,672; bristles, $1,534,259; chilled beef,
$1,464,316; horse hides, $606,368; kidskms, $276,561; canned meat,
$1,495,093; meat extracts, $1,000,219; beef scrap and meal, $877,588;
butter, $541,505; tallow and grease, $11,415,833; margarin oil,
$625,921; casein, $420,659; bones, $2,376,463.

The principal agricultural products were: Indian corn, $2,683,599;
wheat, $78,254,814; linseed, $32,572,590; oats, $11,316,302; hay,
$659,042; wheat flour, $4,597,238; and bran, $4,473,923.

The principal forest products were: Quebracho wood and extract,
of the former $6,690,681, and of the latter $4,830,626.

The principal mining product was copper $399,582, and the
principal hunting and fishmg products were whale oil $1,169,973,
nutria skins $150,082, and ostrich and other plumes $227,601.

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232 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.

Bolivia, — Value, $32,226,150. The principal exports were: Tin,
$20,529,445; silver, $2,097,909; bismuth, $865,040; copper, $556,508;
rubber, $7,379,265; and coco, $199,310.

Brazil. — Value, $325,271,614. The principal exports were: Coffee,
$196,515,379; rubber, $73,352,116; hides, $8,751,090; yerba mate,
$9,650,346; cacao, $7,992,437; tobacco, $4,709,345; skins, $3,152,506;
sugar, $1,986,836; cotton, 84,764,143; gold, $2,275,440; manganese,
$1,255,601; Brazil nuts, $1,291,053; carnauba wax, $1,897,540;
bran, $1,781,392; cotton seed, $878,853; and monazite sand, $539,965.
Chile. — $123,884,417; classified in general as animal products,
$7,668,669; vegetable products, $5,281,687; mineral products, $107,-
483,258.

Under animal products the principal exports were : Hides, $760,728;
wool, $2,519,150; chmchilla skins, $239,211; wax, $128,954.

Under vegetable products the principal exports were: Bran,
$414,305; frijoles, $669,262; carob beans, $232,917; barley, $657,880;
oats, $580,276; nuts, $678,234; hay, $166,742; wheat, $505,232;
wheat flour, $283,221; quillay bark, $158,604; oak railroad ties,
$78,675.

Under mineral products the principal exports were: Nitrate of
soda, $95,867,058; borate of lime, $2,274,492; copper, $4,506,182;
copper ore, $2,116,657; copper and gold ore, $169,921; iron ore,
$417,560; and iodine, $1,876,277.

Colombia, — Value, $22,375,899. The principal exports were*.
Coffee, $9,475,449; bananas, $2,172,000; tobacco, $332,935; ivory
nuts, $739,419; rubber, $900,887; gold in bars, gold dust, and plati-
num, $4,097,528; cattle hides, $1,779,790; and Panama hats, $1,088,-
821.

Ecuador. — ^Value, $13,558,033. The principal exports were: Cacao,
$7,879,844; ivory nuts, $1,665,951; Panama hats, $1,255,990; rubber,
$1,004,029; coffee, $729,262; gold ore, $134,516; gold bars, $114,152;
and hides, $256,725.

Faraway. — Value, $4,789,065. The principal exports were : Hides ,
$1,134,606; quebracho extract, $634,186; yerba mate, $553,629;
woods, $979,740; tobacco, $534,085; oranges, $258,517.

Peru. — Value, $36,071,056. The principal exports were: Minerals
and metals, $9,343,155; /rubber, $6,214,355; sugar, $6,717,256;
cotton, $4,932,038; alpaca wool, $1,291,579; sheep wool, $706,578;
llama wool, $343,616; guano, $882,489; hides, $441,020; straw hats,
$588,439; and petroleum, $532,730.

Uruguay. — Value, $46,318,036. The principal exports for the half
year were: Wool, $15,611,333; hides and skins, $4,871,978; meats and
extracts, $4,653,515; live animals, $469,307; tallow and other fats,
$635,404; hair and bristles, $120,673; bone and bone ash, $33,406;

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LATIN AMERICAN FOREIGN TRADE IN 1911 GENERAL SURVEY. 233

residual animal products, $80,881; oil-producing grains, $319,067;
flours, $193,731; vegetables, $43,460; and fruits, $47,951.

Venezuela. — Value, $22,684,384. The principal exports were:
Coffee, $11,390,208; cacao, $3,601,371; balata rubber, $2,449,068;
hides, $1,167,482; rubber, $514,907; goat and kid skins, $512,317;
gold, $644,212; live cattle, $208,341; asphalt, $267,533; copper ore,
$252,907; sugar, $143,717; heron plumes (aigrets), $309,847; divi-
divi, $161,237; tonka beans, $137,173; and frozen beef, $104,281.

IMPORTS.

Latin American imports are in general of the same character as
the imports of western European countries and of the United States,
except that they do not comprehend any large proportion of raw
material for use in manufacturing.

Outside of foodstuffs, crude oils, lumber, coal, some unwrought
iron and steel, building and construction material and the like, the
great bulk of the imports are articles of a high degree of manufacture
finished for consumption.

A brief summary under general heads of the imports of three
countries — ^Argentina, Brazil, and Cuba — wül suffice to give some
idea of the character of these imports.

ArgejUina. — ^Value, $355,806,365. In broad classifications the im-
ports were as follows: Live animals, $505,884: food products, $28,-
456,664; tobacco, $5,715,051; wines, liquors, and other beverages,
$13,385,195; textiles and manufactures thereof, $67,607,152; oils,
grease, etc., $15,413,750; chemical and pharmaceutical products,
$11,812,926; paints, dyes, etc., $2,371,473; timber, wood, straw, and
manufactures thereof, $10,088,562; paper and manufactures thereof,
$8,409,881; hides, skins, and manufactures, $3,489,850; iron, steel,
and manufactures, $41,793,169; other metals and manufactures,
$15,015,295; agricultural implements and machinery, $13,281,601;
locomotion — railway cars, equipment, rails, etc., carriages, wagons,
automobiles, bicycles, etc., $35,759,418; earths, stones, coal, etc.,
$32,206,014; building materials, $32,775,761; electrical apparatus,
$6,483,163; miscellaneous, $11,235,558.

Some of the principal imports classified under the headings above
were: Cheese, $1,908,741; sardines, $1,071,751; sugar, $3,675,383
rice, $2,033,494; coffee, $1,292,588; yerba mate, $5,378,183; cigars
$1,320,410; smokmg tobacco, $2,587,257; sheep dip, $1,711,987
silk piece goods, $2,065,201; ready-made clothing, wool, $1,220,004
all wool piece goods, $6,100,571; part wool piece goods, $3,080,498
Under cotton: Yarn, $1,261,309; quilts, $1,048, 202; lace, $1,286,326
stockings, $1,675,725; piece goods, bleached, $3,904,267; unbleached
$1,010,643; prints, $3,932,223; dyed, $9,527,297; other cottons

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LATIN AMERICAN FOREIGN TRADE IN 1911 GENERAL SURVEY. 235

$2,393,693. Sail cloth, $1,236,415; jute and hemp bagging, $4,741,-
922: lubricating oils, $2,114,618; olive oil, $3,262,135; kerosene,
$1,896,169; naphtha, $5,938,656; proprietary medicines, $2,279,263;
perfumery, $1,370,485. Iron and steel, in bars, ingots, or slightly
>vrought as wire, nails, staples, etc., $22,198,895; iron and steel manu-
factures, $19,594,273; coal, $25,238,605.

Brazil. — ^Value, $257,762,557. The imports are divided into four
general classes as follows: Live animals, $1,116,102; primary mate-
rials and materials used in the arts and industries, $50,192,456; manu-
factures, $144,143,489; and alimentary substances, $62,310,511. The
principal imports of primary materials and materials used in the arts
and industries were: 1,001 metric tons of cotton sewing thread;
1,900 tons of raw and carded cotton; 110 tons of rabbit and beaver
fur; 5,762 tons of lead, tin, and zinc bars and plates; 2,213 tons of
copper: 7,246 tons of steel bars and rods; 29,673 tons of iron bars,
rods, and plates; 16,407 tons of iron ingots; 15,000 tons of jute and
hemp yam; 746 tons of woolen yarn; $1,885,522 worth of pine lum-
ber; 3,870 tons of linseed oil; 2,634 tons of white lead and zinc; 1,221
tons of turpentine; 2,588 tons of sulphur; 688 tons of broom straw;
12,285 tons of malted barley; 218 tons of hops; 254 tons of leaf
tobacco; 1,736,213 tons of coal; 221,136 tons of coal briquets; 12,584
tons of coke; 286,689 tons of cement; 6,726 tons of asphalt; and 17,269
tons of tar.

The principal imports under manufactures were: Manufactures of
cotton, mixed or not, $24,853,755; guns and ammunition, $2,281,197;
carriages and other vehicles, $5,858,239; manufactures of lead, tin, '
zinc, and alloys, $502,696; manufactures of copper and alloys, $2,663,-
584; manufactures of steel and iron, $26,381,494; musical and like
instalments, $1,802,465; surgical and dental instruments and mate-
rial, $513,514; mathematical, physical, and optical instruments and
material, $650,372; manufactures of wool, mixed or not, $4,027,937;
manufactures of linen, $2,587,043; manufactures of jute and hemp,
$316,156: earthenware, porcelain, and glass, $4,538,992; machinery,
engines, tools, and hardware, $28,155,103; manufactures of wood,
$1,550,139; manufactures of gold, silver, and platinum, $490,037;
manufactures of straw, esparto, pita, etc., $477,692; manufactures of
paper, $5,678,381 ; manufactures of earths, stones, and like substances,
$1,429,046; manufactures of leather, $1,317,838; perfumery, paints,
inks, etc., $2,686,271; chemicals, dnigs, and pharmaceutical special-
ties, $5,989,167; manufactures of silk, mixed or not, $1,265,720; and
miscellaneous, $17,564,219.

Under alimentary substances the i)rincipal imports were: 333,146
tons of wheat; 158,761 tons of flour; 34,241 tons of codfish; 3,618
tons of preserved fish; 1,916 tons of dried fruits: 3,988 tons of con-

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236 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.

densed milk; 1,181 tons of hams ami bacon; 424 tons of canned
meats; 2,059 tons of canned vegetables; 16,532 tons of rice; spirits
and fermented liquors to the value of $907,015; wines to the value
of $11,386,570; 26,651 tons of jerked beef; 1,960 tons of butter; and
1,783 tons of cheese.

Cuba. — Value, $113,433,135. As classified the principal imports
were: Stones and earths, $1,076,947; the principal import under this
heading was 854,806 barrels of cement. Mineral oils, bitumen, etc.,
$1 ,069,976 ; the principal imports under this head were 7,11 8,284 gallons
of crude petroleum, 488,184 gallons of refined petroleum, and 585,883
gallons of other refined oils. Glass and crystal ware, $1,262,218; the
principal imports under this head were 3,236 tons of tableware, 7,393
tons of bottles, 459 tons of electric lamps. Earthenware and por-
celain, $820,360. Iron and steel, $6,513,248; the principal articles
under this heading were 11,656 tons cast-iron bars, rods, etc.; 4,192
tons other manufactures of cast iron; 20,918 tons wrought-iron and
steel bars and rods; 12,906 tons sheets and plates; 3,726 tons wire and
cable; 435 tons fine tools and implements; 4,816 tons nails; 1,801 tons
tin plate; 7,107 tons piping and fittings; and 12,455 tons steel rails.
Chemical products, $3,062,802; the principal imports under this head
were 20,969 tons commercial fertihzers, 2,074 tons acids, 426 tons
dynamite, 21,340 tons salt, and $251,511 worth of patent and pro-
])rietary medicines. Oils, soaps, etc., $2,157,373; the principal im-
ports under this classification were 122,386 gallons soap oil, 358,648
gallons other vegetable oils, 1,095 tons candles, 4,261 tons common
soap, 2,230 tons soap grease, and $517,830 worth perfumes. Cotton
and manufactures, $9,278,430; the principal imports under this head
were 711 tons raw cotton, 285 tons thread and yam, 4,496 tons plain
tissue, 1,731 tons twilled pieces, 525 tons knitted tissues, 156 tons
laces, and 200 tons ready-made clothing. Vegetable fibers (other than
cotton) and manufactures, $3,360,276; the principal imports under
this head were 380 tons twine, 572 tons cordage and rope, 11,881 tons
si'gar bags, and 1,696 tons linen tissue. Wool, hair, and manufac-
tures, $1,181,783; the principal import was 487 tons woolens. Woods
and manufactures, $2,767,191; the principal imports were 10,890
tons common lumber, 5,639 tons furniture, $741,593 worth boxes
and cases, $570,253 worth barrels and staves. Manufactures of
leather and furs, $4,756,954; the principal imports were 861,884
pairs men's shoes, 1,783,245 pairs women's shoes, 1,186,948 pairs
children's shoes, and 260,534 dozen pairs alpargatas. Machiner}',
$9,136,992; the principal imports were sugar and spirit-making ma-
chinery, 57,659 tons, worth $5,178,394; agricultural machinery, 553
tons, worth $117,337; boUers, 948 tons, worth $116,186; locomotives,
worth $423,697; and other machinery, 6,496 tons, worth $1,639,643.

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LATIN AMERICAN FOREIGN TRADE IN 1911 — GENERAL SURVEY. 237

Apparatus, cars, carriages, etc., $3,061,803; the principal imports
under this head were 25,356 sewing machines, 1,262 typewriters,
17,825 weighing scales*, railway coaches worth $166,520; carriages
and accessories, worth $756,308; freight cars, -14,710 tons, worth
$1,021,788; and wagons and carts, 3,378 tons, worth $310,819. Meats,
$10,630,504; the principal imports were 17,402 tons jerked beef,
7,659 tons salt pork, 1,928 tons hams and shoulders, 29,698 tons
lard, and 1,815 tons canned meats. Fish, $1,569,648, of which the
principal import was 8,849 tons codfish. BreadstuflFs, $12,989,272;
the principal imports under this head were 18,482 tons oats, 136,118
tons rice, 4,832 tons barley, 74,843 tons maize, and 851,447 barrels
flour. Vegetables, $4,491 ,995 ; the principal imports were 10,182 tons

THE PRODUCE EXCHANGE BUILDING IN THE CITY OF HABANA.

onions, 7,766 tons peas, 14,823 tons beans, 54,388 tons potatoes, and
$498,600 worth tinned vegetables. Beverages and food oils, $3,224,-
093: the principal imports were 1,319,908 gallons olive oU, 274,568
gaUons cottonseed oil, 31,411 dozen bottles white wine, 454,468 gal-
lons white wine, 20,414 dozen bottles red wines, 5,055,236 gallons
red wines, 413,678 dozen bottles of beer, and 430,095 Hters distilled
liquors. Dairy products, $2,657,031; the principal imports under
this head were 15,611 tons condensed milk, 849 tons butter, and
2,312 tons cheese. Other alimentar}- substances, $4,299,048; the
principal imports were 11,697 tons coííee, 720 tons confectionerj-,
and 4,288,608 dozen eggs.

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238

THE PAX AMERICAN UNION.

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LATIN AMERICAN FOREIGN TRADE IN 1911 GENERAL SURVEY. 239

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240

THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.

In total of values the United States loads in the foreign commerce,
imports and exports together, of Latin America.

All Latin Anu rica, 1911.

Total.

United
Stales.

United
Kingdom.

Volume $2,431,464,101 $704,521,251 $565,284,018

Per cent of whole 100.00 28.98 23.24

Gennany.

France.

$356,258,933 $309,710.363
14.65 8.63

Of the 10 North American Republics — Mexico, Guatemala, Salva-
dor, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, Cuba, the Dominican
Republic, and Haiti — the United States takes nearly three-fourths of
their exports and furnishes more than half of their imports.

North America, 1911.

Total.

Exports $334,550,191

Per cent of whole lOO. 00

Imports $261, 647. 4m

Per cent of whole 100.00

United
States.

$241,974,119
72. 32

$13S,HH1.644
53.16

I'nited
Kingdom.

$33,705,909
10.08

$3:i,526,439
12.77

(îcrmany.

$25, 315. 25s

7.5,»

$25,549,773

10.16

Fmnce.

$17,560,977
5.25

$16,119,091
6.17

Of the 10 South American Republics — ^Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil,
Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay, and Vene-
zuela— the United States takes more than one-fifth of their exports
and supplies about one-seventh of their imports.

South America, I'.Ul.

Total.

United
States.

Exports $942,135,273 I $194,077,163

Per cent of whole i 100.00 i 20.59

Imports $893,131,174 ' $129,588,325

Per cent of whole 100.00 14.50

United
Kingdom.

$237,625,274
25.11

$261,424,396
29.27

Germany.

France.

$139,268,530 ! $97,765,291

14.78 10.37

$165,125,372 $78.265.004

18.48 , 8.76

While the United States leads in the total commerce of I^atin
America as a whole, and in the commerce of the North American
Republics, in both imports and exports, controls a trade greater than
the combined trade of its three nearest rivals, the United Kingdom,
Germany, and France, and in South America is second in exports
and third in imports, yet as a matter of fact it is questionable whether
in the import trade of Latin America the United States, with its
$268,470,000 in values, receives as much commercial advantage
therefrom is does Germany with its $191,675,000, or France with its
$94,384,000. The reason for this doubt exists in the character and
kind of the imports from the United States as compared with the
imports from Europe.

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LATIX AMERICAN FOREIGN TRADE IN 1911 GENERAL SURVEY. 241

The Latin American imports, and particularly South American
imports from the United States, are for the greater part such as in
ordinarj^ parlance are denominated **raw,*^ *' unmanufactured,'' or
^'slightly manufactured," while the imports from the United King-
dom, Germany, and France are almost entirely manufactures of a
high degree. In other words, in imports from the United States the
greater part (in some cases nearly all) of the value of the articles is
represented in the raw material, and less than one-half in the labor,
skill, and industry entering into their manufacture. The converse
is true of the imports from the three European countries mentioned.
Therefore it can readily be seen that the $94,384,000 of imports from
France may represent a greater return to French labor, skill, and
industry and be of more benefit to French commerce than the
$268,470,000 of imports from the United States be of benefit to that
country.

In illustration of this point, the case of Chile may be taken as an
example. In round numbers Chilean imports from the United King-
dom in 1911 were $40,800,000, from Germany $32,700,000, from
France $6,900,000, and from the United States $15,800,000.

The value of what was classified as mineral products was over
$25,000,000, of which Germany furnished $9,690,000, the United
Kingdom $7,462,000, the United States $3,980,000, and France
$2,648,000. Steel and iron in bars, sheets and plates, ingots, nails,
piping, i^-ire, and steel rails accounted for nearly $3,000,000 of the
imports from the United States, which country was but little or not
at all represented in cutlery, household and kitchen utensils, tools,
gas, electric-light, and water meters, wagon and carriage tires, sad-
dlers' hardware, pipe fittings, axles, wire cable, carriages, furniture
and car springs, bolts, nuts, screws, and, in fact, all classes of highly
wrought iron and steel goods.

The value of what are classified as vegetable products was over
$13,000,000, of which Germany furnished $2,757,000, the United
States $2,067,000, the United Kingdom $1,674,000, and France
$412,851.

Cottonseed oil, rosin, staves, and rough pine lumber accounted for
$1,686,300 of the imports from the United States.

The value of what was classified as textiles and manufactures
thereof was $28,711,000, of which the United States furnished only
$796,211. Of this amount cotton bagging, rope, twine, thread, flan-
nel and gray shirting accounted for $690,000. In linen, wool, and
silk it is scarcely represented. In ready-made clothing of all kinds
and high-class textiles of all materials the imports from the United
States were of a negligible amount.

The value of what was classified as combustibles, oils, and paints
was $18,994,043, of which the United Kingdom furnished $9,141,060,
75662— Bull. 2—13 6

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LATIN AMERICAN FOREIGN TRADE IN 1911 — GENERAL SURVEY. 243

Gennany $1,395,395, the United States $2,714,505. Coal oil, most
of it unrefined, accounted for $2,320,305. In addition there was
some trade in turpentine, lubricating oil, a little coal, and some
paraffin. In the cheaper kinds of prepared paints the United States
makes a showing.

The value of paper, cardboard, and manufactures thereof was
$4,052,960, of which Germany furnished $1,996,185, the United
States $1,086,240, the United Kingdom $453,330, News print
paper accounted for $736,351 of the imports from the United States.
There were some printed books and bank checks, bonds, etc., but
for the most part the United States was practically unrepresented in
high-class paper manufactures.

The value of what was classified as pharmaceutical and chemical
products and perfumery was $2,735,638, of which Germany furnished
$1,036,016, the United Kingdom $677,330, France $400,843, and the
United States $297,000.

The value of what was classified as machinery, implements, and
tools was $15,523,267, of which the United Kingdom furnished
$5,847,592, Germany $5,162,268, and the United States $3,603,645.
Agricultural machinery and implements, with some sewing machines,
scales and balances, adding machines, and pianolas, make up the
bulk of the imports from the United States.

The value of what was classified as arms, ammunition, and explo-
sives was $1,472,227, of which the United States furnished over
$294,737, nearly two-thirds of this being dynamite.

It must not be understood that in their class the imports from
the United States were of a lower or cheaper grade than those from
other countries; quite the contrary is true. In their class they
were as a rule the highest in grade. This is particular!}^ true of
leather, steel, and iron goods of all kinds. The difficulty is that
the class is as a rule low, in other words, imports of the kind approach-
ing raw material.

In this connection a distinction must be drawn between the South
American republics and the North American republics in a com-
parison of the character of their imports from the United States
and from Europe. In the North American repubUcs the imports
from the United States as compared with those from Europe are
of a decidedly higher character. In Cuba and Mexico particularly
very many of these imports are almost on a par with the imports
from the United Kingdom and Germany, and this higher character
in imports extends in a diminishing degree more or less into the
Northern republics of South America — Colombia, Venezuela, and
Ecuador. For example, in Chile nearly 15 per cent of the total
imports are from the United States, yet in textiles and manufactures
the United States furnishes less than 3 per cent, and this 3 per cent

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244 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.

is mado up almost entirely of cotton bagging, rope, t\^ane, thread,
and low-grade cotton cloths.

In Cuba the United States furnishes a httle over 50 per cent of
the total importas, and in textiles and manufactures about one-sixth
of the imports of this class of goods. In cotton, in plain weaves it
furnishes $582,500 out of a total of $2,362,000; in twdlls $283,000
out of a total of $995,700; in knitted tissues $76,200 out of a total
of $1,615,300, and in ready-made ch)tliing $92,300 out of a total of
$254,000. It is fairly well represented in passementerie, piqués,
cotton velvet, and the hke. In wool it furnishes $28,300 out of a
total of $55,135 in ready-made do tiling. In other woolen manu-
facturers it is but little represented. In silk it furnishes $27,600
out of $113,600 in plain silk tissues. It furnishes nearly $50,000
out of $106,700 of ready-made dotliing. In other silk manufactures
it is fairly w^ell represented. In other fibers — linen, hemp, etc. —
it is not verj" w^ell represented. The same comparisons would hold
good of most other manufactures, that in Cuba and in other North
American republics the imports from the United States are of a
decidedly higher grade than the like imports of the South American
re])ublics.

Miller riioto.

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PAN AMERICAN NOTES •/

DEATH OF PRESIDENT ARAÚJO.

TIE Pan American Union records with sincere sorrow the
unfortunate termination, on February 9, of the life and
career of Dr. Manuel E. Araújo, the late President of the
Republic of Salvador. His sudden and tragic death is
deeply deplored in official circles everywhere by all those interested
in Latin America. Dr. Araújo, still in the prime of life, had
gained an enviable reputation by his just and liberal administra-
tion of the office of Chief Executive, while the country itself was
prospering and growing in a vigorous manner. Little wonder, then,
that the Republic of Salvador was cast into deep gloom at the demise
of its President.

Dr. Araújo was bom in Juayua about 47 years ago. He studied
medicine at the University of San Salvador, graduating with honors
when he was only 22 years old. After practicing his profession for
several years and distinguishing himself as an able surgeon, ho became
interested in agriculture and at the same time took an active part
in politics. In 1907 Dr. Araújo was elected vice president of the
Republic, serving with his predecessor. Gen. Figueroa, until his own
inauguration as President on March 1, 1911. In signal tribute to
the late President, the national flag of the Republic of Salvador and
the pennant of the Pan American Union were displayed from the
building at half mast from the time the sad news was received at
this office until after the funeral had taken place.

WELCOME TO MINISTER FROM PARAGUAY.

The Pan American Union extends a cordial welcome to Ilis
Excellency Héctor Velazquez, the new minister of Paraguay, re-
cently arrived in Washington. Dr. Velazquez has served his country
faithfully in the several important public positions he has been
called upon to fill, and particularly as a member of the Paraguayan
Senate. His activities have also been successful as a physician, as
professor and dean of the faculty of medicine, and as director of the
national department of hygiene. He has also been president of the
National University of Asunción, and during his term many impor-
tant reforms were instituted with marked success.

For eight years our sister Republic of Paraguay has not been
officially represented at Washington, and it is a source of gratifica-
tion to welcome its diplomatic representative to the governing board
of the Pan American Union, to whose support the Paraguayan
Government has always contributed.

245

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SR. DR. nÉCTOR VELAZQUEZ,
Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of Paraguay to the United States.

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PAN AMERICAN NOTES. 247

THE PAN AMERICAN SOCIETY OF THE UNITED STATES.

he United States held its annual
amber of commerce rooms in New
endance of members who listened
. Henry White, president of the
Tie Brown, treasurer and assistant
fits to the constitution were passed
isuing year, as foUows: President,
s, the Secretary of State, of the
5sador; chairman of the executive
rice presidents, Lloyd C. Griscom,
rary vice presidents, Elihu Root,
itington, Melville E. Stone, John
, Frederic Brown; executive com-
ierwind, Nicholas Murray Butler,
Ige, Thomas Eddy, James A. Far-
riscom, Ramon Guiteras, Thomas
rgan, jr., James M. Motley, Frank

D. Norton, L. S. Rowe, Charles
îk Strauss, William R. Shepherd,
•"rank A. Vanderlip, Paul Warburg,
Cabot Ward. The report of Mr.

and proved conclusively the use-
urpose of promoting acquaintance

United States and those of Latin
attention to representative Latin-
States, and taking other steps to
friendship, and mutual knowledge
Republics and peoples. A special
massed unanimously by the society

E PANAMA CANAL.

)f the Pan American Union on the
that the edition ordered is nearly
3 issue another edition, although it
til autumn in order to be able to
aterway as it will look when prac-
onnection it is a pleasure to quote
recently received from the Right

Hon. James Bryce, British ambassador at Washington. He says:
Your book, I think, is certain to go through other editions, for it gives in a very

clear and lively way the sort of information which thousands and thousands of visitors

^ill desire to have.

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Photograph by UarriH-Kwing.

M. MARSHALL LANGUORNE, ESQ.,
Secretary oí the United States legation at San Jose, Costa Rica.

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PAN AMERICAN NOTES. 249

PAN AMERICAN LUNCHEON.

A little gathering for luncheon at tlie Pan American Building,
Sunday, February 9, 1913, brought together a group of prominent
Senators, Congressmen, and others interested in the development of
closer relations between the United States and Latin America and a
corresponding number of Latin American diplomats. Many inter-
esting speeches were made by these statesmen of the United States
and of the Central and South American Republics, all of them breath-
ing the spirit of closer relationship of both commerce and friendship.
The Director General acted as host and his guests included : Sr. Don
Joaquin Bernardo Calvo, minister of Costa Rica; Senator William
Alden Smith, of Michigan; Sr. Don Ignacio Calderón, minister of
BoHvia; Senator Hoke Smith, of Georgia; Sr. Don Federico Mejia,
minister of Salvador; Senator Thomas P. Gore, of Oklahoma; Sr.
Don Antonio Martin Rivero, minister of Cuba; Senator James E.
Martine, of Xew Jersey; Sr. Don Carlos Maria de Pena, minister of
Uruguay; Senator Obadiah Gardner, of Maine; Congressman Henry
D. Clayton, chairman House Committee on the Judiciary; Sr. Don
Federico Alfonso Pezet, minister of Peru; Congressman John J. Fitz-
gerald, chairman House Committee on Appropriations; Sr. J. F.
de Barros Pimentel, secretary of the Brazilian Embassy; Congress-
man Henry D. Flood, chairman House Committee on Foreign Affairs ;
Sr. Don A. Algara R. de Terrenos, secretary of the Mexican Embassy;
Congressman Swagar Sherley, of Kentucky; Hon. Henry White,
former Ambassador to France; Hon. John B. Scott, secretary of the
Carnegie Endowment; Hon. Hannis Taylor, former minister to
Spain; Sr. Don Francisco J. Yanes, Assistant Director of the Pan
American Union; Mr. Henry L. Sweinhart, and Mr. William A. Reid,
of Pan American Union staff.

'FAIR PLAY AND LATIN AMERICA.

As an illustration of the growing demand for information about
Latin America there can be cited the fact that Fair Play, published
in New York, of which Leopold Grahame is the editor, has estab-
lished a regular Latin-American section in which it will discuss the
commercial, political, and general progress of the Central and South
American countries.

ADDRESSES OF SECRETARY OF STATE KNOX.

A Uttle volume just published will be much appreciated and
enjoyed by all those who are interested in the development of closer
relations between the United States and the countries of the Carib-
bean. It is entitled, *^ Speeches incident to the visit of Philander
Chase Knox, Secretary of State of the United States of America, to
the countries of the Caribbean, February 23 to April 17, 1912." A
number of copies of this book has been placed in the hands of the Pan
American l^nion, and this office will be pleased to send them to those

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250 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.

who may make application. As the reader peruses the addresses of
Secretary Knox and the responses which were made by representa-
tive Latin- American statesmen, he is deeply impressed with the good
sense, cordiality, and practical suggestions which pervade them all,
and he is convinced that journeys of this kind can not fail to be pro-
ductive of closer understanding between the United States and its
sister republics.

STATUE OF GEORGE WASHINGTON IN BUENOS AIRES.

The attention of the Pan American Union has been brought to the
efforts of Americans to provide funds for erecting a statue of George
Washington in Buenos Aires as a gift to the Argentine Government.
The total cost will approximate $14,000. Of this sum $3,000 yet
remains to be raised, and it is hoped that all good Americans who
wish to promote closer relations with Argentina, especially those who
have done or are doing business in that country, will contribute to
efface this deficit. Subscriptions for this fund may be sent to the
accountant, Pan American Union, Washington, D. C, who will
deliver receipt for same and will forward the money to the committee
in charge, who will, in turn, send additional receipt.

ADDRESSES AND TRAVELS OF GEN. RAFAEL REYES.

Among the distinguished Latin Americans who have visited the
United States recently is Gen. Rafael Reyes, who has been spending
the greater part of January and February in New York and will
presently proceed to Latin America for a general tour of its different
capitals and countries. At the annual dinner of the Explorers' Club,
held at the Hotel Astor on Tuesday, January 28, 1913, he was the
guest of honor and delivered an address on his geographical researches
in Latin America and also on the general subject of the possibilities
of scientific, industrial, and commercial development of the great
interior territory of South America. He was also recently a guest of
a group of bankers of New York, when he pointed out the great
importance of the establishment of banks throughout South America
controlled by United States capital. It is understood that it is his
plan to write a book after his visit to Latin America along the same
lines as that recently published by the Right Hon. James Bryce, the
ambassador of Great Britain, entitled ** South America — Observa-
tions and Impressions.^' In view of Gen. Reyes's intimate knowledge
of the countries of the South, a work of this kind should be of timely
and permanent value.

A YOUNG PERUVIAN PLAYWRIGHT.

In Hterary and dramatic circles of the United States a young
Peruvian, Don Alfonso Wasliington Pezet, son of the Peruvian
minister in Washington, is attracting much attention for liis work

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Photograph by Clinedlnat.

SR. DON ALFONSO WASHINGTON PEZET,

Attaché of the Legation of Peru at Washington who is attracting considerable
attention as a playwright. Sr. Pezet has now two plays of exceptional
merit in the hands'of theatrical managers.

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252 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.

as a clever playwright. Ho gives promise of making a reputation
for himself which wül be a credit to the illustrious name he bears,
for he is a great-grandson of Don Jose Antonio Pezet, former Presi-
dent of Peru, and to his native land, which has produced many
eminent writers. Don Alfonso Pezet is a native of Lima, the capital
of Peru. He spent his childhood in England and France, and came
to the United States about 13 years later, attending the public
schools at Washington while his father was first secretary of the
legation. After receiving a preparatory- education at St. Jolins,
Annapolis, he entered the Massachusetts Institute of Teclmology ; but,
finding a greater aptitude for the drama than for engineering, he
gave up his plans for building railroads to write plays and do what
he could to promote the drama. At the present time he has two
plays in the hands of managers in New York which have fair prospects
of early production.

SPEECHES BY MR. J. P. SAXTAMARINA.

Mr. J. p. Santamarina, the well-known trade expert of the iXjgen-
tine Republic, now in the United States, reports special interest in the
addresses which he is delivering at different places in regard to
Argentina and other countries of Latin America. Ho is to bo con-
gratulated on the fact that the board of education in New York City
has engaged him to deliver a series of addresses under their auspices
in that city. One of the most notable speeches he has made of late,
and which has attracted a great deal of attention, is that before the
Springfield Board of Trade, Springfield, Massachusetts, on January
23, 1913.

VISIT OF PROF. BRANDON TO CUBA.

There has recently returned from a visit to Cuba Prof. Edgar
Ewing Brandon, of Miami University, who carried a commission
from the Pan American Union to investigate educational conditions
in that Republic. An article by him on this subject will appear in
an early issue of the Monthly Bulletin. He speaks most highly of
the impressions ho gained from his ^^sit to Cuba and he has great
hopes for the future of that country.

* WORTH W^HILE MAGAZINE.

Worth While is an interesting magazine devoted to people, politics,
and national aflíaii-s, published in Washington by Henry Curtis Biggs.
As it is his plan to give considerable attention to the foreign com-
merce of the United States and to the commerce and relations with
Latin America, it is to be hoped that he will meet with success in this
new undertaking.

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PAN AMERICA IN THE
iïAGAZINES /. V /.

Remarkable Civilization of the Ancient Incas, by Walter Beasley,
in the January number of The Bay View Magazine, is a most inter-
esting and entertaining article dealing with this fascinating subject.
Probably the most fruitful field for the study of American archaîolog}"
is found in Peru and Bolivia, and explorations and researches dealing
with Incan and pre-Incan civilization have been prosecuted for many

l-^<»toiirmphed from collwllon uT L. Jei-eiii{ai<. Cuayatiuil. I-k-iiudor.

PERUVIAN POTTERY.

Pottery taken from the huacns (ancient tombos) and niins of ancient temples, suppoí^ed to be pre-Incaic, of
Pachacamae, about twenty miles south of Lima.

years. Repeated expeditions have added to oiu- knowledge of the
remarkable Indians whose extensive empire dominated the Andean
countries of South -iVmerica from Ecuador in the north down even
to middle Chile in the south. While the capital of the Incan Empire
was located at Cuzco, Peru, the tribes inhabiting the countries far
to the south were under its dominion.

253

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('curtesy of the Bay View Magiuslne.

WHERE WE ENTER CUZCO.

The ancient capital of the Inca Kings is to-day a town of over 15.000 souls, has railway connections, and
is electric lighted. The population of Cusco and the valley in which it was situated is said to have
numbered between sixty and seventy thousand at the time of the conquest. The city and adjacent
mountain sides are full of the ruins of Inca temples and fortresses which bear mute testimon\^ to the
advanced civilization of the empire which fell oefore the Spanish invaders. (Hlustratine "Remark-
able Ci\illsation of the Ancient Incas," by Walter L. Beasley, In the January Bay View Magazine.)

Courtesy of the Bay View Magazine.

TRADITIONAL SEAT OF INCA JUSTICE, LAKE TITIC.\CA, ¡teSl.lyKuOOQlC

Coartosy of the Bay View Magazine.

PALACE RUINS OF THE INCAS ON LAKE TITICACA.

The eight inhabited islands of this lake, particularly Titicaca Cotai, or sacred isle, as well as the ad-
jacent mainland J abound in Inca antiquities, such as fortresses, temples, and palace foundations. (From
^Remarkable Civilization of the Ancient Incas," in the January Bay View Magazine.)

Coartetiy of the Bay View Magazine.

^ PALACE WALLS OF THE INCA KINGS.

"^ne of the most notable streets in Curco, showing spanisn nousys uum. un Inca foundations. Those
^mighty walls, laid centuries ago with Immense blocks of stones which fit closely together, are nearly 20
feet high. The wonderful thing is that the quarries wore s?ver;U miles away, and that 'the blocks wore
transported by means unknown to us. Thev were shaped without tools of iron or steel and laitl with-
out mortar." (From "Remarkable Civilization of the Ancient Inca>," in the, January Jj4y> View
Magazine.) Digitized by VjOOV IC

256 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.

On the Transandoan Railway, between Mendoza, Argentina, and
Los Andes, Chile, and not far from the celebrated Transandean Tunnel^
completed in 1910, is located the Punta del Inca, a natural bridge,
where are found the hot springs which are the source of the Cuevas
River. Here the first Spaniards who penetrated this region found
large "tambos'* which served to house the Incas who are said to have
sojourned here to get the benefit of the curative properties of the
medicinal waters of the mineral springs. One of these great tambos
is said to have been erected for an Inca monarch and his court about
the year 1046, when William the Conqueror was subduing our Anglo
Saxon forefathers.

Among the archaeologists who have made extensive explorations
in Bolivia and Peru is Adolph F. Bandelier, who first went there for
Henry Villard in 1892. Subsequently he continued his researches
un(U^r the auspices of the American Museum of Natural Histor}-, for
which institution he gathered valuable and extensive collections of
Inca antiquities. It is largely upon Bandelier's work that Mr. Beas-
le^^'s article, which was originally published in the Scientific Ameri-
can, is based. The article is well written, and gives such a good survey
of what was known of Incan civihzation up to the time that it was
published that extensive extracts are herewith giveiK

Under Inca nway and influence both Indian architecture and the various industrial
arts reached^ their highest degree of efficiency. Few, if any, countries of modem
times have equaled the extreme and skillful utilization of land that was practiced
during the time that the Inca Empire flourished. In many localities they built their
dwellings among rough rocks, on arid slopes of hills, in order to use the limited area
of soil for agriculture. They terraced up every hill and mountain side until not a
single spare foot of surface was left unimproved. They likewiíse constructed aque-
ducts for irrigation pur^wses, and also a series of magnificent roads, from 25 to 50
feet in width, paved with blocks of stone, which connected their royal capital at
Cuzco with various Provinces. Part of the way these were cut out of solid stone
and often ascended precipitous heights by a series of stone stairways. Traces of
these roads still exist in many localities. * * *

On the islands of Lake Titicaca is located the traditional birthplace of the Inca Tribe,
and here were built several large and imposing structures, the ruins of which still
exist. Not far distant was located Cuzco, the chief settlement. The population of
Cuzco and the valley in which it was situated is said to have numbered between sixty
and seventy thousand. The language spoken was, and is now, Quicha. The whole
place was built around courtyards or squares, and contained spacious buildings, con-
structed partly of huge, well-cut stones. The roofs, however, were of thatch. . Some
of the stones were of such stupendous size and dimensions as would test the best skill
of the modem constmctor to transport and put them in place. This was accomplished
by means of wooden rollers, ropes, and crowbars. In most cases, no mortar was used,
stability of the building depending on the skill in the close joining of the stone blocks.

The Government of the Incas is said to have been the most enlightened despotism
that ever existed, and about the nearest approach to a Utopia which has yet been
reached by any people. There was allotted to each man, free of charge, a dwelling
site and extended area of land for him to cultivate for the maintenance of his family.
The surplus of products from this tract, left over from the immediate needs of the

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260 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.

owner, was fçiven as tribute to the Inca Government, and used for religious, charitable,
and other purposes at their aoveriepn city of Cuzco. Under their wise and just civic
administration, crime and public corruption and theft were not known. In Cuzco
it is stated that a resident with a hundred bars of silver and gold piled up in his house,
left it wide open, only placing a small stick across the door as a sign that the master
was out -and nobody went in. Agriculture was the chief pursuit followed. Cotton,
beans, maize, and cocoa were raised by the coast people. On the plateau the domesti-
cation of the llama and alpaca was the favorite occupation.

The whole tribe was divided into numerous clans. The powers of administration
were centered in the elective dignitaries, a military leader, and the head of the religious
system. There was also a council of chiefs. None of these offices were hereditary,
and could not be occupied by sons unless they were specially chosen for the position.
The succession of the chief Inca did not fall upon the shoulders of his child. This
was due to the clan organization, which governed the affairs of stat^. Inheritance
was by mother right. A man could not marry a woman from his own clan, but had to
select one from another. This was the main unit for holding the tribes together.
Woman had no voice in public affairs; but ruled supreme in the home. She was
admittetl t-o esoteric societies, of which there were many. They also practiced healing
and became priestesses. Many complicated and elaborate ceremonial and religious
rites were observed, and frequent sacrifices were offered up to their deities. The Incas,
under their enlightened eyetem of government, had, however, incorporated in their
religious worship some uncanny customs. Human sacrifice was practiced, and on
certain occasions a number of young maidens captured from other tribes were offered
up to some of their principal deities. These young women were for a long time kept
prisoners, and during the interval were employed at making pottery and weaving
gorgeous feibrics out of the silk-like threads of vicuña wool for the sacrificial celebration.
Owing to their extensive religious code, feasts and offerings of some kind were of
almost daily occurrence, and the preparation for and the observance of these occupied
a great deal of the time of the people. Contrary to statements hitherto made, the sup
was not the chief object of worship, but the moon, stars, thunder, lightning, and many
natural objects and phenomena were included in the religious code. In Cuzco some
40 different shrines existoi^

Several paragraphs of the article deal with the evidences that the
Incas were a music-loving people, drums, i)an pipes, etc., having been
found in the ancient ruins. The curious features connected with
their interment of the dead in the Chuli)as, or stone towers, and in
the sides of cliffs which could not l)e used for agricultural purposes;
the many interesting objects which have been found m these graves;
the mummy packs and their contents; the burial of the dead in a
squatting or crouched position; the finely woven woolen fabrics,
etc., are all dealt with by Mr. Boasley. The remarkable develop-
ment of the art of pottery which had been attained by the Incas
is responsible for much of our knowledge concerning them, and
this phase of archaeological research is thus dealt with in the article:

Of all the industries which occupied the attention of the greater part of the popula-
tion, undoubtedly that of pottery was one of the most prominent. Specimens of
this art are the most important and diversified of all the objects found in the graves.
It was in the production of water vessels, jars, and vases that the inventive faculty
of the Indian artisan was displayed to its fullest extent. leaving no written language,
nearly all of our knowledge of the people is due to the handicraftsman in clay, whn

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Coiirtosy of the Bny View Mntntzine.

A ROYAL BURIAL TOWER.

'* The ruins of burial towers are found in many places, and
they vary in size and shape, some being square, and all
have a small aperture to admit the remains. This is one
of the large towers, being about 30 feet in diameter.
Their age and history, as well as their builders, are lost in
oblivion." (Illustrai ing " Reraarkab'e Civilizai ion of the
Ancient Incas," in the January Bay View Magazine.)

Coorte^ of El Sendero Teo*«>flpo, Point Loinii. Cnl.

SIDE ENTRANCE TO THE FORTRESS OF OLLANTAYTAMBO.

"ODantavtombo was the ancient fortress defending tho sacred valley of the Yilcaraayu from the incur-
sions 01 the wild triljcs from the north. It is the most interesting ruin in l*cni. whether from an histori-
calor a legendary point of view. It was tho scene of this famous Inca drama ( the drama of 011anta\').
and here the gallant young Inca Manco repulsed the attack of the f>paníards|5mfcjHívn4Qtj|P(5^^i<aÍP
(Sir Clements R. Harkham.) ^ ^ O

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Photographed from oollwtlon of L. Jeremtan. UuayaquiU Ediiador.

PERUVIAN POTTERY.

"It would be impossible to enumerate the countless varieties of forms and combinations of the coast
pottery oí Peru. There are hardly two specimens alike. Not only do we fmd almost every combi-
nation of regular, or geometrical figures, but earth, sea, and air are laid under contribution to supply
shapes for the potter. Men, birds, animals, fishes, shells, fniit^, and vegetables all find their repro-
ductions in clay. Even the physical features of the ancient inhabitants— their architecture, cus-
toms, arts, and reli^ous notions— find illustration and record in these most fragile, and yet almost
imperishable, remains." (E. George Squier's Peru.)

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264 TJiE PAN AMERICAN UNION.

made it a practice tx) represent faces, architecture, costumes, and cliaracteristic
scenes of everyday life on his creations in potter>'. The most elegant types are of
fine brown and gray clay, with glazed surfaces, and sliow little or no granular mix-
ture. These are considered the most beautiful form of Peruvian ceramics. In gen-
eral, the bulging form prevails, although the shape varies according to the skill of the
artist and the use intended. Some have a flat, others a cone or egg-shaped bottom.
The latter were set on a clay base, with a funnel-shaped opening. This kind of
pottery, with little or no plastic decoration, but handsomely painted and of chaste
form, is the true Inca pottery made near (Hizco.

The most satisfactory and artistic productions in clay are thought to liave been those
in which the whole vessel was treated as a human head, with the attached mouthpiece
serving os a headdress or covering. These portrait jars are especially noteworthy and
highly prized, as they afford in most cases a lifelike representation of the face and
features of the Peruvian coast Indians, as well as illustrating the technique. Forest
animals and maritime creatures of the period, notably the great condor with his
victim, were on the various forms of pottery met with. Probably one of the most
extraordinary and remarkable pieces of pottery from an imaginative standpoint,
at least, is one depicting a resting llama, with a sleeping child snugly clinging to its
warm and fleecy back.

The great abundance of gold and silver in the time of the Incas, and their skill
in soldering and fashioning these metals into striking shapes, are exhibited by the
hundreds of personal ornaments, statuettes, and ceremonial objects wrested from burial
places. Mosaic work on shells, supplemented by wide bands of gold, the ends termi-
nating in a parrot's head, were evidently common household adornments. Necklaces
of gold balls, nearly the size of a 25-cent piece, were evidently commonly worn. Huge
drinking or ceremonial cups, nearly a foot high, of silver, and more than half that
length of gold, wrought into portraits, attest the lavishness of display which flourislied
among the people. Long wrist bands of solid gold or silver were worn. Gold was
secured by washing in the mountain torrents and streams.

Many additional facts relative to the Empire of the Incas and to the
high state of their culture have been unearthed by Prof. Hiram Bing-
ham and others since Bandelier^s last explorations, and Peru and the
Bolivian plateau continue to be the most interesting hunting grounds
for our archaeologists. Very valuable collections were made during
1912 by Prof. Bingham, of which we await an accoimt with much
interest.

The liberation of Bolivia, by Harriet Chalmers Adams and Franklin
Adams, in the January Review of Reviews, is a most interesting article,
dealing with the industrial awakening of the third largest country in
South America. Lack of transportation facilities has been the great
handicap in Bolivian progress and past conditions are strongl}^ con-
trasted with those of the piesent by the authors of this article. Their
extensive journeys in this country during the days when mule trains
and '* balsas^' (reed boats) were about the only means of travel and
their moie recent obseivations enable them to write of this interesting
Republic from the standpoint of peisonal knowledge.

The main theme of the interesting story of Bolivia's development
and the building of the railroads is accentuated, but many paragraphs
of beautiful description lend charm to the narrative and much valua-

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PAN AMERICA IN THE MAGAZINES. 265

ble information is given relative to the wonderful wealth which lies
hidden in the mountain recesses, primeval forests, and virgin fields of
this land of varied resources. The fine illustrations, ranging from
photographs of native Aymara Indians to pictures of railway building,
from the ancient burden-bearing llama train to the modern locomo-
tive, 'end added point and interest to the story.

The authors stiike into their subject in the following terse, almost
epigrammatic style :

Anticipating the opening of the Panama Canal, Bolivia, America's storehouse of
mineral wealth, is busily engaged in spiking rails.

Bolim vraa long the hermit Republic. Years ago she lost her seaports, and, perched
on the roof of the Western World, her metropolis, La Paz, was remote and inaccessible.

Highland La Paz has recently been connected with the Pacific seaboard by a third
rail route. A fourth will, join the Bolivian roads with the giant railway system of

. MKDAL COMMEMORATING THE INAUGURATION OF THE RAILWAY TO THE ANCIENT
SILVER CITY OF POTOSÍ, BOLIVIA, MAY 15, 1912.

The Pan American Union is indebted to Sr. Don Donato M. Dalence, member of the Bolivian National
Congress, and former mayor of Potosi for one of these souvenirs. Sr. Dalence recently spent some
months in the United States arranging for the construction of electric cars for a tramway in Potosi.

.\igentina. Two linea will link the Andean uplands with the navigable waterways
tributary to the Amazon. Two more will unite the rich eastern agricultural lands and
the La Plata River highway. On every side the pent resources of this mighty land-
locked Republic will find an outlet. The commercial liberation of Bolivia is assured.

The topography of the country, its picturesque capital, and the
beginning of railway building are thus graphically presented:

This fifth largest country in the New World lies wholly within the Tropics, yet alti-
tude, rather than latitude, determines climatic conditions. From the lofty plateau
on the west marked by the highest peaks of the Andean Range, the Republic's vast
domain terraces down through smiling temperate valleys to the dense tropic jungle of
the Amazonian plain. No greater contrast on earth can be pictured than that of the
Titicaca Basin and the eastern frontier. The one, treeless, windswept, encircled by

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INAUr.rUATING A NEW SECTION OF A RAILROAD IN BOLIVIA.

'Anticipating the oponing of the Panama Canal. Bolivia, America's storehouse of mineral wealth.
Is busily engaged m spiking rails," say the autnors of "The Liberation of Bolivia." (By Harriet
Chalmers Adams and Franlclin Adams, in the January Review of Reviews.) ^

RACK ROAD AND TINNKL ON THE ARICA-LA PAZ RAILWAY.

"This direct Pacific connection, which brings La Par within 14 hours of the coast, necessitates
the use of 28 miles of cog system, nmchhig an altitude of 14.000 feet. The 267 miles of track cost
«45,0(X) a mile." (From ''The Liberation of Bolivia," in the January Review of Reviews.)

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PAX AMERICA IN THE MAGAZINES. 267

tlie mightiest mountains of the Americas; the other, a sea of tangled verdure in the
^««tof the world's greatest wilderness. In a land so varied the products naturally
i^ver a wide range. Precious metals, wrested from the Titanic strongholds of the
Andes, Tm\ nature's most lavish forest gifts.

It wag in the bleak mining region, 2i miles above sea level, that the Spaniiu-ds first
settled after the conquest, and it is here that the greater portion of the population is
iound to-day. Two-thirds of the country lies in the lowlands, yet 88 per cent of the
pwple live on the plateau. Man is rooted to his native soil. The life of the Bolivian
h^hlander is as dreary as his environment, yet he can not often be tempted down into
^^ garden places just over the Andean wall.

i-a Paz, the capital, has a less trying climate than the other upland citirs. Although

^2,500 feet above sea level, it lies on the floor of a narrow canyon shelterc d from the

^0' hlñsts which sweep over the bl ?dk Puna above . ' ' Kaleidoscopic T.a Paz , " we have

caüpd it— the most picturesque city of the Western Hemisphere — it^ low red-roofed

oiiiJdiûgg huddled between massive frowning walls. Above tower the Andean senti-

ûfis dominated by the snow-clad Illimani, "The White Lady," faithful guardian of

""5 City of the Clouds. Below, in the steep lanes of the streets, the multitinted gowns

^' iûv=» coquettish Cholas and the comic-opera costumes of the coppery Aymarás give

cofor to scenes of great charm and diversity. The modishly dressed men and women

^' uie Boli\'ian upper class form the minority and seem strangers in this bizarre picture.

^ae day is here when progress, that buccaneer of the picturesque, will rob La Paz of

"fi" ^ptivating individuality developed during the years when she lay far removed

t>ni the World's buey marts. Overland travel by mule trail to the coast then occupied

many tedious weeks. The opening of the Arica-La Paz Railway in September, 1912,

'i"^ the Bolivian metropolis within 14 hours of a Pacific port. * * *

Ine first line to reach Bolivian soil was from the Chilean port of Antofagasta, far to

"*e soutii of La Paz. This road, with a gauge of but 30 inches, was originally con-

8 nicted for hauling ore cars from the near-by nitrate beds to the coast. Gradually

extended, as the new nitrate deposits were located, it finally strayed, rather acci-

^'k * into Bolivian territory. Realizing, suddenly, the advantage of a connection

*--* Paz, too late to change its gauge, this little toy track was strung along to

'^ '^'ithin striking distance of the capital. The traffic increase was enormous,

^tin^ in an çamest bid for passenger service and the final equipment of the line

. ^ '^ociem sleeping and dining cars. This is probablv the narrowest train de luxe

'°U^ >^orld.

.. **a.2 is only 200 miles from the sea as the bird flies, but the Antofagasta line

oe over 574 miles of desert and plateau before reaching Oruro, where it connects

^ t>road-gauge road, 146 miles in length, to the capital. The through semi-

• ^*y service occupies about 48 hours. After leaving the nitrate fields, the scenerj-

Q.r^J^^tically Andean. We are up in nature's attic. The Collahuasi branch from

o^*^^^^ is the highest railroad on earth, reaching an altitude of 15,809 feet. * * *

-^^H America is no longer "Mañana Land." The "Time is money" sign has

Bol* ^^ the country. Begrudging the 30 to 50 hours spent in traveling to the Pacific,

riM ^^ now cast an eye on the safe harbor of Arica, only 260 miles from La Paz.

• ^ ^"^liile acquired Bolivia's coast line as a war indemnity, she also held the Peru-

"^rovince of Tacna, in which Arica lies. And, in partial compensation for the

l08B _

g P^\ ixer seaboard, it was (hi lean capital which gave the Arica-La Paz Railway to

THi

jj^ ^ direct Pacific connection, which brings La Paz within 14 hours of the coast,
^y ^*^i"tate8 the use of 28 miles of cog system, reaching an altitude of 14,000 feet. The
^^^^iles of track cost $45,000 a mile. A unique method has been devised by the
Qj^ *^^ixy for overcoming the effect of the quick ascent on weak hearts. Compart-
X^ ^ îsupplied with air containing the sea-level amount of oxygen are provided.
xx^g^^^^V remains for the clever Yankee to invent an oxygen -smelling-bottle for the
^"lio gets off up in Sky land.

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COROCORO, tuf: great copper center of BOLIVIA.

" One of the greatest copwr areas in the world, not excepting our Lake Superior section, is tapped
by the Arica-La Paz line. Last year this Corocoro district sent $800,000 wortii of copper ingots
down to the sea by mule cart, and the new era should show startling figures." (From "The
Liberation of Bolivia," in the January Review of Reviews.)

NEW GOVERNMENT PALACE AT LA PAZ.

One of tlie beautiful mo<lem buildings to be found in "Kaleidoscopic La Paz— the most picturesque
city of the Western Hemisphere," described in "The Liberation of Bolivia." (In tnc January
Review of Reviews.)

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CARTS OF SILVER ORE IN BOLIVIA.

•The Spanish crown cohied over $1,000,000,000 worth of sliver extracted from the famous 'Cerro'
oí Potosí, but after 1873 when depreciation began, the production rapidly declined. A fall in trans-
portation rates will hasten the revival and this year's discovery of four exceptionallv rich silver
mines near Oruro will add to the momentum." (From "The Liberation of Bolivia.*^)

aí

FORDING A RIVER IN THE MONTANA OF BOLIVIA.

"The early mule paths and cart roads have become the railway routes to the coasi. Thoy follow
the natural descents from mountain height to sea level— trails which were used by Uie Incan txio-
ples centuries before white men set foot in the land." Streams like this are now spanned by bridgeas
and modem railway trains transport traveler and baggage through the montaña of Bolivia, accord-
ing to Mr. and Mrs. Adams' article, "The Liberation of Bolivia."

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270 THE PAX AMERICAN UNION.

The mineral wealtli of the country is touched upon in the following
graphic manner:

From Rio Mulato (a ntation on the Antofagasta-Oruro line) a railroad 67 miles in
length has recently been opened to Potosi. Potoei ! How little this name means to
you of the twentieth century ! Yet 300 years ago it was a word to conjure with.
"The richest city in the world," it was called — the magic aerial Mecca overseas. In
thone romantic days of early Spanish dominion, Bolivia was famed for her silver.
Her pedestal still is of silvery' hue; but to-day it is made of tin !

Potoei, the silver Province, has become the center of the Republic's chief expert.
Tin valued at $16,000.000 was shipped out of the country last year. The Straits
Settlements alone outclass Bolivia's production. Of the so-called common metals,
it is the least widely distributed and one of the most costly. The tin deposits are in
the Cordillera Provinces, high up in the Royal Range. We know a number of mines
at an altitude of over 17,000 feet. The more important are equipped with modem

HYDRAULIC MINING IN THE CHUQUIACUILLO RIVER.

3WS the Application of modem Drocasses in extracting the mine
from its ancient Ijeds, desciibea in "The Liberation of Bolivia.'

The picture shows the application of modem proce^sses in extracting the mineral wealth of Bolivia
edin"T '" " ' "

plants. Like gold, tin is taken from rock vein and alluvial deposit; but, unlike gold,
it occurs in a compound, the richest grade ore containing 70 per cent of pure tin.

While this gleaming metal forms the backbone of Bolivia's ex}X)rt, supplying, at
its present high price, almost two-thirds of the entire output, there is strong indica-
tion that silver may again be king. The Spanish Crown coined over $1,000,000,000
worth of silver extracted from the famous "Cerro" of Potosi, but after 1873, when
depreciation began, the production rapidly declined. A fall in transportation rates
will hasten the revival and this year's discovery of four exceptionally rich silver
mines near Oruro will add to the momentum.

The highlands are also rich in bismuth and copper. One of the greatest copper
areas in the world, not excepting our Lake Superior section, is tapped by the new

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PAN AMERICA IN THE MAGAZINES. 271

Arica-La Paz line. Last year this Coro-Coro district sent $800,000 worth of copper
ingots down to the sea by mule cart and the new era should show startling figures.
It has long been known that the earth's richest sulphur deposit is at Tacora, also
liberated by the Arica route. The Italian product, which has held the trade, now has
a serious rival.

After dealing with the building of raUroads in the jungle, such as
tlie Madeira-Mamore, and the opening of the country relative to
the stimulation of its agricultural resources and the likelihood of
gold mining development, the authors conclude:

Bolivia has purchased her freedom. The $30,000,000 she is now spending on rail-
way expansion amounts to |12 for every man, woman, and child within her territory —
white, mestizo, and Indian. The "Song of the Rails" has become the national
anthem and every rail spiked means life. We look forward to the day when the
equable eastern lands will be populated. Here, in Nature's vast plantation, never-
failing crops, rich beyond the reckoning, await the harvest and toward this garden
spot of tropical America the tide of emigration must some day shape its course.

The opening of the Panama Canal sounds the bugle call of West Coast development.
TTie first trans-Andine railway will soon have rivals. The hermit Republic of old is
destined to become South America's greatest central highway when her rails link
the roads of Peru and Chile with those of Argentina and Brazil.

The Dancing Indians of Bolivia, by William A. Reid, in the January
number of Travel, is a delightfully entertaining description of the
annual carnival held in La Paz, the capital of Bolivia. Mr. Reid
who was for five years the acting secretary of the Bohvian legation
at Washington, had occasion to pay numerous visits to this inter-
esting Republic, and was thus given opportunity to study the cus-
toms, habits, and manner of life of the picturesque descendants of
the various ancient Indian tribes which still form a large element
in the population of the remote districts of the third largest country
in South America.

It was upon the occasion of one of these visits that Mr. Reid wit-
nessed the scenes incident to one of their annual fiestas and the fol-
lowing excerpts will give some idea of the entertaining style in which
he deals with his subject:

Landing at Guaqui, on the Bolivian frontier, we found the Indian population
preparing for the annual carnival or fiesta. This fact presented a pleasing foretaste of
events destined to occur at La Paz, the capital city, 40 miles distant. ♦ * *

The first sight of the Bolivian metropolis from the Crusero Alto, the heights where
the steam railway ends, is indescribably grand. The city itself stretches for several
miles over the plain; the red tile roofs of the sky-blue houses (many of the houses
are blue or other fancy color) interwoven among the trees, the awful barrenness of
the snow-capped mountains, seen through the clear atmosphere, unite to form a most
striking panorama. Add to these natural charms the carnival season with its gaieties
and fantastic costumes of the Indians and a more pleasing picture could scarcely be
found.

From the modem electric car, as it followed a circuitous course down the mountain
sides into the city, we could see the Indians gathering on the open plain below. We
could faintly hear their weird music and even discern the gay colors of their blankets

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274 TIIK PAN AMERICAN UNION.

and clothing. From every direction they could be seen marching and chanting and
dancing as they proceeded to their general rendezvous.

Before the day closed probably 5,000 Indians had assembled, including repre-
sentatives of numerous tribes. Descendants of the aristocratic In(»as, many of the
visitors traveled to the fiesta over the very same roads that were constructed by their
ancestors centuries ago. Some of them may even live in the age-worn huts handed
down for generations and which are to be seen to-day in the Andean highlands.

The Indian population of Bolivia is believe<l to number nearly 1,000,000. As in
North America, they are divided into numerous tribes, some of which are warlike,
but the majority are peaceably inclined and contribute largely to native industries.
The Aymará Indians occupy a territory surrounding Lake Titicaca and including a
large part of the Departments of I^ Paz and Oruro, Bolivia. Closer acquaintance
shows them to be strong and muscular, of medium height and of a complexion some-
what darker than their fellow Indians of North America. They are said to be indus-
trious and to be religiously inclined. High cheek bones and general appearance —
excepting clothing, of course — remind one of the sturdy Japanese seen in the rural
districts of the Orient.

The following is Mr. Reid^s graphic picture of these Indians as
they perform their native dance:

Each native appears to have tried to outdo the other in the extravagance and style
of dress. All are well clad, it might be said, for the Aymarás are adepts in the art
of weaving cloth from the wool of the llama and the vicuña, and their best skill has
been called into service in preparing for this great fiesta. The women are curious
^nd interesting specimens of their sex. Clad a la mode, they attract the attention
of the foreigner at once on account of their odd figures, made so by reason of the
number of skirts worn, some of the most fashionable wearing as many as 20 at one
time, with each skirt of a different color and all of the most brilliant shades.

The body is covered with a gaudily embroidered waist, which hangs loosely about
the shoulders, and which we were told had occupied the attention of the wearers for
weeks or even months, and a close inspection reveals the \'ast amount of pMktience
and skill possessed by the makers. A small light-colored felt hat with very narrow
brim completes the dress. From under the hat two long plaits of raven-black hair
hang down to the waist, while neither shoes nor stockings adorn the feet of many of
the women. This barefoot habit is very common. ♦ ♦ *

WTien the dancing is very active a perfect- frenzy seems to seize both man and
woman; they sing and chant and howl, making a noise not at all pleasing to the
stranger's ear. Hands are joined in forming a great circle with scores or even hundreds
of beings composing the links. The whole circle moves around rapidly, first in one
direction, then reversing, and at times sweeping as a great human wave over an acre
or more of ground, until the chain breaks and the members spin around very rapidly,
somewhat resembling the motion of a child's top. The women continue longer than
the men, and here the former have the longed-for opportunity of displaying their
many skirts, which of course rise higher and higher the faster the dance whirls.

These skirts are indeed marvels to behold, and when the wearer is whirling they
almost conceal the head and body; and l)eing so numerous and of such brilliant hues,
they form an animated object both interesting and curious. When it is remembered
that there may be hundreds of men and women in one circle and that there are many
circles active at the same time, some idea may be formed of the animated scene.

The ubiquitous peddler seems to be a characteristic feature not
lacking even in a Bolivian carnival, but here his wares seem to be a
little out of the ordinary, and according to Mr. Reid's account:

His gíKxls and wares are brought thither on his back or upon that of the sacred and
and ever-faithful llama, and ho may have traveled across mountain and valley for

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276 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.

days. His storehouse is the great outdoors and his counter is Motlier Earth. Curious
and novel are the wares offered for sale: Baskets, sandals, pottery, lace, silver pieces,
gold nuggets, ornaments, miniature figures, wonderfully woven ponchos and many
other articles, crude ixs well as of the most skilknl workmanship, that would charm
the North" American curio hunter. Think of the tiny dolls, so verv"^ small that they
may be compared to the wasp or even to the moscpiito, and yet when placed under
the magnifying ghuss show excellent workmanship and are costumed in the so-called
height of fashion. Other line pieces of Jiandicraft especially noticeable are the tray
and goblets and pitcher, all made of w<xk1 and yet so small that the whole may be
passed through the linger ring of a child.

.Utogether the article is original, entertaining, and instructive and
is illustrated with photographs of scenes and individuals taken by
Mr. Reid, which a<ld to its interest.

Argentina and Its Capital, by Don Juan S. Attwell, is the leading
article in The Bay View Magazine for January. Aft^r giving a brief
historical sketch of the country's early struggles for liberty, the
author deals with the Argentine Republic of to-day and gives some
startling facts of its wonderful development. The commercial,
industrial, and agricultural progress of the country are dealt with a*;
follows:

In 1857 the first railroad was ))uilt in Argentina, and at the close of 1911 there were
15,000 miles in operation. Lines now radiate from Buenos Aires to ever>' considerable
town and city in (he country', and these lines are equipped with Pullman cars and as
fine mlling stock as can Ijc found in the United States. There are two transconti-
nental lines from the capital. The benelicial influence of the railway development
on agriculture will l)e seen from the reiM>rt of the wheat crops. Twenty years ago
Argentina did not pnxluce enough wheat for the demands at home; indeeil it was
necessary to buy 5,000,000 bushels abroad. In 1910 Argentina not only raised enough
wheat for its home needs, but sent 71,000,000 bushels to the markets of Europe, and
in 1911 the value of the cereal crop reached the enormous sum of nearly $400,000,000.
In 1911 there were 17,242,000 acres sown to wheat. Were all in one field, it would Im?
half as large as the State of Illinois. All the agricultural and grazing interests are on
a colossal scale. Sixty-seven million sheep are now grazing on the almost boundless
pami)as; while 29,000,000 cattle, 7,500,000 horses, 4,000,000 goats, 1,400,000 hogs, and
239,000 ostriches were counted by the last census. Most of the farms are held in ver\'
large tracts and are farmed by colonies, largely made up of Italians and Germans
A hundred miles from Buenos Aires is an estate 105 miles square, comprising 700,000
acres, stocked with 40,000 cattle, 17,000 horses, and 200,000 sheep. Usually the
Argentine farms embrace 250 to 6,000 acres. The General Government is giving large
attention to improving agriculture and maintains nine experimental farms, where
the latest and best machinery methods and science are being introduced, and by
which all the Republic will be benefited. The growth of vVi^entine agricultural and
grazing industries has l)uilt up an enormous ocean carrying trade, in which 4,000
vessels are engaged between its ports and Europe alone. Sixteen years ago the
volume of exports and imports amounted to $227,000,000, and it has ever since been
growing by leaps and l)ound8. In 1911 the grand total was nearly $690,000,000. Mill-
ions of dollars of American and English capital have been invested in Ai^entina
under the promise of rich returns, which have in the main been realized. The last
census report estai )lished the fact that a very large majority of the industrial works of

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PAN AMERICA IK THE MAGAZINES.

277

all sorts were in the hands of alien owners and under foreign management. There is
here a fine opening for improved American machinery and Yankee enterprise.

According to Mr. Attwell the American laborer, however, had
better stay away, owing to the competition of the cheaper labor
from Italy and other European countries.

The author gives very comprehensive descriptions of Buenos Aires
and closes with the following paragraph :

Argentina is about the last of the
world's vast domains open to the
'* first settlers." There are yet mil-
lions of acres open, but most of
these will be taken in the next dec-
ade or two. The field is most in-
viting to American capital, and as
political affairs are in a settle<l
condition, there is larger security
with great profit. Our masters of
industry are wide-awake to the fact
that those who now enter Argentina
will control its great home markets
for all time to come, and accord-
ingly our bankers, manufacturers,
and organizers are alert to the sit-
uation, and are going there in in-
creasing numbers. There is a strong
North American bank in Buenos
Aires, large commercial houses there
and in other cities, and we are des-
tined to di\nde with England the
industrial busineae of the land. In
1907 the world sold to Argentina
goods worth $318,2r>8,000, and of
this our country had over $39,000,-
000. In 1910, Í33 steamships sailed
from New York for Argentina: in
1911, 151.

Courteny of the Bay Vit* w Mairnzine.

PERUVIAN MOUNTAINEER.

A descendant of the Inca race, who might carry away a

marathon runner's prize, for he has long been trained to

swiftness and endurance. (Illustrating "Descendants

of the Incas," by Gerald ineGuiness, in the January

* "*■ Bai "• " • -- • *

Descendants of the Incas,

by Géraldine Guiness, is an-
other article in the Bay View ""^ber of The fiay view Magazine, Detroit, Mich.)

Magazine for January, dealing with the lives, customs, hardships,
etc., of the Indian populaition of Peru. The author draws a some-
what pathetic picture of the remnant of this vanishing race and in
dealing with the religious side of their lives the prejudice and zeal
of the Protestant missionary is but thinly veiled.

The closing paragraphs of the article which deal with the peculiar,
plaintive music of the Peruvian Indians are interesting as showing

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278 TJIK PAN AMERICAN UNION.

the strain of sadness which seems to underlie the apparent stoicism
of the race. In this connection the author writes:

Certainly the yaravis of Peru are unlike any other music. When first I heard their
plaintive notes come wailing through the night air I listened spellbound to this new
thing. As I came to know and love the ancient melodies they took hold of me in a
strange way. An Indian song can unnerve me in a few minutes; it seems to pluck
at one's heartstrings, making the world a place of spirits where the impossible is
about to happen.

There is surely similarity in spirit and construction between thei^e Indian yaravis
and the sobbing lyrics sung by the exiles of Babylon. They are intensely patriotic
but deeply mournful. The memory of former wrongs has tinged their mcst popular
songs with sadness. The young mother lulls her infant to sleep with verses the
burden of which is sorrow and despair, and the love songs usually express the most
hopeless grief.

Indians are always singing. Far out on the pampa, away from all human habita-
tions, I have heard strange Kechua words crooned by little shepherd Yxyya: liarv esters,
as they toil uphill with their immense loads of barley, invariably sing some plaintive
old song; and families traveling along the dusty roads unite their voices in strange
part harmonies to wailing melodies in minor key.

The World Race for the Rich South American Trade, by Charles
Lyon Chandler, of the United States Consular Service, in tlie January
number of the World's Work, is a timely study of the commercial
relation between the United States and the great Republics of South
America. Mr. Cliandler has spent several years in various countries
in Latin America and in dealing witli the situation does not depend
upon hearsay evidence. In the strenuous competition for South
American trade tlie manufacturers and exporters of the L^nited
States are handicapped, according to Mr. Chandler, by lack of bank-
mg facilities, by meager sources of correct* news, by inadequate
knowledge of conditions, and by misdirected traimng of their trade
representatives.

In consideruig the banking situation and in ui^ing tlie modifica-
tion of the law governing our national banks, Mr. Chandler cites
some rather striking instances, which came under his personal obser-
vation, which seem to demonstrate the urgent necessity of extend-
ing the banking facilities if the exporting interests of the United
States are to liope for their share of this growing trade. As an
instance of the many handicaps under which the business man of the
United States labors in his competition for trade Mr. Chandler says:

It is currently reported in South America that one chain of banking organizations
sends copies of every invoice in its hands^ -and a tçood many of these invoices are
from Ameiican customers — to the head office of the bank in one of the European capi-
tals, for the information generally of exporters in that countiy. That country- is one
of America's largiist competitors in the world's markets. Surely any Amenizan ex-
porter can realize what an advantage it would be to him if he knew every price quoted
by every French, EngHsh, German, and Italian firm to every South American buyer.
This practice can hardly be condemned if we Yankees refuse to do our own banking.

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DEPOSITS AND CONSIGNMENTS BANK, LIMA, PERU.

Mr. Charles Lyon Chandler urges the modification of our national banking laws in order that financial
institutions of the United States may l)e enabled to extend their operations to the leading countries
of Latin America, and thus aid in the extension of our foreign commerce. In his article, "The
World Race for the Rich South American Trade," the necessity for sJich extension is plainly
indicated.

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THE BRITISH BANK IX BTENOS AIRES, FOUNDED IN lv>-3.

This is one of the numerous foreifn^ banks which may Ik» found in Buenos Ain s. where England, Ccr-
manv, Fmnce, Ilaiy. Spuin, and other Eurojx'an countries have established financial institutions
which aid the ex^x)rters of their respective countries verv materially in securing mucli of the grwil
volume of Arjientma's foreign trade, as sin out by Charles Lyon Chandler, in his article in the Januar)'
numljer of The World's Work.

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PAN AMERICA IN THE MAGAZINES. 281

Another argument as to the advisability of extending the financial
interests of the United States in South America by Mr. Cliandler is
well worth quoting:

The more heavily we finance oui foreign commerce with our own capital the sooner
we become a creditor nation. The development of new countries is dependent upon
creditor nations to finance their growth — to build railroads, canals, and wagon roads,
to found stories and other industrial institutions, and, above all, to take up the
issues of national and local bonds. There is no part of the world of which it would be
more advantageous for us to become a creditor nation than Latin America. If we do
this we will be an integral part of the growth of those countries, and, controlling the
financial supplies furnished, we will secure a prior lien, as it were, on its future pros-
perity and on its business generally.

But England, France, Germany, and even Holland, have so far
anticipated us in this respect as to make it problematical to many,
at first sight, whether an American banking institution there would
stand the strain of competition with those which have been for 50
years established in the field. This doubt, however, is quickly dis-
sipated when the volume of our commerce in South America is con-
sidered. We have the commerce and that is the essential warrant
for the existence of a bank. In one decade, from 1901 to 1911, our
exports to South America increased 288 per cent. In that period
the total trade of South America increased somewhat more than 150
per cent. To-day tlje Argentine Republic stands ninth among our
customers; in 1900 she was fourteenth. Brazil stands thirteenth;
10 years ago she was sixteenth. * * *

We do not realize the price we pay foreign bankers on this immense trade between
the two continents. It has been roughly estimated that the British banks alone have
made more than $80,000,000 from citizens of the United States in South America, and
some authorities will tell you that this is too low an estimate. The toll is constant.
It is like the old French seignorial rrver dues, that never ceased because the river
never stopped Oowing.

Mr. Chandler also takes up the need of young men who can best
adapt themselves to new and unusual conditions to get the business
for United States exporters; discusses the need for better news
service: thoughtfully considers the need of immigration for South
America; and finally gives a general survey of the effects of the open-
ing of the Panama Canal on the great west coast of the continent.
The article is one which should be generally distributed among those
who are interested in the extension of the foreign commerce of the
United States, for the whole situation is gone over in its clear and
comprehensive survey of the subject, and that by one who speaks
from actual personal observation and experience and has the ability
to present the case forcibly and yet succinctly.

Sonth American Pearl Fisheries, by Lucile Vernon, is an insti'uctive
article on this important industry in the January number of the
Bay View Magazine. A brief historical account of pearl fishing and

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282 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.

of the old methods employed on the Ceylon fislieries is given before
tlie author enters into the history of the mdustry in America which,
according to the article ^* begins with the discover}- of the Western
World by Columbus, who wrote glowing accounts to Queen Isabella
of tlie beautiful necklaces and bracelets of pearls which he found
the Indians of the Gulfs of Paria and Cariaco in Venezuela wearing,
and which they so eagerly exchanged for broken bits of gaudily
decorated Valencian plate. When Vasco Nunez Balboa crossed tlie
Isthmus of Panama in 1513, he found the Indians along the shores
of the Gulf of St. Michael collecting pearls from oysters washed ashore
during violent storms, as well as diving for them a short distance
from the shore. ^*

As to the industry in Venezuela the author writes:

In Venezuela the piincipai oyster beds are located around the island of Margarita,
which word in Spanish means pearl, and at Cubagua, El Timno, Gulfs of Paria and
Coro, Porlamar, Maracapana, and Macanao, so that this pait of Venezuela became
known to the early Spaniards afi the "pearl coast." These fisheries were very rich
when found by the Sjmniards, but during the 50 years following their discovery were
practically ruined by overfishing * * *. During the past century fishing has
been revived from time to time, principally by European firms, and at the present
time extensive operations are being carried on by a French firm holding a concession
from the Venezuelan Government. Modem diving apparatus, as well as dredging, is
employed, and some planting has been done. Most of the i>earl8 taken from the waters
in this vicinity are sent to Paris. •

More than 400 sailing vessels and 2,000 men are constantly at work on the different
beds along the Pearl coast and among the islands. Many of the diflScultiea encoun-
tered on the Pacific coast are not present here, principally that of the great tide varia-
tion, which here is not over 3 feet. Most of the divers work independently, securing
a license at Margarita on the payment of a small sum. The yearly value of the prod-
uct of the beds in the immediate vicinity of the island of Margarita is approximately
$600,000.

As to the fisheries of the Pacific coast the writer continues:

The principal fisheries of the Pacific are among the Islas del Rey, or Kings islands,
now known as the Pearl Islands, lying in the Gulf of Panama, about 50 miles from the
city of Panama, and consisting of Rey Island, Pacheca, Pedro Gonzales, San Joee,
and a number of smaller islands to the north. Other important fisheries are found
among the islands of Coiba, Coibita, Jicarón, Secas, and Contreras, to the northwest
and off the south coast of Chiriqui and Veraguas. Rich beds have at times been
found along the shores of the Golfo Dulce, in Costa Rica, and around Punta Burica,
in Panama. Some beds are worked along both the Pacific and Atlantic coasts of
Colombia, and on the Pacific side down as far as Ecuador and Peru * * *.

The Costa Rica, Panama, and Colombia fisheries are famous for their black, green,
and bluish tinted pearls, although many beautiful delicate pinks have been found.
In March of last year there was found on the south coast of Chiriqui by the divers of
the governor of Chiriqui, a pearl weighing 42 carats, about the size and shape of a
partridge egg, greenish black at the base and becoming lighter toward the tapered
end, which was of a light steel color. This gem was offered for sale in Panama, but
was sold in Paris some months later for $5,000.

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PAX AMERICA IN THE MAGAZINES. 283

The Spanish Church in liew York City, *"Our Lady of Hope/' in
The Architectural Record for January, is a somewhat technical
description of this recent addition to the architectural beauties of
New York, by L. R. McCabe. The author begins his description as
follows:

Although it i» 420 years since the discovery of America, 1912 finds New York
with its first Spanish church.

The Church of Our Lady of Hope is situated on One hundred and fifty-sixth Street,
near the Riverside Drive. It is within the spacious terrace (originally Audubon
Park) crowned to-day by the Museums of the Hispanic and Numismatic Societies of
America, the whole imposingly sentineled, as it were, on the Broadway side at the
comer of One hundred and fifty-sixth Street, by the building of the Geographical
Societ>* of America.

The Spanish church is fourth in this unique group of buildings of which the His-
panic Museum is the motif. When the One hundred and fifty-fifth Street comer
, has its building in architectural conformity with the Geographical Society's home
there will be a monumental entrance from Broadway to this natural terrace over-
looking the Hudson River * ♦ «.

The church, in keeping with the other buildings, is an adapted style of the Italian
renaissance. It is distinctly Roman in design ♦ ♦ ♦. Spain, like all Europe,
was influenced by the early and later Italian renaissance. It retained, however, as
does ever>' nation, certain inherent qualities, which are best defined as feeling. It
is this Spanish feeling that both architect and decorator have aimed to embody in
Our Lady of Hope.

The church has a portico of four Ionic columns of terra cotta surmounted by an
ornamental pediment and cross of the same material, unlike the other buildings
of the group, which are gray limestone, the church is built of buff brick with buff
terra-cotta cornices and trim, crowned by an ornamental terra-cotta balustrade. The
change in material relieves the eye and varies the color.

In the interior a vestibule leads to galleries and organ loft and into the body of
the church, which is 80 feet deep, with a seating capacity of 400. The nave is formed
by high round archee, crowned by a dome and a flat stained-glass skylight. This is
the only New York church known to architect or decorator with nave illuminated
by a flat skylight roof. The aisles on either side of the nave are broken by galleries,
with balconies between the arches. These side aisles are lighted by six beautiful
8tained-glaœ memorial windows of American design and English execution.

When the exterior of the building was finished the interior of the
church was turned over to Mr. Caryl Coleman for decoration, and the
article continues:

This erudite authority on ecclesiastical art devised and executed a scheme of
decoration which virtually converts Our Lady of Hope into a literal substantiation of
a title given to the Mother of God in her litany — House of Gold.

Mr. Coleman, having been immensely impresse<i with the gold
Church of the Annunciation in Genoa, had determined that some
(lay he would make a gold church. Sufficient funds for so much of
the precious metal being lacking, he set about for a substitute. This
was accomplished by lining the entire wall space with aluminum, and
bv substituting oil for alcohol in the mixing of the glazes, Mr. Coleman

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y i»| The Anhltcotiiral Kooortl.

"OUR LADY OF HOPE," THE SPANISH CHURCH IN NEW YORK.

'Tho ground level of Our Lady of Hope is some 15 h^i above the street: its roof line is about oven with
that of the other I'lnldinj^s of the group. It is nuiched from the street by a ilicht of steps l>roken by two
huuiings. The steps are made of l)uu l)rick ornamented with buíT terfa-ootra bahistrades, which lead
to a small terrace in front of the l«uil(ling. This terrace has a term-colta balustrade supi>orting bronre
lamps" f Illustrating "The Spanish Church in New York City," "Our Lady of Hope," by L. R.
McCal)i', in the January Architectural Record.)

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('ourt«iy of The Architi'ctuml Record.

DECORATION BY SOROLLA, «OUR LADY OF HOPE," NEW YORK

CITY.

"The two sido altars, architectural and pictorial complément of the High Altar,
are enriched bypain tings from twoof Spain's greatest living artists— Madrazo
rtnd Sorolla. ^Fhese side altars were gifts of Mr. J. Pierpont Morgan and Mr.
Fmderic C. Penfleld." ( Illustrating Mr. L. R. McCaÍJo's art icle in the January
Agricultural Record.)

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Courtí'.sy of Tlu- Ar(lille<;lural Hr<'Oi<l.

DETAIL-THE ALTAK-"OrK LADY OF HOPE," NEW YORK CITY.

Tlip door of lho talternarlr of lho Jli^ih Aliar is a p m of Christian syinl<olisni and thp polflsmith's art. It
is niadf of ]»ars of piirt' K^>Ui, n'i>ouss<' aii<l chisi'h'd work, ♦•nrichod with iiansparf-nt rnanu'l of storling
silver iiradinj; from a sihor tone lo a d« cp • mnald. 'lho kry of lliis door is of pold and diamonds, onof»
pari of the personal jewelry of a well4i)own Sj :inish-Ameri« an wuman in whos»- m< raorv il was mad<».
Ui» a side altar are a enicifix and six eandlestii ks nuule of j>nre ^old aiui iransjian'm «^nainels. Exfeplms
the body of lhe cross, which is a rejirodnct ion from an Italian work of the firt«>»-nth century, the decorntur
as-^-ris thai tlu- whole is absolutely orij.'inal in design, as are the four l)ronze memorial lamps in the na\e.
Not only candlesticks, crucifix, missalstands. praying desks, consirral ion crossi-s. and holy watcrsloui s,
but thcpoor I oxcs liarmonizc with one another in i>criod. style, and color, while lhe whole is in com-
plete vuiison with the architectural cliaracter of lhe l)uildinp. making "'Our Lady of Hope" not only a
*'1hin« of beauty."' bul an auditorium of Christian art well worth the study of architect, decorator, and
builder, if noi the "man in the sireel." (From "The Spardsh Church in New "i'ork City. Our Lady of
Hope. " in the January Archiieelural Keconl).

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PAN AMERICA IN THE MAGAZINES. 287

has obtained veritable gold effects that promise the wear of the real
metal.

Mr. ^icCabe enters into details of the magnificent interior decora-
tions somewhat too technical and too numerous for quotation. Anent
the altars he writes:

The maaterpiece of the gold church is the high altar. So succesafully have architect
and decorator collaborated that it is apparent to the untutored eye that the church
was built to enshrine it.

"I am particularly proud of the altars,'* confessed Mr. Huntington- -their beauty
of color, the rich yellow Sienna marble carved as only Italy can carve, the propor-
tions of their parts, their complete harmony with each other, and the architecture of
the church make them the handsomest altars in New York.

The high altar is the gift of Mrs. Frederic C. Penfield, and the sanctuary floor of
marble and mosaic and the Sienna marble communion rail and bronze door are all
worked out on lines in well-studied harmony with it.

The two side altars, architectural and pictural complement of the high altar, are
enriched by paintings from two of Spain's greatest living artists — Madrazo and Sorolla.
These side altars were the gifts of Mr. J. Pierpont Morgan and Mr. Frederic C. Penfield.

In the enrichment of the altars there is much to recall the days of Beni Cellinni, so
scholarly the care, so finished the art with which minutest details are worked out.

The church, which has been blessed by Cardinal Farley, will be
consecrated in the spring. In the words of the cardinal, '*It is a
gem of beauty and a triumph of Christian art.''

Paraguay and the Paragnayans^ by Elizabeth Fitzhugh, in the
Bay View Magazine for Januarj^ is an article which embodies con-
siderable information anent the least known country of South
America. The writer likens the country to the Iransvaal in its
geographical location, size, industries, etc. lhe war of 1865-1870 is
dealt with at some length, and the climate, products, and chief
industry are treated in the following style:

The climate of Paraguay is very fine, and has been compared to that of the Canary
Islands. It is warmer than any part of the United States, except perhaps Key West,
for in that favored island the coconut palm will grow, which it will not do in Paraguay.
It may be compared, then, to the climate of southern Florida, although Florida is not
free from the blighting north winds which freeze the oranges on the trees, and in
Paraguay no such calamity is known. The orange tree flourishes here in all its lux-
uriant beauty and fruitfulness, without danger of frost or need of irrigation; indeed,
Paraguayan oranges are unexcelled, though scarcely any attention is paid to their
cultivation, and grafted or budded trees are almost unknown * * ♦.

The principal agricultural product of Paraguay is yerba maté, of which about
17,600,000 pounds are secured annually. Its name has really little significance, since
verba means "herb" and maté is dried gourd, out of which a liquid made out of the
verba is drunk. The Indians knew this plant and used it long before the invasion of
the Spaniards, and they were found to be using a drink made of it * * *.

The yerba is gathered by the natives, who carry only a small ax and the simplest
oí provisions and sufficient water. His desire is to find the plant as near the camp as
possible, 90 as to accomplish results immediately. The trees are of all sizes, from a
fdirub to the height of a full-grown orange tree, but the smaller the plant the better is

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288 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.

the tea made from its leaves. They grow irregularly, sometimes only a few to an acre,
scattenîd throughout the general forest, or again they may be found in numerous
clumps, from which a bounteous harvest is easily obtained.

VVTien cutting begins it is continued until a mountain of branches is collected and
piled up in the form of a haystack. The peons then fill their ponchos and hurry away
with their loads * * *.

Then the smoking begins and lasts for about three days, the native skill, ba¿»ed to a
great extent upon tradition, being trusted to decide the proper moment when the
leaves have reached the exact degree of dryness for preparation into powder. Twenty-
four hours is probably the minimum time for exposing the leaves to the heat. The
drink made from the yerba is also called Paraguayan tea, and is almost as popular
with the natives as coffee, indeed some preferring it to coffee.

The article closes with a complimentary' description of the native
Paraguayans and their clean and frugal lives and the general con-
tentment and happmess of the farming classes.

Shifting the Calendar in South America, by William H. P. Walker,
in the January 11 number of Town and Country, is an entertaining
article which deals with the interesting feature>s of South American
travel. The writer touches briefly on the attractive cities of the
West Indies usually visited by tourists and, before entering upon
more detailed descriptions of the great metropolitan cities of South
America, gives the reader the following glimpse of what he may
expect to find on a tour of that continent:

But the main interest in these notes naturally centers in the great continent itself,
the new South America. Travelers have begun to realize that some of the largest,
most stately and beautiful cities in the world lie below lhe Equator. Artists supervise
the municipal improvementB. There are superb harbors, parks, statues, squares,
avenues, residences, and public buildings. The women of social standing are noted
for their beauty and are gowned in the latest Paris mode. Representative men. in
their bearing and manners, are distinguished by a fine Old World courtesy. They
have their universities, art galleries, libraries, and museums, to say nothing of the many
notable churches and cathedrals. They are a pleasure-loving people, and have some
of the very laiigest and handsomest theaters and opera houses in the world, in which
renowned virtuosi appear. They read and know what is going on. What is probably
the finest newspaper establishment anywhere is in South America. One of the greatest
printing presses made in this country was recently shipped to the publishers. South
America has its bankers, financiers, and millionaires. The continent teems with
resources.

Rio de Janeiro, Sao Paulo, Montevideo, Buenos Aires, Santiago,
Valparaiso all come in for a share of the author's attention, while
five fine illustrations of Rio de Janeiro and its environment lend
added interest to the article.

Chilean Nitrate as Fertilizer is the title of a comprehensive article
in the January 2, 1913, issue of the the Journal of Commerce and
Commercial Bulletin (New York), which treats at considerable length
and with much thoroughness of this most valuable of plant foods.
According to the writ<ir of this instructive article:

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PAN AMEBIOA IK THE MAGAZINES. 289

The most important and vitalizing element of plant food is available nitrogen. It
is the one element of plant food which is requisite to every form of plant life, and it is
alao the one which is in almost every case deficient. There are few soils that can not
be improved by increasing their supply of nitrogen. ♦ * ♦

It follows, therefore, that the best practical form to furnish nitrogen to plants is one
in which the process of nitration has already been completed and the fertilizer is
immediately available as plant food. Nitrate of soda, which contains the nitrate
necesntry for the growth of plants, is not only the best but the most economical form
of nitrogen fertilizer. * * *

The great superiority of nitrate of soda as a form of supplying nitrogen to the soil
has been denumstrated by the most exhaustive and convincing experimental tests
conducted in the fields of experiment stations, of Europe and America. There has,
thereiate, arisen a widespread interest in the question of available supply of nitrate
of soda, and some rumors have circulated that the supply might soon be exhausted,
but investigations as to the conditions in Chile, wheie the nitrate beds are located,
show that there is an available supply sufficient for the world's use for the next three
or four centuries.

The only available source of supply for the nitrate of soda of commerce is located in
Chile, between the eighteenth and twenty-seventh degrees south latitude, in the Prov-
inces of Tarapaca and Antofagasta, between the coast range and the Andes. The
principal deposits are found in a long narrow strip, about 2} miles in width, the deposits
being from 14 to 40 miles from the Pacific Ocean. The center of the nitrate trade is
Iquique.

The nitrate is not found in the nitrate beds in the form in which it comes to market,
but in the form of a mingai, which is called ' ' caliche. ' ' The region where this mineral
is found b a rainless desert absolutely devoid of vegetation^ and the beds exist at a
height of from 3,<X)0 to 5,000 feet above sea level. The raw nitrate, ''caliche," is not
known to exist anywhere else in the world in commercial quantities outside of the
district of Chile above briefly indicated, and from there the world's demand, con-
stuiúy increasing, is supplied through the ports of Iquique and Pisagua.

Many details of the astounding results of the use of nitrate of soda
as a fertilizer are given, as well as the varied uses of the chemical in
many manufacturing industries.
The completion of the Panama Canal-
Says the writer —
will put the United States, and especially the Gulf and Atlantic seaboards, in much
better toudi with the sources of supply of this wonderful fertilizing material, the
demand for and use of which will without doubt greatly increase when the distance
of the supply is cut in two by the canal.

Iron Ore Disappears from Eastern Markets, by C. J. Stark, in the
January 9, 1913, issue of the Iron Trade Review, is a very compre-
hensive treatment of the iron industry of the island Republic. Few
people have any conception of the wealth of Cuba's mineral
resources, and save those directly interested in the importation of
iron ore it may come as a surprise to learn that of the total imports
by the United States of foreign ore in 1912 considerably over one-
half came from Cuba. The estimated imports, by countries, for the
year was — Cuba, 1,426,000 tons; Sweden, 330,000; Newfoundland,
170,000; Spain, 90,000; Canada, 90,000; and from all other countries,
40,000.

75662— Bull. 2— Î3 ^9

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290 THE PAN AMEBICAN UNION.

The following paragraph presents the situation very conservatively:

More and more, if it has not yet been fully demonstrated, the commanding impor-
tance of the iron-ore deposits of Cuba with relation to the eastern market is becoming
emphasized. As the development of these properties expands year after year, the
vast extent of the deposits is becoming more clearly proven. Their geographical
position with respect to the eastern Pennsylvania furnace zone is among ¿he most
favorable of all the sources of supply outside the boundaries of the United States that
feed that active center of pig-iron production. The difficulties and uncertainties that
surround the carriage of iron ore great distances across the seas have on many occa-
sions impressed themselves with practical weight upon eastern furnace men. Cuba's
comparatively short distan'ce from Baltimore and Philadelphia, and the fact that its
situation is such that it enjoys a steady commerce with the leading eastern ports,
greatly reduce the unfavorable features of ocean ore haul, in that ample shipping
accommodations can normally be obtained.

Fair Play, A Weekly Beview, published by the Braun- White Co.,
a New York corporation, announces that its management has passed
into new hands and that it will not only be considerably enlarged,
but its scope and influence will abo be extended. Its columns will
embrace a wide range of subjects, and a special feature will consist of
an important section to be devoted exclusively to matters pertaining
to the commercial relations of the United States with the Latin-
American Republics. It is stated that —

this section will furnish information of the highest value and importance to the finan-
cial, mercantile, shipping, and industrial interests of the two Americas, and at the
same time will deal with all matters relating to Pan Americanism, from the standpoint
that the extension of commercial intercourse shall be accompanied by a corresponding
growth of friendly feeling, based on respect for the rights of all nations irrespective of
their power or weakness.

Mr. Leopold Grahame, a gentleman who has spent years in Latin
America, and whose abihty as a writer and publicist is widely known,
will be editor in chief of the publication. His extensive acquaintance
with the political and economic questions of the several American
Republics will add much to the prestige of the Review in its chosen
field. The Bulletin welcomes it as a valued addition to its exchange
list.

Among other interesting articles and sketches in the December
14 issue of Fair Play we note an entertaining and informative article
by Mr. Grahame on Paraguay, in which are embodied some personal
recollections of scenes and incidents of a visit to Asuncion some 10
years ago. In contrasting conditions of that period with those of
the present, the writer takes occasion to note the vast improvement
and progress made by the Republic, as follows:

As illustrating the progress made by ¿he Republic, largely through foreign enter-
prise and capital, during the last few years, it may be said that the city of Asuncion
is to-day, in many respects, a modem capital. Electric lighting has substituted the
old oil and gas lamps. Impassable roads have been placed in prefect order. The old
horse and steam tramways have been supplanted by a splendid up-to-date electric

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PAN AMÉRICA IN THE MAGAZINES. 291

tamway^service. New hotels of the modem type have sprung up and are equipped
with the latest appointments, while bathrooms, imknown in that city a few years ago,
are now regarded as a necessity. The railway which at the time of my visit had its
terminus to the San Bemadino- Lake, has now been extended in one direction 154
miles to Pirapo, whence large quantities of the famous quebracho wood is exported,
and in another to Encamación and Posadas, where a train ferry crosses the Parana
into the Argentine Republic; and, by an alteration of grade to that of the Argentine
ndlways, Paraguay is not only in direct railway commimication with the neighboring
countries, but the journey between Asuncion and Buenos Aires can now be performed
in 36 hours, as against the old time of from 5^ to 6 days. During the last five years the
cattle of the country, of which there are about 5,000,000 head, have been undergoing
a refining process by the introduction of Argentine-bred Durham and Hereford bulls.
Some of the largest producers of meat extracts have established factories in the country.
Many thousands of tons of tobacco are exported annually to Germany, and considerable
quantities of quebracho wood and the extract therefrom are shipped to the United
States. Last year more than a hundred millions of oranges and large quantities of
bananas were exported to Argentina and Uruguay, as were also large consignments of
yerba maté (Paraguayan tea), which is used lûgely throughout South America in
place of ordinary tea and coffee, being regarded as highly stimulating, while much
cheaper in cost.

La Vie Internationale, a monthly review published in Brussels,
is the latest valuable addition to the Columbus Memorial Library
collection of foreign magazines. This review, which treats of all
subjects of international importance and interest, is the organ of
the Union of International Associations GJnion des Associations In-
ternationales), organized in Brussels in 1910 during a world's congress
in which 1 32 international organizations were represented. The scope
of the work undertaken by the International Union is very broad and
far-reaching in its effect, as it purposes to federate all international
associations created within the last 50 years; to establish permanent
relations and cooperation between them, to unify their methods and
to coordinate their organization and program. One of the interesting
features of the program of the International Union is the holding of
a world's congress every three years, at least, in which all the different
international societies will be represented. The international
center has been established in Brussels, the headquarters of 87 in-
ternational associations, in a building furnished by the Belgian Gov-
ernment, in which are located a great number of associations. In
connection with the union an interesting international museum has
been organized which occupies 16 rooms and includes more than
3,000 objects and pictures. The International Collective Library
contains 75,000 volumes and the Universal Bibhographical Index
comprises 11,000,000 cards classified by subjects and authors.

In addition to the- Vie International, the Union International pub-
lished the "Acts of the World's Congresses" (reports, discussions, and
decisions), a "Handbook of International Life" (Annuaire de la Vie
Internationale), a monograph giving a summary of all the facts of the
permanent investigations on international life and organization and a

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292 THE PAN AMEBICAN UNION.

code of the decisions and resolutions of international congresses.
This latter publication is under preparation.

The Union International is maintained by the voluntary subscrip-
tions of the affiliated associations, by Government appropriations,
and by private donations. It has been endowed by the Interparlia-
mentary Union and by the Carnegie Endowment for Intemationd
Peace.

A recent number of La Vie International contains a very interesting
article on the International Institute of Agriculture, which was
founded in Rome by an American citizen, Mr. David Lubin. It also
publishes information in regard to the international expositions to
be held in the near future and a calendar of the international con-
gresses and gatherings which are scheduled for the next few years,
and their places of meeting.

uniformity in Consular Invoices, a most instructive and timely
paper, was presented at the Fifth International Congress of Chambers
of Conunerce, at the recent meeting in Boston, by Mr. Wilbur J. Carr,
Director of the United States Consular Service. In his opening
statements Director Carr says:

The tendency everywhere is toward simplification of the methods by which rela-
tions are carried on between nations and individnab, toward economy of effort and of
financial outlay, toward mutual understanding as a basis of political as well as com-
mercial intercourse. Nations as well as individuab are steadily becoming more and
more dependent upon one another, and through international unions and bureaus
and in other ways are seeking to clear away one by one the causes of misunderstand-
ing and of needless expense.

Other important subjects in regard to which there would seem to be great need of
uniform requirements are census and commercial statistics, technical requirements of
customs regulations, and consular invoices. Of the latter subjects the least difficult
of adjustment upon a basis of substantial uniformity would seem to be that of consular
invoices.

It is therefore in the United States, Mexico, Central and South America that the
consular invoice is most generally required. With the exception of Argentina,
Uruguay, and Costa Rica, all of the Latin American Republics, including Cuba,
Haiti, and the Dominican Republic, require consular invoices for imports into their
territory. Argentina requires a certificate of origin, however, which in many respects
is the practical equivalent of the consular invoice. It is well known that the United
States requires consular invoices.

Continuing, Mr. Carr relates numerous facts that are especially
interesting to exporters and importers, or, rather, to those of our
manufacturers who are reaching ou t to foreign markets and who are now
becoming directly concerned with international intercourse. A care-
fully compiled table giving the regulations of many countries in r^ard
to consular invoices and a proposed style of uniform international
consular invoice add to the importance of Mr. Carr's paper, which
has been well received by many leading conunercial bodies of the
world.

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PAN AMEBIOA IK THE MAGAZINES. 298

The Bulletin takes advantage of this opportunity to give due
credit to the Scientific American for the illustration of the Gatun
locks, which appeared on page 1018 of our November issue, in the
review of Mr. Edwards's article, '*Our Canal/' from the October Bay
View Magazine.

It also wishes to state that since the legend was prepared for the
picture, "The National Institute, Panama," on page 1015 of that
same issue, Hon. Edwin Grant Dexter, former Commissioner of Edu-
cation of Porto Rico, succeeded Dr. George Goetz, as head of the
institute.

The Hational Memorial to Lincoln^ in January Art and Progress,
the organ of the American Federation of Arts, of Washington, con-
tains much data relative to the progress that has been made on this
long-delayed tribute to the memory of Lincoln. It will be recalled
that in 1911 Congress appropriated $2,000,000 for this memorial and
at the same time appointed a committee to consider the subject.
Potomac Park will probably be selected as the site, and the memorial,
with its dozen magnificent and stately columns, will add still another
costly edifice to the many that already adorn that section of the
National Capital.

Sontb and Central Anierica, in Mining and Scientific Press; of San
Francisco, for January 4, is the title of a brief review of mining
progress in the southern countries. The article begins:

Interest among mining engineers and investors is turning rapidly toward Latin
America. There is a growing conviction that in the great countries to the south are
to be found the most important mineral deposits remaining to be mined. Arrange-
ments are being made to give in the Mining and Scientific Press more space to Latin-
American development.

El Tocado de Plumas de los Indígenas de America, by Isabel
Krickberg in January Hojas Selectas, of Barcelona, is a very attrac-
tive article treating of the headdress of the Indians of the Americas.
Splendidly colored halftones give the reader a better understanding
of these peculiar adornments of the red man, whose dress and mode
of Ufe have ever been objects of interest. The article as well as the
pictures throw much light upon the subject.

El Progreso de Puerto Eico, of San Juan, for December 14, con-
tains as frontispiece a picture of the opening of the United States
Congres. The same journal also carried pictures of Gov. Mann, of
Virginia, Miss Eleanor Wilson, daughter of the President-elect, and
as a new phase of woman suffrage another picture representing a
Chinese girl in Califomia casting a vote for President of the United
States.

Las Piedras Preciosas del Uruguay, in Fray Mocho, of Buenos Aires,
December 6, is the subject of a profusely illustrated article dealing
with the precious stones of the Uruguayan Republic.

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294 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.

Los Ferrocarriles de Cuba (Railroads of Cuba), in Cuba en Europa,
Barcelona, for December 15, is an interesting article, with several
illustrations depicting the railroad progress of Cuba during recent
years.

Los Fenicios en America, by David de Mon joy, in Mercurio de
Barcelona, November 28, forms a page of interesting matter, the
illustrations of which are rather uncommon. Dr. Narciso Alberti, of
the Dominican Repubhc, who is an authority on antiquities, has dis-
covered some important facts which are brought out in the article.

Cuba: sn Literatura Actual, el Ambiente, by Bernardo G. Barros,
in the December number of La Revista de America, Paris, covers a
dozen pages. Aside from the well written article, the editor's foot-
note describes Sefior Barros as a brilliant young writer and novelist of
whom Cuba should be justly proud.

Maniobras Militares en Bolivia, is the title of an article in Caras y
Caretas, of Buenos Aires, for November 16. Nine illustrations add
interest to the context and indicate the degree of progress that the
military arm of Bolivia has attained — a progress that insures peace
and tranquillity which this interior Republic has enjoyed for a number
of years: The maneuvers were reviewed by President Villazon, whose
address to the soldiers and citizens breathed of progress and advance-
ment along all Unes of commercial and industrial activity.

El Cultivo del Cacao, La Alfalfa, La Baza de Alpaca Suri, are inter-
esting continued articles appearing in November issue of La Riqueza
Agricola, of Lima. Numerous other timely topics are discussed in
this magazine, which is doing important work in advancing Peruvian
agriculture in its varied branches.

Bevista da Semana, of Rio de Janeiro, December 7, devotes a
dozen pages to the sad duty of portraying the funeral ceremonies of
the wife of the President of the Republic. The untimely death of the
first lady of Brazil on November 30 last cast a gloom over the country.
Madame Orsina da Fonseca had endeared herself to the BraziUan
people by her many noble qu ah ties, and the Revista illustrates the
last sad rites paid to her memory.

Bevue Hispanique, the organ of the Hispanic Society of America,
New York, volume 25, number 67, contains a full page reproduction
of a painting of Cervantes, which, together with a well-written
article, forms an interesting contribution to the biography of this
famous man of letters.

Coffee is Being Exported to America at Lower Bates than to Europe,
by Lorenzo Daniels, in the December Tea and Coffee Trade Journal,
New York, is an interesting address which was delivered before the

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PAN AMEBICA IN THE MAGAZINES. 295

National Coffee Roasters' Association of the United States. Mr.
Daniels makes a strong plea for the North American business men
to visit South America, and points out the new facilities that are now
at the disposition of the American public.

Investment Opportunities in the Continent of America is the subject
of several pages of well-written matter appearing in the Financial
Review of Reviews, of London, for January. The writer, who
signs himself "The Financial Critic," begins his article as follows:

In no part of the inhabited globe haa commerce and industry been developed bo
rapidly, during the last few yeare, as on the two American continents. A study of
North and South American commercial and industrial records reveals quite an
extraordinary expansion in aJ directions.

San José de Cuenta is the title of a descriptive article appearing in
Revista Nacional de Colombia, of Bogota, for November 23. This
city, better known as Cúcuta, is the capital of the Department of
the same name and was foimded in 1733. Ten fine illustrations
give the reader a fair idea of the progress of the city, which has
been marked by many improvements during recent years. The
same journal also contains an obituary of one of Colombians most
distinguished and honored citizens, Don Roberto Herrera Restrepo,
whose recent death was widely mourned.

Merenrio, of Barcelona, for November 14, contains cuts and
short sketches of the new presidents of Cuba and the United States,
respectively. Another article of timely interest bore the title: La
Caja de Crédito Hipotecario en Chile (mortgage bank), which con-
tained much information relative to banks and banking in the
Chilean RepubUc.

Archives de Oftalmologia Hispano-Americanos, of Barcelona,
November;^ contains numerous scientific articles and notes by well-
known physicians and eye specialists.

La Vnelta del Mnndo por Dos Centavos, in January Cosmos, of
Mexico City, is the title of a descriptive article on the postal system
of Mexico. It begins by tracing a letter for a short distance from the
Capital to a suburban town, noting the various stages of its journey
from writer to receiver. Then the letter is traced on longer travels;
and many illustrations show the modem and rapid facilities for han-
dling the mails of the Republic.

The Qnipas; An Invention of the Incas, is the subject of a short
article in the November Inca Chronicle of La Fundición, Peru. The
Quipas, according to the story, is composed of a series of ropes or
strings about a yard long; all of these are attached to a staff or beam,
and by a series of knots made on the cords the Inca could reckon days,
months, and years, the number of people in a given town, good and
bad persons, brave and cowardly, and in fact record information and
history as we do by means of books and written language.

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.SUBJECT MATTÏR OF CDNSUIM RDWTS,

BBPOBT8 BBOBIVBD UP TO FBBBUABY 10, 1918J

TiUe.

D«te.

Author.

Copy of "BuUetin of Public Works''..
No market Cor paper towete

1912.
Dec 7

Dec. 10

Fair market for fldd seeds

Rubber material; sewing machines; pool and blllhffd tables;
vacuum deanos; split steel pulleys; seissors and shears; ex-
plosives.

Foreign commerce, nine months of 1912

Indoeing <' Review of the River Plate'' of Dec. 13, 1912.
News and trade paper, "El Magasine"

Proposed school buildings and play grounds for Rio de Janeiro. .

New Italian-Brasilian steamship service.

CHILE.

Cigar and leaf tobacco imports 1911— duty

Trade and agricul tural notes

Wages of wool shearers and sheep ranch laborers.

Woodworking machinery (growing demand)

Conditions in Chile at beginning of 1913.
Industrial and commerdal notes

..do

Dec. 14

Deo. 17

...do

Dec 20

Dec. 27

1918.
Jan. 7

1912.
Dec 9

Dec. 10
Dec. 13

Dec. 28

1913.
Jan. 7
..do

DOMINICAN REPÜBUC.

Exports of honey.

Canned food products

Caustic soda and soda ash.

GUATEMALA.

Sandpaper and emery cloth—duty ,

HAin.

Automobiles fa Haiti

List of dealers in hardware m Port au Prince

HONDURAS.

Products and commerce

Oils, fats, and greases— no refiners nor manufacturers ,

MEXICO.

Open market Ibr pearl buyers ,

Candies and confectionery— ell homemade

Roads

Jan.

Jan. 18
Jan. 21

1912.
Dec. 31

1913.
Jan. 9

Jan. 20

1912.
Dec. 28

.do..

No market for multicraph machfaes fa Salina Cms

Electric and ice miücmg plant combined with a refrigerating and

meat-packfag establishment at Sufragio.
Cost of :^ •

Deo. 24

Dec. 30

Deo. 31

1918.

Jan. 2

Jan. 4

Jan. 8

Albert G. Ebert, vice oonsa

general, Buenoe Aires.
Robert T. Crane,
Rosarlo.
Do.
Do.

R. IC. Bartleman. consul g
eral, Buenos Aires.
Do.
Do.

Albro L. Bnmell, vice con-
sul, Rio de Janeiro.

D. R. Birch^ consul, Bahia.

Alfred A. Winalow, oonsu

Valparaiso.
Do.
Charles L. Iratham, consu

Punta Arenas.
Alfred A. Winslow, consul

Valparaiso.

Do.
Do.

C. M. Hathaway
Puerto Plata.
Do.
Do.

Geo. A. Bucklfa, consul gen-
eral, Guatemala, City.

J. B. Ferres, consul, Port au
Prince.
Do.

David J. D. Myers, consu
Puerto Cortes.
Do.

Lucian N. Sullivan, consu

La Pas.
M. B. Kirk, consul, Man-

Warren W. Rich, vice consul^
SalfaaCruz.

Do.
Wm. E. Alger, consul, Ma-
satlan.
Do.

> This does not represent a complete list of the reports made by the consular officers fa Latín America,
but merely those that are supplied to the Pan Amencan Union as likdy to be of service to this inatitution.

296

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8UBJBCT MATTEB OF CONSULAB REPORTS.
Reparti received up to February 10, IW^— Continued.

297

TiUe.

Date.

Author.

MBZKO— «ontUmed .
Paiiit»-]irioe8

DaJflft in general merahandlse

Mining and cattle raising.

OasoUneUgbtingsysteQitetc

Com—ee and indoatrles, Maiatlan

Slks and sOk and oottm ftOifloa— little market .

Indutrialnotea from North Sonora

Commeree and Industries.

Railway balding in Mexico

Paints prices..

FABAOUAT.

Condensed milk— duty

Mmiiftlding machines

Hop8— imrorts

1913.
Jan. 10

Jan. 11

Jan. 14
Jan. 17
..do

TrMle notes from the Peravlan Sierra— from notes taken dnring
leoent trip over that section.

URUGUAY.

Central Umgoay Railway earnings ■

Regnlattons for dispatch of bagffage

Era of new mads tn Uromay; nictory for manuCsctore of shecp-
tiek remedy, " Golden Fleece."

BxpotitiDn of Umguay Industries

Market lot American molasses

State of Uragoay banking in October, 1912

Industrial escpositkm.

Rermlations in transportation of vegetabisA *. . .

Uruguay notes: New steamship service; maritime police regula-
tknis of port of Montevideo; new national register for coasting
and fishmg vessels; meat industry on the River Pla e.

New pure-iood ordinance for Montevideo

Project for reviston of Uruguay tariff V

New ioandry in Uruguay

Ridlway development

Lew creating dmskm of Uve stock and agriculture inspection . . ,

Jan. 18
Jan. 33
Jan. 34

..do

Jan. 25
Jan. 27

1912.
Dec. 1

Dec. n
D«c. 20

1913.
Jan. 2

1912.
Oct. 29

Nov. 1
Nov. 12

Nov. 13
Nov. 16
..do....
Nov. 16
Nov. 21
Nov. 22

Nov. 29
Dec. 2
..do....
Dec. 6

rENïrUELA.

Women's clothing— duty. .

Duty on liquid veneer, hibrlcating oO, and emery grinders.

Gold and silver plated ware

No banana plan tations

Cart and carriage wheels

New customs classiRcatfons— covers for merchandise

Dec. 28

1913.
Jan. 7
..do....
Jan. 10
Jan. 13
..do....

Lucian N. Sullivan, consul,

La Pas.
Thos. W. Bowman, consul,

Nonles.

Do!

Warren W . Rich, vfoe consul,
Salina Crux.

Wm. E. Alger, consul, Ma-
satlan.

Wanen W. Rkfa, vicecónsul
Salina Crus.

Frederíoh Simpich, vice con-
sul. Nogales.

Philm ET Holland, consnl,
SaltiUo.

Arnold Shanklin, consnl gen-
eral, Mexico City.

Clarence A. Miller, consul,
Tampico.

Cornelius Ferris, jr., consul,
Asuncion.
Do.
Do.

Luther K. ZabrisUe, deputy
consul. Callao.

F. W. Coding, consul, Mon
tevideo.
Do.
Do.

Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.

Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.

T. W. Voetter, consul. La
Guaira.

Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.

Undated.

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ARGENTINE REPUBLIC

The Caravelas COOPERATIVE SOCIETY has been organized for
the benefit of the fruit growers on the Delta of the River Plate. One
of the objects of the society is to supply fruit and vegetables to the
local free fairs. Other organizations of the same kind are to be formed

along the Parana River and its tributaries. ^A recent report of the

minister of public works of the Argentine Government to the federal
congress shows that 3,163 kilometers of new RAILWAYS were
opened to public service in 1911, making the total extent of railways
in operation in the Repubhc at the beginning of 1912, 31,749 kilo-
meters. A large increase of 1,296 kilometers in the length of the
State railways was noted. In 1911 the railways of the country
transported 67,357,432 passengers and 32,338,263 tons of merchan-
dise. The estimated capital invested in Argentine railways in 1911
was 1,084,600,000 gold pesos, and the profits on same in 1911 were
44,832,980 gold pesos (Argentine gold peso = $0.965 United States

currency). In 1880 the production of SUGAR, in round numbers,

in the Argentine Republic was 10,000 tons; in 1891, 46,300 tons; in
1892, 58,000 tons; in 1894, 85,000 tons; m 1896, 163,000 tons; in
1910, 180,000 tons; and m 1912, 240,000 tons. In 1888 the area of
land planted in sugar cane was 21,062 hectares; in 1895, 61,273; and
in 1912, 72,060 hectares Oiectare — about 2i acres). The average
production of cane is 30 tons per hectare. The Province of Tucuman
has 30 sugar factories, and there are 13 of these factories in the
Provinces of Jujuy, Santiago del Estero, Santa Fe, Corrientes, and
Salta, and the Territories of Formosa and Chaco. The total cost of
cultivating, harvesting, marketing, etc., is 200 pesos, national cur-
rency (paper peso = about 44 cents United States -currency), per
hectare, and the gross returns 300 pesos per hectare. It is estimated
that there are 47,000,000 pesos, national currency, invested in the
sugar industry in the Province of Tucuman. From 1907 to 1911 the
imports of sugar into the Argentine Republic are estimated at 157,000

tons. According to a report of the minister of public works of the

Argentine Republic there will be completed by the close of 1913 the
following improvements in connection with the water supply of the
city of Buenos Aires: An intake tower, a subfluvial tunnel, two
filters, two settling deposits, elevating and impelling pumps, impul-
sion piping, and the reserve gravitation reservoir at Caballito.

The department of pubhc instruction of the Argentine Government
has contracted with a German firm for the installation of an ELEC-
TRIC POWER HOUSE for the industrial school of the nation. The
plant will cost, approximately, 80,000 pesos, paper, and will be used

298

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• ABGENTINE BEPUBLIC. 299

for the purpose of imparting theoretical and practical instruction to

pupils engaged in the study of the industrial and mechanical arts.

The adaptability of large tracts of land in the Chaco and Corrientes
Territories of the Argentine Republic to the CULTIVATION OF
COTTON has been satisfactorily demonstrated by experiments car-
ried on at the national experimental farm annexed to the school of
industrial cultivation of the Benitez colony in Northern Argentina.
The opinion of North American experts on the production of cotton
in Northern Argentina is that the uplands of the Parana and Paraguay
Rivers, among which are the lands of the Chaco and Corrientes
regions, are the only places known in the world at the present time
capable of competing with the United States of North America in
the raising of raw cotton. German and Spanish experts who recently
examined cotton consigned to them from these districts pronounced
the quality of fiber, color, and desirability in every respect as first
class. In 1912 Argentine cotton brought in Bremen $170 gold per
ton. The chief agricultural engineer of the Benitez farm colony,
where extensive experiments in the cultivation of cotton have been
made, describee the cotton lands of the Chaco and Corrientes districts^
as very fertile, the soil being similar in composition and character to
the celebrated soil of the cotton lands of the lower Mississippi Valley,
responding liberally to cultivation. The yield on some of the Chaco
lands is as high as from two to three tons per hectare. Land devoted
to the growing of cotton in the Chaco Territory has increased from
about 500 hectares in 1907 to more than 2,000 hectares in 1912, and
plans have been developed looking to the plauting of a large acreage
in this fiber in 1913. The Argentine Government has distributed
sea-island cotton seed to numerous planters in the northern part of
the Republic, and it is confidently estimated that the cotton jrield in

1913 will be greatly in excess of that of any previous year. ^The

public works committee of the Deputies has approved the project
presented by Deputy Frers for BUILDING RAILWAYS in the Ter-
ritories. This provides that tenders are to be called for the work.
The two lines in the south, one from San Antonio to Nahuel Huapi
and the other from Puerto Deseado joining up with the same line, are
to enter into one specification, and the two lines in the north from
Barranqueros to the Central Northern line and from Formosa to
Embarcación will form two separate specifications. The portions of
the above railways already constructed are to be purchased by the
company obtaining the tender, and land grants are to be made to
the respective companies carrying out the work. If this project goes
through and the Government is able to find companies willing to
undertake the work it will mean that the National Territories will
have a much better chance of being opened up than if the work is
continued by the Government. The important land grants which

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300 THB PAK AlCEBICAN UNION.

will accompany each contract will be the means of bringing about
colonization on a fairly large scale, and this is most important to the
country, for without colonization the railways would be of very little

service, while with colonization the land will be developed. ^The

public works conmiittee of Buenos Aires city council has reported fav-
orably on the project for construction of SUBWAYS to carry tubes
for the pneumatic postd service, water mains for street service, elec-
tric light, telephone, and telegraph cables, in the radius comprised by
Calles Belgrano, Entre Rios, Callao, Paseo Colon, and Paseo de Julio.
Tenders are to be called for the works, and the municipality is to
issue bonds up to $20,000,000 nationtJ money, bearing 5 per cent
interest and 1 per cent amortization. The interest on these bonds is
to be met by the revenue to be obtained from those companies mak-
ing use of the tunnels.

The President of Bolivia has been authorized by the Federal Con-
gress to contract with the Electric Light & Power Co. of Cochabamba
for the extension of the Vinto to Arani RAILWAY as far as the city
of Totora, the construction of a TRAMWAY from Cochabamba to
Sacaba, and the prolongation of the Quillacollo-Vinto road to the
town of Sipesipe. The capital to be invested in these enterprises
must not exceed £450,<K)0, the Grovemment guaranteeing 5 per cent
interest annually and 2 per cent annual amortization on the actual
capital invested. The gauge of all the lines is to be made the same
as that of the railway from Cochabamba to Santa Cruz. The mate-
rials for the construction and operation of these roads are to be

admitted free of duty for a period of 25 years. An appropriation

of 20,000 bolivianos has been made by the Congress of Bolivia for the
purpose of establishmg DEPARTMENTAL SANITARY OFFICES

in the cities of Cochabamba, Potosi, Oruro, and La Paz. ^A

BRIDGE is to be constructed over the Colcha River in the Province
of Arque. The Congress of Bolivia has appropriated 5,000 bolivianos

for this purpose. A law promidgated December 4, 1912, provides

that the proceeds of the customhouse at Chucllas be expended in the
conservation and repair of the public highways from Yungas to

Totora and of the road from Arepucho to Chimore. A recent issue

of the newspaper entitled *'La Idea," of Tarija, contains 31 petitions
concerning the purchase of LANDS in that vicinity, aggregating
an area of 992,500 hectares. Most of the applicants for the purchase
of these lands were foreigners, among whom were a number of North
Americans. The ''Olla de Oro" gold mine in the south Yungas

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BRAZIL. 301

district of Bolivia has ordered another mill for its new *'Incaora"
mine in the Province of Larecaja, about 150 miles from the ^'OUa de
Oro." The mill will have a capacity for treating 50 tons of ore a
day and has been ordered from the United States. The mine is a

ledge mine. ^The law of October 25, 1900, fixed the minimum

VALUE OF THE BOLIVIANO received by the railways of Bolivia
in payment of freight and passenger charges at 18d. This law has
been modified so that when the international rate of exchange is
greater than 18d. the freight and passenger tariffs in bolivianos will
be reduced in the same proportion as the increase of the rate of

exchange over 18d. The BoUvian Congress has authorized the

President of the Republic of Bolivia to increase, from January 1,
1913, by one boliviano per tin the duty paid by the concessionaire on

imports of ALCOHOLS and aguardientes. In the budget of the

Bolivian Government for 1913 an appropriation of 50,000 bolivianos
is made for the immediate survey and marking by corner stones of
the BOUNDARY LINES between the Departments of Chuquisaca,
Santa Cruz, and Tarija. This survey will settle the question as to
whether the town of Ivo is in the Department of Chuquisaca or the

adjoining Department. ^A tax of 10 centavos per each 46 kilos of

UME AND GYPSUM produced in the Department of Cochabamba
has been levied by the Federal Congress. The proceeds of the tax

will be paid into the treasury of that department. ^The village of

Sacaba .has presented Sefior Elidoro Villazon, President of the
Republic, with a GOLD MEDAL in testimony of its gratitude for
his gift of a supply of potable water piped into the village by order

of the Chief Executive. ^The PROVINCE OF CLIZA has been

formed, imder a recent act of the Bolivian Congress, out of the second
section of the Province of Tarata of the Department of Cochabamba.
The capital of the new Province is Cliza, and the Province is composed

of the Cantons of Cliza, Toco, and Tolo ta. ^The city of Cochabamba

has been authorized by the Federal Congress to negotiate a loan for
200,000 bolivianos secured by a mortgage on the public market and
city hall. The proceeds of the loan are to be used in the construction
of MARKET BUILDINGS.

The bill recently introduced in the Federal Cámara granting a
credit of 500:000 milreis (milreis equals about 33 cents United States
currency) to purchase the library and OBJECTS OF ART belonging
to the late Baron do Rio Branco, and to defray the expenses of his
funeral was promptly approved, all formal delays usual in such cases

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302 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.

being dispensed with in deference to the memory of the illustrious

deceased. ^The Anti-Drought Department of the Grovemment is

actively continuing the construction of DAMS to relieve the situa-
tion in the interior of Ceara and other northern States of Brazil
where the inhabitants suffer from the periodical droughts. The
department's second section in Natal has begun the construction of
a reservoir in Caraubas, Rio Grande do Norte, which is to have a
capacity of 11,110,000 cubic meters. Dams are also to be con-
structed at Curaca, Joazeiro; Riacho do Sangue, Ceara; Pao dos
Ferros, Rio Grande; Apody, Rio Grande; and Monte Santo,

Bahia. ^The minister of pubUc works was authorized by a decree

of December 18 to open a credit of 100:000$000 (about $33,330 United
States currency) for the purpose of initiating the work of DREDGING

the Sao Francisco River from its mouth to the town of Piranhas.

A bill was recently introduced in the Sao Paulo Congress and favorably
reported by the Committees of Justice and Finance and recommended
by them for the approval of the Government, which provides for the
employment of CONVICT LABOR in the construction of roads for
wheeled traffic and combines with the system the institution of con-
ditional release and the Presidentas prerogative of granting free
pardons in such a way as to hold out to the prisoners inducements to

reform. On the proposal of the State Government of Sao Paulo

it has been determined to erect a MONUMENT in memory of the
Emperor Dom Pedro I and of the patriots who assisted him in
founding the Brazihan nation. It is to be placed on the hill of
Ypiranga, on which the poUtical independence of the coimtry was

first proclaimed. ^The President of the State of Sao Paulo has

signed a decree authorizing the Secretary of Agriculture and PubUc
Works to open a special credit of Rs. 1,000 :000$000 (about $333,000
United States currency) to meet expenses connected with the building
of the NEW PENITENTIARY. A bill authorizing the establish-
ment of SCHOOLS of practical plowing and stations for the experi-
mental culture of tobacco, cotton, and cereals at Angatuba, Porto
Feliz, Capao Bonito do Paranapanema, Guarehy, and Sarapuhy, was
approved December 17, 1912. ^A bill empowering the State gov-
ernment of Sao Paulo to expend the sum of Rs. 2,423:000$ (about
$807,660 United States currency) on SUPPLEMENTARY WORKS
to buildings already constructed for the school groups of various
municipalities of the State, and other operations, passed its third

reading in the State Congress at its last session. ^The President

of the State of Sao Paulo has signed a decree authorizing the Secre-
tary of Agriculture and Public Works to open a special credit of Rs.
122:000$000 (about $40,660) to meet expenses connected with the
extension of the FUNILENSE RAILWAY to the banks of the River
Mogy-guassu. ^The finance committee has authorized the Govem-

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BRAZIL. 303

ment to concede, without onus to the treasury, to Dr. Raul Ribeiro
da Silva and others the privilege of constructing and exploiting an
electric traction RAILWAY to connect the cities of Rio de Janeiro

and Santos. ^According to the Brazilian Review of December 24,

a tel^ram from London states that despite the general depression in
other directions, the SHAllES of the Sao Paulo Railway Co. have

risen 6^ points, being quoted at 240. It is stated that the contract

of SALE of the Bahia-Minas Railway by the State of Minas to the
Federal Government for 12,000 contos (about $3,996,000 United
States currency) was signed at the treasury offices in Rio de Janeiro

on December 7, 1912. ^A paragraph in the Brazilian Review of

December 17, 1912, states that "the steamship Euclid of the Lam-
port & Holt Line arrived at New Orleans, United States of America,
on October 31 from Santos and Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, on her maiden
trip with the largest cargo of COFFEE ever taken out of Brazil, com-
prising 126,000 sacks. It is also the largest cargo by 6,000 sacks ever
brought to New Orleans or any other United States port. The
cargo weighed approximately 8,612 tons.'' According to state-
ments made by its promoters, the proposed PARAGUAY NORTH-
EASTERN RAILWAY, for which a concession was granted in 1911,
is to run from Asuncion northeasterly to the Paraguayan-Brazihan
frontier, where it wiD cross the Parana River at 24*^ south latitude.
From that point it is proposed to connect with the transcontinental
Brazilian line which connects with the main Brazihan system at
Itapetininga. The concessionaire syndicate represents $9,733,000

capital. ^An office and INFORMATION BUREAU of BrazU has

been opened by Dr. Eugenio Dahne at 1253 Jones Street, San Fran-
cisco, Cal., under the instructions of the minister of agriculture,
industry, and commerce of Brazil. The object of the bureau is to
promote better friendly and commercial relations between California
and Brazil, and also to extend Brazilian trade with the Orient now
that the opening of the Panama Canal will soon permit direct com-
munication. The Cámara Municipal of Sao Paulo recently held a

meeting to consider the question of ways and means in relation to
the huge schemes of CITY IMPROVEMENTS and embellishments
which now engage its attention. There is no doubt that Sao Paulo
is now too small for its population. The streets are thronged to
excess, and it has become absolutely necessary to undertake the work
of widening them. There are not houses enough for the inhabitants,
though building has long been going on at the rate of 3,000 or 4,000
houses a year. During periods of drought the water supply is short and
the inhabitants are put on short allowance. The meeting drew up a bill
asking authority to borrow $15,000,000, which loan, it is understood,
will be guaranteed by the State government, to whose consideration
the project has been submitted.

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A survey has been made of a RAILWAY 270 kilometers long

between Arica and Zapiga. ^The cost of construction of the San

Bernardo to Puente Alto RAILWAY is estimated at 335,845 pesos,
paper (paper peso = $0.223), and 140,628 pesos, gold (gold peso =

$0.365 U. S. currency). It is reported that £300,000 is to be spent

in strengthening and protection work on the Trans-Andean RAIL-
WAY in the mountainous section via Juncal. ^The Mixed Railway

Conmdssion has been given 20,000 pesos with which to make a pre-
liminary study of a route of a coast line RAILWAY between Pimta
Colorada on the Longitudinal Railway and Caleta del Apohllado,

with a branch to the Higuera mineral zone. Federico Blanc has

contracted with the municipal authorities of Traiguén to supply

that town with POTABLE WATER. The cities of Cabildo and

Castro have decided to install WATERWORKS in the near future.
Bids have been called for and active steps are being taken to secure

an abundant supply of potable water. ^The DAIRY INTERESTS

of Chile are seriously studying the question of the type of cow best
suited to the requirements in this country. With this in view, the
Sociedad Agricola del Sur de Chile sent a representative to Argen-
tina, who purchased 175 Holstein heifers for the different dairy
farms of this society. Dairy farming is making rapid strides in the

south of Chile. The Chilean Government has established agencies

in different parts of the agricultural sections of the country for the
distribution of NITRATE to the farmers, with the result that its use
as a fertilizer has increased from 1,551,000 pounds in 1908 to 7,694,-
400 pounds in 1911, and with the best of results. To aid in this
work the Government appropriates $7,000 or $8,000 gold annually.
Since December 1, 1912, a TRI-WEEKLY RAILWAY SERV-
ICE has been in operation between Valparaiso and Buenos Aires,
the trains leaving the former place at 6 p. m. on Mondays, Wednes-
days, and Saturdays, and arriving at Buenos Aires at 7.10 p. m. on

Wednesdays, Fridays, and Mondays. In 1911 the INSURANCE

COMPANIES at Santiago earned 8,000,000 pesos. The estimated
earnings for 1912 are 12,000,000 pesos. The Spanish Bank of the
River Plate at Buenos Aires is to establish a branch at Valparaiso.

^Bids were opened. on January 15 last for construction work

and IMPROVEMENTS in the city of Valparaiso amounting to

3,000,000 pesos. ^An Executive decree has been issued modifying

the customs regulations concerning the receipt and dispatch of mer-
chandise at the customhouse at Valparaiso. The new rules greatly

304

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QoumBHA. 306

facîËtate tha ioadíioig «id unloading of vessala aud have hoea, put in
foree for th^ puipose of preventing unneceasary delaya in. these

operations. Congress- has modified* the law enacted for the en-

couwigement of the building of SANITARY HABITATIONS for
wtNckmen, and has authorized the Preiûdent of the Republic to grant
to oorporatiims engaged in this wœrk a. State guaranty of 6. per c^it
interest annually for a period of twenty years on. the capit&l invested
in the class of buildings rdierced to provided the investment is not

le» than 500>000 pesos; ^The Government of Chile has granted

pennission for the free entry of material and supplies to the value
of 20,000 gold pesos to be used in the construction and installation
of the BRITISH HOSPITAL. ^A law has been passed by Con-
gress prohibiting* the free acquisition of MINES or mining claims by
private persons within 500 meters of either side of the right of way

of railway lines. ^A MAP of the VaUenar y Freirina mining zone

is being made by the department of miñes of Chile. This map forms
one of a series intended to show the o(miplete mining resources of

the country. ^Authority has been granted to Compton & Co» to

ecHnplete a private STEAM, RAILWAY from Loncoche to.Villarica,

with the ri^t to extend same to Cararehue via Pucon. ^The sum

of 105,000 pesos has. been placed at the dii^osal of the Department
of Railways ofi the -Government of Chile to expend in a preliminary
survey of a. TRANS*ANDEAN RAILWAY between parallels 34 and

37 in the southern aone. of the Republic. Coniróruction woàs, on

the Aleones to Pichilenui RAILWAY is being activdy pushed for-
ward, 146,500 pesos having been recently made available for con-
tinuing work on this line^

A new STEAMSHIP COMPANY has been organized to operate
two steamers, between Cartagena and Quibdo. One of these for the
coastwdse trade wiU go as. far as Uraba, and the other vessel will

navigate the Atrato River. From the first of the present year the

salary of tJie PRESIDENT of the Republic of Cobmbia is $1,500
per month, and that of the judges, of the supreme court $400 per

month each. ^The Telefunken WIRELESS Telegraph Co. has

offered to install a^ wireless station for the Government at San
Andi^es, capital of the archipelago of San Andres and Providencia,

for £4,000. ^The President of the Republic has approved a 30-year

eonixjàfit made between the Minister of Public Works and. A. M.
Osório for thd ex^Ioitatioiii o£ PETROLEUM AND ASPHALT
75662— BuU. 2—13 10

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306 THE PAN AMERIOAN UNION.

deposits in the municipalities of Victoria and San Augustin, Depart-
ment of Caldas. ^The municipal council of Manizales is negotiat-
ing for a LOAN of $100,000 for the construction of public works at

Medellin. ^The department of public works has contracted with

Gonzalo Mejia for the operation of HYDROPLANES on the Mag-
dalena River for passenger and freight transportation, especially the
former. The service is to be commenced within a year. It is
estimated that in these vessels the trip can be made from Barran-
quilla to Girardot in five days. The board of directors of the

SABANA RAILWAY has ordered from abroad 6 first-class passenger
cars fitted up with all modem conveniences, 1 special baggage car,
20 steel freight cars of a capacity of 20 tons each, 6 platform cars,
and 2 locomotives weighing 53 tons each. The board has also had
a large storehouse constructed in Bogota, and has ordered improve-
ments made in the platforms of the railway station at the Federal

capital. ^The comer stoneof the UNIVERSITY OF MAGDALENA

has been laid at Santa Marta. This university promises to be one
of the leading educational institutions of the RepubUc. The Com-
mercial Bank of Barranquilla has loaned the municipahty of that

city $30,000 for PUBLIC IMPROVEMENTS. The superintendent

of the Antioquia Railway has been authorized to order from the
United States the STEEL FRAMEWORK necessary to use in
increasing the size of the warehouse at Puerto Berrio, and for such

bridges as may be required on the line as far as Bello. Jose

Fuentes, an experienced aviator, has petitioned the Grovemment of
Colombia for permission to establish an AVIATION SCHOOL in

Bogota. The Santander y a rapid steamer of the Pineda Lopez

Navigation Co., recently made the TRIP from La Dorada to Bar-
ranquilla in 50 hours. The Federal Government has planned to

establish POSTAL SCHOOLS for the purpose of giving instruction

in that branch of the pubUc service. ^A CAPSTAN, with all of its

accessories, has been ordered by the Government of Colombia for use
at the Nemocon salt mines. By the use of this apparatus 1,000
arrobas of salt can be brought up from a depth of 80 meters in 10

hours. ^The department of pubHc works has arranged with the

railway companies of the RepubHc to establish a JOINT TICKJET

OFFICE and bureau of information in Bogota. The VETA

MINING CO., recently organized in Bogota to exploit gold proper-
ties in the north of Ibague, near the headwaters of La China River
in the Central Cordillera, has 18 mining claims. Samples from some
of these claims have been assayed, and those taken from the Mon-
serrate vein are said to average 6.1 ounces of gold per ton, while the
samples from the Guadalupe vein ran 4.6 ounces of gold per ton.
None of the assays, according to reports, from any of the veins ran
lower than $12 per ton. A cyanide plant is being installed with a
capacity for treating 30 tons of ore daily.

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The FIFTH CENTRAL AMERICAN PEACE CONFERENCE,
which met in San Jose on January 1, 1913, was composed of the fol-
lowing delegates: Dr. Faustino Viqnez, delegate of Costa Rica, presi-
dent of the conference; Dr. Manuel Arroyo, delegate of Guatemala;
Gren. Saturino Medal, delegate of Honduras; Dr. Maximo H. Zepeda,
delegate of Nicaragua; and Dr. Rafael Mesa, delegate of Salvador.
Some of the principal topics discussed in the conference related to the
unification of the consular service; reform of the postal, telegraph,
and telephone services; the establishment of a Central American
Department of Agriculture; and laws concerning citizenship. Prior
conferences have been held in Washington, Guatemala, Tegucigalpa,

San Salvador, and Managua. ^The BUDGET of the city of Limon

for the fiscal year 1912-13 amounts to 65,820 colones (colon = $0.465

United States currency). A weekly COASTWISE freight and

passenger service has been established by order of the Govemment'of
Costa Rica between Port Limon, Cahuita, Fortuguero, Colorado, and

other important trading points. ^A contract with Otorola & Araya

for the construction of the bastions of the BRIDGE over the Porrosati
River at the San Juan de Santa Barbara Pass has been approved

by the Costa Rican Government. The work will cost 2,560 colones.

An ELECTRIC light plant has been installed at Mora in the munic-
ipality of the canton of the same name. ^The city of Colon has

received bids for the construction of two reenf orced-cement buildings,
one to be used for police barracks and the other for a jail. ^A lead-
ing newspaper of San Jose advocates the use of Coco Island as a penal
settlement, that island being more appropriate for this purpose

than the present penal settlement established at San Lucas.

Sr. Federico Peralta, a Costa Rican agronomist, has established a
TWINE AND ROPE factory at San Jose. As this is a new industry
the Government of Costa Rica permits the free importation of the
machinery required for the installation. The factory is modem and

complete in every respect. ^The city of San Jose is negotiating

with a North American contracting firm, for PAVING the streets

of the federal capital. Sr. Carlos Iglesias, a Costa Rican mining

engineer, has discovered a COAL MINE at Talamanca. Samples
of the coal have been sent for analysis to the chemical laboratory of

the department of agricidture of the Republic of Costa Rica.

The Department of Fomento of the Government of Costa Rica has
contracted with Hopk'ms & Orlich to construct on AUTOMOBILE
ROAD frofti some convenient point on the Pacific Railway to the
interior of the Province of Alajuela. The road is to run through

307

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308 THl PAK AMBBIOAN TXHIOV.

tk» oaeAo» 0* 9uï Gmím tmá nîil c^ma hj»* toi emtf^ oommwm^áiom
006 of tito richest agjBcultairal, forestal, «ml a^k-raising sectjoa» of

ià0 Republic. ^In roujod aumbers tbj^ yBftrly BANANA, eaqjorts

of the port of Limon amount to $4,500,000. Some of tíie finest

blooded JESSEY CATTLE to be found m Cenl^rai America aro raised
oob the Chicua planltatioiau This stock f ajnp hasi a h^d of 700 Jero^
corns. The vmch lie» Srt % high elevatioii, aad cattle raised tbave
ave free fiN>m tieks and otiier insect pestsi Three particulariy &^
Jeroey bulls have been imported from the Uoited States imd Europe
for special bveedjag purposes.

The postal MONEY ORDER CONVENTION betw4>en Cuba and
Mesrico, signed adrefereiidum in the City of M^deo^ on April 25, 191 1,
was ratified by the Cubaii S^iate on May 24, 1912, and ratifications
exchanged in the City of Mexico on December 7 of laat year. The
cOBrveation wiii remain^ in operation until one^ year ^ter the date
on which eilher of the high contracting patries es^presses its desire to
the other to terminate it. Tha full Spanish text of the convention
is published im the '^Gaceta Ofioial'' of the Republic of Cubain its
issue of January 2, 1913- — -The Cuban SPORTING WRITERS'
4Mociation of Habana have elected the following officers for 1913:
Si». Josa Camilo Peces, présidait; José Ma^c^er, vice president;
Alfredo Amenabar, tres^uror; and Abel du Bruil, jr,, secretary. — --
Th# ''Gaceta Oficial" of Januaiy 7, 1913, published the new rules
wd regulations governing the WATER SERVICE in the cities of

Santiago de Cuba, Pinar del Rio, and Trinidad. The HORTICULr

TURAL SOCIETY of Cuba held its annual meeting in Camaguey
from the 17th to the 20th of February, 1913- One of the most inlw-
esting features of the meeting was the fine display of live stock and
fowls on exhibition at Zambrana Park from the 15th to the 25tii of

the present month. The new AGRICULTURAL SCHOOL of the

PFOvince of Pinar del Rio was inaugurated on the 26th of last month,
and the Santiago de Cuba Agricultural School during the present

month. ^Large SHIPMENTS OF FRUIT are being made regia-

larly to the United States from the Isle of Pines, steams» engaged in
this trade oacrying consignments of from 600 to 700 oiates of toma-
toes, peppei», eggplant, aed miscellaneous vegetables per trip.

The bronae STATUE erected in memory of the Cuban patriot, Fraor
cisco Vicente Aguilera, who freed his^ slaves when taking up war

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cruBà. d09

i^aiiiBt Spain over SO years ago, was tmreiled in Santiago de Ouba

<m the 24ih of this month. ^The selected papers of Dr. Carlos J

Flnlajy a celebrated Cuban physician who discovered the transmis-
aim of YELLOW FEVER by &e mosquito, have been published in
Spanish and English by the Department of Sanitation of Cuba in a
volume containing 667 pages. A beautifully bound copy of same has
been officially presented to Dr. Pinlay. The dedication of CAND-
LER COLLEQE, a MethodÎBt institution of learning founded in 1899
by Prof. Lehmd, took place on the 23d of last month. The coB^e
at present has 40 boarding pupils, representing every Province of lhe

RepubUc. Tlie buildings and grounds are valued at $60,000.

The temporary quarters of the NATIONAL MUSEUM were opened
by the Secretary of PubUc Instruction in the Jai Alai Building on the
dltti of thB present month. The museum contains valuable memen-
toes of Ciibdn history and the wars of indep^idance, as well as the

ecttections of Cubi^ artists usA soientists. The Preferred Habana

TOBACCO Co., incorporated under the laws of the State of Dela-
ware with a oapital of 42,000,000, has purchased four Habana
cigar factories. The new company, of which Joëé M. Diaz is pvesi-
deot, intends to establish sel&^ agencies throu^out the United

States. The city council of Lajas has recôived a proposal from

famael Falla for the installation of an ELECTRIC LIGHT and

power plant. ^The New York Niquero Sugar Co. has been author^

ized to extend its private WHARVES at Manzanillo. ^The oonces-

non authorbdng LoughUn Bros, to construct a wharf Srt La Esperanza

or San Cayetano has been forfdted. Capt. Philip S. Golderman,

of the Unit^ States Coast Artillery, who for four years has been an
instructor in the Cuban army, has been decorated with the Order of

MHtary Merit. ^The work cf enlarging several CUBAN PORTS

b^un on December 15, 1911, by the Bowers Southern Dredging Co., is
steadily progressii^; the contract approximates $12,000,000. The
woi^k is now under way in the harbors of Isabella de Sagua, Caibarien,
NueVitas, Santiago, and Guantanamo; also in progress in the harbor
of Habana, where the company is drilling and blasting away rock
obstructions to navigation. The hydraulic work will be completed
in 1913 and the rockwork in 1915. According to the estimates, the
hydraulic Work calls for the removal of 8,000,000 cubic meters of
material, ñtiá the rockwòrk •800>000 cubic meters. Three dredges
àûd 160 ikMfSi are now at wo^k. A feature of the work is that of
Muting Mid ti^chig lhe rock from Habana Hafbor. To do this work
there Was oottsMk^ted by the company the drill boet (kiki, which is
fitted wi<li=1our spodis, is ISO f^t long by 31 feet Wide, and operates
« oëe tinte '16 pôymr dñlls capable ót doing efiéetí^ work 40 'leet
llâfrW'itie boat.- — nm^^msMTVtótíojíél the 88-ndle O^AL, vrittch

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310 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.

will give an outlet to the waters in the Roque Valley and so avoid the
periodical inundations which for years have caused losses to property
amounting to millions of dollars and in many cases death to the
inhabitants of that section, is progressing favorably under the direc-
tion of Champion & Pascual, of Habana, who have the contract.
Members of the Cuban Society of Engineers reviewed the work in
December. Some 4 miles have already been opened, representing
375,855 cubic meters of rock, mud, and sand extracted, the wcrk hav-
ing been done almost on a rocky ground, for which 800,000 pounds of
dynamite have been used. A 10,000-pound excavator has been
placed on the work, which will greatly faciUtate operations.

DOMINICAN REPUBUC

The Diario, a daily newspaper of Santiago de los Caballeros,
Dominican Republic, states that President Nouel has changed his
CABINET, so that it is now made up as follows: Department of
interior and police. Licentiate Andrea J. Montolio; foreign relations,
Licentiate Elias Brache; justice and public instruction. Licentiate
Manuel de J. Viñas; treasury and commerce, Licentiate Eduardo
Soler; fomento and communications. Gen. Casimiro N. de Moya;
war and marine, Licentiate Jaime Mota; and agriculture and immi-
gration, Señor Emüio Tejera y Bonetti. The PARCELS POST

CONVENTION between the Dominican Republic and the United
States, the full Spanish text of which is published in the Gaceta
Oficial of Santo Doming^ of December 11, 1912, became operative

on January 1st of the present year. President Nouel has

appointed the following CONSULS: Fernando A. Henriquez, Consul
of the Dominican RepubUc at Santiago de Cuba, and Sr. Osterman
Lamarche D, consul at Ponce, Cuba. Sr. Horacio Lamarche, former
consul at Santiago de Cuba, has been made Consul Greneral at Kings-
ton, Jamaica. The demand for LABORERS in the Dominican

Republic has been so great recently that an association of planters
in the rich agricultural region of San Pedro de Macoris. guaranteed
work in January last to more than 4,000 Dominican farm hands at
a minimum wage of 75 cents per day, plys transportation charges,
free hygienic dwellings, and free medical attention and medicines

to laborers in need of same during the period of their employment.

The ELECTRIC LIGHT and power company at Puerto Plata has

assured the municipal authorities that it will be ready to furmsh

. light and power .in May or June of the present year. — — The BUDGET

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ECUADOB. 311

of public works approved by the President of the Republic for 1913
amounts to $500,000. The improvements contemplated under this
budget are as follows: Cart roads: Santiago to Monte Cristy; Ázua to
San Juan; La Vega to Moca; La Romana to Seybo, and Santiago to
San Jose de las Matas; the eastern wharf of Santo Domingo, and the
San Pedro de Macoris wharf; the Santa Ana road, and the western
road, and railway improvements and surveys. Provision is also

made for the construction of a wireless telegraph station. ^An

executive decree of December 1, 1912, prohibits the PAYMENT of
money, after January 1, 1913, out of the Federal treasury, except as

provided for in the budget or otherwise legally authorized. The

message of the President of the Republic to the Federal Congress on
December 6, 1912^ estimates the INDEBTEDNESS of the country
pressing for payment at from $1,500,000 to $2,000,000. In order to
assist in covering this indebtedness a bill was introduced into the
Congress, authorizing the President to contract a loan of $1,000,000

at a rate not in excess of 6 per cent interest annually. On January

4, 1912, '*E1 Porvenir,^' an enterprising newspaper of Puerto Plata
entered on its forty-second year. This is the oldest newspaper
in the Dominican Republic.

The Congress of Ecuador has ratified the pact concerning
CONSULS, celebrated ad referendum in Caracas on July 18, 1911,
between the representatives of the Governments of Ecuador, Vene-
zuela, Colombia, Peru, and Bolivia, under which each of the con-
tracting Governments has the right to maintain consular representa-
tives in the cities, commercial centers, and ports of the other of the
rank of consuls general, consuls, vice consuls, and commercial agents.
Said consular representatives have no diplomatic character and are
subject to the laws of the country in which they exercise their func-
tions in everything except that from which they are specially exempted
by virtue of the pact referred to or by public treaties. The full
text of the pact in Spanish is published in the Official Register of
Quito of November 23, 1912.— —Work on the TELEGRAPH
LINE between Zaruma and Pifias parish was commenced in Decem-
ber last at a point on the banks of the Calera River. The promoter

of the Huigra to Cuenca RAILWAY has advised the authorities
that funds have been raised through the Bank of London for the
construction of the line, and that the money became available for
use in the necessary installments on and after February 1 of the

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312 THB PAN AMBBiaàN UNION.

present year. A company has been organized in England to build .

this Bne. ^The Central BANK at Quito was installed, with brandies

at Guayaquil and Cuenca, in February last. ^An important

mining enterprise has arranged with the Central Bank of Quito to
finance the working of MINES in the Republic. ^Two new elec-
tric STREET CARS of an improved type, similar to those now in
use on the Guayaquil electric line, have been added to the tramway

service in Ghiayaquil. ^Mr. Julio H. Ca?don, concessionaire of

the Balbahoyo to Balsapamba RAILWAY, is n^otiatii^ with f ore^
capitalists with the object of securing funds for the construction of the
line, and the indications aro that a strong company will soon be formed

for this purpose. The wellnaquipped 0RAGB3ER FACTORY,

'*La Eîcuatoriana," of Carlos Ferreto N. in Quito, uses flourimported

from California in the manufacture of its finest grades of biscuits.

Charles Moore, one of the constructing engineers of the Curfupay
RAILWAY, has been sent to the United States to 'represent that
company in purchasing material and supplies for the constructicm

of the line. ^A ruling of the trecisury department of Ecuador places

MATCHES in class 23, which subjects them to a duty of 70 centavos

per kilo. The Bank of Ecuador has LOANED the Government of

the Republic of Ecuador 150,000 sucres. The consulate of Ecuador

in Berlin is to be made a GENERAL CONSULATE. Mr. Roberto
Schumacher, the present consul in the German capital, will be made
ooHsul general. The department of public instruction hea con-
tracted for 260 new triumph ADJUSTABLE DESKS manufactured
by an American company. These desks are to be used in the schools

of the Federal capital. The canalization, sanitary, and paving

board of the city of Bahia de Caraquez has been authorized to con-
struct a WALL to prevent the encroachment of the sea in the north-
west section of the city. The international TELEGRAPH pact,

celebrated at Caracas ori July 18, 1911, between the representatives
of the Governments of Ecuador, Bolivia, Peru, Colombia, and Vene-
zuela, has been approved by the Congress of Ecuador. Under this
agreement the contracting nations have arranged to connect their
lines and to transmit private international messages to points of
destination in the respective countries at r^ular tariff rates, and
Government messages at a reduction of 50 per cent from the regular

tariff rates. ^The public-school BUDGET of Imbabura for 1913

amounts to 42,654 sucres (sucre = $0.487 United States currency).

The AGRICUI.TURAL ASSOCIATION of Ecuador has submitted
•its rules and regulations to the President of the Republic for ap-
proval. The new^^aper entitled '^El Comercio" in its issue of

December 24, 1912, states that the TAX ON CACAO in^>osed by
statute becomes coUeetiUe on and after January 1, 1913.

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W. J. Parker and Licentiate Juan Barrios M. have petitioned the
department of fomento of the Grovemment of Guatemala for a con-
cession permitting them to introduce and establish in the country a
new industry, consisting in the exportation on a large scale of
VEGETABLE IVORY (corozo) and the extraction of oil from the
fruit of the cohune palm, for a period of 14 years. The petitioners
also ask for permission to make use of the corozo or vegetable ivory
found on Government lands in the Departments of Peten, Izabal,
and Aha Verapaz, as well as for the free entry of the machinery
necessary for breaking the shells of nuts and extracting oil from
nuts, together with the gasoline necessary to use as fuel in developing
the motive power with which to run the machinery. The same
exemptions and privil^es granted to employees engaged in the
co£Fee and sugar-cane industries of the country are likewise requested
by the concessionaires for the employees required in exploiting and
devdoping the new industry. The right to construct wharves for
use in the exportation of the products of the new industry is also
requested. The concessionaires oflFer to pay the Grovemment $8 per

ton of coroBO or v^etable ivory exported. The -Republic of

Ckrattemala has at the present time more than 4,000 PREMARY
SC8HOCXLS. There are also five graded institutes or secondary
schools in the country. In addition to these the Government main-
tains a law school, a school of medicine, a school of engineering, a
military academy, a conservatory of music, a school for painters,
language schools, normal schools, and schools of arts and crafts in
différent parts of the Republic. ^The BULLETIN of the depart-
ment of foreign relations, a monthly publication under the direction
of Sr. Maximiliano Cüfuentes M., chief of the consular division, will
be published regularly, beginning with the first of the present year.
The Bulletin is the organ of the Federal Government in making
known the activities of the department of foreign relations and was
founded in accordance with the wish and recommendation of Presi-
dent Manuel Estrada Cabrera. ^The NATIONAL SCHOOL OF

TELEGiRAPHY, under the management of Sr. JuUo Amiel, opened
•its winter session in the city of Guatemala on January 7, 1913. The
school is thoroughly equipped and is in a; position to turn out fiwt-

dass .practical operators. ^The President of France has decorated

the Pvesident of the Republic of Guatemala, Señor Licentiate Manuel
Esteada Oabrem, with the GRAND CROSS OF THE LEGION OF
HONOR, the highest distinction and the most honorable decoration

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314 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.

that France can give to a foreigner. On December 26, 1912, the

first vessel engaged in DIRECT TRADE between the Argentine
RepubHc and Guatemala anchored at the port of San Jose with a
load of 45,000 quintals of yellow com, ñour, and sundry seeds of
fruits and cereals. All the grain comprising this shipment was sold
on arrival, with the exception of 5,000 quintals of Indian corn, which
it is proposed to store and plant in due season for the purpose of learn-
ing by field tests the advisability of growing com in Guatemala from
seed brought from the Argentine Republic. The keeping quaUty of
Argentine com in the climate of Guatemala is good, samples having
been preserved in the Argentine consulate in the city of Guatemala
for a long time in perfect condition. This first shipment of com is
probably the beginning of an extensive commerce between Guate-
mala and the Argentine Republic in cereals and allied products.

The Government of Guatemala has contracted with three English
professors for the boys^ and girls' TRAINING SCHOOLS in the city
of Guatemala. These teachers have arrived and taken up their

duties at the Federal capital. A new newspaper under the name of

"El Soldado de Oriente '^ has been started in Chiquimula, Guatemala,
under the direction of Leonardo Castülo R. and Pedro A. Zea.

The '^Moniteur, '* the official journal of Haiti, publishes the CABLE
sent by President Taft on January 1, 1913, to President Tancrede
Auguste extending his congratulations and those of the people of
the United States on the anniversary of HAITIAN INDEPEND-
ENCE, as well as the reply of President Auguste. In his PROC-
LAMATION issued to the Haitian people and the Army on the
occasion of the one hundred and tenth anniversary of Haitian inde-
pendence. President Auguste makes a plea for unity of purpose
and thought among all Haitians and urges that special attention
be given to the development of agricidture, without, however,

neglecting other branches of industry. An official notice has been

issued by the secretaries of public works and finance stating that
the Government, having decided to undertake important. PUBLIC
WORKS of urgent necessity, desires to negotiate a LOAN for this
purpose, whether from capitalists or from companies contracting
for PUBLIC WORKS. In order to carry out its plans, the Govern-
ment estimates that $1,500,000 will be needed. The Government

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HAITI. 315

will give its immediate attention to any proposals which it may
receive in this connection in order to submit its plans to the Congress
in the shortest possible time. Proposals will be received at the
departments of public works and finances, Port au Prince. Among
the works to be executed are the following: Waterworks at Port au
Prince and Gonaives, Bassin of Joly, construction of a fountain at
Aquin, dam for the irrigation of the plain of the Artibonite and of
Gonaives, bridges at Anse a Foleur, Borgne, Port de Paix (including
canalization to furnish outlet for the water), Aiz, and other bridges
in the north, prisons in all the northern counties, arsenal at Gonaives,
wharf at Port de Paix, landing wharf at Cape Haitien, macadamizing
of the place in front of the customs bureau at Port au Prince, repairing
and rebuilding of the telegraph system of the coimtry, arsenal at
Port au Prince, foimtain at Petit Goave, bridges in the south, prisons
in the south, and reparation of the road between Port au Prince

and the plain of Cul-de-Sac (Portail St. Joseph). ^The Official

Moniteur, of Port au Prince, announces a call for tenders for recon-
structing and extending the waterworks at Port au Prince, at an
estimated cost of $300,000 to $400,000. Tenders, accompanied by
plans and description of the scheme suggested, will be received up
to April 3, 1913, by the Département des Travaux PubUques, Port
au Prince, Haiti, whence copies of the cahier des charges and form

of tender can be obtained. ^The first baseball game was played

at Port au Prince on January 12 between the crew of the American
gunboat Eiigle and a team composed of Americans residing in

Port au Prince. ^Through the efforts of the Haitian legation in

Paris the French Cable Co. has reduced its rates as follows, be-
ginning with January, 1913: Between Haiti and New York, $0.80;

between Haiti and Cuba, $0.60; between Haitian stations, $0.28.

M. D. P. Honoré has been appointed customs inspector of the port

of Port au Prince. The President of the Republic has appointed

MM. Femand Lissade Government conmaissioner to the National

Haitian Railroad Co. ^The minister of justice has appointed a

commission to consider and propose modifications of the penal
code and code of criminal instruction. The commission is composed
of the following members: MM. Bonamy F. Barao, Louis Bom,
president, vice president, and judge of the court of cassation; Leon
Neu, dean of the civil court; and Auguste Montas, chief of division

in the department of justice. ^Vital statistics for Port de Paix

dimng the last half of 1912 show 418 births, 93 deaths, and 19 mar-
riages. An additional duty of 10 cents per poimd has been imposed

on raw and manufactiu-ed tobacco of aU kinds imported into Haiti
in order to provide fimds for the creation of schoolhouses.

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The Government of Honduras has sent five MIDITARY STU-
DENTS to the City of Mexico to enter the military college of <hat
Republic in Chapultepec. This is one of the most perfectly equipped
and best managed military academies in Latin America. The names of
the cadets are as follows : José Benito Mendoza, Eduardo J. Carrasco,
Ladislao Santos, Gabriel A. Flores, and Juan E. Molina. ^Tbe Con-
gress of the Republic of Honduras has passed a law permitting FREE
IMPORTATION until June 3, 1913, of lumber for coitótniction pur-
poses, Roman cement, common lime, metallic sheets, patper and cloth

roofing, fence wire, and staples. ^The Honduran Government has

granted a medical scholarship of 50 pesos per month to J. Antonio Irias of
the city of Juticalpa, Department of Olancho, to enable him to study
medicine in the Republic of Salvador. Dr. Fausto Davila has peti-
tioned the departments of fomento, public works, and agriculture of the
Government of Honduras for a concession to extract and refine PETRO-
LEUM, or other similar substances, found in th^ territoiy df the
Republic, for a period of 50 years. It is proposed to exploit the
petroleum industry on a large scale and to give the Government 10
per cent of the product elaborated by the petitioner or his assign-
ees. ^Miss Lucila Carias, a young and talented Honduran teacher

has been granted by the Federal Government a monthly allowance
of $55, gold, to study MEDICINE and surgery in one of the univer-
sities of the United States of North America. A TYPOGRAPH-
ICAL SOCIETY, under the name of "Juan de Guttenberg," has been
organized in the city of Tegucigalpa. The Grovernment has approved
the by-laws of the organization and has recognized the society as a
juridic entity. The society will work in the interests of the printing
craft and will aflSliate with other similar organizations in Central

America. Jerome N. Wilson, of Tegucigalpa, Honduras, has been

given a general power of attorney to represent the CHICAGO TITLE
AND TRUST COMPANY in the Republic of Honduras, and said
power has been duly approved and registered in accordance with the

laws of Honduras. ^The National Water Co. of Wisconsin has

registered its TRADE-MARK, "Still Rock," under the laws of the
Republic of Honduras as a preliminary step to the manufacture and

sale of this brand of potable water in the country. ^The Standard

Typewriter Co., a corporation incorporated under the laws of the
State of New York, has r^tered its TRADE-MARK, consisting of

the word "Corona," in the Republic of Honduras. ^The munici-

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MBXIOO. 317

palitíee o£ ItubacA and La Esperanza have installed WINDMILLS
ordM^ from th^Uiuted States for the purpose of obtaining a supply

of potable wat^, Dn H. P. Boyce, aii. American citizen of San

Fraaoisco, Cal., temporarily residing in Tegucigalpa, Honduras, has
submitted a plan to. the d^artment of fomento and public woriss
wberdi>y, if acoq>ted. by the fonner and approved by Congress, he
agrees to keep for a period of 10 years the wagon road from San
Lorenzo to Tegucigalpa in good repair and to establish a daily
AUTOMOBILE, freight and passenger service between the Pacific
coast and the Federal capitcJ. The plan also includes the operation

of gasoline launches between Amapala and San Lorenzo. ^The

Government of Honduras has authorized Messrs. Mazier & Robertson
to eaq)loit> gold and silver MINING CLAIMS. and placer mines in the
jurisdiction of El Viajo, department of Olancho. The region men-
tioned is said to be one of the richest mining zones of the Rej)ubUc,

and modem, methods will be used in exploiting the properties,

Messrs. Montis & Garfield have been authorized by the department
of fomento, pubUc works, and agriculture to extend their MINING
ZONE '* VICTOEINA" over an area of 1,000 hectares for the purpose
of exploiting their mines on a laiger scale. The Government engineer
has been ordered to make^e survey accordingly.

The bureau of agriculture of Mexico has received from France a
shipment of 22,000 FRUIT TREES which are to be distributed to
growers throughout the country. Some 27,000 trees from Japan and
17,000 from the United States, among which are 700 seedless orange

trees, are expected to arrive soon for further dista-ibution.

Sr. Jose Espinosa Ayala has been appointed to the oñice of JEFE

POLITICO of the northern district of Lower Calif omia. Sr. Lius

G. Pardo y Ansorena, the new TREASURER GENERAL of Mexico,

has assumed full charge of the office. The bureau of lighthouses

has named a commission to proceed to Ensenada, Lower California,

to report on the proper LIGHTS for that harbor. ^A WEATHER

BUREAU station is to be established in the middle of Lake Texcoco.
A room to shelter the instruments will be constructed on top of an

iron tower. ^The MACHINERY of the shops at San Juan Tiot-

tihaacan is to be removed to the City of Mexico and installed in the
school of arts and crafts for men. ^A company has been organized in

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318 THE PAN AMEBICAN UNION.

the city of Puebla with a capital of $50,000, to rebuild the old THEA-
TER which was destroyed by fire. The concession asked for also pro-
vides for the building of smaller theaters for the entertainment of the

poorer classes. ^Tests are to be made at Veracruz of a new BOAT

BUOY which carries a lamp at an elevation of 7 meters from the siuface
of the water, giving it a range of between 7 and 8 miles. The first of

these buoys will be placed near the Pájaros reef. ^A contract for

the construction of an ELECTRIC TRAMWAY system for the city
of Durango and suburban points has been approved by the State

legislature. A contract for the installation of a WATERWORKS

system in the city of Matamoras has been approved by the State

legislature of Tamaulipas. It is announced from Puebla that the

work of changing the animal traction street car system to an electric
system will take about six weeks. The survey work and plans have

been completed and actual construction will be pushed through.

The Mexican Herald of January 16has thefollowing: '* The new branch
of the national lines which eventuaUy will give a new connection with
the United States, connecting with the Kansas City & Orient line at
the border, has been opened for a length of 47 kilometers. Beginning
at Allende, Chihuahua, the new branch runs as far as Esmeralda,
passing through the stations of Morelos, Zaragoza, and Davila. The
first two towns hold valuable water rights for irrigation purposes and
the region is a rich one. The district has great possibilities in the
agricultural line and is expected to supply a great quantity of fruit
and vegetables for American markets. It will also enable the
Kansas City & Orient to enter into competition with other lines

touching the border in the transportation of Mexican freight."

A news item in the Mexican Herald states that the Spanish chamber
of conmierce has taken up the question of a parcels post treaty between
Spain and Mexico. An address on the subject is to be delivered at
an early date before the members of the organization by the Spanish

Minister Bernardo J. de Cologan. The city council of Tuxtla

Gutierrez, Chiapas, has taken up the project of a new water system
for the town. A local capitalist has agreed to lend the money and
local engineers have promised to superintend the work without making

any charge for their services. The Guadalajara Times of January

11, 1913, has the following interesting item relative to the AGRI-
CULTURAL PRODUCTION of the State of Jalisco, Mexico, for the
year 1912: ** According to the report just compUed by the Cámara
Agricola Jalisciense, the agricultural products of Jalisco in the year
1912 had a value approximately of $35,723,850. Com is the principal
product of this State, and in the year just closed had value of $22,750,-
000, or nearly two-thirds of the entire agricultural production. Wheat
ranks next with a production of between 200,000 and 250,000 cargoes
of 161 kilos, and an estimated value of $3,600,000. The sugar pro-

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NICABAGUA. 319

ductíon amounted to over 14,000,000 kilos with a value of $2,900,000.
The value of the alcohol is placed at $1,450,000 and of ''vino mezcal"
at $1,100,000. Other important products are given as follows:
Beans, $208,000; rice, $88,000; barley, $225,000; coffee, $65,000;
chicle, $75,000; cotton, $20,700; tobacco, $48,000; garbanzo,
$356,000; linseed, $434,000; and coquito oil, $125,000. (Mexican

dollar equals $0.498 United States currency). ^A body of COPPER

ORE averaging 8 per cent was recently cut on the 300-foot level of the
old Cerritos copper mine in the Ameca district. Some of the ore taken

out runs very high. The governor of Sinaloa has set on foot a

project for the establishment of a permanent EXHIBIT of the prod-
ucts of the State of Culiacan, the capital. Circulars have been issued
urging manufacturers and agriculturalists to see that their products
are represented at the CoUma exposition to be held next month and

also at the San Francisco, Cal., world's exposition. According to

the Mexican Herald of January 13, 1913, an amendment has been
made to the contract between the Government and the Southern
Steamship & Banana Co. for STEAMER SERVICE between Frontera
and the ports of Galveston and New Orleans, whereby the life of the
contract is extend for foiu* years. For the first six months of the
extension the company will receive a subsidy of $1,000 per month
for each round trip of a steamship in accordance with a schedule sub-
mitted. COLLECTIONS at the customhouses of the Republic

during the month of December, 1912, amounted to $5,235,933.37
(Mexican currency) the largest sum ever collected in a single
month.

President Adolfo Diaz, after taking his oath of office on January 1,
1913, delivered an interesting MESSAGE to the Congress, in which
he said that it would be his policy, in the first place, to establish
the bases of the Republic morally and materially for the pui-pose of
securing liberty to the citizen and a guarantee of his individual
rights; that peace being an indispensable medium for the promotion
of the public weal every effort would be made to effect its realization;
that the relations of the Republic are peaceable and cordial with all
nations, and particularly with Central America and the United States
of North America, with which the Government comes in the most
intimate contact, and that it is his intention to encourage the develop-
ment of the country by increasing its resources, establishing credit,
and meeting the legitimate expenses of the Government by a system

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SfiO THE PAN AMSBIOAN UNION.

of equitable and moderate taxation. The solution of the money
question having been attained by the establishment of a stable
currsnoy; the president is in favor o£ the oonstruction off a railway
to the Atlantic coast, an increase in the number and eflSciency of. iài&
public schools, and the development of the agricultural wealth of> tap

country. In conformity with the power vested in the president of the

repuUio by a legislative decree of December 19, 1912, President Diaz
has made the following appointments of MUNICIPAL OFFICERS
for 1913: Leon, alcalde, J, Jt Palma; Linotepe, alcalde, Nemesio
Porras G.; Jinotega, alcalde, Lizandro Moreira; Rivas, alcalde^ Juan
J. Ruiz; Masaya, alcalde, J. Carmen Morales; M^iagua, alcalde,
Camilo Barberena; Bluefields, alcalde, Humberto Martinez; Granada,
alcalde, Juan Ig. Urtecho; Ocotal, alcalde, Prospero B. Moneada;
Somoto, alcalde, Leandro Tercero S.; Acóyapa, alcalde, J» Augustin

Baez; and Chinandega, alcalde, Francisco Solis. At the inaugural

ball, held in Managua on December 31, 1912, the Nicaraguan nmsician
and composer^ Sn Luis A, Delgadillo, composed the WALZ, played

by the Vega Matus Orchestra at the Managua Club. ^The paper

currency retired from circulation in Nicaragua up to the first of the
present year amounts, in round numbers, to 20,000,000 pesos. The
*' Córdova," the new Nicaraguan coin, represents the same value as an

American dollar. Dr. Buitrago Diaz has resigned as alternate

magistrate of the Central American COURT OF JUSTICE, and Dr.
Alfonso Ayon as magistrate of the civil appeal court. Both, resigna-
tions have been accepted. ^The national congress of the Republic

of Nicaragua decreed on December 18, 1912, that the BUDGET of
March 1, 1910, and the complementary credit of June 1st of the same
year, should continue effective until the Congress substitutes another

budget and complementary credit. President Diaz has appointed

the following gentlemen to serve as OFFICERS of the municipality of
Blueflelds for the ensuing year: Alcalde, H. Martinez, Ph. G.; alternate
alcalde. Dr. W. K. Ingram; city attorney, Buenaventura Cardenas;
aldermen, Reginald H. Hooker, Dr. Justo P. Lopez, Joaquin Estrada,

and George S. Hodgson. A recent dispatch to The Ameriean, of

Blueflelds, states that it is assured that Engineer Adolfo Cardenas
WÜI be appomted DIRECTOR OF PUBLIC WORKS. Also that Sub-
secretary Amador, appointed to take charge of the ministay of

fbmento, assumed his duties on January 6, 1913. In the session

of the assembly of Nicaragua, held January 8, 1913, the commission
which is to pass upon the project of a new constitution was appointed
as follows: Deputies T. Castillo, Jose L^n Roman y Reyes, and

Rafael Urtecho. ^The office of commandant of the powder barracks

at Granada, carrying a monthly salary of 500 peso» (peso equals
$0.462 United' States currency) was recently created and. Mauricio
Medina appointed as the first incumbent.

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A press dispatch from Panama states that the National Assembly
passed a bill January 16, 1913, authorizing the expense of a NA-
TIONAL EXPOSITION to commemorate Balboa's discovery, and
empowering the executive to invite the United States, Spain, and the
neighboring Latin-American Republics to send delegates. A pro-
posal to fix the price of the WASTE LANDS of the Republic between
2} and 6 balboas a hectare is before the National Assembly of Pan-
ama (balboa equals $1 United States gold). The proposal is being
strongly opposed by the Star and Herald in its editorial columns in

the January 13 issue. ^A recent news item in the Star and Herald

of Panama states that the CARGO HANDLING on the docks located
at Balboa was taken over by the quartennaster's department of the
Isthmian Canal Commission on January 1 . While this work will be
directed by that department, the laborers will continue to be carried
on the roUs of the Panama Railroad Co. About 550 men are employed

in the handling of cargo during the day and 250 at night. A

recently enacted law authorizes the President of Panama to con-
tract a loan not exceeding $1,500,000 (United States), the proceeds
of which are to be expended in the construction of the following
BUILDINGS: Two for schools of agriculture; one for a girls' normal
school; one for a professional school for women; one for a house of
detention for women; one which shall be fireproof and which shall
be used for the National Library Archives and Museum and at the
same time for the notaries for the registration of property, births,
marriages, and deaths, and for the Bureau of Statistics; one for a
penitentiary; one for a reformatory school for minors; and one for a
school for aborigines. The Government is also authorized to con-
struct the necessary additions for enlarging the National Industrial
School and for effecting the transfer of the Bolivar Asylum to a place
more convenient than the one it now occupies. The law provides that
the work of construction may be done either by the Government itself
or by contract through public bidding. The loan is to be for a term
of not less than 50 years and to bear interest not greater than 6 per
cent per aiinum. ^The National Assembly of Panama recently en-
acted a law to encourage COTTON MANUFACTURING m the Re-
public. The executive is authorized to accord certain privileges to
individuals or companies who formally make application there-
for. Among these privileges is included the importation, free of
all duty, for 10 years, of machinery destined exclusively for the manu-
facture of yams (hilados) and tissues of cotton, and the free importa-
tion of primary materials for the same industry (cotton and hilazas) so
75662— Bull. 2—13 11 321

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322 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.

long as they are not produced in the country m quantities sufficient for

the needs of manufactories. ^A recent press report states that by

order of the Canal Commission a complete LIST is being drawn up of
all the machinery, implements, fixtures, and material no longer required
for the canal works and which are for sale on the Isthmus. A number
of railroad companies of Central and South America are reported as

prospective buyers, especially a prominent company of Colombia.

The National Assembly of Panama recently passed a bul authorizing
the executive to expend the sum of $100,000 gold to CELEBRATE

fittingly the opening of the Panama Canal. ^At the same session of

the assembly a bill passed its third reading which provides for the
office of INTERPRETER in the department of foreign relations at
a salary of $100 gold a month; also for the appointment of two tech-
nical instructors for the police department at salaries of $200 gold a
month each; one phjrsician at $175 gold a month; the appointment
of a bookkeeper in the treasury at Colon at $100 a month, and numer-
ous minor offices. ^According to a news item in the Star and Her-
ald, of Panama, of January 20, Mr. Francisco Malien has taken over

the duties of CONSUL GENERAL of Mexico in Panama. A bill

providing for the filling in of low-lying lands in the town of Almirante,
Province of Bocas del Toro, and for the construction, in cooperation
with the town, of an AQUEDUCT, was passed on its first reading

by the General Assembly of Panama January 19, 1913. In her

maiden trip, completed in January, the steamer Evangeline, of the
Peninsular Occidental Steamship Co., brought to Panama 200

TOURISTS who had embarked at Key West, Fla. ^The steamship

Molike, of the Hamburg- American Line, docked at Panama on Janu-
ary 19, bringing between 250 and 300 TOURISTS, who spent the

day seeing Panama and the canal. During December last the Canal

Zone post offices issued 22,972 MONEY ORDERS for a total amount
of $423,851.53. There was also sold $10,61 1 worth of postage stamps,

of which $6,306.60 went to the Grovemment of Panama. ^A new

road is being built from the Diablo flag station on the Panama Rail-
road to a point in Ancon near the Tivoli, the road paralleling the rail-
road most of the way. It will have a width of 16 feet and be 9,600
feet long.

Work in the QUEBRACHO forests of the Chaco region of Paraguay,
which has been suspended in some sections during the past year, was
resumed on a number of properties early in 1913. The prospects for
an increase in the pn)duction of Parairuayan quebracho and Para-

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PABAGUAY. 323

guajan cedar in 1913 as compared with 1912 are very flattering.

Considerable activity is also being shown in the CATTLE industry of
the Chaco region. Newspaper comments throughout the Republic
indicate a growing sentiment, especially in the cities, in favor of the
protection of the live-stock industiy of the nation, and particularly
of the large grazing section bordering on the Argentine Chaco, by the
imposition of export duties on cattle on the hoof. The levying of
such duties is being agitated in the Republic, but as yet no protective
laws covering this subject have received the sanction of the present
Congress. The Government of Paraguay has completed its TELE-
GRAPH LIXE to Caazapa, thereby connecting by wire that impor-
tant commercial center, via Maciel-Mbuyapey, with the Government

telegraph system of the Republic. Work has been resumed on the

construction of a TELEGRAPH line from Ajos to San Jose, and from
Ajos in the direction of Villarica, with the intention of connecting the
northeast cordillera line with the southeast or Misión to Encamación
line, so as to place these important regions in direct telegraphic com-
munication with the Federal capital and with each other. A

STAGE LINE has been established between Villarica and Caaguazu
and intermediate points, such as San Ignacio and other important
villages and ranches. This line makes weekly connection with the

postal stage line from Paraguari to the interior of Misiones. ^A

branch TELEGRAPH LINE is being constructed from Yuty to San
Juan Nepomuceno and Tabay, and wiU ultimately be extended to
the port of Yaguarazapa on the Upper Parana River opposite the

recently established Ai^entine colony of "Campo Grande." The

secretary of foreign relations of the Argentine Government has
requested from the Government of Paraguay a copy of all laws and
decrees now in force concerning AGRICULTURE and allied indus-
tries, forests, and waterways, as well as such laws as may be enacted
in future bearing upon these subjects. The Government of Para-
guay has received, through the minister of the United States of
America accredited to that country, an invitation to participate in
the Fourth International Congress of SCHOOL HYGIENE to be
held in Buffalo, N. Y., from the 25th to the 30th of August, 1913.
The invitation has been accepted and delegates will be appointed in

due course. Sr. Erasmo Santi, jr., a distinguished literary writer

and publicist, has been appointed CONSUL of Paraguay at Bastia,

Corsica. The Agricultural Bank at Asuncion has ordered a large

quantity of Havana TOBACCO SEED for distribution to tobacco
planters and others interested in tobacco culture throughout the
Republic. Great efforts are being made to improve the already
excellent quality of Paraguayan tobacco grown in the country and
to make it equal, as nearly as possible, to the most celebrated grades
of Cuban tobacco. A lai-ge demand has grown up in Argentina and

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324 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.

Uruguay for Paraguayan leaf tobacco, and the constantly increasing
production is as yet insufficient to supply the growing demand for

this article. ^A branch of the Hispano-American BANK has been

opened in Asuncion. A group of Argentine capitalists also propose
to found a new bank in the capital of Paraguay to specially engage in
building operations in the Republic. The Mercantile Bank at Asun-
cion has added a mortgage section, and will establish branches in the
chief cities of the country. The Spanish Bank of Buenos Aires is
considering the advisability of extending its operations into Paraguay

by opening a branch bank in Asuncion. The export and import

house of Hermann Crabb & Co., of Hamburg, Germany, has inaugu-
rated a line of FREIGHT STEAMERS, called the Teutonia Empresa
de Navigacion de Hermann Crabb y Cia., to facilitate its trade between
Montevideo and Asuncion. The first steamer made its maiden trip
in October, 1912. A second steamer is about to be put on the line^
and in the near future boats will be added sufficient to give a weekly
service between Montevideo and Asuncion. The vessels are new,
being built for this line. They are of 1,000 tons burden, capable of
making 1 2 knots an hour. The second steamer, alK)ut to bo put on the
line, is oil burning. The new line holds itself cut as a common carrier
and offers certain advantages over facilities heretofore available in
sending goods to Asuncion. Freight arriving at Montevideo will be
transferred directly to the lighters or warehouses cf the company, thus
avoiding all the details of forwarding usually dependent upon trans-
shipping agents. It will not now be necessary to send freight from
Montevideo to Buenos Aires for transshipment to Asuncion. The
steamers of the new line will run express to Asuncion, making no stops
in Argentine territory. This is a great saving of time.

Official customs statistics recently made available show a gain of
over $1,600,000 in the value of Peruvian EXPORTS during 1911
as compared with 1910. The United Kingdom leads in the value
of purchases, followed by the United States, Chile, Germany,

and France in the order named. ^A recent report of United States

Consul Fuller at Iquitos deals with the nature of tlie stocks of
MERCHANDISE kept in the stores of the company exploiting the
rubber tracts of the Putumayo region, to be used in barter for rubber
with the Indians. Relative to the canned goods used, the consul
states that '' the foodstuffs, the better quaUties of which are provided
for the company's Caucasian staff, but some of which are also used in

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PERU. 325

trade with the Indians, are all put in tin. The canned salmon and
canned fruit are American, put up mostly under the label of a New
York firm of exporting grocers whose mark is well known throughout
the Department of Loreto. A little of the canned fruit comes from
Spain. The salmon is all of the cheaper quaUties and is put up in
1-pound cans of the high cylindrical shape, packed in cases of 24 or
48 cans each. The fruit is of fair quality and comes in 1-pound cans
packed 48 to the case. The canned meat is both American and Eng-
lish and is put up in cases of forty-eight 1-pound tins. The canned
vegetables are mostly îVench. The milk is English, Swiss, and Ger-
man. The soda crackers, of which there is a large consumption in
proportion to the number of inhabitants, are all American and are
received in sealed tin boxes. All the other biscuits are similarly
packed but are English and German. Aside from salmon and bis-
cuits, the consumption is limited to the wants of about 150 Cau-
casians." As to articles of clothing the report states that "cheap
black felt hats come from Italy and the United States; cloth caps
are French. Ready-made trousers of fair quality are mostly French,
although some come from England. Working shirts are of French
and English origin. American jeans, drills, and cotton prints are
purchased and made up into women's cushmas, or loose gowns,
and other garments, as well as being traded to the Indians in the
piece. French knit cotton undershirts of cheap quality, in gaudy

colors, are carried in stock." The Chamber of Deputies at Lima

has approved the appropriation of a fund of $100,000 for erect-
ing WIRELESS STATIONS at Arequipa and at Puerto Maldonado
in the Madre de Dios region, while the one to be erected at Paita
will be built out of the surplus income from the wireless system.
Later another station will probably be established inland, in the
extreme northern border of the RepubHc. With the improvement
at the wireless stations at Panama and Colon it is likely that communi-
cation with the United States will soon be practicable. By a

decree dated November 9 the Cuerpo de Ingenieros de Minas y de
Aguas is given charge of the technical consulting and directive work
of the IRRIGATION SERVICE as well as of mines, the last three
words of the official title of the body being added to indicate its new

functions. ^TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION was officially

recognized as open between Caracas, Venezuela, and Lima, when dis-
patches were exchanged in November, 1912, between the director
of posts and telegraphs of Venezuela and Mr. Frederico Luna y
Peralta, who holds the corresponding office at Lima. The State
lines of Colombia, Ecuador, Venezuela, and Peru are directly con-
nected. Peru will at once make arrangements for similar connections
with Bolivia and Chile, with wliich telegraphic communication is now
carried on bv cable or bv cable and State lines in connection with the

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326 THE PAN AMERICAN tJNION.

lines of the Southern Railways. ^An ELECTRIC LIGHT and

power plant is ordered for Boquete ranch, the operation of the coffee
machinery and other equipment by that means being contem-
plated. ^The Peruvian director general of posts and telegraphs has

announced that banning with January 1, 1913, the rates adopted
at the First South American Continental Postal Congress, held at
Montevideo, Uruguay, in January and February of 1911, went into
effect in Peru. The Congress referred to adopted a POSTAL CON-
VENTION modifying the universal postal convention as applying
to mail sent from one South American country to another. The
convention has been agreed to by Peru, Bolivia, Chile, Colombia,
Paraguay, and Uruguay. The Bulletin of the Pan American Union

printed the text of the agreement in its issue for April, 1911. ^The

proposal to extend the railway now o|>erating between Tambo de
Mora and Chincha to Castrovirreyna and Huancavelica has now been
accepted by the Government, and a concession has been granted
to the Tambo de Mora Railroad Co. (La Empresa del Muelle y
Ferrocarril de Tambo de Mora), of Tambo de Mora, Peru, to con-
struct and operate this railroad for a period of 90 years, when the
line and its rolling stock will revert to the Government without the

payment of any indemnity to the company. ^Mr, Juan Vallarino

has been named consul of Peru at Bremen in place of Mr. Alfredo

Benavides. ^The West Coast Leader, of Lima, Peru, states that the

steamer HowicJc HaU has unloaded a cargo of STEEL RAILS from
California at Callao. Also that 300 horses and mules, along with an
increased amount of general cargo, were brought from Valparaiso by

the Uruhamba to Callao. ^A news item from Callao states that the

Guadalupe shops of the Central Railway have just turned out a new
PASSENGER CAR, which is equal in every way to those heretofore

imported. For some time the WEST COAST LEADER, of Lima,

has been conducting a campaign for the adoption of a fohn for the
written expression of amounts in PERUVIAN CURRENCY. Special
committees were appointed by the chamber of commerce and the
exchange (Bolsa Comercial) to decide upon the best form and their
reports were unanimously adopted by these bodies. The legal unit
of money in Peru is the pound, which is of identical value with the
pound sterling of Great Britain, which is divided into 10 soles and
each sole into 100 centavos. The system adopted gives the following
method of written expression: ^'Lp. 1,825. 8. 50,'' meaning 1,825
pounds, 8 soles, and 50 centavos. The system provides that ciphers
must be used in the absence of any of the three denominations, as
''Lp. 0. 8. 50" or "Lp. 1,825. 0. 50,'' and that a point and a dash
indicate the absence of both soles and centavos, as ''Lp. 1,825. — ".
Commas are to be used only to point off integral thousands.

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The consul of Salvador in New York has compiled figures showing
that the EXPORTS OF MERCHANDISE from the United States
to the Republic of Salvador in 1912 consisted of merchandise valued
at $2,133,745.27. The principal articles and values are as follows:
Cotton goods, including domestics, drills, calicoes, and cotton fabrics,
$694,961.86; railway material, $198,767.19; hardware, $138,921.88;
sewing-machines, $125,522.77; drugs and medicines, $124,936.42;
general machinery, $122,128.76; prepared hides, $116,753.26'; lard,
$74,932.24; mining machinery and supplies, $70,719.46; paper and
stationery, $47,113.30, and paints, oik, varnishes, and blacking,

$31,615.05. A society has been organized in the capital of the

Republic of Salvador under the name of ''Sara de Zaldivar/' the
object of which is to establish and maintain in the city of San Sal-
vador a TRAINING SCHOOL FOR WOMEN. The President of
the Republic has approved the by-laws of the society, pubhshed in
1912 in the Diario Oficial No. 245. The organization is supported by
the leading men and women of the Republic, and will fill a long-felt
want in that country in the education and training of women in the

useful and practical arts. ^More than 100 PUBLIC WORKS will

be inaugurated in the Republic of Salvador on Maxell 1, 1913, all of
which have been completed under the able and progressive adminis-
tration of the late President Manuel Araújo. This great activity
in the erection of public buildings and works shows that the Republic
of Salvador is enjoying a notable period of prosperity. Among these
improvements are 10 buildings for public schools, indicating in a sub-
stantial manner the great interest the (jovemment is taking in the
educational development of the coimtry. Recent statistics give the
number of public schools in the Republic in 1912as515 schools for

bojrs, 2 12 schools for girls, 101 mixed schools, and 36 night schools.

An interesting MAGAZINE entitled the '* Grano de Arena '^ (Grain of
Sand), containing a choice selection of articles of literary merit, is
being published in the city of San Salvador under the direction of

Sr. Manuel Masf errer C, and Sr. Abraham Ramirez Peña. It is

reported that the Occidental BANK of the City of San Salvador is to
increase its present capital of 1,000,000 pesos. On Noveml)er 1 of
last year this institution had bank notes in circulation amounting to
1,812,818 pesos, a reserve fund on hand of 560,000 pesos, and account

current aggregating 1,878,162 pesos. The scarcity of POTABLE

WATER at Metapan has induced that city to provide new piping

for conveying water from a nearby stream to the deposit tanks.

The INTERNATIONAI^ CLUB of the city of San Salvador has elected

327

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328 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.

the following officers for 1913: Ijeon Imberton, preaicient; Benjàmiti
Oleo vieil and Walter de Sola, vice presidents; Ricardo Sagrera, sec-
retary; George Harrison, treasurer, and Adolfo Cabolla, librarian.

In November, 1912, the CABLE, telegraph, and telephone lines of the
Repubhc of Salvador produced gross receipts amounting to 37,903.25

pesos. The shops of the SALVADOR RAILWAY Co. at Sonson-

ante. Republic of Salvador, are among the best equipped railway shops
in Latin America. The steel passenger, freight, and platform cars
turned out from these shops are said to be equal in quality and finish
to those made in the best constructing car shops in the United States.
Locomotives are built in these shops by Salvadoran trained me-
chanics, who are as clever and up-to-date as those employed in the
shops of Europe and the United States. The railway shops at Son-
sonante are nominally under the direction of English mechanics,

but the workmen and skilled artisans are principally Salvadorans.

The steamship RATES in force per ton of 2,000 pounds for the
transportation of Salvadoran coffee of the crop of 1912-13 from the
ports of the Repubhc to the United States are as follows: To San
Francisco, $10; to Tacoma, Portland, and Seattle, $11. and to New
York, $14.

Tlie report of the Montevideo TELEPHONE CO. for the j-ear
ende<l July 1, 1912, shows a net profit of $122,242, as against $107,764
for the fiscal year 1911. After paying all debits a dividend of 5 per
cent was paid on the preferre<l stock and 6 per cent on the ordinary

shares, leaving a balance of $21,000 to be carried forward. A

project has been presented to the Chambers the object of which is the
establishment of a SEROTHERAPEUTIC LABORATORY in the
School of Hygiene, for which 100,000 pesos ($103,400 United States

currency) is asked. ^The organization of the INSTITUTE OF

GEOLOGY has been completed by adding Dr. Montrose Lee, geolo-
gist, Fletcher G. Downe, surveyor, and B. W. Ritse, expert in borings,
to the staff of the institution. The first two mentioned are from the

United States. Since December 11 the Lamport & Holt Steamship

Co. has inaugurated its FORTNIGHTLY SERVICE between the
River Plate and New York, the steamers used being the VestriSy
Vasarij Verdi, Voltairej and Veronese, According to recent con-
sular reports the frozen MEAT INDUSTRY of Uruguay continues
to grow. For the first 10 months of 1912 there wore exported 257,327
carcasses of frozen mutton and 226,069 quarters of frozen beef, as
compared with 220,529 carcasses of mutton and 83,231 quarters of

beef in the corresi)onding period of 1911. A proposal has been

made to the Uruguayan Government by the South American Iron

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UBUGUAY. 329

Syndicate (Ltd.), capital $1,000,000, to establish a large FOUNDRY
at Montevideo for making all classes of iron and steel goods, such as
machines, rails, wire, beams, plates, etc. Besides the free importa-
tion of metals in ingots the syndicate asks that existing duties on
similar manufactured articles be maintained, and that coal and coke

used shall be free from customs duties for 15 years. A BRANCH

of the Central Uruguay Railway 75 miles long is to be constructed
from Pampa Station (Tacuarambo) to Cerro Paraguay to furnish an
outlet for the deposit of manganese near the former place. According
to the terms of the arrangement, the State will construct the line and
lease it to the Central Railway at $739 per kilometer (0.62 mile) per

annxmi for a maximum period of 15 years. Work on the PAN

AMERICAN RAILWAY is being advanced with every means at
hand; several new engineers and a large force of men have been

added. The Pan American Railway Co. has received the materials

for the BRIDGES over the Maciel and Porongos Rivers and the
international bridge over the Cuareim River between Uruguay and

Brazil. Mr. William Whytes has presented a proposal for the

construction of an international BRIDGE across the Uruguay River,
extending from the city of Salto to Concordia, Argentina, the bridge
and approaches to be 1 J miles in length. The project has been
sanctioned by the Argentine Senate and reported on favorably by

the Lower Chamber. A recent consular report states that the

following information has been supplied by the directors of the
Central Uruguay Railway Co., relative- to the EARNINGS of the
several interests under their control, for the year ended June 30, 1912 :
" Main line, — After providing for debenture interest, the rent of the
Northeastern line, the dividend on the preferred shares, the interim
dividend on the ordinary stock paid last April, and other charges,
there remains an available balance of $455,032, as compared with
$336,134 for the previous year. The board proposes to transfer
$48,665 to the general reserve fund and $24,333 to the pension fund,
and to pay a balance dividend of 3^ per cent, less tax, making 6 per
cent, less tax, for the year, carrying forward $61,255. In the fiscal
year 1911, $48,665 was transferred to the general renewal funds, and
a final dividend of 2| per cent was. paid, making 5i per cent for the
year; the sum carried forward was $35,423. Eastern extension, —
After providing for debenture interest, the dividend on preferred
shares, and the interim dividend on the ordinary shares, the balance
of net revenue for the year ended Jime 30, 1912, amoimts to $155,665,
against $153,592 for the previous year. The board proposes to pay
a balance dividend of $1.64 per share, less tax, making $2.80 per
share for the year, equal to 5| per cent, less tax, carrying forward
$22,654. In the fiscal year 1911 the final dividend was $1.52 per
share, making $2.56 for the year, and $39,029 was carried forward.
Northern extension. — After providing for the debentiure interest and

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330 THE PAX AMERICAN UNION.

the interim dividend paid last April, the balance of net revenue for
the year ended June 30, 1912, amounts to $118,426, as against
$108,961 for the previous year. The board proposes to pay a balance
dividend of $1.22, less tax, making $2.81 per share for the year»
equal to 4î per cent, less tax, carrying forward $3,859. In the fiscal
year 1911 the final distribution was $1.03 per share, making $2.07
per share for the year, and the sum of $11,582 was carried forward.' '
As to the Midland Uruguay Railway, it is stated that the directors,
report for the fiscal year 1911-12 shows the following figures: Gross
receipts, $566,801, increase, $79,216; working expenses, $391,967,
increase, $83,294; net profit, $140,768, increase, $21,607. The line
to Fray Bentos (87 mUes) was opened for traffic during the year»
making a total of 283.41 miles in operation, compared with 237.57
miles in 1910-11. There were 63,346 passengers carried, an increase
of 37.71 per cent, the receipts showing an increase of 27.25 per cent.
Freiglit traffic, exclusive of the company's materials, was 105,861
tons, comparc<l with 91,924 tons the previous year, an increase of
15.16 per cent, with a 9.98 per cent rise in receipts. The receipts per
mile were $1,995, against $2,039 in 1910-11, the expenses being $1,504

per mile, compared with $1,552. The Uruguayan Senate has

approved a bill appropriating $40,000 for the installation of a

VETERINARY POLYCLINIC. A recent press dispatch states

that the Spanisli Transatlantic Co. will shortly put two large and
very rapid PASSENGER SHIPS on the River Plate service. Ihese
ships wUl be the Reina Victoria Eugenia and the Infanta Isabel de
Bourbon. It is estimated that the new ships will cover the distance
between Cadiz and Montevideo in less than 13 days, and it is antici-
pated tlxat tlie first voyage will be made in April. According to

the Montevideo limes, in September, 1913, there ^%àll be added to
the River Plate service of the Hamburg South American Steamship
Co. a MONSTER LINER, the largest and most rapid that has ever
entered the River Plate. This steamer will be named the Cap
Trafalgar. It wiU have a tonnage of 18,000 and a speed of over 18
knots an hour, thus enabling it to do the trip from Lisbon to Buenos

Aires in something under 12i days. The CONGRESS FOR THE

PROTECTION OF AGRICULTURE, the meeting of which the
October, 1912, Bulletin stated was to have been held in November of
that year, has been postponed to meet in Montevideo in April, 1913.
The Governments of Argentina, Brazil, Chile, and Paraguay have
been invited to participate in the proceedings. The program will
include discussions under the following general heads: (1) Protection
against locusts; (2) regular telegraphic service concerning the move-
ments of locusts and other agricultural pests; (3) preventive and
combative methods against all other agricultural pests; (4) the cele-
bration of a protocol by the participating nations concerning these
subjects, and (5) miscellaneous topics.

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VENEZUELA

A communication from the American chargé d'affaires at Caracas
states that the Venezuelan Government has called special attention
to certain irregularities that have been observed for some time past in
CONSULAR INVOICES, and has given notice that in the future such
irregularities will occasion the imposition of the fines provided by law.
One of the points in question is the practice of expressing the contents
of only one package, leaving blank lines and inclosing the whole in
braces, in declaring a shipment which consists of a number of pack-
ages of different kinds containing merchandise of the same kind. The
full declaration should be repeated for each kind of package. Another
practice contrary to the Government regulations is that of setting
down merely the tariflF number under which the merchandise is duti-
able, when the regulations specifically provide that '*the contents
of all packages shall be expressed, giving the. name of each kind of
merchandise, the material of which it is composed, and the quality
or the characteristics that distinguish the merchandise in question
from other merchandise of the same name set forth in a different class

of the customs tariff." In accordance with a recent decree the

new MONEY-ORDER SERVICE was established in Venezuela Jan-
uary 1, 1913. The interior service permits the issue of orders for the
amounta of .5, 10, 20, 40, and 100 bolivars only (bolivar =19.3 cents
United States ciurency). These orders are issued at the general post
office at Caracas, the principal administrations throughout the coun-
try, and such subordinate offices as have been specially designated
for the purpose. The fee charged is 2 per cent of the amount of the

order. A recent consular report states that the ministry of public

instruction has been authorized to expend the simi of 77,640 bolivars
($14,985) in the purchase of modern SCHOOL FURNITURE for the
graded schools already established and an additional sum of 30,000
bolivars ($5,790) for the purchase qf textbooks, wall charts, globes,

geometric solids, abecedaries, abacuses, etc., for the same schools.

There will also be established by the ministry of public instruction
three COMMERCIAL SCHOOLS, one to be at Caracas, one at Mara-
caibo, and the third at Ciudad Bolivar. The same ministry is also
desirous of obtaining a mining engineer to establish a course of mining
engineering in connection with the engineering school already existing
at Caracas, as well as to give expert information in regard to the min-
eral development of the country. There will also be established by
the same ministry, at Caracas, a normal school for men, as soon as
expert normal teachers can be obtained from abroad. The Govern-
ment telegraph system has been extended along the Orinoco south

331

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332 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.

bank east to Piacoa. The extension on to Imataca will also soon be

finished. An ACETYLENE PLANT has been installed atthelight-

hou^e established at Punta Barima, increasing the force of the light at
that point. The keeper hasforwarded areport which gives thedepth of
water in two of the mouths of the Orinoco, stating that in the Macareo
Passage the depth of water is at least 13} and 14 feet, in theBaradero
Passage the depth is 15 feet, while all the other principal passages had

greater depths on November 5. According to a recent report of

United States Consul Voetter at La Guaira the apparent increased
PROSPERITY of Venezuela for 1911 compared with previous years
can in a large measure be attributed to the high price of coffee, the
chief exportable product of the country. Another element was a feel-
ing of security from domestic disturbances on the part of busings inter-
ests. The exports for the entire country in 1911 were valued at
$22,676,974 compared with $17,948,570 in 1910. The shipments to
the United States increased from $6,305,485 in 1910 to $7,083,264.
The greatest gain was in the exports to Germany, which country took
goods valued at $4,269,221, compared with $2,313,556 for 1910. A
slight decrease in exports to Great Britain and colonies is shown.

Exports to other countries showed increases. Recent consular

advices state that the value of the IMPORTS into the consular district
of Puerto Cabello during 1911 far exceeded that of the last seven pre-
ceding years. The United States made a gain of $380,712 over 1910
and was second only to England in the imports into this district. The
total imports were valued at $3,489,826 compared with $2,344,748
for 1910, of which the United States furnished merchandise valued at
$814,560, against $1,357,378 for the United Kingdom, $650,752 for
Germany, $263,754 for the Netherlands, $164,674 for Spain, $115,494

for France, and $123,214 for Italy. The copper mines of Tucacas

have been working and making regular shipments of copper ore to

England. The factory established by the Venezuelan Government

for the making of BRIQUETS has had a successful year. It has man-
ufactured all coal used by the Government for its navy yard, dry
docks, and warships. A factory for the manufacture of CON-
DENSED MILK and cheese has been established at Maracay.

The Venezuelan Meat & Products Syndicate (Ltd.), of Puerto Cabello,
has INCREASED the capacity of its plant from the killing of 80 to

120 beeves per day. The Venezuela Telephone & Electrical

Appliances Co. (Ltd.) has extended its system to cover the WHOLE

DISTRICT of Puerto Cabello. Chargé d'Affaires Jefferson Caffery,

of the American Legation in Caracas, reports that the Venezuelan
Government has ordered that SAMPLES of the national products of
Venezuela be placed on exhibition in the Venezuelan consulates at
Antwerp, Amsterdam, Barcelona, Genoa, Hamburg, Liverpool, Lon-
don, New York, New Orleans, Ottawa, and Yokohama.

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VOL. XXXVI MARCH, 1913. NO. 3

by the far-sighted Yankee, William Wheelright, who, in 1851, built
the first railway in South America, from Caldera to Copiapo, Cliile,
its ultimate destination being, according to his vision, Buenos Ah'es.
The final victory of linking the tw^o oceans by this rapid means of
transportation was accomplished in 1910 by the Transandine Railway,
almost in a straight line of 888 miles between the two oceans. This
pierces the mountain at an altitude of 10,000 feet, and brings the two
coasts within 48 hours of each other.

} By Albert Hale, of Pan American Union Staff.

An article of a more technical nature, studying the problem of a transandine railway to connect the two
oeeans in this southern latitude, is in preparation for the Bulletin.

333

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l'hotoffraph by Reginald (iorham.

A SKYSCRAPER IN BUENOS AIRES.

This building, said to be the first skyscraper in South America, stands on the Paseo Colon not far
from the now customhouse and in the vicinity of the great docks. It is intended to serve as a
clearinK house for the several important railroads which radiate from Buenos Aires, the starting
point for the journey described.

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A NEW WAY TO CBOSS THE ANDES. 335

But this lofty triumph is by no means the only pass — viaUspallata —
from one side of the Cordillera to the other. Wheelright's idea, to
build a railway into the north of Argentina from the Chile side, still
has its advocates and may yet find its contractors. Argentina itself
would be glad to see a development of this character, because there
is felt an urgent need of an outlet across the continent by railway
toward the north. This feeling has become especially active recently,
since the opening of the Panama Canal is so soon to be an accom-
plished fact, and since the changes that are sure to result therefrom
must have an important influence upon the north of Chile and should
be turned to the advantage of the north of Argentina. A railway
branching oflf in the neighborhood of Jujuy to the west from the line
already in operation (Central Norte Argentino) as far as the Bolivian
frontier, and touching the Pacific coast in the neighborhood of
An tof agasta or Copiapo, and thus carrying out the project of Wheel-
right, has already been surveyed. This meets the approval of the
Government and of practical business men. The pass of San Fran-
cisco, through which it would connect the two RepubUcs, is well
adapted for the purpose, since it is protected from the excessive
snows of higher passes.

But in the southern and newer parts of the continent the inmiense
areas just coming into productive activity on both sides of the Cordil-
lera must in some way or other be brought closer together by the
railway. The passes are not formidable on account of their altitude,
nor do they ever suffer from deep or excessive snows. It is certain
that through one of them a commercial railway will sooner or later
be built.

Two of these passes, iu the neighborhood of which a railway must
run, are already used for local traffic. One is westward from the
town in the Argentine territory of Neuquen, called San Martin de los
Andes, into Chile at about the latitude of Valdivia; the other is
farther to the south, beginning at Bariloche, in the territory of Rio
Negro, and entering Chile not far north of the city of Puerto Montt,
the present southern terminus of the railway from Santiago. Both
are beautiful and both are attracting tourists, but by no means in
the proportion they should. For natural beauty and for climate
they can be favorably compared with the Alps — in fact, this region is
called the Argentine or the Chilean Alps — while as for the delight of
out of doors, with fishing, hunting, tenting, or exploring, they are
fully equal to the States of Washington and Oregon, at the base of
Mount Tacoma.

It was across the last-mentioned divide, from Bariloche, in Argen-
tina, to Puerto Varas, in Chile, that I had the pleasure to travel in
company with the governor of the Gobernación of Neuquen. The
purpose of his trip was to investigate the condition of the road and

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A NEW WAY TO CROSS THE ANDES. 337

the country between the capital of his territory and Bariloche, and
I had been asked to report upon the trip by the editor of La Prensa,
of Buenos Aires, and by the secretary of the Touring Club Argentino.

FROM BUENOS AIRES TO SANTIAGO VIA NEUQUEN AND BARILOCHE.

The train — Ferrocarril del Sud — carried me slowly out of the station
on the Plaza Constitución on the evening of January 6, the exact
time of departure being 6.38 p. m. I was on my way to Bahia Blanca
but only to change cars at that interesting seaport for a farther
journey westward through the Gobernación of Neuquen. My pur-
pose was to cross the Cordillera into ChUe. I might, of course, have
taken the easier way to Santiago by the B. A. P. and the Trans-
Andino, but that route I already knew, and I wanted the plcasanter
experience of an uncharted country, of escape from the railway, of
actual touch with nature as she lay as yet undisturbed among her
snowcapped mountains.

Moreover, I had an additional interest in this seldom-traveled route
to Chile. I knew that serious study had been given it, both by the
Government and by the railways, for ultimately this southern pass
through the Cordillera must become a highway between the two great
Republics on either side of the Andes, and I wished to find out what
sort of country would then be opened for future colonization and
settlement.

From Buenos Aires to Bahia Blanca the run is best made at night,
across the fertile fields of the Provincia. What could be seen of the
country, in the late afternoon and early morning, was not essentially
diflFerent from the plains of Iowa and Minnesota, in my own native
land. The sleeping car (dormitorio) and the restaurant car were
excellent, and the comfort of travel was here as readily obtainable as
anywhere in Europe. Bahia Blanca was reached at 9.25 in the morn-
ing, and the train, on the same Ferrocarril del Sud, to carry me to
Xeuquen, was waiting in the station. It left the city at 9.50 a. m.
headed almost due west, and I was now in a new country, in a Terri-
torio instead of a Provincia, and I felt that my experiences had begun
in earnest.

In the first place, I was struck by the remarkable resemblance
between the natural characteristics of the land in the Gobernación
de la Pampa, as well as of Neuquen, with those in western Texas, in
Arizona, and in New Mexico in the United States of North America.
Had I possessed the magic carpet of the old legend, I could have trans-
ported my fellow passengers into parts of Texas without their knowl-
edge, and they would hardly have known that they had left Argentine
soil. The wilderness without trees was the same; the illimitable dis-
tances were the same, and the small irregularities in the ground, not
large enough to be called hills, but still elevated enough to break the

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A NEW WAY TO CROSS THE ANDES. 339

even line of the horizon, were the same. Even the dry, parched, and
stony earth was the same, apparently sterile where there was no
water immediately available, but touched with wonderful greens and
made gay by multicolored blossoms, wherever the effect of water could
be traced. The jarilla, a bush which must be the first cousin of our
mesquite, so common in Texas and north Mexico, was everywhere, to
make the resemblance more complete.

But I should like to state, for the encouragement of those who have
had no opportunity to study these same corresponding areas in
Argentina and in the United States of North America that the resem-
blance to a barren desert is only superficial. In the early geographies
describing the United States of North America immense tracts of
unknown land in our far West were marked as the great American
Desert, impossible of habitation by man or beast. More than 20 yeairs
ago I passed over hundreds of miles in Texas and Arizona barren as
Sahara. To-day the traveler finds much of this region blossoming into
pasture for cattle, planted with trees, or cut up into relatively small
farms where grains and vegetables are grown and orchards are planted.
The entire explanation of the transformed landscape lies in the one
word — water. Once introduce water onto this parched and thirsty
soil, and millions of hectares will be redeemed from waste.

The problem may be locally different from what it has been and still
is in the far West of the United States of North America, but it is
fundamentally the same. With water trees can be made to grow ; with
trees water will finally come of itself and the soil will fructify. If I
can judge from what was told me along the route, water is not so diffi-
cult to get. There are a few good-sized rivers from which it will be
drawn, and in many places it is found only a few meters beneath the
surface. Argentina, with her energy and her ambition, will solve the
problem, just as we in the United States of North America are solving
it, and I predict that within the lifetime of many of us La Pampa, Rio
Negro, Neuquen, and Chubut will be subject to regular and effective
irrigation, and that on these treeless plains thousands of settlers will
find comfortable homes.

One more remark, a note of an ignorant traveler perhaps, who sees
this newer part of the Republic for the first time, and may therefore
be led into an error of judgment, and I shall return to my story of the
race across the continent, or "al grano," as they say in Spanish. I
missed along the railwa}^, in contrast to what the traveler sees in parts
of our own far West, the clusters of small houses around the stations,
which indicate that immigration and town building have practically
begun. This lack is not due altogether to the condition of the soil,
because I had noticed the same absence of life in other and much more
productive parts of the Republic along other railways, and because
in some of the recesses of the hills beyond the immediate proximity

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PACKING WATER IN THE KIO NEGRO TERRITORY.

Agricultural and pastoral industries bave been greatly retarded in tbe great Rio Negro Terri-
tory of Argentina, because of tbe scarcity of water. In places wbere irrigation bas been tried
tbe results bave proven tbe remarkable fertility of tbe soil. Wells and windmills, witb im-
proved roads, will work wonders in tbe development of tbe country, and improved systems
of irrigation will transform tbe arid wastes into blossominf gardens, green pastures, and vast
fields of growing grain. Tbe result of irrigation on a small scale in several places mentioned
demonstrates tbe productiveness of tbe soil wben sufficiently watered.

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342

THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.

of the line were comparatively well-developed cattle ranges that must
demand a population of some sort, which, among us, would stimulate
in others the desire to settle in the neighborhood. No, I concluded,
again perhaps in my ignorance (although I had the authority of others,

natives of the country, who
are well acquainted wdth
Argentina), an explanation
must be sought in the ina-
bility of the present land
laws of the Republic to at-
tract, with a guaranty of
permanent occupation, the
poor immigrant w^ho comes
to the country with the hope
of finding and of making
here a real home. The
Government in the United
States of North America
has done nothing for the
immigrant except to assure
him, in a broad sense, im-
mediate possession of his
land and a legal title thereto.
Recently, also, many of the
railways themselves, for sel-
fish but praiseworthy pur-
poses, have felt obhgated to
encourage the settler by
offering him land along
their lines and by institut-
ing their own departments
of agriculture, through
which the settler learns how
to get the best profit out of
his purchase. Otherwise
nothing is done for his ad-
vantage; his own interest is
his best stimulus, and as a
rule, whether foreign or
native, he succeeds, to the
benefit of the Nation and the railways, which gain by his presence.
Pondering on these fascinatmg problems of introducing new home-
makers into the wilderness, I was carried across the Rio Neuquen
mto the Gobernación and capital of the same name, and alighted at
the station at 10.50 p. m., hot, th-ed, and dusty. My great wish is

Court4'»y of the Outing Magasine.

A GUANACO.

Among the game soon in the trip across the continent was
the guanaco. This animal belongs to the familia camel-
idx, genius ttarr.aa. The four vari tics of this genus are
the 11am*, alpaca, vicuna, and guanaco. The guanaco
has not been domesticated as has the llama, and is found
in the wild state from Peru down to Tierra del Fueço,
being most abundant in the remote regions of Patagonia.
An Argentine lieutenant once apostrophised the guanaco
thus: " You are a queer animal, indeed. You have the
neigh of a horse, the wool of a sheep, the neck of a camel,
the feet of deer, and the swiftness oi the devil."

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CROSSING THE PAMPAS OF THE TERRITORY OF RIO NEGRO, ARGENTINA.

The landscape is characteristic of the greater part of Rio Negro and Neuquen stretching eastward
from the lake region at the slope of the Cordillera in Argentina. The road is merely a track
through the wilderness, and modem carts are rare.

A GAUCHO, OR ARGENTINE COWBOY.

The true "gauchos" are fast disappearing from the plains of Argentina, as are the cowboys of
our western country. They formed a distinctive class of natives, oftenlof mixed ancestry,
who owned horses and cattle and lived a free and untrammelcd life out injthe pampas. They
were experts with the lasso and superb horsemen, but as a nile owned no land and had no
fixed habitation. The vast estancias, with their modem equipment for farming as well as
cattle raising, have crowded out the gauchos, and those who still remain are in the employ
of the great ranch owners, taking care of the immense herds and gradually being transformed
into placid (arm hands.

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344 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.

that petroleum may soon be discovered along the line of the Ferro-
carril del Sud, so that they can oil the track, as is done in the State
of Texas by the Southern Pacific Railway now that oil is so abundant
in the neighborhood. I was met immediately on entering the hotel
by the Governor of the Territory, Señor Eduardo Elordi. He said
that he was on the point of starting from Neuquen the next morning
for Bariloche to the southwest, and that if I so desired and was ready
for the trip I might join him. I was only too glad to accept his
kind invitation, and although it was then almost midnight, and we
were to leave the city by sunrise, I promised to be on time.

Promptly at 5.30 a. m*. Gov. Elordi called for me at the hotel.
The machine — automobile — in which we were to make the experi-
ment of crossing the wilderness, over unknown roads never before
touched by a rubber tire, was a 40.50 horsepower car, 36 centimeters
clear from axle to lowest edge of rim. It was capable of making
probably 80 kilometers (50 miles) an hour, and was a good hill
climber when put to the test. These points are important, as will be
explained later. My baggage was carefully loaded into the car, the
chauffeur was given orders to go ahead, now that all was ready, and
we headed toward the south. The race had begun.

In this machine, besides Gov. Elordi and myself, were the chauf-
feur, another man, who was an able assistant as well as a good
mechanic, and a cavalry soldier whose long experience on the fron-
tier of both Neuquen and Rio Negro had made him perfectly familiar
with the road on which we were to travel and who acted, therefore, as
the guide when any question of direction or choice of road presented
itself. We were sure on this account to lose no time in unfortunate
divergences from the most direct way possible in the circumstance^.

There have been outlined, under the inspiration of the Touring
Club Argcntmo (see the Guia General, 1911-12, Tomo II, p. 486),
two roads by which the Cordillera may be crossed and Chile entered
from Neuquen. The first has been traveled by Señor Francisco M.
César, secretary of the club, and Señor Eduardo Elordi, and their
notes on the trip will always be of service to future tourists. This
road goes almost exactly west fron Neuquen, following the railway
line in construction, and enters Chile at the Paso (Cajón) de Pino
Hachado. The second goes more toward the south and aims at San
Martin de los Andes, a distance of about 500 kilometers (311 miles)
from Neuquen, which must be covered in an automobile, although,
of course, the ordinary traffic of to-day is carried on with primitive
oxcarts or on muleback. Both of these are within the territory of
Neuquen. The third road was the one we were taking. It goes
through the territory of Rio Negro almost exactly southwest to the
town of Bariloche on the Lago Nahuel Huapi, the largest lake in
Argentina.

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GOVERNOR EDUARDO ELORDl AND HIS CAR.

The first automobile ever to make the trip across the wilderness from Neuquen to Bariloche,

Argentina.

CROSSING THE RIO LIMA, BETWEEN THE TERRITORIES OF NEUQUEN AND

RIO NEGRO.

This is the only stream not negotiable b^' an automobile under its own power, but being fortu-
nately near the city of Neuquen^ there is a ferry for the convenience of commerce and tourists.

THE FIRST "BOLICHE" SOUTH OF NEUQUEN.

A " boliche" is a small cottage or hut, erected at the side of the road and near some source of water,
either a spring or well. Tney are lonely enough for the men who inhabit them, but very cheer-
ing to the traveler who passes, hungry and thirsty, that way.

78710— Bull. 3—13 2

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346 TfiE PAN AMERICAN UNION.

Less than an hour after leaving the capital we crossed the Rio
liimay into Rio Negro by means of a simple ferryboat suspended from
an iron cable stretched over the river, which was shuttled back and
forth by the action of the current. Then we struck the hard and
well-beaten road through the desert, barren as Arizona, but marked
as a passage for oxcarts through the peculiar vegetation of a waterless
plain. I can not refrain from again remarking the close resemblance
to Arizona, Texas, or north Mexico. Yet I missed the various forma-
tions of the cactus that is universal in those regions ; I do not know
whether the cactus grows in Argentina, but I am sure that the soil is
fitted for it, and Gov. Hordi told me that he had plans to introduce
in Nliequen a thomless variety, which should thrive in this neighbor-
hood and furnish good nourishment, for the mule especially, and prob-
ably for other cattle. By 9. 15 a. m. we had reached (los) Jaguelitos, a
''boliche," * the first one on the road south of and distant 16 leagues
from Neuquen. (A league in Argentina is equal to 5 kilometers, or
3.107 miles). Here we rested awhile and tasted the water from the
well that offered the excuse for the erection of the house of the pro-
prietor. As proof of a fact that is becoming better acknowledged
in all regions of this nature, the soil, when watered from the well
here, was quite fertile, and the proprietor was growing garden vege-
tables sufficient for his own needs.

The monotony of our journey through this section was frequently
broken by the sight of game which would have aroused the interest
of a North American sportsman. Several guanaco, the species of
South American camel which is very closely related to the llama,
were seen, while ostriches were quite numerous. Partridges and
hares ako abounded. The killing of ostriches is forbidden on many
of the large estancias of Argentina, their feathers being a source of
considerable revenue to the owners. These feathers are not as fine
as those of the African ostrich and are chiefly used to make feather
dusters.

Leaving Jaguelitos at 10 a. m., we gradually descended into a
broad valley, the road giving practically no difiBculty for the machine,
so that it traveled easily at the rate of 6 leagues (18Í miles) an hour,
and even more in places. We reached another ** boliche'' — ^not far
from a curious hill at the end of the valley, called "El Cerro de la
Policia '^ — at 11.30 a. m., and here we rested and took a comfortable
breakfast, furnished by the owner. Again an instance of the pro-
ductiveness of the soil, for this settler had discovered six years ago a
spring of pure water on the side of the hiíl back of his house and had
developed a practical system of irrigation for a garden around his
home; in this he was growing luxuriously corn, onions, potatoes,

1 A "boliche" is a small house in the country at which refreshment, chieûy liquid, and small supplies
can be purchased by the traveler.

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rouriesy ot New York Zoological Society.

MALE RHEA, OR SOUTH AMERICAN OSTRICH.

The speciroon of the Rhea Americana shown in this photograph is exceptional in coloring,
the plumage being much lighter than is usually the case. The cocks aro generally larger
than the hens and have longer and flner feathers, which are dyed and used for ornamental
purposes. Sometimes the plumes of the African ostrich, used for ornamenting ladies'
nats, are added to and built up by using portions of the rhea feathers. The poorer grades
of the feathers are used for making flv brushes, feather dusters, etc. The male rhea gen-
erally collects a harem of hens and each hen contributes her share to a common nest, which
is often found to contain as many as 40 or 50 eegs. It is the male bird that sits and hatches
the ^gs and afterwards takes care of the brood. The e^^ are frequently as much as 5 to 6
inches in length and 3 to 4 inches in diameter and weigh as much as a pound and a half.
Although usually rather shy and easily frightened, the cock often shows great courage in
protectmg the young and will not hesitate to attack a man or horse in defense of the brood.

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348 THE PAX AMERICAN UNION.

and similar vooretables, while his esthetic taste had led him to culti-
vate flowers, so that as we departed he gave us a handful of pinks
(claveles), which preserved their freshness and fragrance even to the
end of the following day.

It was hot in this valley, the thermometer registering 32° C. at
midday, and no air was stirring; so we were glad to start shortl}'
after 3 ]>. m. and catch the breeze created by the movement of the
car. A good road ]>ast the '' Cerro ^' brought us to another *' boliche"
named Colorado, within an hour, a distance of 7 leagues (not quit«
22 miles). Here Gov. Elordi had had stored and readv for imme-

CourteM.v of Mr. H. K. Carl. National Zoolojrlt-al Park.

THE RHEA, OR SOUTH AMERICAN OSTRICH.

The Rhfa Americana boars a close rosomblance to the African ostrich when scon at a distance. Upon
closer inspection, however, it will bt» foiuid that the rhra has three toas while the African bird nas
but two, and that the head and neck of the former are covered with feathers while those of the
latter are bare. The general plumage of the cocks and hens is very much alike. They are usually
nearly black on the top of the head, down the back, and in front of the breast; dirtv white on
the neck, beUy, rump, and thighs. The wings and rest of the body arc of either a ricíi brown or
a gray-bro^Ti In color.

diate use a quantity of petrol (naphtha), for as the road had never
been traveled before by an automobile, it was necessary to provitle
fuel along the way, in case of need. At Colorado we stopped only
long enough to transfer the naphtha to the car and then hurried on
through the valley (cañadon) called ''Tricaco.'^ At 6 p. m. some
bad road was encountered in another valley, and the next two hours
made slow going, but from 8 p. m., under a brilliantlj^ starlit sky, we
hurried on again, making the night's resting place — ^Mencue, a good-
sized warehouse and store for the surrounding estancias — at 10.10

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A "BOLICHE" AT COLORADO.

Here the goTemor kept a deposit of (naphtha, petrol) gasoline, which was picked, up' by the car as
it passed. Such r^ular supplies are necessary, as gasoline has up to now been unknown in this
repon.

THE STANDARD CART OF WESTERN AR(îENTINA.

We passed a "troupe" of 12 carts of this type, each drawn by from 8 to 12 mules or oxen. They
carrv chiefly skins and wool to the north and east, brlneing back domestic supplies for the country
south and west of Neuquen. The dust they raise in the dry season can often be traced for miles
across the plateau.

THE "CASA DE NEGOCIO," AT MENCUE, THE HALFWAY STATION BETWEEN
NEUQUEN AND BARILOCHE.

This is a substantial collection of houses, with a good-sized country store where almost every-
thing is sold. In connection with it is a large corral. Here the animals of light travelers put
up for the night, and those of the heavily burdened travelers, as well as the large carts, halt for
the day, for many caravans prefer to rest when the sun is highest.

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350 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.

p. m., having covered this last interval, 22 leagues (68.35 miles), in
3 hours and 40 muiutes. The entire distance traveled during this
first day of the machine was therefore 55 leagues (171 miles), and by
taking a short cut here and there, under the direction of the guide,
we had save<i about 5 leagues (15.53 mUes) out of the 60 leagues
(186.41 miles), the ordinary cart distance estimated by the natives.

Mencue is said to be the halfway station bet^veen Xeuquen and
Bariloche, but the longer half lay behind us, and according to the
reports of those who knew the road, in reality the worst half. As we
had a late supper the night after arrival, there was no great haste
in the morning's start, so we did not leave the '^casa de negocio*' till
8.50 a. m. The night had been cold, and the morning air was fresh
and invigorating, the thermometer registering 16^ C. at 6 a. m. This
is accounted for by the fact that the altitude, as recorded by my
aneroid barometer, was close to 1,200 meters (3,937 feet), the highest
point on the road. (This elevation varies only slightly from the
more accurate calculation for Mencue, given us later by the chart
at Bariloche.)

Leaving Mencue we found an excellent road to a *' boliche *' named
Laguna Blanca, on account of a small lake near by, which dries up
in the summer to expose its bed incrusted with a glistenmg white
salt of some kind. The distance of 10 leagues (31 miles) was covered
in 50 minutes. From Laguna Blanca to another little oasis in the
wilderness called Cumallo is 14 leagues and required 2 hours and 45
minutes, our arrival being at 12.45 p. m. Here we had a stand-up
breakfast. Gov. Elordi deciding to spend no time in resting, although
the cottage was attractive and, with water from a hill at the rear,
was shaded by a pretty grove of trees.

From Cumallo, which we left at 1 p. m., to Pilcaniyen Is 8 leagues
(about 25 miles), and we arrived at 2.45 p. m. This place is quite a
village, having a national (federal) school, a telegraph station, and a
well-organized industrial plant, with modern machinery for sheep
shearing. In all the valleys in this vicinity flocks of sheep are numer-
ous, and the industry seems to thrive. Pilcaniyen is the di%dding
line for the eastward traffic, because from this point all carts from
the south strike directly eastward toward the end of the railway that
begins on the Atlantic coast at Puerto San Antonio in Rio Xegro,
and great hopes are expressed that within a short time this railway
will reach Pilcaniyen and even be continued to Bariloche. North of
Pilcaniyen, most of the traffic goes to Neuquen, but as that is the
nearest town of any importance on a railway having connection with
Bahia Blanca and Buenos Aires, it furnishes most of the supplies
needed in this entire reti:ion to the south.

Leaving Pilcaniyen at 4.15 p. m., after a simple meal, we found
many irregular spots in the road, due to the more frequent passage

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LAGUNA BLAN'CA, THE NEXT TOWN PASSED.

At intervals along the road huge piles of rock would make a long detour necessary. The road in
such regions was, as a rule, hard and Arm. Where the rock disappeared the ground grew soft and
mts proved always a menac? and delay.

AN OASIS IN THE HILLS AT CUMALLO, EN ROUTE TO BARILOCHE.

There was no exception to the rule that wherever water touched this hard and apparently sterile
soil, up sprang a garden and life revived. Here was a tiny stream coming out from the hills, and
along Its Danks even trees grew by the planting.

PILCANIYEN, ABOUT 25 MILES FROM CUMALLO.

The upper story of this building is used by the Argentine Government as a schoolhouse and the
lower story for a telegraph and post office. Messages may be sent from hero to any part of the
wwld.

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352 THE PAN AMERICAN _UNION.

over it of many carts, and also to the difference in the soil, which was
more earthy and consequently these heavy carts made deeper ruts,
with a high and awkward hump between them. These humps in the
middle of the road caused many a delay and detour to avoid them,
and progress was ofti^n slow on that account. About 5 p. m. we
caught the first clear glimpse of the snow-capped Cordillera, and
shortly afterwards, the beautiful saddloUke peaks of mighty Tronador
rose before us. During the afternoon, too, we had noticed a better
and greener landscape, more cattle (horses chieñy), richer valleys to
right and left of the highway, and more frequent dwellings than had
been visible the day before. A well-established civilization was com-
ing into existence along the road. At 6.30 p. m. we entered the Rio
Nirihuao (and here we remained for some time; but that is another
story which had best be given by Señor Elordi if ever he seems inclined
to tell his experiences), and at 11.30 p. m., over a splendid road which
allowed us to travel, even in the slender illumination of the stars, at
the rate of some 40 kilometers (25 miles) an hour, we entered the
town of Bariloche, tired but victorious, for the hardest part of the
trip lay behind us. We had made to-day just 50 leagues (155.34
miles).

In Bariloche we remained during the early hours of the day, partly
to rest, partly to visit, and practically because nothing could be gained
by attempting to hurry across Lago Nahuel Huapi, on which the town
lies. The lake itself is beautiful, and deserved the hours we spent on
it, as its shores are lined with pine-covered hills, and toward the west
the snowy Cordillera is always in view.

But the steamer (specially engaged for the occasion) was ready for
us at 4 p. m., and we then continued the trip to the farther end, arriv-
ing at the landing place of Puerto Blest at 9.30 that night.

Puerto Blest we left at 4 a. m. the next morning, traversing the
short interval between Lago Nahuel Huapi and Lago Fria, only 4
kilometers (2 J miles) over a slight wooden-raüed tram, in 40 minutes.
Here is a good place to express our thanks to Señor Carlos Boos, who
put the forces of the Compañía Comercial y Ganadera Chile- Argentina
at our disposition; it was due to his active management of the details
that we were able to cross the Cordillera with such celerity, and I am
sure that Señor Elordi joins me in this open acknowledgment of Señor
Boosts courtesy.

Lago Fria (not Frio, because the name does not indicate the tem-
perature of the water but that of its early investigator) is a deep pocket
in the mountains, with precipitous sides, allowing admittance only at
the two ends where the company has placed landing stages. We
were rowed across it in a small boat, a distance of 10 kilometers (6.21
miles), leaving one end at 4.50 and arriving at the other at 5.30 a. m.
We left the little lake at 5.50 a. m., on muleback to cross the divide

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A NEW WAY TO CROSS THE ANDES. 353

between the lakes and on the way to leave Argentina and to enter
Chile, for we passed the boundary line at 6.45 a. m., 3 kilometers (1.86
raUes) from Fria. A distance of 6 kilometers more brought us to
Casa Pangue, on the edge of the Rio PeuUa, up whose valley a splendid
view of Tronador is obtainable. Then a wagon ride of 17 kilometers
(10.56 miles) through a forest of pine and other timber, following the

AT PILCANIYEN.

The road divides here, most of the traffic from the south turning toward the east to find the rail-
way which comes from the Atlantic port of San Antonio. Back of this house is a modem sheep-
shcÁring plant where most of the work is done by machinery.

A HALT ON THE ROAD.

This is not an accident, but as the evening was approaching Gov. Elordi thought it best to put on
a fresh tire, so as to be sure of making the run into Bariloche, about 15 leagues away.

Rio Peulla all the way, brought us to the hotel at Peulla on the shores
of the Lago Esmeralda, where we arrived for breakfast.

Leaving Peidla at 2.30 p. m. we steamed across Lago Esmeralda,
50 kilometers (31.06 miles), coming closer at every turn to beautiful
Mount Osorno, which raises its snow-peaked cone above all the sur-
rounding landscape, and landed at Petrohue at 4.30 p. m. Here

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A NEW WAY TO CROSS THE ANDES. 355

horses were already waiting for us, and with only time for a cup of
coffee we were away for Ensenada, 18 kilometers, at one end of Lago
Uanquihue, the largest lake in Chile and second only to Titicaca in
South America. We arrived at 7.15 p. m., took supper in the hotel
at Ensenada, and left by steamer at 9 p. m. for Puerto Varas, 50
kilometers across the lake and the nearest station on the Central
Railway of Chile, arriving at 12.30 a. m. (Argentine time, but before
midnight Chile time).

From Puerto Varas there is only an afternoon train running no
farther than to Osorno, about 58 miles. Through connection with
Santiago has been established for some time, but the line to Varas,
being recently opened, is at present only for local traffic, and conse-
quently the traveler must spend the night at Osorno, and we had to
go to a hotel to wait for the through train in the morning.

We left Osorno at 5.50 a. m., being lucky enough to find a sleeping
car (dormitorio) to carry us all the way to Santiago. The day's
journey was along the lovely central valley of Chile, and this night
we spent in travel, as I had spent the first, although the intervening
nights we had remained still. The train arrived on time, 7.30 a. m.
in Santiago, and we hurried to the hotel in the city. The trip was at
an end. I had left Buenos Aires Monday evening, January 6, and
had arrived, across the Andes, after 2,125 kilometers (1,320 miles) of
travel, on Tuesday morning, January 14.

Of the entire journey the passage of the Cordillera offers the most
attractive featiu'es and a somewhat more detailed résumé of the most
interesting may not be amiss.

Bariloche is a village in Argentina, from which cart roads with a
simple commerce extend toward the north to San Martin de los Andes,
toward the northeast to Neuquen, and toward the east to the present
end of the railway coming westward from the Atlantic port of San
Antonio. The completion of tliis railway will bring all this beautiful
east Andean region into touch with the populous area of the Republic.
A railway is building to the west and north from Neuquen, its
ultimate destination being into Chile. In the neighborhood of
Bariloche, however, great industrial progress is expected, while it
offers attractive possibilities for the farmer, the rancher, and the
lumberman. It lies on Lake Nahuel Huapi at an elevation of 740
meters (2,428 feet). The shores of this lake are thickly forested, and
already some settlement has begun to make itself felt.

The narrow arm of Nahuel Iluapi, up wliich the little steamer runs
to reach the westernmost slielter, offers a wonderful stretch of scenery,
comparable in many respects to a fiord of the Norway coast. In most
places the sides fall sheer into the water from a height of hundreds of
feet above. Old Indian remains are known to exist here, and it is a
tradition that the Araucanians knew of the pass from the lake across.

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MOUNT OSORNO, CHILE.

This beautiful simple cone has a symmetry and a charm excelled by but few of the snow-capped
peaks of the entire Andean range. It reminds the traveler of Mount Tacoma and of Fughyomer
in Japan.

LAKE NAHÜEL HUAPI, ARGENTINA.

The westernmost extremity of the lake is called Puerto Blest. Hero the real pass across the
Cordillera begins and the boundary between the two Republics is about 8 miles (13 kilo-
meters) away. It can be seen that the shores of the lake are heavily wooded. Unfortunately
fires in the dry season are either carelessly or intentionally started and cause much unnecessary
destruction.

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A NEW WAY TO CROSS THE ANDES. 357

the Cîorciillera. Certainly the waters of the lake offer the only high-
way, because to get at the eastern shore m any other manner than
througix this arm demands a body and nerve racking detour through
the \^ildness of pine forest that clothes those rocky eminences.
Etena^ snows cover the higher peaks of the inclosing mountains,
while an. occasional glimpse of Tronador — 3,600 meters (11,811 feet) —
can be caught to the southwest.

^^guna Fria is so still and shadowful in its deep mountain basin

taat e\ren talking seems a desecration, and the rhytlimic dip of the

oar 1^ ^j^g ^^Yy soimd expected or tolerated. It lies 10 meters (32.8

^^^ above the Lake Nahuel Huapi, but its waters flow eastward,

^ Watershed between the Atlantic and the Pacific, and conse-

" ^tly the boundary between Argentina and Chile, being found at

p. atitude of 1,050 meters (3,445 feet), 3 kilometers west of Lake

, ' From this ''Cumbre," as the pass over the divide is called,

tlift descent is rapid to the bed of the Rio Peidla, only 320 meters

(1,050 feet) above the level of the sea. This river hurries on to the

pacific as if it bore the biu'den of all the snows of the Andes; its waters

are therefore not navigable, but the good road along its shores, built

through the woods, adds a change to travel. The snowy mountains

are occasionally glimpsed through the trees, and at one place we

passed not far from a pretty waterfall over the side of the cliff.

Lago Esmeralda receives the water from Rio Peulla. The lake
itself is a considerable body of water. It differs noticeably from
Nahuel Huapi, because the sides are usually less precipitous, while
sandy shores and beaches are quite common. More settlement is
discovered in the bays and sheltered spots. Great charm, however,
is given it by the fact that two lofty cones of Puntiagudo and Osorno —
called '* volcanes" in the Spanish, although there is little activity left
in them — are now plainly visible. They present an interesting con-
trast, the one being, as its name implies, a sharp, tooklike projection
into the blue sky, the other rising gently and very evenly from all
sides into a smooth and well-rounded summit. There is an agreeable
hotel on its shores, and the traveler can have many worse experiences
than to pass a few hom^ or days in it.

A cheerful little steamer plies on Lake Esmeralda and takes about
three hours and sometimes more to make the 50 kilometers (31.06
miles) to the port of Petrohue at the far western extremity. This
Janding place is directly against the slope of Osorno, and one feels
that it would be fun to climb to the top and coast down its smooth
and snowy sides into the pleasant waters of the lake beneath.

Petrohue^ and therefore Lake Esmeralda, lies only 150 meters (492
feet) above sea level. To get around Osorno, however, and to reach
the shores of the next and last lake, is a trip (on horseback or in a
wagon, according to the taste of the traveler) of 18 kilometers (11

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LAKE NAUUEL HUAPI. ARGENTINA. 2,428 FEET (770 METERS) ABOVE SEA LEVEL.

The shores of the lake are heavily wooded , chiefly with pine. Looking toward the west the snow-
capped Cordillera are always in view. Where the shores oí the lake permit it, that is, when the
baiiks are not too steep, clearings have already begun and settlers' cottages peep out from among
the trees.

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A NEW WAY TO CROSS THE ANDES. 359

miles). The road winds along at the foot of the mountain, its snow-
capped peak constantly in view, and passes through a pine forest or
hangs over the edge of the river connecting the two lakes. A gradual
descent is noticed, and in fact the record shows that Lago Llanquihue
is only 80 meters (262^ feet) above the sea. During the trip across
the pass we have descended from 1,500 meters (4,921 feet) to 80
meters (262^ feet) and are now within the great valley running half
the length of Chile.

Lake Llanquihue is more inhabited than the others. Many farms
and occasionally a village are on its shores. It has long been the
fresh-water resort of the German colonists who have contributed so
much, by their energy and their thrift, to the development of this
part of Chile. The lake is second only to Titicaca in size, and now
that the railway has established through connections with Santiago
and the rest of the Republic, its future is bright for both pleasure and
industrial purposes. The harbor at the western extremity is called
Puerto Varas, a prosperous village quite German in its construction
and other characteristics. From Varas the mountains are seen
toward the west. The Cordillera is behind the traveler and the pas-
sage is over.

To one accustomed to the luxury of European or American travel,
the accommodations offered in this trip into the Andes of southern
Chile might appear to lack much in the way of ease or comfort. But
the comparison is unfair. The luxury is undoubtedly unobtainable,
but the comforts are within reach of all. In the first place, there are
good and trustworthy facilities for crossing the lakes, and for touring
along the roads connecting these bodies of water. The lodgings,
while small and simple, are clean and wholesome, and even ladies can
be assured of good treatment in all cases. Perhaps to state that con-
ditions here are about what they were in the Yellowstone Park 15
years ago would give a very warrantable picture of what can be
expected to-day in southern Chile's Switzerland. To cross the Cor-
dillera into Argentina should be a delight anticipated by those who
have the time to wander into this part of South America. To con-
tinue eastward toward the Atlantic and Buenos Aires by this route
is a trip that only the hardy and venturesome should undertake.
Yet every year is removing difficulties and calling more sharply the
attention to the great possibilities of this continent. It is worth
noting, therefore, that such an interesting field has recently been
opened for both pleasure and profit.

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EIGHTY DAYS WITH THE
"BLUECHER" PARTY' V

BARBADOS, THE PANAMA CANAL, AND THE END OF THE JOURNEY.

EARLY on the morning of March 30 we anchored off Bridge-
town, Barbados. This most eastward of the islands of the
. Lesser Antilles, sometimes called '^ Little England,*' lies in
13° 4" north latitude, out in tJie Atlantic Ocean and directly
in the path of the northeast trade winds. Its location is responsible for
its most valuable asset — its climate. It is shaped something like a
ham, is 21 miles long and about 14 miles wide at its larger end, and
has an area of 166 square miles. It is of coral formation and has a
shallow but rich soU, in which sugar cane and sea-island cotton as well
as many tropical products thrive.

The exact date of its discovery is not known, but the date 1536 is
usually taken as being approximately the time when some Portuguese
adventurers landed there and gave it the name of ''Los Barbados,"
from the bearded appearance of the moss-hung trees which they saw.
The Kingdom of Portugal, if it knew anything of this discovery, seems
not to have hail any particular desire to annex the little island, and
the next thing we learn of its history is that in 1605 the Oliph
Blossome, an English vessel which had been fitted out by Sir Oliph
Leigh, anchored off the coast about where the viQage of Holetown
is now located and took possession in the name of ''James, King of
England and of this island." Nothing came of this until some 20
years later when a wealthy Enghsh merchant. Sir William Courteen,
heard a glowing account of the island, and under the protection of
Lord Leigh fitted out an expedition, and in 1625 the WiUiam and JoMj
commanded by Capt. John PoweU, set out for Barbados with about
40 English colonists and some 6 or 8 negroes. They landed early
in 1626 near the place where the sailors of the Oliph Blossome had
taken possession, and here they founded the colony of Jamestown.
Capt. William Dean was appointed governor and Capt. Powell pro-
ceeded to Essequibo, in Guiana, where he procured seeds and plants
of cassava, yams, Indian com, sweet potatoes, plantains, oranges,
limes, tobacco, cotton, etc., and returning to the little colony laid
the foundation for the future agricultural wealth of Barbados. Thus
was started "Little England," which boasts the distinction of being

1 By Edward Albes, oí Pan American Union staff.
360

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Photograph by Underwood «ft Underwood.

THE WORK OF WOMEN IN BRIDGETOWN, BARBADOS.

These women earn about a shilling a day as coal heavers. The wages of domestic servants are
much less, and the supply exceeds the demand, so that there is no "servant problem'' in Bridge-
town.

TS710—Bull. 3—13 8

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362 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.

the only British island in the West Indies over^which no other con-
quering banner has waved.

When we landed we had abundant evidence that we were again on
British soil, for on every hand the language we heard was EngUsh as
**she is spoke '* in the mother country, and even '* cockney" English
from the Hps of the hundreds of negroes about us sounded more
natural to the man from '* Dixie'' than had the Portuguese of the
negroes of Brazil. The population of Barbados is given as 194,498,
or 1,170 to the square mile, less than one- tenth thereof being white.
Bridgetown has about 30,000 and judging from the dense crowds
on the streets the proportion of whites to blacks is even less in the
city than in the remainder of the island. These streets are distress-
ingly narrow, the sidewalks being barely wide enough for two persons
to pass one another, so that in the shopping districts pedestrians
take up the entire streets and then have difficulty in getting along.
To the visitors from our northern States the endless streams of
negroes, most of whom were women, varying in color from deep black
to shades of light yellow, presented an interesting study.

Burdens of every description are carried on the heads of these
women, who are adepts at feats of balancing. Vendors of fruits,
merchandise, curios, tinwarp, and even live fowls and pigs, carry these
wares on their heads. Even the dispensers of soft drinks carr>' the
jars thus and fill the cups of the thirsty buyers by^skillfully tipping the
jars without taking them from their heads.

One fact which strikes the visitor immediately upon landing is that
the negro women greatly outnumber the men. This is probably due to
the low scale of wages which obtains on the island. The average daily
wage for an adult laborer, so we were told, is 25 cents, while the women
are paid from 12 to 25 cents. The result has been that many of the
most industrious of the male population have gone to Panama, where
they form quite a large per cent of the workers on the canal. Thus
thousands of dollars from the coflFers of Uncle Sam find their way to
''Little England'' every month, for the Barbadian negro is said to
be a steady, sober, and industrious worker and sends the proceeds
of his labor back home to his dusky family. Many of the policemen
of Bridgetown are black, and these are of the elect, for they are paid
$16 per month and are furnished their uniforms.

Along the docks several vessels were coaling, and the loading was
being done by women. The coal was carried in great baskets on
the heads of these sturdy, begrimed, thinly clad, and perspiring
Amazons. Their teeth and the whites of their eyes were the only
relieving features of the sooty blackness of their skins and scanty
clothing. The sight of women being compelled to labor as coal
heavers for their subsistence in this hot climate was not verj' pleas-
ant to one who had so often heard the negro women of the Southern

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Photograph by Underwood & Underwooc*.

IN TRAFALGAR SQUARE, BRIDGETOWN, BARBADOS.

The statue oí Nelson, shown in lhe right oí the picture, is said to be the first statue erected in honor of the
Sreatest oí English naval heroes. It was erected by popular subscription and as an evidence of the
grateiol recognition by the Barbadian people of the service rendered tnem by Lord Nelson in crossing
the Atlantic Ocean to come to their rescue in 1805. In the background may l)e seen the "Stars and
Stripes" floating over the American Consulate.

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364 THB PAN AMERICAN UNION.

States singing and crooning their soft melodies as they skillfully
picked the snowy staple from the long rows of green-leaved cotton
stalks, earning from $1.50 to $2, and sometimes even more, per day
during the "cotton pickin' '* Reason, when they do their hardest work.
The women coal heavers of Bridgetown were not singing as they
strained at the heavy baskets to lift them to their heads and trudged
wearily over the gangplanks to empty them into the holds of the ves-
sels for wages of about 15 cents per day. Fortunately, the climate
is such that shoes and stockings are luxuries and not necessities, and
a single cotton garment is enough to observe Barbadian propriety as
to clothing.

To the left of the landing place, and the first attractive feature to
claim the attention of the visitor, is Trafalgar Square. It is some-
times called the ** Green," but upon the occasion of our visit it pre-
sented a rather parched and yellowed sort of green when compared
vnth the parks of magnificent tropical verdure we had seen in Brazil.
In the center of the little square is the bronze statue of Nelson, the
hero of Trafalgar. It is claimed that this is the first statue that was
erected in honor of England's greatest naval hero, and the reason for
its existence here is that Nelson was the preserver of the West Indian
possessions of Great Britain in 1805.

England was at war with both France and Spain at this time, and
Lord Nelson had been placed in command of the British Mediterra-
nean fleet. Admiral VUleneuve, the commander of the French fleet,
had been joined at Cadiz by Admiral Gravina with his Spanish squad-
ron, and the combined fleets set sail for the West Indies to capture
the British colonies. They arrived at Martinique on May 14, 1805,
just a week before Nelson, who, suspecting their plan, started in pur-
suit. The British fleet arrived at Barbados on June 4, and from there
started on the trail of the enemy. Villeneuve had done but little
damage, having captured a small English garrison at Diamond Rock,
at the south of Martinique, and, doubtless hearing of Nelson's pres-
ence with a superior force, hied him back across the Atlantic with
Nelson in pursuit. Thus the shrewd guess of the British admiral as
to the destination of the French and Spanish fleets had saved the
colonies, and he was justly hailed as the deliverer of the British West
Indies. His great victory over the combined fleets of Spain and
France off Trafalgar on October 21, 1805, when he was killed in the
hour of his triumph, was not known in Barbados until the following
December. Immediately a popular subscription was started, and
something over $11,000 was raised by the grateful Barbadians to
erect this first monument to their preserver. The following is the
inscription on the pedestal :

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EIGHTY DAYS WITH THE ** BLUEOHER " PARTY. 365

To the Memory of

Horatio Lord Viscount Nelson, K. B.,

Vice-Admiral of the White,

The Preserver of the British West Indies

In a moment of unexampled peril;

The Hero, whose various and transcendent merits,

Alike, conJspicuous in address, decision, action and achievement

Throughout his whole unparalleled career of glory,

No powers of language can sufficiently delineate,

THIS STATUE

Was erected by

The grateful inhabitants of Barbados,

On a spot of ground appropriated to it

By a public grant of

The Colonial Legislatiu^.

In accordance with the solicitations of a select Committee,

That so sincere though humble a tribute

Of esteem, admiration, and gratitude to their

Illustrious Deliverer

Might be rendered more congenial

To his generous and exhalted spirit,

From the hand of one,

Himself a Hero and a Benefactor to this coimtry.

The first stone of the Pedestal was deposited by

His Excellency Lieutenant-General Sir George Beckwith, K. B.y

The Beloved and Patriotic Governor of Barbados,

And Commander of the Forces in the Leeward Idands

February 24, A. D. 1814.

Esto Perpetua I

On the other side of the square opposite the landing are the public
buildings, a group built of coral rock, in which are located the council
and assembly rooms in one wing, while the governor's office, post
office, and the departmental offices are in the other. The windows
of the council and assembly rooms are of stained glass and contain the
pictures of the sovereigns of Great Britain from James I to Victoria.

East of the public buildings stands the Anglican cathedral, St.
Michael's, also built of coral rock. The first cathedral was blown
down by the great hurricane of 1780, and the present one was erected
in its place by means of funds derived from the operation of a lottery
sanctioned by the legislature. A more or less legendary story has it
that the organ in the church was being conveyed in a French ship,
being intended for a certain Roman Catholic church, when the
redoubtable Lord Nelson captured the vessel and either gave or
sold the organ to St. Michaers.

Not far from here we saw two buildings which reminded us very
much of home. One was the new Salvation Army Building, a large
substantial edifice of coral rock, which bore eloquent testimony to
the energy and usefulness of this institution, and the other was a
typical Carnegie library. The benefactions of this greatest of world

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rhototcrnph by t'nderwood & Underwood.

MOTIVE POWER IN BARBADOS.

Most of the sugar plantations are equipped with windmills which furnish the power for the sugar mills
and cotton gins of the island, and add materially to the picturesqueness of the views.

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PABTY. 367

philanthropists seem thus to extend even to the islands of the seas,
and when he saw the well-known inscription the writer's thoughts
involuntarily drifted back to the little city, ''way down South in
Dixie,'' which he still calls ''home/' There, too, may be seen, on
a beautiful wide street, an artistic little building of brick and stone
whose contents are a/boon to hundreds of hard-working men, women,
and children, too poor to buy expensive books and yet longing for
the knowledge, culture and refinement to be gained from the reading
and study of good literature. And over its wide portal, open to
rich and poor alike, stands that same inscription "Carnegie Library."

The corner stone of the building in Bridgetown was laid in 1904
and the Ubrary opened to the public in 1906. It is said to contain
about 25,000 well-selected volumes, and is maintained by an annual
grant of the Government of £700. Besides the reading rooms and
library the buuding contains a commodious lecture hall, which is
used for various pubUc functions and entertainments.

Bridgetown has one institution which is unique and which deserves
the patronage of every visiting tourist. As you leave the landing,
on the far side of Trafalgar Square, you come to the headquarters of
the Women's Self-Help Association, an organization which enables
many needy women and children to maintain themselves and fami-
lies. In the salesroom of the association may be found picture
postals, photographs, curios, Indian pottery, lace, embroidery and
fancy needlework, homemade jellies, cakes, pies, light lunches,
delicious ices, etc., and all at remarkably low prices. The associa-
tion was started in 1907 and is maintained by the ladies of Barba-
dos, and is a splendid example of practical benevolence.

One place of especial interest to the tourist from the United States
is a large house called "Wilton," located oH: the corner of Bay Street
and Chelsea Road. It is said to be the house in which George Wash-
ington lived with his half brother, Lawrence, in 1751. Lawrence
Washington, who was 14 years older than George, had served in
1741 as a captain under Gen. Wentworth in an expedition in which
Admiral Vernon was in command of the naval forces, and which was
disastrously repulsed at Cartagena. Thousands of British soldiers
and sailors died from yellow fever and other tropical diseases, and
it was in this campaign that Lawrence Washington contracted con-
sumption. With the hope of restoring his health he went to Barba-
dos, taking with him as a companion his 19-year-old half brother.
While sojourning there George Washington contracted smallpox, for-
tunately not in a virulent form. Lawrence Washington died in the
following year and left the magnificent estate of Mount Vernon as
a legacy to his brother George. The visit to Barbados is said to
be the only instance in which^George Washington left the United
States.

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EIGHTY DAYS WITH THE ** BLUECHER " PARTY. 369

Another place of interest visited by some of lhe Bluecher party is
St. John's Church, in the pari-h of St. John, about 14 miles from
Bridgetown. The church is built a short dist anee from the edge of a
cliff some 824 feet high, from which elevation a fine view of the Wind-
ward coast may be had. The special attraction for the sightseer,
however, is not so much the church as it is a small tomb in the church-
yard. This is the last resting place of Ferdinando Paleologus, the last
descendant of the Greek Christian Emperors of that name, who were

Photo by Underwood & Underwood.

WHERE WASHINGTON LIVED IN BARBADOS.

This is said to be the mansion in which George Washington and his half-brother. Lawrence, resided dur-
ing their stay in Barbados in 1751. It is located out on the Chelsea Road, which leads from Bridgetown
out to the Savannah.

driven from Constantinople by the Turks in 1453. The presence of

the remains of this descendant of a line of emperors is thus accounted

for by Mr. Algernon E. Aspinall, author of an excellent historical

work recently published, The British West Indies, and also of a very

useful and reliable Pocket Guide to the West Indies, from which the

following is taken:

^He (Ferdinando Paleologus) was the son of Theodoro Paleologus (who was buried at
Llandulph in Cornwall) by his wife, Mary Balls, and he was successively vestryman,

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I'hotog^raph by Underwood & Underwood.

TOMB OF FERDINANDO PALEOLOGUS, BARBADOS.

By the phrase "Ye last Christian Emperors of Greece" in the inscription is meant the last Emperors of
the Eastern Roman Empire. It will oe remembered that Constantine the Great established the second
capital of the Roman Empire at Byzantium (Constantinople) and that subsequently the Empire was
divided into the Eastern and Western Roman Empires. The Palsologus dynasty, which was Byzan-
tian in origin, reigned in Constantinople from 1259 to its fall in 1453.

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EIGHTY DAYS WITH THE '* BLUECHER " PARTY. 371

sidesman, church warden , and trustee of St. John's Church in the seventeenth century.
The tradition of the death and burial of a Greek prince from Cornwall was for many
years current in Barbados; and when the Church of St. John was destroyed by the
hurricane of 1831, the cofl^ of Ferdinand© Paleologus was discovered in the vault of
Sir Peter Colleton under the organ loft. The remains were reinterred in a vault be-
longing to Josiah Heath, Esq., in 1906, and a memorial stone was erected by public
subscription to mark the place where they now rest. The memorial, made of Portland

jrreek temple, with Doric columns, and with the cross

It bears an inscription,* the wording of which was

the monument of Theodoro Paleologus in Llandulph

maintained a garrison in Barbados. Upon
3ps in 1905, Queen's House, the official resi-

oflScer, was purchased by the local govern-
re laid out and now form Queen's Park, one
Bathing places for Bridgetown, while the
) ground for the soldiers, has been turned

the island, about 15 miles from Bridgetown,
i-ersity college in the West Indies. It was
odrington, governor general of the Leeward
, leaving his two large estates to the Society
ae Gospel, with instructions for the estab-
he grounds of Codrington College are well
:e in front of the buildings fringed with tall
avenues of palms and shade trees, present
ce.

)á our visiting many of the places of historic
e island abounds, and which serve to while
those who come here to rest and to avoid
rthem countries. The climate of Barbados
Ò most healthful of any of the islands of the
^rature varies from 75° F. to 83° F. in the
he coldest season it gets down as low as
utuated in the path of the trade winds the
constant sea breeze prevents the heat from becoming oppressive at
any time. The rainy season begins in June and lasts through October.
The principal exports of Barbados are sugar, molasses, and cotton.
An average crop of sugar cane, we were told, produces about 50,000
tons of sugar and 40,000 puncheons of molasses, the two items being
worth probably $2,500,000. The crop of sea-island cotton gener-
ally does not exceed $300,000 in value. Windmills form the motive
power for most of the antiquated sugar mUls and cotton gins, and
the number and style of these structures remind one of Holland.
As a winter resort Barbados is very likely an ideal place. The cost
of living is reduced to a minimum and everything that is a necessity
is cheap.

I Shown In the accompanying photograph, on page 370.

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372 THE PAN AMERICAN UNIOX.

Our last amusement in the harbor of Bridgetown was watching the
negro divers who had crowded about the Bluecher from the time of
our arrival. A perfect fleet of ** skiffs" and little plank canoes were
clustered on both sides of the vessel and men and boys, clad only
in breechcloths, fought for points of vantage to dive for the little
silver coins the tourists tossed into the clear water. It seemed to
require no greater effort for these expert swimmers to stand in the
water than to stand on land. They never tired and never did they
miss a coin thrown down, even though a half dozen or more would
dive for the same piece and struggle good-naturedly with one another
deep under the water for it. Some of these divers were tall, finely
formed, able-bodied men whom one would expect to find employed
in some useful occupation. For these, however, diving for sixpence
or United States dimes and perhaps an occasional **bob" or quarter
was probably more profitable than hard labor at 25 cents per day.

A delightful journey of three days in which we plowed our peaceful
way through the erstwhile turbulent and more or less notorious
Spanish main, brought us to the last foreign port we were to see on
our 20,000-mile jaunt. Colon was reached early on the morning of
April 3, and once more we found a place where the Bluecher could
steam up to a pier and unload us without the aid of lifeboats. Also,
we heard United States English, and not far away fluttered the Stars
and Stripes over its own — the Panama Canal.

A special train awaited us at the station at Colon to take us over the
Isthmus to the city of Panama, with a few stops along the route to
give us a glance at the Gatun Locks, the tremendous gates, the dam,
the lake whose waters were soon to rise and cover the ground we now
saw dry, the Culebra Cut in which the enormous steam shovels were at
work nibbhng from 1 to 5 cubic yards of dirt and rock out of the
banks at each bite, and all the many and varied scenes of prodigious
activity going on along the entire way.

To give an account of the tremendous work being done by this army
of 40,000 or more men under the direction of Col. Groethals and his
assistant engineers in bringing into actual being this '* dream of the
centuries," this cutting through of a ligament of land heretofore
uniting two great continents and finking together by a narrow ribbon
of water the two great oceans of the world, is a task beyond the scope
of this article and beyond the powers of this writer. We caught but a
passing glimpse, but to adequately describe even the little we saw
would take a volume. And volumes have been written, and wül
continue to be written, anent all the phases of this greatest of all
engineering feats, and any information desired is so very accessible —
in fact, can hardly be dodged by readers of magazines and Sunday
supplements — that there seems to be no urgent necessity for this
writer to add his little mite to the already plethoric literary contribu-

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IMAGINARY AEROPLANE VIEW OF THE PANAMA CANAL.

II the reader will bear in mind that the canal from Limon Bay runs directly south, through the Gatun
Locks, to the first sharp turn in Gatim Lake indicated in the picture, he will realize that the Atlantic
Ocean is toeft of Colon, and also that the Pacific Ocean is east of Panama. Hence the bewildering cir-
cumstance of the sun rising out of the Pacific and setting in the Atlantic, alluded to in the text.

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ILLUSTR ATIN G AMOUNT OF TOTAL EXCAVATION ON CANAL.

A railway tunnel, 14 feet in diameter, dug straight through the center of
the earth at the Equator, could be completely filled with the rock and
earth taken out of the Panama Canal.

DIAGRAM ILLUSTRATING AMOUNT OF TOTAL EXCAVATION ON CANAL.

The 242,000,000 cubic yards of excavation taken out of the •' Big Ditch" would build a pyramid whose base
would be 4,200 feet square and whose altitude would be twice that of the Washington Monument.

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EIGHTY DAYS WITH THE *' BLUECHER " PARTY. 375

tion box of the canal. Hence, there will be only a few paragraphs of
simple facts, devoid of hair-raising statistics and astounding figures,
before we safely dock the Bluecher in "little old New York."

The canal, from the deep water of the Atlantic to the deep water of
the Pacific, is about 50 miles long, although the distance from shore to
shore is not over 40. Colon, the Atlantic port, is about 20 miles
farther west than is Panama, the Pacific end of the canal. The
Isthmus runs east and west, Colon being on the northern shore and
Panama on the southern. The canal, including the channel ialiimon
Bay, runs straight south until it reaches a point in Gatun Lake about
3 miles beyond the Gatun Locks, when it turns almost directly south-
east, a direction which is then maintained practically all the way to
the deep water of the bay of Panama, with the exception of several
turns and changes in the direction of the channel made necessary by
an island in the lake and the course of the Chagres River, until Bas
Obispo, at the entrance of the Culebra Gut, is reached.

It is the situation of the two termini of the canal which turns some
things rather topsy-turvy in the visitor's mental conception of the
eternal fitness of things, if he hails from the United States. If he
spends the night in the city of Panama and wakes up in time the next
morning, he sees the sun rising, quite orderly and sedately, out of
the Pacific Ocean. This of itself is something of a staggerer to the
man who is accustomed to thinking of the Pacific as being out
beyond California, some several thousand miles west of his own habi-
tat, where the sun, ever since he can remember, has had the habit of
setting. He doesn't quite grasp the thing, even when explained to
him, but goes on over to Colon by the afternoon train to spend the
evening and night. There, late in the afternoon, he watches the same
sun as it slowly approaches the horizon, its declining rays painting
goi^eous pictures of rolling sea and fleecy clouds in a sky of deepest
blue, until it sinks, a great golden ball, into the Atlantic. Then he
probably hunts up something to steady his nerves. When the sun
gets to performing stunts like these it is likely to upset any man's
equanimity. It muddles up all his previously formed ideas of direc-
tion, and when in the course of conversation he wants to indicate his
home, cr the United States in general, he fatuously points toward the
South Pole, while an allusion to Cape Horn or the Strait of Magellan
brings a cheerful nod toward Canada. Fortunately he still retains a
tolerably correct idea of which is up and which is down, otherwise he
might be found walking about on his hands. But — we were speaking
of the Panama Canal.

When it is all done, and you decide to take a deUghtful trip to the
west coast of South America, your ship will sail from the north directly
south into limon Bay, past a great rock and concrete breakwater,
which extends far out into the sea, with a Ughthouse at its extreme
tip; past Colon, if you are not billed to stop at that quaint and his-

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EIGHTY DAYS WITH THE ** BLUECHER " PARTY. 377

tone little city; along a channel which has been dredged out of the
bottom of the bay, some 500 feet wide, and of which you will be
entirely unconscious, until you enter the canal itself and come to the
Gratun Locks, about 7 miles from the lighthouse passed at the
entrance. These three locks at Gatun will gradually lift your vessel
85 feet to the level of Gatun Lake, the ship being drawn through the
locks by teams of powerful electric locomotives. Upon leaving the
last lock it will proceed under its own steam for about 24 miles, when
it will enter the famous — or infamous — Culebra Cut, through which
the canal, having now a bottom width of about 300 feet, takes it to
the Pedro Miguel Lock. This lock will lower the ship 30 feet to the
level of Miraflores Lake, over which it will steam for a mile and a half
to the Miraflores Locks. It is still 54 feet above the level of the
Pacific Ocean when it arrives here, so these last locks lower it gently
to the last channel, which is about 8^ miles long and extends out into
the deep water of the Bay of Panama, an inlet of the Pacific. The
entire trip from ocean to ocean is estimated to consume from 10 to
12 hours. Three hours of this time will be consumed in being lifted
through, the Gatun Locks and lowered through those of Pedro ACguel
and Miraflores.

Aside from the tremendous masonry of the locks and the stupen-
dous work of the Gatun Dam and Culebra Cut, the fact which struck
the waiter most forcibly is the evidence on every hand of the won-
derful human foresight evinced by the engineers who are directing
the work. Ever}- possible contingency which could interfere with
the safety or the efficiency of the canal seems to have been provided
for. As an instance of this may be mentioned the enormous locks
and the inclosing gates.

The locks, built of concrete, are each 1,000 feet long and 110 feet
wide in the clear, and are built in parallel sets. At Gatun, for
instance, there are two sets of three locks each, or six locks. Should
anything happen to one set, a duplicate set is there to do the work.
Meanw^hile both sets may be in operation at the same time, one set
raising a vessel coming in from the Atlantic while the other set is
lowering one coming in from the Pacific side. The side walls of these
locks are 81 feet high, 45 to 50 feet wide at the floor level, and decrease
to 8 feet at the top. The middle wall, dividing the two sets of locks,
is 60 feet wide. The water from Gatun Lake is let into the locks by
means of a great culvert, 18 to 22 feet in diameter, which extends
the length of the center wall, and similar, somewhat smaller culverts
in each of the lateral walls, these in turn being tapped by lateral
culverts which run under the floors of the locks, and these in turn by
still smaller openings or wells into the inside of the locks themselves.
Thus each lock can be filled quickly and yet without any destructive
rush of water to damage the vessel floating therein. When both a
78710— Bull. 3—13 4

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378 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.

center and a lateral culvert are used a lock can be filled in 7 minutes
and 51 seconds. By means of huge valves the water from an upper
lock is used to fill a lower to establish the common level.

The gates, the closing of which makes a water-tight compartment
of each lock, are enormous affairs. The individual leaves of each
gate in the first, or lower, lock are 79 feet high, 7 feet thick, and 65
feet long, and are made of structural steel. Two sets of these gates
separate the higher and lower levels, so that if one set should be
damaged by some accident, the other set is there to hold the water.
When the gates are closed, as an additional precaution a huge chain
drops in front of them, a chain strong enough to stop a 10,000-ton
vessel moving at the rate of 5 miles an hour. To make assurance
doubly sure, however, the locks are provided with emergency dams^
consisting of swing bridges which can be drawn across the locks.

No description can give an idea of the soUdity and immensity of
these locks. To the writer it seemed that but one natural catastrophe
could destroy them, and that is the subsidence of the sohd earth on
which they are built.

The Gatun Dam, by means of which Gatun Lake has been formed,
extends from the locks across a valley to a range of hills on the west.
This dam is simply an enormous artificial hill which has been dumped
across the course of the Chagres River, causing the water to back up
and form a lake some 32 miles wide. This small mountain of earth
and rock, once part of the hills through which Culebra Cut now passes,
is I i miles long, about 2,100 feet wide at its base, 400 feet wide at
the water level, and 100 feet across its top, which is 115 feet above
the level of the sea and 30 feet above the level of Gatun Lake. The
level of the lake will be maintained by a great spillway through which
the surplus water will be permitted to escape to Limon Bay, not
before doing some work, however. This immense waterfall will run
the great turbines of the power plant which will furnish the electricity
for the enormous power needed to control the gates of the locks, the
locomotives, and all the power and light needed on the canal. When
the gates of the spillway are fully opened, 140,000 cubic feet of water
may escape every second.

Gatun Lake, whose water is supplied by the Chagres River, will
have an area of about 164 square miles and will contain over
206,000,000,000 cubic feet of water. It is estimated that there will be
water enough, even during the driest season, to permit the passage
of 40 vessels per day, even when the full length of the locks are used
Hence no scarcity of water need be feared.

The Culebra Cut presented the interesting sight of a mountain
being moved, not by faith, but by dynamite and drills, steam shovels,
and dirt trains. The immense quantity of rock and earth which has
been removed between Gold Hill on one side and Culebra Hill on the
other, resulting in a tremendous gorge or canyon through which ves

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380 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.

sels will steam on their way from one ocean to the other, is almost
beyond mental grasp. One hundred and six million cubic yards of
the original earth and rock have been excavated and hauled away
to build up the Gatun Dam and other portions of the canal works.
This is about half of the total excavation for the canal, and does not
include the several million yards of material which the infamous
''slides," of which we have read so much, have persisted in dumping
back into the cut and which have had to be removed. AVhen the
canal is completed, the total amount of excavation will be about
242,000,000 cubic yards, or about the same amount of material which
would have to be taken out of a tunnel between 13 and 14 feet in diam-
eter extending straight through the center of the earth at its greatest
circumference, the equator. To watch one of the huge steam shovels
dip down and scoop up with its great steel teeth 5 cubic yards, or from
7 to 9 tons, of earth and rock at one bite and deposit it on a dump car,
makes quite an impression on the visitor who sees these wonderful
machines for the first time. It shove's just how the accomplishment
of the gigantic task has been made possible.

Our party had consumed so much time in the inspection of the
locks and dam at Gatun and watching the work in the Culebra Cut
that other stops along the line had to be abandoned and we proceeded
through to Panama in order to arrive in time for lunch. We sat down
to a splendid meal at the Tivoli Hotel and then were given a couple
of hours to see the city of Panama. A carriage drive through the
older portion of the city, with its quaint and narrow streets and
picturesque houses, took some of us over to Balboa, the Pacific end
of the canal. Here the scene in the freight sheds and docks, w^here
goods were being transfeiTed from the cars of the Panama Railway
Co. to the Pacific steamers, gave us some idea of the enormous traffic
carried on even under present conditions. Hundreds of men were
hurriedly rolling trucks loaded with boxes, barrels, and bales from
cars to ships, or vice versa, while great cranes were lifting the heavier
cargo. At the present time some 700 vessels land their thousands of
tons of freight at Colon for transshipment to the Pacific steamers
every year. How many more will make use of the canal, with its
tremendous saving in time and distance is a matter w^hich can not
easily be foretold. The net tonnage of the Suez Canal for 1911 was
18,000,000. Prof. Emoiy R. Johnson, special commissioner on
Panama traffic and tolls, estimates that no less than 10,500,000 tons
will pass through the new waterway in 1915 and 1916, averaging
perhaps seven ships per day for the fii*st two years, with the likelihood
of a tremendous increase thereafter.

Our brief stay in the city enabled us to see but veiy few places of
interest. The Plaza Independencia, with its tropical trees and
plants, is a picturesque little square surrounded by some interesting
buildings. Among these is the old cathedral, with its glittering

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UNTLE SAM'S INDUSTRIAL ARMY ON THE CANAL.

A typical labor train.
Pay day. ' Dinner liine.

Station si-ene at Cristobal.

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382 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.

towers and highly gilded interior; the new municipal building, which
is a modem stone structure presenting quite an imposing appearance;
the lottery office, and the Hotel Central. Not far from here, and
overlooking the Bay of Panama, is the residence of the President of the
Republic, as are also the national palace or Government building and
the fine new National Theater. The queer little foreign-looking
shops attracted many of the souvenir fiends of our party and United
States coin being the medium of exchange mostly desired by the
merchants they had no trouble in getting rid of as much as they
desired to spend. One large store in which were found great quanti-
ties of Chinese silks and other importations, was constantly crowded
with the ladies of the Blvbecher party, who were having a delightful
time bargaining with the Chinese proprietors and clerks. Ail manner
of jewelry, curios, dainty laces and embroideries were on sale here,
and at astonishingly low prices.

For its size the city of Panama has the world beaten for variety of
population. It is cosmopolitan and picturesque, and adventurers
from every land under the sun seem to congregate there. Every
language, from Greek to the British-English dialect of the Barbadian
and Jamaican negro, can be heard on the streets and Caucasian
mingles freely with Mongolian, Malay, Indian aborigines, and the
dusky sons of Ethiopia.

No time was lost on our return trip to Colon. The train whizzed
past the stations and we caught but glimpses of the screened, neat
little cottages in which dwell the units of the great industrial army in
Uncle Sam's employ. The houses are built above the ground to give
ventilation and to prevent the accumulation of filth. All porches,
windows, and doors are screened, though the malaria and yellow
fever carrying mosquito is a rara avis in Panama since the advent of
Col. Gorgas. As a health resort the Canal Zone rivals the most
salubrious of our mountain villages, and all because science and
determination, backed up by the power of the United States Govern-
ment, has enforced sanitation and made war on the mosquitoes and
other insects.

No time was given us at Colon for sightseeing, the Bluecher^s hoarse
blasts warning us to get aboard as soon as our train arrived. Two or
three of our good friends left us here to catch a steamer for New
Orleans, and thus save a day or two in returning to their western
homos. We were due in New York on the morning of April 9, and
but six days remained of a voyage which to every one of the party
had been a succession of surprises and pleasures.

To the average citizen of the United States, South America is
'Herra incognita,^' a remote sort of mystery, an indefinite place where
coffee grows on trees and where monkeys throw coconuts at one
another, while parrots screech and untamed Indians roam the forests
and the plains. He thinks of it as being hot as blazes, that the whole

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GOVERNMENT PALACE AND NATIONAL THEATER, CITY OF PANAMA.

This imposinR buiklinR. which covers iiii entire hlook, is located near the bay. It was completed in 1908
and cost about $<i()(),(XX). The theater is subsidized by the (íovenimeni oí Panama, and has a seating
capacity of l,(i()ü.

THE NEW MUNICIPAL BUILDING, CITY OF PANAMA.

This modern building fronts on the Plaza Independencia, formerly known as the Cathedral Plaza, and
forms quite a contmsi to the artistic old cathedral, fronting the same square, which was completed
in 17tK).

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EIGHTY DAYS WITH THE *' BLUECHER " PARTY. 385

continent is in the Tropics, and that only in the largor cities do the
people wear clothes. He has no more definite knowledge of the real
extent of the continent or of the size of the countries composing it; of
the variety of cHmate and of the wonderful wealth of these countries ;
of the high state of education, culture and refinement of its leading
people; and the remarkable strides they have made in government,
science, and art, than he has of the conditions in the interior of
Africa. Yet the South Ameribans are our neighbors and sharers in
all the glories of the New World.

How many of our college graduates even know that the 20 countries
of Latin America, from Mexico down to the tip of the Horn, embrace
an area of 9,200,000 square miles — about three times that of the United
States proper — and have a population of 70,000,000, whose com-
merce with the rest of the world amounted to $2,500,000,000 last year ?

The opening of the Panama Canal, however, is attracting the atten-
tion of our business men to the great continent that lies southeast of
us. In asking questions about the west coast they are incidentally
beginning to get ideas about the east coast. In investigating the
business opportunities that are expected to open to them they are
also getting information of the wonderful resources and wealth of
the great southern countries. In asking what they can sell they are
also finding out what they can buy. In informing themselves
relative to commercial facts they are also learning something of the
less sordid, of the historical, cultural, and ideal phases of civiliza-
tions hitherto unknown to them.

Many are beginning to wonder if they haven't missed something,
and are asking questions as to just what may be seen and enjoyed
in a short tour of South America. It was with the purpose of giving
such interested inquirers a general outline, a few feeble pen pictures,
of what such a journey has to offer to the tourist who desires to take
a deUghtful excursion over unbeaten paths of travel, with a maximum
of comfort and a minimum of trouble and expense, that this series
of articles has been penned.

The writer has given his own impressions of what he saw and ex-
perienced, and but few historical or statistical facts have been dealt
with. He went as a tourist and enjoyed no special privileges or ad-
vantages, and the scenes and experiences outlined in the foregoing
pages are merely those which any tourist may expect to enjoy.

The 80 days have passed. The Statue of Liberty, the grandest and
most significant hi the world, stands boldly outlined against the blue
of an April skj-; ever}' one of the two hundred and thirty-odd tourists
is hustling and hurraing to get together the small belongings left
unpacked; a general handshaking and cordial farewells among the
friends and companions of a most delightful vacation ensues; the
Bluecher comes to a stop with a gentle bump against the pier — and
the band is playing The Star Spangled Banner.

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INTERNATIONAL CON-
GRESS OF STUDENTS' •/

A WORLD congress of students, more comprehensive in scope
than anythhig yet attempted in the way of international
gatherings of young scholars, will be held on North American
soil August 27-September 16, 1913. Beginning at Boston
and Cambridge, and extending through New York, Albany, Sche-
nectady, Niagara Falls, Ithaca, Philadelphia, and Washington,
an itinerarj' has been worked out by the committee in charge,
which bids fair to present to the distinguished foreign delegates a
kaleidoscopic succession of festivities, dehberations, addresses, recep-
tions, contact with men of international fame, inspections of historic
places, industrial plants, and scenic wonders, and opportunities for a
first-hand study of North American metropoUtan Ufe.

For the students of the two Americas the congress will not only reen-
force the cordial relations w^hich are being more and more firmly
cemented through the periodic international congresses of American
students, but it will afford them an opportunity to establish connec-
tions with leading representatives of students' oi^anizations of the
whole world — connections that may prove of tremendous significance
for the future peace of the world. For, from the acceptances already
received, it is evident that young scholars from China, Japan, India,
the Near East, South Africa, Egypt, Tunis, Europe, and the Americas
wall attend. The gathering wül thus be truly international in scope.
As announced in the ''Call'' to the students of the world just issued
by the congress committee, the object of the congress ''will be to
bring together representatives from all the students of the world, in
order that the spirit of international brotherhood and humanity may
be fostered among them as a result of the dehberations of the congress,
and in order that the students of the world may be united into an all-
embracing world organization."

The congress wall be known oflicially as the Eighth International
Congress of Students, as it is the eighth biennial convention of the
Fédération Internationale des Étudiants "Corda Fratres." This
organization was founded by a brilhant Italian student of Turin, Dr.
Efisio Gigho-Tos, and proclaimed from the historic Forum Romanum
at Rome in 1898. Its principal object is that of protecting and
spreading the idea of fraternity and soUdarity among students of the
world, without either favoring or opposing any particular political,

iBy Louis P. Lochner, Unvierslty of Wisconsin, General Secretary of the Fédt^ratlon Intenationale
des Étudiants " Corda Fratres."

386

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INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS OF STUDENTS. 387

religious, or economic principles. Its various component groups
maintain their complete autonomy, but are federated by means of an
international central committee, composed of two members of each
national group in the federation. At present the central committee
has members from Argentina, Belgium, France, Germany, Greece,
Holland, Hungary, Italy, Sweden, and* the United States.

It will be noted that but one Latin- American country — Argentina —
is thus far represented on the Comité Central. In explanation the
following should be said: As early as 1908, when the First Inter-
national Congress of American Students took place at Montevideo,
Ricardo d'Alessandro, of Buenos Aires, then the sole representative
of Corda Fratres in South America, urged upon that congress that it
declare its adherence to this
more inclusive international
federation. The delegates at
Montevideo, however, thinking
that the Cordo Fratres move-
ment would practically remain
a European movement, gave
him a negative answer.

Nothing daunted, d^Alessan-
dro continued his labors and
soon founded *' consulates^' of
Corda Fratres in Uruguay and
Paraguay in addition to those
he had already called into life
in Argentina. At the second
congress, held at Buenos Aires
in 1910, he repeated his efforts,

, . . ., ^ ., , ' DR. RICARDO D'ALESSANDRO,

emphasizing the fact that mean-
ly., , rtíTi T_ r i_ A A young attorney of Argentina whose persistent and

Wnile tne 25 branches of tne As- splendid efforts were instrumentai in bringing about

... -^ ,. r^i 1 tne affiliation of the League of American Students,

SOCiatlOn of Cosmopolitan Clubs and its membership of 40.000, with the Corda Fratres

- x-' ^1 à • • movement.

Of iAorth America, an organiza-
tion of all nations' clubs in the leading universities, colleges, and
technical schools of the United States and Canada, had made com-
mon cause with their brothers in Europe and had rallied under
the Corda Fratres banner. While he received a more sympathetic
hearing than at Montevideo, he still failed to carry his point.

Meanwhile the students of Italy were making elaborate prepara-
tions for the Seventh International Congress of the Corda Fratres
and were sending invitations to student bodies the world over. To
d'Alessandro's great delight a delegation of three Argentines was
appointed by the ministry of education to attend the Rome congress.
D'Alessandro himself was one of the three, and his able colleagues
were Rodolfo E. Ballester, then president of the Centro Estudiantes
de Ingeniera of Buenos Aires, and Mario L. Negri, the present editor

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INTERNATIONAL CONGKESS OF STUDENTS.

389

of the ''Revista^' of that Centro. From Chile, too, an exceedinglj'
competent delegation appeared in the persons of Felipe S. Corona, of
Copiapo, and Guillermo Agüero D., of Santiago. Brazil, while not
sending a personal direct delegate, was represented in the person of
J. P. de Barros Monteiro, at that time a student at Purdue Uni-
versity, Lafayette, Ind., and one of five representatives of the
Association of Cosmopolitan Clubs.

As I write these lines I have before me the daily Italian papers that
reported the Corda Fratres congress, and again and again I find a tribute
paid to the splendid South
American delegation.

All these delegates left
Italy full of enthusiasm for
the Cordo Fratres cause.
Two of them, d'Alessandro
and Ballester, had even
been elected representatives
of their country on the In-
ternational Central Com-
mittee, while the Chilean
delegates would undoubt-
edly have been accorded a
similar honor except for the
fact that they felt that it
would be unwise for them to
doso before their association
was an integral part of the
international federation.

When, at the Third In-
ternational Congress of
American Students, held
at Lima in July of last
year, the resolution to af-
filiate wâth the Corda Fra-
tres movement was pre-
sented by the Argentines,
we need httle wonder that this time the alliance was consummated,
and the 40,000 students comprising the Liga de los Estudiantes
Americanos became a part of the Corda Fratres world movement.

But to resume my story of the coming congress. The official
sessions wiU be held September 3-7 at Ithaca, N. Y., where the
Cosmopolitan Club of Cornell Univeristy will throw open its magnifi-
cent $50,000 clubhouse and lodge the representatives of all nations
under a common roof. Ithaca is a most charming spot. Endowed
by nature as few university towns in the world, lake and ravine and
glen rivaling in affording pleasure to the eye; equipped with one of

MR. LOUIS p. LOCHNER,

General Secretary of the International Federation of Stu-
dents, also prominently identified with the Association of
Cosmopolitan Clubs. This latter organization represents
the student movement of North America with chapters
in most of the leading universities of the United States
and one in Canada.

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390 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.

the most important universities in the United States, it should form
an ideal spot for the solemn deliberations of the congress.

Cornell University is interesting for another reason — ^namely, for
the great number of students from Latin- American countries enrolled
in its various courses. Seventy-six of them are matriculated for the
college year 1912-13, the distribution by countries being as follows:
Argentina, 8; Brazil, 11; Cuba, 17; Chile, 1; Colombia, 1; Dominican
Republic, 1; Ecuador, 2; Mexico, 10; Nicaragua, 1; Panama, 3;
Peru, 4; Porto Rico, 17.

The Cornell Cosmopolitan Club is easily the strongest branch in the
association of cosmopohtan clubs. It was founded in 1904 by
Modesto Quiroga, of Argentina, who is now connected with the depart-
ment of education of his country.

The congress festivities are to begin at historic old Boston on
August 27, where the delegates for three days are to be the guests of
that hospitable city, and are to visit the many spots that are so inti-
mately connected with the history of North American struggle for
independence. Cambridge, the seat of Harvard University, is but
a short distance from Boston, and the foreign delegates will thus have
an opportunity to visit this international temple of learning.

From Boston the tentative itinerary provides that the delegates pro-
ceed to New York, but only a day is to be spent there in an automobile
trip of the city, as a more detailed visit is scheduled at the end of the
itinerary.

A boat will be chartered to convey the congressists to the capital
of the State— Albany — by way of the wonderfully beautiful Hudson
River, the Rhine of North America. The celebrated palisades of the
Hudson can thus be seen at close range. At Albany several treats
are in store. The governor of the State, Hon. William Sulzer, has
kindly consented to tender a reception to the visitors. The spacious
capitel building and the magnificent hbrary are but two of the major
attractions of the city.

A night's ride will bring the visitors to Schenectady, a city famed
the world over for its tremendous manufacturing plant, the General
Electric Co. Here the delegates can study North American industrial
methods and compare them with their own.

From Schenectady a short ride will convey the delegates to that
marvelous work of nature, the Niagara Falls. "Our Lordes oi^an"
it was termed by a German poet who was especially attracted to the
wonderful music of the rolling waters. The methods of utilizing the
water power in manufacture will also be inspected in detail.

After four days of pleasant reunions, serious deliberations, and
entertaining inspections of the university and agricultural buildings
of ComeQ, the delegates wiU be invited to proceed to Philadelphia,
the City of Brotherly Love, the home of WiUiam Penn, who knew
as no ether how to deal with the Indians. Philadelphia is noted also

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INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS OF STUDENTS.

391

for its Independence Hall, from which the autonomy of the United
States was first proclaimed to the world, and for many other historical
facts connected with North American history. The University of
Pennsylvania will be inspected under the guidance of members of the
Pennsylvania Cosmopolitan Club. This university has more Latin
Amercans than any other North American seat of learning. One of
its most honored faculty members is Dr. Lee S. Rowe, whose name is
too well known to readers of the Bulletin to need further comment.

Even the most rapid itinerary would be incomplete without an ex-
cursion to the Nation's Cap-
ital, Washington, and the
Nation's metropolis, New
York. Washington abounds
in magniñcent buildings,
artistic monuments, and
beautiful scenery. Two
special attractions will be
offered to the visitors. The
first is a brilliant reception
in the Hall of the Americas
at the Pan American Union,
made possible through the
kind interest of Director
General Barrett in the con-
gress. To the delegates
from the Americas, espe-
cially, the visit to the Union
will be something to be
remembered all their lives,
for it is this Union, more
than any other single
factor, that has made pos-
sible the intimate relations
between the American Re-
publics. The other piece d e
resistance is the projected
reception by the President
of the United States, Hon. Woodrow WUson, for many years president
of Princeton University. Whüe this reception is contingent upon
the President being in Washington at this time, there is every hope
that the visitors may have the opportunity to meet this distinguished
fnend of students.

As a fitting close to the congress, the delegates wül be taken to
J^ew York City, where they wül be housed free of cost in the dormi-
tories of Columbia University, where the New York Peace Society
WÜ1 tender a banquet to them, where Mayor Wüliam Gaynor will

DR. GEORGE W. NASMYTH,

President of the Central Committee of "Corda Fratres"—
International Federation of Students— the most compre-
hensive international organization of students. It w a
central organization comprising the various student
organizations of Europe, South America, and the Associa-
tion of Cosmopolitan Clubs in North America.

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392

THE PAX AMERICAN UNION.

transmit the official meetings of the city, and where no end of enter-
tainment and profitable sightseeing is in store for the delegates.

The preparations for the congress are now well under way. Invi-
tations to the students of the world have been sent to all the mmis-
tries of education, to the foreign ambassadors, and to all the student
associations whose names could be learned by the congress committee
headed by Carlos L. Locsin of Cornell University, a Filipino student of
remarkable organizing powers. ^Vn honorary' committee headed by
President Wilson, and comprising such names as those of United States

Commissioner of Education
Philander P. Claxton, Di-
rector General John Bar-
rett of the Pan American
Union, Secretar}' Benjamin
F. Trueblood of the Amer-
ican Peace Society, Gov.
Sulzer and Mayor Gaynor
of New York, Director Ed-
win D. Mead of the World
Peace Foundation, Editor
Hamilton Holt of the In-
dependent, and the presi-
dents of practically all
colleges and universities
at which there are cosmo-
politan clubs, is giving
its moral support to the
congress.

It is too early as yet to
submit detailed informa-
tion as to the rules of the
congress, the expense of
making the voyage, and of
completing the itinerar}'
above outlined. Students
who are interested in this
congress may obtain addi-
tional information either by writing to the Editor of the Bulletin,
w^ho will keep in constant touch with the committee on arrangements,
or by making inquiries directly of the chairman of the congress com-
mittee, Mr. Carlos L. Locsin, Cornell CosmopoUtan Club, Ithaca, New
York, U. S. A.

In the words of the congress Circular No. 1 just issued, '' there opens
before us a door of wonderful oj)j)ortunity for encouraging the cause
for international good will and humanity by uniting the students of
the world more closely in this international congress.'^

MU. CARLOS L. LOCSIN,

Chairman of the Gcnoral Committee of tho Ei&;hth Inter-
national Congress of Students. This congn^ss, called
under the auspices of the "Corda Fratres" - International
Federation of Students will take place August '27-Sep-
tomlxT H\ 1913. Offlcial sessioas will 1)0 held at Cornell
University for several days, and the remaining time con-
sumed in visiting leading "cities of historic interest.

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ADMIRAL DAVID PORTER'S
RECEPTION IN CHILE' /.

March 15-22, 1813.

ADMIRAL— then Captain— David Porter sailed in the U. S. S.
Essex, 46 guns, from the Capes of the Delaware on Octo-
ber 28, 1812. The Essex was built at Salem, Essex County,
Massachusetts, in 1799, not far from where there was then
pla}ing as a child another American destined to be famous in Chilean
history — William Wheel-
wright.

After passing the Straits
of Le Marie on February 26,
Capt. Porter found himself
about 20 miles from the
coast of Chile, and on the
morning of the 15 th of
March he entered the har-
bor of Valparaiso. We will
quote his own words as to
his reception there.

Before I had got to anchor the
captain of the port, accompanied
by another officer, came on board
in the governor's barge, with an
offer of every civility, assistance,
and accommodation that Val-
paraiso could afford, and, to my
astonishment, I was informed that
they had shaken off their alle-
giance to Spain; that the ports of
Chile were open to all nations; that
they looked up to the United
States of America for example and
protection; that our arrival would
be considered the most joyful
event, as their commerce had been
much harrassed by corsairs from
Peru, sent out by the viceroy of
that pro\'ince to capture and send

in for adjudication all American vessels destined for Chile, and that five of them
had disappeared from before the port only a few days before my arrival, and had
captured several American whalers and sent them to I.ima.

ADMIRAL DAVID PORTER.

Who, on March l"), 100 years ago, arrived at Valparaiso, Chile,
after a journey from Delaware, lasting nearly 4 months.

1 By Charles Lyon Chandler.

78710— Bull. 3—13-

393

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394 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.

The affair of the salute was arranged, and, after anchoring, I saluted the town with
21 guns, which were punctually returned, immediately after which I waited on
the governor, Don Francisco de la Lastre,* who gave me the most friendly, and at
the same time unceremonious, reception. On my passing the American armed brig
Colt she fired a salute of nine guns, which was returned by the Essex by seven. I
had not been long with the governor before I discovered that I had, happily for my
purpose, got among staunch republicans — men filled with revolutionary principles
and apparently desirous of establishing a form of government founded on liberty.
The captain of the port, whose name I do not recollect, was a sterling honest patriot,
and spoke his sentiments boldly. He evidently felt as those should feel who are
determined to be free, appeared sensible they had yet much to do, and I am sure was
resolved to do his utmost to emancipate his country.
A courier was immediately dispatched, by the American vice and deputy consul,

to Santiago, the capital of Chile, to inform Mr.
Poinsett, the American consul general, of our
arrival in the port of Valparaiso.

When we first arrived a few boats came off with
fruit; in a few hours our supply was abundant.
Nothing could exceed the excellence and abun-
dance of the apples, pears, peaches, nectarines,
melons, onions, potatoes, and vegetables of every
description. The potatoes are superior in size and
quality to those of any other country and are
indigenous. Tons of the foregoing articles were
sold to our people, which were laid by as a sea
stock, as well as hogs and poultry in great num-
bers, and of the best qualities; the fowls are of
the largest size. No part of the world could have
(Phou. Trum National ('.vHopodi«7f ~ afforded US a more ample supply of everything we
AuuMUun Btotfmphy.) wanted of the provision kind.

ROBERT POINSETT. j^^ ^^^j. ^^^ ^^^^^j ^.^.j.^ ^^f ^ ^.^^ superior

^sL^t&huTwKásSTo"^.^ quality and could be procured in any quantities
coming and entertaining thR travelers without difficulty. All the drv provisions were
when they arrived at Valparaiso. ^ -v-j*!./! "i** a

put up m hides; the floiu- was better secmred

in them and more closely parked than it could possibly be in barrels; and,
although much heavier, we found them more manageable. The use they make
of hides is astonishing. The most of the furniture for their mules and horses and
their houses, on some parts of their coast, even their boats, or, as they are called,
balsas, are made of this article. It is used for every purpose to which it is possible
to apply it, either whole, cut in pieces, or in long strips. WTien used for balsas, two
hides each, cut something in the form of a canoe, with the seam upward, are blown
up by means of a reed and stopped together; a piece of board is then laid across to
sit on, and on this frail machine they venture a considerable distance to sea. The
laque, for the use of which the Chileans are so famous, is formed of a very long strip
of hide with a running noose, and their dexterity in using it, in catching animals at
full speed, is surprising. Every pack horseman and driver of a jackass is furnished
with one of them; and so much do they delight in them or in showing their dexterity
that when they wish to catch any one of their drove, either to load, unload, or for
any other purpose, they take their distance, deliberately coil up their laque, and
never fail of throwing it over the neck of the animal wanted.

On the 17th Capt. Munson, of the American brig in port, arrived from Santiago,
bringing me a letter from the consul general, inviting myself and officers, in the name

' Afterwards, in March, 1814, Supreme Director of Chile.

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ADMIRAL DAVID PORTER S RECEPTION IN CHILE.

395

of the Government of Chile, to \'isit the capital and informing us that horses and every
other convenience were provided for on the road . Capt. Munson was also desired by
the consul to inform me that the President and junta, with a large military escort,
would meet us at a considerable distance from the city, and that, in a political view,
they considered our arrival as the most happy event. Capt. Munson stated that the
bells had been rung the whole day and illuminations had taken place the evening
after our arrival was announced, and that it was generally believed that I had brought
from my country nothing less than proposals for a friendly alliance with Chile and
assurances of assistance in their struggle for independence. This idea I felt no dis-
position to do away with.

Agreeably to the governor's invitation we attended his party, where we found a
much lar«rer and more brilliant
assemblage of ladies than we
could have expected in Valpa-
raiso. We found much fancy and
considerable taste displayed in
their dress, and many of them
Yer>' handsome, both in person
and in face, their complexion
remarkably line, and their man-
ners modest and attracting.
With their grace, their beauty
of person and complexion, and
with their modesty we were de-
lighted, and could almost fancy
we had gotten amongst our own
fair countr}'women.

After all was over '*we
returned on board our
ship, pleased with the
novelties of a Chilean ball
and much gratified by the
solicitude shown by every
one to make our stay
amongst them agreeable/'
Before the Essex left Val-
paraiso, which Porter de-
scribes as ' * pleasantly sit-
uated, and is a place of considerable commerce,'' Luis Carrera, '^a
spirited youth about 22 years of age/' the brother of the President,
dined on the Essex with Consul General Poinsett and Consul
Haywell, the representatives of the United States of America
in Chile. The night before sailing the governor of Valparaiso enter-
tained them with a dinner and ball. ^^The night was spent with
much hilarity." It is interesting to note that Admiral David Glasgow
Farragut was with Porter at this time as a midshipman, only 13
years old.

ADMIRAL DAVID GLASGOW FARRAGUT.

As a midshipman, only 13 years old, he accompanied
Admiral David Porter on his trip to Chile.

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LANGES "IN THE AMAZON
JUNGLE"' /. ■/ .'. '.•

DURING the sprm(]j of last year a book with the modest
title '*In the Amazon Jungle" came from the press and
immediately attracted considerable attention, particularly in
that ever-widening circle of readers who are interested in
books of travel and adventure which deal more with fact than fiction.
To these Mr. Langc's book proved a most fascinating narrative,
while that portion of the work which deals with his stay among the
Mangáronlas, a tribe of uncivilized Brazilian Indians, aroused com-
ment and discussion among ethnologists and explorers generally.
That these Indians, whose customs, modes of living, weapons, utensils,
communal dwellings, etc., differ but little from those other tribes
witli wliom Dr. Kocli-Grünberg sojourned for several years in the
upper reaches of the Amazon and its tributaries, should be charged
with the revolting practice of cannibalism is a remarkable feature
almost inexphcable in the light of the experience of the German and
Frencli explorers who have penetrated into the far recesses of Brazil's
virgin forests. At any rate, Mr. Lange's narrative aroused sufficient
interest to waiTant the fitting out of an elaborate expedition by the
University Museum of Pennsylvania, an account of which appeared
in the November Bulletin. This^xpedition is to visit the same
section where Mr. Lange suffered his unusual experiences and the
scientific results thereof are awaited with great interest.

The story of his experiences in the Brazilian wilds is told by Mr.
Lange in a simple, unaffected, natural style devoid of any attempt
at "fine" wTiting, and without any apparent effort to create the
impression that he had accomplished anything very wonderful.
The narrative being largely one of his own extraordinary experiences
the personal element necessarily enters into the story quite fre-
quently but generally in such a modest and unassuming manner that
the reader is quite charmed and feels as though the writer were
taking him into his confidence.

He begins his story at the point where he leaves the up-river
steamer at a fittle frontier post on the Amazon River, near the
mouth of the Javarí' River, which forms the boundary between
Brazil and Peru for something fike 700 miles of its length. His
landing at this out-of-the-way spot he describes thus:

My eyes rested long upon the j^raceful white-painted hull of the R. M. S. Manco
as she disappeared behind a bend of the Amazon River, more than 2.200 miles from

i**In the Amazon Jungle." By Algol Lange. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1912. 401 p., sti
Illustrations : priw $2.50.
396

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LANGE 's '' IN THE AMAZON JUNGLE." 399

the Atlantic Ocean. After 47 days of continuous travel aboard of her, I was at last
standing on the Brazilian frontier, watching the steamer's plume of smoke still hang-
ing lazily over the immense, brooding forests. More than a plume of smoke it was
to me then; it was the final link that bound me to the outaide world of civilization.
At last it disappeared. I turned and waded through the mud up to a small wooden
hut built on poles.

It was the end oi January, 1910, that saw me approaching this house, built on
Brazilian terra firma — or rather terra aqua, for water was inundating the entire land.
I had behind me the Amazon itself, and to the right the Javary River, while the
little house that I was heading for waa Esperança, the official frontier station of Brazil.
The opposite shore was Peru and presented an unbroken range of dense, swampy
forest, grand but desolate to look upon.

From this post he embarked in a steam launch the same evening
and proceeded to Remate de Males where he arrived after nightfall.
Remate de Males, freely translated, means ''Culmination of evils,''
a name bestowed upon it in memory of the misfortunes of the pros-
pector and his family who first settled the place about 30 years
ago. The following excerpts from Mr. Lange's descriptions will give
some idea of this little metropolis of the jungle:

It is a little village built on poles; the last blaze of civilization on the trail of the
upper river. When the rainy winter season drives out of the forests every living
creature that can not take refuge in the trees, the rubber workers abandon the crude
stages of the manufacture that they carry on there and gather in the village to make
the best of what life has to offer them in this region. At such times the population
rises to the number of some 500 souls, for the most part Brazilians and domesticated
Indiana or "caboclos." ♦ ♦ *

The village is placed where the Itecoahy runs at right angles into the Javary, the
right-hand bank of the Itecoahy forming at once ita main and its only street. The
houses stand facing this street, all very primitive and all elevated on palm-trunk
poles as far as possible above the usual high-water mark of the river. Everything,
from the little sheet-iron church to the pigsty, is built on poles. Indeed, if there
is anything in the theor\' of evolution, it will not be many generations before the
inhabitante and domestic animals are bom equipped with stilts. * * *

About 65 houses, lining the banks of the Itecoahy River over a distance of what
would be perhaps six blocks in New York City, make up Remate de Males. They
are close together and each lias a ladder reaching from the street to the main and only
floor. At the bottom of every ladder appears a rudimentary pavement, probably
5 square feet in area and consisting of 50 or 60 bottles placed with their necks down-
ward. Thus, in the rainy season when the water covers the street to the height of
7 feet, the ladders always have a solid foundation. The floors consist of split palm
logs laid with the round side up. Palm leaves form the roofs, and rusty corrugated
sheet-iron, for the most part, the walls. Each house has a sort of back yard and
kitchen, also on stilts, and reached by a bridge.

Mr. Lange*s account of the life of the rubber workei-s in Remate
de Males is full of human interest. He remained there from Janu-
ary until June, when an opportunity presented itself to go up the
Javary River to the headquarters of the largest rubber estate in the
Javary region. Coronel da Silva, the owner of the estate, lived at
the headquarters which was known as Floresta, and it was he who
later proved a most gracious host and steadfast friend to the young

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402 THE PAN AMBBICAN UNION.

explorer. The trip up the Javary was made in a 40-foot launch
crowded to the utmost with about 120 people and several tons of
merchandise and consumed the better part of two weeks. While the
discomforts of the journey were considerable Mr. Lange seems to
have enjoyed the wonderful tropical scenery and unique character of
his environment, the following paragraphs serving as examples of
his interesting descriptions.

It would be impossible for even the most fantastical scenic artist to exaggerate the
picturesque combinations of color and form ever changing like a kaleidoscope to
exhibit new delights. A tall and slender palm can be seen in it« simple beauty along-
side the white trunk of the embaúba tree, with umbrella-shaped crown, covered and
gracefully draped with vines and hanging plants, whose roots drop down until they
reach the water, or join and twist themselves until they form a leaf portière. And
for thousands of square miles this ever changing display of floral splendor is repeated
and repeat(HÍ. And it would be a treat for an ornithologist to pass up the river. A
hundred times a day flocks of small paroquets fly screaming over our heads and settle
behind the trees. Large green, blue, and scarlet parrots, the araras, fly in pairs,
uttering penetrating, harsh cries, and sometimes an «^et with her precious snow-
white plumage would keep just ahead of us with graceful wing motion, until she
chose a spot to alight among the low bushes close to the water front.

The dark-blue toucan, with its enormous scarlet and yellow beak, would suddenly
appear and fly up with peculiar jerky swoops, at the same time uttering its yelping
cry. Several times I saw light green lizards of from 3 to 4 feet in length
stretchtni out on branches of dead trees and staring at us as we passed.

After his arrival at Floresta he arranged to continue with the
launch for a two days' voyage up the Branco River, but upon arriving
at its mouth Mr. Lange was too ill with his first attack of Javary
fever. He was put ashore to be taken care of at the hut of a manager
of the rubber estate. The same day a young boy and later a big
Brazilian negro were brought to the same place suffering from the
same complaint, which in their cases proved fatal. After several
days of high fever the explorer grew better and was finally taken
back to Floresta in a canoe.

The account of his stay with Coronel da Silva, his experiences in
the jungle, descriptions in detail of the manner of preparing the
rubber, lives of the rubber gatherers, the animal life of the forests,
the fish of the lakes, the killing of the huge ^'sucuruju'' or boa con-
strictor having a length of 56 feet, and all the details of a stay of
several weeks make most interesting reading.

For five months he lived at Floresta and gathered much valuable
information as to the fauna and flora of this section of Brazil. The
lust for further excitement, however, led him to join an expedition
into hitherto unknown parts of the eastern forests for the purpose of
hunting and locating new rubber trees. He was warned repeatedly
as to the dangers of such an excursion but persisted in his determina-
tion and came very near losing his life as a consequence. The party
of six Indians and Lange penetrated far into the unexplored wilds,

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"DEFUMADOR," OR SMOKING HUT.

"A seringueiro had collocled his product, and when I went to the smoking hut I found him
busy turning over and over a big stick, resting on two horizontal guides, built on both
sides of a funnel from which a dense smoke was issuing. On the middle of the stick was a
huge ball of rubber. Over this he kept pouring the milk from a tin basin. Gradually
the substance lost its liquidity and coagulated into a beautiful yellow-brown mass, which
was rubber in its first crude shipping state. " (From "In the Amaron Jungle.")

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LAKE INNOCENCE.

This beautiful lake, about 400 feet wide and probably 5 miles long, is only a short distance from
the headquarters at Floresta. The natives catch the fish by moans of shooting them wilh
long arrows or spearing them. This lake was the home of several alligators, one of the oldest
being, according to Mr. Lange, about 17 feet long.

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408 THE PAN AMEBICAN UNION.

and when their food supply was almost exhausted and the party had
lived for about three weeks on the occasional monkeys and tapirs
they succeeded in killing, they started on the return journey. It was
while at the farthest "tambo*' or camp that Lange discovered some
irregular clumps or nodules of clay in the bed of a small stream
which, upon being split open with a machete, turned out to contain
masses of grains of gold. He filled five empty plate boxes with this
gold and states that he could have filled a barrel. He was having
a continuous fever and was too exhausted to care for gold. The
party separated, the chief and one other Indian accompanying Lange
while the others sought another route. It was on this terrible return
trip that the explorer, after both of his companions had died, one
from that dreadful disease, beril)eri, and the other from the bite of a
poisonous snake, after crawling for hours on hands and knees through
the tliick undergrowth of the forest, at times losing consciousness, was
finally rescued by some Mangeroma Indians who took him to their
conmiunal dwelling and under the direction of their chief nursed him
back to life.

It is this portion of his book, describing the smallest details of the
habits, customs, modes of life, etc., of this uncivilized tribe that is of
the greatest interest. Not until his kind hosts had killed a party of
Peruvians who had invaded their domains did Lange know that he
was among cannibals. From his account the Mangeromas make a
practice of cooking and eating portions of their enemies killed in
battle. The preparation of the dreaded '*wourahli" poison with
which they poison their blowgun darts and arrows, and their inge-
nious traps and devices for sla3^ing their enemies, etc., are all most
interesting features of the narrative. Altogether the book is most
remarkable and intensely interesting.

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SECRETARY KNOX'S FARE-
WELL TO THE GOVERNING
BOARD ,". '.' /. '.' /,

AT the monthly meeting of the Governing Board of the Pan
/\ American Union held on the forenoon of February 19, 1913,
/ \ the last meeting to be presided over by the Secretary of
State, in his capacity as chairman ex officio, Secretary
Knox took occasion of that opportunity to bid farewell to his erst-
while colleagues of the board. The meeting was largely attended in
compliment to the chairman, who during the past four years as Sec-
retary of State of the United States had won a notable place in the
affections and esteem of the Latin-American diplomats accredited to
Washington.

In attendance at the meeting were Senhor Domicio da Gama, ambas-
sador of Brazil; Señor Don Joaquin Bernardo Calvo, minister of Costa
Rica; Señor Don Ignacio Calderón, minister of Bolivia; Señor Don
Federico Mejía, minister of Salvador; Señor Dr. P. Ezequiel Rojas,
minister of Venezuela; Señor Dr. Salvador Castrillo, minister of Nic-
aragua; Señor Ledo. Antonio Martin-Rivero, minister of Cuba; Señor
Dr. Rómido S. Naón, minister of Argentina; Señor Dr. Carlos Maria
de Pena, minister of Uruguay; Señor Don Eduardo Suárez Mujica,
minister of Chile; M. Solon Menos, minister of Haiti; Señor Don
Joaquin Méndez, minister of Guatemala; Señor Don Federico Alfonso
Pezet, minister of Peru; Señor Dr. Alberto Membreño, minister of
Honduras; Señor Dr. Héctor Velasquez, minister of Paraguay; John
Barrett, the Director General, and Señor Don Francisco J. Yánes,
assistant director and secretary of the governing board. Illness
made it impossible for the ministers of the Dominican Republic,
Colombia, Panama, and the chargé d'affaires of Mexico to be present.
After a brief report by the Director General on the remarkable
increase in the volume of correspondence conducted by the Pan
American Union, and on the large number of publications distributed
by this institution, totals which during the month of January, 1913,
echpsed all former records by many thousands. Chairman Knox arose
to make his farewell address, and said:

Gentlemen: During the four years of my service as Secretary of State I have found

especial satisfaction in being privileged to associate with you on this common meeting

ground where the intermingled economic, intellectual, and social interests of the

sovereign peoples of the Western Hemisphere are represented and where the good of

78710— Bull. 3—13 6 409

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Photosrraph by Horrls-Ewlng,

HONORABLE PHILANDER C. KNOX.

The retiring Secretary of State and Chairman ex oiïîcio of the Gox-erning Board of the
Pan American Union.

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SECRETARY KNOx's FAREWELL TO THE GOVERNING BOARD. 411

all is eought through the contribu tary effort of each. For my part I have ever striven
to be the faithful exponent of the good will of this Government and my countrymen
toward our comrades in the American community of nations and of our wish that
peace and prosperity may be the abiding portion of our sister Republics. I have
endeavored to take advantage of my present office to give the good will of the United
States effective shape in the relations of this Government to those which you so
worthily represent, and I have tried to leave nothing undone whereby the United
States could testify its sincere wish that each and all of the American Commonwealths
should go forward in the path of national progress and established well-being.

It is to be borne in mind that the body politic of the western world is, like the
human body, made up of members, each performing its appropriate function and all
suffering more or less by the derangement of any of them. There is no question of the
relative importance of their several offices, any more than there can be of primacy
among the members of the human body. No one may gain advantage for itself alone.

Sometimes, my friends, I have heard apprehensive charges that my country is
asserting and abusing a claim of primacy in our western councils and arrogating to
itself some undefined dictatorial prerogative to the end of ultimate absorption of its
neighbors. It has been the constant effort of the President and his constitutional
advisers to correct any such malevolent impression and to dispel all such caviling
forebodings.

Time and again have we demonstrated that if, in the workings of God's will, it has
been given to us to exert influence upon our congeners of Pan America, it has ever
been our steadfast purpose to use that influence rightfully and benignly in the direc-
tion of the independence, the stability, and the prosperity of all of your countries;
in short, as I have said on many occasions, we seek, whenever practicable, to aid
them to help themselves; to assist them in averting domestic or foreign complications
that might tend to endanger their own welfare; to promote such observance of their
sovereign national rights as we expect them to show for our rights; to spare neither
toil nor treasure whenever our just efforts may conduce to their development and
prosperity.

It is not without a personal feeling of sadness that I address you for the last time,
and yet it is a sadness tempered with gratification, for my own part, that it has been
vouchsafed to me to share in your deliberations. In speaking to you as I have done,
it has not been in my thoughts to deliver a homily, but rather to make plain once
more the true nature of the relation my country bears to yours. You, gentlemen,
are in a position to know and to cause your fellow citizens to know how consistently,
how earnestly, and how unselfishly this Government and my country desire that all
Latin America shall enjoy, as we enjoy, the benefits to flow from the possession of
independence and the stable achievement of material progress.

In response to these impressive remarks, the Brazilian ambassador,
Dr. da Gama, in behalf of his colleagues on the governing board,
paid a tribute to Secretary Knox, in which was embodied a resolu-
tion of appreciation of the Secretary's services and an expression of
regret at his departure. The ambassador spoke as follows:

Gentlemen: I claim as an honor the privilege of giving voice to the feelings of
all the members of the governing board of the Pan American Union at the thought that
this is the last of our meetings pre.'iided over by Secretary of State Knox.

There is always some melancholy in a parting; but in this special case we fully
realize that we are going to lose a perfect chairman, as for amiability and righteout-
ness; a cordial companion of labor, a colleague in the true sense of the word, who
understood us, who at least always tried to understand us, even when we were not

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412 THE PAN AMEBICAN UNION.

very clear in our so-called outbursts of fiery southern eloquence, which, by the way,
look so moderate aad cold before United States lyrica in political speeches.

If -he sometimes found us obscure, he did not show it; the placid smile which,
with his long pensive looks, so harmoniously completes his physiognomy never left
him when presiding over us. He certainly considered then that man is always ob-
scure to man, even under the desire to agree, if the expression of their souls is differ-
ent. But the community of interests dispenses a very literal translation on the
drafting of agreements. And this wise man well knows that, although hailing from
different countries, we are fellow companions on the journey toward the same end.
Before our parting we wish to give him a testimony of our appreciation of the semces
he rendered to the Pan American Union, and I move that in the record of this meet-
ing the following resolution be registered:

Resolved, That the representatives of the American Republics wish to express their
regret at the closing of their oflicial relations with the retiring Secretary of State,
Philander C. Knox, for whom they all entertain the highest personal regard and
admiration. They are thankful to him for his constant good will and exquisite
courtesy and trust he will not forget his colleagues of the Pan American Union, who
bid him goodby with a heavy heart.

The motion of the ambassador on the resolution was simultaneously
seconded by the ministers of Costa Rica and Bolivia, and was
unanimously adopted. When apprised of this motion, Minister
Peynado, of the Dominican Republic, who was then convalescing
in New York, requested that his vote be recorded in favor of the
resolution.

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RECEPTION OF MINISTER
FROM PARAGUAY /. '/

THE Bulletin of the Pan American Union extends a cordial
welcome to Señor Dr. Héctor Velazquez, the newly accred-
ited envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary of the
RepubUc of Paraguay to Washington. By virtue of his
diplomatic position, Dr. Velazquez becomes a member of the govern-
ing board of this institution. This is the first time within the past
^ight years that Paraguay is represented in the councils of the Pan
-^erican Union, and it is gratifying to note that the presence of
^ûor Velazquez on the governing board is regarded with much
^^tisf action by his colleagues. The facilities of this institution and
^® columns of the Bulletin will always be at the disposal of the
^^ imuister and it is sincerely hoped that his interest in the progress
qu ^®^i^6 of ^^^ ^^^ American Union will lead him to make fre-

i^,^^se of these opportunities.
. y^^ter Velazquez was oflBcially received by President Taft at the
tri/i^ House on February 18, 1913. In presenting his letters of
credo^^c^ Señor Velasquez said :

^- ^Rbsidbnt: I have the honor to place in your hands the letters of credence
líbica aooredit me in the capacity of envoy extraordinary and minister plenipoten-
tiary of ^Paraguay near the Government of the united States of America.

"IB normality of institutional life having been restored in my country after the

i^Pûated difficulties of its internal policy, one of the first preoccupations of my Gov-

emnieixt -was to send to friendly nations the expression of its sympathies and sincere

longiixg ^ emphasize and enhance its ever-cordial brotherly relations with them.

It afifords me special pleasure to have received this honorable mission to your

^^nunent, all the more as the sentiments I have just expressed are united with

^ , ^"aguayan people and Government's admiration for the great Nation over whose

®^miee you preside and for the virtues and patriotism of its statesmen who have

^^® it a people of character and exceptional ideals for progress.

ernut me, Mr. President, to cherish the conviction that in the discharge of my
^^ I may count upon your benevolence and the support of the enlightened Ameri-
^^Vemment, thus bringing me the assurance that the yearnings of my country
^y ovn aspirations will be realized .

^Tnit me also, Mr. President, to discharge the most gratifying duty of expressing

• ^ taxe very sincere wishes formulated through me by the Paraguayan Govem-

^U<i people for the aggrandizement and growing prosperity of the magnanimous

an if*^^^^ people and the personal happiness of their illustrious President, and it is

^^f lor me to join my own wishes to these.

^ accepting the minister's credentials the President said:

jjj ¿**^ïïîi8tbr: I am gratified to receive from your hands the letter of His Excellency
^"""^^ident of Paraguay accrediting you in the capacity of envoy extraordinary

413

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414 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.

and minister plenipotentiary from that Republic to the United States, and to learn
that it became the first wish of your Government, after the happy restoration of normal
conditions, by accre^iiting ministers to friendly nations to emphasize itii desire to
renew ita cordial and fraternal relations with them.

You may rest assured that the Government of the United States sincerely appre-
ciates the desire of the Government of Paraguay for the renewal of those relations
and that its representatives will gladly cooperate with you with a >iew to aiding you
in the successful performance of the duties imposed on you by your mission.

I receive with satisfaction the good wishes for the prosperity of this Republic and
its people which you bring to me from the Government and people of Paraguay and
I trust that you will assure your Government that the Grovemment and people of the
United States sincerely desire for your country and it^ citizens abiding peace and
prosperity.

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SPECIAL MISSIONS WEL-
COME PRESIDENT WILSON

THE Bulletin is greatly pleased to publish below the remarks
made by the several ministers who came to Washington
on special missions, to attend the ceremonies in connection
with the inauguration on Maich 4, of Hon. Woodrow Wil-
son as President of the United States. Special envoys were sent
for this occasion by the Governments of Cuba, Guatemala, and
Salvador.

The special mission from Cuba consisted Oi the distinguished
minister at Washington, Señor Don Antonio Martin-Rivero, and two
eminent gentlemen of high standing in the public life of that country,
Señor Don Guillermo Patterson and Señor Don Pablo Desvernine.
Señor Desvemine holds a prominent position as a jurist and is professor
of law at the University of Havana. He has served his country in
various capacities and most notably as secretary of state in a former
cabinet. Señor Patterson, too, is no stranger to Pan Americans. At
present he is the subsecretary of state, to which position he has risen
through his successful discharge of the various diplomatic posts held
by him. As the Cuban consul in Liverpool, chargé d'aíTaires at Spam,
and special minister to the Venezuelan Centennial he easily won the
esteem and sympathy of the circles in which he moved, so that his
elevation to the present high post is but the natural result of his abilities.
The special mission from the Republic of Guatemala consisted of
the distinguished minister at Washington, Señor Don Joaquin
Méndez, a specially accredited envoy extraordinary^ and minister
plenipotentiary in the person of Señor Lie. Antonio Batres Jauregui,
and Señor Don Francisco Sanchez Latour, the first secretary of the
Guatemalan legation. Señor Jauregui was for many years minister
of Guatemala at Wash'mgton, and his visit to the Capital at this time
afforded him an opportunity to renew many cherished friendships of
his earlier service here. Señor Jauregui, moreover, is widely known
in Latin-American quarters, and has many times represented his
country at important international gatherings. He was delegate to
the Third International American Conference of American States at
Rio de Janeiro in 1906, to the Central American Peace Conference
at Washington in 1907, and to the International Commission of Jurists
at Rio in 1912.

The Republic of Salvador delegated on this pleasant mission
Señor Don Federico Mejía, its distinguished minister at Washington,
and another diplomat and lawyer, who, though young in years, has
already shown great promise of a remarkable career. The special

415

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THE FIRST LADIES OF THE LAND.

From right to left: Mrs. Wilson, wife of the President, and Mrs. Marshall, wife of the Vice President.

Photo by Cllnedlnst.

PRESIDENTIAL PARTY REVIEWING INAUGURAL PARADE FROM THE COURT
OF HONOR IN FRONT OF THE WHITE HOUSE.

From left to right: Mrs. Wilson; Major General Wood: the President; Mrs. Marshall; the Vice
President. The Court of Honor was patterned after " Monticello' , the Virginian home of Thomas
Jefferson, the apostle of American Democracy. The procession extended over 13 miles in length
and required 5 hours to pass.

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Photogrraph by Harris-Ewlng.

THE INAUGURATION OF PRESIDENT WILSON AT THE EAST FRONT OF THE

CAPITOL, MARCH 4, 1913.

Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, Hon. Edward D. White, administering the oath of office to
President Wilson. There were assembled to witness this solemn and Imposing ceremony the
immediate families of the new President and Vice President, former I^resident Taft, the Justices
of the Supreme Court, the members of the Cabinet, the foreign diplomatic representatives, distin-
guished officials from all over the United States, and thousands of enthusiastic and patriotic citizens.

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Photoinriph by Harrts-Ewln^.

SEÑOR DON FEDERICO MEJÍA,

Müüster oí Salvador at Washington, who was accredited as Special Envoy to the inauguration of

President Wilson.

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SEÑOR Lie. ANTONIO MARTÍN-RÍVERO,

Minister oí Cuba at Washington, who was accredited as Special Envoy to the inauguration of

President Wilson.

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SPECIAL MISSIONS WELCOME PRESIDENT WILSON. 421

envoy was Señor Dr. Francisco A. Lima, who gained a conspicuous
place for himself in Pan American affairs by the creditable discharge
of his post as minister to Guatemala.

The sending of such a group of notable Latin Americans, charged
with the paiticular purpose of conveying the greetings and felicita-
tions of their respective countries to the Chief Executive of the United
States, is a signal mark of the mutual interest existing between the
independent nations of the Western Hemisphere, and is a gratifying
indication of the desire to piomote better understanding and closer
friendship between the American Republics.

President Wilson received the special envoys from Salvador at the
White House on Friday, March 7. The meeting was very cordial,
and in presenting the greetings from the Government of Salvador,
the special envoy, Señor Lima, said:

Mr. President: We have the honor of placing in your excellency's hands the
letters by which the President of El Salvador accredits us an envoys extraordinary
on special mission to the Government of the United States of America on the occasion
of the solenm ceremonies of the change of administration.

Commissioned thus for the purpose of making known the enthusiastic participation
which our Government desires to enjoy in all those acts which emanate from this
powerful Nation, which represents at the same time all that is wise and elevated in
your democratic institutions, it has been a great pleasure for us to come from our
country in order to bring, on such an occasion, the moat cordial greetings from our
President toward the newly elected President of the United States of America.

Let us be permitted, therefore, while expressing our congratulations for the success
attained at the polls, to herald the sympathetic echo which the name and prestige
of the chief of the Democratic Party have caused to resound in oiu* country.

Your excellency's personality, surrounded by the highest and noblest proceedings
and ideals, is undoubtedly ^to us the most precious jewel toward the maintenance
and growth of our friendly international relations which happily have existed, and
which we are anxious to see continue forever with the most frank and cordial under-
standing.

These are the sentiments which we have been commissioned to convey to your
excellency, in the name of the President of El Salvador and in our own-name. In
reiterating our most sincere felicitations, we beg your excellency to accept, together
with the wishes we offer for the prosperity and well-being of this noble Nation, our
best wishes for your excellency's personal happiness.

To these friendly greetings the President replied as follows:

Gentlemen: I am happy to welcome you as envoys extraordinary on special mis-
sioD bearing to me the greetings of your Government upon the occasion of my assump-
tion of the duties of the Presidency of the United States, and to receive from your
hands the letters whereby you are accredited in this quality.

I recognize in this act your Government's desire to maintain with the United States
that friendship and cordiality of relations which should in the best interests of the
two coimtries mark their intercourse and which it shall be my earnest endeavor to
promote and strengthen.

I highly appreciate the kindly greetings of the President of Salvador which you
bring to me, and I shall be gratified if you will be so good as to make this appreciation
known to him. For the courteous and complimentary remarks which you are pleased
to make i)er9onally with respect to myself, I thank you.

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I'hotogrruph by h^dmoiiKton.

SEÑOR DON JOAQUÍN MÉNDEZ,

Minister of Guatemala at Washington, who headed the Special Mission from that country to the
inaugural ceremonies of President Wilson.

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SEÑOR DR. FRANCISCO A. LIMA,
Member of the Special Mission from Salvador to the inaufniration of President Wilson.

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Fhoto^apb by Harrls-Ewing.

SESOR Lie. ANTONIO BATRES JAUREGUI,
Member of the Special Mission from Guatemala to the inauguration of President Wilson.

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rhotograph by Hariis-Ewlnii.

SEÑOR DON FRANCISCO SÁNCHEZ LATOUR,

Secretary of the Guatemalan Legation at Washington, member of the Special
Mission to the inauguration of President Wilson.

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SPECIAL MISSIONS WELCOME PRESIDENT WILSON. 427

On the following day, March 8, the Guatemalan delegates were
received by the President at the White House, and on this occasion,
as on the previous one, the sentiments exchanged between the envoys
on special mission and the President were delightfully cordial. Speak-
ing for the envojrs, Minister Méndez said :

Your Excellency: The Constitutional President of Guatemala, sincere admirer
of the institutions and progress of the great Republic of the United States of America,
desiring to offer to your excellency his most cordial congratulations on account of
your election to the presidency of this rich and powerful country, and wishing to
give a proof of the esteem that the Government and people of Guatemala have for
the Government and people of the United States of America, had the goodness to
intrust to us the special mission of being present at the solemn ceremonies of the
inauguration of your excellency to the high office of President, and to express to
your excellency his most sincere felicitations, knowing that your wise administration
will produce the most beneficial results over the entire continent.

The Grovemment of Guatemala is inspired by the best wishes to bring into closer
and more cordial relations that friendship which happily has existed between the
two countries, and has faith that the Government of your excellency will condescend
to entertain the same patriotic purposes.

We could have no greater pleasure than having been honored with the mission of
congratulating your excellency and also the American Nation for having at the head
of its destinies, through the popular vote, a man of high merits and notable antece-
dents by which your excellency is distinguished.

We therefore carry out with the greatest pleasure the special charge given to us by
the President of the Republic of Guatemala, offering his very best wishes for the
prosperity of the American Republic and for your excellency's personal welfare, and
we, the members of this special mission, desire to express on our part the same senti-
ments on this solemn occasion.

We have the honor to place in the hands of your excellency official letters signed by
the President of Guatemala which appoint us as envoys extraordinary and ministers
plenipotentiary on special mission to the worthy Government of your excellency.

President Wilson replied as follows:

Gentlemen: It affords me sincere pleasure to receive you and to accept from your
hands the letters by which his excellency the constitutional President of Guatemala
has accredited you as envoys extraordinary and ministers plenipotentiary on special
mission, to offer me his congratulations on account of my election as President of the
United States, and to be present as his representatives at the ceremonies attending
my inauguration.

I shall be glad if you will convey to his excellency the assurances of my profound
appreciation of his congratulations and good wishes, and if you will say to him that
the friendly sentiments which he and the Government and people of Guatemala have
so agreeably expressed through you are most cordially reciprocated by the Government
and people of the United States and by me.

It is the earnest wish of this Government to avail itself of every proper means to
perpetuate and strengthen the friendly relations which so happily exist between the
Government of the United States and that of Guatemala, and I shall use every proper
effort to accomplish whatever will promote their mutual interests.

I offer through you to his excellency my best wishes and those of the Government
and people of this country for his health and happiness, the welfare of his Govern-
ment, and the peace and prosperity of the people of Guatemala.

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PAN AMERICAN NOTES

HE Director General of the Pan American Union, the
Assistant Director, and the members of its staff take
advantage of this opportunity to present theii* com-
|)linients to the new chairman of the Govcrnin<r
Board, the Secretary of State of the United States,
Hon. William J. Brvan, and to express the hope that
in his official ca])acity he will continue to show the
same interest in the work and welfare of this organi-
zation which he has always done as a private citizen.
On the walls of the office of the Director General
hangs a portrait of Mr. Bryan which carries under it
his famous autographed senthnents:

To th<* Soli 1 h American Republics: "The Lord ha.s made ii!»
neijílihorH; let justice make iiH friends. W.J. Hryan." December 25, 1908.

Those remarkahle words which have been repeated all over the
world, and which now have special sijjjnificance as ^îr. Bryan becomes
Secretary of State and chairman of the Governmg Board of the Pan
American I'nion were written five y(»ars ago, prior to the notable
journey which he made to South America. His interest, therefore,
in that part of the world is not of recent development, and it has, as
sliown l)y his various writings and speeches, grown with the passing
years until now it will reach its climax in his new post of vast respon-
sibility.

It is not the puqiose of this article to review the new chairman's
life. The princi|)al events in it are too well known to everybody to
uíhmI repetition. If, however, anyone should wish to familiarize
himself with Mr. Bryan's attitude toward Latin America and his
actual familiarity with the countries of that section of the world, he
sliouhl read the articles which aj)])eared in the Commoner in lOlO?
following his visit to various Latin-American countries. An inspec-
tion, moreover, of the files of the Latin-American ncwspa{)ers during
his trij), which took place in the early i)art of 1910, reveal the deep
impression he made upon the statesmen and peoples of the countries
visited and make his journey stand out as second only in importance
to the famous one made in lOOG by Hon. Elihu Root as Secretary' of
State of the Ignited States.

On Thursday evening, March 13, the Director General gave a dinner
in the ^^Hall of the Americas'' in the Pan American Building in honor
of the new chairman of the Governing Board and Mi's. Bn^an. The
guests invited to meet them included the Latin-American ambassa-

428

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HON. WILLIAM JENNIX(ÎS BRYAN,

Secretary of State of the United States and Chairman of the Governing Board of the l*an American

Union.

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430 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.

dors and ministers and their wives. On this occasion the Brazilian
ambassador, Senhor Domicio da Gama, at the request of the Director
General, deUvered a cordial address of welcome to the new Secretar}^
of State and chairman of the governing board. Secretary Bryan re-
spomled in a fehcitous and sympathetic speech. After the dinner
an informal reception was held, when the secretaries and their families
of the Latin-American embassies and legations were also presented to
Mr. and Mrs. Bryan.

PAN AMERICAN SOCIETY OF THE UNITED STATES.

Special credit is due Frederic Bro\^^l for his work as seeretarj'-
treasurer of the Pan American Society of the United States in build-
ing up and in making its first year a notable one of achievement and
progress. It must be gratifying to Mr. Brown that the society as a
whole stands back of him and applauds him for his efforts to make it
a real factor in the development of friendship and better acquaintance
between the people of the United States an^ the peoples of our sister
American Republics.

A careful reading of the report which he submitted at the amiual
meeting of the society on the 10th of February, 1913, can not fail to
please all those who are sincerely interested in the welfare of the
organization. When it was first started a year ago it had a member-
ship of a trifle over 100. It has now passed the 400 mark. Of this
number, 36 are life members. A special handbook on Latin America
was prepared by the secretary, which has been well received by the
membership and by the press of Latin America. The society
arranged for several important dinners and luncheons to eminent
Latin Americans, which were well attended. It arranged for
special events when the Latin-American countries were discussed or
when prominent Latin Americans have delivered addresses. The
very successful baníjuet held last year by the society in honor of the
Governing Board of the Pan American Union, wliich was attendeS
by 500 leading men of New York, is pointed out as an example of what
should also be done the coming year when the new Secretary' of State,
as chairman ex-oilicio of the Governing Board of the Pan American
Union, comes mto his duties. It has cooperated with the Mexico
Society m matters that pertained to that interesting country. The
Secretary has met upon their arrival numerous prominent Latin
Americans and has shown them whatever courtesies were hi his
power, which have been much appreciated. At the present time he
is preparing a bibliography of books on all sections and phases of
Latin American affairs for the use of those who wish to be better
informed about the American RepubUcs. In a short time the first
yearbook of the society will be issued.

In discussing the future usefulness of the society the secretary
recommends that it should do all it could to promote the studj' of

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SKÑOU Lie. JOSÉ RODRÍr.lEZ CEIINA,
Secretary oí the Intrniational Bureau of Centrai AmerUn, at his oíTiee, Guatemala City, Guatemala.

RECEPTION HALL OF THE INTERNATIONAL BUREAU OF CENTRAL AMERICA, AT
GUATEMALA CITY. GUATEMALA.

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PAX AMERICAN NOTES. 433

Latin American countries and the Spanish and Portuguese hmo^uages
in the universities, colleges, and other schools of the United States,
and thinks it would be a good plan to oiFer medals, prizes, or decora-
tions to those citizens of any of the American Republics who shall
during the year produce any noteworthy work or perform any si)ecial
service in the cause of Pan Americanism. From time to time Mr.
Brown has delivered addresses here and there on the Latin-American
Republics, which have been highly praised by the newspapers of the
cities which he visited.

In his report upon the receipts and expenditures he calls attention
to the fact that the total receipts amounted to $7,234.14. The total
expenditures were $5,803.04, leaving a cash favorable balance of
$1,431.10.

DOUBTFUL SCHEMES IN LATIN AMERICA.

It is necessary as a precaution to the public that the Pan ^^merican
Union should repeat the warning which it has pubUshed many times
before in the Bulletin against foolish mining, land, and other devel-
ment schemes located in Latin America. These are advertised in
newspapers of the United States or promoted by misleading circulars
for the sake of making money for the promoters and which are, in fact,
of doubtful value. A great many persons are com])laining to the
Pan American Union that they have invested money in this and that
undertaking in the southern republics which has brought no return.
They seem to have the opinion that just because the investment was
in that part of the world it ought to return great profits, forgetting
that all over the U^nited States innumerable schemes have been
started for making money in this country which had no solid backing
or real potentialities. The same care must be exercised about invest-
ing money in Latin America as in the United States, Europe, or Asia,
and we advise everybody to go slow untu they are absolutely con-
vinced of the worth of the undertaking which attracts their attention.

death of SR. don FELIPE CARBO.

It is a sad duty to record in the annals of Pan American affairs the
sudden demise of another of its ardent workers. Señor Don Luis
Felipe Carbo, which occurred in Now York on the morning of Febru-
ary 25, 1913. Señor Carbo was twice minister of Ecuador to the
United States, and also represented his country as delegate to the
Second Pan American Conference in Mexico. Of a conciliatory and
kindly nature, he constantly exerted his best efforts for the promotion
of Latin- American affairs, and while a member of the governing board
of this organization manifested the keenest interest in its work and
success. Sr. Carbo also served his country with much credit in
various important posts at Quito, as well as abroad, and his death is
lamented by all those who knew and admired him.

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Photoífraph by HarrlH-Ewitiff.

FRED MORRIS DEARIXG, ESQ.,

Assistant Chief oí the Division of Latin-American AfTairs, Department of
State, at Washington.

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Photogrraph by Harri»-Ewin(r.

SETH LOW PIERREPONT, ESQ.,

Assistant Chief of the Division of Latin-American AfTairs, Department
of State, at Washington.

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436 THE PAX AMERICAN UNION.

NEWSPAPER ATTENTION TO LATIN AMERICA.

It is os|)oc'ially jjratifying to note the iiioreased attention which the
New York newspapers are pvinor to the Latin-American countries,
lar^i^ely as a result of the efforts of the Pan American Union and the
(lata which it provides. They publish now more in one month than
they did formerly in a whole year. The amount of space the Sun,
Times, and Herald are írivinf^ to matters pertainint]^ to the commerce
and pro*^ess of these countries is mdeed Ratifying and will add
o;reatly in awakening: an ai)preciation throuo^hout all United States
of the pro(kicts and resources of Latin America.

SPECIAL LATIN-AMERICAN PHOTOGRAPHS.

In one of the rooms of the Pan American Union there have been
hunf^ seven large photographs of remarkable cities and scenes in
Latin America taken l)y the well-known photographer, Mr. I. E.
Scheeler, of Philadelphia, Pa. These are the largest individual photo-
gra})hs which have ever been taken of the places which they repro-
duce and give an excellent idea of them which could only be obtained
by actual travel and looking upon them. Mr. Scheeler has met with
such success in this kind of ¡)h()tography that he is now returning to
Stmth America to take more views, including the famous Iguazu Falls.

PAN AMERICAN REPRESENTATIVES IN LATIN AMERICA.

The Pan American l^nion is receiving hiteresting reports from two
meml)ers of its staff who are making a very careful tour of South
America, Dr. Albert Hale and Charles E. Babcock. The former is
now on the west coast returning northward and will probably reach
Wîishiugton in April. The latter is at the present time in the
Argentine Republic, having just completed a considerable stay in
BrazU. They report that everywhere there is a growing interest in
the Pan American Union and wider aj)prcciation of its practical use-
fulness a* an international bureau of information.

BRAZILIAN BUREAU OF INFORMATION IN CALIFORNIA.

The Pan American Union is interestingly notified by Dr. Eugenio
Dahne, commissioner general representing the BraziHan Ministry of
Agriculture in the United States and Canada, of the establishment
under his charge of a Bureau of Information on Brazil in San Fran-
cisco, lie says that already ho has received the hearty cooperation
of the Chambers of Commerce of San Francisco, Los Angeles, and San
Diego, and that they will probably send a delegation to represent them
at the opening of the Brazilian National Exposition at Rio de Janeiro
next May. Mr. James Slanson, former president of the Chamber of
Commerce of Los ^Vngeles, wdll probably head this delegation. Mr.

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PhotOKraph by Harrls-Ewlng.

HUGH R. WILSON, ESQ.,
Secretary of the I'nited Staler Legation at Guatemala City. Guatemala.

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438 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.

Dahne also calls attention to the remarkable increase of coiTee received
by sea at San Francisco. In 1911 the total number of bags arriving
by water was 12,303, while in 1912 the number increased to 54,147.
The director general of the Pan American Union wishes ever}^ success
for this new bureau.

THE VENEZUELAN TARIFF.

Judging from the many orders which the Pan American Union is
receiving for copies of the Venezuelan tariff, this pamphlet is appar-
ently filling a long-felt want. Compiled under the direction of this
institution, it contains in its 60 pages a comprehensive statement cov-
ering appraisements and duties on commodities imported into that
country and is proving indispensable to business firms conducting a
foreign trade. The favorable reception accorded the former publica-
tions on the tariiT of Argentina and Boli\âa, published under our aus-
pices, has encouraged the continuance of this particular work, which
is regarded as of great practical use and value. Copies of this booklet
can be obtained at the cost of pubUcation, 25 cents.

VIEWS OF SECRETARY KNOX^S JOURNEY.

The director general of the Pan American Union expresses thanks
to Philander Chase Knox, jr., for an album contahiing a remarkable
series of photographs taken by him of scenes in the journey made by
his distinguished father, Secretary Knox, to the countries of the Car-
ibbean in February, March, and April, 1912. This group of photo-
graphs will be a valuable addition to the collection of views in the
possession of the Pan American Union and has already been much
enjoyed by those who have inspected it.

MR. HARDEE AND THE PANAMA-PACIFIC INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION.

Congratulations are extended by the director general of the Pan
American Union to Theodore Hardee, chief of the department of
liberal arts, Panama-Pacific International Exposition. His selection
for that responsible position is deserving and appropriate. Few
men to-day have a wider knowledge of the whole world and are more
familiar with expositions than Mr. Hardee. He was the secretary
of Director General Barrett when the latter made a tour of the world
in 1902 as the commissioner general of the St. Louis World's Fair.
Later he held a most responsible position at St. Louis and then was
prominently identified with the Lewis and Clark Exposition at
Portland, Oreg. From the start he has been one of the chief pro-
moters of the great exposition at San Francisco, and he is sure to be
a strong factor in its success. Incidentally he is deeply interested
in the Latin- American countries and is planning to do everything he
can to make their exhibits appear to the best advantage.

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Fhotoffraph by Harrts-Kwlngr.

THEODORE HARDEE, ESQ.,

Chief of the Department of Liberal Arts, Panama-Paciflc International
Exposition, San Francisco, Cal., 1915.

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440 THE PAX AMERICAN UNION.

VISIT OF DR. AGUILAR.

There has recently been visiting in the United States, Dr. Romauldo
At^uilar, a distinguished jurist and meraber of the legal faculty in
the l^niversity of Cuzco, Peru. The prime object of Dr. Aguilar's
tour through the principal cities of this country was to observe and
study the structure and operation of the representative museums
with the view of recommending to the Government of Peru the
establishment of a similar institution in the city of Cuzco, the famous
center of Incan and pre-Incan antiquities. Dr. Aguilar's reputation
as an archaeologist and his valuable contributions to the literature
on Peruvian anticjuities render him eminently fitted for the impor-
tant mission intrusted to him. While in Washington the Pan
American Union was pleased to receive the doctor and to extend to
him the courtesies of the institution.

CONVENTION OF ADVERTISING MEN.

The various committees having in charge the arrangements for
the ninth annual convention of Associated Advert isuig Clubs of
America, which will be held at Baltimore, Md., June 8-13, are deserving
of special congratulations for the splendid efforts which they are exert-
ing to make this gathering one of the most notable m the history of
commercial publicity. The convention will bring together the leading
advertising men not oidy of the Ignited States, but also of Latin
America and Europe, and the hiterchange of ideas in this important
branch of endeavor by men who are leaders in their respective coun-
tries can not fail to have a far-reaching effect. The convention vnll
alTord the opportunity to those in attendance to increase their gen-
eral acijuaintanceship with world advertisers and learn at short range
. much about the persimnel of the men handling the heavy advertising
of the Ignited States and of other countries in its various forms and
to compare prices and value of advertising media. Mr. Herbert
Sheridan, the chairman of the foreign-representation committee, is
strongly encouraged by the numerous acceptances from foreign dele-
gates to attend this gathering, and it is gratifying to note that the
countries of Latin America are manifesting a high appreciation of the
importance of this gathering.

STATUE OF GEN. DRAPER.

In this issue of the Butxetin is published a photograph of the
equestrian statue of Gen. William Franklin Draper, of the State of
Massachusetts, presented to the town of Milford m that State by
his widow, Mrs. Susan Preston Draper. This handsome statue is
the work of the eminent sculptor, Daniel Chester French. It is of
bronze and stands, with its pedestal, about 25 feet high. The reason

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STATUE OF GEN. WILLIAM FRANKLIN DRAPER,

Presented by the wife of the late General to his native town, Milford, in the State of

Biassachusetts.

78710— Bull. 3—13 8

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442 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.

for its reproduction in the Monthly Bulletin is that the Director
General wishes to pay tribute to the memory of the man who took a
great though quiet interest in Latin-American aflFairs and encouraged
the director general in the reorganizing and building up of the Pan
American Union at a time when he needed all the sympathy and sup-
port which he could possibly receive. In the dark days when the
obstacles for the successful reorganization of the Pan American Union
seemed almost unsurmountable Gen. Draper^ with characteristic
optimism and kindness, continually expressed an interest in its wel-
fare which was most helpful. His widow, Mrs. Susan Preston Draper,
and his daughter, Miss Margaret P. Draper, can well feel proud of
this noble monument which will perpetuate his memory in his home
town of Milford, where he was greatly honored and loved.

A SPECIAL HONOR TO THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.

The Texas Co., one of the largest firms in the country dealing in
petroleum and its products, has informed the Pan American Union
that it has decided to give the name of Pan-American to the biggest
ocean-going tug on the west coafit of the United States or the Gulf
of Mexico, the largest launched by that company, and intended for
the trade, under the United States-flag, with Mexico, the West Indies,
and Central America. In communications received from Mr. J. S.
Cullinan, president, and Mr. Arnold Schlaet, vice president, of the
Texas Co., the Director General is informed that the name of Pan
American, is given to this boat in honor of the work being done by the
Pan American Union for the development of closer relations of trade,
commerce, and friendship between the United States and its sister
Republics.

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.SUBJECT MATTÎR OF CONSULAR REPORTS,

BEPOBTS RECEIVED UP TO MARCH 1, 1913.

Title.

ARGENTINA.

"Review of the River Plate"

Arsentine Republic in 1912

Xotes from A^entina: Riverside Avenue— Building and con-
struction—Bankhig— Tobacco industry— Drainage work-
Tramways.

Xew^wper drawing of Riverside Avenue, Buenos Aires

CHILE.

Production of minerals in Chile

Builder's hardware

CUBA.

Methods of entering Cuban market

ECUADOR.

Paper bags

Xo market for horseshoes

GUATEMALA.

Scales imported into Guatemala, 1911— duty

Lighting apparatus

Lifting systems, etc

Market lor vamisn, stain, and pahits

MEXICO.

No market for gasoline lighting and heating apparatus.
Woodworking machinery in use in factories

No market íor fishing tackle

Supplemental report on commerce and industries, 1912.

Local regulation for commercial travelers

Xo sponge ftahing In district

Mazatlan items

Beds and bedding

Xo market for telephone and auto supplies.
Xo market for fishing tackle

Date.

1912.
Dec. 23

1913.
Jan. 2
Jan. 3

Jan. 10

Author.

R. M. Bartleman. consul gen-
eral, Buenos Aires.

Do.
Albert C. Ebert, vice consu
general, Buenos Aires.

R. M. Bartleman, consul gen-
eral, Buenos Aires.

Jan. 14 I Alfred A. Wmslow, consul,

Valparaiso.
Jon. 27 I Do.

Feb. 14

Jan. 31
..do...

Jan. 28

..do...
..do....
Jan. 30

Jan. 29
Jan. 30

..do....
Jan. 29

Feb. 1

..do....

Feb. 3

Feb. 5
..do....
Feb. 6

Motor wagons and trucks

? tackle Feb.

Power brakes on tramways and steam railroads.
Banks and banking in Maxatlan, Sinaloa

.\uiual leport of commerce and industries of Aguascalientes

consolar district for calendar year 1912.
Agricultural implements in Sinaloa

Feb.
..do...
Feb. 11
..do...
Feb. 12

Henry P. Starrett, consul
general. Habana.

George D. Hedian, consular
agent, Esmeraldas.
Do.

George A. Bucklin, consul
general, Guatemala.
Do.
Do.
Do.

Warren W. Rich, vice consul,

Salina Cruz.
Wilbert L. Bonney, consul,

San Luis Potosi.
Do.
Wm. E. Alger, consul,

Masatlan.
Wilbert L. Bonney, consul,

San Luis Potosi.
Clarence A. Miller, consul,

Tampico.
Wm. E. Alger, consul,

Mazatlan.
Warren W. Rich, vice

consul, Salina Cruz.
Do.
Do.
Wilbert L. Bonney, consul,

San Luis Potosi.
J. W. German, vice consul,

Progreso.
Lucien H. Sullivan, consul,

La Paz.
Wm. E. Alger, consul,

Mazatlan.
Gaston Schmutz. consul,

Aguascalientes.
Wm. E. Alger, consul,

Mazatlan.
Do.

Mawtlan notes: Civil hospital; municipal taxes

' This does not represent a complete list of the reports made by the consular officcrs in Latin America,
but merely those that are supplied to the Pan American Union as likely to be of service to this institution.

443

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444

THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
Reports received up to March 1, 19 IS — Continued.

Title. Date. Author.

PARAGUAY. I jgjg

Agricultural implements Jan. 9

Malaria remedy Jan. 10

Reduction of import duty on cacao Jan. 14 '

Shoe trade in Paraguay Jan. 16

Lumber industry Jan. 21

PERU. I

Exporta from Peru to United States, 1910-1912 Jan. 25

URUGUAY.

. 1912.
State of Uruguay banking, November, 1912 Dec. 23

1913.

Foreign Commerce of Uruguay, year 1912 Jan. 4

Uruguay notes Jan. 10

Corsets Jan. 21

Maracaibo coilee crop for 1912 Jan. 25 i

Shipbuilding at national navy yard of Puerto Cabello (undated)^

Motor boats and marine motors Feb. 3

Cornelius Ferris, jr., consol,
Ascimcion.
Do.
Do.
Do,
Do.

Louis G. Dreyfus, vice con-
sul, Callao.

Frederic W. Ooding. consul,
Mont«video.

Do.
Do.

T. W. Voetter, consul, La
Guaira.

John A- Ray, consul, Mara-
caibo.

Herbert R. Wright, consul,
Puerto Cabello.

T. W. Voetter. consul, La

Guaira.

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ARGENTINE REPUBLIC

COlOfEBCE OF THE ABGENTINE BEPXJBLIC FOB 1912.

The Pan American Union is able to publish, from advance data
furnished by the General Office of Statistics of Argentina, a synopsis
of the foreign trade for the calendar year 1912. This data shows
the most remarkable increase in foreign trade that has ever occurred
in the history of Argentine commerce, both in imports and exports,
particularly in exports, exceeding by a large percentage the trade
of any preceding year.

The total foreign trade of the Republic for the year 1912 was
865,244,725 pesos gold, of which 384,853,469 pesos represented
imports and 480,391,256 pesos exports. The figures for the pre-
ceding year (1911) were: Imports 366,810,686 pesos; exports 324,-
697,538 pesos; total 691,508,224 pesos. There was, therefore, an

9VRGE>JX1>ÍA

.IMPORTS l>:ports

\3\. fcoe.»oo

tJO3,iaA.At0

fefe«.»70.5e.l

Res, emcees

ãSS

3Ofc,7ae.0g5

391.770,eSfc

^'•""^

1903
1904
1905
1906
1907

1909
1910

1911
1912

9te.ft43.0-4t

e9e.a5s.ae»

e9ft.to».»e»

3*«j0O8^Al

307.330. 5fcO

^""°"

4.a0.39l..2S6

iSSiSi

s 100,000.000 o o tioo.ooqooo 200 300

Fam ÂMetucAM UmoM

increíise in imports of 18,042,783 pesos, and in exports of 155,693,718
pesos, or nearly 48 per cent — an increase in total trade of 173,736,501
pesos, or over 25 per cent.

These figures do not include the coin imports and exports, of
which the former amounted to 36,077,807 pesos, and the latter to-
585,621 pesos.

In terms of United States gold, the Argentine peso is worth com«
mercially about 97 cents. At this rate the foreign commerce for
the year 1912 amounted to $839,287,383, of which $373,307,865
was imports, and $465,979,518 was exports; and for the preceding
year (1911) to $670,762,977, of which $355,806,365 was imports, and
and $314,956,612 was exports.

445

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446

THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.

The following table shows the foreign commerce of Argentina for
the last 10 years:

Years.

Imports.

• Pesos.

1903 131,206,600

1904 187.305. 96G

1905 205,154.420

1906.
1907.

269.970.521
285.860.683

Exports.

Pesos.
220.984,524
264,157,525
322,843.841
292.253.829
296,204,309 I

Years.

1908
1909.
1910
1911
1912

Imports.

Exports.

Pesos. I
272,972.830 I
302,756,095 |
351.770,656
366; 810, 6^ ,
384,853,469

Pesos.
366,005,341
397,350,528
372.626,055
324,697,538
4^,391,256

The imports for 1910, 1911, and 1912, from the leading commercial
countries were:

United Kingdom..

Germanv

Unit«d States

France

Italy

Beleium

Spam

Braxil

British possessions .
Austria-Hungary . . .

Netherlands

Uruguay

Sweden

Canada

Switierland

Paraguay

Total of all countries

In United States gold I $341, 217, 536

1910

1911 1

1912

Pesos.

Pesos. j

Pesos.

109,377.394

108,637,430

118,669.226

61,128,888

66,862,211 ,

63.941,503

48.418,892

62,363,390

59,126.951

33,650.640

38,026,555 1

37.618.578

31.776,115

29,345,979

32.487.152

19.598,982

19.485.211

2U. 370. 530

10.910.910

11,279.46.5 1

11.928,307

9.103.594

8,461.416
4.494:886

9,547.236

5,950.806

6.093,128

•3.4(i6,115

4,304,114 1

3,476,805

2,517,189

2.977.739 i

.3.441.667

2,2(22,394

3,069,648 .

2,496,913

1,201.049

1,666.645

2.290.-206

2.577,506

2.883,761 1

2.266.257

2.521,594

2,867,224

2.183,400

1,564,777

2,961,393

2,127,506

351.770,056

366.810.686

384.863,469

$341,217,536

$365,806,365 i

$373,307,865

The following table shows the imports for 1912 and the two pre-
ceding years under 19 major classifications:

1910

Pesos.

Live animals 42

Food products 69

Tobacco 19

Wines, liquors, and other beverages 51

Textiles and manufactures thereof 67

Oils, grease, etc 39

Chemical and pharmaceutical products 07

Paints, dyes, etc 42

Timber, woods, straw, and manufactures thereof 26

Paper and manufactures thereof 01

Hides, skins, and manufactures 15

Iron, steel, and manufactures 88

Other metals and manufactiu^ 55

Agricultural implements and machinery 23

Transportation: Railway cars, equipment, rails, etc.;

camapas, wagons, automobiles, bicycles, etc 36, 095, 183

Earths, stones, coal, etc 30,925,510

Building materials 29,237,334

Electrical apparatus ; 5, 741,630

Miscellaneous I 9. 814, 165

Total 351,770,656

In United States gold | $341,217,536

1911

Pesos.

36,865,379 ,
33,202,076
33,789,444
6,683,673 j
11,583,049

1912

Pesos.

658,975

30,140,447

7,694.968

14.677,392

78,370,163

18,446,032

14,281,226

2.516.287

9,888,377

9,866,902

,3.903,152

45,997,642

14,366,709

12,522,048

.32,798,^8
33.617.226
31,265,467
9.308.785
14,7(M,003

.366,810,686 I
$355,806,365 \

384.853.469
$373,307,865

The total of dutiable imports in 1912 was 292,278,465 pesos, and of
duty-free imports, under general or special law, 92,575,004 pesos.

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ABGENTINE REPUBLIC.

447

The exports by principal countries of destination for the last three
years were as foUows:

1910

United Kingdom

Germany

Belgiam

France

United States

Braill

Italv

NetWiands

Urumav

Spafii..:

Austria-Hungary

Chile 7?...

Bolivia

South Africa,

Unorders

Total of all countries.
In United States srold

1911

-I-

92,485

^,817

^,743

61,712 ,

23,561

42,026

74,862

00,508

33,957

70,077

«7,703

06,566

.78,478

37,254

83,235

31
)14
)05
134

164
i06
Í63
159
)13

>76
)95

167

158

372,626,055
S3fil.447.273

324,(M)7,53S I
$314.956.012

1912

PeêOê.

121,373,358

53,905,175

37,258,225

36,052,009

32,391,148

22,646,362

21,147,962

16,027,223

4,714,480

3.582,495

2,896,798

2,456,280

930,384

147,128

114,903,510

480.391,256
$465.979.518

Nearly all the ''on order'' shipments ultimately reached the western
European countries and in about the same proportion as the direct
shipments to these countries as given in the table.

The following table shows the exports for 1912 and the two preced-
ing years under 6 major heads:

Articles.

Live animals and meat products. ,

Agricoltural products

Forest products

Mine products

Hunting and fishing

Miscellaneous

1910

Peêù8.

161,006,592

196,581,619

10,564,525

539,902

1,428,884

2,504,533

1911

Pesos.

168,394,733

139,764,386

12,254,604

565,338

1.663,285

2,055,192

Total 372,626,055 324,697,538

In United States ?old $361.447.273 I $314,956,612

1912

Pesos.

188,215,966

278,186,572

8,983,112

285,272

2,008,212

2,712,132

480,391,256
$465,979,518

A report has been submitted to the department of agriculture of
Argentina by the director general of rural statistics and economy,
showmg the following estimates of WHEAT, LINSEED, AND OATS
produced in that Republic during the harvest of 1912-13: Wheat,
5,400,000 tons; Imseed, 1,130,000 tons; and oats, 1,682,000 tons. A
comparison of the foregoing figures with the following figures for the
previous season of 1911-12 shows a large increase in the harvest of
1912-13: Wheat, 4,523,000 tons; Imseed, 572,000; and oats, 1,004,-
000 tons. The production in 1912-13, by Provinces, was as follows:
Buenos Aires: Wheat, 1,995,000 tons; linseed, 300,000; oats, 1,431,-
000. Cordoba: Wheat, 1,460,000; linseed, 230,000; oats, 30,000.
Santa Fe: Wheat, 905,000; linseed, 380,000; oats, 40,000. Central
Pampa: Wheat, 700,000; linseed, 11,000; oats, 81,000. Entro Rios:
Wheat, 255,000; Imseed, 205,000; oats, 75,000. Other Provinces
and Territories: Wheat, 85,000; Imseed, 4,000; and oats, 25,000

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448 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.

tons. During the last five years the production of cereals in
Argentina was as follows: 1908-9: Wheat, 4,250,000 tons; lin-
seed, 1,049,000; oats, 464,000. 1909-10: Wheat, 3,566,000; lin-
seed, 717,000; oats, 530,000. 1910-11: Wheat, 3,975,000; linseed,
595,000; oats, 686,000. 1911-12: Wheat, 4,523,000; Unseed, 572,-
400; oats, 1,004,000. 1912-13: Wheat, 5,400,000; Unseed, 1,130,-
000; oats, 1,682,000. The area sown to cereals during the season of
1912-13 is estimated as foUows: Wheat, 6,918,450 hectares; linseed,
1,733,330; oats, 1,192,000. Based on these estimates, the average
yields per hectare in 1912-13 were as foUows: Wheat, 785 kilos; lin-
seed, 1,534 kilos; and oats, 709 kilos. An offer has been made by

the constructors of the port of Rosario to build the CadiUal Dam, an
IRRIGATION RESERVOIR planned to be constructed north of
the city of Tucuman, at 9 per cent more than the official estimate of
the cost of construction in accordance with the plans and specifica-
tions furnished contractors for the purpose of receiving tenders. The
Government engineer in charge of the construction of the dam has

recommended that the offer be accepted. The press of Buenos

Aires reports that Dr. Luis Drago, an eminent Argentine jurist and
author of international reputation, will visit the United States in
April next, on the invitation of the American Grovemment. Dr.
Drago wiU deliver a series of lectures in the United States. A coop-
erative society has been oi^anized in Mendoza under the name of
** Frutícola Mendocina,*' the special object of which is to increase the
FRUIT SHIPMENTS of that Province by opening up markets in
Buenos Aires and other conamercial centers of the Republic. The
railway company is cooperating with fruit growers in furnishing
increased and improved facilities for shipping fruit to markets, so that
it will arrive quickly and in good condition. Cold-storage plants and
refrigerator cars are to be employed in this service, and refrigerator
cars containing shipments of perishable fruits will be attached to fast

trains to facilitate rapid handling and transportation to markets.

A proposal has been made to the provincial government of the Prov-
ince of Mendoza to assist in the construction of the Rosario to MEN-
DOZA RAILWAY by acquiring shares and obligations to the amount
of 3,600,000 Argentine gold pesos. The proposal also includes the
establishment of low freight rates on farm machinery and implements,
and especially those used in the wine industry, with a 50 per cent
rebate on return shipments of empty wine casks. The proposal
submitted provides for a low rate of freight on building materials,
such as cement, iron, lumber, lime, etc. The plan provides for the
levying of a tax of 15 centavos per hectoliter of wine manufactured
until such time as the interest and amortization of the 3,600,000

gold pesos referred to are liquidated. The soil of southwestern

Argentina, in and around Roca Colony, is well adapted to FRUIT

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BOLÍVIA. 449

GROWING by irrigation. Alfalfa also produces abundant crops
in this region, records having been made of yields as high as 24
tons per hectare. Alfalfa also grows with great luxuriance at
Cabo Alarcon in the region of the Limay River. In the neighbor-
hood of Piedra del Águila of this zone there are rich pasture lands
which do not require irrigation. The assistant secretary of the.
department of agriculture of the Argentine Government, who is a
practical agricultural engineer, recently made an extensive trip
through this part of Argentina, and will make a detailed report to
the department concerning the agricultural resources of the coun-
try. The number of immigrants entering Argentina in 1912

was 323,403, of which 165,662 were Spaniards, 80,583 Italians,
20,832 Russians, 19,792 Turks, 1,316 British, 858 Asiatics, and 499

North Americans. ^The BUDGET for 1913, which was presented

to the Chamber of Deputies, amounted to 322,814,473.06 pesos.

The estimated revenues were 342,292,894.54 pesos. The director

of the census calculates, in round numbers, the POPULATION of
Argentina on December 31, 1912, at 8,700,000 souls. A CON-
GRESS OF SECONDARY EDUCATION, organized under the
patronage of the minister of education, was held in Cordoba in
February last.

The Federal Congress of Bolivia has authorized the President of
the Republic to call for bids for the construction of a HIGHWAY
between the cities of Totora and Vallegrande. The law provides for

an appropriation for the construction of the road. ^The 16 classes

of STAMPED PAPER for use in Bolivia are of the following denom-
inations: First class, 5 centavos; second, 10 centavos; third, 20 cen-
tavos; fourth, 30 centavos; fifth, 40 centavos; sixth, 70 centavos;
seventh, 80 centavos; eighth, 1 boliviano; ninth, 2 bolivianos; tenth,
5 bolivianos; eleventh, 10 bolivianos; twelfth, 20 bolivianos; thir-
teenth, 25 bolivianos; fourteenth, 40 bolivianos; fifteenth, 50 bolivi-
anos; and sixteenth, 100 bolivianos. ^The Congress of Bolivia has

provided funds for the following purposes: 3,000 bolivianos to pub-
lish the pedagogic and LITERARY WORKS of Mrs. Adela Zamudio;
4,000 bolivianos for the construction of a BRIDGE OVER THE
MIZQUE RIVER at Pantoja on the road which leads through the
Province of Campero into the Province of Vallegrande, and 6,000
bolivianos for protection work on the ROCHA RIVER in the city
of Cochabamba. ^The time originally granted to the Electric Light

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450 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.

& Power Co. for the construction of TRAMWAYS in accordance with
the law of January 5, 1910, has been extended for a period of 18
months. Construction work on the branch of the tramway to the
Canton of Santa Ana de Cálcala is to be commenced within six
months under penalty of a forfeiture of the concession. The Con-
gress of Bolivia has authorized the President of the Republic to
modify the contract made with Sr. Simon L. Patino on March 1, 1913,
so as to permit the prolongation to Santa Cruz of the railway referred
to therein. Five per cent interest is guaranteed by the Government
for a term of 25 years on the capital invested in the prolongation of
the line. The concessionaire is permitted to import free of duty the
railway material and supplies required in the construction and oper-
ation of the railway for a period of 25 years, is granted freedom from
the stamp tax, and 40 kilometers of Government lands in fee simple

on both sides of the railway. ^At the close of 1912 the National

College at Cochabamba had 465 matriculates, the American Institute

225, and the College of Law 73. Through the courtesy of Sr. Don

Ignacio (^alderon, minister of Bolivia in Washington, the Monthly
Bulletin has been furnished with information showing the exports
of the port of San Francisco, (^al., to Bolivia in 1912, as follows:
Total exports, 249,733 packages, weighing 9,424,770 kilos, and val-
ued at $344,183.36. The principal items of merchandise exported,
in the order of their importance, were as follows: Flour, $263,094.98;
groceries and canned goods, $30,989.04; lumber, $20,973.07; tallowy
$10,861.71; shoe leather, $2,398.81; malt, $2,604; machinery and
tools, $1,276; hemp, $851.89; cement, $405; and sundry merchan-
dise, not itemized, $3,728.86. Sr. Adolfo Ballivian, consul general

of Bolivia at New York, has compiled statistics showing that the
EXPORTS FROM THE PORT OF NEW YORK to Bolivia in
January of the present year consisted of 8,728 packages of merchan-
dise weighing 517,142 kilos, valued at $115,964.96. Of these ship-
ments 31 packages of railway material, valued at $4,374, entered the
Republic without the payment of duties. The principal shipments,
according to value, were as follows: Hardware, $35,731.89; cotton
goods, $23,681.58; machinery, $12,285.58; drugs and medicines,
$11,798.45; kerosene, $7,050.50; and groceries, liquors, and miscel-
laneous articles, $25,416.96. The three principal ports of entry were
via Antofagasta, (-hile, through the customhouses at Oruro and
Uyuni, $62,736.32; via Moliendo, Peru, through the Guaqui custom-
house, $32,797.68, and via Para, Brazil, through the Villa Bella
customhouse, $18,484.78. Small quantities of merchandise entered
through the customhouses at Puerto Suarez, Tupiza, Tarija, and La

Paz. ^Data recently published in the newspaper entitled **E1

Noroeste" of Riberalta, Bolivia, show that TEX LANDED PRO-
PRIETORS in the Territory of Colonias own 10,597,000 hectares

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BRAZIL. 451

of land, nearly all of which is uncultivated. One of these landowners
has a tract comprising 7,034,000 hectares. A delegation of citizens
has recommended that Congress levy a tax on uncultivated land,
exempting a square league or 2,500 hectares from taxation, for the
purpose of inducing owners of large tracts of unused lands to cultivate

or dispose of them in small holdings. It is claimed that if the

plan for building a RAILWAY from Puno, Peru, around Lake
Titicaca to La Paz, Bolivia, could be carried forward to completion,
and at the same time a railway constructed from the Bay of Matarani,
Peru, just north of Moliendo to connect with the Moliendo to Puno
Railway, a very great reduction in freight rates could be made, and
shipments could be billed direct to La Paz, Bolivia, in through cars

at a great saving in time and cost of handlmg the merchandise.

The House of Deputies of Bolivia has approved the following measures:
An increase of 2 per cent on the tax on indirect INHERITANCES;
20,000 bolivianos for the construction of a TELEGRAPH line from
QuiUacoUo to Tapacari, and an increase in the tax on coca from

Totora, the proceeds to be used for road repair. ^According to the

*' Ferrocarril," a daily newspaper of Cochabamba, the Government
of Bolivia expends annually 772,000 bolivianos in scholarships for

the education of Bolivian youths abroad. ^A STORAGE TAX

G>odegaje) of 50 centavos on each international parcel-post package
received in the post offices of the country became effective in Bolivia

since the first of the present year. ^A law of November 17, 1912,

modifies the law of July 17, 1880, on INHERITANCE TAXES.

During the last half of 1912 the earnings of the banks of Bolivia
amounted to 533,309.08 bolivianos.

Brazilian papers state that the Sao Paulo-Rio Grande Railway
will purchase for the Parana Railway the following ROLLING
STOCK: Twenty-five first-class passenger cars, 2 sleeping cars, 2
restaurant cars, 1 inspection car, 10 baggage cars, 150 closed goods
cars, 350 platform cars, 10 Mallet locomotives, 10 ten-wheel locomo-
tives. The total cost of these cars and engines will be about $1 ,500,000
and. the same report says that the President of the Republic has
signed the decree authorizing the purchase. ^According to tele-
graphic advices, the houses of N. M. Rothschild & Sons, and Baring
Bros., of London, are forming a company for developing GOLD AND
IRON MINES of Brazil, with a capital of $100,000,000. This vast
amount of money for development purposes, which will be conducted
along conservative lines, means that a new era in mining is about

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452 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.

to be opened, which will be followed by commercial activity in
numerous kindred lines. Mr. Cecil Baring, according to the same
report, is now in Brazil and is studying the existing lines of rail-
ways and other means of transporting minerals. ^Brazilian news-
papers report the sale of the BAHIA-MINAS RAILWAY to the
National Government for $6,400,000; also the minister of finance
has been authorized to purchase the Ferrocarril Vassourense, for
which purpose the Government will issue bonds bearing the rate of
5 per cent per annum. The bonds will be guaranteed by the Gov-
ernment and will enjoy the same privileges as those now in circu-

ation.^ ^The antidrought department of the Government is

CONSTRUCTING DAMS and other much-needed works which will
make the land more productive in certain sections. Dams are to
be built at Curaca and Joazeiro, the former situated 78 kilometers
from the station of Jurema, on the San Francisco Railway, and
will cost $281,600. Dams to be erected at other important points
are as follows: Ceara, Pao dos Ferros, Rio Grande, Apody, Monte
Santo (Bahia), and Riacho do Sangue. The River San Francisco
is to be dredged from its mouth to Piranhas, the estimated cost of
which will be about $32,000. ^Mr. J. Simao da Costa, an experi-
enced Brazilian industrial engineer, advocates the planting of
RUBBER TREES, hevea Brasilensia, on a large scale in some of the
most suitable and accessible rubber districts of the Republic. On
the subject of Brazilian rubber in general, the following interesting
statistics from the Amazon Basin, via Para, during September and
October of 1912 are published by the Board of Trade Journal, from
the British acting consul at Para. The districts referred to include
Para, Manaos, Iquitos, and Itacoatiara, and the previous year's
figures are appended for the purpose of comparison. The total
exports during September amounted to some 2,511,100 kilos
(kilo = 2.2 pounds), of which 1,241,600 kilos went to the United
States and 1,269,500 kilos to Europe. Of the total amount, 1,367, 600
kilos were comprised of fine rubber, 243,100 kilos of medium, 597,300
kilos of coarse, and 303,100 kilos of caucho. A comparison with the
corresponding month of 1911 shows a decrease in the total amount
exported of about 541,600 kilos, which is solely accounted for in the
figures relating to the United States, for whereas in 1911 the Septem-
ber exports to that country amounted to 2,043,600 kilos, they de-
clined in 1912 to 1,241,600 kilos, or a drop of some 802,000 kilos.
The European figures, on the other hand, show a considerable im-
provement at 1,269,500 kilos, against 1,009,100 kilos for the corre-
sponding period of 1911. With regard to the month of October, a
remarkable expansion is noticeable, and the total exports at 4,097,100
kilos show an advance of about 1,586,000 kilos over the preceding
month^s figures and 1,756,700 kilos over those for October, 1911.

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CHILE. 453

The United States imports were during this month increased as com-
pared with the 1911 figures by about 1,248,000 kilos and the European
imports by some 508,800 kilos. Of the total October exports, 2,442,200
kilos were of fine grade, 355,000 kilos medium, 810,100 kilos coarse,
and 489,800 kilos caucho. It will be noticed from the above figures
that whereas the exports for the two months under consideration in
1911 totaled 5,393,100 kilos, the 1912 figure stands at 6,608,200 kilos,
or an increase of 1,215,100 kilos.

Plans have been completed for the improvement of the potable
WATER SUPPLY of Puerto Montt and Ancud, and an estimate has
been prepared for the betterment of the water service at Molina.
Plans have also been completed for the establishment of waterworks
at Requinoa and Lebu. ^RAILWAY ACTIVITY in Chile con-
tinues apace. Work has been conmienced on the Quinteros to
Nogales Railway, a private line which wül connect the port of Quin-
teros with the town of Nogales. In January last work was begun on
the Santiago to La Serena Rauway. The board of public works has
commenced a study of the project for the construction of a Trans-
Andean Railway between San Bernardo and El Volcan and the Argen-
tine lines, the estimated cost of which is 23,478,090 pesos. Con-
struction work was completed on the Cerillo to Minerales de Bronces
Railway in January last. Plans have been submitted to the board
of public works for the construction of a railway from Traiguén to
Boroa. The inauguration of the works of the Osomo to Puerto
Montt Railway have been announced to take place in March, 1913.
The sum of 300,000 pesos has been appropriated for the continuation
of construction of the Aleones to Pichilemu Railway, and plans for
building the Cauquenes to Chanco and Curanipe Railway have been
completed. The railway from Cajon to Llaima has been opened to
pubhc traffic. Plans for the construction of a railway from Peralillo
to Parronal have been submitted to the department of industry.
The estimated cost of the line is 3,000,000 pesos. The Government
has authorized the Cerdlos Nitrate Co., at An tof agasta, to construct
a branch line from Rioja on the northern section of the Longitudinal
Railway to the Ercilla nitrate deposits. In December, 1912, the
department of public works had 2,580 kilometers of railways, valued
at 60,000,000 pesos, under construction. The Chilean Government
has taken steps to acquire the Peralillo to Parronal Railway for the
purpose of making it a part of the Longitudinal system. The cost

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454 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.

of the Cabras to Melipilla Railway is estimated at 3,934,103 pesos

currency and 826,627 pesos gold. ^The Government of Chile has

appointed Sr. Carlos Vattier to represent it at the INTERNATIONAL

SMELTING CONGRESS, to be held in London in May, 1913.

The ASSAY OFFICE of the School of Mines at Santiago, has adopted
the following tariff charges for analyses and assays: Complete quan-
titative analysis, 30 to 50 pesos; silver assay, 6 pesos; gold, 8; copper,

4; sulphur, 12; calcium, 10; iron, 8; and nitrate, 10 pesos. A

wSCHOOL OF MINES has been established at Copiapo. Press re-
ports state that after the completion of the Longitudinal Railway
the Government will pay special attention to the mining industry.
The new rules and regulations prepared by the bureau of inspection

of the department of mines became operative in January last.

The department of public works of the Government of Chile has
commenced the complete reconstruction of the WHARF at Co-
quimbo. The Patagonia Cold Storage Co. has been authorized to
build a wharf 230 meters long at San Gregorio Bay, Magellan Ter-
ritory. According to the budget the Government wharf at Arica
will cost more than 3,500,000 Chilean gold pesos. Plans have been
approved for the construction of a wooden and iron wharf at Anto-
fagasta. The plans for the building of a wharf at Valdivia call for
an expenditure of 156,000 pesos currency and 142,922 pesos gold.
The sum of 30,500 pesos has been appropriated for the construction
of a wharf at Taltal. IRRIGATION WORKS have been under-
taken at Coquimbo and in the Nilahue Valley. The latter place will
be irrigated by the Mataquito Canal, the main line of which is 37
kilometers long. This canal wiU have two branches with a total
length of 58 kilometers. The sum of 50,000 pesos has been appro-
priated for work on the Laja Canal. The Government has author-
ized Gibbs & Co. to build a canal from the Cuatin River to Temuco,
and a plan is being considered for the irrigation of the Chacabuco

VaUey. ^The city of Valdivia has been authorized to issue 8 per

cent interest-bearing BONDS to the amount of 800,000 pesos, the
proceeds of which are to be used in public improvements in that

town. Punta Arenas is to establish a system of SEWERS, the

use of which will be made compulsory. ^Through the courtesy of

the Chilean Legation in Washington the Monthly Bulletin is
informed that the Congress of Chile has approved the plan for the
establishment of an AVIATION SCHOOL in that Republic, and
has appropriated 700,000 pesos gold, of the value of 18d. each, for

equipment and putting the school in operation. ^The Errazuriz

COAL MINES have been sold to the Los Rios de Curanilahue Coal
Co. for £70,000. The new company proposes to develop and greatly

increase the output of the mines. ^The deposits of the NATIONAL

SAVINGS BANK of Chile increased from 14,899,048 pesos in 1908

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COLOMBIA. 455

to 36,785,726 pesos in 1912. ^A recent issue of *'E1 Industrial/'

of Antofagasta, states that the Northern Longitudinal Railway will
soon be completed. This railway is 719 kilometers long, 658 kilo-
meters of which have already been built, and since the first of the
present year more than 1,000 men have been working on the con-
struction of the remaining 61 kilometers. It is estimated that the

entire line wdll be opened to public traffic in March, 1913. A decree

of December 6, 1912, provides for the amortization of the 5 per cent

INTERNAL DEBT of the Republic. ^The LOAN of £200,000

made by the municipality of Vina del Mar has been negotiated by an

English company at the rate of £90 5s. per £100. ^The £100,000

5 per cent interest-bearing BONDS of the city of Concepción, guar-
anteed by the Chilean Government, have been placed in London at

par. ^A report of the director of the Bureau of Statistics of

the Chilean Government shows that there are 9,133,481 hectares of
FORESTAL LANDS in the Republic, 3,756,681 of which belong to
private |>ersons, and 5,376,800 hectares to the State. The area in
forests represents 12.06 per cent of the total area of the country.

The Secretary of Foreign Relations of Colombia has requested the
other cabinet officers and the governors of the respective States to
send to his office statements of any important events occurring in the
Republic which might be of interest abroad so that he may furnish

them to the FOREIGN PRESS AGENCY in Colombia. ^The

Federal Government has ordered all MANUSCRIPTS now in the
National Library to be bound in order to facilitate the handling of

same by the reading public. The President of the Republic has

contracted, through the department of home government, with the
Telefunken Co. for the erection of a WIRELESS TELEGRAPH
STATION on the San Andres and Providencia Islands at a cost of
$21,000. The station is to be completed within five months. The
Government proposes to construct wharves, erect lighthouses, and

make other improvements on the islands referred to. ^In 1912

there were 3,333 births, 3,209 deaths, and 582 marriages at Bogota.

A decree has been issued by the President of Colombia adopting
the convention of the International Postal Congress of Montevideo

concerning POSTAL MONEY ORDERS and parcels post. A

SCIENTIFIC EXPEDITION of a New York Museum and the
Ornithologist Society of the United States, represented by Profs.
Agassiz and Chapman, arrived in Colombia in February last en route,

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456 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.

the second time, for the Colombian Andes. Another expedition in
charge of Prof. George R. Cherrie, of the Institute of Science and Arts
of Brooklyn, is to follow the expedition referred to. Investigations
will be made for a period of five months in the mountainous regions
of Colombia and in the valley of the Orinoco. ^A CATTLE COM-
PANY has been organized at Barranquilla, under the name of
*'Compaûia Ganadera de la Costa," with a capital of $150,000,

gold. On December 9 last the first AERIAL FLIGHTS were

made in Colombia at Santa Marta, the aviator reaching an altitude

of 1,000 meters. The annual exploitation tax on the EMERALD

MINES, amounting to $60,000, has been changed to 10 per cent of

the gross sales of emeralds extracted. An AGRICULTURAL

AND INDUSTRIAL FAIR will be held at Cauca on June 20, 1913.
Awards will be made for exhibits of agricultural, industrial, artistic,

and other products. The exports of ALLIGATOR SKINS from

Colombia to the port of New York is about $62,000 annually. ^The

cornerstone of the MAGDALENA UNIVERSITY has been laid at

Santa Marta. The National Bank at Barranquilla has lent the

municipality $30,000 for PUBLIC IMPROVEMENTS. ^The

Caqueta region is rapidly being COLONIZED, 160 colonists having

recently arrived and it is reported that more are on the way. ^A

contract has been made with a navigation company for deepening the

LEBRIJA RIVER which flows into the Magdalena. In 1912 the

imports of the port of Cartagena amounted to $6,208,899, an increase

of about 50 per cent over those of the previous year. The best

COAIj deposits of the Republic are found in the Cauca Valley, the
coal area being estimated at 10,000 kilometers and the amount of coal
at 27 million tons. The Antioquia and Caldas coal fields represent
an area of 500 kilometers and coal estimated at a million tons.

The Government of Costa Rica has granted a concession to Juan
Chavez Rojas to enlarge the ELECTRIC LIGHT and power plant
at Villa de Quesada. The power wiU be generated with water taken
from the stream which runs through the San Pedro Canyon. The

concession is valid for a term of 20 years. ^The Pacific Railway

has authorized a freight rate on COKE in carload lots, this com-
modity, which was formerly without classification, having been
placed in class **B." The same railway has issued an order allowing
a 25 per cent discount on the regular freight rate on flour imported
through Puntarenas and shipped over the Pacific Railway in quan-
tities of not less than 40,000 kilos per month. Formerly this dis-

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COSTA BICA. . 457

count was only allowed when the daily shipments were not less than
20,000 kilos. ^An executive decree of January 24, 1913, estab-
lishes a triweekly POSTAL SERVICE betw^^en Monte Redondo and

La Legua, in the Canton of Asseri. Permission has be«i given to

Ricardo Dent Prieto to import into Costa Rica, within the next two
years, not more than 500 European immigrants of both sexes, with
the exception of Turks and gypses, exclusively for domestic service.
C(mtracts, subject to the approval of the department of fon^nto,
may be entered into between the concessionaire and rehable per-
sons desiring the services of the class of immigrants referred to.
These immigrants ai>e allowed free entry of baggage, chattels for
personal use, and books mul apparatus brought with them. Trans-
portation over the Pacific Railway from the port of entry to the

interior is also free. ^The Government of Costa Rica has given

permission to Sr. Heman Cortes Castro, a Costa Rican citizen, to accept

the appointment of CONSUL OF ECUADOR in Costa Rica.

Coimt Maurice de Perigny, a French explorer who has made exten-
sive investigations and valuable reports relating to the ancient races
of South America, has accepted tíie invitation of the Government of

Costa Rica to study the prehistoric ruins of that country. The

MERCANTILE BANK at San Jose, Costa Rica, had on deposit at
the b^inning of the present year goW coin to the value of 1,374,448

colones. ^The new THEATER at San Jose, Costa Rica, built by

E3oy Gronzalez Frias and christened the ^ ^Modern Theater,'' is a
three-story edifice, with seats distributed similarly to those of the
celelM'ated National Theater of that city. The Modem Theater has
a sealing capacity for 1,200 persons, is elegantly furnished, and pro-
vided with all modem appliances with respect to ventilation, safety
from fire, hygiene, etc. The theat^ is to be opened to the public in

March, 1913. The press of Costa Rica is discussing the manner

of €€W>rating the CENTENARY of the founding of Stai Jose. The
ancient titles of the present capital of the Republic were Villa Nueva
and ViUita, by which name it was known as far back as 1751. On
October 16, 1813, the Spanish Cortes legislature) gave it the name
of San Jose. In 1816 the comer stone of the University of Santo
Tomas was laid in the city of San Jose. The building is still extant
and is now occupied by the School of Fine Arts, and the tax assessor
also has his office there. Sr. Fernando Cabezas, a Costa Rican engi-
neer in the employ of the Government, has submitted a plan to the
department of public works for the construction of a HIGHWAY
from San Ramon to Rio Frio, a distance of about 80 kilometers.
The opening of this road will greatly encourage and facilitate the
development of a rich agricultural section of the country. The same
engme^ has o<Ha{deted the in^allaticm of WATERWORKS in the
town^ of Coronado. The department of puUic works has also installed,
78710— Bull. 3—13 ^9

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468 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.

under the direction of Engineer Manuel Benavide, waterworks at

Naranjo. The Government of Costa Rica has appointed Sr. Sergio

Alvarado Matarrita œNSUL GENERAL of that country m Paris,
to take the place of the former consul general, recently deceased.

The Official Gazette of February 3, 1913, publishes a decree con-
cerning the delivery of promissory 6 per. cent interest bearing notes
of the Cuban Government for work done in connection with the
WATERWORKS, SEWERING, AND PAVING of the city of
Habana under an arrangement made in 1902, a complete and satis-
factory settlement having been reached between the Government and

the contractors. At the celebration of the birthday of the Cuban

patriot, José Marti, in Santiago on January 28 last, the Italian sculp-
tor with whom a contract was made for the erection of 12 monuments
to Cuban patriots in said city offered to make a BUST OF MARTI
to be placed at the grave of that patriot in the cemetery at Santiago
de Cuba. The seventh annuiil meeting of the Cuban HORTI-
CULTURAL SOCIETY was held m Habana from the 6th to the
9th of February, 1913. One of the important questions considered
was the steps necessary to be taken to increase the commerce of Cuba
with the United States in citrus fruits and vegetables. ^The Presi-
dent of the Republic has appointed Judge Roberto Méndez Pénate
to be one of the salaried members of the ECONOMIC AND
STATISTICAL COMMISSION recently created by an act of the

Cuban Congress. The city council of Habana has established the

following annual tariff rates for COMMERCIAL AND PROFES-
SIONAL LICENSES necessary to be taken out in order to do busi-
ness in the Federal capital: Cafés, $200; café bars, $175; grocery and
wine stores, $100; drug stores, $200; boarding houses, $100; confec-
tionery stores, $50; grocery stores, $30; wholesale and retail mer-
chants, $150; lawyers and notaries, $20; flower venders, $10; boot-
blacks, $1; women and children's hat makers, $5; scenery paiaters,
$10; cinematographs, $50; delivery automobiles, $5; and physicians,

$10. ^A party of Harvard University naturalists, consisting of Drs.

Wheeler, Barbour, Shaw, and C. de la Torre, recently made an expe-
dition into the great Zapata swamp on the south coast of the Repub-
lic for the purpose of collecting SPECIMENS OF INSECTS, bhxls,
reptiles and animals for the Agassiz Museum at Harvard University,
Cambridge, Massachusetts. A fine lot of specimens were obtained,
among which were several birds indigenous to the island. Sr. Fran-

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CUBA. 459

cisco Morales, the engineer in charge pf the Zapata Irrigation Works,
rendered valuable assistance to the expedition by selecting and pre-
paring a camp dite on the edge of the swamp and by furnishing horses

and supplies. ^The health department of the city of Habana has

adopted a plan by which customers may know where to obtain pure
milk. MILK DEALERS who are known by the department to seU
unadulterated milk are allowed to display a yellow flag, which means
that repeated analyses of the mUk sold by such dealers have found
it to be pure. Dealers whose milk has to be inspected daUy because
of recent infractions of the law must use a red flag, meaning that the
milk is not guaranteed, and a black flag displayed at milk shops indi-
cates that the shop has been condemned because of repeated viola-
tions of the law. Venders of milk must pass an examination as to
their health conditions. The new plant of the CUBAN TELE-
PHONE CO., installed for service in the Cerro district. Habana,
beyond Tulipán, was erected at a cost of $75,000. The plant has a
capacity for 4,000 subscribers, and is connected by direct tnmk lines
with Vedado, Regla, Guanabacoa, and Mariano. Under its conces-
sion of September 9, 1909, this company was authorized to install a
long-distance telephone system connecting the 6 Provioces of the
island, and was obligated to furnish telephone service to 93 cities
specially mentioned. Up to the present time 72 of these cities have
been furnished telephone commimication, and telephone connection
has been made with 42 other cities not specified in the contract.
Over 1,200 kilometers of pole lines have been completed, and over
9,000,000 feet of No. 8 copper wire and 13,000,000 feet of No. 10
have been stnmg. Many sugar mills have been connected by tele-
phone, and it is expected that a long-distance service will be opened
between Habana and Santiago de Cuba in July next. At the close

of last year the company had 11,889 telephones in operation. ^A

collection of CUBAN PRODUCTS has been placed on exhibition in
the Cuban consulate at Santa Cruz, Canary Islands. The SPAN-
ISH BANK has established a branch at Marianao, a city of 26,000

inhabitants near the city of Habana. ^The NATIONAL MUSEUM

-was installed in Habana on February 24 last. The minister of Peru
has presented the museum with a collection of Peruvian antiqui-
ties. ^An ICE PLANT is to be installed at Nueva Gerona, Isle of

Pines, imder the management of Benjamin Haigh. The fourth

annual Isle of Pines Fair and HORTICULTURAL EXPOSITION
was held at Santa Fe, Isle of Pines, from February 11 to 16, 1913,
under the auspices of the Santa Fe Commercial Club. The fair was
held in its own building and exhibits were made from every part of

the island. Sr. Carlos Herrera has been authorized to establish an

ELEXfTRIC LIGHT and power plant at Limonar, Province of Matan-
zas, within one year from January 28, 1913.

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DOMINICAN REPUBLIC

TTie President of the Dominican Republic has been authorized
by the Dominican Congress, in accordance with the terms of the
Dominican- American convention of February 8, 1907, to negotiate a
LOAN for $1,500,000 at an annual rate of interest not to exceed 7
per cent, the loan to be repaid, principal and interest, at the rate of
$30,000 per month. Negotiations for the placing of this loan were
carried on by the Government with the Guaranty Trust Co., and the
National City Bank, both of New York City, and the latter having
made the beet offer for placing the loan, the contract was made with
that company. The n^otiations on the part of the Dominican Gov-
ernment were conducted by Sr. S. !Michelena, a banker of the city of
Santo Domingo, and the loan was placed on the basis of 97^ per cent
of its par value with an annual rate of interest of 6 per cent. The
monthly payments of $30,000 for the liquidation of tíie loan are to
be deposited by the Grovemment in the National City Bank of New

York. The "Central Romana,'' an incorporated agricultural

company under the management of Mr. Van Alen Harris, has been
authorized by the Government of the Dominican Republic to con-
struct, maintain," use, and operate a WIRELESS TELEGRAPH
STATION within the limits of th^ Central Romana property. The
concession provides that the Dominican Government shall have the
right to use this station gratis in case of urgency or whenever the

(xovemment deems advisable to do so. The Diario Oficial of

January 15, 1913, publishes the full text of the law governing the

operation of MUNICIPALITIES m the Dommican Republic.

The ARBITRATION TREATY made ad referendum in the city of
Mexico on February 22, 1902, between the delegates of the Second
International Congress of American States representing the Grovem-
ments of the Argentine Republic, Bolivia, Dominican Republic,
Guatemala, Mexico, Paraguay, Salvador, and Uruguay, has been
ratified by the Dominican Congress and duly promulgated by the
President of the Republic. The full text of the treaty is published

in the Ofiicial Gazette of December 21, 1912. Licentiate Armando

Rodriguez C. has been appointed ATTORNEY GENERAI^ of the
Dominican Republic, and entered upon the discharge of the duties of
his office early in January of the present year. President Nouel has
also appointed Mr. Enrique Montes de Oca as Secretary of Agricul-
ture and Immigration. ^The Dominican SPORTING CLUB

(Club Deportativo Dominicano) was oi^ganized on January 1 of the

460

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BOUAPOB. 461

present year. The officeiB of the club axe as follows: Daniel G.
MareoS; president; Miguel A. Caballero; vice president; Juan A.

Stfiior; secretary, and Miguel A. Pardo, treasurer. ^A NEW

NEWSPAPER entitled ''Prensa Nueva" (New Press) is being pub-
lished in Azua under the direction of Abraham Ortiz Marchena. ''£1
Imparciar' (The Ini|>artial) is another new publication which has
been issued at Moca. This paper will devote its activities to political
and general news under the direction of Picardo Brache and Pedro

M. Grerman. ^The Municipal Council of the city of Santo Domingo

has approved the BUDGET for 1913. The public schools of the city
have been well provided for in the budget, and a subvention has been
granted to a school of music. The sum of $50 is also giv^a to a band
of local musicians for musical concerts on Sunday aftenioons in the
city parks. An item of $10,000 is also included in the budget for the
r^air of the municipal palace. Funds are liberally provided for the
board of health of the Dominican capital, and $12,000 is set aside for
sundry expenses.

The ad referendum agreem^it made at Caracas on July 17, 1911,
between the representatives of Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru,
and Venezuela concerning LITERARY AND ARTISTIC PROP-
ERTY has been approved by the Congress of Ecuador and duly

promulgated by the President of the Republic. ^The public

HIGHWAY from Guanujo to Ventanas is to be built by the munici-
pality of Guarandana from funds obtained from a tax on aguardiente
manufactured in Limon. The construction of this highway was begun
imder an act of Congress of February 16, 1907. The work will now

be rapidly pushed forward to completion. A HOSPITAL has

been established at Porto viejo in an ancient building called *'San
Jose" in the suburbs of the town. The hospital will be under the
direction of the board of charities of Porto viejo. For the support of
the institution 5,000 sucres annually wiU be provided for in the
budgets, the funds collected by the Red Cross Society of Portoviejo
in 1910, the tax of 5 centavos on each liter of aguardiente manufac-
tured or introduced into the canton of Portoviejo and gifts of private

persons. Henry Ford, of Detroit, Michigan, has applied to the

Government of Ecuador for a patent on his invention relating
to TRACTION ENGINES. The request is under the consideration
of Government officials. ^A society has been organized in Quito,

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462 THB PAN AMBBIOAN UNIOK.

entitled '^Orientales Ecuatorianos" (Eîcuadorian Orientals), the object
of which is to encourage the study of science, and the history and geog-
raphy of that region. The organization will also assist in the establish-
ment of missions and schools, aid in the opening of highways, other
' means of communication, telegraph I'mes, etc. Some of the special ob-
jects of the association are to further the construction of the Ambato to
Curaray Railway and the Puerto Bolivar to Morona Railway. It is the
intention of the society to study the manner of supplying inmûgrants
and colonists to the regions which will be traversed by the railways
referred to, encourage commerce and agriculture, and protect indus-
trial concerns now established, or which in future may be established,
in the Republic. The organization will give such aid as may be in its
power in opening up the eastern part of Ecuador known as the
* 'Oriente," and will endeavor to bring about a great iniprovement in
the moral and material welfare of the inhabitants of that part of the

country. ^The Dupont Powder Co. of Wilmington, Delaware, has

requested the Ecuadorean Grovemment to register its TRADÏÎ-MARK,
'*Red Cross," used in the sale of certain explosives manufactured by
that company. The Standard Oil Co. has also requested the registra-
tion of a trade-mark consisting of the letter ' 'S," used in distinguishing

some of the manufactured products of that company. ^A silver and

platinum MINE has been discovered in the eastern part of the Can-
gahua Parish, in the Province of Pichincha. The mine has been chris-
tened "La Concordia." The ad referendum POSTAL AGREE-
MENT made at Caracas on July 17, 1911, between the representatives
of the Governments of Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Vene-
zuela has been ratified by Ecuador. ^Juan Manuel Lasso has been

appointed CONSUL GENERAL of Ecuador at New York, and
Alberto Sandoval consul general in Venezuela. Carlos Billamarel has
been appointed consul ad honorem at Iquique. Dr. Alfredo Baque-
rizo M. has accepted the appointment of ARBITRAL DELEGATE
of the President of the Republic in the Court of Arbitration, which will
have cognizance of the pending questions between the Government

of Ecuador and the Guayaquil to Quito Railway Co. Dr. Clareo

Carrera has been appomted SECRETARY OF FOREIGN RELA-
TIONS AND JUSTICE. Dr. Rafael M. Arizaga, a distinguished

Ecuadorian jurist and parliamentarian, has been elected a member

of the AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF LAW. ^The American Mu-

seum of Natural History of New York has sent Prof. Wm. B. Rich-
ardson to make a collection of the BIRDS AND MAMMALS of

Ecuador and of other Latin-American countries. The population

of GUAYAQUIL has increased during the last 25 years from 40,000
to 75,000 inhabitants.

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The President of Guatemala has appointed Srr Carlos Meany as a
delegate to the FOURTH CONGRESS OF POPULAR EDUCATION

to be held in Madrid, Spam, from March 22 to 27, 1913. The

contracts made in London on December 5, 1912, by Sr. José Maria
Lardizabal, chargé d'affaires of the Government of Guatemala in
Great Britain, with three English professors, have been approved by
President Estrada. One of these contracts was made with Mr.
Walter Inge, who is placed in charge of the Estrada Cabrera Practical
School for Boys in Guatemala City. Another was with Miss Jessie
Eltringham, who takes charge of the Practical School for Girls in the
Federal capital, and the third was with Mr. F. Alexander Montague,
who is pla¿ed in charge of the English classes of the high schools of the

city of Guatemala. President Estrada Cabrera has appointed

George N. Morang to represent the RepubUc of Guatemala at the
twelfth meetmg of the INTERNATIONAL GEOLOGIC CONGRESS,
which will be held in Toronto, Canada, in August of the present

year. The CENTRAL SOCIETY OF ARTISANS AND MUTUAL

HELPERS has arranged to publish a paper to oflScially represent the

organization in its work in the Republic. The AMERICAN

BANK at Guatemala City has increased its capital 2,000,000 pesos,
making the total capital of the institution at the present time 5,000,-
000 pesos. The balance sheet of this bank at the close of 1912 showed
a profit of 736,264 pesos, which enabled the bank to pay a dividend
of 160 pesos per share. Mr. Andrew Bickford is the manager of the
institution, and his services were so highly appreciated during the
past year that the board of directors of the bank gave him and his

his employees a substantial present. One of the most notable

MONUMENTS in the city of Guatemala is that erected to Gen. Garcia
Granados, head of the Guatemalan army in 1871 at the time of the

fall of Justo Rufino Barrios. An executive decree published in the

official newspaper of Guatemala under date of January 8, 1913,
authorizes the municipality of San Juan Sacatepequez to hold
ANNUAL FAIRS m that town on the 5th, 6th, and 7th days of Jan-
uary of each year. The fair recently held from January 29 to Feb-
ruary 2 was largely attended, and fine exhibits of stock, agricultural
products, fruits, vegetables, poultry, farm machinery, etc., were made.
Each year this fair is becoming more important because of the edu-
cational opi>ortunities afforded exhibitors and visitors and on account
of the friendly rivalry which it stimulates among stockgrowers,

463

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464 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.

faniMn, Iwrticulturists, and gardeners. From the begimxmg of the

preeent year the sum allolted by the Federal (Government as a sub-
Yentíon for oontinuing the coxiatruetiou of the MUNICIPAL TALMJE
at Quezaltenango was increased to 1,000 pesos per month. Work
is actively progressing on this buildmg, and when completed it will be
one of the finest municipal structures in the country. ^An execu-
tive decree of December 23, 1912, provides that the SALAMA HOS-
PITAL shall continue to receive thB tax of 6 centavos per bottle of
San Greronimo aguardiente shipped to the department of Alta Vera-
paz. A contract has been made by the department of fomento

with the National Maritkne Agency (Ltd.) to supply the customs
building at the port of San Jose with the ELECTRIC LIGHTS for a
period of two years, with the privilege of renewing the contract on

its expiration if agreeable to both parties thereto. The Fellows

Medical Manufacturing Co. (Ltd.), with offices in New York City, has
been granted two TRADE-MARKS by the Grovemment of Guatemala
covering the company's preparations for bronchial and lung affec-
tions. The Western Clock Co. of Peru, Illinois, has been granted

TRADE-MARK by the Government of Guatemala consisting of the
words ^' Big Ben,'' which the company uses in distinguishing its manu-
factures from those of other companies. The receipts and expendi-
tures of the municipality of Tot(»iicapan in October, 1912, were 16,923
and 7,132 pesos, respectively, which left an unused balance at the
close of that month of 9,791 pesos.

President Tancrede Auguste, realizing that the present WATER
SUPPLY OF PORT AU PRINCE is a menace to the health of the
inhabitants, issued a decree on January 8, 1913, authorizing a
special appropriation of $44,608 and 55,654 gourdes for tapping the
streams of Bizotin and piping the water to the capital; and the
repairing of the road made necessary by this work. The secretaries
of finance and public works are to see to the inmiediate execution

of the aforesaid decree. MR. GEORGE AUDAIN, son of the

well-known Haitian physician, Dr. Léon Audain, has been admitted

as an interne in the hospitals of Paris. Great interest is being

shown in the EXHIBITION of the architects' plans submitted in
the competition for the building of the National Palace, which com-
petition was open to Haitian and foreign architects. The plans are
on public exhibition in the House of Representatives and attract

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HONi>usAS. 4j65

many yisitors. The cabinet oflãcerS; aaskted by experts, will pass
on tik» plans and the name of the successful competitor will be

announced soon. The COURSE OF LECTURES arranged by

the Teacbets' Associations in Port au Prince is proving very popular
aad all the lectures are well attended. The second lecture of the
coarse was given by Dr. Carré, professor of physics in the Lycée

Pétion on the EDUCATION OF HAITIAN PEASANTS. ^The

''Moniteur Officiel" publishes the TRUANT LAW of the countey and
the school authorities give notice through its columns of their in-
tention to see tiiat it is rigidly enforced. Children found running
or playing on the streets during school hours will be brought before
the justiee of peace who will unmediately summon the persons re-
sponsible ior the welfare of the dtiiklren and call their attention to
their duty in r^ard to the children imder their care. In case of a
repetition of the offense a fine of 5 gourdes will be imposed. If a
child is absent from school eight consecutive days after the opening
of the school term without valid reason a fine of 5 gourdes will be
imposed. In case of repetition of the offense the fine will be doubled
the second time, tripled the third, etc. In case the fine is not paid,

the guilty party can be sent to jail from 5 to 10 days. ^The

CUSTOMS RECEIPTS OF PEJIT-GOÂVE during the first three
months of the fiscal year 1912 (October, November, and December),

amounted to 111,492.62 gourdes and $125,015.03. The PLAINE-

DÜ-CUL-DE-SAC RAILWAY COMPANY has published its report
for the first six months of 1912, according to which 572,284 passengers
and 13,278 tons of freight were transported, the total receipts amount-
ing to 204,693.41 gourdes or $1,774.75 gold.

On January 1, 1913, President Manuel Bonilla delivered a MES-
SAGE to the National Congress, reviewing the events of the past
year. The message states that Honduras maintains friendly rela-
tions with aU nations, and especially with the countries of Central
America. Within the past year the Government of Guatemala has
established a legation at Tegucigalpa. The treaty of 1895 between
Guatemala and Honduras concerning boundaries has, by mutual
agreement, been extended until the 1st of March, 1914, during which
time the mixed commission proposes to renew its work and complete
the survey of the boundary line. The 5th of November, anniversarj-
of the independence of the Central American Republics, the cen-

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466 THE PAN AMBBICâK UNION.

tenary of which was celebrated on that date in Salvador in 1911, and
in which Honduras participated through its legation in the city of
San Salvador and by special delegates, has been made a legal holiday
in the Republic of Honduras. The Government of Honduras will
submit to the attention of the Congress the pending conventions
approved or recommended by the Fourth Central American Con-
ference. The Grovemment has continued its support of the Inter-
national Central American Bureau and the Central American
Tribunal of Justice. The relations of the Government of Honduras
to the United States of North America have been especially cordial,
the principal export and import commerce of the Republic being
with that Nation, and much of the foreign capital and enterprise in
Honduras is American. During the past year the Government of
Honduras has been invited to participate" in a number of international
American congresses, among which is the International Panama-
Pacific Exposition, to be held in San Francisco in 1915. The Presi-
dent calls attention to the fact that at the recent election for vice
president, judges of the supreme court, and deputies, out of a qualified
electorate of 108,850 over 60 per cent voted. During the scholastic
year 1910-11 there were 710 schools in the RepubUc, with a total
matriculation of 29,525 and an average attendance of 20,664, as
compared with 890 schools, having a registration of 35,703 pupils
and an average attendance of 25,917 during the scholastic year
1911-12. According to the census of 1910 there were 118,052 pupils
of school age in the Republic. In 1912 there were 371 pupils in
attendance in Tegucigalpa and Comayaguela.

There are two normal schools in operation in Tegucigalpa, an<l
normal schools are maintained at Santa Barbara, Santa Rosa, and
Juticalpa. Four high schools are maintained in the Federal capital,
and one each in the cities of Juticalpa, Santa Rosa, and Santa Bar-
bara. In 1912 the manufacture of straw hats was added as a branch
to the School of Arts and Crafts in Tegucigalpa. The straw-hat
industry is an important one in the Department of Santa Barbara,
and hats of fine quality are manufactured there. Schools for the
manufacture of straw hats have also been established at Catamarca
ami Juticalpa. The agricultural school at Danli and the school at
Tegucigalpa for the manufacture of cigars and cigarettes are in a
flourishing condition. In 1912 the exports of Honduras amounted
to 7,700,446 pesos and the imports to 10,793,285 pesos. A con-
tract was made during the past year by the Government of Hon-
duras for the construction of a railway from the frontier of Salvador
to the boundary of Nicaragua. The receipts of the National Rail-
way during the last six months of 1912 were 277,572 pesos and the
disbursements 191,851 pesos. Lands to the extent of 30,870 hectares

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MBXioo. 467

were granted in 1912 for agricultural use. The cultivation of tobacco
at Danli during the year was highly satisfactory. The Government
encouraged the development of this industry by distributing tobacco
seeds to farmers in that part of the Republic suitable to the raising
of this plant. ^The ARMY of Honduras at the close of 1912 num-
bered 47,062 soldiers, 30,943 of whom were classified as of the first
rank. The army is recruited from the miUtarily eligible male citizens
between the ages of 21 and 40 years. MiUtary and artillery schools
are maintained by the Government. From April, 1911, to November,
1912, the expenses of the War Department aggregated 1,431,055
peeoB. In 1912 the receipts of the Government of Honduras from
all sources were 4,627,905 pesos, or 86,160 pesos more than the

amount of the receipts estimated in the budget. Dr. Francisco

Bertrand was installed as VICE PRESIDENT of the Republic of
Honduras on January 11, 1913.

It is estimated that the tax levied on PULQUE by the State of
Puebla will produce an annual revenue of about 180,000 pesos.
Large quantities of pulque are made and consumed in the State of

Puebla, and in all of the tableland coimtry surrounding that State.

The CJOIN COLLECTION in the National Museum in the City of
Mexico has been recently enriched by the purchase of Jorge Inciso's

fine collection. The price paid was 9,000 pesos. The department

of forestry of the Government of Mexico has decided to plant on and
around the grounds of the Mexico Country Club, in the Valley of
Mexico, 15,000 trees. The planting of trees is being encouraged by
the Government and private persons in many parts of Mexico, and
arbor day celebration has become one of the principal feast days of the
country. Plans have been made by the National Chamber of Com-
merce of Torreón to hold an EXPOSITION of the products of the
State of Coahuila. The organization referred to will also make
experiments with cotton seed of the long-fiber variety, and a supply
of this seed has been ordered abroad. Coahuila possesses some of
the finest cotton-producing lands in the world, and an important
branch of the manufacture of cotton goods has developed in an(l
around the neighborhood of Torreón. Cotton is raised in this vicinity

by irrigation, and is of a very fine quality. The department of

war of the Mexican Government has received an invitation from the
NATIONAL RIFLE ASSOCIATION OF AMERICA to participate

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468 THE PAN AlCEBIGAN UNION.

in the aasociatioii's contests which will be held at Camp Peny, OhiO;

from August 18 to September 9 ot the iH*esent year. ^The Mexican

Development Co., of Peoria, Illinois, is building a WAGON ROAD
from its mines in the Purificación district to the Pacific port of Cha-
mela. The road will be about 30 miles long, and is planned to be
one of the best constructed wagon roads in the country. Large
copper properties are in the neighborhood through which the road
will pass, and considerable mining development in the near future

is looked for in the locality refeired to. The Geographical and

Statistical Society of the City of Mexico has changed its name to the
MEXICAN GEOGRAPHICAL, HISTORICAL, AND STATISTICAL

S0CIP:TY. The LIGHTHOUSE MINZIO in the State of Oaxaca

was inaugurated on February 5 last. The EXPOSITION OF

MEXICAN PRODUCTS at CoUma, capital of the State of the same
name, was inaugurated on March 1 of the present year. In addition
to fine exhibits of the agricultural, mining, and forestal resources
of the Republic, and especially of the Pacific coast region, there has
been added an important section devoted to fine arts, and painters
and sculptors from all parts of the Republic have sent exhibits of their

works. ^Arrangements have been made, according to the Mexican

Herald, to construct two DRY DOCKS at Coatzacoalcos, and for
dredging the harbor of Salina Cruz. Contracts for this work have
been approved by the Chamber of Deputies, and it is expected that the

actual work of construction will commence within a short time. ^An

electric plow is being used in the work of DRAINING liAKE
TEXCOCO. The drained lands are in close proximity to the City
of Mexico, and steps have been taken to wash out the excess of alkali
contained in the soil so that crops can be raised thereon. Experi-
ments on a small scale have been made in this direction with excellent
results. The water bed imderlying these lands is only a small dis-
tance from the surface, and oven in the dry season a sufficient amount
of moisture is easily obtained by capillarity, where the soil is in good

physical condition, for the nourishment of crops. The budget of

Mexico contains an item of ^50,000 for the purpose of getting rid of the
water lilies in Lake Chápala, which are of such rank growth as to

impede navigation. The MUNSON STEAMSHIP fines have made

a new contract with the Mexican Government effective for a period

of three years. The Santiago Ixcuintla MIXES on the Pacific coast

of Mexico is said to have recently employed 200 Japanese laborers

to assist in the extraction of ores. The Mexican Herald states

that it is reported that Jose Victor Gaxiola, of Sinaloa, is negotiating
in the United States for. the sale of the ALTAMIRA ISLAND, which
lies just off the port of Altata. The island contains about 1,000
hectaras of land, and it is proposed to found a colony there.

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An executive decree of January 14, 1913, declares free of duty the
IMPORTS OF BUILDING MATERIAL, such as doors, windows,
shutters, iron, nails, etc., when made by persons who suffered from
the fire of Decembw 20, 1912, at Cape Gracias, for the purpose of re-
building their property. The exempticm is for -a, period of six months,
and is a personal one, and material imported under it can not be
sold or used in any other way except to rebuild the destroyed prop-
erty of the person importing the same. ^A law which became op-
erative on January 18 last, concerning the NATIONAL REVENUE
BONDS of 1913, fixes the value of each liter of aguardiente sold by
the Government at ^12.50, national currency, or its equivalent in
córdobas, except on the Atlantic coast, where it will be sold at ^1.25
silver. The Itter of pure alcohol will be sold throughout the Re-
public at IP'23.12 national currency, or its equivalent in córdobas, and
denatured alcohol at ^3.50 national currency, or its equivalent in
córdobas. From the taxes on each liter of aguardiente, ^2.50 national
currency will be set aside as an amortization fund to be used as
frflows: Hie Government will issue bonds not exceeding ^6,250,000
naticmal currency, payable to bearer. These bonds, which bear 1 per
cent interest per month, will be placed on sale at par under the fol-
lowing conditions: Fifty per cent in cash and 50 per cent in Grov-
emment obligations. Tfcds issue of bonds will be known as the
national revenue bonds of 1913, and consists of 25,000 bonds of
250 pesos each. The receipts and disbursements connected with
these bonds will be made tlu-ough the National Bank of Nicaragua,
the proceeds of the sale to be used preferably in the payment of sala-
ries due to October 31, 1913, and civil and military expenses.

The exports from San Francisco to the Republic of Nicaragua in 1912,
according to the report of Sr. Adolfo Vivas, consul general of Nica-
n^aa in that city, amounted to $786,998. The principal items ex-
ported were: Flour, $319,489; rice, $181,733; groceries, $140,654;
petrofeum, $28,560; machinery, $15,456; wines, $5,694; and miscel-
laneo^xs products, $95,413. The packages shipped out during the
year numbered 224,102 and we^ed 13,082,554 kilos. The largest
ship^Dcnits of ftour were made in July and August, the August ship-
ment amoimting to $85,188 and the July shipments to $63,566.

T%ro«igh the courtesy of Sr. Dr. Salvador Castrillo, minister of Nica-
ragua at Washington, the Monthly Bulletin is informed that the
CABINBT of President Adolfo Diaz, who was inaugurated at Managua
on Jaausry 1 of the present year for the constitutional period of

469

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470 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.

1913 to 1917, Í8 composed of the following members: Dr. Alfonso
Ayon, secretary of interior, justice, police, and charities; Sr. Pedro
Rafael Cuadra, secretary of finance and public credit; Engineer Jose
Andres Urtecho, secretary of war and marine; Sr. Salvador Calderón
Ramirez, secretary of fomento and pubHc works; and Sr. Diego
Manuel Chamorro, secretary of foreign relations and public instruc-
tion. The entire cabinet immediately entered upon the discharge of
the duties of their respective offices, with the exception of Sr. Salva-
dor Calderón Ramirez, who was at that time abroad, but who took
possession of his ofiice on his return to Nicaragua. Sr. Don Fernando
Solórzano, vice president of the Repubhc, was inaxigurated at the

same time. The National Assembly of Nicaragua has elected Dr.

Daniel Gutierrez Navas, justice of the Repubhc of Nicaragua in the
Central American Court of Justice. The term of office is five

years. ^A DAILY NEWSPAPER entitled *'La Información"

(The Information) has recently been founded in Managua imder the

direction of Francisco Vega. A recent decree of the Congress of

Nicaragua restores the TOWN OF TEUSTEPE to the Department
of Chontales. An AGRICULTURAL AGENCY has been estab-
lished at Carazo in charge of Capitán Matías Bonilla. A similar
agency has been opened at Santa Anita, Leon, in charge of an agent

and 10 soldiers. The following appointments have recently been

made in the diplomatic and CONSULAR SERVICE of the Republic
of Nicaragua: Gen. Evarista Henriquez^ chargé d'affaires of Nica-
ragua in Honduras; Dr. Hekmartel, consul of Nicaragua at Antwerp,
Belgium; Sr. Carlos Chamorro, consid general at Paris; Sr. Pierre
Farre, consul at Rheims, France; Sr. Arturo Fletes Remon, consul of
Nicaragua at Valencia, Spain; Sr. William H. Ellis, consul at Salina
Cruz, Mexico; and Sr. Wilfredo Mazon, consul at Habana, Cuba.

The new NOTARY LAW of the Repubhc of Panama, which became
effective on the first of the present year, provides that the term of
office of notaries and registers of deeds shall be for a period of two
years, and that these officials shall be appointed by the President of
the RepubUc. Under this law notaries are permitted to charge the
following fees: For the issuance and insertion in the protocol of any
instrument acknowledged before the notary, 50 centesimos of a
balboa for the first foUo and 25 centesimos for each succeeding folio ;
for the protocolization of documents not acknowledged before the
notary, 50 centesimos; for each copy of a document issued or proto-

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PANAMA. 471

colizedy 50 centesimos for the first folio and 25 centesimos for succeed-
ing folios; for the cancellation of any document, 50 centesimos; for
each certification of the cancellation of a document, 50 centesimos
of a balboa, and 1 balboa for issuing any document outside of the
notary's office, which charge may be doubled if the document is issued
at night. Notaries public and registers of deeds are required to note
on the bottom of copies and certificates issued by them the amount

of the fee charged. ^A law has been promulgated prohibiting the

organization or operation of CHINESE CLUBS in the Republic,
except where they are authorized and regulated by the Panaman
Government. Persons aiding Chinamen to form clubs by renting
buildings or rendering assistance in any other manner are liable to

punishment for the infringement of this law. The Government of

Panama has authorized Alceo Hazera Salinas to establish an AGRI-
CULTURAL COLONY on 10,000 hectares of Government lands in
the Province of Bocas del Toro in the region bordering on the Gam mo
River and the western boundary of Costa Rica, or such other part of
the Province of Bocas del Toro as may be agreed upon by the parties
in interest. This land is to be surveyed by the Government of Panama
at the expense of the concessionaire. Within a period of five years
the concessionaire agrees to establish an agricultural colony of not
less than 50 families on one tract of 5,000 hectares. The colonists
have the privilege of acquiring small tracts of this land in fee simple,
and arrangements have been made for payments for same on the
instaUment plan. The concessionaire agrees to build public roads and

make other necessary improvements. An import duty of 0.40

balboa has been placed on SOLE LEATHER brought into the
Republic. Double this duty wUl be charged if imported cut to the
sizes required for use on shoes or if in strips. Machinery for tanning

factories is admitted free. A law promulgated on December 28,

1912, provides for means tending to the civilization of certain tribes
of Indians living within the Republic. The full text of the law is
published in the Gaceta Oficial of January 24, 1913. Investiga-
tions are being made by the Grovemment of Panama looking to the
use of the waters of the Santa Maria, La Villa, Rio Grande, and other
rivers and streams for IRRIGATION purposes. Detailed studies will
be made in the Provinces of Veraguas, Los Santos, and Code, and full
reports are to be rendered to the President of the Republic, who has
been empowered to take the necessary steps for making a practical
test of irrigation in the Provinces mentioned. The Federal Con-
gress has passed a law establishing TUBERCULOSIS SANITA-
RIUMS at Alto Boquete, in the Province of Chiriqui and in the high-
lands bordering on the Anton Valley, in the Province of Cocle. The

sum of 50,000 balboas has been appropriated for this purpose.

An additional appropriation of 6,272.83 balboas has been made by

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472 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.

the Fierai Congress for defraying the expenses caused by tiie

BOUNDARY controversy between Panama and Costa Rklu The

Uaceta Oficial of Panama of December 5, 1912, pubUshes THE
ILA.GUE CONVENTIONS between the RepuWic of PanaiM and the
following countries: Consular convention with HoUand and arbitra-
tion and copyright conventions with Spain. Angel Maria Aguilar

has been given a three years* scholarship by the Government of

Panama to study painting and sculpture in Italy. The Panama

Development & Manufacturing Co. has contracted with the Govern-
ment of Panama to establish a SUGAR PLANTATION AND RE-
PINERY in the Province of Colon, cultivating at least 1,000 hectares
of land in sugar cane. The Government grants the company free
entry of the necessary machinery and supplies for building and equip-
ping the factory, and the chemicals needed in the operation of same
are to be admitted free for a period of 10 yew^. The company is also
exempted from the payment of State and municipal taxes for 10 years.

A law promulgated De<îember 26, 1912, imposes an export tax of
1.30 gold pesos ($1.25) per ton of tannin extract, and $0.50 gold
peso ($0.48) per ton of red QUEBRACHO LOGS shipped abroad.
Both of these products are excepted from the payment of li^terage
and wharfage charges in cases where the exporters do not make uee
of Government lighters and wharves. Sacks for use in the exports

of tannin extract are, under this law, admitted free of duty.

Sr. Fulgencio R. Moreno, a distinguished Paraguayan writer and
author, has been appointed MINISTER of the Republic of Paraguay

near the Government of Chile. ^A recent order of the treasury

department of the Grovernment of Paraguay provides that duties
on exports of LIVE STOCK shall be collected exclusively by the
customs authorities. Within the last few months large numbers of
cattle have been shipped from Paraguay into the. Argentine Chaco
at various points along the frontier under permits granted by the
Paraguayan Government. In future similar dbipments can only
take place after the payment of export duties to regular cuetons
officials, or their agents, having jiuisdiction over the territory in

which the shipments are made. Dr. Caries Tobar Goi^fio has

been appointed CONSUL of Paraguay in Quito, Ecuadcwr.

Sr. Emaio Aceval has been appointed president of the BOARD OF
AGRICULTURE AND INDUSTRIES of the Government of Pant-
guay. ^A committee of Brazilian engineers, under the chairman-

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PABAGUAT. 473

ship of Dr. Práxedes, recently arrived in Asuncion for the purpose
of presenting the survey and planimetric studies of the NORTH-
EASTERN RAILWAY of Par^uay. . This line is planned to run
from Asuncion through the departments of Limpio, Altos, Tobati,
Barrero Grande, San Jose, Ajos, Carayao, San Joaquin, and Curuguaty,
up to the Guaira Falls, connecting at that point with a Brazilian

railway which wUl be built to meet it from Rio de Janeiro.

The department of foreign relations of the Government of Paraguay
has notified the department of the interior of that country that the
INTERNATIONAL SANITARY CONVENTION signed at Rio de
Janeiro on June 27, 1904, between Brazil, Paraguay, and Uruguay

became inoperative on October 31, 1912. Sr. Victoriano Martinez

has been appointed SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR to take

the place of Sr. Liberato Morales, resigned. ^A SCHOOL OF

ARTS AND CRAFTS for girls has been opened at Asuncion under
the patronage of the Society for the Protection of Children and under
the immediate direction of the Carmelite Sisters of Charity. The
orphan asylum at Asuncion, now operated by the Society for the
Protection of Children, is also to be placed in charge of the Carmelite

Sisters of Charity. The department of finance of the Government

of Paraguay has recommended that the national budget for 1913
include an item of 615,000 pesos fuertes for the botanical garden and
AGRICULTURAL SCHOOL, both of which are located in the
suburbs of the Federal capital. The operation of the agricultural
college in Paraguay in the past has been very successful, and prepara-
tions are being made to extend the field of usefulness of this institution

in the future. ^The Diario of Asuncion publishes in its issue of

January 2, 1913, the complete BY-LAWS of the Bank of Spain and

America which has recently established a branch bank in Asuncion.

Argentine STOCKMEN have purchased lai^e quantities of land near
Santiago de las Misiones for the purpose of establishing stock ranches
in that vicinity. The lands of Misiones are especially adapted to the
cattle industry, on account of the good climate, the abundance of
water, and the excellent pasturage of that section of the Republic.
It is predicted that a large amount of Argentine capital will flow into
Paraguay to be invested in cattle in the near future. ^The Presi-
dent of Paraguay recently submitted a message to the Congress
reconmiending the adoption of the proposed BUDGET for 1913.
One of the new items in the budget reconamends the founding of a
school of arts and crafts and the contracting of foreign professors

for certain branches of intermediate and higher education.

A semimonthly REVIEW entitled '*E1 Canpesino'' has been estab-
lished at Mbuyapey. ^An energetic campaign is being waged in the

city of Asuncion against the sale of ADULTERATED FOOD.
The activities of the campaign have been directed principally against
78710— Bull. 3—13 10

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474 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.

dishonest grocers and liquor dealers, and much good has already
been accomplished from the agitation of the matter. A± the com-
mencement exercises of the NORMAL SCHOOL of Paraguay, held
in Asuncion in November last, diplomas were conferred on 22 students^
19 of whom were young ladies. The President of the Republic was
present at the graduating exercises. The normal school of Paraguay-
is one of the best educational institutions of its kind in South America
and exerts a great influence for good in EDUCATIONAL circles in
Paraguay.

Recent Peruvian papers and magazines have devoted much space
to the WONDERFUL FLIGHT of the young Peruvian, Bielovucie,
across the Alps, thus successfully accomplishing an air journey, the
attempt at which cost the life of another Peruvian, Greorge Chavez,
in 1910. In commenting editorially on the remarkable feat the
West Coast Leader, of Lima, January 30, says: *' History records
how the intrepid conquerors, Hannibal and Napoleon, led their
armies up and across the rugged Alpine barrier, performing feats
that have long amazed the ages. In the crossing of Chavez and
Bielovucic there was only a man and a flimsy machine of canvas,
bamboo and steel, and yet these crossings of a latter day have abo
taken their place without challenge among the epoch-making achieve-
ments of mankind." According to the West Coast Leader, the

total production of COPPER in the Republic for 1912 amounted to
27,400 long tons, as against 26,000 tons for 1911, or an increase of

1,400 tons. ^According to newspaper reports a new PETROLEUM

COMPANY has been formed in Panama for the purpose of exploiting
the Peruvian oil fields. The capital is given at $400,000 gold and
the incorporators, Lindon Bates, Enrique de la Guardia, and Ricardo
Bermudez, will acquire lands in Talara region of Peru, from which
place the crude oil will be "shipped to Panama to be refined and sold

in the most convenient market. As the work progresses on the

UCAYALI RAILWAY, which, when completed, will link this river
with the Oroya Road, it is interesting to note that the Ucayali is navi-
gable all the year for large steamers as far up as Masisea. The climate
in this section is very good and living more healthful than elsewhere in
the Department, except in the valleys of Huallaga and upper Mara-
non. Requena, the town of second importance, has a population of
from 1,000 to 1,200 when the rubber gatherers are at home; when these
workers go forth to the rubber fields the population dwindles to about
250 persons. The United States deputy consul stationed at Callao

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SALVADOR. 475

recently paid a visit to the mountain districts of Peru, and on his
return made a very interesting report on the COMMERCIAL AND
INDUSTRIAL CONDITIONS as he found them. He takes up raU-
way construction, imported merchandise, wages, foreign population,
agricultural and mineral activity, etc. Speaking of the town of
Huancayo, which has an estimated population of 8,000, he says that
there are 50 shops carrying general merchandise, and that Simday is
the busy day of the week, when many Indian hucksters come from the
surrounding country bringing raw products of great commercial value.
Huancayo is 130 miles east of Lima and 118 miles south of Cerro de
Pasco, and is on the line of the Pan American Railway, the advent of
which wiU make the place of much more importance as a distributing

center. ^The general manager of the National Tax Collection Co.

has made a report of INCOME TAXES, which shows that in 1911 the
amount collected was $103,577, and for the first six months of 1912
the amount is given at $58,240.

Sixteen kilometers of grading on the line of the ORIENTAL
RAILWAY from San Miguel to Usulutan were completed in January
last, and enough 60-pound rails have been received to finish laying
the track over this distance. The Oriental Railway is receiving raus
at the rate of about 10,000 a month, or enough to lay over 45 kilo-
meters of track. Ties have been contracted for the Usulutan to
Lempa section, and masonry work has been commenced on said
section. Considerable material has been deceived for the construc-
tion of the Cutuco Wharf. The station building at San Miguel has
been completed and the necessary repair work has been made between

La Union and San Miguel. The CHIEF JUSTICE of the Supreme

Court of Salvador is Dr. Federico Penado, one of the ablest jurists
and most cultured men of the Republic. The Supreme Court of
Salvador occupies a high place in the opinion of the citizens of that
coimtry, and has a good reputation abroad for the wisdom, fairness,
and learning shown in its decisions. The Departmental Hydro-
electric Co., of San Salvador, has taken over the concession of Emilio
Segura for furnishing ELECTRIC LIGHT and power to the cities of
Cojutei>eque, San Vicente, and Zacatecoluca. The new company
has a capital of 1,000,000 pesos, and proposes to use the waters of
the Chorreron and Acahuapa Rivers in fimiishing light and power
to the cities referred to, to large plantations and many of the smaller

neighboring towns at very moderate rates. The board of the

NATIONAL EXPOSITION OF AGRICULTURE, stock raising, and

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476 THE PAN AMEBICAN UNION.

industry, which will be held in the city of San Salvador in August
next, has elected the following officers: Carlos Melendez, president;
Henry Downie, vice president; Francisco Melendez, treasurer; Dr.
Francisco J. Mena, secretary; and James Hill, Gabino Mata, jr., and

Norberto Moran, . directors. ^The treasurer of the Republic of

Salvador, in a recent statement published in the newspaper entitled
"Diario del Salvador,'^ says that on December 1, 1912, the entire
debt of the nation, amounting in round numbers to 25,800,000 pesos,
silver, could have been completely liquidated with $8,000,000

American gold. ^A report of the department of public instruction

shows that at the close of 1912 the six SCHOOLS FOR BOYS in
the city of San Salvador had 1 ,494 matricidates. Five of these schools
are day schools and one of them a night school. The teaching staff
of the six schools referred to numbers 33, of whom 30 are men and 3
women. The report recommends the establishment by the Govern-
ment of a separate normal school to take the place of the normal
school annex, which is considered to be of too primary a nature to
meet the growing educational demands of the coimtry. The plan
outlined for the proposed new normal school includes the raising of
the standard of instruction and an increase in the curriculum of
studies along the most progressive lines of normal school education.
One of the great needs of the public schools of the Federal capital is a
larger number of modern buildings especially adapted to educational
purposes. There are a few of these buildings now in San Salvador,
such as the Goicochea and the Padre Delgado school buildings. The
names of the six schools referred to and the principals in charge of
same are as follows: Jose Simon Cañas School, principal, Mr. Fran-
cisco Urias G.; Manuel José Arce School, principal, Mr. Lisandro V.
Montiel; Padre Delgado School, principal, Mr. Leonardo Azcúnaga;
Groiocochea School, principal, Mr. Juan J. Solórzano, and the Night

School for Adults under the direction of Prof. David Cornejo.

The PAROCHIAL CHURCH AT METAPAN in the Republic of
Salvador is one of the oldest and most unique ecclesiastical edifices in
the country. The construction of this church was commenced in
1736 and the work was completed in 1743. The structure is of
masonry, the Doric and Tuscan style of architecture prevailing, and
the building Is specially noted for the richness of iU interior finish
ahd decorations. The church has a single nave 60 yards long by 14
yards wide. The baptismal font, the ciborium of the principal altar,
the candelabra, and the supports of the baldachin are of pure silver
extracted from the Metapan silver mines. The NATIONAL UNI-
VERSITY of the Republic of Salvador opened its course for 1913 on
January 15 of the present year, the President of the Republic pre-
siding. The dean of the University is Dr. Victor Jerez and the insti-
tution has been exceedingly prosperous under his management.

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The pré^ of Uruguay reports that the PORT DREDGING BILL,
as finally sanctioned by the Federal Congress, provides for the deepen-
ing of the port of Montevideo to a depth of 5 meters in the zone des-
tined to the traffic of coasting vessels, and to 10 meters in the entrance
channel, the antëport and the inner harbor known as dársenas Nos. 1
and 2. TOie President of the Republic is authorized to have exca-
vated 10,000,000 cubic meters, either administratively or by con-
tract, as may be deemed inost advisable to the interests of the
Uruguayan Government. The material excavated by dredging may
be employed in making artificial lands. The Executive is author-
ized to acquire the material necessary to effect the dredging, and to
repair the existing dredging plant, using for this purpose a sum not
exceeding $500,000. The bill gives the President authority to expend

up to $3,200,000 in dredging the port of Montevideo. The "Dia,'*

of Montevideo, gives the estimated FOREIGN COMMERCE of the
Republic for the year 1912 as $97,835,000, of which $49,380,000 were
imports and $48,455,000 exports. ^The Government of Vene-
zuela has decided to establish a LEGATION of the first class near
the Government of Uruguay in Montevideo. The Uruguayan Gov-
ernment recently sent a minister to Caracas, Venezuela. The

CUSTOMS REVENUES oí the Republic of Uruguay in 1912 were
$18,423,861, as compared with $16,034,088 in 1911, or an increase of

$2,389,773 in 1912 as compared with the previous year. The

President of the Republic has authorized the board of the Mortgage
Bank to issue a new series of MORTGAGE BONDS, known áís series
N, of a nominal value of $5,000,000. These bonds are guaranteed
by the State, and will be sold on the market.-- — Leopoldo Peluffo
has been elected chairman of the municipal board of Montevideo for
1913. The new chairman is an experienced engineer and former

vice chairman of the board. The Société Auxiliare des Banques

R^onales, of Paris, has oíTered to finance the Government of Uru-
guay to the extent of $2,000,000 for the purpose of establishing a
State SUBTERRANEAN TELEPHONE and for building a Post
and Telegraph Office in the city of Montevideo. A HUMANI-
TARIAN BILL recently presented to Congress by the President of
Uruguay, prohibits throughout the Republic *'box'' parodies of
bullfights, pigeon shooting, cockfights, rat pits, and any other game
or diversion which may constitute a cause of mortification to men or
animals. Ill treatment of animals is prohibited, and the local munici-
pal boards are authorized to adopt such measures as may be necessary

477

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478 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.

for the protection of animals by means of arrests and fines. ^A

decree has been issued by the department of industry of the Govern-
ment of Uruguay, in conformity with the cattle marks act, calling
for BIDS FOR A SYSTEM OF MARKS adapted to the needs of the
entire Republic. Persons desiring to compete must present plans,
accompanied by full descriptions, before June 18, 1913, together with
a deposit of $250. A jury of seven persons is to be appointed to award
a prize of $5,000 to the successful competitor, whose system of marks
the Executive is authorized to acquire at an outlay of not more than

$50,000. Dr. Juan Carlos Blanco has been appointed MINISTER

OF PUBLIC WORKS and Sr. Solano A. Riestra has been made a

member of the board of the Mortgage Bank. ^The secretary of

public works of the Government of Uruguay has ordered the removal
of a number of wrecks along the Uruguayan coast which are consid-
ered dangerous to navigation. Steps have also been taken for the
better LIGHTING OF THE ENTRANCE CHANNEL of the port

of Montevideo. The export COMMERCE OF VALPARAISO

with Uruguayan ports in 1912 amoimted to $211,406, and consisted
largely of nuts, beans, peas, and peach and grape juice. The Pres-
ident of the Republic has presented a message and bUl to Congress
relating to the establishment of ST^AUGHTER YARDS. The bill
authorizes the Executive to apply the revenue from the official cattle
marks and brands, up to $1,850,000, in a sale yard and a slaughter
yard in Montevideo, and 18 slaughterhouses in the departments.
The plan of the national inspector of animal sanitary police, who was
sent to the United States and Europe to study the question, showed
the distribution in detail of the $1,850,000. The object of the bill is
to cheapen the price of meat to the consuming public.

VENEZUELA

'* El Universal," an important daily newspaper of Caracas, men-
tions, m an interesting review of the PROGRESS OF VENEZLTELA
under the able administration of Gen. J. V. Gomez, the principal
events which have occurred, among which are the following relating
to the domestic affairs of the nation: The celebration of the centenary
of independence, the founding of a national sanitary bureau, the
repeal of laws placing burdensome taxes on legitimate industries, the
reestablishment of trade relations with Colombia, the settlement of
the boundary question with Ecuador, the holding of a mimicipal
congress, the making of a map representing the phjrsical configura-
tion of the Republic, the compiling of laws and decrees and their
revision and modification, the introduction and exclusive use of the

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VENEZUELA. 479

metric System^ the establishment of shops in the penitentiaries, the
purchase of the house in which the Uberator, Simon Bohvar, was
bom, and the adoption of a standard official time in the RepubUc.
The growth in conmierce during tlie period referred to was most
remarkable, foreign trade having increased from 173,000,000 boUvars
during the fiscal year 1910-11 to 234,000,000 during the fiscal year
1911-12. The exports in 1910-11 were 94,000,000 boUvars, as com-
pared with 129,000,000 boUvars in 1911-12. The imports in 1910-11
were 79,000,000 boUvars as compared with 105,000,000 bolivars in

1911-12. The Petaquire GOLD MINES are probably the oldest

auriferous mining property in the RepubUc, having been discovered
and worked in 1560 and 1561. From 1573 to 1580 these mines were
profitably exploited, but after that time work was suspended and the
mines remained untouched until 1839, when they were rediscovered
by means of ancient charts and descriptions, but during the interval
of 73 years thereafter were again left untouched. The property has
recently been opened and work has again been commenced in the
old shafts, galleries, and tunnels which have been found practically
intact. Recent reports are very flattering as to the future of these
mines. The surrounding district is a highly mineralized gold region,
and it is predicted that considerable gold mining activity will be

developed in that part of Venezuela in the near future. ^The

department of pubUc works of the Grovemment of Venezuela has
contracted with Carlos Ponthier, representing the Grand Railway of
Tachira, a joint stock company domiciled at Maracaibo, for the pro-
longation of its railway from Uraca to Cara de Perro, with the object
of establishing its terminal station on that tableland. Thç depart-
ment of foreign relations of Venezuela has appointed the envoy
extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary. Dr. Santos A. Dominici,
near the Grovemments of Grermanv, Great Britain and the Nether-
lands, a delegate to the INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS FOR THE
PROTECTION OF INFANCY which wiU meet m Brussels m July
next. ^Dr. Melecio Figuredo Eyzaguirre has been appointed CON-
SUL OF VENEZUELA, at Grenada, Windward Islands. ^Work has

been commenced on the GUARICO AQUEDUCT. When this aque-
duct ÍB completed it will supply the Villa de Cura and other towns
with an abimdance of potable water. The aqueduct is plaimed to
run through some fine valleys and a rich agricultural section in the
ne^hborhood of the Guarico River, and surplus water will be avail-
able for irrigation purposes. ^The governor of the State of Zamora

has been authorized by the Federal Congress to build a TELEPHONE
LINE between Altamira and La Bellaca.

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THE LATE SEÑOR DON MANUEL BONILLA,
President of Honduras, who died on March 21, 1913.

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VOL. XXXVI APRIL, 1913. No. 4

PROGRESSIVE GUATEMALA

IN the capital of Guatemala a beautiful and most unique monument
was recently unveiled. Design and outline typify the country's
progress and prosperity, but more particularly this beautiful
shaft commemorates the union of the oceans of the east and of
the west. Barrios, on the Caribbean, is now linked by rail with San
Jose, on the Pacific (270 miles), and this important step in the progress
and welfare of the Guatemalan nation has prompted the erection of
this monument.

The location, on the Plaza Reyna Barrios in the capital city having
been selected, the execution of the work was placed in the hands of the
well-known engineer, Sr. Don Luis A. Fontaine, who, after 14 months
of constant study and labor, has produced a work which worthily
commemorates the important epoch in Guatemalan history.

The design of the monument not only called forth the engineer's
ability but also his artistic talent. He desired to represent natural
beauty, the commercial products with which the country abounds,
as well as to note the progress of civilization. Blocks of granite and
natural bowlders, which together with various metal figures, have been
combined to form a pleasing whole, weighing more than 66 metric
tons. Standing near the top of the monument is an angelic female
figure in bronze wdth outstretched wings, and holding in the left hand
a trumpet, while the calm and serene face overlooking the city,
appears to be wrapped in meditation. Other bronze figures and sym-
bols lower down the shaft beautifully portray commerce and labor,
while the stream of clear water coursing from within adds still another
aspect of beauty and purity.

The unveiling ceremonies which recently took place at the capital
were participated in by the highest Government officials and other
prominent men. The Minister of Fomento, Sr. Don Luis Mendizabal,
took a leading part in the ceremonies, and the address of the occasion
was delivered by Sr. Don Adrian Recinos.

481

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484 THE PAX AMERICAN UNION.

Guatemalan newspapers laid much stress upon the ceremonies
and their significance; ^'Guatemala moderno'' (modern Guatemala)
occupying large headlines in the newspapers and the addresses of the
officials being reproduced verbatim.

The advent of the modern railway uniting the coasts of the Republic
has been fittingly conunemorated; the railroad building southward
from Mexico to unite with the Guatemalan roads will soon be com-
pleted; other lines in course of construction are bringing the outlying
sections of the country into closer touch with the capital, which with
numerous new buildings and municipal improvements bespeaks
abundant progress.

Much interest has been manifested recently in Guatemala and the
opportunities the Republic offers; and since the interoceanic railway
provides such excellent opportunities for seeing the country, numbers
of tourists as well as business men have been attracted there. A
pleasant sail from New Orleans across the Mexican Gulf lands one at
Barrios, the eastern terminus of the railroad. From this port the
daily trains to the capital city traverse a most interesting country,
both from the standpoint of the student of history and archieology or
of the man of business who seeks new lands for the promotion of
modern agriculture and allied industries. The course of the railway
lies through the richest section of the Republic, many of the localities
being noted for products, such as coffee, sugar, rice, fruit, fibers, and
many other things indigenous to the soil. In the eastern lowlands
for many miles along the railroad the land is very productive and
adapted to fruit growing and the cultivation of sugar cane; estimates
place 2,000 square leagues well suited to the latter product, but
scarcely one-twentieth of this land is utilized. Each ''cabilleria"
(HI acres) produces about 1,000 quintals of sugar. In the lowlands
the cane harvests occur about every 10 months, and in the lands of
higher altitudes about every 12 to 20 months.

The rubber tree is found wild along the Gulf coast and when the
trees are 7 years old they often give 2 pounds of rubber a season;
another profitable crop of the same section is the cacao plant, which at
about 7 years of age produces more than half a dozen pounds of
cacao; the squirrel, however, proves an enemy of this tree, but it is
hoped that soon some enterprising person will find a scientific remedy
for preventing tliis waste.

For the tourist leaving Barrios by the morning train there is much
to interest, especially if he be historically inclined. Soon he finds him-
self witliin a section of the world where ancient peoples built many
w^onderful structures, the ruins of wliich to-day bear mute testimony
to their skill as architects and builders. About noon the train reaches
the Uttlo station of Los Amates, where the inquiring traveler should
stop over and make a journey to the famous ruins of Quirigua, only
a mile from the station, and which distance may be comfortably

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BXTERIOR OF OPERATING HALL IN THE GENERAL HOSPITAL, GUATEMALA CITY.

The medical school of Guatemala was foonded over 100 jrears ago and has preserved all its official records
from that time to the present. Medicbie covers a six-year course, pharmacy four years, and dentistry
three years.

HOSPITAL «'JOAQUINA DE MATERNIDAD" AT GUATEMALA CITY.

Large, airy, and well equipped, the hospitals of Guatemala are models of up-toHlate medical institutions
containing the most modem scientific devices and apparatuses.

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THE SPACIOUS AND ARTISTIC BUILDING OF THE POST OFFICE DEPARTMENT

AT GUATEMALA CITY.

LAW SCHOOL AT GUATEMALA CITY.

This school has the short course of law of flvo years; in most Spanish American countries it is six vcars,
in some seven, and in one eight years. The required studies embrocie not only civu, criminal, and
conunerciil law. court procedure, and the philosophy of law, but also international law and an outline
course on Sptinish and Spanish American literature.

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PRACTICAL SCHOOL FOR GIRLS AT GUATEMALA CITY.

There are separate schools for boys and girls in Guatemala, as coeducation has gained little foothold
there. The course In the practical school (escuela practica) includes cooking, sewing, millinery, and
commercial studies in addition to the common-school branches.

A CLASS IN THE PRACTICAL SCHOOL FOR GIRLS AT GUATEMALA CITY.

The present organization of education in Guatemala embraces, In addition to the regular primary and
secondary schools, practically all departments of higher and special instruction. There are faculties of
law and medicine, normal, commercial, and industrial schools, and military, artistic, and musical
academies.

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NEW PRACTICAL SCHOOL FOR BOYS, NEARING COMPLETION, GUATEMALA CITY.

In recent years the (lovemment has been porticularlv active in fostering industrial education. Night
schools have been founded for artisans, and special mstitutions of manual training have been opened
in the capital and in some provincial towns. The curriculum corresponds to the higher grados of the
elementary school, but to these are added instruction and practice in the arts and craitA. There are six
such schools for boys and three for girls, besides two distinct trade schools.

CAVALRY SQUAD OF THE PRACTICAL SCHOOL FOR BOYS, GUATEMALA CITY.

As a rule these schools are boarding institutions. Part of the pupils are appointed and maintained by the
Slate, while the others are private-paying scholars. Carpentry, ironwork, tailoring, and shoemaking
are some of the practical trades taught in addition to the regular academic work. Courses in bookkeep-
ing and stenography are given in the last years of the secondary schools of both sexes.

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MAIN FAÇADE OF THE MILITARY ACADEMY AT GUATEMALA CITY.

This motive structure with its spacious drilliiig grounds and subsidiary building was inaugurated on
June 30, 1912, bv the President of the Republic, to commemorate the triumph of the principles of liberty,
democracy, ana progress over the old unperial régime of the past 300 years. The entire structure ls
medieval Gothic in architecture and presents an imposing and majestic appearance.

FRONT OF INTERIOR BUILDING OF THE MILITARY ACADEMY AT GUATEMALA

CITY.

In the foreground is the first patio, large enough for the most extensive maneuvers of the cadets. In back
of the building is another smaller patio. Tne upper story of the structure is reserved for dormitories of
the faculty and the library; the lower story is used for diiiüig liall and billiard rooms.

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490 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.

covered in a carriage or on horseback. The sight of these ancient
works, some of which are well preserved, will repay one for the trouble
and the shght expense of turning from one's course.

In Guatemala the '^ conquest of the Tropics'' has taken material
form of the most approved character, and this fact is exemplified
more especially in the new general hospital in Guatemala Qty and its
able staff, wliich form a nucleus from which many smaller cities will
be aided in combating disease and in the cleaning up campaign
which haa already achieved important results in several sections
of the Republic.

During last year learning in its various branches received valuable
aid and encouragement. The new military academy at the capital
was opened last summer, and the event was made important by the
presence at the inaugural ceremonies of the Cliief Executive and other
high officials of the Government.

The main building of the institution is very imposing, its massive
style of architecture is attractive and pleasing and the corps of
instructors is composed of gentlemen of the highest attainments in
their respective fields of learning.

Lie. Don Virgiüo Rodriguez Beteta dehvered an inspiring address,
dwelling particularly on the good results that may come to a nation
through its military schools, which in the truest sense is not the
teacliing of war for the sake of mortal combat, but for instilhng in
youth the elements of discipline and of respect for authority; for
promoting honor and true citizenship, morally, physically, and
mentally.

Following the estabhshment of the military academy was the
annual '^ fiestas de Minerva," which were celebrated in the autumn.
The various events connected with these observances are anticipated
with much interest and attract large crowds to the capital city. The
President of the Republic, Sr. Don Manuel Estrada Cabrera, is the
originator of the Minerva festivities, and his interest in the various
phases is sufficient to popularize the events, which have a bearing on
schools and the development of learning. So important were the
proceedings of last year that they have been clironicled and arranged
in booklet form under the name of Fiestas de Minerva de 1912.
These addresses and orations indicate the high ideals for which the
country's leaders are striving, and the numerous illustrations portray
the institutions of learning, which are lai^ely attended and which
are probably exerting a more powerful influence on the future of the
Repubhc than any other factor.

The Bulletin is indebted to Dr. Luis Toledo Herrarte, Secretary
of Foreign Relations of Guatemala, for many excellent pictures of
that country, a number of which are here reproduced, and which
will give the general reader a far better idea of the country's pro-
gressiveness than columns of text.

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DINNER IN HONOR OF SEC-
RETARY OF STATE BRYAN

ON Thursday evening, March 13, 1913, the Director General
tendered a dinner in honor of the Secretary of State, Hon.
William J. Bryan, who, by virtue of this position, is the
Chairman of the Governing Board of the Pan American
Union. The dinner was held in the handsome Hall of the Americas,
which was artistically decorated with heavy banks of palms and ferns,
gently relieved by a dash of color from the effectively arranged floral
embellishments.

To meet the Secretary and his charming wife, there were invited
the ambassadors and ministers of the Latin American Republics,
their wives, and several other distinguished guests prominent in offi-
cial life and interested in the promotion of closer friendship between
the American RepubUcs. At the conclusion of the dinner a general
reception followed, at which about 100 other guests were present,
including the secretaries and attachés and their wives of the Latin
American embassies and legations, and others of social and official
distinction in the nation's capital.

Near the close of the dinner the Director General requested Senhor
Domicio da Gama, the Ambassador from Brazil, and the ranking
diplomat present, to extend a welcome, in behalf of the members of
the Governing Board, to the new chairman. This he did in his char-
acteristic and usual brilliant manner, which elicited words of com-
mendation from Secretary Bryan. In his happy address the Ambas-
sador said :

I duly appreciate the honor that befalls me of presenting the greetings of the diplo-
matic representatives of the othr r American Republics to the new Secretary of State
of the united States.

I appreciate the honor and find the task a very agreeable one. To look with a joyous
heart toward the rising sun is certainly a symbolic attitude and as human and natural
as hope itself. Still better than to praise a man for his deeds, it is gratifying to bid
welcome to the promising new worker in this ungrateful field of diplomacy, where so
often only thorns come when we expect flowers and fruits as a reward to our labor. We
bid welcome to the man with a noble heart, who for so many years has been preaching
the advent of social justice, of respect to the rights of the individuals, of reciprocity in
good will among men. After having made himself sure about the national needs in
his country, after having fought the good battle for his political ideals at home, he went
abroad to inquire about other peoples* needs. He has traveled extensively through
South America with his keen eyes wide open and has seen and heard and retained
much to his profit, to our benefit. And now that the fortune of national politics has
brought him to the direction of the international politics of his country, we take advan-

491

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492 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.

tag3 of his profitable wandorinop along our southern lands to claim him as an old and
sympathetic acquaintance, if not a closo friend to all of us. Under such favorable
auspices any man could easily bo convinced that in diplomacy we always mean well,
even when we app ^ar to look for trouble, our differonces in most of the cases being
rather of exprv^asion than of essence. He could easily be convinced also that, under
the law of the less effort, international politics, which in this continent deals princi-
pally wilh thosi* niceties of national feelings so dear to the patriotic Latin, has a greater
tendency toward agreement than any other business in the world, since to deal with
permanent nationaliti( s is not th(» same as to deal with passing individuals. But the
prpsi'nt S*»cretary of State of the United States knew all this before entering this new
field of politics, wheri», by the way, he already looks so comfortably 8?ttled and so
thoroughly at home. He certainly knows that to the man with a clear head and a kind
heart the difficultiis of his task are reduced by half. And we promis? to use the btst
of our industry to help him in solving the remaining half, wiien occasion arises. So
that, b( tween personal good will and diplomatic desire to agree, our relations with the
I)< partment of State and its new chief will be as cordially friendly as becomes partners
in the gr(\it work of civilization in this our continent of America.

Secretary Bryan replied in part as follows :

Whatever lack of confidence I may have in regard to other duties that may fall to
the occupant of the office with which HLs Excellency President Wilson has honored
me, I feel sure that he could have found no one either in our party or in our country
who could meet more cordially the representatives of Central and South America.
When the officie was tendered me, one of the reasons that I gave for being willing to
accept it was that it would enable me to join with our President in cementing even
more closely nations that live so near us and are so identical with ours in their pur-
poses and aspirations.

The visit which my good wife and I paid to some, though not all, of these southern
countries three years ago increased, if possible, the interest which we felt in ihera
and I am grateful t« Director General Barrett for giving me, as my first opportunity
of meeting diplomatic representatives around a banquet board, the pri\'ilege of
meeting you who are so close to us and who share in the responsibilities of developing
his Western Hemisphere dedicated to freedom. I am grateful, too, to the Director
General for having selected as the spokesman of this gathering to-night one who not
only by his position stands at the head of the Pan American diplomatic circle, but
who so felicitously expresses your greetings and good will.

He need not tell me that he has a high opinion of our country. I have had occasion
to become acquainted with that fact; I have been sitting beside the better half of
his family. Possibly I ought not to say the better half lest my remarks might be
given a patriotic interpretation rather than the interpretation that we give; in this
country we are glad to admit that a man is doing all that he can hope to do if he can
even be the lesser half.

The Secretary then dwelt upon his trip through some of the coun-
tries of South America, calling attention to the various points of
interest which especially attracted him. He spoke of San Marcos
University at Lima, the oldest in the Western Hemisphere, and
expressed his satisfaction at the tendency toward freer and more
general education tliroughout the world. He commented on tlie
educational development in Bolivia, and in Uruguay where the
school system is modeled after that of the United States, and finall}'
he referred with particular pleasure to his visit to a school at Sao

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DIN^íER IN HONOR OF SECRETARY OF STATE BRYAN. 493

Paulo, Brazil, where as part of the exercises the entire student body
rose and sang ''My country 'tis of thee, sweet land of liberty, of thee
I sing." Mr. Bryan then continued:

We returned from a delightful trip, after having received courtesies from all the
nations visited, courtesies that I knew were not intended for us as individuals, but
for us as citizens of a great country.

So, to-night, as a representative of our Government — as the one who by virtue of
his office comes into closest contact with those who are here, the accredited representa-
tives of other lands — as the occupant of this position, I say, I am grateful for this
opportunity to meet you and to mingle with you. I am glad to assure you of the
pacific purpose and the genuine friendship which the President of our great Nation
entertains toward all the people and all the Governments of Central and South Amer-
ica, and to assure you that I am in complete sympathy with him in this friendship
and interest. We desire that you shall know us and that our people should know you.
We desire that our exports to your coimtry shall increase and that our imports from
your country shall increase, but I believe that the most valuable thing that can be
aent across the border line of nations is an ¡deal, I am glad, therefore, that however
we may feel about the tariff on other commodities there is free trade in ideals; we
have gathered ideals from all the world ; we are indebted to the world for ideals selected
from every section. I have no doubt but that we shall be able to borrow from the
experiences of our neighbors on the south, and we shall be glad to loan to them any-
thing that has been developed and perfected here. We are not only glad to give you
the advantage of our experience, not only glad to allow you to learn by our trials, our
experiments, and our mistakes, but we are glad to have our people go among you, to
assist you in developing the resources of the great countries that lie to the south of us.
I am sure that I speak for His Excellency the President, as I speak for myself and for
all associated with him in authority, when I say that we shall insist that the business
men who go from our country to yours, to help to develop your resources, shall carry
with them the same high standard of honor and integrity that we demand of business
men in our country'. We shall be even more exacting of them, for when people come
among us, if they find a man who is bad, their opinion of our country may be made good
by ascertaining that he is an exception ; but when a man goes from us to a foreign country
he must be even better in behavior, because there are not so many to help him repre-
sent our Nation. I am sure that this administration will be quick to admonish all
who go among you that they go to represent the highest ideals of our country and that
they must not fall below that standard.

But I am not here to make a speech; I am here to mingle with you about this board,
to become better acquainted with you, and I have arisen simply to acknowledge, for
the President of the United States as well as for the Department of State, your friendly
greetings and to assure you that your good will is most heartily reciprocated.

The guests invited to the dinner included the Secretary of State
and Mrs. Bryan; the Brazilian ambassador and Madame da Gama;
the Assistant Secretary of State and Mrs. Huntington Wilson; the
minister of Costa Rica, Madame Calvo, and Miss Marta Calvo; the
minister of Bolivia, Madame Calderón, and Miss Calderón; the min-
ister of Salvador; the minister of Venezuela; the minister of Nica-
ragua and Madame Castrillo; the minister of Cuba and Miss Martin-
Rivero; the minister of Argentina; the minister of Uruguay and
Madame de Pena; the minister of Chile and Madame Suárez, M.; the
minister of Haiti; the minister of Guatemala and Madame Luz
83664— Bull. 4—13 2

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494 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.

Méndez; the minister of the Dominican Republic and Madame
Peynado; the minister of Peru and Madame Pezet; the minister of
Colombia; the minister of Honduras; the minister of Paraguay; the
envoy of Salvador on special mission, Sr. Don Francisco Lima; the
envoy of Guatemala on special mission, Sr. Don Antonio Batres
Jauregui; Hon. Henry D. Flood, chairman of the House Committee
on Foreign Affairs; the Second Assistant Secretary of State, Hon.
A. A. Adee; the chargé d'affaires of Mexico; the chargé d'affaires
of Panama and Miss Lefevre; the United States minister to the Do-
minican Republic and Mrs. Russell; Dr. James Brown Scott, director
of the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, and Mrs. Scott;
Miss Margaret Wilson; Miss Isabella L. Hagner; Miss Helen Chris-
tian; the Assistant Director of the Pan American Union and Madame
Yánes; and the chief clerk of the Pan American Union and Mrs.
Adams.

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GUAYAQUIL, ECUADOR'S
GROWING PORT/. '/ ,'.

A DELIGHTFUL experience awaits the traveler who enters
Ecuador's chief port from the sea. He passes from the ocean
to the placid Bay of Guayaquil, and from that time until
his arrival in the city, 40 miles up the Guayas River, he
gazes upon nature's tropical handiwork spread before him on either
side of the river. It is a bright and charming picture which, as the
ship nears the city, grows. more pleasing and causes the traveler to
wonder why Guayaquil has not been more frequently visited by the
average traveler.

The harbor is active, and as many curious balsas or native house-
boats pass and repass the ship at anchor the traveler is forcibly
reminded of the densely populated rivers of China. Some of these
rafts have almost a community aboard, the writer having noted
children, small animals, parrots, men and women, together with up-
river products piled high around the living beings, the whole forming
a most unusual sight for the visitor from the north.

These Uttle balsas are single units which largely contribute to the
commercial activity of the port, the larger coasting vessels, of course,
transporting the bulk of commerce to the harbor whence the great
ocean-going ships carry it to all parts of the world.

Guayaquil is to be modernized. A wonderfully progressive move-
ment has been inaugurated to make it a cleaner and healthier city,
and the outlay of enormous sums of money promise to completely
change the business and commercial life of the place. The mischief-
making mosquito is to be banished, and the many lessons learned at
Habana, Panama, and in the Madeira-Mamore Railway country are
to be applied to Guayaquil, and soon this attractive port will no
longer be passed over by traveler or tourist, but on the contrary an
era of commercial development is promised that will be notable, not
only locally but throughout the Republic.

Ecuador has many products that the world needs, and the awak-
ening of her chief port, coincident with the opening of the new trade
rout« through Panama, are important factors in future development.
In 1910 the country sent forth to the world $13,638,308 worth of
natural products, and during the last two years there has been a
marked increase over these figures, cacao furnishing the bulk of this
commerce, while *' buttons^' — that is, the ivory nut largely used for
such purposes — contributes more than $1,500,000 to this total, and
the famous Panama hat brings the producers a like amount.

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í'ourU'sy of Sr. K. K. t'arlK). <iu«yaqull.

SAN FRANCISCO PLAZA, GUAYAQUIL. ECUADOR.

Artistic little plazos at various points in the city add to its attraction and beauty. In the fore-
ground is a statue of Don Vicente Rocafuerte, the stocond President of the Republic of Ecuador,
under whose administration the country enjoyed peace and prosperity.

Courtesy of Sr. K. F. (."arho. (iunyuqui).

MILITARY HOSPITAL ON SANTA ANA HILL, GUAYAQUIL.

With $10,000,000 now at the disposal of the Government by virtue of a recent loan, extensive im-
provements are being projected to thoroughly modernixe and sanitate this growing Pacific port.

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498 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.

From New York around Cape Horn the distance is 11,470 miles,
and the time of passage under ordinary conditions is more than two
months; the route via Panama is 2,864 miles, and this distance can
be covered probably in 8 or 10 days. Remembering that 90 per cent
of the foreign commerce of the RepubUc passes through Guayaquil,
it can easily be understood how important is the subject of health
of the city, not alone for its 80,000 people but for foreign ports that
trade with that country.

On October 5, 1911, the Ecuadorian Congress decreed that the
President of the Republic should contract a loan of $10,000,000 for
the purpose of undertaking new and for completing the w^ork already
under way, relative to sanitation, water supply, and other improve-
ments in (juayaquil. A certain scale of taxes w^as arranged as secur-
ity for the payment of the bonds, which bear 6 per cent interest on their
face value. Tw o and a half per cent additional w ere levied on imports

Courtetty of Sr. K. F. Cnrbo. Guayaquil.

HARBOR AND WATER FRONT AT GUAYAQUIL.

The general bustle and activity around the harbor front aro unmistakable signs of steady
progress and indicate in no uncertain terms the wonderful future in store for this port with the
opening of the Panama Canal.

of the port; one-half per cent taxes was put upon urban property of the
city; all of the gross receipts from the sale of potable w^ater in Guayaquil;
a portion of the municipal tax on cacao; wharfage tax; three sucres
(about $1.50) on each head of cattle imported; and various other
sources of revenue combined to form the security for the loan.

Col. WilUam C. Gorgas, of Panama Canal fame, wdth several assist-
ants, at the request of the Government of Ecuador, visited the city
as w^ell as other sections of the country and w-as given every facility
for preUminary investigations. His report on the amount of work
and the probable cost has been submitted to the authorities and
active work should soon follow.

Through the courtesy of Sr. Don E. F. Carbo, of Guayaquil, The
Bulletin has the pleasure of presenting to its readers several pictures,
which show how the cleaning-up campaign has already affect-ed cer-
tain business sections of the city.

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THE TIMBER LANDS OF
PANAMA" /. •/ /. '/

AT least 50 per cent of the area of the Isthmus of Panama is
covered by virgin forest, and not less than 30 per cent by
L monte. The remainder is savannah, or grassland, adapted
to grazing and tillage. The monte is comparatively light
growth, which may be removed with the machete. In preparation
for cultivation it is cut down and burned on the ground. All the
woodland soils are especially fertile. The stretches, of savannah and
monte are found mainly in the provinces of Chiriqui, Code, and the
northern portion of Veraguas.

In a general way it may be said that the strip of territory lying to
the north of the divide and extending from the Costa Rican border to
the Canal Zone, as weU as the entire area to the east of it, is one vast
forest. Some portions of this territory are not adapted to profitable
development owing to the heavy rainfall upon the Atlantic seaboard
and the sparsely inhabited condition of the region. Without doubt
this store of latent wealth wiU some day be made to yield enormously.
At present, however, the investment of capital is confined to the
sections in which timber is easily accessible, labor fairly plentiful,
and transportation economically feasible. These conditions do not
obtain, of course, in the superlatively rich forests of the central
mountain range.

The practically accessible timber lands of Panama are situated
upon the Pacific coast of Darien Province and in the peninsula formed
by Veraguas and Los Santos. The former section contains half a
score of large tracts owned by American, British, and German corpora-
tions. In a few instances, operations have already commenced, but
the majority oí these companies are timing activities to synchronize
with the opening of the canal. The present disregard of the urgent
demands of the local and South American markets, is probably due
to the expectation of securing lower freight rates and higher prices
when the all-water route to Europe is available.

During the past five or six years the average consumption of lumber
in the city of Panama and the Canal Zone has been in excess of
50,000,000 feet annually. There is every prospect of the figures
being maintained for two or three years to come. Extensive im-
provements in the capital are progressing or contemplated by the
Government and citizens of Panama. A railroad from David, the

» By Forbes Lindsav.

499

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THE MAHOGANY TREE IN THE FORESTS OF PANAMA.

It is a giant among tropic growths. The usual tree of mature age is 4 to 5 feet in diameter, aid stands
a solid shaft for 50 feet before the first branches are given off. The bark resembles the black oak
of the north, and the foliage is like that of the wild cherry. The most valuable wood of the trunk
is found just below the first branching. As a rule, not more than two trees of marketable siîe aie
found to the acre. The tree grows best in low-lying, moist, rich, almost swampy land, alons^ the
coast or edges of rivers that have no great fall.

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THE TIMBER LANDS OF PANAMA. 501

chief city of Chiriqui Province, to the city of Panama has been sur-
veyed and authorized by the assembly. A number of buildings will
be erected at Balboa, Ancon, Empire and Colon, for commercial
purposes, as well as for the use of the future garrison and operatives
of the canal.

Although the montaña of the eastern slope of the Andes contains
a vast quantity of construction timber, it might as well stand in
Central Africa, for all the use it is to the cities along the Atlantic
littoral of South America. They have no immediate supply of lumber
and are compelled to depend upon importations from the northern
continent. The material received from this source is greatly inferior
to the native hardwoods, for which much higher prices are willingly
paid.

There has been little commercial lumbering on the Isthmus. At a
few points in the interior natives are engaged in fulfilling the limited
requirements of small centers of population. There are not as many
as half a dozen sawmills operated within the boundaries of the
Republic. Vessels are constantly delivering Oregon pine and Cali-
fornia redwood at the docks of Panama. The railroad has been
compelled to purchase guayacan ties from Haitian dealers, whilst
the material for them abounds within 100 miles of the Canal Zone.

The forest regions of the south coast contain many districts ex-
tremely rich in hardwoods of various kinds, as well as other valuable
products, such as rubber, cacao, sarsaparilla, and ivory nuts. It is
hardly exaggeration to say that every stick of timber is marketable.
The commercial trees range in size from the inch-thick guamero to
the 10-foot bongo, and in value from the cheap but useful softwoods
to burl and other varieties that sell by the pound. Caoba, or ma-
hogany, is plentiful in many parts. Mature trees range from 3 to 6
feet in diameter. Espave, nispero, roble, several varieties of cedar,
balsamo, and the amarillos are numerous in nearly every forest tract,
together with a sprinkling of rarer and more highly prized trees.
Here and there sections are especially well stocked with some par-
ticular species, such as mahogany, guayacan, or coratu.

The numerous streams afford facilities for logging, but the density
of some of the woods precludes the employment of this means of
getting them out, unless rafting, which is seldom economically feas-
ible, is resorted to. The heaviness of the undergrowth in the locali-
ties containing the most valuable trees is an obstruction to lumber-
ing. In my opinion an aerial cableway will prove the most satis-
factory solution to this difficulty. Its operation would necessitate
no clearing, except among the lower branches in its path. In view
of the invariable short haul and down grade to the shore, I believe
that this method of taking out the logs will be found to be the most

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SAWING THE LOG INTO LUMBER.

If the local dealer in hardwoods thinks that the mahogany log is not ñt for the foreign market, it is
sawed by primitive methods (illustrated here} into boards as soon as it is brought out of the forest,
and thjs'lumber is used for the construction of houses on the spot, just as pine is used in the woods
of Michigan or Canada,

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SPANISH CEDAR ON THE BAYANO RFV^ER, PANAMA.

The Spanish cedar, or cedrela, is not a species of the coniferous tree known as the cedar in the United
States. It is a peculiarly tropical tree and flourishes in a temperature and climate in which the
last named refuses to grow. The Cedrela odorata, to give it its botanical name, grows in every
country contiguous to the Caribbean Sea and also in the Amazon Valley, in Brazil. It resembles
and is closelv allied to mahogany, and certain varieties can be distinguished therefrom only by
experts. It is frequently cut down as mahoçany, sold, shipped, and manufactured into furniture
under that name. It is softer and as a rule is not so beautifully marked, but practically answers
many purposes for which the rarer mahogany is used.

OLD WATER-POWER SAWMILL IN THE PROVINCE OF CHIRIQUI.

While timber of many varieties is plentiful in the Republic of Panama, the want of proper facilities for
converting it into material for building purposes nas served to make the erection of wooden houses
expensive.

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504 THE PAN AMEKICAN UNION.

economical and convenient in most of the timberlands which I have
described as ** practically accessible."

In the sections referred to a fair supply of native labor is available.
This will be shortly supplemented by two or three thousand seasoned
Spaniards and Portuguese, whom the Canal Commission is gradually
discharging. These are highly efficient workmen. At present the
native workman usually receives 1 peso ($0.50 U. S. currency) a
day and a ration of jerked beef, fish, beans, rice, yams, and coffee.

Some of the islands belonging to the Republic are heavily tim-
bered. On others, small but valuable stands of choice trees are
found. Thus, a quantity of cocobolo exists in the Catalina Islands,
near San Lorenzo Bay. Occasionally a native helps himself to a
log, without leave or license, but there is no systematic lumbering
in these tracts, nor has there ever been. The island of Coiba, 15
miles long by about 7 in wdth, presents a fine lumbering proposi-
tion, notwithstanding some extraordinary difficulties of operation.
The chief of these arises from the density of the growth, which is
impenetrable everywhere at a distance of half a kilometer from the
shore, except for the aid of machete men. Brush, vines, seedlings,
and an endless variety of low-growing plants fill the spaces between
the trees. These include most, if not all, of the species common to
the forests of the mainland. Natives of the island declare that caoba
is plentiful on the south side.

There is in these forests a great deal of timber, possessing highly
usefid or ornamental qualities, which is not at present known to
commerce, but only needs to be introduced to the trade and to con-
sumers in order to come into wide demand. Brief descriptions of
the most common of the varieties of Panama woods, such as are
found in sufficient quantities to make the handling of them for export
a profitable business, follows:

Espave. — This is a kind of bastard mahogany, with somewhat of a
resemblance to cedar. It is found in two varieties, the darker bear-
ing the greater likeness to caoba, Espave is easily worked, and is,
in consequence, a favorite material with the natives for building
construction and canoes. Dugouts of 40 feet length and 10 tons
burden are commonly obtained from the trunks of this tree.

Coratu. — ^This is much like espave and is put to the same uses. It
is also employed in the manufacture of furniture. It is a very hard
wood with a beautiful dark grain, having the appearance of a fern
leaf.

Captivo. — ^This tree grows in the bottom lands near the streams
and reaches a height of 100 feet to the lowest branch, with a thickness
of 4 or more feet. It has a soft white wood, not unlike that of the
sugar pine, which takes a high polish.

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THE TIMBER LANDS OF PANAMA. 505

Cedar. — Of the cedrela family there are a number of varieties.
The most frequent are the espinosa, papaya, amargo, grenadino,
tangari, and ceballa.

Espinosa is the most useful of the cedars. It has a hard, close-
grained wood, easily worked and polished.

Papaya. — This is a light wood, plentifully scattered through many
districts, and much sought for purposes to which the finer cedars
could only be wastefully put. The papaya has a strong resemblance
to the white pine in grain and texture, but its color is darker. An
average tree will measure from 5 to 6 feet in diameter.

Amargo wood has the bitter taste of quassia. It is exceedingly
durable and, for that reason, is in demand for interior finishing. It is
said that the sap of this tree never dries out and that it is found in
the wood 100 years after it has been cut.

Ceballa owes its name to the fact that the grain of the wood has
something of the appearance of a raw onion and the freshly cut log
gives off an odor like that of the vegetable in question.

Grenadino so closely resembles mahogany in its color and veins
as to deceive any but an expert. It is a lasting wood which may be
put to most of the uses that are served by the latter.

Tangari deserves the same description as grenadino, from which
it differs only in its closer resemblance, if possible, to mahogany. It
may, without disadvantage, be substituted for mahogany in any of
the purposes which that wood serves.

Mangrove, or mangle. — ^This tree grows upon the low shores of the
ocean and on the banks of rivers that are washed by tidal waters.
Its roots demand salt water and it thrives in salty marshes. It
resembles blue gum in size and some of its qualities. It will burn
green and is highly useful as fuel. There are three varieties of the
mangrove — caballero, pinuelo, and maringolo.

Caballero is a hardwood, close grained, heavy, and durable. It
has a light color and handsome markings. It is admirably adapted
for frames.

Pinuelo is the least common of the varieties of mangle. It yields
a white wood with a fine grain and is used as building material.

Maringolo is a close-grained, dark wood, susceptible of high polish.
It is excellent material for posts and frames in the construction of
dwellings. Timbers of mangrove resist climatic influences and the
attacks of insects better than any other wood which may be obtained
at the same price. There should be a market in the United States
for mangle as a material for wagon spokes, ax handles, etc.

Alcomoco resembles the northern ash and may be put to any of the
purposes served by the latter, than which it is much more durable.
It has been used by the Canal Commission for railroad ties, but it is
not 80 satisfactory in this capacity as guayacan, a more lasting

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A MAHOGANY LOG FELLED BY MEN FROM THE UNITED STATES.

The mahogany log has hitherto been hewn into a square shape by native workmen in Panama, because
it was thus more in demand by the foreign markets of London or Hamburg. Americans prefer to
leave the log in its natural condition, as more wood is preserved thereby and the sawing can be better
performed when it reaches the northern mill.

A MAHOGANY LOG LOADED IN THE FOREST UPON ITS CART.

After the log has been felled and sawed it is loaded upon a primitive but strong truck called trinquiml .
This is an evenly balanced two-wheelea cart, well adapted for its purpose.

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THE TIMBER LANDS OF PANAMA. 507

wood, although ako more difficult to work. The natives of Panama
employ alcornoco extensively for the supporting timbers and frame-
works of houses.

Moro, commonly known as fustic, is a valuable dyewood in exten-
sive commercial demand. It enters into the manufacture of many
articles of daily use among the peoples of Central and South America.

Soro is a handsome wood, having somewhat of the color and tex-
ture of mahogany. It is used in cabinetwork and in the manufac-
ture of fine furniture.

Alcarobo is a hardwood of light color and dark vein, which takes a
high polish. Alcarobo is suitable for show cases, desks, furniture,
etc. In Mexico are several churches containing carvings in this wood
which with age gains an improvement in appearance.

Roble. — This is a true oak, closely resembling the American va-
riety. There are three kinds of it in the forests of Panama, the
white, the black, and the yellow. They are hardwoods, susceptible
of a high polish and adapted to any of the uses to which the oak is
put in American trades.

Cigiia is much like camphor wood in appearance. It is excellent
material for cabinetwork, interior finishings, etc.

Marin jinto is valuable wherever exceptionally heavy and dura-
ble wood is needed. It is used throughout the country districts of
Panama for the rollers of the bullock-power sugar mills. It is a hard-
wood with a dense fiber.

MascemOy although prized by European manufacturers of expen-
sive furniture and piano cases, is not as widely known to commerce
as it deserves to be. A demand for this beautiful wood might be
created in the United States and Canada. Mascerno is found in
most of the forested tracts of the isthmus. It has a secondary value
as a dyewood.

The main saloon of one of the latest vessels of the Hamburg- Ameri-
can Steamship Co. was finished in mascerno with very effective re-
sults.

Balsamo is a hardwood, nearly black in co^or, with a somewhat
0|>en grain. Under polish it has an attractive appearance. It is
little known to commerce, but should enjoy a ready sale in Europe
and North America. Balsamo is one of the widely distributed trees
of Panama.

Amarülo. — There are three varieties of this species. Then beauti-
ful, coarse-grained, yellow wood may be worked up to a brilliant
polish.

Bongo. — This is one of the largest and one of the most common
trees of the Panaman forest, sometimes attaining a height of 160
feet, with a diameter of 10. It is a soft wood with a grain Uke that
of cedar. The large canoes of the natives, called ''bongos,'' are gen-

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Coarteny of I. A. Barnes.

BASE OF A GIANT CEIBA TREE.

The little boy, standing on one of the wings of the buttressed trunk,
gives some idea of the size attained by this great shade tree of the
Tropics. THie tree produces a large number of capsules from which an
abundant supply of soft wool is obtained. This, when separated from
the seeds, makes an excellent substitute for feathers in pillows, and is
often ased for this purpose. This crop is easily gathered, as the tree
sheds the capsules in great bunches.

CoorteffT of I. A. Barnes.

A CEIBA TREE.

Among the many varieties of trees indigenous to the Tropics is the Ceiba, or silk cotton tree, speci-
mens of which are foimd in Panama. This tree frequently grows to very large size, the top spread-
ing out very much like an umbrella. The trunk is made up of curiously formed buttresses at the
base, extending wing-like in all directions, as if to support and maintam the center of gravity of
the enormous weight above.

83664— Bull. 4—13 3

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510 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.

erally obtained from this tree. The quipo differs very slightly from
the bongo.

Xispero is one of the most vaUiable and numerous tree^ in the
forest of Panama. It is very like rosewood, but harder and denser.
There are few heavier woods. Its dark-red surface takes a high
polish.

Xispero is (|uite as durable as Burmese teak. The ruins of a
churchy erected in Santiago de Veraguas more than 200 years ago,
contain a reredos of this wood which is in [)erfect condition, despite
the fact that it has been exposed to the elements during the past
century. Quira is much like nispero in all respects.

Pah de Sangre is another rich, red wood, which polishes readily.
It is suitable to the purposes served by soro, cigua, and other species
of Isthmian trees.

}iaria is a hardwood, with an irregular grain, which adds to its
beauty but makes it somewhat difficult to work by hand. A notable
(juality of the wood is its elasticity, in which it resembles alcornoco.
This gives it a demand for masts and telegraph [)oles. It is also useful
as construction timber and for cabinetwork. Maria is one of the
giants of the forest, attaining dimensions equal to those of the bongo.

Baham copaiha is a very durable wood, valued in shipbuilding and
construction. In certain sections of the Darien country it is extremely
numerous. The tree has also a value for its medicinal product.

Lignum viise. — This well-known tropical tree is frequently found in
the timber regions of the isthmus. It is one of the most salable woods
by the pound weight, which nets about $250 a log.

Cocobolo is well known to commerce as a dyewood. There is a
stable demand for the wood and an average tree fetches about $200
in the log at Panama. In certain sections of Darien and Veraguas,
cocobolo is to be found in great numbers.

Caoha, or mahogany. — The black and red varieties, of fine quality,
are found in several parts of the Province of Darien and the peninsula
of Veraguas. An average tree will cut 10,000 feet board measure.

Other trees of commercial value which are sufficiently numerous in
the Panaman forest to admit of their exportation with ]>rofit are the
laurall, akin to the laurel of southern California; the guayacan, an
extremely hard and durable wood, the aquado, a very effective
cabinet wood; the aqua, a beautiful white wood which under polish
resembles ivory; the caimito, a dark-red, smooth-grained wood;
madrono, alfajia, yaya, coco, orange, rosewood, ebony, and frijolillo.

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NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF
CUBA •.' /.

0 «
0

THE Univei-sity of Habana counts three memorable dates in its
history. Its foundation in 1728 as a pontifical and royal
university; its secularization in 1842, when it became an
autonomous institution under the patronage of the colonial
government ; and lastly its reformation and elevation to the rank of
national university in 1899 when Cuba became an independent
Republic. Notwithstanding these changing phases, the univereity
has retained much of the olden type of organization, and in this re-
spect holds a rather distinctive place among Spanish American uni-
versities. This conservatism is marked in the retention of the
colleges of letters and sciences, which in many sister institutions has
disintegrated into the strictly professional schools of law and engi-
neering. The Universit}' of Habana is not without its professional
colleges, but the central feature of the university remains the college
of letters and sciences, in which are given general courses in philosophy,
history, literature, and science. These courses are attended not only
by the students of this department, but students in the professional
schools also must elect a certain number. This gives to the univer-
sity a unity of organization and interest not enjoyed by most Spanish
American universities which are usually but a group of professional
colleges bound together simply by name. At Habana the rector is
an administrative officer only. He is not a professor in any depart-
ment, and for this reason has a wider vision and a more universal
interest in the institution as a whole.

Another distinguishing feature of the University of Habana is its
concentration. It is the only university of Spanish America, with
the exception of La Plata in Argentina, that has a campus. This is
due in large means to Gen. Wood who, when Governor of Cuba, took
a lively interest in the educational affairs of the nascent Republic.
Under the Spanish dominion the university had been housed in the
center of old Habana, in gloomy, unattractive buildings. On the
outskirts of the city on a commanding eminence stood the Piro-
técnica, the arsenal and ammunition factory of the Spanish colonial
government. These grounds and buildings were no longer needed
for the purpose for which they were designed, and Gov. Wood con-
ceived the idea of removing the university to this position. At
present all departments, except the college of medicine, are located
on the campus. The grounds comprise several acres and are inclosed
by a wall pierced by two gates. The main entrance at the north-
western comer leads through iron gates and up an imposing flight

1 By Dr. Edgar Ewing Brandon.

511

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ENTRANCE TO MAIN BUILDINí;, UNIVERSITY OF HABANA, HABANA, CUBA.

From its cramped and unattractive quarters in the center of old Habana the university has been moved
to the out.skirti* of the city on a commanding eminence where formerly stood the arsenal and ammuni-
tion factory of the Spanish colonial government. Inlike most of the universities of Latin America,
which are but a group of professional colleges l)ound together simply by name, this institution boasts of
the college of letters anci sciences as its ct»nlral feature. The mam building contains the administrative
oflices, the law college, and the important ethnological, archaeological, and natural-history museums.

SIDE VIEW OF MAIN BUILDING, UNIVERSITY OF HABANA.

Another distinctive feature of this institution is íía concentration. It is the only university of Spanish
America, with the exception of La Plata in Argentina, that has a campus, and around which all the
departments, except the College of Medicine, are located.

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NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF CUBA. 513

of Stone steps, thence across a broad terrace by a diagonal walk, and
then up another flight of steps to the main level. From this height
one has but to turn around to see one of the most beautiful pano-
ramas in America. Below lies the city, stretching away from the
base of the hill to the harbor. To the right are the botanical gardens,
a spot of tropical green, and beyond the landward suburbs of Habana
following the roads that lead to the Provinces and climbing up the
hillsides behind the city. To the left the open sea, and on a point
jutting out into the blue water the picturesque features of Moro
Castle, surmounted by towers and battlements and flanked by the
heavy dominating walls of Cabanas. Behind the university rises the
still higher Principe Hill, and from this side is the carriage road that
enters the campus.

Before the university was removed to this site the buildings of the
Pirotécnica were renovated, remodeled, and adapted to scholastic
purposes. Some were easily made available for their new uses.

The principal structure, employed in former times as residences for
the ofl5cers in chaise of the arsenal, is a noble building and worthy of
being a university home. New buildings have been constructed
from time to time — an engineering school, a chemical laboratory, and
an agricultural building. The latest material improvement is the
auditorium, a hall capable of seating 800, and artistically finished
both within and without.

This policy of detached but adjacent buildings is unusual in Latin-
American universities and is the consequence of the location on a
campus. The main building consists of a central part, with two
lateral wings. It contains the administrative offices, the law college,
and the important ethnological, archaeological, and natural-history
museums; back of it stands another building, having much the same
floor plan, but of one story only. This is occupied by the school of
engineering, agriculture, and architecture. Between these buildings
is the court of honor, filled with tropical plants and flowers, while in
the center stand two of the most magnificent laurel trees known in
Cuba. The other buildings are located to the north and south of this
central group. To the west, skirting tlie wall of the campus, there
stood formerly a row of low, rectangular buildings used for the manu-
facture and storing of ammunition. Several of these structures were
demolished two years ago by a violent hurricane. On tliis site it is
proposed to erect the new school' of medicine and pharmacy. At
present the medical school is located in the center of the city in a
building formerly used as barracks, wliile the laboratories of cliemistr}^,
histology, and bacteriology are housed in a different quarter of the
town in another building, also used formerly as barracks. It is highly
suggestive of the changed order of things in Cuba that the landmarks
of a mUitary despotism should be turned into agencies for the develop-
ment of science. If all swords have not yet been beaten into plow-

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514 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.

shares, it at least gladdens the heart to see barracks formed into school-
houses and arsenals into laboratories of the peaceful arts.

Wlxile the location of the medical college on the campus would be
advantageous to the university in many ways, it must not be imagined
t liat its present situation is inimical to its usefulness. True, the build-
ing is unattractive in outward appearance, but within it is reasonably
spacious, with good lecture halls and laboratories of anatomy, hygiene,
and physiology. The equipment is sufficient. The medical depart-
ment is subdivided into the colleges of medicine, pharmacy, dentistry,
and veterinary surgery. Of these the college of pharmacy onl}^ is
located on the university campus, the others are conducted at the
medical building in the city, in the university hospital, and in the
laboratories referred to above, which are named in honor of Gen. Wood.
The department of medical sciences is by far the largest of the three
university faculties, enrolling during the year 1912-13, 631 students
out of a total of 1,114. The matriculation in the different sections is
approximately as follows: Medicine, 400; pharmacy, 110; dentistry,
70; veterinar}^ surgery, 50. The enrollment in the faculty of medical
sciences is increasing year by year. In 1910-11 it was but 500. The
greatest growth is in the section of medicine, but in dentistr3' the
increase is also very marked.

The enrollment in the other faculties of the university is not grow-
ing in the same proportion. In the college of law there are 219
students, and in the college of letters and sciences 264. The latter
faculty is divided into five sections as follows : Letters and philosophy,
engineering and architecture, pedagogy, sciences, and agriculture. The
registration in these different sections is very unequal. In letters and
philosophy and in science it is very small. But this does not imply
that these departments are of little import in the university. As
stated above, students in the vocational schools do a considerable part
of their work here, although formally enrolled in their respective sec-
tions or in the faculties of law or medicine. The range of studies is
much the same as in a college of arts and sciences in the United States,
but the courses oiTered in any one department are not as varied. For
example, in Latin there are but three courses, in philosophy but
three, and in history but five.

The faculty of letters and philosophy is composed of six regular
professors and three assistant professors, the faculty of pure sciences
of nine regular professors, five assistant professors, and nine assistants.
In filling a vacant chair the University of Habana retains almost
every feature of the oposición procedure which the Spanish American
universities inherited from old Spain, but has been very generally
discarded in the last decades. This is another indication of the
conservative spirit that is noticeable in the organization of Habana.
The method as now pursued is as follows: A hundred questions
relating to the branch of learning for which a professor is sought

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THE NEW AUDITORIUM AT THE UNIVERSITY OF HABANA.

Among the new buildings constructed are an engineering school, a chemical laboratory, an agricultural
building, and the latest is a handsome stone auditorium with a seating capacity of 800.

PARTIAL VIEW OF THE GENERAL WOOD LABORATORIES, OF HABANA.

Of the various medical departments only that of pharmacy is located on the campus. The others are
conducted at the medical building in the city, in the university hospital, and in the laboratories, which
are hou.sed in a building formerly used as barracks.

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516 THE PAN AMEKICAN UNION.

are prepared by a committee of the faculty. Each candidate draws
10 questions, which he is expected to resolve at sight. After this
test he draws three from another set of 10. These latter are more
comprehensive than the first. They are virtually subjects for a
lecture or a short thesis. The candidate chooses one of these three
and in a period of 24 hours prepares his thesis. In the preparation
he may have access to books, but receives no personal aid. Last
of all he submits a program of topics for the subject he proposes
to teach and defends such program from criticism that may be
offered by the examining committee. In the olden time the candi-
dates were confronted, each had the privilege of criticizing the
answers, thesis, and program of his rivals. This part of the system,
which gave it the name of oposición, has now been abandoned, but
it still has defenders in the Habana faculty.

The teaching staff is divided into three classes: Full (titular)
professors, assistant (auxiliares) professors, and assistants. The
regular salary of a full professor who gives only one course is $2,400
per annum. Usually in Latin America a professor gives but one
course, ranging from three to six hours per week, and this constitutes
a chair (cátedra) in the university. In Habana, however, a plurality
of courses is pennitted, and except in the more technical subjects
it is the rule. The chair of Greek, for example, comprises three
courses, Latin three, etc. Of the 60 full professors, 25 teach two
courses and an equal number three. As remuneration for the second
course a professor is granted an additional 40 per cent of the regular
salary, and for the third chair 20 per cent. The stipend of *tfie
assistant professors varies from $1,200 to $1,800, while for assistants
(ayudantes) it is $1,000. Notwithstanding the custom of plurality
of courses and the relatively good salary that may be earned in
this way ($3,360 for two chairs and $3,840 for three) very few profes-
sors devote their entire time to academic pursuits. Practically all
follow some other profession or hold some governmental adminis-
trative position. In this respect conditions are the same in Habana
as in other Latin American institutions. The university chairs are
not filled by mere teachers, but by men em'ment in their professions
or in politics. The custom has its advantages and its disadvantages.

The annual budget of the univei-sity is approximately $400,000.
Of this sum about $320,000 is expended in professors' salaries, and
about $50,000 in administration and service. The expenditure for
the upkeep of the library, laboratories, and buildings is small. A
relatively large amount is expended for prizes and traveling fellow-
ships. Of the latter there are four worth $1,200 each. They are
awarded by vote of the faculty (two-thirds being required) to alumnos
eminentes de la Universidad. The recipients are expected to reside
abroad and study at some foreign institution. A prize is offered in
each class to the best student. This is not decided by the regular

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NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF CUBA. 517

examination, but by means of a subsequent special test open only
to those students who received the grade of ''excellent'' in the
regular year-end examinations. If the class exceeds 25, two or more
prizes are given, one for each 25 students or fraction thereof. These
prizes consist in exemption from payment of the fee for the following
course. If there is no higher course in the subject the prize winner
may demand the equivalent in books or scientific apparatus.

Another feature in which the university differs from most Spanish
American institutions is the length of the course in the professional
schools. The usual time is six years in medicine (in not a few it is
seven); five years in law (in Buenos Aires and some others, six);
and five years in engineering. When Gen. Wood reorganized the
institution in 1899 and created the present National University, he

VIEW IN THE PATIO OF THE MEDICAL DEPARTMENT, UNIVERSITY OF HABANA.

At present the medical school is located in the center of the city, but it is plannetl to erect the new one
on the campui*. This department is subdivided into the colleges of medicine, pharmacy, dentistry,
and veterinary surgery.

reduced the traditional periods with the intention of intensifying the
work. For medicine the allotted time is five years; for civil and
architectural engineering, five; for electrical engineering, four; for
agriculture, three; for law, five; for notariado, four; for political
science, four; for pharmacy, four; for dentistry, three; and for
veterinaiy science, three. In engineering the student has from 20
to 24 hours of exercises per week; in medicine from 24 to 30; in law
about 15, of which one-third are taken in the college of letters. The
scholastic year begins October 1, and with an intermission of two
weeks at Christmas and one week at Easter classes continue until
May 31. After this time come the year-end examinations, which
continue throughout the month of June. Students who fail in the
June examination have the privilege of trying another examination

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518 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.

in September before the reopening of the university. A student
who, through slack attendance, or who, for other reasons, is thought
not to have profited sufficiently in a course, may be required to
postpone his year-end examination until September. Examinations
are always pubHc, oral, and given by commission of at least three
professors, one of whom Ls the professor of the course in which the
examination Ls given. A student who fails in the September trial
must repeat the course. There are three passing grades. Even if a
student pass and yet Ls not satLsfied with the grade received in the
June examination he may appeal to the dean and secure the privilege
of repeating the examination in September.

The university is open to both sexes. Women matriculate in
almost every department. The number is relatively small, but
varies considerably as between different schools. Only one woman
has graduated in law and but five in dentistry. In medicine there are
always some women students. In pharmacy the number is greater in
proportion to tlie total, ranging from one-fourth to one-third. The
scliool of pedagogy, wliicli is one section of the college of letters and
sciences, naturally enrolls a comparatively large group of women.

The least in point of numbers of all the professional departments of
the university is the college of agriculture. Tliis department labors
under several handicaps, of which one is the lack of suitable facilities
for practical field study. The botanical gardens, which He at the
base of the hill on wliich the university is situated, have been assigned
to the school as an experimental field. The gardens are more of a
park than a farm, and the soil is not adapted to the culture of Cubans
two staples, sugar and tobacco. The school of agricidture should be-
come one of tlie most important departments of the university. At
present it offers two courses, one of three years, the other of four.
The latter leads to the degree of agricultural engineer, and tlie cur-
riculum is very comprehensive. It would perhaps be advisable to
restrict the scope and encourage specialization in the last years.
The three-year course is more practical. Agricultural education in
Cuba is of recent introduction. Tliis section of the university was
created in 1900. It was not until some years later that it was prop-
erly equipped, and even yet it lacks a real farm for practical field
work. In 1909 Congress voted to establish an elementary practical
school of agriculture (escuela granja) in each of the six Provinces.
At the formal opening of the university in October, 1912, the orator of
the day was one of the professors of agriculture. He took advantage
of the occasion to review what httle had been done in this branch of
education in Cuba, and to plead for an awakened interest on the
part of his fellow countrymen in a subject so vital to the economic
development of the island. Instead of being the least frequented,
the college of agriculture should become the largest vocational depart-
ment of the universitv.

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ANTIQUITIES OF THE NEW
WORLD AT THE TROCA-
DÉRO IN PARIS' .". V /.

COMPARATIVELY few of the tourists who throng Paris each
year know more about the Palais du Trocadéro than that it
is an attractive architectural adornment of the metropolis.
The fact that it contains two extremely interesting museums,
well worth a visit, is usually overlooked in the search after the more
widely known and historic gems which abound in this great city.

It is impossible, however, to overlook the budding itself, which
occupies a prominent position on a height above the River Seine,
directly opposite the Eiffel Tower. Nearly everyone is familiar with
the huge edifice built in oriental style, which was designed by Davioud
and Bournais for the exposition of 1878. It consists of a circular
building nearly 200 feet in diameter and 180 feet in height, sur-
mounted by a dome and flanked by two minarets 270 feet high. Each
side has a curved wing 660 feet in length, the whole presenting the
appearance of an immense crescent. On the outer side is the hand-
some Palais du Trocadéro, on the inner side tastefully laid out gardens
slope gently down to the edge of the River Seine. In the center of
these, below the terrace in front of the central building, a beautiful
cascade gushes forth and descends by gradual falls into a huge basin
196 feet in diameter.

The main budding contains an elaborately decorated Salle de Fêtes,
which seats 6,000 persons. The Museum of Comparative Sculpture
occupies the left and part of the right wing, while the first floor is given
over to the Ethnographical Museum, a greater part of which consists
of exhibits from the South and Central American Republics.

A short time spent here is scarcely sufficient to grasp the extent
and value of the large and interesting collections from the various
countries, and many hours may be pleasantly and profitably passed
among them, especially by the student interested in the history of the
early civilization of the American continents. By the kind per-
mission of the curator of the museum, Dr. Vemeau, I was at liberty to
wander at will among the treasures gathered here and which are only
open to the public on certain days of the week.

A handsome stone stairway, embellished with fine stained-glass
windows, leads up to the first floor. In the lower hall stands a repro-

iBy Edine Frances TIsdel.

519

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ANTIQUITIES OF NEW WORLD AT TROCADERO IN PARIS. 521

duction of the Great Turtle of Quirigua, a gift to the museum of the
Due de Loubat. The walls are covered with copies of bas-reliefs
from Chichen-Itza and Palenque, and at the head of the stairs stands
a fine cast of the great Stela of Quirigua, and a round altar from
Copan. This latter is a copy of the one in the Peabody collection at
Cambridge. By means of these casts, and others in an adjoining
hall, we are given the opportunity of examining and studying some of
the wonders of the prehistoric cities which have been discovered in
Yucatan, Guatemala, and Honduras. The curious carvings on the walls
and stairways of temples and palaces, the hieroglyphics and pecuUar
picture writing covering the great monoliths, the meaning of which
still baffles the archaeologists and scientists who have been endeavor-
ing to lift the veil from the long-hidden secrets of the earliest civil-
ization of the American continent^ — ^to these first inhabitants, whose
origin we do not know, we owe the wonderful ruins which have for
centuries stood undisturbed in the heart of primeval forests, shrouded
in the mystery of ages.

Halfway up the stairway stand large show cases containing beau-
tiful specimens of tatooed skins from Patagonia, war implements,
beadwork, and skins from the Strait of Magellan. In the upper hall
Brazil shows a fine collection of the war costumes and war imple-
ments of the various tribes of the country. Here we see also a very
curious circular hut, built of logs, from the Tierra del Fuego.

To the left we enter a handsome lofty hall, some 150 feet in length
and lighted by eight stained-glass windows. Here the collections of
smaller articles, handiwork of the past, are admirably arranged and
displayed to the greatest advantage in large show cases.

Mexico has by far the largest and most complete exhibit — rare and
valuable curios representing the ancient arts and industries of that
wonderfully interesting country, being set forth in 25 or more hand-
some cabinets. We see first the beautiful and artistic pottery of
every shape and kind; hundreds of clay figures of various sizes, from
the ancient Kingdom of Tonala, in the State of Guadalajara; some
30 or more small figures in clay and wax, representing with wonder-
ful perfection of detail, the various street types; a large collection of
grotesquely sculptured pieces of stone found at Coatepec; curious
glazed pottery from Cholula, and rich embroideries and cloths of
ancient weave.

Two cases contain facsimiles of ancient Mexican manuscripts, the
originals of which are in various European museums. The most
interesting work here is a copy of the Codex Borgia, with its curious
picture \^TÍting in brilliant colors. The Mexican text looks like a
collection of pictures, with grotesque caricatures in gaudy colors, and
we have here an excellent opportunity of studying these ancient
pages, which when folded form volumes of moderate size. Several

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CAST OF TLALOC, THE GOD OF RAIN, AT THE TROCA DÉRO IN PARIS.

The original was discovered in the ruins at Chichen Itza. Yucatan. Replicas of this antiquity
may also be seen in the leading museums of the Americas.

SCULPTURED GRANITE SEAT FROM ECUADOR, AT THE TROCADÉRO IN PARIS.

Lying between the Aztec civilization to the north and that of the Incas to the south, Ecuadorian art
seemed to develop along lines peculiarly its own, and the famous "seats" sculptured from solid
pieces of granite found m the Province of Manabi are unlike relics discovered elsewhere in South
America.

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524 THE PAX AMERICAN UNION.

of these are the work of Mrs. Zelia Nuttall, who has copied the rare
and ancient manuscripts with such wonderful accuracy.

The exhibits of smaller articles from other countries consist of a
larpje collection of ^aceful funeral urns and an extensive assortment
of larj^e and curiously carved arrow heads from Argentina; him-
dreds of statuettes and odd glazed pottery from Colombia; beauti-
ful feather and bead work and pottery from Ecuador; carved wood,
feather work, and ceramics from the Guianas; a collection of hand-
somely carved '^juacales" or drinking cups fashioned from coconut
shells. These are made and used by the Indians of Guatemala, and
thus collection was presented to the museum by Monsieur Langlade,
at one time French consul to that country. Lower Peru shows an
unusual assortment of artistic pottery — many of the pieces being
black in color and fashioned to represent monkeys, birds, and fish.
Basket work and clay figures make up the exhibit from Venezuela.

Do^Ti the center of the long hall, on separate pedestals, are the
larger and more unique objects — the most curious of which are sev-
eral mummies. One is from Comatlan, State of Oaxaca, Mexico;
another was found in the Piedra Grande Mountains near Chacha-
poyas, in the Department of Amazonas, Peru, and a third, the skele-
ton of a woman, discovered in a tomb of the Inca period, at Ancon,
in the Department of Lima, Peru. The weird, grotesque figures are
especially well preserved and are unusual in that they are so doubled
up that they appear to be sitting or squatting.

I'uder glass stands a porphyry statue of Quetzalcoatl, the prin-
cipal Toltec divinity, a gift to the museum of Mr. Piene Lorrillard,
and directly in front of it is a stone idol, grotesquely representing a
Toltec chief. Attention is called to two curiously shaped granite
chairs, or seats, which were discovered near Manta, in Ecuador,
and to two vasos, the most artistic and graceful objects in the room.
One is a terra-cotta uni found in a grotto at St. Sebastian, near
Cuzco, Penj; the other a large vase beautifully decorated in relief,
which comes from Lake Titicaca. The most unique object, how-
ever, among all these treasures is without doubt a skull, wonderfully
carved from a solid piece of rock crystal. It is supposed to have
been a pendant on the mantle of the statue of Huitzilopochtli, the
War God of the ancient Mexicans.

The L^nited States is represented in this hall only by several
figures of Indians in native costumes and one or two cases containing
beadwork and some stone implements found in southern California.

We pass now into the second large hall, where we find an interesting
collection of miscellaneous objects. The upper half of the wall is
artistically fresroed with scenes from Peru, Mexico, and the United
States. The lower half is covered with maps and bas-reUefs from the
ruins of Copan, Palenque, and Quirigua. A copy of the great calendar

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526 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.

stone occupies the center of the wall and just below stands a cast
representing Tlaloc, the God of Rain. A huge monolith from Teoti-
huacan, Mexico, towers beside a copy of the Great Sun Stone which
was found in 1790 in Mexico City and which is preserved in the
National Museum there. The most interesting of the other larger
casts are those of the sanctuary of the Temple of the Sun at Palenque,
and a part of the main stairway, showing the curious carving which
adorns each step. There is one piece of genuine stone bas-rehef
from Tiahuanacu. A large case contains 39 beautiful urns dug
from graves at Ancon and Chaucay in the Department of Lima,
Peru. Xear by stands a colossal stone Chicha vase, also from Lima,
and a large stone monkey from Amazonas, Peru. At the end of the
hall is a boat from the Orinoco River. This is hewn from a solid
log and fitted with curious wooden sails.

Several relief maps show the explorations at Tula and Teotihuacan
carried on by the expeditions which were sent by the State in 1880,
under the direction of M. Desire Charnay, the traveler and ex-
plorer. Many of the museum's treasures were brought back by
the members of these exploration parties. Another map shows a
paeblo of Tegua, northeastern Arizona, a gift of the Smithsonian
Institution and a reproduction of the homes of the cliff dwellei-s.

It would be wearisome to the reader to go over in detail the contents
of this museum, and this is only a rapid and superficial survey of the
interesting and valuable treasures gathered here for the benefit of
stadent and tourist, and as we walk through these halls we get the
impression that they are be'ng faithfully guarded by the 22 life-
sized figures clothed in the beautiful and gayly colored costumes of
the native tribes of the various countries of the New World.

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A CASCADE IN BRAZIL

A SHOWER of molten silver falling into a caldron of pitch!
Such was the simile that forced itself upon my mind
when standing behind the waterfall of Herval. This re-
markable cascade drops over a sheer precipice 400 feet
high, the water falling so far out from the rock that one is enabled
to walk along a ledge and stand beliind the falling water and gaze
through it down into the abyss below, black from being inclosed by
hills and slimy from the spray of the fall.

Staying a few^ days at Hamburgo-Berg, in the State of Rio Grande
do Sul, and being in the vicinity of the fall, I decided to make the
journey to it, and went by rail to Sapyranga, 16 kilometers north on
the railroad line connecting Porto Alegre with Taquara. At the
hotel where I had my morning meal, which consisted of the inevita-
ble, but nevertheless well-prepared, rice, eggs, and feijão, or black
beans, I made some inquiries as to the distance of the fall and the
difficulty of reaching it. I was variously informed by different
authorities that it was 2 leagues, 4 leagues, four hours' journey on
horseback, seven hours' journey on foot, an interminable distance,
and not far. The traveler in the interior of Brazil soon learns to
regard the information he gets from the country people ^vith con-
siderable caution, and will find in its bewildering unreliability a
source of amusement. Armed mentally with the valuable knowledge
of the road I had obtained from the good people of Sapyranga, and
fortified physically by the excellent almoço I had gotten at the hotel,
I started off on foot, not caring to risk my expensive photographic
apparatus on horseback. Having spent some time in Japan with
rice as a principal article of diet, and remembering that the Japanese
rikisha runners are enabled to effect prodigies of endurance on a rice

' By Reginald Gorham.

527

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i'hotu^'raph by He^lMald (iorham.

THE CASCADE OF HERVAL, RIO GRANDE DO SUL, BRAZIL.

A shower of molten silver falling into a caldron of pilch. The remarkable falls drop over a precipice
of -100 feet high, the water falling far out from the rock.

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A CASCADE IN BRAZIL. 529

diet, I had reasonable hopes of reachmg the end of my interminable
journey before nightfall.

The visitor to Brazil who judges the country from a cafe on the
Avenida Central in Rio de Janeiro might think that the Brazil of the
story books exists no longer. A trip into almost any part of the
interior would soon prove his idea false; my road lay through a
beautiful mountainous district thickly clothed with tropical and
semitropical vegetation, royal palms and bananas being much in
evidence. Gorgeous butterflies, strange monkeys, and wild birds
excited my wonder at every moment, the most tropical in appear-
ance of the latter being the brightly colored parrots and the big-
billed toucans, their harsh cries resounding through the woods.
Now^ and then a clump of royal palms would half hide a dainty little
farm house; from time to time would pass along the road a ''carreta "
or rude mule cart, used in the interior; and Old Sol did his best to make
me realize that it was Brazil in reality by illuminating everything
with the intense brilliancy of his vertical rays.

Up and up and up I went, and after some time met an aged man
on the road. "Isto é o caminlio para a cascata, não é, senlior?" I
asked him. "Ich kann nicht verstehen. Kônnen sie nicht Deutsch
sprechen?'' was all the reply I got from him. Wliat an interesting
example of the thoroughness with which the German colonists have
established themselves in this part of BrazU !

At last I reached the summit of the road and was informed that
the hotel near the fall was only five minutes' walk down on the
other side; walking on for 15, I came to it, and, after arranging
for my stay overnight, joined a party of people who were about to set
out for the cascade. A scramble through the bushes brought us
to the ledge in the precipice nearly at the top of the fall. Through
the semidarkness of the trees we could see the large volume of
water falling, causing a weird effect through being itself in the bright
sunlight. Passing directly behind the waterfall we could look
downward nearly 400 feet and see the rocks and trees below sliining
with spray, which, being almost entirely inclosed by the waUs of
the gorge, remained in deep gloom. Followdng the path back of
the faU, a few minutes' scramble through the trees down the steep
cliff brought us to the bottom, whence a good view of the whole
cascade could be obtained. Although a good distance from the
fall itself, we were wetted through by the spray that filled the gorge
like steam- The impressiveness of the scene well repaid me my
arduous journey.

A project is under consideration for the utilization of the power
of this fall, and it is expected to supply electric energy to the dis-
trict between Porto Alegre and Taquara. A number of industrial
establishments are situated in this locahty, notably several machine

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530 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.

shops, and also in the to'\^Ti of Novo Hamburgo, two up-to-dat«
shoe factories, all of wliich could use electric power to advantage.

The fall seems to have no particular name beyond that of the
small village near which it is situated — Herval. This name is a
general one for the locahty, which is also known as the Thee Waild
in German, both names seeming to have reference to the yerba-
mate, which was at one time found there in abundance.

Between tlie small town of Sapyranga, the nearest point on the
railroad, and tlie waterfall, a distance of 25 kilometers, an excellent
road has been constructed by tlie State government, wliicli on the

Photo by Kotfliiuld üorhani.

BACK OF THE WATERFALL OF HERVAL.
On the right can be seen the narrow ledge in the cliff which it is necessary to pass to reach the foils.

day of my visit had been traversed by an automobile without anj-
difliculty. This road would appear to liave no httle object but
tliat of providing a ready means of reaching the fall, as in the whole
distance I passed less than a dozen scattered houses, and near the
fall itself there are only half a dozen besides the hotel. It comes
as a surprise to one to find a teleplione installed at the inn, such an
antiquated and lonely building. In many parts of the interior of
Brazil excellent long-distance teleplione services are in operation,
and the instruments will be found in the liomes of the humblest
inhabitants.

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A CASCADE IN BRAZIL. 531

My tri[) to Herval recalls to my mind an incident in connection
with it. Returning one evening in Hamburgo-Berg from a little
stroll, I was overtaken by a sudden shower of rain, and to avoid
getting wet took shelter in front of a house by the wayside. A voice
from the interior of the house invited me to enter, and a moment
later I was being made welcome with true Brazilian courtesy by the
aged couple who inhabited it. On learning that I was on a visit from
the States they took quite an interest in me, and the old lady hustled
out of the room, and in a minute came back bearing one of her most
treasured possessions to show me. It was a card bearing the name of
Charles Page Bryan, envoy extraordinary and minister plenipoten-
tiary of the United States of America. Tt appeared that he had
accidentally been in the same house seven or eight years previously,
and the couple had carefully preserved his card ever since, remember-
ing his visit as if it had been the day before. I got to be quite friendly
with the old people right away, and they spoke in such glowing terms
of the great waterfall that I was thereby induced to make the
excursion.

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"AN UNKNOWN PEOPLE IN
AN UNKNOWN LAND.'" :.

OF all the remarkable books tliat have recently been written
dealing with primitive and unusual conditions in the
remote interior and Uttle-known sections of South America,
perhaps none excels in vital interest and ethnological value
the work published under the above title. It is the narrative of the
actual experiences and observations of a remarkable man, picturing
in simple, untechnical language 20 years of liis life spent under
extraordinary conditions among a primitive, unci\àlized, and from
our viewpoint, barbarous people.

In many respects the book resembles the work of that eminent
German explorer and etlmologist, Dr. Koch-Grünberg, in his Zwei
Jahre unter den Indianern, and what he accomplished in enlightening
the world relative to the customs, mpdes of Ufe, morals, superstitions,
and actual conditions of the hitherto unknown tribes of Indians
inliabiting the region between the Rio Negro and Yapura River in
Brazil, that has Mr. Barbrooke Grubb succeeded in doing relative to
the Indians of the ''Gran Cliaco.''

The fact that the former is a scientist, trained to close study and
ol)servation, whose sole purpose was to add to the sum of human
knowledge relative to primitive man; while Mr. Grubb is a missionarj'^
with whom tlie ethnological study of tlie people with whom he lived
was incidental and subsidiary to his efforts to improve their spiritual
condition and to make converts to his religion, must not be lost sight
of. Allowance being made for this difference in the training, prepa-
ration, and purpose of the two men, one is inclined to think tliat the
work of Mr. Grubb is fully as remarkable and deserving of even more
credit tlian that of the great German explorer.

Tlie Gran Cliaco is the name given to an immense alluvial plain
wliich Hes in the interior of South America, west of the Parana and
Paraguay Rivers, i^nd extending from the southern part of BoUvia
through Paraguay and into northern Argentina. It comprises an
area of over 200,000 square miles and except some of the settlements
along the rivers and near the extreme boundaries of the region, is
inhabited and practically under the domination of the descendants of

1 An Unknown People in an Unknown Land. An Account of the Life and Customs of the Lengua Indians
of the Paraguayan Chaco, with Adventures and Experiences during Twenty Years' Pioneering and Explo-
rations amongst them. By W. Barbrooke Grubb. Edited by II. T. Morrey Jones, M. A. (Oxford). With
60 ilhistratious and a map. Third Edition. London. Seely, Ser\'ice & Co. (Ltd.), No. 3S Great Russell
S treet, 191 1 . Price, 5 shillings.

532

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C ourt^sy of Seeley ¿t Co. ^Ltcl. ». London.

MR. W. BARBROOKE GRUBB,

The author of ''An Unknown People in an Unknown Uand," who has spent 21 years of his life in mis-
sionary work among the Indians of the Gran Chaco. His remarkable work has gained for him the title
of " Pacificator of the Indians," and he is now regarded as the greatest living authority on Indian life
in this little-known section of South America.

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534 THE PAX AMERICAN UNION.

the Indian tribes who dwelt there when Juan de Solis discovered the
great estuary of the Rio de la Plata in 1506 and with whom Sebastian
Cabot came in contact when, in 1526, he discovered the Parana and
Paraguay Rivers.

The remarkable contrast offered between Üie civilization to be
found on the east bank of the Paraguay River and the primitive,
uncivilized conditions which still obtain on the west bank in the
Chaco region is thus graphically depicted in the opening chapter of
Mr. Grubb^s book:

At night on the Chaco bank may be seen the half-naked forms of Indians as they
move to and fro in the flickering light of their camp fires which but dimly illuminate
their rude shelters, standing in a clearing in the dark forest which forms a background.
The painted faces and plumed heads of these savages enhance the weirdness of the
scene. The sounds which greet the ear are equally barbarous. A low droning chant
may be heard, accompanied by the rattle of goiu'ds, and broken only too often by the
shrill cry of pain when a child, perhaps, has been cruelly murdered, and the women's
voices are raised in lamentation. Yet from this bank at the same moment may be
plainly heard the loud shriek of the siren of a large Brazilian passenger steamer as she
nears the port of a Paraguayan town just across the river, with the bright rays of her
electric light streaming from her saloons and decks, and the twinkling lights of the
town dotted along the opposite bank easily distinguishable in the distance. ♦ ♦ ♦

On the eastern bank of the River Paraguay we find large, modem cities with a civi-
lization, in many cases, far in advance of some of our European towns. It is strange
indeed that, with only a few miles dividing them, you see on the one bank primitive
man as he was centuries ago, and on the other the highly-cultivated European, both
equally ignorant of the life of the other. It seems almost incredible that, for nearly
four generations, civilization and Christianity have sat facing barbarism and heathen-
ism, and yet have stood wholly apart. No great and impassable barrier has di\aded
the two; on the contrary, the crossing from one bank to the other is simple, and, even
under the most unfavorable circumstances, a matter of only a few hours. One of the
finest lines of river steamers has been plying far up the course of the River Paraguay
for many years, and communication has been regularly maintained between Europe
and these regions.

It was in 1889 that Mr. Grubb, then a young man of 23 years, was
sent to the Chaco by the South American Missionary Society. A
small temporary station had been established among the Lengua
Indians at Riacho Fernandez, an island in the Paraguay River about
30 miles north of Villa Concepción, by Adolpho Henrickson, an
earlier missionary who had died from exposure. It was at this sta-
tion that Mr. Grubb made his first stand and acquired a very limited
knowledge of the Indian language. Regarding the plan of civiHzing
the tribes and winning over to Christianity the few individuals who
could be attracted to this place, as impracticable, the young mission-
ary set out early in 1890, alone and practically unarmed, for the
interior, notwâtlistanding the warnings and pleadings of the Para-
guayans and Europeans who knew of the dangerous character of the
various tribes of the Cliaco. Several comparatively recent exploring
expeditions had ended disastrously, in some instances whole parties

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Courtesy of Seeley & ( -o. (Ltd.). London.

INDIAN STALKER DISGUISED AS A CLUMP OF FOLIAGE.

When bunting the ostrich the Chaco Indians disguise themselves by
placing leaves and branches of palm trees on their heads and shoulders,
or in an anthill country, a bunch of creepers, such as crowns the top
of ever>- anthill. They thus creep and sometimes back to within easy
range of their quarry. ' Similar disguises are employed in hunting lhe
deer. Among the game found in the Chaco region are wild pigs of two
varieties— the smaller and larger "peccare;" the great anteater,
specimens of which have been known to measure 7 feet from snout to
tail; the tapir, maned wolf, armadillo, carpincho (river pig), nutria,
otter, iguana, the puma, and finally the most dangerous of the deri-
lens of the forest— the jaguar. In the hunting of the latter it is not
unusual for the Indians to have many of their dogs killed, and occa-
sionally even a hunter is the victim.

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536 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.

having been annihilated. Dr. Creveaux, the celebrated French
explorer, who had entered the territory from Bolivia with a party of
14 men, had met his death at the hands of the Indians, only one boy
having escaped to tell the tale. Ibareta and a party and also Boggiani
had made explorations, the former along the River Pilcomayo and
the latter in the northern Chaco region, and both parties had been
massacred. Tales of terrible cruelty and barbarism on the part of
interior tribes were told, but with that peculiar zeal and utter dis-
regard for personal danger often characteristic of the youthful
missionary, Mr. Grubb adhered to liis plan and eventually penetrated
far into the interior and began his extraordinary life.

At first he met with distrust and suspicion and it was probably
only througli his tact and courage and wonderful insight into the
Indian character tliat he escaped death. His absolute fearlessness,
his trust in their good will, evidenced by his coming and going
amongst them alone and unarmed, seems to have first aroused their
wonder and probably their superstitious belief in his superior powers,
and as time went on his clean life and fair dealing, his participation in
their hardships and iiis sympathy in their sorrows and help in their
times of need, won their friendship and trust and they began to
regard him as one of their own people and invested him with aU the
power and influence of a chief. It was thus that he was enabled to
study tlieir inmost lives, their customs, their superstitions and reh-
gious beliefs, and after once gaining their confidence he was enabled
to appeal to their better nature and their reason and succeeded in
disabusing their minds of many superstitious fears and the barbarous
customs which had resulted therefrom. His work and that of the
otlier members of tlie mission who subsequently joined him has been
wonderful, and is still going on, so that now Mr. Grubb is called the
'^Pacificator of the Indians.'' In summarizing the work he says:

''Where formerly it was dangerous for a white man to go without
an armed party, anyone can now wander alone and unarmed, so far
as any risk from the Indians may be apprehended, over a district
rather larger than Ireland. In a country where 15 years ago there
were no tracks otlier than Indian footpaths resembling sheep tracks
at home, now about 450 miles of cart road have been made in order
that the mission bullock carts might readily traverse the country.
Wliere formerly tribal war was common, peace has reigned for many
years over a district as large as Ireland and Scotland combined.

''Only ten years ago it would have been impossible for any one to
establish an estancia (cattle ranch) in the interior. The wire fences
would have been cut and the cattle stolen and killed, and it is highly
probable that those tending them would also have run great personal
risk. Through the direct instrumentality of the Mission a large
English company, with its headquarters in London, has now been

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Courtesy of Seeley A Co. (Ltd.). London.

LENGUA WOMAN SPINNING WOOL.

After the wool is washed and blenched, all knots and Irregularities are picked out.
The fleece is then teased out into a long hank, which is wound around the
right wrist and passed over the forefinger. A portion is regulated to a certain
thickness, and tnen attached by a knot to a spindle — a thin, straight piece of
hard wood, the pointed end of which is passed through a small gourd. The
strand of wool between the forefinger and the knot is spun by giving the
spindle a sharp twist and allowing it to turn in the air or on a smooth pigskin,
the woman meanwhile removing all irregularities until an even thickness is
obtained. She repeats the process until her spindle is full. After the spun
thread has been woimd into a ball for convenience, two or more strands are
respun to the required thickne^.

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538 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.

establLslied at a point more than 10 leagues in the interior, where they
possess 25(),()()0 acres of land, and employ Indians, together with
Paraguayans, as cowboys, and in fencing and transport work.''

To the layman, liowever, interested in the study of primitive man,
the paramount interest of the book Hes in the detailed descriptions
given by the author of the modes of life, occupations, superstitions,
and religious beliefs of the people with whom he lived, many of whom
had never seen a white man before Mr. Grubb came among them.
In dealing with their modes of life and their environment the author
gives us such graphic and interesting pictures as the following:

The Indian is perfoctly suited to his environment ; even his picturesque costume and
the ornamental painting with which he adorns his body is in perfect harmony with
his surroundings. The colors blend so beautifully that there is no doubt whatever
that the Indian has, in a very great degree, the idea of fitness and harmony. In order,
therefore, to depict the country in which he lives, let us take one or two localities as
illustrations, and try, by means of a few word pictures, to present some tj'pical scenes
to the reader's eye.

The first is an Indian village, situate on a piece of open land. At a little distance
to the north flows a sluggish river, the current so slight as to be almost imperceptible.
The banks are thickly covered with weeds, bulrush and papyrus rising high above
the rest, and dense masses of floating water lilies spread out at the roots of trees.
Dark tree trunks, which have drifted down in flood time, rise here and there out of
the water like huge, ugly reptiles. The stream, which is in reality about 50 feet
wide, can only be recognized by a little clear water free from weeds in the center,
('lose to the bank is a fringe of palm trees, which rear their tall branchless stems 40
feet or more into the air, crowned by a single head of green, fanlike leaves. The
remains of last season's brilliant green crowns droop below in a cluster of dead leaves.
A few shady trees are dotted here and there, which form a welcome contrast to some
headless palms and dead stumps — killed by the destructive palm beetle. On these
gaunt stems lazy waterfowl are perched, calmly viewing the scene around them.
In the water an occasional splash is heard as a sluggish fish jumps at a water insect
or seeks to escape fn>m a fierce foe beneath. Here and there what seems a dead black
log is visible, but what in reality is an alligator asleep or slowly moving among the
reeds. * * *

The Indian village clost» at hand consists of two lines of the most primitive dwellings
imaginable, constructed simply of boughs of trees fixed into the ground, w-hieh are
interlaced together and covered with grass and palm leaves loosely thrown on. This
rude shelter keeps out the torrid rays of the sun, and to some extent the tropical
rains. Little space is allowed to the family sheltering beneath. The furniture con-
sists of a few household utensils of the most primitive description, and skins, which
serve as seats by day and beds by night. The simple weapons of the savage rest near,
or are stuck into the grass roof above. The houst»hold fires of wood smoulder a yard
or so in front of each shelter. Women sit here and there gently swinging a baby in
its string hammock or industriously spinning. One is to be seen seated at a loom,
made of four branches of a tree, weaving a blanket for the master of the house. The
other women sit in little groups, passing round the pipe, and gossiping over the news
of the day.

There is nothing sad or dull in this little assembly; with bright, cheerful faces
they are enjoying their simple life perhaps more keenly for the moment than their
more highly cultivated and civilized sisters. Two or three old men are about; one of
extreme age is sitting cross-legged on his mat, apparently thinking of nothing.

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'' AN UNKNOWN PEOPLE IN AN UNKNOWN LAND." 539

Troublesome stinging flies are buzzing round his naked body, which he occasionally
flicks off with a piece of hide fastened to the end of a thin stick, which enables him
to reach those which try to settle on remote parts of his back. A few children — very
few, it must be admitted — disport themselves around the booths in nature's garb.
As it is midday, the few sheep and goats are resting here and there in the shade lazily
chewing the cud. The men and lads are out hunting, some in the forest for the honey,
of which the people are so fond, and which they collect in skin bags — comb, larvœ,
young bees, and all. Others are out on the great ant-hill plain in pursuit of the

t'ourHwy òrseeley dt Co. «Ltd.). London.

SECTION OF A LENGUA WOOLEN BLANKET.

The loom upon which these blankets axe woven is of the most primitive description, formed by placing two
forked branches in the ground in an upright position. A crosspole is fixed in the forks above and another
is tied below near the ground, barely su íücient space being allowed for the ball of yam to pass underneath.
As the woman sits on the ground, she can iust reach to drop the ball of wool over the top pole and catch
it as it falls; she then passes it underneath ttie lower one, ana repeats the operation till the warp Ls flnlshed.
The threads are placed closely side by side, much care being taken in forming regular lines of colort»d
wool to produce the chosen pattern. The sliuttle Ls the ball of wool, which Ls passed between the warp
threads as far asean be conveniently reached. The woof thread is then battened down into place with a
short, smooth-pointe^ stick. This is done in sections of about 12 inches at a time, until the whole face
of the web has been traversed. On this crude loom a web of 7 feet 6 inches by 6 feet 6 inches can be
produced, into which various patterns of checks, circles, angles, designs in imitation of snake skins, etc.,
are skilliuUy woven.

ostrich or the deer, while the rest are to be seen in the distance by the river bank
with hook and line, the hand net, or the fish trap, and some even with bow and arrow,
seeking for the large fish that play in the shallow waters.

This pleasing picture of the simple life affords a momentary glance
at the pleasant features only of Indian life and the next description
shows the terrible conditions which prevail when an epidemic of

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540 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.

smallpox seizes upon a tribe. The picture now is horrifying in the
extreme. At lK»st these villages are but temporary aflFairs, and should
a death occur from any cause the fear of ghostly visitants drives the
people from the uncanny spot. The village is abandoned, the few
possessions are gathered together, the huts are burned, and a new
location is sought. The terror that haunts the Indians by day and
by night is that of the spiritual, the dread of demons, ghosts, and
witches, and these imaginary fears play a large part in making them
nomadic, although other material considerations also force them to
wander from place to place. The author writes:

The Indian is a noiuad, unable to remain long in any one place, for he is driven by
rasistleas forces from one part of the country to another. The seasons are never certain ;
for nearly two years at a stretch I have known \'ast regions almost waterless. Conse-
quently the game are compelled to seek in distant parts for the little water that is
left, and the Indian perforce must follow it. Gardens cease to produce harvests, the
swamps and rivers are dry and fish are unobtainable. Various kinds bury themaelves
deep in the mud at the approach of drought. Eggs are deposited, and not until
much-wished-for rains fall do they once more spring into life, multiply rapidly, and
teem as formerly.

In addition to the necessity of obtaining a livelihood, and the fears
of what to him becomes a haunted place, the spirit of restlessness is
fixed upon him by generations of the past and the inherited habit of
wandering.

And yet these people, without a habitation and a home, living the
crudest, simplest, hardest of lives, regarded as the lowest of barbarians
by the members of the white race who know of them, have a philosoph^^
of life and religious ideas which under the circumstances are marvelous.
Having Uved with them for 20 years and so far gained their confidence
as to be regarded as one of them, Mr. Grubb had every opportunity
to famiharize himself with every phase of Indian thought, for he had
learned their language and was preacliing the Gospel to them in their
own tongue. His chapter deahng with their rehgion is of absorbing
interest and ends with the following summary:

The Indian's idea, therefore, is briefly this, that there was an original First Cause,
a Creator who planned and made everything, but that he now takes no part in the
governance of the universe, and, therefore neither rewards nor punishes.

The Indian appears to be a believer in simple and natural laws only. He believes
that a man prospers and is happy in this life and the next in so far as he abides by thes*
natural laws, and that he suffers and is punished when he infringes them. To a certain
extent this is very true — heaven and hell are of man's own making. The Indian, of
course, has no idea of a fall from primitive purity or of an atonement for sin — that is,
an atonement made by some perfect being on behalf of the imperfect — and no idea of
the resurrection of the body.

He regards the soul as immortal; in fact he can not conceive the possibility of man's
personality ceasing to exist. The after life is to him simply a continuation of the
present, only in a disembodied condition. He does not regard the future life as a
greater, happier, and better existence, nor has he any knowledge of a future state of

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ií

AN UNKNOWN PEOPLE IN AN UNKNOWN LAND." 541

punishment following on an evil life led in the body. He regards the body as the only
means by which the soul can really enjoy itself, and he has little, if any, idea of intel-
lectual or spiritual enjoyment. He accordingly does not view the life after death with
any real pleasure, for to him life in the disembodied state will be dull and void. But,
on the other hand, as suffering to the Indian means practically only physical suffering,
80 in the afterlife, although he will be debarred from pleasure, yet he will also escape
from much, if not all, of the pain, sorrow, and trouble which attend him in the present.

Holding as he does that the Creator takes no interest in the affairs of man, he naturally
renders Him no worship; in fact, he worships nothing; and his efforts are confined to
avoiding the consequences of evildoing on earth and to warding off the malignan l
kilyikhama (spirits), who, he holds, are continually seeking to mar his happiness.

The Indian, like men of other races, possesses the ordinary natural instincts — ^love
for his friends, parents, and children, sympathy with others in distress and in trouble,
and the like. Beyond this his object in life is to gratify his desires as far as possible
without getting himself into trouble.

What a pity that such a plam, simple, practical working philosophy
of life should be marred by the dread of demons, spirits, devils, and
gimilar superstitions.

Another remarkable feature of Indian hfe in the Chaco, which,
according to Mr. Grubb, has had much to do with their degeneration,
is their economic and social system. The features of this system as
it has existed among them for at least 400 years are summarized as
f oUows :

The land belongs to the people generally, and no Indian, not even a chief, has any
direct claim to any part of it over his fellows. No Indian is encouraged to have more
possessions than his neighbor. Their flocks feed on the common pasture, and they
only lay claim to their gardens while actually cultivating them.

The natural products of the country, such as game, honey, wild fruits, fish, and fire-
wood, are the conmion property of all, and native law enjoins the widest hospitality.

Every man is supposed to hunt. There is no such thing as a leisured class, not even
among chiefs. There are really no social distinctions, the chiefs only holding rule
when it is for the conmion good, such as in time of war.

There is no law of inheritance. The clan is to a great extent as responsible for the
children as the parents themselves; and the education and maintenance of the chil-
dren are tribal matters rather than parental. Children are supposed to have as much
liberty as possible.

As far as law goes there is very little restriction in marriage.

The aged must be kept at the expense of the community, as also the sick and dis-
abled.

Competition in the way of one man^striving lo riee^superior to his fellow man,[to rule
over others or to better himself at their expense, is strongly discouraged and almost
nonexistent.

Those who have been traveling, and therefore not able to produce crops, or those
who for any other reason have no means of subsistence for the time being, have a
claim on the conmiunity.

Passing from this summary to fuller details the author endeavors
to show how four centuries of their peculiar social system have
affected the Chaco Indians.

There is among them as much diversity of ability, strength, and eneigy as amongst
other people; but the able agriculturist who could, if he would, acquire a large and
83664— Bull. 4—13 5

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('iMirt<'\\ of S«'rle\ iV (■<». (I.iil.>. London.

WOMEN DANCEKS AT A "YANMANA."

Ono inlerostinp íoatiire» of Chaco Inrlian life is the holding of periodic feasts. One oí these, the
*' Yanmaiia." is i^onnected with the cominR of age of a girl, and is described by Mr. Gntbb as
follows: "The girl sits in a specially constructed booth with one or two girl eompuiioiis. She
is gaily ornamented, and for lho first time adopts the longer skirt of the womean. She ceases at
this feast to be a child . The women dance by therasolves. each holding a long cane with a bunch
of dwr's hoofs t ied at the top. These they strike on the ground, producing a loud jangling sound,
marking time to a chant. Forming themselves Into a ring, they keep a regular step as thoy
circle round. An old woman in the center rattles her cane and keeps step with the others, chant-
ing with them, but In a louder tone. She goes through many strange contortions of the body,
at times pretending to tear out hor own hair. The men also form into circles, each holding a gourd
filled witti seeds and small shells, which they rattk), keeping time to a chant. The boys, dressed
in ostrich plumes, wear masks to represent evil spirits, and, running one behind the other, move
in and out among the crowd iingling bunches of hoofs, and from time to time uttering prolonged
shrill cries. When they circle round near the girl the women drive them off.

Courtesy of SeoU'v * C'«». (Ltd.». London.

A SEARCH EXPEDITION.

Exploring expeditions into the Chaco district, owing to the antipathy of the Indians to all foreigners,
have been attended bv great danger. Some time after the advent of Mr. Grubb into the Charo
mission field an expeà ilion to the River Pilcomayo was organized under the leadership of the
explorer Ibareta. Nothing being heard from the expedition for some months, a searching party
was sent out to attempt to find traces of the explorer, and the picture shows this partv on the
march to the River Pilcomayo. No traces were found, and subsequently it was teamed that only
two members of the Ibareta party escaped with their lives.

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*'an unknown people in an unknown land." 543

productive plantation by his own efforts, who by thrift and industry could maintain
his own family and dependents comfortably, refuses, in obedience to the socialistic
law, to work for the support of others of whom he does not approve. Accordingly
he produces no more than is absolutely necessary for present needs. He never eaves
anything against the day of adversity, because others are not doing the same, and
therefore if he had a store in reserve the thriftless would step in and share it with
him. The clever hunter can bring in abundance of game, but he sees no use in unduly
fatiguing himself and is content with supplying his own immediate needs and the
wants of those whom he desires to help. The natural result is that the Indian, in
course of generations, has become thriftless, lazy, selfish, and has lost to a great extent
all kind feelings for those outside his own immediate circle.

To prove the truth of his coDclusions the author gives numerous
concrete examples illustrating the Indianas viewpoint, such as the
following:

I once urged a strong and capable Indian to use the land which he had under
cultivation to better advantage. He agreed that the soil was good and that with
comparatively little more effort he could treble the amount of produce. He also
admitted that he understood well how to preserve his maize and other products, and
thereby secure himself against hunger, and even against the short rations which cause
the Indian much suffering for a considerable part of the year. But he argued that
it would not benefit him if he were to do so. He mentioned several of his clansmen
and bade me look at their tiny gardens, saying: "If I grow large crops, these men
would grow still less, and according to our custom they would become my uninvited
guests, and the surplus over and above what I now have would go to them instead of
my family. Were I to gamer my crops and keep them for a time of scarcity, these
men would not exercise equal thrift, and knowing that I had a stock they would call
upon me.**

The Indians build miserable dwellings, small, cramped, and affording very insuf-
ficient shelter, and yet when employed by us to build a hut on native lines for our-
selves, they can speedily make a very satisfactory one. WTien I rebuked them for
not making better shelters for themselves, they replied: "If we built a large and
roomy hut, others would claim our hospitality in bad weather. Why, therefore,
should we exert ouraelvas to save others the trouble?"

To the disciples of Karl Marx and our modern socialistic reformers
we leave the refutation of Mr. Grubb's argument against socialism as
it works out in practice. The chapter in his book entitled *' Indian
SociaUsm" may give them some food for thought.

The author deals with the arts and industries of the Chaco Indians
in a detailed and most interesting manner. Hunting and fish»ng are
the chief occupations of the men, not in tbe way of pleasing pastimes
but for the sake of procuring food. Gardening is carried on to a lim-
ited extent, the principal products being pumpkins, sweet potatoes,
maize, mandioca, and tobacco. Suitable soil is found only in small
patches, and the extremes of drought and floods make large crops
impossible, while ants, locusts, and other insects add to the difTicul-
ties of agriculture. The women are engaged in spinning and weaving
blankets, making nets, hammocks, etc., and, considering their primi-

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544 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.

tive appliances, accomplish remarkable results. As to their dress the
author writes:

The only gannent worn by a woman is a skin petticoat, except in the very cold
weather, when she wraps her whole body in a large mantle, made by sewing together
a number of skins, either of the nutria (a species of otter), sheep, email deer, or fox,
wearing it with the hair>' side next to the body. The petticoat is sufficiently large to
reach one and a half times around the hips, and falls to a little below the knees. The
double fold runs down the front, and a woolen belt serves to fasten it. In the rough
conditions of Indian life these skirts, being washable, are particularly serviceable
garments and wear for many years. They are made from the skins of goats, sheep,
or the smaller deer, and the longer they are worn the softer they become.

The man's only garment is a blanket made of wool, the manufacture
of which is probably the most elaborate and tedious task of the wife.
In some instances four months are consumed in the production of
one blanket, but when finished it is quite a work of art.

The feasts, dances, and various kinds of celebrations are all vividly
described by the author, who in fact gives the reader faithful pictures
of every phase of Indian life and evinces such knowledge of these
interesting people as could be attained only in the many years he
dwelt with them.

An attempt by one of his trusted Indian helpers to murder Mr.
Grubb was almost successful. He was left for dead by his assailant,
alone in an immense forest, but with remarkable fortitude succeeded
in forcibly extracting an arrow which had penetrated his lungs from
his back, and was finally found in a semiconscious condition by
friendly Indians, who cared for him until friends from the mission
could be notified. The Indians subsequently killed the would-be
assassin with their own hands to pumsh his crime.

The book, which bears on every page the convincing marks of
truth, the faithful portrayal of actual facts, is as interesting as a
delightful work of fiction, and it is with regret that the reader leaves
An Unknown People in an Unknown Land, for after its perusal he
feels as though these people were no longer unknown and that, like
Mr. Grubb, he has lived with them for many years.

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AMBASSADOR HERRICK'S
LUNCHEON TO HIS LATIN
AMERICAN COLLEAGUES '/

ON the occasion of the anniversary of Washington's Birthday
on February 22, 1913, Hon. Myron T. Herrick, the United
States Ambassador to France, tendered a delightfully
enjoyable luncheon at the embassy in Paris. There were
invited to this function the diplomatic representatives of the Ameri-
can Republics in France, the members of the United States embassy
staff, and a number of other prominent men.

For several years past these functions have taken place at Paris
and have been a splendid means of bringing together a distinguished
group of men representing all the Americas and interested in pro-
moting the coHMnon ties of friendship and better understanding
between their respective nations. No more fitting day could have
been selected by Mr. Herrick's predecessors who instituted this custom
than the birthday of Washington, whose life and history have been
an inspiration to nearly all the other American Republics and whose
leadership in the struggles for independence has been emulated by
the great and noble heroes of Latin America.

In welcoming his guests Ambassador Herrick said in part:

It gives me especial pleasure that you consented to honor me by becoming my
guests to-day, for the purpose of continuing a custom, the idea of which was so happily
conceived by my distinguished colleague, Mr. de Peralta, and my friend and prede-
cessor, Mr. Henry White.

Better acquaintance among our respective countries is resulting in a greater liking^
and a deeper mutual regard.

It seems most appropriate to assemble here in this French capital the representa-
tives of the countries of the Americas — ^from the South, from the Central, and from the
North — to observe the natal day of Washington, whose statues and monuments
erected in enduring marble and bronze grace the public places of an admiring and
appreciative people. For it is our privil^e to remember, on this day, the steadfast
sympathy and encouragement of France in all our striving for independent and free
Government.

Washington no longer belongs to one country. The power of his example has so
radiated and influenced the impulse of mankind that it has become an imperishable
legacy to people bom of many races. It is natural that we, of the Western Hemi-
sphere, should unite in this commemoration, since we are the direct inheritors and bene-
ficiaries of his vast achievement, which, viewed at this distance, seems to have been
of almost divine inspiration. What he did wrought a change in the spirit of man, and
marked an epoch in civilization. It was his clearness of vision which saw beyond

545

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rh(»tograi)h by Marrls-Kwing.

HON. MYRON T. HERRICK,

U. S. Ambassador to France, who entertained the Latin American diplomatic corps resident at Paris

on February 22. 1912.

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AMBASSADOR HERRICK's LUNCHEON. 547

space and time and which left us masters of our own destinies, free to follow independ-
ent courses of national existence.

We have also a common inheritance in the lives of Francisco de Miranda, Bolivar,
and San Martin.

The patriots of the countries of America, who fought unselfishly for freedom
implanted the enduring ideas and principles of self-government in the Western Hemi-
sphere which have now become our indestructible assets.

It was to be expected that the radical change in the method of the government of

people, as was inaugurated by our forefathers, would be fraught with long periods

. of unrest, agitation, and bloodshed. It seemed at times that free government was

destined to perish from the earth, but through the indomitable energy and spirit of the

people it is finally and surely conquering.

The period of our exclusiveness is rapidly passing. We are being brought into
closer intellectual and commercial relationship with the world, which is more and
more dependent on our stability. This fact is proving a substantial aid in the solu-
tion of some of our most perplexing domestic problems. With the opening of the
Panama Canal is coming a greater economic activity in our part of the world, evolving
new duties and new responsibilities, which we must soon assume. Our marvelous
natural resources, the development of which is only in the beginning, is now drawing
toward us, as never before, the attention and capital of the Old World. If we are to
grasp the opportunity, manifestly ours, to do a world's work — which shall be a blessing
to those of our time, and to those who shall follow us — yre must settle speedily and per-
manently, each country in its own way, the internal disorders which cause apprehen-
sion and alarm abroad and are the real obstacles to the final peace and order, presaging
a higher and more enduring civilization than the world has heretofore known.

These mutual understandings, common aspirations, and lai^er responsibilities
are broadening us, and taking us out of the narrow world of isolation where mischief-
makers are able to disturb and distract. Such an one has but recently appeared in
our midst, who, like a truant boy standing on tho shore, throws stones into the water
to trouble its tranquil surface. The best method of putting to rout these troublesome
people and of undoing their mischief, is betv^ acquaintance and better understanding
of each other^s motives and purposes.

For this reason, I want to read you a letter which I received from Mr. Root a few
days ago. It is in answer to one I had wiitten him upon having my attention called
to a speech he is alleged to have delivered in terms so contrary to the spirit of my
countrymen's feelings toward oiur sister Republics and so at variance with the senti-
ments he himself had expr?8sed on so many occasions, both at home and in the coun-
tries represented by many of you here, that I could not credit the truth of the utter-
ances attributed to him.

The Ambassador then read a communication received by him from
Senator Root, in whicji the latter denied in clear, strong, and une-
quivocal terms certain spurious articles which have been published
in some Latin American newspapers and purporting to be his utter-
ances. The ambassador's speech as well as Mr. Root's letter made
a deep and favorable impression upon the guests, and the toast
proposed by Mr. Herrick '^ to the memory of Washington, to the health
of the Presidents of the American Republics, and to the continued
prosperity of the countries under their guidance/' was enthusi-
astically received.

His excellency, Sr. Don Manuel M. de Peralta, the minister of
Costa Rica to France, responding in behalf of his diplomatic col-

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548 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.

leagues, made a felicitous address in Spanish of which the following
is a translation:

Mr. Ambassador: I have the honor to thank you on behalf of my Latin American
colleagues and for myself for the kind opportunity you have given us to observe with
you, as we did with your distinguished predecessors White and Bacon, the natal day
of that illustrious man, now deiñed by history and ranked among the famous makers
of nations.

Rightly do you call him the father of the country. There is not a man, not a i>eople,
not a State, not a race on our planet, that would not deem it honor and happiness to
call him father, son, brother, fellow-citizen.

From the Far East to the land of the setting sun, who does not know Washington?
Who does not admire his work?

What is the United States of America? What is that Republic, whose magnificent
area, whose wonderful progress within its natural limits would astonish even Rome —
the Rome of Octavio and the Antonys?

It is the work of Washington, strengthened and enriched by the wisdom of his
successors; ennobled by their reverent regard for the principles of justice and the tra-
ditions of honor, on which is based the splendid edifice of the American Union.

In Washington we celebrate and honor the father of American liberty, the faithful
guardian and keeper of the Constitution, the noblest example of personal disinter-
estedness, of political foresight, and of love of humanity, and we do not believe nor
can we believe nor admit that any of his successors could or would wish to identify
themselves willingly and knowingly with anything contrary to such principles and
to such traditions.

When your representative statesman, EUhu Root, as messenger of peace and friend-
ship, visited the Latin American Republics, everywhere he was enthusiasticaily
received, everywhere his words found a sympathetic echo and impressed upon every
mind the conviction that, as was said by one of your statesmen more than half a cen-
tury ago, "What the United States wants for Latín America is the happiness of its
people and free, stable, and progressive governments."

This conviction is to-day as deep and strong as it ever was, and Mr. Ambassador
you may assure your illustrious compatriot and our friend, Mr. Elihu Root, that the
false asserUons of an unscrupulous journalist have not left, nor do they merit to leave,
the slightest shadow in our mind.

But we shall remember with deep gratitude the intense indignation with which
Mr. Root, and you, Mr. Ambassador, denied the assertions and aflBrmed the sincere
and unswerving friendship which you profess for your sister Republics south of the
Rio Grande.

This friendship, sincerely and loyally reciprocated, will be even more close when,
the Atlantic and the Pacific oceans meeting and mingling to become one by the
opening of the Panama Canal, the commercial relations of both worlds shall find new
impetus, and you shall have made between them a new bond of indissoluble fmtemity .

Men imitate nature; and just as science and faith move mountains and draw the
seas together, so will they bring people closer together and dissipate the passing
clouds that at times obscure but never hide the course of the sun — the sun which will
shine forth with greater brilliance to light the pathways of civilization.

You have made reference, Mr. Ambassador, to the strong and steadfast sympathy
with which France has encouraged all our strivings to secure free and independent
government.

Let me remind you that Thomas Jefferson, the friend of Washington, his repre-
sentative, like you, in France, and his successor to the Presidency of the United
States, said that every man has two countries — his own and France.

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AMBASSADOR HERRICK's LUNCHEON. 549

Gentiemen, I propose the health of the President of the French Republic, and the
health of the Presidents of all the Republics of America.

Ambassador Herrick's guests to the luncheon were: Sr. Manuel
de Peralta, the minister in Paris of Costa Rica; Sr. F. Puga Borne,
the minister of Chile; Sr. Enrique Rodriguez Larreta, the minister of
Argentina; Mr. Nemours Auguste, minister of Haiti; Sr. Rafael de
^fiero, minister of Uruguay; Senhor Olyntho de Magalhães, minister
of Brazil; Sr. Hernando Holguin y Caro, minister of Colombia; Sr.
José Maria Lardizabal, chargé d'affaires of Guatemala; Sr. Melchor
Fernandez, chargé d'affaires of Cuba; Sr. Dorn y de Alsua, chargé
d'affaires of Ecuador; Sr. E. de la Fuente, first secretary of the Peru-
vian legation; Sr. Alcides Arguedas, secretary of the Bolivian legation;
Sr. Arosamena, attaché of the Panaman legation; Mr. Henry Vignaud,
honorary counsellor of the United States embassy; Mr. Robert Woods
Bliss, secretary of the United States embassy; Capt. Frank H.
Mason, United States consul general ; Commander Henry H. Hough^
naval attaché; Mr. Sheldon Whitehouse, second secretary of the
United States embassy; Mr. Lam^ence Norton, private secretary to
the United States ambassador; the Rev. Henry Watson; Mr. Elmer
Roberts; Mr. Wm. Philip Simms, and Mr. B. J. Shoninger.

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FOREIGN COMMERCE OF
THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC
FOR 1912" /. '.• /. V

A COMPREHENSIVE statement covering the foreign com-
merce of the Dominican Republic for the calendar year 1912
has just been received by the Bureau of Insular Affairs, War
I)e{)artment of the United States, prepared by the general
receiver of Dominican customs, Hon. William E. Pulliam. From it
The Bi'LLETiN is plea^sed to reproduce the following facts and figures
which reveal the steady increase in the progress and development of
that country:

Aygregate Dominican trade.

Value of importa and exporta, 1912 $20, 603, 146

Value of importa and exporta, 1911 17,945,208

Increa«<>. 1912 2,657,938

Contrary to the expectation expressed by many, a general political
disturbance which continued practically for the entire year, did not
cause a diminution of the country's trade, but in contrast the calendar
year 1912 surpassed all previous records, and there were substantial
increases in both branches — imports and exports. Such a develop-
ment in the face of adverse conditions can be accepted as the best
evidence of further ex{)ansion and future prospects. The value of
exports aggregated $12,385,248, representing a decided gain of $1,389.-
702 over the year immediately preceding. Imports carried a declared
valuation of $8,217,898, likewise a gain of $1,268,236 more than that
of 1911. As the figures indicate, and as has been in the past an es-
tablished feature of economic conditions in the Dominican Republic,
the balance of trade was decidedly in favor of the Republic, the differ-
ence being $4,167,350. The increases for the year were general, re-
lating alike to the princi{)al articles for export and also to the various
classes of merchandise which constitute the bulk of the import trade.
Of the country's four leading products^sugar, cacao, coffee, and to-
bacco -all but the last named were exported in larger quantities than
heretofore. An off year characterized the cultivation of tobacco,
which was marketed in smaller quantities, and the political troubles
doubtless had much to do with the decrease in the exportation of

» Values aro in United States currency.
550

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FOBEIGN COMMERCE OF THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC FOE 1912. 551

those raw materials, such as hardwoods, dyewoods, and beeswax, in
the handling oí which native labor is employed and native capital
largely interested. On the side of imports large increases were re-
corded in nearly all the important lines, particularly iron and steel
and manufactures thereof, which led with a total value of $1,626,800,
placing this class of articles for the first time in the history of the
Republic in the front rank of importations.

Building materials were purchased in much larger quantities to
meet the demand for numerous improvements under way at several
of the ports. An American concern which has undertaken to install
a S3rstem of electric light plants for the principal towns has its work
well underway, and for its realization imported a large amount of all
sorts of material and necessary apparatus.

The Dominican sugar industry has so increased that almost without
exception the various estates have enlarged and are continuing to
improve their plants by the introduction of the latest milling machin-
ery of greater capacity. The total value of such machinery imported
during the year was $721,473. An encouraging fact also to be
recorded is that agricultural implements were imported in larger
quantities than ever before, which can be accepted as an indication
of the effort made toward the material development of the country.
Those interested in the progress of the Dominican Republic appar-
ently have not been deterred by the unfortunate political disturb-
ances, but the observation is in order that the advance would still
have been much greater had there been nothing to mar the orderly
administration of governmental affairs and bring about the disrup-
tion of public peace. Plows, cultivators, improved machinery, im-
proved school furniture, and electric lighting suppUes are perhaps
better barometers of progress than the mere increase of business as
shown by figures.

AGGREGATE TRADE.

An analysis of the total annual trade discloses the fact that the
United States continued its commercial lead with the Dominican
Republic, its sales and purchases aggregating in value $12,374,607.
an amount which represented something more than 60 per cent of the
total, and a decided increase of $2,493,300 over the previous year.
The value of merchandise imported from and of products shipped to
the United Kingdom reached a total of $1,963,222, likewise an increase,
in amount $423,539 over 1911. In relative importance Germany
occupied second place, though the volume of its dealings was less than
in 1911. The German trade in 1912 was worth $3,402,335, a decUne
of $810,772 in comparison with 1911. The trade with France repre-
sented a value of $1,158,124, a loss of $136,037 compared with similar
transactions of the year before. Participation in the trade by other

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•DOMINICAN-REPUBLIC-

-COMMERCE -1912
♦20,603. 146,

Noh:.
PAN AMCKICAN UNION ¿"ports and impor f i of money nof included

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FOKEIGN COMMERCE OF THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC FOR 1912. 553

countries has never been on a large scale. Next in importance ranked
Spain, Italy, and Cuba, in the order named. With the neighboring
island of Porto Rico there is a regular but small trade movement, which
was much curtailed during the year on account of the presence of the
plague, which had the effect of enforcing a quarantine against the
steamers plying between ports of that island and Cuban and Domini-
can ports. Under the head of ' ^ Other countries " there was a vaulation
of $1,284,641, an increase of $724,776, explained by shipments of sugar
to Canada.

ECONOMIC CONDITIONS.

The increased volume of trade discussed above resulted in a new
record for customs collections. During the calendar year 1912,
$3,657,595.70 was the aggregate of customs returns, an increase of
$171,909.10, or a gain of nearly 5 per cent over 1911, which was the
largest previous year.

From imports alone collections yielded $3,328,082.75, an amount
much in excess of the entire annual collections of some previous years,
and from exports there was collected $237,461.76, a total of $3,565,-
544.51, constituting customs revenue proper as understood by the
tenus of the convention and on which the surplus division is made for
amortization purposes. The surplus available over the $3,000,000
mark was $565,544.51, one-half of which, $282,772.25, was made avail-
able and deposited to apply on the sinking fund. That amount, in ad-
dition to the $1,200,000 segregated and deposited in monthly install-
ments, represented a total of $1,487,772.25, which has been deposited
for interest payments and amortization of the Dominican bond issue,
and was by far the largest amount so appUed in any year since the
estabUshment of the receivership. On a percentage basis the amor-
tization fund received almost 2^ per cent of the principal, as against
the 1 per cent minimum provision of the convention. The effect of
the splendid collections of 1912, which were in continuation of the
trade expansion reported in other years, offers the suggestion that the
Dominican Government now is in a position to abolish all export duties
thus giving further impetus to the cultivation of the principal crops
of the country, and at the same time receive from imports alone a sum
sufficient to meet ordinary requirements of the Government operating
expenses and provide not only the minimum but increased amounts
for application on the national indebtedness.

No exportations of currency were reported during the year. The
declared value of importations of money was $385,443.

Facilities for exchange of commodities with the outside were in-
creased during the year by the opening of the port of La Romana, in
the Seibo Province, which point has been the scene of considerable
commercial and industrial activity within the past year and a half.

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554 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.

It is in the La Romana section that American capital recently
has been invested in sugar lands, thus opening up a new field for that
industry. The growing importance of the place is fully evident
from the marked activity which has characterized it, both in a
building line and the volume of its trade. Although the bulk of its
supplies was furnished by coastwise shipments, regular importations
commenced late in the year, with every indication that from now
on the demand will be such as to give La Romana a rank in advance
of some of the long-established ports. The American and Gorman
lines of steamships touching at Dominican ports have made La
Romana a regular port of call. Direct importations were on a small
scale to the close of the year, total value being $16,051. During the
one month of December exports valued at $10,170 were shipped
abroad.

Exports.

Sugar (raw).

Kilos.

Value.

1912

88.775,297

$5,841,357

1911

85, 630, 469

4.159.733

Incroasi»

3.144.828

1.681.624

While the exports of sugar for 1912 showed a gain of but 3,089
tons * over the year preceding, the prices reaUzed were greater, so
there was a difference in value of $1,681,624 more than for 1911. In
other words, while sugar exports increased at the rate of but 3 per
cent, the return for the product advanced by 40 per cent as com-
pared with the previous year. The production was curtailed by the
pohtical unrest prevailing throughout the country, causing some
difficulty in procuring labor, while the centrals in the Azua district
had not enjoyed the usual amount of water. As illustrating the
development of the sugar industry in the Republic, it may be stated
that since the year 1905 sugar exports have almost doubled. In
that year exports of the commodity amounted to 47,308 tons, as
compared with 87,205 tons for the year just closed. The area of
sugar lands under cultivation was largely extended during the year,
and it is safe to assume that under normal conditions the sugar
industry of the Republic will continue to exhibit the steady growth
which has characterized it for the past eight years.

Sugar exports constituted 47 per cent of the total value of exports
for the year, and almost all of same went to the United States, United
Kingdom, and Canada. Many of the shipments to American ports
were made subject to order for possible transshipment to European
markets.

Ï Calculations based on a ton of 2,240 pounds, or 1.018 kilos.

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556 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.

1912.
1911 .

Inoivase .

Kilos.

Value.

20,832.602
19.827,561

$4,248,724
3,902,111

1.005,041

346,613

Under unfavorable conditions cacao continued to exhibit the steady
increase which has marked the exports of this product during recent
years. Its value represented 34 per cent of all exports. During the
year just closed shipments showed a gain of 987 tons over 1911, while
prices were slightly better.

The United States took the bulk of the crop, 14,375,010 kilos, com-
pared with 9,230,878 kilos for 1911. To Germany went 3,624,627
kilos, or about half as much as that country purchased during the
year before; while 2,832,965 kilos were exported to France, as against
4,307,582 kilos in 1911. Earnest efforts are being made to improve
the present methods of drying the bean and preparing it for market
so that it may secure the full price its intrinsic merit should demand.

Tobacco. Kilos, ' Value.

1912 5,754,649 $670,337

1911 13, S31, 1S9 1,421,424

Decrease 8, 076, 540 751, 0S7

Tobacco showed a marked decline, and in this respect furnished a
contrast to other Dominican products. However, the shortage, due
to internal causes, is thought to be only temporary, and the proba-
bilities are that not only will the yield be increased, but more care
will be exercised in curing and assorting, thus improving the quality
and realizing better prices in the future. As in the past, almost all
of the leaf was sold in Germany, though France increased her pur-
chases. Although exports of manufactured tobacco appear small,
there were sent to the neighboring Republic of Haiti large quantities
of what is locally known as "andullos,^* a rolled and pressed leaf for
smoking, but its value appears under the head of leaf tobacco.

Coffee. ' Kilos. Vahie.

1912 2,259,147 $5(j6,l<î7

1911 1,735,394 319,142

Increase 523,753 i 247,025

While the gain in production was but 515 tons, or 30 per cent, in
comparison withjthe year preceding, the money value of the exported
crop increased by 77 per cent, or $247,025 for the same period. In
terms of pounds, the grower received an average price of 11 J cents, as

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FOREIGN COMMERCE OF THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC FOR 1912. 557

compared with 8^ cents for 191 1 , or an advance of about 3 cents. The
small increase in volume is due to the fact that throughout the entire
island the crop has been below the average, so the showing for the
country is considered very satisfactory.

The United States took 46 per cent of the entire crop, or 1,056,631
kilos, in comparison with 27 per cent of the crop and 475,934 kilos in
1911. Shipments to France represented 659,086 kilos, as against
905,087 kilos for 1911, or, in other words, France in 1911 took 52 per
cent of the crop, and in 1912 took but 29 per cent. To Germany was
shipped 391,174 kilos during 1912, as compared wâth 296,082 kilos
for 1911, or a proportional share of the crop amounting to 17 per cent
for each of the years in comparison. Italy received 134,990 kilos, as
compared wdth 41,529 kilos for the year preceding.

Hides and skins.

Kilos.

Value.

Goat skins:

1912

133,284
103,841

$97,181
79,542

19n

Increase

29,443

17.639

Cowhides:

19n

347,332
304,656

122,391

1912

104.303

Increase

42, 676

18.088

Both of these items showed substantial increases. Nearly all the
goatskins were sold in the United States. Germany was the principal
buyer of cattle hides. A large quantity of hides is tanned and used
locally in the manufacture of shoes. A shoe factory well established
at the capital imports the leather for the uppers, but tans its sole
leather. During the latter part of 1912 sharp competition on the
part of buyers of goatskins materially increased the price received by
the producer.

Wax. Kilos. Value.

1912 '. 266,801 *$Í48,700

1911 306,928 165.317

Decrease 40, 127 16, 617

A decline was recorded for beeswax in 1912. Nearly all of this
product is sold in Germany. Some shipments, however, were made
to France and the United States.

Bananas.

Bunches. Value.

1912 223.492

1911 389. 84 1

Decreaee 166,349

83664— Bull. 4—13 6

$111.746
194.759

83.013

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WATER FRONT AT SANTO DOMINGO, DOMINICAN REPUBLIC.

Exlonsivc improvprnonts anil enlargements are now in progress at Santo Domingo to meet the grow-
ing demands of its foreign commerce. During the year 1912 the total trade showed a remarkable
increase of $2,rM7,vaK over the pre(>eoding year despite many untoward circumstances. Shipping
Stat istics also reveal suhstant ial increases in the number of vessels arriving at the ports from foreign
countries so that the extensions here as well as at Puerto Plata are concrete expressions of the
country's prosj)erily.

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FOREIGN COMMERCE OF THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC FOR 1912. 559

Exports of bananas likewise were less, as only 223,492 bunches of
this staple tropical fruit were shipped abroad, at a uniform price of
50 cents a bunch. The entire export crop is grown on one planta-
tion at Sosua, in the Puerto Plata district, where local causes had
much to do with the poor yield. All of the bananas went for con-
sumption in the United States.

Cotton. Kilos. Value.

1912 350,042 $101,298

Wl 170,414 46,866

Increase j 179,628 64,432

Exports of this fiber during the year past (350,042 kilos) were more
than double those in 1911. The United States purchased 213,259
kilos, or 60 per cent of the entire yield. The United Kingdom took
89,608 kilos, while to France and Germany were sent 34.865 kilos
and 12 310 kilos, respectively. A slightly better price was obtained
than in the year preceding, the average price per pound being a frac-
tion over 13 cents, as compared with 12^ cents for 1911. The rapid
growth of this industry is illustrated by the fact that since its incep-
tion in the year 1910 cotton exports have increased sixfold. The
experiment of growing sea-island cotton in the fertile valley of the
Yaqui, near Monte Cristi, of which mention was made in the sum-
mary for 1911, seems to have passed the experimental stage, and an
increased acreage is being planted at the time of preparing this
report. Other vegetable fibers valued at $19,546 were exported
during the year.

Honey. Gallons. | Value.

1912 161,130 I $77,451

1911 125,988 I 58,846

Increase 35,142 I 18,605

Apiculture has become an important industr\' of the country. A
fine grade of honey is produced which finds a ready market at remu-
nerative prices. As in former years, Dominican honey found its
best market in Germany. The portion shipped to the United States
was 33,838 gallons.

COCONUTS.

The coconut industry revived somewhat during the year after
several off seasons in which the trees were affected by a disease.
More of this fruit was brought to market and the prices obtained
were regular and steady. Exports of 650,580 kilos, valued at $12,535,

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560 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.

contravsted favorably with similar transactions, 534,993 kilos, value
$11,0^1» for the year immediately before. Shipments were made to
three countries, United States, Germany, and France. A develop-
ment of considerable consequence, and one which furnishes an
impetus to the cultivation of coconuts, was the erection of a large
factory at Samana, the center of the principal coconut-producing
district. The enterprise consists of modem milling machinery for
extracting the oil and has a capacity for grinding the entire present
crop. From now on the local demand will furnish a reliable home
market, which in addition to foreign shipments should stimulate the
cultivation and cause a decided increase in the annual production.

MOLASSES.

During 1912, molasses— weight 8,861,444 kilos, value $49,824—
was exported, and nearly all of it went to the United States. A
large part of these sirups, which can not be reduced to sugar, are
used locally in the manufacture of rum and alcohol.

In the foregoing paragraphs have been discussed the articles of
chief value among the exports. There were others of minor nature,
but reguhir factors in the trade, to which brief reference is made in
the following:

^Viumals (live stock), value $60,035, representing stock on the hoof
driven across the border to the neighboring Republic, Haiti. Raw
materials for chemicals, drugs, and dyes, worth $49,401. Mahogany,
$11,738; ligrmm vita?, $63,142, and other woods $51,531.

An other exports, — Under this general heading were grouped several
classes of products, including molasses (already mentioned), value
$49,824; tanned hides, $12,979; seeds (chiefly cotton), $11,868, etc.
All of the items carried a total valuation of $1 10,870, a loss of $14,286,
compared with similar shipments in 1911.

Imports.
Iron and steel, manufacture." of:

1912 11,626,800

1911 998,010

Increat^e 628,790

The very remarkable increase in iron and steel and their manufac-
tures was in the main part due to increased importations of machin-
er3% mostly sugar machinery. Xearly all the sugar estates either
installed new machinery or made extensions and improvements to
their mills. More than half a million dollars' worth of sugar machüi-
ery alone was imported. Besides the value of the large assort-
ment of articles in this classification, other developments, among
which figured tliree electric-light plants and a shoe factory, helped
to swell the total valuation indicated above, which was almost 20

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562 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.

per cent of all imports. The following are a few of the most important
items of iron and steel manufactures received:

Kilos. V'aloe.

Maohlnprv , $m,m

(ialvaniï4Ml r<K»fing | 1 . 142.323 79,853

BarlxHl win» 1.378,180 , 53,000

SlefllraiLs 965,535 33.969

Nearly 83 per cent of the total was purchased in the United Stato.
Practically the entire remainder was supplied by England and
Germany.

Cotton, manu far turoH of;

1912 $1,608,465

1911 1,616,921

Decrease 8, 456

A small decline for imports of cotton manufactures was noted.
The principal items under this group are cotton cloths, wearing
apparel, and thread, of which 16,389,980 meters of cotton textiles,
worth $1,176,034, and 62,022 kilos of thread, worth $92,142, were
imported. The United States furnished $859,456, the United Eong-
dom $474,733, Germany $135,135, Spain $54,657. France and Italy
supplied nearly equal quantities.

Rice.

1912.
1911.

Kilos. Value.

12.109,110 «772,982
10,969.881 540.204

Incrp;ist» i 1. 139. 229

Germany continued to furnish nearly all the rice, and increased its
sales. Rice is the staple diet of the people, and the statistics indi-
cate that the demand is for larger quantities each year. But this
foodstuff must come from without, although a small amount of rice
is grown on the uplands in remote sections of the country. Enough
is demonstrated to establish the fact that the soil and climate of the
Dominican Republic are well adapted to this cultivation, and it is
among the possibilities of the future that this cereal wiQ be exten-
sively grown on the now idle but fertile lands, thus obviating the
necessity of sending much money out of the country annually to
purchase an article that can be produced in the Republic.

Wheat flour. Kilos, i Value.

1912.
1911.

Increase .

7,260,383 $453,177
0,785,010 406,536

475.373 i 46,«1

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FOREIGN COMMERCE OF THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC FOR 1912. 563

American flour continues to supply practically all the demand in
this line, and the much larger receipts show that the use of flour has
been extended.

Provisions, comprising meat and dairy products:

1912 $420,978

1911 - 415,346

Increase 5,632

The United States sold more than half the meat and dairy products
imported during the year. Other countries participating in this trade
to any extent were Geimany, Holland, and Denmark. Listed here-
with are some of the more important items of this schedule. The
weights given furnish a dependable guide to the annual consumption
of each class.

I Kilos.

Value.

Cheese 360, 248

l.ard 445,189

Botter 96, 001

Sausap».

Hams

JerloKi beef.

83,752

80,099

63,417

Salt meats 148.597

Olramargarine 63, 333

Condensed milk 81, 960

1118,405
108,869
58,529
31,805
31,304
22,068
18,678
15,860
15,819

Wood, and manufactures of:

1912 $343,429

1911 256,369

87.060

Increase

Previous annual gains were continued, owing to the increasing
demand for building materials. The United States supplied 88 per
cent of wood and its manufactures, of which were 16,072 cubic meters
of lumber, valued at $202,879. Approximately $50,000 worth of fur-
niture was the next important item of this group. German sales ag-
gregated $29,352.

Oils:

1912 $312,070

1911 320,867

Decrease.

8,797

With a total valuation of $277,064, it will be seen that nearly all
of the oils were of American origin. Olive oils, cost, $16,313, came
from Spain. The following are the leading classes of oils imported
during the year:

Kilos.

Cottonseed oil and olt ve oil 947, 735

Coal oil 2, 776, 551

Lubricating oils ! 297, 'Sh7

Gasoline : 423. 234

Value.

1154,645
93,428
23,892
17,722

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REMARKABLE ACTIVITY OF THE DEPARTMENT OF FOMENTO (PROMOTION)
OF THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC.

Tho top picture shows s«?ction of boulevard constructed from Azua to San Juan, 4L63 miles, which
will l>e extended to thf Haitian frontier. This solid type of road is evident at various points. The
next view illustn»!«\s the mo<Iem concrete bridges built alone the road. The lower views were
taken at the inau^niraiion of work on the new pul>lic road from La Vega to Moca and Ihencc to
Santiujio, a distance of 25 miles. The crowds are crossing the temporary bridges on tho Qamú
River, in the fore^Tound appears the road roller used in construction work.

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FOREIGN COMMERCE OF THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC FOR 1912. 565

Vegetable fibers, manufactures of:

1912 $236,250

1911 229,180

Increase 7, 070

The United States supplied nearly half of the manufactures of
vegetable fibers, with Germany second and England third. Empty
sacks for the exportation of sugar, cacao, and coffee, weight 1,223,784
kilos, value $162,470, were the most important items.

Leather, manufactures of:

1912 $201,312

1911 237,076

Decrease 35, 764

About 84 per cent of leather and its manufactures was purchased
in the United States. Germany held second place and England
third. 87,666 pairs of shoes, worth $87,280, were of American origin.
This is a falling off of 11,477 pairs, as compared with the importations
of the previous year, explained by the fact that shoes of local manu-
facture are now sold in increased quantities. Importations of tanned
hides amounted to 27,078 kilos, value $76,282.

Fish and fish products:

1912 $189,864

1911 193,911

Decrease 4, 047

These products, carrying a value of $173,950, were purchased in
the United States. The only other countries that figured as com-
petitors, even in a small way, were Germany and Spain. The princi-
pal items of this class were :

Kilos. Value.

Codfish

Dried herring

Sardines

Herring and mackerel in brine ' 63,890 5,924

Salmon 27,960 5,231

993,311 $127,043
379,258 34,381

54,145 13,296

Chemicals, drugs, and dyes:

1912 $165,843

1911 157,797

Increase 8, 046

The United States furnished more than 66 per cent of the chemi-
cals, drugs, and dyes, while France was second with $34,063, and
Germany third with $11,653.
Vehicles and boater

1912 $154,403

1911 109,878

Increase 44, 525

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566 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.

Several motor craft were imported for service at the ports, most of
them being purchased in the United States, and in addition two
American steam yachts, tonnage 307 and 202, r^pectively, were
brought in and registered under the Dominican flag, for the coast-
wise trade, where they are now profitably employed. Their opera-
tion has provided shipping facilities very much needed.

The importation of automobiles continues, all of them from the
United States; and with the extension of good roads, some of which
are now under active construction, the demand will increase.

Afn^cultural im piemen tí»:

1912 $139,352

1911 54,469

I ncrea^^e 84, 883

A notable increase in importation of implements necessarj' for the
agricultural development of the country is a favorable sign, and is
indicative of larger exportations in the future. The larger part of
these supplies came from the United States, while German makes
were second in importance and English were third.

Suj^rand confectionery:

1912 $128.260

1911 96,292

Increase 31,968

Most of the sugar and confectionery came from the United States.
Purchases of English candy were valued at $5,607. Refined sugar
alone, from American refineries, weighed 996,342 kilos, value $83,379.

Beer. Liters. | Value.

1912 ! 544,220 I 1107,091

1911 458.844 87,991

Increase 85. 376

19,100

Beer consumption in the Dominican Republic is confined almost
exclusively to the German product, though American sale^ showed
some gain.

Paper, and manufactures of:

1912 1105, 152

1911 80, 025

Increase 25, 127

Germany and the United States furnished nearly all the paper
and its manufactures. The former country was in the lead, with
sales aggregating $47,652, against $43,092 for the American article.

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REGRADING ON THE PUERTO PLATA-SANTIAGO BRANCH OF THE DOMINICAN

CENTRAL RAILWAY.

This road which formerly belonged to a private United States company Is now the property of the
Dominican Government. It extends a distance of 47 miles from Puerto Plata to Santiago, with an
extension of 13 miles to Moca. Where it passes through broken and mountainous lands there is a
stretch of 17 miles of rack road. As the maintenance and operation oí this kind of railroading is
very expensive, the Government is now working on a deviation of the line from the base of San
Marco Hill to Bajabonico, thus obviating the necessity of using the rack system.

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568

THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.

As import onibracos a wide range, no attempt has been made in
tlie preceding paragraphs to discuss, even briefly, the transactions of
a lessor degree.

Dealing particularly with the 10 principal statistical groups, in
the order of their importance, tlie table inserted herewith gives a
recapitulation compared with 1911.| Values are stated, percentage
of the total trade, and the percentage of gains and losses for the year
for wliicli it is prepared.

Articles.

Value.

Percent-
age of
total
value.

Value.

Percent-
age of
total
value.

Percent-
age of in-
crease (+)
or decrease

Iron and î<teol, and manufactures of SUss. o 10

Cotton, nianiilait lires of l.tuti. 921

Kice 540.204

Wheat flour 40<>, 53C»

Provisions, meat an<l <lairy products 415. 34r>

W(km1, and manuímlures of 2,5<i. .ICií»

Oils 320,S<J7

Fibers, vcp'tatile. manufactures oí 229. 180

Leather, and maniiiiutiires of 237. OTC»

Fish an<l n>h prtxiiut.s 193.911

A 11 other imiiort.s 1. 735. 242

Total ii. 949. m2

14. 3t5

«1.(126.800

19.80

+63

23.27

1.608.465 1

19.57

- 1

7.77

772.982 .

9.40

+43

5.85

453, 177

5.52

-11

5.98

420.978

5.12

- 1

a.i»

343,429 ,

4.18

+ 34

4.(i2

312,070 1

3.80

- 3

3.29

236.250

2.87

- 3

3.41

201.312

2.45

-15

2.79

189.864

2.31

_ •>

24.97

2.052.571

24.98

+ 1S

8.217

100.00

VESSELS IN THE CARRYING TRADE.

By rearrangement of the system for compiling the receivership
statistics of foreign commerce, value of cargoes according to nation-
alit)' of vessels engaged is not available, as published in pre^'ious
summaries. As the same steamship lines continue well estabHshed
in the trade, the volume of freight under the différent flags rela-
tively was more or less as in former years. Named in the order
of importance, American, Norwegian, German, French, British,
Spanish, Dutch, Dominican, and Cuban vessels visited Dominican
ports with cargoes and carried products away. American vessels
were mostly employed for the transportation of imports, and the
same statement is true of exports, although Norwegian vessels
engaged in the latter branch made gains and are chartered in larger
numbers each year for the export of sugar.

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PAN AMERICAN NOTES ".'

PRESIDENT WILSON AND LATIN AMERICA.

In view of the widespread interest in the declaration which
Prcííident Wilson, of the United States, made in regard to his policy
toward Latin America, and to comply with the numerous requests
that have come to the Pan American Union, there is given below the
wording of that declaration, as sent out by the Secretary of State of
the United States to its diplomatic officers in Latin America:

In view of questions which are naturally uppermost in the public
mind just now, the President issued the following statement:

"One of the chief objects of my administration will be to cultivate
the friendship and deserve the confidence of our sister republics of
Central and South America, and to promote in every proper and
honorable way the interests which are common to the peoples of the
two continents. I earnestly desire the most cordial understanding
and cooperation between the peoples and leaders of America and,
therefore, deem it my duty to make this brief Statement.

"Cooperation is possible only when supported at every turn by the
orderly processes of just government based upon law, not upon arbi-
trar}^ or irregular force. We hold, as I am sure all thoughtful leaders
of republican government everywhere hold, that just government
rests always upon the consent of the governed, and that there can be
no freedom without order based upon law and upon the public con-
science and approval. We shall look to make these principles the
basis of mutual intercourse, respect, and helpfulness between our
sister republics and ourselves. We shall lend our influence of every
kind to the realization of these principles in fact and practice, knowing
that disorder, personal intrigues, and defiance of constitutional rights
weaken and discredit government and injure none so much as the peo-
ple who are unfortunate enough to have their common life and their
common affairs so ta'mted and disturbed. We can have no sympathy
with those who seek to seize the power of government to advance their
own personal interests or ambition. We are the friends of peace, but
we know that there can be no lasting or stable peace in such circum-
stances. As friends, therefore, we shall prefer those who act in the
interest of peace and honor, who protect private rights, and respect
the restraints of constitutional provision. Mutual respect seems to
us the indispensable foundation of friendship between states, as
between individuals.

"The United States has nothmg to seek in Central and South
America except the lasting interests of the peoples of the two conti-
nents, the security of governments intended for the people and for

569

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570 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.

no special ^oup or interest, and the development of personal and
trade relationships between the two continents which shall redound
to the profit and advantage of both and interfere with the rights and
liberties of neither.

''From these principles may be read so much of the future policy of
this Government as it is necessary now to forecast, and in the spirit of
these principles I may, I hope, be permitted with as much confidence
as earnestness to extend to the governments of all the Republics of
America the hand of genuine disinterested friendship, and to pledge
my own honor and the honor of my colleagues to every enterprise of
peace and amity that a fortunate future may disclose."

DEMISE OF PRESIDENT BONILLA.

Gen. Manuel Bonilla, who was inaugurated President of Honduras
February 1, 1912, died unexpectedly at Tegucigalpa on March 21,
1913. While his health had been failing for some time, no one thought
that the end would come so soon. Gen. Bonilla had a long and
active political and militara' career, having been twice President of
Honduras. His demise has been deeply felt by his many friends.
The Pan American Union, as a token of respect to President Bonilla's
memory, displayed at half-mast the Honduran flag and the ensign of
the Pan American Union from the time it was known here that the
President had passed away until after the funeral. Dr. Francisco
Bertrand, Vice President of Honduras, immediately succeeded to the
Presidency aft^r fhe death of Gen. Bonilla. This is not Dr. Ber-
trand's first experience as chief executive of the nation, as he has al-
ready served as Provisional President for one year, until succeeded
by the late Gen. Bonilla.

VLSIT OF DR. MÜLLER TO THE UNITED STATES.

The news that Dr. Lauro MûUer, the eminent Minister of Foreign
Affairs of the Ignited States of Brazil, is to visit the United States has
been greeted with much satisfaction. It is understood that the bril-
liant statesman and diplomatist who has won such a remarkable
place in the esteem of his fellow countrymen as well as in the foreign
offices of the différent countries of the world will come to Wash-
ington to reciprocate the courtesy of the trip made by Mr. Root
as Secretary of State in 1906. The traditional bonds of friendship
which have so long existed between this country and BrazU and
which have brought these two countries into a unique position of
commercial intercourse can not but be materially strengthened
and further cemented by this visit. Brazil should be congratulated
on its happy selection of a man of such sterling qualities, while the
United States deeply feels the delicate compliment paid to it in the

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PAN AMERICAN NOTES. 571

honorable mission of Dr. Müller. While this visit is looked upon
with much favor by all in the United States who are interested in
developing a closer solidarity between the nations of the Western
Hemisphere, it is especially gratifying to note that corresponding
sentiments are voiced by the press of the guest nation. In both
of these countries there is clearly apparent a genuine desire to con-
tinue actively the work of developing the closest ties of intellec-
tual and social intercourse — a mission brilliantly started by the
late Ambassador Nabuco and former Secretary of State Elihu Root,
and so competently continued by their able and notable successors
in office. It is regretted that lack of space makes it impossible to
quote from the many favorable comments which have appeared in
the prominent periodicals of Brazil anent the visit of Dr. MuUer.
In aU of them, however, there is manifest a true friendly spirit and
an appreciation of the significance of this mission of friendship,
while the lofty tributes paid to the qualities and labors of such
brilliant statesmen and diplomatists as the late Baron do Rio Branco
and Ambassador Nabuco, Dr. Mûller, and Secretary Root, are fit-
ting, deserving, and highly gratifying.

PAN AMERICA IN FRANCE.

It is interesting and especially pleasing to note that the effort to
develop closer relations between the American Republics of the
Western Hemisphere is not restricted by the boundaries of these
21 independent Republics, but is manifest wherever there is a group
of representative citizens from these countries. Better understand-
ing and more intimate association are the dominant keynotes of
gatherings of such groups and the luncheon which the Hon. Myron
T. Herrick, the United States Ambassador at Paris, tendered to
his American diplomatic colleagues in France, in -ediebration of
Washington's birthday, proved no exception. Following a custom
established by his predecessors. Ambassador Herrick entertained on
this notable occasion the diplomatic representatives of the countries
embraced in the Pan American Union. In another section of the
Bulletin there is published a more detailed report of this Pan American
gathering and quotations from the remarkable speeches delivered
on that occasion.

BIRTHDAY FELICITATIONS TO AMBASSADOR MORGAN.

Hon. Edwin V. Morgan, the United States ambassador to Brazil,
has certainly won a place of unusual distinction in the oflScial and
social life of that remarkable country. Although he has been
accredited to his post in Rio de Janeiro a little over a year, he has,
nevertheless, signally succeeded during that short space of time in

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572 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.

winning the cordial osteom and deep affections of the people of
Brazil. On the occasion of Mr. Morgan's birthday on the 22d of
Fehruarj' the leading newspapers of the country united in offering
sincere expressions of felicitations to him and in paying handsome
compliments to his ability and personality. Mr. Morgan also re-
ceived the good wishes of high officials of the Brazilian Government
and of his diplomatic colleagues at Rio.

ANNUAL PAN AMERICAN SOCIETY DINNER.

The Pan American Society of the United States will give its second
annual dinner at the Waldorf Astoria, New York, Thursday evening,
May 15, at 7 o'clock. The chief guests of honor will be the Secretary
of State of the United States and the Latin American members of
the Di])lomatic Cori)s in Washington, who constitute the governing
board of the Pan American Union. Acceptances to attend the
banquet have already been received from over 500 representative
business and professional men of New York and other cities, and
especially men interested in the development of closer relations
between the United States and its sister Republics. Hon. Henry
White, president of the society and formerly ambassador of the
United States to France and chairman of the United States delega-
tion to the Fourth Pan American Conference in Buenos Aires, will
preside and act as toast master. The principal addresses, aside from
his, are to be delivered by the Secretary of State and the Brazilian
ambassador. As this issue of the Bulletin goes to press too early to
include more details about the dinner, they will be given in a later
issue. The subcommittee on arrangements are the following: Ramon
(iuiteras. Archer M. Huntington, W. Fellowes Morgan, James M.
Motley, and Cabot Ward. With them Frederic Brown, the secre-
tary and treasurer, is cooperating in looking after some of the details
of preparation. The general dinner committee includes the following:
Robert Bacon, Nicholas Murray Butler, Frederic R. Coudert, John D.
Crimmins, Thomas A. Eddy, James W. Gerard, J. P. Grace, Lloyd C.
GrLscom, Ramon Guiteras, Archer M. Huntington, Otto H. Kahn,
C. Minor Keith, Seth Low, John Bassott Moore, W. Fellowes Morgan,
Henry Morgenthau, James M. Motley, Lewis Nixon, Charles D. Norton,
George Foster Peabody, Charles M. Schwab, Albert Shaw, Charles H.
Sherrill, R. A. C. Smith, James Speyer, Frank A. Vanderlip, and
Cabot Ward.

INTERNATIONAL SOUTH AMERICAN POSTAL BLTIEAU.

The Pan American Union extends its compliments to the Inter-
national South American Postal Bureau and its director, Sr. Don
César Y. Rossif, and takes advantage of this opportunity to express

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Pbotoirraph by Harrls-Ewlng.

DR. ENRIQUE BORJA.

Dr. Enrique Borja, who for about a year held the post of First Secretary
of the Legation of Salvador in Washington, has oeen promoted by his
Government to be chief of the important mission of Guatemala. During
his stay in Washington Dr. Borja made many friends who wish him success
in his new and moro responsible duties.

—Bull. 4—13-

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574 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.

its sincere appreciation for the kind oflFer of its services to this insti-
tution. The Postal Bureau has been established at Montevideo, by
the (iovernnient of l^ruguay, in accordance with authority conferred
upon it l)y the South American Postal Congress, which met in that
city January S- February 2, 1911. In a communication from the
director, Sr. Kossif, he states that the following Governments have
ratified their adherence to this postal bureau: Argentina, Bolivia,
Colombia, Chile, Ecuador, Paraguay, Peru, and Uruguay, while that
of Brazil Ls expected at any time. The postal bureau, which is in
direct communication with all the countries of the South American
Postal Union, ^ôll doubtless prove an important factor in promoting
peace and friendship among the neighboring countries and in advanc-
ing the spirit of Pan Americanism.

BRAZILIAN STl'DENT SOCIETY IN THE UNITED STATES.

On June 9, 1913, there will be held at Buffalo, New York, the first
meeting of a group of Brazilian young men studying in the United
States for the purpose of formally organizing a student society. This
commendable endeavor is in line with the growing student movement
everywhere evident to unite under common bonds students from the
same country in order to spread accurate knowledge and information
about their nation in the United States, as well as to disseminate
similar facts about the United States in their native lands. Such
organizatioas have materially assisted in promoting the social and
educational interests of the countries concerned and have received
the aid and support of leading educators and statesmen both of their
own country and of the United States. The first impetus to the
organization of this particular society was given at the annual con-
vention of the Cosmopolitan Clubs of the United States recently held
at Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. There the purposes of the Brazilian
student society were discussed and an organization committee
appointed, consisting of H. Oswaldo de Miranda, University of Penn-
sylvania; J. P. de Barros Monteiro, University of Illinois; V. S.
de Barros, jr., Syracuse University; and A. C. de Paula Souza,
Cornell I^niversity. The organization has the support of such splen-
did leaders as Dr. Eugenio Dahne, who represents the Brazilian
Ministry of Agriculture in the ITnited States; Dr. Garcia Leão, the
vice consul of Brazil in New York; Prof. J. C. Branner, vice president
of Stanford University; and through Dr. Dahne it is expected that
the encouragement and aid of Dr. Pedro Tolledo, the Minister of Agri-
culture of Brazil, will be obtained. The Pan American Union
extends its best washes to the Brazilian Student Society^ for the happy
realization of its aims and purposes and will be pleased to cooperate
with it in every consistent manner possible.

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PAN AMERICAN NOTES. 575

PANAMA-PACIFIC INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION.

It is o:ratifying to note that there is growing interest throughout
all Latin America in the Panama-Pacific Exposition which will be
held in San Francisco in 1915. The Pan American Union has done
everything it can, consistent with its scope, to make known the pur-
pose and plan of this exposition to the countries of Latin America
and to answer satisfactorily the host of inquiries which come to it
from them. There is no doubt that there will be no more important
exhibits at the exposition than those from the 20 countries lying south
of the United States, and especially those bordering on the Pacific
Ocean and directly affected by the opening of the Panama Canal.

The great majority of persons attending the exposition and who are
interested in foreign countries, foreign products and trade will wish
to inspect thoroughly the buildings and exhibits of the Republics of
Central and South America. The news which comes to this office from
San Francisco itself indicates that the preparatory work of the exposi-
tion is going forward successfully and favorably and that when it opens
it will surpass all other expositions in the history of the world.
The president of the exposition is Mr. Charles C. Moore, one of the
most respected men of the Pacific coast. The director in chief is Dr.
Frederick J. V. Skiff, who is admittedly the greatest living expert on
expositions. Capt. A. C. Baker, director of the division of exhibits;
George Hough Perr\% director of the division of exploitation; Harris
D. n. Connick, director of the division of works; Frank Burt, director
of the division of concessions and admissions; Theodore Hardee, chief
of the department of liberal arts; and Joseph M. Cumming. secre-
tary' to the president, are all men whose abilities are recognized.
The board of directors is made up of men of the highest standing and
greatest influence in the business and professional life of San Francisco.
In view of the importance of this board their names are given below:

John Barneson, M. J. Brandenstein, John A. Britton, Frank L.
Brown, W. W. Chapin, P. T. Clay, WiUiam H. (Yocker, R. A. Crothers,
M. H. de Young, Charles de Young, A. I. Esberg, CTiarles S. Fee,
H. F. Fortmann, A. W. Foster, Reuben Brooks Hale, L W. Hell-
man, jr., S. Fred. Hogue, Homer S. King, Curtis H. Lindley. P. H.
McCarthy, James McNab, Charles C. Moore, Thornwell Mullally , James
Rolph, jr., A. W. Scott, jr., Henry T. Scott, Leon Sloss, C. S. Stanton,
Rudolph J. Taussig, Joseph S. Tobin.

REPORT OF GENERAL RECEIVER WILLIAM E. PULLIAM.

Elsewhere in this issue of the Bulletin is published a summary of
the report of Hon. William E. Pulliam, general receiver of Dominican
customs under the American Dominican Convention of 1907. This
report contains a description of the foreign commerce and trade of the
Dominican Republic for 1912 and tables showing comparison with the

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576 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.

figures of 191 1 . As in the case of all of Mr. Pulliam^s reports, this one
is both interesting and instructive and should be read by all those
who wish to be more familiar with the details of the commerce of that
remarkable, resourceful country bordering on the Caribbean Sea and
not remote from the coast of the United States. It is a source of
regret that there is not space in the Bulletin to publish the report
in full.

THE INTERNATIONAL RIFLE MATCHES.

It is highly gratifying to note the interest that is being manifested
in all quarters in the international rifle matches which will be held at
Camp Perry, State of Ohio, during the month of September, 1913, in
connection with the Perry Victory Centennial Celebration. This
gathering will afford a splendid opportunity for the marksmen not
only of the United States and Latin America, but of Europe as well,
to test their dexterity and skill as expert riflemen. The pleasant
recollections of the enjoyable tournament held under the auspices of
the Tiro Federal Argentina (Argentine National Shooting Association)
at Buenos Aires last year are stimulating the committee in charge to
provide every facility and comfort for the pleasure of the contestants
from Latin America and Europe who will participate in this exhi-
bition. In regard to the prizes offered and the large number of
countries which have already indicated their intention of sending
representatives, the Bulletin is pleased to quote from a recent issue
of the Army and Navy Journal, which states, in part:

At a meeting of the executive committee of the National Rifle Association of America
held December 6, 1912, Col. H. G. Catrow, of the Third Infantry Regiment of the
State of Ohio, was appointed commissioner general for the international matches. * ♦ *

A program of the matches was approved, covering not only the official matches of
the International Union, composed of European nations and the Pan American Union,
organized by the Republics of the Western Hemisphere, but additional matches open
to the world, which includes the famous "Palma" tjrophy and a new Pan American
match for a two-men team. The trophy for this match has been presented by Hon.
John Work Garrett, United States minister to the Argentine Republic. There will
be besides this another trophy voted by the National Guard Association of the united
States at its late convention in Norfolk. This trophy will represent the long-range
individual military championship of the world, calling for 15 shots at 800, 900, and
1,000 yards (732, 823, and 915 meters). The prizes will amount in all to about $20,000
for the international matches alone.

Assurances have already been received from Germany, France, Italy, Sweden,
Switzerland, Argentina, Canada, Brazil, Chile, Peru, and Uruguay that they will
send delegations to the United States for the shoot. It is expected that about 22
nations will be represented.

In this connection it has been announced that the trophy presented
by Hon. John W. Garrett for the Pan American match will be offered
only to a visiting team.

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THK VNITKI) FRUIT COMPANY'S STEAMER METÁPÁN WHICH WILL CARRY
THE TAKTY TO PANAMA EN ROUTE TO SOUTH AMERICA.

With the shrill whistles of many ships in the harbor sounding loudly and the thousands of people
who had pUhercd to witness tho departure cheering enthusiastically, the steamer Afetapan
dropped her mooring' iind plided down the harbor with the notable party aboard. The upper
illustration shows the inuinbers of the party facing toward the wharf. The lower illustration
shows the Meta pan some distance out in the harbor.

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PAN AMERICAN NOTES. 577

PANAMA INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION.

The Joint International Commission, appointed by the President
of the United States and the President of the Republic of Panama,
organized on the morning of Saturday, March 1, 1913, in the oflSces
of the Administration Building of the Isthmian Canal Commission.
Dr. L. S. Rowe was elected chairman, and the commission imme-
diately preceded to the work of organization. Dr. Porras, the
President of the Republic of Panama, placed the National Palace at
the disposal of the commission for the conduct of its hearings. The
public hearings of the commission were opened on the morning of
Monday, March 17, 1913.

DR. M. DE MOREIRA, PRESIDENT OF AMERICAN MANUFACTURERS

EXPORT ASSOCIATION.

It is a matter of particular interest that Dr. M. de Moreira, first
vice president of the American Manufacturers' Export Association,
has been elected president in place of Hon. WiUiam C. Redfield, who
has been appointed Secretary of Commerce in the Cabinet of Presi-
dent Wilson. Dr. de Moreira has long played an important part in
the commercial relations of North and South America and is re-
garded as a recognized authority on all matters affecting Pan Ameri-
can commerce and trade. He is manager of the foreign department
of Messrs. John Boyle & Co. (Inc.), 112 Duane Street, New York
City, manufacturers of cotton duck, and he has been associated with
many other important commercial and editorial enterprises. We
wish him success in his new responsibility.

AMERICAN PEACE CONGRESS.

Great preparations are being made for the Fourth National Ameri-
can Peace Congress, which will meet in St. Louis, Missouri, May 1, 2,
and 3. President Woodrow Wilson has consented to serve as hon-
orary president and expressed the hope that he may be able to
attend. Former President Taft and Hon. Elihu Root, Senator
from New York, have consented to the use of their names as hon-
orary vice presidents. It is expected that Secretary of State Bryan
and his predecessor, Hon. Philander C. Knox, who have accepted
invitations, will be present and make addresses. According to the
announcement the following Latin American diplomats have ac-
cepted the invitation to attend and participate in the congress:
Minister Calvo of Costa Rica, Minister Calderón of Bolivia, Minister
Rojas of Venezuela, Minister Castrillo of Nicaragua, Minister Mar-
tin-Rivero of Cuba, Minister Naón of Argentina, Minister Maria de

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578 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.

Pona of I'ruguay, Minister Méndez of Guatemala, Minister Peynado
of the Dominican Republic, Minister Pezet of Peru, and Minister
Valdês of Panama. The Brazilian ambassador expected to sail
for Europe in April, but some other representative of Brazil is ex-
pected to be present. At this writinj^ definite word had not been
received from the ministers of Salvador, Chile, Colombia, and Hon-
duras, and from the chargé d'affaires of Mexico, but it was hoped,
according to the bulletin of the congress, that they would also accept.
Representative Richard Bartholdt, Member of Congress from the
city of St. Louis, has had particidar charge of arrangements. Di-
rector General John Barrett will represent the office of the Pan
American l^nion at this conference.

VISIT OF NOTED WOMAN AUTHOR.

There has recently been visiting in the United States Mrs. Alec
Tweedie, an Englishwoman, and a writer of unusual ability and
talent. lier works have been so intensely interesting that they have
found their way into other languages. lier latest work on Mexico,
which was published under the title of "Mexico As I Saw It,' met
with the same favorable reception as her previous effort, and has sold
in tens of thousands. The last book to come from the facile pen of
this versatile writer is entitled "Thirteen Years of a Busy Woman's
Life,'* and it has already run into a fourth edition within nine weeks
of publication. Mrs. Tweedie is now on her way to Argentina, and
if she undertakes to record her impressions of that remarkable countrj'
in the same illuminating manner as she has of Mexico, there is no
question but that we shall have a book of absorbing interest and of
great value.

TOI R OF BUREAir OF UNIVERSITY TRAVEL.

The Bureau of l^niversity Travel, whose headquarters are Trinity
Place, Boston, Mass., has issued an interesting circular entitled
"South America and Panama, 1913,'* describing a summer vacation
tour from July 5 to September 29, which includes a visit to Cuba.
Jamaica, Panama, Peru and Bolivia, Chile, Argentina, Uruguay,
Brazil, and the West Indies. The party will sail from New York City
on Saturday, July 5, on the steamship Trent of the Royal Mail Steam
Packet Co. Proceeding first to Panama via Cuba and Jamaica, the
party will be taken down the west coast of South America, then across
from Chile to Argentina, then to Uruguay and Brazil, and back to
New York via the West Indies, arriving in the United States Monday.
September 29. The best season of the year has been selected for
this tour because south of the Equator the seasons are reversed from

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580 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.

those north of it, and the travelers, therefore, will escape the heat
of the Ignited States in the summer and visit the countries of South
America in the cooler and more agreeable months. This tour of the
Bureau of I'niversity Travel is another illustration of the increasing
travel to the Latin American countries.

LATIN AMERICA AT THE UNIVERSFFY OF WISCONSIN.

Special credit is due the University of Wisconsin for the organiza-
tion which it has developed under the name of * *The Spanish American
Club of the I'niversity of Wisconsin.'* Its purpose is to promote the
study of the Spanish language and literature and the life, manner,
and customs of Spain and Spanish American countries. During the
year the club meets twice each month and listens to lectures by
persons competent to deliver addresses upon the subjects which
come before the club. It is planning to carry out something more
elaborate during the coming year, not only for the purpose of giving
greater impulse to the study of Spanish, but also to give the students
of the university a more intimate and intelligent insight into the
relations of the United States with Latin American countries. Prof.
Paul G. Miller, of the department of romance languages, informs
the director general that it has been customary for some distin-
guished French professor to lecture there every year under the
auspices of the Alliance Française, and that those in the university
who are interested in the welfare and promotion of a knowledge of
tlie Spanish language and literature are of the opinion that a similar
plan should be carried out with reference to Spanish. There will be,
however, he says, a diflFerence, in that the appeal to the students of
the university will be made not only from the standpoint of the Spanish
language, but also from that of the commercial, political, and amicable
relations of the United States and Spanish American sister Republics.
Cooperating with the department of romance languages in carrying
out this program will be the school of commerce and the department
of political science. There are 1,400 students and 20 instructors of
various grades in the department of romance languages. Two of
these instructors devote their whole time to Spanish and one gives
one-half time. Among the professors of the university who are
particularly interested, aside from Prof. Miller, are Dr. Paul S.
Reinsch, late exchange professor at the University of Berlin, who was
also the delegate of the United States to the last Pan American
Conference at Buenos Aires; Prof. E. A. Ross, whose interests lie
chiefly in sociology; Prof. H. L. Smith, of the law school; Prof. H. A.
Smith, chairman of tlie department of romance languages; Prof. S A.
Oilman, of the school of commerce; and Prof. W. A. Scott, director
of that school.

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PAN AMERICAN NOTES. 581

PAN AMERICAN LECTURES IN CUBA.

The Pan American Union has just received a communication from
Blanche Zacharie Baralt, Ph. D., announcing a course of lectures in
English on the poUtical and social development of Latin America,
at her residence in Habana, on Thursday afternoons of March, April,
and May. Her subjects include the following: Character of the
Conquest of Spanish America; The Colonization; The Independence;
The Congress of Panama and the Political Unity of America; The
Rise of New States; PoUtical Life in Spanish America; Brazil; Com-
mercial, Industrial, and Intellectual Conditions. Mrs Baralt is to
be congratulated on the work she is doing to help^along the great
educational movement which spreads useful and interesting infor-
mation about the history, characteristics, and progress of the Ameri-
can Countries.

HANDBOOK ON THE PANAMA CANAL.

The correspondence of the Pan American Union has been filled
with letters from aU parts of the world asking for copies of its hand-
book on the Panama Canal. Orders have poured in not only from
book dealers, but from Ubraries, travelers, and students who wish to
have in concise, practical, and useful form complete data concerning
the canal and what it means. So great has been the demand for this
handbook that it has been necessary to order an extra edition. If
any readers of the Bulletin have not yet secured a copy and desire
to have one as a matter of reference and information, it is advisable
that they should order it as soon as possible, because the new edition
will soon be exhausted and a third edition will probably not be pub-
lished until after the canal has been completed. It is sold at exactly
the cost price, $1 per copy.

NEW STEAMER ON THE LAMPORT & HOLT LINE.

Busk & Daniels, the general agents of the Lamport & Holt Steam-
ship Line, running vessels from New York City to Rio de Janeiro,
Montevideo, and Buenos Aires, are to be congratulated upon their
latest announcement to the effect that their new twin-screw steamer
Vandyckj 12,000 tons, a sister ship of the steamship Vestrisj váU be
permanently placed on the passenger and maiKservice between New
York, Brazil, and Argentine ports, saiüng from New York for the
first time April 19. In view of the new vessels which the Lamport &
Holt Line is placing on the South American run the general state-
ment which has been made for such a long time that there are poor
passenger steamship accommodations for the direct trip from New
York to South America must be corrected. The passenger traffic

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j582 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.

betwoon the Tnitod States and South America is growing so rapidly
that these improvements are sure to be appreciated. The number
of letters received by the Pan American Union asking about the trip
to South America is constantly increasing and is evidence of a new
ten<U»ncy of American travelers, as well as business men, to go to
South America for a change or to study new opportunities instead of
going to Europe or to the Orient.

PANAMA CANAL CONFERENCE.

One of the most important announcements which has recently
c(mie to tlie attention of the Pan American Union is that of the

OFFICERS OF THE CUBAN TRAINING SHIP "PATRIA" ENTERTAINED AT DINNER
GIVEN BY THE UNITED STATES AMBASSADOR AT RIO DE JANEIRO MARCH 1.

1913.

This thoroughly enjov'able dinner, with Ambassador Morgan as host, was held at the Club Central, in
the HmzilianVapiinl. Among those present were Commandant Juan Pereaman, Second Commandant
Cecilio Martinez: Capt. Manuel LusiUa: Lieiits. Medico Rafael Menendez, Octavio Martinez, and Carlos
Sanz: and Cadets F. Ardois and Francisco (i. Proigas; also the charçt^ d'affaires of Cuba at Rio, Sr. Mario
Diaz y Cruz; Rear Admiral Adelino Marlins; Rear Admiral Baptista Franco; Commandant Marques
de Azevedo; Capt. Antonio Jos^ da Fonseco; Lieut. Mario Clement ino de Carvalho, oí the Braulian
Navy; and the members of the United States embassy staff.

Western Economic wSociety, which has headquarters at Fifty-eighth
Street and Ellis Avenue, Chicago, regarding its sixth conference,
which will be held in May and devoted entirely to the consideration
of the problems and c|uestions of the Panama Canal. A tentative
statement of topics which will be discussed by experts at this con-
ference include the following: The Canal and the Development of

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PAN AMERICAN NOTES. 583

the Tropics; The Canal and tlie Oriental Trade; The Canal and the
West Coast; The Effect of the Canal upon the Domestic Trade of
the United States; The Canal ami Our Merchant Marine; The Effect
of the Canal upon Freight Rates and Railway Development; The
Opportunities of Chicago in South America; The Tolls Question;
The Canal and the Lakes to Gulf Waterway Project; The Canal as
a Business Enterprise.

Considering the importance of everything relating to the Panama
Canal, it is hoped that there will be a large attendance at this confer-
ence, including representative authorities on Latin America from
those countries themselves. It is probable that the Director General
and one or two members of the staff of the Pan American L^nion will
attend and participate in the discussions.

SPANISH AND PORTUGUESE IN AMERICAN UNIVERSITIES.

The Pan American Union is carrying on a widespread propaganda
in favor of teaching Spanish and Portuguese in all the universities,
colleges, and other high-grade educational institutions of the United
States. It is also advising their instruction in many high schools,
commercial schools, and other institutions attended by young men
and women who wish to learn these languages in order to be more
familiar with the countries in which they are spoken. It is not an
exaggeration to state that largely as a result of the efforts of the Pan
American Union over 200 per cent more educational institutions of
the United States are teaching Spanish to-day than there were five
years ago. While there is not as much attention to Portuguese, the
growing importance and prominence of Brazil, where Portuguese is
the characteristic language, have created an interest in that language
which has caused several universities and colleges to provide that it
shall be taught.

PAN AMERICAN REPRESENTATIVES IN LATIN AMERICA.

The letters and reports which the Pan American Union has been
receiving from Dr. Albert Hale, special compiler, and Charles E. Bab-
cock, assistant librarian, wiio have been traveling tlirough South
America and securing data on various subjects for the main office,
have been most gratifying. They show a remarkable increase of
interest in the Pan American Union and its work among the repre-
sentative and controlling men of the countries visited, especially the
educators, the librarians, and the students of these countries, who
are anxious to get into closer touch with the office of the Union and
to make use of its facilities or supply it with useful data. Dr. Hale
has made a point of meeting the leading editors, statesmen, and

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584 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.

business men, while Mr. Babcock has given his attention largely to
libraries, book dealers, newspapers, photographers, and other sources
of information which will 'be helpful in improving the Columbus
Memorial Library.

AMERICAN SOCIETY OF INTERNATIONAL LAW.

As this issue of the Bulletin goes to press there is being held in
Washington, on April 24-26, the seventh annual meeting of the
American Society of International Law. The committee of arrange-
ments includes: James Brown Scott, chairman, Clement L. Bouve,
Charles Noble Gregory, Charles Cheney Hyde, Robert Lansing,
Alpheus H. Snow, and George G. Wilson. The program of subjects
to be discussed includes the following: Historical account of Isthmian
projects; Comparison of the relative interests of the United States
and Great Britain in the Western Hemisphere at the different stages
of negotiations; Does the expression **A11 nations'' in article 3 of the
Hay-Pauncefote Treaty include the United States? Would a sub-
sidy to the amount of the tolls granted to American ships passing
through the Canal be a discrimination prohibited by the treaty?
Does exemption of American shipping impose an undue burden on
foreign shipping in contributing to the support of the canal? Has
the United States the right to exclude from the use of the canal any
class of foreign vessels, such as railway-owned vessels ? Is it neces-
sary in international law that injury actually be suffered before a
justiciable action arises? What is the international obligation of
the United States, if any, under its treaties, in view of the British
contention? The codification of international law; Continuation of
the consideration of the report of the committee on codification.
The proceedings will close with the annual banquet of the society on
the evening of the 26th at the New Willard Hotel. It is expected
that the speakers on this occasion will be men of great prominence
in the United States and other countries. All the details for arrange-
ments are in the hands of the competent and able recording secre-
tary of the society, Mr. James Brown Scott, 2 Jackson Place, Wash-
ington, District of Columbia.

SCHOLARSHIP FOR STUDY OF SPANISH.

The Director General of the Pan American Union congratulates
Col. Crawford H. Ellis, the New Orleans manager of the United Fruit
Co., for the interest he is taking in the promotion of the study of the
Spanish language. In this connection there is published herewith
a letter which the director general has recently received from Lieut.
C. B. Hodges, Fourth Infantry, United States Army, dated at Gal-
veston, Texas, March 19, 1913. Although Lieut. Hodges says that

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PAN AMERICAN NOTES. 585

he writes the letter personally, the director general believes that he is
not trespassing on any confidence but is showing his appreciation of
Lieut. Hodges's interest by publishing his letter in full, as follows:

Hon. John Barrett,

Director General of the Pan American Union, Washington, D. C.

Sir: Col. Crawford H. Ellis, the New Orleans manager of the United Fruit Co.,
and also president of the Pan American Life Insurance Co., has, at my suggestion,
established at the Louisiana State University the Crawford H. Ellis travel scholarship
in Spanish. This award will consist of a round-trip ticket on a United Fruit steamer
to any port in Central America and $100 expense money. It is open to young men in
second or third year Spanish at the university, the selection to be based on the best
record for the preceding two years. The beneficiary will be required to spend not
leas than one month in the country visited, exclusive of time on steamer, and to
submit a report in both Spanish and English of not less than 2,500 words, the same to
describe the trip, the country visited, the principal city, the people, social customs,
commercial conditions, etc.

I consider this action of Col. Ellis very generous and very praiseworthy. It will
draw attention to the importance of the Spanish language and will give to a limited
number of young Americans a fairly good idea of our sister Republics to the south.
The student winning this scholarship will be required to study up on Latin America
so as to properly prepare himself for travel there. The Bulletin of the Pan American
Union is one source of information on those countries with which he will be required
to be familiar. If Col. Ellis's action were followed at other institutions much good
would be the result.

I address this letter to you personally, with the request that, if possible, you give this
matter a paragraph in the Bulletin. My connection with it comes from my having
been instructor of Spanish in addition to my military duties^ while detailed at the
Louisiana State University as professor of military science and tactics. I feel that
this matter will interest you, and I believe that your influence may serve to bring it
to the notice of other public-spirited citizens, who will follow Col. Ellis's example.
Very respectfully,

C. B. Hodges,
First Lieutenant Fourth Infantry, U. S. A.

ADDRESS BY HON. PERRY BELMONT.

One of the most interesting addresses which has been deliveied
this year is that of Hon. Perry Belmont, former Member of Congress
from New York, before the Ancient Order of Hibernians, at the din-
ner which they held on St. Patrick's day in Bloomington, Illinois,
Tuesday, March 18. The occasion was rendered further notable by
the fact that there sat at the speaker's table no less a personage than
the former Vice President of the United States, Hon. Adlai E. Steven-
son. The particular portion of Mr. Belmont's address which has
attracted our attention was his leference to the new Secretary of
State, who is also chairman of the govemmg board of the Pan Ameri-
can Union, and to the policy of the United States in its foreign
affairs. Mr. Belmont has always taken a great interest in Latin
American relations and his comments are worthy of consideration.

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PAN AMERICA IN THE
MAGAZINES V .-.

How the Aztecs Fought, by Harry H. Dunn, in the Illustrated
Outdoor World and Recreation for January-, is a most interesting
account of an ancient book or codex which, according to Mr. Dunn,
was found by a Mexican archirologist who has deciphered the picto-
grai)h text of the book and translated it into Spanish. This archaeo-
logical treasure was found in one of the rooms of an ancient niin. S
feet below the surface of the ground, in the village of Tlacolula, near
the City of Mexico. Mr. Dunn writes:

Tlacolula wa*» once the neat of a powerful branch of the Aztec nation, a sort of State
government, evidently ruled over by Tlacorao, the Tzin, as his name appears as the
hem of the book. On the surface of the soil which covers the ruins of what was once
a city of nearly 300,000 inhabitants, stands a small village to-day, but, delvin^r away
into the ruined tombs and palaces and temples beneath, Prof. Abraham Quintero, an
archipologist of Mexico City, found this book.

The volume, called a codex, is \iritten in what is known as pictographs; that ù^,
highly colored red, blue, green, and black pictures of incidents with idet^raphs and
hieroglyphs in between carrying the thread of tiie stor>' along with the pictures. It
was written about the year 400, A. I)., and is about 12 feet in length by 8 inches wide,
with one long strip whiVh folds up like a railroad map of the present day. The figures
are as clear cut and the colors as brilliant as the day it was printed, fifteen centuries
ago. The material of the book is closely woven fiber of the maguey plant. Mexican
Indians of to-day have lost all knowledge of the weaving of this fiber, save as it has
been taught them by modem weavers, but the Aztecs evidently knew of it. as the
book is as fine and soft and durable a*^ a piece of linen cloth.

There are three rows of figures stretching the entire length of one side of the codex,
each figure about 2 inches high, with some figures breaking through to occupy the
space of two. This is espetnally true of the figure of Tlacomo, the chieftain in whoí?e
honor the book was written. His figure is always larger than that of the warrior?
depicted, and his throne is always two lines in height, and, in one or two in.stances,
stretches clear across the width of the codex.

The text of this remarkable book, as translated by Prof. Quintero,
besides containing a sort of paean of battle, presumed to have been
sung by Tlacomo, the Tzin, gives a complete description of the for-
mation of the Aztec militarj^ system, their weapons, and their methods
of fighting. Mr. Dunn gives the following English version of a por-
tion of the professor's Spanish translation:

At the age of 4 days every male Aztec, whether of the noble or the class, had
placed in his hands a bow, arrows, and a tiny shield, or buckler, symbolizing his war-
like destiny. This was his christening, and, from that time forward, he belonged to
the State until he was 18 years of age, when he was privileged to remain in the army
or take to the paths of peace, as he chose. At the age of 13, the boy was placed in the
"calmecac" or college of nobles, if of the upper class, and in the '*telpuchcali." or
586

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Courteny of Illustrated Outdoor World and Recreation.

HUITZPOCTLI, THE AZTEC GOD OF WAR.

The Altec priests claimed that this god could be propitiated only by the offering of human sacrifice.
As a result sacred wars were often instigated between the war-like chieftains of the different Aztec
kingdoms, and many of the prisoners taken offered up on the sacrificial altars, the noncombatant
inhabitants of the opposing kingdoms being meanwhile on the friendliest of terms. (Illustrating
"How the Artecs Fought," in the January lUvstrated Outdoor World and Recreation.)

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588 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.

military school, if of the lower class. The young nobles received a civil, religious,
and military training, and the three branches of life were open to them; they could
aspire to any office in the empire, even to becoming a Moctezuma.

In the military school the children of the poor received only a military education,
so that, if they did not enter the army as a profession, they became farmers or herders
or workers at masonry or one of the trades. WTien a youth entered one of the 20
militar>' schools in the city of Tenochtitlan (on the site of which Mexico City now
standrt) his head was shaved, with the exception of a single lock of hair at the back.
He was taught to handle arms, to shoot at targets with arrows and with hand darts,
and to strike accurately with the mace at wooden dummies.

As these boys reached the age of 16 they were allowed to go to real combat with
the solcliers, each of whom took a boy imder his protection. When the novice cap-
tured hia first prisoner, he was given a banquet and the lock of hair which he had
worn since his entrance to the school was shorn from his head. When a yotmg noble
had (^ptured five enemies, he was given the order of the Knight of the Eagle, or the
Knight of the Tiger, accordingly as he belonged to either family. The former used
the helmet which represented the open-mouthed head of an eagle, between whofe
jaws appeared the face of the warrior. The aspirant to this honor must kill for him-
self the eagle, from whose feathers the headdre^ was made. On his shoulder was
a small mantle, also of eagle feathers, and he carried a shield, painted to represent
an eagle.

The Knights of the Tiger slew for themselves each a "tiger" or jaguar, and, when
they obtained the right, had made for themselves a headdress representing the head
of the tiger, through whose jaws appeared the face of the warrior. A mantle of tiger
skin was worn on the shoulder and the shield bore the insignia of the tiger clan.

Huitzpoctli, the God of War, was the bloody deity who ruled the army, and was
also the supreme being of the entire race. His priests declared that he demanded
more and more human sacrifices, and it was this need of the god that kept the Aztecs
in a constant state of war. * ♦ *

The Aztec army, garrisoned in Tenochtitlan alone, numbered about
20,000 men; with the allies, it must have reached nearly 50,000,
according to ideograph figures given in the codex. Its organization,
all described in pictures on the fiber book, was as follows:

One general in chief, four grand chiefs, each one of whom commanded a "calpuli;"
captains of squadrons, captains of vanguard, chiefs of special service, or the Otonca
(warriors who had captured 6 enemies), and, lastly, the men of the famous rear guara,
or **quarhic," formed of athletic and vigorous warriors, who had taken more than 10
captives.

The arms, as shown by the codex, consisted of bows and arrows,
slings and stones, hand darts, and the **atlatl,'' a sort of cross bow,
all used by the light infantry. The heavy infantry fought for the
most part with '* macanas, '' heavy wooden clubs with three rows of
flint teeth; maces with heads of '*itzli," or volcanic glass, and tem-
pered copper battle-axes, the blades of which have been found in
the tombs and on the battle fields of the Valley of Mexico; and pro-
tected themselves with heavy wooden and fiber and leather shields,
sometimes nearly as large as their bodies.

It must be[ remembered that the Aztecs had no cavalr\% never having seen a horse
when Cortez landed^at Coatzacoalcos. The 20 chiefs commanding the 20 regiments
of 1,000 men each]; wore breastplates of hardened copper, carried lances with copper
points and with the standard of the regiment trailing from the head of the lance which

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rourtewy of IllUKtrnt«Hl Ouuloor World and Ueoreation.

SECTION OF AZTEC CODEX.

This codex, oí which the above picture shows but a small section, is said to have been discovered by Prof.
Abrahiàm Quintero, a Mexican archseoloeist, in a room of some ruins 8 feet below the surface of the earth
in the village of Tlacolula, near Mexico City. It is claimed that this Dictograph book, compiled about
ihe year 400 A. D., gives a very complete account of the education ana training of the youth and of the
military s>*stem of the ancient Aztecs, as set out in "How the Artecs Fought." by Harry H. Dunn, in
the January number of the Illustrated Outdoor World and Recreation (New York).

Uourtesy of Illustrated Outdoor World and Kecreatioii.

IMPLEMENTS OF WAR OF THE AZTECS.

The upper row shows the tempered copper axes; the second, a copper ax and arrow and spear heads made
of volcanic glass (called iztli); the third, stone heads for battle axes.

83664-Bull. 4-13 8 ^igm^á by GoOglc

590 THE PAX AMERICAN UXIOX.

wai< carriod eroct. A Itmij trailiiip headpiece of brilliantly colored parrot feathers
ath)nuHÍ the top of the head, while the more vital pariH of the body were prelected
by a tunic of quilKnl cot Ion or fiber. The .«oldiern of each regiment Plained their
ia( (w and bíHÜes the same color a»* that of the standard of their chief, >o aí to be recog-
nizable by their ci»mrade^ in the heat of battle.

Detailed descriptions of the formations, modes of attack, and the
general conduct of a hatth^ follow.

Dwellers of the Depths, by Day Allen Willey. in the December, 1912,
number of Outdoor Worhl and Recreation, is an interesting account
of a tribe of Indians living in one of the side canyons which branch
off from the Grand Canyon of the Colorado. The magnificent scen-
ery of this section of northwest Arizona, where the Colorado River
plunges into and through the enormous cracks in the earth's surface
known as cannons, is generally kni)wn and justly celebrated. That
human beings permanently dwell far down in these depths, living
lives almost as jmniitive as did the cave dwellers of old, is a fact that
is not so generally known, and Mr. Willey's entertaining article will
doubtless arouse a new interest among those who know something,
and wish to learn more, of the rapidly disappearing tribes of the
aboriginal Americans. The following excerpts will serve to show the
author's graphic style in dealing with a phase of human existence \vdth
which very few are familiar:

WTiether the force of the earth's pent-up fires or some other cause made this mighty
chasm and iu» branchen is still a problem to the geologists, but it is there and, strange
as it may seem, forms the abode of human beings— people who literally live under
the world, for the places they call homes are caves in the rock walls thousands of
feet below the earth's surface. In the depths of the canyon they remain winter
and summer, except when a few may scale the lofty precipice to hunt game or to
barter their handiwork for pottery and food with their nearest neighbors, the Hopi
Indians. For over a century the black walls of the abyss have been reflected in the
blaze of their cam]) firths and have echoed the sounds of the songs of rejoicing and
their weird chants over their dead, for these strange people are of the red face and form
one of the most interc»sting of the existing tribes of Indians.

In some of the ancient missions of California and New Mexico are carefully pre-
served rt»cords that tell many a thrilling tale of the mysterious past of the Southwest—
especially the wanderings and adventures of those heroic priests who were among the
first white men to penetrate a region which was a sealed book to the civilized world.
In these records the name of Ciarces apj)eare many times, for this brave Franciscan
friar journeyed over the desert, crossed the mountain pass, explored valleys and can-
yons long before any other pioneer ventured into the part of the Southwest which
he i>enetrated. As far back as 1776, the year when the colonies declared their inde-
pendence, Father Garces stood on the rim of the Grand Canyon and saw the awful
grandeur of its desolation. Wlien the friendly natives told him others of their kind
actually lived in one of the side canyons the explorer did not believe it, but as they
offered to show him the way, he followed and came to the edge of what the geographers
know as Cataract Canyon, and in one of its rifts he found these inhabitants of the
under world.

For at least two centuries and probably longer the Havasupais have existed in thi?
hole in the earth which they call home. There is an Indian tradition that at one
time in the past ages they lived in the valley of the Little Colorado River and even

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Courtesy of IllUHtrated Outdoor World and HeiTffttlon.

THE HAVASUPAI CORN GATHERER.

In writing of the Havasupai Indians, who live in the depths of Cataract Canyon, Mr. Day Allen
Willey says- "Few white farmers are as skillful as these Indians in tilUnp the pround, but
they have so little of it that they must make the most of it to live. The bits of gardens supply
their food from spring to fall as they do not eat meat at this time, but all the surplus com and
sunflower seeds are carefully stored away for winter." (Illustrating " Dwellers of the Depths,"
in the December JUuntratcà Outdoor World and Recreation.)

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592 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.

in the shadow of San Francisco Mountains. They slightly resemble in features the
Yuma tribe on the lower Colorado River, also the Pueblos, but so long have they
been in thi? rei-ess of the canyon that their language, dress, and customs differ greatly
from any others of the red faces of America. The few travelers who have risked their
lives to get down into this canyon say that they are finely modeled specimens of men
and women. Their cheek bones are not so large as are usually found in the Indian
and they can not be called hatchet faced. Most of them wear gannents of buckskin,
which show that they are much more expert in the tailoring suited to the red man than
other tribe? of Arizona and New Mexico. But they excel in basket making. From
a reed which grows in the bottom of the canyon they make a basket which is truly an
artistic piece of workmanship, not only in shape, but even in color, for they tint the
outside a beautiful hue or blend of colors by using a pigment made of red ocher, also
a blue paint they prepare from the wild indigo. Strange to say, they know little or

Courl*^*}- of llluHtnitfd OuUluor Wcirld and Ktx'rtMttion.

A H AV ASI PAI SUMMER RESIDENCE.

"The tribe follows one of the American fads, for the people have their summer as well as their winter
homes. With the coming of spring they build rude huts or cabins of the reeds thev use in basket making,
also branches of the few stunted trees" that crow in the canyon. Sometimes ifie framework is partlv
covered with buckskin, but usually it consists only of the reeds and branches, and may be only "a
thatched roof open on all sides. The huts are built close to the gardens and fruit trees, for evervone
turns farmer during the spring and summer, except the basket makers. When the shorter days show
that winter is coming on, tney leave the huts and literally become cliff dwellers." (Illustrating
'* Dwellers of the Depths," in the December Illustrated Outdoor World and Recreation.)

nothing of pottery, and the few jars and vases they have are obtained in trade with
the Hopis.

Cataract Canyon is true to its name. In a distance of 16 miles, the Colorado tumbles
and swirls over no less than 75 different rapids and cataracts. In this canyon the
waters of Havasupai Creek merge with the river. Most of the side canyons that form
such a network of cracks in Arizona's surface are as dry as the desert itself, except
when a heavy rainfall or melting snow in the spring partly fills them with turbid tor-
rents which ebb away in a few hours, leaving the canyon desolate in its barrenness.
But the little Havasupai is an oddity in this region, for it seldom dries up. Conse-
quently it usually contains enough water to at least moisten the earth of the \'alley
through which it flows. Like other soil in the so-called arid America, but a small
quantity of water is needed to bring forth crops in abundance, so away down here in
the depths one may see a strange picture at harvest time. In the bit« of gardens are
growing corn, melons, calabashes, even huge sunflower plants, for to the Havasupais

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PAN AMERICA IN THE MAGAZINES. 593

a meal of simflower seeds is a delicacy. Tiny groves of peach and apricot trees hang
heavy with luscious fruit. Few white farmers are as skillful as these Indians in tilling
the ground, but they have so little of it that they must make the most of it to live.

These little gardens supply food for the tribe from spring to fall,
all of the surplus being carefully stored for ^dnter consumption.
The hunters climb to the top of the canyon before winter sets in and
kill enough deer to serve for food and clothing for the season. With
the coming of spring rude huts are built of reeds and the branches of
the stunted trees that grow in the canyon, close to the gardens and
orchards, for everyone turns farmer for the time being, except the
basket makers. When the shorter days of winter come these flimsy
huts are vacated and the Indians become clijff dwellers. In the
canyon centuries of erosion have hollowed out caves and openings in
the rock walls, and these are frequently enlarged by cutting out the
soft sandstone with other sharp-edged stones, unt'd the head of each
household has accommodations for his wives and children. They
have practiced polygamy for centuries, and ability to provide food and
shelter is the only limit to the number of wives the Havasupai men
may have.

Some few years ago when information relative to this tribe of
Indians reached the United States Government officials, it was decided
to set aside the place as a reservation, and about 50 square miles have
been surveyed and mapped out. This territory is extensive enough,
perhaps, for the entire tribe is said to number not over 250.

To Our Friends in Argentina is the title of the leading article in the
March 13 issue of Arms and The Man, the principal theme of which
is a description of a statue sculptured by Gutzon Borglum, and
which is to be presented to the Circulo Militar, of Buenos Aires, by a
number of United States Army officers and other American friends
who have been guests of this exclusive military club at different
times in the past and who are taking this graceful method of showing
their appreciation of the many courtesies extended. In introducing
the subject of the statue the article dwells on the high type of Argen-
tinos as follows:

It is a pity that the citizens of the United States know so little of the citizens of
that strong, fine, sister Republic, Argentina. However, it is encouraging to note
that each year the acquaintance grows, and it must continually increase.

Argentinos are as much entitled to be called Americans as are the citizens of the
United States; possibly more so, because their ancestors occupied the land where
these other Americans dwell before our own progenitors landed in the United States.
Argentinos are a proud people, and they have a right to their pride. They have made
a great nation from diverse, discordant, and recalcitrant element*.

Their Latin-American civilization is to-day as genuine and as prosperous a plant
ag is our own Teutonic- American civilization. Their affairs are well regulated.
Their public men are men of the world. They are in truth the Yankees of the South.
They are proud to call themselves so, and we Yankees of the North should feel proud
to have them do so.

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594 THE PAX AMERICAN UNION.

Re preven tali ve ArRentinos who have visited thin eountr>' have impressed ihem-
*<elve-? u|)i)nour people a-^ have ^carc^ly any other men of alien race. The officers oí
the Argentine Navy who have been in the United States supervising the construction
of the two srcat batilenhif)? which our yards have been building for Argentina, have
m borne themwlvea that their fellow craftí^men, the officers of our Navy, and all
others who have come to know them, respect and eí^teem them for their many high
qualities.

Dr. Rómulo S. Naon, the present minister of Argentina to the United States, a
highly cultivate<l and bn)adly educated gentleman, who would adorn the highest
place within the gift of any nation, is a good example of the best claims Argentino.

When the Pan American rifle tournament was held in Buenos
Aires, in May, 1912, the crenerous and gracious hospitality offered
the team from the I'nited States was ver}' crratifpng to the recipients
and to the American colony in general. The United States militaiy
attaché to Argentina at that time was Lieut. John S. Hammond,
and upon his return to this country last summer, and upon consulting
with (îen. Leonard Wood, Chief of Staff, and other prominent Army
officers, he decided to start a subscription with which to purchase
some small memento to present to the Circulo Militar, as a token of
appreciation and esteem from their erstwhile gi;ests.

Mr. Gutzon Borglum ranks as one of the gieatest sculptors of the
United States, and his artistic conception, '* Sheridan at Cedar Creek,"
is a subject that will appeal especially to the military spirit of the
fine social and military organization to which it is to be presented.
As soon as the statue is completed it will be forwarded by Gen. Wood
personally, not by him as Chief of Staff nor in any official capacity,
but merely as one of those who have been entertained by the Circulo
Militar, and as one who joins with the other appreciative guests in
attempting to thus exj)ress in some small measure their gratification
and pleasure in having known the officers of the Argentine Army.

The article in Arms and The Man concludes with the following
paragraphs :

Argentinos are like iifi- progressive, wide-awake. They believe in taking for their
use the best they can find wherever they find it. Quite naturally they turned in the
beginning to Cíermany with its magnificent machine-made army, espcM^ñally as Ger-
many wivs not only willing but anxious to help for the good it would do toward
strengthening friendly iK)litical and trade relations. Ilow^ever, there are not lackitig
Argentinos who beli«'ve they want little more knowledge from Germany. A cousid-
erabh» number realize that the spirit of their North American brethren is more like
their own sjúrit and that it might be well to take advantage of North American
military training in so far as that may become practicable.

The Argentino, with his high individual intelligence and initiative, could be
expected to learn more of Americans, because he is much more closely related to
th(» American in habits of thought and ways of action than he is to the German.
Over 50 Argentino officers are now on duty with German troops, and 7 German ofiRcer?
are serving with the Argentine Army. The (îennans have helped greatly to make
a first-class military force for Argentina, but the pupils have outgrown their teachen*.
Many Argentino oflicers are as conversant with the military knowledge of the whole
world as are our own widelv educated otîicers.

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rourtwjr of Arin>« & The Mau.

sn::iui)AN at cedar creek.

The above photo>:raph shows the statue. "Sheridan at Colar Creek," just as it hai> come from the
iounirv. Th? sjl» ;r and othor a routerraonts are yet to be a Ide 1. The statue is to be presente»!
to the ('irculo Militar of Buenos Aires by Maj (îen." L«*orard Wood and other Americans who have
enjoye 1 the hospitalities and courtesies of this fine militarv club, as a slitrht testimonial of their
high appreciation cf the oiTrers of the' Argentine Army The statu*- is the work oí (¡utzon Born-
lum. one of the fjr.'most s 'ulptors of the Cnito! StatVs. who is als) the creator of the beautiful
statuary proup typifyin»; North America, pla-e 1 at the north entrain v to the building; of the Tan
American Cniori.

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596 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.

ll ¡8 to bo hoped that such stepe may be taken as will permit a more free interchange
of military knowledge and all other forms of information between the "Yanquis" of
the North and the South, the Argentino and the American.

America and Europe Compared — Are Americans Practical Men or
Idealistic Dreamers? in the January number of Hearst's Magazine,
is the second of the series of articles by the great Italian historian and
philosopher, Dr. Guglielmo Ferrero. The first of the series, in which

rourli"*> of l^ear^t■^« Ma^Hzine.

AMERICA AND EUROPE COMPARED.

"America is an immense, naturally rich continent, where capital accumulates quickly. Having ready
command of capital, and therefore of the countless hands that the overpopulated regions of Europe
have been furnishing to all countries that needed them for upwards of a century, America has been
able to exploit her land and mines at high speed."

Dr. Ferrero dwells on his first impressions relative to the spirit of
American progress which prevails throughout the two American
continents, was reviewed in the December Monthly Bulletin.
In the second article the author digs below the surface appearance
of our strenuous civilization, and comes to some rather remarkable
conclusions anent this ^^Demon of American Progress."

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PAN AMERICA IN THE MAGAZINES'. 597

At the outset the Doctor was struck with that curious phase of
idealism in the United States evinced in the extension of the suffrage
to ignorant and unassimilated elements in our body politic. In this
connection he writes:

I, too, had gone to North America with the common European idea that it was par
excellence the country of the practical spirit; and that all Americans were men who

in transcendent principles of the kind that so often betray dreamers, whether individ-
uals or nations, into chimerical attempts to gather rainbows.

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598 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.

For the.**** roas«mî* I wax aí^tonií^hed at the outj^et by America's policy in regard to the
hordes of imniitrrantíí that pour into her port,s each year from everj^ conceivable center
of the Ohl World. ♦ * ♦

To cfuifer citizenship each year upon preat numbers of men, bom and educated in
foreitrn countries- men who come with idea?, predilections, and sympathies totally
out of spirit with the diverse conditions in the new country-; to grant them political
ritihts they do not want and of which they have never thought; to compel them to
de<*lare alle^xiance to a jM>litical constitution which as often as not they do not under-
stand: to try to tnuisform subjects of old Eun)j>ean monarchies into free citizens of
yovnijr American Republicas over niiîht — lm not all this to do violence to common sen?e?
IhK»s not this policy multiply the already preat difficulties besetting representative
irtiveniment. without any correspond ine: advantage, not even that of rooting the
innniirrants to the s<»il?

For the crowds that leave Europe for America to-day are no longer inspired as they
on( e were by a thirst for liberty and a passionate desire to exchange the status of
subjiMts for that of fnn» citizens. They are attracted by the prospect of higher wage-^.
an easier and ampler life, better chances of getting on in the world.

To open the sch(K)ls and colleges, professional careers, and public offices to the chil-
dri'n of such immigrants on precisely the same conditions with native children, i?
a far better way of n)oting them to the soil than granting them the franchise.

Such is the policy that the States of South America have pursued in the past and
are pursuing tc-day.

AVith these impressions and oj)inions I turn from South America to that America
which stands to all the world as the symbol of the practical spirit. And there to
my no little surprise I found an exactly contrary policy in operation, attended by
all the consequences, which one would have anticipated — notably the increasing
difficulty of making democratic institutions work with an electorate so enormous, so
rapidly gmwing, so varied and heterogeneous. * * *

Consider how many of the difficulties and inconveniences which Americans face
in their domestic politics spring from this unrestricted size of the electorate and from
its heterogeneity. Both phenomena are unique in the history of the world, all democ-
racies having hitherto governed small and often extremely small States. It is
difficult to foresee the ultimate result of this new and most daring experiment which
America is carrying on without the constraint of any historical necessity what«o-
ever. * * *

How then did the present policy get established?

Certain historical accidents no doubt had much to do with it; but historical acci-
dents would not have sufficed without the backing of that impractical, I had almost
said mystical, conception of democracy which I discovered in so many Americans.

For the doctrine of popular rights in America is not an instrument to be tised by
the nation and its rulers for the attainment of certain practical ends, or to be applied
with such restrictions as will insure go(Ml results and forestall evil ones. It i« a tran-
scendent principle, 1 had almost said an article of faith, to be applied and developed
regardless of immediate consequences, which if they happen to prove disagreeable
or even perilous for the moment, must be borne with patience in the conviction that
since the principle is just and true, its ultimate result must be beneficent.

Little by little such reflections led me to ask myself whether in political matter?,
at least, the people of South xVmerica and Europe might not be more practical than
the citizens of the United States whether, inversely, the North Americans were not
the dreamers atid idealists.

The next phase of our ideaUsm to strike the Doctor was the inex-
haustible boiint}^ the wealthy chivsses in the United States bestow
upon educational institutions and learned or political or social

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PAX AMERICA IX THE MAGAZINES. 599

foundations. To his amazement he found that rich people whose
one idea was to spend for the good of mankind or the improvement of
their country were probably even more numerous in the United
States than in Europe. Moreover, he was struck with the difference
between European, and American benefactions in that —

American gifts are not infrequently inspired by a passionate, and I phould almost say
an ingenuous, faith in man's ability to conquer human misery and the travails of life.
An American will often set himself with fervor and with great expenditure of braies
and money to eradicate evils that to Europeans seem incurable. This faith in their
ability to straighten nature out, to clip her claws and purify her, not infrequently
seemed to me, as it has to many Europeans, to border upon lhe chimerical.

Continuing this train of thought, he writes:

The point is, however, that here again the Americans appeared more idealistic,
more given to dreams, less practical than Europeans. With a frequency unheard of
in Europe they will set out to slay the innumerable dragons of life without any cer-
tainty of success, but with the inspiration of a mystic faith that all things must some-
how turn out right in the end.

And so every now and again my observations impelled me to put this question to
myself: In spite of their great practical activity, are not the people of the United
States a much more mystical and idealistic nation, a people much more given to
dreams than Europeans are accustomed to believe?

In reflecting upon the tremendous energy and great wealth of the
countr}' the author asks himself some pertinent questions such as,
Why the masses in America, ^dth its greater wealth, are yet unable
to live better than the masses in Europe; Why the houses in the great
American cities are every^where so small; Why the distances are so
great, the means of communication so difficult, the cost of living so
high; That notwithstanding the immense national wealth it is harder
for the common people and the middle classes to live than in many
cities of Europe where wealth is much less abundant?

The first question he answers:

The cities have become too large and populous, their growth has outstripped the
growth of agricultural production. One section at least of the population has con-
tracied excessively expensive habits and has accustomed itself to too great luxury.

Why have the cities grown so rapidly ^ He replies:

Because industries have developed so rapidly. America is an immense, naturally
rich continent, where capital accumulates quickly. Having ready command of
capital and therefore of the countless hands that the overpopulated regions of Europe
have been furnishing to all countries that needed them for upward of a century,
America has not only been able to exploit her lands and mines at high speed, but has
been able to multiply her industries, of which the congestion of her cities is a
by-pnxiuct.

This leads the author to a consideration of what he calls a *' machine
civilization," anent which he writes:

The wealth and prosperity which machinery produces is only apparent. Because
instead of re<lucing the energ>' essential t(^ the pnKluction of the neccî^saries of life,
and therefore reducing their co.st. machinery actually increaí^^s both.

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600 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.

In the case of America, however, he admits that she has not
blundered or been the victim of a delusion in carrying the rapid
development of machinery across the continent, for by so doing she
has been able to A^in an unprecedentedly rapid mastery over her
immense territory. He dwells at some length on the miracle which
machine civilization has achieved in the New World, and finally
concludes that —

American progress is therefore a transcendent and mystical idea which, inflaming
America with passion, impels her to complete her unprecedentedly rapid conquest of
a continent,and whoee contradictions and absurdities it is a waste of logic to uncover.

But just when he had solved the American problem the European
problem presented itself to him in a new form.

If Ameri(nin progress, if machinery, if the quantitative criterion of perfection, are
essential to the achievement of the great historic task to which the United States have
de<li(^ted themselves, what is the explanation of the fact that machinen' multiplies,
the American idea of progress spreads, and the quantitative criterion pe\^ils in
Euroi)ean States?

It is this larger problem, the conflict between quantity and quality,
which dominates both worlds, that is to be dealt with in his next
article.

The Benaissance of Venezuela, by Marcos J. Trazivuk, is an appre-
ciative article in the March number of the National Magazine, dealing
with the recent progress and prosperity of Venezuela. In speaking
of the general ignorance which prevails in the United Stat^ relative
to this most northern of the great Republics of the South American
Continent, the author writes:

Venezuela, our nearest South American neighbor, is the land of the legendar>' "El
Dorado, " which was so long the goal of Spanish and English adventurers in search of
gold in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. The birthplace of the great libera-
tor, Simon Bolivar, who defied Spanish power in South America, and gave independ-
ence to half of the South American Republics, is strangely enough not as well known
to Americans as other and more distant South American coim tries. For the past
century its story has been one of struggle and rebellion, but a new day has dawned
and what wat^ one of the most "topsy-turvy" of Latin-American countries has settled
down into a peaceful and prosperous Republic, which is promising to become in the
near future one of the greatest commercial centers on the American Continent. '* Peace
and Labor" is the motto in Venezuela to-day.

This wonderful transformation and progress which is taking place is only in it^
infancy. With the departure of Gen. Cipriano Castro, revolution has passed into
history, and the people of Venezuela are looking to-day toward a great future, after
the four years of peace during which Venezuelan destinies have been placed in the
hands of her patriot president, Gen. Juan Vincente Gomez.

The author enumerates a few of the many reforms brought about
since the Gomez administration began, giving credit to the President
for such notable achievements as thefolloT^dng:

That he has established peace and order is the first and meet important step toward
the prosperity of Venezuela. The national debt, amoimting to several millions of

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S3 o

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602 THE PAX AMERICAN UNION.

dollan*, ha-M boon oxtin<?uiiihe<i duriníç the ?hort i)eriod of his administration, and
Hlrainod international relation?! have been resumed, thereby gaining i)olitically and
commercially the contidence of the world at larpe. The organization of the army ha?
put it on a f(M>ting with the mo:*! mcniem and up-to-date military establishments The
exteurtion and n»form of public instruction are other important undertakings. Public
nmds an» under construction throughout the country. Industrial improvement is
visible in every s(»ction and several railroad comimnies are extending their line?.
Public sanitation is almost under absolute control, and the seaport of T.a Guaira, for
many years a jM*sthole of yellow fever and cholera, is being transformed into a clean
and healthful city. FortMgn enterprises are being encouraged under the moet favora-
ble conditions, and im]X)rtant stej)*! have been taken to bring in the most desirable
European immigration. These are some of the most notable proofs of what a Latin-
American country can accomplish when pea<"e and order are permanently assured.

In speaking of the vast natural resources of the country which have
heretofore remained comparatively undeveloped, Mr. Trazivuk says:

It i"< only r(»cently that the Venezuelan jx^ople have realized the immense natural
wealth of their country, and have endeavored to place Venezuela among the leading
I^tin-American Republics. Some of the largest American corporations have realized
the great resources of Venezuela, and already there are several American companies
He<^king to obtain concessions for large enterprises.

The following is the authors description of the charming capital
of Venezuela:

Caracas, just beyond the Silla, or ridge of the mountain range, is a fine Latin-Ameri-
can metropolis of about 100,000 inhabitants, sheltered by gorgeous mountains rising
almost i)erpendicularly around it. The city has many beautifully situated and attrac-
tive plazas, boulevards, and avenues, with more now under construction. Boli^•ar
Square, located in the heart of Caracas, is the chief rendezvous and promenade of Vene-
zuelan society. Conspicuous buildings, such as the capítol, cathedral, university,
and military academy, grace the city, particularly the historic Miraflores Palace, the
official residence of the President.

Every foreigner who has visited Caracas has been charmed by its society, whose
luxury, accomplishments, and fashions rival those of the larger cities of Europe and
America. The beauty and elegance of the ladies of Caracas bring high tributes from
the stranger visiting the capital, for here are to be found the rarest types of Spanish
boauty among the direct de.«<cendants of the old Spanish conquerors of South America.

The author concludes with a tribute to the courtesy and hospitality
of the Venezuelan people extended to strangers, and cites the instance
of the \asit of the Secretary of State of the United States, when the
three days of his stay in ^>nezuela were declared official holidays by
the Government as a special mark of respect and esteem for the rep-
resentative of their great northern neighbor.

South American Newspaper Notes, by Ernest T. Simondetti, is an
article in The Editor and Publisher of January 18, 1913, in which
journalistic conditions and tendencies in some of the leading countries
of South America are discussed. In regard to South American jour-
nalism in general Mr. Simondetti writes:

Argentina, Brazil, and Chile are the South American countries which, owing to their
great economical development and to the influx of European emigration, have assumed
more rapidly a distinct individual character which is reflected in their press.

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STATUE COMMEMORATING THE 19TH OF APRIL.

Monument representing the figures of Salias and Madariapa, two national heroes of Venezuela, who
participated actively in the movement for liberty during the agilation for freedom in 1810-11.

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604 THE PAN AMBBICAN UNION.

While in general appearance the large South Anaerican newspapers resemble their
English contemporaries, in the treatment of news they follow more closely the French
and Spanish methods. ♦ ♦ *

In the writing of news stories the chronological order is usually strictly adhered to,
BO that often the most important facts are contained in the last paragraphs. As to
heads, they consist of one or two lines, and occasionally they chance to give a correct
idea of what the article is about. The South American editor persists in regarding
the use of more elaborate and explanatory heads as a manifestation of dangerous
sensationalism. That even a busy man, at times, must read the whole newspaper
before finding what he wants, has no effect in changing the editor's deeply rooted
point of view.

It is but seldom that more than one editorial appears at a time. This is usually
well written, but much longer than the average editorial in American newspa-
pers. ♦ * ♦

Leading dailies of the southern continent publish a greater amount of foreign news
than the corresponding American publications. This leaser degree of "pro\TnciaI-
ism " on their part, in some countries is due to the absence of a great social and political
life, and in others to the presence of large foreign colonies, composed of Latins who,
possessing either an identical or similar language of the adopted country, constitute a
potent element in the circulation of newspapers.

With the exception of La Prensa, of Buenos Aires, all the dailies referred to receive
their telegraphic news from the French agency, "Ha vas." Some of them, however,
as I>a Argentina, of Buenos Aires, and El Mercurio, of Chile, use also brief supple-
mentary services from special correspondents.

Although the home office of the "Ha vas," in Paris, receives from the Associated
Press an American news service of 600 words |>er night, only a few of the items find
their way to South America, and they usually refer to disasters, railroad wrecks,
floods, and lynchings.

Sunday editions are sometimes larger than those of other days, but they do not
strive after special features, and no effort is made to divide them into sections accord-
ing to subjects. Extras are but rarely issued.

In Argentina and Chile the daily newspaper advertising is large, frequently larger
than in New York, but it does not increase perceptibly on Sundays, while in Rio de
Janeiro Sunday advertising is becoming much heavier than that of other days.

Among the leading dailies of Buenos Aires to which Mr. Simondetti
refers are La Prensa, La Argentina, La Nación, as morning papers,
and La Razon and El Diario as the leading afternoon papers. Special
attention is given to the policy, equipment, and influence of La Prensa.
Regarding the papers of Rio de Janeiro he writes:

The leading morning newspapers of Brazil, published in Rio de Janeiro, are: The
Journal do Commercio, the Journal do Brazil, and 0 Pais.

The greatest rivalry exists between the first two mentioned. The Journal do Com-
mercio is a very influential, but extremely conservative newspaper, owned by Carlos
Rodriguez, a prominent Brazilian journalist and business man, well known in the
United States, where he resided many years.

The Journal do Brazil, whose proprietor, Count Almeida, is at present in this country
on a commission from his Government, although a much younger publication, has
made rapid strides on account of its modern methods. Both these newspapers publish
from 12 to 24 pages daily, with large Sunday editions.

The article closes with the following complimentary paragraph
relative to El Mercurio, of Chile.

Chile has one large modern newspaper. El Mercurio, which publishes simultaneously
two editions; one in Santiago, the Federal capital, and one in Valparaiso, the principle

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PAN AMERICA IN THE MAGAZINES. 605

port, although the two cities are less than 100 miles apart. Its two buildings are mod-
em and contain several departments managed for the benefit of the public . The paper
is strictly up to date in every respect and publishes from 16 to 24 pages daily.

Investments in Mexico, by Percy F. Martin, in the March issue of
the Financial Review of Reviews, is a conservative and at the same
time a very hopeful consideration of the industrial situation existing
in the Republic and of its financial stability in the future. That the
recent political upheaval was attended by so little disturbance of
Mexican securities held in the financial centers of the world is a
remarkable attestation of the confidence in the integrity of the
Mexican people as a whole which seems to pervade the business
world.

Nations, as well as individuals, are judged as to their integrity by
past history. Mexico has always met its financial obligations fairly
and squarely, and that fact has established a credit which even
internal political changes of the most radical character have not
affected appreciably. In considering the negotiation of a loan
which will be needed to meet pressing exigencies and to readjust
conditions in the Republic upon the reestablishment of constitu-
tional government and permanent peace, Mr. Martin writes:

The credit of the Mexican Republic under a strong and permanent government
ought to prove as sound to-day as it was two years ago, when the 4 per cent external
gold loan for £22,200,000 was easily arranged, the first half of it being issued in Paris'.
It will also be remembered that early in the following year (January, 1911) the Mexican
Government exercised its option of earlier redemption of the õ per cent loan of 1899,
by purchasing £10,433,820 of the bonds of the latter, such purchase being effected
mainly out of the proceeds of the 1910 Paris issue of £11,100,000. * * *

The pressing obligations of the Republic are not great, the larger part of the pay-
ments requiring immediate attention relating to certain railway construction sul)-
sidies, which, it is pointed out, can very well be allowed to wait until the financial
conditions of the country are a little better. Acting upon the advice of the late
minister of finance, before their adjournment in December of last year, Congress
authorized a 5 per cent loan of 20,000,000 pesos (£2,000,000), and another of 40,000,000
pesos (£4,000,000) bond issue, the latter being intended for railways and public
works and indemnities in connection with the revolution of 1910. In view of the
considerable excess in damage done to private and public property as the result of
the proceedings of last month (February), it is difliicult to say what sum will now
become necessary for this purpose. The Government under the late Sr. Madero
gave its undertaking to pay for all the damage occasioned to foreign property, and
there is little reason to suppose that their successors, anxious as they will be to con-
ciliate foreign opinion, will depart from this expressed policy. * * *

In regard to present conditions in Mexico, history is merely repeating itself. In
1911, after the Madero rising and the expulsion of President Diaz, it wslb thought that
confidence in Mexico as a field for investment might have been shaken, and it was
looked upon as highly improbable that the new Government would endeavor to float
an issue of securities, owing to the effect of the revolution upon the mind of outside
investors. But public opinion swerved very quickly, and so far from regarding the
prospects of Mexico gloomily, there appeared to be no great timidity concerning the
safety of the issue.

83664— Bull. 4-13 9

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PAN AMERICA IN THE MAGAZINES. 607

One of the curious features about the entire Mexican revolution of 1913, as of that
of 1911, has been the comparative cahn with which holders of Mexican bonds on this
side have maintained their position. It will be remembered that when the existence
of the old régime in Mexico began to be seriously threatened, toward the end of 1910,
there occurred a certain amount of uneasiness, but even in those circumstances the
astute minister of finance succeeded in securing a large foreign loan, while throughout
the spring and early summer of the following year, in spite of all the revolutionary
news which came to hand daily, and even in face of the first acts of the Madero pro-
visional government in May, Mexican bonds varied only a fraction in price. During
the past two or three weeks the same remarkable phenomenon has been observed, a
fact which speaks very eloquently for the innate confidence which is felt in Mexican
securities as a whole.

Of the different Mexican issues — Government, provincial, municipal, railroads,
etc. — it has been estimated that there are more than 400,000,000 pesos negotiable at
the Paris market. Nevertheless, the advices which come to hand almost hourly from
that quarter have indicated that even for the most speculative issues the alarm occa-
sioned has been by no means sufficiently pronounced to attract special attention. On
the other hand, the markets have shown themselves to be extremely sensitive to
every little move recorded in connection with the Balkan situation.

From the first it has appeared that holders of Mexican Government issues were
confident that whatever new Government came into power, or whether the old re-
mained, the national obligations would be recognized, and thus they very wisely
refrained from throwing over their securities. As upon the previous occasion referred
to, when political troubles attracted attention, the Mexican Republic's bonds covered
no greater range than did New York City bonds, British consols, French rentes, or
German Government bonds, Mexican 5 per cents on the London Stock Exchange
ha\âng varied within a radius of a few points.

A Trip Through Brazil, by Albert Hale, in the Bay View Magazine
(Detroit, Michigan), for February, is a well- written article which
gives a comprehensive sketch of several of the larger States of Brazil,
touches on the country's agricultural, pastoral, and industrial
possibilities, its railway facilities, its educational system, and gives
an alaysis of the dominant characteristics of the people as a whole
from a North American viewpoint.

Relative to the agricultural and pastoral development of the
country' Mr. Hale writes :

Brazil is destined to become one of the greatest if not the first agricultural land on
the globe. It has the land, the climate, and soon will have that essential to agri-
cultural profit, cheap shipping facilities. A Mexican syndicate has recently pur-
chased 50,000 acres in northern Brazil for a stock ranch, and while the cattle, horse,
and sheep industry does not yet compare with Argentina, yet it is making a rapid
advance. There are large arid sections, and already the Central Government is
constructing vast irrigation works. The department of agriculture is a big benefactor.
It maintains several agricultural colleges, experimental farms, and maintains a large
corps of trained specialists whose investigations are assisting the farmers. * * *

Brazil is as rich and fertile as any land, and just as accessible; millions of human
beings can find homes where is to-day only the nomadic Indian. Scarcity of water
for drinking and irrigation need not be feared, and the rushing streams will supply
power so that coal may be forgotten. In riding through the countr\' plenty of earthly
paradises are to be found, yet even when they are inhabited the conditions are so
primitive that nature blushes at the little man has done to uplift her.

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PAX AMERICA IN THE MAGAZINES. 609

The railway systems of Brazil are thus dealt with :

They were originally established, not with the idea of affording or facilitating
internal commerce, but with the great purpoee of bringing the products of a con-
tributing interior territory to the nearest seaport and of distributing to liiis interior
the merchandise brought in from abroad. On the Atlantic coast, Recife (Pernambuco)
is the focus of one system, Sao Salvador (Bahia) of another, Rio de Janeiro of a third,
Sao Paulo and Santos (liie coffee region) of a fourth, and Rio Grande do Sul, in the
extreme south, of a fifth system. In recent years the Government has felt the need of
connecting these various systems by interior railways running north and south, both
to afford interior commimication independent of the ocean and to stimulate an internal
commerce and settlement. This plan has been successful north and south of Recife,
so that to-day it is possible to travel by rail between the ports of Natal and Maceió, and
between Rio de Janeiro and Sao Paulo. South of Sao Paulo construction has been
rapidly extending through the States of Parana and Santa Catharina toward the
Uruguayan frontier. The total mileage of railways in operation in the Republic at
present is 13,279 miles. The building of these road» has been the great employing
industry of Brazil for a number of years.

Mr. Hale concludes his sketch with the following paragraph:

After completing a tour of Brazil and her beautiful cities, there is one conclusion
that we must arrive at, and that is, Brazil needs our American spirit. The field
is greater than it was in Mexico a generation ago, and there is a sympathy from all
classes toward a manifestation of Americanism. Brazil has grown sober and sensible,
and no longer listens to hot-headed revolutionists. But while she has not yet beaten
her spears into pruning hooks, nor her swords into plowshares, yet she is at peace
with the world, and complacently views her vast internal improvements, and is
rather bent on enjoying the fruits of industry than the uncertain glory of strife.

The Mighty Amazon, by M. R. Wright, in the February Bay View
Magazine, is a descriptive article dealing with the greatest river sys-
tem in the world and the country drained thereby. Save the fact
that it is the largest river in the world, so little is definitely known by
the average citizen of the United States relative to this stupendous
stream and its great tributaries that we herewith quote some of the
paragraphs of the article dealing with a few of the important features :

The entire basin of this mighty river covers an area of 7,000,000 square kilometers
(about 4,450,000 square miles), of which a part belongs to Peru, Ecuador, and Boli\Ta.
At its source the river is named the Maranon; on the border of Brazil it takes the name
Solimoes; and after its confluence with the Madeira, it becomes known as the Amazon.
It is 3,500 miles in extent, and so level is its course that throughout two-thirds of its
length the channel slopes little more than 200 feet. It is wider and deeper than any
other river in the world. Although the surface is placid, showing little apparent
current, the average depth is from 75 to 150 feet, and in some places it has a depth of
250 feet; the width varies from a mile and a half at Tapatinga, on the Peruvian border
of Brazil, to 4 miles at the mouth of the Madeira, and, again, to less than a mile as it
passes the *' narrows" at Obydos. So great is the conflict between the current of the
river at its mouth and the incoming tide of the ocean that great billows, from 10
to 15 feet high, surge in at the northern entrance especially, following each otlier with
deafening noise, particularly during the time of the equinoctial gales, when the current
is strongest. This tide from the sea is perceptible as far up the river as Obydos, about
500 miles.

Throughout the lower course of the river are innumerable channels forming islands
close to the shore, which during the dry seasons are the favorite haunts of the beau-

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610 THE PAX AMERICAN UNION.

tiful heroni* and oiJier binls native to this region; these low-lying lands are called
várzeas, or flood plains, and they disap()ear during the rainy season, when the tidep
are high. The principal rif*e of the tide takes place in February on the Solimoes, in
April on the Amazon proper, and in June on the Para. The level then falls until
Oct<)b(T, when a second rise of less importance begins, which lasts until January'.
These annual rises corresiwnd with the rainy seasons of the regions watered by the
great river and its tributaries. During the rainy season on the upper Amazon the
tide sometimes rises to a height of from 40 to 50 feet, submeiging the forests and con-
verting a vast territory' into an inland sea.

The Amazon Basin receives more rain during the year than any other r^on of the
same extent on the globe, and the volume of water it carries to the ocean is estimated
at the enormous rate of 100,000 cubic meters per second, the water of the great stream
coloring the Atlantic for hundreds of miles from its mouth. The dull, opaque yellow
of the main stream is tinged with various mixtures as it receives its immense tribu-
taries, of which there are a dozen, that extend over a course of more than a thousand
miles; the laigest of these enter the river from the south — such as the Tocantins,
Xingu, and Tapajós, in the State of Para— and the Madeira is the greatest southern
tribu tar>', having a length of more than 2.000 miles from its headwaters, in Boliv-ia —
one branch rising near the border of ('hile and the other close to the Argentine bound-
ar>'. Of the northern tributaries, the Rio Xegro is the largest and most important,
having a length of more than 1.500 miles and an average breadth of nearly 2 miles for
the first half of its course and of from 10 to 15 miles for the remainder, which is chan-
neled with islands. The name of this river, which takes its rise in the mountains of
Colombia, is singularly appropriate, the water having a rich chocolate color, which is
not changed even at the (xmfluence of the Rio Branco, whose milk-white tide is
(juickly lost in the greater current. The water is light golden when placed in a white
vessel, and has a delightfully satiny feeling, which makes bathing in it an especial
hixur>' and overcomes any prejudice against its color, that, though decided, does not
interfere with its most perfect transparency. The Rio Xegro constitutes the chief
highway of commerce Un ween Brazil, Venezuela, and Guiana. The second in
importance of the Aimizon's northern tributaries is the Japurá, a thousand miles long.

Taos, an ancient American capital, by Agnes C. Laut, in the Feb-
ruary number of Travel, is the first of a series of articles which will
ajipear in this publication durhig the next few months, dealing with
the great Southwest. Miss Laut has the happy faculty of imparting
valuable information in a bright, cheery, and mteresting way which
almost charms the reader into the belief that he is rcadmg fiction
instead of fact — romance instead of history. Here is the way she
introduces her readers to romantic old Taos:

As Quebec is the shrine of historical pilgrims in the Xorth, and Salem in Xew
England, so Taos is the mecca of students of history* and lovers of art in the South-
west. Here came the Spanish knights mounted and in armor plate half a century
before the landing of the Pilgrims on PhTuouth Rock. They had not only crossed
the sea, but had traversed the desert from old Mexico for 900 miles over burning
sands, amid wild, bare mountiiins. across rivers where horses and riders swamped
in the quicksands. To Taos came Franciscan pailres long before Champlain had
built stockades at Port Royal or Quebec. Just as the Jesuits won the wilderness of
the up-countr\' by mart>T blood, so the Franciscans attacked the strongholds of
paganism amid the pueblos of the South. * * *

But Taos tnulitions date back further than the coming of the white man. Christians
have their Christ, northern Indians their Hiawatha, and the pueblo peoples their

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612 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.

Hiih-tah-ko. or grand Variquo, who le<l their people from the ravages of the Apache
and Navajo in the far West to the Proiniseti Land of venlant plains and waterwl
valleys Kelow the niiglity n ountains at Taos. Montezuma was to the Southwest,
not the ChrLMt, but the Adam, the Mases, the Joseph. Casa Grande, in southern
Arizona, was the (iarden of F>len— the Place of the Morning Glow — but when war
and I Cintilen ce and ravaging foe and drought drove the pueblos from their Garden of
Eden, then Hah-tah-ko was» the savior to lead them to the promised land at Taos.
When did he live? The oldest man does not know. The pueblos had been at Taos
thousands of years when the Spanish came in 1Õ40: and it may be added, they live
very nnich the same tonlay at Taos as they did when the white man first came. The
men wear store troiis<»rs instead of woven linen ones; and some wear sombrero hats
instead of a nnl headband: and there are wagons instead of drags attaclied to a dog in

C'<)iirle\v of Travel

POTTERY WORKERS ON TUE PLAZA.

Many kinds of pottery arc made by these pueblo girls, who care little what elhnolopists may sav of them,
anil oluim desi-enl , "not from the" Indians, bul from the Aztecs and Tollec^ of the South, (illustrating
"Taos: An .\ncient American Capital,'' in February' Travel.)

shafts; but apart from these innovations, there is little difference at Taos between
1912 and 1540.

The author gives directions as to the bcòt way to get to Taos,
including a vivid description of the journey by stage from the little
village of Servilleta to the old home of the Pueblos, concluding with
the description of the Penitentes, a '^people who in every character-
istic belong to the twelfth century."

In the second of the series, which ap})ears in the March Travel, the
author givefi a more detailed description of the old j)ueblo of Taos.
She wTites:

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PAX AMERICA IN THE MAGAZINES. 613

The pueblo proper lies about 4 miles out from the white man's town. Laguna,
Acoma, Zuni — the Three Mesas of the Tusayan Desert — all lie on hillsides, or on the
very crest of high acclivities. Taos is the exception among purely Indian pueblos.
It lies in the lap of the valley among the mountains — two castellated five-story adobe
structures, one on each side of a mountain stream. In other pueblo villages, while
the houses may adjoin one another like the stone fronts of our big cities, they are not
like beehive apartment houses. In Taos the houses are practically two huge com-
munal dwellings, with each apartment assigned to a special clan or family. In all,
some 700 people dwell in these two huge houses. How many rooms are there? Not
less than an average of three to each family. Remnants of an ancient adobe wall
surround the entire pueblo. A new whitewashed mission church stands in the
center of the village ; but you can still see the old mission church pitted with cannon
ball and bullet, when Gen. Price shelled it in the uprisings of the pueblos after
American occupation. Men wear "store" trousers and "store" hats. You see some
modem wagons. Except for these, you are back in the days of Coronado in 1540.
All the houses are entered only by ladders, that ascend to the roofs and can be drawn
up — the pueblo way of bolting the door. The houses run up three, four, and five
stories. They are adobe color outside — that is to say, a pinkish gray; and white-
\va3hed spotlessly inside. * * *.

(Jlance inside the houses! The upstairs portion is evidently the living room, for
the fireplace is here and the pot is on. Off the living room are corn and meal bins;
and you can see the metate or stone on which the com is ground by the women as
in the days of the Old Testament. Though there is a new mission church dating
from the revolt in the forties, and an old mission church dating almost from Coronado
in 1Õ40, you can see from the roof dozens of estufas, or kivas, where the men are
practicing for their dances and masked theatricals.

Interesting details of pueblo customs, their socialistic mode of
living, the practice of the secret rites of Montezuma, and much
valuable historical matter, added to the pictorial features of the
articles, make them noteworthy additions to the literature of our
great Southwest.

Our Trade in Soath America, by Waldon Fawcett, in the February
number of Business (Detroit, Michigan), is a very thoughtful and
analytical article dealing with the positive necessity for the exten-
sion of our commercial field, and the development of our trade with
Latin America in particular. Mr. Fawcett writes:

The recent transition of the United States from an agricultural to an industrial coun-
try, in so far as oiu* exports are concerned, has given to South America a tremendous
new importance and significance as a market for American products. To be sure, there
has been more or less agitation on the subject for years, but until the ambitions of a new
commercial era supplied the spur, there was little heed given by practical business
men to the fact that it was highly desirable for the Republics of the three Americas
to be bound together by closer trade relations as well as closer social and political
relations * * *.

The past few years, however, have witnessed a revolutionary change in the status of
the Tnited States as a factor in international trade. In reality the change came grad-
ually enough, but the climax was sufficiently precipitate to startle many people who
had not kept track of the shifting currents of development. For several decades each
recurring census has shown a decreasing proportion of rural population. This could
mean, of course, but one thing — that our commercial and industrial interests were
developing greatly, but at some expense to our rural activities. And the inevitable

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614 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.

outcome hsi» resulted. The past few seasons have indicated that even with bumper
cri>ps it is going to require nearly all the products of American soil to satisfy the Ameri-
can ap|)etite. Some portion of nature's bounty — as exemplified, for instance, in
our unequaled apples— will, of course, continue to be sent overseas, but the vital
[M>int is that foodstuffs have lost their old importance as our chief asset in the intema-
ti(uial game of barter and trade.

With the low of this line of business in prospect, and, in some measure, directly upon
us, it was essential that America find some substitute to offer in exchange for her for-
eign purchase». The very condition which upset the old order of things has provided
compensation in the new. Parallel with the increasing home consumption of agricul-
tural prtKlucts and the curtailment of the surplus to be sold abroad has come a tremen-
dous expansion of manufacturing in all lines. The extension of factory facilities, the
economics of scientific management and standardization, and the surpassing ingenuit>'
of American inventors have enabled American manufacturers to not only cope with
all the demands of an expanding home market, but to accumulate heavy surplus stocks
for sale abroad.

The problem of the period, then, has been to find a market for this newly created
excess of industrial output, and it is in this quest that all old rules have gone by the
board. In certain favored lines the conquest of American products has extended all
around the world, but in the main the American manu&icturer has found it advisable
to seek out the points of least resistance. It has required no great lapse of time to
show that Eun)pe, which has bought so freely of our agricultural products, is, in the
matter of manufactured products, a fiercely competitive field, where American manu-
facturers are, for certain obvious reasons, at a disadvantage. But, on the other hand ,
South America, which bought so sparingly of our grain and beef when we were over-
slocked, is in a receptive, if not actually a favorable, frame of mind with reference to
our manufactured pnxlucts.

The author ^ves suggestions as to methods of increasing the trade
between the Latin-American countries and the United States, com
ments on the growth of tourist travel to South America, and deals
with the characteristics of the Latin-American business men. He
gives many good pointers to United States exporters and refers to the
United States Department of Commerce and Labor, the Bureau of
Trade Relations of the State Depaitment, and the Pan American
Union as conspicuous ^'intelligence offices" where aid and informa-
tion may be had at little or no expense.

The South American is the name of a new publication the first
number of w^hich has just reached this reviewer's desk. It is pub-
lished by The South American Publishing Co., is to be issued semi-
monthly, and has Mr. Wing B. Allen as editor and manager. The
Bulletin welcomes this new *' Richmond" in the field of Latm-
American journalism and wishes for it that full measure of success
which, judging from its first issue, it w'ú\ deserve. In speaking of
the opening of the Panama Canal and the greater interest awakened in
Latin America as a field for the extension of the foreign trade of the
United States, the editor writes:

It Í8 this popular interest that has created the field for this journal. It will be the
province of this paper to afford Americans an intimate knowledge of South American
affairs. It is intended to bring American investors, homeseekers, colonists, pros-

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PAN AMERICA IN THE MAGAZINES. 615

pectore, soldiers of fortune, and other classes in touch with the opportunities of to-day.
It is intended to afford a medium through which South American business men may
introduce themselves and their projects to those in this country whom they wish so
earnestly to reach. It is one stupjendous field, and possibly to cover it completely is
too much to expect from any one medium. The publisher realizes this and knows
that his efforts can not compare favorably with the task undertaken, yet without doubt
something worthy will be the result. At first it will be impossible to do more than
touch upon some of the prominent features of the South American situation, but as
time goes on various departments wiU be organized and each feature enlarged to meet
as nearly as possible the requirements of the case.

The first article, "Latin America as a field for United States capital
and enterprise," is a reproduction of an article written some six years
ago by Hon. John Barrett, the present Director General of the Pan
American Union, which the editor states —

90 exactly hits off[^a situation between the United States and Central and South
American countries to-day that it is reproduced ¡herewith without apology because
of the date.

Other articles giving important facts and information about the
countries dealt with are *^ Something about Brazil," *^ Something
about Colombia," *'What au American company has accomplished
in ten years," and various short and pithy paragraphs anent the
agricultural and mineral production of Lat'm America. One page is
devoted to statistics as to area, population, and general topography
of the several Latin-American Republics, given in a convenient and
very condensed form. The editor is to be congratulated upon the
showing made in his first number.

The South, the Canal, and Pan America, is the title of an article in
the January number of Cotton (Atlanta, Georgia), contributed by
Director General John Barrett, of the Pan American Union. In
dealing with Pan American commerce and the vital Interest therein
of the Southern States, Mr. Barrett writes:

Although the volume of our trade at the present time with Latin America is only
a small part of our total foreign trade, there is no section of the world which offers
greater opportunities for development in the future. It is peculiarly a market which
will want much of what we manufacture and will supply to us, in turn, raw products
which we can not produce ourselves. * * *

What, therefore, can be done to develop the buying capacity of Latin America
through our purchasing from them their raw products will, in turn, react by greater
sales from the United States to them of cotton goods directly or indirectly. We need
the imports of raw products from those countries for our manufacturing plants and
for our labor and our capital, and, when we import rubber or hides or their other
natural products and manufacture them, we bring even greater returns to ourselves
than to the countries from which these products originate.

The article is replete with facts and statistics showing the wonderful
increase in the commerce of Latm America during the past decade.

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The American Hediterranean. By Stephen Bonsai. New York, Moffat, Yard & Co.
1912. 488 pag(^. Price, $3.

Many thousands of people from all parta of the world are now voyag:ing to Panama.
They are drawn principally from the United States and European countries, and their
course lies through the "American Mediterranean," as Mr. Bonsai appropriately
terms the Carribhean Sea, which, during the years to come, will no doubt become as
popular as the European Mediterranean. Indeed, the Caribbean countries are so
cloeely interwoven with American history that they furnish most entertaining sub-
jects for description, comment, and story, and probably no one is better qualified
to do justice to them than Mr. Bonsai, who has been visiting the Caribbean lands
again and again for the last 20 ye^rs.

The book appropriately opens with the *' yesterday — to-day — and to-morrow," to
which subject the author devotee 30 pages. Then Cuba, "14 years after the war,"
receives a good deal of attention, followed by visits to and descriptions of Haiti,
Venezuela, Colombia, Porto Rico, the English islands, the French islands, etc.
Many pages are devoted to the opinions of the ^Titer, which may or may not coincide
with those of the reader, but when it is remembered that Mr. Bonsai, as an author,
correspondent, and traveler, has been in close touch with the political developments
of the field, his opinions deserve careful consideration.

Thirty pages are devoted to the "Conquest of the Isthmus." The closing chapter,
on the "Unsufruct of the West Indies," deals with the commercial and industrial
possibilities of the Caribbean section of the world. An appendix of 75 pages contains
extracts from the texts of various documents, commercial statistics, and other inter-
esting matter that would be useful for reference, especially by the serious traveler
who is not only in quest of beautiful tropical lands, but who wishes to know the West
Indies and judge of future possibilities from a commercial and industrial standpoint.

In view of the greatly increasing importance of all the countries bordering on the
Caribbean Sea, especially with reference to the opening of the Panama Canal, it
would seem absolutely necessary that every person who is interested in the problems
of the Caribbean, the Panama Canal, and the future relations of the United States
with the Latin American countries, should have this book in his library. It is par-
ticularly useful to the students of Pan American progress who are endeavoring to get
a broad viewpoint of all the countries, conditions, and facts which have to do with
the new political, economic, commercial, and social tendencies of the Western Hemis-
phere.

Hazell's Annual for 1913. A Record of Men and Movements of the Time. 600
pages, edited by Hammond Hall, with copious index. Hazell, Watson & Viney,
(Ltd.), Long Acre, London. Price, 3 sh. 6 net.

"A himdred blue books boiled down into one red one*' is a fitting description
which has been applied to Hazell's Annual. But the new number of thb old and
valued companion is much more than a mere digest of valuable facts. Indispensable
as it is to writer or politician, it appeals to a much wider public. The scientist, the
sportsman, the artist, the photographer, and even the idler with no special tastes, if
such an individual there be, will find matter of interest in this encyclopedic guide
book to the times in which he lives.
610

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SUBJECT MATTER OF CONSULAR REPORTS.

617

Chile Mercantile Beports. By Labbe & Co., Santiago, Chile. In the United States
copies may be secured from the American Exporter, 135 William Street, New
York. Price, |100.

This valuable book of mercantile reports on the merchants of Chile is assured an
important place. It gives ratings of over 500 firms in Chile and should prove of service
to commercial organizations conducting a foreign trade with the business men of that
country. It is planned to keep this book up to date constantly, by supplements
issued every two months, giving details as to new firms listed, changes, and concerns
that have liquidated. The book is not sold outright, but manufacturers and others
interested may subscribe for the service of a copy, which service also entitles the
holder to the privilege, without extra charge, of receiving, on request, more detailed
reports on business concerns.

.SUBJECT MATTER OF CONSULAR REPOI^S,

BEPOBTS BECEIVBD UP TO MABCH 31, 1913.i

Title.

Date.

ARGENTINA. 1913.

Alarm clocks and dollar watches Jan. 2ñ

Winds, and water available for wells Jan. 27

Builders' hard ware do

Stationary engines Jan. 28

Agricultural conditions and agricultural machinery Jan. 31

CHILE.

Available timber and timber tracts , Feb. 1

Motorcycles; limited demand; duty ..do

Paints; prices and duty do

Coal Feb. 7

American capital invested in iron ore i Feb. 11

Opportunities for corresjwndence schools Feb. 12

Trade and industrial notes: Bridges: customs receipts for Janu- Feb. 24

ary, 1913; construction work; whaling; pawnshops; operating

expenses of Government railroads, 1912; flax fiber.

COLOMBIA. '

List of commercial houses in consular district Feb. 13

Manufacture of chocolate Feb. 28

Author.

Crane, consul,

Robert T.
Rosario.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.

A. A. Winslow, consul, Val-
paraiso.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.

Isaac A. Manning, consul,

Barranquilla.
Graham H. Kemper, consul,

Cartagena.

Cost of producing Cuban cane sugar Feb. 21 Henry P. Starrett, consul

general, Habana.
Sugar crop in Cienfuegos district, 1913 Mar. 12 M. Baehr, consul, Cienfuegos.

GUATEMALA.

Market for tiles Jan.

Hardware imports Feb. 19

Paints Feb. 22

thiUes on paints and varnishes Feb. 26

Ready-to-wear clothing Mar. 1

Paper bags Mar. 10

Expanded metal building materials Mar. 11

Geo. A. Bucklin, consul gen-
eral. Guatemala City.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.

This does not represent a complete list of the reports made by the consular officers In Latin America,
but merely those that are supplieti to the Pan American Union as likely to be of service to this Institution.

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618

THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
J<e ports received up to March til, Í9i¿— Continued.

Title. Date. Author.

HAUL I

Chocolate, cocoa, candies, and confectionery Mar. 17

IfKXICO.

Mapicy rope (fiber not grown) Mar. 7

List of municipalities of 5,000 and more inhabitants Mar. 10

Watches and clocks Mar. 11

No market for laundry machino-y do

Moving-picture business in Yucatan Mar. 12

Chocolate, cocoa, candies, and confectionery Mar. 17

PARAGUAY.

No market for whip lashes Jan. 23 i

Market fcM- builders' hardware Jan. 28

Opportunities for correspondence schools Feb. 12

PKBU.

Expropriation of Lima's Water Co Feb. 24

VENEZUELA.

Canned and dried fruits Feb. 8

Agricultural conditions and agricultural machinery Feb. 11

ííandpaper and emery cloth; duty Feb. 12

Children's carriages; "little market do

Builders' hardware do

Cigaret les Feb. 21

(Jasoline lighting apparatus Feb. 22

Market lor American railway equipment and supplies Mar. 8

L. W. Livingston, consul.
Cape Haitien.

Wilber T. Gracey, consul,
rrogreso.

Arnold Shanklin, consul gen-
eral, Mexico City.

Claude R. Guyant, consul,
Salina Cruz càcling as vice
consul at Ensenada).
Do.

Wilber T. Gracey, consul,
l*rogreso.

Marion Letcher, consul. Chi-
huahua.

Cornelius Ferris, consul,
Asuncion.
Do.
Do.

Louis G. Dreyfus, vice con-
sul, Callao.

T. W. Voetter, consul. I<a
Guaira.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.

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ARGENTIÑ^REPUBLIC

The public works committee of the Chamber of Deputies of the
Argentine Republic has recommended the plan approved by the
Senate for the A\L\LGAMATION OF THE SOUTHERN AND
WESTERN RAILWAY COMPANIES, which provides that these
two companies are authorized to form a new company under the
name of the Argentine Southern & Western Railway Co. (Ltd.),
with a capital equal to the total amount of the capital of both com-
panies. The new company proposes to construct 5,315 kilometers
(about 3,320 miles) of railways for the purpose of facilitating traffic
to the different ports tributary to the line. A deposit of 300,000
pesos, national currency (peso paper = 44 cents, United States) is
required of the company as a guaranty for the faithful performance
of the contract. The plan is subject to the approval of the chamber
of deputies and of the President, both of whom are reported by the

press to be favorable to the arrangement. The amount invested

in English railways in the Argentine Republic represents, in round
numbers, £200,000,000. The reserve funds of eight of the principal

companies amount to over £6,500,000. The EDUCATIONAL

CONGRESS which met in Cordoba on February 9, last, was com-
posed of 42 delegates from the different institutions of learning of the

Republic. The town of ROSARIO, which was founded in 1725

and which, in 1763, had only 250 inhabitants, now has a population
of more than 220,000 and an annual foreign conamerce of over

$100,000,000. The CUSTOMS REVENUES of the Argentine

Government in 1912, according to statistics published in the press

of Buenos Aires, amounted to $14,757,018.35, national currency.

The department of NATIONAL HYGIENE of the Argentine Gov-
ernment has recommended the construction of the following works
in the Province of Jujuy: Sewering of the town of Jujuy; canaliza-
tion, drainage, and paving at Perico; canalization, drainage, and
supplying of potable water at Carmen, and drainage of San Antonio,
Ledesma, San Pedro, and Mendieta. The department of agricul-
ture has established an experiment station at Tucuman for the
cultivation of YERBA MATE (Paraguayan tea) plants. The first
shipment of 2,000 plants recently arrived. The work is under the

immediate direction of E. Liniholmberg and Dr. Julio Lopez.

An extensive plan has been mapped out by the department of public
works for the embellishment of the WATER FRONT between the
city of Buenos Aires and El Tigre. The plans comprise the con-
struction of an avenue 17 kilometers long. According to La

Prensa, of Buenos Aires, the FOREIGN TRADE of the Argentine

619

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620 TUE PAN AMERICAN UNION.

Republic in 1912 amounted to 865,244,725 Argentine gold pesos,
of which $384,853,469 were imports and $480,391,256 were exports.
The total foreign trade of 1912, as compared with 1911, showed an
increase of $173,736,501 gold pesos, or over 25 per cent. The im-
ports in 1912, as compared with 1911, showed an increase of 4.9
per cent, and the exports an increase of 47.9 per cent. The value
of imports subject to duty in 1912 w^as $292,278,465, and the value
of imports not subject to duty was $92,575,004. The imports of
bullion in 1912 amounted to $36,077,897, and the exports of bullion
represented a value of $585,621. In 1903 the total foreign trade
of the Republic was $352,191,124 gold pesos, as compared with

$865,244,725 in 1912, or an increase in 10 years of 145 per cent.

Rapid communication has been established on the BERMEJO
RIVER between kilometer 600 and Port Bermejo, a Government

vessel having recentlv easily traversed this distance in three days.

The Second INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS OF COMMERCE
AND INDUSTRY of the Argentine Republic convened in Mendoza
on AprU 6, 1913, pursuant to a resolution of the first congress, which
was held in Rosario. Dr. Juan E. Seru w^as president of the congress.
The principal topics treated were as follows: Transportation, indus-
tries, bankruptcy, credits, chambers of commerce, patents, and legis-
lation. The cultivation of SAFFRON is a new industry which it

Ls thought could be profitably introduced into certain parts of the
Argentme Republic. The imports of saffron in 1911 were valued at
about $300,000. This plant is cultivated in Europe under conditions
similar to those existing in parts of the Argentine Republic, and
recent investigations seem to establish the fact that it may be profit-
ably grown in Argentma. The EXPORTS OF CEREALS from

the port of Bahia Blanca in January, last, amounted, in round

numbers, to 200,000 tons. The regional agricultural engineer has

established the following cooperative EXPERIMENTAL FARMS:
In the Province of San Juan; at Chimbas, in charge of Sr. Juevenal
de Oro; at Concepción, Dr. Pedro Manrique; at Alto de Sierra,
Engineer R. Wilkinson; at Angaco Norte, Dr. Daniel Aubone; at
Santa Lucia, Sr. Salvador Ramirez; at Caucete, Sr. Ricardo Alvarez;

and at 25 de Mayo. Sr. Ramon Echegaray. The director of the

division of national territories has requested from the ministry of
agriculture 10,000 hectares of land for the FUEGIAN INDIANS,
with the view of preventing their total disappearance. The min-
ister of public works has authorized the Compañía General de la
provincia de Buenos Aires to definitely open to public service its line
from Marcos Paz to General Villegas, the construction of which was
granted by law 4417.

The new line of the Central Argentine Railway from Cordoba to
Alta Gracia has been inaugurated, the journey between the two

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BOLÍVIA. 621

places only taking 45 minutes. This new line should give consid-
erable impulse to that well-known holiday resort; which is sure to be
made use of hj the inhabitants of Cordoba.

The State line from Dean Funes to Laguna Paiva has been defi-
nitely opened to traffic, to the general satisfaction of residents in the
lone through which it passes.

The minister of public works has approved the contract with the
Pacific Railway Co. for constructing an industrial branch from Monte
Coman station to near to the left bank of the River Atual, this
branch to be constructed in accordance with laws 5703 and 6369.

The BUDGET of the Government of Bolivia for 1913 is estimated
at 22,159,308.65 bolivianos and the revenues at 22,073,500
bolivianos. The estimated items of the budget, in bolivianos, are
as follows: Legislative department, 497,572; foreign relations and
worship, 1,080,344; treasury, 3,945,011.31; Government and fo-
mento, 6,283,242; justice and industry, 1,775,203; public instruction
and agriculture, 2,603,822.30; and war and colonization 5,974,114.04.
The receipts of the departmental budgets are estimated at 2,586,414.63
bolivianos as follows: Chuquisaca, 198,644; La Paz, 948,700; Cocha-
bamba, 420,000; Potosi, 460,615.89; Oruro, 158,310.54; Tarija, 128,-
900; Santa Cruz, 105,004; and Beni, 166,240.20. The expenditiires
for the departments are estimated at the same figures as the receipts.

^The new BOLIVLAJÍ GUN, invented by Maj. Victor Ibanez, a

native Bolivian and officer in the Federal army, is being manu-
factured in the shops of the war department in BoUvia. The tests
made with this gun in the Bolivian Army up to the present time

have been most satisfactory. Sr. Adolfo BalUvian, consul general

of Bolivia in New York, advises that the EXPORTS from the port
of New Yoric consigned to Bolivia during the month of February,
1913, consisted of 5,863 packages of merchandise, weighing 371,097
kilos, valued at $79,657.97. This merchandise was made up princi-
pally of cotton goods, hardware, machinery, drugs and medicines,
petroleum, and sundry articles, and was nearly all imported via the
ports of MoUendo, Antofagasta and Arica, a small quantity coming
through Brazilian and Argentine ports via Para, Rosario, and Buenos

Aires. ^The Republic of Bolivia at the present time is one of the

most promismg MANUFACTURING FIELDS in Latin America.
The exports of BoUvia, made up lai^ely of tin and rubber, for a number
of years have exceeded the imports. Wherever the manufacture

83664*'— Bull. 4—13 10

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622

THS PAN AMERICAN UNION.

of articleB has been undertaken for which there is a demand in
Bolivia excellent results have been obtained, and as the Republic is
rapidly developing its immense resources, an increasing demand for
manufactured goods is noted from year to year. In some instances
the raw material is at hand for operating manufacturing plants,
and labor, generally speaking, is plentiful, efficient, and cheap. The
building of railroads and the bettering of transportation facilities
.in many parts of the Republic has also stimulated manufacturing
and increased the consumption of manufactured goods, and especially
of staple articles made in the country. The manufacturing industry
is as yet in its infancy, but conditions for the development of this
branch of industry are growing better from year to year, and it íb
confidently predicted that capital wisely invested in manufacturing

in Bolivia wül meet with profitable returns. ^The board of directors

of the NATIONAL BANK OF BOLIVIA at La Paz has appointed
Sr. Enrique Urquidi, formerly in charge of the branch bank at
Sucre, manager of the bank at La Paz, to take the place of Sr. Zenon
Zamora, deceased. Sr. Waldemar Lehmann, formerly in tiie banking
business at Oruro, has been made manager of the Grerman Trans-
atlantic Bank at La Paz.

In the table below are given the mineral exports of Bolivia for the
last three years. The figures for 1912 have been secured in advance
of official publication from the Bolivian Statistical Office, through the
courtesy of Sr. Don Ignacio Calderón, Bolivian minister to the United
States.

»!.

1911

1912

Wëfht
(metric
tons of
2,304.6
pounds).

Value
(boUvlanoe).

57,606,508.94

5,264,440.87

6,501.45

1,786,952.18

1,140.00

1,923,417.00

43,178.00

435,008.90

141,629.31

Wd^t
(metric
tons of
2,204.6
pounds).

Value
(bolivianos).

WelAt
(meSrte
tons of
2,204.6
pounds).

Value
(boUvianos).

Tin h^ll%

88,548

37,078

52.630,603.36

4,587,745.55

791,507.85

1,426,942.70

38,379

89,870,7e6L27

Silver, in ban

4,310,294.35

Silver, coined

Ck>pper barilla

3,191

214

11,797

210

2,960

377
382
68

472

3,370,589.05

Copper, untreated

Bismuth barilla

Bismuth, untreated

Ztno

s!oi6.«

415
141

297

2,106,162.45
111,888.80
372,490.00
231,187.90

2,015,895.66
74,623.96
332,245u0D

Wolfram

295,235.81

Gold, in bars

144,275.00

Gold ore

94,906.60

Gold coin

7,187.50

700.00

973.54

97,080.00

Lead

SO
3

340
381

23,546.25
74,229.93
68,418.78
2,400.00
960.00

766
96

78,626.90

Magnetic iron

8,642.38

Ãn&mony

5,127.60

Mercury

Misc^Ilaneons . . ^ r t -. , r .

3,061.61

7,48&70

Total

46,716,774.30
$18,219,530.27

62,532,0iai7
824,887,483.96

70,545,853.48

Value, in United States
£old

127,512,882.85

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Bids for the establishment of RUBBER REFINERIES AND
FACTORIES for the manufacture of rubber goods in the Republic
of Brazil have been submitted to a committee appointed by the sec-
retary of agriculture of that country. The chairman of the commit-
tee, Raymundo Pereira da Silva, reports the receipt of proposals for
the establishment in the following places of the industries referred
to: Refineries in Para, Manaos, Minas Geraes, and Sao Paulo, and fac-
tories of rubber goods in Belem, State of Para, and the Federal dis-
trict. The committee recommended the following bidders as pos-
sessing the technical, professional, and financial skill and standing
necessary for doing the work required: The Groodyear Tire & Rubber
Co., Dr. Adolfo Morales de los Rios, Dr. J. D. Leite de Castro, Com-
panhia Norte do Brazil, Gabriel Chauffour, Arthur Haas, and Dr.
Luiz Cantanhede. Advices from Rio de Janeiro state that the Bra-
zilian Government has awarded to the Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co.
the section and establishment of a complete rubber manufacturing
plant in the capital of the Republic and the erecticm of a rubber
washing plant in the city of Manaos, on the Amazon. These con-
tracts will probably require the purchase of a large quantity of

machineiy and building material abroad. ^The departments of

agriculture and of war of the Grovemment of Brazil are cooperating
for the improvement of the NATIVE HORSES of the Republic with
the object of forming a specially hardy breed suitable- for cavalry
and other miUtary uses. Conditions for raising horses in many parta
of Brazil are ideal, and a fine type of horse, suitable to the uses of
the high table-lands, has been developed at the agricultural experi-
ment station at Sao Paulo. Among the Brazilian States where the
natural conditions for breeding horses are probably as good as they
are in any part of the world may be mentioned Rio Grande do Sul,
Santa Catharina, and Parana. There is no reason why horses of a
special type coidd not be easily bred in Brazil, just as they have
heea in Argentina and Chile and as they were bred in Texas and on
Great American Plains of the United States 20 or 30 years ago. The
experiment is an interesting one, and will doubtless, if proper methods
are followed, cause the evolution of a BraziUan type of horse espe-
cially adapted to the needs of the military service of that country.

A recent presidential decree authorizes the SOCIÉTÉ ANONYME
DES ÉTABLISSEMENTS BLOCH, with a capital of $900,000, to
engage in business in Brazil. The main office of the company
referred to is in Paris, France. The new concern will establish

623

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624 THE PAN AMEBIGAN UNION.

branches in the principal commercial centers of the Republic, and

proposée to operate on a large scale in the commercial field. THE

LLOYD BRASILEIRO STEAMSHIP CO. has been given an annual
subsidy of $600,600 for a period of 18 years, in addition to the sub-
sidies of $908,380 granted in the years 1906 and 1909. ^The

Rio S&o Paulo Navigation Co. has been authorized to establish a
NAVIGATION SERVICE between Rio de Janeiro and Iguape in
the State of Sfto Paulo. A Grovernment subsidy of $16,000 per
annum is given the company. The vessels engaged in this traffic
must not exceed a draft of 12 feet or have a capacity of less than
250 tons of freight with acconunodations for 24 first-class and 20
third*claaa passengers. Two round-trip voyages per month will be
made with stops at Angra dos Reis, Paraty, Ubatuba, Caraguatatuba,
Sfto Sebastião, Villa Bella, Santos, and Cananea. ^The CON-
CORDIA CONTINENTAL SOCIETY has been founded in Rio de
Janeiro for propaganda work among the nations of the South Amer-
ican Continent with the object of promoting conmiercial, social, ^d
educational development. The society proposes to organize exposi-
tions and maintain exhibits of South American products in the
capitals of the different countries. The headquarters of the organ-
ization is at Rio de Janeiro. The society contemplates the establish-
ment of a South American library in which works of South American
authors are to be collected, as well as the principal South American
newspapers and magazines. The best works written in Spanish ar^
to be translated iato Portuguesa, and notable literary productions of
Brazilian writers will be translated into Spanish. The plan also
comprehends the founding in Rio de Janeiro of a general information
bureau relating to and for the special service of the South American
coimtriee. The society will invite the principal newspaper men,
literary writers, and scientists to arrange for an exchange of lectures
in the different countries. An illustrated magazine is to be estab-
lished and edited in Portuguese and Spanish. Branch organizations
of the Concordia Society have already been .established in some of
the South American Republics, the one in Asuncion, Paraguay, being

under the direction of Dr. Cecilio Baez. The Government of Brazil

has arranged for the erection of a branch ASTRONOMICAL
OBSERVATORY on the Island of Fernando N'Oronha. One of
the special duties of this observatory will be to make observations
concerning the time in accordance with the provisions of the inter-
national convention of Paris. The chairman of the board of

public health in Rio de Janeiro has arranged for the compilation of
statistics concerning TUBERCULOSIS patients treated in the

hospitals of the Federal capital. The representatives of Brazil in

the work being carried on at Montevideo by the FIFTH INTERNA-
TIONAL COMMISSION OF JURISTS are Dr. Candido OUveira and

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CHILE. 625

•

Dr. Francisco Paulo Oliveira. Press reports state that the Grovern-

ment of Brazil has contracted in the United States with a skilled and
experienced METALLURGIST to study and report upon the rich

ore deposits recently discovered in thé Republic. ^Mr. Silvino

Ourgel Amaral has been appointed MINISTER OF BRAZIL near

the GOVERNMENT OF PARAGUAY. ^The Government of

Brazil has authorized the construction of a RAILWAY between
Santo Domingo and Boa Vista, State of Para, and Covoata, State of
Maranhão.—^ — On February 19 of the present year a decree was
signed authorizing the construction of a RAILWAY along the coast
from Rio de Janeiro to Porto Alegre. ^ '

A recent message of the President of Chile concerning the exploita-
tion of the MAGELLAN TERRITORY reconmiends that the two
stock-raising companies which have hitherto been the principal devel-
opers and exploiters of this vast territory, and whose contract is about
to expire, be given an additional lease for a period of 15 years upon
the payment to the Government of Chile of an annual rental of 1 peso
currency (22.3 cents United States currency) per hectare (hectare =
about 2} acres) for land used in the exploitation of the pastoral
industry, the principal branch of which in the region referred to is
the raising of sheep. The holdings of these companies are in that
part of the Magellan Territory known as Tierra del Fuego and Grande
Island. In order to encourage small capitalists to settle and develop
this part of Chile, the President proposes that 200,000 hectares of
land be reserved in the neighborhood of the holdings of the large
companies and be made available on easy terms to settlers interested
in sheep raising, for which a large part of southern Chile is particularly

adapted. ^The CUSTOMHOUSES of the Republic of Chile in 1912

produced revenues amounting to 147,821,122.28 Chilean gold pesos
(gold peso — 36} cents United States currency), and 2,016,255.86
pesos currency, plus surtaxes amounting to 47,780,323.01 pesos, so
that the total customs receipts in Chilean currency for 1912 were, in
round numbers, 277,000,000 pesos currency, or about 22,000,000
pesos more than in 1911. Of the customs revenues in 1912 the port
of Valparaiso produced 37,366,129 gold pesos and 29,849,149 paper
pesos; Antofagasta 64,339,529 paper pesos; Valdivia 3,985,917 pesos

paper, and Punta Arenas, 305,755 pesos paper. ^THE BANK OF

CHILE during the second half of 1912 paid a dividend of 9 per cent.

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626 THE PAN AMBBICAK UNION.

•

This bank has a paid-up capital of 40,000,000 pesos and a reserve fund

of 22,000,000. DRY FARMING is being introduced into some of

the arid regions of Chile and is meeting with great success. Recom-
mendations have recently been made to the department of agriculture
to systematically aid in the introduction of this method of tilling the
soil in different parts of the semiarid regions of Chile. There are large
tracts of rich agricultural lands in the Republic that could be utilized
to advantage in dry farming, thereby enormously increasing the pro-
ductiveness of the country. ^A Japanese capitalist has solicited

permission from the Government of Chile to engage in the FISHING
INDUSTRY in the maritime waters of the Republic, with Japanese
and Chilean capital. The points at which it is proposed to establish
the industry are Valparaiso^ Arauco Bay, and Chiloe. ^The pro-
posed NAVIGATION TREATY with Italy provides for the estab-
lishment of a subventioned line of steamers to maintain vessels which
will ply regularly between the two countries, trips to be made monthly,
with stops only at Montevideo and Rio de Janeiro. The tariff rates
are to be fixed by agreement of the two Governments, and each
country is to subvention the steamship company to the amount of
£20,000. The route will be through the Strait of Magellan, but may
be changed via Panama after the completion of the Panama

Canal. Press reports from northern Chile state that a North

American Syndicate has invested £300,000 in COPPER MINING
properties at Chuquicamata in the northern part of the Republic.
By recent purchases this syndicate is said to have acquired mines at
San Luis, Flor del Bosque, and Aurelia representing an investment of
£92,000. A number of other valuable copper properties have been
acquired, and the syndicate proposes to employ about 14,000 men in
the exploitation and development of the mines. ^The AGRI-
CULTURAL NORMAL SCHOOL (Quinta Normal de agricultura),
at Santiago, is to be reorganized and its activities devoted entirely
to agricultural subjects, under rules and regulations to be issued by
the Executive power. The agricultural schools at Chilian, Concep-
ción, and Cauquenes are to be reorganized, and 30,000 pesos has been
appropriated for establishing a now agricultural school at Aconca-
gua. ^An AGRICULTURAL CONGRESS is to be held in Con-
cepción during the latter part of October, 1913. An exposition of
agricultural machinery and a stock show will take place in Concepción

at the same time. ^A new TELEGRAPH LINE, over which the

quotations of the boards of trade of Valparaiso and Santiago will be
sent as preferred business, has been opened to traffic between the city

of Valparaiso and the Federal capital. ^The first shipment of FLAX

grown in southern Chile, consisting of 29,000 kilos, was made from
Puerto Montt, consigned to Antwerp, in January of the present

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COLOMBIA. 627

year. ^The BUDGET for 1913 provides for estimated expenditures

totaling 257;912,469.15 pesos paper, and 52,727,920.33 pesos gold.

A company has been organized with a capital of 2,000,000 pesos

to exploit the Cautin PETROLEUM DEPOSITS. ^The SUGAR

REFINERY on Teja Island near Valdivia has contracted with a
German expert to take charge of the new plant now being erected,
which it is proposed to put in operation in April or May of the present
year.

The BUDGET of the Republic of Colombia for the fiscal year 1913,
according to a recent executive decree, amoimts in receipts and. ex-
penditures, respectively, to $14,070,652.27. The expenditures are
made up of the following items: Department of Interior, $3,457,-
661.54; foreign relations, $274,626.99; finance, $1,072,958.20; war,
$3,300,632.19; public instruction, $782,509; treasury, $4,013,220.14;
and public works, $1,169,044.21. In addition to the foregoing,
$2,582,850 is set aside for the net amount of the special public

credit budget for 1913 for the issue of bonds of the public debt.

The Government of Colombia has been invited, through the United
States Mmister at Bogota, to participate in the INTERNATIONAL

RIFLE MATCH to be held m Perry, Ohio. ^The minister of

public works has ordered surveys for the construction of a RAIL-
WAY from the Pacific Ocean, via Pasto, to some desirable point on
the Putumayo River, and a second railway from Cucuta or Port
Villamizar to a port on the Magdalena River. Official statis-
tics show that 3,817 pupils, 2,022 of which are girk and 1,795 boys,
out of 4,366 matriculates regularly attend the PUBLIC SCHOOLS
of Bogota.— — ^Early in February of the present year the first trials
of the, HYDROPLANE BOAT for the navigation of the Mag-
dalena River took place with great success. ^The Government

of Colombia has accepted 8 SCHOLARSHIPS of the University of
Santiago, offered to Colombian students by the Government of Chile.
Four of these scholai^hips are in the school of agriculture, two in the
pedagogic iostitute, one in the school of architecture, and one in the
veterinary school. The students are to be selected by competitive

examination on June 1 of the present year. A decree of the

department of war provides that imports of ARMS AND EXPLO-
SIVES by persons residing in Bogota can only be made after giving
bond and obtaining the written permission of the director of the
material of war, or if made by persons living outside of the Federal
capital the same requisites are necessary from the chief political

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628 THE PAN AMEBICAK UNION.

authority at the residence of the petitioners. The consul general

of Colombia in New York has been authorized to contract in that
city for a SHIP to ply between Puerto Colombia or Cartagena and the
San Andres and Providencia Islands. The vessel will carry the mails
and engage in such other service as may be thought desirable by the

governor of the Archipelago. An executive decree of February

22, 1913, provides rules and regulations for the exploitation of the
MARITIME SALT WORKS of private parties on the Atlantic coast-

Dr. Aristides V. Gutierrez represented Colombia at the ZOO-

IX)GIC CONGRESS held in Monaco in the latter part of March of the
present year. Arcesio Mejia has been exempted from the pay-
ment of duties for a period of five years on the machinery and equip-
ment necessary for the establishment of a TANNING FACTORY.

PUBLIC SCHOOLS have been established for the purpose of

teaching the Indians in the Territory of Arauca. ^An ELEC-
TRIC LIGHT PLANT was recently inaugurated at Tunja, capital

of the department of Boyaca. NOTARIAL REGISTRATIONS

in the city of Bogota in 1912 show that the transfers of real
estate in the Federal capital numbered 2,143, valued at $3,123,218.29;
87 firms were organized with a capital aggregating $605,063.44; and
private contracts were made to the number of 3,241 and of a value of

$3,378,008.72. The municipal BUDGET of the city of Medellin

for 1913 amounted to $231,922. The BOARD OF TRADE of

Medellin has elected the following officers: Alejandro Villa Latorre,
president; Emilio Duque, first vice president; Alberto Echavarria,
second vice president, and Benjamin Moreno, secretary. ^The EX-
PORTS OF COFFEE by the Antioquia Railway in 1912 amounted

to 155,824 sacks, as compared with 100,341 sacks in 1911. ^The

municipality of Bucaramanga has decided to provide a TRAMWAY

service in the city. A COLONIZATION COMPANY with a

capital of $1,000,000, has been organized in Bogota to operate among
the natives of the Upper Caqueta River.

The municipality of Escasu has recently issued new rules and
regulations governing the rates and distribution of water from the
municipal WATERWORKS for domestic, industrial, and irrigation
purposes. This municipality has an abundance of fine water for all
the needs of the community and surrounding neighborhood, pro-
vided there is a minimum of waste in its application and distribu-
tion, and in order to utilize to the maximum the water at hand
strict rules and regulations have been put in force concerning its

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COSTA RICA. ' 629

use. ^The COLLEGE FOR GIRLS (Colegio Superior de Señoritas)

in the Federal capital has issued nine free scholarships for the present
year, distributed among the different Provinces of the Republic.
This coU^e is in a flourishing condition and is making its influence
for good felt more and more each year throughout the country, and
especially in those Provinces distant from the metropolis of the nation.
Many of its graduates have become educators and writers, and the
instruction it imparts to its pupils is of a useful and practical nature

in the everyday walks of life. The Government of Costa Rica has

appointed Sr. Don Sergio Alvarado Matarrita CONSUL GENERAL
at Paris, France, to take the place of Dr. Alberto Alvarez Cañas,

deceased. The municipality of San Jose has contracted with

Warren Bros. Co., of Boston, for paving the streets of the city of San
Jose with BITULITHIC PAVEMENT. The full text of the contract
in Spanish is published in the Official Gazette of Costa Rica of Feb-
ruary 7, 1913. The prices for excavating, paving, etc., are made in
American gold. One hundred thousand square meters of bituiithic
pavement is to be constructed in the city of San Jose within the next
two years. The municipality will dispose of a bond issuç for the
purpose of raising money with which to pay for these improve-
ments. The Federal Goverimient has granted a concession to Sr.

Juan Alvarado Chaves for the use of 200 Uters of water per second
from the Rosales River for the purpose of generating electric power
with which to run a dynamo for operating a sugar-cane mill and in

the manufacture and refining of sugar. ^The Salitral de Santa

Ana is an agricultural center of Costa Rica containing about 1,400
inhabitants. The principal industries of the district are LUMBER
AND SUGAR CANE, there being 14 sugar-cane mills in the vicinity
and 2 sawmills. Considerable business is done in agricultural
products, and a good primary school is maintained for the education
of the children living in the community, and especially of the children
of laborers working on the plantations and in the sawmills and lum-
ber camps. A North American botanist and scientist. Prof. Henry

Spencer, is studying the FLORA of Costa Rica for the purpose of
including his investigations in a textbook of botany which it is pro-
posed to publish during the latter part of the present year. The
Poas Volcano and vicinity is one of the regions specially examined by

Prof. Spencer. The city council of the town of Alajuela has under

consideration the reconstruction and enlargement of the MARKET
so that it will occupy a whole square, the construction of waterworks,
and the building of a tramway to the town of Grecia. Alajuela is a
busy industrial center, and is well supplied with fine shoe shops,
tailoring establishments, stores, saddlery and leather manufactories,
and mechanical and cabinet shops.

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An order lias been issued by the Cuban Goyemment allowing
CUSTOMS DUTIES to be paid with bank checks instead of American
money ; as has been the invariable rule in the past. The order has
been interpreted not to apply to the city of Habana, but to all other
ports in the Republic. The eflFect of the order will be to greatly
facilitate the transaction of business in the pajrment of customs

duties. La Lucha of Habana states that President Elect Menocal

contemplates establishing a SUOAR MHjL in the Province of Matan-
zas; and that the site for same wUl be chosen with the cooperation of

R. B. Hawley, president of the Cuban American Sugar Co. On

February 24 nine new pavilions were inaugurated at ''La Esperanza"
STATE SANITARHJM for incipient tuberculosis at Arroyo Apolo.
The sanitarium was started four years ago, has a beautiful and
appropriate site, and is one of the best managed and equipped insti-
tutions of its kind in Latin America. The new pavilions each have
six beds and are provided with the* latest appliances. Connected
with these new pavilions is a house for nurses, a large open-air dining

hall, and a lounging room. ^A movement has been started in

Santiago do Cuba to erect a MONUMENT in that city in honor of
the late Tomas Estrada Palma, the first president of the Republic
of Cuba. A large fund is said to have been pledged for the pur-
pose. A. A. Tehobold, of Evanston, Illinois, is having an ICE

FACTORY constructed at Nueva Gerona, Isle of Pines. The build-
ing will be of cement and brick, 30 by 60 feet. It is proposed to
store enough ice to supply the Isle of Pines for a month. The installa-
tion is expected to be completed by the middle of April. ^A presi-
dential decree makes $12,000 available for preparing the Jai Alai
building in Habana for the NATIONAL MUSEUM. The inaugura-
tion of the museum has been set for April 12, 1913. The consumpn

tion of CIGARS AND CIGARETTES in 1912 in some of the Provinces
of the Republic of Cuba was as follows: Province of Santa Clara,
39,557,825 cigars and 4,723,971 boxes of cigarettes; Province of
Matanzas, 13,886,450 cigars; Province of Pinar del Rio, 9,427,250

cigars; and the Province of Puerto Principe, 3,941,950 cigars. The

Cuban Government has been notified through the Cuban minister in
Washington that OFFICERS OF THE CUBAN ARMY will be
permitted to enter military schools of the United States. One of
the schools selected for this purpose is that at Fort Leavenworth,

Kansas. ^A number of representatives of the ASSOCIATION OF

CUBAN ENGINEERS sailed from Santiago de Cuba during the

630

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DOMIiaCAN BEPUBLIC. 631

latter part of March for Panama for the purpose of yisiting and
inspecting the Panama Canal. The excursion is in charge of the

president of the association, Sr. Prinïelles. ^The HERRERA

STEAMSHIP CO., of Habana, is negotiating for the purchase of an
additional steamer to engage in its rapidly growing trade with the
United States. An examination has been made of the steamer
Finhov)f a vessel of 1,500 tons displacement, built in Scotland for
the Hongkong Navigation Co., and formerly used in the traffic

between England and Asia. ^The commission which prepared the

PATENT MEDICINE bill presented to the Cuban Congress has
modified the article requiring that each patent medicine shall bear a
label on which shall be printed the entire contents of the medicine,
so that all that will be necessary is that the bottle or package contain
the name of the product. The measure requires the approval of the
Cuban Congress and promulgation by the President before becoming

a law. ^A recent executive decree oflFers the TELEPHONE

PLANT of the city of Matanzas for sale to the highest bidder, all
the rights and interests in the plant having passed into the hands of
the Government through the expiration of the franchise under which
it was operated by the local company. The Cuban Telephone Co.
has the preference in acquiring the plant; that is to say, may raise
or equal the highest bid when the bids are opened, and in this manner
acquire the plant against all competitors.

DOMINICAN REPUBXIC

An Executive order of January 4, 1913, concerning FUNDS TO
BE USED IN FURNISHING LEGATIONS, paying expenses and
salaries of diplomatic and consular officers, provides that the ex-
penses of said officials journeying to or returning from their respec-
tive posts, or when transferred from one post to another, shall be
limited to one passage, plus one-half the amount of the same. When
a new consular officer is appointed to the post of a retiring consular
official, the salary of the office from the date of the appointment
until the new incumbent takes possession belongs in equal parts to
the incoming and retiring consuls. DiplomSatic and consular officers
appointed to posts where there is no office established or in operation
shall not commence to receive their salaries until they take posseis-
sion of their posts. Salaried consuls in Europe and the United States
are allowed two months' annual leave, and those stationed in the
West Indies one month's annual leave. The Secretary of State is

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683 THE PAN AMEfilCAK UNION.

authorized to extend the time of the annual leave referred to if
he deems advisable. The order mentioned in the foregoing became

effective on February 1, 1913. ^The BOOT AND SHOE manu-

facturing establishment of the Regal Shoe & Lieather Co., at Santiago
de Los Caballeros, Dominican Republic, is operating full time in
order to keep up with its orders. This factory occupies a handsome
building especially constructed for the purpose and is equipped
with the latest and most up-to-date shoe machinery and appliances.
Different grades of boots and shoes are made and a ready market

b found for the output throughout the Republic. ^A decree of

the President of the RepubUc of January 22, 1913, issued in con-
formity with the law of July 17, 1912, provides for the formation
of TWO BATALLIONS of the regular army consisting of four
companies, the officers, in addition to the captains, consisting of
16 first Ueutenants, 16 second heutenants, 48 sergeants, 96 corporals,
and 16 buglers. The pay of the soldiers is increased to $20 a
month. Sr. Salvador f^nilio Paradas has been appointed secre-
tary of the LEX3ATI0N of the Dominican Republic at Beme, Switz-
erland, and Sr. Francisco Deetjen, consul general at New York to

take the place of Sr. Juan B. Alfonseca C. The President of the

Dominican Republic has issued an order requiring that all DOMINI-
CAN FLAGS used in the legations and consulates of the Republic
shall be 2} meters long by 1} meters wide, with colors and coat of
arms arranged in conformity with articles 99 and 100 of the Federal
constitution. Articles 98, 99, and 100 of the constitution of the
Dominican Republic are as foUows: ''Article 98. The flag of the
Republic shall be divided into four quarters, two blue and two red,
those of the same color to be placed diagonally with each other,
and divided in the center by a white cross of a width equal to half
of either of the other colors, having in its center the coat of arms of
the Republic.'' Paragraph. ''The merchant flag shall be the
same without the coat of arms." "Art. 09. The coat of arms of the
Republic shall consist of a cross, having at its foot the book of the
Gospel opened, the cross and the book coming out of a trophy in
which the symbol of liberty is seen surrounded by a ribbon with the
following legend: 'Dios, patria, y libertad.'" (God, country, and
liberty.) "Art. 100. Oaths of office shall be required in all cases,
under the constitution and the laws, and no public functionary
shall enter into the discharge of his duties without said oath having

been administered to him by competent authority." Material for

the construction of a new THEATER in the capital of the Dominican
Republic has arrived at the port of Santo Domingo. Construction
work under the direction of Engineer A. U. Jastad has b^un. The
theater will cost about $100,000 and is expected to be completed

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ECUADOR. 683

during the present year. MINING PROPERtt said to be of

considerable value has been denounced in the Province of Santo
Domingo by F. A. Brea and J. B. Thome, the former a Dominican
and the latter a North American. The Official Gazette of February
8^ 1913, contains the official publication of the denouncement and

the boundaries of the property. ^The INTERNATIONAL CON-

FERENCE held in Brussels in March, 1913, for the purpose of
seciuring greater uniformity in the commercial statistics of the par-
ticipating countries, was attended by Messrs. Joseph Penso and

Emilio Guarini as representatives of the Dominican Republic.

A recent decree of the President of the Dominican Republic limits
to $300 the amount available for furniture in DOMINICAN CON-
SULATES.

The press of Quito states that the MANTA TO SANTA ANA
RAILWAY will be opened to public traffic on April 30, 1913. The
concession under which this railway is being constructed was granted
in November, 1909, with the stipulations that the survey and location
should be completed by May 1, 1911. At the close of the month of
January of the present year 42 kilometers of the railway, that is to
say, the section from Manta to Portoviejo, had been opened to public
traffic, a distance of only 14 kilometers remaining to be built to com-
plete the road to Santa Ana, and considerable work on the uncon-
structed section had then been done. The building of the Santa Ana
to Manta Railway has cost the nation nothing up to the present time,
since under the terms of the concession no payment was to be made
or obligation incurred by the Federal Government until the railway
was completed and defivwed to public traffic. The President of
Ecuador will be present at the inauguration ceremonies on the 30th
of the present month, and great preparations have been made for

the celebration of the event. The city council of Guayaquil has

passed rules and regulations, consisting of 38 articles, governing the
TRAFFIC OF VEHICLES, horses and street cars, within the incor-
porated limits of the port of Guayaquil. Violations of the rules and
regulations referred to are punishable by fines, and the police are given

authority to see that the regulations are duly enforced. The

* 'Tiempo'' of Guayaquil states that the EXPORT TAX ON CACAO
in recent years has amounted annually to about 4,000,000 sucres.
The law of October 23, 1912, enacted for the purpose of raising the
price of cacao abroad, imposes an additional tax of 1 sucre per quintal
on exports of this product, the revenue from which is estimated at

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684 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.

800,000 sucres annually. Taking these figures as a basis the Cjot^h-
ment of Ecuador should receive from the export tax on cacao in 1913

and succeeding years not less than 4,800,000 sucres annually.

The French railway company at Bahia has obtained permission from
the Government of Ecuador to deepen the BAY OF CARAQUEZ.
A bond issue of 1,400,000 sucres, guaranteed by the Federal Govern-
ment, is to be made for the purpose of raising funds with which to

complete the dredging of the bay referred to. ^The COMMERCE

of Ecuador in 1911, according to figures published in No. 527 of '*E1
Grito del Pueblo Ecuatoriano," consisted of 168,604,595 kilos of mer-
chandise, valued at 55,599,052 sucres. This commerce was made up
as follows: Imports, 91,534,591 kilos, valued at 23,240,133 sucres;
exports, 65,037,824 kilos, valued at 26,115,714 sucres, and coastwise
trade, 12,032,180 kilos, valued at 6,243,205 sucres. The foreign com-
merce for 1911 amounted to 49,355,847 sucres. The customs revenues
in 1911 aggregated 13,095,823 sucres, of which 8,433,682 were from

imports and 4,662,141 from exports. The press of Guayaquil states

that an AVIATION SCHOOL is to be estabhshed by the Federal
Government at Quito. The school will probably be under the direc-
tion of the Ecuadorean aviator, Sr. Cosme Renella. The recent

inauguration of the WATERWORKS at Riobamba, under the direc-
tion of Engineer Ricardo Muller, was duly celebrated by the people
of that city. According to reports the municipality of Riobamba has
now an abundant supply of potable water. ^A WEEKLY NEWS-
PAPER entitled "El Trabajo," has been founded in Ambato. This
periodical is advocating the erection of a monument in Merced Plaza
in said city in honor of Juan Leon Mera, a distinguished Ecuadorean

writer of Ambato. ^An ENGLISH LANGUAGE CLUB has been

established at Azuay. Dr. Rafael M. Arizaga and Sr. Federico Malo

are among the most active members of the new organization. ^The

Government of Ecuador has contracted with a foreign engineer for
the construction of the Azuay section of the NATIONAL HIGHWAY

from Cuenca to Huigra. The BANK OF PICHINCHA in Quito,

at the close of December 31, 1912, had assets amounting to 4,050,096
sucres and cash on hand aggregating 853,287 sucres gold and 75,865
sucres paper. This bank has recently made a substantial increase in
the amount of its working capital. The following amounts are ap-
propriated in the federal budget for the UNIVERSITIES OF THE
REPUBLIC: Central, 140,538 sucres; Guayas, 91,657 sucres; Azuay,

55,101 sucres, and Loja, 7,612 sucres. Guayaquil is to have a new

municipal building, for the construction of which bids were opened
on February 3. According to plans and specification it is to be a
2-story reenforced concrete structure, to cost approximately $240,000
United States currency.

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According to the message dated March 1, 1913, of Sr. Don Manuel
Estrada Cabrera, President of Guatemala, to the National Législative
Assembly, the value of Guatamalan imports for the year 1912
amounted to $9,822,462. The imports for the preceding year were
S6,514,421. The figures contained in the message of Sr. Estrada
Cabrera show an increase in imports for the year amounting to
$3,308,041. No details of imports are given.

The exports of seven of the principal products, according to the
message, amounted in 1912 to $12,601,969, which figures exceed in
value the exports of these and all other products for the preceeding
year by over $1,620,000, and exceeds in value the exports of these
products alone by $2,139,534. The following table gives the exports
by the articles referred to for the two years:

Weight.

Value.

1911

1912

1911

1912

Coffm ^^fw^n

30,345 tons

30,418 tons

7,166 tons

$7,282,749
1.991,161
1344,015

19,125,626
1.862,881

10,480 tons

Banr....'

15,734 tons.

4,0S5tons

243,302
321,230

T**n^

5,364 tons

Rubber

160 tons

191 tons

• 159,621
158,178
526,711

140,768

Woods

3.ie3,6«3 cubic feet....
70,228 tons ....

8,468 logs

2,222,304 bunches..

241,472

Baaaiuui > .

666 691

Total

10,462,435
10,981,724

12,601,969

1 Includes paneli

The CX)LLEGE OF AGRICULTURE of the Republic of Guatemala,
at Guatemala City, which was founded by President Estrada Cabrera
on January 13, 1913, has admitted in its first year's classes the first
year pupils of the Central Normal School for Males, thereby largely
increasing the number of students taking the agricultural course.
The President of the Republic has shown great interest in the welfare
of the school of agriculture, and has materially aided in the systematic
development, on scientific lines, of this school. From henceforth the
influence of the school of agriculture will be a prominent factor in the
development of the immense and varied agricultural resources of the
country. The Government of Guatemala has contracted with Wil-
liam C. Groom for estimates, plans, construction, and installation of a
WIRELESS TELEGRAPH TOWER in the Federal capital within
the next few months. The contractor, who is paid by the mouth for
his services, agrees to teach the persons selected by the Government
the operation of the tower, which is to be of sufficient height to enable
couGünunications to be sent and received with the other wireless
telegraph installations of the Republic. The material for the con-

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686 THE PAN AMEBICAN UNION.

stniction of the tower, the apparatus, etc., will be bought in the

United States. ^An executive decree of February 15, 1913, imposes

a tax of $10 United States gold on each rifle or gun, and $8 United
States gold on each rerolver brought into the RepubUc through the
ports of San Jose, Champerico, Ocos, Livingston, Puerto Barrios, Izabel,
Puerto Estrada Cabrera, and Panzos, the amount of the tax to go into
the municipal treasuries of the cities through which the importations
are made. FIREAUMS for the army, which the Government has
the exclusive right to import, are excepted from the tax referred to.
Immigrants and tourists who do not i^dsh to pay the tax on firearms
on entering the Republic, may deposit the weapons in the custom-
houses of the ports of entry and recover them on leaving the country,
but should one year elapse before said weapons are called for by their
owners, they then become the property of the municipality in which

they were left on deposit. ^The Department of El Progreso has

46 PRIMARY SCHOOLS, 16 of which are for boys, 9 for girls, and
21 mixed. The total enrollment at these schools is 1,664, of which
897 are boys and 767 girls. Recently a school of vocal music was

established at El Progreso with an attendance of 21 scholars.

The American and Guatemalan MAHOGANY CO., a corporation
organized under the laws of the State of New Jersey, has been author-
ized by the Government of Guatemala to do business in the Republic
upon the pajrment of the annual tax of 1,000 pesos prescribed by the

laws of the country. The Government of Guatemala has adopted

the British rules and regulations for preventing coUisions at sea,
and has accepted the modifications to the rules issued by the Congress
of the United States on August 19, 1890. These rules and regulations
refer to lights, signals, speed of vessels during fogs, navigation rules,
risk of collisions, distress signals, etc. The full Spanish text of the
rules and regulations referred to are published in ^' El Guatemalteco,"
the official organ of the RepubUc of Guatemala, of February 10,

1913. At the close of 1912 there were 8 roistered translators

authorized by the Government to make translations in the Republic
of Guatemala in the English, French, German, Italian, and Spanish
languages. A complete list of these translators with the respective
dates of their registrations is published in '*E1 Guatemalteco" of

February 20, 1913. Sr. Roberto Fernandez y del Valle has been

appointed consul of Guatemala at Guadalajara, Mexico, in place of
Sr. Justo Fernandez del Valle y Alvarez, deceased. The Govern-
ment of Guatemala has appointed the following delegates to repre-
sent it at international congresses: Sr. Jose Maria Lardizabal at the
International Conference of Commercial Statistics at Brussels,' Sr.
JuUo Marsily, at the Fourth International Congress of Sanitation
and Hygiene at Antwerp; and Sr. Juan Van de Putte at the Third
International Congress of Agriculture to be held in Ghent, and also
at the International Congress of Domestic Science at Ghent.

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In order to remedy the unsanitary condition of the streets of Port
au Prince, President Tancrède Auguste issued a decree on February
11 authorizdng the (îovemment to advance to the city of Port au
Prince, not counting the appropriation granted by Congress, a sum
of $6,000 to be used in furnishing the material necessary for cleaning,
watering, and repairing the streets of the city and 26,000 gourdes to
make up the deficit in the receipts set aside for this purpose. The
$6,000 will be immediately available, "and the 26,000 gourdes will be
paid in advance in eight monthly payments up to the end of the fiscal

year ending in October. The secretary of public works oiBcially

accepted on January 23, 1913, section 16 of the railroad line from
Gonaives to Ennery, a distance of 33 kilometers and authorized that
it be immediately opened to public traffic. This line was built for
the Haitian Government by the National Railroad Co. of Haiti, and,
according to the inventory furnished by the company, consists of
33 kilometers of road with pipes, etc., necessary for draining the
roadway, two bridges, one depot at Gonaives, stations at Gonaives,
Passe-Reine, and Ennery, and a machine shop at Gronaives, equipped
with the necessary material for repairs. The rolling stock consists
of 2 Baldwin locomotives and tenders of 45 tons and 30 tons, respec-
tively, of 1 passenger car of first class, 1 passenger car with railway
mail and baggage car, 1 second-class passenger car and 2 third-class
passenger cars, 2 box cars, 2 cattle cars, and 2 flat cars. The Govern-
ment agrees to accept this line and hand over to the company the
bonds, duly signed, on condition that it rebuilds the line at kilometer
32.2 according to the specifications of the (îovemment engineer, by
lowering the level of the ground near the arch support of the bridge

at Ennery and by protecting this support with a cement wall, An

automobile company has been organized in Port au Prince under the
name of Compagnie des Transports Automobiles.

The ATLÂNTIDA BANK, at La Ceiba, Honduras, opened its
doors for business in February last. The authorized capital of this
institution is $5,000,000 United States gold, $500,000 of which have
been-subscribed, and $250,000 paid in. The following are the officers
of the bank: Sr. Carmelo D'Antonio, president; Gen. Juan Rin?
Rivera, vice president, and Sr. René Lavadle, caahier. The other

83664— Bull. 4—13 11 637

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638 THE PAN AMEBICAN UNION.

members of the board of directors are: Messrs. Emilio Dutu, Vicente

D'Antonio, and Jnan Plauche. The MUNICIPAL REVENUES

of the Republic of Honduras during the fiscal year 1911-12 amoimted
to 1,271,553 pesos and the mxmicipal expencUtures to 869,937 pesos.
The four departments producing the greatest amoimt of revenue
were, in the order of their importance, aa follows: Cortes, 214,550
pesos; Atlântida, 198,168; Tegucigalpa, 162,159, and Copan,

123,582. The preliminary survey of the TRUJILLO TO JUTI-

CALPA RAILWAY was completed during the latter part of last
March. The proposed route of this railway, after crossing the Aguan
River, follows along the Valley of the Bonito River in the direction
of Iriona and continues from that place upstream to the Sico VaUey.
Under the terms of the concession the Government has three months
in which to give its approval of the sxirvey. As soon as the Govern-
ment approves the survey, work will be commenced on the first
section of 26 miles from the Trujillo River to Aguan. The completion
of this railway will greatly stimulate development of a large district
of the ricldy wooded agricultural section of the Republic. Among
the requests for lands recently made along the line of this road are
those of three Texas stockmen particularly interested in raising cattle
and mules on a large scale. The construction company is said to
have obtained French capital for the building of the railway and for

the development of the lands granted it along the route of the line.

The CITY OF LA PAZ, Honduras, situated in the department of the
same name in the western part of the Comayagua Valley, has a jx)pu-
lation of 4,000 inhabitants. The town is built on both sides of Mura
Creek and lies at the foot of Los Manueles Peak. This town is one
of the oldest in the Republic, having been founded a short distance
from its present site under the name of Las Joachinas in 1791. The
region is an agricultural section, but rich silver and gold ores are
found in the mines of the neigliboring mountains. The Chanton
Mining Co. exploits a gold property in the vicinity, and a nitrate

deposit is being worked in the neighborhood. Jose Rôssner, a

German subject resident in Tegucigalpa, has been authorized by the
Federal Government, subject to the approval of the Honduran Con-
gress, to found an issue and discount BANK in the Federal capital
under the name of ''Banco Agricola Comercial'' (Agricultural Com-
mercial Bank). The new bank proposes to engage in the banking
business generally, but will make a specialty of loaning money on
real property. The capital is to be 2,000,000 pesos silver, represented
by shares of 500 pesos each, but business is not to be conmienced
until one-half of the entire capital is paid up. Provision is made for
an increase of the capital to 10,000,000 pesos, the department of
finance to be advised of the time and amount of each increase. The
bfenk proposes to issue bank notes of the denominations of 50 centavos,

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MEXICO. 689

1, 5, 10^ 20^ and 50 pesos each. Mortgage bonds will also be issued
in amounts of 50, 100, 500, and 1,000 pesos each. The bank may
also mint for its account fractional silver coin, proceeding in this
respect in accordance with the laws of the coimtry and \mder the
immediate inspection of an agent of the Government. The concession
is for a term of 50 years, and operations must be commenced within
12 months from the time of the approval of the by-laws of the insti-
tution by the Government. The straw HAT FACTORY, oper-
ated under the direction of the Government of Honduras, at Juticalpa,
in the Department of Olancho, is at present attended by 36 female
students, who are learning the art of weaving, shaping, and n\anuf ac-
turing hats. The hats produced by this school vary in quality and
value from the ordinary straw hats worn by agricultural laborers to
hats of a fine web, texture, and quality. — —George S. Colman and
Albert G. Greeley have been given authority to exploit a GOLD
MINING property known as '*Mina Grande," located near Sitio del
Paral, jurisdiction of the vülage of Salama, Department of Olancho.
The concessionaires propose to begin the exploitation of this mine
at once Mid to develop the same as rapidly as possible. lie. Rafael
Bustillo has been appointed by the President of the Republic of
Honduras assistant director of the school for the cultivation of
TOBACCO at Danli. This school has a considerable number of
students, and imder its influence the cultivation of tobacco in the
Republic has greatly increased during the last few years.

The wonderful GRAPHITE MINES of the State of Sonora are
about 20 miles from the mining town of La Colorada. These mines are
the source of much of the graphite used in the manufacture of pencils
the world over. A traveler describing the mines says that the graph-
ite, on being brought to the surface, is spread out in the hot sun to dry,
and then thrown into piles to await shipment. Mules haul it to La
Colorada, whence it is forwarded to Michigan for treatment. After
being ground it is exposed to a gentle blast of air. The heavy grit
particles settle first and are separated from the small soot-like particles
which remain. The graphite thus refined is mixed with clay in cer-
tain proportions for making pencils, a good deal of clay being used for
hard pencil leads and less for soft pencils. The largest use of graphite
is as a lubricant. It is employed extensively in the mixing of paints
to give "body," and is used in electrotyping and the manufacture of

stove polishes. The official reports of the NATIONAL LIBRARY

in the city of Mexico for 1912 show that 43,106 persons visited that

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640 THE PAN AMBBICAN UNION.

library during the year. The number of persons using the library
during the day time were 28,752, and during the evening hours 14,324.

A decree has been published in the *^ Diario Oficial" establishing

a government SEISMOLOGICAL STATION at the Obispado Viejo
property in the suburbs of Monterey, State of Nuevo Leon. The
property is on a hill overlooking the city of Monterey and the loca-
tion for the station is ideal. ^During the last few years a great

impetus has been given in the Republic of Mexico to the cultivation of
FRUIT TREES, the vine, and small fruits. The bureau of agri-
culture of the Government of Mexico has aided and encouraged this
development in every way possible, and has recently appointed a
number of expert vitioulturists and horticulturists as assistants to the-
department, so that persons engaged in this industry needing the

services of experts can obtain same at a small cost. ^The right to

use the name of the NATIONAL AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY,
of Colima, has been granted to the farmers of that State by the bureau
of agriculture of Mexico. The by-laws of the organization have been

approved by the department. ^The SCHOOL OF ARTS AND

CRAFTS for girls, which opened its courses in the City of Mexico in
February last, had an enrollment of nearly a thousand pupils. The
course of instruction has been extended by the addition of depart-
ments in lace making, mnbrella manufacture, and gilding. -Work

has begun in the City of Mexico on the CENTRO ASTURIANO
HOSPITAL, which in future will be known as the Covadonga Sani-
tarium. The RAILWAY between Zapotian and Mexicaltzingo

was inaugurated in March last with appropriate ceremonies, the

President of the Republic having been invited to attend. ^The

department of war of the Mexican Government has arranged to send
several students of the ASPIRANTES MILITARY SCHOOL to

France to take up the study of aviation in that country. ^The

department of foreign affairs of the Mexican Government has
announced the following changes in the consular service: Alejandro
Ainslie has been appointed consul at Tucson, ^irizona; Isaac Aceves,
consul at Calexico, California; Tristan Garza Castellón has been
appointed to the consulate in Phoenix, Arizona; Fernando Baz,
consul at Eagle Pass, Texas; and Lie. Manuel Piûa y Cuevas, consul at

Los Angeles, California. Frank F. Vaugh, an American citizen

residing at Tétela de Ocampo, State of Puebla, has applied to the
department of fomento of the Mexican Government for a concession
to use 500 liters of water per second from the Isecahuasco River for
generating power for a HYDROELECTRIC PLANT. The electric
installation is desired to run a reduction plant for the Puebla Mining

Co. Gustavo Scheibe, of the City of Mexico, has applied for a

concession to use 300 liters of water from the Quilate River in the
district of Jaciiingo, State of Jalisco, for IRRIGATION purposes.

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39ICARA6UA. 641

The Fuerte River Valley has produced a large crop of TOMATOES
which became ready for shipment in January and February of the
present year. Up to February" 12 of the present year 131 carloads
of tomatoes from this district had been shipped into the United States.
The total crop is estimated at 500 carloads. This industry has been
built up during the last three years. Onions, beans, and celery are
also grown in large quantities. In a recent article on the MIN-
ERAL PRODUCTION of Latin America the London Times states
that for years Mexico has been the fifth largest gold-producing
country in the world, the first in the production of silver, and the
second in the production of copper. In 1912 the country produced
gold to the amount of $22,176,600, the silver amounted to 71,000,000

ounces, and the copper to 68,000 tons. A recent consular report

gives the following statistics relative to the remarkable development
in Mexico of the PETROLEUM INDUSTRY. The output for the
past six years has been, in 1907, 1,000,000 barrels; 1908, 3,481,410
barrels; 1909, 2,488,742 barrels; 1910, 3,332,807 barrels; 1911,
14,051,643 barrels; and in 1912, 16,500,000 barrels.

A recent issue of The American of Bluefields, Nicaragua, states that
possibly the most important step which the Nicaraguan Government
has taken in many months is the ratification by the Assembly of the
WEITZEL CHAMORRO CONVENTION, lately approved without
debate at its second reading by the Nicaraguan Constituent Assembly.
By this convention the United States of America obtains the follow-
ing: An option on the area comprehended in the former ''Nicaraguan
Canal" route and the attendant right to construct a canal; the leasing
of the two Com Islands and the Bay of Fonseca. The canal option is
perpetual, while the lease of the islands and bay (or gulf) is for the
term of 99 years. For the option and lease Nicaragua is to receive
$3,000,000, to be expended in the development of the country and

the payment of the present indebtedness. The Supreme Court of

Nicaragua has appointed Dr. Daniel Morazan, DISTRICT JUDGE for
Prinzapulca, and Mr. Rodolfo Correa, CRIMINAL JUDGE for the same

district. ^The following COIN for use on the Atlantic coast of the

Republic has been received at Bluefields by the Bank of Nicaragua
(Inc.): Half cent bronze, 900 córdobas; 1 cent bronze, 1,500; 5 cent
nickel, 4,000; 10 cent silver, 5,000; 25 cent silver, 25,000; 50 cent
silver, 60,000; córdobas, 20,000. The bank reports that the
value of these coins, amounting to $116,400 United States gold, has

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642 TUE PAN AMERICAN UNION.

been deposited ^ith the United States Mortgage & Trust Co., of
New York, to secure the circulation of the coins referred to, and that
similar deposits will be made covering not only all the coin that will
be sent to the country, but the paper córdovas as well. The monetary
conversion is to become effective between March 23 and September
23, when it is thought all the old paper pesos will have been retired.

Pr€«s reports state that the BONANZA MINE in the Pis Pis

district of Nicaragua has been sold to American and English capital-
ists. The Mars mine is also said to be included in the group.

Mr. A. De Julian, of Idaho, has been making investigations concerning
the possibilities of profitable sugar-cane culture on the Atlantic coast
of Nicaragua in the vicinity of the Escondido River. The results of
his investigation prove that the cultivation of this crop on a large
scale would undoubtedly be very profitable in the region referred to,
inasmuch as the soil, climate, and transportation facilities are all
favorable to the profitable development of the sugar-cane industr}'
on the Atlantic coast of the Republic. ^A party of Canadian cap-
italists, some of whom represented the Canadian Security & Sales Co.,
recently made an exploration trip up the Elscondido River, and inci-
dentally inspected the 1 ,000-acre fruit plantation of the Canadian Co.
This company expects to start EXPORTING FRUIT direct to
Canada in August next, and will build 5 miles of railway through their
plantation to the Escondido River in order to faciUtate the shipment
of fruit. From what the party saw it was convinced that the banana
business in Nicaragua offers fine inducements for the investment of
capital. It is reported that the Canadian Security & Sales Co. pro-
poses to enlarge its holdings in Nicaragua. ^The National Con-
stituent Assembly of Nicaragua has enacted the following law con-
cemmg GOVERNMENT PROPERTY: "Art. 1. No tribunal of the
Republic can exact bonds, nor execute writs of embargo against the
revenues, properties^ or other interests of the State. In consequence
the Government's properties embargoed by orders executed imder
the decree of May 17, 1912, can not be sold at public sale, imder pain
of nullity." *'Axt. 2. The tribunals competent to oflSciate in the
matter of claims against the Public Treasury, in favor of private
parties, shall give judgment, as to the rights of the parties, and may
order the compliance thereto, in the event of having declared a sen-
tence, but the compliance rests exclusively with the executive, who
shall attend to any payment in the manner and within the limits

prescribed by the law, according to the budget." ^The bonds for

the NATIONAL RENTS for 1913 will be of the $250 denomination
each and will bear three signatures, namely, the facsimilies of those
of Don Aldolfo Diaz and Don Salvador Lezano, and the signature of
Don Pedro Rafael Cuadra.

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The National Assembly of the Bepublic of Panama has appropri-
ated 30,000 balboas for the repah* of barracks, purchase of materials,
and for other necessary expenses required by the FIRE BRIGADES
of the Republic in the cities of Panama, Colon, and Bocas del Toro,
15,000 balboas being apportioned to the city of Panama, 10,000 to

Colon, and 5,000 to Bocas del Toro. ^A law of January 15, 1913,

imposes a duty of 2 balboas per quintal on imports of SALT. The
same law authorizes the President of the Republic to reduce the duty
on imported salt to 1 balboa per quintal whenever the salt produced in
the Republic is not sufiOicient for local consumption or whenever it is

not of an acceptable quality. In January, 1913, President Porras,

in a special message to Congress concerning the construction of a
RAILWAY from Panama to David, with branches to the Province
of Los Santos and to the village of Anton, recommended that the
executive power be authorized to construct this railway administra-
tively or by contract, expending such a sum as may be necessary
for the completion of the work. The National Assembly has author-
ized the construction of the road, and the law has been duly signed
and promulgated by the President of the Republic. The estimated

cost of construction will be over 10,000,000 balboas. ^Dr. Ramon

Valdez, minister of Panama at Washington, has notified the Govern-
ment of Panama of the appointment of Dr. L. S. Rowe and Mr.
Roland Falkner, as representatives of the Government of the United
States on the JOINT COMMISSION that will appraise the value of
private lands in the Canal Zone required by the Canal Commission.
The representatives of the Grovemment of Panama on the commission
are Mr. F. Boyd and Mr. S. Lewis. The commission will act under
Articles VI and XV of the treaty of February 26, 1904, between the
United States and Panama. The first commission on lands made its
report in August, 1908. It is expected that the work of the present
commission will cover at least six months. The Government of
Panama has placed at the disposal of the commission the presidential
chamber in the Government palace where the conferences of the com-
mission will be held. ^A law has been passed by the Congress of

Panama and duly signed and promulgated by the President of the
Bepublic imposing a duty of 0.40 of a balboa per kilogram on SOLE
LEATHER imported into the country after March 2, 1913. If sole
leather is imported cut in pieces for shoes, or in strips, or in any other
form than whole hides, it will be subject to the payment of duties in
double the amount mentioned. Should the production of sole leather

643

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644 THE PAN AMEBICAN UNION.

in Panama be insufficient to meet the demands of the country, the
Président of the Republic is authorized to decrease or 8U8i>end the
duty, reporting his action in the matter to the next Congress. The

same law {>ermits the free introduction of machinery for tanneries.

English capitalists are said to be interested in financing the new
AGRICULTURAL BANK to be established in Panama and for
which the National Assembly recently granted a charter. The
former manager of the International Banking Corporation's intM*ests
on the Isthmus of Panama is conducting the n^otiations. Ac-
cording to the Star-Herald, of the City <rf Panama, the new WASH-
INGTON HOTEL at Colon was ready for occupancy in March last.
This hotel contains 90 bedrooms capable of accommodating about
180 persons. The monuments to Aspinwall, Chauncy, and Stevens,
the pioneers of the Panama Railroad, have been placed near the
Bolivar Street entrance to this hotel. Fine lawns have been pro-
vided and the hotel ¡s weU equipped in every sense of the word.

A bill introduced into the Congress of Panama for the celebration in
1915 of a NATIONAL EXPOSITION authorizes the executive
power to invest $250,000 in the enterprise. The sum of $30,000 was
recently put at the disposal of the President of the Republic for use
in celebrating the discovery of the Pacific by Balboa in 1513, but
President Porras recommended that this be increased to $250,000, so
that the event could be celebrated on a larger seale and in a more
fitting manner. If Congress complies with the request of the Presi-
dent, it is proposed to make Old Panama City the site of the exposi-
tion. As soon as the financial part of the plan is definitely provided
for, the preliminary work of clearing up the Old City of Panama will
immediately b^a. The plan comprehends participation in the cele-
bration of the exposition by the GÍovemments of the Western Hemi-
sphere and a number of European countries.

Plans have been forwarded to the board of public works at Asim-
cion for the construction of a CUSTOMHOUSE, warehouse, and
wharf at Puerto ViUeta. The plans were made by the director of
the port, Sr. Jerica, who states that these improvements are badly

needed to meet the ever-increasing trade of the port referred to.

The department of public instruction of the Government of Paraguay
has contracted with Dr. Zûrcher, of Zurich, a. learned Swiss zoologist,,
to take charge of the DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY of the National
College at Asuncion, under the direction of Dr. Fiebrig. The

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PARAGUAY. 645

Barthe NAVIGATION CO. has extended its steamboat service to

the upper Paraguay River between Asuncion and Corumbá.

Dr. A. Backhaus, an expert horticulturist and agricultural instructor,
has submitted a plan to the department of agriculture of the Govern-
ment of Paraguay for the founding of an AGRONOMIC INSTITUTE

in the country. According to data compiled from official and

private sotirces, the area in tobacco cultivation in the Republic of
Paraguay during the present year is considerably greater than that
of the previous year. It is estimated that the production of tobacco
in Paraguay in 19l3 will be more than twice the quantity produced
in 1912. Cuban tobacco seed has been distributed freely to planters
throughout the country, and a fine grade of tobacco is expected to be
harvested as the residt of these plantings. Paraguay leaf and manu-
factured tobacco is in great demand in Argentina, Uruguay, and other
coimtries of South America and is justly celebrated wherever known
for the excellence of its quality. The soil in certain parts of Para-
guay yields enormous crops when planted in tobacco, and this fact
renders its culture in the choicest lands of the RepubHc exceedingly

profitable. The report of the board of directors of the CENTRAL

RAILWAY OP PARAGUAY shows that on Juiy 31, 1912, the capi-
tal of this company amounted to £2,712,930. The gross receipts of
the company for the fiscal year 1911-12 aggregated £111,983, as
compared with £120,022 m 1910-11. The cost of exploitation in
1911-12 was £67,474, as compared with £68,601 in 1910-11. The
net profits in 1911-12 were £44,509, as compared with £51,420 in
1910-11. The Tme from Asuncion was completed to Encamación
early in 1912 and direct railway communication established with
Buenos Aires and intermediate railway points in February of that
year. The extension of the road toward the Falls of Iguazu j-evealed
a density of forest and a richness of soil in the region traversed
unknown and unexpected up to the present time. Whue this has
caosed an increased cost in the building of the railway, it has at the
jsame time shown the possibilities of developing an inmiense freight
trafiSc in natural products along the entire route of the line through
the part of Paraguay referred to.— —The TRAMWAY LINE AT
ASUNCION, which for many years was rtm by horsepower in the city
proper and by steam traction in the suburbs, is to be electrified both
in the city and on the suburban lines. From press reports it is learned
that the Central Railway of Paraguay has acquired a controlling
interest in the line, and many important improvements have recently
been made in construction, equipment, and service. The concession
under which the electrification of the tramway was made includes
the fmnishing of light and power to the city of Asuncion and to pri-
vate persons residing therein. The change has been most beneficial
to the traveling public, and the service has been extended and

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646 THE PAN AMEBICAN UinON.

improved in a very satisfactory manner. ^Dr. Moisés S. Bertoni, a

distinguished scientist and botanical writer of Paraguay, has been
appointed by the Paraguayan Government to represent that country
at the FIRST CONGRESS OF AGRICULTURAL DEFENSE
which will be held in Montevideo, Uruguay, during the present
month.

An AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION has been
established by the Government of Peru in the region of the Madre
de Dios River with £he special object of encouraging the scientific
cultivation of rubber-producing trees indigenous to that section of
coimtry and for the purpose of introducing and acclimatizing useful
food-producing plants. The establishment of this agricultural sta-
tion is a long step forward in the permaneut development of the
forestal and agricultural wealth of that vast region, which has hitherto
been almost wholly given over to the exploitation of wild rubber in
such a reckless manner as to destroy large numbers of rubber trees,
without any effort having been made to replace them by systematic
cultivation on a large scale. Realizing the danger of exhausting
the wild rubber trees contained in the forests of the Madre de Dios
River, the Government of Peru resolved to do all in its power to
stop wasteful methods of exploitation by encouraging the planting
of rubber trees over vast areas of land especially adapted to their
cultivation. While the cidtivation of the rubber tree wiU occupy
the paramount attention of the experiment station, the growing of
staple agricultural products adapted to, or which may be acclima-
tized in that section of the country, will be encouraged in every
way possible. The plans of the experiment station seem to be
entirely feasible, and a number of the principal landowners of the
region referred to are disposed to adopt them on. a large scale as

quickly as circumstances will permit. ^An executive decree of

February 28, 1913, admits FREE IMPORTS into the Republic of
arsenate and acetate of lead, lead arsenic compounds, and Paris

green for use in combating the boll weevil on cotton plantations.

The Prensa, of Lima, of February 25, 1913, gives the new CABINET
of President Billinghurst, as follows: Sr. Federico Lima y Peralta,
president of the Cabinet and minister of interior and policy Sr.
Carlos A. Velarde, minister of war and marine; Dr. Wenceslao
Valera, minister of foreign relations; Dr. Francisco Moreyra y Riglos,
minister of justice, worship, and instruction; Engineer Fermín Mál^a

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PBBU. 647

Santolalla, minister of fomento and public works, and Sr. Felipe
Derteano, minister of finance and commerce. The Cabinet took

the oath of office on the 24th of February of the present year.

Rafael Mendrano and Antonio Calvache D, CUBAN STUDENTS
from Santiago de Cuba, have taken up a course of mining engineering
in the University at Lima, Peru, and two Peruvian students have
gone to Cuba to study agronomy. These exchanges have been made
in accordance with an agreement between the Governments of Peru

and Cuba. On February 8 the first copy of the WALL MAP of

Peru, engraved from drawing approved by the Geographic Society
in Lima, was presented to the President of the RepubUc. The map
was lithographed in Paris, contains much new data, and is the most
complete and up-to-date wall map of the RepubUc in existence at

the present time. ^A concession has been granted to Hugo Somer-

kamp for the use of 100 Uters of water per second from the Chiara
River for the IRRIGATION of lands located in the Province of
Paita. A fine quaUty of cotton is grown in the valleys of this Prov-
ince, and landowners in the neighborhood of mountain streams are
beginning more and more to avail themselves, in the raising of cotton
and other agricidtural products, of such water as may be obtainable
for irrigation purposes, thereby insuring a high yield and a succession

of crops. A young Peruvian of the city of Lima recently invented

a military type of MONOPLANE, the model of which was highly
commended by Government engineers. A machine of this type is
being constructed in Lima imder the supervision of Engineer Zapata,
of the Federal capital, and public exhibitions of same are soon to

be made before the miUtary and civil authorities. ^The Official

Gazette of the Government of Peru, of Januarv 10 last, contains
the full text of the IRRIGATION AND COLONIZATION law
enacted for the benefit of the coast region of the RepubUc. Under
this law the President is authorized to negotiate the sale of £2,000,000
thirty-year 5^ per cent annual interest bearing bonds, the proceeds
of which are to be used exclusively for irrigation works and coloniza-
tion purposes. After the Government engineers have selected and
reported upon the lands to be irrigated and colonized, £1,000,000 of
these bonds will be issued, the second miUion to be issued in whole
or in part after the irrigation works have been commenced, provided
new funds for that purpose or colonization requirements are needed.
The irrigation works may be done by the executive power administra-
tively or by contract under the supervision of Government engineers.
The President is given authority to expropriate such lands as may be
needed for the irrigation works and colonization purposes. White
colonists with sufficient capital to maintain themselves until the
maturity of the first crop are to be settled upon the lands, and will
be given an opportunity to buy on easy terms up to 60 hectares of
irrigated lands.

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The pre«s of the city of San Salvador reporta that a BANANA
COMPANY, which will operate on a large scale, is soon to establish
banana plantations in the Department of Usulutan, near the port
of El Triunfo, through which shipments of bananas and other agri-
cultural products will be made. Statements have been made from
time to time that banana plants would not thrive on the Pacific coast
of Salvador, due, principally, to the slight rainfall of the region re-
ferred to. This, however, seems to be an erroneous, view, since there
are large banana plantations at different places on the Pacific coast of
Mexico, Ecuador, and Colombia, where climatic conditions are similar
to those of the western part of San Salvador, to say nothing of the suc-
cess in banana growing in Honolulu, which has a climate very much
resembling that of the Pacific coast of the Republic of Salvador.
The company proposes to use irrigation in the growing of bananas
when the lack of rainfall is such as to justify it in doing so. Facilities
for transporting fruits grown near the Pacific coast line of Salvador
are good at the present time, and can be improved and cheapened
in the future if a sufficient quantity of marketable fruit is raised to
justify the increased outlay necessary to improve the transportation
facilities for this class of products.—- — Sr. Gabino Mata, jr., a prac-
tical stockman and agriculturist of the Republic of Salvador, has
been appointed one of the directors of the NATIONAL EXPOSITION
OF AGRICULTURE, STOCKRAISING, AND INDUSTRY to be
held in the city of San Salvador in August next. Great preparations
are being made for the success of the exposition, and it is predicted
that it will be one of the most successful ever held in Central Amer-
ica. A recent executive order repeals the decree of October 19,

1912, which increased the duties on MERCHANDISE IMPORTED
by persons not registered as merchants in the Republic of Salvador.
It was contended that the decree referred to was detrimental to
public policy and probably unconstitutional. The law, as it now
stands, places importers, whether private persons, commercial
houses, or brokers, on an equality in the introduction of merchandise

into the country. ^The four principal BANKS of the Republic of

Salvador distributed to their stockholders during the last half of
1912, dividends to the amount of 470,000 pesos. The assets of
these banks, in round numbers, are 22,000,000 pesos, made up as
follows: Silver coin, 5,000,000; loans secured by mortgages, 3,000,000;
notes and discounted drafts, 3,000,000; debits, account current,
9,800,000; stock in sundry enterprises, 200,000; other assets, domes-
tic and foreign, 1,000,000. The liabilities of these banks aggregate

618

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URUGUAY. 649

14,000,000 pesos, and consist of bank notes in circulation, 5,390,000;
«ght deposits and accounts current, 5,010,000; fixed time deposits,

2,600,000, and other domestic and foreign credits, 1,000,000. For

some time past wotk has been actively progressing on the section of
the NATIONAL HIGHWAY which runs from Zaragoza to Santa
Tecla, and for the last few months the road has been in condition to
admit of automobile traffic between the places mentioned. The
road referred to is a very populat and much used highway, especially

during the bathing season, which commences in February. ^The

coast cities of Salvador are being visited from year to year by an
increased number of TOURISTS. Recently more than 40 tourists
and business men disembarked at La Libertad and endeavored to
arrange for a land trip from that place to Acajutla, but owing to a
lack of automobiles obtainable for this class of service at La Liber-^
tad, the trip had to be abandoned. Press reports state that these
conditions are to be remedied and that facilities will be provided for
excursions into different parts of the interior from any of the prin-
cipal ports of Salvador. When these arrangements are completed
a large number of people interested in Central America will be able
to make first-hand investigations of the topography, natural resources,
and commerce of a number of the countries.

The message of the President of Uruguay relating to the estab-
Ushment of SLAUGHTER YARDS AND SLAUGHTERHOUSES
authorizes the chief executive to employ the revenue from the official
cattle marks and brands up to $1,850,000 in a slaughter yard (tab-
lada) and slaughterhouse (matadero) in Montevideo, with a maxi-
mum expenditure in the former case of $500,000, and in the latter of
$900,000, with an additional maximum expencUture of $450,000 in
establishing 18 slaughterhouses in the departments. On the basis
of the revenue affected the President may obtain bank advances
or enter into other operations of credit for the purpose of carrying
on and completing the work. The plan in detail for the establish-
ment of this industry in Uruguay by the Government is that pre-
sented by Dr. Bauza, the national inspector of animal sanitary-
police of the Republic, wto recently visited the United States of
North America to study the organization of slaughter yards and
allied industries in that country. The object of the Government
in engaging in this branch of the meat industry is to cheapen the
price of meats to the consumer, and at the same time obtain the
maximum benefit from every animal slaughtered by a complete

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650 THE PAN AMEBICAN UNION.

utilization of all the by-products. ^The profits of the BANK

OF THE REPUBLIC in^ 1912 were $2,411,105. This profit is to be
applied, approximately, as follows: On the Uruguay loan, $420,000;
legislative palace fund, $50,000, and the remainder, $1,941,105, will
be added to the paid-up capital of the bank, thereby raising the

amount to $11,136,330. ^The press of Montevideo states that

about two years ago the President authorized a foreign engineer to
complete the technical studies required for the installation of a
rapid ELECTRIC RAILWAY from Montevideo to Maldonado and
Punta del Este. These studies were terminated over a year and a
half ago, and negotiations are now pending with a strong financial
syndicate for the building and equipment of the line. When the
preliminary arrangements have been agreed upon, steps will be
taken to secure the necessary concession under which the construc-
tion of the line may be commenced at once. ^The Montevideo

Times states that negotiations have been opened between the Uru-
guayan and Brazilian Governments relative to the construction of a
large INTERNATIONAL BRIDGE over the Yaguaron River. This
bridge will connect the towns of Artigas and Yaguaron, the former
being on the Urguayan side of the frontier and the latter on the
Brazilian side. The plans for the bridge will be prepared by the tech-
nical commission appointed by the two Governments, assisted by
the boundary commission now engaged in marking out the frountier
Une. The bridge will be a compoxmd one, sufficiently wide to admit
of foot, wheel, cargo, and railway traffic. The treaty preliminary
to the construction of the bridge has been drafted and will be laid

before the Senate in due course for consideration. The '* Diario

Oficial," of the Republic of Uruguay, of January 17, 1913, conr
tarns the full text of the LICENSE TAX for the Federal capital
for the year 1912-13, as well as of the decree regulating the same.
The decree regulating the tax provides that the direction general of
direct taxes shall, by means of appraisers, make a general classifica-
tion of trades, industries, etc., to be completed by March 1

last. The HORTICULTURAL EXHIBITION held at the Prado in

Montevideo in January and February last was one of the most useful
displays ever held in the federal capital. The exhibits occupied
three large buildings, and fruits and vegetables of the finest type
and quality, and in a great number of varieties, were shown. The
exhibits of plums, peaches, and apricots were notable, and fine dis-
plays of apples and oranges were also made. The effect of the expo-
sition will undoubtedly be to stimulate in a healthy manner the
fruit and vegetable industries in the Republic, and especially in the

neighborhood of large cities and shipping points. The annual

report of the Montevideo CHAMBER OF COMMERCE for 1912
shows that the total amount of stock exchange operations for the

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VENEZUELA. 651

year was $139,408,498. The CENTRAL TJRUGUAY RAILWAY

has increased its capital stock from £3,500,000 to £4,500,000. The

post office department of Uruguay reports a SURPLUS of $152,828
for the year 1912, or $17,304 more than for 1911. ^The POPU-
LATION of Montevideo on December 31, 1912, was 352,487. ^The

BANCO POPULAR has mcreased its capital from $3,000,000 to

$5,000,000 and has made some changes in its statutes. The first

NATIONAL FRUIT EXPOSITION was officially opened Januaiy
25, 1913, with appropriate ceremonies, to continué until some date
in March. The display of fruits and vegetables proves that Uruguay
can compete with the world in both quality and variety, while the
large attendance shows that great interest is felt in the movement.

^¡■^^.

VENEZUELA

The FLUVIAL NAVIGATION & COASTWISE CO., of Vene-
zuela, declared dividends diu^g the last half of 1912 to the amount
of 360,000 bolivars. All of the vessels of this company engaged in
seagoing, lake, and river traffic were thoroughly overhauled and
repaired during the past year at an expense of 130,073 bolivars, and,
in addition, 183,000 bolivars were disbursed on account of the con-
struction of two new boats, namely, the Nuevo Mara and the Nuevo
Fdix. The company was able to credit 5 per cent of its gross profits
to the reserve fund. The company does a large and ever increasing
business on the Orinoco River, the Atlantic Ocean, and Caribbean

Sea coasts and in the Gulf of Maracaibo and its tributaries. The

Spanish board of trade of Caracas states that the best grade of
CACAO exported from the Republic of Venezuela, known as Cacao
fino, is very much in demand in Spain, where it is preferred to the

exports of this article from any other country. Two American

mining engineers, graduates of the University of Chicago, and mem-
bers of the American Institute of Mining Engineers, are at present
doing exploration work in the territory of the Delta Amaciu^o.
These experts state that this territory is exceedingly rich in mineral
wealth and that great opportunities are offered for the profitable
investment of capital in mining enterprises. Recently Col. Pedro
Olivares Mora discovered three iron mines, covering an area of 600
hectares, in the municipality of El Toro, in the Federal Territory of
the Delta Amacuro. These mines are said to contain extensive

deposits of an easily reducible iron ore of a high commercial grade.

The Riopauji Petroleum & Asphalt Co. has been organized in
Caracas, Venezuela, to exploit the ASPHALT AND PETROLEUM
deposits of the Betijoque district in the State of Trujillo. ^The

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652 THE PAN AMBBICAN UNION.

demand for asphalt abroad is constantly increasing, and petroleum
is always a marketable product in all civilized countries. The
asphalt deposit referred to is perhaps one of the most fluid products
of its kind ever worked for conunercial purposes, and it is claimed
that examination shows the quality to be highly desirable for paying
and other uses. The Riopauji deposit is about 25 kilometers from
Lake Maracaibo, situated at an elevation of about 40 meters aboye
the level of the lake, the intervening ground gradually declining to
the water s edge. This fact will aid materially in the construction
of a railway at a minimum cost for the transportation of the asphalt
to Lake Maracaibo. It is also stated that geologists who have
examined the region report that the substance from which paraffin
is extracted is found in this zone, and it is possible that that industry
could also 1)0 profitably developed in the region referred to. The
company not only proposes to work the Riopauji asphalt and petro-
leum deposits, but also to open up rail and wagon roads in the
vicinity, and especially the wagon road from Carora to the Riopauji
Railway, thereby connecting that portion of the State of Lara with
Lake Maracaibo, a project that has long been desired for the devel-
opment of the agricultural and other interests of that section of the

country. The department of public instruction of the Republic of

Venezuela has ordered that the instruction for the class of TRAINED
Nl^RSElS in the School of Arts and Crafts for Women be given in a
special clinic called ** School for Niurses/' to be held in one of the halls
of the Vargas Hospital in Caracas under the direction of one of the
hospital physicians. Dr. Francisco A. Rizquez has been chosen
director of the new school.

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SEÑOR DR. FRANCISCO BERTRAND,

Who succeeds the late Gen. Bonilla as Président
of Uonduras.

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VOL. XXXVl MAY. 1913 No. 5

THE CITY OF VALPARAISO,
CHILE'

VALPARAISO is the second city in size in Chile.^ It is also
the most important commercial city and port of that
Republic, and can be compared with San Francisco in
respect to its activities. To-day all the elements of a
modern city are there, and the promises for the future are such that
it bids fair to become one of the great trade centers of the world,
Valparaiso owes a not insignificant share of the progress it has
made wdthin recent years to the destructive earthquake that took
place on August 16, 1906. What seemed at first to be an over-
whelming disaster has been turned, by the energy and ambition
of the irdiabitants and by the support of the Government, into the
verj' means through which the long-dreamed reconstruction could
be carried out. Those who knew Valparaiso in its earlier days
are pleased to note the improvements already made within the six
years that have passed since that catastrophe, and all who now
become acquainted with Valparaiso for the first time are enthusiastic
in their prophecies for the future growth of the seaport.

The words of one of the most distinguished travelers and critics,
James Bryce, who visited South America two years ago, may well
be quoted here from his book, ''South America '':

This b Valparaiso. WTiere the wanderer * * * finds himself again in the
busy, modern world. * * * Seen from the sea, Valparaiso is picturesque, and has
a marked character of its own, though the dryness of the hills and the clearness of
the light make it faintly recall one of those Spanish or Italian towns which glitter
on the steep shores of the Mediterranean. It resembles Messina, in Sicily, in being
very long and narrow, for here, as there, the heights, rising abniptly from the sliore,

» By Albert Hale, of Pan American Union Staff.
'Santiago Is approaching 400,00), Valparaiso 200,000.

653

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656 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.

leave little space for houi»eg. and the lower part of the town has less than a quarter
of a mile in breadth. ( )n this narrow strip are all the places of business — banks, ship-
ping oiîioes. and shops. * * * On the hills above, rising steeply 200 feet oni ore,
stands the upper town. Communication between the lower and upper towns is
carried on chiefly by elevators (lifts).

The upi)er town has boon taken up largely by residences of the richer
people, and although many workingmen's cottages have been built
on outlWng i)roperty, there has been little crowding on the broader
si)aco8 above, so that pretty gardens and broad streets are the rule.
From this elevation splendid views can be obtained of the bay, of the
limitless Pacific and along the coast to the north, and the sight of
the busy, active commercial city beneath is always attractive.

This lower town was the area of Valparaiso which suffered so severely
from the eartlujuake, and which has now been reconstructed so expe-

THK FASHIONABLE UACE COlRSE FOR VALPARAISO.

.\t \¡A;\ <lol Mar. only ('» milos ( 10 kilomotcrs) from lhe port on the railway to Santiago, is the summer
rcs.irt ¡md watt'riiii; pi lof fur many of tho poople, ospccially of the northern part of the Republic.
hiiriiiv' I hv .si'iMiU hors»» racing' is oiu» of the most popular sports, and this fine track has seen ¡nome of
tho Ix'si hluüdotl .siíK'k oí the worltl iit the meetings held here.

ditiously. In practically every detail it is a new city, the improve-
ments having been planned to meet modern requirements. Valparaiso
is not old in a material sense, although its age goes back to 1536, but
for generations it had no great prestige, like Santiago or Lima, nor
even 100 years ago, when its population was scarcely above 5,000,
could it be considered in the same class >\ith better known seaports.
At the time of the earthquake, however, wdth the tremendous impetus
given to west coast commerce by the use of steamships and the later
railway, Valparaiso has become one of the most progressive ports of
the whole South American coastline. Crowxled as it had been, built
with no organized regard to its future requirements, and congested by
the growing traffic for which no adequate accommodation had beenpro-
^ided, this lower town did not come up to the ideals of the inhabitants
of Valparaiso, and after the first shock was over they went to work
with a will to reconstruct svstematicallv wdiat had been destroved.

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THE NAVAL SCHOOL IN VALPARAISO.

ImmeJiately above the harbor and the place where the traffic is busiest, is situated the Government
naval school of Chile. As Chile has an excellent nav>% with its principal station in Valparaiso, this site
for the '' Annapolis" of that Republic is very appropriate.

THEJ PUBLIC WHARF ATj^THE HARBOR OF VALPARAISO.

Passengers on ordinary embarkation take small boats or launchas from this pier in order to roach the
large steamers that lie farther out in the harbor. When the harbor improvements are completed,
peiasengers and freight will both be embarked or disembarked directly, as vessels will then berth alone-
side.

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MINK IPAL IMPROVEMENTS IN VAT.PARAISO.

Tlu^so (wo photo^T.iphs show the character of the improvements heing made ihroughoiit the city,
c's[M'<iill> whoro ihn <lest niel ion caused by the cimhquake of liX)« required a reconslniclion of both
sin^'ts ííiid biiildiiiK's. Such altraclive squares and monuments at street intersections are character-
istic of the new \'alpaniL^o,

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ANOTHER ATTRACTIVE SQUARE IN VALPARAISO.

STREET SCENE IN VALPARAISO.

The main street of the city runs parallel to the shore, or the Malocon, as the orabankment alonn the
water front is called. It divides at this comer, the street to the riijht running down toward the shore,
that to the left following clovser to the hilla. On both are important business houses and banks.

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660 THE PAX AMERICAN UNIOX.

To-day the new Valparaiso is better planned in every respect. Its
irrej^ular site between the sinuous coastline and the spurs from the
hillti at the back makes the city less uniform and rectangular than are
many cities in Latin America. Old historical buildings are lacking,
and i)erhaps there is no great architectural variety, but the houses are
generally new, their bright colors please the eye, and the glimpses
of rocky heights seen at the eastern end of all cross streets and of
the sea glittering toward the west give a charm to this lower town.
Its atmosi)here of bustle, the alertness of the people, and the freshness
of all that is dLs])la3'ed in the shop windows encourage the feeling in
the mind of the visitor that Chile and the Chilenos neglect no oppor-
tunity to advance here.

Along the narrow stri|) of coast line between the sea and the hills,
splendid results have been accomplished. Where were formerly
crooked, unsightly streets, are now broad, straight and handsome
highways. The old structures have disappeared, either as the result
of the earthiiuake or of the desire to bring everj'thing up to the sub-
stantial modern standard demanded. Electric trams (street cars)
ply from one end of the lower town to the other, while carriages and
automobiles (taxicabs) can be engaged for quicker service. Two
most interesting features of the new" lower town at once engage the
eye. One is the complete system of paving adopted almost through-
out the area, the other is the well proportioned space allotted at well-
chosen intervals for small parks and public breathing spaces, in
which some sort of adornment, like a statue or a public fountain, has
already been erected.

WTiatever Valparaiso may have been before the earth([uake of
1906, it certainly is now a city in which the traveler and tourist feels
a most decided satisfaction. Although it is true that to a certain
extent it lacks monuments and memories which bind it to the past,
yet no criticism of crudeness can be brought against it. And w^hile
the city still has a character that suggests its history, it is vigorously
new — all things breathe of youth. The life of the place is theretore
emblematic of youth. One's senses are alive to this impression. The
people are not loiterei*s, although they have not acquired the worry-
ing countenance of their cousins, the Yankees of North America.
The bustle in the street is sufficient to keep the stranger alert, with-
out being so intense as to make him fretful. The shop wmdows are
attractively full of the latest wares from many parts of the w^orld,
and the shopkeepers are eager in their efforts to sell, while retaining
all that polite and friendly attitude so characteristic of the Latin-
American. It would be difficult to think of anything needed for busi-
ness or comfort w^hich could not be found with but little search
among the better supplied shops or stores of Valparaiso. Most
offices are well equipped with modern appliances, and even the
smallest business establishments are energized by the same ambi-
tions. Valparaiso is thus distinctly modern.

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THK MONTMKNT (ÎIVKN TO VALPARAISO BY BRITISH RESIDENTS.

DnririR the celobnition of the centennial in 1910. the various foreign colonies helped to decórale the city,
rtiKl at the same time to show their repard for their adopted home, by presenting some appropriate
ami lasting memorial of the event. The British colony selette<l this arch as their gift to \ alparaiso.

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THE CITY OF VALPARAISO, CHILE. 663

Some of the earlier but permanent improvements of Valparaiso
were not completely destroyed by the earthquake, yet they were
injured at the time and have been since the disaster restored to still
better service, and deserve special remark. One of the most notice-
able is the water supply of the city —

for Valparaiso was one of the first cities of South America to use iron pipes for this
purpoee. The supply has now been perfected by means of the construction of an im-
mense dam * * * which collects the rain water from a hydrographie basin with
an area of 22 acres. The water is led by an aqueduct to two distribution tanks some
miles away and nearly 1,200 feet above sea level. From these two tanks the main
pipes, capable of providing for a daily consumption of 14i million gallons, carry the
water into the city.

The drainage of the city also is well developed, the *^ separate^' sys-
tem having been carried out 26 years ago, but additional improve-
ments on this system, which will include inclosing the last open sewer
in the city and grading of streets on the hills, are underway at a con-
siderable outlay of money. The health and beauty of the city will
thereby be materially increased.

There is another phase of the appearance of Valparaiso which
accentuates the position of the city in the scale of Latin American
municipalities. It is natural in a populous city and in the principal
commercial center of the Republic that all the necessities of life are
to be found there, and the town can boast large and valuable build-
ings, public and private, such as banks, factories, shipping warehouses,
and others for social institutions and for educational or charitable
purposes. All these pertain to any city in any part of the world.
But if — as is usually the case — ^

the traveler approaches the seaport from Santiago, he will be impressed at once with
the contrast in the disposition of the streets, in the architecture of the houses, and in
the general character of the city. The difference is easily explainable: The design of
Valparaiso was forced upon those who built it (so says Sr. Canto in his book on Chile),
that of Santiago was deliberately selected. In Valparaiso all else had to be subor-
dinated to the needs of the port; in Santiago man has molded natural features to his
will — for instance, the rocky fastness of Santa Lucia converted into a pleasure ground.
* * * In the capital of Chile space seems of little account; the houses are built
upon a generous plan.

but in Valparaiso the limited shore line and the desire to be as close as
possible to the harbor necessitated another pattern of construction.

The harboi: is, in fact, the raison d'être oí Valparaiso, for through
this port are brought fully 40 per cent of the importations into Chile.

The harbor is full of vessels from all quarters (Br>'ce, South America), coasting steam-
ers that ply to Callao and Panama, sailing ships as well as steamers from San Francisco
and others from Australia * * * besides vessels that have come from Europe
round Cape Horn or through the Strait of Magellan.

This harbor is really an open roadstead in a semicircular bay facing
toward the north. It is partly surrounded by hills at the base of
which is the narrow strip of shore. There is shelter from all sides

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ONE OF THE INCLINED RAILWAYS. ELEVATORS, IN VALPARAISO.

Valparaiso is dlvUled into the lower and the upper towns. The lower town lies on the narrow strip along
tht» s*»a5hore. and is the area of all the business and commercial activity. The upper town, on tne hills
surrounding the hav. is piven over to residences. Connecting the two divisions of the city are numerous
elevators, some reacViinn the heijjhts by an almost perpendicular ascent, others taking a more gradual but
still quite a steep course. Their equipment is modem.

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THK. MEUriHIO BlILDINT. IX VALPARAISO.

Thi»j (liiily n«nvsi)apor is lh<' ohN'st continuous publication in Chile. It is closely and harmoniously
ass(K?i:itV(i with its naini'siiko in Santiago, which is issued as a morning paper, while this Mercurio
in X'alparaiso anpears in the afternoon. The building is on one of the mam streets, lying at tlie border
iK'tweiu the whoh'salc and the n'tail or shopping districts of the city.

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THE CITY OF VALPARAISO, CHILE. 667

except on the north, so that when, as unfortunately happens during
the winter months of June, July, August, and September, the fierce
gales blow from that direction, no safety can be at present guaranteed
to vessels in port, and they are therefore compelled to run out to sea
or wait out an insecure anchorage in the very deep water of the bay.

It has always been the intention of the city and nation to overcome
this insecurity by suitable protective methods. Many plans have
been suggested, some of them fanciful, some practical. And now
the latest and very probably the best modifications yet devised have
been adopted for the moilernization of the port of Valparaiso. On
October 6, 1912, work was begun on these harbor improvements, and
for the next five years will be continued, at a cost closely approaching
$15,000,000 (gold) in all. The space allotted for safe anchorage will
be 88 hectares (almost 220 acres), which will give protection to an
annual entry of 1,850 vessels, with a total of 7,180,000 tons, necessi-
tating the handling of 3,700,000 tons of cargo, which is anticipating
the increase of traffic that will come with the opening of the Panama
Canal.

The work entailed to bring about this result consists (according to
The Engineer, London, May 24, 1912) of the following: (1) A break-
water 288 meters (944.6 feet) long; (2) a quay wall 630 meters
(2,066.4 feet) long, which includes the filling behind this wall in order
to reclaim land for warehouses, railway tracks, etc.; (3) an extension
and strengthening of the fiscal wharf to a length of 370 meters (1 ,2 13.6
feet); (4) a quay wall 210 meters (688.8 feet) long, also including
filling and reclaiming land for warehouses and tracks; (5) a jetty 250
meters (820 feet) long and 100 meters (328 feet) wide, with quay
walls on each side; (6) a coal wharf 200 meters (656 feet) long and 30
meters (98.4 feet) wide, including transporters, hoists, cranes and
railway tracks; (7) all necessary customs and other warehouses,
administration buildings, lighthouses, coastguard stations, and similar
official structures.

Such improvements are far-reaching. With these facilities for
the rapid and at all times safe handling of cargoes, the disadvantages
from w^hich Valparaiso has frequently suffered will be overcome.
Already the rail connections with the capital, Santiago, and through
that center with the rest of the country, are frequent and rapid, and
the project now under way to use electricity as the motive power on the
main line between the two points, will amplify facilities. Then again,
the longitudinal railway toward the north from this main line will still
further enlarge Valparaiso's sphere of influence, as the intermediate
zone between the central valley and the nitrate fields will thus be
made accessible. It is therefore a logical conclusion that Valparaiso
is destined to become, both by itself and by the impetus given to
South America on the opening of the Panama Canal, one of the best
ami most important ports on the entire west Pacific coast.

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THE GREAT ROQUE CANAL
0 F M ATANZAS. CUBA :.

jiM()X(i the principal activities for advancing agriculture in

/\ the Republic of Cuba, which is the country's most impor-
/ % tant source of riches, the administration of Gen. Jose M.
(lomez has given much attention to the reclamation of
swamps and lowlands. Owing to the general topography of Cuba
certain sections are subject to great inundations, which frequently
cover hundreds of s([uare kilometers and thereby seriously damage
agriculture and allied industries.

In the Province of Matanzas, which stands first m the production
of sugar, are to be found the swamps of Majaguillar and Zapata, on
the north and on the south coasts, respectively, which together
occupy 1,530 square kilometers, covered with water, which has
alarmingly increased during the last 20 years.

In order to clearly understand these conditions we will present a
study of the hydrography, topography, and nature of the soil in this
part of Matanzas. From the western boundary of the Province of
Santa Clara, including three-fourths of Matanzas Province lying
between east and west meridians, there are no streams that could be
properly classed as rivers, excepting La Palma, which flows north,
and the Ilanabana, flowing southward, both originating in the same
natural basin. The water courses of the Province generally disap-
pear in subterranean caverns or are absorbed into the earth, to
return later as springs or streams, which finally find their way to the
coasts, not, however, without forming marshes and swamps to the
detriment of agricultural lands.

The general topography of this section of the island, whose limits
are clearly defined, presents no mountains of importance. Some
hills exist, but they are not classed with the name of mountain; and
it may be said that from a central plain the country gradually
descends to the coasts of both seas.

In the central basin toward the western section of Matanzas there
are valleys which collect more or less the waters feeding the many

668

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THE PROVINCE OF MATANZAS, CUBA, SHOWING THE INUNDATED ZONE WHERE
THE DAM IS BEING CONSTRUCTED.

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670

THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.

streams formiiij^ tho La Palma and the Ilanabana Rivers. When the
excessive rains come, saturating the hills and valleys, a third stream is
formed, whose f^eneral course is uncertain, but which successively fills
tlie little valleys and ravines; one branch finally reaches a cavern called
La Carraca, south of the villa^jes of Guareiras and Agramonte, where
it usually disappears. This course of the water is called the Palmillas.
River, which plays an important part in the floods of the Roque.

Alontj the watercourses the soil presentía two distinct aspects. From
the basin which collects them, as above mentioned, and which iii-
cludi^s an extensive triano^le uniting the villages of San Juan de los

Ramos, Palmilla, and San
Pedro de Mayabon, to tlie
town of Guareiras, follow-
ing the course of the Pal-
millas, the soil is varied and
light limestone, abounding
in lakes and ponds. From
Guareiras and Carraca
toward the north, directly
in the course of the floods,
are found an abundance of
calcareous formations,
rocks in masses, and small
caverns.

As will be seen from the
above, and by reason of the
great area normally cov-
ered by water, the inunda-
tions extend from the far
north and from the far
south — from the Bay of
Cardenas and from Maja-
guillar — and spread ruin
and desolation in their
path.

The Government of Cuba
designated the Cuban en-
gineer, Aniceto G. Meno-
cal, brigadier general in the United States Army, and the originator
of the project for an interoceanic canal through Nicaragua, to make
a thorough study and examination looking to the construction of
works necessary to control the floods of the Roque, by building
a canal from north to south through the district in question. Gen.
Menocal followed the problem in accordance with the solution pro-
posed by Engineer Luis F. Ramos, and upon w^hich plan the Presi-
dent of the Republic intrusted the work, the actual contract being
given to Srs. Champion & Co., who will push the enterprise to success.

SK. DON LUIS F. RAMOS,

Chief nnpinwr of public works and technical director of the
Uo(|ne Canal. Sr. llamos enton»d lho department of
public works in 191K) and while so onpa>;pd made oxiensive
studies lookinii to the great work of buildinp the Roque
(anal. He ha.s Ixvn chief ençineor of the Provincos of
Santa Clara and Matanzas, and Uîfore beinK called to the
canal project held the |)osition of chief of statistics of the
public works deiKirtinent.

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ROTARY SUCTION DREDGE USED IN CONSTRICTING THE ROQUE CANAL,

MATANZAS, CUBA.

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fc^'ENE ALÓN (i THE ROUTE OF THE CANAL WHERE THE CONSTRUCTION WORK
HAS JUST BEEN COMMENCED, MATANZAS. CUBA.

ANOTHER SCENE ^JlOWJNCr MORE EXTENSIVE PROGRESS ALONG THE ROUTE
OF THE CANAL, a5ÍI) IN THE DISTANCE IS SHOWN THE TYPE OF MACHINE
USED IN EXCAVATING.

GENERAL VIEW OF THE MODERN SUCTION DREDGE ON A SECTION OF TilE
CANAL NEARING COMPLETION.

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THE GREAT ROQUE CANAL OF MATANZAS, CUBA. 673

The implements and machinery used in the work were selected
especially for the class of construction demanded and were based
largely upon similar needs and work done at Panama.

The anticipated results can scarcely be overestimated. A region
of lakes and marshes, where the work is to be done and which hitherto,
owing to the prevailing conditions, has been a great hindrance to
agricultural pursuits, now becomes a field for activity.

Not only by reason of new zones being opened, but also because
the abandoned farms and plantations may now be made to produce,
the usual swampy and marshy section will become wonderfully pro-
ductive. The lands are not only rich in natural soil ingredients, but
the fertility is greatly increased by the sediment which for many
years has been accumulating, and labor and capital will find a gen-
erous response to their efforts.

The engineering head of the enterprise, Sr. Luis F. Ramos, is making
every eflFort to minimize the dangers of any premature work on the part
of planters, and the water will be turned into the new course as fast as
work will permit. Should a flood come at any unexpected time the re-
sults might be disastrous, and for this reason a public circular was pre-
pared which contained timely advice relative to the work and its prog-
ress and details as to the cost and the advantages of draining the lands.

Although 1,500,000 pesos were at first appropriated, it may be
necessary to call for an additional 500,000 to supplement the original
amount, in order to cover certain necessary alterations and omissions
from the first plans.

The total length of the canal will be 80 kilometers, with a width of
50 meters at the bottom, a slope of 1 to 1 i meters, and a fluctuation
level of between 1 and 5 meters. The work was begun on August 13,
1911, the President of the Republic, cabinet officers, provincial offi-
cials, and other dignitaries, together with many prominent citizens,
being present at the opening ceremonies.

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THE CONQUEST OF THE
TROPICS /, V /. V

BEFORE the discovery of the relationship between yellow
fever and the mosquito a dozen years ago, there were com-
paratively few ports on the Caribbean Sea and the Gulf
coast of Central America that were not considered danger-
ous from a sanitarj^ point of view; and the stranger who ventured to
such sections for business purposes was either a hero or not wanted
at home. Capital drawn thither by the unusual richness of the soil
was in numerous instances regarded as a precarious venture, and fol-
lowing in the wake of investments there was, as a rule, a heavy loss
of life. As furnishing typical examples of these facts, we need only
refer to the efforts of the French at Panama and their unfortunate
failure, which may be attributed largely to the lack of scientific
knowledge of the transmission of yellow fever and malaria.

When we consider the temperature, rainfall, and soil conditions,
and their relations to the extraordinary flora and fauna of tropical
latitudes, we can not fail to note the large classification of disease-
producing organisms; and experience has demonstrated that with-
out hygienic and sanitary improvement, all species thrive, and ap-
parently join in an effort to make their native heath an impossible
abode for the foreigner. It is only by means ot sanitation that we
have been able to produce unfavorable conditions for the growth of
these disease-producing germs, and to such an end much energA' has
been directed.

The results of the splendid work at Panama has been heralded
around the world, and many private corporations and individuals
are wisely taking advantage of the lessons that have been taught
on the Isthmus. Where great tropical enterprises are to be devel-
oped, the present day officials make the beginning by organizing a
competent medical corps, because the health of the men is one of
the first reijuisites of success.

The deadly mosquito, one of the leading causes of tropical disease,
was studied at Habana and its awful ravages made known, and to-
day the Walter Reed Hospital, at Washington, stands as a memorial
to one of the scientists who fought and died for the cause — a cause
that has made the Tropics, in many instances, a safe and pleasant
place of abode. The casual visitor or the laborer at Panama now
feels as safe as an\^'here else; and it might be said that the real con-
quest of the Tropics has its beginning there. In the heart of the

674

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A STREET SCENE IN PORT LIMON. COSTA RICA. BEFORE AND AFTER SANITATION.

The successful sanitary work at Panama has been an incentive to clean and sanitate many of the neighboring countries,
and the pictures indicate the splendid result»! attained.

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LIMON, COSTA RICA.
View oí main hospital with a glimpse oí the pleasant surroimdinps.

LIMON, COSTA RICA.

Tj^pe oí building adopted for general use as bachelors' quarters. The ample and well-screened porch space is similar t

that of many buildings in the Canal Zone.

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THE CONQUEST OF THE TROPICS. 677

Brazilian jungle the lessons learned on the Isthmus have been suc-
cessfully applied to railway construction around the falls of the
Madeira River, and the products of the primeval forests are brought
under the dominion of man. Indeed, life at Porto Velho under
modem sanitary regulations has made possible the building of this
220 miles of railroad; 40 years ago attempts were jnade, but death
and disease drove the workers from the field and the forests were
left to wild nature until, as at present, man has worked out many
secrets that completely change living conditions and environments.

Private concerns in all parts of the world are taking advantage of
the possibiüties of tropical enterprise, rendered most attractive and
profitable by reason of modern sanitary precautions, which make
life in such zones as safe as in many other sections.

In this connection the enterprise of the United Fruit Co. stands out
as a shining example of successful work in the Tropics. This concern
is wisely spending vast sums of money in order to make the hfe of its
army of employees safe and healthful. Its roll of 32,000 people to
care for is a stupendous task. In the RepubUcs of Panama and Costa
Rica the company has about 19,000 employees, who are distributed
over an area of 200 square miles. In Nicaragua, Guatemala, and
Honduras, there are 13,000 other employees in an area of 300 square
miles, making a grand total of workers almost as large as the Govern-
ment maintains on the Panama Canal.

This corporation has successfully cultivated nearly 1,000,000 acres
of land, and in doing so has employed a personnel of something Uke
50,000 men. It was found necessary to cooperate with health authori-
ties in ridding their cultivations and adjoining port cities of quaran-
tinable diseases, agreeable to the requirements of the United States
PubHc Health Service. So extensive has tliis work become that the
company found it best to organize a regular medical department of
its own in order that the best results might be attained; and at
present the service embraces all of the company's hospitals in the
Tropics, and the medical service rendered aboard its many ships.

The medical department of this progressive company has been
placed under one head, a chief medical officer, whose headquarters
are in the city of New Orleans. From the annual report of the com-
pany the following interesting data has been taken:

There were dependent upon the company for medical service during the past year
42,636 people; there were admitted at all hospitals 10,383; hospital deaths were 306;
there were treated at all dispensaries and sick camps 52,082, and on steamships 14,467;
medical and surgical attention was rendered to a total of 77,939 persons.

There was an authorized expenditure for the year of $300,000 for the maintenance
and 8upix)rt of the medical department. The total investment in hospitals alone is
over $300,000, and at present there are in course of erection two new structures at a
total cost of 1125,000 each — one at Quirigua, (iuatemala, and one at Santa Marta,
Colombia. In the near future there will be provided a new hospital at Bocas del
Toro, Panama, to replace the present building, which, due to extensive development,

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TYPE OF nriLDINc; ADOPTED FOR GENERAL I'SE AT LIMON, COSTA RICA.

The upper picture will give an idea of the civic- improvemenTs. while the lower one offers a closer inspection oí the sani-
tary and tidy appearance oí the building.

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SCENES IN BOCAS DEL TORO, PANAMA, BEFORE AND AFTER SANITATION.

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THE CONQUEST OF THE TBOPICS. 681

has become too small for our requirements. We shall also erect a ijew structure at
Preston, Cuba, and also in Honduras, where large areas have recently been piuxrhaeed.
We have employed to conduct our medical service 48 surgeons and a large staff o^
practicantes, dispensers, and trained nurses. Each division medical department is
in chaiige of a superintendent who, in all cases, is a qualified medical officer; and the
department as a whole is directed by its general superintendent. All purchases for
various hospitals and for medical equipment for our steamships are made through the
latter officer. Sanitation and quarantine matters are also directed by him, and the
results of the entire service speak for efficiency, as not a single quarantinable disease
has appeared the past year in any division of our company, nor has a single case
appeared on any one of our 72 steamships operated by the company.

In view of the vast holdings of the United Fruit Co. in several
Kepublics of the Caribbean, it may be interesting to our readers to
go more into detail and thereby note some of the important steps the
company is taking. In Guatemala a new purchase of nearly 100,000
acres of fertile land is providing employment for a large number of
people, and negotiations are pending for the sanitation of the port of
Barrios on the Caribbean, a pier 1,000 feet long is under construction,
and 40 miles inland, at Quirigua, a hospital has been recently com-
pleted which is expected to meet the demands for a number of years.
In this section the company has enrolled about 5,000 employees who,
with their families, are dependent upon the company for medical iid.

The division of Santa Marta, Colombia, has had a medical depart-
ment for several years, but recently, owing to the purchase of large
banana farms, hospitals and dispensaries have been erected at Rio
Frio, Sevilla, and Aracataca. Ground has been broken near Santa
Marta for a concrete structure capable of accommodating 200
patients. The building will be complete in every detail and more
than 6,000 people will be dependent upon the company for medical
attention. Santa Marta holds a most promising future from a
sanitary standpoint, as the climate locally is dry and, like all irri-
gated properties, provides fewer breeding places for mosquitoes than
does a country where a heavy rainfall is the rule.

In Cuba the company has large holdings. The labor question,
the officials say, presents difficulties not found in other countries,
for many of the laborers are transient and come and go with the crop,
necessitatiug extraordinary vigilance in order to maintain the
standard of good health. During the recent infection of Habana
with bubonic plague the company's officials cooperated with the
officials of the Cuban Government and successfully prevented the
general spread of the dreadful disease. Seven thousand employees
of the company in this section are quite as healthy as those of any
large organization in the United States.

Commenting on the subject of plague in the United States the
Journal of the American Medical Association has the following to say:

A larger portion of the tropical trade enjoyed by the Atlantic and Gulf porta is what
is known as **green fruit" trade. This industry is enormous, and is increasing daily,
86268--Bull. 5—13 3

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HOSIMTAL FACILITIES AT BOCAS DEL TORO, PANAMA.

In the upper picture n peneral view is piven of the hospital for flrsl-class patientai. Thw up;to-date building is Rirroundí»»!
l)y tropical trees and flowers, and its able staff of physicians has an enviable repulalion. The lower picture shows
the type of sick cottage a<ioptcd for peneral use in the vicinity and elsewhere.

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SUPERSTRUCTURE OF CONCRETE AND STEEL RAT-PROOF PIER AT ALMIRANTE, PANAMA.

VIEW OF COMPLETED RAT-PROOF PIER AT ALMIRANTE. I'ANAMA, WHICH IT IS BELIEVED
WILL BE A WONDERFUL FACTOR IN ERADICATIN(Î DISEASE.

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684 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.

and tributo must be paid tí) the principal interests engaged in this trade for the adop-
tion of a rigoroufl sanitary policy in dealing with all classes of tropical affections. 9j)ecial
attention being given to the problems of plague and yellow fever. Through the gen-
eral superintendent of the medical department of the United Fruit Co. stringent
regulations dealing with ship sanitation and fumigation are enforced. Each ship of
the company carries a well-trained man, who is especially conversant with tropical
conditions. In addition to caring for the welfare of passengers the surgeons are
practiced in ship sanitation and fumigation. The rat-killing crusade under the super-
vision of Dr. Swigart is ver>' commendable of that branch of latter-day science known
as preventive medicine.

The New Orlean.s Medical and Surgical Journal says:

Of particular importance to Louisiana and the South is the announcement that the
whole medical service of the United Fruit Co. will cooperate with the department of
tropical medicine and hygiene of Tulane University, with a view of not only im-
proving the hospital service but of affording valuable material for the work in the
department of tropical medicine.

'^Quarantine,'' which for many years was a sobriquet for yellow
fever, is now a commonplace term with no unpleasant significance.
The traveling public at last understands that many of our southern
cities are as well sanitated and cleaned as those of other countries.
To the seeker of pleasures and recreation the shores of the Caribbean
countries no longer harbor the dreaded diseases which for so long
have been assoeiated with the ports of that interesting section of
the world.

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THE PAN AMERICANISM
OF HENRY CLAY' V .'.

WHEN, on February 9, 1852 (at the sunset of his long and
useful life), Henry Clay's admiring friends presented him
with a gold medal, on the reverse of which were in-
scribed the dates by which he wished to be remembered,
the 2 of the 14 that had the most prominent place were: Spanish
America, 1822; Panama Instructions, 1826.

The visitor to the capital of the United States of America sees
hanging in one of the large corridors near the meeting place of the
House of Representatives a large portrait of Henry Clay, with his
index finger pointing to South America on a large globe of the world.
It was thus that he wished the future lawmakers of his country —
those who would control its destiny — to remember him.

This is the man to whom the distmguished Argentine author,
Dr. Miguel Cane, in his introduction to the 1905 edition of President
Roque Saenz Peñaos speeches, says that a statue should be erected
in every South American capital, and that his name — the name of
the ''noble and kind-hearted Clay'' — should be on one of the streets
of Buenos Aires.

Let us see on what actions these fellow Pan Americans, 6,000 miles
away, base their regard for the great Kentuckian who has been dead,
but not forgotten, for 60 years.

On January 29, 1816, while the South American wars of inde-
pendence were raging, Henry Clay, who was then Speaker of the
House of Representatives of the United States of America, opposed,
in a long speech, the reduction of the taxes imposed as a consequence
of the War of 1812 because, among other reasons, the United States
might have openly "to take part with the patriots of South America."
Neariy a year later, on January 24, 1817, he vigorously opposed a
bill intended to stop the fitting out of armed cruisers in United States
ports, on the ground that it might be disadvantageous to the South
Americans, who were still nobly maintaining their struggle for
freedom.

But it was on March 24, 1818, that his soundest and most histori-
cally Pan American speech was delivered in the House of Repre-
sentatives— when he besought the aid of the United States for their
fellow- Americans, for "18,000,000 of people struggling to burst their

» By Charles Lyon Chandler.

685

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686

THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.

cliauis and Im> free." The nature of this classic oration can be judged
from the followinj^ extracts:

In the establish iiHMit of the inde})eiKlenre of Spanish America the United States
have the de<'|>est int^Tost. I have no hesitation in asserting my firm belief that there
is no question in the iorei«:n policy of this country which has ever arisen, or which 1
can conceive as ever occurring, in the decision of which we have had or can have p<»
much at stake. This interest c^oncems oui politics, our commerce, our navigation.
There can not be a doubt that Spanish America, once independent, whatever may
be the form of the gov<mments established in its several parts, these governments
will be animated by an American fettling and guided by an American policy. They

will obey the laws of the New
World, of which they will com-
pose a part * * *.

We are their great example.
Of us they constantly speak a>
of brothers, having a similar ori-
gin. They adopt our principle?,
copy our institutions, and. in
many instances, employ the verj*
language and sentiments of our
revolutionary papers.

Hut it is sometimes said that
they are too ignorant and too su-
I>erstitious to admit of the exist-
ence of free government. Thiî»
charge of ignorance is often urged
by persons themselves actually
ignorant of the real condition of
that people. I deny the alleged
fact of ignorance; I deny the in-
ference from that fact, if it were
true, that they want capacity for
free government; and I refuse as-
sent to the further concliL^íion, if
the fact were true and the infer-
ence just, that we are to be indif-
ferent to their fate. All the
writers of the most established
authority, Depons, Humboldt,
and others, concur in assigning to
the people of South America great
quickness, genius, and particular aptitude for the acquisition of the exact í'cienceí'
and others which they have been allowed to cultivate. In astronomy, geology,
mineralogy, chemL^try, botany, and so forth, they are allowed to make distingubhed
proficiency. They justly boast of their Abzate, Velasquez, and Gama, and other
illustrious contributors to science. They have nine universities, and in the City of
Mexico, it is affirmed by Humboldt, there are more solid scientific establishments
than in any city, even in North America. I would refer to the message of the
Supreme Director Pueyrredon of La Plata * » » as a model of compix^iition of a
state paper, challenging the comparison with any, the most celebrated, that ever
issued from the pens of Jefferson or Madison.

We may safely trust to the daring enterpri.<e of our merchants. The precious metalf
are in South America, and they will command the articles wanted in South America,
which will purchase ihem. Our navigatiim will be benefited by the transportation.

HENRY CLAY (1777 is.')2).

Diirinjî his Ioiik yoars of public serivico he was always a
warm friend of tho l.atin-Amprican countrie.s, and'dù*-
phiywl a ki»on inlorosi and kindly Mympathy in (heir
St rugiilcs for independence.

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THE PAN AMERICANISM OF HENRY CLAY. 687

and our country will realize the mercantile profits. Already the item in our exports
of American manufactures is respectable. They go chiefly to the We8t Indies and to
South America, and this item is constantly augmenting.

How clearly the allusions in this speech show Clay's carefully con-
cise study of Latin American history and conditions. Joaquin
Velasquez (July 21, 1732-Mar. 6, 1786) was one of the most dis-
tinguished of the many noted astronomers whom Mexico has pro-
duced. He was the author of many valuable works on Mexican and
Calif ornian natural history and mineralogy. His astronomical obser-
vations in California, which are among the very first in that part of
the world where the great Lick Observatory now continues his labors,
are especially noteworthy in view of his observations of the transit
of Venus on June 5, 1769. His labors in connection with the topo-
graphical and geodetic survey of the valley of Mexico, with whose
superintendence he was charged in 1774, are the basis of all the
excellent system of surv^eys for which our sister Republic of Mexico
is noted. In 1783 he established in Mexico the first school of mines
in North America.

It is interesting to note that the newspapers of South America even
then showed their appreciation of the friendly sentiments expressed
in the United States. For instance, No. 142 of **E1 Censor" of
Buenos Aires for Saturday, June 6, 1818, contains a long extract
from the Baltimore Patriot and Mercantile Advertiser of March 28
on the debates in the House of [Representatives on March 24, 1818, in
which Clay's name 'figures prominently.

But Henry Clay's efforts did not stop with this speech. On May
20, 1820, he introduced a motion into the House of Representatives
to inaugurate diplomatic intercourse with ''any of the Governments
in South America which have established and are maintaining their
independence of Spain." It passed by a vote of 80 to 75. On Febru-
ary 6, 1821, Clay secured the passage of a resolution by the House of
Representatives 'Hhat the House of Representatives participate with
the people of the United States in the deep interest which they feel
for the Spanish Provinces of South America, which are struggling to
establish their liberty and independence, and that it will give its con-
stitutional support to the President of the United States whenever he
may deem it expedient to recognize the sovereignty and independence
of the said Provinces," the first clause of this important legislative
decision being passed by a vote of 134 to 12, and the second by a vote
of 87 to 68. As a result of this action, President Monroe sent a special
message to Congress on March 8, 1822, and "A resolution to establish
foreign intercourse uHth the independent Nations of South America"
was passed by a vote of 159 to 1. This measure became a law on
May 4, 1822: and on June 20, 1822, Secretary- of State John Quincy
Adams proposed to President Monroe that the mission of the United
States of America to the Republic of Colombia should be offered to

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688 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.

Henry Clay. He informed the President tliat **The Republic of
Colombia, and particularly Bolivar, with whom Clay has been in cor-
respondence, will be flattered by his appointment, or even by informa-
tion that he had the ofl'er of it. In the relations to be established
between us and that Republic, Mr. Clay's talents might be highly
useful," and the President appeared to be well disposed toward this
suggestion.

An important event in Pan American hlstorj' had occurred the
day before which rendered it imperative that the mission of the
United States to the sister Republic of Colombia, in whose beautiful
city of Bogota the patriot Antonio Xarino had portraits of Franklin
in his house as early as 1793, should be filled as soon as possible. It
was on June 19, 1S22, that the first formal act of recognition of the
South American Government took place when Secretary' Adams pre-
sented Mr. Manuel Torres to President Monroe as chargé d'affaires
from the Republic of Colombia, at the White House. Mr. Adams
notes in his diar\" that ** Torres was deeply affected by it. He spoke
of the great importance to the the Republic of Colombia of this recog-
nition, and of his assurance that it would give extraordinary gratifica-
tion to Bolivar."

It was certainly gratifjnng to President Monroe. He invited
Torres, who was then ver>' ill (he died in Philadelphia on July 15,
1822, in great distress) to be seated, sat down by him, and spoke to
him with kindness '* which moved him even to tears." He assured
him of the great interest taken by the United States in the welfare and
success of his countr}% and of the peculiar satisfaction with which he
received him as its representative.

On this very 19th of June a letter was written by Capt. Eugenio

Cortes, of the Mexican navy, to Henry Clay, inclosing one from

the Emperor Augustin Iturbide, which shows how Clay was regarded

in Latin America:

Eugenio Cortes to Henry Clay.

Philadelphia, June 19, 182Í.
The honorable Henry Clay:

I have the honor to deliver to you the inclosed letter from the supreme chief of the
Mexican Empire, who directed me to present it to you personally, as a testimony of
the i^ratitude, esteem, and distinction which the supreme chief of the Mexican Nation
entertains for the virtues, talents, and services displayed by you in favor of the just
cause sustained by all the States of South America to gain their independence.

Iturbide to Henry Clay.

Mexico, May 6, 1822.
My Dear Sir- Through the means of Naval Captain Eugenio Cortes, I have been
informed of the great services by which you have furthered the success of his com-
mission and contributed to the prosperous advantages that resulted from it. ThÍ3
generous course, the fruit of this enlightened age, excites my gratitude and obliges
me to give you my most sincere thanks and offer you my friendship. For this phil-
anthropic conduct that emanates from a liberal education, and whose end is the
civilization of nations,' though it relates to the whole Mexican Empire, if its success

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THE PAN AMERICANISM OF HENRY CLAY. 689

should be in proportion to its promise, I offer you the gratitude which is due to you
by all, and my most particular thanks for the present of books and for the value you
set on my portrait. In exchange for it, I am awaiting for yours, which is announced
by our common friend Cortes, and without seeing it, it gives me satisfaction, from
that common effect which can not be explained, in which men reciprocally love
without knowing each other, in which the mind forms favorable prepossessions and
gives to the person (for so it delights in) as many virtues as it pleases and takes for
certain that which it conjectures and goes so far as to give to the portrait expression
and gestures. But our case is different from this— your works are distinguished; my
correspondence is a debt of justice to their merit, and I promise myself the continu-
ance of duties so praiseworthy and assure you of recriprocating in like circumstances.

A year later we find a similar Pan American manifestation in the
following letter written to the chargé d'affaires of the United States
of America from the House of Representatives of the Republic of
Colombia, eager to show its appreciation of the cooperation of one
01 the most prominent men in the country which the distinguished
Ecuadorian Rocafuerte called *^The sister Republic of the North/'
and whose people the great Argentine statesman Pueyrredón called

'* brothers/'

House of Representattv^es,

Bogota, April 25, 182S.
To Mr. C. S. Todd, Chargé d'Affaires.

The House of Representatives has received with the most lively sense of gratitude
the valuable present you have had the goodness to offer. (An engraved portrait of
Henry Clay). It duly appreciates the generous sentiments manifested in the address
with which you accompanied it, sentiments very worthy of the country of Washington
and Franklin.

The House will not fail to pay that profound tribute of respect which is due to the
honorable Henry Clay, the intrepid advocate of the cause of Colombia; and while it
reserves to itself [the occasion of manifesting in a more conspicuous manner the
high esteem of which he is worthy, you will condescend to communicate to him the
wishes which the House cherishes for the prosperity of the United States.
God guard you.

(Signed) Domingo Caycedo,

President of the IJouse.

It was at this time that engraved portraits of Henry Clay, with
extracts from his speeches advocating South American independ-
ence, were scattered broadcast about the leading cities and towns
of South America. One of these, published in Buenos Aires, now
hangs on the walls of the United States legation in that beautiful
Argentine capital.

In 1846 the English traveler, Mrs. Sarah Mytton Maury, notes in
her ^'Statesmen of America ^^ that *'Tho following correspondence
between Bolivar and Mr. Clay is full of interest; it exhibits the
unwearied and benevolent efforts of the latter in the cause of universal
freedom."

The correspondence alluded to was as follows:

BoGOT.\, November 2U 1827.
Sir: I can not omit availing myself of the opportunity offered me by the departure
of Col. Watts, chargé d^afïaires of the United States, of taking the liberty of addressing

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690 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.

your excellency. This desire has long been entertained by me for the purpose of
expressing my admiration of your excellency's brilliant talents and ardent love of
liberty. All America, Colombia and mj'self, owe' your excellency our purest grati-
tude for the incomparable services you have rendered to us by sustaining our cause
with a sublime enthusiasm. Accept, therefore, this sincere and cordial testimony,
which I hasten to offer to your excellency, and to the Government of the United
States, who have so greatly contributed to the emancipation of your southern brethren.
I have the honor to offer to your excellency my distinguished consideration.
Your excellency's obedient servant,

BOLTVAB.

Washington, October 27, 18¿S.

Sir: It is ver>' gratifying to me to be assured directly by your excellency that the
course which the Government of the United States txx)k on this memorable occasion,
and my humble efforts, have excited the gratitude and commanded the approbation
of your excellency. I am persuaded that I do not misinterpret the feelings of the
|)eople of the United States, as I certainly express my own, in saying that the interest
which was inspired in this country by the arduous struggles of South America arose
principally from the hope that, along with its independence, would be e^ablished
free institutions, insuring the blessings of civil liberty. I can not allow myself to
believe that I will not doubt that your excellency will, in due time, render a sati^
factory explanation to Colombia and the world, of the parts of your public conduct
which have excited any distrust; and tliat, preferring the true glory of our immortal
Washington to the ignoble fame of the destroyers of liberty, you have formed the
patriotic resolution of ultimately placing the freedom of Colombia upon a sure and
firm foundation. That your efforts to that end may be crowned with complete success
I most fervently pray.

I request your excellency will accept assurances of my sincere wishes for your
happiness and prosperitv.

H. Clay.

When Henry Clay became Secretary of State of the United Stat^
of America in March, 1825, a broader sphere of Pan American activity
was presented to him. His zeal to promote the brotherhood of the
American nations had now wider opportimities, and his responsi-
bility was great in furthering what must be regarded as one of the
main purposes of his useful and constructive life. His efforts to
make the Congress of Panama in 1826 a success from a truly Pan
Ailierican point of view are typical of his sustained interest, which
marks him as the precursor of James G. Blaine, Joaquim Nabuco,
and many other great Pan Americans whose glad influence leads us
to follow and imitate them.

As soon as the intention of Simon Bolivar to hold this first parlia-
ment of all the Americas, which had been urged as early as 1810 by
Juan Martinez de Rosas in Chile, and by the Junta of Caracas iii
Venezuela, and had since been promoted by San Martin, and Unanue
in South and Valle in Central America, became known to him, he
bent all his oflicial and pei-sonal energies toward that end. As the
historian Schouler says, ^'His zeal won President John Quincy
Adams's favor to the plan and dissolved the doubts of his fellow
advisers.'* Not all of them could have doubted; Rush, the Secretary
of the Treasury, had been most Pan American in his conduct as

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THE PAN AMERICANISM OF HENRY CLAY. 691

United States minister to England; and Attorney General William
Wirt had expressed himself as the friend of his fellow Americans.
Clay frequently consulted with Señor Obregon, the Mexican minister,
as well as with Señor Salazar, the Colombian minister, and the other
Latin American representatives in Washington, including Gen.
Carlos de Alvear from Buenos Aires, to whom, by the way, the first
special passport ever issued by the State Department was granted.

In 1827 the young Fernando Bolivar, nephew and ward of the
great Liberator, who had him educated in the United States of
America, at German town, Pa., and at the University of Virginia,
was introduced by Judge Peters to Henry Clay. Forty-six years
later he noted in his Reminiscences the impression that Cla3''s tall,
slender, and impressive figure and penetrating blue eyes made on
him. We can be very sure that when Fernando returned to Bogota,
where his illustrious uncle was then living, he told him of his meeting
with his great fellow Pan American; and, as Bolivar and Clay had
long been in correspondence, any news direct from the north must
have been doubly agreeable to the great Caraqueño.

It is not generally known that, in his efforts to have as important
a delegation as possible from the United States at that momentous
gathering, he urged Albert Gallatin, one of the most distinguished
citizens of the United States, who had been for 13 years Secretary of
the Treasury, and was soon afterwards appointed minister to England,
to be one of the representatives of the United States of America at
Panama. Gallatin's reply to Clay's offer of this mission, written on
November 14, 1825, breathes the Pan American spirit:

No one caa be more sensible than I am, both of the importance of laying the foun-
dation of a permanent friendship between the United States and our sister Republics,
and of the distinguished honor conferred on the persons selected to be the representa-
tives of our glorious and happy country at the first congress of the independent powers
of this hemisphere ♦ * *.

Secretary Clay was very careful to choose able and distinguished
men for all of his Latin American appointments. Poinsett and
Forbes, at Mexico and Buenos Aires, were among the first trained
diplomatists of the United States of America. William Henry
Harrison, who was sent to Bogota, was afterwards President of the
United States of America. Condy Raguet, at Rio de Janeiro, came
of a well-known Philadelphia family, and was himself prominent.
A beautiful piece of furniture given him by Don Pedro I of Brazil,
now in the possession of the family of the writer, shows how he was
appreciated in that great Portuguese-speaking country. William
Tudor, at Lima, and Heman Allen, in Chile, were prominent mer-
chants whose talents were needed on the busy west coast.

It is a beautiful and inspiring touch of the many-sided character
of Henry Clay that so much of his public service should have been so
inspired by Pan Americanism.

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PAN AMERICAN NOTES

VISIT OF THE BRAZILIAN MINISTER OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS.

THE announcement that Senhor Lauro Severiano Mûller, the
mmisterofforei<]:naffairsof Brazil, is to visit the United States
in the latter part of May, has received considerable notice, not
only in the United States but in Europe. While it is under-
stood that he is returninf]: the visit made by Honorable Eliliu Root,
Secretary of State of the Ignited States, to Brazil in 1906, his presence
in the Ignited States will serve to attract special attention to the
<^owth and pn)g:ress of Brazil as one of the leading Republics of the
Western Hemisphere, and as a country of to-day which is moving
f(»rward with remarkable rapidity into a position of a world power.
Senhor Mûller ranks as one of the foremost men in public life of the
Western Hemisphere and has had a remarkable career. Only about
50 years old, having been born in 1863 in the Province of Santa Catha-
rina, of German parents, he entered the military school in 1S82 and
distinguished himself there. In 1889 he was one of the organizers of
the movement which proclaimed the Republic. Shortly afterwards
he was nominated provisional governor of the State of Santa Catha-
rina, and later sent as a representative to the Federal Constituency,
where he took part in the commission presided over by Ubaldino do
Amaral, who elaborated the Republican Constitution of February 24,
1891. When the revolution of the fleet and of Rio Grande do Sul
occurred in 1893 he fought under the orders of Gen. Gomes Carneiro
for the defense of the Government of Marshal Floriano Peixoto
although in the Chamber the latter was his opponent in politics. He
has served as Deputy and Senator in the National Congress as a
representative of the State of Santa Catharina. In 1902 he was
appointed minister of industry, communications, and public works,
and he has been associated with the accomplishment of some of the
most useful and extensive of the great public works of Brazil, espe-
cially railway and port projects. When President Rodrigues Alves
retired, Senhor MüUer made an extended trip to Europe, but upon
returning he reentered the Senate and was reelected a member of the
commission of finances. He was one of the strongest supporters of
the candidacy of Marshal Hermes da Fonseca to the presidency, and
subsequently of his Government, and in the natural order of events
became minister of foreign affairs following the death of Baron do Rio
Branco. He will surely receive a most cordial welcome in the United
States.
692

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DR. LAURO MÜLLER,
Minister of Foreign Affairs of Brazil.

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694 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.

PAN AMERICAN EDUCATIONAL MATTERS.

The efforts of the Pan Arnerioan Union to promote interest among
the universities, colleges, academies, normal and high schools of the
United States in the Latin American countries are bearing encouraging
fruit. Institution after institution, which heretofore has given little
attention to the Spanish or Portuguese language or to the history or
progress of the South and Central American countries, is reporting to
the Pan American Union that it is taking up these subjects. Such
communications are often accompanied by requests for lists of books
for libraries, names of lecturers, and for other information which
may be helpful in making the necessary changes in their courses of
study. The number of young men coming from all the Latin
American countries to study in the educational institutions of the
United States is increasing, and, correspondingly, there is a growing
desire among young college graduates or students of the United
States to continue or take part of their studies in the leading colleges
of Central or South Americas, in order to get a more accurate
knowledge of those countries. There is, moreover, groA\âng a wide-
s{)read belief that a general exchange of college professors between
the colleges of the United States and those of Latin America will
be beneficial in promoting good relations and closer acquaintance.
In this connection it may be interesting to the constituency of the
Bi'LLETiN to know that the governing board of the Pan American
Union is considering carefully the advisability of establishing a
section of education in this office which w^ill provide full information
on all educational topics relating to the different American Repub-
lics. It is hoped to have this section established and in working
order during the coming fiscal year.

SOLEMN MASS FOR LATE PRESIDENT BONILLA.

A solemn and impressive high mass was celebrated on Friday
morning, April 18, at St. Matthew^s Catholic Church, Washington,
1). C., in honor of the lamented Gen. Manuel Bonilla, President of
the Republic of Honduras, whose demise occurred on March 21,
1913. President Bonula w^as inaugurated Chief Executive of Hon-
duras on February 1, 1912, and had served but a little over a year
when ho suddenly passed away. During the brief period of his
administration, however, many progressive ideas were launched and
there were general evidences of prosperity throughout the country.
While Tegucigalpa, the capital city of Honduras, was still in grief
and with other neighboring countries of Central America decreeing
periods of official mourning in respect to the dead, this special service
in Washington was arranged by the Honduran minister, Sr. Dr.
Alberto Membreño. Special invitations were issued to President

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PAN AMERICAN NOTES. 695

Woodrow Wilson, Vice President Marshall, members of the Cabinet,
the resident diplomatic corps, officials of the Department of State,
the Director General and Assistant Director of the Pan American
Union, to a number of the Latin American colony and others promi-
nent in the social life of the Capital. It was indeed significant of the
friendly relations existing between the United States and the Latin
American countries that President Wilson, canceling previous ap-
pointments, attended the memorial services and remained until the
conclusion with Vice President Marshall. The Department of State
paid its respects by the presence of Secretary Bryan and several offi-
cials from that department. There were also present man}^ diplo-
mats, especially from the Latin American countries. A number of
those in attendance were accompanied by their wives and ladies.
The services were conducted by Mgr. Thomas S. Lee, rector of
St. Matthew^s Church. Mgr. Lee was assisted by several other high
dignitaries of the church, including Mgr. William T. Russell, rector
of St. Patrick^s Church; Mgr. James F. Mackin, rector of St. PauFs
Church; Rev. David Ramos, of the Franciscan Monastery; and the
Rev. John M. Cooper, of St. Matthew's Church.

THE FOREIGN TRADE OF ARGENTINA.

The Argentine Republic can well be proud of its foreign trade
record for the year 1912, when the total value of its exports and im-
ports far exceeded that of any preceding year. This is evidence of
the remarkable prosperity and progress of that coimtry. One of the
most interesting features of this growth of trade is its large per capita
rate, amounting to nearly $120 per capita for each inhabitant of the
Argentine Republic. Only one or two coxmtries of the world, possibly
Holland and Belgium, can show a larger per capita commerce than
this. During 1912 Argentina's exports were valued approximately
at $466,000,000 and her imports at $374,000,000, making a total of
$840,000,000. This is all the more remarkable when we compare it
with that of 1911, when the value of her foreign commerce was
$671,000,000, giving an increase for 1912, or in one year, of $169,000,-
000. The share of the United States in the Argentine trade of 1912
was: Exports to Argentina, approximately, $57,000,000; imports
from Argentina, approximately, $32,000,000; or a total of $89,000,000.

LECTURERS IN SOUTH AMERICA.

The number of lecturers and special writers who are either going
to Latin America or planning to make the trip is constantly increasing.
Letters are being received nearly ever\^ day by the Director General
from men of this class who wish to make a careful tour, either of all of

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696 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.

the Latin American countries or of spec
studying them carefully and then retui
write about th^m. The latest accession
MacQueen, the well-known traveler an
Buenos Aires on April 26. Mr. MacQue<
in ^Vsia, Africa, and Europe, and has Ion
interesting lecturers of the country. Hel
anee with leading men of different lands
much benefit may result from his coming
countries.

MEETING OF THE ENGINE

One of the most brilliant and perhaps
has ever assembled under the auspice!
(Club de Engenharia) of Brazil was held at
zation in Kio de Janeiro on February 19
meeting was th'* formal presentation to tl
of the prizes which the splendid exhibits
International Rubber Exposition of 1912,
of that year. The other feature of inten
by Mr. -iVlgot Lange, who has attracted c
book, '4n the -fVmazon Jungle," dealing \
tions in the upper Amazon regions. Th
President Fonseca, several members of
officials of the army and navy, and a Ifi
members and guests. In a happy addn

Carvalho, who assisted at the iiibber exhibit, presented to the Presi-
dent the gifts awarded to Brazil, which he stated he received from the
hands of the distinguished Brazilian ambassador in the United
States, Sr. Domicio da Gama. The admiral also spoke of the two
great engineering projects which he visited while m the United States,
the Florida East Coast Railway, with its wonderfid aqueducts, and
the Panama Canal. He then presented Mr. Lange, who is now in
Brazil effecting negotiations to continue his exploration in the upper
Amazon. Mr. Lange virtually recounted the most striking of his
experiences as related in his book.

CORRESPONDENCE REGARDING CHILE.

The prospective opening of the Panama Canal is greatly increasing
the correspondence of the Pan American Union in regard to the
countries on the western or Pacific side of Latin America. These
inquiries are pouring in not only from the United States but from

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Photograph by HarrU-Ewinfç.

MR.E. L.CHERMONT,
First Secretary of the Embassy of Brazil at Washington.

86268 — Bull. .J— 13 4

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698 TUE PAN AMERICAN UNION.

Europe and even from Asia. They are in regard to all of the 12
countries which form the I^atin American coast line from northern
Mexico south to southern Chile. They are most intere^iting as show-
ing the variety of information which is sought and the new attention
which these countries are exciting. Recently a memorandum was
made up in this office of 100 letters which have been received asking
about Chile; they cover questions in regard to agriculture, mining,
climate, educational institutions, exports, imports, business oppor-
tunities, railroads, steamships, tariffs, universities, colleges, history,
laws, immigration, manufacturing, newspapers, advertising, insur-
ance, social and economic problems, etc. These letters also ask for
books, pamphlets, and publications descriptive of Cliile, and it is
hoped that in the near future the Chilean Government may see fit to
authorize a new edition of the handbook on Cliile, the supply of which
is now exhausted.

AN ENGLISH MAGAZINE IN PARAGUAY.

In a recent number of the Bulletin attention was called to the
growing interest in the Spanish language in this Country ^nd the
reciprocal interest in the English language throughout Latin America.
While the number of Spanish newspapers and magazines published
in the United States has been increasing to a remarkable degree, the
corresponding increase of similar publications in the English language
throughout Latin America, though less rapid, has nevertheless been
steady and constant. The latest periodical to come to the notice of
this institution, printed in English^is a pamphlet entitled '* Paraguay,"
which is now in its first volume^ fifth number. It is published in
Asuncion, the capital of Paragttji>.y, and is devoted to matters deaUng
with the economic and industrial resources of that country. It is
gratifying to note this increasing interest in the English language as
evidenced by tlie press, since closer relations between the countries
of the Western Hemisphere must mean more intimate intercourse
and better understanding, and these ends can best be served by a
knowledge of each other's language, customs, and people. The Pan
American I'nion extends its compUments to the editor, W. H. Truss,
and offers its best wishes in this new undertaking.

URUGUAYAN EXPERTS IN THE UNITED STATES.

The visit to the United States of several prominent citizens of
Uruguay for the purpose of making special studies of certain phases
of the economic and educational systems, forcibly directs attention
to tlie constant progress and advancement wliich characterize the
Oriental Republic of Uruguay. For the past few weeks Sr. Don

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PAN AMERICAN NOTES. 699

Enrique Reyes, of Montevideo, has been in Washington making care-
ful observations of the school systems at the Capital. Sr. Reyes has
been officially commissioned by the Government of Uruguay for this
duty, and upon completion of his studies at Washington he will pro-
ceed to Philadelphia, New York, Boston, and possibly several other
lai^e cities in the East, and then make similar tours of inspection
out West. From the United States Sr. Reyes will go to Europe
also to conduct similar studies for comparative purposes. Sr. Reyes
is more especially interested in the organization of primary schools,
and also in reform schools and institutions for young deUnquents.
Another welcome visitor to this country is Sr. Don Santiago Rivas,
president of the Mortgage Bank (Banco Hipotecario), one of the
most important financial institutions in Uruguay. Sr. Rivas has
just completed a tour of the principal European capitals where he
has been studying the banking systems. While in the United States
he plans to have conferences with prominent men in the financial
world relative to international banking and currency problems. The
Banco Hipotecario was formerly a private enterprise, but about a
year ago its operation was taken over by the Government and
nationalized. Its object is to grant loans to small farmers and agri-
culturists, and in this way encourage colonization, assist the small
landholder, and thus tend to enrich the whole country.

YALE UNIVERSFTY AND LATIN AMERICA.

As evidence of the increasing interest which the universities and
colleges of the United States are taking in Latin America, there can
be cited the circulars in Portuguese and Spanish which have been
issued by Yale University for distribution among young men in the
Latin American countries who may possibly desire to attend some
university in the United States. These circulars call attention to the
location of the university, its attention to the study of Latin lan-
guages, liistory, and literature, its wilhngness to accept the Spanish
or Portuguese language instead of French or German for entrance
requirements, and in other ways to assist students. Incidentally, the
circular refers to Senator Ehhu Root and Archbishop John Ireland,
and it is signed by Anson Phelps Stokes, the secretary of the uni-
versity.

PANAMA PAST AND PRESENT.

One of the most interesting and useful books in regard to the
Panama Canal which has come to the attention of the Director General
is that entitled ''Panama Past and Present,'' written by Farnham
Bishop, the son of Joseph BuckUn Bishop, secretary of the Isthmian

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700 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.

Canal Commission. It covers the subject in a complete way, taking
up the geograpliical-liistorical side of the story as well as a record of
the present achievement. The illustrations are all excellent, while
the text has been prepared, as can be readily seen by perusing it, with
special care. Mr. Bishop is a bright, interesting wiiter and has a
keen sense of observation, which he reflects in his story. It is pub-
lished by the Century Co. of New York.

MEDAL FOR THE STUDY OF SPANISH.

The Latin American students at the Louisiana State University
are to be congratulated on the plan that they have adopted to in-
crease interest among the student body in the Spanish language.
There are between 40 and 50 students from the various countries of
Latin America at the university, and several years ago they organized
the Sigma Iota fraternity. Since 1910 that fraternity has been
giving a gold medal to one of the non-Spanish speaking students who
has shown the greatest proficiency in the Spanish language. The
first year the prize was offered it was won by one of the young lady
students, and in 1911 it was awarded to Mr. Charles P. Harrington,
who has since become an instructor in Spanish at that university.
Mr. Harrington has been very active of late in his efforts to induce
the high schools throughout the Southern States to include the
Spanish language in the curriculum and has contributed several
forceful articles on the subject to various publications.

APPOINTMENT OF PAN AMERICAN COMMITTEE OF URUGUAY.

Very soon after the adjournment of the Fourth International Con-
ference of American Republics which met in Buenos Aires in 1910, a
majority of the American Republics, in pursuance of the recommenda-
tion of Article X of the resolution on the reorganization of the Union
of American Republics, appointed Pan American committees. These
committees, as recommended by the resolution, were to be selected
in each of the countries and to be subordinate to the foreign afiFairs
department of the particular country. Their duties were, broadly,
to secure the approval of the resolutions adopted by the International
American Conference, to present new projects and ideas of value in
carrying out the purposes of the Union, to maintain relations with
the Pan American Union in Washington and with the work of the
latter in the particular country, and to supply the Pan American
Union with the necessary data, publications, and other information
needed in its work. The appointment of a committee in Uruguay
has been heretofore postponed. However, on February 12, 1912,
President Batlle y Ordonez signed a decree naming the following to

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i»AN AMERICAN NOTES. 701

serve as the Uruguayan Pan American committee, as recommended
by the Buenos Aires Conference: Dr. Juan Zorrilla de San Martín;
Dr. José Espalter; Dr. Jacobo Varela Acevedo; Dr. Serapio de Cas-
tillo; Dr. Aristides Dellepiane, secretary. The appointment of this
committee will be of great service to the Pan American Union
and to the general purposes of the International Union of American
Republics.

THE FOURTH AMERICAN PEACE CONGRESS.

In the first week of May there was held in St. Louis, Missouri,
the Fourth American Peace Congress, which was one of the most
notable occasions of its kind which has been held in the United
States. It was attended by Andrew Carnegie, several Latin
American members of the Diplomatic Corps, and by other men of
prominence and authority not only of the United^States but of
foreign countries. President Woodrow Wilson was honorary presi-
dent, while ex-President William H. Taft and Secretary Elihu Root
were honorary vice presidents. The actual president was Richard
Bartholdt, Member of Congress from St. Louis, while the actual
vice presidents were Speaker Champ Clark; Senator Theodore E.
Burton, of Ohio; Andrew Carnegie; Secretary William Jennings
Bryan; Oscar S. Strauss, and John W. Griggs. The chairman of
the executive committee was James E. Smith; the executive sec-
retary, Walter B. Stevens, and the chairman of the program com-
mittee, Manley O. Hudson.

A LITTLE BROCHURE ON THE PANAMA CANAL.

An interesting little brochure which has come to the attention of
the Pan American Union is that entitled ''The Panama Canal,"
written by Duncan E. McKinley, who was formerly a]^Member of
Congress and visited the canal with the Interstate Commerce Com-
mittee of the House of Representatives. The little book contains
about 40 pages, handsomely printed and illustrated. It tells the
story of the canal in interesting, concise language, and Mr. McKinley
is to be congratulated for providing his friends with copies of it. It
is a pleasure to have it in the library of the Pan American Union.

PAMPHLET OF MR. CORTHELL.

Another interesting pamphlet which has come to the attention of
this office is one written by the famous engineer, Elmer L. Corthell,
entitled '^ Brief of View of Engineering Practice and Personal Expe-
rience in Latin America, 32 years — 1880-1912." This paper is a
reprint from the December issue of the '* Journal of the Western

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702 THE PAN AMERICAX UNION.

Society of Engineers/' and contains a large amount of data and
information regarding engineering practice in Latin America, which
should prove instructive to all those who may be planning to do
engineering work in that part of the world.

APRIL IN URUGUAYAN HISTORY.

The month of April is one of the most important periods in the
calendar of the year to the Republic of Uruguay, for during that
month there occurred several incidents which have had far-reaching
effects in the rise and glory of that nation. And particularly is this
month to be remembered in the present year — for it marks the cen-
tennial milestone of salient dates in the history of Uruguay.

It was on April 4, 1813, that Gen. José Artigas, hero, patriot, and
statesman, succeeded in assembling the First National Congress of
Uruguay (Primer Congreso Nacional). This was the primal concen-
trated move to gather in session a duly organized assembly. At this
first meeting one of the chief items of business was the recognition of
the Constituent General Assembly, which had been organized in
Buenos Airt^s (La Asamblea General Constituyente). The next step
was to elect six deputies to attend this assembly at Buenos Aires, as
Uruguayan delegates, and these were chosen from the various poHtical
divisions of the Oriental Province, as Uruguay was then also called.
Two delegates were designated from Montevideo, Dámaso A. Larra-
ñaga and Mateo Vidal; Dámaso Gómez Fonseca was appointed from
Maldonado; the representative from Canelones was Felipe Cardoso;
Marcos Salcedo was delegate from Santa Lucia and San José; and the
sixth delegate was FrancLsco B. de Rivarola from Soriano.

Classic and historic are the instructions which Artigas delivered to
these representatives as they proceeded on their way to Buenos .Xires.
In all the documents of state which form such important parts in the
history of a country these instructions are deserving of a high place.
The spirit of freedom, liberality, and independence permeates each of
the 10 distinct provisions. The statesmanlike and leadership quali-
ties of the author may be seen in the words of wisdom to these
delegates.

The most striking paragraphs of these credentials have been widely
copied in subsecjuent documents of a similar nature, while at the time
of their publication they were generally distributed throughout the
country as an inspiration to the people who were endeavoring to
obtain absolute freedom and independence. The instructions contain
a declaration of independence and a form of government ; also pro-
visions to seek division of the central power, religious freedom, and
personal security; to obtain authority by central power; to secure
recognition of a national constitution, a republican form of govern-
ment, and territorial boundaries; to secure open seaports; to enact

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PAN AMERICAN NOTES. 703

legislation on the status of aliens, fixing fines, regulating seizure of
property; to secure the sovereignty, independence, freedom, equality,
and security of the Provinces; recognition of provincial constitutions;
and matters pertaining to the militia, guarantees against military
despotism, etc., were also touched upon.

In fine, the character and scope of the credentials which these del-
egates carried with them to Buenos Aires were remarkably broad and
provided for far-sighted contingencies in the progress of state. They
have often been compared to the instructions which George Wash-
ington and Thomas Jefferson received from the State of Virginia in
1779, 34 years prior, when the Continental Congress was assembled
in the city of Philadelphia.

A SUCCESSFUL PERUVIAN PLAYWRIGHT.

Latin America in an histrionic sense had a striking success and
recognition on the afternoon of April 18, at the Columbia Theater in
the city of Washington. On that occasion Washington society, offi-
cial and unofficial, turned out to the extent that the auditorium of
this playhouse was packed, to do honor to Sr. Don Alfonso Washing-
ton Pezet, son of the distinguished minister of Peru at Washington,
and to watch the presentation of his new play entitled *'The Remak-
ing of the Raleighs.'* It is especially pleasing to record the success
of this young Peruvian playwTight, who has gained encomiums and
considerations at the hands of an American audience which are sel-
dom given to any native of the United States. Both the construc-
tion of the play and the dialogue showed an abUity on the part of
Señor Pezet which augurs well for a brilhant future in ^\TÍtings of this
kind. His personal acting, moreover, of one of the leading parts was
remarkably well done and demonstrated his resourcefulness. The
editorial staff of the Bulletin congratulate Sr. Alfonso Pezet on the
brilliant success of his début in Washington as a playwright and
actor. It is also gratifying to note that one of the popular members
of the Governing Board of the Pan American Union has a son who is
thus distinguishing himself in histrionic circles of the United States.

DINNER OF THE PAN AMERICAN SOCIETY.

The Pan American Notes of this issue of the Bulletin go to press
just before the holding of the annual dinner of the Pan American
Society of the United States at the Waldorf-Astoria Hotel, New York
City, on the evening of May 15. The date of the dinner was post-
poned from April 28 on account of the unexpected trip to California
of the Secretary of State, Hon William J. Bryan, chairman of the
Governing Board of the Pan American Union. In the June issue
there will be a full report of this dinner.

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PAN AMERICA IN THE
MAGAZINES /. V /.

••Down the West Coast to Lima," by Ernest Peixotto, in the April
number of Soribner's Magazine, in its unusually fine descriptions and
original 'dlust rat ions, far excels the usual travel story. The antici-
pated opening of the Panama Canal lends an interest to the great
west coast of South America which, owing to the difliculties of travel
encountered in reaching it, has hitherto been lacking. As soon as
that auspicious event has become a reality and the new lines of
traffic and of trasrel have been estabUshed, this west coast promises
to become a veritable mecca for tourists, especially for those inter-
ested in the ancient civilization of Peru and Bolivia, and incidentally
for those who may hope to combine business with pleasure. Hence
the timeliness of articles such as the one under consideration.

The following paragraphs serve to show the author's charming
style of narrative:

A8 we slowly steamed down the Gulf the sun neared the horizon, and its broad golden
rays spread out great fingers behind the purple islands, making them appear, as one
of the young ladiee naively expressed it, **like the old pictures of heaven." Long
files of (>elican8 lazily flapped their heavy wings as they slowly made their way
homeward against the evening breeze.

An hour later the faint forms of the Pearl Islands rose before us — San Joee to the
southward, Pedro Gonzales to the north, and behind them the cloud-wreathed summit
of Rey Island, that screened from view St. Michaels Bay, where Balboa strode into
the surf to take poesi^sion of the Southern Sea in the name of the Spanish King.
These islands lured us like sirens, as they had many a mariner before us, by the glint
of their precious gems, to fall into the hands of some pirate, some John Sharp or his
like, lurking in an inlet awaiting the galleons, gold laden, that bore the treasure of
the Incas for transshipment to Spain.

Following the same track that we were taking, Pizarro, nearly 400 years ago, with
his little company, had set out upon his conquest of Peru. And that tall brig upon
the horizon,

**her tiering canvas in sheeted silver spread,"

might she not well be his caravel bound for Gorgona or lonely Gallo or the verdant
islands of the Gulf of Guayaquil? The sun had now set; the clouds parted, and the
moon, hitherto hidden, poured its pale radiance upon the calm Pacific ♦ * ♦.

Upon thi3 homelike boat, quiet and contented, with no unseemly hurr>-, you
meander down the coast at 10 knots. The air is soft as a caress, and for at least eight
months of the year the sea as placid as a mountain lake, a glassy mirror reflecting an
azure sky.

For one who wishes to escape the rigors of a northern winter, for a lover of soft sun-
shine, of southern seas without the brisk trades of the Caribbean, I can imagine no
more delightful voyage than this west coast cruise, quietly gliding southward, a
cloudless sky overhead in the daytime, a marvelous starry heaven at night. Little
704

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CourteMy of (krlbner's Mag:aElnt>.

LIMA CATHEDRAL FROM THE BODEGONES.

" It was apparently made over in the last century, when a wave of classic revival swept awav many of the
picturesque plateresque constructions of the Latin American churches and substituted cofd Roman col-
umns and arches for the elaborate pediments and richly canned surfaces of the Churrigueresque artists.
The interior, too, suffers at first sight from the same cause, yet upon closer investigation the choir and
chapels yield notable works of art. There are, for example, t ne massive silver high altar and the rarely
beautiful sillería, rows of richly carved stalls ornamented with good statues of saints and apostles en-
shrined in ornate canopies or framed in elaborate paneling— all done in cedar wood after the best
Hispanic traditions." (Illustrating Ernest Peixotto's forthcoming book, "Pacific Shores from Panama,""
to be published by Charles Scribner's Sons.)

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Courtesy oí fk-rlbner's Mai^azlne.

PLAZA OF SAN FRANCISCO.

"The Plaza is a handsome square, well paved, neatly kept, and adorned with beautiful tropical
gardens set with flowers and stately palms, and ornate lamp-posts supporting arches of lights
for festivals. It is surrounded on two sides by portales, or arcades, Imed with shops. The
third side is occupied by the palace and the fourth by the cathedral. " (Illustrating •• Down
the West Coast to Lima" and Ernest Peixotto's forthcoming book, "Pacific Shores from
Panama," to be published by Charles Scribncr's Sons.)

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PAN AMERICA IN THE MAGAZINES. 707

by little the North Star drops toward the horizon; little by little the Southern Croes
ascends in the firmament.

It may be hot for the first day or two, but on the third day out you cross the Equator
and face the breeze that follows the Antarctic current, Humboldt's current, that fresh-
ens and cools what would otherwise be a hot and steamy coast. Occasionally the calm
surface of the sea is ruflied, now by the spikelike fin of a shark or the blow and
rounded back of a gray whale; again by tortoise, shining like great topazes set in
opals, or by silvery flying fish skimming from wave to wave, or schools of white-bellied
mantas that frolic along by the steamer's side.

Arrived at Paita, the author's attention was first attracted to the
captain of the port, resplendent in his gold-laced uniform, as he sat
in the stem sheets of his smart chaloupa, manned by four stalwart
oarsmen in spotless white, coming out to pay his official visit to the
vessel, but he continues:

I lost all interest in him, however, as soon as I made out the queer rafts and boats
that were now paddling out toward us. Here, come to life again, were the old wood-
cuts in Oviedo 's "Historia." In the first edition of this old book, now rare and
costly, published in Seville only a few years after the Conquest, there are quaint
pictures showing the manners and customs of the natives as the Spaniards first found
them; their thatched huts, their cabins perched in the treetops, their strange animals
and queer fish, and their various primitive boats. Here in this harbor of Paita these
selfeame craft were coming out to meet us — dugouts filled with fruit and manned by
single Indians, balsas of cabbagewood (a light timber common to Ecuador and Colom-
bia), like those that brought the friendly caciques to greet Pizarro, and larger rafts
rigged with square sails that ferried him and his little army, horses and all, from
Puño to Tumbez, only a few miles distant in the Gulf of Guayaquil.

The writer then gives graphic descriptions of Paita, Eten, Pacas-
mayo, Salaverry, the coast along which the vessel skirted, the little
islands covered with myriads of birds and seals, and finally lands the
reader in the harbor of Callao. From Callao to Lima, the charming
capital of Peru, is a trip by train of only 8 mUes, and the writer
comments on this section of the country as follows:

I rubbed my eyes as we sped along. Was I in Peru in early March or in California
in September? It was surely the end of summer, for here were fields of ripened com,
there vendors of luscious grapes. The cattle grazing in the parched fields; the Rimac
roaring over its stony bed; the tawney shores of San Lorenzo wreathed with fog like
the Contra Costa hills; the files of eucalypti, even the whistle of the American-built
locomotive and the clang of its bell, recalled, like magic, the country that surrounds
the Bay of San Francisco or hides within the depths of Sonoma Valley.

But there across the aisle sat a major in his Franco-Peruvian uniform, while in front
of him a group of young subalterns in the same neat clothes conversed amiably with
ladies in rather large hats, and in the coach ahead, second class, the cholos and other
mixed races that we could see proved beyond a doubt that we were in Peru.

Dehghtful pen pictures of Lima, such as the following are given :

Lima has a physiognomy all its own. Throughout the colonial period it was the
capital of the Spanish-American colonies, the residence of the viceroy and of the
nobility. Hence it contains, more than any other South American city, notable
examples of Hispanic architecture little suspected by the average tourist.

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t'ourtewy of SerlbnerV Matcaxine.

PATIO OF THE TORRE TAGLI PALACE.

♦* This great patio is reached through a deep vestibule where, after the fashion of Spanish palaces,
steps are arranged for mounting and dismounting from horses. The court itself is shaded by a
broad projecting balcony of cedar wood left without paint or varnish, its columns, arches, and
balustrades richly carved, and its supiwrting corbels, elaborate and intricai* in detail, orna-
mented with heads of animals and men that, though Hispanic in desien, are evidently the
hanciicraft of highly skilled Indian workmen. " (Illustrating '* Uo\^ia the west Coast to Lima "
and Ernest Peixotto's forthcoming book, "Pacific Shores from Panama," to be published by
Charles Scribner's Sons.)

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Courtesy of Scilbiier'» MuicarAuk-,

OS THE OROYA RAILWAY.

"No matter what else you mav see in this mundane sphere of ours, vou will never forget the
day you climbed the Oroya kailwav. " (Illustrating "Down the \Vest Coast to Lima" and
Ernest Peixotto's forthcoming boot, "Pacific Shores from Panama," to be published by
Charles Scribner's Sons.)

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710 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.

The 8treet8, too, have a di*<tinct individuality, imparted to a great extent by the
balcones, adaptât ionB of the oriental moucharaby , or mirador, often elaborately carved,
that project from the upper story of almo8t every house, far out over the sidewalks,
sometimes occurring uninterruptedly for block» at a time. They are most practical,
allowing the air to pass freely to the rooms within, yet screening the house walls from
the direct rays of the sun. The people, especially the women, live upon them, flitting
behind their long rows of windows as they pass from room to room or leaning over the
rail to watch the life in the street below. The shops, too, are peculiar, being without
fronts— wide open during the daytime and closed by long series of folding wooden doors
at night.

Much interest is also imparted to these streets by the stately palaces, mostly dating
from the viceregal period, that are encountered in all the principal thoroughfares.
They present a rather forbidding aspect, with their great walls pierced only by a few
barred windows and by their monumental porte-cocheres. But look through one of
these vast doorways and all is gayety within. In an instant you are transported to
Spain and the sunlit courts of Andalusia. Here the same patios, washed with pale
pastel-tones and paved with tiles or colored marbles, bask in the sunlight, decked with
palms and oleanders screened behind iron grills of intricate and artistic workmanship.
Through pavilions at the rear you catch glimpses of other gardens beyond . The whole
scheme, c(X)l, airy, framing the peep of blue sky overhead, seems singularly well
adapted to this land of soft sunshine.

Vivid descriptions of the old cathedral; the site of the remains of the
^reat conquistador, Pizzaro; of the old palace, now occupied by the
President of Peru: of some of the fine old churches and monasteries;
and some of the public buildings, among them the celebrated palace
of the Torre Tagles, add many informative details to the story. Of
the last-named structure the author gives the following sketch:

The palace of the Torre Tagles without doubt takes precedence over all the secular
buildings of the city. It^ superb balconies, the finest in the city, would alone arrest
your attention, or its doorway, the best example of the Cliurrigueresque style that I
saw in Peru. You may or you may not like this form of architecture, with its bizarre
im>portions, its broken pediments, its general lack of organism, but the mere bulk o^
this entrance, the grandeur of its scale and absence of finicky detail will prepare you
for the splendid courtyard within. This great patio Ls reached through a deep vesti-
bule where, after the fashion of Spanish palaces, steps are arranged for mounting and
dismounting from horses.

The court itself is shaded by a broad projecting balcony of cedar wood, left without
paint or varnish, its columns, arches, and balustrades richly carved, and its supporting
corbels, elaborate and intricate in detail, ornamented with heads of animals and men
that, though Hispanic in design, are evidently the handicraft of highly skilled Indian
workmen.

A broad staircase, whose glazed tiles imitate a stair rail upon the one hand, while
its mahogany stair rail imitates these same tiles upon the other, leads to the upper
balcony, where the main apartments open. These are spacious and handsome, and
still contain much of their antique furniture of the viceregal period, among other
things two superb wardrobes, royal objects of massive design completely incrusted
with mother-of-pearl, silver, and tortoise shell, the \dceroy of Mexico*s weddinç çift
to an ancestor of the family. Handsome portraits of gentlemen in wigs and the
elaborately embroidered coats and waistcoats of the eighteenth centur>% and of
ladies in the voluminous skirts and powdered hair of the same period, complete a
picture of aristocratic life under the Spanish régime.

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*^ ''«>urt««y of Scribner'K Mafcaxine.

SCENES ALONG THE OROYA RAILWAY.

"Below us lay the narrow river valley divided, like a large green relief map, Into states and
territories, by wriggly stone walls, and dotted nere and there with cattle, impossibly small. "
(Illustrating "Down the West Coast to Lima" and Ernest Peixotto's forthcomuig book,
"Pacific Shores from Panama," to be published by Charles Scribner's Sons.)

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712

THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.

The article closes with a particularly fine description of the won-
derful scenery along the famous Oroya Railway from Lima to
Oroya, the only railway in the world which reaches an altitude of
15,865 feot above the level of the sea.

'*The Americanization of Europe and the Eoropeanization of Amer-
ica/* by Guglielmo Perrero, in Hearst ^s Magazine for February, is the
third of the series of articles, the first of which appeared in the
December issue under the title ''America and Europe Compared.'*

Having given us his solu-
tion of the mysterious force
which underlies and actu-
ates the *' demon of Amer-
ican progress,'' and fol-
lowed this with his views
of certain phases of ^imer-
ican life, which would seem
to indicate that its great
materialism is tempered by
an idealism unknown in the
Europe of to-day, he now
dwells upon the effects
which the civilizations and
ideals of the two worlds
are having upon one an-
other Dr Ferrero's emi-
nence as an historian and
student of men gives such
•weight to his deductions
that we are tempted to give
copious extracts from his
interesting articles. He
writes :

('oul•tt'^>• of Henrst'w MH^oxIne.

DR. GUGLIELMO FEURERO.

In 1907 Dr. Ferroro was invited to deliver a course of lectures
in Buenos A in.vs and ot her cit ioS in Argentina. He traveled
evtcnsivoly throughout the country and then went to
Rio do Janeiro, Bra¿il, where he spent al>out a month and
half. V\M)n hLs rtilum to Europe tie was invited by Presi-
dent Roosevelt to visit the I'nitod States. Ho accepted
the invitation and remained here for three months. He
has thus \n')0,n enabled to make a study of American life in
bo I h hemispheres. The n^sult of his invastigation and
study of .Vmerican cívili¿alion; his thoughtful analysis of
thespiritofprograss which characteriros it; the contrast
iKit ww»n it and that of Europe: and finally theofToct which
each is having on the other, are all brought out in a strriking
manner in the sitío.s of articlejs published in Hearst's Maga-
zine under the title "America and Europe Compared."

That Europe is being Amer-
icanized and that tlie American
idea of progresa— the piling up of
wealth and the perfecting of the
tools of production — is penetrat-
ing and pervading European
society, is an indisputable fact. It is not necessary to have a profound knowledge
of European society to perceive this. So that I do not hesitate to say that the one
idea that has tiiken deep hold of the European masses during the last 50 years is this
American idea of progress.

And I must confess that before visiting America I belonged to that group of Euro-
peans, which has many adherents among the upper, culti\'ated classes everywhere,
who lament this Americanization of Europe, regarding it as a kind of mental aberration,
a sign of the decadence of the Old World. This opinion is pretty widespread in
Europe. It may surprise many Americans; and yet it will not seem paradoxical to

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PAX AMERICA IN THE MAGAZINES. 713

thoee who reflect upon the history of European civilization before the French Revo-
lution. * * *

Before the French Revolution, differences in wealth and population were imper-
ceptible except when measured by centuries — so trifling was the change wrought by
any single generation. On the other hand, men in those days strove to beautify the
world and make it a better place; their most intense preoccupations were with art and
religion.

From Greece —
says one of the speakers in his dialogue —

which taught the world to chisel and to write, to the Middle Ages that built the loveliest
cathedrals, the most charming palaces of all time; from the Egypt of the Ptolomies,
whence Helenic beauty spread its glory to the remotest inlet of the Mediterranean, to
the Rome of the Popes, cinque-cento Venice, resplendent in its marbles, and eight-
eenth century France, immortalizing three sovereigns in three famous decorative
styles which she imposed upon the world; from Augustus, patron of Horace and Virgil,
and Louis XIV, patron of Racine and Molière, to the Marchioness Pompadour who
strove to make Paris the center of elegance — was not the superlative ambition of all
these peoples and States the immortalization of some form of beauty?

Such was Europe of the old régime, creator of the countless masterpieces of archi-
tecture, sculpture, and painting, to-day so much admired even by Americans; the
old Europe, discoverer of America, creator of science, fashioner of the French
Revolution.

But all that remains of this Europe American progress is now destro>'ing with all
speed. The artistic spirit is everywhere disappearing from a Continent which for
centuries was the prophet of beauty to the world.

As an instance of this disappearance of the artistic spirit, the
author cites the smaller Italian cities, where are often found ancient
monuments, churches, and palaces which, through indifference and
neglect, are falling into ruin, thus marring the last remnants of a
bygone beauty.

A municipality that can not raise a few thousand lire to preserve this or that great
monument in good condition will spend large sums to place electric lamps in streets
where no one passes after 9 o'clock;

complains the Doctor. He adds :

The further and more evident proof of this triumph of American progress is the deca"
dence or disappearance of all the schools of art. In past centuries, in harder and more
hampered times than our own, Europe was the mother and glorious mistress of ciWliza-
tion, for under manifold forms she had the genius to create and bring to flower schools
of literature, sculpture, painting, architecture, and music. To-day almost all of these
schools have disappeared, and of those tliat remain all but a very few are in process of
decay.

On the other hand, schools of electrical and mechanical engineering, of dyeing and
weaving, of commerce and chemistry — the only ones that the masses demand —
multiply and flourish. In past centuries Governments and the aristocracies of Europe
protected and encouraged the fine arts in many ways, and this protection was one of
the principal reasons for their progress. This is no longer true.

The wealthy classes of contemporary Europe consider it much more dignified and
elegant to manufacture automobiles and aeroplanes than to support painting and
sculpture. As for Governments, whenever one of them ventures to lend even a little
aid to the fine arts, the cry goes up on all sides that the money of the people is leing
foolishly squandered.

86268— Bull. 5—13 5

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714 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.

Why Is Europe so ready to-day to destroy her secular tradition of
art only to emulate the si^-iitness of achievement and the daiing
initiative of the New World ?

Numerous factors, according to the doctor, enter into the solution
of this problem. First he mentions the discovery of America, with
its incidental spur to material development, and the discoveries in
all parts of the world.

EuroïK* Leheld the earth rii^o from the deep on ever}' hand, and as she saw the
landn multiply she felt a growing desire to possess them, to rule them, and make
them yield abundantly. ♦ * *

Then there began, in the stnenteenth and eighteenth centuries, slowly at fiist, that
striving of the mind and will ^hich was little by little to place in the hands of our
ci\'ilization all the weajwns ntM-essarj' to conquer the earth and make it flower. The
sciences began their fonvard marches; the first machines were invented and put to
work; the idea of liberty, of pr(^m*sfl, of the rights of man, of the will of the people
b(»gaji to undermine the ancient beliefs, the ancient traditions. Yet it is probable
that these would have made a long resistance, that the ancient bonds that restrained
the human will from daring enterprises would have loosened indeed, but not broken
for who knows how many centuries more, had it not been for that colossal event that
overturju*d the history of EurojK» and America^the French Revolution ♦ * *

Indeed, a new history of the world begins with the French Revolution. The ideas
of liberty and progress invaded both Europe and America; in all clashes, among all
|K»oples. there awakened new desires for well-being and culture. Great industries
developed; railroads spread, inventions multiplied, cities became populous and grew
apace; the great new phenomenon of the world's history— the intensive exploitation
of America— began. The new riches, especially those eo abundantly produced in
America, set fire to new apj)etites; little by little the desire for well-being and comfort
and culture sprt»ad to the multitudes and to new peoples, until all Europe and America
were moved to the conquest of the earth.

And so, not onl> in America, but in Europe, too, there began about 50 years
ago what one may truly call the Golden Age of human history, the Epoch of
Plenty. * * *

"What else has man dreamed of?" exclaims one of the characters of my dielogue;
"what else has man dreamed of from the morning of time than the Terrestrial Paradise,
the Promised Land, the Garden of the Hespérides, the Golden Age, Araby the Blessed-
one thing called by many names — the conquest of nature and Plenty. And is it not
possible that the mj-th so paíísionately imagined foi so many centuries is at last coming
true before our eyesV^

But every medal has its reverse; and for this fabulous Plenty of wliich men dreamed
in vain so many centuries we have had to pay, and pay dearly. * ♦ *

Our ci\ilization has set its aim primarily upon the conquest of nature and the inten-
sive exploitation of all the riches of the earth. We enjoy the consequent advantages;
we are not inclined to forego the railroad and the telegraph; we have no wish to nm
the risk of famine which haunted past civilizations; we revel in our incredible abun-
dance and freedom; and we are altogether unwilling to return to the rigors and
parsimony of earlier times.

Wherefore we must be resigned, even we Europeans, to pay the price of all these
advantages and to live in an epoch in which the arts can not flourish greatly, in which
religion lacks the flaming force of mystic fires, and even science will not be culti%'ated
except in such measure as will serve immediate practical ends directed to the more
intense and profitable exploitation of our natural resources. For this, too, is a phe-
nomenon everywhere manifest in Europe to-day — disinterested research is in its deca-
dence. Rifh as the world is to-day, it is less capable of seeking the truth for the sole

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PAN AMERICA IN THE MAGAZINES. 715

pleasure of increasing knowledge than it was two centuries ago, when it was so
much poorer. Even scientists to-day are eager to transmute their discoveries into
wealth * * *.

The Americanization of Europe is accordingly a fatal event. From the moment
that Europe set her heart upon great riches and the conquest of nature she was obliged
to renounce many of the treasures of her ancient and refined culture. This was the
conclusion upon which I rested for an instant * * *.

"Yes," I was disposed to agree —

in Europe culture is destined to increasing decay before the invasion of progress of the
American variety. The dominion of the future belongs to quantity, to the nations
controlling vast territories and capable of producing wealth at high speed.

But I had hardly acquiesced when America, America herself, gave me proof that
the ancient culture represented by Europe is not destined to perish at all, and that if
Europe is in process of Americanization, America, on the other hand, is being drawn
by an internal force toward Europeanization.

In other words, the doctor finds that America is striving to use the
immense wealth, which the^intensive exploitation of her territory has
given her, to promote the progress of the arts, of knowledge, and the
religious spirit. In this connection it seems to him that if a charge
were brought against America —

it would be that she has allowed her admiration for high culture to mount too high,
so that she often overlooks the critical sense and fails to distinguish between the
authentic and the specious in the world of ideal things — between the pure gold and the
counterfeit.

The doctor then indulges in a philosophic analysis of snobbeiy in
general, and shows its beneficial effects in particular in the matter of
the encouragement of art and the higher ideals, and he writes:

Snobbery is after all nothing but a force that translates quantity into quality, to
which man is impelled by the growth of wealth itself. Never was there so much
snobbery as in our day, because wealth was never so abundant.

No doubt modern snobbery is full of gross folly. Never were there so many nou.
veaux riches — people 's^dth little education, ill prepared to enjoy the true refinements
of hfe, ready to be deceived by clever frauds. How often, in how many houses, both
in Europe and America, is not the Bourgeois Gentilhomme, that profound comedy of
Molière, enacted? But in the midst of the nouveaux riches, the ignorant parvenus,
there are also families — more numerous in America than in Europe — that have had
their wealth for several generations whose mania for accumulating millions has relented"
and who have the leisure and sufficient intellectual preparation to want to apply their
wealth to the support of the arts, science, and all the forms of a high culture.

This is the part of American society that comers works of art in Europe, founds
museums, gives work to architects, painters, and sculptors; that indirectly and
directly incites an increasing number of young men of the rising generation to turn
away from the exclusive preoccupation 'with money-making and to devote themselves
to those intellectual labors in which, until a little while ago, Europe was sole mistress.
And because oí this tendency, which in this section of American society grows stronger
decade by decade, one may say that America is in process of Europeanization.

♦•The Busiest Canals on Earth** is the striking title of an article in
the April number of National Waterways, by M. . S. A. Thompson,
editor of the magazine and secretary of the National Rivers and

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716 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.

Harbors Confess, under whose auspices it is being published at
Washington.

No more striking illustration of the effect on the commerce and
wealth of a nation by the improvement of its waterways could have
been selected than is shown by the history of the canal which opened
up traffic between the productive Lake Superior region and the mar-
kets of the world. The startling statements relative to the develop-
ment of this commerce, a development attributable directly and
indisputably to the opening of a channel of cheap transportation,
are almost incredible; and yet the cold facts and figures brought out
in Mr. Thompson's article can not be controverted.

This subject, the improvement of the natural highways of trans-
portation, the waterways of a country, is one of absorbing interest,
not only to the United States but to the whole civilized world. Par-
ticularly valuable, however, are articles of this nature to the coun-
tries of South America, a continent which has been ble^ed with the
greatest river systems of the world, a continent whose vast mineral,
agricultural, and forestal resources await but the development of
these natural systems of transportation to astound the w^orld with
their magnitude. Considerations such as these lead us to quote
extensively from Mr. Thompson's able presentation of this marvelous
example of what a single waterway has accomplished in the develop-
ment of this country. In introducing his theme he writes:

Back in 1849, or (hereabouts, when the Senate of the United Stales was debating a
bill to make a prant of public lands to aid the State of Michigan in building a canal
at the outlet of Lake Superior, Henry Clay rose in his place and said:

" It is a scheme to squander the public resources upon a chimera beyond the remotest
bounds of settlement, if not in the moon."

How fat^ mocks those who, lacking the guidance of inspiration, yet presume to
prophesy, was never better shown than in this case. For the grant of lands was made,
the canal was built, being completed in 1855, population swept westward in a mighty
flood until "The Great Ix)ne Land" was filled with thriving (ommonweaUhs — and it
is true to-day, and has been true for many years, that a greater volume of traffic is
concentrated at the eastern end of I^ke Superior than at any other spot in all the
world.

Mr. Thompson then sketches the building of the first locks in 1855,
supplemented by the larger one — 515 feet long and 80 feet wide —
completed in 1881; the blowing up with dynamite of the first locks
and their replacement in 1896 with a new lock, 800 feet long and 100
feet wide: the building of the new canal on the Canadian side of
the river; and finally the construction of a third tremendous lock
1,350 feet long, 80 wide, and 24^ deep at extreme low water, which
is to be completed in 1914. Provision is now being made for the
con t ruction of a fourth lock of the same size as the last. All this
because of the urgent demand for increased facilities to handle the
enormous traffic.

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PAX AMERICA IN THE MAGAZINES. 7 19

In dealing with the great expense of all these improvements and
the question whether the results have justified it, Mr. Thompson
writes:

It poes without saying that thev«e improvements have involved a hirge expyense.
The first canal and locks cost the State of Michigan about $1,000,000, the proceeds
of 750,000 acres of land granted by the Federal Government. The total appropria-
tions made by the United States for improvements at the falls of the St. Marys River
from 1856 to July 12, 1912, amount to $12,933,822.19. In addition there has been
expended for the operating and care of the canal, up to June 30, 1912, $2,112,654.49,
making a grand total of $16,045,476.68.

This includes only the expenditure immediately at the falls. Work at St. Mary's
River at points below the falls has been done at a cast of $8,409,115; work at various
points on the "Twenty-Foot Channel" has cost $3,365,000; and $12,000,000 has been
expended on the channels in the Detroit River. WTiile the work in Detroit River
u of benefit to the traffic of other lakes as well as to that of Lake Superior, it had
to be done if the big boats that could get through the locks at St. Mar\'s Falls were
to run to and from the ports of Lake Erie.

Whether we consider the $40,000,000 spent on the channels of the Lakes, the
$25,000,000 spent on the channels of the St. Mar\'3 River, or the $16,000,000 used
directly at the falls, the amount is large enough to warrant the question whether the
expenditure has been justified by the results.

Although authenticated by statistics as accurate as any in existence, the history
of the growth of traffic at ''The Soo" reads more like fiction than like sober fact. It
is said that in 1850 one old gray horse, hauling a car on a tramway, handled all the
traffic which passed over the portage around the Sault de Ste. Marie. During the
first year the little locks were open only 14,503 tons of freight passed through. Ii
was not imtil 21 years later that 1,000,000 tons was reached; in 1892 the tonnage was
more than 11,000,000; in 1899, more than 25,000,000; in 1906, nearly 52,000,000; and
in 1912 the gates of the giant locks swung open for the passage of 22,778 vessels, carr\'-
ing 72,472,676 tons of freight. * * *

One can gain a clearer idea of the tremendous effect which the opening of the canal
has had upon the commerce and industry of the united States by noting the com-
modities which constitute the bulk of the traffic.

One item of the commerce in 1855 consisted of 1,447 net tons of iron ore shipped
from the newly opened mines on the Marquette range in upper Michigan. Except
for the first year the tonnage of iron ore has always been greater tlian that of any other
commodity, and during most of the time it has been greater than that of all others
combined. Last year the shipments of iron ore amounted to 46.303.423 net tons,
v/hich exceeded the combined weight of all other articles by more than 20,000,000
tons. The tot^l shipments of iron ore through the "Soo" canals have reached the
colossal total of 490,539,866 tons. It is due first to the great de¡)ositi* of high-grade
ore in the Lake Superior region, and next to the cheap transportation of that ore made
possible by the building of the canal, that the United States ranks first among the
nations of the earth in the production of iron and steel.

As might be expected, since the Northwest is a country of cold winters, the ship-
ment of coal began at the first opportunity. Only 1,441 tons went west in 1855,
while the shipments for 1912 were 14,931,594 tons, and the total shipments from the
beginning have been 157,686,117 tons. Think of all the locomotives run, the factor\'
wheels turned, the dinners cooked, and the homes made comfortable by the burning
of this vast quantity of coal.

Naturally, also, flour was one of the first commodities to be moved through the
canal, 10,289 barrels being shipped during the first year. For the first 17 years all the
flour went westward, then the current turned in the other direction, and grew swiftly

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PAN AMERICA IX THE MAGAZINES. 721

in volume, the total for 1912 being 8,602,153 barrels, and for the entire time 176,010,733
barrels.

Except for a few bushels in 1859 and 1861, which were probably used for seed, no
wheat was shipped until 1870, when 40,700 bushels were reported. By the next
year this had increased to 1,376,705 bushels, and following the settlement of Minne-
sota, the Dakotas, and still later of the Canadian Northwest, the flood of golden grain
grew ever greater until it amounted in 1912 to 174,086,456 bushels, and the total for
the entire time is 1,702,988,678 bushels. It took 880,053,665 bushels of wheat to
make the flour already mentioned, besides which there have been 651,692,255 bushels
of other grain, making a grand total of 3,234,734,598 bushels of grain which the "Soo"
has helped to pass on to feed a hungry world.

Counting all other items, Mr. Thompson concludes that the total
traffic passing through the canal since its opening amounts to the
stupendous sum of $8,622,148,001. He concludes:

This means that if the whole $40,000,000 which has been expended on locks, canals,
and channels from I^ke Superior through to Lake Erie is charged against the busi-
ne.^ of I>ake Superior alone, it amounts to only 5 cents per ton of weight and to less
than one-half cent per dollar of value of the traffic which has already been carried.
Who can tell what further growth of traffic the future is to bring?

"The Progress of Peru in 1912," by F. A. Pezet, minister of Peru to
the United States, is an interesting and informative article appearing
in the February number of Export American Industries, the official
international organ of the National Association of Manufacturers (30
Church Street, Xew York).

The minister deals in a most comprehensive manner with the various
phases of industrial and commercial progress of Peru during the past
year, including clear and concise sketches of the great improvements
in transportation, wireless telegraphy, irrigation works, mining,
agriculture, foreign trade, and the active forces which are working
for the common good of the entire countr}'.

As to improvement in transportation facilities he writes:

Transportation in a ¡country such as Peru — divided by nature into three distinct
zones, each with special climatic conditions, producing mineral and agricultural and
animal sources of wealth varied and distinct, and containing populations specially
adapted to each of them — the questions of transportation and of means of communica-
tion become of the greatest importance and call for immediate attention on the part
of the Government. No wonder, then, that the last two administrations should have
devoted so much attention to what I may call a "transportation policy," and thereby
prepared the way for the great development of the country by means of extended
railway construction, coastwise and river navigation, ajid the building of roads and
highways. Peru boasts of having within its territory some of the most magnificent
railroads from a scenic point of view and also some of the most daring from an engi-
neering point of view. The two great trunk lines, "The Central Railway of Peru "
and "The Southern Railway of Peru," are considered among the greatest engineering
feats which have been accomplished in any country and at any time.

During the past year both of these railroad systems have been extended, while
important surveys have been done in furtherance of the project to eventually make
them join and îorm one great system.

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THE MUNICIPAL BUILDING AT NIGHT, LIMA, PERU.

A ftno systom of lightini; obtains in the beautiful capital of Peni, and the above picture Rives an
idea of the brilliant illumination of aome of its public buildings upon festive occasions.

SCHOOL OF ARTS AND TRADES OF LIMA, PERU.

Handsome educational edifices, such as the one shown in this picture, are further marks of the
wonderful progn^'vs of Peru, of whotje industrial advance in 1912 Minister Pezet writes in the
February number of Ex¡x)rt American Industries.

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PAN AMERICA IN THE MAGAZINES. 723

The "Central" is being carried on to Ayacucho from its present terminal at Huan-
cayo. The "Southern" is being extended toward the north from its present terminal
at Cuzco. From each of these systems branches of more or less importance are being
built, or are under survey to be constructed in the near future. Perhaps the most
important of these is the line to the Madre de Dios River, which has been contracted
for by the Peruvian Corporation (Ltd.), and which will open up one of the most
wonderful agricultural regions within the Amazon watershed.

In the north of Peru the following lines have been surveyed and contracts for their
construction have been given: Piura to Catacaos (the latter is the town where the
Panama-hat industry is carried on), Catacaos to Sechura (the latter is the center of a
large salt industry); the Pimentel-Pomalca-Lambayegue Railroad, with conces-
sions to build a pier at Pimentel (this line will open up a very rich rice and cane
region, which needs a direct outlet to the ocean) ; Pacasmayo to Cajamarca (this still
under survey — a very important line, which will open up a rich mineral region);
Trujillo-Salpo-Quirovilca, under agreement with the Peruvian Corporation for survey
(this line will be of great benefit to a very rich gold and copper district where mining
is being carried on with success * * *).

The Chimbo t€-Recuay is one of the railroads which is to do for the development
of Peru more than perhaps any of the other lines under construction. To understand
what this line means it should be known that Chimbóte, the port from which it starts,
is one of the finest natiu^l harbors in the whole world, located at a point of the Peruvian
coast where flows the Santa River, the one river which carries the greatest volimie of
water and which is known to carry gold-bearing gravel. In other words, the valley of
the Santa is the best suited of the coast valleys for irrigation works on a laige scale,
while 20 to 40 miles inland are to be found some of the finest anthracite coal mines in
the country and up the valley the mineral wealth and the agricultural wealth vie
with each other as to which is the greater. * ♦ ♦

By water Peru has not neglected the transportation question, and the fine fleet of
steamers of the Peruvian Steamship Co., pioneers as oil burners and equipped with
turbine engines, shows to what an extent our country is progressive and is awake to its
possibilities as a maritime and commercial nation. Our steamers ply along the Pacific
between Valparaiso, in Chile, and Panama. They are fitted with wireless and have
every modern improvement, so as to insure the comfort and safety of the passengers.

As to the mining industry in Peru, ilinister Pozet writes:

The increase of the output of ccpper, ccal, silver, geld, petroleum, lead, salt, borax,
vanadium, etc., during 1912 proves to what an extent the mining industries are
flourishing in Peru. The number of mining claims denounced in the country reaches
to something like 23,000. Hydraulic gold mining is attracting great attention just
now, and some good results are expected from the works in operation. The ferro-
vanadium from the Ragra mine in Peru is being worked by the American Vanadium
Co., of Pittsburgh. This is at present the greatest discovered deposit of vanadium ores
in the world, and through the very up-to-date methods being used at the vanadium
works in Bridge ville, belonging to the American Vanadium Co., the use of vanadium
steel in the engineering industries has very largely increased, much to the satisfaction
of manufacturers of articles in the composition of which strength and elasticity are
essentials to their lasting qualities.

Tungsten, bismuth, mercury, molybdène, and antimony are likewise being mined
in Peru; chlorides, salts, borates, nitrates, limes, and natural cements, marbles,
granites, and several kinds of volcanic stones are everywhere to be found throughout
the length and breadth of Peru. Recently a report was current that an emerald mine
had been located in the vicinity of Cuzco, while pearls have been found along the
coast of Sechura.

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INTEIU'HBAN (AR AT CALLAO, THE PRINCIPAL PORT OF PERU.

SCENE ON THE OROYA RAILROAD IN PERT.

This is one of \ho railroads to which Minister Pezet alludes in his article, "The Propress of Peni in
11M2/' in the Fcbriuiry numlicr of Ex|x>rt American Industries, when he wTites: "Peni boasts
of having within its territory s )me of the most ma^ificant railroads from a sconic point of view
and also some of the most dariíig from an en^ineering point of view."

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PAN AMERICA IN THE MAGAZINES. 725

The rapidly growing commerce is thus dealt with:

The commerce of Peru is increasing in every direction, notably with respect to the
United States. In round numbers we export to you something like $10,000,000 worth
of prime matter, and take from you something like $4,000,000 worth of manufactured
goods. The opening of the canal is certain to make us larger buyers here, because it
is going to be the means through which our development is to increase — which sig-
nifies that we shall need more of the articles which we obtain from you and others
which the changed condition will undoubtedly call for. Besides, our ships, I hope,
will come to your waters and load at your ports cargoes of American goods and carry
them through the canal to our Pacific coast, and other Peruvian ships will carry your
goods to our Amazon ports and bring from there the valuable products of those regions.
The development of our mines, the extension of our railroads, the irrigation of our
coast, will be so many factors for closer and more extended trade relations between
you and us.

In the year 1912 our commerce has probably reached a figure close onto $60,000,000,
and there is every indication that this will increase year by year.

In conclusion, the minister writes thus earnestly:

Peru is to-day on the threshold of a great development; the whole life of the nation
is being remolded, as it were, and when we are thus bravely forging ahead and showing
in many ways our determination to succeed, it is saddening to see that those who
should be our friends should allow themselves to be influenced by the appalling
ignorance and the hysteric mischievousness of the irresponsible ** scare-head " writers.

I sincerely trust that the year 1913 will see growing a more friendly sentiment toward
the South American and Central American peoples, and that the greater intercourse
between us may be beneficial to the ultimate understanding between the nations
of all the Americas.

••The Sixty *Rios' of the Amazon," by J. F. Ellison, in the April
number of National Waterw^ays (Washington), is a contribution by
a veteran American steamboat captain. He is now resident general
manager of the greatest inland fluvial transportation system in the
world, the Amazon Navigation Co., and his statements relative to the
enormous river transportation of Brazil may be relied upon. To
those unfamQiar with the Amazon River and its huge tributaries the
facts stated by Capt. Ellison wUl doubtless be astounding.

After dealing with the temperate climate of the Amazon Basin the
captain writes:

Time, space, inability to spell seme of the names, and the very great doubt that if
they were spelled correctly they could be pronounced properly, is cause for mention-
ing only a few of the more important rivers forming the Valley of the Amazon.

Everybody knows of the Amazon; many, perhaps, know of the Madeira, for on that
river, 1,750 miles from the coast, one of the wonder railroads of the world has been built
by Americans, A few people outside of Brazil know something of the Solimoes, the
Purus, the Jurua, and the Negro; very few Brazilians themselves, and few, even, of the
rivermen, know all of the 50 or 60 other ''rios" tributary to one or the other of the main
streams, and all, in turn, tributary to the Amazon.

In considering the statements which follow, the fact should not be lost sight of that
it is an American boatman, accustomed to American river boats and ways, that is mak-
ing them.

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THE HARBOR OF MANAOS, BRAZIL.

The city of Manai», capital of the Brazilian Stale of Amazona8, lifis on the Rio Negro, a few miles from
it'* jiiiictiin with the Amazon and practically 1,000 miles up that latter river from tne Atlantic Ocean.
Tlu' city Is nevortheloss an international port, accommodating vessels that load directly for the United
Staters or ïiurope, or uni )ad from the same forei^rn harl>ors without intermediate exchange. To facilitate
this >rnwt commerce, a system of moNt incenioiis and modem decks has hetm constnict^d . As lhe difîer-
enc<^ Ix'twtvn hiuh and low water (rainv and dry seasons) Is about 45 feet, that part of the decks to which
steimers tie Is so conslrucl«*d that it floats, rLsInp and falling in accordance with the amount of water
in the river.

THK DOCKS AT MANAOS, BRAZIL.

The method of maintaining constant communication between the steamers at the docks and the warehouses
on the shore Ls very ingenious. The docks themselves float, but are connected to the shore by a movable
platform. Betwwn warehouse and dock are numerous cables on which huge carriers travel back and
forth to load or to unload. Thus there is no intemiption to the commercial activity, no matter what
the condition of the water in the Rio Negro may be.

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PAN AMERICA IN THE MAGAZINES. 727

The main control of the navigation of the Amazon and its affluents has rested for 40
years and, until August of last year, in the hands of an English company, which means
that English-built boats have, with but a very few exceptions, been the only kind of boats
used ; being willing always to ''give credit where credit is due, '' testimony is cheerfully
given that our English cousins build magnificent ships for deep-sea service, splendid
lake and bay steamers; but if, in all their history as a maritime people, they ever built
a good, servdceable light-draft river steamboat, personal observation, covering a fairly
wide range of territory and a vastly wider field of reading, has never beheld such.

For the Amazon and lower reaches of the important tributaries the English boats
do fairly well, but in the extreme altos rios, where in dry seasons the channels get to
6 feet or leas, they are not * 'in it," and the American stem-wheeler, the premier light-
draft boat of the world, is now, for the first time in the historj^ of north Brazil naviga-
tion, to be used and will, undoubtedly, penetrate farther into the upper reaches of the
rivers than any other steam craft has ever gone; that they will bring new rubber dis-
tricts into the market is a foregone conclusion.

The Subvention Edital, under which 16 different lines of the Companhia Navagaçao
do Amazonas operate, calls for an annual run of 363,550 miles, and this covers line runs
only, and not voyages into the altos rios. Right here some of our old Mississippi or
Ohio River friends will smile and shake their heads skeptically. The answer is, if
you do not believe, come down for a little trip of six or eight months, go over the lines,
and then be prepared to apologize.

The company named owns and operates 62 steamers of the combined freight and
passenger class, the total tonnage of the fleet by Government measure being 39,000
tons, and, in addition, there are 45 other steamers registered at Para and Manaos under
private ownership; these, in addition to a vast number of tugs, lighters, barges, and
launches make up the fleet of commercial steamers.

As to the character of the traffic, the captain writes:

Upstream, the tonnage consists largely of merchandise and foodst uffs. Downstream ,
rubber, Brazil nuts, and cocoa form the bulk of the traflic, with rubber leading in quan-
tity and value. It is conservatively estimated that for every ton of rubber that comes
down the river 25 tons of merchandise must go back up to supply the people who are
in the forests gathering borracha. So long as the Para rubber remains near its present
price of 11.25 per pound, there is no question of supplies coming in, and the statement is
made with some regret that 95 per cent of all merchandise is imported . These imports
come from Germany, England, the United States, Portugal, Spain, and France.
As these nations are named in the order of their position in the foreign trade of Brazil,
it will be seen that we rank third, and if proper effort be put forth and ships and bank-
ing facilities be provided, the United States should soon rank first of all countries in
the volume of goods exported to this part of Brazil.

*' Why Go Abroad ? ^' is the title of a series of articles by Agnes C. Laui
which is running in Sunset, the Pacific monthly, published in San
Francisco, California. In the February issue "Wandering among
the cave men,'^ is the subtitle of the story which deals wnth the
finding of the mummied body of a small man in a cave in the Gila
Canyon, New Mexico. This archaeological find is the basis for one of
those delightful, bright, humorous, w^himsical articles which, while
they often cause a smile, contain so much food for thought and impart
so much interesting information concerning the great Southwest and
its antiquities.

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728 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.

In connection with the finding of the mummy, the author writes:

There in a second Grand Canyon not a clone's throw from everj'day tourist travel.
wilder in game life and rook formation, if not so large, with prehistoric caves on ib
precipice walls where sleeps a race of little mummied men behind doors and window^
barely large enough to admit a half-grown white child. Who were they? No one
knows. When did they live? So long ago, ihey were cave men, stone-age men; ?o
long aiïo that neither histor>' nor tradition has the faintest echo of their existence.
Where did they live? No; it was not Europe, Asia, Africa, or Australia. If it were,
we would know all about them. There would be a Carnegie Foundation Expedition
to dig them up and exhibit them in a glass case, and reconstruct their history. As it
happens, this second Grand Canyon is only in plain, near-by, home-staying America;
so when boys of the Forest Service pulled Little Zeke out of his gypsum and pumice-
stone dust in the cave and measured him up and found him only 23 inches long,
though the hair sticking to the skull was gray and the teeth were those of an adult-
as it happened only in matter-of-fact, commonplace America, poor little Zeke couldn't
get shelter. They trounced his little dr>' bones around Silver City, New Mexico, for a
few months. Then they boxed him up and shipped him away to be stowed out oí
sight in the cellars of the Smithsonian, Washington. As Zeke has been asleep since
the ice age, about 8,00() years B. C., it doesn't make ven' much difference to him;
but one wonders what in tlie world New Mexico was doing, allowing one of the most
wonderful s{>ecimens ever found of a prehistoric dwarf race to be shipped out of the
country. ♦ * *

Anyway, there lies little Zeke — a long time asleep, wrapped in cerements of fine
woven cloth with fluffy ruffles and folderols of woven blue-jay and bluebird and
humming-bird feathers round his neck. You will please to remember that in the
trifling long ago of 8,000 or 10,000 years our ancestors wore chiefly their birthday suitF.
Yet Zeke's p(H)ple understood weaving. Also Zeke wears on his feet sandals of yucca
fiber and matting. 1 don't know what our ancestors wore — ^according to evolutionuîî?
it may have been liair and monkey pads. So if you understood as much about Zeke s
history as you do about the Pyramids, you'd settle some of the biggest disputes m
theology and ethnology and anthropology and a lot of other ''ologies" which ha^t"
something more or less to do with the salvation and damnai ion of the soul.

How is it known that Zeke i^ a type of a race and not a freak specimen of a dwarf.
Because other like specimens have been found in the same area in the last 10 years»
and because the windows' and dtx^rs of the cave dwellings of the Gila would not admit
anything but a dwarf race. They may not all have been 24 and 36 and 40 inches, but
no specimens the size of the mummies in other prehistoric dwellings have been found
in the Gila. For instance, down at Casa Grande they found skeletons bound in the
gypsum dust of black chambers, but these skeletons were G-footers, and the roots of the
Casa Grande chambers were for tall men. Up in the Frijoles cave dwellings they have
dug out of the tufa dust of 10 centiu-ies bodies swathed in woven cloth, but tiie^
bodies are of a medium race, 5 to 6 feet. You have only to look at Zeke to know that
he is not, as we understand the word, an Indian. Was he an ancestor of the Aztecs or
the Toltecs?

After dwelling on the difference between the cliff dwellers anà these
Lilliputian cave people, speculating as to the reasons for their selecti^^"
of such homes and as to how they came to be wiped out of exi-^^ence,
the author continues:

What did they eat, and how did they live, these ancient people, who wor^ ^'^^^'
cloth at an era when Aryan races wore skins? Like all desert races they were j%*>^?'^
meat eaters, and the probabilities are that fish was tabiX)ed. You find remainí» ^'Pf^
in the caves, but these are chiefly feather decorations, prayer phmies to waft p^^^^^^ ^

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PAX AMERICA IN THE MAGAZINES. 729

to the gods, or bones used as tools. On the other hand, there is abundance of dried corn
in the caves, of gourds and squash seeds; and every cave has a meta to or grinding
stone. In many of the caves there are alcoves in the solid wall where meal was stored ;
and of water jars, urns, ollas, there are remnants and whole pieces galore. It is thought
that these people used not only yucca fiber for weaving, but some species of hemp and
cotton, for there are tatters and strips of what must have been cotton or linen. You see
it in the accumulation of volcanic ash. The dry climate and this volcanic ash easily
account for the long duration of mere cloth.

Near many of the ruins is a huge empty basin or pit, which must have been used as a
reservoir in which waters were impounded during siege of war. Like conies of the
rocks or beehives of modem skyscrapers, these denizens lived. The most of the mum-
mies have been found in sealed-up chambers at the backs of the main houses, but these
could hardly have been general biuying places, for comparatively few mummies have
yet been found, whereas great ossuaries have been located on the high isolated plateau.
\^Tio, then, were these mummies placed in sealed vaults to the rear of the dwellings?
Perhaps a favorite father, brother, or sister; perhaps a governor of the tribe who per-
ished during siege and could not be taken out to the common burial ground.

The author's fine word painting of the scenic wonders of tl is sec-
tion of the Southwest, and her descriptions of the attractions it
offers to the lover of sport, as well as to the archaeologist and ethnolo-
gist, are calculated to arouse a yearning in the soul of the reader to
behold these wonders with his own eyes, and if the great Southwest
does not become a mecca for tourists it will not be the fault of Agnes
C. Laut.

'* Summer Resorts of Lima," in the February issue of Peru To-Day
(Lima, Peru), is a short illustrated article giving a list of the delight-
ful little resorts along the celebrated Oroya Railway line. Among
these are mentioned Huacho, Ancón, La Punta, Magdalena, Mira-
flores, Barranco, Chorillos, and Chosica, as offering their attractions
every day of the season to the fortunate Limanians, which season, by
the way, extends from January to January. The author wiites:

The rapid growth and ever-increasing popularity of thepe suburban towns with
their rows of garden villas set along the cliffs or quiet streets, their picturesque walkn
and promenades lined with palms, ficus, and jacarandás, and the convenient bathinj?
and dining establishments, is bound to prove in the future a valuable asset to the
many other attractions of the Peruvian capital and become a strong drawing card for
men and money to the rich region about Callao Bay.

••An Important Presidential Message," in the same number of this
magazine, is a translation of the message of President Billinghurst,
which deals in a comprehensive, clear, concise, and frank manner
with the financial condition of the Peruvian Government.

•'William Wheelwright** is the title of a biographical sketch which
appears in the March issue of the London Times South American
Supplement. The sketch is given under the broad title, ^'English-
men in South America, '' and the Times calmly appropriates Wheel-
wright for Great Britain, presumably because *'in later life he avowed
8626a— Bull. 5—13 6

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WILLIAM WHKKLWRKÎHT,

North American cajitain of industry in Latin Amerii^, an appreciative biographical sketch of
whom a|>pcars in the March issue of the London Times' South American Supplement.

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PAX AMERICA IX THE MAiiAZIXES. 731

himself an Enojlishman by adoption/' He really went to London
when in his 75th year, beeause of ill health and for the purpose of
securing expert medical treatment. He died there on tlxe 28th of
September, 1873, after a residence of only a few months, and his
remains were transported to his native land, to be interred in Oak
Hill Cemetery, in the town of his birth, Xewburj^port, Massachusetts.
Having been born, reared, and educated in the United States, and
his life's activities given to the countries of South America after he
reached the age of 24, would seem to indicate that he was an Ameri-
can. Perhaps dying in London made him an Englishman. Be
that as it may, the Times does justice to the remarkable energy and
constructive genius of the man, vide its opening paragraph:

The founder of the Pacific Steam Xavipatioii Co. did more, perhaps, than any other
man to bring Great Britain into contact with the Republics of the west coast. He
spent much of his active life in the River Plate. He was bom in the United States;
in later life he avowed himself an Englishman by adoption; his biography was written
by an Argentino; Peru recognizes him as a benefactor; his statue stands in a public
square at Valparaiso. But his best monument is the line of steamboats of which he
was the originator. Never was a more signal example of the cosmopolitan captain
of industry throwing his Anglo-Saxon energy into various channels in many lane's.
But the two countries which owe him most are England and (bile, and his work forn s
one of the many bonds which link the United Kingdom with the progressive Repi blic
of the South Pacific. His pregnant activities may be summed up in a few words:
**He gave steam navigation to the Pacific; he gave railways to C hile; and he initiated
the Chilean coal industry."

^'Japanese Emigration to Sonth America," in the Times, South Ameri-
can Supplement for March 25, is an article by one of its Tokyo corre-
spondents which shows something of Japan's activities in openint;
new fields for colonization, particularly in South America. The cor-
respondent writes :

There is a great deal of interest being taken in Japan at present in emigration to
South America. An emigration steamer is shortly to leave for Brazil, and the Morioka
E^migration Co., in conjunction with tho Toyo Kisen Kaisha Steamship Co., is at
present recruiting emigrants for Peru. The emigrant has to make a payment of £14.
Out of this the emigration company tak^s £2 commission, consular fees are paid, and
the emigrant is given 30s. to land with; the balance is kej)t by the steamship com-
pany as fare. The port of arrival is Callao, and much of the work to be done is in the
immediate neighborhood of Lima. Sugar, coffee, cocoa, and cotton are mentioned
as the chief kinds of plantations, and it is also pointed out that there is a very large
opening for trade in fish. Fish abounds otf the coast, and a great deal of f:sh is con-
sumed (presumably imported salt fish), but up to the present the local fish indiií^try
seems to have been neglected. * * *

Japan has for some years turned her attention to Brazil as a field for Japanese labor,
and recent political events will have a marked influence on this. A\hen Prince
Katsura was premier some three years ago a company was formed under the auspices
of the minister for agriculture and commerce. Viscount Oura, to acquire some go(»d
agricultural land in the State of Sao Paulo, Brazil, and to settle a number of Japanese
upon it. Since the recent fall of the Saionji cabinet Prince Katsura has again been
premier, Viscount Oura having the h<»ir.o office, and on January 13 a large meeting was

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STATUE OF WILLIAM WHEELWRIGHT.

Thb statue was erected in Valparaiso. Chile, iii 1876, funds for
this purpose having \yeen obtained by jK>'pular substTiptions in
Chile and the Argentine Republic. One of the principal advo-
cates of perpétuât ing the memorv of Mr. Wheehvright through
the erection of this statue was the late Dr. J. B. Alberdi, the
distinguished Argentine statesman, alluded to in the London
Times' South Ameriran Supplement in its biographical sketch
of Wh^H"! Wright.

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PAN AMERICA IN THE MAGAZINES. 733

held àt the premier's official residence in order to proceed with this scheme. A large
tract of land has been leased from the State of Sao Paulo, and it is now hoped to send
out some 2,000 Japanese families to settle there. The president of the Nippon Yusen
Kaisha Steamship Co., Baron Kondo, is on the committee, as are several prominent
biLsiness men, so that with this backing the scheme should be a great success. The
Brazilian Government is very much in favor of it, and has offered to do all it can to
help in every way.

Emigration of Japanese to Brazil has been going on for some time, but this State-
aided scheme of sending out farmers and their families to land leased by Japanese
owners will give a better status to the Japanese in Brazil, and should give an impulse
to the whole emigration movement. Wherever the writer went in Brazil there was
always a cry of falta de bracos, and it is indeed labor that is wanted to open up and
make productive much of this magnificent land.

** Brazilian Shipping'' is the title given to an interesting article in
the Times' South American Supplement of March 25. Some idea
of the remarkable growth of the import and export trade of Brazil
may be had from the following:

The large and growing export and import trade of Brazil, which has increased from
£58.300.000 in 1900 to £1 19,780,000 during 1911 , finds employment for a very extensive
trading fleet, in which vessels of nearly every nationality are found. The vessels
entering and leaving Brazilian ports may be subdivided into two sections — those to and
from oversea countries and those to and from Brazilian and other South American
ports — essentially a coasting traffic. The latter is the larger in number, but is only
of about one-third the tonnage of the former. Practically the whole of the latter is
in Brazilian hands.

Over 4,500 foreign steam trading vessels enter Brazilian ports annually, together
with a small number of sailing vessels, the average during recent years being only 350.
The largest number both of steamers and sailing vessels are British (over 50 per cent
of the former), and it is noteworthy that, although the trade between Brazil and the
United States is a very considerable one, only a few American steamers and sailing
ships — not more than 10 during recent years — enter Brazilian ports. The United
States, Japan, and Greece form a group with an aggregate of about 12 to 15 steamers
and sailing vessels engaged in the Brazilian trade annually.

Germany has the second largest number of vessels engaged in the trade, about 1,000
steamers and 35 to 40 sailing vessels. France and Italy follow with about 400 and 336
steamers, respectively, Italy having also about 30 sailing vessels. Austria and Hol-
land send, respectively, 155 and 165 steamers to Brazil. Other nations are repre-
sented by a very small number of trading vessels. Belgium has about 12, Denmark
about 9 or 10 steamers and over 30 sailing vessels, Spain some 85 steamers, and Norway
over 100 sailing vessels and 28 steamers. The Swedish trading fleet entering Brazilian
ports numbers 25 steamers and 7 sailing vessels. * * *

The largest oversea tonnage of both steamers and sailing vessels is British, the recent
average being nearly 6,800,000 tons. It is noteworthy that, large as this tonnage is,
it is less than that of the Brazilian coasting trade. The German tonnage is the second
largest, approximating to 2,900,000 tons annually. The French and Italian are
rauch smaller, being only some 1,350,000 and 1,100,000 tons, respectively. The
Dutch tonnage is about 500,000 annually, the Austrian only slightly exceeds 400,000,
and the Spanish is below 250,000 tons.

**Activity in Colombian Placers" is the title of the leading editorial
in The Engineering and Mining Journal (505 Pearl Street, New
York) of March 8, 1913. After noting the fact that Colombian

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784 THK PAX AMERICAN UNION.

placers are coininti in for increased attention and on a more sensible
basis than some of the earlier attempts at placer mining in that
country, the editor continues:

For a number of year.-» ihore have been numerous abortive atleraptf !o work ihe
I)Iac(»r.-i of Colombia. Many of the?H» eiforli* have failed be(^Ui*e of the shorti^i^hteduer^
of iheir j)n>moter.<; enlerprisi^ were .«tarted with inadequate capital or with in?uffi-
eient technical direction or without con"* i deration of climatic conditionp, either as
rcpinlM í1(mmL-« or a?* anectin*? the health and efficiency of the operator?. Failure for
twM of the."*<» wa,* fored(K)med. Attempt.^ were made by another claÃ« of operator?
who attempted to foHow the native.»* and handle jrround that had already been worked
by the latter, perhaj).-! heveral times, either in modern or earlier dayr». Natumlly
the foreigner had no advantage in t!uch ground and the eíiortá to find rich pockeíí or
unworked playa.^ have met with indiffèrent succe.'*."^; when a strike waí* made its price
wa«i usually lost in .subsequent fruitier-* work.

After i^ointj into some detail as to the character of gravels, location,
etc., of the best properties and briefly outlining the progress and
prospects of the companies actively engaged in the industry, the
editor concludes with the following general survey of the situation:

From the jM)int of view of stable i>olitical conditions Colombia ¡8 one of the be¿=l of
the South American Rej)ublics, and with its liberal laws should soon attract capital
f«)r the development of ití* natural resources — both mineral and agricultural. Its tvro
great watersheds, the Magdalena in the center and the Atrato on the west, are iu>t
now receiving much attention, the Magdalena and its tributaries for placer gold and
the Atrato for both gold and platinum. A little attention has been given to the mining
of other metals, but on account of difficulties of trans]X)rt away from the natural water
highways lode raining in general must await its pioneer sister, placer mining, ^heii
the latter shall have drawn experienced operators into the country and the gravel?
are beginning to be worked out, attention will doubtless be directed to the copper,
silver, and gold lodes of which reports are occasionally received. For the present,
however, attention will be directed mainly to the placers, and if these efíorts are
successful it is likely that the next decade will be principally occupied \rilh this
f )rm of mining, leaving the lo<le deposits for later attention.

The Amazon ' Valley Indians is the title of an interesting
open letter written to The Springfield Sunday Republican by Mr.
George R. Witte, retired missionary of the Presbyteiian Boiir^l of
Missions. The eommunication, which appears in the Februt^ry -3
issue of The Republican, was caUed forth by the press accounts of the
ex[)edition to the Amazon Valley fitted out by the University Musí^u^^^
of Philadel])hia, a branch of the University of Pennsylvania, atit' the
writer takes occasion to express his doubts as to the reliability oi
the account of the experiences and observations of Mr. Algot I^^ii?^
relative to a tribe of Intlians called the Mangaromas^ as set out in
Mr. Langes book, '^In the Amazon Jungle." Mr. Lange sayr^ t^^^
he spent some five months at Floresta, the headquarters of a verr 1^^?^
rubber estate on the Javary River, and that he accompanied a fi^"^"
expedition which left the headquarters to penetrate into hitherto
unknown depths of the eastern forests of Brazil for the purpo-^í* oí

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PAX AMERICA IN THE MAGAZINES. 735

hunting and locating new rubber tre:\s. After two of his companions
hîi'l died, one from beriberi and the other from the bite of a poison-
ous snake, Lange was rescued from death by starvation and ilhiess
b^' some Indians whom he calls the Mangáronlas. Ile remained with
this tribe for about two months, and, among his other statements
relative to their modes of living, customs, etc., is the one that these
Indians made a practice of eating certain portions of their enemies
killed in battle. It is this assertion of the existence of cannibalism
that Mr. Witte takes exception to and concerning which he writes:

With all respect to Mr. Lange, whom I do not know. I must confess that I was
earnestly desirous that this assertion of canni])alism among Brazilian Indians might
for once he authoritatively settled. During my si?t years' stay in the Amazon Basin,
living four of the six years among Indians and virtually out of all touch with civiliza-
tion, I have come to dou ht tliat there are any such trilles now in existence. I know
that charges of cannihalism are occasionally made by travelers and traders, those of
the former class being generally based on hearsay and those of the latter l)eing often
made. I fear, to cover up their ow^n villainous misdeeds. * * *

My first journey in Brazil (1898-99; in the interest of the Indians was taken up
with a voyage on the Tocantins to the center of the State of Goyaz, which is the only
State in Brazil not bordering either on the coast or any foreign frontier, and which is
therefore appropriately termed the heart .of Brazil. Thence I returned overland
through the States of Piauhy and Maranhan, visiting various Indian tribes, some partly
civilized and others wild. A part of this journey has been interestingly described l)y
William Azel Cook in a volume published by the American Tract Society under the
title "By Canoe, Horseback, and Raft Through the Wilderness of Brazil.'' * * *

My subsequent jounieys, twice by way of the Rio Xegro. once by the Essequibo. and
once by the Demarara River across British Guiana, were conhned to the northern
section of the Amazon River system. * * *

The writer gives the details of the route he traveled, which, how-
ever, did not embrace the territory dealt with in Lange's book, and
continues as follows:

Coming back to the question of cannibalism. I would like to set over against Mr.
Lange's assertions the statements of some noted travelers before mentioning my own
experiences. Spix and Martins explored the Tocantins for a distance of 1.200 miles
in the forties of the last century and left the records of their explorations, made under
the auspices of the Austrian Government, in three magnificent volumes. Prince
Adalbert of Prussia, with Count Bismarck (a cousin of the Iron Chancellor), explored
the Xingu in the fifties. Messrs. Ehrenreich and von den Steinen spent two years in
the upper reaches of the Xingu and in Matto Grosso alîout lõ years ago. Henry
Coudreau went up the Tapajoz at least as far as the first series of cataracts, the desi-rip-
tion of his journey l)eing published by the Goverimient of Para. Kellar and his engi-
neri'ing companions of the Mamore-Beni Railway project have superl>ly painted tlie
Madeira River territory both by pen and pencil. Herndon and Smith, of the Unite<l
States Navy, explored the far west tributaries of the Maranon. and Robert Wallace,
still living, spent three whole years on the Rio Negro l)efore the days of steam naviga-
tion. Not one of these gentlemen makes mention of ever having encountered cannil)al
Indians. * * «

Ba.*<ing my opinion on facts like these. I extremely regret that the Pennsylvania
expedition should not have made it its first oliject either to verify or contradict the
alleged existence of man-eating aborigines in the heart of South America. 1 shall

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736 THE PAN AMEBICAX UNION.

take uo man's unsupported testimony on that score as final; and since Mr. Lange begins
the romantic part of his story with a statement of his complete physical collapse I pre-
fer to believe that the closing chapters of his book, which deal with his sojoimi among
the Mangaromas and his thrilling participation in their battle with the Peruvians, is
the aftermath of a r<»grettable hallucination, resulting from his breakdown.

"Hawaii and the Panama Canal," by Elmer E. Paxton, in the Mid-
Pacific Magazine (Honolulu, Hawaii), is an article dealing with the
commercial and material benefits the islands of the Pacific may expect
to reap from the opening of the Panama Canal. In this connection
the author writes:

Four thousand six hundred miles westward from Panama lie the Hawaiian Islande,
the "Croseroads of the Pacific," and America's greatest future navrai base. These
islands are unique in their location with relation to ocean routes, in their climatic
and scenic attractions and in their material resources, considering limited area and
population. The opening of the canal is therefore a matter of keenest interest Vo
everyone in Hawaii who has a feeling of patriotic pride in great national achievements,
who realizes the important part these islands will play in the national defense, and
who looks forward to the great commercial and material benefits which will accrue
to the territory under vastly improved transportation facilities * * * .

Hawaii now exports annually $46,000,000 worth of products to the mainland of the
United Stales, about three-fifths of which goes to the Atlantic seaboard. Practically
all of this freight is now transported by steamer to Salina Cruz, Mexico, thence by
rail across the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, and then again by steamer to destination.
\Miile this route is a great improvement over the long and uncertain voayge around
Cape Horn, or the expensive route overland, the large amount of storage and rehand-
ling across Mexico will be eliminated when the all- water route is opened through the
canal. This will mean quicker delivery, less waste, more steamer lines and con-
sequently lower rates of freight.

Paraguay is the name of an interesting monthly journal, pub-
lished in English, which made its initial bow last October in Asuncion,
the progressive capital of the Republic of Paraguay. Its editor, Mr.
W. II. Truss, is to be congratulated on the character of the articles
and tlie general excellence of his magazine. In the United States
increasing interest is being felt in the development of the rich natural
resources of Paraguay. That great undeveloped section of the
country known as the Chaco offers wonderful opportunities for agri-
cultural and pastoral industries, and all that is needed to bring an
influx of foreign capital to develop its resources is that these opportuni-
ties may be pubhshed to the world. North American capitalists
have recently invested largely in tliis section and are starting an
era of progress by their activities. In an article in the November
Paraguay, appearing under the title ^^Development of Paraguay,"
we note the following:

^fr. G. L. Rickard, manager and also a director of the Paraguay Land & Cattle Co-
reached Asuncion during the current month after an extensive tour in the "Chaco
Paraguayo," where his company has acquired a large tract of land for agricultural
and pastoral purposes.

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738 THE PA^' AMERICAN UNION.

Tho f'.rination (.f s'!<h a (-(impany, after a careful sliîdy of the land condirion:^ of
the (•(»nntr\' and all itt* p'».^iihi!ities, at the present moment shows how responsible
pe;>ph' have f(»r some time síik e had Paraguay under observation.

The Republic^ ean not but derive immense advantajre by the establishment of this
company, and the methods beinij adi-pted by Mr. Rirkard leave no room for doubt as
t(i the jireat fntun» of this enterprise. Paraguay is now starting a new era.

Hef(»r(» the j>urchase by the Paraguay I^nd &. Cattle Co. the.e large tracts of Chaco
land wen' in the haiulsof foreign owners, who had secured them fora song some iwemy-
odd y(*ars ago and have been exjxnting their value to increase as did land in the
Argentine and in Hrazil; or, in other words, to make a fortune sleeping. These
owners did nothing to develop their estates, nor was there ever a cent spent on their
improvement, and they had become a source of national danger until North Ameri-
can initiative stepjKMl in, which practically means the oi>ening up of unknown and
uninliabiied regions, a work of high civilization, resulting in an influx of immigration
and circulation of capital.

Within the next few days will arrive .«iome 20 or more North American cowboys,
engased by Mr. Rickard as fi 'remen (*f the (*attle ranch, and ^s soon as possible after
their arrival the c(mipany's lu.ldings will be equippetl with the most modem facilities
re<piired for a large stock ranch.

♦»Access to Paraguay," a short article in the same issue of Paraguay,
t^ives the foHowin^ information relative to means of reachin^j
Asuncion :

At present there is but one way tt) reach Paraguay; that is via Buenas Aires, where
one may cIkh'M» betwecMi an overland ora water route. A weekly train service lea vins
I^ Corze Station, Rueños Aires, every Satu.rday at 9 a. m., performs the journey lo
Asuncion in SO hours, and witliin the next few mont lis the ferryboat service, cnxssing
t he River Parana from Ptij^adas on the Argentine bank to En(*arnacion on the Paraguay
bank, will be completed, making it pos.'^ible to do the journey without aliirhting from
the train in about 5(i hours.

Dining and sleeping cars of the very latest improvements, combined with first-class
accommodation, built with every modern idea for ease and comfort, perform this
service.

Steamers leave Ruen(w* Aires four times a week — Sundays, Tuesdays, Thursdays,
and Saturdays — direct for Asuncion.

**Tlie South Pacific Mail*' (Valparaiso, Chile) in its February 19
issue hitó the followinji, under the title "The Chuquicamata Copper
Mines."

The recent purchase of extensive mining properties at Chuquicamata, in the Prov-
ince of Anlofagasta. by "The Chile Exploration Co.," which is contmîled by Messrs
A. C. Rurrage and (îuggenheim Bros., of New York, is now a matter of general knowl-
edge, and considerable interest has been aroused by the announcement.

In view of the important effect this transaction will undoubtedly have on the future
coi)[)er production of Chile, it is of interest to give stmie particulars of the new enter-
prise.

The ])ro}>erties secured by the American financiers include some 50 to 101) mine;»,
the price p.ud being tlSO.OOO. They are situated at an altitude of 8.846 feel above
sea level and are tu])ped by a branch railway 10 miles in length, extendmg from ki'o-
meler 2."yJ on the Antofagasta and Bolivia Railway. Prior to the purchase the pn»p-
erty was minuleh- surveyed by competent engineers, with Keystone drills brought
from the I'niled States especially for the purpose.

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PAN AMERICA IN THE MAGAZINES. 739

As a result of the engineering tests, it is estimated that the deposits contain no less
than 103.000,000 tons of ore, assaying from 1 J to IJ per cent copper, which would give
an output equivalent to If million tons of fine copper, valued at £105.000.000.

The syndicate expect to produce 10,000 tons of ore per day. or about G2,500 tons of
copper annually, which is almost double the actual output from the whole of the
copper mines of Chile. Once this production is obtained, as well as the full produc-
tion at the Braden Copper Co.'s mines. Rancagua, which is also controlled by Messrs.
Guggenheim, then Chile will rank as the second copper-producing country of the
world, the United States being first.

** Progress of Mining in Colombia," by Silas Wright, in the Engineer-
ing and Mining Journal (New York), for February 22, 1913, is an
account of the progress and production of the various gold, silver,
and platinum mines of the Department of Antioquia, Colombia, for
the year 1912.

The following paragraph, concluding the article, gives the author's
advice to prospective investors:

Any minmg venture in Antioquia requii-es considerable capital, even if only for
a small hydraulic-elevator plant, and the man with small capital is not likely to be
able to bring his enterprise to a profitable stage of production. Most of the mining
grounds and veins have been located, and one must therefore deal with the owners,
and the prices asked are far above what mere prospects are worth. Howe ver,- there are
excellent chances here for those who come with funds, experience, and other requisites
for successful mining. With the building of railroads, such, for instance as the Antio-
quia, connecting the Magdalena River with Medellin, now being completed, together
with the building of new river steamers for the Cauca, Xechi, and Atrato Rivers, the
mining regions will become more accessible and freight transportation less costly, and
the betterment of traveling facilities is sure to cause a stimulation and expansion of
the mining industry of Antioquia.

**Sanitation of the Isthmus,'' by Joseph Bucklin Bishop, secretary of
the Isthmian Canal Commission, in Scribner's Magazine for Febru-
ary, is a comprehensive article dealing with the historj^ of the fight
against yellow fever and malaria m Cuba and Panama. Mr. Bishop
goes into the details of the experiments conducted by the United
States Army commission in Cuba in 1900 and 1901. It is to the
heroic self-sacrificing work of these surgeons — Walter Reed, James
Carroll, Jesse W. Lazear, and Aristides Agramonte — and to the heroism
of the 3'oung soldiers who vohmtarily offered themselves as subjects
for their experiments that the world owes its victory over one of the
greatest scourges knowTi to mankind. Dr. Carlos J. Finlay, of Ha-
bana, had been the first to jîositively assert that the disease was trans-
mitted from one person to another through the bite of the germ-
carrying mosquito, lut the theory had lacked the confirmation of
systematic experiment until this commission set to work. The theory
once established and the fact that the only medium of transmission
is the female stegomyia being ascertained, it remahied for Col. W. C.
Gorgas to conduct the most wonderful camj)aign agamst the most

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740 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.

dreaded of tropical diseases. IILs success in Habana placed him at
the head of the department of Sanitation on the Isthmus of Panama.
As a resuh of this work there has not been a single case of yellow fever
on the Isthmus since December, 1905, which originated there. The
few sporadic cases which have occurred were all brought in from other
ports, and in each instance the patient has leen segregated and there
has been no infection of others. To appreciate the extent of the task
accomplished by Col. Gorgas and his staff one must read such an
article as that of Mr. Bishop.

**The Mineral Resources of Chile/' in the Mexican Mining Journal for
March,. 1913, is a partial reproduction of ^ít. Charles L. Harrmgton's

ENTRANCE TO A COAL MINE AT LOTA, CHILE.

article in the Colorado School of Mines Magazine. The location,
activity, and prospects of copper, nitrate, gold, lead, iron, and coal
mines are briefly dealt A\'ith, while incidental mention is made of the
tin, tungsten, and borax mining industries. According to Mr. Har-
rington, Chile, the largest copper producing countrj^ in South Amer-
ica, has furnished about one-third of the world^s supply for more than
60 years. One of the largest copper mining companies, located south-
west of Valparaiso in the Andes, is said to have a production of
40,000,000 pounds of copper a year. It is capitalized at $14,000,000.
In 1911 Chile's total copper production amounted to 87,635,000
pounds.

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PAX AMERICA IN THE MAGAZINES. 741

'* Banking Laws and Methods of Cuba/' by William H. Morales, sec-
retaxy National Bank of Cuba, is a comprehensive and yet concise com-
pilation of banking and business laws and customs which obtain in
the island Republic, published in the February number of The Cuba
Review (82-92 Beaver Street, New York City). The information
contained in these five printed pages is such as is needed by ever}'
man who expects to do business in Cuba or with Cuban merchants.
Having as yet had no opportunity for comparison with the original
texts, we are unable to vouch for the accuracy of Mr. Morales's com-
pilation in all its details, but presume it to be reasonably correct.

'^ Das Saniernngswerk der Nordamerikaner anf Gnba and in Panama,''
by Dr. Otto Lutz, professor of the National Institute, Panama, is an
article in the January 15 issue of Sud-u. Mit tel Amerika (Berlin, W.
35 Lutzowstrasse 102-104) which deals with the remarkable work of
the United States Army surgeons in freeing Habana, and subse-
quently Panama, from the terrible yellow-fever scourge. Dr. Lutz
goes into the matter with the characteristic German thoroughness,
deals \vith the history of the disease in tropical America from the
time when Columbus first noted the fact that some of his men con-
tracted a disease which turned them ''yellow as safron,'' down to the
re^^ent past when the experiments of Dr. Finlay, of Cuba, subsequently
verified by those of Dr. Reed and other American surgeons, estab-
lished the fact that the female Stegomyia was the transmitter of the
dreaded infection. The wonderfully eflicient work of Col. Gorgas in
the sanitation of Habana and his more recent triumph at Panama is
dealt uâth at some length, and the sanitaiy measures which made
possible the successful completion of the canal are treated with con-
siderable detail. The contrast between the American methods of
dealing with the problem of tropical diseases and those of the French
is shown in some startling facts and statistics. The percentage of
deaths from yellow fever among all classes of employees during the
French régime is appalling. That the unhealthy conditions pre-
vailing in the Canal Zone during the French occupation, conditions
which they seemed unable to ameUorate, were largely responsible for
their disastrous failure goes without saying.

To anyone desiring to learn something of the details of the most
stupendous sanitation work ever undertaken, a work without which
the greatest engineering feat know^n to the world would have been
impossible, we commend Dr. Lutz's two articles in the January 15
and 29 issues of Sud-und Mittel Amerika.

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Early Man in South America. Bulletin 52 of the Bureau of American Ethnol()<;y,
Wai^hington. 1). ('. 400 pp., (>8 platen, illun.

Five yearM a^.> the Bun»au of American Ethnology published a bulletin on "Skeletal
BemainH Sugyrestinp or Attributed to Early Man in North America," based on the
n'Hearch(»:* of Dr. Alen Hrdlicka, Curator of Physical Anthropology in the United
Statt^t* National Museum. There has re<*ently appeared in similar form, under the
title of 'Early Man in South America," a ré.-^uméof the investigations of Dr. Hrdlicka,
in c(»llaboration with Mr. \V. H. Holmes, head curator of the Department of Anthro-
p(»logy in the Uniteil States National Museum, Mr. Bailey Willis of the United State?
(iet)logical Survey, and Messrs. Frt»d Eugene Wright and Clarence E. Fenner, of the
(ieophysical laboratory of the Carnegie Institution of Washington.

Even before the c(mipletion of hL< report (m ancient man in North America, Dr-
Hrdlicka be<'ame intereste<l in the evidence bearing on the corresponding problem in
South America, and subsequently, at the suggestion of Mr. W. H. Holmes, he was
sent by the àS(H'n»tar\' of the Smithsonian Institution, to visit Argentina for the pur-
p<»se of making a study at first hand (»f the available material and an investigation o^
the most pHímúíing regions.

In view of the imjK)rtant position occupied by geology in studies of this nature,
Mr. Bailey Willis, of the Unite<l States GeoU^gical Survey, was cho«en to accompany
Dr. Hrdlika.

The chief obje<'ts of the expedition were: The examination of the skeletal remain
relating to early man in Brazil and Argentina; the study of the principal localities
and deposits fnan which these finds came; and, if possible, the collection of osseous»
archéologie, and other specimens bearing on the subject of man's antiquity.

The party reached Argentina early in May, 1910. Dr. Hrdliòka spent two months
in that country, while Mr. WillL* remained somewhat longer, nearly all of thLs time
b(*ing given to the researches rtn'orded in the report. The work was greatly facili-
tatwl by several of the l(K'al men of wience, and the authors express warm apprecia-
tion for the valuable assistance thus rendered. Several localities in Buenos Aire<
where hx'al exposures could be studied, including the dr\' dwk where the "Dipro-
thomo" skull had been found some time before, were carefully examined. On May
lM the party set out for the coast, where important specimens had been discovered,
and a few days later were joined at Mar del Plata by the late Pn)f. Florentino Ame-
ghino and his brother Carlos, whi) assisted the expedition materially, accompanying:
Dr. Hrdlicka and Mr. Willis for more than three weeks from place to place on the
cna^t, and to several inland points of interest.

After the completion of a general survey, Dr. Hrdliòka visited the Valley of the
Hi(» Negro, whence came several fossil crania many years ago, while Mr. Willis pro-
ceeded to Arroyo Siasgo and Alvear, to study the geology of these Territories and
several specimens of baked earth supposed to be the product of ancient human
industry. Early in July both explorers met again in Buenos Aires, and after fini"*hing
their work in that regi»)n started for Ovejen), aUx-ality in northwestern Argentina that
has come into ])rominence in the last few years through its yield of human bones;
they also vL^ited Tucuman, San Juan, and ^iendoza. Dr. Hrdliòka then proceeded
to Peru, while Mr. Willis returned to Buenos Aires.

The reseaches occupied nearly three months. Every specimen relating to anciei:t
man that could be found was examined and every important locality was investigated.
Unfortimately the general results of the inquiry are not in harmohy with claims previ-
ously made by the various authors who reported the several finds. On the contrary
742

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BOOK NOTES. 743

the roncluíion was reached that to the p^e^sent time the evidence is unfavorable to
the hypothesis of man's great antiquity, especially as to the existence of ver>' early
predece3s<irs of the Indian in South America; nor does it sustain the theories of the
evolution of man in general, or even that of an American race alone, in the southern
continent. The facts gathered attest everywhere merely the presence of the already
differentiated and relatively modern American Indian. This should not be taken
as a categorical denial of the existence of early man in South America, however
improbable such a conclusiim may now api>ear; but the position is maintained that
the final acceptance of the evidence on this subject can not be justified until there is
accumulated a mass of strictly scientific observaticms, requisite in kind and volume,
to establish a proposition of so great importance.

The expedition secured numerous geological, paleontological, and anthropological
specimens, some of which throw^ light on the question under investigation. All these
specimens have been deposited in the United States National Museum for further
study, and exhibition. C.

Venezuela. By Leonard V. Dalton, B. Sc. (Lond.). With a map and 34 illustrations.
London: 1 . Fisher Unwin. New York: (charles Scribner's Sons. 1912. Large
12mo. 320 pp. Price 10s. 6d. (say, $2.50).

This book is one of the latest of "The South American Series" issued by the pub-
lishers, in London, and in New York, preceeding volumes having dealt with Argentina,
Mexico, Chile, Brazil, and Uniguay. There are 18 chapters and 5 appendixe««, with a
ver>' complete bibliography covering the different phases of the subject matter of the
various chapters. Beginning with the "Physical Description of the United States
of Venezuela," the author examines the geological history; the fauna and flora; the
condition of the country before and during the Spanish rule; the development of the
Republic; the aborigines; modem Venezuela; and concludes with a succinct analysis
of the several States, the development of the Republic, present means of communica-
tion and transport, and a judicious estimate of the probable future. Taking the book
from cover to cover, it presents the most complete guide to Venezuela that has yet been
publi^ihed. The author has the happy faculty of expressing his views clearly, and
at the same time of avoiding opinions on matters that are not at all understood by
the general reader, but which are still the subject of ccmtroversy by students of
history and politics. While it has been impossible for him to enter into elaborate
detail, he has prepared what may be called a guidebook to Venezuela, in which facts
as to climate, industry-, travel conditions, natural opportunities, and general char-
acteristics are set out clearly before the reader. The illustrations are almost all
attractive and well done. The naap at the back of the volume, unfortunately, lacks
in sharpness, and however accurate it may be, it appears so sketchy that errors are
apt to occur in interpreting its indications. A. H.

Copyright: Its History and Its Law. Being a summary of the principles and prac-
tice of copyright, with special reference to the American Code of 1909 and the
British act of 1911. By Richard Rogers Bowker. Boston and Xew York,
Houghton, Mifflin Co., 1912. 709 pp., of which 247 are appendices and index.
$5 net.

The author of this work is the able and painstaking editor of the Publishers' Weekly,
lie is the first vice president of the American Copyright League, and to him perhaps
as much as any other single man is due the awakening of the American conscience,
and in particular the conscience of that small but potent body of Americans known
as the Congress of the United States, to the rights of intellectual property internation-
ally considered. The result of this awakening was the paasage of the act of Congress
approved on the last day of his term by President Roosevelt, March 4, 1909.

Neither the author of this book nor the Copyright League, of which he was one of
the founders and is one of the most active officials, nor the other friends of literary
and artistic property rights, who for so long a time and so persistently contended
against international piracy of these rierhts, are in any way responsible for the "manu-

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744 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.

fac'turing" clausivs of the act of 1909. The author continúes to fight on the old lines
for universal recoijnition of intelleitual property rights without restriction. In fact,
his book, vnewtnl largely, Lm an argument, and a very able one, for the propoeition
that a man'a ownership in the creations of his brain should be no less secure nor less
enforced than is his ownership of the coat on his back or the coin in his pocket.

Toward this ideal Mr. Bowker recognizes the Pan American conventions of Mexico,
1902, of Rio de Janeiro, 1906, and of Buenos Aires, 1910, as being steps forward, even
in advance of the Berne convention, of 1856, and the Berlin convention, of 1908.
The Pan Ameri(*an conventions were signed ad referendum by the delegates from
all or nearly all the American Republics to the Second, Third, and Fourth Interna-
tional Conferences of the American States meeting in Mexico City, Rio de Janeiro,
and Buenos Aires. The United States Senate approved the convention of Mexico in
April, 1908, and the convention of Buenos Aires in February, 1911. It has not
approved the Rio convention.

It is to be regretted that among the appendices to the author's work he has not,
along with the EnglLsh version, given the French or Spanish version of the Buenos
Aires convention. Of course, Mr. Bowker was precluded from making an independ-
ent translation into English of the text of any of the other idioms by the fact that the
Engliah, French, Spanish, and Portuguese versions of the convention are all made
originals and as such have equal weight. However, the English version is so very
bad as to leave cloudy and almost, if not entirely, meaningless ideas clearly and ade-
quately exprei«ed in the other idioms. For instance, the clause as to reciprocity
reads in the Spanish: "El reconocimiento del derecho de propiedad obtenido en un
Estado, de conformidad con sus leyes, siu*tirá de pleno derecho sus efectos en todos
los demás," etc. In the French: **La connaissance du droit de propriété obtener
dans un État, conformément à ses lois, produira de plein droit ses effets dans tous le?
autres." The Portuguese is equally well rendered. The English is: "The achnoicl-
edgmeni of a copyright obtained in one State, in conformity with its laws, úall
produce its effects of full right in all the other States."

The United States has not ratified the Berne and Berlin conventions. What is to
be the result of its ratification of the Buenos Aires convention? The author seems
tx) answer the question thus: *'\\Tien the Buenos Aires convention is ratified by other
powers (i. e., the other signatories) nothing more will then be required than the u^ual
application and deposit in Washington and notice of the reservation of rights, preferably
in connection with the copyright notice, of which 'all rights reserved for other coun-
tries' is the most comprehensive form" (p. 339); and "The ratification of the Buenos
Aires convention by the United States Senate, February 16, 1911, has the effect of
authorizing the President to proclaim reciprocal relations with other countries which
are parties to that treaty as each ratifies the convention" (p. 112).

Lawyers no doubt will be surprised, if the author be correct in his deductions, to
find tliat we. even in the restricted area of Latin America, are already so near full
international copyright without restrictions, for this is what the Buenos Aires conven-
tion means. A treaty is the supreme law of the land. About this there can be no
doubt. But how to apply this fundamental legal truism to this convention. Doe.-?
it, in so far as the two are inconsistent, repeal the provisions of the 1909 act? How
about the ''manufacturing" clauses? Is the Buenos Aires convention, admitting
that all formalities of proclamation, exchange of ratifications, etc., be complied with,
self-executing, and if so, to what extent? Does it require legislation by Congress to
make it effective, and if so. as to what provisions thereof and to what extent? In other
words, is it, as it stands and unsupported, anything more than a contract between tlie
ratif>'ing countries to which the citizens thereof are not privy?

There is a long line of decisions by the United States Supreme and Circuit Courts
treating of all of these questions. For instance, it has been held that the international
conventions for the protection of industrial property concluded at Paris, March 20,
1883, was in the nature of a contract between the parties thereto and is not self-execut-
ing; that it requires legislation by Congress to render it effective; that, wanting such

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BOOK NOTES. 745

legislation, tlie filing of an application for a patent in a foreign country gave no rights of
priority in this country; that wanting such legislation a foreigner could not file a caveat.
Qn the same lines the decision of Chief Justice Marshall in Foster v. Nelson (2 Pet., 253)
and of Justice McLean in Turner v. Baptist, etc. (5 McLean, 844), are interesting.

In writing this book the authcv seems, neither as a historian oi the law as it was nor
as a commentator of the law as it is, to lose sight of his brief for the law as it should be.
From the professional standpoint this, if it be true, is unfortunate, for from this stand-
point a law text writer should confine himself to expounding the law as he finds it and
from this standpoint also he should be careful to find all the law.

However, there are other standpoints, many of them, and from these the author
has written a very interesting book, which should have, and will have, if it fails not
of its promise, weight in bringing into effective operation, here and elsewhere, laws
for the suppression of all forms of literary and artistic piracy. W. G. W.

Illustrated Sonth America. By W. D. Boyce. Rand, McNally à Co., Chicago
and New York. 638 pages. Price, $2.50.

A most instructive and a hi|^ly entertaining book dealing with each South Ameri-
can country. Its varied and breezy style oí composition breathes of the vast plains
and mountains where it was written; for it is primarily a book from the fields, as
the author sent most of the original matter to his Chicago papers in the form of '*copy, "
which has now been collected in book form.

The writer of this review met the authcnr of the book in north Argentina and was
greatly impressed by the systematic and thorough methods of securing data and
information which the latter was pursuing. Mr. Boyce had with him a secretary,
a photographer, and a servant, and as the four gatherers of ^ts proceeded from place
to place, their preparation for the work was notewcnrthy and unequalled. The little
party proceeded to far interior sections, and their jaded appearance indicated that
some rough experiences had been passed through during their wanderings. With
his assistants the author visited the wilds of eastern Peru; traveled over Argentina
pampas to the yerba mate country of Paraguay; to the far-off Falklands; up the mighty
Amazon, the Magdalena, and other great water courses; visited numerous Indian
tribes and met the day laborers in niany sections of the continent, and in so doing
he kept his photographer busy, with the result that 500 splendid illustrations-
most all of which are new to the world — add a most attractive and charming feature
to the well-written text.

As a whole, the book commends itself to the public, but, of course, there are opin-
ions advanced that may not meet the approval of those of us who have spent years
with the Latin peoples. The author devoted more than a year to visiting South
America, but his work kept him wandering from country to country, which are quite
as different in many respects as are our own States, such as Maine and Arizona or
Minnesota and Florida. The matter is generally newsy rather than historic, and in
the language of the author, ^'the literary maimer as uneven and changeful as the
country and experiences through which the writer passed."

The author of the book being a man of wealth and a seasoned traveler of many
sections of the world, as well lis one of the country's most active and leading pub-
lishers, his book should be read by all who are interested in the better acquaintance
and friendship between the peoples of the two continents, now about to be rent
asunder that we may become better acquainted.

' All over South America Mr. Boyce received many honors at the hands of officials
of the various Governments who paved the way for his extended wanderings, which
in the end furnish much matter and numerous pictures of life and conditions fax
from civilizing infiuences; while his visits to the great cities and commercial centers
offered opportunities and subjects which have been most admirably as well as inter-
estingly treated. Dlustrated South America should find its way to our libraries and
reading rooms, and its pages will do much to increase and inspire our interest in the
progress and welûje of our neighbors of the great southern continent. W. A. R.

86268— Bull. 5—13 7

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.SUBJECT MITER DE CONSILAR REPim

MBPOKTS MBOBIVBD TIP TO APRIL 16, IQISJ

Title.

Date.

Author.

FOfeicntnde oí Argentine lor year ended Dee. 31, 1912

Woolihipmentifroai the River Plate from Oct. Uto Dec. 31, 1912.
Wine Industry, 1913

1913.
Feb. 18

Feb. 21
Feb. 25

Cboeolate, ooooa, oandJet, and ooofBOtionery .
Newpapen

Mar.
Mar.

Annual oommeraial and industrial district report

Interaal-ferenue tax on dears, cigarettes, and tobacco. .

CUBA.

Prollmlnary report on commerce and Industries lor 1912.
Populations of towns of district

Feb. 28
Mar. 10

Annual report on ooouneroe and industrlM, Cienfuefos.
Stores and ranges

Mar.
Mar.

ProspeotiTe páneai^le crop of Cuba

ProfrasB of the 1913-13 tobacco crop

Character of the Cuban foreign and domestic trade.

OUAT

Graphite products

.do..

..do

Mar. 31

Mar. 12

Acetylene lighting outfits

Representing Ouatamala exports in New York.
Bicycle and motor cycle importing firms ,

Mar.
Mar.
Mar.

Annual report of commerce and industry of Durango district lor

oaiendar year 1912.
Raffia (fiber not produced)

Laundry machinery— no market

Cotton fMtory in State of Slnaloa

Tonnage of exports and imports

Mahogany and other woods in Campeche.
Graphite products

Mar. 5
Mar. 14
Mar. 18
..do....
Mar. 19
Mar. 20
Mar. 21

Typewriters

Typewriters and office supplies

Annual report of commerce and industries, Coahnila, year ended

Dec. 31, 1912.
Chocolate, cocoa, candies, and confectionery

.do.
.do.

Mar.

Msr.

8ÁLVAOOB.

Annual report on commerce and industries, calendar year 1912.

Chocolate, cocoa, candies, and confectioner ▼

Assignment of import duties to certain articles

Change in certain Salvadorean consular regulations

Mar. 8

Mar.
Mar.
Mar.

R. M. Bartleman, consul gen-
eral, Buenos Aires.
Do.
Do.

D. R. Bindi. consul, Bahia.
Geo. H. Pickerell, consul,
Para.

A. A. Winslow, consul, Val-
paraiso.
Do.

James L. Rodgers, consul gen-
eral ^Habana.
R. E. Holaday, consul, Santi-

MrBaelir,con8i .

R. B. Holaday, consul, i

tiago.

James L. Rodgers, consul
general. Habana.
Do.
Do.

Geo. A. Buoklin, consul gen-
eral, Guatemala City.
Do.
Do.
Do.

Luther T. Ellsworth, consul.
Ciudad Porfirio Dias.

Qarenoe A. Miller, consul,
Tampico.

Warren W. Ridi, vice con-
sul. Salina Cruz.

Wm. B. Alger, consul. Ma-
satlan.

Clarence A. Miller, consol,
Tampico.

Wilbur T. Graoey, consol,
Progreso.

Thos. W. Bowman, consol,
Norales.

Warren W. Rich, vice con-
sul. Salina Cms.

Luther T. Ellsworth, consul,
Ciudad Porfirio Dias.

Qarenoe A. MiUer, consul,
Tampico. *

Thomas Hinckley, oonsal
general, San Salvador.
Do.
Do.
Do.

1 This does not represent a complete list of the reports made by the consular oflQoers In Latin America,
but merely those that are supplied to the Pan American Union as likely to be of service to this institotton.

746

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SUBJECT MATTEB OF CONSULAB BEP0BT8.
Reporté received up to April IS, 191S — Continued.

747

Title.

Date.

AuUior.

UBUOUAT.

Sheep-dip factories in Uruguay

Regulations of law on Import duties on prime materials and ex-
emptJons to industrial companies.

Delays in shipment of goods detrimental to American trade

Improved shmping fádlities for River Plate trade

Successful banking in Uruguay

Feb. 5

Feb. 27

Mar. 5
Mar. 6
..do....

VENEZUELA.

Kieselgen or fossil flour (factory no longer in existence).

Soap (limited market)

Balsa wood (not known)

Storing explosive»— Government regulations

Calomel and corrosive sublimate

Towns affected by building of new roads

Mar. 6

Mar. 7
Mar. 11
Mar. 13
Mar. 17
..do....

Frederic W. Ooding, con-
sul. Montevideo.
Do.

Do.

, Do.

Thomas W. Voetter, consul,
LaOuaira.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.

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ARGEMTINE^REPUBLIC

There are 10 gunny or jute SACK MANUFACTURING ESTAB-
LISHMENTS in active operation in Buenos Aires from November
to March ot each year. These factories employ 2,257 hands, of which
619 are men, 1,349 women, and 289 boys and girb under 16 years of

age. The PEDAGOGIC CONGRESS which recently met in

Cordoba, Argentina, recomnlended, among other things, the desir-
abiUty of establishing urban and rural schools, the increase of the
number of normal schools, preference in the employment of graduates
as teachers, greater liberty for teachers in the management of schools,
and a change in the curriculum and methods of teaching in the normal
schools of the country. ^The President of the Republic has author-
ized the SOUTHERN RAILWAY to construct a branch 45.7 kUo-
meters long from San Vicente southward. The Buenos Aires,
Ensenada & South Coast Railway will build a 70-kilometer branch
from Elizalde station in a southerly direction. The department of
pubUc works has given permission to the Buenos Aires Railway to
build a branch line 18 kilometers long from Alvear station southward.

^The estimated production of MAIZE in the Argentine Republic

during .the agricultural year 1912-13 is 4,995,000 tons. The estimated

area planted is 3,630,000 hectares. ^The exports of OATS from the

Argentine RepubUc in 1912 amounted to 896,032 tons, as compared

with 511,389 tons exported in 1911. In 1912 more than 30,000

tons of SUGAR were imported into the Argentine Republic. ^Dur-

ing the 10 years from 1902 to 1911, inclusive, the production of BEER
in Argentina rose from 27,900,702 liters during the former year to
100,252,199 during the latter year. The imports of beer in 1902 were
209,732 liters as compared with 770,110 liters in 1911. On Feb-
ruary 28 of the present year the CONVERSION OFFICE in Buenos

Aires had on hand 240,580,974 gold pesos. Bulletin No. 15 of

the bureau of commerce and industry of the Argentine Republic
shows that at the close of 1911 there were 661 TOBACCO FAC-
TORIES in the country with a capital of 21,571,268 pesos, and annual
sales amounting to 51,087,057 pesos. ^The EXPORTS of Argen-
tine products in 1912, as compared with those of 10 years ago, or
1903, expressed in Argentine gold pesos, were as follows: Stock
products, 1903, 109,181,342; 1912, 188,215,956. Agricultural prod-
ucts, 1903, 105,251,309; 1912, 278,186,572. Forestal products 1903,
3,472,708; 1912, 8,983,112. The exports of some of the principal
articles were as follows: Corn, 1903, 2,104,384; 1912, 4,835,237.
Wheat, 1903, 1,681,327; 1912, 2,629,056. Flour, 1903, 71,980; 1912,
131,680. ^The Anglo Argentine Co., an English corporation with

748

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ABQENTINE BEPUBLIO. 749

a capital of £15,800,000, is owner of the greater part of the STREET
RAILWAYS of Buenos Aires. The length of the tramways in the
Federal capital belonging to this company is 339 miles, over which
cars are operated to the number of 2,456. The gross receipts of the
company in 1912 were £2,708,000, as compared with £2,568,000 in
1911. In 1910 the company was authorized to construct three tun-
nels within the city limits aggregating a length of 8 miles.
According to the terms of the concession the street railway holdings
of this company, including rolling stock, shops, etc.,will become the

properly of the municipality of Buenos Aires in 1990. ^According

to the report of the consul general of the Argentine RepubUc in
England, the total COMMERCE of Argentina WITH GREAT
BRITAIN, in 1912 amounted to 251,377,630 Argentine gold pesos,
of which 195,298,785 were exports from the Argentine Republic,
and 56,078,845 were imports of the Argentine RepubUc from Eng-
land. ^La Argentina Económica is authority for tie statement that

the investments of ENGLISH CAPITAL in the Argentine Republic
at the present time aggregate 1,000,000,000 Argentine gold pesos
in railways and 1,500,000,000 Argentine gold pesos in land and other
enterprises. During the last few years eight English railway com-
panies operating in Argentina, after paying the regular dividends,
have accumulated a reserve fund amoxmting to 32,851,271 Argentine
gold pesos. In 1912 the total production of WINE in the Argen-
tine Republic amounted to 4,083,459 hectohters of an estimated
value of 94,000,000 pesos national currency. The Province of
Mendoza is credited with about 85 per cent of the total vintage

of the country. ^An experiment has been made in the Province of

Mendoza m the CULTIVATION OF BEETS for sugar. A well-
known variety was planted, and in 750 squitre meters (8,073 square feet,
or about one-fifth acre), sown in August, 1,200 kilos (2,645 pounds)
of beets were obtained in February. After this excellent result, the
beet-sugar industry may soon become an important one in that

Province. ^At Chivilcoy an AGRICULTURAL COOPERATIVE

SOCIETY is being formed for the further protection of the agri-
culturists of that district. The capital has been fixed at $200,000.
It will open a bank for advancing loans to ''chacareros" and stores

which will supply goods to their members at cost price. ^There has

been such a shortage of tonnage this year in comparison with the
amount of cargo that up to now it has been impossible to fulfill
orders for LINSEED to the United States. This week (mid-March)
the fiist shipment of this cereal, 2,400 tons, left, to be followed by
others, filling important contracts. The North American industry for
about four years has had recourse to Argentine linseed for its consump-
tion, not only owing to their poor crops, but also on account cf the
superior quidily of the Argentine linseed.

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Press reports state that on February 26 of the present year Gen.
Ismael Montes negotiated a loan in Pans for the construction of the
TUPIZA TO LA QUIACA RAILWAY. This is one of the most
important railways under construction in Bolívia, inasmuch as it will
pass through a rich agricultural and mineral section of the Republic.
In addition to encouraging and promoting the development of agri-
culture and mining, the line, when completed, will unite La Paz by
rail with the city of Buenos Aires. The loan, which bears 5 per cent
interest and provides for 1 per cent amortization, was placed at 90
per cent and 4 per cent commission. According to the conditions of
the contract the funds for the construction of the railway referred to
are not to be used for any other purpose. Complete amortization of
the bonds is to be made within a period of 37 years. The CABI-
NET of the President of Bo^via, as published in El Comercio, is as
follows: Alfredo Ascarrunz, foreign relations; Claudio Pinilla, interior
(gobierno); Alejandro Sónico, finance; José Santos Quinteros, justice;

and Juan Maria Zalles, war. Preliminary steps have been taken

for the FUSION OF THE INDUSTRIAL AND NATIONAL
BANES of Bolivia, and if the arrangements are completed the result
will be a very powerful financial institution with a large and profit-
able business already established and with a prestige unexcelled by

any banking institution in the country. ^The net earnings of the

NATIONAL BANK OF BOLIVIA in 1912 were 537,276.07 boU-
vianos, which added to the fund on hand for future dividends,
367,049.07 bolivianos, made the total amount available at the dose
of the year for the payment of dividends and other uses 904,325.14
bolivianos. This amount was distributed as follows: Grovemment
tax of 10 per cent on the net earnings, 53,727.60 bolivianos; reserve
and extra funds, 50,000 bolivianos; dividend on 66,000 shares,
390,000 bolivianos, and funds for future dividends, 400,597.54 boli-
vianos. The earnings of the bank at the main office and branches,
expressed in bolivianos, were as follows: Central office, 200,112.41;
La Paz, 101,126.27; Cochabamba, 64,283.78; Oruro, 48,689.15;
Potosi, 33,987.65; Tarija, 40,006.75; Tupiza, 30,000; and Uyuni,
19,070.06. The capital of the Bank of Bolivia at the beginning of
the present year was 6,500,000 bolivianos; reserve fund, 950^000;
fund for unforeseen expenses, 210,000; and fund for future dividends
400,597.54 bolivianos, or a total of 8,060,597.54 bolivianos. In view
of the satisfactory condition of the bank the employees were given
a bonus of 6 per cent of their salaries for the last six months of 1912.
At the beginning of the present year the deposit of gold on hand in
750

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BRAZIL. 761

the National Bank of Bolivia and its branches was valued at 6,383;

393.75. Sr. Don Adolfo Ballivian, consul general of Bolivia at

New York, has compiled figures showing that the exports through
the port of New York to Bolivia in March, 1913, were invoiced at
$104,883.31. Nearly all of these goods were shipped via Moliendo,
Peru; Antof agasta, Chile; Pará, Brazil; and Arica, Chile. The com-
merce consisted principally of cotton goods, machinery, hardware,

kerosene, and drugs and medicines. ^A recent press dispatch

announces that Don Macario Pinilla has been appointed Bolivian

minister to France, Holland, and Spain. It is reported that the

Bleriot Co. has proposed to the Bolivian Government to have the
Italian aviators, the Rapini brothers, install the new school of avia-
tion, the charges to be at the rate of $400 gold for each pilot instructed.

The budget of Brazil for 1913 appropriates, in roimd numbers, the
equivalent of $66,000,000 for the use of the department of public
works, ^ress reports state that a very large part oi^ this sum will be
used in RAILWAY CONSTRUCTION carried on in accordance with
a general plan to meet the special needs of the different States of the
Republic. One of the lines to be built in southern Brazil, and which
has an approximate length of 227 kilometers, will pass through Eley
Mendes and open up a rich mining and agricultural section of the
country. The President of Brazil has been authorized to contract for
the construction of the following lines: From Recife to Pedras do
Fogo, in the State of Parahyba, with an approximate length of 132 kilo-
meters and at a maximum cost of $25,000 per kilometer. The State
of Pernambuco has already made preliminary plans and surveys for
this railway, and these will be placed at the disposal of the contractor
to whom the construction of the line is awarded. A railway from
Ayrao, starting from the nearest desirable point to Manaos, and
extending to the Venezuelan frontier along the Negro River. This
railway is to cost not more than about $30,000 per kilometer. The
prolongation of the Parahyba Railway to Patos at a cost not to exceed
about $21,000 per kilometer. A railway from port Mosoro, through
the States of Rio Grande do Norte and Parahyba, to the most desir-
able junction with the Northern Railway of Brazil, at a cost per kilo-
meter not greater than about $21,000. An extension of the Alagoin-
has Railway, in the State of Bahia, to the city of Therezina, via
Paulita and Jarcos, with its terminal at Devias, State of Piahuy. For
this purpose about $200,000 were immediately made available for
construction work. A branch riailway starting at some desirable

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752 THE PAN AMSBIGAN UNIOK.

point on the Uberaba to Araguaj Railway and terminating in the
city of Estrella do Sur. A branch line from a point on the Nazareth
Ridlway to unite that line with the Bahia Central Railway which is
to be extended to the port of Salinas. For the construction of State
railways the Federal Government is authorized to issue 5 per cent
interest-bearing bonds to be received by railway contractors at par
whenever sections of not lees than 10 kilometers of line are opened to
public traffic. The Grovemment is authorized to lease imfinished
lines to the contractors until such time as the entire lines are com-
pleted, after which the railways may be leased by competitive bids
for a term of years fixed by the Government, but which in no case
shall exceed 60 years. At the time of leasing a State railway the
Government shall make an inventory of same and shall fix the freight
and passenger tariffs, which shall be revised every 5 years. The Fed-
eral Government has authorized the construction of an electric rail-
way from Uberabinha, State of ISmas Greraee, through Mattos de
Dias, Rio Bonito, Abadia del Buen Suceso, Alfonso Pena and Jatahy,
to Pozo Alto, in the State of Goyaz, with a branch to the Sulphur

Springs at Burity and to the port of Mongolinho. ^Prees dispatches

state that the steamship companies plying between Brazil and Europe
have estabUshed«a rate for THIRD CLASS PASSENGERS of 100,000

reis from Brazil to Europe. ^The newspaper O Paiz of Rio de Janeiro

states that m 1913 Italian IMMIGRANTS to the number of 14,467
entered the Republic of Brazil, most of whom took up their perma-
nent residence in the country.- — Important GOAL DEPOSITS have
been discovered in the N^r^ Mountains in the State of Minas Geraes.
An anaykis of the coal has not yet been made, but it is reported to be

of good quality. Sr. Gino Sanf elice has been appointed DIRECTOR

of the military AVIATION SCHOOL at Rio de Janeiro.- — The legÍ3-
lature recently in session at Para has authorized the governor of that
State to negotiate a FOREIGN LOAN of £6,000,000 to be used in con-
solidating the public debt of the commonwealth. An executive

decree has been issued regulating the OWNERSHIP OF LANDS in

the different States of the RepubUc, and in the Acre Territory. ^The

GEOGRAPHIC HISTORIC INSTITUTE of Santa Catharina has been

organized with headquarters at Florianópolis. ^The department of

agriculture of Brazil has decided to import a number of fine BREED-
ING CATTLE and sheep from Uruguay for use at the experiment
stock farms of the Government in the different States of the Repub-
lic. In the April, 1913, Bulletin mention was made of the authori-
zation of a RAILWAY along the coast FROM RIO DE JANEIRO TO
PORTO ALEGRE. Further interesting details can now be added.
This railway is to be constructed officially und^ the department of
pubUc works and roads (Viação), and an engineer of that Govern-
ment division has authority for the organization of a technical com*
mission to prepare the preliminary studies. This commission is com-

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BRAZIL. 763

posed in part of military engineers, who will advine with the staff of
the division of railways. The function of such a line will be not only
commercial, but also political and strategic. Communication between
the Central States of the Republic with those at the South is carried
on to-day by means of ocean steamers and by an interior railway
through the interior of the States of Sao Paulo, Parana and Santa
Catharina. By this new project, which will keep to the coast as
closely as natiiral conditions will permit, an advance.estimate placing
the distance to be covered at about 1,550 kilometers (063 miles), and
the time of the trip between Rio and Porto Alegre, at the rate of 60

kilometers (37 miles) can thus be fixed at about 25 hours. ^The

PRODUCTION OF BANANAS IN SANTOS (meaning the entire
district with that name) is making extraordinary progress. In 1906
the total of 806,712 bunches came from there; in 1011, 1,887,910
bunches was the product, of ^hich 087,010 were exported to the
River Plate ports, 800,000 to the north (Rio de Janeiro) aod 100,000
consumed locally. In 1012 (exact figures for 11 months are given)
the exportation alone amounted to 1,130,002 bunches at an appraised
value of 1 milreis (about 32 cents gold) a bimch. This supply from
Santos represents approximately one-third the exportation from the
entire Republic. Bananas from Santos are said to be preferred in
Argentina and Uruguay, but the quality of those from Santa Catharina
is also good, and that State is now making effort to increase its export
trade. The Amazon Land Colonization Co. has just published the
report made by the special agent, Mr. C. E. Akers, on the RUBBER
INDUSTRY. This is considered a serviceable contribution to the
study of the entire rubber industry the world over, and will be valu-
able for those interested in the problem of the development of this

product of the Amazon. ^Active efforts have been put forward for

the COLONIZATION OF THE STATE OF MINAS QERAES.
Decided encountgement has been given to colonists to come to that
State for settlement, and attention is called rather to its agricultural
possibilities than to its mines which have hitherto characterized its
industry. In 1012 there were located in nuclei of Minas Geraes 023
families with a total of 6,000 persons, their productive capacity being
estimated at about 1,000,000S000 (say S326,000 gold). In Bello
Horizonte, the capital, plans are imderway for the construction of an
institution for the reception of immigrants, the location of which will
probably be in Calafate, one of the attractive suburbs. Negotia-
tions are being carried on between the Federal Government and that
of the State of Para to adjust, according to article 12 of the law of
January 5 of this year, the EXPORT DUTIES ON RUBBER, the
changes to take effect January 1, 1014. At present the export taxes
are as follows: Para, 22 per cent; Acre, 20 per cent; Matto Grosso, 20
per cent; Amazonas, 10 per cent. It is proposed to uniformize these
duties on a basis of 18 per cent for 1014; 16 per cent for 1015; 15 per

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754 THE PAN AlCBBIGAN UNION.

cent for 1916; 12 per cent for 1917; down to 10 per cent, the lowest
limit set by the law, for 1918. The minister of roads (Viação) has
accepted the bids of Srs. Coelho de Magalhftes and Miranda for the
CONSTRUCTION WORK OF THE PORT OF CORUMBÁ, in the

State of Matto Grosso. On March 5, 1913, there was published

officially the decree conceding to the Sao Paulo-Rio Grande Railway
authority to construct and establish a MARITIME STATION at the
port of S&o Francisco, State of Santa Catharina. Official state-
ments have come from the company having the concession for con-
struction of the PORT DOCKS AT BAHIA, that the dispatches about
the ravages by the surf at that point are much exaggerated; harm
was done only to the temporary service buildings, but not to the
breakwater nor to the quays. No interruption of work was suffered,
nor is there any truth to the rumor that the inauguration ceremonies
for the opening in April were to be postponed. The minister of public
works has signified his intention to take part in this event. The
prefectos (mayors) of the cities of Cambuquira, Aguas Virtuosas, and
Caxambu, all three of which cities are well known for their natural
mineral water, in the State of Minas Geraee, have soUcited permission

to construct an AUTOMOBILE ROAD to connect these places.

The mineral collection of the National Museum has just been enriched
by the addition, a gift of Sr. Coronel Rogociano Pires Teixeira, of a
facsimile of the lARGEST BLACK DLàMOND IN THE WORLD,
which weighed 3,078 carats, and was found in Brejo da Lama, State

of Bahia, in 1895. The department for the protection against

drought has recently authorized the construction of RETENTION
DAMS in several parts of the Republic. One is called ''Caracol,"
another '*Bomfim," both in the State of Piauhy, the latter having a
capacity of 3,821,250 cubic meters. Another is to be in the State of
Bahia, at Monte Santo, with a like capacity. Another is yet under
discussion, but will be built at Augusto Severo in the State of Rio
Grande do Norte, and still another **Bom Nome" in Umbuzeiro,
State of Parahyba. Many more are projected, for the Government is
desirous of supporting the people of the dry area in their earnest to
reclaim for agricultural and pastoral use much of the land which needs
only water to make it continuously productive.

The prosperous condition of some of the principal Chilean COR-
PORATIONS AND BANKS is shown by the dividends paid
to stockholders during the second half of 1912. The Concepción
Gas Co., which has a paid-up capital of 400,000 pesos, paid a 10

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CHILE. 765

per cent dividend during the six months referred to; the Chilean
Tobacco Co., with a capital of 7,500,000 pesos, 15 per cent; the Anto-
f agasta Electric Co., with a capital of £60,000, 5 per cent; the Santiago
to San Bernardino Electric Co., 6 J per cent; the Bank of Magellan,

10 per cent, and the Dock Co., 8 per cent. ^The Government of

Chile has offered prizes amounting to £6,000 for plans and specifica-
tions of a MODEL CENTRAL MACHINE SHOP and four repair
shops for the State railways. The first prize will be £4,000 and the
second £2,000. Plans and specifications wül be received by the
Department of Railways of Chile up to November 15, 1913. A
special committee of experts will be appointed to examine the plans
and specifications submitted and to award the prizes. The Govern-
ment reserves the right to reject all plans and specifications. Plans

aot receiving prizes will be returned to the parties in interest.

According to El Industrial of Antofagasta, the northern longitudinal
RAILWAY of Chile, covering a distance of 719 kilometers, was
completed in March last. The principal stations of this line are

Pueblo Himdido, Aguas Blancas, Baquedano, and Pintados.

Plans for the construction of a RAILWAY from Monte Obscuro to
Salamanca have been completed, and bids have been requested for
the termination of the Aleones to Pichilemu Railway. The sum of
1,000,000 pesos has been estimated as the cost of the exploitation of
the Arica to La Paz Railway in 1913. April last was the date fixed
for the opening of this line to traffic. The Howard syndicate has
been guaranteed 5 per cent interest on £398,659 invested in the
construction of Chilean Railways. The railway budget provides
13,521,980 pesos for the shops of the State railways of Chile in 1913.
-The sum of 30,000 pesos has been appropriated for the establish-

ment of a practical SCHOOL OF AGRICULTURE at Rancagua.-
The GLASS FACTORY at Rancagua was inaugurated on January
10 last. The factory is thoroughly equipped and begins operations

under the most favorable auspices. ^Indications of PETROLEUM

deposits have been discovered at Curacuatin. A committee of Gov-
ernment engineers is to be sent to the neighborhood to drill wells

and report upon the district. ^A vein of COAL, which is said to be

of good quality and thickness, has been discovered at Los Abarca
near Cartagena, and a company of Chilean capitalists has been
organized to work the mines. A map of the Arauco coal zone is
being made by Engineer Adolfo Moreno in accordance with the
orders of the department of industry.^ ^The plans and specifica-
tions of the commercial PORT OF TALCAHUANO have been com-
pleted. These include the construction of a channel of a maximum
width of 400 meters and a depth of 10 meters, sufficient to admit
vessels of deep draft. The wharf and improvements of the port of

Taltal have been completed. ^The Grovemment of Chile has been

petitioned for 30,000 pesos to be used in 1913 in support of the

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766 THE PAN AMBBICAN UNION.

INDUSTRIAL SCHOOL maintained by the Society for the Encour-
agement of Manufacture. Steps have been taken for improving

the PORT OF LEBU ao tiiat it may be used as an international port.
Railways now planned, and aome of which are \mder construction,
will connect this port with Bahia Blanca, Argentina, and open up
commimication with Victoria, Curacuatin, and Lonquimay. It is

predicted that this port, will become a great coaling station. ^The

official budget for RAILWAY œNSTRUCTION AND ROLLING
STOCK in 1913 contains the following items: 510,000 pesos for the
Palomas to Juntas Railway; 507,000 for Monte Obscuro to Sal-
manca; 419,000 for Molocoton to Volcan; 386,000 for Rancagua to
Dofiihue; 300,000 for Aleones to Pidiilemu; 297,000 for Linares to
Colbim; 400,000 for the railway from Chilian to Pinto y Recinto;
240,000 for the Rucapequen to Tome y Penco; 342,300 for Saboya to
Capitán Pastene; 397,800 for Selya Obscura to Curacuatin; 560,800
from Gajon to liaima; 562,500 for Osomo to Puerto Montt, and
689,500 pesos for the Puente Maule Railway.

The CENSUS of Colombia for 1912 gives the population of the
capitals of the Departments as follows: Bogota, 121,257; Medellin,
71,004; Barranquilla, 48,907; Cartagena, 36,632; Manizales, 34,720;
Pasto, 27,760; Cali, 27,747; Ibague, 24,693; Neiva, 21,852; Cuenta,
20,364; Bucaramanga, 19,735; Popayan, 18,724; Tunja, 8,971, and
Santa Marta, 8,348. ^An order of the department of public instruc-
tion pibvides that FOREIGN PHYSICIANS may practice in
Colombia provided they are graduates of and have diplomas from
well-recognized imiversities. The treasury department has con-
tracted with the German Bank at Medellin for a LOAN of £25,000,

payable in 12 months. A contract made between the department

of public works and the Santa Marta Railway Co. on February 11
last obligates the company to build a LIGHTHOUSE on Morro Hill
in such a manner that its light and color may be distinguished from
those of the other lighthouses of that coast. The light must be
visible at a distance of not less than 15 miles. The lighthouse is to
be completed within 18 months from the date of commencing con-
struction. The Government is to pay the cost of erection, plus 25

per cent of same, provided said cost does not exceed $12,500. The

departmental legislature at Antioquia is considering a plan submitted
to it for the building of a RAILWAY from Medellin to the Uraba

Gulf. The profits of the Manzinales BANK during the second half

of 1912 amoimted to $10,892.70. From January to October, 1912,

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COSTA MCA. 767

the MUNICIPAL RECEIPTS of Tumaco for the exploitation of the

national forests were 92,443 pesos. ^A Mexican company, under

the name of ''Mensajerías," has proposed a contract with the Colom-
bian Government for the RAPID NAVIGATION of the Lower
Magdalena River. ^The Government of Uruguay recently estab-
lished a LEGATION at Bogota and appointed Sr. Carlos Blixen as its

minister. ^The National Academy of Medicine has accepted a gift

of S3,000 from Dr. Manuel Forero for the purpose of founding a
MERIT PRIZE to be awarded every two or three years for the best
scientific work submitted. ^According to the census of the Depart-
ment of Cauca, the value of REAL PROPERTY in that Department

in 1912 was $8,688,774. ^The department of public works has

approved the modified plan of the Amaga RAILWAY between

kilometers 26 and 48. On January 28 last an AEROPLANE

exhibition was given in Medellin for the first time. ^The owners of

coffee plantations in the region of Paime and Cundinamarca have
planned for the construction of a RAILWAY from a point on the
Northern Railway to a point on the Lower Magdalena River about
10 miles from Honda. The road will run through Pacho, Pasuncha,
and Carmen de Yacopi. Survey work has already been com-
menced. ^A PUBLICATION entitled "TheBanana Zone'' (LaZona

Bananera), devoted to agriculture, commerce, and industry, has just
been established at Santa Marta under the direction of Sr. Samuel G.

Nunez. -The consulate of Colombia at Monte Carlo has been made

a CONSULATE GENERAL. ^The department of public instruc-
tion has approved a recommendation of the educational inspector of
Putumayo and Caqueta for the establishment of 25 schools, as foUows :
Three schools for boys and three for girls at Sibundoy and one school
for boys and one for girls at each of the following places: Mocoa, San
Francisco, Florencia, and Santa Rosa, and one mixed school at each
of the following places: San Andres, Descanse, Junquillo, Condagua,
Limon, San Vicente, and Puerto Asis.

The ofiBicial newspaper of Costa Rica of March 19, 1913, contains
the text of the contract made between the United Fruit Co. and
a number of fruit growers along the line of the Northern Railway for
the purchase of BANANAS. The contract prescribes the delivery of
bananas at stopping points alongside the railway, provides for the
right of way of the Northern Railway through the banana plantations
of the parties to the contract, as well as the ceding of a strip of land
along the main line of the railway and such branches as may be built

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768 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.

through the lands of the banana growers. The making of this con-
tract will tend to stimulate the cultivation of bananas in Costa Rica
in the district referred to and settles in a manner satisfactory to the
parties in interest the disputes which have arisen in regard to rights

of way, sale of bananas, etc. On April 15 last bids were opened

by the Oovemment of Costa Rica for material, accessories, and piping
for the WATER WORKS at Jesus de Santa Barbara de Heredia, Rio
Segundo de Alajuela, San Pedro de Barba, San Francisco y El Barreal
de Heredia, Hatillo de San José, Mercedes de Heredia, San Marcos de
Tarrazu, San Francisco Dos Rios, Guadalupe de Groicochea, Turru-
caree, Desamparados, San José de Alajuela, Zarcero, Santo Domingo,
and Tejar de Cartago. ^The municipality of Palmares has con-
tracted with Hopkins & Orlich for ELECTRIC LIGHTING of the
village of Palmares, the installation to be completed within six
months. The contractors also agree to furnish electric light and
power to private persons in the village referred to. The contract is

for a term of 16 years. ^The Government has requested bids for

establishing and maintaining a service of MARITIME COMMUNI-
CATION by steam power or gasoline motors for freight and passenger
traffic between Puntarenas and the ports of the province of Cruana-
caste, the service to be in operation not later than July 21,1913. The
boats for this service must be large enough to transport on deck 15
tons of freight and 30- first and second class passengers. The con-
tractor must carry the mûls free and keep the wharves used in the
service in repair. The longest route contemplated is from Puntarenas
to Ballena, a distance of 82 miles. A concession will be granted for

10 years. ^The installation of the WATER MAINS in the Higuito

de San Mateo district, in accordance with a contract made by Engi-
neer Eusébio Ortiz with the municipality of that canton, which con-
tract was approved by the department of public works, has begun.
Work has also been commenced on the dredging of the Rio Grande
de Térraba for the purpose of facilitating navigation between the dif-
ferent places located on and tributary to that stream. ^The depart-
ment of fomento has ordered the director general of public works to
prepare a plan for the construction of a BRIDGE over the Jericó
River between the village of Acosta and Tablazo. It is proposed that
the cost of construction be defrayed jointly by the municipality and

the Federal Government. Bids were received on April 5, 1913, for

the construction of a MARKET at Puntarenas, the same to be com-
pleted within 10 months after the contract is signed. Sr. Antonio

Cuyas Gonzalez has been appointed CONSUL ad honorem of Costa
Rica at Las Palmas, Canary Islands, in place of Sr. Salvador Cuyas

Prats, deceased. -Juan Alvarado Chavez, of Grecia, Costa Rica,

has petitioned the Government for a concession of 200 liters of water
per second from the Rosales River in the jurisdiction of the district
of Puente de Piedra, for the purpose of developing power to run sugar

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CUBA. 759

and hulling machinery and in order to generate power for lighting

and other purpose. ^A bid was recently submitted to the Grovem-

ment of Costa Rica by the local agent in San Jose of a fruit company
for the construction and exploitation for 50 years of an ELECTRIC
TRAMWAY between Alajuela and Grecia with a branch line to San
Pedro de Poas, for a lump sum of 1,378,000 colones. The length of
the proposed tramway is 25 kilometers. The price mentioned includes
a hydroelectric plant estimated at 600,000 colones. The Ooyemment
did not accept the bid but entered into further negotiations regarding

the matter. ^A contract has been made with an English company

for the erection of two SCHOOL BUILDINGS in the city of San Jose,
at a cost of £18,600 and 215,000 colones, respectively.

The RAILWAY line between Sierra Morena and Sagua has been
conipleted and was oflBcially opened to public traffic on April 15.
This line, which was constructed under a Government subsidy, is to
be extended to Coralillo. The road runs through a rich sugar cane

producing district. ^The delegates of the Grovernment of Cuba to

the FOURTH INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS OF SCHOOL
HYGIENE, to be held in Buffalo, New York, in August next, are
Drs. Jose Antonio Lopez del Valle, Diego Tamayo, Jorge Ponce, and

Oscar Ugarte. A company has been oi^anized in Cardenas to

take over and operate the SUGAR REFINERY at that place. The
plant is to be enlarged, a wharf built, and a channel dredged deep
enough to allow large vessels to load and unload at the wharf. It is

estimated that about $200,000 will be invested in the enterprise.

ITie Graphic Publishing Co. of Habana has decided to issue an
ILLUSTRATED WEEKLY under the name of "Gr&fico." Sr.
Conrado Massaguer, a Cuban cartoonist, is president of the company.
ITie publication will be issued every Saturday, with engravings in two

colors and excellent literary matter. ^The city of Habana is to

have a new PARK, 167 acres of land having been donated in a beau-
tiful suburb of the metropolis by Madame Rosalia Abreu. It has
been suggested that this new park be used for Habana's zoological

garden. ^The National Association of Veterans of Cuba has started

a plan for the erection of an equestrian STATUE to Gen. Maximo
Gomez in one of the parks of the city of Habana. The necessary
funds are to be obtained by popular subscription. The MUNIC-
IPAL BUDGET of the 'city of Habana for 1913 estimates the
receipts at $3,892,742 and the expenditures at $4,724,323, leaving a

deficit of $831,581. Statistics of the Cuban Central Railway show

that up to March 13 last that line had transported during the past

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760 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.

season 839,459 sacks of SUOAR to the ports of Cienfuegos, Sagua,
and Caibarien. ^The department of public works has been author-
ised to arrange for the improyement of the AQUEDUCT of Santiago

de Cuba in the San Juan Valley. ^A new SUGAR MILL is to be

constructed in the district of Camaguey by Sr. Vicente Peres, a
plantation owner and merchant of Ciego de Avila. The building and
equipment is estimated to cost, approximately, $800,000 and will
have a capacity of producing 155,000 bags of sugar per annum. The
site of the factory is the Recreo plantation, south of the town of
Ciego de Avila. The mill will be ready for grinding in December
next, and contracts have already been made for a supply of sugar

cane from nei^boring plantation owners. ^The city of Trinidad

has been authorized to receive its WATER SUPPLY from the Tayaba
Aqueduct. Work has been discontinued on the Trinidad Aqueduct
owing to the great cost of completing the same, and the unexpended
balance of S30,406 for that work has been transferred to the fund
for the enlargement and extension of the service of the Tayaba

Aqueduct. ^The Official Gazette of March 27, 1913, contains the

full text of the EXTRADITION TREATY made between Venezuela
and Cuba and recently ratified by the Senate. Press reports advise
that the department of state of the Republic of Cuba will soon dis-
tribute a volume containing all the treaties entered into by Cuba
with other countries from the establishment of the Republic to the

present time. ^The city of Guanabacoa is to have one of the

largest CONFECTIONERY AND BISCUIT manufacturing estab-
lishments on the Island. Romeau, Valea & Co., who are erecting this
factory, have placed orders for machinery amoimting to $400,000,
all of which is to be installed within six months. The company is
experienced in the business and already has a large established trade.
More than 500 men will be employed in the new factory, and use will
be made of 5 automobile delivery wagons and 30 horse-drawn
wagons in conducting the business and distributing the products of

the factory. The Habana Provincial Council has approved the

construction of 4 kilometers of HIGHWAY between Palos and
Pipián, as well as the construction of a road from Tumba Cuatro
to San Antonio del Rio Blanco.

tOMINIC/^REPUBlIC

The legation of the Dominican Republic in Washington has advised
the Monthly Bulletin that the new PRESIDENT of the Dominican
Republic took the oath of office on April 14 last and that his cabinet
is composed of the following members: General Julian 2iorilla, secre-

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DOMINICAN. BEPUBLIG. 761

tary of interior; Licentiate Ramon O. Lovaton, secretary of foreign
affairs; licentiate Mario A. Savinon, secretary of finance and
commerce; General Tadeo Alvarez, secretary of war and navy;
Licentiate Apolinar Tejera, secretary of justice and public instruction;
Sr. Ekirique Montes de Oca, secretary of agriculture and immigration;
and Sr. Ricardo Limardo, secretary of public works. In the inter-
esting îfESSAGE which President Adolfo Nouel submitted to the
National Congress on February 1, 1913, the exports of the Dominican
Republic for 1912 are given as $12,180,478.91, as compared with
$11,023,058.02 in 1911, or a difference in favor of 1912 of $1,157,420.89.
The imports for 1912 were $8,910,000.12, as compared with
$7,126,877.13 m 1911, or a difference m favor of 1912 of $1,783,122.99.
The total export, import, and port duties in 1912 aggregated
$3,778,605.58, as compared with $3,501,772.19 in 1911, or a difference
in favor of 1912 of $276,833.39. The law of December 14, 1912,
authorized the Executive to contract a loan up to $1,500,000 at an
interest rate not exceeding 7 per cent per annum. This loan has been
made and the proceeds applied to back payments and other expenses
authorized by Congress. The Western Highway has been constructed
to within a few kilometers of San Cristobal, to which point it will
probably be completed about the middle of the present year. The
preliminary studies have been terminated for the construction of a
railway from Barahona to Enriquillo, via Neyba and within a few
kilometers of the lake of the latter name. The construction of a
railway to connect the capital with the northern part of the Republic
is awaiting the adoption of a route different from that at first selected.
The department of fomento and communications is negotiating for
the construction of a railway from Bahia de Manzanillo to the city
of La Vega following along the left-hand side of the Yaque River to
within a short distance of the city of Santiago. The Barahona and

Enriquillo railways are to be built with the assistance of the State.

An executive decree of February 6, 1913, published in the Official
Gazette of February 22 last, specifies the form and colors of the
COAT OF ARMS and of the national flag of the Republic as follows:
Three months after the publication of this decree in the Official
Oazette the coat of arms of the Republic shall have the form of a
right-angled parallelogram (cuadrilongo), with two small salient
angles in the upper part, its lower angles rounded terminating in a
point at the base and arranged so that if a horizontal line be drawn
uniting the two verticals of the right-angled parallelogram from
where the lower angles begin a perfect square is formed. The colors
of the coat of arms as well as of the national flag shall be an ultra-
marine blue and a vermilion red in addition to the white of the cross.
When the coat of arms can not bear the national colors, it shall have
the horizontal and vertical lines established by heraldry. The design
86268--Bull. 5—13 8

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762 THE PAN AMEBICAN UNION.

at the bottom, which the great seal of the nation reproduces, shall

serve as a model for the coat of arms. ^The city council of San

Francisco de Macorb has recently received bids for the construction
out of cement and bricks of a PUBLIC MARKET, and for the build-
ing of a cement gallery in the cemetery of the city. Engineer H. B
Rowland has been appointed to superintend the awarding of the bids

and the execution of the work. ^A party of American capitalists,

among whom were L. H. Shearman, R. L. Famham, Charles B.
McDonald, and H. R. Orieeer, recently made an extensive horseback
trip of 30 days' duration with the object of investigating the resources
of the country. Some of the places visited were Dajabon, Guayubin,
Puerto Plata, Santiago, La Vega, Moca, Salcedo, Santa Fe de Macoris,

and Sanchez. ^The city council of Santo Domingo has arranged

with the electric light company of that place to extend the ELEX7-
TRIC LIGHT and power service so as to enable the city to supply
the outljring districts of San Carlos and Avenida Capotillo with light
and power. The extension will cost the city about $2,000, but will
enable it to provide light and power for the entire municipality with
the exception of Villa Duarte. The city of Santiago de los Cabal-
leros will soon be supplied with ELECTRIC LIGHT AND POWER-
In February last an $18,000 contract was made for the purchase of
2,100 telegraph posts of good quality for the purpose of stringing the
electric wires. These posts have been delivered and are being put in
position so that in a very short time the city of Santiago will have an
electric light and power service. The electric light company will also

establish an office at Las Lagunas. ^The Diario of Santiago de los

Caballeros states that Congress has appropriated half a million dollars
during the present year for the continuation of public works now in
progress in the country. ^A WIRELESS TELEGRAPH installa-
tion has been established at Santiago de los Caballeros imder the

temporary direction of an American expert. ^According to press

reports the ELECTRIC LIGHT and power plant at Puerto Plata
was inaugurated in April last.

An organization of natives and foreigners has been formed in the
city of Guayaquil for the BEAUTIFICATION of that important
commercial center, and also for the purpose of celebrating in due
form the centenary of the 9th of October, 1820, the date on which
the people of Guayaquil took up the cry of liberty and by their exam-
ple and valor encouraged the rest of the Republic in throwing on the
Spanish yoke. The objects of the organization in the beautification

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ECUADOR. 763

of the commercial metropolis of Ecuador are patriotic ones in which

both native and foreigner can cooperate to the fullest extent. ^The

FAUNA AND FLORA of Silver Island, off the coast of Ecuador near
Manta, are being investigated by Mr. William B. Richardson, a North
American scientist representing the American Museum of Natural
History of New York, who hopes to obtain some rare and perhaps
even unknown species of birds and mammals for the museum. In
Rio de Oro, one of the places already visited by Mr. Richardson, over
700 specimens were obtained. After spending some time on Silver
Island Mr. Richardson proposes to carry on investigations in the

province of Loja. An executive decree of January 29, 1913,

modifies the decree of October 31, 1911, so as to incorporate the
Qualaquiza, Zamora, and Rosario parishes in the Province of Azuay
instead of the Oriental Territory. The parishes referred to are now
in the cfCnton of Gualaquiza, whose capital is Sigsig. ^The MET-
ROPOLITAN CLUB of Guayaquil has elected the following officers
for 1913: Lautaro Aspiazu, president; Alejandro Tola, vice president;
Dario R. Astudillo, secretary; Gu'dlermo Hîggins Garbo, treasurer.
and Arcesio Manrique, librarian. ^A new WEEKLY NEWS-
PAPER has been established at Ambato under the name of ''El

Trabajo" (The Work). The publication is nonpolitical. ^The

municipal council of the Federal capital has» established FREE
MEDICAL SERVICES for indigent persons in the city of Quito;
For this purpose the city will be divided into three sections and a

municipal physician assigned t'y each one of these divisions. ^The

principal countries which purchase Ecuadorean toquilla STRAW
HATS are Germany, West Indies, Argentina, Belgiimi, Brazil, Costa
Rica, Chile, Spain, United States, France, the Guianas, England,
Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Salvador, British Columbia, and Vene-
zuela. The weaving of toquilla straw hats has been a prosperous
industry in Ecuador since 1865, and oi late years the demand for
these hats has increased by leaps and bounds. At one time a school
was maintained in Guayaquil by the Government for the purpose of
teaching the weaving of such hats to women and girls. Many persons
attended this school and a large number became proficient in the art.
The school has been discontinued but its good effects are still noticea-
ble, inasmuch as many persons skilled in the art became obligated to
impart their knowledge to others. A considerable business is still
done in the exportation of toquilla straw, but the exports of this
article have shown quite a decrease in the last few years. This indi-
cates that more of the straw is being manufactured in the country
into hats. For instance, in 1910 the exports of toquilla straw from
Ecuador were 72,509 kilos as compared with 52,570 kilos in 1911.
Some of this straw goes into Peru over the land route leading to Loja
and is work0d up into hats in that country. A bale of toquilla straw
weighs 100 Idles and is subject to an export tax of 1 sucre per kilo.

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764 THB PAN AMERICAN UNION.

One of the sections of the Pacific coast region of Ecuador m >8t suitable
t( the cultivation of BANANAS is that traversed by the first 80
kilometers of the French railway in construction from Bahia de
Caraquez to Quito. This part of the railway runs through a section
of agricultural country exceedingly fertile and particulariy adapted
to the cultivation of bananas and other tropical products. Expats
have estimated that the land and climate of the part of Ecuador
referred to are as well adapted to banana culture t^ are the rich lands
of Costa Rica and the Santa Marta region of Colombia.

GUATEMALA

miM:

Sr. Manuel Estrada Cabrera, Presidentof the Republic of Guatemala,
delivered an interesting MESSAGE to the national congress on
March 1 last, in which he reviewed the principal events occurring
in the country in 1912. The Executive states that the municipal
revenues in 1912 amounted to 6,318,146 pesos, of which 4,805,398
pesos were spent in municipal works and government. During the
year an expenditure of 211,125 pesos was made by the Federal
Government in the public health service of the country. The Gov-
ernment hospitals contained during the period referred to 18,473
patients. During 1912 these hospitals had revalues amounting to
3,698,463 pesos, of which 3,655,199 pesos were expended in the
maintenance of the service. During 1912 there were 5,340 marriages,
73 J97 births, and 43,335 deaths in the republic, showing a natural
increase in the population of 30,442. The records of real property
show that during 1912 the transfers recorded amounted to 20,857,999
pesos, the mortgages placed to 99,183,842 pesos, and the mortgages
canceled to 60,902,834 pesos, or a total business of 180,944,675 pesos,
equal to $10,055,260. The message states that the production of
com in 1912 was 3,016,713 quintals, valued at 60,334,260 pesos; of
beans, 133,323 quintals, valued at 3,999,690 pesos; of wheat, 238,864
quintals, valued at 9,554,560 pesos; of rice, 36,065 quintals, valued
at 1,803,250 pesos; and oif other products, such as fruits, v^etables,
potatoes, sugar, meats, milk, cheese, etc., quantities valued at
229,859,304 pesos; or a total production of 305,551,564 pesos, equal
to $16,975,059. The exports in 1912 consisted of coffee valued at
197,793,108 pesos; sugar, 10,161,576 pesos; rubber, 2,533,824 pesos;
woods, 4,346,496 pesos; and bananas, 12,000,438 pesos; or a total of
226,835,442 pesos,|equal to $12,601,969. The imports of rice, pota-
toes, and com amounted to 13,164,732 pesos, equal to $731,374. This
gives a balance of agricultural exports over agricultural. imports of

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GUATEMALA. 765

SI 1,870,595 in 1912. Adding to this balance the agricultural prod-
ucts consumed in the country, $16,975,059, it will be seen that the
agricultural production of Guatemala in 1912 amounted to
S28,845,654. The mining industry is carried on in many of the
departments on the slopes of the Andean cordillera. In Las Minas
mountains gold, silver, copper, lead, and zinc are found. The xnining
code of Guatemala is very favorable to the development of the
mining industry and transportation facilities are good. The tele-
graph system consists of 6,088 kilometers and the telephone system
of 790 kilometers. In 1912 the post-office department handled
23,405,219 pieces of mail matter. The total revenues of the Republic
in 1912 amounted to 71,014,726 pesos, as compared with 62,047,475
pesos in 1911. The expenditures in 1912 aggregated 76,682,916 pesos,
disbursed as follows: Different branches of the administrative service
44,970,482, and public credit 31,712,434 pesos. In 1912 the public

schools of the Republic numbered 1,835. ^Among the numerous

articles which the Government of Guatemala will send to the Agri-
cultural EXPOSITION OF GHENT, Belgium, are samples of ooffee,
cacao, flour, sugar, wheat, chocolate, woods, textile fibers, and

ores. ^The President of the Republic has approved the LOAN of

80,000 pesos made by the Occidental Bank to the municipality of
Quezaltenango for the purpose of buying the house adjoining the
municipal palace. This loan is to be paid from the proceeds of a
tax of 2 pesos per tercio (load) of brown sugar (panela) introduced
into the municipality. ^Enrique Frese has requested the depart-
ment of fomento of the Grovernment of Guatemala to permit the free
importation, for a period of five years, of 1,000 kilos monthly of
sumac and crude tannin extracts, and 400 kilos monthly of oil — all
for tanning purposes, to be used in the TANNING FACTORY at

Carcha, Department of Alta Verapaz. Work has been commenced

on the SANTA RITA AQUEDUCT at Quezaltenango. This aque-
duct is to be extended to the springs which supply the water for the
use of the city of Quezaltenango, thereby insuring an abundant and
uncontaminated water supply. It is expected that the work will be

completed by the end of the present year. Sr. Maximiliano

Cifuentes M., chief of the consular section of the departm^it of foreign
relations of tiie Government of Guatemala, has furnished the
Monthly Bulletin the following information: The Government of
Guatemala decreed a period of five days of NATIONAL MOURNING
throu^out the Republic on account of the death of Dr. Manuel E.

Araújo, President of the Republic of Salvador. The Guatemalan

DELEGATION TO WASHINGTON to congratulate President Wil-
son on taking possession of his office was composed of Sr. Lie. Antonia
Batres Jauregui, and Sr. Joaquin Méndez, minister of Guatemala
near the Government of the United States. Sr. Giosue Notari haii.

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766 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.

been promoted by the King of Italy to the post of MINISTER OF
ITALY in Central America with residence in the city of Guatemala.

The Gtovemment of Guatemala has app>ointed delegates to the

following congresses: Sr. Juan Vandeputte to the Third Interna-
tional (X)NQRESS OF AGRICULTURISTS, and to the Tenth
International CONGRESS OF DOMESTIC SCIENCE, to be held
in Ghent during the World's Exposition in 1913; Sr. Julio Marsilly to
the Fourth International CONGRESS OF SANITATION and House
Hygiene to be held in Antwerp from August 31 to September 7, 1913,
and Sr. Jose Maria Lardizabal to the International CONGRESS OF
COMMERCIAL STATISTICS which was held in Brussels in Mwt^h

last. ^Lic. F. Ernesto Sandoval has been recognized as CONSUL

GENERAL of the Republic of Ecuador in Guatemala. ^A tax of

$10 on each GUN or rifle, and $& on each REVOLVER imported
into the Republic of Guatemala, with the exception of firearms
imported by the Government for the army, has been levied for the
benefit of the following ports through which they are imported: San
Jose, Puerto Barrios, Izabal, Puerto Estrada Cabrera, and Panzos.
Immigrants and tourists are subject to this tax, but are not required
to pay same if they deposit their firearms in the customhouse at port
of entry and obtain them on leaving the country, provided this is done
before the expiration of one year from the time of making the deposit.
After the expiration of one year the firearms are forfeited to the
municipality. An executive decree of the Government of Guate-
mala adopts the provisions contained in the rules and regulations
proposed by Great Britain to avoid COLLISIONS AT SEA.

On March 9, 1913, President Auguste signed the decree reorganiz-
ing the DEPARTMENT OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS. According
to the new arrangement the following divisions or bureaus have been
created: Diplomatic bureau, consular bureau, juridical bureau,
ceremonial and precedence bureau, disbursing bureau, and bureau

of archives. ^The department of commerce has just put into

effect for the purpose of helping commerce a temporary measure
allowing the verification of perishable merchandise for approximative
duties. The department, however, reminds importers that the
treasury officials and customs coUectors will not take into account
in the approximative detailed statements the decreased duties pro-
vided for in the conventions of the Republic with France, Germany,
and the United States if contrary to the exact terms of these conven-

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HAITI. 767

tiens; the requests for verification for approximative duties are not

accompanied by certificates of oiigin. ^The following cablegrams

were exchanged between the Haitian and Venezuelan Governments
upon the occasion of the official unveiling at Caracas on March 1,
1913, of the statue of Alexandre Pétion, a Haitian patriot, who played
an important rôle in the struggle for Venezuelan Independence under
Bolivar: "At the request of the President of the Republic I have the
honor to inform your Excellency that we have to-day officially
unveiled the statue of Pétion in affectionate remembrance of the
Haitian Republic. (Signed) Andara, Minister of Foreign Affairs."
In response to this message the secretary of state of Haiti cabled as
follows: "Haitian Government and people much touched by proof of
sympathy given the country by the unveiling of the statue of Petion.
In their name I warmly thank the Venezuelan President and people
and send best wishes for the development of the cordial relations
existing between our two countries. (Signed) Léger, Minister of
Foreign Affairs." During the centennial celebrations held in Vene-
zuela in June and July, 1911, the Venezuelan Qovemment decreed
that a square in Caracas should be named after Pétion and his statue
erected upon it in commemoration of the services he rendered

Venezuela. The Moniteur Officiel of March 12 publishes the text

of the convention on the exchange of postal parcels without declara-
tion of value concluded between Haiti and France and ratified by
the Haitian l^islative body August 27, 1912, and signed by the
President of Haiti on March 6, 1913. The cost of a postal parcel
weighing 5 kilograms (11 pounds) between France and Haiti is 2
francs ($0.40). In the negotiations Haiti was represented by Mr.
Léger, secretary of state, and Mr. Edmond Lépinasse, secretary of
the treasury and commerce, and France was represented by Count
d'Arlot de Saint^aud, resident minister at Santo Domingo in charge
of the legation at Port-au-Prince. ^The first autobus of the Auto-
mobile Transportation Co. of Port-au-Prince was put into com-
mission on March 20. The bus, which holds 16 passengers, runs

through the principal streets of the capital. The last rail on the

branch line from Port-au-Prince to St. Marc was laid on the 6th of
March by the National Railroad Co., which is now undertaking the
final work looking to the completion of the line which, according to
the department of public works, was to be opened to public traffic
by the end of March. The completion of this new line brings the
length of the railroad lines built by the company to 159 kilometers
(98 miles), distributed as follows: (îonaives-Ennery (open to traffic),
33 kilometers; Cap Grande Riviere (open to traffic), 23 kilometers;
Port-au-Prince to St. Marc, 103 kilometers. The company is at
present planning a line from Gonaives to Gros Morne, which it intends

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768 THE PAN AMSBICAN UNION.

to undertake in the near future. ^The secretary of agriculture

recently addressed a report to the President, in which he states that
he has been informed that the coffee and cacao trees are not giving
their normal yield, in spite of the incontestable fertility of the soil,
and that an epidemic has attacked the coffee trees of tíie county of
Jacmel. The secretary informs the President that an agricultural
expert has be^i sent to this region to make a report on the condition
of the trees, which will be submitted shortly. In looking for the
contributing causes to this condition the secretary finds, first, that
the peasants, left to themselves without any instruction, do not
farm according to scientific methods and consequently exercise
less care for the development of their plantations, and, second, that
plants, like creatures, are affected not only by the climate and sea-
sons, but also suffer from diseases. An appropriation has been voted
in the budget for the establishment of an agricultural school, and the
department has negotiations under way to engage professors from
abroad to give instruction in the latest scientific agricultural methods.
The minister believes that in the meantime steps should be taken to
protect these industries, and proposes the organization of a sort of
traveling school of agriculture and that professors be sent from place
to place in the coffee-producing r^^ns to teach the producers how to
improye their plantations and also how to prune the trees in order
to free the branches from suckers which absorb all tíie sap which
should go to form the fruit or berry. The secretary also proposes
the establishment of experimental agricultural fields in the coffee
and cacao producing regions to teach the farmers in the locality the
rudiments of scientific farming. The President heartily approves
the plans submitted by the secretary of agriculture to initiate the
Haitian planters into scientific methods of cultivating cacao and
coffee, the two principal products which form the basis of the wealth
of the country. A decree was signed by the mayor of Port-au-
Prince and approved by the secretary of the interior, changing the
name of Port or Pavée Street to Dantes Destouches Street in honor
of the late Dr. Dantes Destouches, an eminent physician of Port-au-
Prince. ^The President of the Republic signed a decree on March

19, 1913, regulating the program of studies of the first and second
year of primary instruction in the public schools of the city and
country districts. The school hours are from 10 o'clock in the morn-
ing to noon and from 1 to 4 in the afternoon. Special attrition
is being given to the improvement and dissemination of education
in Haiti. A bill was passed last July increasing the salaries of
teachers and establishing a manual training school for boys at Port-
au-Prince and an agricultural school in the Department of the

West. A board of hygiene has been organized in Port-au-Prince

for the purpose of inspecting the milk sold in the city and visiting

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HOKDUBiLS. 769

the slaughterhouses, hospitals, cemeteries, factories, and all other
public or private establishments when necessary, assisted by the
justice of the peace. The director of the service of hygiene or any
delegate approved by the mayor will make a monthly report to this
official on the condition of these places. Those who do not conform
to the requirements of the board of hygiene will be reported to the
justice of the peace and punished according to the law in effect.

Kl Nuevo Tiempo, an important daily newspaper published in
Tegucigalpa, states that there exists in Honduras an immensely
fertile and unpopulated region containing an area, approximately, of
16,900 square kilometers, known as the ^'MOSQUITIA HONDU-
RENA", comprised between the Segovia River on the east, the
Aguan River on the west, the Caribbean Sea on the north, and
the Department of Olancho on the south. The zone referred to
is exceedingly rich in natural wealth and contains numerous navi-
gable streams which empty into the Caribbean Sea. Some of the
lands of this territory are especially adapted to agriculture and
stock raising, and it has been roughly estimated that the wooded
section of the district contains 90 million pine trees, 45 milUon
mahogany trees, and about 14 million other trees of different kinds.
The approximate value of these trees as they stand in the forest is
25 cents each for the pine, $5 each for the mahogany, and 5 cents each
for the other trees, or a total value, in round numbers, of $248,900,000.
The mineral wealth of the region in question is very great, and it is
well known that the natives who live along the shores of the Patuca
River or any of the streams of this section can pan out enough gold
in a day from the auriferous sands of these streams to enable them
to Uve in comfort for a considerable time. Sarsaparilla, rubber,
coconut groves, and wild banana plants are also found in great
profusion in this region, the coconut groves and the banana plants
reproducing themselves. In addition to this there is an abundance
of fibrous plants everywhere, and excellent grazing for stock on the
river plains. It has been estiijaated that in the region referred to
grass is available for the maintenance of more than 200,000 head of
cattle annually. The navigable rivers which cross the Honduran
mesquite territory are the Aguan, the Tinto, the Segovia, and the
Patuca. The climate of this part of Honduras varies from quite hot
at the coast to temperate and pleasant in the interior, a gradual slope^
speaking generally, occurring from the seacoast, inland. The pro-

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770 THS PAN AMBBICAN UNION.

posed MILITARY LAW of the Republic of Honduras makes militaiy
service obligatory on all Honduran male citizens of sound health,
unless otherwise exempted, between the ages of 20 and 40 years. The
army is divided by this law into active and reserve troops, the active
troops c^nsbting of soldiers from 20 to 30 years of age, and the

reserve troops over 30 and up to 41 years of age. ^A subvention of

100 pesos per month has been granted to the HOTEL which Mrs.
Luisa B. de Meza has established at Comayagua, under the condition
that said hotel is to give preference to the lodging of Govenmient
officers and diplomatic agents in transit through Comayagua and
bearing the recommendation of the proper officials of the Gk)vrâi-

ment. Sr. Don Alberto Membreflo, minister of the RepubUc of

Honduras in Washington, has advised the Monthly Bulletin that,
in accordance with a decree of February 28 last, the Congress of
Honduras has approved the contract made with Mr. Rene Keilhauer
for the construction of the section of the PAN AMERICAN RAIL-
WAY corresponding to Honduras. This section of railway will
cross the Departments of Choluteca and Valle, and connect the line
with the section of the railway to be built by the Republics of Sal-
vador and Nicaragua. ^The Gaceta Oficial of Tegucigalpa pub-
lishes some interesting STATISTICS in which the population of
Honduras on December 31, 1911, is estimated at 566,017 souls, as
compared with 553,446 on the same date of 1910, or an increase in
1911 of 12,571 inhabitants. The births in 1911 numbered 21,825 as
compared with 20,447 in 1910, or a gain in 1911 over 1910 of 1,378.
The deaths in the Republic in 1911 were 10,620 as compared with
10,135 in 1910. The marriages in 1911 niunbered 2,114 as compared
with 1,987 in 1910, or an increase in 1911 as compared with 1910 of
127. The number of electors in the Republic in 1911 was 107,850.
In 1911, 771 steamships and 2,444 sailing vessels entered the ports of
Honduras, and 705 steamers and 2,412 sailing vessels cleared from
said ports. The number of passengers entering the ports of the
country in 1911 was 8,245, and the number of those leaving was
6,140. In 1911 there were killed in the slaughter houses of the
Republic 47,777 head of cattle, 30,857 hogs, and 68 sheep. The
municipal receipts for the year 1911 amounted to 1,271,553 pesos,
and the municipal expenditures to 869,937.

According to the Mexican Herald a bill is to be introduced into
the Mexican Congress authorizing the entire reorganization of the
department of fomento. A new department, to be named the

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MEXICO. 771

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE AND COLONIZATION, is
to be formed while the former department of fomento Í8 to be

called the department of trade and industry. From the same

publication it is learned that well No. 5 of the Compañía Mexicana de
Combustible, in the Topila district of Tamaulipas came in some days
ago and has since been capped. The estimated flow is 50,000
BARRELS OF OIL A DAY. Oil was struck between the depths
of 2,200 and 2,500 feet. Preparation is now being made for the
provision of tankage and transportation. The oil will likely be

transported in barges to Tampico for reñning and sale. For the

purpose of importmg Mexican BEEF CATTLE AND BANANAS
from the southern part of the Republic to the United States the
Gulf Coast Fruit & Steamship Co. has been organized, with ofiices in
Galveston, Texas. The new company will operate exclusively in
connection with the Associated Tropical Plantation Co. and the
Gulf Coast Plantation Co. These two companies own and operate
the Filisola and La Tabasqueûa plantations in the State of Veracruz,
said to be among the best in the Republic for the production of
bananas. They are reached by the Coatzacoalcos and Uspanapa
Rivers, which have sufficient depth for steamers of ocean-going
draft to run direct to the wharves and load cargo. The new company
has recently completed about 15 miles of railway connecting the
various parts of the plantations, supplied with suitable cars and
oil-burning locomotives. The Norwegian steamship Alcihama has
been chartered anfl will ply between Galveston and Puerto Mexico,
making the trip in about 72 hours, with cargoes of bananas and cattle,
about twice a month. The company expects to charter another
steamer within a short time, and a weekly service will then be estab-
lished. ^AN EQUESTRIAN STATUE to the memory of Jose Maria

Morolos Pavón will be unveiled on May 1 at Morelia, capital of the
State of Michoacan. The date chosen is the centenary of the taking
of Cuautla by the troops under the leadership of this general. The
unveiling ceremony will be performed by the governor of the State,
and the civil and military authorities and numbers of invited guests

from other parts of the Republic will attend. ^The death of Lie.

Rafael de Alba, a NOTED MEXICAN POET, occurred on April 6.
During his lifetime Lie. de Alba for many years was secretary to the
government of Tepic, but had lately taken up his residence in the

City of Mexico. The director general of lighthouses has decided

to establish a branch of the department at Ensenada, Territory of
Lower California, to supervise and care for the LIGHTHOUSE
and the different maritime signals to be erected for the safety of
navigators in the waters about Punta Ensenada and the Island of

Todos Santos. ^The planting of 6,000 TREES on the road from

Mexico to Pachuca has been completed. The work was undertaken

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772 THE PAN AMSBICAN UNION.

under the supervision of the inspector of roads of the department of

communications. At the anniversary coromemoratíon m Puebla

on April 2 the NEW CITY MARKET was opened. It had been

in course of construction for three years and cost $500,000. The

director general of agriculture has completed the distribution of
313,000 FRUIT TREES imported from the United States, Europe,
and Japan to the 435 applicants. The trees imported from the
United Staties and France comprised chiefly apples, peaches, apricots,
pears, plums, and olives. Seedless oranges and plums are among
those imported from Japan. The Mexico Tramways Co. has com-
pleted the double-tracking of the section on TLALPAM ROAD
between hacienda de San Antonio Coapa and Huipulco. Construc-
tion of the new lines between Mexico City and Toluca, and abo to

Puebla, is progressing. The department of telegriqïhs of Mexico

City has conomiBsioned Ing. Benigo Guerrero to proceed to Sonora
to inspect, and, if satisfactory, take over the NEWLY CON-
STRUCTED LIGHTHOUSE on the isla de Pájaros, close to the

port of Guaymas. Work is again to be started in constructing

the railway to connect the capital of the State of Oaxaca with the
Tehuantepec-Sidina Cruz line. Tlacolula is the point where con-
struction is to be resumed. ^According to a report of United

Sutes Consul C. A. Miller, at Tampico, shipments of CRUDE PETRO-
LEUM from that district steadily increase. During the last quarter
of 1912 declared exports to the United States of crude oil amounted
to 1,568,160 barrels and thrpugh the Tuxpañi consular agency
1,337,182 barrels. In addition the Waters-Pierce refinery has been
taking about 6,000 barrels and the railway company about 12,000
barrels daily. A conservative estimate of crude oU shipped from and
consumed in the district during the December quarter is placed by
the consul at 5,000,000 barrels.

The American of Bluefields states that the córdobas, the new
COINS for Nicaragua, were placed v in circulation on the Atlantic
coast the latter part of March last by the National Bank of Nica-
ragua. These coins circulate freely and are received everywhere at
par. The people of the Atlantic coast district of the Republic have
long been accustomed to the use of coins of Central and South
America, the value of which was regulated by the bidlion value of
the silver contents, and while fluctuating to some extent was a fairiy
stable currency. The establishment of a nonfluctuating currency for

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KICASAOtJA. 773

Nicaragua by the loan bankers formed a part of the loan contract
entered into by the Nicaraguan Government and the New York
bankers. At Managua, the capital of the Republic, a ruling was
made during the latter part of March to charge a commission of 1^
per cent for exchanging 5,000 córdobas or over for dollars, and 1 per
cent commission for exchanges of 100 córdobas to 5,000 córdobas.
Bank bills representing córdobas have been placed in circulation in

different parts of the country. ^The LIGHTHOUSE TAX at Pearl

Lagoon, which was formerly collected from steamers entering Blue-
fields, has, under an order of the department of fomento, been dis-
continued. The lighthouse which caused the collection of this tax
was erected and is maintained by the Atlantic Fruit Co. and taxes
derived from same according to the ruling of the department can not

be considered as port charges. ^The Diario de Nicaragua (daily of

Nicaragua), the publication of which was discontinued some time
ago, is again being issued in Managua under the direction of Sr. Juan

Bautista Prado. The publication is nonpolitical. ^The Pan

American FRUIT AND FIBER Co. at Rio Grande, Nicaragua, is
under the management of Claude D. Bingham. The company is en-
gaged in the development of the fruit and fiber industries of the
Atlantic coast region and is employing the latest approved methods

in fruit culture and fiber extraction. Since the first of the present

year the ATLANTIC FRUIT CO., with general offices at 11 Broad-
way, New York, has established for its Nicaraguan division sailings
from Pearl Lagoon for New York via Port Limon, Colon, Jamaica,

and Cuba, every alternate Sunday. ^The Nicaraguan Commercial

and Logging Co. at Bluefields operates GASOLINE VESSELS be-
tween Bluefields and points on the Atlantic coast and on the Prinza-
pulca River, with a special fast steamer service to the Oconguas, Pis

Pis, Bana Cruz, and Suina mining districts. ^According to the

press of Nicaragua the General Syndicate of American Research of
Paris, operating in the Republic of Nicaragua, has for its object the
study of industrial, agricultural, mining, and timber prospects sus-
ceptible of development. The syndicate proposes to centralize
propositions of this nature in order to bring them to the attention
of French capitalists through separate reports and estimates that
would be obtained through exploitation. The company offers its
services in conducting negotiations for the purpose, sale, or location
of lands, the establishmwit of agriculture centers, and the develop-
ment of mining properties. Attention will also be given to the mak-
ing of plans, technical and financial reports, and railway projects
and surveys when backed by European capitalists, and to contract

for and finance loans in Europe. On March 6 last the National

Assembly of Nicaragua approved the resolution authorizing the
President of the Republic to make a LOAN ofi$l,000,000. ^A

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774 THB PAN AHBBICAN UNION.

thorough inyeBtigation has been made and a report will be prepared
by A. Van Scrivner, a civil engineer and dredging expert, as to the
feasibility of DREDGING the flats and bar at Pearl Lagoon. This
report is to be submitted to capitalists who will make it a basis for

considering the undertaking of the dredging project referred to.

The new TARIFF of Nicaragua became effective on March 24, 1913.

The National Assembly of Panama has authorized tlie President
of tlie Republic to make the necessary studies to determine the num-
ber of miles of RAILWAY which it would be beneficial to construct
in tlie Republic and the routes of the same, bearing in mind the
resources the country has at its command and the best advantages
to be obtained from the investment of public funds used for this
purpose. In order to intelligently arrive at the facts connected with
the railway construction referred to, the President is empowered to
appoint a committee of engineers to investigate and report upon the
raüways and branches that iliay be considered to be to the interest of
the Government to build. The President is further authorized to
n^otiate a loan for the amount required to carry on said railway
construction. This loan shall not bear interest exceeding 6 per cent
annually, and the amortization of the same within a period of 50
years is to be arranged upon the best possible terms, the President
being authorized to pledge the revenues of the nation, if necessary,
in guaranteeing the capital and interest on the money invested. The
Executive is empowered to build the railways referred to adminis-
tratively or through contractors as he may deem best for the interests

of the State. A law has been enacted by the National Assembly

of Panama granting a BOUNTY of 2 balboas for each quintal of
toquilla straw exported in the form of manufactured articles, such,
for example, as Panama hats. The President of the Republic is
authorized to regulate the operation of the law, increasing or diminish-
ing the bounty in such a way as he may deem best to encourage the
development of the toquilla straw industry in the country. When
the President considers that the industry has been sufficiently stimu-
lated and is able to care for itself, he is empowered to abolish the

bounty. The BOUNDARY of the district of Arraijan has been

fixed by law as follows: The line of the Canal 2ione from its starting
point at Venado beach to its intersection with the Lirio River, and up
that stream to its source; thence in a straight line to the summit of
the Ahoga- Yeguas hill; thence in a straight line to the head of the

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PARAGUAY. 775

Naranjal Canyon and down said canyon to the Caimito River and
down that river to where it enters the sea, and from thence along

the shore to the Canal 2ione at Venado beach. President Porras

has been authorized by Congress to .arrange with a domestic or
foreign company, mider the proper guaranties, for the establishment
of a BANE OF ISSUE, exchange, and discount, with a mortgage
department annexed. The institution will be called the ''Bank of
Panama,'' is to have a capital of 1,000,000 balboas, and is prohibited
from b^inning business imtil 50 per cent of the capital is paid in.
The bank is authorized to issue bank notes payable to bearer, and
will be required to publish each month in the Qaceta Oficial a state-
ment of its assets and liabilities. The President is empowered to
make a contract for a term of 40 years, during which period the

Grovemment ^rees not to issue bank notes payable to bearer. ^A

recent message of the President of the Republic to the National
Assembly recommends that the Government of Panama be given the
right to intervene in the CONSERVATION OF NATURAL RE-
SOURCES of the Republic, among which are mentioned foreste on
Government and imappropriated lands, v^etable ivory, rubber,
liquid amber, balsam, chicle, medicinal producte, animals, foodstuffs,
live stock, mines, wate combes, petroleum deposite, etc. One of the
clauses of the proposed law provides that no contract made in regard
to natural resources shall extend over a period of 40 years, and that
the exploitation of natural resources shall be made under the super-
vision of the State. The National Assembly of the Republic of

Panama, in accordance with the recommendation of President Porras,
has increased the appropriation for the celebration of the FOURTH
CENTENARY of the discovery of the Pacific by Vasco Nunez de
Balboa from 30,000 to 150,000 balboas. The exposition grounds will
be near the site of the old city of Panama. The mauguration will
take place on January 21, 1914, and the exposition will remain open
until May 31 of the same year.

El Diario of Asuncion states that construction work will soon
begin on the large IRON BRIDGE between Concordia, Argentine
Republic, and El Salto, Uruguay, thereby opening up an all-rail
route, via the Northeastern Uruguay, and the Northwestern Argentine
Railways, between Asuncion and Montevideo. To make up this
route a number of railways are made use of, among which are the
Paraguay Railway from Asuncion to Encamación, and the Argentine

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776 THE PAN AlCBBIOAir UNION.

and Uruguayan Railways from Encamación to Concordia and
Montevideo. This railway route, with its connections places four
countries in direct rail conununication with each other, namely,

Paraguay, Argentina, Uruguay, and Brazil. Sr. Enrique Astengo

of Asuncion has sold 170 leagues of LAND in the Paraguayan Cbaco,
about half of which is located opposite the federal capital, to the
Farquhar syndicate. The land sold is covered with different kinds
of valuable timber. It is said that the Farquhar syndicate pro-
poses to construct a railway through these lands and to buüd a port
opposite or in the neighbortiood of Asuncion, as well as to erect
saw mills and tanning factories at convenient points on the land in

question. Preliminary negotiations have been made between the

Belgian minister and the Government of Paraguay for the drawing

up of an EXTRADITION TREATY between the two countries.

An agricultural census recently taken at Colonia Elisa shows tiiat
the principal crops cultivated in that colony are tobacco, maize,
mandioca, alfalfa, Irish and sweet potatoes, pineapples, oranges,
mandarins, and bananas. The mandarins, bananas, and pine-
apples are principally export^ to Rosario and Buenos Aires, but
of late a growing demand for these products has been noted in
Asuncion, and it is predicted that at no distant date a large domestic

trade will be built up with the capital of the Republic. The

PACKING HOUSE (saladero) at Villa Concepción commenced oper-
ations during the latter part of last February with a stock of cattle

on hand and contracted for estimated at 10,000 head. Statistics

published in the Diario of Asuncion show that in 1910 Paraguay
produced 13,000,000 pounds of TOBACCO, as compared with
75,285,000 pounds grown in Brazil, and 31,000,000 pounds harvested

in Argentina during the same year. The press of Paraguay states

that Dr. Héctor Velazquez, minister of Paraguay in Washington,
has been commissioned to arrange for the participation of the Para-
guayan Government in the Panama-Pacific, and the Panama-Cali-
fornia EXPOSITIONS, which will be held in San Francisco, and San

Diego, Cal., respectively, in 1915. A recent executive decree

required the registration of all Paraguayan citizens between the
ages of 17 and 45, who are subject to military duty, in accordance
with the law making MILITARY SERVICE compulsory in the

Republic. A large RAILWAY BRIDGE over the Parana River

between Encarnación and Posadas has been planned by the railway
company to take the place of the railway ferryboat traffic now in

operation between the two points. According to notices of the

Paraguayan press preliminary steps have been taken by the federal
Government looking to the CODIFICATION of the laws of the
country. The work is in charge of a commission of jurists appointed
by the minister of justice. The Revista del Paraguay is the title

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PARAGUAY. 777

of a new publication established at Asuncion by Sr. Ramon Lara
Castro and Dr. Vitriato Diaz-Perez, devoted to history, science, art
and biography. The publication wiU be issued every two months,
and is the only magazine of this character at present published in
Paraguay. It is estimated that there are 60,000 valuable docu
ments unedited in the national archives of the republic, many of

which will be treated of in the Revista referred to. Dr. Héctor

Velazquez, minister of Paraguay in Washington, has kindly furnished
the Monthly Bulletin with the following data: The SUPREMP]
COURT has been definitely organized by the appointment of doctors
Manuel Buidos, Félix Paiva, and Gaspar Villamayor to the bench. — ' —
The office of JUSTICE, WORSHIP, and PUBLIC INSTRUCTION,
made vacant by the appointment of Dr. Félix Paiva to the supreme
court, has been filled temporarily by Dr. Eusébio Ayala of the de-
partment of foreign relations. Dr. Luis Alberto Haedo has been

appointed secretary of the LEGATION of Paraguay in Montevideo,
and Dr. Moisés S. Bertoni delegate to the Congress of AGRICUL-
TURAL DEFENSE held in Montevideo in April last. lAIMIGRA-

TION to Paraguay is increasing and many requests for lands are be-
ing made for colonization purposes. Dr. Fulgencio R. Moreno has

been appointed envoy extraordinary and MINISTER plenipotentiary
of the Republic of Paraguay near the Governments of Chile and

Peru. ^Dr. Apolinário Real, ex-member of the supreme court, has

been appointed attorney general of the Republic. ^The Govern-
ment of Paraguay has decided to participate in the ADRIATIC
EXPOSITION to be held in Vienna during the middle of the present
year, and has appointed the consul of Paraguay in Vienna, Sr. Leo

Hirsch, to represent it officially. Paraguay will be represented

by Sr. Amoldo Schoch, chargé d'affaires of Paraguay in Paris, at the
INTERNATIONAL CUSTOMS STATISTICS CONGRESS to be
held in Paris. Count Jorge de Monceau de Bergendal will repre-
sent the Republic of Paraguay in the conference for making more
uniform COMMERCIAL STATISTICS, which is to be held in the

city of. Brussels. Dr. Cecilio Baez was chairman of the fifth

committee of the International CONGRESS OF JURISTS which

met in Montevideo recently. During a recent session of the

Congress of Paraguay a HOMESTEAD BILL was introduced, the
main features of which are as follows: The Government is authorized
to give, free of chaise, to citizens of the Republic who are not owners
of lands, and to foreigners declaring themselves immigrants and
willing to accept the conditions of the grant, an area of land in no
Case to exceed 45 acres on the condition that they will establish a
homestead thereon. The grant further provides that the land can
not be eoid, ittortga^d, or transferred, except in case of inheritance;
tíÊAÍ it can not be held for debt contracted by the grantee eitliar
86268— Bull. 5—13 9

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778 THE PAN AMSBIOAN UKIOK.

before or subsequent to his ownership; where owned by man and
wife, in case of divorce the land becomes the sole property of the
one to whom the custody of the children is given by the court; in
case of death of the man or wife the property shall pass to the
survivor regardless of the children; in case of death of both parents,
the oldest son inherits, provided he has been declared the heir by a
public document, otherwise the estate shall be divided according to
the common law, being sold for division. Persons acquiring such
homestead shall within two years of possession build a house and
cultivate the land, the extent of such improvements to be determined
by the executive power in each case. Applications for such home-
st^>ads are to be made to the minister for foreign affairs and not more
than one lot may be granted to any one person. The bill further
provides for the purchase of fiscal lands in addition to those already
owned, but limits expropriation of lands for this purpK)se to four
square leagues. Should the bill became a law it will doubtless
stimulate inmiigration to Paraguay very materially and greatly
encourage farming on a small scale.

The Government of Peru has contracted with the Bank of Peru
and Ijondon of Lima, with branches at Callao,. Iquitos, Piura, Chic-
layo, Pacasmayo, Trujillo, Huaras, Huacho, Cerro de Pasco, Huan-
cayo. Chincha Alta, lea, Moliendo, and Arequipa, to form a corpora-
tion under the name of RECAUDADORA de IMPUESTOS (Col-
lector of the Revenues) with a capital of £1,500,000, to collect for
a period not to exceed four years the FISCAL REVENUES formerly
paid to the Compania Nacional de Recaudación (National Collection
Company) on alcohol, sugar, matches, revenue stamps, and r^istra-
tion fees, chattels, sealed paper, licenses at Lima and Callao, transfer
fees, paper used in imposing fines, port dues, opium, tobacco, and
denatured alcohol. River and port dues and wharfage charges are not
to be collected by the company. The company agrees to loan the
Government up to £1,245,000, secured by 7 per cent interest-bearing
treasury bonds payable to bearer. The company is to receive for
its services a commission of 1 per cent on the amount collected after
deducting working expenses. The company is also authorized to
contract with the departmental and municipal boards and public insti-
tutions for the collection of their revenues. The management of the
company shall be entrusted to a board of nine directora, six of whom
shall be selected by the shareholders and three by the Government,

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•- PERU. 779

one of the latter number to be managing director and at least two of
the directors to be native-bom Peruvians. The company is ex-
empted from the payment of all fiscal, departmental, and registra-
tion charges. ^The BANK OF PERU AND LONDON, the main

office of which is at Lima, Peru, has a paid-up capital of £500,000
and a reserve fimd of £300,000. The balance sheet of this bank on
December 31, 1912, showed the following liabilities and assets: Lia-
bilities— Capital and reserve fund, £800,000; impaid dividends,
£1,221; rediscounts, £14,191; profit and loss, £64,558; and current
accoimts, time deposits, bills payable, etc., £4,611,399, making a total
of £5,491,369. The assets consisted of cash, £645,077; bonds, loans,

and discounted bills, £2,136,451, and other assets, £2,709,841.

The PERUVIAN GEOGRAPHIC CONGRESS, with headquarters
in Lima, Peru, has adopted resolutions recommending the encouraging
of the teaching of geography in the coimtry, the establishment of chairs
of geography in the universities of Peru, an improvement of the plan
of teaching geography in the Republic, the selection by competitive
contest of a geography of Peru, the preparing of popular geographic
maps, and the encouragement of the study of geography among adults

in Peru. The National AGRICULTURAL AND VETERINARY

SCHOOL at Santa Beatriz, Peru, was established for the purpose of
giving practical and scientific instruction in agriculture and veteri-
nary sui^ery to young Peruvians interested in these studies and in
order to supply the constantly increasing demand for agricultural
foremen and veterinary experts. To be admitted to the school the
candidate must have the prescribed educational qualifications, be
between 16 and 20 years of age, physically sound, and obtain a schol-
arship by competitive examination from the department in which he
resides. The school opened its courae for the present school year in
April last with the largest number of students ever admitted to its
classes. The complete course covers a period of five years. A cer-
tain number of students having the requisite qualifications are admit-
ted to the school without the presentation of a scholarship upon the

payment of £6 annually, plus laboratory fees. A new WIRELESS

TELEGRAPH tower, the "Encanto," has been erected and put into

service in the Putumayo region. ^The Department of Ayacucho

has been authorized by the Peruvian Congress to contract for the
construction of a bridge over the Pampas River. ^The official news-
papers of Peru of January 24 and 31 and February 8 last contain
presidential decrees regulating strikes and strikers, certain obligations
being imposed upon the employer and the employee for the purpose

of protecting the public. The MILITARY SCHOOL of Peru has

been reorganized so as to admit each year into the school for drill
and instruction a battalion of infantry, a raiment of cavalry, and a
section of light artillery.

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Through the courtesy of Sr. Federico Mejía, minister of the
Repubhc of Salvador near the (Jovemment of the United States in
Washington, the Monthly Bulletin is advised that Sr. Carlos
Meloiidcz succeeded to the PRESIDENCY of the Repubhc on the
death of the late President, Dr. Manuel E. Araújo, and that Dr.
Teodósio Carranza became first designate, Col. José María Peralta
Ijñ^oSy second designate, and Sr. Samuel Luna, third designate-
The cabinet of President Melendez, appointed under a decree of
March 26 last, and installed into office on the next day, is as follows:
I)r. Francisco Martinez Suarez, secretary of foreign relations, public
instruction, and justice; Sr. Samuel Luna, secretary of the interior,
public works, and charities; Dr. Ramón Garcia Gonzalez, secretary
of finance, pubUc credit, and agriculture; and Col. José Maria

Peralta L., secretary of war and marine. The National Assembly

has elected Dr. Manuel Castro Ramirez justice of the Republic of
Salvador in the CENTRAL AAfERICAN COURT OF JUSTICE, and
I)r. Victor Jerez CHIEF JUSTICE of the supreme court of Salvador

for the term 1913-1915. The following appointments, according

to advices received from Sr. José Alfaro Moran, consul of Salvador
in New York, have recently been made in the diplomatic and con-
sular service of the Repubhc of Salvador: Dr. Enrique Borja, min-
ister in Guatemala; Dr. Carlos A. Meza, sexîretary of the l^ation in
Washington; and Dr. Rafael V. Castro, consul general at Ham-
burg. The WELIÍ5 FARGO EXPRESS CO. has arranged with

the Salvador Railway Co. to establish the express business between
Salvador and the United States, and the connections of the express

company with the rest of the world. ^The new ORPHAN

ASYLUM in the city of San Salvador will have a capacity for 700
cliildren. The property has large grounds and is valued at 40,000
pesos. Plans have been made for the erection of cement and stone
buildings. — —On the forenoon of February 4 of the current year, the
day of the assassination of the President of the Repubhc of Salvador,
the MESSAGE which he intended to present to Congress was revised
and signed by him. In this message the late President, Dr. Manuel
E. Araújo, reviews the principal events occurring under his admin-
istration during the previous year. In 1912 the receipts of the
hospital fund were 1,317,479 pesos and the expenditures 1,293,557,
leaving an excess of receipts over expenditures of 23,922 pesos,
which, added to the balance brought over from 1911, made the cash
on hand in tliis fund at the beginning of 1913 amount to 88,866
pesos. During the year 1912 special attention was given to the

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UBUGUAY. 781

encouragement of education. The Federal Government invested
during that year 33,050 pesos in buildings and grounds for public
schools. From March, 1911, to December 31, 1912, primary schools
to the number of 86 were established in the Republic. Higher educa-
tion also received the careful attention of the Government, the State
having supported during the past year 16 colleges and awarded a
lai^e number of scholarships. The total revenues of the Republic
in 1912 amounted to 14,445,731 pesos as compared with 12,350,874
pesos in 1911. Of the receipts in 1912 the sum of 8,324,869 pesos
represented import duties and 1,400,894 export duties. The pubhc
debt, which, on March 1, 1911, amounted to 33,500,000 pesos, was
reduced at various times, so that on December 31, 1912, it amounted

to 27,894,336 pesos. In 1912 the following sums were collected

by the principal CONSULATES of the Republic of Salvador: San
Francisco, $4,798; New York, $4,287; Hamburg, $3,243; London,

$2,721; Paris, $2,774; Liverpool, $2,316; and Genoa, $1,529. ^The

value of the furniture and equipment of the PUBLIC SCHOOLS of
the Republic of Salvador at the close of 1912 was 69,678 pesos, of
which amount 20,095 pesos were in the Department of San Salva-
dor. Sr. Jose Alfaro Moran, formerly acting consul of Salvador

in New York, has been appointed CONSUL of that country in the
city of New York, and entered upon the performance of his duties
as such on March 27, 1913.

The bureau of labor of the Government of Uruguay is conducting
an investigation for the purpose of learning the number of artisans
and laborers enqdoyed in the industries and commerce of the Repub-
licy thm hours worked, the wages paid, health conditions, etc. About
3,000 estaUishments, representing 40,000 workmen, have already
been visited, and an INDUSTRIAL CENSUS is expected to be
completed within a period of six months. The investigation so far
has shown that organized labor in Uruguay works eight hours a
day. Sleps are being taken throughout the Republic for the cele-
bration of the FIFTIETH ANNIVERSARY of the liberty march

acros» the country led by the patriot. Gen. Venancio Flores. Since

1890 the city of El Salto, Uruguay, has been one of the principal
APICULTURAIj centers of the Republic. One beekeeper, Sr.
Antonio R. Malaquina, who has a number of colonies of Italian bees,
produced at last spring's harvest 4,000 kilos of an excellent quality
of honey. There are a large number of beekeepers in this neighbor-

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782 THB PAN AMEBICAK UNION.

hood having only a few hives, and the yield of honey has always
been very large per hive and of a fine quality. The bureau of edu-
cation proposes to establish in Montevideo two OPEN-AIR PRI-
MARY SCIIOOLS, one for boys and one for girls. If the experiment
of operating these schoob is successful, efforts will be made to estab-
lish similar schools in other parts of the Republic. ^A German

company has been organized to operate a line of steamers between
Montevideo, Buenos Aires, Asuncion, and other fluvial ports, using
PETROLEUM as a fuel. The first of these vessels is an 800-ton
boat called Hermann Krahhy with a speed of from 10 to 12 miles

an hour. These vessels will sail imder the Uruguayan flag. A

ROAD CONGRESS has been organized in Montevideo. The Ck)n-
gress is divided into three sections: (1) Survey, construction, and
conservation of roads; (2) road legislation; and (3) plans for financ-
ing road improvements. A new BANK has been founded in Mon-
tevideo imder the name of ** Banco de Cauciones y Credito." The
capital is 200,000 pesos with the right to increase it to 1,000,000
pesos. One of the departments of the bank will deal with the loan-
ing of money to farmers and stockmen. The Official Gazette of

the Republic of Uruguay of March 14, 1913, contains the full text
of the MINING CODE recently promulgated by the President of
the Republic. The law embodies several important reforms that

have been urged for a number of years. ^A decree has been issued

authorizing the department of posts of the Government of Uruguay
to make a special issue of 150,000 STAMPS each of the denomina-
tions 2, 4, and 5 centavos in commemoration of the approaching
celebration of the centennary of the "Instructions of Artigas."
These stamps are to bear engravings historically related to the
centenary referred to, and according to the decree were to be placed

in circulation between April 4 and 20, 1913. ^Work on the PAN

AMERICAN RAILWAY, the construction of which was temporarily
suspended in March last, has been commenced with renewed activity
and an increased force of workmen and employees. The Trinidad
to Durazno section will be opened to traffic in a short while, and, if
necessary, the company will doubtless be granted a reasonable exten-
sion of time in which to complete and open to traffic the entire line.
The Pan American Railway will also construct a port for coastwise
trade, and has agreed to settle agricultural colonists on 40,000 hec-
tares of land along its lines between Colonia and San Luis. ^The

department of foreign affairs has issued a decree establishing the
PAN AMERICAN COMMITTEE under the direction of the depart-
ment of state of Uruguay. This committee is composed of Drs.
Juan Zorilla de San Martin, José Espalter, Jacobo Varela Acevedo,
Serapio del Castillo, and Aristides Dellepiane, the latter being the
secretary of the committee. The duties of the committer are to

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VENEZUELA

VENEZUELA.' 783

cany on n^otiations looking to the approval of the resolutions
adopted by the International American Conferences, supply data to
the Pan American Union for its works and publications, submit plans
that it may deem desirable to the interests of the Union, and to main-
tain communication with this institution.

An executive decree of March 24 last provides for the estabUshment
of four METEOROLOGICAL STATIONS in the RepubUc at the fol-
lowing places: Merida, Ciudad Bohvar, Maracaibo, and Calabozo, which
points represent geographic centers of the coimtry adapted to the
study of meteorology. A knowledge of meteorological conditions in
the different zones of the nation will be a great help toward the devel-
opment of the natural wealth of the coimtry, and especially of
agricidture, stock raising, and allied industries. Daily reports from
the stations referred to will be made by telegraph to the astronomical
and meteorological observatory in Caracas, and a written report
embodying a résimié of the work of the different stations will be sent

to the Caracas observatory monthly. ^An appropriation of 4,000

bolivares has been made by the Federal Government for the repair
of the HIGHWAY from Duaca to Barquisimente in such a manner
that it can be used for automobile traffic. The widening and drainage
of the La Guaira highway has also been imdertaken by the depart-
ment of public works. ^The Grovemment of Venezuela has pur-
chased 40 copies of the work of Dr. Elias Toro entitled ^'THROUGH

THE GUAYANA FORESTS" (Por Las Selvas de Guayana). The

President of the Republic has ordered that upon the completion of the
TELEGRAPH LINE from Bobures to Torondoy a Une be constructed
between Aguada Grande and Siquisique in cooperation with the Gov-
ernment of the District of Urdaneta and the citizens of the municipality

of San Miguel. Gen. Juan Vicente Gomez, President of the Republic

of Venezuela, has extended the time requested by the VENEZUELAN
DEVELOPMENT CO. (Ltd.), successors to the Venezuelan Oilfields
Corporation Co. (Ltd.), until January 2, 1914, for the completion of
the contract made by that company with the Venezuelan Government

on December 10, 1909. In accordance with paragraph 4 of article

66 of the pubUc-land law of Venezuela, the sum of 10 boUvares per each
1 ,250 hectares has been provisionally fixed for the granting of permission
and registration for the exploitation of the COAGULATED LATEX

of the trees known as Pendare and Arbol de vaca (Cow tree). The

United States Immigration and Steamship Co., of Cincinnati, Ohio,

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784 THB PAN AMSBIOAN UNION.

has submitted a proposition to the (Government of Venezuela concern-
ing the construction and equipment of 1,750 miles of RAILWAY in
Venezuela at the rate of $40,000 per mile, or a total expenditure of
$70,000,000, in exchange for choice agricultural (Government lands
at $3.07 per hectare. The proposal is part of a scheme to operate
30,450 miles of modem railway in South America reaching countries
that have, approximately, 75,000,000 inhabituits. The principal
links of the proposed line are from Caracas to Bogota, and thence via
Lima, I^a Paz, and Rio Juieiro to Buenos Aires. The correspondence
of the company with the Government of Venezuela relating to this
proposed contract is contained in the OfRcial Gazette of Caracas of
March 11, 1913. The Government of Venezuela declined the pro-
posal in the form in which it was submitted, giving the reasons for
same in an interesting communication dated March 11, 1913. The
plan also embraced an extensive colonization scheme by which
600,000 immigrants were to be settled along the proposed railway in
the limits of the Republic. According to the geographer Codazzi,
Venezuela contains 154,250 square kilometers of cultivable lands,
333,982 square kilometers of luids suitable for stock raising, and
58,954 kilometers of lands that can not be utilized for agricultural
and stock-raising purposes. The Grovemment of Venezuela expressed
its desire, in the answer to the Immigration O)., that foreign capital
shoxdd flow into the Republic, and suggested that capitalists inter-
este<l in the investment of funds in the coimtry study the Venezuelan
laws, make a carefid examination of conditions, and secure exact
data concerning the investment of funds in railway and other enter-
prises. Dr. Santos A. Dominici has been appointed MINISTER of

Venezuela near the Governments of Belgium, Grermany, and Great
Britain. Sr. Lino Duarte Coll has been appointed CONSUL GEN-
ERAL of Venezuela at Havre, France, and Sr. Adolfo Dupouy

CONSUL GENERAL at Antwerp, Belgium. Sr. Aniceto Lopez

Casanova has been appointed SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR
to take the place of Sr. Ramon Hurtado, who has been given the

post of consul of Venezuela at St. Xazaire. Sr. Juan Vicente

Camacho has been appointed CONSUL of Venezuela at San Juan.
P. R. The Venezuelan Government has granted a mining conces-
sion to Dr. Ascanio Xegretti, covering an ASBESTOS mine located
in the district of Valencia, State of Carabobo.

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SEÍÇOR DON ISMAEL MONTES,
Elected President of Bolivia May 8, 1913.

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VOL. XXXVI JUNE, 1913 NO. 6

PARAGUAY IN PROSPECT

PARAGUAY has been prettily called the ''Garden of South
America." Situated as is that Lepublic close to the center
of the continent, its lower two-thirds being within the
Temperate Zone and only its upper third within the Tropics,
the metaphor has a merited significance. Of course the contiguous
lands of Argentina, Brazil, and Bolivia have extensive areas where
conditions are much the same, but the phrase will always cling to
the better-known hills and meadows ot Paraguay.

The climate for one thing is markedly favorable to the cultivation
of all such products as characterize a garden. Fruits like the orange,
flowers like the rose, plants like cotton and tobacco, grow with the
simple tillage of the soil. In addition thereto, the immense stretches
of the virgin pasture lands along or between the abundant river
courses support now or will more generouslj^ support in the future
the thousands or the millions of cattle demanded to feed a growing
world. This climate is warm, but has not the intense or continuous
heat of many Tropic or subtropic lands. The thermometer may
register 100° F. in the heat of the day during the summer months —
the summer months are December, January, and Februar}-; autumn
includes March, April, and May; winter, June, July, and August;
spring, Sbptember, October, and November; but even the so-called
winter has many comfortably warm days intermingled wnth the cold
ones. All through the year there are daj^s of glorious sunshine with
fine energizing breezes, and in reality the climate of summer such as
we know it is characteristic the whole year through. Nights are
almost always cool, and during the colder weather a snug fire is one
of the comforts of a modern home. It is manifestly unsafe to
describe all of Paraguay as a climatic paradise, yet most travelers
and those who have had a long residence within the country are

785

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788 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.

om[)hatic in their praises of Its healthful climate, and many ex^press
a preference for summer over the winter, so little discomfort da they
feel at that season.

Yet climate by itself can not add much to the resources of any land.
Soil, moisture, and natural water supply are quite as important, for
without all three in conjunction man's activities must be limited.
It Ls a matter of conjura tulat ion for Para^^uay, therefore, that its soil
is rich, its rains frequent and abundant, and that a generous flo^v ot
water, accessible in almost all parts of the country, is to be found not
only in the rivers and lakes but also at a small distance beneath the
surface. Irritjation, therefore, is one of the easiest tasks of the ftgri-
culturist. The soil of (eastern) Para«:.uay consists principally of bed^
of red earth, above which is a thick layer of humus, of a fertility sel-
dom reached elsewhere. This fertility, to be sure, is to a large exiteiat
untried as yet, but it is perfectly retusonable to judge of it from rei=^iil^^
already accomplished ; and if the unsettled parts of the cou n tr}' pro'v^^^
as rich in the future as do those on which agricultural efforts have X^O'^^
exert(Hl, it is a fair conclusion that, acre for acre, the soil of Para^iJ^^
will yield as fruitfully as that of any country in the w^orld. 'T'
natural water supply of all this area is admirable. Most of the ixxt^
national boundary line is a watercourse; the Parana River is oxi tJ?fi
east and south; the Paraguay and Pilcomayo Rivers on the south aiij
west, the upper Paraguay also separating the Republic from the State
of Mat to (irosso in Brazil. Tributary to these giant rivers are scores
of small streams, and innumerable watercourses of varying sizes lead
into them from undiscovered origins. Not many of these have rapids
in them, and certainly none that can boast of the mighty power of the
(iua\Ta Falls on the Parana River, separating Paraguay from Brazil.
Their value, therefore, must be expressed rather in their capacity ior
furnishing water to the land than in terms of power for future fac-
tories, yet as the country will remain essentially agricultural, tlus \s
an advantage that will grow as its usefulness is demonstrated, ^^
this quieter supply of wat<T is at the service of everyone in need ^yy
because, when water is not immediately available on the surface, ^^^
obtainable with but little effort from a few feet below\ Then, again,
there is no lack of rain. In fact, rains may be even violent, ^Ithonffh
of short duration. A general average of 50 inches annual rainf^|; »^
been given, which Ls about the same as that over the southern ^ J^âS
the Ignited States, but higher ranges have been recorded. All a ^^
conditions react with beneficial results on the human organi^^^.^©
It is not asserted that disease is unknown in Paraguay: certai^jî^'
not. It is, nevertheless, a tradition among both natives and j^^^^^
recent inhabitants alike that in Paraguay proper attention toa
simple rules of hygiene and of conduct insure a long life and a pl^^^
ant one.

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LA INTENDENCIA MUNICIPAL (THE MINICIF'AL BlILDING), ASUNCION.

With the activity that has been shown in all the Republic, the capital city, Asuncion, has kept pace,
and to house the ad mi ni stmt i ve oinccs of the government of the municipality this building has been
recently constructed.

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THE COLEC.IO NA( lONAL (NATIONAL COLLEGE) IN ASUNCIÓN.

This inst itntion was founded in the capital of the Republic in 1S70. and in 1877 it began to gi\*e the Bachelor's
decree in science and letters. Students graduated from it may enter directly into the National University,
where the technical degrees like those in medicine and laws are conferred.

THE NATIONAL THEATER IN ASUNCION.

Every national capital in Latin America has its theater or opera, called "national,"' and many of the othe r
important cities also take pride in the municipal theater. In all cases these are supported by public
funds, and practically every season some well-known company of artists, sometimes actors, sometimes
siiiyors. not niiusnally hot h." arc invited to give performances in these theaters. -Vsunción is no exception
to the rule, and this theater will entertain distinguished artists for thepleasureof the people of the city.

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PABAGUAY IN PBOSPECT. 791

These favorable conditions about the promising country of Para-
guay are not so well known as they ought to be, and perhaps some
people may be inclined to ask for authorities on the subject in order
to obtain further information and details. Fortunately the Bulletin
is in a position to supply such a want, and, in fact, this article hopes
to call attention to the growing literature on that South American
Republic, and to the substantial opportunities which are presented
through the pens of others.

Take, for instance, ^Picturesque Paraguay, a Land of Promise,^*
by Alexander K. Macdonald (London, Charles H. Kelly, 1911. 498
pp., duodecimo, with many illustrations. Price, 16 shillings.) A
book ^Titten with the enthusiasm of the traveler, of the observer,
and of the man of affairs who has seen the development of new lands
in many parts of the world, and who nevertheless can find but few
defects and many virtues in the country about which he writes and
where he has lived for 15 years. He has chapters on forest products?
on agriculture, fruit (chiefly bananas, however, although many other
fruits thrive in Paraguay), cattle raising, and on other economic prob-
lems. He adds remarks also on sport in central South America,
and concludes ^with ;the advice that young Englishmen ought to
take serious consideration of the splendid chances for home making
and money getting in Paraguay. Everything Mr. Macdonald says for
the benefit of his fellow countrymen will apply with equal force to
natives of the western continent, and if any one wishes to read the
favorable side of the story and to find out what others think of a so
little known and sometimes misjudged region, no better source of
information can be consulted.

' 'Picturesque Paraguay'^ deals almost exclusively with the present
and future. There is one chapter given to the work of the early
Christian missionaries 350 years ago. But to catch a closer, a more
intimate glimpse of that almost miraculous performance in the
regeneration of a people, one should read '*In Jesuit Land,'' by W. H.
Koebel. (381 pp., large 12 mo., with 55 ülus. London, Stanley
Paul & Co. Price, 12 shillings, 6d.) Mr. KoebePs name is well known
as a constant writer on the countries bordering on the Rio dela Plata,
but this latest volume of his seems to be a real tribute, a spontaneous
expression of his own personal experiences and adventure in traveling
through the eastern territory of Argentina called Misiones. He
offers an interesting contrast between the old Misiones and the new.
At the present day the new Misiones is rapidly losing the calm and
isolation which have characterized that part of the world for so
many generations. It is invaded by the railroad, it has colonists, some
from Argentina itself, some from Europe, the stolid Poles being
seemingly those who partake most enthusiastically of the opportunity
offered, but not a few being the direct descendants of those aboriginal

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THE BANCO MERCANTIL (COMMERCIAL BANK) IN ASUNCIÓN.

The bank it^lf w.i« fouTi<lo«l in Iv.n.ftinl its busine^^s ha«; deminded the ereotionof this substantial structure,
\N hioh is dovi^iiMHi for its iMiri»o<iO, and has all moilem fixtures and devices to that end.

THE PALACE OF JUSTICE.

Anionp the newer buildinps in AsmuMón is that constructed for the Uiw courts, or the Tribunal of Justice,
as t Jie Spanish phrase is. This palace is situated on Calle de las Palmas, not far from the river bank.

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THE BANCO AGRÍCOLA (AGRICULTURAL BANK) IN ASUNCION.

The Agricultural Bank in Asuncion is the oldest institution of its kind in the citj% havinp received
its charter in 1887. Its principal purpose Is to lend funds to promote and protect agricultural
interests. It has close associations with all parts of the Republic.

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794 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.

inliabitants whom tlie Jesuit mission fathers so tirelessly and lo\ingly
redeemed from their savagery into a unique yet highly developed
civilization.

Misiones belongs to Argentina, although geographically it is inter-
calated between Brazil on the south or southeast and Paraguayen
the north or northwest. Its whole prerevolutionary history is,
however, a part of that wonderful movement that accomplished the
socialization of the (Paraguay) Guaraní Indians; its natural char-
acteristics are essentially those of much of the southwestern portion
of the Republic of Paraguay to-day. And Mr. Koebel describes it
lovingly. lie Ls sympathetic toward the old missions and does not
hesitate to challenge any enemy of the Jesuits to try to prove that they
did not leave' the Indians better than when they were discovered.
His enthusiasm extends also to the present and future prospects,
agricultural and commercial, of all this land, both in Argentina and
in Paraguay, which once was occupied by the Indians and the Jesuit
fathers. His observations support the statements of others that no
more pn)mising country in all South America lies open to the land
hungry, and that the traditions of Misiones will give place to a more
active life when once this fact is kno^^^l.

If added proof is required, it may he foimd in a little pamphlet,
issued probably as a labor of love (^* Apuntes relativos, al Porvenir de
la Agricultura y de la Ganadería en el Paraguay. Por Carlos R.
Santos. Asunción, 1912*0 toward the author's country. In the
prehminary remarks and in the four chapters with the Appendix the
many phases of agriculture, cattle raising, climate, natural products,
and possibilities of life in Paraguay are succinctly analyzed, with the
result that the w^sh for a still further expansion of activities in South
America may soon reach fulfillment. Data are given concerning the
cultivation of tobacco, cotton, linseed, and other subtropical products,
with suggestions on the possibilities of cattle raising, which is just
attracting the interest of practical cattlemen from other parts of the
world. Even rubber may be grown in the northern area of the
Republic.

There are two publications from which much general information can
be obtained, and these have the stamp of the approval of the Govern-
ment; they carry, therefore, quite a complete picture of Paraguay
to-day, witli a carefully prepared résumé of the history and laws of the
Repubhc. ^*La República del Paraguay en su Primer Centenario
(1811-1911),'' by Sr. Ramón Monte Domecq,^ is a handsome quarto
volume of close to 500 pages, profusely illustrated with views of all kinds
from copies of prints of historical personages to scenes from modern life
and photographs of well-known people of the present. ' * Album Gráfico
de la República del Paraguay," by Sr. Arsénio Lopez Découd,

' These two books are to be obtained from the publishers, the former in Buenos Aires. Compañía Sud
América de Billetes de Banco; the latter trom the Talleres Gráficos de la Compañía (íejieral de Fósforo
also in Buenos Aires.

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PARAGUAY IN PROSPECT. 797

has 544 pages of quarto, and is equally well illustrated. Its subject
matter is about the same as that of the other, and the chapters are
devoted to about the same end. As an exposition of Paraguay, past
and present, no better source of knowledge can be found.

But should anyone desire more contemporary information it
may be sought in an English periodical publication that has recently
begun to issue from Asuncion, ** Paraguay/' a monthly newspaper
(the yearly subscription is $1 gold to all addresses), the fii*st number
of which was dated October 31, 1912, and which is now on file in
the library of the Pan American Union. It is not alone the zeal of
the editors which leads one to see the activity of plans for develop-
ment of this attractive cóüntrj-; that is probably characteristic of
any paper published with similar purpose. The facts themselves,
as given without comment, indicate the interest aroused in Paraguay
as a field for work and for investment. Moreover, the numerous
enterprises already started show how keenly alive investors and
home seekers are to the hitherto neglected opportunities in Para-
guay.

A simple quotation will serve to convey the spirit with which men
of affairs are considering this region of South America. "Paraguay,^'
so says this monthly —

is now starting on a new era. * * * Large tracts of Chaco land were in the hands of
foreign owners, who had secured them for a mere song some twenty-odd years ago,
and have been expecting their value to increase as did land in Argentina and
Brazil; or, in other words, to make a fortune sleeping. * * * Then (foreign) ini-
tiative stepped in, which practically means the opening of unknown and uninhabited
regions, a work of higher civilization, resulting in an influx of immigration and the
circulation of capital.

Or, another quotation:

Paraguay for many years to come can provide cheap grazing, and the occupation of a
large territory in the Chaco * * » has shown a lead which can with difficulty be
overtaken.

Many more paragraphs of like significance could be repeated here,
but these are enough. They indicate the tendency of the recent
movement in South America, and that investors are confident of the
future of the Republic.

Immigration as well is attracted toward this region. There are
liberal laws to encourage settlei*s, and the individual or a number of
families forming the nucleus of a colony are sure of a good reception,
of proper treatment, and assistance in getting started. Germans,
Austrians, and Italians, with many Spaniards, form the bulk of the
new arrivals, but almost ever}^ European nationality is repre>:ented
in the list, and even some of the learned professions are included.
86314— Bull. 6—13 2

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800 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.

During the last session of Congress a homestead bill was introduced,
its endeavor being to encourage the small estate holding and to
secure and perpetuate the home. The essence of this bill is to give,
free of charge to inhabitants of the RepubUc and to foreigners declar-
ing thenvselves immigrants * * * an extension of fiscal land (of)
75 hectares (185.32 acres), under the sole condition that they estab-
lish their homestead on the spot thus acquired. The obligations on
the part of the State are many, and the immigrant will surely profit
thereby: the obligaticms on the part of the settler are few and can be
completely satisfied by any person able and wilUng to work, but
with even h»ss effort than is required for successful agriculture in a
more rigorous climate.

Probably the immediate question arising in the mind of all who
arc ignorant of the simple facts here given, but who should be pleas-
antly suq)riscd to learn them, will be as to the accessibility of this
supposedly isolated region of South America. But Paraguay is no
longer isolated. Many residents of Buenos Aires are quite in the
habit of going to Asuncion, or to one of the pretty lakes in the inte-
rior close to the capital, for their winter outing, to avoid the more
trying season of their own country. They think nothing of the four
or five days in the first-class steamers phông frequently up and down
the La Plata and the Paraguay. It is no more of a trip from one
ca])ital to the other than it is for the people of the north of the
United States to go to Florida for its sunny skies and smiling land-
scape. But for those who do not care for the river trip there has
lately been oj)ened an all-rail route between Buenos Aires and Asun-
cion, which shortens the time and adds somewhat to the variety.
Through trains are on the service to make the run in 56 hours; din-
ing and sleeping cars of the very latest improvements combined with
first-class accommodations, built with every modern idea for ease
and comfort, are j)rovided for passengei's, and the trip may be com-
pared with that from Boston to New Orleans. Looking further into
the future, the imagination is not overtaxed to see the completion tf
the east and west railway now in construction^ from the Brazilian
coast to the Paraguayan frontier and capital, along which there Is
sure to fiow a steady stream of immigration and traffic. Or with
still more extended prophecy, one can be confident cf the comple-
tion, ultimately, of the projected line westward from Asuncion into
Bolivia, where it will connect with those railway's already built
which have their terminal points on the Pacific Ocean. Indeed,
Paraguay is by no means out of the world. It has begun to take its
share in the new life of South America. To gave an idea of the

• There are now 1 .õ(K) workmen eng4ged on constn:clion at the fiftieth kilometer from Borja, the station
on the line )>eiween Villarica and Encarnación. The terminus of this new railway in Paraguay is to l)e
the Falls of Iguaza.

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802

THE PAN AMERICAX UNION.

comnuTcittl activities of Paraguay, the following tables are pre-
sented which have been furnished by Dr. Hector Velazquez, the dis-
tuigiiished minister (,f Paraguay at Washington (the values are given
in the gold dollar) :

ImiMirtatiun. Ex{)ortatlon.

Arp'ntiiiii *<ii:.(lM). 17 $_'. v>H.003.Si)

Au*<tnu l'»- •. » .'•s. JH 2Tii). no

H«'l^ium I'kJ. 44J. 14 12,;t44. 79

Bolivia 2, ir4. 90

Hnizil 4:^;'.nî.^^:i 1.79, ■_>"J7. iM

Chi!»' .i.Jt¥i.J»i

KncKiiul J. ••).-,. .-,77. 4.» 1.'.. íLH). 09

KniiHi' 2<»7.«r5.^2 '-V).:il4.W

(iiTnuuiv 1, 141. :<*».'. _^' 9tM>49. 10

llollaiul 14. UHiii»» 1,000.10

Itulv ?44..'iN.' .V» Mi.42rt.oO

North VnuTicii 31s.vi-j.94 J.Uí). sO

Spain :í7:i. '.»»i4. .■»9 317.304. 7J

Swit/.<Tlantl »», .U3.S»i

I ■ ruKUuy 4:.. •.107. s.> .Wl . SX4. 72

Total ri. 419. 412. Hi 4.91*>.91h.2ô

rounirk*<.

Artjpntina.

Austria

B«'lfãum..,

Bruiil

Chilo.

Importation. Exportation.

EiiKland 1. k5í),

France

(iormanv

Holland.

Italy

North AnuTioa..

Portugal

fcpain

sv^itzorhmd

rnipuay

Mi.soollam*oui. ..

r74,959.7s

$2.?21,v«.29

109.314. S2

I2.4S6.20

110,430.07

22.403.70

5S.369.97

40,709.32

4.127.52

1.k5í).'201..S6

SIn. 1Ô

431. 003. '23

74.629.41)

l.M7.tiíi7.37

1.020. 475. i)

lfi,9<i0.S0

5.7âll4>

.^il.S.'-,4..S7

24,Sí«.W

3S9, .V2S. KK

l.?22.nij

14.0.S7..>S

4,Or)0.(K)

413,625.21

157.Ñ4S.*J

9.333.29

51. 13.5. 5S

729.3n5.9S

75. .ms. H7

5.S74.tt3

Total.,

6. 47S. 4.W. 70 , 4.v2*i.917.LN

The voar 1909 shows thi's» tot iN

fm|K)rtation

F:x|K)rtation

$3,787.f>4<).5>
5,136,6^.24

A VIEW OF ONE OF THE FALLS OF THE GUAYRA, IN THE RIVER PARANA.

These majmifioont falls are in the Rip Parana, where it bounds the Republic of Faraway from the Republic
oí Bm/.il. l^ndouhtedly its l)eauty can be compared with that of Niagara, or of its nearer rival. IpuaîU.
but its great value lies in the use for water power. The tremendous force of the fall will be sumcient to
supi>ly power over a great area.

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A CARIBBEAN CRUISE .'.

DURIXG the month of October, 1912, Mi\ Joseph Wheless,
an attorney of St. Louis, Missouri, who has had consider-
able experience with commercial enterprises in the coun-
tries south of the Rio Grande, made a trip of inspection
to some 15 islands lying in the Caribbean Sea and the Gulf of
Mexico on behalf of a syndicate which had secured from the Mexican
Government concessions to exploit certain guano deposits and other
mineral resources. As the islands upon which the investigations to
be made were within a radius of several hundred miles around the
peninsula of Yucatan, it was deemed best to engage a special craft to
carry the party to the necessary points and thus enable it to conduct
observations leisurel}^. Mr. Wheless was accompanied by an engi
neer, and leaving St. Louis on October 16 they proceeded to New
Orleans and thence to Habana, wiiere they chartered a vessel for
their purpose.

TELEGRAPH STATION AND CUSTOMHOUSE AT AGUADA (CAMPECHE), IX THE GULF

OF MEXICO.

The boat secured was a fishing schooner, the Juanito, of the type
known as a '* vivero/' shortly described by the author, and the crew
which manned this sturdy craft was indeed a picturesque group of
native seamen. As Mr. Wheless possessed the desirable quahfication
of being a Spanish student, and able to converse fluently in the Cas-
tillan tongue, he found no difficulty whatever in directing the move-
ments of this expedition.

The novel experiences and sometime tliriUing adventures which
the party enjoyed on this trip are of absorbing interest, while the
story of the journey itself is replete with such fascinating incidents
as have made the tales of the early buccaneers so engagingly charm-
ing. Mr. Wheless has vividly and graphically described liis trip in
the southern waters, and we quote from his story as follows:

The Juanito was of the type called "vivero" (from "vivo," alive), as the greater
part of the hold forms a big tank, both sides of the hull being bored full of holes, so
that the water of the sea fills and circulates freely through it, the fish being thrown

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804 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.

inU) lho tank iu« tunm as (^ught, and thui brought alive into port. It was about 77
ítH»t overall, drawing 13 feet of water, rough but strong, and in the hands of a cx)mpe-
tent skip[)er, worthy to sail any civilized sea. * » ♦

The Juanita waí* rather short on n)mforti<, having only a little underdeck cabin,
with four bunks and no b^nlding. » ♦ *

However, it was eoniparatively in the Pullman palace car class, and regretfully
HMuenibered a** a luxury, when we started on a later part of the voyage in the canoe
JJelia out of (amiM'che.

After a delay of 15 days in Habana waiting for the Jnanito to
iinderjjo some rej)airs and otherwise prepare for the journey, and inci-
dentally awaiting the calming down of the heav^' seas due to the
prevalence of "northers" on the Gulf at that season, the party put
to sea on Xoveml>er 5, the day of the presidential election in the
United States. The author continues:

Before a stiff win<l and in a n>ugh sea. very curiously interspersed with sudden
calms, we sailed westward along the Cut an coast, sighted the lighthouse of Cape San
Anl(»nio. the western point of Cula, about nmrn of the 8th. and struck out nearly due
west acn»s8 the Yucatan Channel, heading for the island of Con toy, on the Mexican
coant of Quintana Roo. one of the guano islands of our concession. Another " norther''
was on. and the sea was very heavy for all the more than a hundred miles to the
Contoy Light.

To a landsman every feature of the siuroundings was novel and full of interest,
though but little of detail can le mentioned here. In the daytime it was ardently
hot; we wore only |)ajamas and low tennis sh(K\'i on our bare feet; but-after nightfall
it bíH'ame quite cool, and then we ])Ut on all our clothes, shoes, and hats, in wliich to
sleep, prone on the deck, with some sacks and our raincoats for bedding. The crew
of eight siiilors. most of whom were Catalan and Vizcayan Spaniards, and the "skipper"
were very ]>iciures<|ue. tattered, weather-beaten. baref(K)ted, and genially profane.
Tb<'s<> Spanish sailors followed the very curious custom of their race in the way they
drank their wine, which was served n^ularly at our two daily meals, breakfast at 11
and dinner at õ. The wine was brought on in a curious glass vessel of the chemical-
laboratory type, with a long .»ipout. Thù» each Spaniard in turn would hold at arm's
length l)eiore him and above his head, throw back his head, open his mouth, and with
unerring precision cause the stream of wine, after prescribing a parabola a yard long,
to fall into bis nuiuth. nev<»r mL<sing aim however rough the sea. * * ♦

Referring to the hill of faro on board ship, he wiite^:

Our daily provender wa.^ cooked up, fearfully and wonderfully, in big iron kettles
and v(*rily drowned in grea.^e and choked with garlic. The¡*e original packages were
then set i»n ring.^ of ropt^ on the deck; all hands gathered around, sitting or .«squatting
on deck as bc.-ii earh could, tin plates and spoons were passed, and in peace and
harnumy wc ca/h di¡)ped into the potH and helped ourselves dispensing with the
reiinement of knive.s and forks. Not infrequently, while thus engaged, would the
waves l>rcak ov(»r u;- and add a dash of salt to our food, an ingredient which was not
})ut into it by our cook, and most of the time we ate, balancing our plates, with diffi-
culty, so as not to hmv the contents and realizing that there is "many a slip 'twixi the
cup and the lip."

Dur¡n<¡: calm watei^, when progress on the journc}^ was practically
at a standstill, line sport in deep-sea fishmg helped while away the
dragj^inii time. A singular practice which obtams among Cuban fish-
ermen, due to a natural phenomenon of the sea, is thus described:

The Cuban fishermen have an odd practice, which results from an interesting
phenomenon. As the fish are caught at great depths — where the water pressure is

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THE CRAFT AND CREW OF THE Jl'ANITO.

(Upper picture:) The Juanito on dry dock nt Habana »)ein(; put in readiness for lhe Caribbean cruise.
(Center picture:) The crew and nitbcot of the vivero Juinito. ( Lower picture:) Out at sea— reefing
the mainsail.

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806 THK PAX AMERICAN UNION.

vory hiifh ujxm boiim drawn lo the 8urfa<*e the prt»íviure decrea^M and they become
fiUtnl with air, m that they î*wen often to the point of bursting and, of course, dying.
To prevent this, and «ive the ñ^h alive, as soon aa they are landed on deck the fish-
ermen Htick them in the .^ide behind the fin with a sharp-pointed metal tube through
which the air ruchen out with a nharp whistling sound; the fish are then thro-wn into
the tank, and apf)ear tt» be none the worse for the experience. Sharks being very nu-
merous in these waters, we caught numbers of them, some quite large, others young
and tender. Later, at Prf)grt»so and Campeche, in Mexico, we found young shark lo
be a very popular article oí food, being sold in all the people's markets. And on thai
latter trip, the principal item furnished for our food was dried shark meat. The
flesh is ver>' while and delicate, with a peculiar sweetish taste, and is not at all bad.
though I did not particularly "hanker" for it. We also added a number of thie small
sharks which we caught to our cadly deficient larder and ate them when wg could
not get a better brand of fish. Nearly every shark, large and small, which we oaught,
had one or more parasitic "shark suckers" firmly attached to it by the peculiar
corrugated vacuum-pnuess "sucker" which forms the top of his flat, elongated
head. * * *

Otton large schools of th«»^e shark suckers followed our boat, tightly glued to tine hull
by the to\m of their heads. We ab<o caught many starfish. eeL^, jellyfish, crabs, turtled,
sea snaib*, flying fish, and other, to us, unusual marine animals. The jellyfiî=îh, the
Spiuiuih name for w*hich L< "ugua mala." or "bad water." are the most curiouîs of all.
lM»autiful and filmlike a»* they work themselves through the water, but not v^r}' at-
trartive upon closer insp(»ction.

At midnight of the tliirtl day out the vessel dropped anchor off the
Contov Liprhthouse in a heavy sea wliich had driven it all the way
across the channel. The following day it was decided to run lor
shelter to the island of Mujeres, about 20 miles to the south, ^^^ ^
snug anchorage was found oiï the little town of Dolores, Here the
party was tied up for 12 days on account of the ''norther/' ^"^
surpassing clearness of the sea, however, where the Juanita was
anchored, Ls picturesquely described as follows't

The Juanita wa.< anchon^d about 1 mile off the shore, in 30 feet of water: but so clear
waíí the water that the bottom and every rock and bed oí seaweed on it wero plaiBi)
visible. At night the surfare of the water was alive at times witli a ver>' brijgçl^'' P"*^'
phon\*«cent glow of some sort oí animal life, called in Spanish "candelilla," whi*-*^^^*^^^
float by with the current and defied all our efforts to catch them in a bucket. ^^
round and glowing, in size like a silver dollar, they would elongate themselveî? *° ^^- '
be 18 inches, like a band of molten gold, then spread out into a very tenuous iin^ shaF*
less glow, about a sijuare f(M)t in area, on the surface of the clear water. H<?^' ^^
more strikingly in the (îulf waters of Campeche, the water at night was a phos^P '^j
cent pyrotechinc display, every ripple and splash being a burning golden ^I^^^' *
fishes moved through the water like streaks of li\'ing fire.

Mr. Wheless then speaks of the many islands along the cl^*^^
coast of the peninsula, some of them low and sandy, others hi^-*^^^.
very rugged, covered with cactus, thorny brush, and other tf^^P^^^
jungle vegetation. Ot the bird life, he writes:

Aquatic birds of every kind — gulls, penguins, albatrosses, cranes, herons, rat>^ . "
bobos — inhabit these islands in countless numbers. It was to me novel to 1^^*^
birds of webbed feet and seafaring nature roost in trees, but such I saw to be cl*^ .
and the thickets were alive with these various kinds of sea fowl. The tropic**^ ^^^

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808 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.

talion in very !uxun:uit and picturewjue. the ((Konut palm evenwhere dominant in
lho !andwa|H». and myriad brij^ht flowen* in full bloom.

Always up U»for(» the nun. we witnt»i*sed many wonderful 8unris«e8 and indescribable
î^unneii»; the rnlorinp*. the li^hti*, the i*hades. the matrhlesi* tints, thrown on the skie?
and ri'fltMied with un^iM^akable beauty in the translucent watern. formed pictures
which only the Infinite Artist of the Tniverwe can prmluce and no brush or pen repro-
duce. And at ni^ht. lyinp prone on the deck, indeed did **the heaven declare the
^!ory of (îod and the firmament show His handiwork." I can not dweîl upon the
lilories of the star-studded. m(K>n-illuminated sky ceiMng above us. its most blaziup
^'ory lK»inf? that "divine sw<H»t evening star." the planet Venus. map:!iificently
wandcrin>r through the sidereal heights amidst the shining hosts of the souther»
heavouM. Mon» perfect rainbows were never seen than those which several times
fol'owetl a tropical rain, bein^' broad and unbroken in their perfect arrhi whieli rested
\iï«ibly on land or on s<*a at either bas<». One was particularly remarkable, forining
brilliantly in the western sky at the ver>' moment that the sun rose out of the sea in the
east. Karnestly we tried to photograph thest» beauties and wonders of nature hut
they wen* t<M> elusive for even the sensitive films of our disap|>ointed kodaks.

After coir plot in^ the explorations on the east coast, it was plann^^
to proceed to another fjjroup of islands lying some hundred milos out
in the (îulf, and the skipper was so directed. But to the cViaÇC^^^
of the party, and despite threats and t rotestations, the brave skipPf^
ilisretrarded orders and headed the vessel back to Habana. Thi^c^n ^*^^|
the reason for this become apparent. The skipper could r^^^t sail
out of sij^iit of land and did not dare to venture into the hig^l^ ^^^'
So the party was returned to Habana virtually prisoners <^f ^
skipper and crew. Unable to find another craft in Hab**^^*^ ^*
continue the explorations, they proceeded to Progreso in Yix^^^^^-
After several days of fruitless effort here, trying to find soiix^ ^^^^
of a boat, they went by train to Campeche, over 100 miles 0^'^*^
the coast, passing through Merida, the handsome and thriviix^ ^^P"
ital of Yucatan, and througli the great henequén haciendfiî^-
principal source of its wealth. Here they secured a boat an^^ P^^'
ceeded on their journey. The type of boat, its captain and cTcy
and the memorable thrills of sailing on the Delia, are best t<>l^^ ^^
Mr. Wlu4ess's own words:

The boat was a 'canoa." about 40 feet long and 10 feet wide, of the cnidt»^* ^ ,
struction. and very ancient. It had no keel, drew but 3 feet of water, con^^i^^^*^^
nothiiuï but the hull covered by the deck, and two masts for the sails, and was ^^^^? ^
without ' acconnnodations ' of any kind. But the charm of all was our cap^^*^
a real captain, with a (iovernment license, and he wore shoes, and exhibited 2* '^ • Vt
cornpiiss and sextant in token of his ííc ientiiic nautical attainments. On th^ ^ ^
of l)eccnil)er 4 he drew a line on the chart from land to the Island Arena^^ ^
[)2 miles X. 20 W., pointed the nose of the Delia A. at it. and with much efi<^^^ .
barei(K)ted Mexican crew of (i hauled up the antique anchor and we made sail. ^ . ,
night, we could not see all the dL^^couraging details of our outfit, one item of ^^, , .
was a single small hand lantern, hung as a vsignal light on the mast. That *^ ,^
and every other of the trip of 15 days, we slept on the wooden covering of t^^ ^g
hatches, with our raincoats as our principal covering; these were of great ^^^
the dews were very heavy and soakingly wet. * * *

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A CARIBBEAN CRUISE. 809

As we lay at anchor the second night about a mile offshore, waiting for daylight to
sail, about 2 oVlock a. m. a violent shock and crash awakened us and a tangled mass
of rigging rattled down almost upon us. Another craft, a small, two-masted coaster,
was seen with its prow poked through a big hole it had staved in the Delia's port side
forward, the former having its foremast broken off and sundry other injuries, from
which it filled and sank shortly afterwards in the shallow water near the shore to which
it ran. One of its crew of two 1 heard remark, "We were conversing and did not see
the canoa." The Delia waited till morning and ran into a small port called Celestun,
where we found an Indian carpenter who made some crude repairs to the hole about a
yard square which was broken in the half-rotten boards of the Delia's hull; and that
night we started again on the quest for ('ayo Arenas.

By this time we had experienced some of the peculiarities which made the trip of
the Delia memorable to us. Having no keel, she could not sail straight, and the
swirling wake she left behind was a very pronounced arc of a circle; this we would
try to correct by shifting our course and making a guessed allowance for the forced
deviation, which maneuvers kept the poor Indian at the helm in constant toil, as we
had no steering gear but the heavy rudder and tiller. The deck of the Delia being
only about 18 inches above the water line, one gunwale or the other was constantly
awash, and besides this constant lateral list the boat performed remarkable gym-
nastic feats of pitching and tossing on the waves, so that locomotion on deck, except
to roll from side to side, was difficult and at times savored of dangerous.

Ix^aving Celestun, again on the trail of Cayo Arenas, the vessel
sailed along for six days, helplessly out of course and in the ^\Tong
direction. Had the captain possessed instrun:ents to take observa-
tions he would have found that it was but a day's journey to Cayo
Arenas. To further add to the adventure of the excursion, the
Delia sprung a leak and as the pumps which had been put in
specially for this trip would not work, the crew spent several hours a
day bailing the hold. Coconut shells served as cups, and the recep-
tacle was an empty kerosene can, which was then taken on deck and
emptied into the sea. After nearly a week of this zigzag wandering,
the captain received his orders to return to Campeche. He guessed
at his course and struck land 65 miles beyond Campeche. To escape
another *' norther '^ the vessel sought shelter farther south on the
island of Aguada. Here a coral reef and a dangerous bar kept them
from entering the harbor and tossed them about all day and night.
When all was quiet and everybody retired, the vessel drifted onto the
breakers over the bar, reared and plunged, causing great fright and
consternation aboard. However, no serious results ensued. For
nearly a week the party lay at anchor at this village before venturing
again to cross the bar. They then returned to Campeche, stored their
prospecting outfit until another trip in better weather and in better
craft was possible, and proceeded to Progreso, on to Vera Cruz, and
thence to Habana, arriving in Cuba the day before Christmas. From
here back to St. Ix)uis the voyage was usual and without incident,
though the excitement and exhilarations of their previous experiences
were sufficiently fresh in memory to supply whatever thrills were
missing en route home.

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DINNER OF THE PAN
AMERICAN SOCIETY. /.

THE annual dinner of the Pan American Society of the United
States took place at the Hotel Waldorf-Astoria, New York
(Hty, on the evening of May 15, 1913. It is no exaggera-
tion to say that it was a brilliant success in everj' respect,
surpassing the most earnest hopes of those in charge. This second
banquet of the society since its organization, under the initiative of
the Din^ctor (leneral of the Pan American Union, about two years
ago, was attended by nearly 700 guests, or about 200 more than
were present at the first dinner, held approximately one jear ago.

The presiding officer was the Hon. Henry White, president of the
society, formerly ambassador to France, and chairman of the United
States delegation to the Fourth Pan American Conference. The
chief guests of honor were the Hon. Wilfiam Jennings Br^an, Sec-
retary of State of the I'nited States, and chairman ex officio of the
governing board of the Pan American Union; Sr. Domicio da Gama,
the ambassador from Brazil ; and the other diplomatic representatives
in Washington of the American Republics.

Following the excellent and appropriate introductory remarks of
President White, notable speeches were made by Secretary Brj'an,
Ambassador da Gama, and Talcott WiDiams, of the School of Journal-
ism, Columbia University. Other persons of note at the guest table
wore James W. (îerard, of the Supreme Court of Xew York, and presi-
dent of the Mexico Society; Thomas J. McCluskey, S. J., president of
Fordham University; Robert Bacon, formerly Secretar}^ of State,
and ambassador at Paris; IJoyd C. Griscom, vice president of the
Pan American Society, and former ambassador to Brazil and Italy;
Brig. Gen. Enoch H. Oowder, Judge Advocate General, United
States Army; Dr. Jolm H. Finley, president College of the City of
Xew York; Dr. J. Julio Henna, president Club Ibero- Americana: and
the Director General of the Pan American Union.

All of the consular representatives of Latin America were also
present at two special tables near the speakers' table. The list of
distinguished persons present is a long one and there is space to name
only a few, among whom might be mentioned: Gen. Nelson A. Miles,
Dudley Field Malone, Jolm Hays Hammond, George W. Perkins,
Frank A. Vanderlip, Charles Page Bryan, Otto Kahn, George F.
Peabody, W. Fellowes Morgan, Archer M. Huntington, Cabot Ward,
George T. Wilson, Charles B. Alexander, Samuel Untermeyer, John

810

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812 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.

(^lafliii. Perry Belmont, Paul Warburg, John D. Crimmins, Ralph
Pulitzer, Herbert Parsons, Judge Victor J. Dowling, George B. M.
Harvey, Charles D. Norton, William Nelson Cromwell, Ramon
(luiteras, James M. Motley, J. F. de Barros Pimentel, Willard D.
Straight, Norman Hapgood, Martin Egan, Frederick Allen, James
Speyer, Ell)ert H. Gary, Henry W. Taft, Dr. Albert Shaw, Finley J.
Shepard, Henry Morgenthau, Isaac N. Seligman, Severo Mallet-
Prevost, Frederick Strauss, James A. Farrell, Thomas A. Eddy,
R. A. C. Smith, William Loeb, jr., John P. Mitcliell, Thomas Kearny,
E. N. Breitung, Ix^igh Hunt, Luis F. Corea, Charles M. Pepper,
Mantón M. Wyvell, Midiael Ford, Herman Seilcken, J. P. Grace,
RolH»rt Grier Monroe, Lawrence L. Gillespie, Lorenzo Daniels,
Lawrence F. Abbott. C. B. Landis, P. S. Du Pont, Oswald Garrison
Villard, diaries M. Schwab, Cliarles R. Flint, E. G. Grace, J. G. White.
Prof. Hiram Bingliam, Romeo R. Ronconi, José Richling, A. C. Rivas,
Col. William T. Russell, Ignited States Army, Justus Ruperti, Ernesto
T. Simondetti, Mahlon C. Martin, Daniel Bacon, C. A. Green, Jolm A.
Sleicher, Arthur W. Page, Lindon W. Bates, Alberto Falcon, M. de
Moreira, Gen. James A. Drabi, Michael F. Doyle, Phanor J. Eder,
.Vrthur Ruhl, Lamar C. Quintero, Louis N. Hammerlmg, Joseph J.
Slechta, F. J. Tietsort, I^eopold Grábame, Sherboume G. Hopkins,
Franklui Johnston, Edmund L. Baylies, Col. W. M. Black, George C.
Boldt, R. C. Clowry, Maurice Coster, Julien T. Davies, Howard C.
Dickinson, Manuel Vengoechea, Samuel M. Jarvis, Frederic B-
Jennings, Capt. H. R. Lemly, Edward E. McCall, Basil Magor, James
E. Martine, WiUiam P. Northrup, Ralph Peters, Frank L. Polk. Wil-
liam Stackpole, Edward N. Tailer, William Thomson, Alviii TL nter-
meyer. Rev. Dr. George R. Van de Water, Walter Vernier, Bronson
Winthrop, Louis Wiley, Daniel Willard, M. Orme Wilson, George H-
Wvkes, Luis F. Yglesias, O. A. Zavas.

Great credit is due the subcommittee on arrangements consisting^'
James M. Motley, Ramon Guiteras, Archer M. Huntington. ^•
Fellowes Morgan, and Cabot Ward, but special praise shoula be g'^^"
to Frederic Brown, the efficient secretary-treasurer, who worked ^'^^^^
untiring energy in developing the details of the dinner. The inenu
book which was prepared under liis direction was most artistic ^*^"
reflected credit upon his good taste.

It is not possible within the limits of the Monthly Bulletin' ^^
pubUsh in full the addresses delivered on this occasion. As UJ^^^*''
President Henry White in felicitous terms introduced the spc***!^*;^'
The first address was by the Brazilian ambassador, who, as the rai^l^^^p
Latin American diplomat, spoke for the diplomatic represent i*^^^^^^
present. On arising, after being greeted by earnest and grativ^^^
applause, Ambassador da Gama opened his speech, which he cieliv-
ered in Englisli with the composure of an accomplished orat^^^'*
by referring to his address of a year ago in which he spoke oí ^"^

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DINNER OF THE PAN AMERICAN SOCIETY. 813

*' mutual strangeness as the principal obstacle in the way of interna-
tional good relations/^ As none of the other speakers on that
occasion had pointed out a solution to that observation he consulted
Senator Elihu Root, a friend of Pan Americanism, who suggested to
him that the remedy to this circumstance was to *'go and get ac-
quainted/* This reminded the ambassador of a sentiment which he
had expressed neariy 25 years ago on the matter of getting acquainted
with foreign peoples when visiting among them by looking at things
from their standpoint and through their eyes, and he agreed with
Senator Root that '*one must be optimistic when dealing with for-
eigners if we really wish to understand them." Following this apt
introduction, the ambassador went on to say:

Three Secretaries of State of the United States have used it these last years and they
can bear witne^ of its efficiency for the improvement of their minds and hearts. One
of them, who is sitting with us to-night and by right of office is our honorary president,
started three years ago as a tourist on a trip along South America and returned a Pan
American. Some of us who heard him speak about free trade in ideals and say that
*' we need each other" are not far from believing that that voyage entered for much
in his determination to accept a part of collaboration in the President's policy of
respectful abstention or friendly discretion about national questions which the peoples
more directly interested in should know better how to settle. He was lately heard
to say that, being a strong natio'n and keeping so much place under the sun, the United
States has more duties toward the small countries than toward the great powers of
the earth. This is certainly a noble and generous thought, that elsewhere he devel-
oped with an explanation that the mutual duties between nations are always the same;
irrespective of their relative ^importance; only the slights from the great are more
easily and deeply resented by the small, because they have no physical power to
enforce their claims and obtain a redress for the damage suffered. At all events
and this importa most of all, in accordance with this farseeing policy righteous and
just acts are following the wise words and turning an international program into a
grateful reality, that allows hope to germinate in the breast of the most skeptical
observer.

Is this not a beautiful result for a voyage enterprised with the sole intention of having
a rectful vacation? And considering that the benignant traveler had only his good
will as a moral equipment, that he could keenly see and feel but not hear so well,
hindered as he was by the barrier of languages; we can imagine what he might have
attained had he the ideal preparedness of my model traveler, with power and taste
for adaptation. Or else, since the expectations were so largely exceeded in this particu-
lar case it might appear as though of all those requisites only the moral one, the
optimism and good will advised by Senator Root, would be essential to the under-
standing of peoples. And we need not insist upon this, the applications of the general
principle being easily deducted and depending entirely upon the personal conditions
of brain and heart. Of brain and heart we must take quantum satis ^ or better the
most we can get, in our dealings with foreign people, if we want tosiumount that feeling
of shyness, that means diffidence and is childish, but makes us so miserable among
strangers. And we must also avoid the contrary excess of boldness that renders us
odious, through self -consciousness and a too visible sense of superiority. This sense
of superiority which handicaps a man for social intercourse, dulls his perception for
the details and shades of alien life, makes him superficial in his presumption. It
was an observer of this kind who, renouncing to explain why the Portuguese colonists
in Brazil in the eighteenth century used to sleep with a leg prudently hanging out
86314— Bull. 6-13 3*

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814 TUE PAN AMERICAN UNION.

of their hammockn, concluded (^areleasly and diadainfully, "If you ask me why, 1
shall answer that 1 am sure 1 do not know; it is probably the custom of this crowd."
He umnl the word canaille, because he was a Frenchman, but the sentiment he
expr<»sfied is not peculiar to French travelers, nor is it a thing of the past. We may
have more than once repressed in ourselves the tendency to that too eafl>^ criticism
which turns things unexplained or sentiments unshared into ridicule and fun, and
breaks that ^ntle current of 8>'mpathy that brings men together and is the reason
and the joy of human life.

Now, Mr. Chairman, 1 prt)bably have spoken too much without saying enough.
But this Ls a common lot of after-dinner speeches with a purpose. They always seem
heavy— l()ade<l with good intentions. As an excuse I might say that I am too mud»
in earnest to speak lightly about a matter that touches us so deeply. And some day»
that 1 foresee not very remote, 1 may take our present situation of mutual strangeness
as a lessm of the past, as a proof that in international relations, as in social life, justice
and respect and good will are orderly, constructive sentiments that are taking every
day a larger place in the heart of the civilized man.

At the conclusion of the Brazilian ambassador's speech Mr. Talcott
Williams, head of the school of journalism of Columbia University,
was introduced. He made a remarkably interesting speech,
pointing out the influence of journalism upon international relation-
ship and what an extraordinary factor the newspapers are in the
development of closer acquaintance, greater commerce, and lasting
peace among the nations of the world, and particularly among those
of the Western Hemisphere. It was one of the most thoughtful
discussions of its kind which has been heard for a long time at a
banquet in New York.

When the Secretary of State, as chairman ex officio of the govern-
ing board of the Pan American Union, was introduced he was given
an ovation, showing the appreciation of the audience of his first
appearance in the rôle of Secretary of State before the Pan American
Society.

In beginning his remarks Secretary Bryan spoke of the great
pleasure which he experienced in being a member of the governing
board of the Pan American Union. One of the influences which had
impelled him to accept the position of Secretary of State had been
the thought of association with the diplomats of Latin America. He
so enjoyed his position that he hoped always to stand in the way of
the Secretary of War and the Secretary of the Navy being called upon
to settle any questions with the nations south of the United States.
He made felicitous reference to President Henry White, of the Pan
American Society, to Ambassador da Gama and his address, to Talcott
Williams and his discussion of journalism, and referred happily to his
own experiences as an editor.

Proceeding, he said :

My subject for to-night was suggested by one of the speakers who preceded me.
I believe that the distinguished gentleman who honors his country and is honored by
it, the ambassador from Brazil, has given us what might well be accepted as the key-
note of this occasion. He -has emphasized the importance of sympathy. He has

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DINNER OF THE PAN AMERICAN SOCIETY. 815

told U8 how fniitless is a visit to a foreign land unless one is prepared to enter into
the spirit of the people among whom he goes. And if I do nothing more to-night,
I shall have done enough if I can impress upon you, even more deeply than his elo-
quence did, the necessity for sympathy in our dealing one with another; sympathy
is the great need of this world . Tolstoi was so impressed with the idea that he indorsed
the bread-labor theory advanced by Bondarif, and gave as his reason for it that it was
the only way, in his judgment, in which one could be kept in sympathy with the
mass of the people. He said that it was not sufficient that one should have toiled
in the past — that it was necessary that he should continuously toil in order to be
able to understand the toil of others and the point of \'iew of those who toil. Whether
he was correct in the belief that this was the only means of assuring this sympathy,
or whether it can be secured more effectively through other means, is not material to
my subject, but I do believe that the great Russian philosopher put his finger upon
the vital need, sympathetic interest in others. We should link ourselves to them,
and I am glad to elaborate that thought to-night as we are assembled here, related as
we are by the ties of neighborhood, by a community of governmental ideals, and
by an increasing intimacy in our material relations.

The Isthmus of Panama is only 2,000 miles from here — that means that all the
country on this side of the Isthmus is 1,000 miles nearer to us than the lands across
the Atlantic. The northern countries of South America are closer neighbors than
the nations of Europe, and when the canal which is soon to divide the Isthmus con-
nects us with the western coast of South America we shall be brought even nearer to
these Latin-speaking people. I desire, therefore, to present for your consideration
three thoughts.

First. The material interests of these countries must bring them nearer and nearer
together. To the south of us are countries but partially developed. During the next
century they will witness there the amazing development that we have witnessed in
this country' during the last 100 years. My visit to South America was made for
the purpose of informing myself as to the possibilities of that country, and while my
good friend is correct in saying that my interest in South America and Central America
was deepened by this trip, I think I ought to tell you that I am a pioneer in the mani-
festation of interest in this subject, for when I was but a young man I was in full
sympathy with Secretary Blaine in his desire to bring the nations of America closer
together. It was thisieeling of friendship and of interest that took me there, and it
was strengthened by what I saw there.

Those countries need that which we have in abundance and to spare. We have
capital here; they need capital there. We have the constructive genius that has made
possible our tremendous development, and we have the experience that has directed
both the capital and the constructive genius. We are about to finish the most gigantic
engineering feat that man has ever undertaken; and down there, in this land — almost
newly discovered — there are opportunities waiting. No other nation is so naturally
their friend and helper. To no other nation can they so properly look, and in no
other direction can our people expect to be so richly rewarded for any service that they
can render. If we are to deal with South America, we must deal upon a basis that
will keep them friends, and there is but one basis upon whicn they can be kept friends,
I speak on this subject the more freely, because our President has been in office long
enough to give evidence not only by his words, but by his deeds, that he understands
the basis upon which permanently good relations can be maintained between the
United States and the Latin-speaking RepubUcs. He believes that that country is a
legitimate field for American investment, and he is glad to encourage every proper
extension of American enterprise. Notice how important * ' legitimate " and ' ' proper '
are. As one incident is closed, as one illustration now stands out completed, 1 may
be permitted to refer to it. It is history.

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816 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.

In Ecuador there Is a raiïn)ad built by a company oi^ganized under the law8o(a
Slate in ihiî* Tnion, and in that contract, between the railroad and the Government,
then» ÍH a pDvinion that in ca,**** of contn)versy the subject in dispute is to be submitted
tu arbitration. In the ti^^*t instance the President of this countr\* and of Ecuador
were to be the arbitrators. If they could not act they were to select each an arbi-
trator, and if they could not a^rree, then a third was to be selei'ted by agreement.
We f<»und that a nian had been sent there who was not satisfactory' to Ecuador, and
u|)on examination of all the facts in the case, the President decided tliat the man
who had bíHMi sent did not nu*asure up to the requirements of the contract between
Ecuador and the railroad, and without any reflection upon the character of the man
who had btH'n sent there - without d(»siring to criticize those who had sent him, the
Pri*^ideiit felt it his duty to re<'all the man who had been sent there, and to select
another man and how was thL* sele<*ti<m made? Just as it would be made in any
i-ourt in this country. A man was found who was believed to be without bia^— a
man who could hear and decide as impartially as a judge. He was questioned to
find out wh<*ther there was objection that c»ould be properly made, and when he
app<»ar<Hl to fulfill the requirements of that contract, the railroad was asked if it could
tind objiH'tion to him. V\M)n examination, it was reported that he was satisfactor)-
The (iovernment of Ecuador was asked if it could find objection, and the Government
replitni that he was satisfactory'. After scanning the man and inspecting him—
after dealing with him as we deal with a jumr or a judge in this country, we said to
Ecuador, "Here ù* a man who represent»* our ideal of justice, equity, and fair dealing
between republics." Does anyone think that this is going to injure American busi-
ness? I am not cretlited with a large knowle<lge on business subjects, but I stand
bt*st among those business men who cany morality into their business enterprises,
and, if I understand bu.'*int»ss, it can not properly be disconnected from the funda-
mental principles of fair dealing.

I am in hearty sympathy with the President in the belief that we open the doors of
those countries to our investors most surely when we assure those people that ever)"
man going from the United States will be expected to carr>' a high sense of honor with
him, and to give th(K»*e people a dollar's worth of service for ever>' dollar that he asks
from them as rtnompense. The foundation upon which permanent business can be
carried on between nations is not ditïerent from that which underlies successful
business in this country, as between man and man. Wlien the business relations of
these countri(»s an» put upon this foundation, they rest upon the only sure foundation.
It i« the foundation uiM)n which those stand who feel a sympathetic interest in the
p(»ople with wlumi they deal. The business manifestation of this sympathy will
make them deal with each other as brothers and as friends. The Latin American
countries are not a mere field to be exploited, from which to gather great profits to-day,
regardless of the influence on to-morrow.

But our sympathy with them not only ctmtrols our business relations, but itsuggest»»
an intellectual exchange. I teel a great interest in having our peoples brought closer
together intellectually.

lie then [)()inted out that although he did not speak the Spanish
language he had found throughout Latin America a remarkable
knowledge of English, and also an appreciation of the United States
and its institutions, which impressed him. In this connection he,
among other things, said:

I found ever>^wh(»re that this intellectual intercourse had brought our people closer
together, as I have found here that our people become better acquainted with those
countries by association with the students who come and by those who travel in those
lands. I was told the other day that we had sent some 15 teachers to Uruguay, and
that at this time 1,500 young men are attending our colleges from South America.

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DINNER OF THE PAN AMERICAN SOCIETY. 817

A year ago, in Wisconsin, I met the son of the then President of Peni. If some of
that stream of travel that has fertiUzed the Old World can be diverted to the south, it
will be beneficial not only to the countries to which they go, but to thœe who come in
contact with the travelers on their return.

Especially would I urge our school-teachers to go south. No one who travels
abroad can fail to notice how many of our educators take advantage of the summer
\^cation for a trip to Europe. I hope I am not too optimistic when I say that when
the Panama Canal is completed I beheve that, in increasing numbers, these instructors
will turn toward South America, and there become more intimately acquainted with
the people who are represented here to-night. I have traveled through both Europe
and South America, and while we find many things in Europe that interest, instruct,
and dehght, we find more that is helpful in the countries to the south. I will say, too,
that visits to those countries are not without interest merely from the standpoint of
the tourist.

Secretary Bryan then reviewed briefly his trip to South America,
describing his visit to Peru, Bolivia, Chile, Argentina, Uruguay, and
Brazil, and then continued and closed his speech as follows:

Your journey through these countries— I speak only of those countries of South
America which I had an opportunity to visit — will be a continual delight, and when
you come back you will feel that your time has not only not been wasted but that you
are in a position to render a larger service to your country than you could have rendered
had you not seen with your own eyes the development that has gone on thus far and
learned of that which is to come.

We have been in the habit of regarding Panama and its canal solely from a com-
mercial standpoint. I ask you to consider it from a higher standpoint. The Canal
Zone ought to become a place of supreme importance — it ought to be the clearing
house for Pan America. There the people of the Latin-speaking countries and the
English-speaking Republic should meet; there they should become acquainted with
each other; there they should learn of each other's customs, and enjoy that mutual
contact that enables the people of one section to deal more intelligently with the other
sections.

I desire to see the United States establish a great institution of learning at Panama,
and collect in that institution the most prominent educators of the Spanish and
Portuguese speaking Republics.

The youths of the southern countries could meet there — their instructors could
mingle there and cement the friendship that will make us move forward side by side
for the development of our hemisphere.

But it is not merely a sympathetic exchange on a commercial basis and on an intel-
lectual level for which I plead. We need a comparison and exchange of ideals.
The ideal is the only thing of value that can not be monopolized. It is our own fault
if anyone has a higher ideal than ours, for his ideal can be ours if we will, and as the
ideal is the most important thing that a man can possess, we can rejoice that this one
thing of supreme value can pass from land to land without being vexed by custom
laws or tariff rates. We need to learn of each other. They have experiences by which
we will profit; we have had experiences that will be of advantage to them. Their
constitutions are modeled after ours, and that which goes on here is intensely inter-
esting to them, as that which goes on down there must be of extreme interest tí) us.
I believe, therefore, that no matter from what standpoint we look at these subjects
we must recognize that with a sj^mpathetic interest in each other we can be helpful
unto each other.

In the closing chapters of his French Revolution, Carlisle de<'lare(l that thought
was mighter than artillery parks, and that at least it would mold the world like soft
clay; and then he added a truth even greater, namely, that back of thought is love.

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M 8 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.

Thi're û» no ^n»at thought iliai does not como ímm (he heart. We have overestimated
tlu' brain's piirt and un<lerestünaie<l ihe heart's part in the shaping of human destiny.
it is out of the heart that the Issues of Hie come. As a man ihinketh in hia heart, ?o
i"* he. It Ls a |XH»r head that can not lind a plausible excuse for doing what the heart
wants to do. The heart, thenM'ore, ifi the imi)ortant thing and we can never deal
with these p(^>ple we can not deal suc<-essiully with any peoj)le — unless back of our
ilunitfht there is love. And why should we not be attached to these people? \Miat
p<*ople have paid us so high a compliment as they? They are, in a sense, the followers
nf our political a.-^p ira t ions. They have written their constitutions because our people
wn.te one before them, anti they have honore<l us by making our Constitution largely
ilicirchart ami their guide.

Nearly all tlu» Republics of the world outside of ours are speaking the Latin tongue.
The.*-*' j)eople <lest^rve all our sympathy. Their affections are extended toward us
and we are in duty l>ound to meet them and recipn)cate the good will which they so
<in»ngly. so deeply feel. I am glad that I am aiisocûated oílicially with these gentle-
men. I am honortMÍ by companionship with them. I speak for the President of the
Initeti :States. as well as for myself, when I say that these men are not more earnestly
iiit<'reste<l in the development of the resources of their several nations and in the
advancement of their countries in everjthing that pertains to civilization than are
tlie p«*ople of this count r}' who are connecttnl with the Pan American Union and who
are represen tiMl ollicially by our Director (îenerul — all of them will do what they can
not only to improve day by day the relations between the countries, but to hasten
the day when the oidy rivalr\' between us will be to see which Republic holds highest
ih, light that will lead us all to higher ground.

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PAN AMERICAN NOTES /.

FIFTH PAN AMERICAN CONFERENCE.

ONE of the most important matters to be mentioned in this
issue of the Bulletin is the selection of Santiago, the
capital of Chile, as the scene of the Fifth Pan American
Conference, which will be held in the fall of 1914. At the
meeting of the governing board of the Pan American l^nion which
assembled on May 12, presided over by the chairman ex oilicio of
the board, Hon. WiUiam Jennings Bryan, the Secretarj' of State of
the United States, and attended by all the Latin American ambassa-
dors and ministers in Washington, Santiago was unanimously selected
as the meeting place of this great gathering. The motion for the
choice of Santiago was made by the Argenthie minister, Sr. Don
Rómulo S. Naón and was seconded by the Brazilian ambassador,
Sr. Domicio da Gama. The Venezuelan minister, Sr. Dr. P. Ezequiel
Rojas, who was unable to attend the meeting, sent his vote in favor
of Santiago in a cordial letter, while the Peruvian minister, Sr. Don
Federico A. Pezet, who was unavoidably absent fulfilling an official
engagement in New York City, telegraphed his earnest seconding of
the motion. The chairman of the board made some appropriate
observations congratulating the representatives of all the republics
upon this cordial and unanimous action of the board and pointed it
out as an indication of the good feeling existing among all the coun-
tries and their desire to act together. The Chilean minister, Señor
Don Eduardo Suárez, in response used the foUowijig words:

The mark of friendship and esteem to my country that involves the resolution
just adopted by the governing board will certainly have the most profound appre-
ciation of my (îovernment as it has the full appreciation and gratefulness of it*< minister
at Washington.

It will be a pleasure and an honor for Chile to have at home the distinguished
representatives of all the American Republics when working on behalf of common
interest and mutual relations.

I have especially to thank the action of the Argentine minister in moving the
proposition as well as that of the Hrazilian ambassador and other colleagues who have
been grx)d enough to second the ])n>position in favor of Santiago and to support it so
friendly and warmly.

I request, Mr. Secretary, to insert in the minutes of this session the expression of
my sen timen tis.

Three committees were appointed to arrange the preliminary
details for this conference, a committee on program, a committee on
rules, and a committee on the Pan American Union. The committee
on program consists of the representatives on the governing board
from the following countries: United States, Brazil, Costa Rica,
Salvador, Venezuela, Cuba, Argentina, Chile, and Peru: the com-

819

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820 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.

mittiM* on rules, the representatives from Bolivia, Nicaragua, Uruguay,
Guatemala, Dominican Republic, Colombia, Honduras, Paraguay,
and Mexico; the committee on the Pan American Union includes the
membeiii of the supervisory committee of the governing board of the
Pan American Union, viz, the representatives from the United States,
Cuba, I'ruguay, Chile, and Honduras, together with those from
Brazil, Argentina, Haiti, ïk?uador, and Panama.

The dire<*tor general and assistant director of the Pan American
I'nion take advantage of this occasion to extend their sincerest
felicitations to the minister of Chile, Señor Don Eduardo Suárez, on
the seWtion of the capital of his country as the seat of the next
Pan American Conference. Señor Suárez not only as a member of
the governing board but as a member of the important supervisory
committee has always taken the deepest interest in the welfare of
the Pan American Union, and it gives the executive officers pleasure
t^» see his wishes in this matter of the conference gratified.

NEW EXECUTIVES IN LATIN AMERICA.

During the month of May three of the Latin American countries
have seen a change of their respective executives, Haiti, because of
the sudden death of its President, and the other two, Bolivia and
Cuba, by virtue of their constitutional provisions. On the 4th of May,
1913, the Congress of Haiti elected Senator Michel Oreste President of
the Re{>ublic, to succeed the late Gen. Tancrede Augusts, whose
demise occurred on the 2d of that month. The new Haitian Execu-
tive is a well-known scholar and linguist, a lawyer of renown, and one
of the ablest public and political speakers in his country. Soon after
being admitted to the bar he entered public life as a member of the
Chamber of Deputies. He subsequently held the important oflSce of
Attorney General so successfully that he was elected Senator, serving
in that capacity for two terms.

The new Bolivian executive is Sr. Don Ismael Montes, elected on
May 8. This is the second time in his political life that Sr. Montes
has been called upon to fill the highest office in his native countrj'»
having previously served as President during the term of 19O5-1909.
He has had an interesting career. As a soldier he has shown his
bravery in defense of his country and attained the rank of colonel
for im})ortant services in the field. Sr. Montes is also a well-known
lawyer, and has filled many important oflSces, among them that of
Minister of War and diplomatic representative of his countrj^ abroad.

Cuba's new president is Gen. Mario G. Menocal, who on the 20th
OÎ May last took the oath of office in Habana, succeeding Gen. José
Miguel Gomez. Reference to Gen. MenocaVs inauguration appears
elsewhere in these columns.

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822 TUE PAN AMERICAN UNION.

The» Bulletin tl(>sir(*s to express the best wishes of the Pan
Ameriean Union for tlie pn)spenty of Haiti, Bolivia, and Cuba, and
the {)ersonaI welfare of their honored Presidents.

IXAIGURATIOX OF PRESIDENT MENOCAL.

The inaiicruration of (len. Mario G. MenocaJ as President of Cuba
on May 20 was an important event in the history of that country.
Cuba, umler his administration, shouhl enter upon a new period of
remarkable progress and prosperity. His own record in the past,
his present views on important questions, and his capacity to lead
the (^iban people make President Menocal the man of the hour.
Cuba itself is one of the richest countries in the world. Its agricul-
tural and commercial possibilities are alreatly developed to a greater
degree than the world generally appreciates and yet they permit of
far greater development in the future under an administration such
as President Menocal will give the country. The importance of his
inauguration was recognized by President Wilson of the United
States by the sending of a si)ecial mission to represent him. This
mission included Hon. Dudley Field Malone, Third Assistant Secretary
of State, and Brig. Gen. Enoch H. Crowder, United States Army, with
Edward Bell, of the Latin American Division of the State Department,
acting as secretary. The United States minister in Cuba, Hon.
Arthur M. Beaupré, officiated as chief of the mission. An interesting
feature of the correspondence of the Pan American Union is that of
answering inquiries which come from the United States, South
America, and Europe in regard to Cuba. These have increased
greatly of late and there is prospect that under the administration of
President Menocal the whole world \^*ill watch more closely than it
ever has the welfare and progress of this remarkable country of the
Caribbean. In this connection the executive officers of the Pan
American Union express their best wishes to Señor Don Antonio
Martin-Rivero, the retiring minister of Cuba to the United States and
a member of the governing board, for continued success in his new
duties as minister to Italy, and at the same time extend a cordial
welcome to his successor, Señor Dr. Pablo Desvernine, the newly
accredited minister to the United States.

VISIT TO UNITED STATES OF BRAZILIAN MINISTER OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS.

This issue of the Monthly Bulletin goes to press t(íó eájily to
describe the arrival, recej)tion, and stay in the United States of Dr.
Lauro Müller, minister of foreign affairs of Brazil, who is returning
the visit of Elihu Root, then Secretar}' of State, to Brazil and South
America in 1906. In the last issue of the Bllletin special reference

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Pholo by HarHs-KwIiiff.
THE MINISTER OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS OF BRAZIL, DR. LAURO MÜLLER, ARRIVING
AT THE HOTEL IN WASHINGTON, D. C. WEDNESDAY, JUNE 11. 1913.

Photo by Harris- Ewlnjf.
HIS EXCELLENCY DR. LAURO MÜLLER. SECRETARY OF STATE BRYAN, AND MEM-
BERS OF PARTY, AT THE WASHINGTON NAVY YARD, WHERE THEY INSPECTED
THE WORKS AND EC^UIPMENT.

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824 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.

waíí ma<le to the visit of this distinguished Brazilian including a brief
review of his eminent career. At this writing Dr. MûUer is due to
arrive at Hampton Koads on the battleship Minas (reraes, of the
Brazilian navy, on Tuesday, June 10, when he will be met by the
Secretarv' of State: the Secretar}' of War; the Secretary of the Nav}^;
the Brazilian ambassador: Dr. José Carlos Rodrigues: Mr. E. L.
Chermont, counselor of the Brazilian embassy; Lieut. Commander
Radier de Aquino, naval attaché: and Mr. J. F. de Barros Pimentel,
second secretar}* of the Brazilian embassy; Senator Elihu Root: the
Third Assistant S(^cretar\' of State; Gen. Erasmus M. Weaver, Chief
of Coast Artillery-; Director General John Barrett, of the Pan Amer-
ican Union: Lieut. Commander R. C. Bulmer, I'nited States naval
aid to Dr. Midler; Capt. Le Vert Coleman, United States Army aid
to Dr. MüUer; an attaché of the Department of State; and Mr. J. P.
Tumulty, Secretar}^ to the President. After various formalities and
exchanges of calls, the party will proceed to Washington where they
will remain until Sunday afternoon, June 15. In Washington Dr.
MuUer will be entertained at receptions, dinners, and luncheons by
the President, the Secretary of State, the Secretary of War, the
Brazilian ambassador, the staff of the Brazilian embassy, and the
Director General of the Pan American Union. Visits will be made
to Mount Vernon, Annapolis, and to the various public buildings of
the Capital. From Washington the party will proceed to Bethlehem,
Pa., to inspect the Bethlehem Steel Works, then to New York, where
they will be entertained by the Pan American Society of the Unit<^d
States, the New York Chamber of Commerce, and the American
Manufacturers' Export Association. They will then go to Boston
and thence to Chicago and San Francisco, where Dr. Mûller will
select the site for the Brazilian buildings at the Panama-Pacific
International Exposition. The party > accompanying Dr. Lauro
MüUer, the ambassador of Brazil on special mission, includes Sr. R.
Regis de Oliveira: Dr. Helio Lobo, secretary of the mission: Capt.
Antonio Sami)aio; Alberto de Ipanema Moreira, naval aid; Capt.
Antonio da Fonseca, military' attaché to the Brazilian embassy at
Washington; Lieut. Euclides Hermes da Fonseca, military aid;
Custodio Alves da Lima, private secretary to Dr. Müller; Maurice
Nabuco, attaché of the mission; Thedin Costa, captain of the Minas
Geraes] and Dr. Müller's son.

DR. JOSÉ CARLOS RODRIGUES, OF RIO DE JANEIRO.

One of the most distinguislied Brazilians who has recently visited
the Ihiited States is Dr. José Carlos Rodrigues, editor and proprietor
of the Jornal do Cornmercio, one of the leading newspapers of Brazil

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FtaotoKrapb by Harns-Ewinfr.

SEÑOR DR. EUSÉBIO A. MORALES,
The now Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plon ¡potent ¡ary of Tanama to the I'nitod States.

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826 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.

and one of the groat newspapers of the world. Dr. Rodrigues arrived
in Washington early in June in order to be in this country with Dr.
Lauro MüUer, the Brazilian minister of foreign affairs, during the
latter's pri*senoe in the Ignited States returning the call of former
Setretarj^ of State Ëlihu R(K)t to Brazil in 1906. Dr. Rodrigues is
one of the foremost constructive men of Pan America and is a good
friend of the Pan American I'nion. On Sunday, June 8, the Director
General gave a luncheon in his honor in the Pan American Building,
to which were invite<l to meet him the following guests: Sr. Domicio
da (iama, ambassador of Brazil; lion. John Bassett Moore, counselor
of the State Department : Dr. R. Regis de Oliveira, Brazilian minister
to Cuba; Thomas Nelson Page; Boaz W. Long, Chief of the Latin
American Division, State Department ; Francisco J. Yánes, Assistant
Director of the Pan American Union; Charles Lyon Chandler, of the
State Department; Theodore W. Noyes, editor of the Washington
Star; Ira E. Bennett, editor of the Washington Post; Frank T. Cod-
rington, editor of the Washington Herald; F. A. Walker, editor of the
Washington Times; Stephen Bonsai; Arthur J. Dodge, chairman
board of governors, National Press Club; Arthur Willert, of the Lon-
don Times; J. C. Hemphill, of the Philadelphia Ledger; Sumner M.
Curtis, of the Chicago llerald; Robert H. Patchin, of the New York
Herald; David S. Barry, of the New York Commercial; Hany L.
Dunlap, of the New York World; Elmer Murphy, of the New York
Tribune; Dudley Harmon, of the New York Sun; Theodore H. Tiller,
vice presitlent National Press Club; Austin Cunningham, secretary
National Press Club; Henry L. Sweinhart, of the Associated Press;
John W. Clifton; Dr. Albert Hale, acting editor of the Pan American
Bulletin; William V. Griffin, of the Pan American Union staff; E
Belfort Saraiva de Magalhães, of the Pan American Union st^ff.

CHANGES IN GOVERNING BOARD OF PAN AMERICAN UNION.

The Bulletin of the Pan American Union takes this occasion to
express regret at the separation from its governing board of three of
its honored members, Sr. Don Salvador Castrillo, minister of Nica-
ragua, Sr. Don Antonio Martin-Rivero, minister of Cuba, and Sr. Don
Ramón M. Valdês, minister of Panama, who have been selected by
their respective Governments to fill important diplomatic posts in
Europe. Their places on the governing board will be filled by Gen.
Emiliano Chamorro, Sr. Dr. Pablo Desvernine, and Sr. Don Eusébio
Morales, respectively. To these new members the Bulletin extends
a hearty welcome, while wishing the parting diplomats greatest success
in their new posts and expressing to them gratitude for the interest
they manifested in the welfare of the Pan American Union.

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Photo^apta by Harrls-Ewiinj.

SEÑOR GENERAL EMILIANO CHAMORRO,
The Dew Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of Nicaragua to the United States,

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828 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.

ADDRESS OF MINISTER OF ARGENTINA AT HARVARD.

On April 24, Dr. Rómulo S. Naón, the Argentine minister to the
United Statics, and member of the governi
can Union, delivered an interesting lectui
the Argentine Republic'' before Harvar
out that the universities of his country
factors in studpng the geographical ne
effecting the economic organization of
attention to the fact that, the University c
founded in 1613, 23 years before the foui
the educational system of Argentina is c(
sities — at Cordoba, Buenos Aires, and La I
vard were indeed surprised and their ad
increased when he pointed out that the
had 7,500 students, or considerably more t
universities, the minister said, have proc
scientific, and commercial leaders of the
settle the big agricultural and transportai

HONORARY DEGREE FOR MINISTER OF URUGUAY.

The executive officers of the Pan American Union extend their
congratulations to Sr. Dr. Carlos Maria de Pena, minister of Uruguay,
upon the signal honor done him by New York University at its annual
commencement on June 4, 1913. On t
university, which is one of the most rep
learning in the country, and which alwa;
the dispensing of its honors, conferred t
Dr. de Pena. This was done not only in r
well-known scholarship and statesmai
extended and successful career in the pul
out of respect to Uruguay, which is makin
in matters of education, government, and
progress. Minister de Pena is the first ]
ored with an honorary academic degree fr

MR. CARNEGIE AND THE GOVERNING BOARD.

An unusual and interesting feature of the meeting of the governing
board of the Pan American Union, which was held May 12, was the
presence by special invitation of Mr. Andrew Carnegie. Being in
Washington, he happened to call at the Pan American Building while
the board was in session. This information was conveyed to the
chairman, the Secretary of State of the United States, whereupon a
motion was made by the minister of Costa Rica, Sr. Don Joaquin B.

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l'hotojçraph hj Harris- Ewing.

SEÑOR DK. SALVADOR (WSTRILLO,
Tho roliriTîK Envoy Extraordiimry aivî Minhtor Plonipoti'ntiary of Nicar.i'^M.i ta th«' l'nite'! States.
.^fî314— Rnll. 6—13 i

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830 THE PAX AMERICAN UNION.

Calvo, and passed unanimously, that Mr. Carnef^e should be invited
to come to the meetin<f anil take a seat at the board table. He
accepted, and after the consideration of the regular business of the
meeting made a few appropriate remarks, in which he emphasized
how profoundly impressed he was with the fact that around this table
gathere<l regularly the plenipotentiaries of the 21 nations of the
W(»stern Hemisphere, all working together for the welfare of each
and all of the countries and for the development of peace and friend-
ship among them.

A DISTINGUISHED CHILEAN.

One of the most prominent Latin Americans who has recently
visited the United States is Senor R. H. de Ferari, president of the
South American Steamsliip Co. (Compañía Sud Americana de
Vaporeas). Ile Is recognized as one of the foremost business men not
only of Chile, but of all South America, and it was a pleasure for the
staff of the Pan American Union to welcome him in a visit to Wash-
ington and to the Pan American Building. He also spent some time
in New York and at other points of interest in the United States.
Sr. Ferari is particularly interested in the opening of the Panama
Canal and its effect upon trade between the west coast of South
America, and especially Chile, with the United States and Europe.
Ills company is i)lanning to put on new vessels to ply between Val-
paraiso and Xew York City, and possibly other points in the United
States as well as on the west coast of South America. His opinion,
like that of most men who have thoroughly studied the situation, is
that the opening of the canal will mark a great development in the
commerce and trade of the whole of the west coast of South America
from Panama south to the Strait of Magellan.

THE PANAMA-PACIFIC INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION.

It is gratifying to i)oint out the special interest which the Govern-
ments, countries, and peoples of Latin America are taking in the
Panama-Pacific International Exposition which will be held in San
Francisco in 1915. From the date on which this exposition was deter-
mined upon the Director General has done eveiything in his power to
interest the (iovernments forming the Union in this great celebration
of the o]>ening of the Panama Canal, and the response which they
have made is evidence of their appreciation of the importance of the
event and of the significance of the exposition. The Latin American
ambassadoi-s and ministei*s in Washington have made most favorable
recommendations to their Governments for participation and many

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Photograph by Harrl»-K^*"«?-

SE5ÎOR d()x;ramón m. valdés,
The retirinp Enrcv Extracrdinary and MinLslor Plenipotontiary of Punama to the United States.

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832 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.

of thorn havo made or are planning to make visits to San Francisco in
order to select the sites for their Government buildings and to make
other preparations which may be necessary. If the countries of
Europe and Asia show a corn^spondiniij interest in the exposition
there will be no doubt of its extraordinary success from an inter-
national standpoint.

BOSTON (IIAMBEU OF (OMMERC E IN SOUTH AMERICA.

latest reports r(»ceived bv the Pan American Union from South
America show that the s])ecial excursion of the Boston Chamber of
Commerce to wSiuith America, encouraged and urged by the Director
(f(»neral of the Pan American I'nion, has been most cordially received
at every port and city visited. The Latin Americans have mam-
tained their remarkable reputatiim for hospitality and courtesy by
the way they have treated these representative men of Xew England.
There is no doubt that much good will result from this excursion, but
it will not be complete in its effects unless it causes corresponding
excursions to come from South American cities to Boston and the
United States. All visits of this kind only reach their highest value
when they are reci])rocal in character and influence. One of the
great points which the Director General urges in all of his com-
s])ondence and addresses in regard to Pan American trade relations is
that the North American business man should think of building uj)
the commerce of Latin America hi the United States as well as extend-
ing the latter in the former.

MOBILE TRADE COMMISSION TO CENTRAL AMERICA.

The city of Mobile, Ala., and its Chamber of Commerce are to be
congratulated upon having sent a s])ecial trade commission to Cen-
tral American points. The i)resident, William H. Armbrecht, of the
chamber of commerce and its other officer's, were in correspondence
with the Pan AnuMican I'nion regarding this visit of its representativo
men to (Vntral America and were luged by the Director General to
dir(H*t its efforts in such ways and along such lines as wn)uld take into
consideration the building up of the trade and welfare of Central
America, as well as that of ^Ioi)ile and the United States. With this
])Uip()se in mind the commission left Mobile on May 16 and returned
about the middle of June. Among the points they visited were Belize-
British Honduras; Livini^ston. Barrios, and Guatemala City, in Gnaif*-
mala; Puerto Cortez, San Pedro, Tela, and Ceiba, in Honduras. The
more visits of this kind are made the closer will relations of both
friendship and trade develop between cities and sections of the United

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PAN AMERICAN NOTES. 833

States and the corresponding places of Latin America. It is to be
hoped that the reciprocal idea in this matter and in this custom will
be developed and that Central America may send a commission of
its own to Mobile to return the visit. Mobile has added to its repu-
tation as an up-to-date and enterprising city by backing this com-
mission and has shown in sending it that it intends to get its share
of the growing Pan American trade.

DEMISE OF PRESIDENT AUGUSTE.

The news of the sudden demise of Gen. Tancrede Auguste, late
President of Hnti, on May 2, 1913, was received with great sorrow
at the Pan American Union. Gen. Auguste served only a short
while, having been elected President in August, 1912, but during his
incumbency he succeeded in gaining the good will of his fellow coun-
trymen for his statesmanship and progressive policies. Upon learn-
ing of the lamented death of Gen. Auguste, the flag of Haiti and the
pennant of the Pan American Union were both placed at half mast
until after the funeral, as a token of respect to the dead statesman.

STEPHEN BONSAL s *^THE AMERICAN MEDITERRANEAN.

In view of the new problems and opportunities which are appear-
ing in the countries surrounding the Caribbean Sea and in the
light of the new development which must come to them as a result
of the opening of the Panama Canal, there has been written up to
the present time a no more interestmg and instructive book than
Stephen Bonsai's '^The American Mediterranean." It not only gives,
as it were, a bird's-eye view, but a most comprehensive impression of
the conditions now existing and of probable eventualities in this
section of the Western Hemisphere which is becoming more promi-
nent every day as the canal approaches completion. The book is
written in an interesting style, is attractively illustrated, and con-
tains appendices, maps, and an index of much value. As it is under-
stood that Mr. Bonsai is now prei)aring a corresponding book on
South America, ''The American Mediterranean '^ is sure to whet the
appetite for another work on the countries lying south of the
Caribbean.

LAKE MOHONK CONFERENCE ON INTERNATIONAL ARBITRATION.

The Nineteenth Amiual Lake Mohonk Conference on International
Arbitration was held at Mohonk Lake, Ulster County, State of New
York, May 14-16, 1913, and was largely attended by the representa-
tive men from all over the country, including many foreigners of
distinction. Tlie fact that the annual dinner of the Pan American
Society of the United States was helil on the 15th prevented the

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PAN AMERICAN NOTES. 835

usual attendance of Latin American diplomats and also that of the
Director General, who had been invited to deliver an address. The
principal discussion affecting Latin America took place on the after-
noon of Wednesday, May 14, when William R. Shepherd, Ph. D.,
professor of history in Columbia University, read a most interesting
paper on the subject ''Some Recent Forms of the Monroe Doctrine
and Their Relation to International Arbitration.'' Prof. Shepherd
is such an acknowledged authority on everything pertaining to Pan
American affairs that any addresses of his upon questions that con-
cern the relations of the United States with its sister Republics attract
especial attention and are worthy of careful consideration. Other ad-
dresses which touched indirectly upon Pan America and which were
an interesting feature of the program were those by Hon. Joseph R.
Knowland, Member of Congress from California, who discussed ''The
Right of the United States to Control the Panama CanaP'; by
Emory R. Johnson, Ph. D., professor of transportation and commerce,
L'niversity of Pennsylvania, and special commissioner on Panama
Canal traffic and tolls, who spoke on "The Country's Interest in Tolls
and Coastwise Shipping''; by Thomas Raeburn \Vhite, Esq., of the
Philadelphia bar, who discussed "Should the Panama Tolls Question
be Arbitrated ?" by Hon. Charlemagne Tower, former ambassador to
Germany, who considered "The Treaty Obligations of the United
States Relating to the Panama Canal"; and by Don C. Seitz, busi-
ness manager of the New York World, who discussed general ques-
tions on Panama tolls and international arbitration. Special credit
is due to Daniel Smiley, in whose name the invitations were issued,
and H. C. Phillips, secretary of the conference, for its success.

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PAN AMERICA IN THE
MAGAZINES. •/ /. /

To South Pern and Arequipa is the second of the interesting series
of articl(*s written by Ernest Peixotto for Scribner's Magazine, which
nj)pears in the May number. The first of the series, entitled '*D()wn
the \V(*st Coast to Lima," appeared in the April number and was
reviewed in the Mav issue of the Monthly Bulletin. We

('i»urti*i> of HitUhmtS Mairnzine.

THE TATHEDKAL AT AREQUIPA, PERU.

Where, we askcil ourselves, could we find such another combination, a great metropolitan cathedral
front iiiK a monumental plata and backed by two such mountain giants. (From "To South Peru
and Arequipa." by Ernest Peixotto, In Scfibner's Magazine for May, 1913.)

understand that these are the precursors to an extended series which,
t')<;ether with other material, will eventually be published in book
form under the title "Pacific Shores from Panama."

In the May installment Mr. Peixotto takes the reader to CVrro
Azul, the Peruvian port which takes its name from the bluish
promontory near which it is located, and the several interesting
excursions made from this ])lace, the trip to Pisco, and the final visit

83()

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I'ourtesiy of fk-ribner'!* Magazine.

A K EQUIPA, TEKU.

It is the second city in size in Peru, and its founder, (iarclu Manuel de Carvajal, called it
La Villa Hermosa (the Beautiful City), and it well deserves its name, lis present ap-
pellation is Quechua in origin and is said to have originated from the fact that a party
of Inca soldiers once came upon this lovely valley of the Chili, hidden in the dreary
Andean solitudes, and asked their commander to allow them to remain. His reply
was, "Ari, quepai"; that in Quechua means "Yes. remain.' (From "To South Pern
and Arequipa,'' by Ernest Peixotto, in Scribner's Magazine for May, 19i;i.)

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888 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.

to Arequipa make» iij) the ^st of the story and lead the author to
show his j)()wers of ^aphic (U^seription at their best.

The author's first impressions of Cerro Azul seem to have been
somewhat unfavorable, but after boarding the carrito — a little car
running on a narrow-guage track and drawn by a mule — and swinging
around the hill the scene changed, and he describes it as follows:

In an inhlant the whoh* as|>ecl of the rountr>' changed as if by magic — a change so
Ht art ling that it fairly sius^'gi^reii us — the coai^t dessert transformed in a moment from
^íandy wasle** to broad cotton lieldi* and acret* upon acres» of sugar cane. A tall feictorv'
chimney hH>me<I up in ihe dintance; then a Japancí^e village with its temple set
among the buiana tn»es came into view: then a larger native village; and finally the
low, rambling hacienda, an extensive gnmp of building painted Venetian red and
inclosing two palios, one set out with date palms and a fountain, the other planted
with flowers and entwined with honeysuckle. We were taken to large and airy
ríM)ms that faced the garden and tennL« court, with, beyond, a fine prospect of the sea,
calm, placid, and blue beyond belief.

The author was a guest at Santa Barbara, one of the largest of the
Peruvian sugar plantations, of which he WTites:

It was now only 9 in the morning (for we had made a very early start) and I spent
the n*maining hours until luncheon in walking through the sugar mill with my host.
Santa Barbara is a very big plant, one of the largest on the west coast, and 35 miles of
railnad track feed its cajiacious maw. Train load after train load of cane, the **honey
of rtMHls." draws up to the factory each day to spill its contents upon the endless
chains that dump it on to the crushing mills. Like all perfected machiner>' of this
day. no human hand touches the product until the finished sugar, 150,000 pounds a
day, is sewn into sacks and put on flat cars for shipment at the port.

After luncheon we started, four of us, in the carrito, for Casa Blanca, a large r^anch
some miles distant, the headquarters of the cultivation department. Here we found
horses ready saddled and s<Hm were riding off toward an isolated hill, the Cerro d'Oro,
a barren jH»ak bearing Inca ruins plainly visible upon its summit. As we climbed its
sandy heights, beautiful views of the valley began to unfold themselves.

To the west wan! the sea glittered like silver in the afternoon light; to the north,
parched and baked and blistered by eternal sunshine, the arid foothills lay seamed
like wrinkled old mummies; but to the east, in violent contrast to this desolation, the
broad Canote Valley, under the fecundating touch of its river and countless irrigating
ditches, bloomed into verdant fields of cane, vivid, velvety, stretching like a vast
gr(»en carpet to the far f<M>t hills that rose, pale, ashen, and sandy, to buttress the
grand Cordillera towering hiixh into the heavens.

Several interesting excursions to near-by ancient Inca ruins and
other attractive places were made before leaving Cerro Azul for Pisco,
where a day was spent very pleasantly. A short stay at Moliendo
was also enjoyed, and then the author gives us the following graphic
description of the scenic beauty of the trip from this place to
Arequipa:

The road ascends by a scries of loops and curves among rounded foothills, whose
fat flanks are covered only with a lough-looking herb, dull brown and in spots green.
Now and then we c^nr^ht slimpseí of one of tho-;? verdant valleys that lie tucked away
down by the const. This soon passed from sight, however, and at an elevation of

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PAN AMERICA IN THE MAGAZINES. 839

about 1,000 m«'ters we emerged upon a succession of broad table-lands backed by blue
mountains, whose Jeorges are filled with white sand that, at a distance, looks like snow
patches.

As we proceeded these sandy drifts approached the Irack, sometimes descending:
the mountain in long ridges like giant reptiles' tails, sometimes forming pools or
hillocks, but oftenest of all piling up in those stxange sand crescentí* that are one of
the phenomena of the region. * * *

The stations along these plateaus are but tiny oases — palms, fruit trees, flowers,
set in a waterless waste. After San Jose you begin to climb again through salmon-
tinted mountains, stratified and shaded like those of the Grand Canyim of the Colo-
rado. Deep down in their chai'ms narrow valleys appear — green, rich meadows where
cattle graze and Indian bamboo huts nestle by the rivulets.

Courtewy of Scribner'i» Mufrazine.

LANDINíí AT CERRO AZUL.

Several men waded out for the luggace; my wife was put into a chair carried by three men, while I was
told to bestride a big fellow's shoukiers as he waded ashore with me. (From *'* To South Peru and Are-
quipa," by Ernest Peixotto, in Scribner's Magazine for May, 1913. j

At Vitor, where the women were selling delicious grapes by the station, we had
reached an altitude of 5,000 feet, and soon could look across the broad upper plateau
that now spread out before us. At a tiu-nof the road in the distance Chachani and
El Misti, the two Andean sentinels, suddenly stood revealed in all the glor>^ of their
icy summits nearly 20,000 feet above the level of the sea.

The scenery now became remarkable — grand. At times we looked into the valley
of the Chili, with its verdant fields and Indian villages set in clusters of banana palms;
at others into arid chasms, where the blue evening shadows were slowly creeping
upward, while the coppery sunlight still flickered on the upper walls; and at each
turn we obtained new views of the two mountain giants that marked our destinât i<m
and that grew nearer and ever nearer, now rosy in the evening glow.

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840 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.

The nhort twilight had de**iH»ned. Tinpi'n li^htii burnt forth in the semidarkness
and in 10 minute»:» we pulled into the station at Arequipa. The acting superintendent
(»i the Southern Kailwayt* waí» there to jjjeet us, and soon we were rattling with him,
in thi» dark of the <»arly evening, over the cobblestones to the hotel.

Suddenly weemergcnl into the plaza, and a moment later stepped out upon our ix>reh,
siMMH^hU»ss at what lay before us. The great bell of the C'onipañia ja«<t opposite was
tolling for vi'spers, and its d(H>p bai«» voice was answered by the jangling but sweet
U)ne<l chimes of the other chunches, and by the slow, irregular thud of the cathcnlral
bell. We were standing on the top of the Portales, or stone arcades, beautiful in
d(»sign, that completely surround the plaza on three of its sides. Below tis lay flower-
be<ls, imlms, and bnnul cur\'ing pathways whose glistening tile pavements, clean Ra

("iHirtrny ii( SfTlhntT s* MaKMiiii«?.

CHACANI AND EL MISTI.

.\l u turn of the road in the distance Chiwani and El Misli, the two .Vndeun sentinels, suddenly stood
revealed in all the nlory of their icy summits, nearly 2ü.(K)0 feet above the sea. (Illustrating " To South
Peru and Arequipa," by Ernest Peixotto, in Scribner's Magarine for May, 1913.)

mirrors, roMccted the arc lights above. A quiet crowd waí* slowly moving about, for
a military band was playing off in one corner.

Directly opj)<)fite hnuned the long fa^^ade of the cathedral, above which we could
faintly descry the shadowy form of Misti, rising to itii snow-capped cone in all the
perfect .Mymmetry of its ])ure volcanic outline, contrasting with its rugged neighbor.
Chachuni, ctit inloa multitude of peaksand ice fields and rocky pinnacles. "Where,"
we asked ourselves, "could we find another such a combination, a great metn)j)oliiíin
catlicdml fronting a monumental plaza and backtni by two such moimtain giants?''
And the .^pell of this first impressi(m did not wear off. ♦ ♦ ♦
As we walked about the streets next morning we were stnick by the pretty, gay
aspect of the town and (if its dwellings painted in ])ale pastel tinies, rose, pale (x^her,

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Courtesy of St-rUniiTs MH^rnzine.

A PATIO IN AREQUIPA, PEKT.

In the open oourtyurds ole.inders bloomed, and the fe«isellated tufa pavements were shaded by fiR,
orange, and lemon trees. (lUustralinn "To South Peru and Areijuipa," by Eniest Peixotto, in
Scribner's Magazine for May, VJU.)

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842 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.

Nil** irriKMi, and pearly irray. hut m«wt oi all azul — blue?» tliat shade fn>m faint, cool.
while to I ht» (i(H*|) loni*^' (if the azure nky. In the open courtyards oleanders
h loomed and I ht» teî*"<elaie<l tufa pavenienti* were shaded by fi^:, oranfre, and lemon
lre<»?i. ♦ • •

It iî* the f**»eond eity in size in Peru, and its founder, Garcia Manuel de Canajal,
calknl it Ia Villa Ilerinosa the Beautiful City -and it well deserved itanarae. Its
present apf)ellation is Quechua in ori^^in, and is said to have originated from the fact
that a party t>f Inea soldiers once came upon thLs h)vely valley of the Chili, hidden
in the dreary Anchoan solitudes, and asked their commander to allow them to remain.
ni«i reply was "Ari, quepai," that in Quechua means "Yes, remain.''

Its elevatitm, some 7,500 feet above the sea, ¡srives it a delightful climate, quite
spriuiîlike in character, and of its 40,000 inhabitants a large proportion are ¡jente
decente, for it has long bt»en recogniztni as a center of culture and the residence of
men of distinction.

The courtesy of the Ar(Hiuii)eÛans b beyond question Each time you stop to look
into a court>'ard some one has a pretty way of asking you to come in and ''take a seat.'
Then you are presented with flowers, and aiwlogies are made that the season is late
and flowers not what they were a month or two ago. And what pretty dark-eye<i
young women in lacy mantillai* you meet coming home from church on Sunday
moniing.

The author then i)aJiits a pleasant picture of the dehghtful Sundays
one spends m Arequipa, including an evening at the zarzuela or
musical comedy, and closes with references to some of the picturesque
corners of the city that interest the visitor, and the Harvard Uni-
versity Observatory which is located not far from the city itself,
where the great photographic telescopes are mapping the heavens.

Excavations at Quirigua, Guatemala, by Sylvanus Griswold Morley,
assistant director Quirigua Expedition, 1912, in the National Geo-
graphic Magazine for March, is an interesting archaeological study of
Mayan civilization hi the light of knowledge tlirown on the subject
by the recent systematic study of these ruins under the auspices of
the School of American Archaeology.

Mr, Morley is a thorough and carefid student of American archie-
ology and has written numerous interesting articles on Mayan antiq-
uities, notably those on Chichen Itza and Uxmal contributed to the
March and April, 1911, issues of the Bulletin of the Pan American
Union.

The excavation and thorough study of the ruins of Quirigua is a
momentous work and, although but just begun, has already added
materially to our knowledge of its ancient builders. The subject is of
such great interest to students of American antiquities, not only in
the United States but throughout the world, that we quote exten-
sively from Mr. Morley's very able presentation thereof. In intro-
ducmg his subject he writes:

The ruiiiî^ of Quirigua are located in the Republic of Guatemala, Central America,
57 mih>s from the Carihbean Sea. The heart of thifi ancient city, its civic and religious

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PAX AMERICA IX THE MAGAZINES. 843

center, covered about 75 acre?, surrounding which on ever}- i^ide for a distance of
several miles were the dwellings of the common people.

Quirigua was one of the older centers of the great Maya civilization, which flour-
ished in southern Mexico, Guatemala, and northern Honduras during the first 15
centuries of the Christian era. Judging from the dated monuments which were
erected in its several courts and plazas, this ancient American metropolis was aban-
doned during the first half of the sixth century A. D.

Toward the close of the sixth century the Mayas moved out from the older centers
of their civilization in the south and migrated northward into Yucatan. Here in the
stress of colonizing a new and unfamiliar land the remembrance of their former homes
gradually faded, until Quirigua, along with many another southern city, became
only a memory, a tradition. P^inally, long before the discover}' of America, even
the tradition of its former existence had passed from the minds of men.

Hernando Cortez, the conqueror of Mexico, must have passed within a few miles
of Quirigua in 1525, on his memorable march to the Golfo Dulce, but he makes no
mention of the fact, and it was not until over 300 years later, or in 1840, that the
site was again made known to the world by Stephens and Cather\s'ood.

During the centuries which had elapsed since its abandonment a dense tropical
vegetation had overgrown the city, overthrowing its temples and palaces and reducing
them to shapeless mounds of fallen masonry.

The jungle had won its way into ^he dit'erent courts and plazas, and these public
squares, once teeming with the life of a populous community, had become the haunt
of the tiger, peccary, monkey, anteater, and the infinite host of the tropical forest.
The jungle had again reclaimed its own.

In 1909 the United Fruit Co., incidental to the purchase of a large tract of land
in this vicinity for a banana plantation, acquired title to the site, and in the following
year, through an arrangement with the School of American Archaeology, the system-
atic study of the ruins was undertaken under the direction of Edgar L. Ilewett.

The author then enters hito the details of the difficulties which
presented themselves in the unearthing of ruins covered by the jungle
growth of centuries. Giant trees had grown m among the buried
sculptured monuments and had to be removed with great care to
prevent injury to these priceless treasures of antiquity; tons of earth
and rock had to be removed; even a trestle and tramway had to be
built to carry' off the excavated material, and thus the preliminary
woik was necessarily^ slow and tedious. As the following paragraphs
will show, however, gratifying results were obtained.

Surmounting the broad and spacious terrace which forms the southern side of the
temple court was a large mound, which, from its size and location, seemed to be the
remains of a very important construction.

Fragments of sculptured stone, human and grotesque heads, hands and feet, feather
work and geometric forms, and parts of a hieroglyphic coniice strewed the ground on
every side, and the first trenches brought to light much additional material of the same
character.

As the work of excavation proceeded there gradually developed from this mound of
earth and fallen stone the ground plan of what had originally l)een an imposing temple .
This temple was found to be 105 feet long and 29 feet wide. It is composed of seven
chambers, symetrically arranged, the three larger ones of which, those opening to the
outside, are 14 feet long and about half as wide.

The four interior chambers, alternating with the preceding, are somewhat smaller,
being only 9 feet long by õ feet wide. The floors of the smaller chambers are in every

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Tin: MOMMKNT lALLKD STELA K, griHKilA, «îlATEMALA.

Tin* liirrok'h phic iiiMTipiion shu\\ n «ii tl-.is moniiinont rwords the date y.ls.l*).0.().;< Ahau, 3 Yax oí
Ma\;i rlinnit)l(>i:\ . or iipitroxiinaU'ly ." r> A, I). Stela K was ih** Ia>t of lhe greiil monuments lo be
en-rliMl at (^uir;i:na ll.i' follow inu íioniii. or fi\e-yoar ¡leriod u'4(i A. I).». l»eing marked h\ theereo-
iioii ol leiiiple \. ( llliiviratmn •• Kxcavaiion^ at C^uiri^'na, «¡inipmala,*" by Sylvauiis <'î. Morley,
in riie National «¡Hoj^raitliu- Maj;a/.ine lor Marrli. 19l;A.)

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PAN AMERICA IN THE MAGAZINES. 845

case a foot and a half higher than the flooring of the larger chamber from which they
are entered; and, similarly, the floors of the larger chambers are again 2 feet higher
than the floors of the spacious doorways giving into them. In the latter case the rises
of the steps are sculptured with hieroglyphics. * * *

This larger middle chamber originally had three heads tenoned into its back wall at
a height of 5i feet above the floor. This unusual feature of decoration doubtless indi-
cates a chamber of corresponding importance, which its central position in the building
further corroborates. Indeed, it is more than likely that this chamber of the tenoned
heads was not only the chief sanctuary of this particular temple but of the whole city
as well.

Very few interesting specimens of pottery and other articles of
handiwork were found in the inteiior of these rooms. Two very fine
flint spearheads, each over 6 inches in length, and some fragments of
pottery showing a vaiiety of pleasing shapes, were found in one of
the smaller compartments, but the best specimens were found in the
second building, called the palace. The structure of temple A con-
forms to the usual Maya type, and it is the hieroglyphic cornice that
is of the greatest interest. The exterior of the temple is thus described
by Mr. Morley:

The façade of temple A, like that of all Maya structures, was divided into two parts
by a cornice which passed around all four sides of the building half way between the
top and bottom.

In temple A this cornice was composed of a band of hieroglyphics which began at
the northeastern comer and extended clear around the building. Below this cornice
the façade was plain, being without sculptural decoration of any kind. This severe
treatment of the lower panel offered a striking and effective contrast to the upper
panel, which was composed of an elaborate mosaic of sculptured stones finished at the
top with another cornice showing a leaf motive. * * *

The walls up to the hieroglyphic cornice are perfectly plain. At the left, where the
inscription begins and where the sequence of the ñrst 15 or 16 hieroglyphics is known,
the cornice has now been restored to the position it originally occupied.

The hieroglyphic inscription presented on the exterior cornice and on the rises or
the steps in the three exterior doorways of this temple is of unusual interest. The
text on the cornice records the date 9. 19. 0. 0. 0. ; 9 Ahau, 19 Mol of Maya chronology,
which corresponds approximately to the date 540 A. D.

This date doubtless indicates the time at which temple A was erected or at least
dedicated. It marks the close of Katun 19 of cycle 9 of the Maya era * and is the
latest of all dates yet discovered at Quirigua.

The first two hieroglyphics in the eastern doorway record the date 9 Ahau, 18 Mol.
which is exactly 40.days in advance of the date presented on the outside. The third
hieroglyphic in the middle doorway expresses this distance of 40 days, and the fifth
and sixth hieroglyphics the date 9 Ahau, 18 Mol, recorded also on the cornice outside

Finally, the seventh and eighth hieroglyphics in the western doorway declare that
this day, 9 Ahau, 18 Mol, was at the end of Katun 19 of cycle 9, thus repeating the
information given on the exterior of the building.

It will be seen from the foregoing that the only Maya hieroglyphics which have
been deciphered up to the present time are those which deal with some phase of the
calendar, such as day, month, or period, signs, and the like.

> The Maya Katun contained 7,200 days, or approximately 193 years. There were 20 Katuns in a cycle,
which was very nearly 400 years long. Cycle 9 of Maya chronology was the first historic period of the
Maya, civil Itation.

86314^— Bull. 6—13 5

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846 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.

lDd(»ed, all told, the meanings of not more than 50 different characters have been
worked out, leaving in the neighborhood of 150 which are still indeterminate. These
undeoiphered hieroglyphics probably treat of the events which occurred on the cor-
reHjM)nding dates; or, in other words, they probably deal with the^eubject matter of
Maya history'.

The building material used in the temple is sandstone, quarried from the ioothillF
2 miles west of the city, and probably transported thither on rafts during the rainy
seafH)n, when the greater part of the valley is submerged by the overflow of the Mon-
tagua River. In this way the building material could be floated right up to the
base of the temple substructure. The blocks were ñnished — that is, either sculp-
tured or faced — as the occasion required, after they had been laid in the wall.

The other building excavated during the year is smaller than the
temple and, according to Mr. Morley, was more of a dwelling place
or palace. Its ground plan is irregular and the rooms are small and
dark with only one exterior entrance. It is in the ruins of this build-
ing, however, that most of the specimens were found. Among these
is an effigy vase which was broken into a score or more fragments,
but which has since been almost completely restored. It is 7 inches
in height and 3 inches in width at the top and the grotesque head
which ornaments the front is said to be remarkable as an example
of free-hand modeUng, the features being rendered with a verisimili-
tude rarely encountered in any aboriginal art. The body of the vase
is a rich cream or buff color while the eyes, earrings, fillet, and
mouth of the figure are painted a dull bluish- white, the beard and
fillet decorations being done in a rich shade of red.

From all the data so far obtained, Mr. Morley estimates that the
smaller building antedated the temple, and that it was probably
erected during the period 440-540 A. D.

Work on the ruins is to be continued, and further developments
are awaited with much interest.

At the Mission of San Xavier is the title of Agnes C. Laut's contri-
bution to the May number of Travel. Comparatively Uttle has been
written for the general reader concerning the heroism and martyrdom
of the earUest of the CathoUc missionaries in the great Southwest,
and the story is full of pathos and of interest. All but one of the
famous missions of Arizona have been allowed to fall to ruin, and
that one is the old mission of San Xavier, of which Miss Laiit
writes:

It would be a mistake to say 'that San Xa\ier has been restored. Restoration
implies innovation, and San Xavier stands to-day as it stood in the sixteen hundred?,
when Father Kino, the famous mathematician and Jesuit from Bavaria, came wan-
dering up from the missions of Lower California, preaching to the Yumas and Pimas
of the hot, smoking hot, Gila Desert, and held mass in Casa Grande, the Great House,
or "Garden of the Indian's Morning Glow." A lucky thing it is that restoration did
not imply change in San Xa\der, for the mission floats in the shimmering desert air
of a plateau of the Tucson Mountains, unearthly, eerie, unreal, a thing of beauty and
dreams rather than latter-day life; white as marble, twin towered, roof domed and

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848 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.

arched, the eourtyard walla arched and pointed and, to the una<;cufltomed eye, so
dazzling in the sunlight that somehow you know why rows of restful, drowsy palms
were planttni in line along the front of the wall.

Perhaix* it ifi that it comes on you as such a complete surprise that makes it so
strangely imprewive. Perhaj)s it is the desert atmosphere in this cup of the moun-
taiiis — blue and lavender and shimmering — that givea the effect of a white-domed
vision floating in midair. You are motoring out from Tucson. To be siu«, the narrow
streets of the old S{>anish quarter», with their patios and plazas, notify you that you
are in an antique and foreign atmosphere; but all the other missions of the Southwest
are ailobe gray or earth color showing through a veneer of drab whitewash. You swing
out from the city among the mountains — mountains that play tricks of mirage as you
travel, receding and standing forth and crumpling themselves up in different shap^
in the heat clouds. Then you meet Pima and Papago Indians driving to town with
burro loads of firewood. Then suddenly you dip down in a \'alley and come up, and
the thing swims in mid -air before you not a mile away — glare, dazzling, white, with a
rocky knoll to the left, where you presently see a blue statue of the Viigin beneath
a flower-decked grotto.

Is this America? You rub your eyes. There is the giant and century-old desert
cactus, twisted and gnarled with age like the trees in Dante's Inferno, but with birds*
nests in the pillared trunks, where little wrens peck through the bark for water. You
look again." Indian women are molding pottery in front of their little square adobe
houses; and the maidens are at the well drawing water; a horseman has just dismounted
beneath the shade of a fine old twisted oak. But beyond the oak the vision is there —
San Xavier dei Bac, the most un-American thing in America, floating in mid-air, a
vision of beauty and dreams. Then you swing round a bend in the road and pull up
abreast of the rows of palms before the arched gateway. ♦ ♦ ♦

San Xavier, architecturally, is sheer delight to the eye. The style is almost pure
Moorish, The yard walls are arched in harmony with the arched outline of the roof,
and in the inner courtyard you will notice the Spanish lion at the intersection of all
the roof arches. In front of the mission buildings is a walled space of some 60 by 40
feet, where the Indians used to assemble for the discussion of secular matters before
worship. On the fn)nt wall in high relief are placed the arms of St. Francis of Ajbbísí,
and in the sacristy to the right of the altar you will find fine mural drawings and a
painting of St. Ignatius. Thus San Xavier claims as her founders and patrons both
Franciscan and Jesuit. This is easily explained. The Franciscans came up overland
across the desert from the City of Mexico. The Jesuits came up i^iland from their
mission on the (îulf of California. There can be no doubt that two lay brothers of the
Francisc'an order were in this region as early as 1538, at a period when, let us say,
Jacques (artier was still exploring the St. Lawrence. But there is also no doubt that
Father Kino, the Jesuit fn)m a Bavarian university, was the first missionary to hold
services among the Pimas and Papagoes; and if he did not lay the foundations of San
Xavier, then they were laid by his immediate successors. The escutcheon of the
Francis(»an «)n the wall is a twisted cord and a croes on which are nailed the arm of
the Christ and the arm of St. Francis. The Christ arm is bare. The Franciscan arm
is covered.

Unlike the missions built of adobe, San Xavier is of stone and brick. It is 100 by
.30 feet. The transept on each side of the nave runs out 21 feet square. The roof
above the nave is supported by groined arches from door to altar. The cupola above
the altar is õo feet to the dome. The other vaults are only 30 feet high. The windows
are far up in the clear story, and set so deeply in the casement that the light falling
on the mural paintings and fresco work is sifted and softened . Practically all the walls,
the cupola, dome, transept, and nave, are covered with mural paintings. There is the
coming of the Spirit to the Disciples. There is the Last Supper. There is the Lady

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850 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.

of S<»rrnw8 at the Foot of the Cross. There is tiie Conception. There is the Rosan-.
There Í8 the Hidden Life of the Lord.

The main altar was evidently constnioied by the Jesuits, for the statute of St.
Francis Xavier stamis below the Virgin 1)etween figures of St. Peter and St. Paul and
(ííkI the Crt»ator. On the arches of the dome are figures of the wise men, the flight to
Egypt, the shepherds, the annunciation. Gilded arabesques colored in Moorish shell
tints adorn the main altar. Statues of the saints stand in the alcoves and niches of the
pillan* and vaults. In the sacristy to the right of the altar is a large mural painting;
and in the baptistry to the left of the main door is a fine large brass fount. Two small
d<Nirii lead up to the towers from the main door. Look well at these doors and stair-
ways. Not a nail has been driven. The doors are mortised of solid pieces with
latched bars carved until they l(X)k like Damascus swords. The stairs to the towers
are cut right through the thickness of the walls, the width of a man's shoulders, with
cetlar and juniper shakes set in the mortar for steps. The first flight leads to the
choir. Around the choir are more mural paintings. Two more twists of the winding
stair, and you are in the belfry. ♦ * ♦

Pause for a moment and look out. The mountains shimmer in their mista. The
sunlight sleeps against the adobe walls of the scattered Indian houses. You can
hear the drone of the children from the schoolrooms behind the mission. You <^ai see
the mortuary chapel down to the right; the lions gardant supporting the arches of the
roof of the main building. Father Kino was a famous European scholar and gentle-
man. He threw aside scholarship. He threw aside comfort. He threw aside fame,
and he came to found a mission amid Arabs of the American Desert. The hands that
wrought these paintings on the walls were not the hands of bunglers. They were the
hands <»/ artists, who wrought in love and devotion. Three times San Xavier was dyed
in mart>T blood by Indian revolt — in the sixteen eighties, in the sixteen nineties, and
in the early part of the seventeenth hund^eds. Priests whose names even have been
lost in the chronicles were murdered on the altars here, thrown down the stairs, cut
to pieces in their own mission yard. Before death, which they coveted as glor>', what
a life they must have led ! To Tucson Mission was 9 miles, but to Tumacacori was 80:
to Old Mexico, 900. Occasionally they had an escort of 12 soldiers for these long
trips, but the soldiers' vices made so much trouble for the holy fathers that the
missionaries preferred to travel alone or with only a lay brother. Sandaled nussion-
aries tramped the cactus deserts in June, when the heat was at its height, and they
traversed the mountains when winter snows filled all the passes. They have not
even left annals of their hardships. You know that in such a year Father ICino
tramped fn)m the Gulf of California to the Gila, and from the Gila to the Rio Grande,
and proved that I^wer California was not an island. You know that in such another
year 19 priests were slain in one d^y. On such another date a missionar}' was thrown
over a precipice or slain on the high altar of San Xavier. And always the priests
opposed the outrages of the soldiery, the injustice of the ruling rings. ♦ ♦ ♦

Now remember that the priests who did all this were men who had been artists,
who had been scholars, who had been court favorites of Europe. Father Kino was
himself of the royal house of Bavaria. But jealousy left the missions unprotected by
the soldiers. Soldier vices roused the Indians to fury, and the priests were the first
to fall victims.

Go across the Moki Desert. You will find peach orchards planted by t,he friars,
but you can not find the graves of the dead priests. We considered the Apaches a
dangerous tribe as late as 1880, but in 1686, in 1687, and in 1690 Father Kino crossed
Apache land alone. I can not find any record of the Spanish missions at this period
ever receiving more than $15,000 a year for their support. Ordinarily a missionary's
salary was about $150 a year. Out of that, if he employed soldiers, he must pay the
soldiers' wages and keep.

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LEADING FACTS IN NEW MEXICAN mSTORY. By Ralph Emerson Twitchell
(of the New Mexico Historical Society). Volume II. Octavo; 631 pages, with a Map
and Index. The Torch Press. Cedar Rapids, Iowa. 1912. Equal praise must be
given to this, the concluding volume of Mr. Twitchell's history, as was written on the
first volume (see Bulletin of the Pan American Union, March, 1912) when it appeared
at the beginning of last year. It is a monumental work, and must bring a well-
merited reward to the author, while at the same time flood with a clearer light many
of the hazy periods of the very early history of the great Southwest. The organic
association with which New Mexico was bound to Spain during the colonial days
is carefully brought out, and most of the obscure events of those days find here their
first clear analysis. As the author says in the preface to this second volume — "every
available source book and manuscript has been used, and the information therein
contained appropriated wherever necessary to the concrete chronological arrangement
of the leading facts of southwestern history.** He modestly adds that the result is a
compilation and that no claim to authorship has * ♦ * been asserted. But in
fact the book is more; it really is history, and without being an argument for one cause
or another, it presents the logical series of happenings from which the reader is to
draw his own conclusions. Such chapters as that dealing with the old ' ' Santa Fe Trail , ' '
and that in which a description of the outpost city and capital of Santa Fe is given are
thoroughly historical, and while many authorities are cited or even quoted, the genius
of the author makes them over into real literature. As strong efforts are being made
by the Daughters of the American Revolution to restore and to keep for a permanent
highway the historical "Santa Fe Trail," this book, a real contribution to history,
ought to be used to call attention to the value which would be gained thereby. A. H.

DISCOVERIES IN SOUTH AMERICA AND THE WEST INDIES. By W. W.

WTieeler. (Privately printed by the author.) As the preface states, no claim is made
to be the first discoverers of that part of the world, but, it is added, we discovered
many things which the early navigators did not see. The party making the trip
passed along the east coast (Brazil), across Argentina to Valparaiso, down the west
coast and through Magellan Strait, back along Brazil to the West Indies. The various
divisions are somewhat in the form of letters to friends at home, and have as an object
the desire to extend the pleasiu-e to others of making these trips. Certainly the
author's enthusiasm is sincere, and readers of these chatty paragraphs will undoubtedly
wish to repeat, in actual experience, the pleasure herein expressed. It is to be
regretted that the author did not submit the Spanish words in the text to a proof
reader experienced in Spanish, for in that case several mistakes in spelling would
have been avoided.

PANAMA. — It is only nattiral that with the vital and still growing interest the
entire world takes in the problem of the Panama Canal and the work of piercing that
isthmus, the number of books on Panama shoidd increase. Many have already been
written, and several new works appearing within the last few months have just been
added to the shelves of the library of the Pan American Union. They can well be

mentioned under one heading. Joseph Pennell's Pictures of the Panama Canal

is an art study rather than a narrative or description (J. B. Lippincott Co., Philadel-
phia and London, 1912. Price, $1.25). In all there are XXVIII pictiu-es, reproduc-
tions of a series of lithographs made by the author on the Isthmus of Panama, January-
March, 1912. They are immensely attractive, and give a lifelike character to the

851

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852 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.

views K»lo<-t<KÍ, which carry the observer far beyond the colder impreseions of a pho-
tograph. Hy no means of lesser merit are the notes of the author explaining each
picture, for they do explain, and at the same time Uiey convey a delicate sense of
humor, which suggests the author's personality quite as much as do the illustra-
tions- The Stofy of Puunui. The New Route to India. By Frank A. Cause and
rharles Carl Carr. Silver, Burdett & Co.. Boston, New York, and Chicago. 290
pages. pn)fusely illustrated. Price. |1.50. The authors are both ofiicials on the
teaching staff of the Canal Zone, and have had unusual opportunity to get at the

[ <ourloHy .Sll\er, BunU-tt A Co.

CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS.

From a painthiR by Dol Piombo, property of the Metropolitan Museum
of Art, New York, illustratmg the Story of Panama.

ess<'ntial features and iavis of canal work, as well as to study the varying factors that
have gone to make that fascinating record of Panama history. There are two parts to
the book — the first dealing with canal making, the second with the canal countn*.

Each part shows careful preparation and can be taken as authoritative. Panama

and What it Means. By John Foster Fraser. Cassell <& Co., London and New York.
1913. With a map and 48 illustrations. 291 pages, 12mü. Price, $1.75. This ib
the result of a study of the canal tluDUgh English eyes, and a carefully prepared study.
favorable in the main to what has been accomplislied and to what is to be expected

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BOOK NOTES. 853

when the passage is open to the world. The chapters are presented in a narrative
form, with abundant personal incident, and have that chatty style which suggests
the magazine. It is good reading matter. The|Paiiama Guide. By John O. Col-
lins. Published for Vibert & Dixon. I. C. C. Press, Quartermaster's Department,
Mount Hope, Canal Zone, 1912. A guidebook prepared to answer most of the questions
asked on the canal, in which official authorities are chiefly quoted. There is a prac-
tical index, and a large list of advertisers, èo that it offers a serviceable guide for the

tourist on the spot. Panama. A Textbook on the Canal, Zone, and Republic.

With a Guide to the Pacific Coast, from Panama to San Francisco. By Charles Walker
Burriss (published by the author, September, 1912, Kansas City, U. S. A.). Price, $1.
A useful book, packed with facts about the canal, life in the Tropics, steamer expe-
riences, and data on the Republics north of the Isthmus. A Spanish vocabulary is

Conrtesy Silver, Burdett & Co.

BALBOA DISCOVERINO THE PACIFIC OCEAN.
Illustrating chapter on the brilliant Spanish explorer in The Story of Panama.

given, but it should have had a careful revision to make it correct or serviceable.

Isthmian Tourists' Guide and Business Directory. 1912-13. Published by the
Isthmian Guide & Directory Co., Ancon, Canal Zone. Price, |].Õ0. A large and
semiofficial directorj^of the Canal Zone, aswellasof the Republic, including, therefore,
the organization of the National Government. Much of the contents are given to
classified advertisements, which are in themselves valuable, but there is a condensed
descriptive section at tlie back, which gives a satisfactory idea of the canal, the Zone,
the contiguous territor>% and of Panama itself. For the business man making a

prolonged stay in Panama, this guide has a distinct use. Autotir de L'Isthme de

Panama. (Concerning the Isthmus of Panama. International Questions of the
Day.) By Joseph Justin. Imprimerie II. Amblard, Port au Prince, Haiti, 1913.
The author, a lawyer and the director of the National Law School of Laws in Haiti,

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854 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.

hsL» prepare<i for French readert». anci more particularly those in hia own Haiti, a short
(lencription (43 pajresj in French of the canal and of the various phases in commercial
activity which will be bn)ught about by the opening of the canal. As Haiti is so
cloi^e to the trade routes sure to be developed by connection of the two oceane acrosg
the Isthmus, M. Justin is trying to arouse his people to the necessity of making due
preparation for the changes that mu.-^t affect them.

SUGAR. The producticm of sugar is essentially one of the great industries of the
world, and much t)f the product consumed comea from areas embraced in or controlled
by America. The United States, ('uba, Dominican Republic, and Haiti, together
with other Antilles, Mexico, Brazil, Peru. Venezuela. Argentina, Colombia, Ecuador.
and all of Central America with Panama, produce sugar. No country in Latin America
is without soil and climate suitable for sugar, although it is at present grown only for
the most restricted local consumption. The subject is therefore most interesting, and
the Library is (constantly consulted for the latest information concerning sugar. These

volumes have re<*ently been added to the shelves. The World's Cane-Sugar

Industrjy Past and Present By H. C. Prinsen Geerlings, of the Experiment Station,
Pekalcmgan. Java. Norman Rodger. Altringham (Manchester). The latest date of
issue is 1912, the earliest issue, a much smaller book, having appeared in 1910. The
price is given at 10 shillings ($2.50). This has been called by technical students of
the subject the l>e8t treatise on "Sugar.** and is undoubtedly the reference guide to
the industrial world of sugar. There are two parts — the history and description of the
sugar industrj' down to the introduction of the "cimtinenlal system" (1806), and
the history of cane sugar subsecjuent to that date. The second division is by far the
larger of the two. Practically nothing is said of the beet-root sugar, although its pro-
duction is include<i in sugar tables. Statistics play a large part in the book, and a
special feature is the cx>mprehensive display of maps of many countries with their
relation to sugar areas and possibilities. The book is sent to the Library by the

courtesy of Mr. Norman Rodger, who publishes chiefly for the sugar industrj-.

Sugar at a Glance. (Prepared by Truman G. Palmer. Charts and data. Wash-
ington. 1912. Senate Document No. 890. Sixty-second Congress, second eession.i
Contains a series of charts, 42 in all, giving graphic illustrât ions of the past and present
condition of both cane and beet sugar in all its phases. There is, besides, abundant
text, some of it explanatory of the charts and some presenting data touching separate
details on the subject of sugar. Several photographs are added, and there are apt

quotations from German agricultural authorities. Sugar. Cane and Beet. An

Object Lesson, by George Martineau. C. B. Isaac Pitman & Sons, 2-6 West Forty-fiftli
Street, New York. This is one of Pitman's Common Commodities of Commerce, a
handy volume series of booklets aiming to present in attractive form and style the
story of the world's great products. This on sugar covers 158 pages, has numerou;?
illustrations, and a world's map showing the area over which sugar is cultivated. The
whole subject is divided into XII chapters with IV appendixes, during which in
a })opular way the reader is pleasantly told all about the subject. The price of each
volume is Is. 6d., net.

COFFEE, OIL, SILK, are others in this same series of Common Commodities of
Commerce published by Isaac Pitman & Sons, 2-6 West Forty-fifth Street, New York.
They all restrict the discussion of the subject to about 125 pages and are nicely illus-
trated for the purpose of presenting a general picture on the industry. The untech-
nical reader is sought, not the scientific student nor the expert in the conunercial or
industrial sense. The price of each is Is. 6d. Undoubtedly they will be of general
purpose in school and general reading libraries.

(Reviews by A. H.)

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.SUBJECT MATTÏR DF CDNSIAR REPORTS,

BEPORTS BECEIVED UP TO MAY 5, 1913.'

^ This does not represent a complete list of the reports made by the consular officers in Latin America ,
but merely those that are suppliea to the Pan American Union as likely to be of service to this institution .

Title.

Date.

Author.

ARGENTINA.

Publication, "Jurisdicción sobre Ferrocarriles

Newspaper clipping: " Argentina in German Eyes"

Importation of automobiles

No market for second-hand automobiles

News and trade papers

Aimual report on commerce and industry, Rosario.
News and trade papers

BRAZIL.

Importations of automobiles, 1910-1912

Market for railway equipment and supplies

American telephones in Bahia

1913 I
Mar. 11 I R.M. Bartleman. consul gen-
eral, Buenos Aires.
Mar. 13 Do.

Mar. 14 Do.

Mar. 17 I Robert T. Crane, consul, Ro-

I sario.
Mar. 26 R. M. Bartleman, consul gen-

' eral, Buenos Aires.
Mar. 27 Robert T. Crane, consul, Ro-
sario.
Mar. 28 Do.

News and trade papers.
Salt

CUBA.

Knitted goods |

Banana industry in Cuba I

DOMINICAN REPUBUC. I

Trade Notes: Electric light and water works— Moving pictures-
Railroad betterment— Railroad projects— Reinforced concrete
building— Hippodrome— Bananas— Parcels post.

Exports of cocoa beans and honey, 1912

ECUADOR. !

Association of agriculturists of Ecuador I

Mar. 20

Mar. 28
Apr. 9

Mar. 28

Mar. 31

Á\.T. 4

Apr. 14

Mar. 28
Apr. 10

Julius O. Lay, consul gen-
eral, Rio de Janeiro.
D. R. Birch, consul, Babia.
Do.

A. A. Winslow, consul, Val-
paraiso.
Do.

Dean R. Wood, consular
agent, Nuevitas.

Arthur Field Lindley, con-
sular agent, Baracoa.

C. M. nathaway, consul,
Puerto Plata.

Do.

Notes: Cold storage plant in Guayaquil— Electric plant at
Chone— Pearl fishing on coasts of Ecuador and Peru— A m bato
to Curarav Railway— New telephone svstem at Guayaquil-
Electric light for Cuenca— Public works in city of Quito— I
Shortage in cocoa crop. '

No market for suction sweepers

Mar. 26 Charles Baker, vice and dep-
uty consul general, Guaya-
quil.

Mar. 29 Do.

Little market for motorcycles

Little market for saddle trees

Little market for stoves

Watch and clock market— List of dealers— Imports for 1909-10.

Apr.

...do

Apr. 10

GU.\TEMALA.

Auto and motor boat accessories Mar. 25

Shortage in cocoa crop

Seals for milk bottles (no market) .

Windmills and pumps, etc

Cement

Apr. 5
Apr. 10
Apr. 15
...do

HONDtTUS.

Automobiles and roads

Medals and badges (no demand).

Apr. 7
Apr. 18

Geo. D. Hedían, consular
' agent, Esmeraldas.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Charles Baker, vice and dep-
uty consul general, Guaya-
quil.

Geo. A. Bucklin, consul gen-
eral, Guatemala City.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.

David J. D. Myers consul,
Puerto Cortes.
Do.

85Õ

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856

THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
HepoTt* received up to May 5, /. 9 /.f -Continued.

Title.

Date.

Author.

MEXJIX).

Ftshinu tackle (no market) Feb. 15 Geo. A. Wtsu-all, consular

agent, Cananea.

(«asoline liKhtinK and hcntlne appliances do Do.

Tiger cat and leopard skins (little market) Feb. IS Marion Letcher, consul. Chi-
huahua.

Folding paper boxes (no market) Feb. 20 (iaston Schmutx, consul.

Progreso.

Annual report for year 1912 Undated. Thos. D. Edwards, consul.

Ciudad Juarez.

Raina flber ( palm from which thi5 fiber is made does not grow in Feb. 25 Marion Letcher, consul, Chi-
Chihuahuu). huahua.

K lee trie- current in Chihuahua do Do.

Tiger and leopard skins (no market) Mar. 1 W. T. O racey, consul, Tro-

greso.

Watches and clocks (little market) Mar. 4 Lucien N. Sullivan, consul.

La Paz.

New steamer service for Ensenada Mar. 10 Claude E. Guyant, consul, at

Salina Cruz", acting as \iee
consul at Ensenada.

Fl«ihing tackle (little market) Apr. 4 Theodore Jonas, con»]Iar

acent, Campeche.

Henequén market in Yui-atan Vpr. 12 Wilbur T. (îraccy. consul.

Progreso.

FANAMA.

Ca-sl iron soil pipe and nttmgs Mar. 4 A Iban G.Snyder, con^il gen-
eral, Panama.

A nnunl report of commerce and in<Iustries for year 1912 Apr. 6 Do.

Law Ki, of 1913, on public regLstration Apr. 10 Do.

PERI-.

Annual report of commerce and industries for year 1912 Mar. 29 Louis O. Dreyfus, vice con

suL Callao.

Tmde in watches and clocks in Peru (dealers in Callao) Apr. 3 Do.

Peru's imports and exports of hides and skins for 1911 .\.pr. 4 Do.

Summary of the quarterly epxort return from Callao do Do.

URUGUAY.

Importation of Jewels. Law of Feb. 10. 1913, establishing new Mar. 14 Frederic W. Goding, consul,
uppraLscracnt>. I Montevideo.

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ARGENTINE REPUBLIC

In 1912 the EXPORTS OF LIVESTOCK from the Argentme
Republic were valued at 10,964,657 Argentine gold pesos, or 1,504,509
gold pesos more than in 1911. (Gold peso = $0,965 U. S. cur.)
These exports were made up of 261,416 head of cattle, 104,898
sheep, 33,114 mules and asses, 12,549 horses, 969 llamas, 9 hogs,

and 7 goats. The TRAJMWAY under construction from Buenos

Aires to El Tigre has passed into the hands of the Lacroze company
of the Federal capital. According to the terms of the concession
this tramway is to be completed before August 1 of the present

year. The POPULATION of the municipality of Buenos Aires at

the beginning of March of the present year was 1,439,528 inhabitants

as compared with 1,369,286 on the same date of the previous year.

The 14th of March, 1913, was the fiftieth anniversary of the founding

of the NATIONAL COLLEGE of Buenos Aires. The receipts of

the ARGENTINE RAILWAYS during the first nine months of the
present fiscal year amounted to £17,005,617 as compared with £13,-

085,167 during the same period of the fiscal year 1911-12. ^The 14

BARRACKS now being constructed in the different military divisions
of the country in accordance with a Federal law are well under way and
some of them will probably be completed before the close of the present
year. The buildings being erected at Tucuman and other points for
this purpose are substantial and appropriate and are being built in

conformity with the most approved methods of modern hygiene.

The ad referendum SANITARY CONVENTION, signed m Rome on
August 17, 1912, between the representatives of the Governments of
Italy and Argentina, was ratified by the Argentine Congress on

February 26, 1913. A recent executive decree makes the port of

CELINA an authorized port for the shipment of grain. An

interesting feature of the exhibit of the Argentine Government at
the International EXPOSITION OF GHENT is a large wall map of
the city of Buenos Aires and suburbs prepared by the geographic
section of the department of war. A CONFERENCE OF GOVER-
NORS of the Federal territories was recently held in Buenos Aires
for the purpose of discussing problems of government connected with

the territories, their settlement and development. In 1912 there

were 5,163 kilometers of NEW RAILWAYS opened to traffic in the
Argentine Republic, making the entire railway system of the country
31,749 kilometers at the beginning of the present year. It is esti-
mated that railway construction in Argentina in 1913 wiU be even
more active than it was during the past year. Some of the con-
struction work planned and under way for the present year is as

8Õ7

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858 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.

follows: A central Argentine branch from Las Rosas to Villamaria, a
distance of about 100 kilometers; a railway constructed by James
Craik from Villa de Rosario, 74 kilometers, and from Las Rosas to
Villamaria, al>out 207 kilometers; a section from Cruz to Córdoba,
349 kilometers, and the branch to San Jose, 16 kilometers; a branch
from Salto to Rio Cuarto, near Rio Tercero. An important work
planned to be completed in 1913 by the Argentine Central Railway
is a double track between Villa Balles ter and Rosario, a distance of
282 kilometers. The Southern Railway is constructing a number of
branches. Work is being actively pushed on the Neuquen line to
the Chilean boundary. The Northeastern Argentine Railway is
constructing a branch from Concordia to Concepción, Uruguay.
Work on the Lerma Valley to Huatiquina Railway is actively being
pushed forward in the neighborhood of the boundary with Chile.
Work on the Rosario to Mendoza narrow gauge railway, covering a
distance of 800 kilometers, is expected to be finished during the

latter part of the present year. A trial shipment of FRUITS

from the Province of Mendoza to New York was made in March last.
Fruits of the finest quality are gro^n in that Province and come
into season at a time when the highest prices obtain in American and
European markets. A few years ago a successful exhibit of Argentine
fruits was made in London, and as a result a small but select trade has
been developed in the British markets. The area in Argentina for
the cultivation of pomes and small fruits is verj' large, and inasmuch
as good foreign and domestic markets are at hand fine opportunities

exist for the development of fruit growing in the republic.

The DEPARTMENT OF JACHAL, with an area of 23,000 square
kilometers, has only about 45,000 hectares of land under irrigation.
Of this irrigated area the principal crops are alfalfa, wheat, com, and
grapes. Alfalfa grows luxuriantly and cereals and fruits give abund-
ant yields. Stock raising is carried on profitably, and silver, copper,
iron, lead, and coal mining could be largely developed in the moun-
tainous regions of the department. Statistics compiled by the

department of agriculture of the Argentine RepubUc show that in
1912 the production of WINE in the Province of Mendoza aggregated
4,083,459 hectoliters, valued at more than 79,000,000 pesos. In 1912
there were 2,902 vineyards in Argentina, 1,130 of which were in the
Province of Mendoza. The total annual production of wine in the

Argentine Republic is estimated at 51 liters per inhabitant.

The AGRICULTURAL SCHOOL at Puerta de Diaz, in the Province
of Salta, is experimenting with the cidtivation of different varieties of
tobacco, 35,000 plants having been used for this purpose. The
results of the experiments will be given to the tobacco growers of the
country for their guidance in the cultivation of this plant for com-
mercial purposes.

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It is estimated that in 1912 there were more than £6,000,000 of
BRITISH CAPITAL invested in Bolivian railways. In addition to
this, there are also large English investments in mines and other
industries in the Republic. The French have probably less than
£3,000,000 invested in diflFerent enterprises in Bolivia, while the
German investments throughout the Republic will scarcely reach
£1,000,000. During the latter part of March last bids were re-
ceived by Orenstein & Koppel, of Huanuni, Bolivia, for the construc-
tion of the Machacomarca-Huanuni section of the Machacomarca-
Uncia RAILWAY. These bids included grading, cuts, bridges, cul-
verts, masonry, buildings, etc., and bidders were required to deposit
£8,000 as a guarantee for the faithful performance of the work, the

deposits of imsuccessful bidders to be returned to them. ^The

MEDICAL COMMITTEE appomted by the Federal Government
to represent Bolivia in the study of tropical pathology at Rio de
Janeiro, Brazil, is composed of Drs. Julio Quintanilla and Felix

VemtemiUas S. The MUNICIPAL BLT)GET of the city of

Oruro for the year 1913 amounts to 888,871 bolivianos made up of the
following items: Regular budget, 517,747 bolivianos; extra budget,
325,581, and public instruction budget, 45,543. The municipal
council of Oruro has planned to carry into effect a number of impor-
tant improvements during the present year. The department of

public works of the Government of Bolivia has been petitioned to grant
a 10-year FISHING CONCESSION for the exploitation of the fishing
industry in Lake Titicaca. The first section of the COCHA-
BAMBA TRAMWAY has been opened to traffic by the electric light

and power company of that place. The export duties on tin in

1912 amounted to, in round numbers, 2,700,000 bolivianos. It is
estimated that these duties in 1913 will be considerably in excess of

the amount referred to. The National Bank of Bolivia has been

authorized to close the offices of the Industrial Bank of the Federal
capital, Oruro and Cochabamba in order that these offices may fuse

with the National Bank. Señor Ignacio Calderón, minister of

Bolivia at Washington, has kindly furnished the Monthly Bulletin
with a table showing the EXPORTS from the port of San Francisco,
Cal., to Bolivia during the first quarter of 1913. The shipments
during the period referred to consisted of 100,914 packages weighing
3,911,402 kilos valued at $147,016.16. This merchandise, classified
according to value, is as follows: Flour, $108,592.05; machinery?
$21,973.73; lumber, $9,382.71: groceries, $6,914.92; and miscella-
neous articles, $152.75. Of these shipments goods to the value of

859

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860 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.

$90,233.72 entered Bolivia via Moliendo, Peru; $33,925.71 via

Antofagasta, Chile; and $22,856.73 via Arica, Chile. The Arica to

La Paz Railway has reduced the established FREIGHT TARIFF
50 per cent on ores from the Corocoro mining zone consigned to
Arica and 50 per cent on coal. The railway company is considering
the advisability of reducing the freight rate on petroleum. These
reductions were brought about through negotiations of the depart-
ment of public works of the Government of Bolivia with the railway
company. Sr. Joaquin de Lemoine, CONSUL of Bolivia in Bel-
gium represented the Bolivian Government at the statistical congress

which met in Brussels in April last. According to press reports

the section of the Oruro to Cochabamba RAILWAY as far as

Chuimani was opened to public traflBc in April last. The general

bureau of telegraphs of the Government of Bolivia has made a favor-
able report on the Telefunken apparatus for use of the military

WIRELESS telegraph stations of the Bolivian Government. On

November 19, 1912, the Congress of Bolivia enacted a law, which was
duly promulgated by the President of the Republic on December 2,
1912, providing for the appointment of a Cl'STOMS COMMISSION,
consisting of the director general of customs, the chief of the central
office of inspectors (Vistas), an inspector to be appointed by the
Government, and a commercial expert recommended by the board
of trade of La Paz, to compile a customs importation tariff in harmony
with the needs of the countr}\ The work of the commission is to
be submitted to the Congress on August 6, 1913, and if it receives
tjie approval of that body is to become operative on January 1, 1914.
The commission will work in cooperation with the boards of trade of
the country, requesting data from them concerning the changes
they think should be made in the tariff. The sum of 20,000 bolivianos
he 8 been appropriated to pay the expenses of the commission.

The subinspector general^ of navigation has recently presented to
the minister of ways (Viação) a TABLE COMPARING THE
MOVEMENT OF CARGOES AND PASSENGERS of the naviga-
tion Unes on the Amazon River and its tributaries, including the
ocean branch to the Oyapoch River, as recorded by the Amazon River
Steam Navigation Co. during the last trimester of 1912, and of the
corresponding period of the year 1910 under the Amazon Steam
Navigation Co. The comparison shows the enormous development
that has taken place in fluvial (Amazonian) navigation since the
signing of the contract on August 31, 1911, under which the new

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862 THE PAN AMSBICAK UNION.

15,000 words a day, and are of chief service in maintaining communi-
cation between the outer world through Manaos, over 500 miles (in a
straight line) across the tropical forest, and Porto Velho, the head-
quarters of the Madeira-Mamore Railway. ^By the initiative of Dr.

Boiteux, secretary of the society, there is to be prepared a medal
commemorative of the twenty-fifth anniversary of the foundation of
the GEOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY OF RIO DE JANEIRO to be
celebrated this coming year. This same society has sent two official
representatives to the International Congress of Geography at this

year's meeting in Rome, Italy. ^The Federal Government has now

approved the plans for the PORT WORKS OF NICTHEROY.
The construction thus begun will be quite distinct from the harbor
improvements, now nearly finished, so long actively pushed for tlie
port of Rio de Janeiro. The latter is the capital of the Federal Gov-
ernment as well as a very important commercial harbor; while the
former is the capital of the State of Rio de Janeiro, but is of itself grow-
ing rapidly in foreign commerce and local industries. ^The minister

of agriculture has been made a member of the AERO CLUB OF
BRAZIL. This club has grown very active in promoting the study
and practice of air navigation. On March 29 the aviator CuUoch at
Rio made another flight in a hydroaeroplane, following the course of
the Avenida Beira-Mar, and he rested for some moments over the fort
on Villegaignon and the two men-of-war Sao Paulo and Mina3 Geraes.
Flights of similar character are reported from Sao Paulo, where
Sr. Chaves gave exhibitions and flew from Santos, on the coast, to the
capital. In Para extensive flights in all directions over both river

and forest have been made. ^The department of agriculture has

been informed that through the agent of the Grovemment in Paris
there has been accomphshed the DISTRIBUTION OF 50,000
SAMPLES OF MATTE (Paraguay tea). Of these, 21,000 were
given to physicians, 27,000 to what in France corresponds to groceries
in the United States, and 2,000 to hospitals. Noticeable interest

was aroused by this method, as numerous inquiries showed.

The official terms of the concession are published giving authority
foi' the CONSTRUCTION AND SERVICE OF A MARITIME
STATION at the port of Sao Francisco, State of Santa Catharina,
to the Sao Paulo-Rio Grande Railway. ^A GRACEFUL COM-
PLIMENT WAS PAID TO BRAZIL on February 21 last. It is a
long-established custom that the faculty of the University of Paris
hold an annual reunion every February, in the principal hall of the
Sorbonne, near the residence of the rector. This gathering has for its
purpose the better acquaintance and social harmony of the faculty
of the university, and is therefore of an intimate nature, outsiders not
being admitted. The finale of the reunion is an address (conferencia)
delivered by a chosen member on any subject of interest to him.

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CHILE. 868

Brazil was the subject of the address of this year's orator. Prof.
Greorge Dumas, who gave careful consideration to many details of
value to Us audience, and showed himself by his optimistic judgment
a sincere and well-informed friend of the country. The only foreigner
present was Dr. Rodrigo Octavio, of Brazil, who as professor agrégé
of the university was personally invited. All the faculty were deeply
interested, and as they represent the best culture of France, the
people of Brazil are deUghted at the further recognition of their
position in the scale of nations.

The LONGITUDINAL RAILWAY, which connects all of the
southern part of Chile as far as Puerto Montt with the Federal capital
and Valparaiso, is being rapidly extended in the northern part of the
Republic, and a recent estimate predicted that the entire line would
be opened to Pisagua in April last. The total length of this railway is
1,302 kilometers, of which 5S2 kilometers are in the southern section
and 719 in the northern. Santiago is connected with La Serena.
The section from Santiago to Calera has a gauge of 1 .68 meters. Con-
struction work from Santiago to Calera was fimshed in 1S97, the
distance being 72 kilometers and the gauge 1 meter, which is the
standard gauge q[ the Longitudinal railway. The Choapas River is
crossed by a bridge having a span of 30 meters, the line continuing
via Peral to Slapel, 26 kilometers from Limahuida. The section
from San Marcos to Ovalle was inaugurated in 1888. In 1896 the
division between OvaUe and La Paloma was opened to traflBc, and
the entire section was put in operation in 1910. The distance from
San Marcos to Ovalle is 65 kilometers. From Paloma a branch is
now being constructed to Juntas. The section from 'Ovalle to Co-
quimbo is the only one in the entire line of 854 kilometers between
Calera and Copiapo of a different gauge from that of the rest of the
Longitudinal railway. To change the gauge between Ovalle and
Coquimbo and that of the .Panulciilo branch 3,240,000 pesos have
been provided in the budget, of which amount 1,167,000 pesos wül be

used for changing the line and the remainder for rolling stock.

The director of the VITICULTUR AL STATION of the Government of
Chile has issued a circular advising the owners of vineyards that said
station gives advice free during the grape harvest concerning the
manufacture of wine, a special service being temporarily provided
for that purpose. This station has rendered such valuable assist-
ance to wine manufacturers in the past that it ha^ decided to extend
the scope of its operations. On the request of owners of vineyards

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8ft4 THE PAK AMEBIOAK UÎHON.

special visits will be made to the place of manufacture for the pur-
pose of advking operations connected with the manufacture, storage,

and disposal of wine. ^The holding of the Eighth SCIENTIFIC

CONGRESS of Chile at Temuco, capital and metropolis of the Province
of Cautin, with a population of about 25,000 inhabitants, has called
attention to the development of the commerce, agriculture, and
manufacture of that city and the surrounding country since the
establishment of the provincial capital in 1881. This region, which
was, on the date mentioned, an aJmost impenetrable forest, is now
dotted with well-stocked ranches and farms in every direction and
produces an abundance of nearly all of the products of the Temperate
2iOne. The most important manufacturing industries of the Province
are those connected with the lumber, mOling, and tanning industries.
The Province is not lacking in mineral wealth, but its mineral resources
have been but little exploited up to the present time. Grold placers
and rich deposits of fossil coal are known to exist in the Province.
The city of Temuco is in direct rail communication with the Federal
capital as well as with the port of Carahue, 60 kilometers distant, at
the head of navigation of the Imperial River. Temuco has four banks,
namely, the Bank of Chile, the German Transatlantic Bank, the Bank
of Chile and (Germany, and the Spanish Bank of Chile. The city of
Temuco has an abundant supply of potable water, an electric light
and power plant, and an excellent ammal traction tramway serv-
ice. ^The Government of Chile has been invited to participate in the

First INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS of Cities to be held in Ghent
during the present year, and the International Pharmaceutical Con-
gress to be held at The Hague from September 17 to 21, 1913. ^The

CLIMATE of Vina del Mar, a famous bathing and health resort on the
Pacific Ocean near the city of Valparaiso, is ideal. On an average
there are 165 perfectly clear, 96 partly cloudy, and 104 cloudy days
at Vina del Mar during the year. The average temperature in summer
is 17.8 C, in autumn, 13.7, in winter 11.3, and in spring, 13.1 C. The
annual rainfall is 602 millimeters, 387 of which is in winter, most of
the remainder in autumn, and but very little precipitation in spring
and summer.

A SCHOOL OF STENOGRAPHY has been opened at Bogota by

Sr. Victor M. Quijano.^ ^The SANITARY STATION at Puerto

Colombia was inaugurated on April 15 last. It is one of the best
equipped stations in the coimtry and was constructed by the Govern-
ment at a cost of about $70,000. The departmental législature at

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COLOMBIA. 865

Antioquia has passed a law authorizijig the governor of the depart-
ment, in cooperation with the board of directors of the railway, to
oi^anize two corps of engineers for the purpose of making a PRE-
LIMINARY SURVEY OF THE RAILWAY LINES necessary to
connect some point near the center of the department with a desirable
terminal in the Medellin Valley, or with some place on the Atlantic
coast which the committee may deem advisable to select. The
railway lines which it may be considered desirable to extend to the
Atrato River, below the mouth of the Murri River, and navigation
conditions for trans-Atlantic steamers in the fluvial section referred
to, are also to be studied, the investigations to be confined to the
department of Antioquia. The corps of engineers which will study
the region bordering on the Uraba Gulf is to indicate the most desir-
able point for founding a colony in the interior of the coimtry. The
governor has also been authorized to contract a LOAN of $200,000
for the purpose of making a complete exploration of the Occidental
Railway, the reconstruction of the government palace at Medellin,

and the completion of the mint at that place. ^There are three

public LIBRARIES at Bucaramanga, pamely, the departmental,
that of the Commerce Qub, and the hospital library. The juris-
diction of the CONSULATE of Colombia at Oruro, Bolivia, has been

extended to the department of Cochabamba. The President has

issued a decree in honor of the memory of the ILLUSTRIOUS
COLOMBIAN, Mrs. Soledad Acosta de Sampere, recommending her

civic and moral virtues as worthy of emulation. The press of

Bogota annoimces that Sr. Ramon Troncoso, a mechanic of the capital,
has invented a machine for COMPRESSING SUÓAR which may be
operated by a workman or a half horsepower motor. ^The Colom-
bian CIGARETTE COMPANY was recently organized at Medellin

for the purpose of manufacturing first-class cigarettes. The

EUCHARISTIC CONGRESS will meet in Bogota on September 8 of

the present year. A number of Manizales merchants have organized

a company to exploit the TOBACCO INDUSTRY. ^The BOARD

OF TRADE OF BOGOTA has been reorganized, and Carlos Camacho,
and Manuel Carreño T have been elected, respectively, president and

secretary of the same. In 1912 the REVENUES from liquors of

the department of Cundinamarca amounted to $197,140 as compared

with $193,623.50 in 1911. ^The department of public works has

decided to inaugurate in Bogota on July 20, 1913, in commemoration
of the date of Colombian independence, the MONUMENTS ordered
erected by Congress in honor of the illustrious patriots, Rufino Jose

Cuervo, and Miguel Antonio Caro. ^The Colombian SOCIETY OF

FINE ARTS, composed of the best artists of the Federal capital, has
been organized in Bogota under the presidency of Sr. R. Acevedo
Bemal. The Govenmient has contracted with Sr. Francisco

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866 THE PAK ÁMEBICAN UNION.

Nigrinis to clean and deepen the channel of the LEGRIJA RIVER.
A similar contract has been made for cleaning and deepening the

Sogamueso River. On August 24 next the second anniversary of

the FLORAL GAMES, established by the Society of Public Improve-
ments, will be held in Medellin. A prize of $100 is to be awarded for

the best poem, and one of $50 for the best prose work. ^The net

receipts of the Zipaquira SALT DEPOSITS from January to June,

1912, amounted to $218,077.05. The departmental legislature of

North Santander is considering a plan for holding an industrial, agri-
cultural, and historical EXPOSITION, commencing July 20, 1914,

for the purpose of securing funds with which to establish a museum.

The measures adopted for the destruction of LOCUSTS in some of the
departments of the Republic have given good results. The Indus-
trial BANK at Cartagena, under the management of Sr. Greronimo

Martinez, has been opened for business. A corps of engineers of the

Breitung MINES Corporation arrived in Barranquilla in April last for
the purpose of exploring: mines in Colombia. The party has mining
tools and instruments, gasoline motor boats, and other supplies, and
is said to be the best equipped mining expedition that has ever come
into the country with the object of making explorations on a lai^e

scale. The department of the interior has given orders for the

making of a new MAP of the Republic. The Government has

decided that, in addition to the study of German, English, and French
by the officers of the military staflf, PORTUGUESE is also to be added
to the course. A Portuguese professor has been contracted with for
that purpose.

One of the best natiu*al harbors on the Pacific coast between the
Strait of Magellan and the Gulf of California is the GOLFO DULCE,
on the west coast of Costa Rica. This gulf is about 25 miles long
by 10 miles in average breadth, has a depth of water in most places
a short distance from the shore of from 30 to 60 feet, and is well
protected on all sidos from dangerous winds. The proximity of
this body of water to the Panama Canal, it being only a few hours
journey from the western terminus of that international waterway,
gives it a commanding position not only with reference to the coast-
wise trade of Costa Rica but also with regard to the trade of the
Republic with the rest of the world. Without doubt this part of
Costa Rica, with its splendid location and superb climate, is destined
to experience a rapid development in the near future. The soil in
the vicinity of Golfo Dulce and of the streams that flow into it is

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COSTA BICA. 867

exceedingly rich, and prosperous agricultural colonies could be
formed there as a nucleus for what will in all probability soon be-
come a great shipping and industrial center of the country. An
excellent site for a port is said to be available on the shores of the
"Golfito," or Little Gulf, a calm, deep, inland body, of water com-
municating with the Golfo Dulce and naturally fortified at its
entrance and along its shores by high and rocky bluffs. It is pre-
dicted by persons in Costa Rica well informed in maritime affairs
and international commerce that somewhere on the Golfo Dulce or
''(jolfito" a busy Costa Rican port will spring up to handle the trade
that will naturally come to the Pacific coast of Costa Rica through

the opening of the Panama Canal. ^The CORDAGE FACTORY

recently established in San Jose by Sr. Federico Paralta is equipped
with the most modem machinery obtainable in the United States
and England. The raw material used in the manufacture of twine
and rope is the fiber of a species of the American agave, locally known
as ''cabulla," This fiber is drawn out into coarse threads by a
carding machine, and is then fed into a fining machine, from which
it emerges in the proper form for making cordage of 3, 4, 5, and 6
strands. The capacity of the factory is 22 quintales of cordage
daily. Experts have pronounced the cabulla of Costa Rica to be
equal or superior to the sisal or henequén of Yucatan. When prop-
erly cultivated, 1,000 leaves of the cabulla plant produce 100 pounds
of fiber. As cabulla thrives on stony and worn-out lands, an effort
is being made to induce farmers to utilize lands of this kind in the
cultivation of cabulla, and establish in this way a new and profitable
industry in the Republic. Another plant, known as ''platanillo,"
grows in abundance in Costa Rica and produces an excellent fiber to
the extent of about 50 per cent of its weight smtable for the manu-
facture of cordage. ^The courses of the LYCEUM OF COSTA

RICA, the Normal School, and the Co'mmercial School have been
reorganized in accordance with the curriculimi published in the

Official Gazette of March 5 last. ^A postal MONEY-ORDER CON-

\'ENTION has been made between Costa Rica and Chile. The

franc has been adopted as the unit to be used in expressing value.

Messrs. Carlos Heimpell H. and Fernando Beingolea have been
appointed, respectively, CONSULS of Costa Rica at Santiago de

Chile, and Callao, Peru. In December, 1912, and January, 1913,

there were collected in Costa Rica for the HOSPITALS at San Jose,
Puntarenas, Cartago, Heredia, Alajuela, Liberia, and Limon 2,082.55
colones, about half of which was for the use of the hospitals at San

Jose and Puntarenas. ^The entrance fee charged pupils who

matriculate in the SCHOOL OF DOMESTIC ARTS at San Jose has
been fixed at 20 colones, with an additional monthly charge of 3
colones during the entire school year. The municipality of the

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868 THE PAK AMEBICAK UNION.

canton of Canas has contracted with Arturo Zuñiga Arias, of San Jose,
for the construction of a PUBLIC MARKET at a cost of 8,700

colones. ^A building for the use of the department of POSTS and

telegraphs is to be constructed in San Jose. ^Preliminary steps

have been taken for the iajdng of WATER MAINS in the Angeles
and Concepción de San Rafael de Heredia districts. The water
supply is being measxu*ed during the dry season, so that the minimum

quantity obtainable diuing the year will be accurately known.

The DREDGES bought by the Government of Costa Rica in
Panama for use in dredging the Entero River have been received, and
the work of dee]>ening the stream is to be carried forward as rapidly

as possible. ^In February, 1913, there were 1,334 births in the

Republic of Costa Rica, 652 of which were males and 682 females.
The deaths during that month niunbered 686, of which 340 were
males and 346 females. The increase of births over deaths during the
month referred to was 648. There were 163 marriages in the Repub-
lic in February, 1913, of which 157 were ecclesiastical and 6 civil.

Press reports state that Esparta is to have an ELECTRIC LIGHT
and power plant, to be installed by José and Alberto Lopez Cantillo,
who are reported to have ordered machinery and supplies abroad for

this purpKwe. ^A cablegram from New Orleans, pubUshed in "El

Noticiero,'' states that the United Fruit Co. intends to build fine
hotels at San Jose and Lünon.

The CABINET of President Menocal has been announced as follows :
Col. Aurelio Hevia, secretary of the interior; Dr. Leopoldo Cancio,
secretary of the treasury; Dr. Enrique Nuûez, secretary of health and
charities; Dr. Cosme de la Torriente, secretary of state; Dr. Cristobal
de la Guardia, secretary of justice; Gren. Emilio Nuûez, secretary of
agriculture; Dr. Ezequiel Garcia, secretary of public instruction, and

Sr. J. R. Villalon, secretary of public worlffl. ^A presidential decree

of April 23 last prohibits the SLAUGHTER OF COWS from February
1 to September 30 of each year. Recent statistics of the department
of agriculture of Cuba show a considerable decrease in the number of
cattle in the island during the past three years, and a protective meas-
ure was deemed necessary to encourage the natural increase of cattle

m the country. ^A special TRANSPORTATION RATE, one-fifth

less than the regular rate, has been obtained by the Fourth Interna-
tional Congress of School Hygiene to be held in Buffalo, N. Y., in
August next for Cuban delegates attending the same. ^Two

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CUBA. 869

WOMEN LAWYERS have recently been graduated from the Na-
tional University at Habana, one of whom will practice in the Prov-
ince of Oriente. ^The treasury department has issued an order

requiring that all foreign and coastwise vessels anchoring alongside a
wharf in Cuban ports shall be fumigated for RATS at intervals of
time not exceeding six months, proof of which shall be made by pre-
senting to the proper officials a certificate from the Cuban health

department or from health departments of foreign coimtries. On

April 23 the President of the Republic sent three messages to the
National Congress, one of which recommended the approval of the
change oí consuls at Santa Cruz and Puerto Cabello, another request-
ing an appropriation for the erection of a monument in New York in
commemoration of the destruction of the MAINE, and another asking
for a subvention for the construction of a railway between Banes and

Herrera. A PETROLEUM DEPOSIT in theProvinceof Matanzas,

near Lagunilla on the Menendez farm, has been denounced and regis-
tration made by Adolpho J. Greit. A law promulgated on March

27 last provides for the appointment of resident physicians as provin-
cial SUPERVISORS OF HEALTH and charity m each of the Prov-
inces of the Republic. The committee appointed to prepare rules

and r^ulations concerning the importation, manufacture, storage,
transportation, sale, and use of EXPLOSIVES in the Republic has
submitted a draft of same to the department of interior for examina-
tion and recommendations. ^A lai^e DRY DOCK is planned to be

constructed at Habana by Engineer Gabriel 6. Menocal at a cost of
$1,340,913. The new dock will be built on the Marimelena inlet and
will occupy a space of about 4,140 square meters. It is estimated
that $75,000 wiU be spent in excavating the site, $159,000 in driving
the piles and laying the foundation, $121,000 in the ways and machin-
ery, $25,000 in the building for the plant, $115,000 to $120,000 for
the machinery, $45,000 for the shops, and $20,200 for the electric
power house. The municipal council of Colon, Cuba, has author-
ized Sr. Ruiz Torres to install an ELECTRIC LIGHT PLANT,
exempting him from the payment of mimicipal taxes for a period of

three years. According to data compiled by the department of

agriculture of Cuba, the exports of SUGAR of the new crop up to
February 28 last amounted to 530,000 tons, of which 7,482 went to
Europe and 2,954 tons to the British possessions in America. The
approximate value of this sugar sent to the United States is $21,000,-

000. The Government ot Cuba has been invited to participate in

the following congresses, conventions, and expositions: Pan American
Scientific Congress to be held in Washington in 1914; International
Congress of Refrigeration to be held in Chicago in September, 1913;
various congresses to be held during the Universal and International

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870 THE PAN ÁMEBICAK UNION.

ExpoBÍtion of Ghent in 1913; the international alcoholic congress in
Milan in 1913; Fourth International Customs Congress in Paris in
1914; Fourth International Congress of School Hygiene to be held
in Buffalo in September, 1913; International Congress for the protec-
tion of infancy to be held in Brussels in July, 1913; Twelfth Session
of the International G^logic Congress in Toronto, Canada, in August,
1913; International Congress of Physical Therapeutics, Berlin, March
25 to 30, 1913; Eleventh International Congress of Pharmacy, The
Hague, September, 1913; Third International Children's Congress,
Washington, April, 1914; Second World's Congress of International
Associations, Ghent and Brussels, June, 1913; International Rifle
Matoh, Camp Perry, Ohio, September, 1913; Tuberculosis Conference,'
Island of Trinidad, March, 1913; International Convention of Com-
mercial Statistics, Brussels, March, 1913; Hispano American Exposi-
tion, SeviDe, Spain, 1914; Universal Exposition, New Orleans, 1915,
and Panama-California Exposition, San Diego, Cal., 1915.

DOMINICAN REPUBLIC

The Central Dominican Railway has put into effect an order requir-
ing the issuance of duplicate BILLS OF LADING covering ship-
ments consigned abroad. These bills of lading must show date of
shipment, number of packages, marks, consignee, etc. An Ameri-
can company has contracted with Sr. Manuel Polanco to build a
THEATER on land belonging to the latter gentleman in the city of
Santo Domingo. The building is to be a steel structure costing
$80,000. The contractors have arranged to lease the theater from

Señor Polanco for a period of eight years. Press reports state

that C. H. Callaghan, a representative of the Benner line of steamers
which operates between Cuba and Porto Rico, is n^otiating with the
Federal Government for the establishment of a NEW LINE OF

STEAMERS between the United States and Santo Domingo.

The Government of the Dominican Republic has been invited to
participate in the following INTERNATIONAL CONGRESSES:
The Fourth International Congress against alcohol, to be held in
Brussels; the Fifth Latin-American Medical Congress, to be held in
Lima, Peru, in November of the present year; the Sixth ¡Pan Ameri-
can Medical Congress, to be held in Lima during the same month; the
International Exposition of Maritime Hygiene, to be held in Lima
in November, 1913; the World's Congress of Ijitemational Associa»
tions, to be held in Brussels in June of the present year; the Inter-
national Exposition of Maritime Hygiene and Italian Colonial PBxhib-

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DOMINICAN REPUBLIC. 871

its, to be held in Genoa; and the Panama-California Exposition, to

be held in San Diego, Cal., in 1915. Work has been commenced at

La Vega on the construction of a HOSPITAL, to be called ''La Huma-
nitaria" (The Humanitarian). A large part of the funds for the
building and equipment of this hospital was collected through the
eflForts of Father Lamarche. An ICE FACTORY has been estab-
lished at Seybo. The factory is equipped with the most modem and
up-to-date ice-making machinery. A lai^e business is being trans-
acted, and the undertaking promises to be one of the most successful

ice plants in operation in the Republic. ^Moore & Co., who are

fumishmg ELECTRIC LIGHT and power to the city of Puerto
Plata, have arranged to extend the service to private persons. At
the present time Puerto Plata has 41 metallic arc lights in use in

lighting the city. ^The Listin Diario, a daily newspaper of the city

of Santo Domingo, in an editorial comment upon the NORTHERN
RAILWAY, which is planned to run from the Federal capital to
Cibao, states that the building of this line is a social and economic
necessity, inasmuch as its construction and operation would put the
metropolis of the Republic in direct rail communication with a region
of country producing many of the necessaries of life the major por-
tion of which are now imported. The building of this line would also
foster and encourage closer commercial and social relktions between
the inhabitants of the Federal capital and those of the interior of the
country and would tend to reduce the cost of living by making avail-
able at lower prices numerous agricultural and stock products grown
within easy transportation distances of the most populous centers of
the nation. It is reported that foreign capitalists are willing to
undertake the construction of this railway, and that preliminary
steps have been taken to obtain the necessary concessions for this
purpose from the Dominican Government. If satisfactory and
equitable arrangements are made by the Government with these
capitalists, the Dominican Republic may soon have under construc-
tion a railway that will open up an immense area of the richest agri-
cultural, stock, and forestal sections of the country. Sr. Juan B.

Guzman has been appointed CONSUL GENERAL of the Dominican
Republic at Madrid, Spain, and Sr. Belen D. Sanchez CONSUL at
Cape Haitien, Haiti. ^A large CUSTOMHOUSE is being con-
structed in thé city of Santo Domingo to be used for storage pur-
poses. ^The board of commerce, industry, and agriculture of the

city of Santo Domingo established in the Federal capital on May 1
of the present year a school of TYPEWRITING AND BOOK-
KEEPING. A corps of expert teachers has been employed, and
the school has been fitted up with all modem appliances. The
courses are free to persons qualified to enter same, and the curricu-
lum embraces a period of one year.

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The masonry work on the Ambato to Curaray RAILWAY was
begun during the latter part of March. The entire line has been
surveyed and a large part of the roadway staked off ready for grading.
The work of construction is planned to be done by the Government in
about two and oneJialf years. If, however, the board of directors
should decide to have the road built under contract, it would probably
be completed in about half that time, as a niunber of contractors could
be employed in the different operations of construction. The road
passes through the Province of Tungurahua and will run in the
neighboriiood of the towns of Pelileo, Pillaro, and Patate, traversing
a rich agricultural, stockraising, mining, and forestal section of
Ecuador, and opening up a vast territory in the eastern part of the

Republic exceedingly rich in natural wealth. ^An AVIATION

SCHOOL is soon to be foimded in Ghiayaquil, fimds having been col-
lected through an aviation conmiittee appointed for that purpose and
through the Guayas shooting and aviation club. Negotiations are in
progress for purchasing in Europe the aeroplanes and materials
necessary for equipping the school in a fiist-class and up-to-date
manner. The corps oi instructors and mechanics will consist of the
beet talent obtainable. There is much enthusiasm on the subject by
persons engaged in the woriL of foimding the school, among the most
active promoters of which may be mentioned Dr. Bartolomé Huerta

and Sr. Reinaldo Descalzi. The organizing committee of the

CONGRESS OF STUDENTS of the Great Colombia, the third
meeting of which is to be held in Quito during the present year, has
appointed Messrs. Alejandro Ponce, Juan J. del Pozo, and Luis F.
Ruiz to negotiate with the departments of foreign relations and of
public instruction of Ecuador in the Federal capital for the purpose
of obtaining the cooperation and assistance of the Government in
fixing the date of the meeting and in making the Congress a suc-
cess. Dr. Alberto Mulioz Vemaza, an able writer and eloquent

orator, has been appointed MINISTER of Ek^uador near the Govern-
ments of Colombia and Venezuela, with residence in Bogota. ^A

MILITARY BULLETIN is bemg published by the department of
war of the Government of Ecuador for the exclusive use of the army.
Each number of the publication is to contain about 80 pages of reading

matter on military and kindred subjects copiously illustrated. ^An

official connected with the electric power plant and tramway line at
Quito reports that the electric installation will be completed and the
TRAMWAY placed in operation from the railway station of the

872

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GUATEMALA. 873

GKiayaquil to Quito Railway in the suburbs of the Federal capital to

Colon Avenue on or before April 1, 1914. ^The President of the

Republic has approved the budget ior 1913 for the NATIONAL

SCHOOL OF FINE ARTS amounting to 30,780 sucres. ^The

Manta to Santa Ana RAILWAY Co. has petitioned the Federal Gov-
emm^it for permission to operate the railway line from Manta to
Portoviejo before officially delivering same to the State. ^A WIRE-
LESS TELEGRAPH installation has been erected at Guayaquil
capable of sending messages as far as Paita, Peru. ^A recent execu-
tive decree provides that in computing the time of MILITARY
SERVICE in the Ecuadorean army the time served by officers and

cadets in other countries shall be included. ^In 1910 the IMPORTS

of Ecuador from Chile amounted to 110,774 sucres as compared with
102,242 sucres in 1911, consisting principally of cereals, flour, canned

goods, and wines. On April 1, 1913, the NIGHT SCHOOL in

Guayaquil, entitled "Juan Montalvo," opened its sessions with a
large niunber of pupils. This school is supported by the bakers'
union. The Governor of the Province of Guayas has been author-
ized by the President ^of the Republic to contract with the National
Telephone Co. for the installation of a TELEPHONE LINE from

Guayaquil to the city of Playas. ^A company has been oi^anized

in Gruayaquil, with a capital of 20,000 sucres, to negotiate in the United
States, through a committee appointed for the purpose, with circus
managers, with the object of bringing an American circus to Ecuador

during the summer months. ^The President of the Republic has

issued a decree providing for the construction of a TRAIL (Camino
de herradura) in southern Elcuador from Loja to Zamora in cooperation

with the mimicipality of Loja. On March 1, 1913, the NORMAL

AGRICULTURAL SCHOOL was opened at Ambato. ^Arrange-
ments have been made by the Government of Ecuador for the
issuance of domestic POSTAL MONEY ORDERS, the maxhnum
amount of any one order not to exceed 100 sucres and the minimum
not to be less than half of a sucre.

President Estrada Cabrera has authorized The West RUBBER Co.
of New York, upon the payment annually of a license fee of 1,000
pesos, to transact business in the Republic. ^The President of Gua-
temala has accepted the invitation to participate in the International
CONGRESS OF SCHOOL HYGIENE to be held in Buffalo, N. Y.,
from the 25th to the 30th of August next, and has appointed Dr.
Ramon Bengoechea to represent the Guatemalan Government.

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874 . THB PAN AMBBIOAN UKIOK.

David Bowman has been appointed CONSUL of Guatemala in

London. Guillermo Scheel, of the city of Gkiatemala, has petitioned

the department of fomento of the Guatemalan Government for per-
mission to introduce and cultivate on a large scale for a period of
15 years the Japanese plant known as ''soya" (Glicine hispida) or
SOY BEAN. The petitioner also requests permission for the free
importation of the machinery necessary for the cultivation of the
plant referred to and the installation of the factory, and requests that
all soy beans raised in the Repubhc be sold to him in preference to
other buyers at the market prices in Gkiatemala or those of foreign
markets. A request is also made for 20 caballerias of Government
lands in the district of Barillas, Department of Huehuetenango, to be

used in establishing a model farm for the cultivation of soy beans.

Sr. L. Weintahl has been appointed delegate of the Government of
Guatemala to the Eleventh International CONGRESS OF PHAR-
MACY to be held at The Hague from the 17th to the 21st of September

of the present year. Decree No. 867 provides for the holding of an

election throughout the Repubhc on December 15, 1913, for the pur-
pose of choosing DEPUTIES TO THE FEDERAL CONGRESS to
take the place of members of that body whose terms expire on Febru-
ary 28, 1914. There are a number of SALINE SPRINGS in

exploitation in the Department of Huehuetenango in the western
part of the Repubhc of Guatemala. At the village of Nuca the saline
springs known as ''El Porvenir" (The Future) have been worked by
the Indians for supplying their own needs and for exchange in the
surrounding country from time immemorial. The production of salt
from these springs is not large and is consumed locally. In the
neighborhood of San Mateo, situated on the slope of the Bobi Moun-
tain 2,540 meters above the level of the sea, are located the salt
springs, the exploitation of which is the principal industry of the
town. This part of Guatemala is rugged and broken and mountain
peaks rising about 3,000 meters above the level of the sea make this
district one of the most picturesque regions of the country. There
are four salt springs at San Mateo owned and operated by the munic^
ipaUty. The water of these springs is highly charged with salt and"
contains no injurious foreign substances. The salt manufactured by
the Indians from this water is dark in color and has a pecuhar taste.
It is, however, much in demand in the siu*rounding country, since it
is reported to have valuable therapeutic properties. At the Santa
DeUa plantation a short distance from San Mateo there are also four
salt springs in exploitation. Although the soil and climate of this
part of Guatemala is adapted to agriculture and stock raising, these
industries are at present in a somewhat backward state in the vicinity
of the saline springs, owing to the fact that the Indian laborers who
work at the springs are able to obtain all their staple food suppUes by

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HAITI. 875

exchanging salt for same. The town of San Mateo has about 4,000
inhabitants, and is supplied with an abundant quantity of good
potable water. The town also has a well-constructed municipal
building, an attractive plaza containing a kiosk, separate schools for

boys and girls, and a night school. ^The American Bank of the

city of GKiatemala has been authorized to estabhsh in the Republic
an agency of the corporation entitled FEDERATION LIFE ASSO-
CIATION, a life insurance company with headquarters at Toronto,
Canada, for which privilege a hcense of 1,000 pesos annually must
be paid by the said company into the Federal treasury.

The DEATH OF PRESIDENT TANCRÈDE AUGUSTE, which
occurred on May 2, was entirely unexpected, although he had not
been in his usual state of health for the past month, and caused a
deep feeling of grief in the coimtry. During his short term of
office, his election to the presidency having taken place last August,
he had won the esteem and confidence of the people through his
earnest and sincere desires to better the condition of his country.
Senator Michel Oreste was elected on May 4, to succeed President

Auguste. The OPENING OF THE THIRD SESSION OF THE

XXVII œNGRESS, which took place on April 28 in the près-
ence of the members of the diplomatic and consular service, the
clergy, and high officials of the Grovemment, was an event of
unusual brilliancy and interest. The music for the occasion was
furnished by the Palace Band, which rendered a fine program
of patriotic and national airs. The opening address was delivered
by the President of the National Assembly, Senator Sudre Darti-
guenave, to which the Minister of the Interior, Mr. Sejrmour Pradel,
responded. Following the speech of the minister, the meeting was
adjourned and a reception was held in the reception room of the
palace of the House of Deputies, where toasts were offered to the
prosperity of the country by the president of the National Assembly,
by Mr. Fumiss, the American minister and dean of the diplomatic
corps, the archbishop, the minister of the interior, and others. The
session convened an hour later, and a committee was appointed to
officially notify the President of the opening of Congress and to
offer him its respects. This committee was headed by Senator
Michel Oreste, who, after the death of President Auguste, was elected
to take his place. The other members of the committee were Sena-
tors M. Sylvain and D. Roche and Representatives Denis St. Aude,
Droissant Lüavois, Martin Calixto, Dannel and C. César. The

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876 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.

HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES elected for SPEAKER Mr.
St.-Amand Blot, who was formerly secretary of legation in Liondoa
and also represented his Goveroment at the International Exposi-
tion of Brussels. On August 12 the late President Tancrède

Auguste signed the decree creating a new INTERNAL DEBT by
a bond issue of $634,000 bearing 6} per cent interest. The bonds,
which are numbered from 1 to 2,224, are of the following denomina-
tions: 1,589 bonds of $100, 318 of $500, and 317 of $1,000, repre-
senting a total of $624,900 gold, which will be offered to the public at
the rate of $90 for each $100. The subscriptions which were opened
on April 19 and closed on April 22, amoimted to 11,000,000 gourdes.
The list of subscribers with the amoimt of their subscriptions was
turned over to the secretary of finance and commerce. The pro-
ceeds of this loan are to be applied to the immediate withdrawal of
2,000,000 gourdes from circulation. The annual AGRICUL-
TURAL FAIR was held on May 1 in Port au Prince, and the pro-
gram of the festiyitiee given upon this occasion and the exhibits
were unusually interesting. A novel feature of the fair was the
procession of carriages and automobiles, prizes being awarded to
the most artistically decorated. It is announced that the Na-
tional Railroad Company of Haiti Í9 preparing to bidld a handsome

STATION AT PORT-AU-PRINCE. The INAUGURATION of

the LECONTE PARK of Port-au-Prince took place on May 11,
when a series of running and obstacle races were given for the Chal-
lenge Cincinnatus Leconte. The Moniteur Officiel of April 5

published a presidential decree signed by President Tancrède Auguste
on March 7, regulating the RELATIONS OF THE ROMAN CATH-
OLIC CHURCH with the constitutional authorities of the Repub-
lic. Mr. J. N. Léger, Secretary of State of Haiti, has issued the

RULES GOVERNING THE DEPARTMENT OF STATE which

was recently reorganized. The post office of Port-au-Prince has

established MAIL BOXES in different sections of the city.

The Government of Honduras has contracted with H. A. Owen to
organize a SCHOOL OF PRACTICAL AGRICULTURE at Sigua-
tepeque. Department of Comayagua. The curriculum of this school
covers b31 the branches taught at the present time in the most modern
and up-to-date colleges of agriculture. The mornings of each school
day are to be occupied in the field in the study of practical agricul-
ture and the afternoons are to be taken up with the study of agricul-
ture and allied subjects and theoretical demonstrations and lectures

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H0NDUBA8. 877

in the class rooms. The students will live at the school during the
sessions of the same, and the Government has at its disposal 34
scholarships to be given to meritorious students selected from differ-
ent departments of the Republic. A meteorological station will be
established and operated in connection with the school. Pupils
attending the school of practical agriculture will be fiu^nished with
the tools, apparatus, animals, and harness necessary for them to use
in carrying on the work. Beginning with May of the present year
the Grovemment will pay to the school a subvention of 200 pesos per
month and will allow Mr. Owen 18 pesos per month for each pupil
in attendance. The contract is for a period of one year from May 1,
1913, and is subject to renewal indefinitely if agreeable to both of the

parties in interest. ^The eastern coast of Honduras has recently

been visited by John P. Rausch and Rudolph Frasdick, both of whom
are engaged on a lai^e scale in the lumber business at Abita Springs,
La., for the purpose of examining the TIMBER RESOURCES of the
Caribbean coast of the Republic. After a careful examination the
gentlemen referred to are reported to have been so favorably impressed
with the prospects for developing the lumber industry in Honduras
that they have solicited a concession from the Honduran Government
to exploit the pine forests in the vicinity of Iriona. An immense
quantity of marketable timber, consisting not only of pine but of
mahogany and other precious woods, is found in the vicinity referred
to, much of which is near navigable streams, thereby rendering it
easily available for transportation to convenient sawnoill sites, or to
the sea to be shipped in the form of logs to the markets of the

world. A recent Executive decree, duly approved by the Federal

Congress, continues in force the concession granted on May 12, 1908,
by the Government of Honduras to Thomas W. Troy, an American
citizen, for the NAVIGATION OF LAKE YOJOA by means of a
100-horsepower steel vessel 75 feet long by 12 feet wide. The con-
cessionaire has built a wagon road from Pimienta to Lake Yojoa at a
cost of 25,000 pesos, and in his petition for an extension of time states
that he is now ready to transport said vessel from Puerto Cortes to
the lake, set it up and commence the navigation service called for

under the terms of the concession. ^Executive decree No. 23

extends for a period of six years from May 17, 1912, the concession
granted to Gen. Mariano Ortez, of the city of Choluteca, for the estab-
lishment in that municipality of a factory for the manufacture of
ROMAN CEMENT BLOCKS, granting to the concessionaire the
right to import free of duty the machinery, material, and supplies
necessary to erect, install, and operate said factory. ^A law pro-
mulgated on February 22, 1913, and effective on and after that date,
changes the seventh paragraph of article 5 of the SEALED PAPER
AND STAMP LAW as follows: *'In the legalizing of signatures in
86314— Bull. 6—13 1

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878 THE PAN ÁMEBICAN UNION.

documents coming from abroad which are to be valid in Honduras,
and in docimients from Honduras which are to be valid abroad,
stamps of the value of 5 pesos shall be attached to the sealed paper
on which the authentication of the department of foreign relations

is written." Sr. Juan José Luna, a Salvadoran citizen resident in

San Joee, Honduras, Department of Comayagua, has been granted an
extension of time in which to establish FACTORIES for the manu-
facture of cotton fabrics in the viUages of San Jose and Jesus de
Otero, the latter situated in the Department of Itibuca. The con-
cessionaire is obligated to teach the weaving industry to a limited

number of Honduran apprentices. ^The adreferendum contract

made by the President of Honduras on May 5, 1911, with Gen.
Calixto Marin for the exploitation of the Guare PETROIJSUM
DEPOSITS, has been submitted to the National Congress for approval.
E. C. Morgan, the American engineer who examined the petroleum
zone referred to in the Department of Comayagua, reported that
a large area in that district was undoubtedly underlaid with oil.
The present contract provides for the construction of a cart road
from Siguatepeque to Lake Yojoa and gives the Government of
Honduras 10 per cent of the oil extracted in the operation of the
petroleum deposits.

On July 1 of this year, if the bill now before the Congress becomes
the law, there will be added to the cabinet of the Federal Government
of Mexico a new member with the title of SECRETARY OF AGRI-
CULTURE. On April 10 a bill was introduced into the National
Chamber of Deputies calling attention to the growing importance,
in all countries of the world, of the study of the soil for the develop-
ment of productiveness that will increase the food supply of the peo-
ple. Hitherto in Mexico the division of agriculture had, according
to the constitution and the later modifications, been given to a cabi-
net officer whose functions embraced also the control of other activi-
ties. But as agriculture is so essentially valuable to Mexico, the crea-
tion of a new and independent department of the Government has
been advocated by the statesmen of the Republic and the idea was
embodied in a report made at the last session of the Congress, the
result of which is the present bill. It provides for a secretary of
agriculture and colonization who shall have charge of lands, waters^
forests, and all matters intimately connected with them, such as
meteorological observations, statistics, and the settlement of unoc-
cupied regions. This will make the ninth cabinet officer in the Gov-

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«MEXICO. 879

eminent. On April 16 the CLASSES IN THE FREE SCHOOL

OF LAWS (Escuela Libre de Leyes) were begun for the second year.
The ceremony was attended by many high officials of the Govern-
ment, among them being the minister of public instruction, who,
while praising the school, stated the Grovemment had decided to
give financial support to it and that its graduates would be recog-
nized the same as those of the national faculty. On April 5 there

was opened for business the new RAILWAY BETWEEN MEXI-
CALTZINGO AND ZAPOTITLAN. This is a short line of only 11
kilometers (nearly 7 miles), but it touches a very important and
productive part of the country somewhat east of the capital. Many

officials of the Government were present as guests. ^The NEW

OFFICES FOR THE DEPARTMENT OF FEDERAL TELE-
GRAPHS, in the recently constructed palace of the Department of
Communications and Public Works, Calle Tacuba, were placed in
service on April 8. Everything was moved from one series of rooms
to the other with no disturbance to the routine. The quarters set
aside for these offices are well adapted and equipped for the work of
the division, the hygienic conditions being especially pleasing. A
separate compartment is reserved for the press, so that the im-
mense business of the newspapers of the capital can be conducted

economically and with dispatch. ^A MANUAL TRAINING

SCHOOL FOR CHILDREN, especially girls, of the surrounding
district in the City of Mexico has just been finished and its work
started. It is the gift of one of the philanthropists of the city, Sefior
Eduardo Orrin. ^The TELEGRAPH SYSTEM OF THE RE-
PUBLIC was increased last year, according to the message of the
President read April 1, 1913, by 1,043 kilometers. Subterranean
cables entering the capital have now a length of 3,640 meters. To-
luca is now connected by telephone with the National Palace, and
the line works so satisfactorily that it is planned to extend similar
connection to other cities. It is worth noting that telegraphic corre-
spondence has during the last six months (July to January) increased

13 per cent. ^The (Asociación de Periodistas Metropolitanos)

MEXICO CITY PRESS ASSOCIATION celebrated April 24 their
second anniversary of existence. Great enthusiasm was shown by
the members present, because the association had accomplished a
great deal in the way of strengthening the spirit of journalism and

the ties that should bind all working journalists together. Inter-

estmg statistics on the TRAFFIC VIA THE TWO ISTHMUSES, Te-
huantepec and Panama, have just been given in the Economista Mexi-
cano for March 22, 1913. They embrace the half year from July to
December, inclusive (1912). Commerce westward was valued at
$30,000,000 across the Isthmus of Tehuantepec and at $6,000,000
across Panama. Eastward traffic — that is, from the west coast and

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880 THS PAK AMBBIOAjir UNION.

Hawaii — amounted to S16,000,000 via Tehuantepec, and four and

one-half millions via Panama. On April 11, 1913, the Government

published a LIST OF 100 MINES DECLARED VOID since October
24, 1912, according to the law of June 6, 1892. Similar lists have
appeared earlier. These mines had been located — 24 in the State of
Tamaulipas and 76 in the State of Zacatecas. Most of them were
for both gold and silver, but many had been denounced as contain-
ing silver and lead, a fe with copper, and several of either gold or
silver alone. The largest was for a copper mine in Zacatecas of 50
hectáreas (123| acres), the smallest for a mine of silver and gold in
Zacatecas of only 0.37 hectáreas (ninety-one one hundredths of an

acre). ^The "Diario Oficial," which is the official organ through

which all acts of the Qovemment are made known to the public,
has decided, since the 7th of April, 1913, to make use also of the
secular press, whenever occasion might make it advisable, for inser-
tion of such notices of corrections and changes, or of modifying acts
as should be immediately known to the people throughout the Re-
public. To that end a bulletin was issued as follows (abridged):
* * * The daily press of the capital has been requested, in the
interest of the public, to grant space in their columns whenever proper
to reproduce in the form of a Boletin announcements published in the
Diario Oficial. This request was most courteously granted. By this
means it is hoped that important notices may be more expeditiously
brought to the attention of the people not only in Mexico City but also
throughout the Republic. The director desires to thank thus openly

his colleagues. ^In the Department of Promotion (Fomento),

(colonization, and Industry there has recently been established
a. SERVICE OF (CANJE) FREE DISTRIBUTION OF PUB-
LICATIONS ON SCIENCE, ARTS, AND INDUSTRIES, with
especial reference to the encouragement of the study of these subjects
within the Republic. This service will be arranged under these con-
ditions: (1) The post office, both national imd foreign, will transmit
at the expense of the department of promotion such publications as
are issued for exchange or for simple distribution provided they are
not exposed for sale; (2) advantage can be taken of this service by
any institution that has for its purpose the diffusion of knowledge,
and individuals also are so privileged, provided that published works
deal with the diffusion of biowledge that contributes to science, in-
dustry, or the arts; (3) on proper application to the minister of pro-
motion anyone may secure this advantage. The subsequent regu-
lations give the details of the procedure by which these advantages

can be obtained. On the small islands in the Pacific Ocean off the

coast of Lower California, slightly to the south of the dividing line,
there are DEPOSITS OF BASALTIC ROCK which have lately at-
tracted attention. A concession has lately been given for the ex-

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NI0ABA6UA. 881

ploîtation of these deposits. On April 2, 1913, the Diario Oficial

published a formal notice that that date was to be celebrated for the
first time as a NATIONAL HOLIDAY FOR THE REPUBLIC.
The announcement reads (in part) somewhat ad follows: ''The 2d of
April is both a martial and a patriotic page in the history of the
country. On that date in 1867 an army of Mexican patriots stormed
and captured a supposedly imprenable city (Puebla) that five years
before had resisted the armed legions of France. This event brought
triumph to the cause of the patriots and secured the emancipation
of Mexico, and has therefore on mature deliberation been declared a
national holiday. The flag is to be raised on all public buildings in
celebration of the day, as well as a token of admiration for the illus-
trious leader. Gen. Don Porfirio Diaz." ^The contract has been signed

for the construction of a new RAILWAY in the State of Tamaulipas
between the city of Tampico and La Barra (the bar); which is to be
prolonged to the coast ultimately. The concessionaire is the Elec-
tric light, Power & Traction Co. of Tampico Ga Compaflía Eléctrica
de Lux, Fuerza y Tracción de Tampico), and agrees to finish the
work at the end of two years from the signing of the concession

(January 14, 1913). Great activity has been recently shown for

the EXPLOITATION OF CHICLE AND WOODS within the
national territory of Quintana Roo, and several operating companies,
having secured concessions from the Federal Grovermnent, are pre-
paring to begin operations with that end in view. Of a somewhat
similar character and within about the same region is the work to be
undertaken by a COMPANY TO GATHER SPONGES AND TUR-
TLES along the coast of Yucatan and of the Territory of Quintana
Roo.

The reorganization of THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS OF THE RE-
PUBLIC is receiving careful attention from the ministry having the
matter in charge. There is to be established a large normal school
with the most modem and substantial equipment, and eight instruc-
tors will be engaged. A high school for girls is also one of the projects
of the Government, with the curriculum and method of instruction

founded on the system m the United States. The CONSTRUCTION

OF A RAILWAY, as has once before been proposed, between the west
and the east coasts, is one of the plans very seriously considered by
Gen. Emiliano Chamorro, the newly appointed minister from Nicaragua
to Washington . The line would connect Raûia, not far from Bluefields,
with San Ubaldo on Lake Nicaragua, a distance of 90 miles, and when

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882 THE PAK AMEBIOAN UNION.

completed it would place the capital, Managua, within seven days of
New Orleans and in close touch therefore with the markets of the
United States. ^THE VALUE OF THE NEW MONEY is as fol-
lows: One córdoba equals 12^ pesos, and there are in paper currency
bills of 100 córdobas; 50 córdobas; 20 córdobas; 10 córdobas;
5 córdobas; 2 córdobas, and 1 córdoba. In silver money there are
coins of 1 córdoba; of 50 cent(avo8), 25 cents; 10 cents; in nickel^
5 cents, 1 cent, ^ cent; all in multiples or in fractions of the unit
called a córdoba, as given above. This coined córdoba contains 25

grains silver nine-tenths fine, and the other coins in proportion.

THE MttilTARY BAND, under the administration of the coman-
dante de armas of the Department of Masaya, is to be equipped with
a full set of about 50 instruments. Among these are 4 clarinettes,
2 flutes, 1 hautboy, 3 comets, 6 saxhorns, 2 trombones, and the other
instruments necessary for first-class performances. The price allowed
for them is about $330 gold at the factory. ^The PROFESSOR-
SHIPS OF THE TEACHING BODIES have been announced as
follows: In the faculty of the national school of medicine, sui^ry,
and pharmacy, in the capital (Managua); in the faculty of laws in
the capital (Managua) ; in the faculty of the west law school (Leon) :
in the faculty of the east law school (Granada). This is by order of
the President, and the appointees are to report at once at the place
where their activities are to be carried out.

A decree of President Belisario Porras of April 1 of the present
year establishes a CLAIMS COMMISSION, consisting of three per-
sons^ to represent Panama in facilitating the settlement of the claims
of Panaman citizens pending before the Government of the Canal
Zone. The chairman of this commission is Dr. Saturino L. Peri-
gualt, and the other two members are Engineer Umberto Vaglio and
Sr. Carlos E. Diez. The members of the commission will receive
salaries and transportation expenses. One of the duties of the com-
mission will be to confer with the Governor of the Canal Zone for
the purpose of obtaining free transportation to the new town of
Gorgona of the persons, baggage, and chattels of those who have to
leave the Zone on account of the disoccupation order of the American
authorities. The commission will continue in the exercise of its duties
until all of the claims referred to are adjusted. The expenses of the
commission will be paid out of the item in the budget for the present

year for the installation of the town of Nueva Gorgona. ^The

municipality of Sona has contracted with Manuel S. Reyes to install

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PANAMA. 883

36 lights for LIGHTING the municipality during the present year

for a consideration of 600 balboas. The National Institute of the

City of Panama has arranged to issue 41 COMPETITIVE SCHOL-
ARSHIPS, apportioned among the seven Provinces of the Republic
according to population, to candidates between the ages of 12 and
20 years for free instruction. After graduating from the institute
the applicants agree to teach school for a term of four years in the
Provinces from which they were appointed, and in case they should
leave the school before obtaining their degrees, or should their schol-
arships be canceled because of improper conduct or lack of applica-
tion to their studies, or should they refuse to teach after graduating,
then the Government is entitled to reimbursement from them of the
expenses incurred in their education. Similar competitive scholar-
ships to the number of 45 will also be issued under like conditions
to girls between the ages of 14 and 20 years for entrance into the

Normal Institute for Girls at Panama. ^The POLICE force of the

Republic of Panama has been organized into a single body composed
of the following oflScers: One commander, or chief of police, 10 capi-
tans, 20 lieutenants, 72 second lieutenants, and 870 agents. The
administrative employees of the police force consist of a general
manager, an assistant manager, 2 doctors, 3 medical assistants, 2
drivers, and 2 servants. The central station is at Colon and the
principal station at Bocas del Toro. The police law, which contains
68 articles, is published in Spanish in the Official Gazette of Panama

of March 31, 1913. Law No. 50, of March 24, 1913, prohibits the

IMMIGRATION of Chinese, Turks, Syrians, and North-Africans into

the territory of the Republic. ^A law has been passed and duly

promulgated by President Porras amending law 25 of 1906 concern-
ing LOTTERIES and games of chance, and prohibitiag the opera-
tion of same in the Republic under heavy penalties. The depart-
ment of public instruction of the Government of Panama has con-
tracted with the Christian Brothers to take charge of the INSTI-
TUTES FOR BOYS at Colon, David, Santiago, Los Santos, and
Aguadulce for a period of two years from May 1, 1913. ^A con-
tract has been made by the department of public works with the
United Fruit Co. to fill up the Almirante SWAMPS, and to put in
sewers and waterworks in the town of Almirante. The Fruit Co.
also agrees to erect a concrete wall on the seashore at Almirante and
along the banks of Cedar Canyon, and to furnish Bocas del Toro and

Almirante with ice at the rate of 0.75 of a balboa per 100 pounds.

A law has recently been promulgated concerning the REGISTRA-
TION of property, mortgages, contracts, etc., in the Republic. This
law repeals chapter 43 of the fourth book of the Civu Code, and all

other contrary laws and amendments to same. ^A law concerning

PUBLIC INSTRUCTION, consisting of 104 articles, was recently

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884 THB PAK AMBBIOAN UNION.

passed by the Congress of Panama and was duly promulgated in the

Official Gazette of March 13, 1913. ^The mimicipalities of Taboga

and La Chorrera in the Province of Panama have been authorized
by the Federal Congress to lease the islands within their districts,
except such as the executiye power may declare necessary for navi-
gation and construction of shipyards, dj^ docks, wharves, and other
public works. The proceeds of the leases are to go to the munici-
palities referred to.

A great deal of interest has been shown recently in the develop-
ment of AGRICULTURE in the Republic of Paraguay. With this
end in view, the press of the country is calling the attention of those
engaged in agricultural pursuits to tiie value of a more extensive and
thorough instruction in agricultural subjects. Paraguay is emi-
nently an agricultural country, and there is scarcely a product of the
tropical and subtropical zones that can not be cultivated to advantage
within its borders. The great Chaco region is ideal for the growing
of cotton of a long fiber and superior quality, to say nothing of the
vast amount of forestal wealth and stock-producing possibilities of
that favored section. If the current of instruction in Paraguay could
be turned from the liberal professions to the practical and scientific
study and practice of agriculttu-e in all its diversified forms, it is pre-
dicted that thffl^ would be a surprising increase of wealth and pros-
perity in a very short time throughout the length and breadth of the
land. Prof. Fiebrig, director of the agricultural farm of the Grovem-
ment of Paraguay at Santísima Trinidad, recently made a report to
the Agricultural Bank at Asuncion of a trip of investigation to Vil-
larica in which the farms and fanmng methods of foreigners afad
natives were examined and special note made of the cultivation of
yerba mate, or Paraguayan tea, on the plantation of Sr. Mahaux, who
is engaged in the growing of this tea in the neighborhood of Villarica
on a large scale. The questions of proper soil and climatic conditions
were taken up, and it was shown by the experience of two persons
now occupied in its cultivation that neither water-soaked nor acid
lands rich in humus are suitable for growing yerba mate. The expert
referred to states that grape culture in the vicinity of Villarica Í9 a
decided success, one of the oldest and most successful vineyardists in
that district being Sr. Carlos Voigt, formeriy engaged in grape culture
in Brazil, but who came to Villarica to go into the same business
because of the excellent natural conditions existing in that part of
Paraguay for cultivating the vine. Last year Mr. Voigt made more

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PABA6UAY. 886

than a thouâand liters of wine of five different classes, all of which,
according to the report of Prof. Fiebrig, were of fine quality and the
best manufactured in the Republic at the present time. The Govern-
ment of Paraguay is aiding the development of agriculture through-
out the country in every way possible. One of the most practical
measures adopted by it is the distribution to farmers at cost price,
through the Agricultural Bank at Asuncion, of the best seeds of staple
products obtainable, the main objects being to introduce and encour-
age new cultivations. Recently more than 5,000 kilos of seed pota-
toes were distributed to farmers throughout the Republic, and other
seeds, such as those of Cuban tobacco, for instance, are continually
being put within the reach of plantation owners and farmers for the
purpose of bettering and stimulating the agricultural industry of the

country. ^The Consul General of Paraguay in Antwerp reports

that the EXPORTS FROM BELGIUM to the Republic of Paraguay
consist of all kinds of silk, woolen, cotton, and linen fabrics, felt hats,
printing and writing paper, photographic supplies, cardboard boxes,
bone and nacar buttons, drugs, paints, candles, combs, machinery,
machine oil, cloves, perfumes, groceries, confectionery, wines, phar-
maceutical products, and glass. Tobacco is one of the principal

exports of Paraguay to Belgium.^ ^Among the foreign visitors who

have recently studied CONDITIONS IN PARAGUAY may be
mentioned Waldimiro Loescher, a German engineer interested in
industrial research, and Pierre Denis, a French university professor,

who made a study of the educational system of the country.

Irwin F. Westheimer has been appointed VICE CONSUL of Paraguay

in Cincinnati, Ohio. According to a report to the department of

the interior of the Government of Paraguayi the municipality of
Ybycui has completed the construction of two BRIDGES, one over
the Pasa Caballero Creek and the other over the Curzu Barrero

Creek. Sr. José Sosa, who has been studying architecture in

France imder a scholarship granted him by the Government of Para-
guay, has received a diploma, recognized by the Grovemment of
France, from * 'L'Ecole Spéciale d'Architecture." After receiving
this diploma Sr. Sosa made a special study of house hygiene in
tropical countries. He proposes to return to Paraguay in August

next to practice his profession. The Agricultural Bank at Asuncion

has organized a BUREAU OF AGRICULTURAL STATISTICS
covering the entire Republic. The first report received by the
bureau was from Itaugua. One of the principal farms in that dis-
trict belongs to Hardy & Slangter, who make a specialty of the culti-
vation of tobacco, sugar cane, maize, beans, pineapples, etc. They
also have considerable stock on the farm and require in their agricul-
tural operations the services of 200 oxen. ^Early in May, according

to press dispatches, the FERRYBOAT service of the Paraguay Cen-

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886 THE PAN AMEBIGAK UNION.

tnd Railway between Villa Encamación and Posadas was opened to
public traffic. The maintenance of this service will be of great ben^t
to the railway freight and passenger traffic between Paraguay, the
Argentine Republic, and Uruguay, and will effect a considerable sav-
ing in time in traveling by rail from Asuncion to Buenos Aires and

vice versa. The MILITARY REGISTRATIONS in the capital

of Paraguay, made under the law providing for compulsory military
service, numbered 10,226 up to the 31st of March, 1913. Construc-
tion work on the RAILWAY from Borja to a point on the Parana
River opposite Iguazu is being actively pushed forward. Some
1 ,500 laborers are employed on this work, and about 50 kilomet^*s of
grading has ahready been done. ^The CODIFICATION COMMIT-
TEE, of which the Minister of Justice of the Government of Paraguay
is chairman, Í9 actively continuing the work of revising the existing
laws, and a new draft of the organic law of the courts is about to be

completed. ^The REVENUES collected in the Federal capital

in March, 1913, were as follows: Imports, 158,927.19 pesos gold
and 734,537.76 pesos paper currency; exports, 25,777.63 pesos
gold and 15,460 pesos paper currency; internal service, 7.27 pesos
gold and 59,629.84 pesos paper currency.

The Government of Peru has established a DEPARTMENT OF
AGRICULTURE in the National College of San Luis Gonzaga at
lea. A three years' 'course in agriculture, including practical and
theoretical instruction, is provided. The chief of the agricultural
section of the college will prepare outlines covering the curriculum of
the di£Perent years and submit same to the director of the college for
approval. The purchase of the material and supplies and the salaries
of the professors is to be paid out of the budget of the college. Can-
didates for admission to the agricultural section of the lea college must
not be under 14 years of age and must have completed the course of
instruction in the primary schools of Peru. Native agriculturists
have the right to visit the experiment farm of the college and are
entitled to free conferences with the professors on agricultural sub-
jects. ^The average annual IMPORTS of Peru from Japan are

about 300,000 soles. Up to the present time the exports from Peru
to Japan have been very small, but the Peruvian consul at Yokohama
thinks that a market could be worked up for such products as rubber,
cotton, wool, cocaine, sugar, etc., by means of exhibits of these article
in the Peruvian consular offices of the Kingdom. In 1909 Japan
imported more than 1,000,000 soles of rubber, and the cotton imports

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PBBU. 887

of that country in 1910 were more than 160,000,000 soles, so that it
would seem that there is a good opening in Japan for a number of the

staple products of Peru. ^The Grovemment of Peru has decided to

sell to agriculturists, through the bureau of agriculture in Lima,
ARSENATE OF LEAD, imported from the United States for use
in combating agricultural pests, at the rate of 25 centavos per

pound. ^The AVLLTION SCHOOL of Peru at Lhna has chosen

President Guillermo E. Billinghurst honorary president of the insti-
tution. An appropriation of £500 has been made by the depart-
mental board of Lima to be used in extending the PIER at Chorillos

to the point known as the Herradura. The Grovemment of Peru has

authorized Othon Gastafieta, in representation of the railway and wharf
at Eten, to make a preliminary survey of a RAHiWAY from Lambay-
eque or Ferrenafe to Jayanca, and to submit same to the Peruvian Grov-
emment for approval within the term of one year, during which time
the Government will not grant permission to other parties to survey
or build a railway between the places mentioned. A deposit is to be
made by the concessionaire for the faithful performance of his part of
the contract. The minister of Fomento, on behalf of the Govern-
ment of Peru, has negotiated a loan of £75,000 with the Bank of Pera
and London in Lima, for the purpose of purchasing the POTABLE
WATERWORKS of the Federal capital, and for acquirement by
expropriation of the Santa Rosa ranch in the Ate Alto Valley for use
in enlarging the water supply of the metropolis. The loan draws
8 per cent annual interest and payment is guaranteed from the net
earnings of the water service in Lima, the Grovemment reserving the
right to liquidate the entire amount of the loan at any time. The
potable water at present furnished the city of Lima is of good quality,
but is insufficient in quantity to supply the ever increasing demands
of the city. An analysis of this water by an experienced Peravian
chenüst shows the following result calculated in fractions of a grain
per liter: Carbonate of lime,^ 0.095000; carbonate of magnesia,
0.004780; oxide of iron, 0.002400; sulphate of lime, 0.077487; sul-
phate of magnesia, 0.022701; sulphate of soda, 0.016405; chlorate
of sodium, 0.032725; chlorate of potassium, 0.004279; dtdorate of
lithium, 0.003113, and silica, 0.006000, making the total fixed matter

per liter of water 0.264890. The department of public works has

been authorized to expend such sums of money as may be necessary
to repair five bridges on the Chimbóte to Tablones RAILWAY and
to supply the necessary rolling stock for the operation of frei^t and

passenger trains up to kilometer 105 of said line. The Grovemment

of Peru has arranged to develop the new Department of Madre de
Dios by forming AGRICULTURAL COLONIES there, and has
recently contracted for settling a certain number of families in that
region. The Government will aid colonists in every way possible in

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888 THE PAN AMEBIOAN UNION.

making the trip to the Department of Madre de Dios. ^The Peruvian

engineer, Carlos I. Ltsson, has been appointed by the President of the
Republic to represent the Peruvian Qo vemment at the Twelfth Inter-
national GEOLOGIC CONGRESS to be held in Canada in August

next. Construction work on the Lima to Chilca RAILWAY is

being rapidly pushed forward, the grading having been done as far as
Quebrada Honda, about a league from the celebrated ruins of Pacha-

camac. ^The Congress of the Republic of Peru has enacted a law

providing for the construction of a branch of the Lima to Huacho
RAILWAY between Oyon, Sayan, and Checras, and has authorized
the President to use the tobacco revenues for this purpose.

The Biureau of Statistics and the National Observatory of the
Government of Salvador have published a pamphlet containing 159
pages, entitled "ANUARIO DE 1911" (1911 Annual), from which
the following data are taken: Area of the Republic, 34,126 square
kilometers; total population, 1,113,000; average population per kilo-
meter, 33; exports of coffee in 1911, 869,050 pesos silver; school
population (from 6 to 14 years of age) estimated at 173,495, of which

90,954 are girls and 82,541 boys. ^The municipal council of the

city of San Salvador has accepted the bases of the estimate submitted
by Pearson & Son, Sues., for the PAVING AND SANITATION of
the Federal capital. The work is to be done subject to the inspection

of experts representing the municipality. The municipality of El

Carmen, department of La Union, has imposed LOÑCAL TAXES
as follows: Registration of dogs, 50 centavos per annum; sale of medi-
cine, 75 centavos per month; stores of the first class, 1.50 pesos per
month, and stores of the second class, 75 centavos per month. The
municipality of Moncagua has levied a r^istration fee of 2 pesos per
month for permission to sell medicine, and an annual tax on wooden

and iron cane mills of 3 and 5 pesos, respectively. Matriculation

in the AGRICULTURAL SCHOOL of the Government of Salvador
for the current year closed on January 31 last. This school, which
is located near tiie city of San Salvador, has recently greatly increased
its facilities for teaching, and has added to its able corps of professors
and instructors a French veterinary surgeon who has been engaged
in teaching veterinary science in the Republic of Mexico. Mr.
Ludovic Thomas, a French engineer, is at present director of the
school. A number of scholarships have been issued to pupils from
different parts of the Republic. The majority of the matriculates

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SALVADOR. 889

board at the school and a specialty is made of practical field work
on the experiment farm of the school. The 1913 session of the Agri-
cultural School of Salvador began on February 3 last. ^The receipts

of the GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE of the RepubUc of
Salvador in 1912 amounted to 172,385.40 pesos. The disbursements
consisted in the pajrment of salaries to employees, 68,271.42 pesos;
paper, 60,844.24 pesos, and miscellaneous expenses, 4,215.27 pesos,

leaving a balance in favor of the Government of 39,054.47 pesos.

WINES were imported into the Republic of Salvador in 1911 to the
extent of 155,629 kilos valued at $28,563.38 gold. The countries
•from which these wines came are as foUows: Germany, 66,398 kilos
valued at 114,733.85; Austria, 9,199 kilos valued at $1,449.09; Bel-
gium, 21,086 kilos valued at $3,255.53; China, 212 kilos valued at
$73.42; Denmark, 5,223 kilos valued at $1,140.80; Spain, 40,053 kilos
valued at $4,530.21; United States, 6,210 kilos valued at $1,863.79;
France, 3,055 kilos valued at $800; Italy, 147 kilos valued at $35.07;
Mexico, 3,821 kilos valued at $617.76; Portugal, 53 kilos valued at

$7.50; and Peru, 172 kilos valued at $6.36. In January, 1913, the

Government PRINTING OFFICE in the city of San Salvador com-
pleted 211 orders, consisting of books, pamphlets, etc., to the number
of 720,978 copies. The value of the paper consumed in this work was
3,420.35 pesos; setting up, 2,915.28; forms, 2,603.55; and binding,

746.62 pesos, or a total of 9,685.80 pesos. ^Dr. Patrocino Guzman

Trigueros has been appointed chargé d'Aflfaires of the LEGATION of

Salvador at T^ucigalpa, Honduras. ^The SCHOOL YEAR in the

Republic of Salvador conmienced on February 3 last, all of the pri-
mary schools of the Republic having been opened on that date.

The publication entitled '*La Revista Linca Salvadoreña" (The Sal-
vadoran LYRIC REVIEW), edited in the city of San Salvador by
Sr. Mathias Hernandez Mejia, issued its second number in the early
part of the present year. The Review is ably edited and contains a

number of interesting contributions of literary merit. At a general

meeting of the stockholders of the COOPERATIVE SOCIETY en-
titled "El Ahorro," which has its headquarters in the city of San Sal-
vador, it was decided to pay a dividend of 7.50 pesos a share for the

last half of the year 1912. ^The municipality of Quezaltepeque has

taken preliminary steps looking to the construction at an early date
of a new MUNICIPAL BUILDING. ^In December, 1912, the ex-
penses of the San Miguel HOSPITAL amounted to 3,854.1 1 pesos.

The COLLEGE FOR GIRLS (Colegio Superior de Señoritas) at Son-
sonate is under the able management of Lucrecia Peña R. The
Federal Government and the municipality of Sonsonate assist in
supporting this college. In addition to the r^;ular curriculum
instruction is given in dressmaking, embroidery, and cooking.

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Dr. Hector Miranda, chairman of the general centenary committee
in charge of the organization of the celebrations and festiviti^ in
commemoration of the HUNDREDTH ANNIVERSARY of the
memorable instructions issued by Artigas in April, 1813, has organ-
ized departmental committees to work in cooperation with the
general committee in the celebration of the centenary referred to.
One of the most important of these committees is that having its
headquarters at San Eugenio, department of Artigas, of which Dr.
Atilio C. Bringoli is chairman. The instructions of Artigas demanded
the absolute independence of the colonies, the establishment of civil
and religious liberty, the guaranteeing of liberty and equality to
all the people, the curbing of military despotism as a menace to
liberty and sovereignty, and the adoption of a republican form of
government. Such principles advocated by so noble a leader in-
spired the patriotism of his followers, aroused their enthusiam, and
aided them in their determination to succeed in establishing a gov-
ernment of the people. The committees propose to distribute a
pamphlet explaining the historical importance of the celebration,
and to invite individuals and societies to participate in the festivities

in honor of one of the greatest events in the history of the nation.

The Government of Uruguay has been invited to participate in the
REFRIGERATION œNGRESS. to be held in Chicago in Septem-
ber of the present year, and to send a delegate to the International
Geologic Congress which will meet in Toronto, Canada, in August

next. The AVIATION propaganda conmiittee of Uruguay, with

headquarters at Montevideo, is arousing a strong sentiment in favor
of the development of that science in the Republic. The department
of war of the Government of Uruguay is cooperating with the mili-
tary and naval aviation conmiittee in awakening interest in aviation

in the army and navy. Press reports state that the equestrian

monument to be erected in the Republic of Uruguay to Garibaldi

is to be made by Sr. Juan M. Ferrari, a Uruguayan sculptor. At

the HORTICULTURAL EXPOSITION in Montevideo monographs
on garden culture and the best way to increase the exports of fruits
were received up to March 10 of the present year. Money prizes
have been offered for the best works presented, the decision to be

made by a jury of award. ^A plan has been submitted to the

Government for the erection of a large HOSPITAL, with a capacity
of 400 beds, in the city of Durazno. A fine location, consisting of 4
hectares, can be secured at a cost of 112,000, which amount is avail-
890

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VENEZUELA. 891

able from the hospital committee fund. In addition to this sum a
special law provides $15,000 for the purpose. Should the plan be
adopted and the hospital erected, it is claimed that it would tend
to relieve the crowded condition of the hospitals at Salto, Paysandu,
Rivera, Tacuarembó, San Eugenio, Florida, Fray Bentos, and a
number of other places connected with Durazno by rail. Inves-
tigations show that there are at the present time splendid oppor-
tunities for the development of the SUGAR INDUSTRY in the
Republic of Uruguay. There is a large sugar factory at La Sierra
in the department of Maldonado, and a refinery is in operation in
Montevideo. The sugar-beet industry could also be developed in the
republic, since there are large areas of land there suitable to the

growing of sugar beets. ^The President of the Republic of Uruguay

has submitted to the National Congress for approval an adreferendum
contract made with Sr. Francisco Piria for extending to the town of
Pan de Azúcar the RAILWAY for which he holds a concession

from the Uruguayan Government. ^The revenues of the city of

Montevideo from REAL PROPERTY in 1912 amounted to
11,575,373.97, as compared with 11,248,885.83 in 1911. The reve-
nues on rurd real property during the fiscal year 1911-12 aggre-
gated $2,748,287.39, as compared with 11,733,541.08 during the

previous fiscal year. ^ThB drilling section of the department of

industries of the Government of Uruguay has received three
DIAMOND DRILLS manufactured by the Sullivan Co. of Chicago,
one of which is capable of boring to a depth of 1,500 meters. These
drills are to be used by the department in making subterranean ex-
plorations at different places in the country. A German STEAM-
SHIP LINE using petroleum as fuel is to be operated between
Montevideo, Buenos Aires, Asuncion and intermediate points on
the La Plata, Parana, Uruguay, and Paraguay Rivers. All of the
vessels of this line will fly the flag of the RepubUc of Uruguay.

VENEZUELA

RETURNING TRAVELERS from Venezuela, on calling at the
Pan American Union Building, express themselves freely regarding the
notable commercial and industrial progress now taking place in and
aroimd Caracas. The lai^e number of excursion steamers calling at
La Guayra have remained long enough in port for the passengers to
make the journey of 23 miles by rail to Caracas; this wonderful car
ride has del^hted the tourists and the excursions will doubtless be the

forerunner of much more travel to Venezuela. The President of

Venezuela has signed a decree authorizing the establishment of four
METEOROLOGICAL STATIONS in the Republic; the places desig-

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892 THE PAN AlCSBIOAK UNION.

Dated are as follows: Merida, Ciudad Bolivar, Maracaibo, Calabozo.
Daily reports will be loade by the observers in charge and tel^raphed
to Caracas where, under the supervision of the minister of public
instruction, this new weather service will be made of practical

utility. ^During the nine months ending March 31, 1913, 77

pleasure AUTOMOBELES and 19 commercial trucks were received
in Venezuela from the United States. The automobile is rapidly
winning its way as a useful and indispensable vehicle in the commercial
development of the country, and the newspapers are giviog wide
publicity to some of the endurance nms, which are of frequent

occurrence. The newspaper, EL UNIVERSAL, of Caracas, for

the 16th of March carries several large pictures of the NEW HOS-
PITAL, Valgas, at Caracas. The exterior view shows a laige, well-
planned edifice with abundant shade trees in the immediate vicinity;
whfle the interior views indicate the up-to-date facilities for treating
the various maladies. Dr. Martia Herrera, a prominent surgeon, is
also shown performing the first operation after the opening of the

hospital. ^The director of the National Library at Caracas has

asked the press to aid him in securing the works of WKITERS AND
AUTHORS for use in the library, and such persons who have pub-
lished books, important papers, or other matter are requested to

contribute to the library's archives. ^In the eastern section of the

Republic there is a FRUIT known locally as the cuajo but which
abroad is spoken of as the caiane. The cuajo fruit is about half the
size of the hazel nut and can be lighted with a match and will bum for
several minutes, giving off a very fragrant odor. Palm kernels is also
another name for the product, which is found in immense quantities

in Venezuela as well as in the Guianas. ^In the EXPORT TRADE

of Maracaibo the United States received in 1911 about 67 per cent of

the total exports; in 1912 this amount increased to 70 per cent.

The Bolivar Raibx)ad Co., an English corporation, is EXTENDING
ITS ROAD from San Felipe, the capital of the State of Yaracuy, to
Palma Sola, a distance of 27 miles; this extension will make another

large coffee-producing area accessible for active exploitation.

Eight AUTOMOBILES and nine motor trucks have been imported
into the Maracaibo district from the United States since January 1,
1912. Bicycles and talking machines are finding a ready sale and
many other articles of United States manufacture are displayed in the

shops. The COPPER MINES at Tucacas shipped 1,248 tons of

copper ore, valued at $245,650, to England dining 1912. ^A com-
pany capitalized at $193,000 is establishiog a STOCKYARD at
Ocumare de la Costa, and expects to introduce new breeds of cattle
for improving the native herds of Venezuela; the company will also
engage in agricultural industries along modem scientific lines.

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INDEX TO THE.
BULLETIN OF the PAN AMERICAN UNION

Vol. XXXVI Nos. 232-237

[The Index to Uluatrattons wUl be found on p. lt.]

Tãge,

Admibal David Pobteb's Reception in Chile 393

Amazon Jungle," Langb's ** in the : 396

Amazon Valley, Developing the 38

Ambaeeador Henick's luncheon to his Latin- American colleagues 545

Andes, a New Wat to Cboss the 333

Antiquities of the New World at the Trocadéro in Paris 619

An Unknown People in an Unknown Land 532

Abobntina:

Agriculture —

Cooperative Society organized 748

Experimental forms 620

Industrial products, exhibits of 124

Maize, estimated production 748

. Tobacco, school at Puerta de Diaz experimenting with 858

Arias, Gen. José Inocencio 7(à

Banks —

Patagones, opening for a bank at 123

Viedma, opening for a bank at 123

Barracks, construction of 857

Beer, production during 10 years 748

Beets for sugar, cultivation of 749

Bermejo River.-. 620

Bonds, South American Bank Note Co. to print registers 124

Budgets, Chamber of Deputies, 1913 449

Buenos Aires —

Marriages, 1912 125

Population, March, 1913 857

Real property, value of 124

Statue of George Washington 250

Water front, embellishment of 619

Water supply 298

Cattle, shipments made to Bermuda 123

Celina, port authorized for shipment of grain 857

Cereals, exports of 620

College, National, of Buenos Aires, fiftieth anniversary of 857

Commerce —

Congress of Commerce and industry, Second International 620

Foreign trade, 1912 445, 619, 695

Great Britain, total commerce of Argentina with 749

Conference of governors 857

Convention, sanitary, between Italy and Argentina 857

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n INDEX.

Argentina — CoDtinued. Vñg».

Conversion office 748

Com, Indian 314

Cotton, cultivation of 299

Dairy School, BeUe Vüle IT.\

Department of Jachal, reeources of 858

Drago, Dr. Luia, to visit the United States 448

Education —

Congrefls held in Cordoba 619

Congress of Secondary Education 449

European instructors for National Institute at Buenos Aires 124

Electric power house 298

English capital invested in 749

Exports —

1912 123

Cereals, Bahia Blanca 620

Live stock, 1912 857

Products, 1912, compared with 10 years ago 748

Exposition of Ghent, exhibit of map of Buenos Aires at International 857

Factories, tobacco, number of 748

Financial and economic conditions 125

Fruit —

Cooperative Society 298

Roi^ colony 449

Shipments, plan to increase 448

Shipments from Province of Mendoza to New York 859

Granaries of railways to be opened for public service 124

Hospital at Allen 124

Hygiene, National 619

Iguazu Falls, improvement of roads to 123

Immigrants —

Number entering Argentina, 1912 449

Number arriving at Bahia Blanca 124

Indians, Fuegian, land for .' 620

Industrial products, exhibits 124

Irrigation —

Rio Negro, banks of 124

Reservoir planned, Tucuman 448

San Rafael district 124

Works along the Rio Negro 124

Land grants to railways for colonization 300

Linseed —

Estimated production 447

Shortage in tonnage to the Ignited States 749

Live stock, exports, 1912 857

Maize, estimated production 748

Minister of Argentina at Harvard, address of 828

Oats-
Estimated production 447

Exports, 1912 748

Oil, Comodoro Rivadavia exploitations 124

Panama Pacific International Exposition, appropriation for exhibit at 123

Pedap:ogic Congress 748

Petroleum, refined, used as fuel on the Hamburg- American Line 125

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INDEX. Ill

Argentina — Continued.

Populations — Page.

Buenos Aires, March, 1913 857

December, 1912 449

Railways —

Amalgamation of the southern and western railway companies 619

Argentine, receipts of 857

Argentine Northeastern, to complete extension from Concordia to Con-
cepción, Uruguay 124

Building of 299

Central Argentine, from Cordoba to Alta Gracia 620

Central Argentine, map for 1912 1 125

Dean Fîmes to Laguna Paiva 621

Marcos Paz to General Villegas 620

New railways opened to traffic, 1912 857

Pacific Railway Co. to construct branch from the Monte Coman along

River Atual 621

Patagones, terminus of Pacific line 123

Pensioning employees, bill for 125

Report of the minister of public works 298

Rosario to Mendoza 448

Southern Railway authorized to build branch line 748

Street railways, Buenos Aires 749

Real property in Buenos Aires, value of 124

Sacks, manufacturing establishments, gunny or jute sack 748

Saffron 620

Schools —

Agricultural School, Puerta de Diaz, experimenting with tobacco 858

Dairy, Belle Ville 123

Electric power house for Industrial School 298

Viticulture, Mendoza 124

Shipbuilding yard, construction of 125

Society, Caravelas Cooperative 298

Statue, George Washington, Buenos Aires 250

Steamship service, Buenos Aires and Genoa 123

Stock raising, Asuncion, company organized 156

Subways, Buenos Aires : 300

Sugar —

Beets cultivated for sugar 749

Imports into Argentina 748

Production .of 298

Theater, municipal, to be leased 124

Tobacco —

Agricultural School, Puerta de Diaz 858

Factories, number of 748

To our friends in 593

Trade with Guatemala 314

Tramway, Buenos Aires to El Tigre, under construction 857

Tres Arroyos, paving streets of ^ 123

United States, invitation to Dr. Luis Drago 448

Uruguay, international bridge 329

Viticulture, school at Mendoza to be enlarged 124

Water supply, Buenos Aires 298

Wheat, estimated production 447

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IV INDEX.

AaoBNTiNA — Continued.

Wine— Page.

Mendoza 749, 858

Productíon, 1912 749,858

Yerba mate, experiment station at Tucuman 619

See aUo Editoriala, Magazine Artides, and Book Notes.

Athbneum of Costa Rica, the 193

Barbados. Eighty Days with the "Blubcher** Party 360

**Blüecher" Party, Eighty Days with the 1.165,360

Bouvia:

Alcohol, duty increased 301

Aguardientes, iuty increased 301

Aviators, Italian 751

Banks-
Bank of Bolivia, earnings of 451

Industrial and national banks, fusion of 750,859

National Bank of Bolivia, appointment of manager 622

Barracks, military, loan for erection of 127

Boliviano, value of 301

Boundary lines of Departments of Chuquisaca, Santa Cruz, and Tanja .... 301
Bridges —

Colcha River, Province of Arque 300

Mizque River, construction of bridge over 449

British capital invested in 859

Budgets —

1913 621

Boundary lines, survey of 301

Municipal, Oruro 859

Cabinet, personnel of 750

Cochabamba Institute (American school) 127

Cochabamba —

Light à Power Co., officers of 128

Protection work on the Rocha River 449

Commerce, treaty with Belgium 127

Concession for exploitation of fishing industry, Lake Titicaca 859

Conventions, international 127

Customs commission authorized 860

Customhouses —

Guaqui customhouse transferred to La Paz 127

Law regarding 127

Education —

American Institute, Cochabamba 450

College of Law 450 '

National College at Cochabamba 450

Exchange, international rate of 301

Exports —

California to Bolivia, first quarter, 1913 859

California to Bolivia, 1912 450

Duties on tin 859

Minerals, 1910,1911,1912 ^22

New York to Bolivia 450,751

New York to Bolivia, February, 1913 621

Fishing concession for exploitation of industry in Lake Titicaca 859

French capital invested in 859

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INDEX. V

BouYiA— Continued. Page.

German capital invested in 859

Gun, new, invented 621

Gypsum, tax on production -301

HighwayB —

Arepucho to Chimore 300

Bids for construction of 449

Yungas to Totora 300

Hospital, loan for erection of 127

Import duties 127

Incas, remarkable civilization of the ancient 253

Lands —

Applicants for purchase of 300

Tax recommended on uncultivated 451

La Paz, historical notes and statistics of 127

Lime, tax on production 301

Literary works of Mrs. Adela Zamudio 449

Loan for construction of market 301

Manufacturing field, promising 621

Medal presented to President Villazon 301

Medical conmiittee to represent Bolivia in Rio de Janeiro 859

Merchandise shipped from New York to Bolivian points 128

Mineral exports, 1910, 1911, 1912 622

Mines and mining —

Chuquiaguillo mine bought by Bolivian Croldfields Co 127

Law regarding sale of stolen ores 128

OUa de Oro mine, mill ordered for 301

Ministers to France, Holland, and Spain, appointment of, 751

Molaasas, import duties 127

Money order, convention with Great Britain 127

Paper, stamped, 16 classes of 449

Paraguay, Garay, Maj. Eugenio, minister of 127

Parcel posts, storage tax 451

Province of Cliza, formation of 301

Railways —

Arica to La Paz —

Freight rates reduced 125

Progress of 125

Bids for construction of, Machacomarca to Huanumi 859

Bolivian Railway Co., accounting office to be established 127

La Paz to Antofagasta 126

New 128

Oruro to Cochabamba, section opened to traffic 861

Proposed construction 451

Santa Cruz, prolongation of railway to 450

Tupiza to La Quiaca 750

Vintoto Arani 300

Vinto Railway — extension of 127

River, protection work on the Rocha 449

Road, Cochabamba to Morochata and Independencia, construction of 128

Rosquellas, Sr. Alfredo Jauregui, book by * 127

Sanitation, departmental offices 300

Scholarships, Government appropriations 451

Schools, Cochabamba Institute (American) 127

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VI INDEX.

Bolivia — Continued. Page.

Statistical CongreflB, Brussels, representative to 861

Sugar, import duties 127

Taxes-
Gypsum, production of 301

Inheritance taxes 451

Lime, production of 301

Parcel-post package, storage tax on 451

Telegraphs-
Offices opened to the public 127

Quillacollo to Tapacari, appropriation for construction of 450

Villa Aspiazu, office opened 127

Wireless station, military 860

Yanacachi, office opened 127

Tin, export duties on 859

Tramways —

(^ochabamba to Sacaba 300

Cochabamba tramway, first section opened to traffic 859

Extension of time for construction of 450

Waterworks, (^ajamarca, construction of 127

Zamudio, Mrs. Adela, literary works of 449

Sfe also Ekiitorials, Magazines, Articles, and Book Notes.
Book Notes:

American Mediterranean, The 616

Chile Mercantile Reports 617

(^offee 854

Hazell 's Annual for 1913 616

Mexico, Leading Facts in New Mexican History 851

Oil 854

Panama —

Autour de L'Isthme de Panama 853

Isthmian Tourists' Guide and Business Directory 853

Panama: A Textbook on the Canal. 2^ne, and Republic 853

Panama and WTiat it Means 851

Panama Canal, Joseph Pennell's Pictures of the 851

Panama Guide 853

The Story of Panama 851

Silk 854

South America, Early Man in 742

South America, Illustrated 745

South America and the West Indies, discoveries in 851

Sugar —

Sugar at a Glance 854

Sugar, cane and beet 854

The World 's Cane-Sugar Industry. Past and Present 854

Venezuela 743

West Indies, discoveries in South America and the 851

Brazil, a Cascade in 527

Brazil:

Advertisements for supplies for municipal improvements 861

Aero Club of Brazil 862

Agriculture, schools for practical plowing 302

Amazon Valley, developing the 38

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INDEX. vn

Brazil— Continned. Page.

Amazon, the mighty 609

Art objecte belonging to Baron do Rio Branco 301

Astronomical Observatory to be erected 624

Aviation, military school, Rio de Janeiro, appointment of director 752

Bahia —

Eighty Days with the Bluecher Party 165

Docks, construction progressing 754

Bananas, production in Santos 753

Belem. See Para.

Brazil complimented 863

Budget, railways, 1913 752

Cascade in, A 527

Cattle for breeding to be imported from Uruguay 852

Coal deposite discovered 752

Coffee-
Cargo, largest 303

Production, 1911 131

Colonization encouraged in Stete of Minas Geraes 753

Commerce, Concordia Continental Society 624

Convicte, employment of 302

Corumbá, bids accepted for construction work of port 754

Cotton mills in Federal district 130

Dams, construction of 302, 452

Diamond, black, largest in the world, facsimile 754

Dredging Sao Francisco River 302

Education, Concordia Continental Society : 624

Eighty Days with the Bluecher Party 1

Engineering Club, meeting of 696

Factories, rubber 623

Geographic Historic Institute organized 752

Geographical Society of Rio de Janeiro 863

Gold mines to be developed 451

Horses, native 623

Hotels 129

Indians, Amazon Valley 734

Informations biu*eau, San Francisco, Cal 303

International Commission of Juriste, Fifth 624

Iron mines to be developed 451

Immigrante, Italian, 1913, number of 752

Land decree regulating ownerships 752

Library belonging to Baron do Rio Branco 301

Lloyd Brasileiro Steamship Co. granted subsidy 624

Loan, foreign, negotiations for 752

Maritime station, port of Sao Francisco, construction of 754

Maritime stetion to be constructed 862

Matte, distribution of samples 862

Mendes de Almeida, Dr. Fernando 74

Métallurgiste engaged to study ore deposite 625

Middleton Car Co., of the United Stetes, authorized to operate in Brazil. . . 129

Minas Geraes à Espíritu Santo Exploration Co 130

Mines and mining —

Baring Bros., of London 451

Coal deposite discovered 752

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Vra IKDBX.

BmACiL— Continued .

Mines and mining— Continued. Pace^

Gold and iron mines to be developed 451

Minas Geraes à Espiritu Santo Expkfation Co 130

Rothschild A Sons 451

Minister to Paraguay, appointment of 625

Monument to Ehnperor Dom Pedro 1 302

Moving pictures, Rio de Janeiro and other cities 131

Muller, Dr. Lauro 692,822

Musical instruments, Para 130

Navigation —

Fluvial, enormous development 861

Rio de Janeiro and Iguape, between 624

Rio Sao Paulo Navigatbn Co 624

Nictheroy, port works, plans approved 862

Parar—

Drainage system 130

Eighty Days with the Bluecher Party 165

Musical instruments 130

Parcel post, volume increasing 129

Penitentiaries, new 302

Physical geography of Braxil 861

Port works, Rio de Janeiro, extension of 129

Railways-
Appropriations for construction 751

Bahia-Minas Railway 303

Bahia-Minas Railway, sale of 452

Budget, 1913 751

Funilense Railway 302

Government authorized construction of new 625

Maritime station, Sao Paulo-Rio Grande Railways 754

Minas Geraes à Espiritu Santo Exploration Co 130

Paraguay Northeastern 303

Paulista Railway, new locomotives for 129

Rio de Janeiro to Porto Alegre, construction authorised 625, 752

Rio de Janeiro and Santos, electric traction railway 303

Rolling stock 451

Sao Paulo Railway Co-
Stockholders, meeting of 129

Share of 303

Sao Paulo-Rio Grande to purchase rolling stock of the Parana 451

West Minas Railway, erection of wiie fencing 129

Retention dams 754

Revenues —

Parcel post 129

Perfumes 130

Taxes 130

Rice production 861

Rio Branco, Baron do *. 801

Rio de Janeiro —

Eighty Days with the Bluecher Party 1

Port works, extension of 129

Tuberculosis, statistics concerning 624

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INDEX. IX

BRAZiL—Continued. Pagt.

Road, automobile, between Cambuquira, Aguas Virtuosas, and Caxambu,

request to construct 754

Rodrigues, Dr. Jose Carlos 824

Rubber —

Amazon basin, statistics 452

Amazon land colonization, report published by 753

Export duties, adjustment of 753

Export duty reduced 130

Planting of trees recommended 452

Refineries and factories, bids for 623

Stock less than previous year 129

Sao Paulo, city improvements 303

Sawmills, Minas Geraes & Espíritu Santo Exploration Co 130

Schools —

Schools of practical plowing 302

Supplemental works to be constructed 302

Slaughterhouses, Santa Theresa 128

Societies —

Concordia Continental Society 624

Société Anonyme des Établissements Bloch, authorized to engage in

business in 623

Steamship service — ^

England and Brazil, steamship plying between 129

North German Lloyd plying between Europe and River Plate country. 128

Passenger service, third class, between Europe and Brazil 752

Student Society in the United States 574

Sugar, north Brazil factories 130

A trip through 607

Telegraphs —

National system of wireless telegraphy 861

Radiotelegraph station at Stanley 130

Tuberculosis, Rio de Janeiro, statistics of 624

Uberaba, breeding farm 130

Uruguay, international bridge 650

Vessels arriving at Brazilian ports 130

See also Editorials, Magazine Articles, and Book Notes.

Bryan, Dinner in Honor op Secrbtart op State 491

Bureau op Expositionb at Montevideo, Uruouat 63

Caribbean Cruise, A 803

Cascade in Brazil 527

Centennial at Cadiz, Echoes op 200

Central America:

Minister of Italy to 766

Chile:

Admiral David Porter's reception in Chile 393

Agriculture —

Appropriation for establishment of practical school of 755

Congress oiganized 134

Congress to be held in Concepción 626

Congress, Tenth International, delegate to 132

National Agricultural Society 133

Normal schools 626

Schools 134

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X INDEX.

Chilb — Continued. Pa^e.

Aviation school to be establiabed 454

Bank»—

Bank of Chile, dividend 625

Dividends to stockholders 754

National Sa\ângB Bank, increase of deposits 455

Prosperous condition of 754

Bills submitted by State council to Chilean Congress, 1912 133

Bonds —

(^oncepcion bonds placed in London at par 455

Valdivia, public improvements of 454

Budgets, expenditures, estimated, 1913 627

Climate of Vina del Mar, health resort 864

Coal—

Errazuriz mines sold 454

Los Abarca, diflcover>' of vein 755

Congress of Cities, International, Ghent 804

Conservation of forests recommended by inspector general 132

Copper, Chuquicamata 626

Corporations and banks, prosperous condition of 75^

Customhouses —

Revenues, 1912 625

Valparaiso, receipt and dispatch of merchandise 304

Customs warehouses, imported merchandise, term of storage 134

Dairy interests 304

Electric light service, Ancud to be supplied with 133

Enameling company to be organized in Santiago 132

Farming, dry 626

Fishing industry, Japanese solicit permission to engage in 626

Flax, first shipment grown in soutJiem Chile 626

Forests, statistics 455

(leologic institute, bill providing for establishment of 133

Glass —

Factory established at Concepción 132

Factory inaugurated at Rancagua 755

Gold, ores discovered in the Department of Melpilla 134

Highway, improvement of Renca, Nufioa, and Viña del Mar to Concón.. 132

Hospital, British, free entry for materials and supplies 305

Insurance companies, Santiago 304

International Smelting Congress 454

Iron-ore di*»trict, Bureau of Mines compiles data showing extent of 131

Irrigation —

Coquimbo 454

Cautin River to Temuco 454

Laja Canal 454

New canals to be constructed 134

Nilahue Valley 454

Works under construction ' 454

Lands, forestal, statistics concerning 455

Lebu, improvements of port of 756

Loans —

Viña del Mar, loan authorized, for city improvements 133

Viña del Mar 455

Magellan Territory 625

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INDEX. XI

Chile — Continued.

Maps — Page.

Arauco coal zone , 755

Vallenar y Freirina mining zone 305

Matches, wooden phosphorus, increase in duty on imports of 133

Mercantile Reports 617

Mines and mining —

Chuquicamata Copper mines 738

Coal, exploitation of mines at Talcahuano and Arauco 134

Coal mines discovered at Los Abarca 755

Copper mines at Chuquicamata 626

Engineers, bill providing for mining 133

Errazuriz Coal mines sold.* : 454

Exploitation of unworked mines 134

Gold ores discovered in Department of Melpilla 134

Iron-ore district, data showing extent of 131

Iron industry, data concerning 134

Law concerning free acquisition of mines 305

Map of Vallenar y Freirina zone 305

School of Mines, Santiago 454

• The mineral resources of Chile 740

Montt, Sr. David 78

Navigation treaty with Italy 626

Nitrates —

Bill regarding attachment and alienation of properties and lands 133

Distribution to farmers 304

Fertilizer 288

National Society organized 133

Pastoral land, Magellan Territory 625

Petroleum —

Antofagasta, vicinity of 134

Cambridge Island 134

Cautin deposits 627

Curacuatin, discovery of deposits at 755

National Mining Society commissioned to study deposits 131

Potable water —

Budget of Valparaiso Co. for 1913 132

Caldera to be supplied with 132

Los Andes to b#provided with 132

San Felipe to be provided with 132

Traiguén : 132,304

Punta Arenas, sewer system for 454

Rafts to be used for transporting timber without obtaining licenses 133

Railways —

Activity in 453

Alamo to Molina, surv^ey for 134

Alconçs to Pichilemu 305

Arica to Zapiga, appropriation for construction of 134

Arica to Zapiga 304

Branch lines to the longitudinal railway 132

Budget for construction and rolling stock, 1913 756

Central railway, appropriation for purchase of sleepers 131

Electrification of State railways 134

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xa IKDSX.

Chils— Continued .

lUilwayí— Continued. Page.

Howmrd syndicate 134

Lonooche to ViUarica, private steam lailway 305

Longitudinal, standardising of guage of 132

Longitudinal, northern, near completion 455

Longitudinal railway, northern, completed 755

Longitudinal railway, length of 863

Machine diops, prices offered for plans and specifications 755

Mixed railway commission 304

Monte Obscuro to Salamanca, plans for construction of 755

Port San Antonio to Cartagena, cost of construction 131

Puente Alto to Melocotón opened 131

San Bernardo to Puente Alto 304

Santiago to La Serena, inauguration of 134

Trans-Andean, survey in southern zone 305

Transandine, via Nuble 132

Trans-Andean, work on 304

Valparaiso to Buenos Aires, service between 304

Resources, economic 207

Sanitation, habitations for workmen 305 *

Schools-
Agricultural school, appropriation for establishment of practical 755

Agricultural, conmiittee to report upon 134

Agricultural normal schools 626

Aviation 454

Geodetic school, department of industry requests installation of 132

Industrial school 756

Public 134

Schools of mines —

Establishment of a school at Copiapo 454

Tariff charges for analyses and assays, Santiago 454

Scientific Congress, Eighth, of Chile 864

Smelting Congress, London, May, 1913, Crovemment invited to participate

in 131

Steamship service —

Braum à Blanchard Co 132

Peruvian and Chilean ports, monthly service to be established between . 133

Valparaiso and Punta Arenas, additional vessels be^g^n 132

Sugar refinery on Teja Island 627

Talcahuano, plans and specification of commercial port of 755

Telegraph line opened between Valparaiso and Santiago 626

Tierra del Fuego 625

Valparaiso—

The city of 653

Customs regulations, concerning merchandise 304

Improvements, bids for 304

Vice consul ad honorem of Panama at Coquimbo 132

Vina del Mar, climate of 864

Viticulture station offers advice free 863

Wharves —

Construction of 454

Las Salinas, wharf to be constructed at 133

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INDEX. xin

Chile — Continued .

Water service — Page.

Ancud 453

Puerto Montt 453

Molina 453

Waterworks —

Cabildo, bids for 304

Castro, bids for 304

Su also Editorials, Magazine Articles, and Book Notes.

Clay, Hbnrt, the Pan Americanism of 685

Colombia:

Acosta de Sampere, Mrs. Soledad 865

Agricultiure —

Agricultural and industrial fair at Cauca 456

Exposition planned by North Santander 866

Society oiganized at Bucaramanga 136

Arms and explosives 627

Asphalt, contract for exploitation of 305

Aviation —

Aerial flights 456

Aeroplane presented to Government 136

Aeroplane exhibition 757

School, Bogota 30

"Banana Zone," the 757

Banks —

Banco Alemán- Antioquefio, Medellin, establishment of 136

Bogota, bank to be founded by the Dieyfus Bolo House of Paris 136

Industrial Bank of Cartgena opened 866

Manzinales Bank, proñts 756

Sucre Bank, Medellin, mortgage department of 136

Barranquilla —

Public improvements, loan granted by Commercial Bank for 306

Public improvements 456

Board of Trade, Bogota, reorganized 865

Bogota —

Births, 1912 455

Deaths, 1912 455

Marriages, 1912 455

Notarial registrations 628

Budgets —

Medellin, municipal, 1913 628

Receipts and expenditures, 1913 627

Cartagena —

Bay dredged 135

Imports, 1912 456

Cattle company oiganized at Barranquilla 456

Capstan for Nemocon Sal mines 306

Coal, Cauca Valley 456

Census, populations of capitals of Dex>artment8 756

Chilean scholarships 627

Cigarette company organized at Medellin 865

Coffee-
Exports by Antioquia, 1912 628

Railway planned by coffee planters 757

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XIV INDEX.

Colombia — Continued. Page.

Colonization company, Bogota 628

Consuls and consulates —

Monte Carlo consulate made consulate general 757

Oruro, jurisdiction of consulate at 865

Cortés, Sr. Don Enrique 69

Education —

New schools planned, 25 757

Pedagogic lyceums established 136

Portuguese to be added to the curriculum of the military staff 866

Electric-light service —

Tunja, plant inaugurated at 628

Carmen, installation of plant at 135

Emeralds, exploitation tax 456

Escobar, Sr. Don Francisco 75

Eucharistie Congress, Bogota 865

Exports of coffee, by Antioquia Railway, 1912 ,, . . . 628

Exposition, North Santander planning to hold an 866

Factories —

Cloth and cord, Barranquilla 136

Tobacco, Girardot 136

Tobacco, Penalso 136

Floral games, anniversary of 866

Foreign press agency 455

Forests, municipal receipts of Tumaco for exploitation of national 757

Gold, Veta Mining Co. to exploit properties in Ibague 306

Hydroplanes, Barranquilla to Girardot 306

Imports —

Arms and explosives 627

Cartagena, 1912 456

Indians, schools established for ^ 628

Inventions, machine for compressing sugar 865

Islands, San Andres and Providencia, local governments established 135

Ivegislati ve committee, officers of 135

Libraries, Bucaramanga 865

Literary and artistic property 461

I.roans —

Department of Antioquia authorized to make loan 865

Manazales, Department of, negotiating for loan 306

Ivocusts, destruction of 866

Lighthouses, Morro Hill 756

Machinery, Arcesio Mejia exempt from duties on 628

Magdalena River, dredging of 136

Manuscripts in National Library to be bound 455

Map, new, of the Republic 866

Medellin —

Board of trade, officers of 628

Public works, construction of 305

Medicine, National Academy of, to award merit prize 757

Mines and mining —

Annual tax on mines 135

Breitung Mines Corporation, exploring expedition of the 866

Coal, Cauca Valley 456

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INDEX. XV

CoLokBiA — Continued.

Minee and mining — Continued. Page.

Emerald minee, exploitation tax on 456

London company organized to buy mines.. 136

Placers, activity in Colombian 733

Progress of mining in 739

Salt mines, capstan ordered for 306

Veta Mining Co. to exploit gold properties t . . . 306

Minister of foreign affairs, appointment of 135

Money orders, adoption of international convention 455

Monument, Bogota, erection of 865

Navigation —

Hydroplane boat, Magdalena River 627

Lago del Centenario, Bogota 135

Lower Magdalena River, rapid navigation of 757

Patia and Tembi Rivers 135

Parcel poet —

Bogota 135

International convention, adoption of 455

Medellin 135

Penal and agricultural colonies 136

Petroleum, contract for exploitation of 305

Physicians, foreign 756

Population, capitals of departments 756

Port Colombia, sanitary station to be repaired 135

Postal ratee 136

Postal routes, new 136

Postal schools ! 306

Publications: ** The Banana Zone" 757

Railways —

Amaga railway, terminal station of 135

Amaga railway, modified plans 757

Coffee planters plan road 757

Department of Antioquia, preliminary survey of railways lines 865

Joint ticket office, Bogota 306

Medellin to Uraba Gulf, plan for building road from 756

Sabana railways, new passenger cars 306

Steel frameworks ordered from United States 306

Survey for two new roads 627

Real property, value of, Department of Cauca 757

Revenues, liquors, 1912 865

* River Lebrija, deepening of 456, 866

Salaries —

Judges of Supreme Court 305

President 305

Salt-
Maritime works, rules and regulations 628

Zipaquira deposits, receipts of 866

Sanitary convention ratified 136

Sanitary station, Puerto Colombia, inauguration of 864

Scholarships offered by Chile 627

2191—13 2

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XVI INDEX.

Colombia -Continued.

School»— Pace.

Aviation 306

Estobliishment of 25 757

Indians of Arauca Territory 628

Pedagogic lyceums established 136

Postal 306

Public, attendance of, Bogota 627

Stenography, Bogota 864

Scientific expedition from New York 455

Ship, consul general in New York authorized to contract for a 628

Skins, alligator, exports to New York 456

Society of Fine Arts oiganixed in Bogota 865

Steamboat Girardot, constructed for use in dredging 136

Steamship service —

Atrato River 305

Cartagena and Quibdo, between 305

Company oi^ganized 305

La Dorada to Barranquilla 306

Sugar, invention of machine for compressing 865

Tanning factory, Arcesio Mejia exempt from duties on machinery, etc 628

Telegraphs —

Telefunken Wireless Telegraph Co 305

Wireless station on the San Andres and Providencia Islands 455

Wireless station for communication with the United States 136

Tobacco-
Company organized to exploit industry 865

Factory, Girardot 136

Factory to be established at Penaliso 136

Tramway, Bucaramanga 628

Traveling salesmen 334

United States rifle match invites (^olombia to participate 627

University of Magdalena, Santa Marta 306, 456

Uruguayan legation established at Bogota 757

Vaccine station, Bogota 135

Zoological Congress, Monaco 628

See also Editorials, Magazine Articles, and Book Notes.
Commerce :

Dominican Republic, foreign commerce, 1912 550

Ecuador, 1910 92

Haiti, 1911 98

Honduras, 1911 101

Nicaragua, 1908, 1909, 1910 .■ 107

Peru, 1911 113

Conquest of the Tropics, the 674

Consular Reports 90, 297, 443, 617, 746, 855

Costa Rica:

Agriculture —

Canton of Puriscal 139

Machinery from the United States 138

Propaganda work 137

Rhodes grass 137

Salitral de Santa Ana 629

Seed potatoes 139

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INDEX. xvn

Costa Rica— Continued. Page

Alajuela market, new 624

Arias, Climaco, mechanic 138

Atheneum of 183

Bananas —

Export of Limon ' 3C8

United Fruit Co., contract with growers of 757

Bank, Mercantile, San Jose, deposit of gold 457.

Barracks, erection of 139

Beans, Canton of Puriscal 139

Births, February, 1913 868

Bitulithic pavement, San Jose 629

Bridges-
Bastions for, construction of 307

Jericó River between Acosta and Tablazo 758

Budgets, Limon, 1912-13 307

Canton of Puriscal, rich agricultural section 139

Cattle-
Jersey cattle, Chicua plantation 308

Stock show 138

Cement building for Colon 307

Centenary of San Jose 457

Central American Conference, Fifth 137

Corantes, Dr. Vicente Castro, pathologist 139

Chile, Postal Money Order Convention 867

Coal, discovery of mine at Talamanca 807

Coco Island, recommended for penal settlement 307

Coins, silver 137

Coke, freight rates. Pacific Railway - 456

Colleges, Colegio Superior de Señoritas, free scholarships 629

Concession, water for sugar-cane mill 629. 758

Conference, Fifth Central American 84

Consuls and consulates —

California, Los Angeles, Carlos Enrique Bobertz, consul ad honorem . . 138

Chile, appointment of consul at Santiago 867

Consul. general in Paris, appointment of 458

Ecuadorian appointment of Costa Rican citizen 457

France, Paris, appointment of consul general. .' 629

Las Palmas, Canary Islands, appointment of consul 758

Peru, Callao, appointment of consul at 867

Cordage factory, San Jose , 867

Com, Canton of Puriscal 139

Deaths, February, 1913 868

Dredges bought in Panama 868

Electric light service —

Esparta, plant to be installed in 868

Mora« plant installed at 307

Piedades 139

Santa Ana 139

Villa de Quesada, enlargement of plant at 456

Village of Palmares 758

•'^actories —

Cordage , San Jose 867

Ice 138

Twine and rope 307

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XVm INDEX.

Costa Rica — Continued. p«ko.

Flags, purchase of 138

Flora 629

Flour, freight ratee. Pacific Railway 457

Golfo Dulce 867

Grass, Rhodes 137

Highways —

Agua Caliente and El Muñeco, survey between 139

San Ramon to Rio Frio, plan for construction of 457

Hospital»—

Amount collected for hospitals Id 867

Tax on sale of railway tickets , 139

Ice factories 138

Jail, erection of 139

Los Canales, rich agncultiiral section 139

Lumber, Salitral de Santa Ana 629

Lyceum of Costa Rica, curriculum reorganized 867

Maritime communications 758

Market, municipality of Canas contracts for public 868

Marriages, February, 1913 868

Mechanic of Cartago to complete education in the United States 138

Mines and mining, Talamanca, discovery of coal at 307

Money orders, postal, convention between Costa Rica and Chile 867

Municipal officers 138

Naranjo, construction of municipal building at 137

Pathologic anatomy 139

Peace Conference, Fifth Central American 307

Postal Service, triweekly, between Monte Redondo and Ricardo Dent

Prieto ^ 457

Potatoes 139

Puntarenas market, construction of 758

Railways —

Electric raüways, bids for construction of 137

Freight rates on coke and flour 456

Pacific railway, new station at Puntarenas 138

Pacific railway, tax on tickets 139

San Jose to Coronado, tramway from 139

Rhodes grass 137

River, deepening of Estero 868

Road, automobile, contract for 307

Ruins, prehistoric, to be studied by French explorer 457

Salitral de Santa Ana, agricultural center 629

San Jose —

Bitulithic pavement 629

Centenary of 457

School of Fine Arts 138

Street paving of 137,307

Scholarships, college for girls 629

Schools —

Curriculum of normal and commercial schools reorganized 867

Domestic arts, fee charged pupils 867

Fine Arte, San Jose 138

San Jose, contract for construction of two buildings in 759

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INDEX. XIX

Costa Rica — Continued. Page.

Silver coins in circulation 137*

Steamehip service, coastwise freight and passenger servicia 307

Stock show 138

Sugar-
Canton of Puriscal 139

Salitral de Santa Ana 629

Theater, new, San Jose 457

Tramways —

Alajuela and Grecia, bid submitted for electric line between 759

San Jose to Coronado 139

United States, Warren Bros. Co., Boston 629

Water mains —

Angeles and Concepción de San Rafael de Heredia districts 869

Higuito de San Mateo district 758

Water service —

Escasu, rules and regulations 628

San Jose 138

Waterworks —

Bids for 758

Coronado, installation of works at 457

Naranjo, installation of works at 458

See also Editorials, Magazine Articles, and Book Notes.
Cuba:

Agriculture, schools 308

Aqueducts, Santiago .• 140, 760

Army officers admitted to united States military schools 630

Asphalt for fuel 141

Bakery, Guanabacoa, largest factory on island 760

Banks —

Banking laws and methods of Cuba 741

Branch of Spanish bank established at Marianao 459

National bank, semiannual dividend of 140

Nuevitas 140

Bradon, Prof. , visit to \ 252

Budgets, Habana, receipts and expenditures 759

Cabinet, personnel of 868

Canal, Roque Valle 310

Cattle, slaughter of cows 868

Cigars and cigarettes, consumption of 630

College, Candler, dedication of 309

Commerce, foreign, first half of 1912 139

Congress of School of Hygiene, Fourth International, Buffalo, N. Y. —

Delegates to 759

Transportation rates to Cuban déliâtes *.". 868

Congresses in which Cuba has been invited to participate 869

Consul api)ointments 141

Conventions in which Cuba has been invited to participate 869

Customs duties, payable by check 630

Debt, public 141

Diplomatic appointments 141

Dock, dry, Habana, construction of 869

Economic and Statistical Commission 458

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XX INDEX.

Ce BA— Continued.

Electric-light aervâce — l'aiç».

Habana, in^pllation in 140

Jovellanoe 141

lAJas, inatallation oí plant at 309

Limonar, plant to be installed 459

Sancti SpiritUB 139

Torres, Sr. Ruiz, authorized to install plant 869

Engineers, Cuban Association of 631

Expedition of naturalists from Harvard University 458

Exports, sugar 869

Explosives, rules and regulations 869

Expositions in which Cuba has been invited to participate 869

Factories —

Confectionery and biscuit factory, largest 760

Ice factory, construction of 630

Farming in, future 183

Finlay, Dr. Carlos J., discoverer of yellow fever 309

Fruit, Isle of Pines 308

Golderman, Capt. Philip S., Order of Military Merit 309

Guanabacoa, confectionery and biscuit factory, erection of largest 760

Habana —

National Museum installed at 459

Park, new, donated 759

Tariff rates for commercial and professional licenses 458

Terminal Station, new 60

Waterworks, sewering, and pa\ing of city, decree concerning interest-
bearing notes for 458

Health and charity, supervisors of 869

Highway between Palos and Pipián, construction of 760

Horticulture —

Exposition, 1913 459

Society of Cuba, annual meeting 308

Hospital of Habana 141

Ice —

Isle of Pines 630

Nueva Gerona, pUnt to be installed at 459

Immigrants, Spanish laborers 140

Insect specimens obtained by Harvard University naturalists 458

Iron ore disappears from eastern markets 289

Isle of Pine» —

Fruit, shipments of 308

Ice factory, construction of 630

Lawyers, women, graduate from the University of Habana 869

Los ferrocamles de Cuba 294

Maine, monument to commemorate the destruction of the 869

Marti, José, bust of 458

Mexico, postal money order between Cuba and 308

Milk, Habana adopts plan for obtaining pure 459

Monuments —

The Maine, monument to commemorate the destruction of 869

Santiago de Cuba 630

Money-order convention between Cuba and Mexico 308

Digitized

by Google

INDEX. XXI

Cuba — Continued.

National Museum — Page.

Appropriation for 630

Installed at Habana 469

Peruvian antiquities 459

Temporary quarters opened 309

National University of 511

Parcel posts, treaty with the United States 140

Patent-medicine bill, modification of 631

Ports, enlarging Cuban x 309

Petroleum deposit in Province of Matanzas denounced 869

Pénate, Judge Roberto Méndez.. 458

Potable water, Santiago de las Vegas 140

President Menocal, inauguration of 822

Products, exhibition of, consulate at Santa Cruz, Canary Islands 459

Publications —

Habana, illustrated weekly to be published in 759

The Times of Cuba (magazine) 141

Railway line from Sierra Morena to Sagua completed 759

Rats, vessels anchoring at Cuban wharves to be fumigated for 869

Roque Canal of Matanzas, Cuba, The Great 668

Sanitarium, tuberculosis, Arroyo Apolo 630

Santiago de las Vegas Aqueduct completed 140

School, agricultural 308

Societies-
Horticultural Society 458

Horticulture, annual meeting 308

Sporting Writers' Association 308

Statues — •

Habana, at Parque de la Punta, to Jose de la Luz Caballero 140

Habana, plan to erect statue of Gen. Maximo Gomez 759

Santiago de Cuba, Francisco Vicente Aguilera 308

Steamship service —

Herrera Steamship Co 631

United States» growing trade with 631

Sugar —

Exports from 140, 869

Mill, establishment of 630

Mill to be constructed in district of Camaguey 760

Refinery in Cardenas, company organized to operate 759

Transportation of Central Railway '. 759

Tariff rates for commercial and professional licenses in Habana 458

Tax collected for public debt 141

Telephone service —

Plant of city of Matanzas to be sold 631

System installed in Cerro district 459

Tobacco, preferred Habana Tobacco Co 309

Treaty with Venezuela, extradition 760

Tuberculosis, State sanitarium at Arroyo Apolo 630

Venezuela, extradition treaty 760

Vessels anchoring at Cuban wharves to be fumigated for rats 869

Wharves —

Loughlin Bros., forfeited concession 309

Manzanillo, private wharves of the New York Niquero Sugar Co 309

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XXn IKDBX.

Cuba — Continued.

Water aervice — Pace.

Habana 141

Pinar del Rio 308

Trinidad, regulationa 308

Trinidad to receive water from Tayaba Aqueduct 760

Santiago de Cuba, reguktiona 308

Yellow fever, discoverer of 309

^ee aUo Editorials, Magazine Articles, and Book Notes.

DiNNBB IN Honor op Sbokbtaby op Statb Bryan 491

Dominican Republic:

Arbitration treaty, Second International Congress of American States,

ratified by Dominican Congress 460

Argentina, book, "Argentina y Sus Grandezas" 142

Army, two battalions to be formed 632

Attorney General, appointment of 460

Automobiles—

Jerónimo, service for 142

Santo Domingo, service for 142

Bills of lading, order requiring duplicate 870

Boot and shoe manufacture <>32

Budget —

Public improvements, 1913 311

Santo Domingo 461

Coat of arms-
Design of 632

Decree specifying form and colors 761

Cabinet —

Change of •. 310

Personnel of 141, 760

Cacao, additional export tax on 633

Commerce —

Catalogues of foreign houses for use of the public 142

International Conference, Brussels 633

Report of general receiver, William E. PuUiam 575

Conference, international, Brussels 633

Congresses in which the Dominican Republic has been invited to par-
ticipate 870

Consuls and consulates —

Appointments 310

Expenses and salaries 631

Flags used by 632

Furniture, amount available for 633

Haiti, Cape Haïtien, appointment of consul 871

Madrid, Spain, appointment of consul general at 142, 871

Mexico 142

New York, appointment of consul general 632

Cotton, sea-island seed 142

Customhouse, Santo Domingo, construction of 871

Decree regarding payments from the treasury 311

Diplomatic appointments 142

Electric light —

Puerto Plata 310

Puerto Plata, inauguration of plant 762

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INDEX. xxm

DoMiKiCAN RsPüBuo — Continued.

Electric light— Continued. Pai?o.

Electñc light and power plants, Santiago 142

Santo Domingo to supply outlying cities 762

Service to be extended to private persons 871

Electric power, printing press installs plant 142

Expatriated citizens invited to return 142

Exports, message of President 761

Factory, ice 871

Finances, public indebtedness 311

Flags of the Republic 632

Governors of the Republic .' 141

Gnn, rapid-fire, invention of 142

Hospital ''La Humanitaria " at La Vega, work commenced on 871

Ice factory established at Seybo 871

Laborers, San Pedro de Macoris 310

Laws, municipalities 460

Legation, Switzerland, Berne, appointment of secretary 632

Loans —

National City Bank of New York, contract with the 460

President authorized to contract loan 142

Market in San Francisco de Macoris, construction of public 762

Message of the President 761

Mines and mining, denouncement of valuable property in Province of

Santo Domingo ^ 633

Municipalities, laws governing 460

Parcel-post convention with tíie United States 310

Philanthropic Society formed 142

President takes oath of office 760

Publications —

"El Porvenir,'» Puerto Plata 311

Newspapers, new 461

Weekly paper, "Pro Patria" 142

Public works, appropriation by Congress for 762

Railways —

Message of the President 761

Northern Railway, editorial comment 871

Resources investigated by American capitalists 762

Schools —

Music .* 461

Public 461

Typewriting and bookkeeping, Santo Domingo 871 -

Sporting Club, officers of 461

Steamers, negotiations for new line of 870

Sugar, production of Central "Consuelo de Macoris" 142

Telegraph service —

Wireless installation at Santiago de los Caballeros 762

Wireless station for the Central Romana property 460

Telephone service for residence in Santiago . 142

Theaters-
Santo Domingo, construction of new theater in 632

Santo Domingo, American company contracted to build new theater. . 870

Typewriting and bookkeeping, school of, Santo Domingo 871

See also Editorials, Magazine Articles, and Book Notes.

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XXIV INDEX.

Page.

Echoes of the Centennial at Cadiz 200

Ecuador:

Academy of Lawyers, Quito, rules and regulatíons of the 144

Agricultural Society, rulee and regulations of 312

Aguardiente, tax on sale of 143

Arbitral delegate of the President 462

Aviation —

School founded in Guayaquil 872

School to be established at Quito 6S4

Bahia de C^araquez, construction of sea wall at 312

Bananas, section suitable for cultivation of 764

Banks-
Bank of Pichincha, Quito 634

Central Bank 143

Quito, Central Bank at Quito 312

Bay of Caraquez, deepening of 634

Birds 462

Bridge over Guayas River, plan to construct 144

Budgets —

National School of Fine Arts 873

Public schools, Imbabura, 1913 312

Cacao, tax on 312

Casares, Dr. Manuel Maria 143

Code of civil procedure amended 143

Commerce, 1911 634

Congress of Students 872

Conventions, postal 462

CMrcus, American, negotiations for an 873

Consuls and consulates —

Berlin 312

New York, appointment of consul general at 462

Pact concerning 311

Paraguay, appointment of consul general in 143

Schumacher, Mr. Roberto, Berlin 312

Venezuela, appointment of consul general in 462

Desk for schools, adjustable 312

English I^anguage Club organized 634

Factory, Quito, flour used by cracker 312

Fauna and Flora, investigations by Wm. B. Richardson, Silver Island 763

Football teAm from schools and colleges of Latacunga 144

Foreign relations and justice, secretary of 462

Gualaquiza incorporated in Province of Azuay, Parish of 763

Guayaquil —

Beautification of city 762

Ecuadores growing port 495

Municipal building, bids opened for new 634

Traffic of vehicles, rules and regulations 633

Health conditions, port of Guayaquil 144

Highways —

Cut'uca to Iluigra 143

Guanujo to Ventanas ^ 461

National highway from Cuenca to Huigra 634

Hospilal, Portoviejo 461

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INDEX. XXV

Ecuador — Continued.

Importe— ' Paw.

1911 873

1912 635

Law, American Institute, election of prominent Ecuadorian 462

Legation, Washington, appointment of secretary 143

Literary and artistic property 461

Loan, made by Bank of Ecuador 312

Matches, duty on 312

Metropolitan Club , officers of 763

Military service 873

Mines and mining —

Central Bank of Quito to finance working mines 312

Platinum, discovery of 462

Minister of Colombia and Venezuela 872

Money orders, domestic postal 873

Natural history, birds and mammals 462

Observatory, astronomical, to be established 143

Parcel post, tax on merchandise imported by 144

Patente and trade-marks —

Dupont Powder Co., Wilmington, Delaware n 462

Standard Oil Co 462

Patent on invention, traction engine, request for 461

Pedagogic societies, organization of 143

Population of Guayaquil 462

Postal convention, ratification of 462

Propaganda data 143

Publications —

Military bulletin 873

Newspaper, weekly, established at Ambato 763

Weekly newspaper, **E1 Trabajo, " founded 634

Quito, establishment of free medical service at 763

Railways —

Ambato to Curaray railway, work begun on 872

Babahoyo to Balsapamba, negotiations for construction of 312

Bahia railway, reduction of freight rates 143

Curaray railway, head engineer of construction work 143

Curaray railway, supplies for construction of line 312

Huigra to Cuenca 311

Guayaquil to Playas •. 143

Guayaquil to Quito to establish terminal station 144

Manta to Portoviejo 873

Manta to Santa Ana railway, opening of 633

Rosario, decree incorporating parish in Province of Azuay 763

Schools —

Aviation, Quito 634

Aviation school founded in Guayaquil 873

Budget for National School of Fine Arte 873

Desks, adjustable 312

Night school, Guayaquil 873

Normal Agricultural School opened 873

Silver Islands, fauna and flora of 762

Societies —

Cooperative society, officers of 143

"Orientales Ecuatorianos," Quito 462

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XXVI INDEX.

EcüAiK>B— Continued. Page.

straw hatB, toquilla, countries exporting 763

Taxée—

Aguardiente 143, 461

Cacao 312,634

Municipal 144

Surtax on merchandise imported by parcel post 144

Telegraphs-
Wireless station at customhouse in Guayaquil 143

Zaruma and Pifias, work on line between 311

International pact 312

Wireless station erected at Guayaquil 873

Telei^one service—

Cruayaquil, special service for municipal and Government offices of . . . 144

Guayaquil to the city of Playas, line to be constructed from 873

Toquilla straw, countries exix>rting 763

Trail to be constructed from Loja to Zamora 873

Tramways-
Guayaquil, new electric cars for 312

Quito, installation of line near completion 873

United States Congress of Hygiene, Ecuador invited to participate in 143

Universities, appropriations for 634

Waterworks at Riobamba, inauguration of 634

Zamora, decree incorporating parish in Province of Azuay 763

See alêo Editorials, Magazine Articles, and Book Notes.

EioHTT Days wtth thb "Blürohxb" Pabtt 1, 165,360

Future Farmino in Cuba 183

GUATBMALA, PrOORSSSIVB 491

Guatemala:

Agriculture, College of, Guatemala City 635

Aguardiente, Salama hospital to receive tax on 464

Aqueduct at Quezaltenango, work commenced on Santa Rita 765

Argentina, direct trade with 314

Bank, American, Guatemala City, financial status of 463

Buildings—

Quezaltenango, construction of municipal palace 464

San Diego, erection of municipal building in 145

Cabrera, Sr. Licentiate Manula E^strada 313

Commercial Society, by-laws of 145

Congress of Agriculture, delegates to ■ 766

Congress of Commercial Statistics, Brussels, delegates to 766

Congress of Domestic Science. Ghent, déliâtes to 766

Congress of Pharmacy, The Hague, delegate to 874

Congress of Popular Education, Madrid, delegate to 463

Congress of Sanitation, Antwerp, delegates to 766

Congress of School Hygiene, International 873

Congresses, international, delegates to 636

Consuls and consulates —

London, appointment of consul in 874

Mexico, Guadalajara, appointment of consul at 636

Corozo 313

Education —

Congress of Popular Education, Madrid, Spain, delegate to 463

English professors, contract with 463

Ecuador, consul general of 766

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INDEX. XXVII

Guatemala — Continued.

Electric light service— Page.

Customs building, San Jose, contract for 464

Guatemala, Colon Theater in 145

Momostenango, installation of plant in 145

Exports —

1912 636

Department of Izabel 144

Exposition at Ghent, articles to be exhibited at: 765

Fairs, annual 463

Federal Congress, deputies to the 874

Federation Life Association 875

Firearms, tax on 636, 766

France, Grand Cross of the L^ion of Honor 313

Geologic Congress, International, delegate to 463

Guatemala City, kiosk, construction of 145

Imports, Department of Izabel 144

Iron piping 145

Italy, minister to Central America 766

Kiosk, construction of 145

Loan made by Occidental Bank to municipality of Quezaltenango 765

Mahogany Co., American and Guatemalan 636

Maritime rules and regulations 636, 766

Message of President 764

Mines and mining, message of President 765

Momostenango, electric light and power plant, installation of 145

Monuments —

Guatemala, Plaza Reina Barrios 145

Granados, Gen. Garcia, most notable 463

Navigation, rules and regulations 636, 766

Patent and trade-marks —

Fellows. Medical Manufacturing Co., New York 464

Western Clock Co., Illinois 464

Potable water. Casillas, iron piping for 145

President of Guatemala decorated by President of France 313

Progressive Guatemala 481

Publications —

Bulletin of Department of Foreign Relations 313

"El Soldado de Oriente,*' new newspaper 314

Quezaltenango, committee of public works 145

Railways, international, of Central America 144

Real Estate Co., organized in Brussels 145

Roads, public, construction of 145

Rubber, West Rubber Co., of New York 873

Salt, vülage of Nuca 874

San Gerónimo aguardiente 464

San Juan Sacatepequez, annual fairs at 463

Salvador, national mourning for death of Dr. Manuel E. Araújo, President

of Salvador , 765

Schools —

Miscellaneous 313

Primary 313, 636

National school of industry, construction of 145

National School of Telegraphy 313

Training school for boys and girls, English professors for 314

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XXVin INDEX.

Guatemala — Continued Page,

Society, Central, of Aitiaans and Mutual helpers 463

Soy bean, petition to cultivate the 874

Sumac and crude tannin extracte, personal grant U>t free entry 765

Tannin extracts, sumac and crude 765

Taxes, firearms 636

Telegraphs —

Las Quebradas and La Trocha, construction of line between 145

Wireless tower, contract for 635

Totonicapan, receipts and expenditures of the municipality of 464

Translators —

Law governing 145

Registered 636

United States, inauguration of President Wilson, Guatemalan delegate to . 765

Vegetable ivor>% petition to export 313

Set aUo Eklitorials, Magazine Articles, and Book Notes.

Guayaquil, Ecuador's Growing Port 495

H Am:

Agriculture —

Fair 876

Report of secretary regarding coffee and cacao trees 768

Audain, M. George 464

Automobiles —

Company organized in Port-au-Prince 637

Port-au-Prince, autobus service inaugurated in 767

Port-au-Prince, service installed in 147

Baseball at Port-au-Prince, first game of 315

Bonds, internal debt 876

Building of national palace, architect's plans for 464

Cacao, report of secretary of agriculture on 768

Cayes, construction of cement wharf at 147

Code, penal, modification of 315

Coffee, report of secretary of agriculture on 768

Congress of, opening of the Third Session of the Twenty-seventh 875

Customs inspector, Port-au-Prince -- 315

(Customs receipts, Petit-Goave, three months, 1912 465

Debts, internal 876

Department of state, rules governing the 876

Education of Haitien peasants, lecture on 465

Football games arranged by Union of Haitian Sports 146

Foreign affairs, department of, decree recognizing 766

French Cable Co., reduction in rates 315

House of representatives, election of speaker of 876

Hygiene, board of, Port-au-Prince 768

Independence, anniversary of 314

I>aw, truant 46p

Ivcconte Park, inaug\iration of 876

Loan for public works. Government to negotiate 314

Merchandise, duties on perishable 766

Mines and mining, expert engineers to study resources 147

Navy, warships to be repaired 147

Parcel posts, convention with France 767

Port-au-Prince —

Appropriation for cleaning streets 637

Autobus service installed 768

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INDEX. XXIX

Haiti — Continued .

Port-au-Prince — Continued. Page.

Automobile service installed 147

Board of hygiene organized : 768

Congress of public hygiene 146

Mailboxes 876

Street named in honor of physician 768

Port de Paix —

Statistics of births, deaths, and marriages 315

President Auguste, demise of 833

President Tancrède Auguste, death of 875

President Taf t, cable of congratulations upon anniversary of independence . 314

Proclamation of President 314

Railways —

Commissioner of National Haitian Railroad Co., appointment of 315

Gonaives to Ennery, line accepted by Government 637

New station for Port au Prince 876

Plaine-du-Oul-de-Sac Co., report of 465

Port au Prince to St. Marc, near completion 767

Roman Catholic Church with the constitutional authorities of the Repub-
lic, relations of the 876

Schools —

Primary, reorganization of 146

Primary, program of studies 768

Teachers' Association, Port-au-Prince 146

Tobacco, duty on raw and manufactured 315

Venezuela, statue in memory of Haitian patriot in 767

Wharf, Cayes, construction of cement 147

Water service, Port-au-Prince,- appropriation for 464

Waterworks —

Call for tenders 315

Port au Prince, repairing 146

See also Editorials; Magazine Articles; and Book Notes.

Habana Terminal Station, New 60

Hbrrick's, Ambassador, Luncheon to His Latin American Colleagues. . 545
Honduras:

Agalteca Mining Co 148

Agricultural use, land grants for 466

Aguardiente, contract for 148

Army, number of soldiers in, 1912 467

Automobile service, freight and passenger, between San Lorenzo and

Tegucigalpa 317

Banana shipments from Ceiba 149

Banks —

Atlântida Bank, La Ceiba, opened 637

Issue and discount bank authorized 638

Births in 1911 770

Bonilla, demise of President 57o

Bonilla, solemn mass for late President 694

California, trade development, prospects for increased 148

Ceiba, banana shipments of 149

Cement factory, Roman, at Choluteca, establishment of 877

Chicago Title <fe Trust Co 316

Concession, rubber 149

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XXX INDEX.

Hon Dû BAS— Continued. Page.

Consuls, appointments of 149

Cotton (abrícs, manufacture oí 878

Deaths, 1911 770

Electric light and power plant, San Pedro Sula, inauguration 149

Factories —

Cotton fakbrics, manufacture of 878

Roman cement factory 877

Shoe factory, Tegucigalpa, machinery for 148

Stntw-hat factory, JutioUpa 639

Free importations of material for construction purposes 316

Gold—

Mesquitia Hondurelia 769

Mining claims, Department of Olancho 317

"Mina Grande "* property, near Sitio del Paral 639

Hat UiC tory, straw 639

Holiday, anniversary of independence made legal 465

Hotels, Comayagua 770

International Central American Office, Tegucigalpa, report of 149

Islands —

Bahia, revenues of 149

Guanaja, lighthouse for 148

Rfmtan, lighthouse for 148

Utiles, lighthouse for 148

Lake Yojoe, navigation of 877

La Paz, population, industries, etc 638

Laws —

Sealed paper and stamp law 877

Military 770

Lighthouses, islands of Roatan, Utile.^, and Guanaja 148

Lumber 877

Market, Tegucigalpa 148

Marriages, 1911 770

Medicine, Miss Lucila Garcia^ granted allowance to study 316

Message of the President 467

Military students sent to Mexico, five 316

MiliUry laws 770

Mines and mining —

Gold property, **Mina Grande" 639

Gold and silver claims, Olancho 317

Iron ores, Agalteca 148

Mineral wealth of '^Moequitia Hondurena " 769

Montis & Garfield, extension of mining zone 317

Mosquitia Hondurefia region, wealth of 769

National Water Co., of Wisconsin 316

Navigation —

Humuya River. 148

Lake Yojoa, concession granted to navigate 877

Ulua River 148

Patents, invention of, rules and regulations 147

Petroleum —

Concession to exploit 316

Guare deposits 878

Pharmacy Co., San Pedro Sula 148

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INDEX. XXXI

Honduras— Continued. Page.

Populations, December 31, 1911 770

Railways —

National Railways, financial report 466

National, new locomotive and rails for the 148

Pan American railways, contract for 770

Receipts of the N ational 147

Trujillo to Juticalpa Railway 638

Revenues—

Island of Bahia 149

Municipal, 1911-12 638

Rivers—

Humuya, navigable 148

Ulua River navigable 148

Roads-
Public 147

San Lorenzo to Tegucigalpa 317

Rubber, concession to Emilio P. Dutû 149

San Pedro Sula, Pharmacy Co. organized in 148

Scholarships, medical 316

Schools —

Hats, manufacture of straw, Catamarca 148

Matriculation 466

Practical agriculture 876

Straw hats for girls, Tegucigalpa 148

Tobacco, school for cultivation of 639

Sealed paper and stamp law 877

Shoe feuîtory, Tegucigalpa, machinery for 148

Silver mining claims, Department of Olancho 317

Society, Typographical 316

Straw hats-
Industry, Santa Barbara 466

Manufacture of straw hats for girls, Tegucigalpa 148

School for manufacture of, Catamarca 148

Taxes, patents .• 147

Tegucigalpa, manufacture of straw hats for girls 148

Timber resources 877

Tobacco —

DanU 467

School for cultivation of 639

Trade, development, prospects for increased 148

Trade-marks —

National Water Co. , of Wisconsin 316

Standard Typewriter Co 316

^ Typographical Society ^ 316

Vice President, installation of 467

Water Co., of Wisconsin, National : 316

Windmills installed at Itubaca and La Esperanza 317

See also Editorial; Magazine Articles; and Book Notes.

International Congress op Students 386

Knox, New Year's Reception by Secretary 57

Lanqb's **In the Amazon Jungle" 396

2191—13 3

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xxzn nn>BX«

Latin Ambbicak Forsion Traob ih 1911, general survey 225

LiTsmATums of Spanish Ambuca, Thb 30

IÍAQASNB AsncLBs:

8m Fan America in the magasinée.
Mbxioo:

Agriculture —

Agriculture and cokwaigatian, department of , to be formed 771, 878

Exhibits, permanent 319

Fruit treee 317

National Agricultural Sodety, Colima 640

National School of 150

Production of State of Jalisco 318

School near Herida 14»

Altamira Island 468

Aviatitm, Aspirantes Military Schod 640

Astees fcMight, how the 586

Bananas 771

Bank to be established at Lsguna del Oarmen 150

Barra, Lie. Francisco Leon de la 150

Basaltic rock, exploitation of deposits 880

Beef 771

Budgets-
Lake Chápala, removing water lilies from 468

State of Puebla for 1913 150

Buoys made at Vera Cms 318

Carrol, Sr. Don Ramon (deceased) 67

CàtUe 771

Chile, exploitation in Quintana Roo 881

Coüée, production, 1911 131

Coin collection purchased for museum 467

Commerce installed in Torreón, chamber of 149

Congress of loology, international 151

Consular service, change in 640

Copper-
Ore from Cerritos mine, Ameca district 319

Production 641

Cotton, State of Coahuik 467

Cranes, Quintana Roo 160

Customhouses, collectione at 319

Department of Federal Telegrai^, new offices for the 879

Department of Fomento-—

Distribution of literature by 880

Name changed 771

Dry dock at Coatsacoalcos, contracts for ^ .^

Education in. University 48

Exhibits, State of Culiacan 319

Expositions —

Colima 151,468

Products of J 151,468

Torreón, State of Coahuila 467

Fishing, company organised to exploit 160

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•ïisrDBX. xxxm

Mbxico— Continued. Page.
Forestry-
Planting of tarée 467

Fruit tareee —

Cultivation of 640

Distribution of 772

Shipments from France 317

Gold production 641

Governor Bana, Lie. Francisco Leon de la 149

Graphite mines, State of Sonora 639

Harbor, Salina Cruz 468

Hospital, Centro Asturiano 640

Hydroelectric plant. Puebla Mining Co 640

Hydrophobia, office for treatment of 151

Livestments in 605

Irrigation, concession for use of wator for 640

Lake Texcoco, drainage of 468

Library, national 150

Li^tfaouses —

Construction of 150

Ensenacia, Lower California 317, 771

Isla de Pájaros 772

Minzio, State of Oaxaca, inauguration of 468

Loan to be negotiated by State of Midioacan 150

Lower California, jefe politico, appointment of 317

Machinery for sdiool of arts and crafts 317

Mail for Guatemala, Nicaragua, Salvador. . . , 151

Market opened at Puebla, new 772

Matches, white phosphorus 150

Mexico City, Press Association of 879

Mines and minings-
Graphite mines. State of Sonora 639

Mexican Development Co., of Peoria, 111 468

Mezquital Mining Co., of SSacatecas 150

Mineral production 641

Mines declared void 880

Santiago Ixcuintla Mines, Japanese laborers 468

Monimients —

Escobedo, Gen., in Monterey 150

Morek>s, Gen. Jose Maria, in San Cristobal 150

National holidays, April 2, 1913, first celebration of 881

National Library, Mexico City, official report 639

National Rifle Association of America 466

Official announcements to be made through the press 880

Oil, Topila district of Tamaulipas 771

Parcel posts between Spain and Mexico 318

Petroleum —

Statistics of development * 641

Tampico, shipments from 772

Poet dead, noted Mexican 771

Pulque, tax levied on 467

Railways —

Mexicaltzingo to Zapotitlan, opening of line 879

Mexico City to Puebla, electric line from 151

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XXXIV IlfDSX.'V

Mbxioo— Continued.

Railways— Continued. Pac«.

Michoacan, railway in 150

New branch for national lines 318

Ojinaga to Chihuahua 151

Puebla, electric system for 318

San Gregorio to Ameca, dectric 151

Tampico and La Barra, omcession for road betwe^i 881

Tehuantepex-Salina Crux line 772

Xochimilco to San Gregorio, electric 151

Zapotlan to Mexicaltdngo 640

Roads—

Mexico to Pachuca, planting of trees cm road from 771

Mexico and Puebla, new road between 151

Wagon road, construction of 468

Salaries of State employees increased 150

Sanitarium ot Covadonga, Mexico City 640

Schools-
Agricultural school near Merida 149

Arts and crafts for girls 640

Arts and crafts, machiuMy for 317

Arts and crafts, Monterey 151

Aspirantes Military School 640

Cmectional school 151

Free school of laws, classes in 879

Manual training school for children completed 879

Military and industrial 151

Telegraphy, Mexico City 150

Scientific Congress, First Mexican 149

Secretary of agriculture 878

Seismological station 640

Sierra, Sr. Don Justo 68

Silver production 641

Societies-
National Agricultural Society 640

Mexican Geographical, Historical, and Statistical Society 468 '

Sponges and turtles 881

Statue of Jose Maria Morelos Pavon 771

Steamship service —

Frontero and ports of Galveston 319

Mail 151

Munson Steamship lines, new contract with 468

Taxes-
Pulque 467

Textile manufacturer 151

Telegraphs-
School of telegraphy 150

System of the Republic; increase in messages 879

Texas, documents relating to 150

Textiles, tax on 151

Theaters, concession for rebuilding 318

Tomatoes, Fuerte River Valley 641

Traffic via the two Isthmuses 879

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INDEX. XXXV

Mbzioo— Continued.

Tramway»— Page.

Electric tramways, contract for 318

Tlapamroad 772

Treasurer general 317

Trees-
Planting of 151

Planting of trees on road from Mexico to Pachuca 771

United States, Altamira Island 468

Water service, Tuxtla Gutierrez 318

Weather bureau, Lake Texcoco 317

Waterworks installed at Matamoras 318

Zoology, International Congren of 151

8u aUo Editorials, Magazine Articles, and Book Notes.

Minister prom Paraguay, Réception op 413

Nicaragua:

Agriculture —

Agency established at Carazo 470

General Syndicate of American Rasearch, Paris 773

Banana»—

Companies shipping bananas 152

Inducements for investments 642

Banks-
Agricultural bank to be established at Panama 644

National bank paid account of Government 153

Barracks, powder, of office 320

Bluefield, appointment of officers of municipality of 320

Bonds —

National rents for 1913 642

National revenue bonds 469

Budget relative to complimentary credit 320

Cabinet, personnel of 470

Cattle, number of animals slaughtered, 1911 153

Central American Court of Justice, resignations 320

Coffee, harvesting crop 152

Coins —

Denominations to be used on Atlantic coast of Republic 641

New coins placed in circulation 772

Silver córdobas 152

Value of 882

Constitution, commission to pass upon 320

Consular appointments 470

Convention, Weitzel Chamorro, ratification of 641

Com, Department of Chinandega. ..'. 152

Dredging bar of Rio Grande 152

Education, professorships of teaching bodies announced 882

Exports, San Francisco to Nicaragua, 1912 469

Free list, building material, CapeGarcias 469

Fruit-
Canadian Security db Sales Co., exporting fruit to Canada 642

Pan American Fruit & Fiber Co 773

Gasoline vessels 773

Government property, law concerning 642

Judges, appointments of : 641

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XXXVI IKDBX.

Nicaragua — Continued. Pac6u

Laws, Sunday, Managua 153

Legation of Goita Rica, aecretary of 153

Librarian, national, Managua 152

li^thouae tax, Peari Lagoon 773

Loan of $1,000,000 approved 773

Mines and mining—

Bonania Mines sold 642

GommisBary department, Prinsapuka 153

General Syndicate of American Research, Paris 773

La Lus à Los Angles Mines 153

MiUtaryband 832

Minister of Costa Rica to 163

Mahogany 153

Monetary reform 882

Municipal officers 320

Music at inaugural ball 320

Papal ddegate to Nicaragua 151

Peari Lagoon, dredging of 774

Police service-
Civil iitftrttctor, Leon 153

Managua 151

Postal agents on passenger trains, Managua 151

Property, law concerning Government 642

Publications —

El Verbo Latino, new periodical, Bluefidds 152

"Diario de Nicaragua,'' Managua 773

" La Información " (daily newspaper), Managua 470

Public works, director of 320

Railways—

Atlantic-Pacific Railways Co 152

Messsge of President 319

New road planned 881

Rio Grande to Matagalpa 152

Rio Grande, dredging bar of 152

Saloons, Managua 153

Schools-
Primary, purchase of supplies for 152

Public schools of the Republic 881

Slaughtered cattle, 1911 153

Society of the Good Shepherd 152

Steamship service-
Atlantic Fruit Co 773

Nicaraguan Commercial à Logging Co 773

Pearl Lagoon to New York 773

Steamer Cifyc/^iefn^ 161

Sugar-cane culture profitable 642

Tariff, new 774

Tax, lighthouse, at Pearl Lagoon 773

Telephone inspector's office established 152

Teustepe, decree restoring town to Department of Chontales 470

Timber 773

Tobacco warehouses establiidied at Managua 152

United States-Weitasel Chamorro Convention 641

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iNDsx. xxxvn

Nicaragua — Continued. Pag«.
Warehousee—

Bonded warehouses of internal revenue 152

Tobacco, Managua 152

Weitzel Chamorro Convention, ratification of 641

8u oho Editorials, Magazine Articles, and Book Notes.

National Univbrsitt of Cuba 511

New Way to Cbobs thi Anbbs, A 333

Panama, New Thbatbb at 58

Panama, thb Timbbb Lands of 499

Panama:

Agricultural colony to be established 471

Almirante, sewers and waterworks to be installed in 883

Aqueducts, construction of 322

Arbitration and copyri^t convention with Spain 472

Balboa, cargo handling on dock at 321

Bank of issue to be established A . . . 775

Boundary between Costa Rica and 472

Boundaries of Arraijan district 774

Canal Commission —

Cargo handling at Balboa 321

Celebration for opening of Panama Canal 322

Machinery, etc., to be sold 322

Centenary of the Discovery of the Pacific» Fourth 775

Chinese Clubs prohibited 471

Claims commission established 882

Colon-
Number of peiBons entering 154

City hall, loan for erection of 154

Conservation of natural resources 775

Convention, arbitration and copyright, with Spain 472

Consul general, Mexican, in Panama 322

Costa Rica, boundary ol 472

Cottcm, manufacturing of 321

Duties, articles exempt from 153

Education —

Competitive scholarships 883

Public instruction, law concerning 883

Eighty Days with the Bluecher Party 360

Electric Light à Ice Co., Colon 154

Expositions —

National exposition in 1915, plans for a 644

National exposition to commemorate Balboa's discovery 321

Fire brigades, appropriation for 643

Fcweign relations, department of, interpreter 322

Free list-
Additional articles exempt from duty 153

Machinery for tannin 471

Garcia de Paredes, Sr. Don 76

Hague Conventions, The - 472

Hotel Washington, ready for occupancy 644

Ice company organized in Colon 154

Immigration, Chinese, Turks, Syrians, and North Africans 883

Indians, civilization of 164,471

Institutes for boys 883

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ZXXVm INDBX.

Panama— Continued. Page.

Irrigation, inveetigfttiona of waters lor 471

lelands to be leawd 884

TeChmian Ganal Commlwkm, Executive order to purchiae land of 154

Lande—

Almirante, filling in of low-lying lands 322

Waste lands, price of 321

UWB-

Lotteries 883

Notary 470

Properties, mortgages, contracts, registration of 883

Leather, duty on 471,643

Lifting, municipality of Sona 882

Loans—

Colon, erection of city hall in 154

Loan authorised for construction of buildings 321

Lotteries, law prohibiting 883

Madiinery—

Canal Commission to sell machinery 322

Free of duty for manu^ture of cotton 321

Money orders issued by Canal Zone post offices 322

Notaries 470

Panama past and present 699

Panama Canal-
Conference 582

Celebration of opening 322

Joint commission for apiwaisal of land 643

Piers or docks on the Atlantic 153

Police syston 883

Propwties, law for registration of 883

Railways —

New road from Diablo flag station 322

Panama to David, construction of 643

Proposed constructbns 774

Sight-seeing trains 154

Salt, duty on 643

Scholarships; painting and sculpture, study of 472

Sig^t-eeeing trains 154

Steamship service between Pensacola, Fku, and Panama 89

Sugar-
Panama Development à Manuâtcturing Co 472

Plantation and refinery. Province of Colon 472

Swamps, contract to fill up 883

Theater, new 58

Timberlands of 499

Toquilla straw exported, bounty for 774

Tourists 322

Tramway, Colon, establishment of electric 154

Tuberculosis sanitariums at Alto Boquete 471

Vice consul ad honorem at Coquimbo, Chile 132

See also Editorials, Magasine Articles, and Book Notes.
Pan AiCBRioA in thb Maoacinx:

America and Europe compared 696, 712

Americanization of Europe and the Europeanization of America 712

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INDEX. XXXIX

Pan America in thb Maoazinb— Ck>iitmu6d. Page.

Amazon, the mighty 609

Amaaon, the60"rio«"of the 725

Archivée de Oftalmologia Hispano-Americanos 296

Argentina and ite capital 276

Argentina, to our friends in 693

Arizona, 8an Xavier, at the mission of 846

Bolivia-
Liberation of 264

Maniobras militares en Bolivia '. 294

Brazil-
Amazon Valley Indians 734

Amazon, the 60 "rios" of the 726

A trip through 607

Brazilian shipping *. 733

Canals on earth, the busiest 716

Chile—

Chuquicamata copper mines 738

The mineral resources of 740

Nitrates as fertilizer 288

Coffee exported to America at lower rates than to Europe 294

Colombia —

Colombian placers, activity in 733

Cucuta, San Jose de 296

Mining in, progress of 739

Consular invoices, uniformity in 292

Cuba-
Banking laws and methods of 741

Cuba, su literatura actual, el Ambiente 294

Los Fenocarriles de Cuba 294

Das Sanierungswerk der Nordamerikaner auf Cuba und in Panama 741

El cultivo del cacao, la alfolfa, la raza de alapaca suri 294

El progreso de Puerto Rico 293

Fair Play, a weekly review 290

Guatemala, excavations at Quirigua 842

Hawaii and the Panama Canal 736

Incas—

Descendants of 277

Quipas, an invention of the Incas .' 296

Remarkable civilization of the ancient Incas 263

Indians —

Dancing Indians of Bolivia 293

Dwellers of the depths 690

El tocado de plumas de loe indígenas de America 293

Investment opportunities in the continent of America 296

lion ore disappears from eastern markets 289

Japanese emigration to South America 731

La vie internationale 291

Lincoln, national memorial to 293

Los fenicios en América 294

Mercurio, Barcelona * 296

Mexico —

Investments in 606

La Vuelta del Mundo por dos centavos 296

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Xli IHDBZ.

PiJf AmBBIOA Df THB IÍAQA2INB— Coiltínaed. Pige.

New Mexico, why go abroad 727

"Our Lady of Hope," Spaniah Church 283

Pitfaguay 736

Pitfaguay, acce« to 738

Paraguay and Pluaguayana 287

Pearl fiaheriet, South American 281

Peru—

liina, down the weet coait to 704

Lima, fummer reaorte of 729

Progrev in 1912 721

To iou th Peru and Arequipa 836

Preaidential meenge, an important 729

Revista da Semana 294

Revue Hüqmnique 294

Sanitation of the Itthmua 739

South, the, the canal, and Pui America 615

South America, our trade in 613

South American newQMper notée 602

South America, shifting the calendar in 288

South American, the 615

South Pacific Mail, the 738

South and Central America 293

Spanidi Churdi in New York City 283

'ñuM, an ancient American capital 610

Trade, the world's race for the rich South American 278

Uruguay, las piedru predoMs del Uruguay 293

Venexuela, the renaissance of 600

Wheelwri^t, William 729

Why go abroad 727

Pan Ambkican Avfaies, PftomNXNT in 66

Pan Ambucanism of Hxnbt Clat, ism 686

Pan Ambugan Notbs:

Aguilar, Dr. Romauldo, visit of 440

American Mediterranean, the, Stephen B<msal'B 832

Araújo, death of President 146

Argentina, foreign trade of 695

Belmont, Hon. Perry, address by 586

Bonilla, demise of FÎnesident 670

Bonilla, solemn mass for late President 694

Bonsai's, Stephen, **The American Mediterranean" 833

Boston Chamber of Commerce tour to South America 83

Boston Chamber of Commerce in South America 832

Brandon, Prof., visit to Cuba 252

Brazil-
Bureau of information in California 436

Minister of foreign affidrs, visit of 692, 822

Rodrigues, Dr. José Carlos, of Rio de Janeiro 824

Student Society in the United States 574

Bryan, Hon. William Jennings 428

Bureau of university •travel, tour of 578

Carbo, Sr. Don Felipe, death of 433

Carnegie, Andrew, new year's greetings from 82

Chile, correspondence regarding 696

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INDEX. XLI

Pan Amxbican Notss— Continued. Paga

Chilean, a distinguished, Sr. R. H. de Ferarí 830

Conference, Fifth Central American 84

Convention of advertising men 440

Corthell, Mr. Elmer L. , pamphlet of 701

Cuba, inauguration of President Menocal of 822

Diaper, Gen. William Franklin, statue of 440

Educational matters. Fan American 694

Engineering Club, meeting of the .' 696

"Fair play"—

And Latin America 249

Weekly Review, felicitations to 86

Ferari, 8r. R. H. de, a distinguished Chilean 830

Haiti, President Auguste, demise of 833

Hardee, Mr., and the Panama-Pacific International Exposition 438

Honduras, President Bonilla, solemn mass for late 694

International Law, American Society of 684

Knox, address of Secretary of State 249

Lake Mohonk Conference on International Arbitration 833

Lamport à Holt Line, new steamer on the 581

Latin America —

And the University of Wisconsin 580

Doubtful schemes in 433

New executives in 820

Newspaper attention given to 436

Pan American représentatives in 436

Photographs of, special 436

Lectures in Cuba, Pan American 581

Lectures in South America 695

Luncheon, Pan American Union 249

Magazine in Paraguay, an English 698

Medal for the study of 700

Minister of Argentina at Harvard, address of 828

Minister from Paraguay, welcome to 245

Minister of Uruguay, honorary degree for 828

Mobile Trade Commission to Central America 832

Moreira, Dr. M. De, President of American Manufacturers' Export Associa-
tion 577

Morgan, Ambassador, birthday félicitations to 571

MtOler, Dr. Lauro 570,692,822

Newspapers in South America, new English 88

Oakenfull's, J. C, work on Brazil 85

Panama past and present 699

Panama Canal —

Brochure on the 701

Conference 582

Handbook on 247,581

Panama-Pacific International Exposition 575, 830

Panama-Pacific International Exposition, Mr. Hardee and the 438

Pan America in France 571

Pan American Conference, Fifth 819

Pan American Committee of Uruguay, appointment of 700

Pan American educational mattWB 694

Pan American representatives in Latin America 583

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ZUI IKDBX.

Pam ÀMBmiouf Nona— Oontinued. Page.

Fui AmericAD Society dinner» snnual 572, 703

Pftn American Society of the United States 247,430

Fan American Union—

Carnegie, Mr., and the Governing Board 828

Changea in Governing Board 826

Special honor to 442

Member of staff in Latin America 87

Peace Congresè, American 57 7, 70 1

Peset, Sr. Don Alfonso Washington 250,703

Playrigfat, a young Peruvian 250, 703

Postal Bureau, International, South American 572

Postage lates reduced 86

President Wilson and Latin America 569

Pulliam, William £., report of general receiver 575

Reyes, Gen. Raâtel, addresses and tiaveliof 250

Rifle matches, international 576

Santamariana, J. P., speeches by 252

Scholarship for stud y of Spanidi 584

Secretary Knox's journey, view of 438

Spanish, medal for the study <rf 700

Spanish, study of, in Baltimore 89

Spanish and Portuguese in American universities 583

Statue of Gen. Draper 440

Statue of Geoige Washington in Buenos Aires 250

Steamship service between Pensacola and Panama 89

Tweedie, Mrs. Alec, visit of noted woman author 578

Uruguay-
Experts in the united States 698

History, April in Uruguayan , 702

Pan American Committee, appointment of 700

Venesuela, tariff of 438

"Worth While" magaaine 252

Yale Uni verri ty and Latin America 69 6

Pan Amuuoan Socnmr, Dinnbr of th« 810

Pasaouat in Prospect i 785

Paraquat:

Agriculture —

Argentina requests copies of laws 323

Agriculture bank at Asuncion 156

Board of, appointment of president of 472

Bureau of Agricultural Statistics organized 885

Census of crops 776

Congress of Agricultural Defense, delegate to 777

Development of 884

First Congress of Agricultural Defense, Uruguay, delegate to 646

Agronomic Institute, plans for 645

Argentine stockmen purchase land for ranches 473

Asuncion, Quinta Caballero, private park to be sold 156

Adulterated food : 473

Banks —

Agricultural bank, Asimcion 156

Asuncion 324

Asuncion, Bank of Spain and America 154

Bank of Spain, by-laws of 473

Hispano-American, Asuncion 324

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INDEX. XLin

Paraguay— €ontinued. Page.

Belgium, ^tradition tzeaty, negotiations for 776

Bolivia, minister of 127

Bridges-
Completion of new 885

Concordia, Argentina, and El Salto, Uruguay, iron bridge between. . . 775

Parana River, between Encamación and Posadas 776

Budget, school of arts and crafts 473

Cattle—

Chaco region 323

Imi>ortation of Argentine 157

Packing house at Villa Concepción 776

Cedar, Chaco region 322

Chaco territory, Farquhar syndicate buys land in the 776

Codification committee 886

Conmierce —

Conference, comm^cial statistics, Brussels 777

Conditions in 885

Congress of Agricultural Defense, Uruguay, delegate to 646, 777

Congress of Customs Statistics, Paris 777

Congress of Forestry, Paris 155

Congress of Jurists, International, Montevideo 777

Congress of School of Hygienne, United States 323

Congress, Zoological, Monaco 155

Consuls —

Argentina, Santa Fe 156

Bastía, Corsica, appointment of consul at 323

Ecuador, Quito, appointment of consul to 472

United States, Cincinnati, appointment of vice consul in 885

Convention, International Sanitary 473

Customshouse, warehouse, and wharf planned for Puerto Villeta 644

Debts—

In temal , payment of 156

PubUc 156

Education —

Conditions in 885

Normal school, Asuncion 474

Exp<vts from Belgium to Paraguay 885

Expositions-
Adriatic, Vienna 777

Exposition of Ghent, invited to participate in 155

Panama-Pacific 776

Panama-Califomia, arrangements for participation in 776

Permanent commercial exposition in Buenos Aires 155

Ferryboat service 156,885

Forests, quebracho and cedar 322

Free list, sacks for export of tannin extract 472

Hirsch, Leo, consul at Vienna 157

Homestead bill 777

Homestead law 156

Immigration —

Increase in 777

Number of immigrants entering Republic 155

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XLIV IKPSX.

Pabaovat— Continued. Pi^^e.

IndiAns, an unknown people in an unknown land 532

Indttftiial research 885

Inventionfl of receptacle to prevent adulteraticm of milk 156

Juatice, woTihip, and public instruction, office of 777

Land, Chaco, sold to Farquhar syndicate 776

Land court 156

Laws, codification of 776

Legation, Mcmtevideo, appointment of secretary at 777

Libraries—

AaandoQ National Lil»ary 155

Popular libiary, Asuncion 156

live stock, duties on exports ol 472

Loans, public debt, convanion of 156

Manuvba, valley ol 155

Markets, Yilleta 155

Military registrations 886

Military schod 779

Military service compulsory 776

Ministers—

BrsEil, 8r. Ramon Lara Castro 157

Chile, 8r. Fulgencio R. Moreno 472

Chile and Peru 777

Hague, The, Opium Convention 156

Reception ol minister to the United States 413

United States, Washington, Hector Velasquez 245

Monetary reforms ^ 156

Monument to ''Christ the Redeemer' * in Paraguari 155

Opium Convention, The Hague, minister plenipotentiary appointed to 156

Panama-Oalifosnia Expoeiti<m, arrangements for partidpation in 776

Buiama-Fkdfic Exposition, arrangements for participation in 776

Paraguay in prospect 785

Parsguayan tea, new plantations 156

Püots 156

Publications-
El Diario, director of 156

Magasine, an Engliidi 698

Review, semimonthly, established at Mbujrapey 473

Revista del Paraguay, new publicati<m 776

Quebracho-
Chaco region 322

Export tax on logs shipped abroad 472

Railways—

AU-rail route between Asuncion and Montevideo 775

Borja to Iguasu 156

Borja to Parana River, opposite Iguaxu, work on railway from 886

Bridge over the Parana River between Encamación and Posadas 776

Central Railway of Paraguay, report of 645

Chaco territory 776

Concepción to Horqueta, survey of 156

Concepción to Loreta 156

Northeastern Railway from Asundmi to Guaira Falls, survey of 473

Revenues, March, 1913 886

River pilots 156

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IKDBX^ XLV

Pabaguay— Oontinued. Paga

Schools —

Agricultural School, Asuncion 473

Arts and crafts for girls 473

Normal School, Asuncion 474

Secretary of the interior 473

Stage line from Yillarica to Gaaguazu and other villages 323

Steamship service—

Barthe Navigation Co. extends service on Paraguay River 645

Buenos Aires and Asuncion 164

Freight steamers 324

River Plate 164

Stock raising—

Argentine stock company organized 166

Argentine stockmen purchase land for ranches 473

Supreme court, personnel of 777

Tannin extract —

Export tax on shipment abreád 472

Sacks admitted free of duty 472

Tariffs, river pilots 1 56

Telegraphs—

Ajos to San Jose 323

Branch lines, construction of 323

Government line completed 323

Wireless tower installed in Putumayo region 779

Tobacco —

Area of cultivation increased 646

Inspection office of Asuncion 155

Production, 1910 776

Seed for distribu tion to planters 323

Villa Rica ^ 165

Tramway, new service for Asuncion 155, 645

Treaty, extradition, negotiations with Belgium for 776

Villa Rica, important tobacco center 155

ViDeta—

Market — construction of 156

Municipal building, construction of 155

Whari, construction of 156

Yerba mate, plants ordered for new plantations 156

Zoologist, National College at Asuncion engages Swiss 644

See also Editorials, Magazine Articles, and Book Notes.
Pbbu:

Academies —

Military at ChoriUos 167

Naval Academy at La Punta 167

Agriculture —

Arsenate of lead imported from the United States 887

Colonies to be formed 887

Experiment station. Madre de Dios River, establishment of 646

National College of San Luis Gonzaga, Department of Agriculture es-
tablished in 886

Propaganda 168

Syndicate 168

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XliVI UTDSX.

Pimu—Continued. Pag«.
Aviation—

Flight! ftcroM the Alps by a Peruvian 474

Sdiool at lima electa pMident 887

Bank of Peru and London 778,779

Bridgea, Chimbóte to Tabkmea Railway, to be repaired on 887

Bridge over Funpaa River, contract for 779

Cabinet, personnel of 646

Cane grinding plant 157

Census, Lima, 1913 167

Chile, diplomatic relations with 158

Colonlaation, law relative to coast region 647

Commercial and industrial conditions 474

Consul at Bremen, appointment of 326

Copper production, 1912 474

Cotton, Province of Paita 647

Currency, denomination of 326

Decrees, regulating strikes and striken 779

Department of Madre de Dios 159, 887

Education, exdiange of students between Cuba and Peru 647

Electric light plant ordered for Boquete Bandi 326

Exports, 1911 324

Factory, shoe, request for 158

Forest, "Montafia" region 158

Free imports of arsenate and acetate of lead , etc 646

Geographic Congress t 779

Geok)gic Congress, delegate to 888

Huancayo, commercial and industrial. conditions of 475

Imports from Japan to Peru 886

The Quipas, an invention of the I^cas 295

Remarkable civilization of the ancient 253

Insecticides 158

Irrigation —

Law relative to coast region 647

Province of Plata 647

Technical consulting and directive work 325

Larrabure y Unánue, Sr. Don Eugenio 73

Lima-
Summer resorts of 729

Down the west coast to 704

Literary and artistic property 461

Loans for potable waterworks, Lima 887

Maps-
Eastern Paru 158

Wall map, first copy of, juresented to President 647

Merchandise, Iquitos, report of Consul Fuller 324

Military academy, Chorillos T. 157

Mines and minings-
Coal, Hatunhuaai 158

Erica copper and silver mine denounced 158

Monoplane, invention of military type of 647

Montafian 158

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INDEX. XLVn

Pbbu — Continued. Pn^e.

Petroleum company foimed in Panama 474

Pezet, Sr. Don Alfonso Washington 250

Poetai Congress, First South American Continental 326

Postal convention 326

Progress of Peru in 1912 721

Railways —

Bridges to be repaired on the Chimbóte to Tablones road 887

Callao and Lima with Chilca, railway to connect 157

Chilca to Hatunhuasi coal mines 158

Extension of lines 326

Guadalupe shops, Central Railway, new passeuger cars from 326

lima to Chilica railways, work on 888

lima to Huacho, branch of 888

Lima to Huacho, plans for construction of 159

Oroya 474

Passenger cars 326

Pimentel railway 159

Pomalca to Chiclayo 159

Puno to Guaqui 158

Steel raus 326

Tabones and limeña 159

Tambo de Mora Railroad Co 326

IJcayali Railway 474

Renquena, population of 474

Revenues, fiscal 778

River Ucayali navigable all the year 474

Rubber experiment station. Madre de Dios River 646

Schools —

Aviation school chooses president 1 887

Military school 779

National Agricultural and Veterinary School. . . « 779

Shoes, duty on imported 158

Society of Shoe Manufacturers, Federal 158

Steamship service between Iquitos and New York, passenger and freight.. 158

Steel rails unloaded at Callao, cargo of 326

Taxes, income, report of 475

Telegraphs —

Caracas, Venezuela, and Lima, Unes opened between — 325

Colombia 325

Ecuador 325

Wireless stations, construction of 325

Waterworks, potable 887

See also Editorials, Magazine Articles, and Book Notes.

Porter's Rbcbption in Chilb, Admiral David 393

Porto Rico:

Coffee, production, 1911 131

Progressive Guatemala 481

Réception of Ministers from Paraguay 413

Roque Canal of Matanzas, Cuba, the Great 668

Rbsourcbs of Chile, Economic 207

2191—13—4

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XLVm ItTDBT,

Saltador: rage.
Agriculture—

National exposition^ appointment of direct<»8 648

National Exposition oí Agriculture 475

Area of Republic 888

Automobile service inadequate 649

Banana plantations to be establidied 648

Bank»—

Occidental Bank, San SalvadcN- 327

Dividends distributed by the four principal banks 648

Bureau of Statistics, "Anuario de 1911" 888

Cabinet, personnel of 780

Gable service, receipt of 328

Oandles, annual output 160

Central American Congress, Fifth, representative from Salvador 160

Central American Court of Justice, election of justice of 780

Church, parochial, atMetapan 476

Coffee, steamship rates per ton 328

College for girls at Sonsonate 889

Commercial travelers, tax for 160

Consuls and consulates —

Appointment of consuls 780

New York, appointment of consul 781

Sums collected by principal consulates 781

Debt, amount of 476

Designates of Salvador 780

Electric-light service 475

Exports of merchandise from United States 327

Expositions —

National Exposition of Agriculture-
Appointment of director of 648

Officers of board 475

Qovemment printing office, receipts of 889

Hi^way, national, from Zarahoza to Santa Tecla, w<vk on 649

Hospital, San Miguel, expenses of 889

La Union, electric-light system at 159

Legations —

Secretary of , Washington 780

Tegucigalpa, Honduras, appointment of chargé d'afbires 889

Letteigram service , rates 1 59

Melendez, Sr. Carlos, President of 780

Merchandise —

Duties on imported 648

Exports from the United States 327

Message of President 780

Mexico, National School of Agriculture 160

Minister appointed to Guatemala 780

National university of Salvador 476

Orphan asylum, new 780

Parcel posts, surtax on merchandise 160

Penado, Dr. Federico, chief justice 475

Population, total 888

Presidency filled by Sr. Carlos Melendez 780

President Araújo, death of 245

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INDBX. XUX

Salvador — Continued. Page.

Publications —

Bureau of Statistics, annual (1911) 888

El Mediodia, new daily paper 160

Grano de Arena, magazine 327

La Revista Lirica Salvadorefio 889

Scientific publication, new 160

Public works, erection of more than 100 buildings 327

Quezaltepeque, municipal building to be constructed in 889

Kaüways —

Oriental Railway from San Miguel to üsulutan 475

Santa Ana and San Salvador, quicker service between 159

Shops of Salvador Railway Co 328

San Salvador —

International Club, officer of 327

Paving and sanitation of 888

Schools 476

Schools-
Agricultural school, matriculation in 888

Primary schools, opening of 889

Report of department of public instruction 476

Value of furniture and equipments 781

Societies —

Cooperative Society, meeting of stockholders 889

Training School for Women 327

Supreme court, chief justice of 475, 780

Taxes-
Commercial travelers 160

£1 Carmen, local taxes imposed by 888

Parcel-post 160

Telegraphs, receipts 328

Telephone receipts 328

Tourists 649

united States-
Business firms advertising in Salvador 159

President-elect and late Vice President Sherman, cuts of 159

Water8ervice,Metapan, new piping for 327

Wells Fargo Express Co , 780

Wines imported into the Republic 889

See alêo Editorials, Magazine Articles, and Book Notes.

Sbcrbtart Knox's Farewell to the Governing Board 409

Sherrill, Hon. Charles H., Unique Honor por 27

South America:

Lecturers in 695

Newspapers in, New English 88

Phillips, Mr. W. Alison, to become editor of the South American Supple-
ment, London Times 129

Postage rates, reduced 86

See aUo Editorials, Magazine Articles, and Book Notes.

Special Missions Welcome President Wilson 415

Timber Lands op Panama, The 499

United States:

Boston Chamber of Commerce in South America 832

Boston Chamber of Commerce, tour to South America 83

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L INDEX.

Unitxd Statbs— Oontinued. Page.

Chilean, a difltinguiahed, Sr. R. H. de Ferari 830

CoDgrenirf Students, International ,. 386

Fuller, Stuart J 79

Guatemalan delegate to inauguration of President Wilson 765

Kemper, Graham H 80

Neill, Richard Renahaw 71

Nicaragua —

Weitael Chamorro Convention 641

Parcel post convention with the Dominican Republic. . . ! . .^ 310

Penfield, Walter Scott 81

Smiley, Albert K 72

Steamship service between Pensacola and Panama 89

Sm aUo Editorials, Magasine Articles, and Book Notes.

UmvxBaiTT o» Cuba, Nationax 511

Univibaitt Bduoation in Mxxioo 48

Unknown Pkoplk dî an Unknown Land,An .532

Uruouati

Agriculture-
Congress for the protection of 330

Law regarding 160

Anniversary, fiftieth, of liberty march, plans for 781

Apicultural centers 781

Argentin»—

International bridge 329

Legation at Montevideo, purchase of 160

Aviation-
Military school of 161

Propaganda 890

Bank»—

Banco Popular increases capital 651

Bank of the Republic, profits in 1912 650

New bank founded, Montevideo 782

Bonds, mortgage bank to issue new series of 477

Brasil, international bridge 650

Bridges-
International bridge, Uruguay River 329

Pan American Railway Co 329

Tacuarembó Grande River 160

Buildings, historical, purchase of 161

Cattle, bids for a system of marks for 478

Cement hkctory, Portland 161

Census, industrial 781

Centenary of "Instructions of Artigas" 782,890

Chemistry, Institute of 160

Commetce—

Export of Valparaiso with Uruguayan ports 478

Foreign, 1912 477

Stock exchange, 1912 650

Consuls and consulates-
Baltimore consulate abolished 162

Gil, Sr. Mario L 162

Customs receipts 160

Customs revenues, 1912 477

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INDEX. U

Uruguay — Continued. Page.

Diamond drills 891

Exhibition, horticulture, Montevideo 161, 650, 890

£zx>ert8 in the United States 698

Exposition, National Fruit 65 1

Factories, Portland cement 161

Fruit Exposition, National 651

Foundry to be established at Montevideo 329

Geolpg^, additions to staff of Institute of 328

Geolpg^, Institute of 160

History, April in Uruguayan , 702

Horticultural exhibition, Montevideo 161, 650, 890

Hospital in Durazno, plan to erect 891

Himianitarian bill 477

Industrial census 781

International bridge over the Yaguaron River between Artigas, Uruguay,

and Yaguaron, Brazil 650

Iron —

Foundry to be established at Montevideo 329

South American Syndicate, foundry 162

Lamme, M. A., geologist 162

License tax, 1912-13 650

Light tower 162

Livestock 160

Meat, exports of frozen, 1912 328

Meteorological Institute 61

Mines and mining^^

Code promulgated by President 782

Exploration 162

Manganese mines 161

Minister of public woij^ 478

Minister of Uruguay, honorary degree of 828

Montevideo —

Bureau of expositions 63

Deepening of port 477

Lighting for entrance channel of port 478

Municipal Board, chairman of 477

Population, December 31, 1912 651

Pan American Committee 782

Petroleum, used as fuel in steamers 782

Peru-
International Exhibition of Hygiene 162

Latin American Congress 161

Pan American Medical Congress, Sixth 161

Population, Montevideo, December, 1912 651

Postal Bureau, International South American 572

Publications, Monthly Bulletin, department of foreign relations 161

Railways —

Central Railway Co 161

Central Railway —

Branch line 329

Earnings of 329

Central Uruguay, increased capital stock of 651

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Ul INDEX.

Uruou AT— Continued .

Railways— Continued. Page.
Electric railway from Montevideo to Maldonado and Punta del Este

tobe installed 650

Extension of 891

Pan American Railway—

Bridges 329

Progress of work 329

Work resumed on 782

Puerto del Ingles to Cerro de Pan de Azúcar 162

Paloma to Treienta y Tres Railway 162

Pampa Station to Cerro Paraguay 329

Pampa Station to Papagay Hill 161

Real property, revenues from 891

Refrigeration Congress, Uruguay invited to participate in 890

Relics, historical.. 161

Revenues, real property 891

Road Congress, Montevideo 160,782

Schools-
Military School of Aviation 161

Open-air primary schools, establishment of 782

Serotherapeutic Laboratoiy 328

Slaughter yards, establishment of 478, 649

Stamps, new issue for centenary of ''Instructions of Artigas^" 782

Steamship service-
Cadis to Montevideo 330

German line to operate between Montevideo and Buenos Aires 891

Hamburg-South American Steamship Co 330

Lamport à Holt line 328

Lisbon to Buenos Aires 330

Spanish Transatlantic Co ^ 330

River Plate 330

River Plate and New York, fortnightly service between 328

Sugar industry, opportunities for development of 891

Telephone service —

Montevideo Telephone Co., report of 328

Subterranean 477

Telegraph ofQce for Montevideo 477

Time, official 161

Trade convention, coasting 162

Venezuelan legation to be established in Montevideo 477

Veterinary Polyclinic, appropriation for installation of 330

Wine bill approved, House of Deputies 161

See aleo Editorials, Magazine Articles, and Book Notes.

Valparaiso, Chilb, thb Cmr op 653

Venezuela:

Acetylene plant installed at lighthouse at Punta Barima 332

Aqueduct, work commenced on the Guaneo 479

Asbestos mine discovered 784

Asphalt and petroleum, Betijoque district, in the State of Trujillo — 651

Automobile imports from the United States 892

Books: Through the Guayana Forests 783

Briquet factory 332

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IKDBX. Lin

VSNBZUBLA— Continued. Page.

Buildings, public, construction of -. 164

Buoys, Orinoco River 163

Cacao-
Cacao fino in demand in Spain 651

Shipments, port of Campano 163

Caffery , Jefferson , chaigé d'affidree 332

Cattle, stockyard to be established at Ocumare de la Costa 892

Coal Co., Caribbean c 164

Coconut, plantations on the Golfo Triste 164

Coin, gold, free of duty 163

Coffee—

High pric)B of 332

Shipments, Port of Campano 163

Commerce —

Commercial progress of 891

Foreign, increase in 479

Condensed milk, factory for 332

Congress of Hygiene, Fourth International, United States T 164

Congress for the Protection of Infants, International, delegate to 479

Consuls and consulates —

Belgium, Antwerp, appointment of consul general 784

Colombia, Santa Iforta, Dr. Jose Ignacio Diaz Granados 163

England, Southampton, Dr. L. G. Chacin Iriago 163

France, Havre, appointment of consul general 784

Philadelphia, Sr. Hector Pererira Alvarez 162

Samples of products to be exhibited in consulates 332

San Juan, appointment of consul 784

United States, New York, consul general 164

Windward Islands,. Grenada, consul of 479

Consular invoices, irregularities of 331

Copper-
Alines at Tucacas, shipments from 892

Shipments of ore to England 332

Com, port of Campano 163

Electric light and power plants. Campano 164

Exports—

1911 332

1910-11 compared with 1911-12 479

Trade with the united States 892

Factories —

Briquets 332

Condensed milk..... 332

Fish, port of Campano 163

Fluvial Navigation A Coastwise Co 651

Fmit 892

Gold-
Coin free of duty 163

Petaquire mines 479

Highways —

Duaca to Barquisimente, appropriation to repair highway from 783

La Ceiba to Sabana de Mendoza.. 163

La Guaira, widening of 783

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LIV INDEX.

VBJfssuKL^— Continued. Pace.

Hospital, VaigM, at OarmcM, pictores of new 992

Imnugiation A Steamihip Co., United States 783

Imports—

I9U •. 332

1910-11 compared with 1911-12 479

Iron discovered, three mines 651

Land law, public 783

Lighthouses—

Acetylene plant instaUed at Punta Baríma 332

Campano 164

Library, National, at Caracas, requests donations 892

Literary and artistic i»operty 461

Meat A Product Syndicate, capacity for killing beeves 332

Merchandise, irregularities in shipping 331

Meteorological stations, establishment of 783

Meteorological stations to be erected 892

Mines and mining-
Asbestos iñine, district of Valencia, State of Carabobo 784

Coal mines, Pae£ district 164

Copper mines at Tucacas 892

Exploration work in the territory of Delta Amactiro 651

Gold mines, Petaquire 479

Imataca mines 164

Iron 651

Ores in States of 25amora, Yaracuy Lara, Carabobo, and Sucre 164

Tucacas copper mines 332

Ministers-
Belgium, appointment of minister to 784

Great Britain, appointment of minister to 784

Money orders —

Service established January, 1913 331

Universal Postal Convention 163

Navigation, Fluvial à Coastwise Co 651

Parafiftn 652

Parcel-post convention with Great Britain 163

Petroleum, Betijoque district. State of Trujillo 651

Products to be exhibited in Venezuelan consulates.- 332

Progress of 478

Railwayfr—

Extension of road from San Felipe to Palma Sola 892

Freight, amount of 163

Passengers, number of 163

Receipts and expenditures 16S

Tachira railway 163

United States Immigration à Steamship Co 783

Uraca to Cara de Perro 479

Renaissance of 600

Revenue stamps , internal 163

Sanitation, rules and regulations 163

Schools —

Arts and crafts for women 162

Commercial schools 331

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INDBX. LV

VenezueIiA— Continued.

Schools — Continued. ^ Page.

Furniture and supplies 331

School for nurses 652

Secretary of the interior, appointment of 784

Skins, port of Campano 163

Telegraphs—

Aguada Grande and Siquisique, construction of line between 783

Bobures to Torondoy 164

Castillos de Guayanna to Piacoca 164

Extension of 332

San Carlos to El Baul 164

Trujillo to Valera 164

Tucupido to Santa Maria de Ipire 164

Telephone service —

Atamira to La Bellaca 479

District of Betijoque 163

Extension of 332

Las Piedras to Timoteo 164

Tocuyo to Sanare 164

Trained nurses 662

Tramways, Campano 164

Travelers from Venezuela 891

Through the Guayana forests 783

Woods, cainet, port of Campano 163

See also Editorials, Magazine Articles, and Book Notes.

Wilson, Président, Special Mission Welcome 415

INDEX TO ILLUSTRATIONS.

America and Europe compared: High cost of living in the united States 597

Antiquities of the New World in Trocadéro Museum, Paris, France:

Cast of Tlaloc, the god of rain 623

Porphyry statue of Quetzalcoatl 522

Sculptured granite seat from Ecuador 523

Stone idol, representing Toltec chief 521

Vase found at Cumana, Lake Titicaca, Bolivia 522

Araújo, Dr. Manuel E., President of the Kepublic of Salvador 165

Argentina:

Arias, Gen. José Inocencio 70

Bariloche, the town of 354

**Boliche** south of Neuquen, the first 343

Buenos Aires —

British bank in 279

Skyscraper in 335

Statue of Sheridan to be presented to Ciculo Militar by United States

Army officers 595

South Railway Station at 336

Cart of western Argentina, the standard jf^L 349

Colorado, "Boliche," a ■/.' 349

Cumallo, an oasis in the hills at Cumallo, en route to Bariloche 351

D'Alesaandro, Dr. Ricardo 387

Diagrams— commerce, decade of 445

Elordi, Gov. Eduardo, and his car 344

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LVI INDEX.

Aigentinft— Continued. Page.

Fi^^iierM de Akotdta, Srta. Clan 203

Chuicho, ft, or cowboy 343

QoMiAco, a 342

Lagaña Blanca 351

Lake Nahnel Huapi 356,357

Mencne, "Caaa de Negocio," the halfway station between Neuqne and

Bariloche 349

Ostrichee-

Rhea, the 348

Rhea, male 347

Pikaniyen, about 25 miles from Cumallo 351

Pilcaniyen to Bariloche, a halt on the road 353

Pilcaniyen ; 353

Railways, modem car 226

Rio lima, between the territories of Neuquen and Rio Negio, crossing the. . 343
Rio Negro Territory—

Packing water in the 341

Pampas of, crossing the 343

Wool to mark, taking the 340

Balboa discovering the Pacific Ocean 853

Baralt, Mrs. Blanche Z 30

Barbados:

Bridgetown —

In Trafalgar Square 363

Women, the work of the 361

Motive power in 366

Sugar plantations viewed from Gun Hill 368

Tomb of Ferdinando Paleologus 370

Washington lived, where 369

Bwtrand, Sr. Don Francisco 652

Bolivia:

Corocoro, the great copper center of Bolivia 268

Indians—

Aymara dance in full swing 275

Carnival time among the Aymarás 273

La Pas, new Government palace 267

Lake Titicaca —

By the shore of 272

Palace ruins of the Incas 254

Traditional seat of Inca justice 254

Mining in the Chuquiaguillo River, hydraulic 270

Potosi, medal commemorating the inauguration of railways 265

Railways —

Arica-La Paz, rack road and tunnel on the 266

Inaugurating a new section of a railroad 266

Medal commemorating the inauguration of 265

River in the Montafia of, fordlig a 269

Silver ore, carts of 268

Bonilla, late Sr. Don Manuel 480

Brazil:

Aerial railway to top of Sugar Loaf 23

Alligator, one of the denizens of Lake Innocence 406

Amazon Valley, steamboats 39, 42, 45

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INDEX. LVn

Brazil— Continued. ^ Page.

Bahia —

From bay 168

View of 166,167

View showing lower section 170

Shopping district : 171

View of medical college 168

Be)em. See Para.

Cascade of Herval, back of waterfall 530

Cascade of Herval, Rio Grande do Sul 528

Chermont, Mr. E. L., secretary of embassy, Washington 697

Corcovado's umbrella, on the way to 14

Indians, sewing machine in hut of 403

Lake Innocence 405

Launch Carolina , Javary River 400

Manaoe —

Docks at 725

Harbor of 726

Mendes de Almeida, Dr. Fernando 74

Mûller, Dr. Lauro 683

Mûller, Dr. Lauro, arriving at hotel in Washington 823

Mûller, Dr. Lauro, Secretary of State Bryan, and party at navy yard, Wash-
ington 823

Para (Belem) —

Cathedral 177

City from deck of steamer 172

Museu Goeldi 180

Museu Groeldi, in the 181

Park, a view in the municipal 178

Plaza de Frei Caetano Brandão 175

Visconde de Rio Branco Square 173

Zoological garden, aviary in 182

Petrópolis, mountain suburb of Rio de Janeiro 23

Remate de males, general view of 397

Rio de Janeiro-
Avenida do Mangue 18

Avenida Rio Branco. .-. 9

Botafoga, view of 4

Botanical garden, a bamboo grove 8

Caes da Lapa and Mono da Gloria 6

Escola Nacional de Bellas Artes 21

Gloria Garden 2

Library, new public 19

Panorama of city and harbor 16

Praça 15 de Novembro 12

Praça Quinze de Novembro 6

Terminal of tramway, new 10

Theater, municipal 8

Rubber —

Branding rubber on sand bar in Amazon region 401

Smoking hut 404

Workman's hut, interior 398

Statues, Dom Pedri I, Rio de Janeiro 25

Toucan, the 406

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LVm INDEX.

Paie.

Bryan, Hon. William Jennings 429

Bryan, Secretary of State, and Dr. LauioMuller 823

Bureau of Cential America, International, members of 431

Bureau of Central America, International, reception hall of 432

Bureau of Central America, International, secretary at his office, Guatemala

City 432

Castrillo, Sr. Dr. Salvador, retiring Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Pleni-
potentiary to the United States 829

Chamorro, Sr. Gen. Emiliano, Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipo-
tentiary to the United States 827

Centennial at Cadis:

Civil exercises 204

Constitution of 1812, promulgation of the 200

Figueroade Alcorta, Srta. Clara 203

Medal presented to the Cortes Cadiz 204

Memorial tablets on the provincial building 205

Plasa de la Constitución at the time of the arrival of the civil procession 202

Queen of the** Juegos Florales" 203

Spanieh-American meeting at the Gran Teatro 203

Cerna, Sr. Lie. José Rodrigues 432

ChUe:

Agriculture, plowing with primitive wooden plows 220

Antofagasta—

Clock tower in plasa 209

Plaza in 209

Caliche, explosion in 211

Canals, mechanism for opening and closing doors of supplementary distri-
buting 222

Coast mountains, view of barren 215

Customhouses, Valparaiso 654

Forest*—

Flourishing planted pines on slopes overlooking Talcahuano Bay 220

Progress of deforestation 220

Irrigation ditch in the Maipo Valley 218

Irrigation woriu of the River Maipo 222

Lota coal mines, entrance to 740

Lumber at Chanaral, landiûg 217

Maps, section map of 208

Montt, Sr. Don David 78

Mount Osomo 356

Schools, naval school, Valparaiso 656

Nitrates —

Bagging nitrates for shipment 215

Bateas in which nitrate crystallizes 215

**Caleche " ready for nitrate plant 214

Nitrate pampa, typical 211

**RiosDecos" in the salinas 214

Workmen in a nitrate plant 214

Pampas, nitrate pampa, Province of Antoû^gasta 211

Santiago, Province of, unirrigable slope and typical vegetation 219

Santiago —

Mapocho in its canalized course 219

View from Santa Lucia, looking toward Andes 219

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IKDBX. UX

Chile — Continued. Pn^^

Taltal, harbor and city 209

Valparaiso, bay and harbor, showing customhouse 654

Elevators, one of the inclined railways 664

The Grovemment mole 666

Grovemor's palace at 666

Mercurio Building 666

Monument given by British residents , 662

Municipal improvements 658

Naval school in 656

Plaza de los Bomberos 661

Public wharf at the harbor of 657

Race course of, fashionable 656

Railways, elevators, one of the inclined 664

Square, another attractive 659

Street scene in Valparaiso 659

View from typical uncultivable coast mountain 217

Vineyard 217

Clay, Henry 686

Colombia:

Cortés, Don Enrique 69

Escobar, Sr. Don Francisco, consul general. New York 75

Columbus, Christopher 862

Commeicce:
Diagrams —

Haiti, 1911 99

Honduras, 1911 103

Nicaragua, 1910 109

Peru, 1911 121

Costa Rica:

Contrasts 198

Fado, Sr. Don Justo, president of Atheneum 193

Forest scene 197

Guadelupe: ''Pleasures of tropical life" 194

Gulf of Nicoya, £1 Bongo, primitive navigation 196

Heredia, suburbs of 196

Limon —

Building, type adopted for general use 678

Hospital with a glimpse of pleasant surroundings, view of main 666

Street scene before and after sanitation 676

Type of building adopted by bachelors 676

Mountains, ''Cerro Macho" of the volcano Poas 199

San Jose Cathedral, leaving mass 198

Craftand crew of the Juanito, illustrating a Caribbean cruise 803

Cuba:

Docks at Daiquire, the northern terminus of the Cuba Railroad 191

Fertile land awaiting development 189

Habanar—

Harbor and waterfront 184

Plaza de Armas, scene at the inaugfuration of President Menocal 821

Produce Exchange Building 237

Terminal station, new 61

Houses, typical "Cobny House" of American and Canadian citrus fruit

growers 188

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LX INDEX.

Cuba— Continued. P^^e.

Maps, Province of Matansai, showing the inundated zone where the dam is

being oonfltmcted 668

Navy, office» of the Cuban training ship Patria entertained at dinner

giv^ by the United States ambassador at Rio de Janeiro 582

Products, exhibit of dtms fruits and vegetables raised in the Province of

Camaguey 188

Ramos, Sr. Don Lois P., chief engineer of public works 670

Road, a country 186

Road construction 186

Roque Canal—

Modem suction dredge 672

Rotary suction dredge used in constructing the 670

Scene along the route of the canal wheve the construction work has

just commenced 672

Scene showing extensive progress and machine used in excavating. . . 672
Univecsity of Haban»—

Laboratories, partial view of the Gen. Wood 515

Main entrance to 512

Medical department, view in the patio of the. .- 517

New audit<^um at 515

Side view of main building 512

Dearing, Fred Morris, assistant chief of the Division of Latin-American Afibôis,

State Department, Washington, D. C 434

Diagrams:

Argentina, a decade of commerce 445

Dominican Republic, commerce, 1912 552

Haiti, commerce, 1911 : 99

Honduras commerce, 1911 103

Latin America—

ExporU and importa, 1911 229, 234. 242

Railway mileage 480

Nicaragua, commerce, 1910 109

Peru, commerce, 1911 121

Dinner given by the Pan American Society in honor of the Secretary of State

of the United sutes 811

Dominican Republic:
Bridges-
Modem concrete bridge 564

Steel bridge over the Jaina River, on road between Santo Domingo

and San Cristobal 561

De Moya, Sr. Don Cro. N., former minister of fomento 555

PuUiam, Hon. William E., general receiver 555

Roads—

Azua to San Juan 565

Inauguration of public road from Le Vega to Moca 564

Railways—

Regrading on the Puerto Plata-Santiago branch of the Central... 567

Santo Domingo, water front of 558

Draper, Gen. William Franklin, statue of - . 441

Ecuador:

Guayaquil —

Harbor and water front at 498

Pichincha Street * 497

San Francisco Plaaa 496

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INDEX. LXI

Ecuador — Continued. Paie.

Hospital, military, on Santa Ana Hill, Guayaquil 496

Statue of Gen. Sucre, at Guayaquil 497

Fanragut, Admiral David Glasgow 396

Forrero, Dr. Guglielmo 712

Grubb, Mr. W. Barbrook 532

Guatemala:

Asylum, Estrada Cabrera, Guatemala City 483

Hospitalft—

General Hospital, Guatemala City, exterior oí operating hall 485

"Joaquina de Maternidad" Hospital, Guatemala City 485

Military Academy, Guatemala City, main façade of 488

Monument commemorating completion of Interoceanic Railway, Guate-
mala City 482

Post ofBce, Guatemala City 486

Quirigua, hospital of the united Fruit Co., front elevation and type 679

Schools —

Class in the practical school for girls, Guatemala City 487

Law school, Guatemala City 486

Military Academy, Guatemala City, front of interior building of 489

Schools-
Practical school for boys nearing completion, Guatemala City 488

Practical school for boys, cavalry squad of, Guatemala City 488

Practical school for girls, Guatemala City 487

Hardee, Theodore, chief of department of liberal arts, Panama^Padfic Inter-
national Exposition, San Francisco 439

Herrick, Hon. Myron T., United States ambassador to France 546

Haiti:

Diagrams, commerce, 1911 99

Bertrand, Sr. Dr. Francisco 652

Bonilla, late Sr. Don Manuel 480

Diagrams, commerce, 1911 103

Montes J3r. Don Ismael, President 784

President of Honduras 652

Inauguration of President Menocal, scene in the Plaza de Armas 821

Inauguration of President Wilson at east front of the Capitol, March, 1913 418

Incas:

Peruvian mountaineer 277

Palace ruins on Lake Titicaca, Bolivia 254

Palace walls of the Inca kings 254

Pottery 253,262,263

Royal burial to we r 261

Traditional seat of Inca justice 254

Wbere we enter Cuzco 254

Inés de la Cruz, Sor Juana 34

Ingefnieros, Sr. Dr. Jose 32

Jauregui, Sr. Lie. Antonio Batres 424

Knox, Hon. Philander C 410

Latin America:

Diagrams, railway mileage of ' 480

Latour, Sr. Don Francisco Sánchez 426

Lima, Sr. Dr. Francisco A 423

Loecin, Mr. Carlos L., chairman of general committee, Eighth International

Congress of Students 392

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LXn INDEX.

Page.

Logones, 8r. Don José Leqxddo 31

Mmps:

Andes, new way aeróos the 338

Cubar—

Province of Matanxas, showing the inundated zone where the dam is

being constructed 668

Manhall , Hon. Thomas R 416

Marshall, Mrs., wife oí the Vice President 417

Marti, Jose, Gallery of Patriots, Pan American Union 33

Martin-Rivero, 8r. Lie. Antonio 420

Medals:

Medal commemorating the inauguration of railways, Potosi, Bolivia 265

Mendes, 8r. Don Joaquin 422

Mexico:
Astees—

HuiUpoctli, God of War 587

Implements of war 589

Section of Aztec codez 587

Corral, Sr. Ramon 67

Customhouse at Aguada (Campeche) 803

Guadalajara, Universityof 56

Henequén fields of Merida, capital of Yucatan 807

Mexico City-
Military School at Chapultepec 55

National Preparatory School —

Main corridor of 52

N<»th façade of 50

National University 49

School of Mines, lecture hall 54

San Potosi, Military Industrial School at 54

Sierra, Sr. Don Justo 68

Tampico, port of. State of Tamaulipas ^ 607

Telegraph station at Aguada (Campeche) 803

Vera Crus, fiscal pier 609

Montes, Sr. Don Ismael, President of Honduras 784

Monuments:

Guatemala City, commemorating completion of Interoceanic Railway 482

Morales, Sr. Dr. Eusébio A., envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary

to the united States 825

Müller, Dr. Lauro 693

Mûller, Dr. Lauro, arriving at hotel in Washington 823

MQller, Dr. Lauro, Secretary of State Bryan and party at navy yaiid, Wash-
ington f 823

Museum, Trocadéro, Paris, France:

Exterior view 520

General view of main hall 522, 525

Najera, Emmanuel Guiterrez 36

Nicaragua:

Castrillo, Sr. Dr. Salvador 829

Chamorro, Sr. Gen, Emiliano, envoy extraordinary and minister plenipo-
tentiary to the United States 827

Diagrams, commerce, 1910 109

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INDEX. LXIII

Panama: Pas«.

Almirante —

Pier, superstructure of concrete and steel rat proof 683

Pier, view of completed rat proof 683

Bocas del Toro —

Hospital facilities 682

Scenes before and after sanitation 680

Cedar, Spanish, on the Bayard River 503

Ceiba trees —

A ceiba tree 509

Base of a giant ceiba tree 509

Garcia de Paredes, Sr. Don, secretary of civil division of supreme court. . . 76
Mahogany —

Log felled by men from the United States 506

Log loaded in the forest upon its cart 506

Logging scene 508

Rescuing a log from the sea 508

Sawing log into lumber 502

Tree in the forests of 506

Morales, Sr. Dr. Eusébio A., envoy extraordinary and minister plenipo-
tentiary to the United States 825

Panama Canal —
Diagrams —

Amount of total excavation on canal 374

Culebra Cut, showing point of deepest excavation 379

Imaginary aeroplane view of 373

Pedro Miguel Lock and approaches, bird*s-eye view of 376

Uncle Sam's industrial army on the canal.*. 380

Panama City-
Government Palace and National Theater 384

Municipal Building, new 384

Teatro de Variedades —

Exterior view 59

Curtain and interior 59

View from Ancon Hill, looking toward the bay 383

SawmiU, old water power, in Province of Chiriqui 503

Valdês, Sr. Don Ramón M., retiring envoy extzaordinary and minister

plenipotentiary to the United States 831

Paraguay:

Asuncion —

Banco Agrícola 793

Banco Mercantil 792

Capitol at 787

Mimicipal Building 789

National College 790

National Theater 790

Palace of Justice 792

River front 737

Station of the Central Raihroad : . 786

Cattle, branding 801

Falls—

Nacundai River, an affluent of the Parana 795

View of the falls in the Guayra, River Parana 802

2191—13 5

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LXIV INDEX.

Paraguay— Continued. Pac».

Hotel on Lake Bernardino 799

Indians —

Lengua Indians, Chaco territory —

A search expedition 542

Indian stalker diaguiaed as a clump of foliage 535

Section of Lengua woolen blanket 539

Woman spinning wool '. 537

Women dancers at a " Yanmana" 542

Railwa>'8 —

Central Railway, cutting an extension at Pirapo 796

San Bernardino, on Lake Ipacaray, German colony of 797

Velazquez, Sr. Dr. Héctor, envoy extraordinary and minister plenipo-
tentiary 246

Patteron, Sr. Don Guillermo 425

Peru:

Arequipa —

Cathedral at 836

View of 837

Callao—

Interurban car at 724

Cerro Azul, landing at 839

Chacani and El Miati 840

Cuzco —

Entrance to the fortreas of Sacaahuaman 257

Fortress of Sacnhuaman 257

Palace walla of the Inca Idnga 254

Section of outer wall of fdrtreas 259

Where we enter Cuaco 254

Diagrama, conmierce, 1911 121

Incan pottery 262, 263

Larrabure y Unánue, Sr. Don Eugenio 73

TjÍith>, —

Cathedral from the Bodegones 705

Deposita and conaignments bank 279

Municipal Building at night 722

Plaza of San Frandaco 707

School of Arta and Trades 722

Torre Tagli Palace, patio of 708

Mountaineer, a descendant of the Inca race 277

OUantaytambo, side entrance to the fortress of 261

Pezet, Sr . Don Alfonso Washington 249

Pottery taken from Inca temples 263

Railway scenes along the Oroya 709, 711, 724

Pierrepont, Seth Low, Assistant Chief Division of Latin-American Affairs,

State Depai tment, Washington, D. C 434

Poinsett, Robert, United States consul general, Santiago, Chue, 1813 394

Porter, Admiral David 393

Pre-Inca ruins:

Entrance to fortress of Sacsahuaman, Cuzco, Peru 256

Fortress of Sacsahuaman, Cuzco, Peru 257

Section of outer wall of fortress, Cuzco, Peru 259

Presidential party review inaugural parade 417

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IlfDBX. I-XV

Pace.

'-Remaking the Raleighs/' scene from 834

Rodriguez, Sr. Don Manuel Diaz 37

Ruiz de Alarcon, Sr. Don Juan 35 ,

Salvador:

Borja, Dr. Enrique 673

Sherrill, Hon. Charlee H 28

Gold medal awarded to .* 27

Taoe:

An adobe village 611

Pottery workers on the Plaza 612

United States:
Arizona —

San Xavier del Bee —

Approach to 849

At the mififiaon of 841

Boston Chamber of Commerce —

Departure of 576

Portion of party which make tour of South America 579

United Fruit Co.'s steamer MetapaUj which carried party to Panama. . 576
Canals —

Sault de Ste. Marie, the new American lock at 718

Shipping at the **Soo'^ Canal 720

St. Marys Falls, the American canal 717

Clay, Henry 686

Fuller, Stuart J., consul, Iquitos, Peru 79

Indians —

Havasupai Indians, Grand Canyon, Colorado —

Com gatherer 591

Summer residence 592

Ithaca, New York-
Cosmopolitan Club at Cornell University 388

Kemper, Graham H., consul, Cartagena, Colombia 80

Langhome, M. Marshall, secretary of the legation at San Jose, Costa Rica. 248
Lochner, Mr. Louis P., general secretary of the International Federation of

Students 389

Nasmjrth, Dr. George W., presidentof Central Committee of "Corda Frates" 391

Neill, Richard Renshaw 71

New York-
Spanish Church, "Our Lady of Hope" —

Altar 286

Decorations by Sorolla 286

Exterior 284

Penfield, Walter Scott, counselor of Panama l^;ation, Washington 81

Smiley, Albert K 72

Statue of Sheridan at Cedar Creek to be presented Ciculo Militar, Buenos

Aires , Argen tina 596

Montevideo —

Bureau of Expositions —

Headquarters of 64

Moving-picture room 63

Valdee, Sr. Don Ramon M., envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary

to the United States 829

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LXVI INDEX*

Venesuela: Page.

Oancaa, capítol at «01

Statue commemorating the 19th of April 603

Wheelwright, William 730

Statue of 732

Wilson, Hugh B., secretary of the United States legation at Guatemala City. . 437
Wilson, Mrs., wife of the President, and Mrs. Marshall, wife of the Vice Presi-
dent 417

Wilson, Hon. Woodrow, and Hon. Thomas R. Marshall 416

Wilson, Hon. Woodrow, President of the United States, and Cabinet 332

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T UNION OF AMERICAN REPUBLICS T

BULLETIN

OF THE

PAN AMERICAN

UNION

june: 1913

SEVENTEENTH AND B STREETS NW., WASHINGTON, D.C.,U.S.A.
CABLE ADDRESS FOR UNION AND BULLETIN "PAU." WASHINGTON

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SUBSCRIPTION RATES FOR THE BULLEl-TIN

Engli»h edition, in all countries of the Pan American Union, $2.00 per year.
Spanish edition, " " '* " " *' 1.50 "

Portuguese edition," " *' " '* " 1.00 "

French edition, '* " " ** " " .75 "

An ADDITIONAL CHARGE OF 50 centi per year, on each edition, for
subscription» in countries outside the Pan American Union.

SINGLE COPIES may be procured from the Superintendent of Docu-
ments. Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C, at 25 centa each..

WASHI«lCTON :GOVtNNHCNT PRINTINO OrPICC : 1«1B

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Page.

Paraguay in pfospect 786

A Caiibbean cruise. 803

Dinner of the Pan American Society 810

Pan American notes , 819

Fifth Pan American Conference— New executives in Latin America— Inauguration of Presi-
dent Menocal— Visit to United States of Brazilian Minister of Foreign Affairs— Dr. José C.
Rodrigues of Rio de Janeiro— Changes in Governing Board of Pan American Union— Address
of minister of Argentina at Harvard— Honorary degree for minister of Uruguay— Mr. Carnegie
and the Governing Board— A distinguished Chilean— The Panama- Pacific International
Exposition— Boston Chamber of Commerce in South America— Mobile Trade Commission
to Central America— Stephen Bonsai's "The American Mediterranean"- Lake Mohonk
Conference on International Arbitration.

Pan America in the Magazines 836

Book Notes 861

Subject Matter oí Consular Beports 866

Argentine Bepublic 867

Live stock exports, 1912— Population of Buenos Aires— Argentine Railwav receipts— Construc-
tion of barracks— Sanitary convention— Conference of Governors— Railway construction-
Fruit growing in Mendoza— Department of Jachal— Tobacco culture.

BoUvia 869

Foreign capital invested— Medical committee at Rio — Budget of Oruro— Fishing concession-
Fusion of banks— Exports from California— Reduction of freight rates— Opening of railway-
Customs commission.

Brazü 860

Traffic on the Amazon— Tenders for supplies— Rice production— Physical geography of Brazil-
National wireless stations— Anniversary of Geographical Society— Port works of Nictheroy—
Aeronautic activities— Distribution of maté— Tribute to Brazil at the Sorbonne.

ChUe 863

Longitudinal Railway— Viticultiu-al station— Eighth Scientific Congress— Province of Cautín-
Vina del Mar.

Colombia 864

School of stenography - -Sanitary station— Survey of railways— Loan for improvements— Honor
to Sra. de Sampere - Sugar compressing machine— Reorganization of board of trade— Dedica-
tion of monuments— Society of Fine Arts— Floral games— Exposition at Santander— The
Breitung mines— Study of Portuguese.

Costa Bica 866

Golfo Dulce— Cordage factory— Curriculum changes in schools— Money-Order Convention-
Consular appointments— School of Domestic Arts— Waterworks— Demographic statistics-
Hotel construction,

Cuba 868

New cabinet— Cattle regulations— Women lawyers— Fumigation of vessels—Supervisors of
healtlf— Dry dock for Habana— Sugar exports— Invitations to congresses.

Dominican Bepublic 870

New theater— Line of steamers— International congresses— Ice factory— Northern railway-
Consular appointments— New customhouse— Commercial school.

Ecuador 872

Railway not^K— Aviation school— Congress of students— Diplomatic appointment— Militarv
Bulletin— Tramway line— Wireless installations— Guayaquil night school— Telephone instal-
lattons— Postal money orders.

Guatemala 873

Rubber company— Consular appointment— Cultivate soy bean— Delegates to congresses-
Election of deputies— Saline springs— Federat km life association.

Haiti 875

New president— Opening of Congress— Speaker of the House— Internal debt lend issue— Agri-
cultural fair— New railroad station— Inauguration of Leconte Park— Church regulations-
State Department regulations.

Ill

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IV TABLE OF CONTENTS.

Pagre-
Honduras 876

Srhool of pnu-tieal ogrkiillure Timler resourcey— Navigaikn of Lake Yojoa— Cemenl-blwk
iai'lory Softle<l-paper law- ('oiton-íabrlc factories— relroleum deposits.

Mexico 878

New cabinet portfolio- Hailway oijening— Federal telecraph office— Fchool notes— Teleeraph
system- I'ress A.sM>oiatK)n anni\er»irv- Isthnius traflic— Mines declared void— Free distri-
bution of publications- iiuiultic rock deposits— Nat ránal holiday declared— Commercial
concessions.

Nlcaracua 881

Reor^jiniie public schools— Railway constructkMi— Value of new currency— Militarj'-band
equipment— Announcement of professorships.

Panama 882

Claims (*oniniission appointed— Competitive stholarships— Organiiatton of police force— Immi-
grât ion restrictions— Lotteries prohibited— Property registraticn law— Public instruction
régulations.

Paraguay 884

Apricult urnl development- Exports from Belgium— Study local conditions— Consular appoint-
iiiont -.New bridges— Bureau of agricultural statistics— Ferryl»oat service— Mililarj' regis-
trat ions Railway construction— i'odification committee— Federal revenues.

Peru 886

AgriculiumI course established— Imiwrts— Aviation school work— Railway surveys— Potable
waterworks .Vgricultural coton les- Delegate to geologic congress— Railway notes.

Salvador 888

1911 Annual publishe<l-- Paving contract— Local taxes— Progress of agricultural school— (iov-
ernmont Printing ()ilic<s Importatton of wines— t^chool not es— New periodical.

ürufuay 890

One hundredth anniversary of Artigas's instructions- Foreign congresses— .\viation progress—
llortuMiltumI exposition* New hospital projec-t — Devetopment of sugar industry— Railway
exten'iiun Realty transfers Foreign machinery.

Venezuela 891

Propres»; in Veneiuela New meteorological siattons .Vutomobile imports— New hospital at
Car.unis To increase library volumes- The caujo nut— Exports of Maracaibo— Extension of
railroad- Copper mines at Tuinu'a.s To open stockjiird.

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AMBASSADORS EXTRAORDINARY AND PLENIPOTENTIARY.

Brazil Edwin V. Moboan, Rio de Janeiro.

Mexico Henry L. Wilson, Mexico.

ENVOYS EXTRAORDINARY AND MINISTERS PLENIPOTENTIARY

Argentine Republic John W, Garrett, Buenos Aires.

Bolivia HoRACB G. Knowlbs, La Paz.

Chile Henry P. Fletcher, Santiago.

Colombia Jambs T. DüBois, Bogota.

Costa Rica Lewis Einstein, San Jose.

Cuba Arthur M. Beaupré, Havana.

Dominican Republic William W. Russell, Santo Domingo.

Ecuador Montgomery Schuyler, Jr., Quito.

Guatemala R. S. Reynolds Hitt, Guatemala City.

Haiti Henry W. Furniss, Port au Prince.

Honduras Charles D. White, Tegucigalpa.

Nicaragua George T. Weitzel, Managua.

Panama H. Percival Dodge, Panama.

Paraguay (Same as Uruguay.)

Peru H. Clay Howard, Lima.

Salvador William Heimke, San Salvador.

Uruguay Nicola y A. Grevstad, Montevideo.

V^enezuela Elliott Northcott, Caracas.

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