. pte
a = Sim eee
eae re Spe oe alee ain Semis
HARVARD UNIVERSITY
fe
LIBRARY
OF THE
Museum of Comparative Zoology
We
ay ie (fi
i
We
i
MUS. COMP. ZOOL.
LIBRARY
BUT ENS
GaRVARD
AMERICAN
PALEONTOLOGY
(Founded 1895)
Vol. 54
No. 240
A PELECYPOD FAUNA FROM THE GAPTANK
FORMATION (PENNSYLVANIAN) WEST TEXAS
By
SAMUEL O. Birp
1968
Paleontological Research Institution
Ithaca, New York 14850, U.S.A.
PALEONTOLOGICAL RESEARCH INSTITUTION
1967 - 1968
PRESIDENT i oe tads seslc ses e segs saad eaee ee do RRR Peta ae geen eee g tia KENNETH E. CASTER
WICESPRESIDE NIT) sccesasieca osst eae ate eee eee ese RMON ee means WILLIAM B. HERoY
SECRETARY="DREASURER: 5, d:ccssssvacesscecccsseuecscssl cesedceut oksactsectoestvcoccueccevets REBECCA S. HARRIS
DIRE CTOR F clecesiccecc cals Soke coos ca gua cacceemeeerew sts eee tet eee EROS KATHERINE V. W. PALMER
COUNSEL cccbsiccdeccsecescsesasesocccducsaaseecscegestcastasnecastetesccteestcosssoresiest cutcecesveeze ARMAND L. ADAMS
IREPRESEN DATIVE we ACACANS i © OLIN CII pee eee eee ce KENNETH E. CASTER
Trustees
KENNETH E. CASTER (1966-1972) KATHERINE V. W. PALMER (Life)
DonaLp W. FISHER (1967-1973) WILLIAM B. HEROY (1962-1968)
REBECCA S. Harris (Life) AXEL A. Otsson (Life)
DANIEL B. Sass (1965-1971) Hans G. KuGLer (1963-1969)
W. Storrs CoLe (1964-1970)
BULLETINS OF AMERICAN PALEONTOLOGY
and
PALAEONTOGRAPHICA AMERICANA
KATHERINE V. W. PALMER, Editor
Mrs. Fay Briccs, Secretary
Advisory Board
KENNETH E. CASTER HANs KUGLER
A. Myra KEEN Jay GLenn Marks
AXEL A. OLSSON
Complete titles and price list of separate available numbers may be had
on application.
For reprint, Vols. 1-23, Bulletins of American Paleontology see
Kraus Reprint Corp., 16 East 46th St., New York, N.Y. 10017, U.S.A.
For reprint, vol. I, Palaeontographica Americana see Johnson Reprint
Corporation, 111 Fifth Ave., New York, N.Y. 10003, U.S.A.
Subscription may be entered at any time by volume or year, with average
price of $16.00 per volume for Bulletins. Numbers of Palaeontographica Amer-
icana invoiced per issue. Purchases in U.S.A. for professional purposes are
deductible from income tax.
For sale by
Paleontological Research Institution
109 Dearborn Place
Ithaca, New York 14850
U.S.A.
SILI TEUNS
OF
AMERICAN
PALE ON LOROGY
(Founded 1895)
Vol. 54
No. 240
A PELECYPOD FAUNA FROM THE GAPTANK
FORMATION (PENNSYLVANIAN) WEST TEXAS
By
SAMUEL O. Birp
Mary Washington College
April 24, 1968
Paleontological Research Institution
Ithaca, New York 14850, U.S.A.
Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: GS 68-132
Mus. COMP. ZOOL-
LIBRARY
MAY 10 1968
HARVARD
UNIVERSITY:
Printed in the United States of America
CONTENTS
Page
ANY S tive Clan eee ee ela cere aaa sae Ua eee atc esac ead vas Savon eae uM eeu aeU ea eet Nee nace te eaee ances atch 111
TET O CUT CEO TUa ns eee ete arte et Actor Sooty RG nae Pe ee IR Te ie ean eaaten see aery auth: 111
BN CKO WEG IME MES eres ese se coe ccatee cee e ae eee nea MLD ga ae gee a en eat ge cnet nd aaeaWl eee cent Ch EGS 111
PT yy LOU See VO Thera oe reese ere cee ae ONSEN woh ote toMetnar ese seart Tada anerete ta osete 112
Strationaphy ‘and ehistoricall Geology cee ee ccsee cesses ee cee centres erecta eee eeee 112
Bre destemecolllectia mse ces ye seer ree eee MeN UR Cr Ue ein econ nun pease de Bea 114
Stratignaphicwacenotwh ee temircrscce ecctescee ectiet eae eee ee ee cern eee eee 115
Faunal list from Bed ten, Gaptank Formation ..0........0...:ccecceesseeeseeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeseeees 115
Pal EOE COLO Gays rer ee ee ee ae eee ra ee Ua aieatra ATE Aenea Mey genase the eee 117
HIS TS CLUS S10 TV ios eee eR Sg eA RE Ce Be Oat EBLE a a Deir ailal enn Sealant? 122
Brief glossary and abbreviations of shell morphology................:cccscceceeeeeees 123
Systematicwmp ale omtol o Sayin eecees scarce oes eee ces oe se cae des eee eeu pa set vealed eae ta eM cae ee 125
Ey cdrrn' Orv din Gd aie saree ere ie secre etc aes ae arian aR shed ogee eae nclere attest 125
Wola dormyda che si tweese on b ser senate rs en endl Sorc one ene NN ec AIL en Wa N ae 131
DENS NEM AA OK UW eN seca ase ee carat ey sa Pa a Nt ao tS Pea Be 133
Niu Gulimidiae geese ee eee ene SP sO ea Ue COU RUN esos ET I ED, 136
Grarmrmatod Onn tr diate caer ese ee ee le acer aera eaten te ee Lear oo 137
Gonocarry divalent tee eee eee eee Be gtanuh SPA) staged Melia hy Sin LAUR Dialer 143
TACO Tel ale pees ata ee a ene te eas eA Slate a rere AR OL SUR Senay nin CEM oe 144
Bamilyaiin quire nd alge less it tele hey Be eye Ne eet as, SA 146
IMAiy, till dive tosses ter et Ret Oi lee Naty cole, dR sas ie aus co WR Ue cl Ue ok 146
Mio diommor pir cia ers emote crac ce cena te ce acta Pee ah cca ceu tees ees ee eats a ence ee es 148
PENNY CCA) (Oy OX KOLO wa LE ae oe ee A Sr rear Sg eye vee yay aay ee ee ea 150
Family Inquirenda 22.00.0200... UE aes 1a a Neuis: t eeOSOS 161
TN BSC YO oY) oN ea a A ee a pr Oe ee 162
DANS tary Gl ale mest ree ae tae rn ene SUNN re Meer mee cane de rea ae yee rcAste as celUn co ae NONONLED 163
IBDN graryeaipy Tay pias co ene es NN asada eae othe Sle Dee td peeea ta ey ound ge eS ee aR 167
YeNT ON OY SH OV Ube, eek yeetacea par eS eRON a Sa aaa aS ee Sat Uo ny Noe Cae re eu 173
A Teit espe ester este eee ce call HORS alo Duca Seen at a ee A gtieenalled Rann oer BON 177
TABLES
1. Statistical comparisons of Astartella spp. for the regression of HB on Lt 165
Appendix: Tables of raw measurement data.
PUB Toy Mes) Ye a UC A ee ap ha ae Re ad ne ea 173
A Reet of edie Bd (ca a OT ee RR ON RD ee 174
SUPE eS ahi Cie See ae RR PSN NN SAD A ae AS eS a 174
Alva bl ean Vater nereesine ee hikae MUIM asa, Jie tie ete a ane edible teenie Nenana MEE 175
BT cally pes Wl pierseske nee ee geod al eS Rect Ue Eaten (Fa IE Nt Mae esa ce a etl ce Gala PE 175
EY Beet) oh LER GNVE (Beas aS aca Fe ee eT ee ee cv 176
TEXT-FIGURE
1. Sketches to illustrate measurements symbols ......002 202 eee eee 124
ere
vant
ea ie
esp Gas
HETOR
A PELECYPOD FAUNA FROM THE GAPTANK
FORMATION (PENNSYLVANIAN), WEST TEXAS
S. O. Bird
ABSTRACT
The Gaptank Formation crops out in the vicinity of the North American
standard Lower Permian in the Marathon Basin of Texas. The formation con-
tains a rich, largely unstudied invertebrate fauna. The richest fossiliferous zone
of the Gaptank Formation is Bed ten for which a Missourian age is indicated.
The Pelecypoda fauna from Bed ten is diverse and inciudes nine new
species. Some of these species are so unique that they do not compare well to
any known species. For this reason and because internal characters could not
be determined, open nomenclature is used in appropriate places. The Bed ten
faunal assemblage seems to belong to what Johnson (1962) termed the Chonetina
association, a normal marine assemblage. Further, the association of pelecypod
and gastropod genera with an abundant calcareous brachiopod assemblage
would seem to indicate a deep water environment; perhaps deeper than other
described North American Pennsylvanian faunas. It is suggested that depth
of water accounts for the uncommon diversity of the Bed ten pelecypods. Be-
cause species of the various systematic groups are normal in size and orna-
mentation and because many species are common Pennsylvanian forms, an
isolated normal or restricted abnormal environment does not explain the unique
morphological types and unique associations found in Bed ten.
INTRODUCTION
The geology of the Marathon Basin in Brewster and Pecos
Counties of southwestern Texas is famous, yet little has been done
with the rich Pennsylvanian fauna of the Gaptank Formation. Bed
ten of the Gaptank Formation contains a rich pelecypod fauna in-
cluding nine new species and a new unnamed genus. The purpose of
this paper is to describe and illustrate the Pelecypoda from Bed ten.
In addition, the results of a brief study of the paleoecology of Bed
ten and of a quantitative study of some population samples of
Astartella spp. are included in the work.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The writer wishes to express his gratitude to the following
people for lending him specimens and for aiding him with valuable
suggestions: G. A. Cooper, U.S. National Museum; J. M. Weller,
University of Chicago; H. R. Wanless, University of Illinois; Rich-
ard Leary, Illinois State Museum; Mrs. Lois S. Kent, Illinois Geo-
logical Survey; L. M. Cline and L. R. Laudon, University of Wis-
consin; T. J. M. Schopf and A. La Rocque, Ohio State University;
P. T. Flawn and Peter Rodda, University of Texas; and H. G.
Richards, Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences.
Special thanks are due Roger L. Batten of the American
Museum of Natural History who suggested the study, helped with
photographic techniques and quantitative studies, read the manu-
script, and aided with his support, criticism, and advice.
112 BULLETIN 240
Dr. Herbert Howe, Professor of Geology, Purdue University,
lent much help with the photography.
The writer is also indebted to Ellis L. Yochelson and John
Pojeta, Jr. of the U.S. Geological Survey who read the entire manu-
script and offered many valuable suggestions. Not withstanding the
abundant help the writer has had, he alone is solely responsible
for omissions and errors in the work.
Finally, this opportunity is taken to thank the Wisconsin
Alumni Research Foundation for its financial aid to the study.
Thanks are due Mary Washington College for defraying the cost
of the engraving of the illustrations.
PREVIOUS WORK
The Gaptank Formation was named by J. A. Udden (1917,
p. 38) from a cattle tank located in Stockton Gap, Pecos County,
25 miles north of Marathon, Texas. J. W. Beede identified some of
the fauna and included a list of fossils in Udden’s paper. Other
workers have discussed the Gaptank Formation in several publica-
tions, the most complete being that of P. B. King (1930). This is
a detailed report of the stratigraphy of the Gaptank Formation
which includes a faunal list prepared by R. E. King. More recently
Bostwick (1962) and Ross (1965) studied the stratigraphy and
fusulines of the Gaptank Formation.
STRATIGRAPHICAL AND HISTORICAL GEOLOGY
The Gaptank Formation crops out at three major localities
in the Marathon Basin; at the type locality on the Marathon-Fort
Stockton highway 25 miles northeast of Marathon; at the Dugout
Creek area eight miles west of Marathon; and at Black Peak, locat-
ed on the north side of Doubtful Canyon (southwest of the
Dugout Creek area) in the Del Norte Mountains.
At its type locality, the Gaptank Formation is folded into a
broad anticline. The lower one-half of the formation may be ob-
served on the southeast flank of the anticline. Here the formation
consists of a series of conglomerates, sandstones, and shales. The
upper part of the Gaptank Formation crops out on the northwest
flank of the anticline. Five dense limestones separated by sand-
stones constitute this portion of the formation. The lower part of
‘TEXAS PENNSYLVANIAN PELECYPODS: BIRD 113
the Gaptank has been assigned to the Desmoinesian-Virgilian
Series; the upper beds to the Virgilian Series (Moore, et al., 1944) .
The lithologic break from coarse and fine clastics to carbonates and
clastics is not accompanied by an unconformity. This change in
rock type occurs within the Virgilian beds. About 200 feet below
this change in lithology is Bed ten which is richly fossiliferous.
Exposures of the upper part of the Gaptank may be followed
from the type locality to the southwest for six or seven miles. ‘These
exposures are covered by wash and are somewhat scattered in dis-
tribution.
At the Dugout Creek area, west of Marathon, a window in an
overthrust sheet exposes the autochthonous Gaptank Formation.
Outcrops of the formation are spotty and the structure is complex.
Indeed, it has been difficult to determine how much of the Gaptank
Formation is represented in this area. ‘The Black Peak locality to
the southwest seems to be structurally related to the Dugout Creek
area and here too stratigraphic relations are difficult to interpret
(King, 1930, p. 46).
The sediments of the Gaptank Formation were deposited in
a geosynclinal trough. The extent of this trough was apparently
altered by positive elements which were periodically raised above
the marine waters. Evidence of cannibalism is found in the five
conglomerates in the lower one-half of the formation. According
to King (1930, pp. 43-44), the conglomerates thin to the north
and contain fragments of the underlying Dimple Limestone (Mor-
rowan), Marvillas Chert (probably Ordovician) , and the Caballos
Novaculite (probably Devonian). The angularity of pebbles and
boulders from these formations seems to indicate short transpor-
tation and rapid burial, The environment during deposition of
most of the Gaptank Formation either was not well suited for the
erowth of organisms or was not conducive to their preservation.
Orogenic uplift began in the area near the beginning of Gap-
tank time, and moving from south to north through time, pro-
duced geanticlines and associated troughs. The full force of these
movements was exerted near the end of Gaptank time. During this
orogeny, beginning in Desmoinesian time and continuing into mid-
dle Virgilian time, the sediments at the type locality were folded
into the broad anticline seen today. ‘The uplift that produced the
114 BULLETIN 240
thrusting in the Dugout Creek area has been dated as post-Cre-
taceous (King, 1930, pp. 43-44) .
Under these rigorous conditions one would not expect to find
an environment suitable for marine life. Indeed, the 1800 foot
section of the Gaptank Formation at the type locality, contains
only the following noteworthy faunas: (1) Chaetetes Limestone,
which marks the base of the Gaptank Formation (pre-orogeny) ;
(2) Bed 6, from which King reported a molluscan fauna; (3) Bed
10, the zone primarily studied here; and (4) Beds 13 and 21 from
which have been reported Triticites mooreit Dunbar and Condra
(1932) and Triticites cullomensis Dunbar and Condra (1932), re-
spectively.
BED TEN COLLECTIONS
Bed ten consists of about 165 feet of green shale with inter-
bedded argillaceous limestone units. The limestone units are 25
feet, 65 feet, and 85 feet above the base of Bed ten at a locality
about two miles south and east from Gaptank. These units are
two to three feet thick and are abundantly fossiliferous.
The bulk of specimens studied from Bed ten of the Gaptank
Formation were collected near the type locality at Gaptank. The
U.S. National Museum collections are: (1) locality 700 —2 miles
S. 17° E. of Gaptank, 14% miles E. of a point on the Fort Stockton
road 2 miles S. of Gaptank, about 234% miles NE of Marathon,
Texas; (2) locality 700a—same as locality 700 but % mile E.
in a small canyon. These collections were made by Dr. G. A.
Cooper, 1940 and Drs. Cooper atid N. D. Newell, 1941. The writer
made further collections in the close vicinity of localities 700 and
700a during the summer of 1956. For the most part, the specimens
were collected on the shaly slopes of two arroyos below the lime-
stone units of Bed ten from which the specimens had been weathered
and transported.
Other zones of the Gaptank Formation are sparsely fossiliferous
or characterized by only a few species. An extensive, more general
collection from the Gaptank Formation is deposited at the Bureau
of Economic Geology, University of ‘Texas.
The writer’s personal collections of pelecypods from Bed ten
have been deposited at the U.S. National Museum.
Or
TEXAS PENNSYLVANIAN PELECYPODS: BIRD 1]
STRATIGRAPHIC AGE OF BED TEN
Few species from Bed ten of the Gaptank Formation are use-
ful as zone fossils. Those present that are regarded by Moore, e¢ al.
(1944), as Pennsylvanian Series indicators are: Missouri Series —
Enteletes spp., not older than Missourian; Enteletes hemiplicatus;
Hystriculina splendens (also Desmoinesian) ; Streblopteria (Streblo-
chondria) sculptilus; and Virgil Series — Kozlowskia wabashensis.
Triticites irregularis, a Missourian Series indicator, is abundant in
Bed ten. Hence the Bed ten fauna suggests a Missourian age.
Comparison of the Bed ten fauna with faunas of North Central
Texas as identified by Plummer and Moore (1921) indicates the
following number of species in common: Bendian Series 3; Des-
moinesian (Strawn) Series 9; Missourian (Canyon) Series 12; and
Virgilian (Cisco) Series 12. In some cases the same species is
found in more than one series. On the basis of this comparison
alone, Bed ten would correlate as well with the Cisco Series as with
the Canyon. However as noted above, on the basis of the few guide
fossils, the age of Bed ten is Missourian. The same conclusion was
reached by Ross (1965) for beds equivalent to Bed ten (Ross’s beds
A, B, and C) on the basis of the fusulines.
FAUNAL LIST FROM BED TEN, GAPTANK FORMATION
Fauna Abundance Group No.*
PROTOZOA
Triticites irregularis Schellwien and Staff, 1912 CC
PORIFERA
Wewokella solida Girty, 1911 A
CNIDARIA
Hadrophyllum sp. RR
Lophophyllum profundum (Milne-Edwards and
Haime), 1851 C ]2
BRYOZOA
Rhombopora sp. C 5
ECHINODERMATA
Archeocidaris sp. RR
Crinoid Stems A
BRACHIOPODA
Enteletes hemiplicatus plattsburgensis Newell, 1931 C
Derbya bennetti Hall and Clark, 1892 R ]
Derbya crassa (Meek and Hayden), 1859 C |
Rhychopora illinoisensis (Worthen), 1884 CC
Antiquatonia portlockiana
(Norwood and Pratten), 1854 R I
Reticulatia huecoensis (R. E. King), 1951 R |
* Group numbers are from Johnson (1962)
116 BULLETIN 240
Fauna Abundance Group No.*
Aystriculina wabashensis
(Norwood and Pratten) , 1885 C
Kozlowskia splendens (Norwood and Pratten), 1885 C 1
Neospirifer cameratus (Morten), 1836 R 1
Neospirifer triplicatus (Hall), 1852 R 1
Condrathyris perplexa (McChesney), 1859 CC 7
Cleiothyridina orbicularis (McChesney), 1859 R
Composita subtilita (Hall), 1852 CC
Composita trilobita Dunbar and Condra, 1932 C
Composita elongata Dunbar and Condra, 1932 C
Hustedia sp. RR 1
Punctospirifer kentuckensis (Shumard), 1852 C 1
MOLLUSCA - GASTROPODA
Warthia kingi Moore, 1941 CC
Straparolus (Amphiscapha) reedsi (Knight), 1934 A 16
Mourlonia sp. C
Glabrocingulum (Ananias) sp. C
Worthenia tabulata (Conrad), 1835 C
Gosseletina sp. Cc 7
Glyptotomaria (Glyptotomaria) apiarium
Knight, 1945 RR
Platyceras (Orthonychia) parvum (Swallow), 1858 A
Anomphalus sp. C
Trachydomia nodosa (Meek and Worthen) , 1860 AA
Stegocoelia sp. R
Pseudozygopleura sp. C
Orthonema_ sp. C
Ianthinopsis typicus (Meek and Worthen), 1860 C
Ianthinopsis paludinaeformis (Hall) , 1858 C 2
MOLLUSCA - CEPHALOPODA
Goniatites sp. RR
MOLLUSCA - PELECYPODA
“Edmondia” sp. R
“Edmondia” ct. “E.” subtruncata Meek, 1872 AA
Wilkingia terminale (Hall), 1852 RR 14
Pleurophorella costata
(Meek and Worthen), 1869 RR
Nuculopsis girtyt Schenck, 1934 RR @
Grammatodon erectumbona Bird, n. sp. RR
Grammatodon hexacostata Bird, n. sp. RR 15
Grammatodon kansasensis (Sayre), 1930 RR
Grammatodon carbonaria (Cox) , 1857 C
Conocardium parrashi Worthen, 1890 C
Pteria longa (Geinitz), 1866 RR
“Promytilus”’ postumbonus Bird, n. sp. RR
Goniophora gnoma Bird, n. sp. RR
Acanthopecten carboniferus (Stevens), 1858 R
Annuliconcha interlineata (Meek and Worthen), 1860 C
Clavicosta cf. C. echinata Newell, 1937 RR
Streblopteria (Streblopteria) sp. RR
Streblopteria (Streblopteria) obliqua Bird, n. sp. RR
TEXAS PENNSYLVANIAN PELECYPODS: BIRD ly
Fauna Abundance Group No.*
Streblopteria (Streblochondria) aff. S.
(S.) sculptilus (Miller), 1891 RR 18
Streblopteria (Streblochondria) fila Bird, n. sp. RR
Streblopteria (Streblochondria) tenuilineata
(Meek and Worthen), 1860 RR
Streblopteria (Streblochondria) semicosta Bird, n. sp. RR
Streblopteria (Obliquipecten) sp. RR
Cypricardinia questa Bird, n. sp. RR
“Stutchburia” corrucostata Bird, n. sp. C
Astartella varica McChesney, 1859 CC
ABBREVIATIONS
RR—very rare R—rare
CC—very common C—common
AA—very abundant A—abundant
The abundance data refer only to general impressions of relative abundance.
Actual quantification of data was not done.
PALEOECOLOGY
The paleoecological findings presented here are based on
studies of brachiopods, gastropods, and pelecypods. General eco-
logical statements concerning taxa within these groups are present-
ed below. Outer neritic as used here refers to marine zones with
relatively minor fluctuations in physical factors of environment;
perhaps depths of 150 meters and more. Near shore means the zone
where waters are somewhat agitated and subject to wide environ-
mental fluctuations.
The information presented in this section is based on studies
of Mid-Missourian faunas and faunal lists from a variety of lith-
ologies. These studies and comparisons with the results of studies
by Johnson (1962) and Mudge and Yochelson (1962) suggest that
the Bed ten faunule indicates outer neritic conditions. The Bed ten
assemblage compares well to what Johnson terms the Chonetina
association.
In a quantitative study of 63 Middle and lower Upper Penn-
sylvanian species from the area of Fulton County, Illinois, Johnson
(1962) delimited 19 groups which he combined into three types
of associaticns. A brief description of these associations follows:
Chonetina association — consisting largely of articulate brachiopods
and apparently representing a neritic assemblage living on a rela-
tively firm substrate; Orbiculoidea association — dark shale as-
semblage thought to represent near-shore zones and soft substrate
118 BULLETIN 240
conditions; Gastropod association — bonded to both of the other
associations, conditions intermediate to those indicated in the pre-
ceding associations.
Unfortunately, fusulines were not a part of the faunas studied
by Johnson. Fusulines are abundant in Bed ten, but because the
megafossils were mainly collected after they had weathered out of
the matrix, the association of the larger invertebrates and the fusu-
lines is not established for Bed ten. Mudge and Yochelson (1962)
recognized 13 groups, including four with fusulines, from their
study of Upper Pennsylvanian and Lower Permian rocks of Kansas.
Group 4 (which included fusulines) , groups 5 and 6, and group 7
of Mudge and Yochelson (1962, p. 109) appear to coincide respec-
tively with Johnson’s Chonetina association, Orbiculoidea associa-
tion, and gastropod association.
Ignoring the fusulines, the fauna of Bed ten appears to be a
Chonetina association though no species of Chonetina are present
in Bed ten. Johnson’s Groups I and V comprise the Chonetina
association; Group I contains 13 species and Group V contains
four species. ‘Ten species from Bed ten may be assigned to Johnson's
Group I and one may be assigned to his Group V. Of the ten
Groups bonded to the Chonetina association in the original study,
four Groups, represented by five species, are present in Bed ten.
Of the nine groups present in Bed ten!, five are bonded to the
Chonetina association and two more belong to the association
proper. The other two Groups present in Bed ten are Groups 2
and 15. Group 2, represented by two species in Bed ten, belongs
to the gastropod association proper and Group 15, represented by
one species in Bed ten, bonds the gastropod and Orbiculoidea as-
sociations. (The three Bed ten species referred to these last two
Groups may not be the same species as those included in these
Groups in the original study, however.) The gastropod associa-
tion has species in common with the Chonetina association and
the two associations are not mutually exclusive. The Orbiculoidea
association, which Johnson stated to be distinct in time or space
from the Chonetina association, is not represented by a single
‘See Faunal List from Bed Ten for distribution of species within the various
Groups.
‘TEXAS PENNSYLVANIAN PELECYPODs: BIRD 119
species in Bed ten of the Gaptank formation though, as noted
above, one species bonds at once to the Orbiculoidea and to the
gastropod associations. Hence from these qualitative comparisons
with Johnson’s study, the Bed ten fauna, in so far as comparisons
are possible, appears to be a Chonetina association.
Below, three systematic groups from Bed ten of the Gaptank
Formation are analyzed individually.
Brachiopoda. — This group is well represented in Bed ten of
the Gaptank Formation. Species of Composita are by far the most
abundant elements of the Bed ten macrofauna. Productid and
spiriferid types are also common. The productid assemblage is rep-
resented by species of the genera Reticulata, Kozlowskia, and
Hystriculina; the spiriferids by species of Neospirifer and Condra-
thyris. Reticulata, Kozlowskia, Hystriculina, and Neospirifer
seem to be found in both near-shore and outer neritic assemblages
while Condrathyris seems to have preferred only normal marine
conditions. Crurithyris, the common relatively near-shore Penn-
sylvanian spiriferid, as well as the better known near-shore dwell-
ers, Lingula and Orbiculoidea, are absent. Derbya and the less
widely distributed genera Enteletes and Rhynchopora are common
in Bed ten.
Brachiopoda in Bed ten have several species in common with
the faunas studied by Johnson (1962). Of those species or closely
related species from Bed ten that can be compared to those of
Johnson’s study, 10 out of a possible 11 total comparisons (be-
longing to 7 genera) belong to Johnson’s Group I, a limestone
assemblage. ‘Ten species of 10 genera comprise the articulate
brachiopod group of his Group I. His assemblage in Group I in-
cludes 10 of the 21 species of articulate brachiopods studied by
him. This, together with the finding of the nearly complete match
out of the possible comparisons of the Bed ten articulate brachio-
pods, indicates that articulate brachiopods form tightly knit com-
munities in Pennsylvanian limestone faunules, and that the oc-
currence of members of Group I can be predicted if a few other
members of the Group are known.
Gastropoda. — ‘The pleurotomariids are abundant in Bed ten.
The main components of this superfamily in Bed ten are species
of Worthenia, Glabrocingulum, Mourlonia, and Gosseletina. Species
120 BULLETIN 240
of Worthenia seem to tolerate a variety of environments and are
found in both near-shore and outer neritic assemblages. Pleuro-
tomariaceans that seem to thrive in near-shore conditions are
Phanerotrema and Trepospira, neither of which are found in Bed
ten. Species of Mourlonia and Gosseletina, on the other hand, ap-
pear to prefer outer neritic conditions.
The bellerophontids, represented by a single genus, Warthia,
in Bed ten, seem generally to indicate near-shore conditions. This
statement is supported by their distribution and chemical environ-
ment (high manganese and high iron content of sediments) in
which they have been found (Parker, 1957, p. 116). Warthia, a
common genus in Bed ten, seems to tolerate wider ranges of eco-
logical conditions than most genera of this group. It is found with
the apparent near-shore indicators, Knightites (Retispira), Euphe-
mites, Pharkidonotus, and Bellerophon as well as with outer neritic
faunas. Moore (1941, p. 124) reported Bellerophon, Euphemites,
and Warthia from the oolitic part of the Ozawkie cyclothem (cen-
tral Kansas) which appears to be a near-shore deposit.
Species of Platyceras are believed to be coprophagous on crin-
oids (Bowsher, 1956, p. 261). This genus is abundant in Bed ten
as are remains of crinoids. Trachydomia, also abundant in Bed
ten, seems to live in profusion only in outer neritic waters. Stra-
parolus, on the other hand, is apparently found in both near-shore
and deeper marine assemblages (Mudge and Yochelson, 1962, p.
105) .
Pelecypoda. — Burrowing pelecypods are nearly absent in Bed
ten of the Gaptank Formation. One specimen each of Wilkingia,
Nuculopsis, and Pleurophorella were collected from Bed ten. The
fauna of Bed ten comes from thin limestone units — most burrow-
ing pelecypods occur in shales, sandy shales, or sandstones. Hence
the substrate of Bed ten may not have been suitable for the bur-
rowing forms.
Species that may have burrowed to shallow depths or else were
vagrant epifauna belong to the genera Cypricardinia, Stutchburia,
Edmondia, and Astartella. A pallial sinus is not present in these
genera, hence none burrowed deeply, if at all. The last two gen-
era rank, respectively, first and second in number of specimens per
pelecypod genus. Both of these genera and Cypricardinia appear
TEXAS PENNSYLVANIAN PELECYPODS: BIRD 121
to occupy widely diverse ecological zones. Species of Stutchburia
have been so infrequently recognized that an assessment of their
niche is not now possible.
Those forms that spend at least part of their existence attached
by byssal threads represent the bulk of the Bed ten pelecypods.
The Bed ten genera of this group are: the pectinoids Annuliconcha,
Acanthopecten, Clavicosta, and Streblopteria (three subgenera pres-
ent); Grammatodon (=Parallelodon) ; and “Promytilus.”
The Pectinacea is represented by more genera and _ species
than any other pelecypod group in Bed ten, but no species of the
group is common. The pectinaceans have a varied mode of exis-
tence: living attached by a byssus (commonly to seaweed), lying
on the sea floor, and swimming freely about. Roger (1939) noted
that the number of littoral species of pectinids is small, and that
this group is more common in the 30 to 72 meter zone in modern
seas. He further noted that they are also more common from this
zone to the edge of the continental shelf than elsewhere and that
pectinid pelecypods found from 500 meters down are of small size
and are not common. The diverse assemblage of pectinoids in Bed
ten, represented by more genera and species at one stratigraphic
interval than, to the writer’s knowledge, occur elsewhere, would
then suggest an environment of fairly deep water. As is usually
the case, probably owing to the lack of dentition in the pectinaceans,
no specimen was found in the bivalve state. The valves are prob-
ably separated by scavengers or the waves of storms which penetrate
to deep water.
Four species of Grammatodon were identified from Bed ten.
The most common species is G. carbonaria (Cox), most specimens
of which are single valved and some of which are in a more clastic
matrix than the typical Bed ten specimen. The specimens of G.
carbonaria may have been transported from higher energy zones.
In general, species of Grammatodon occur in shales, shaly lime-
stones, and limestones covering a wide range of ecological condi-
tions.
Only one specimen of the superfamily Mytilacea, usually a
common element in marine Late Paleozoic faunules, was found
in Bed ten. Present day mytilaceans thrive in the littoral and
shallow neritic zones, and though present in deeper water, are much
122 BULLETIN 240
less common there. The Myalinidae probably also preferred a
habitat near shore, but seem to have done better if the waters were
also quiet (Newell, 1942, pp. 16-19). The extreme paucity of this
common group of pelecypods in Bed ten may indicate that the
water was too deep for them.
DISCUSSION
Bed ten of the Gaptank Formation has a diverse assemblage
of pelecypods. The Bed ten fauna also contains a large group of
articulate brachiopods. Normally, Pennsylvanian faunas rich in
articulate brachiopods are sparse, both in number of species and
in total number of pelecypods (Mudge and Yochelson, 1962, p.
104). This mutual lack of association of articulate brachiopods
and pelecypods in the Pennsylvanian has also been noted by John-
son (1962, Table 5, p. 42) and others. Yet it appears that the
Bed ten fauna represents a biocoenose which lived below wave
base for specimens show little abrasion, fragmentation, or sorting
by size. Further, the pelecypods, with the exception of the pecti-
noids, are almost all in the bivalve condition.
The diversity of the pelecypod assemblage, particularly the di-
versity of the pectinoids, coupled with the absence of mytilaceans,
the association of pelecypods with the large group of articulate
brachiopods, the lack of evidence of wave energy (including the
lithology) in Bed ten of the Gaptank Formation all indicate an
outer shelf environment.
Beyond the evidence discussed above, an environment of
normal marine, deep or moderately deep water is attested to by
the great abundance of the fusuline Triticites irregularis Schellwien
and Staff. Dunbar (1957, pp. 753-4) noted that the fusulines indi-
cate well aerated, normal marine waters, and that they seem gen-
erally to have preferred zones free from wave agitation. Further
evidence of well aerated water is the profusion of crinoidal re-
mains in Bed ten. (Because Dunbar, op. cit., stated that fusulines
rarely occur with crinoids and mollusks, it might be that the fusu-
lines represent a different cycle of deposition than the rest of the
fauna discussed above) .
TEXAS PENNSYLVANIAN PELECYPODS: BIRD 123
BRIEF GLOSSARY AND ABBREVIATIONS OF SHELL
MORPHOLOGY
Auricles, ears, wings — extensions along the dorsal margin of some valves, par-
ticularly well developed in pteriids, limiids, and pectinoids.
Byssal notch — excavation in the shell for passage of byssal threads which serve
to attach the organism io the substrate. In pectinoids the notch is best de-
veloped on the anterior auricle of the lowermost (right) valve. In arcoids
the notch is on the ventral margin of the valves and is equally developed on
the two valves. In mytiloids the notch is usually in the anteroventral mar-
gin of both valves. (See sinus and sulcus below.)
Costae, costellae, ribs — radial ornament of variable weight.
Fila, lamellae, ridges — concentric ornament of variable weight, coarser and more
regular than growth lines.
Gape — lack of complete contact along line of commissure.
Interspaces — areas between concentric or radial ornament.
Obliquity — A. Beaks—untwisted, 7.e., meeting the dorsal margin at right angles
are orthogyre; anteriorly directed beaks are prosogyre; posteriorly directed
beaks are opisthogyre.
B. Shell-umbonal ridge vertical between dorsal and ventral margin is
termed acline; umbonal ridge concave posteriorly is prosocline; and um-
bonal ridge concave anteriorly is opisthocline.
Shell body — shell exclusive of auricles.
Sinus —a shallow groove in the left anterior auricle of pectinoids and in the
antero-ventral portion of the shell of mytiloids and some arcoids.
Sulcus — depression between anterior auricle and shell body in pectinoids; de-
pression extending dorsally from ventral margin in arcoids and mytiloids.
In both cases the sulcus is formed by the migration of the byssal notch with
shell growth and commonly can be seen in the growth lines or coarser con-
centric ornament.
Umbones — beaks and adjacent elevated portion of valve dorsal and lateral ex-
terior, extending variable distances ventrally.
Umbonal folds — shoulders between shell body and auricles.
Umbonal midline — trace of the center of the umbones.
ABBREVIATIONS
BV — bivalved specimen.
LV — left valve.
RV —right valve.
C — convexity, the maximum depth of valve (s) measured perpendicularly to
plane of commissure.
DAMB — distance from anterior margin OE hinge line to tip of beak.
DPMBE —distance from posterior margin of hinge line to tip of beak. Along
with DAMB measures the inclination and position of beaks.
DUR — maximum distance between umbonal ridges, usually at posterior margin
of valves.
Ht — height of vaive, maximum dorsal-ventral dimension.
Lt—length of valve, the maximum anterior-posterior dimension measured
parallel to hinge line.
LH — length of hinge line.
HB — height of beak, measured vertically from tip of beak to hinge line.
HAA — height of anterior auricle, maximum vertical dimension.
LAA — length of anterior auricle, maximum horizontal dimension.
HPA — height of posterior auricle.
LPA — length of posterior auricle.
124 BULLETIN 240
Cc Ht
Wy
OPMB —
= TZ
DAMB Lt a
HS
MLS
trace of umbonal
mid-line
portion posterior
to umbonal mid-
line
portion anterior to
umbonal mid-line
Text-figure 1. Sketches to illustrate measurements symbols.
‘TEXAS PENNSYLVANIAN PELECYPODS: BIRD 12
Or
HIL — height of internal ligamental area or chondrophore, maximum vertical
dimension.
LIL — length of internal ligamental area or chondrophore, maximum horizontal
dimension.
LLA — length of external ligamental area, measured parallel to hinge line, at
line of maximum dimension.
WLA — width of external ligamental area, measured along slope of ligamental
area at line of maximum dimension.
HS — maximum height of sulcus formed in response to migration of byssal notch.
MLS — maximum length of sulcus.
LES — length of escutcheon, measured parallel to hinge line.
WES — maximum width of escutcheon, measured perpendicular to hinge line.
LLu — maximum length of lunule, measured parallel to hinge line.
WLu — maximum width of lunule, measured perpendicular to hinge line.
OI — obliquity index, distance measured parallel to hinge line from trace of
umbonal midline of early ontogenetic stages to anteroventral and_ postero-
ventral margins. The index is the ratio of the anterior distance to pos-
terior distance. Hence a value of one indicates an acline shell, a value of
more than one indicates a prosocline shell, and a value of less than one
indicates an opisthocline shell.
PC — peripheral commissure, measured by tracing the length of the line of
commissure; a rough index of valve size and, with combinations, of valve
shape.
(1) — measurements taken on one valve of a bivalved specimen.
SYSTEMATIC PALEONTOLOGY
Class PELECYPODA
Family EDMONDIIDAE King
Discussion. — Convergence in external morphology between, at
least four edentulous Upper Paleozoic genera, is so strong that
confusion in identification is possible; yet each of the genera is in a
separate family. These genera are Sanguinolites McCoy, 1844; Ed-
mondia de Koninck, 1844; Pleurophorella Girty, 1904; and Wilk-
ingia Wilson, 1959. In ornamentation and shape these taxa over-
lap; ligamental areas are poorly known. Internal characters, of
course, serve to resolve the difficulties, but these features can sel-
dom be observed and hence are not well documented. Brief notes
on distinguishing characteristics of these genera follow.
Wilson (1959, 1960) has been active in a search for under-
standing of some of the edentulous genera. He confirmed the
presence of internal cartilage plates in the type species of Edmondia,
Isocardia unioniformis Phillips, 1836. He also determined that
Hiatella sulcata Fleming, 1828 — Sanguinolaria? sulcata Phillips,
1836 has these plates, and he judged Fleming’s species to be an
Edmondia. At least one other species assigned to Edmondia has
126 BULLETIN 240
these unique structures, Edmondia primaeva (Portlock) , 1843, fide
Hind (1899, pl. 30, fig. 2). These structures are now used to
characterize Edmondia s. s. Subgenera have not been proposed for
species of Edmondia which do not possess the cartilage plates but
presumably will be.
At least some species of Wilkingia gape posteriorly and Wilson
has verified the presence of a pallial sinus in the type species,
Venus elliptica Phillips, 1836.
Internal characteristics of both Sanguinolites and Pleurophor-
ella ave virtually unknown. Hind (1900) included at least two
species in his illustrations of the type species of Sanguinolites,
Sanguinolaria? angustata Phillips, 1836; the holotype (pl. 40, fig.
1) is not illustrated to show the dersal margin. The species repre-
sented by Hind’s plate 40, figures 3, 3a, 5 are not conspecific with
the holotype as supposed by Hind. These latter specimens are
similar to “Allorisma”’ costata — Pleurophorella costata (Meek
and Worthen) , 1869. Hind’s figure 3a shows this specimen to have
the long narrow ligamental groove of “Allorisma” costata. What the
ligamental area of the type species of Sanguinolites looks like is not
known. If it does not have a ligamental area of the “Allorisma”
costata type, Sanguinolaria? angustata Phillips, 1836 may prove to
have internal cartilage plates as did what Phillips (1836) called
Sanguinolaria? sulcata and thence be likewise assigned to Edmondia.
Girty’s description of Pleurophorella did not serve to distin-
guish this genus from others. The internal characters of the type
species, P. papillosa Girty, 1904 are completely unknown. Girty
placed Allorisma costata Meek and Worthen, 1869 into his new
genus. One specimen of Meek and Worthen’s species, which is de-
scribed later under Pleurophorella, shows this species to possess a
chondrophore. ‘Tentatively then, Girty’s genus Pleurophorella is
inferred to possess an internal ligamental area and the generic name
is retained. It may turn out that the type species of Sanguinolites
has external and internal ligamental areas like that of Pleurophor-
ella costata, in which case this species would be assigned to San-
guinolites.
Genus “EDMONDIA” de Koninck, 1844
Diagnosis. — Shell equivalve, inequilateral, not gaping, sub-
TrExaAs PENNSYLVANIAN PELECYPODs: BIRD 27)
ovate to subrectangular; beaks anterior, prosogyre; hinge edentu-
lous; ligament internal?, external?, marginal?; adductors subequal;
pallial line simple; valves smooth or with concentric ridges.
Ty pe species. - Edmondia unioniformis (Phillips) = Isocardia
unioniformis Phillips, 1836. Subsequent designation King (1850,
p. 162); Stoliczka, 1871, p. xvil.
Range. — Devonian-Permian.
Discussion. — Much confusion exists concerning the characters
of this common genus. De Koninck (1844, p. 66) included in his
description the statement “lunule echancree”. ‘This statement has
been interpreted by various authors to mean that the genus has a
lunule and by others that its valves are gaping. That neither in-
terpretation is correct may be determined from the characters of
the type species. The first of the two Edmondia species described by
De Koninck was identified by him as Edmondia unioniformis
(Phillips) , 1936. Although the species figured by De Koninck is
likely congeneric with that of Phillips, the species appears to be
distinct from Phillip’s species as noted by Hind (1899, p. 288).
The type species was designated by King (1850, p. 162). Girty
(1915, p. 105) erroneously supposed that the type species need be
that species which De Koninck figured.
Wilson (1960) studied three syntypes of the type species and
designated a lectotype. These specimens show that the type species
has neither lunule nor gape. However, according to Wilson all
three of the type specimens possess cartilage plates or ossicles. These
plates, first noted by King (1850) can be best understood from illus-
trations by Hind (1899, pl. 30, fig. 2) and by Wilson (1960, pl.
2, figs. 1-4). The function of these unique plates is not known: their
presence may indicate that Edmondia had an internal ligament or
had both internal and external ligaments or perhaps they served
merely to strengthen the valves (possibly against a dorsally orient-
ing predator) .
From a systematic rather than a functional viewpoint the
cartilage plates have introduced deeper problems. Many species,
including perhaps all American species?, previously assigned to
* Elias (1957) reported cartilage plates in a specimen of Edmondia from the
Red Oak Hollow Formation of Oklahoma: he did not illustrate this specimen
however.
128 BULLETIN 240
Edmondia have not been observed to have cartilage plates. Girty
(1915, p. 105) noted that American shells assigned to Edmondia
do not have these plates. No specimen from the Gaptank Forma-
tion was seen to have such structures. Therefore, open nomencla-
ture is used here to refer to what would earlier have been consid-
ered to be typical species of Edmondia.
The hinge structure which Hind (1899) called a transverse
lamella, but which was not mentioned by Wilson (1960), is a
narrrow toothlike rumple on the posterior part of the hinge plate.
A somewhat similar, elongate ridge is observed on the hinge areas of
specimens of “Edmondia” subtruncata from the Gaptank Forma-
tion. This ridge is above the line of commissure in these speci-
mens, however.
Species of Edmondia are difficult to characterize. ‘They are
generally ornamented only by irregular fila, leaving gross form as
the basis for distinction. Until more species of the genus are
studied quantitatively and an idea of the variation in form ob-
tained, it will continue to be difficult to make correct identifica-
tions and comparisons.
Edmondia is closely related to Cardiomorpha de Koninck,
1844; the characteristics of Cardiomorpha have been only poorly
defined and much latitude has been permitted in the interpre-
tation of the generic characters. Several genera were included in
the 17 species originally assigned to Cardiomorpha by De Koninck.
The type species of Cardiomorpha, C. elongata de Koninck,
1844 designed by King (1850, p. 179), is easily distinguished from
species of Edmondia by its being higher than long and by its in-
curved beaks. In subsequent works, thick-shelled edentulates with
strongly incurved beaks, some with distinctly longer than high
valves, have been referred to Cardiomorpha.
Now the only consistent difference between Cardiomorpha and
“Edmondia” is that species of Cardiomorpha have strongly in-
curved beaks. Whether this characteristic alone should be given
generic significance and whether other differences such as shell
structure and musculature exist between species of the two genera
must be answered by further study.
TEXAS PENNSYLVANIAN PELECYPODs: BIRD 129
“Edmondia” sp. Pl. 11, fig. 1
Diagnosis. — Shell large, thick subovate; anterior margin broad-
ly rounded; posterior margin truncate; ventral margin subparallel
to dorsal margin; umbones prominent, broad; umbonal ridge in-
distinct; beaks prosogyre, anterior; ligamental area opisthodetic,
wide; convexity high, maximum convexity midway between top of
umbo and ventral margin; external ornament of indistinct lamellae
and faint, irregular, closely spaced radial lines.
Range. — Bed ten of Gaptank Formation.
Measurements. — (Mm) .
Jel Lt ¢
R.V. 45.5 63.8 18.8
R.V. 42.5 54.3 14.0
Material. — U.S. National Museum, No. 155826.
Discussion. —Three specimens of this thick-shelled form were
collected from Bed ten of the Gaptank Formation. One well-pre-
served specimen displays minute, irregularly spaced and developed
radial striations. The other two specimens are more deeply eroded
and no trace of the radial ornament is present on them. The radial
striations may be produced by slight weathering of the outer ostra-
cum with the resultant fine striations reflecting the radial tangen-
tial prismatic structure of that shell layer. If, on the contrary, the
striations are true ornament, the ribbing is restricted to the outer
surface of the valves.
“Edmondia” cf. “E.” subtruncata Meek, 1872 Pia figs. 2-6
Edmondia subtruncata Meek, 1872, U.S. Geol. Sur., Nebraska, Final Rept., p.
Diy ple Qatign i:
E. ovata Meek and Worthen, 1873. Geol. Sur. Illinois, vol. 5, pl. 26, fig. 13;
Meek, 1874; Amer. Jour. Arts and Sci., 3d ser., vol. 7, p. 580; Girty, 1915,
U.S. Geol. Sur. Bull. 544, p. 106, pl. 14, fig. 13
Diagnosis. — Shell subovate to subrectangular; hinge line nearly
straight to gently convex; anterior margin subtruncate to sharply
rounded; posterior margin gently rounded to straight, meeting
dorsal margin at obtuse or nearly right angle; umbonal ridge
distinct, round; convexity rapidly decreasing posterior to ridge;
maximum convexity on umbones near dorsal margin; beaks proso-
gyre; umbones prominent, wide and inflated; valves smooth except
for growth lines and irregularly spaced fila.
130 BULLETIN 240
Range. — Pennsylvanian.
Measurements. — (See Appendix) .
Material. — Hypotypes, U.S. National Museum, Nos. 155827,
155828.
Discussion. — Meek and Worthen’s Edmondia ovata was not
accompanied by a description. Meek (1874, p. 580) later stated
that he doubted if £. ovata was distinct from E. subtruncata. Judg-
ing by the figures of the two proposed species and the amount of
variation noted in Gaptank representatives tentatively referred to
“E.” subtruncata, it appears that the name E. ovata is unnecessary.
Wide variation in form exists in the specimens collected from
the Gaptank Formation. Some are elongate posteriorly, others are
truncated posteriorly and anteriorly and others are as high as
long. Elongate specimens compare well to Meek’s original figure
except in ornament. In the few Gaptank specimens in which the
ornament is preserved, the fila are more irregularly spaced and of
more unequal weight than in Meek’s figured specimen.
Length of hinge, portion of hinge posterior to beak, and peri-
pheral commissure are other variable characters. Height of beak
and portion of hinge anterior to beak show relatively little varia-
tion.
The marked variability of the hinge posterior to beak com-
pared to the relative lack of it anterior to the beak suggests that
most growth anteriorly is attained early in the life of the organism
and that growth posteriorly continues for a longer period of time.
This allometry is not related to development of siphons in Ed-
mondia for the pallial line is simple. Hence if species of Edmondia
burrowed, they did so only to shallow depths.
Specimens here assigned to “Edmondia” subtruncata are the
most common members of the pelecypod fauna in Bed ten of the
Gaptank formation. The vast majority of the specimens collected
were in the bivalve condition, though in many, one valve is ro-
tated with respect to the other. Incongruously, the ornament of only
a few specimens is well preserved. Apparently the ornament, con-
sisting of fine fila, was present only in the upper layer of the shell
material and has been removed during diagenesis of the sediment.
The notion that the fila are resorbed during later ontogenetic
TEXAS PENNSYLVANIAN PELECYPODS: BIRD 131
stages is untenable because young forms show the same poorly pre-
served ornamentation as older specimens.
Family PHOLADOMYIDAE Gray
Genus WILKINGIA Wilson, 1959
(Allorisma King, 1844 and 1859)
Type species.— Venus elliptica Phillips, 1836. Original desig-
nation.
Range. — Mississippian-Permian.
Discussion. — This well-known genus has been recently inves-
tigated by Wilson (1959), who gave it the new name Wulkingia.
King (1844) originally chose Sanguinolaria? sulcata Phillips, 1836
— Edmondia sulcata (Phillips), 1836; Wilson, 1960 as the type
species of Allorisma King, 1844. In 1850 King revised the genus
Allorisma and, using the name Allorisma, selected a new type
species, Hiatella sulcata Fleming, 1828, thereby apparently creating
a homonym. However, according to Wilson (1959, 1960), HZ. sa?-
cata F.eming, 1828 — Edmondia sulcata (Fleming), 1828 — Ed-
mondia sulcata (Phillips), 1836. Hence Allorisma King, 1844 is
synonymous not homonymous with Allorisma King, 1850. In spite
of King’s selection of an Edmondia for the type species of Allorisma,
his later description of Allorisma is essentially that of Wilkingia.
The reason for the similarity of descriptions is that King, (1850)
based his description on Venus elliptica Phillips, 1836, the type
species of Wilkingia, which he figured and erroneously identified
as Hiatella sulcata Fleming.
Wilkingia terminale (Hall), 1852 Pl. 12, fig. 16
Allorisma terminale Hall, 1852, Stansbury’s Expedition to Great Salt Lake, p
413, pl. 2, fig. 4.
A. subcuneata Meek and Hayden, 1858a, Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Proc., p.
263.
A. terminale (Hall), Girty, 1903, U.S. Geol. Sur., Prof. Paper 16, p. 437, pl.
G, figs. 4-6.
Diagnosis. — Shell elongate, maximum length near ventral mar-
gin; anterior margin rounded to nearly straight; posterior margin
gently rounded; ventral margin gently convex, maximum depth
about two-thirds way from anterior to posterior margin; umbones
prominent, erect, wide; beaks orthogyre, located far anteriorly;
umbonal ridge broad, rounded, gently concave dorsally; convexity
132 BULLETIN 240
high in relation to height of valves, maximum convexity just pos-
terior and ventral to umbones; lunule and escutcheon large, dis-
tinct; surface marked with widely spaced, prominent concentric
ridges, more closely spaced ventrally, without fine lines in inter-
spaces.
Range. — Pennsylvanian.
Measurements. — (Mm) ;
lal, Jot JL WLu C DAMB
IW 38.1 82.3 15.6 9.0 37.2 ai
BW. 56.1 74.6 Med 9.3 28.4 10.8
TR We 54.0 OWES: 24.2 13.6 40.7 14.6
BW 56.8 12358 41.1 14.6 58.0 12.8
ADVE 43.0 84.8 26.5 8.7 50.9 19.6
AY 55.2 128.0 40.0 15.4
AAW, 29.0 50.4 20.6 5.5
* Holotype. **Labeled “‘cotypes” of Allorisma subcuneata.
Material. — Holotype, U.S. National Museum No. 15072, type
collection. “Cotypes” of Allorisma subcuneata. U.S. National Mu-
seum, No. 6608, type collection. Hypotype, U.S. National Museum,
No. 155829.
Discussion. — ‘The external mold which is the holotype of this
species can be distinguished from specimens at the U.S. National
Museum labeled as “cotypes” of Wilkingia suwbcuneata by its more
anteriorly located beaks, its deeper, wider lunule, and by its um-
bonal ridge which is more concave upward. However, Girty’s
(1903, p. 438) interpretation that the holotype is a distorted speci-
men appears to be correct. Hence specimens that Meek and Hay-
den called Allorisma subcuneata are now considered more typical
representatives of A. terminale.
Hind (1900, p. 421) wrote that Wilkingia maxima (Portlock) ,
1843 cannot be separated from W. swbcuneata. Hind had the holo-
type of Portlock’s species but did not note the number or nature
of the specimens of the American shells that he compared to W.
maxima. The holotype of Portlock’s species is incomplete, the
whole posterior portion of the shell is missing. Until more complete
comparisons are made, it seems best to treat Portlock’s species as
distinct from Hall’s.
TEXAS PENNSYLVANIAN PELECYPODS: BiRD 133
One specimen of W. terminale, an external mold, was collect-
ed from Bed ten of the Gaptank Formation.
Family ANATINIDAE Dall
Genus Pleurophorella Girty, 1904
Allorisma of authors; Sanguinolites pars of Hind, 1900; Permophorus pars of
Newell, 1957.
Diagnosis*. — Shell equivalve, strongly inequilateral, gaping
(2), elongate; beaks well anterior, small, prosogyre; umbones broad,
flat; umbonal ridge sharp, distinct; ligament opisthodetic, set in
distinct grooves; resilium set on triangular chondrophore (s) ex-
tending on both sides of the beak; lunule indistinct, escutcheon
prominent; adductors and pallial line unknown; ornament con-
sisting of well-developed concentric lamellae or ridges and tiny
papillae.
Type species.—Pleurophorella papillosa Girty, 1904. Orig-
inal designation.
Range. — Pennsylvanian.
Discussion. —'The original description of this genus does not
include characteristics which separate the genus from Wilkingia.
The internal features of the type species are unknown. Newell
(1957, p. 9) suggested that the type species may be a Permophorus
Chavan, 1954. Newell’s evidence for this view is a similarity in
external form between Pleurophorella papillosa and some smooth
forms of Permophorus. If Newell is correct in his interpretation,
a new genus will need to be erected for what is here called Plewro-
phorella costata. It is also remotely possible that with further study
the species will be placed in Sanguinolites as was suggested under
the discussion of the Edmondiidae.
The description of the genus above is an emended one based
on an excellently preserved specimen of Allorisma costata Meek
and Worthen, 1869. This specimen (Plate 11, fig. 7) from the
Graham Formation of North Central ‘Texas, displays a chondro-
phore. Girty’s intuitive separation of this species from Allorisma
is therefore sound. ‘The chondrophore has been observed only in
*Emended diagnosis based on specimen of “Allorisma” costata Meek and
Worthen, 1869.
134 BULLETIN 240
the left valve; preservation has not permitted judgment as to
whether the right valve also has this structure. Other internal
characters of the genus remain unknown. It is not yet known if the
valves gape posteriorly.
The presence of a chrondrophore in Pleurophorella costata is
of great interest for, with the exception of the nuculoids, it is the
earliest probable burrower possessing this type structure. Hence
Pleurophorella may prove to be the progenitor of the long line of
edentulous, chondrophore bearing burrowers of the Mesozoic and
Cenozoic Eras. Further work on the nature of shell structure, muscu-
Jature, and pallial line is needed to show this proposed relation-
ship to be correct.
Pleurophorella may be separated from the closely related gen-
era Wilkingia Wilson, 1959 and Sanguinolites McCoy, 1844 by its
possession of the chondrophore. It also distinguishes Pleurophor-
ella from the earlier genera Orthonota Conrad, 1841 and Sphenotus
Hall, 1885, both of which closely resemble Pleurophorella exter-
nally.
Pleurophorella costata (Meek and Worthen), 1869 Pl. 11, figs. 7-14
Allorisma costata Meek and Worthen, 1869, Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Proc..
p- 171; Meek and Worthen, 1873, Geol. Sur. Illinois, vol. 5. p. 585, pl. 26,
fig. 15.
Sanguinolites angustatus pars (Phillips), Hind, 1900, British Carboniferous
Lamellibranchs, vol. 1, p. 366.
Pleurophorella costata (Meek and Worthen), Girty, 1904. U.S. Nat. Mus.,
Proc., vol. 27, p. 723.
Diagnosis. — Shell elongate, thin; anterior margin short, gently
rounded, gradually rounded to dorsal margin; posterior margin
truncate, nearly straight, proceeding linearly forward to join dor-
sal margin at obtuse angle, joined to ventral margin in slightly
obtuse angle; ventral margin gently arched, with a slight sulcus
under umbones; umbones wide, prominent, slightly compressed,
low; umbonal keel sharp, nearly straight to gently concave upward;
dorsally a fainter, lower ridge occurs, becoming obsolete anteriorly;
hinge edentulous; directly beneath beaks is a small triangular
process (chondrophore) separated from main, external ligamen-
tal area by a thin ridge running obliquely posteriorly; ligament
mainly external, opisthodetic, set in long narrow, unornamented
groove; lunule indistinct, escutcheon prominent; beaks small, near-
TreExAS PENNSYLVANIAN PELECYPODS: BIRD 135
ly orthogyre; ornament of concentric ridges with irregularly spaced,
and irregularly raised, discontinuous lamellae; ornament dorsal to
umbonal ridge slightly subdued.
Range. — Pennsylvanian.
Measurements. — (Mm).
Ht Lt HB C2) DUR LH LLA WLA LES WES LIL HIL
R.V.414.0 30.0
Bae Gsleso:Ou olin (ae OOO 19:8 9 OG) al ealkOh Sole 0:9
Rave 1107-- 26:8 3.3
L.V. 10.2 16.2
BIE 9:9 22:0 10.0
Ibe Wee) Gea PRI
TsVe auc6) 2641
Material. — Hypotypes, U.S. National Museum, Nos. 155830,
155831. linois Geological Survey — collections of H. C. Wanless
and J. M. Weller. Meek and Worthen specimens: Probable holo-
type and three paratypes; Illinois State Museum.
Discussion. — Meek and Worthen’s specimens at the Illinois
State Museum do not possess labels clearly indicating a holotype
(Richard Leary, written communication) . The specimens are fra-
eile and as a result could not be sent to me for examination. ‘The
best preserved specimen is a mature right valve which is figured in
Plate 11, figure 13. According to Leary this specimen is probably
the holotype of Pleurophorella costata (Meek and Worthen) , 1869
= Allorisma costata Meek and Worthen, 1869. Measurements of
this specimen are close to those cited by Meek and Worthen and the
specimen illustrated by them later (1873) was a right valve.
Pleurophorella costata is more elongate in relation to height
than P. papillosa Girty. P. costata also has much more prominent
concentric ridges than P. papillosa. Both species have one prom-
inent umbonal keel and a fainter umbonal keel dorsal to this.
Two specimens of what Hind (1900, pl. 30, figs. 3, 3a, 5) con-
sidered to be Sanguinolites angustata (Phillips) , 1836, are close to
Pleurophorella costata in form and ornamentation. The interior of
these specimens is unknown. Judging from the figures, Hind’s
identification of these two specimens is incorrect. The generic as-
signment may also be inaccurate. ‘The single dorsal view (pl. 30,
fig. 3a) shows an external ligamental area like that of Pleurophor-
*Probable holotype.
136 BULLETIN 240
ella costata; no indication of a chondrophore is observable in this
view.
Pleurophorella costata has been reported from several areas
of the Mid-Continent Pennsylvanian but seems never to have been
abundant. Its range is here extended to the Graham Formation of
North Central Texas and to the Gaptank Formation of West Texas
where one specimen was found.
Family NUCULINIDAE d’Orbigny
Genus NUCULOPSIS Girty, 1911
Type species. — Nucula ventricosa Hall, 1858 non Hinds, 1843
= Nuculopsis girtyi Schenck, 1934. Original designation.
Range. — Mississippian-Pennsylvanian.
Discussion. — Nuculopsis is the name given by Girty to nucu-
loids with supposedly anteriorly located beaks. Species of Nucula
s.§. Lamarck, 1799 have the beaks at the posterior end of the shell.
Girty (1911, p. 133) regarded the long portion of the hinge as pos-
terior in Nuculopsis and hence as having the more typical pelecy-
pod relationship between beak position and anterior end of shell.
Girty’s basis for this conclusion was his observation that what he
took for a ligamental groove is on the long portion of the hinge
on the type species. A pallial sinus is absent in Nuculopsis as it is
also in Nucula. Schenck (1934), however, believed that specimens
of the type species had an internal ligament and a chondrophore
and believed, therefore, that the short side of the shell is posterior
in Nuculopsis as in Nucula. Schenck’s evidence is not convincing.
Elias (1957, p. 747) confirmed Schenck’s interpretation that an ex-
ternal ligament was not present in the type species of Nuculopsis.
That the short side of Nuculopsis is posterior has also been sug-
gested by Driscoll (1964) on the basis of his study of pedal muscu-
lature. Elias further noted that a chondrophore is present in Nucu-
lopsis girtyt. The chondrophore, according to Elias, does not inter-
rupt the dental series in Nuculopsis girtyi, whereas in Nucula spp.
the dental series is interrupted by this structure. Hence the nature
of the dental structure and chondrophore offer a basis of generic
distinction in the group. Species of Nuculopsis are further charac-
terized by having smooth inner ventral margins. Species of Nucula
s. 1. also may lack ventral denticles.
‘TEXAS PENNSYLVANIAN PELECYPODS: BIRD 137
The interpretation of Schenck and Elias that the posterior
is the short end of the shell is used here.
Nuculopsis girtyi Schenck, 1934 Pl. 13, fig. 4
Nucula ventricosa Hall, 1858, Iowa State Geol. Sur., vol. 1, pt. 2, p. 716, pl.
29, figs. 4, 5 [non N. ventricosa Hinds, 1843].
Nuculopsis ventricosa (Hall), Girty, 1915, U.S. Geol. Sur., Bull. 544, p. 117, pl.
15, figs. 1-8.
Nuculopsis girtyit Schenck, 1934, Mus. Roy. d’Hist. Nat. Belgique, Bull., vol.
LOSING 2 20% pe 29 Splits 2 sates! Solera do? :
Nucula (Nuculopsis) girlyi (Schenck), Hoare, 1961, Desmoinesian Brachiopoda
and Mollusca from Southwest Missouri, p. 101, pl. 13, figs. 7, 8.
Diagnosis. — Shell subovate; posterior margin just projecting
in. back of beaks, short, rounded; anterior margin sharply rounded;
ventral margin gently convex; dorsal margin gently arched; um-
bones prominent, posteriorly placed, broad; umbonal ridge not
distinct; surface marked with concentric lamellae of two sizes.
Range. — Pennsylvanian.
Measurements. — Hypotype, bivalved, (mm). Ht. 9.0; Lt 17.0;
C720:
Material. — Hypotype, U.S. National Museum, No. 155832.
Bureau of Economic Geology, University of ‘Texas Locality 185-
T-4.
Discussion. — Only one specimen of this species is on hand
from Bed ten of the Gaptank Formation. However, at Texas Uni-
versity Locality 185-T-4, a locality north of Gaptank, in strata
younger than Bed ten, the species is very abundant.
Family GRAMMATODONTIDAE Branson
Genus GRAMMATODON s. 1. Meek and Hayden, 1860
Type species.— Arca inornata Meek and Hayden, 1858
(1858b) . Original designation.
Range. — Devonian-Cretaceous.
Discussion. —The taxonomy of this family remains in con-
fusion though several paleontologists have treated the group, to wit,
Arkell (1930), Branson (1942), and Driscoll (1961). The con-
fusion arises in part from the question of systematic relationships
of Mesozoic and Paleozoic representatives of the group and in
part from legal aspects of names. Grammatodon Meek and Hayden,
1860 has priority with respect to Parallelodon Meek and Worthen,
138 BULLETIN 240
1866. Branson (1942) considered the two genera, each represented
by distinct species, as belonging to one genus. However, Nicol
(1954) considered Grammatodon to belong to the family Cucul-
laeidae. Nicol’s evidence is not convincing, and he stated that his
conclusions were tentative. Branson’s treatment of Paleozoic ar-
coids with elongate posterior teeth, subovoid to rectangular shape,
cancellate to nearly smooth shells, with or without byssal gape as
belonging to one genus, Grammatodon, is followed here. No
attempt is made to apply subgeneric designations.
Grammatodon erectumbona Bird, n. sp. Pl. 12, figs. 12-14
Diagnosis. — Shell subrhomboid; anterior margin gently round-
ed; posterior margin slightly obliquely truncate to nearly straight;
ventral margin nearly straight; umbones broad, erect, not inclined;
umbonal ridge prominent, sharp, distinct to postero-ventral margin;
beaks slightly prosogyre; ornament of fine, sharply rounded, closely
spaced radial ribs, ribs nearly equal in weight all around shell in
young forms, more uneven in adults, concentric ornament of growth
lines only.
Range. — Bed ten of Gaptank Formation.
Measurements. — (Mm) .
Ht Et ¢ ital
Holotype BAe 7.4 228 7.8 12a
Paratype RAVE Wee 19.8
Paratype LAY, 9.8 16.0
Material. — Holotype, U.S. National Museum, No. 155833.
Paratypes, U.S. National Museum, No. 155834, 155852.
Discussion. — This species is distinguishable from all others by
its erect broad umbones; its lack or near lack of a ventral sinus
and by its ornamentation. The ornament consists of sharply round-
ed ribs which become less sharp posteriorly. ‘The ribs are not regu-
lar in weight across the valves but do not increase in size pos-
teriorly as in G. biplicata. Some of the ribs are bifid, especially on
the anterior portion of the sheil—where they branch about one-
halfway from beaks to ventral margin — and on the concave region
of the shell posterodorsal to the umbonal ridge —where they
branch about three-fourths of the way from beak to posterior mat-
gin.
TEXAS PENNSYLVANIAN PELECYPODS: BIRD 139
The internal features could not be observed in any of the
three specimens collected of this species. Two of the specimens are
single valves, a left and a right, embedded in calcareous matrix; the
other, the holotype, is a fine bivalved specimen.
Grammatodon hexacostata Bird, n. sp. Plas. figs 2
Diagnosis.— Shell elongate, low; anterior margin nearly
straight; posterior margin obliquely truncate; ventral margin
gently convex with distinct shallow groove just below umbones
and becoming obsolete about two-thirds up from ventral margin,
maximum depth of ventral margin near posterior extremity; um-
bones low, gently inclined anteriorly; umbona! ridge distinct, broad
becoming obsolete near posteroventral margin; ligamental area
wide, marked with three—five faint, minute, chevron-shaped
grooves; central teeth tiny, slightly convergent, lateral teeth not
observed; ornament of numerous, distinct, rounded ribs of nearly
equal weight all around shell, except where bifurcate and except in
the ventral sulcus where there are six ribs of smaller size than ad-
jacent ribs, concentric ornament of growth lines which become
coarse enough dorsally and posteriorly, beginning on posterior por-
tion of umbones and extending posteriorly beyond umbonal ridge,
to impart a nodose aspect to ribs.
Range. — Bed ten of Gaptank Formation.
Measurements. — (Mm).
Ht [Gt C LH
Holotype B.V. 10.5 18.2 8.0 13.2
Paratype Rev. 10.1 13.0 geno)
Material. — Holotype, U.S. National Museum, No. 155835.
Paratype, U.S. National Museum, No. 155836.
Discussion. — This species is similar to the specimens identi-
fied and illustrated by Meek and Worthen (1873) as Parallelodon
tenuistriata (Meek and Worthen) , 1866. Grammatodon hexacos-
tata is distinct in that the ribs are equal in prominence in the an-
terior and posterior portions of the shell. Further, G. hexacostata
has a more pronounced ventral sinus and sulcus and the ribs of
this region of the shell are six in number and are smaller than
adjacent ribs. Finally, some of the ribs in G. hexacostata are ir-
regularly bifid, the branching taking place at irregular distances
140 BULLETIN 240
from the ventral margin. The position of the bifid ribs is differ-
erent from that in G. erectumbona. In G. hexacostata, the ribs
anterior and posterior to the ventral sinus, but not posteroventral
to the umbonal ridge, are bifurcate. In G. erectumbona, the ribs
on the anterior portion of the shell and those above the umbonal
ridge are bifid.
Two specimens, one bivalved (the holotype) and the other a
fragmentary right valve, were collected from Bed ten of the Gap-
tank Formation.
Grammatodon cf. G. kansasensis (Sayre), 1930 Pl. 12, fig. 15
Parallelodon kansasensis Sayre, 1930, Univ. Kansas Bull., vol. 31, p. 108, pl. 9,
figs. 4-7.
Diagnosis. — Shell elongate, low; anterior margin acute, nar-
row; posterior margin obliquely truncate, narrow; ventral margin
nearly straight, with vague ventral sinus, subparallel to dorsal
margin; umbones low, broad; umbonal ridge distinct, sharp, ex-
tending nearly to posteroventral margin; beaks widely spaced; liga-
mental area wide; ornament of concentric lamellae and_ poorly
defined radial ribs, ribs observable only on posteroventral and an-
terior portion of valves.
Range. — Pennsylvanian.
Measurements. — Bivalved specimen (mm). Ht. 7.0; Lt 19.0;
Isl Wes G70
Material. — Hypotype, U.S. National Museum, No. 155837.
Discussion. — This species, which is represented by a single
specimen collected from Bed ten, is readily distinguished from other
species of the genus by its sharp anteroventral margin; its low,
rounded beaks; and by its faint, irregularly developed radial orna-
ment. ‘The Gaptank specimen referred to this species is larger
and more convex than Sayre’s specimens and has a hint of radial
ribbing on the anterior end of the shell.
Grammatodon carbonaria (Cox), 1857 Pl. 12, figs. 4-9
Arca carbonaria Cox, 1857, Third Rept. Geol. Sur. Kentucky, p. 567, pl. 7
fig. 5.
[Non] Parallelodon carbonaria Morningstar, 1922, Geol. Sur. Ohio, 4th ser.,
Bull. 25, p. 209.
’
Diagnosis. —Shell elongate, rectangular or slightly expanded
posteriorly; anterior margin sharply to gently rounded; posterior
‘TEXAS PENNSYLVANIAN PELECYPODS: BIRD 141
margin rounded to obliquely truncate, meeting dorsal margin at
obtuse to nearly right angle; ventral margin gently arched to
nearly straight, gently but distinctly sinuate under umbones, sul-
cus shallow; hinge line straight, much shorter than maximum
length of shell; dental series unknown; umbones broad, low, but
high in relation to total height of valves; umbonal ridge nearly
straight, sharp to gently rounded; ligamental area wide, inclined to
nearly flat, amphidetic, marked with chevron-shaped grooves; sur-
face of valves covered by numerous, rounded, fine, closely spaced
radial ribs, nearly equal in weight across valves, and distinct,
coarse widely spaced, wrinkled lamellae, with fine, wavy lamellae
between.
Range. — Pennsylvanian.
Measurements. — Hypotypes. (mm) .
Ht Lt C LLA(l) WLA(I)
B.V. 15.0 29.6 78 (D2 102 0.8
LA 35.2 19.2 5.8
RV. 12.2 25.5 6.3
RV. 12.0 29.1
B.V. 11.9 24.0 9.1
EV. 30 240 6.8
Material. — Hypotypes, U.S. National Museum, Nos. 155838-
155842. Illinois Geological Survey, No. 216. Identified by Dr. J. M.
Weller, 1928.
Discussion. — The holotype of this species is lost and no topo-
type material, “limestone over coal no. 11 at Providence, Hopkins
Co., Kentucky,” is available. ‘The dental series of the species has
never been determined; it has, however, the fine radial ribs, the
medial sinus, and corresponding sulcus, and the chevron-shaped
grooves of the ligamental area characteristic of the family. [In form
and ornament, Grammatodon carbonaria closely resembles Permo-
phorus pricet (Branson), 1930, a poorly known taxon whose sys-
tematic position is obscure.] The chevron ornamentation of the
ligamental area in G. carbonaria was observed in only one other-
wise poorly preserved specimen collected by J. M. Weller from the
St. David Limestone from the Pennsylvanian of Ilinois. This speci-
142 BULLETIN 240
men, and the one figured on Plate 12, figure 9, are deposited at
the Illinois Geological Survey Museum.
The radial ribs of Grammatodon carbonaria are restricted to
the outer shell layer; slightly corroded specimens appear nearly
smooth. The ornament tends to disappear especially on the um-
bonal areas and on the posterior portion of the shells. The con-
centric ornament consists of widely spaced, coarse lamellae between
which are minutely fine, wavy lines which produce tiny nodes at
the intersection of radial ribs.
Grammatodon carbonaria attains a large size and shows con-
siderable variation in shape, ranging from rectangular to pos-
teriorly produced and expanded forms. Several specimens show a
tendency to slough off shell layers around the umbones and along
the dorsal margins. The result is that the “ligamental area” be-
comes extremely wide since younger as well as older portions of
this structure are exposed to view. Also the umbones become nar-
row and steep on the hinge line side of the valve.
The species is represented by several poorly preserved speci-
mens in Bed ten of the Gaptank Formation. Some of the valves are
in a slightly coarser matrix than the normal Bed ten fossils, and
nearly all specimens are univalved, indicating transportation of
these specimens from a higher to a lower energy zone.
Grammatodon biplicata Bird, n. sp. Pl. 12, figs. 10, 11
PR eaee carbonaria Morningstar, 1922, Geol. Sur. Ohio, 4th ser., Bull. 25,
inoptae carbonaria Cox, 1857, Third Rept. Geol. Sur. Kentucky, p. 567,
oe We ast) Dy
Diagnosis. — Shell elongate, rectangular; anterior margin sharp-
ly rounded; posterior margin truncate, nearly straight, meeting
dorsal margin at nearly right angle; ventral margin gently convex
outward, apparently not sinuaie; hinge line straight, nearly as long
as valves; dental series unknown; umbones broad, not gibbous;
umbonal ridge sharp to low; ligamental area a narrow groove pos-
terior to beaks, not observed anteriorly; radial ribs of unequal
weight, becoming coarser dorsal to umbonal ridge, coarsest ribs on
umbonal ridge, ribs rounded anteriorly becoming flattened pos-
teriorly, ribs bifurcated just ventral of midline all across valves,
concentric ornament of growth lines only.
TEXAS PENNSYLVANIAN PELECYPODS: BIRD 143
Range. — Pennsylvanian.
Measurements. — (Mm).
Ht JL
Holotype BVi 13.6 olay
Paratype B.V. 11.8 30.5
Material. — Holotype and paratype, Orton Museum Ohio State
University, No. 9188. Both collected by Morningstar from the lower
Mercer Limestone, near Somerset, Ohio.
Discussion. — This species is based on two bivalved specimens
identified by Morningstar as Parallelodon carbonaria (Cox) , 1857.
The shape of the two species is close but Grammatodon biplicata
has irregularly weighted ribs which are bifid and which become
coarse near the umbonal ridge. The radial ornament of G. carbon-
aria is regularly developed and the ribs are not bifid. G. biplicata
has a hint of a ventral sinus as seen in progressive growth stages,
but unlike G. carbonaria, the sinus is located just anterior to the
umbonal ridge in G. biplicata.
The valves of Grammatodon biplicata are more elongate in
relation to height than in G. erectumbona and in G. biplicata the
ribs become coarser at the umbonal ridge while they do not in
G. erectumbona.
Family CONOCARDIIDAE Neumayr
Genus CONOCARDIUM Bronn, 1835
Diagnosis. — Shell equivalve, inequilateral, slightly opistho-
cline; gaping at both ends; anterodorsal margin produced into ros-
trum; anterior margin often markedly concave, steeply or gently
sloping to ventral margin posterodorsal margin alate, broad, gent-
ly concave to convex; ventral margin broadly rounded to acute and
narrow; dorsal margin straight, coincides with maximum length of
shell; umbones small, sharp; umbonal ridge often a sharp keel;
beaks prosogyre, located just anterior to center of hinge line; liga-
ment external and possibly internal; anisomyarian; ornament of
radial ribs and concentric lamellae, discrepant anterior and_ pos-
terior to umbonal ridge.
Type species.—Cardium (Conocardium) elongatum J. deC.
Sowerby, 1812. Monotypy (fide Dickens, 1963, p. 105).
Range. — Ordovician-Pennsylvanian, ‘Triassic?
144 BULLETIN 240
Conocardium parrashi Worthen, 1890 Pl. 13, fig. 3
Conocardium parrashi Worthen, 1890, Geol. Sur. Illinois, vol. 8, p. 112, pl. 20,
fig. 7.
C. missouriensis Girty, 1915, Missouri Bureau Geol. Mines, 2d ser., vol. 13,
p. 353, pl. 28, fig. 3.
C. parrashi (Worthen) , Sayre, 1930, Univ. Kansas Bull., vol. 31, p. 109, pl. 9,
fig. 20.
Diagnosis. — Shell small, slightly opisthocline; posterodorsal
margin acute; anterior rostrum small; umbones sharply raised; um-
bonal ridge sharp, with spines on axis, spines becoming larger ven-
trally, ridge gently concave anteriorly; beaks small, indistinct,
slightly prosogyre; ornament anterior to umbonal ridge of coarse
costae, nodose, bifurcated near margin of shell, posterior to um-
bonal ridge, costae more numerous and finer, crossed by numerous,
fine, distinct concentric lines to give cancellate appearance.
Range. — Pennsylvanian.
Measurements. — Hypotypes, (mm).
Ht Let G
B.V. Wee: Tell 6.8
B.V. 7.0 6.8
B.V. 4.9 3.8 Sez
Material. — Hypotypes, U.S. National Museum, No. 155843.
Discussion. —"The distinguishing characteristics of this species
are its small size, its spiny umbonal ridge, its slight backward
obliquity and its highly discrepant ornamentation anterior and pos-
terior to the umbonal ridge. Conocardium carinatum Hall, 1856
from the Mississippian of Indiana has the bifid posterior costae
of C. parrashi, but C. parrashi is not so opisthocline as C. carinatum
and has cancellate ornamentation anterior to the umbonal ridge
while C. carinatum has only costellae in this zone.
Family PTERIIDAE Meek
Genus PTERIA Scopoli, 1777
Diagnosis. — Shell strongly inequivalve, left valve more convex
than right, obliquely elongate, prosocline, alate; posterior ear
larger than anterior ear; anterior ear with shallow byssal notch;
hinge line long; two teeth in each valve; ligament external; adults
monomyarian; ornament of growth lines and fila, some forms with
one or more ridges on the anterior margin.
‘TEXAS PENNSYLVANIAN PELECYPODS: BIRD 145
Type species.— Mytilus hirundo Linnaeus. Original designa-
tion.
Range. — Devonian-Recent.
Pteria longa (Geinitz), 1866 Pl. 13, fig. 6
Gervillia longa Geinitz, 1866, Carb and Dyas in Nebraska, p. 32, tab. 2, fig. 15.
Avicula longa (Geinitz), Meek, 1872, U.S. Geol. Sur., Nebraska, Final Rept., p.
199, pl. 9, fig. 8.
Pteria longa (Geinitz), Beede, 1900, Univ. Geol. Sur. Kansas, vol. 6, p. 125, pl.
16, fig. 4; Sayre, 1930, Bull. Univ. Kansas, vol. 31, p. 100, pl. 9, figs. 13-14.
Diagnosis. — Shell elongate, narrow; strongly prosogyre; pos-
terior margin beyond auricle nearly straight, inclined; anterior mar-
gin subparalled to posterior margin; ventral margin broadly round-
ed; umbones strongly inclined, rather gibbous, meeting hinge at
highly oblique angle; umbonal folds both well defined, sharp; an-
terior ear much smaller than posterior, posterior ear straight along
dorsal margin, gently concave outward at posterior margin; orna-
ment of fine, distinct fila, extending regularly onto auricles and
following contour of them.
Range. — Pennsylvanian.
Measurements. — Hypotype, right valve, (mm). Ht. 11.0; Lt
13105 ERA] 10:0; EIPA 4.4
Material. — Hypotype, U.S. National Museum, No. 155844.
Discussion. — ‘This species is easily distinguished from Pteria
sulcata (Geinitz) , 1866 by its shape and ornament. ‘The posterior
margin of P. sulcata is concave and the anterior margin is convex
so that the shell expands posteriorly and becomes increasingly more
prosocline posteriorly in a manner reminiscent of Monopteria. In
P. longa the posterior and anterior margins are nearly parallel and
the shell does not expand posteriorly nor become more strongly
prosocline. Pteria longa lacks the alternating grooves and ridges
under the anterodorsal margin and the coarse, wavy concentric lines
of P. sulcata.
The shape of P. longa is more similar to that of P. welleri
Sayre, 1930; Sayre’s species has one or more ridges near the antero-
dorsal margin, however, and tends to have a smaller posterior
auricle in relation to shell size than does P. longa. Finally, Sayre
(1930, p. 111) stated that his species has a reticulate ornament on
the posterior auricle. Noncorroded specimens, at least, of P. longa,
do not have reticulate pattern of the posterior ear.
146 BULLETIN 240
A fragmentary bivalved specimen and a nearly perfect right
valve of this species were collected from Bed ten of the Gaptank
Formation.
Family
INQUIRENDA
Genus and species indeterminate Pl. 13, fig. 7
Diagnosis. — Slightly inequivalve left valve more convex than
right, inequilateral, subtrigonal, extremities of dorsal margin
auricle-like; anterior margin short, rounded; posterior margin near-
ly as high as maximum valve height; ventral margin gently round-
ed; umbones prominent, pointed, extending high above anterior
portion of hinge, not markedly raised above posterior portion; um-
bonal folds prominent; ligament, muscle scars and pallial line un-
known; ornament of two valves possibly discrepant, both valves
with fine fila, left valve with subdued, wide costae on ventral mar-
gin only.
Measurements. — Bivalved, (mm). Ht 15.7; Lt 16.5; C 9.1.
Material. — U.S. National Museum, No. 155845.
Range. — Bed ten of Gaptank Formation.
Discussion. — With all critical features of this species concealed
it is not possible to assign it to a genus or yet even a family with
any degree of certainty. Externally the form is unlike any Upper
Paleozoic bivalve and should warrant erection of a new genus were
the single, bivalved specimen representing it better preserved or
had there been more specimens of the species.
Family MYTILIDAE Fleming
Genus PROMYTILUS Newell, 1942
Type species. —Promytilus annosus Newell, 1942. Original
designation.
Range. — Carboniferous-Permian, Mesozoic?
“Promytilus” postumbonus Bird, n. sp. P38) Lene
Diagnosis. — Equivalve, thin-shelled, subovate; anterior lobe
distinct, large; posterior margin broadly rounded; ventral margin
gently convex, with a distinct, deep sinus located under the um-
bones and a corresponding sulcus extending over one-half distance
from ventral to dorsal margin; dorsal margin short, forming a
sharply acute angle with ventral margin at anterior end; umbones
prominent, gibbous at anterior one-third of hinge; umbonal ridge
TEXAS PENNSYLVANIAN PELECYPODsS: BIRD 147
broadly rounded, inflated, distinct; shell smooth except for growth
lines and irregularly spaced lamellae.
Range. — Bed ten of the Gaptank Formation.
Measurements. — Holotype, bivalved, (mm). Ht 10.4; Lt 15.0;
HS 4:2) MLS) 4.3; © 7.1:
Material. — Holotype, U.S. National Museum, No. 155846.
Discussion. — ‘The taxonomic position of this species is un-
certain. The microstructure of the single specimen of the species
is recrystallized. Because no evidence of a duplivincular ligament
can be observed, the species is assigned to the Mytilidae rather
than to the Myalinidae. The characters of “Promytilus” postum-
bonus appear to be midway between the characters of Newell's
(1942) Promytilus and Volsellina, two genera which may need
revision Or may prove to be unnecessary when more Upper Paleo-
zoic mytiloids become known. The character of “P.” postumbonus
which it shares with typical representatives of Promytilus, is the
distinct ventral sinus and corresponding sulcus. With the two orig-
inally designated species of Volsellina, “Promytilus” postumbonus
shares the posterior of terminal position of the beaks. Though New-
ell (1942, p. 37) inferred otherwise in his proposed evolutionary
sequence from Promytilus to Mytilus, it is suggested that the ventral
sinus, produced in response to the formation of byssal threads, 1s
a more important index to classification than position of the beak.
Therefore, this taxon is tentatively referred to Promytilus rather
than to Volsellina, which has only a vague ventral sinus. However,
“P.” postumbonus certainly departs from typical representatives of
the genus in its convex rather than concave ventral margin, which
contracts rather than expands posterior to the ventral sinus so that
in “P.” postumbonus there is no spatulate aspect to the shell. Fur-
ther, the shell of representatives of Promytilus are smooth while
that of “P.” postumbonus is marked with distinct concentric lines.
In these last two respects “P.” postumbonus is more like represen-
tatives of Volsellina.
Recently, Dickens (1963, p. 60) also described a_ species,
Modiolus koneckii, from the Permian of Western Australia, which
he regards as morphologically intermediate to Newell’s Volsellina
and Promytilus. Dickens’ species, however, can not be confused with
“P.” postumbonus; the former species has a more spatulate shape
148 BULLETIN 240
and is longer with relation to height and has radial ornament. The
systematic position of “P.” postumbonus as intermediate between
Promytilus and Volsellina was deduced before I saw Dickens’ work
thereby adding doubt to the need for Newell’s two genera.
“Promytilus” postumbonus is not closely related in morphology
to any known Paleozoic species. It is remarkably similar to Modiolus
johnson: (Whitfield) , 1885 from the Cretaceous of Maryland. ‘This
similarity strongly attests to Newell’s (1942, p. 36) observation
concerning the extreme conservation in external shape of this group
of organisms.
A single bivalved specimen of this species is the sole represen-
tative of the Mytilacea in Bed ten of the Gaptank Formation. ‘The
rarity of the superfamily Mytilacea, a common element in many
Pennsylvanian faunas, is to be expected. According to Newell (1942,
p- 19) and Yochelson (personal communication) the mytiloids are
typically shallow-water inhabitants and seem to always have been
euryhaline. The common occurrence of mytiloids in the bivalve con-
dition indicates that they preferred, in ancient as well as in mod-
ern times, areas where the water was quiet, 7.e., shallow-water areas
protected from vigorous wave activity such as lagoons and estuaries
where species of the family Mytilidae are most common today (all
members of the Myalinidae are extinct). The Bed ten fauna indi-
cates that the water depth was too great for mytiloids to be well
represented.
Family MODIOMORPHIDAE Miller
Genus GONIOPHORA Phillips, 1848
Diagnosis. — Equivalve, inequilateral, subrectangular to subtri-
gonal; anterior margin rounded to nearly straight; posterior mar-
gin truncated obliquely; ventral margin nearly straight to highly
sinuate; hinge with central tooth in right valve, corresponding
groove in left valve; ligament external, opisthodetic; lunule and
escutcheon well formed; beaks small, strongly prosogyre, incurved;
umbones prominent, umbonal ridge sharp, extending without re-
duction in prominence to posteroventral margin; pallial line en-
tire; adductors subequal; ornament of concentric lamellae, radial
striae or growth lines only.
‘TEXAS PENNSYLVANIAN PELECYPODs: BIRD 149
Type species. —Cypricardia cymbaeformis J. de C. Sowerby,
1839. Original designation.
Range. — Devonian-Permian.
Discussion. — Post-Devonian species of this genus tend to be
small. In addition, these forms tend to have a highly sinuate ven-
tral margin, great convexity in relation to length of valves, and
maximum convexity located high on shell. Species illustrating these
features are the apparently closely related G. crista Chronic, 1952
from the Kaibab Formation; G. acutacarinata (Armstrong), 1865
(in Hind, 1899, p. 359, pl. 39, figs. 14-19) from the Upper Lime-
stone Series of Scotland; and G. gnoma Bird, n. sp. from the Gap-
tank Formation. This group may prove to deserve generic or sub-
generic status with further investigation.
Goniophora gnoma Bird, n. sp. Pl. 13, fig. 5
Diagnosis. — Shell small, subtrigonal; anterior margin round-
ed; posterior margin narrow, scarcely more than being the inter-
section of dorsal and ventral margins; ventral margin convex an-
teriorly, becoming concave posterior to umbones; flattened perpen-
dicularly to the plane of commissure; dorsal margin convex; slop-
ing steeply posterior to beaks, lunule and escutcheon deep, prom-
inent; umbones broad; umbonal keel acute, posterodorsally is an-
other acute keel; beaks nearly terminal, strongly incurved; smooth
except for growth lines.
Range. — Bed ten of Gaptank Formation.
Measurements. — (Mm) .
Ht Lt C
Holotype BV. 3,5 6.4 ee:
Paratype Bev 4.6 6.3 Oe)
Material. — Holotype, U.S. National Museum, No. 155847.
Paratype, U.S. National Museum, No. 155848.
Discussion. — This species, represented by two bivalved speci-
mens from Bed ten of the Gaptank Formation, somewhat re-
sembles Goniophora acutacarinata (Armstrong), 1885 but is read-
ily distinguished from it by having two umbonal keels and a greatly
reduced posterior margin. The latter feature gives G. gnoma a tri-
gonal shape. In shape and size G. gnoma is closely similar to G.
150 BULLETIN 240
crista Chronic, 1952 but is distinguished from Chronic’s species by
its two umbonal keels and by its complete lack of concentric lam-
ellae.
Family AVICULOPECTINIDAE Etheridge, Jr.
Subfamily AVICULOPECTININAE Meek and Hayden
Genus ACANTHOPECTEN Girty, 1903
Type species. —Pecten carboniferus Stevens, 1853. Original
designation.
Range. — Mississippian-Permian.
Acanthopecten carbeniferus (Stevens), 1858 Pl. 13, figs. 16, 17
Pecten carboniferus Stevens, 1858, American Jour. Sci. (2), vol. 25, p. 261.
Aviculopecten (Acanthopecten) carboniferus (Stevens) , Girty, 1903. U.S. Geol.
Sur., Prof. Paper 16, p. 418.
Acanthopecten carboniferus (Stevens), Newell, 1937 (1938), State Geol. Sur.
Kansas, vol. 10, pt. 1, p. 72, pl. 12, figs. 8-10.
Diagnosis. — Shell shape variable, usually suborbicular; an-
terior margin rounded becoming gently concave near auricle; pos-
terior margin nearly straight from anteroventral margin to auricle;
ventral margin rounded, cuspate; umbones sharp, distinct; anterior
umbonal folds distinct; posterior umbonal fold poorly defined;
posterior auricle small, anterior auricle elongate, subtriangular;
left valve with broad costae with gently sloping flanks, each topped
with narrow, rounded costella, crossed by regular coarse fila which
swing down in sharply defined troughs to form ventrally pointing
spines; at least anterior auricle costate with fila produced into spines
ventrally, strongly notched for byssus; ornament of right valve dis-
similar to left, consisting of widely spaced, narrow, costellae, inter-
spaces nearly flat, fila absent.
Range. — Pennsylvanian.
Measurements. — Hypotypes (mm) .
Ht IL LAA C
R.V. 13e2 Wd 10.3
Ile \ We 14.0 20.3 4.0
Material. — Hypotypes, U.S. National Museum, Nos. 155849,
155850.
Discussion. — A rare right valve along with a well-preserved
left valve and an external replica of a left valve are at hand from
TEXAS PENNSYLVANIAN PELECYPODs: BrirpD 151
Bed ten of the Gaptank Formation. The ornamentation of the
valves is highly discrepant; the anterior auricle of the right valve
is more than one-half as long as the shell itself and has four strong
costae, the most dorsal one is strongest. ‘The upper umbonal surface
of the left valve shows that, in early stages of growth, ornamenta-
tion consists of costellae and normal fila. The result is a pattern
of ornament similar to typical species of Streblopteria (Streblochon-
dria). A short distance ventrally the riblets are nodose at the inter-
sections with the fila and within four or five fila ventrally, they
become pointed in the troughs and arched over the costellae. The
costellae at the same time are thickened so that the adult pattern
is assumed.
Genus ANNULICONCHA Newell, 1937 (1938)
Type species. — Aviculopecten interlineatus Meek and Wor-
then, 1860. Original designation.
Range. — Mississippian-Permian.
Annuliconcha interlineata (Meek and Worthen), 1860 _—~Pl. 13, figs. 14, 15
Aviculopecten interlineatus Meek and Worthen, 1860, Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila-
delphia, Proc. p. 454; 1866, Geol. Sur. Illinois, vol. 2, p. 329, pl. 26, fig. 7.
Posidonomya lasallensis Miller and Gurley, 1896, Illinois State Mus. Nat. His-
tory, Bull. 11, p. 12, pl. 1, figs. 17, 18.
Annuliconcha interlineata (Meek and Worthen), Newell, 1937 (1938), State
Geol. Sur. Kansas, vol. 10, pt. 1, p. 76, pl. 13, figs. 6-10.
Diagnosis. — Shell essentially circular, acline or gently proso-
cline; anterior, posterior, and ventral margins gently rounded; um-
bones breadly rounded; umbonal folds distinct; auricles triangular;
ornament of shell body of raised concentric ridges and interspaced
fila; concentric ornament extending onto auricles, in auricular
sulcii ornament bends toward umbones then turns outward to
parallel outer surface of auricles.
Range. — Pennsylvanian.
Measurements. — Height and length of specimens of this species
are nearly equal. No specimens at hand have complete auricles.
Material. — Hypotype, U.S. National Museum, No. 155851.
Discussion. — ‘This species is the most common of the Gaptank
pectinoids. Besides the ten adult specimens, what appear to be spat
of Annuliconcha interlineata occur on some adult pectinoid speci-
mens. One such spat on the posterior auricle of the left valve speci-
152 BULLETIN 240
men of Acanthopecten carboniferus mentioned above is almost cer-
tainly a specimen of Annuliconcha interlineata. Presumably, young
individuals of A. interlineata settled on older members of their
species and on other pectinoids and possibly on other organisms or
on hard substrate and attached themselves by byssal threads. Sub-
sequently, the attachment was severed and the organism again be-
came free. Hence only the young are found attached to other shells
and this attachment — which appears to be accomplished by cemen-
tation of one valve —is probably effected by byssal threads. The
apparent cementation is the result of diagenesis. If this interpre-
tation is correct, the spat were attached tightly or were inhabitants
of quiet water so that after death they were not dislodged from their
hosts. The spat have been most frequently seen on auricles of adult
pectinoids.
Genus CLAVICOSTA Newell, 1937 (1938)
Type species. — Clavicosta echinata Newell, 1937 (1938). Orig-
inal designation.
Range. — Pennsylvanian-Permian.
Clavicosta cf. C. echinata Newell, 1937 Pl. 18, figs. 10, 11
Clavicosta echinata Newell, 1937 (1938), State Geol. Sur. Kansas, vol. 10, pt.
1, p..79, pl. 13, figs. 1-5.
Clavicosta sp. Mudge and Yochelson, 1962, U.S. Geol. Sur., Prof. Paper 332,
p- 90, pl. 16, fig. 3.
Range. — Pennsylvanian-Permian.
Measurements. — Hypotype, right valve (mm). Ht 15.1, Lt 13.0.
Material. — Hypotypes, U.S. National Museum, Nos. 155853,
155854.
Discussion. — Two separate presumably right valves and an ex-
ternal replica from Bed ten of the Gaptank Formation are re-
ferred to this taxon. The specimens appear to be inclined, and
because opisthocline shells are not known for the subfamily Avi-
culopectininae, it is inferred that they are slightly prosocline. In
none of the three specimens is the hinge or auricles preserved, and
it was at first thought that these shells were a species of Pseudo-
monotis such as P. hawnt (Meek and Hayden), 1858. Pseudomono-
tids are also prosocline. The hinge area of species of Pseudomonotis
are commonly poorly represented because of the attachment of
‘TEXAS PENNSYLVANIAN PELECYPODS: BIRD 153
these forms to the substrate. However, if the specimens here con-
sidered are truly prosocline, they are right valves, and right valves
of species of Psewdomonotis are flat or only slightly convex while
the specimens at hand are decidedly convex. Further, the ornament,
though similar to that of Psewdomonotis hawni, is consistent rather
than varied and the costae are tuberculose instead of scaly. Finally,
none of the specimens at hand show attachment scars at the um-
bonal area on what is presumed to be the right valve.
Well-preserved bivalved representatives of Psewdomonotis and
Clavicosta are readily distinguished. Both valves of species of Clavi-
costa are convex and neither valve was attached, while the right,
attached valve of species of Pseudomonotis is typically flat or con-
cave.
The ornament of the specimens from Bed ten of the Gaptank
Formation shows the characteristic features of the genus, coarse
costae between which occur two somewhat depressed slightly finer
costae. From these specimens it could not be determined that the
costae were, respectively first and second order. The coarse costae of
these specimens are sharp crested and ornamented by a series of
slightly overlapping tubercles. The tubercles are irregularly spaced
with the rounded apex situated on the costae and directed dor-
sally; the prongs extending ventrally down the flanks of the costae.
The tubercles become shorter, hence more numerous and the costae
and the tubercules become finer posteriorly. Between the major
costae, the minor costae are less elevated, narrower, and more
gently rounded than the major ones. The fine ornament reported
by Newell is not present on these specimens. The finer costae are
closer to the major one on either side than they are to each other.
Both sets of ribs extend deep into the shell structure producing a
rumpling of the entire shell material present at the ventral margin.
Subfamily STREBLOCHONDRIINAE Newell
Discussion. — The three proposed genera of the subfamily can
be distinguished only with considerable difficulty. Each of the
genera has been recognized from Mississippian faunas and yet by
Upper Pennsylvanian time divergence between the genera has not
produced distinct generic boundaries or, alternately, the genera are
polyphyletic. Because of this lack of distinction Streblochondria
154 BULLETIN 240
Newell, 1937 (1938) and Obliquipecten Hind, 1903 are here treat-
ed as subgenera of Streblopteria McCoy, 1851.
Species of Streblopteria s. s. are characterized by having no
trace of radial ornamentation on the shell body and only vague
ribbing on the anterior auricles; the posterior auricles are much re-
duced. Species of Streblopteria (Streblochondria) typically have
well-developed ornament on the shell body and on the auricles;
here too the posterior auricle may be nearly obsolete. In the type
species and closely related species of Streblopteria (Streblochondria)
the shell body is ornamented by distinct fila and closely spaced
costellae to produce a cancellate effect. Other species questionably
referred to this subgenus have microscopic cancellate ornamentation
on the upper umbonal surface only, have weak costellae, or are
smooth. A new species from the Gaptank Formation, Streblopteria
(Streblochondria) fila, has prominent fila and weak costellae which
become slightly better developed anteriorly. Another new species,
S. (Streblochondria) semicosta, has only growth lines and costellae
restricted to the anterior portion of the shell body and has distinct
costae on the anterior auricle. In short, the range of ornamentation
in species of S. (Streblochondria) is from smooth to only concentric
io both concentric and radial to the peculiar, microscopic cancellate
ornament of Streblopteria (Streblochondria)? tenuilineata (Meek
and Worthen) .
Streblopteria (Obliquipecten), the third subgenus of the sub-
family, is poorly known. Only recently has it been known from ma-
terial other than the type species from the Lower Carboniferous of
England. Ciriacks (1963, p. 55) reported a species of Obliquipecten
from the Permian of Wyoming and two specimens, a left and a right
valve, from the Gaptank Formation are here referred to the sub-
genus. The Gaptank specimens are not flat like the type species
but do have the marked backward obliquity and the obsolete pos-
terior auricles of the type species. The umbones are prominent and
gibbous. Distinction between Streblopteria (Streblopteria) and
Streblopteria (Obliquipecten) is based primarily upon the degree
to which the posterior auricles is reduced and the degree of back-
ward obliquity of the shell. Species of S. (Obliquipecten) have only
‘TEXAS PENNSYLVANIAN PELECYPODs: BIRD 155
the slightest hint of posterior auricles or none at all and the shell
is markedly opisthoctine.
Genus STREBLOPTERIA McCoy, 1851
Subgenus STREBLOPTERIA McCoy, 1851
Type species. —Meleagrina laevigata McCoy, 1844. Subsequent
designation Meek and Worthen 1866, fide Newell [1937, (1938) ,
p- 88].
Range. — Mississippian-Permian.
Streblopteria (Streblopteria) obliqua Bird, n. sp. Plate 13, fig 12
Diagnosis.— Shell higher than long, strongly opisthocline;
dorso-anterior margin gently concave outward; anterior margin
short ventrally, sharply rounded; posterior margin sharply rounded,
but gradually rounded to meet posterior auricle; umbones distinct,
not gibbous; anterior umbonal fold distinct; posterior umbonal
fold obscure; posterior auricle indistinctly set off from shell body,
higher than long; anterior auricle incompletely preserved; shell and
auricles smooth except for irregularly thickened lamellae.
Range. — Bed ten of Gaptank Formation.
Measurements. — Holotype, right valve (mm). Ht 20.9; Lt
S352 @) 4:6; Ol 0 48.
Material. — Holotype, U.S. National Museum, No. 155855.
Discussion. — The presence of a posterior auricle and posterior
umbonal fold of the single specimen of this highly opisthocline
species favors its designation to Streblopteria (Streblopteria) rather
than to the subgenus Obliquipecten. The valve is, however, flat-
tened. Though the shell layers are well preserved, there is no hint
of ornamentation besides growth lines.
The growth lamellae show that S. (Streblopteria) obliqua be-
comes relatively shorter with respect to length. The posterior por-
tion of the shell is the faster growing of the heterogenous charac-
ters, height and length, so that the shell becomes more strongly
opisthocline with advancing ontogeny.
Streblopteria (Streblopteria) sp. Pl. 14, figs. 1, 2
Diagnosis. — Shell high in relation to length, opisthocline;
anterior margin gently rounded, rumpled near dorsal extremity;
156 BULLETIN 240
posterior margin gently rounded, meeting dorsal margin at slightly
obtuse angle; ventral margin gibbous, prominent; posterior um-
bonal fold indistinct; anterior umbonal fold undefined; posterior
auricle tiny, obsolete; anterior auricle not observed; ornament ab-
sent except for growth lines.
Range. — Bed ten of Gaptank Formation.
Measurements. — (Mm) .
Ht Lt ¢ Ol
R.V. 25.7 19.6 4.] 0.75
RAVE 20.1 19.7 4.5 0.81
Material. — U.S. National Museum, Nos. 155856, 155857.
Discussion. — "Two right-valved specimens, which are prob-
ably conspecific, are tentatively placed in this genus. Both speci-
mens are fragmentary. One is crushed anteroventrally so that it
appears to have a distinct anterior umbonal fold. The shell has
largely been broken away anterior to this region. The actual shell
margin can be seen in the limy matrix, however, and shows that
the apparent umbonal fold is not real. ‘The smaller specimen lacks
a ventral margin, and the tip of the umbone has been broken so
that this structure appears too low.
Subgenus STREBLOCHONDRIA Newell, 1937 (1938)
Type species. — Aviculopecten sculptilus Miller, 1891. Original
designation.
Range. — Mississippian-Permian.
Streblopteria (Streblochondria) aff. S. (Streblochondria) sculptilus
(Miller), 1891 Pl. 13, fig. 13
Aviculopecten sculptilus Miller, 1891, Indiana Geol. Sur., Ad. Sheets, 17th
Rept., p. 92, pl. 20, fig. 5.
Streblochondria sculptilus (Miller), Newell, 1937 (1938), State Geol. Sur. Kan-
sas, vol. 10, pt. 1, p. 82, pl. 16, figs. 5, 7, 9, 11.
Discussion. —One specimen of this species was collected from
Bed ten of the Gaptank Formation. The shell body of the specimen
is nearly complete, but the auricles are wanting. Streblochondria
sculptilus differs from S. hertzeri (Meek), 1871 mainly in being
higher in relation to length and in having a smaller umbonal
angle. S. sculptilus is distinguished from S. stantonensis Newell,
1937 (1938) only by the nature of the auricles which are not pres-
ent in the specimen at hand.
TEXAS PENNSYLVANIAN PELECYPODS: BiIRD 157
Range. — Missourian.
Measurements. — Hypotype, right valve, (mm). Ht 12.7; Lt 9.5;
Gilet.
Material. — Hypotype, U.S. National Museum, No. 155858.
Streblopteria (Streblochondria) fila Bird, n. sp. Pl. 14, figs. 7, 8
Diagnosis. — Shell subcircular, distinctly though slightly opis-
thocline; umbones prominent, moderately gibbous; anterior um-
bonal fold prominent, posterior umbonal fold gradually rounded,
distinct; anterior auricle longer than high, much longer than pos-
terior auricle, byssal notch apparently well developed; convexity
high; ornament of shell body of prominent, regular, closely spaced
fila and faint radial lines, radial ornament most prominent under
anterior auricle where the fine costellae are sharply raised and
closely spaced; auricular ornament not known.
Range. — Bed ten of Gaptank Formation.
Measurements. — Holotype, right valve, (mm). Ht 14.0; Lt
475 JbvAVA\ Dobe ILI Bey Zao (0; ae (ONL sil)
Material. — Holotype, U.S. National Museum, No. 155859.
Paratype, U.S. National Museum, No. 155860.
Discussion. —This species fits in well with the apparent sub-
generic trend to a more orbicular outline. The trend is the result
of the reduction of height in relation to length of shell. There is
no recognizable trend in the type of ornamentation in species of
Streblochondria. S$. (Streblochondria) fila has subdued radial orna-
ment.
Streblopteria (Streblochondria) fila is represented by two right
valves. One specimen is nearly complete, the anterior auricle is
covered by matrix and the posterior extremity of the posterior ear
is missing. The species is distinctive for its high convexity and its
ornamentation. The regularly spaced fila are strongly developed
and crossed by closely spaced, feebly developed radial riblets. ‘The
characteristic cross-hatched effect commonly seen in the genus is
not displayed because of the jack of development of the radial
ornament. Anteriorly, the radial riblets are relatively sharply raised
but even here they are subdued and narrow. The nature of orna-
mentation of S. (Streblochondria) fila most closely conforms to
that of S. (Streblochondria) hertzert (Meek) , 1871 but S. (Streblo-
158 BULLETIN 240
chondria) fila has a higher convexity and is more orbicular than
that species. As in S. (Streblochondria?) tenuilineata (Meek and
Worthen) , 1860 the outer ostracum of the shell is coarsely devel-
oped. The shell structure is radial crossed lamellar and can be
easily seen with a hand lens.
Streblopteria (Streblochondria?) tenuilineata (Meek and Worthen), 1860
Pl. 14, figs. 3-6
Pecten tenuilineatus Meek and Worthen, 1860, Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia,
Proc., p. 452.
Streblopteria? tenuilineata Meek and Worthen, 1866, Geol. Sur. Illinois, vol. 2,
p- 334, pl. 26, fig. 9.
Crenipecten foerstii Herrick, 1887, Denison Univ. Sci. Lab., Bull., vol. 2, p. 28,
pl. 3, fig. 9.
Crenipecten foerstii (Herrick), Morningstar, 1922, Ohio Geol. Sur., Bull. 25,
4th ser., p. 230, pl. 13, figs. 7-8.
Streblopteria tenuilineata (Meek and Worthen), Sayre, 1930, Kansas Geol. Sur.,
Bull. 17, p. 121, pl. 11, fig. 3.
Streblochondria? tenuilineata (Meek and Worthen) , Newell, 1937 (1938), State
Geol. Sur. Kansas, vol. 10, pt. 1, p. 84, pl. 1, fig. 3; pl. 15, figs. 10-16.
Diagnosis. — Shell suborbicular, acline or slightly opisthocline
to strongly opisthocline; anteroventral margin rounded to nearly
Straight, anterior margin near auricles concave outward, posterior
margin broadly rounded; umbones gibbous; beaks orthogyre to
prosogyre; anterior and posterior umbonal folds well defined; pos-
terior auricles subquadrate, anterior auricles longer, rounded at
extremities; shell body of both valves with microscopic cancellate
ornament on dorsal part of umbones, absent elsewhere; posterior
auricle normally with four or five broad or narrow distinct costae,
with or without concentric ridges, posterior auricle with only con-
centric Ornament or no ornamentation.
Range. — Pennsylvanian.
Measurements. — Hypotypes (mm) .
Ht Lt LAA LPA Ol
Ie R.V. 18.0 16.5 5.0 4.0 0.98
2: REV: ea 19.6 73 Atay 0.54
Be R.V. 17.8 17.6 5.8 3.0 0.64
a L.V. 17.1 We 4.8 4.6
Material. — Hypotypes, U. S. National Museum, No. 155861.
Orton Museum of the Ohio State University, No. 15289.
Discussion. —One fragmentary right valve of this species was
‘TEXAS PENNSYLVANIAN PELECYPODS: BIRD 159
found in Bed ten of the Gaptank Formation. This valve bears the
microscopic cancellate ornamentation of the umbonal area that has
been previously reported for the left valve.
Newell’s [1937 (1938), p. 84] citation of Crenipecten foersti
Mark is a misprint for C. foersti2 Morningstar. Morningstar's three
specimens of this species were kindly loaned to me by Dr. Schopf
of the Orton Museum, Ohio State University. These specimens, as
noted by Newell (op. cit., p. 85), are highly oblique for Sireblop-
teria (Streblochondria?) tenuilineata; also these specimens, because
of preservation, show no trace of the umbonal ornamentation so
characteristic of the species. According to Newell (loc. cit.), topo-
types of Herricks Crenipecten foerstit, which like Morningstar's
specimens, are from the Pottsville Series of Flint Ridge, Ohio, are
conspecific with S. (Streblochondria?) tenuilineata. However, based
on Newell’s figures (op. cit., pl. 15, figs. 10-13) as well as on Morn-
ingstar’s specimens, the auricular costae of the Ohio forms are much
more distinct and narrow and the umbones are lower (project less
above the shell body). The auricles of the Pottsville form are not
so high in relation to their length as Middle Pennsylvanian repre-
sentatives of S. (Streblochondria?) tenuilineata. The Ohio forms
may prove to be a distinct species or at least subspecies.
As in specimens of Streblopteria (Streblochondria) fila, the
structure of the outer ostracum in S$. (Streblochondria?) tenuiline-
ata is coarsely radial cross lamellar and can be seen throughout the
shell with slight magnification.
Streblopteria (Streblochondria) semicosta Bird, n. sp. Pl. 13, fig. 9
Diagnosis. — Shell small opisthocline; anterior margin short,
gently rounded ventrally, gently concave upward and outward
dorsally; ventral and posterior margins rounded; umbones high,
gibbous; umbonal folds prominent; posterior auricle short, sub-
quadrate; anterior auricle relatively large, convex rather than flat,
rounded anteriorly; byssal notch distinct but shallow; anterior
margin of shell body ornamented by fine, low, radial ribs, ribs be-
coming obsolete dorsally near base of anterior ear, additional fainter
ribs situated posterioventrally restricted to ventral margin, general
surface with fine lines of growth only; anterior auricle with six
long costae extending from tip to base of ear, crossed by numerous
growth lines, ribs not present on dorsal one-third of ear.
160 BULLETIN 240
Range. — Bed ten of Gaptank Formation.
Measurements. — Holotype, right valve (mm). Ht 11.6; Lt
O03 IGANAN 4208 Ibe 210s OL Woo.
Material. — Holotype, U. S. National Museum, No. 155862.
Discussion. — The costate anterior auricle and the faint but dis-
tinct anterior costation of the anterior part of the shell body bring
me to place this species in the subgenus Streblochondria. ‘This
unique ornamentation distinguishes this species, which is repre-
sented by a single right valve, from any known species of the genus.
Subgenus OBLIQUIPECTEN (Hind), 1903
Type species. — Obliquipecten laevis Hind, 1903. Original des-
ignation.
Range. — Mississippian-Permian.
Streblopteria (Obliquipecten) sp. Pl. 14, figs. 10, 11
Diagnosis. — Shell suborbicular, higher than long, strongly
opisthocline; anterior margin gently rounded, strongly concave
outward under beaks; posterior and ventral margins gently round-
ed; umbones prominent, gibbous, extending high above anterior
margin; beaks prosogyre; anterior umbonal fold prominent; pos-
terior umbonal fold absent; left valve with small, poorly defined
anterior wing; anterior auricle of right valve apparently broken
off; posterior auricles absent; ornament of right valve lacking; left
valve with distinct, closely spaced, flattened costae on anteroven-
tral portion of shell, becoming obsolete a short distance dorsally.
Range. — Bed ten of Gaptank Formation.
Measurements. — (Mm).
Ht Lt C Ol
IREVe 30.2 21.8 Test 0.33
IEW, 22.0 15.0 6.5 0.27
Material. — U.S. National Museum, Nos. 155863, 155864.
Discussion. —'The two valves are tentatively referred to the same
species. The species is placed in the subgenus Obliquipecten be-
cause of the shape and strongly opisthocline attitude of the shell,
the radiating costae of the anterior portion of the left valve, the
lack of a posterior ear on the right valve, and the triangular liga-
mental area of the right valve which 1s set posterior to the beaks as
that of the left valve illustrated by Newell (1937, p. 90, 1h, BZ)
‘TEXAS PENNSYLVANIAN PELECYPODS: BIRD 161
The specimens collected from the Gaptank Formation do not have
the flattened umbones nor flattened valves of the type species.
Family
INQUIRENDA
Genus CYPRICARDINIA Hall, 1859
Type species. — Cypricardinia lamellosa Hall, 1859; subsequent
designation by Hall (1885, p. xvi).
Range. — Devonian-Permian.
Discussion. — Several students of Paleozoic Pelecypoda (see
Dickens, 1963, p. 98) have expressed doubt as to whether the name
Cypricardinia should be used for Upper Paleozoic pelecypods. Un-
like earlier forms, Upper Paleozoic species referred to Cypricardinia
have equal valves and a marginal rather than an external liga-
mental area (Dickens, 1963, p. 98) . In general external morphology,
Upper Paleozoic and Devonian representatives of the genus are
much alike, Because further study is needed to show the differences
noted above to be consistent, the genus Cypricardinia is used here
without recourse to open nomenclature.
Cypricardinia questa Bird, n. sp. Pl. 12, fig. 3
Diagnosis. — Shell oblong, thin, slightly expanded posteriorly;
anterior short, gently rounded; posterior margin sharply rounded
ventrally but gradually rounding into dorsal margin; ventral
margin gently convex; dorsal margin straight, shorter than maxi-
mum length of shell; umbones small, gently inflated; umbonal
ridge distinct near beaks, becoming rounded and indistinct pos-
teriorly; ligamental area narrow, amphidetic; beaks small, proso-
gyre; ornament of numerous, regularly spaced, gently raised, imbri-
cated concentric lamellae with fine, regular lines between, radial
ornament absent.
Range. — Bed ten of Gaptank Formation.
Measurements. — Holotype, bivalved, (mm). Ht 12.0; Lt 11.0;
DBAM 1.6; C 8.8.
Material. — Holotype, U. S. National Museum, No. 155865.
Discussion. — Cypricardinia questa does not closely resemble
any known species of the genus. Its total lack of radial ornamenta-
tion is apparently unique. ‘This condition is not the product of cor-
rosion for the ornament is in an excellent state of preservation.
Cypricardinia questa is distinguished from C ? elegantula Dickens,
162 BULLETIN 240
1963 by having a less spatulate outline, more prominent umbones,
more regular concentric ornament, and its lack of radial costation.
The general shape of C. questa is close to that of the type species,
C. lamellosa Hall, 1859, but C. questa has much higher beaks and
again has no radial ornament.
Cypricardinia questa 1s represented by a single, broken, bi-
valved specimen from Bed ten of the Gaptank Formation.
Family MYOCONCHIDAE Newell
Genus STUTCHBURIA Etheridge, Jr., 1900
Type species. — Orthonota? costata Morris, 1845. Original des-
ignation.
Range. — Pennsylvanian-Permian.
Discussion. — Newell (1957) and Dickens (1963) have studied
the type species of this genus and found it to possess poorly de-
veloped, obsolescent, cardinal teeth. Newell recognized one cardinal
tooth in each valve; Dickens two in the left and one in the right
valve. In addition there are two posterior laterals in the right valve
and one in the left. Permophorus Chavan, 1954 — Pleurophorus
King, 1850 is a closely related genus distinguishable by its better
developed cardinal dentition.
No teeth were observed on the species here tentatively re-
ferred to Stutchburia, yet most of the hinge was observable on one
specimen.
“Stutchburia” corrucostata Bird, n. sp. Jedi alal, sukees We Jelly 114 roles, IL
Diagnosis. — Shell subrectangular; anterior margin gently
rounded; posterior margin obliquely truncate; ventral margin gent-
ly convex; dorsal margin nearly straight; umbones low, broad;
umbonal ridge indistinct; ligamental area narrow, opisthodetic,
marginal rather than external; lunule small, well defined, escutch-
eon indistinct; ornament of coarse costae, becoming coarser pos-
teriorly and concentric lamellae; costae wider than interspaces.
Range. — Bed ten of Gaptank Formation.
Measurements. — (Mm).
Ht Lt C
Holotype—B.V. 9.8 18.3 6.5
Paratype—L.V. 15.0 24.0 5.1
Paratype—L.V. 9.2 17.8 6.2
TEXAS PENNSYLVANIAN PELECYPODS: BIRD 163
Material. — Holotype, U.S. National Museum, No. 155866.
Paratypes, U. S. National Museum, Nos. 155867, 155868.
Discussion. — “Stutchburia” corrucostata is not closely similar
to any known Carboniferous species. The species attains a moderate
size and is ornamented with coarse costae at all observed stages of
ontogeny. Though these ribs are coarse, they are not deeply im-
pressed in the shell for slight corrosion produces a smooth valve.
The ribs become progressively coarser posteriorly. The concentric
lamellae are coarse all across the shell and bend ventrally at the
junction with ribs to produce a fluted or nodose aspect.
Family ASTARTIDAE d’Orbigny
Genus ASTARTELLA Hall, 1858
Diagnosis. — Shell essentially equivalve, subovate to subquad-
rate, truncated posteriorly, ventral margin straight to broadly
rounded; two cardinal teeth in each valve, two posterolateral teeth
in left valve, one posterolateral in right valve; one anterolateral
tooth in left valve, two anterolaterals in right valve; lunule and
escutcheon well defined; ligament external, opisthodetic; adductor
scars nearly equal; pallial line simple; ornament of concentric
ridges of variable weight and spacing; beaks anterior, prosogyre;
umbonal ridge usually low, broad, not well defined.
Type species.— Astartella vera Hall, 1858. Original designa-
tion; monotypy.
Range. — Pennsylvanian-Permian.
Discussion. — Externally this widely distributed Late Paleozoic
genus is sometimes difficult to distinguish from Cypricardella
Hall, 1858 (Hall, 1858a). However, species of Cypricardella are re-
ported to have but one cardinal tooth in each valve whereas in
species of Astartella there are two cardinal teeth in each valve.
Further, the umbonal ridge of Cypricardella is better defined and
the valves are typically more elongate than in species of Astartella.
(Compare also to Kaibabella Chronic, 1952 and to Eoastartella
Ciriacks, 1962) .
Species of Astartella have been described primarily on the basis
of ornamentation, position of beak, and nature of posterior margin.
The latter two characteristics were not found to be useful for de-
termining species. Ornamentation in Astarteila is of two main types;
164 BULLETIN 240
concentric ridges without lamellae between; A. varica McChesney,
1867, A. compacta Girty, 1915 (1915a), and A. subquadrata Girty,
1908 are examples; and concentric ridges with fine lamellae in in-
terspaces, exemplified by dA. vera Hall, 1858 and probably 4.
concentrica (Conrad), 1842. These small concentric lines between
the ridges are developed to various intensities, being prominent in
some specimens and barely visible with a hand lens in others.
Several proposed species are similar to Astartella vera Hall,
1858. Among these are: Astartella concentrica (Conrad), 1842;
Edmondia concentrica McChesney, 1859 = Astartella concentrica
(McChesney) , 1867; Astartella newberryt Meek, 1875; and Astar-
tella gurleyi White, 1872. Of these, I have been able to obtain type
material of only 4. vera Hall and A. gurley: White. Because of this
lack of comparative material, actual synonymization is not made
except in the case of A. vera and A. gurleyi.
In the course of the study of Astartella, topotypes of A. vera
Hall were kindly loaned to me by Dr. J. M. Weller of the Walker
Museum of the University of Chicago (now in Field Natural His-
tory Museum). These specimens were compared to three other
samples identified as A. vera and one sample of A. varica. In these
comparisons only one of 28 possible combinations of characters
tested proved valuable in species separation, to wit, height of
beak versus length of valve. The results are shown in ‘Table 1.
From ‘Table | above it can be seen that, with the exception of
the Wildhorse sample, each of the samples of Astartella vera is
significantly different from A. varica for the regression of height of
beak on length. The slope for this combination is so high for the
“Coal Measures” sample that this sample showed significantly
greater slope for the combination than the Heumader Shale and
the Wewoka Formation samples of the same species. From this
study it is seen that the regression of height of beak on length for
species of Astartella is useful but not completely reliable for separ-
ation of samples of the species. In the course of this study no better
sets of characters were recognized, however.
The extreme variation of the combination height of beak and
length of valve in the samples of A. vera suggests that height of
beak alone is not sufficient for distinguishing closely related species
of the genus. ‘The variation of this combination of characters shows
TEXAS PENNSYLVANIAN PELECYPODS: BIRD 165
TABLE 1
Statistical Comparisons of Astartella spp.
for the Regression of HB on Lt
Samples H We “C.M.” G.T.
Wi 0 0 0 0
H 0 ty =
We + ~
7 GaMes ~
Symbols: O—no significant difference at 5% level, one-sided.
--—regression slope of column sample significantly greater
than row sample at 5% level, one-sided.
—-—regression slope of column sample significantly small-
er than row sample at 5% level, one-sided.
regression equations are given with species descrip-
tions below.
Wi— Wildhorse Formation, Wildhorse, Oklahoma; A. vera.
H — Heumader Shale, Elk County, Kansas; A. vera.
We — Wewoka Formation, Ada, Oklahoma; A. vera.
“C.M.” — “Coal Measures”, Springfield, Illinois; A. vera.
G.T.— Bed ten of Gaptank Formation; dA. varica.
neither vertical nor horizontal directional variation in the samples
of A. vera studied. Further study may warrant the erection of sub-
species for extreme variants of A. vera.
Species of Astartella are widely distributed in the Pennsyl-
vanian. ‘They are found commonly in both near-shore and normal
marine assemblages and do not seem to be valuable as tools for
ecological interpretation.
Astartella vera Hall, 1858 Pl. 14, figs. 12-17
Astartella vera Hall, 1858, Rept. Geol. Sur. Iowa, vol. 1, pt. 2, p. 715, pl. 29,
fig als:
A. gurleyi White, 1878, Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Proc., p. 35.
Diagnosis. — Shell subtrigonal to subquadrate; anterior margin
rounded to nearly straight; posterior margin nearly straight, meet-
ing dorsal margin in distinctly obtuse angle; ventral margin nearly
straight to broadly convex; dorsal margin gently arched; umbones
prominent, gibbous; beaks relatively high in relation to length of
valves; umbonal ridge broadly to rather sharply rounded; ornament
166 BULLETIN 240
of closely spaced concentric ridges and concentric lamellae of vari-
able prominence in interspaces.
Range. — Pennsylvanian.
Measurements. — (See Appendix) .
Growth equations. — Essentially linear. Y = HB; X — [een
the form Y = a, ++ b,,X. Computed by least squares.
“Coal Measures”, Springfield, Ill. Y — —0.16 + 0.460X
Heumader Shale, Elk Co., Kansas Y — 0.03 + 0.266X
Wildhorse Fm., Wildhorse, Okla. Ye) 0045-5075 exe
Wewoka Fm., Ada, Okla. Y— 0.07 + 0.306%
Material. —‘Topotypes of Astartella vera Hall. Walker Mu-
seum, University of Chicago, No. 13303, now in the Field Museum
of Natural History. Hypotypes, Pennsylvanian collections of Drs.
L. M. Cline and L. R. Laudon, University of Wisconsin.
Discussion. — The relation of this species to closely related or
possibly synonymous species is discussed above. One species, A star-
tella gurleyi White, is here placed in synonymy with A. vera. A
small number of poorly preserved topotypes of A. gurleyi, along
with topotypes of A. vera, were loaned to me by Dr. J. M. Weller.
The two species occur together and A. gurleyt was apparently based
on juveniles of A. vera.
Astartella compacta Girty, 1915 (1915a), another small form,
is apparently distinct. Hoare (1961, p. 127) reported that fine
lamellae do not occur in the interspaces of concentric ridges in
Girty’s species.
Astartella vera was not collected from the Gaptank Formation,
although dA. varica, with which it is sometimes associated, is com-
mon in Bed ten of the formation.
Astartella varica McChesney, 1859 Pl. 14, figs. 9, 18, 19
Astartella varica McChesney, 1859, Chicago Acad. Sci. Ext. Trans.; McChesney,
1867, Chicago Acad. Sci., Trans., vol. 1, p. 42, pl. 2, fig. 21; Girty, 1915,
U.S. Geol. Sur., Bull. 544, p. 145, pl. 18, fig. 1.
; Diagnosis. — Shell subquadrate, early stages subtrigonal; an-
terior margin rounded to straight; posterior margin straight, meet-
ing dorsal margin at oblique or nearly right angles; ventral margin
nearly straight; dorsal margin essentially straight; umbones broad;
beaks low with respect to length of valves; umbonal ridge indis-
tinct; ornament of relatively widely spaced, sharp concentric
ridges, no lamellae in interspaces.
‘TEXAS PENNSYLVANIAN PELECYPODS: BIRD 167
Range. — Pennsylvanian.
Measurements. — (See Appendix) .
Growth equations. — Essentially linear. y = HB; x = Lt; in the
form Y — a, + b,,X. Computed by least squares.
Bed ten, Gaptank Formation Y — 0.13 + 0.135xX.
Material. — Hypotypes, U.S. National Museum, Nos. 155869,
155870.
Discussion. — Astartella varica is readily distinguished from
other species of the genus by having coarser, more widely spaced
concentric ridges without smaller lamellae in the interspaces.
Judging from the description and illustrations of Cypricardella sec-
toralis Girty, 1927 (1927a), this species may be conspecific with
A. varica. The hinge of Girty’s species is not known, however, and
it may prove to truly be a Cypricardella.
Excepting “Edmondia” subtruncata Meek, A. varica is the most
common Bed ten pelecypod.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Arkell, W. J.
1930. Genetic position and phylogeny of some Jurassic Arcidae. Geologic
Magazine, vol. 67, pt. 2, No. 794, pp. 337-352.
Beede, J. W.
1900. Carboniferous invertebrates. Univ. Geol. Sur. Kansas, vol. 6, 187
pp., 22 pls.
Bgggild, O. B.
1930. The shell structure of the mollusks. Acad. Roy. Sci. Lettres Dane-
mark, Mem. Sec. Sci., Ser. 9, tome 2, No. 2, pp. 235-326, 15 pls.
Bostwick, D. A.
1962. Fusulinid stratigraphy of beds near the Gaptank-Wolfcamp boun-
dary Glass Mountains, Texas. Jour. Paleont., vol. 36, pp. 1189-1200,
3 pls.
Bowsher, A. L.
1955. Origin and adaptation of platycerid gastropods. Univ. Kansas Pale-
ont. Contr., No. 17, Art. 15, 11 pp., 2 pls.
Branson, Carl
1930. Stratigraphy and paleontology of the Phosphoria Formation. Mis-
souri Univ. Studies, vol. 5, 99 pp., 16 pls.
1942. Parallelodon, Grammatodon, and Beushausenia (=Cosmetodon, new
name). Jour. Paleont., vol. 16, pp. 246-249.
1948. Bibliographic index of Permian invertebrates. Geol. Soc. America,
Mem. 26, 1049 pp.
Bronn, H. G.
1835. Lethaea Geognostica, Vol. 1, E. Schweizerbart, Stuttgart., 672 pp.
Chavan, A.
1954. Les Pleurophorus et genres voisin. Cashiers Geol. de Thoiry, No.
22, p. 200.
168 BULLETIN 240
Chronic, Halka
1952. Molluscan fauna from the Permian Kaibab formation, Walnut Can-
yon, Arizona. Geol. Soc. America, Bull., vol. 63, pp. 95-154, 10 pls.
Ciriacks, K. W.
1963. Permian and Eotriassic bivalves of the Middle Rockies. American
Mus. Nat. Hist., Bull., vol. 125, art. 1, 100 pp., 16 pls.
Conrad, T. A.
1841. Fifth annual report on the paleontology of the state of New York.
New York Geol. Sur., Ann. Rept., pp. 25-57.
1842. Observations on the Silurtan and Devonian systems of the United
States, with descriptions of new organic remains. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Philadelphia, Jour., vol. 8, pt. 2, pp. 228-280, pls. 12-17.
Cox, E. T.
1857. Paleontological report of Coal Measure Mollusca. Kentucky Geol.
Sur., vol. 3, pp. 557-576. Plates separate.
Cox, L. R.
1943. The English Upper Lias and Inferior Oolite species of Lima. Mala-
cological Soc. London, Proc., vol. 25, p. 151.
Dickens, Richard
1963. Permian pelecypods and gastropods from Western Australia. Aus-
tralia Bureau Mineral Resources, Geology and Geophysics, Bull. 63,
203 pp., 26 pls.
Driscoll, Egbert G.
1961. Another nomenclaturial review of the Carboniferous lamellibranchs
Macrodon, Grammatodon, Parallelodon and Beushausenia. Jour.
Paleont., vol. 35, pp. 1090-1093.
1964. Accessory muscle scars, an aid to protobranch ortentation. Jour.
Paleont., vol. 38, pp. 61-66, 1 pl.
Dunbar, C. O.. and Condra, G. E.
1932. Brachiopoda of the Pennsylvanian System in Nebraska. Nebraska
Geol. Sur., Bull. 5, 2d Series, 375 pp., 44 pls.
, (Ladd, H. S.)
1957. Treatise on marine ecology and paleoecology. Geol. Soc. America,
Mem. 67, vol. 2, pp. 753, 754.
Elias, M. K.
1937. Depth of deposition of the Big Blue (late Paleozoic) sediments of
Kansas. Geol. Soc. America, Bull., vol. 48, pp. 403-432.
1957. Late Mississippian fauna from the Redoak Hollow Formation of
southern Oklahoma, pt. 3. Pelecypoda. Jour. Paleont., vol. 31, pp.
738-784, 9 pls.
Etheridge, R., Jr.
1900. Little known and undescribed Permo-Carboniferous pelecypods in
the Australian museum. Australian Museum, Records, vol. 3, pp.
178-187, pls. 31-33.
Fleming, J.
1828. A history of British animals . . . Edinburgh and London, XXIII,
565 pp.
Geinitz, H. B.
1866. Carbonformation und Dyas in Nebraska. Dresden, 91 pp., 5 pls.
Girty, G. H.
1903. Carboniferous formations and faunas of Colorado. United States
Geol. Sur., Prof. Paper 16, 546 pp., 10 pls.
1904. New molluscan genera from the Carboniferous. United States Na-
tional Mus., Proc., vol. 27, pp. 721-726, 3 pls.
"TEXAS PENNSYLVANIAN PELECYPODS: BIRD 169
1908. The Guadalupian fauna. United States Geol. Sur., Prof. Paper 58,
pp. 399-448, 31 pls.
1911. On some new genera and species of Pennsylvanian fossils from the
Wewoka Formation of Oklahoma. New York Acad. Sci. Ann., vol.
21, pp. 119-156.
1915. Fauna of the Wewoka Formation of Oklahoma. United States Geol.
Sur., Bull. 544, 113 pp., 35 pls.
(in Hinds, H., and Green, F. C.)
1915a. The stratigraphy of the Pennsylvanian Series in Missouri with a
chapter on invertebrate paleontology (by G. H. Girty). Missouri
Bur. Geol. Mines, 2d ser., vol. 13, 407 pp., 32 pls.
1927. The generic characters of Astartella Hall. Washington Acad. Sci.,
Jour., vol. 17, No. 16, pp. 417-423, 1 pl.
(in Mansfield, G. B.)
1927a. Geography, geology, and mineral resources of part of southeastern
Idaho. United States Geol. Sur., Prof. Paper 152, pp. 411-446, pls.
22-25.
Hall, James (in Stansbury, Howard)
1852. Exploration and survey of the valley of the Great Salt Lake of
Utah, .. . United States 32nd Cong. Spec. sess., pp. 399-414, (illus-
trated).
1856. Indiana Dept. of Geol. and Nat. History, 12th Annual Rept., 400
pp., 38 pls.
1858. Report on the geological survey of the state of Iowa. Iowa State
Geol. Sur., vol. 1, pt. 2, pp. 709-724, pls. 28, 29.
1885. Lamellibranchiata II. Descriptions and figures of the Dimyaria of
the upper Helderberg, Hamilton, Portage, and Chemung groups.
New York Geol. Sur., Paleontology, vol. 5, pt. 1, pp. 269-561, 62 pls.
1859. Natural History of New York. Vol. 3, Paleontology, 532 pp., 120 pls.
Herrick, C. L.
1887. A sketch of the geological history of Licking Co. (Ohio). Denison
Univ., Sci. Lab., Bull., vol. 2, pp. 5-70, 144-148, illustrated.
Hind, Wheelton
1896-1905. The Carboniferous Lamellibranchiata. Palaeontographic Soc.,
England, vol. 1-2, 708 pp. illustrated.
Hinds, R. B.
1843. Description of new species of Nucula, from the collections of Sir
Edward Belcher, C. B. and Hugh Cuming, Esq. Zool. Soc. London,
Proc., vol. 11, pp. 97-101.
Hoare, R. D.
1961. Desmoinesian Brachipoda and Mollusca from Southwest Missouri.
Univ. of Missouri Studies, vol. 36, 262 pp., 23 pls.
Johnson, R. G.
1962. Interspecific associations in Pennsylvanian fossil assemblages. Jour.
Geology, vol. 70, No. 1, pp. 32-55.
King, P. B.
1930. The geology of the Glass Mountains, Texas. Univ. Texas Bull.
3038, 161 pp.
170 BULLETIN 240
King, Wiiliam
1844. On a new genus of Palaeozoic shell. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., vol. 14,
pp. 313-317.
1850. Monograph of Permian fossils of England. Palaeontographica Soc.,
London, 258 pp., 28 pls.
Koninck, L. G. de
1842-1844. Description des animaux fossils, qui se trouvent dans le ter-
rain Carvontfere de Belgique. Liege, 650 pp., 55 pls.
Lamarck, J. B., P. A. de Monet de
1799. Prodrome d’une nouvelle classification des Coquilles . . . Mem.
Soc. d’hist. nat. Paris, pp. 63-91.
McAlester, A. L.
1962. Upper Devonian pelecypods of the New York Chemung Stage. Pea-
body Mus. Nat. Hist., Yale Univ., Bull. 16, 88 pp., 32 pls.
McChesney, J. H.
1859. Descriptions of new species of fossils from Paleozoic rocks from
the western states. Extract Chicago Acad. Sci. Trans., vol. 1, 76
pp.
1861. Descriptions of new fossils from the Palaeozoic rocks of the west-
ern states, from the transactions of the Chicago Academy of Sci-
ences, Oct. 11, 1857; contributed by J. H. McChesney. Extract Chi-
cago Acad. Sci., Trans., Ext. No. 2, pp. 77-96, 1 pl.
1867. Descriptions of new species of fossils from Paleozoic rocks from the
western states, with illustrations. Chicago Acad. Sci., Trans., vol.
1, art. 1, 57 pp., 9 pls.
McCoy, Frederick
1844. A synopsis of characters of the Carboniferous limestone fossils of
Ireland. Dublin, VIII, 207 pp., 29 pls.
1851. Descriptions of some new Mountain Limestone fossils. Ann. Mag.
Nat. Hist., ser. 2, vol. 7, pp. 167-175.
Meek, F. B.
1871. Descriptions of new species of invertebrate fossils from the Car-
boniferous and Devonian rocks of Ohio. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia,
Proc., pp. 57-93.
(in Hayden, F. V.)
1872. Report on the paleontology of eastern Nebraska with some remarks
on the Carboniferous rocks of that district. Final Report of the
United States Geol. Sur. of Nebraska, pp. 83-239.
1874. Notes on some of the fossils figured in the recently-issued fifth vol-
ume of the Illinois State Geological Report. American Jour. Arts
Sci., 3d Ser., vol. 7, pp. 580-584.
1875. A report on some of the invertebrate fossils of the Waverly Group.
Ohio Geol. Sur. Rept., vol. 2, pt. 2, Paleontology, pp. 269-347, pls.
10-20.
, and Hayden, F. V.
1858. Descriptions of new organic remains from northeastern Kansas, in-
dicating the existance of Permian rocks in that Territory. Albany
Institute Transactions, vol. 4, art. 4, pp. 73-84.
, and Hayden, F. V.
1858a. Remarks on the lower Cretaceous beds of Kansas and Nebraska,
together with descriptions of some new species of Carboniferous
TEXAS PENNSYLVANIAN PELECYPODS: BIRD Nl
fossils from the valley of the Kansas River. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila-
delphia, Proc., pp. 256-266.
1858b. Descriptions of new organic remains collected in Nebraska Territory
in the year 1857 .. . Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Proc., pp. 41-59.
1860. Systematic catalogue, with synonyma, ... of Jurassic, Cretaceous
and Tertiary fossils collected in Nebraska Territory. Acad. Nat.
Sci. Philadelphia, Proc., pp. 417-432.
, and Worthen, A. H.
1860. Descriptions of new Carboniferous fossils from Illinois and other
western states. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Proc., pp. 447-472.
1866. Descriptions of invertebrates from the Carboniferous system. Geol.
Sur. Illinois, vol. 2, pp. 143-411, pls. 14-31.
1866a. Descriptions of Paleozoic fossils from the Silurian, Devonian, and
Carboniferous rocks of Illinois, and other western states. Chicago
Acad. Sci., Proc., pp. 11-13.
1869. Descriptions of new Carboniferous fossils from the western states.
Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Proc., pp. 137-172.
1873. Fossils of the Coal Measures. Geol. Sur. Illinois, vol. 5, pp. 560-
619, pls. 24-32.
Miller, S. A.
1891. Paleontology. Indiana Geol. Sur., 17th Ann. Rept., advance sheets,
pp. 611-705, 20 pls.
, and Gurley, W. F. E.
1896. New species of Paleozoic invertebrates from Illinois and other states.
Illinois State Mus. Nat. Hist., Bull. 11, 50 pp., illustrated.
Moore, R. C.
1941. Upper Pennsylvanian gastropods from Kansas. State Geol. Sur.
Kansas, Bull. 38, pp. 122-158.
Moore, R. C., et al.
1944. Correlation of Pennsylvanian formations in North America. Geol.
Soc. America, Bull., vol. 55, No. 6, pp. 657-706.
Morningstar, Helen
1922. Pottsville fauna of Ohio. Ohio Geol. Sur., Bull. 25, 4th ser., 312 pp.,
16 pls.
Morris, John (in de Strezelecki, P. E.)
1845. Physical description of New South Wales and van Diemans Land.
London, Longman, Brown and Co., pp. 270-291.
Mudge, M. R., and Yochelson, E. L.
1962. Stratigraphy and paleontology of the uppermost Pennsylvanian and
lowermost Permian rocks in Kansas. United States Geol. Sur., Prof.
Paper 323, 213 pp., 17 pls.
Newell, N. D.
1937(1938). Late Paleozoic pelecypods: Pectinacea. Geol. Sur. Kansas,
vol. 10, pt. 1, 118 pp., 20 pls.
1942. Late Paleozoic pelecypods: Mytilacea. Geol. Sur. Kansas. vol. 10,
pt. 2, 115 pp., 15 pls.
1957. Notes on certain primitive heterodont pelecypods. American Mus.
Novitates, No. 1857, 14 pp., 4 figs.
Nicol, David
1954. Nomenclatural review of genera and subgenera of Cucullaeidae.
Jour. Paleont., vol. 28, pp. 96-101.
1955. Morphology of Astartella, a primitive heterodont pelecypod. Jour.
Paleont., vol. 29, pp. 155-158.
Parker, Calvin
1957. Paleoecology of the Tiawah Limestone, Middle Pennsylvanian of
172 BULLETIN 240
northeastern Oklahoma. (Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Univ.
Wisconsin).
Phillips, John
1836. Illustrations of the geology of Yorkshire, pt. 2. The Mountain Lime-
stone district. London, 253 pp., 25 pls.
1848. The Malvern Hills, compared with the Palaeozoic districts of Ab-
berley, Woolhope, May Hill, Tortworth and Uski, Geol. Sur.
Great Britain, Mem., vol. 2, pt. 1, 386 pp., 21 pls.
Plummer, F. B. and Moore, R. C.
1921. Stratigraphy of the Pennsylvanian formations of North Central
Texas. Univ. Texas Bull., No. 2132, 237 pp., 27 pls.
Roger, Jean
1939. Le genre Chlamys dans les formation Neogenes de l’Europe. Soc.
Geol. France, vol. 17, No. 40, 294 pp., 28 pls.
Ross, Charles A.
1965. Late Pennsylvanian Fusulinidae from the Gaptank Formation, West
Texas. Jour. Paleont., vol. 39, pp. 1151-1176, 5 pls.
Sayre, A. N.
1930. The fauna of the Drum Limestone of Kansas and western Missouri.
Univ. Kansas Bull. 17, vol. 31, No. 12, 203 pp., 21 pls.
Schenck, H. G.
1934. Classification of nuculid pelecypods. Bull. Mus. Roy. d’Hist. Nat.
Belgique, vol. 10, No. 20, 78 pp., 5 pls.
1939. Revised nomenclature of some nuculoid pelecypods. Jour. Paleont.,
vol. 13, No. 1, pp. 21-41, 3 pls.
Scopoli, G. A.
1777. Introductio ad historium naturalem, sistens genera lapidum, plan-
tarum, et animalium hactenus detecta, caracteribus essentialibus don-
ata, in tribus divisa subinde and legas naturae. Prague, 506 pp.,
plus index.
Simpson, G. G., Rowe, Anne, and Lewontin, R. C.
1960. Quantitative Zoology. Revised edition. Harcourt, Brace and Co.
New York, 440 pp.
Sowerby, James de Carle
1812. The mineral conchology of Great Britain. London, Meredith, vol.
1, 234 pp., illustrated, index.
(in Murchison, R. I.)
1839. The Silurian System, pt. 2. London, pp. 608-613.
Stevens, R. P.
1858. Descriptions of new Carboniferous fossils from the Appalachian,
Illinois, and Michigan coal fields. American Jour. Sci., 2nd ser.,
vol. 25, pp. 258-265.
Stoliczka, F.
1871. Cretaceous fauna of southern India. The Pelecypoda, with a review
of all known genera of this class, fossil and Recent. Palaeontologia
Indica, ser. 6, vol. 3, 537 pp., 50 pls.
Udden, J. A.
1917. Geology of the Glass Mountains. Univ. Texas Bull. 1753, pp. 38-41.
Weller, Stuart
1898. A bibliographic index of North American Carboniferous inverte-
brates. United States Geol. Sur., Bull. 153, 653 pp.
Whitfield, R. A.
1885. Brachiopoda and Lamellibranchiata of the Raritan clays and grceen-
sand marls of New Jersey. United States Geol. Sur., Monograph
No. 9, 264 pp., 35 pls.
Wilson, R. B.
1959. Wilkingia gen. nov. to replace Allorisma for a genus of Upper
Paleozoic lamellibranchs. Palaeontology, vol. 1, pp. 401-404.
TEXAS PENNSYLVANIAN PELECYPODS: BIRD 173
1960. A revision of the types of the Carboniferous species erected by J.
Fleming. Geol. Sur. Great Britain, Bull., No. 16, pp. 110-124, 4 pls.
Worthen, A. H.
1890. Descriptions of fossil invertebrates. Geol. Sur. Illinois, vol. 8, pp.
69-154, illustrated.
Zittel, Karl
1913. Textbook of Paleontology. Vranslated by C. R. Eastman, vol. 1, 2d
edition, Macmillan and Co., Ltd., London, pp. 422-503.
APPENDIX
Appended Tables of Raw Measurement Data (in millimeters).
Table I. See page 165.
TABLE II
Measurements of Specimens of Astartella varica McChesney, 1860
from Bed Ten, Gaptank Formation
Specimen Rt Lt LH HB Cc PC DAMB DPMB
BV 1 10.3 10.4 8.9 3.4 8.0 37.9 6.0 11.5
BV 2 10.8 12.9 D2e7, 3.0 ey 40,2 6.1 8.5
BV 3 14.8 nts 15,1 4.6 10.4 6.8 11.7
BV 4 12.8 14.7 als}574 4.0 8.1 4,2 Doth 8.9
BV 5 12.2 14.5 13.2 LA 7.0 42,1 6.2 9.9
BV 6 11.8 13.9 11.9 3.2 9.1 41.1 6.0 7.9
BV 7 13.5 14.7 11,0 285 8.7 46.2 6.0 Ost
BV 8 10.5 12.9 11.3 2.5 Wedd 36.4 4.6 8.2
BV 9 12.9 11.3 2.1 6.9 tone ee
BV10 9.8 11.9 9.0 2.5 ew, 35.2 sae Date
BV11 11.6 14.7 12.8 2.6 7.9 41.3 4.0 9.4
BV12 12.0 13.9 12.3 4.4 7.2 40.1 5.3 9.0
BV13 10.1 12.3 10.9 2.6 6.9 36.6 4.8 8.2
BVI, 10,1 11.9 9.9 Be3 Ufa 36.1 sleet iene
BV15 7.2 9.1 7.9 2,2 5.4 26.9 4.2 5.5
BV16 13.0 4.1 13.0 3.3 8.7 42,2 5.8 10.0
BV17 13.0 14.9 12.0 3.4 7.9 45.9 6.0 12.0
BV18 13.0 14.5 13.8 B0/ 7.8 43.0 See) 9.9
BV19 11.9 13.4 12,2 3.5 74 40.2 Dae 8.4
BV20 12.0 15.8 14.0 3.3 9.8 45.0 5.4 10.9
BY21 4.2 15.8 15.9 5.0 10.5 48.0 ae pana
BV22 13,2 18.0 15.8 2.6 8.0 52.0 5.3 11.9
Specimen Ht Lt LH HB c PC DAMB DPMB
SR Velie Ve ces Wien ui SO gi SEA oe ne PURO na A Sen ue RS ie 2 Re eee
BV 1 8.2 10,8 9.8 3.0, Boal 29.9 4.8 Woe)
BV 2 8.2 9.3 9.0 2.6 atl Piles) 4.3 7.7
BV 3 8.0 10.8 8.8 3.6 Call 30.9 4.0 3
BV 4 Ore a2: 11.3 4.4 7.6 33.0 5.0 8.3
BV 5 8.7 11.0 10.0 Blow 6.8 30,5 4.6 TA
BV 6 9.3 12.5 allo 353) 7.0 35.0 4.7 8.9
BV 7 8.0 52 8.9 3.0 5.0 AUS) 3.6 6.4
BV 8 10.2 12.0 alte) 3.4 ov) 34.7 4.8 eal
BV 9 8.8 10.8 9.9 Sioa 5.8 29.8 4.8 8.0
BY10 9.6 12,0 10,2 355) 6.9 35.6 5.0 9.0
BV11 Qadl 10.9 10,0 BES 6.6 30.6 4.1 8.1
BV12 8.9 10,8 Det 7408) 5.4 31.6 4.0 ToS
BV13 10,0 12.8 10.9 3.6 6.2 B5s2 Dal oak
BV1A 7.0 8,0 ee 2.4 5.2 23.8 3.2 6.0
BV15 8.1 9.8 8.9 3.0 6.2 27.8 4.1 Goal
BV16 le) 9.6 9.0 3.0 6.1 26.8 Boll 7.1
BV17 8.6 aD) 10,5 Saal 5.8 32.8 Sot 7.6
BY18 9) DaLeal 10.4 2.8 6.0 32.8 5.2 8.5
BV19 7.0 8.8 U9 2.5 5.4 24.6 3.4 6.4
BV20 8.8 10.6 9.0 Bod Dir) 29h) 4.0 7.0
TABLE IV
Measurements of Astartella vera Hall, 1858
Wildhorse Limestone, Wildhorse, Oklahoma
Specimen Ht Lt LH HB c PC DAMB DPMB
BV 1 ee sD) 14.2 Wee alt gal Be)oal 7.0 11.4
BV 2 14.2 19,0 16.8 Yee alg) sal 53.4 Se) 13.9
BV 3 20.3 25.1 21.0 8.8 MESS 70.5 8.2 17.0
BV 4 is). 19.9 os 10.8 67.9 9.0 OBS
BV 5 16.0 19.6 17.6 6.0 10.6 55.8 Mod) 13.0
BV 6 atfaee LON. 17.0 ae) 14.0 55.4 Tk 12.9
BV 7 12.9 16.0 14.3 5.6 10,0 44.9 6.6 11.8
BV 8 9.2 2a: 10.2 4.] 6.7 34.2 4.8 8.0
BV 9 16.2 18,8 18,8 6.0 8.6 57.8 Med) 17.0
BV10 16.5 19.8 NG at 6.0 10.9 51D 7.6 12.8
Measurements of Astartella vera Hall, 1858
BULLETIN 240
TABLE III
Heumader Shale, Elk County, Kansas
Birp
‘TEXAS PENNSYLVANIAN PELECYPODS:
TABLE V
, 1858
Wewoka Formation, Ada, Oklahoma
Measurements of Astartella vera Hall
DPMB
DAMB
C
Lt LH HB
Ht
Specimen
ANONOHOONMNOWN
SmMoOownrnwoer
See!
ANWONOONOCO
Soeseererinls mes uitielaettionite sare
Onn wetaytsats
Onn RHOKRORNAN
COAMNHYOUD
aad
NNONDWNOODNS
WMWINONUNUNAUNNAN AE
DoOorytwsOownoon
He owowwoon
Hoar loa
ADANNORDDAHA
TOAKAOKOAS
HAAN den
AHAOOMKHMODW MW
WOON aWKNWww
doin
ANMDTNHOODWAO
eS
mmammmmammamaea
TABLE VI
, 1858
"Coal Measures", Springfield, Illinois
Measurements of Astartelle vera Hall
DPMB
DAMB
Lt
Ht
Specimen
HRonoowrooo
KAW wowww
de
hOWWATANHO
TOON unin
NOONNONWHAO
o 8 e
wOordnraore
FAWN ONO NATE et OF
SIGN O MIAO
WOONDTOROON
AXkwWAnmoHno
Ss AnAnAnn eA
MOOWMOOANOS
HONWK ANS
Sie sltesed ea tread
ROKHOAONANNY
OIE Sao gioeo
ANMNTNOHWAHAO
bPb>b>b>>b>pept
aaoamamanaaAa
176 BULLETIN 240
TABLE VII
Measurements of "Edmondia" subovata Meek and Worthen, 1869
from Bed Ten, Gaptank Formation
NNAHOBWO
ONDHHWYWOD
Specimen Ht Lt LH HB c PC DAMB
BV 1 18,2 2207, 15.0 3.1 14.9 62.4 6.
BV 2 Tgp. 24.9 20.7 5.8 16.7 66.6 5.
BV 3 13.9 16.0 10.9 2.7 11.7 55.8 4.
BV 4 19.3 23,1 17.9 4.3 16.0 66.8 5.
BV 5 16,3 18,2 15.9 4.8 13.3 56.0 Be,
BY 6 16.9 21.1 u4.9 5.3 14.9 66.0 5.
BV 7 15.5 19.6 15.9 Pea. 18.4 55.3 ihe
BV 8 12.8 16.0 11.0 2.8 10,3 45.8 a
BV 9 4.2 17.0 13,3 4.7 13.2 50.6 i.
BV10 19.8 21.5 18,2 4.1 15.1 62.8 6.
BV11 16.7 18.0 15,3 4.0 13.5 56.0 5.
BV12 18.7 21.9 16.8 4.8 13.7 60.3 5.
BV13 16.0 18.9 15.9 3.2 10.7 56.5 5,
BVA 16.9 20.9 16.4 3.8 Ww.4 57.6 4.
BV15 14.0 17.0 13.6 3.6 11.5 49.2 5,
BV16 16.4 18.6 14,2 4.0 13.4 54.8 he
BV17 it ee mee) ie
BV18 as ae iEee atist Gag
BV19 16.0 19,2 17.9 S16Y/ 14.2 55.8 4.
BV20 19.0 25.1 21.6 4.6 16.1 70.4 5.
BV21 18.7 22,1 16.0 4.8 4.9 62.4 Be
BV22 18.9 21.0 15.8 4.1 13.9 61.7 6.
BV23 12,9 17.0 15,3 3.9 11.8 49.8 Ls
BV24 eet 34.6 30.0 7,2 ei. a 9,
BV25 17,2 23.3 19,8 4.2 17,0 6.2 ah
WNr OO MRO
:
YH Hee =)
=)
OR ONUWWROONONOOR
=)
HNONDBWANHMOOWNNN
al |
OR ARAMN
HH
Qverd
nN
ORRMON!HDA
PLATES
178 BULLETIN 240
EXPLANATION OF PLATE 11
Figure Page
12 PAE Amon dae SP yk oes secosee le eee ote oh eA be nce a eee eee 129
Bed ten, Gaptank Fm. USNM, loc. 700a; USNM, No. 155826.
Left valve, hint of radial striae shows; X 0.8.
2-6. “Edmondia” cf. “E.” subtruncata Meek |... ee. 129
Bed ten, Gaptank Fm. 2. Right valve with broad umbone, faint
ridge; X 1. 3. Cardinal view; X 1. 4. Subquadrate left valve;
umbones sharp, ridge distinct; X 1. 5. Hinge line of left valve;
edentulous; depression under beaks housed ligament, below
this is transverse ridge. USNM, No. 155827; X 1.8. 6. Right
valve of bi-valve specimen; ornament shows. USNM, No.
155828; X 2.2.
7-14. Pleurophorella costata (Meek and Worthen) 0... 0... 134
7a. Cardinal view showing two umbonal keels, lunule and escut-
cheon, thin ligamental groove. Graham Fm., 4 mi. NE. of
Jacksboro, Texas, coll. Renfros. USNM, No. 155830; X 1.3.
b. Right valve; fine lamellae are between ridges; X 1.3. c. Left
valve; X 1.3. d. Enlarged view showing triangular chondro-
phore just below beaks; X 2.9. 8a. Right valve; ornament ex-
tends dorsal to umbonal keel. Seaborne Ls., Fulton Co., IIl., coll.
H. C. Wanless. Illinois Geol. Sur. Coll.; & 2.0. b. Cardinal
view; X 2.0. 9. Right valve. Bed ten, Gaptank Fm.; USNM,
loc. 700a; USNM, No. 155831; X 1.5. 10,11. Pyritized left
valves; from the niggersheads over Rock Island Coal, Mercer
Co., Ill., coll. H. C. Wanless, 1926; Illinois Geol. Sur. Coll.;
X 2.0. 13,14. Types of Meek and Worthen’s species. Warren
County, Ill. Illustrated specimens came from the same block of
limestone, now disjointed. Illinois State Museum, No. 2975.
Photographs courtesy Richard Leary, Illinois State Museum,
Springfield. 13. Large right valve, probable holotype; slightly
oblique view. Two smaller, fragmentary paratypes are below
the holotype; X 1.3. 14. Two paratypic left valves; X 1.3.
15. “Stutchburia” corrucostata Bird, 1. SP. .......0o. ooo cceerrceeec eee 162
Bed ten, Gaptank Fm.; holotype, USNM, No. 155866. a. Cardinal
view of young, bivalve specimen; posterior costae nodose;
ligamental area covered by matrix; X 2.0. b. Left valve; costae
increase in weight posteriorly; X 2.0. c. Right valve; X 2.0.
PLATE 11
BuLL. AMER. PALEONT., VOL. 54
BULL. AMER. PALEONT., VOL. 54 PLATE 12
TEXAS PENNSYLVANIAN PELECYPODS: BIRD 179
EXPLANATION OF PLATE 12
Figure Page
1,2. “Stutchburia” corrucostata Bird, n. sp. 00. 162
Bed ten, Gaptank Fm.; paratypes. 1. Large left valve; USNM,
No. 155867; X 1.5. 2a. Distorted lett valve of bivalve specimen;
radial ornament worn; USNM, No. 155868; X 2.7. b. Cardinal
view; hinge edentulous; ligamental area obscure; X 2.7.
3. Cypricardinia questa Bird, n. sp. Aer SRA EN ernie cl eG . 161
Bed ten, Gaptank Fm.; holotype, USNM, No. 155865. a. Frag-
mentary lett valve of bivalve specimen; fine concentric lines
between lamellae seen with hand lens : X 1.6. b. Cardinal view;
X 1.6.
4,9. Grammatodon carbonaria (Cox) ... . 140
4a. Bivalve specimen; transverse ridge at hinge posterior not a
tooth; Gaptank Fm., Marathon Dist., Monument Springs,
Texas; coll. King and Girty, 1929; USNM, No. 155838; X 1.6.
b. Right valve; rib size unequal; X 1.6. 5. Right valve; Bed ten,
Gaptank Fm.; valve corroded; faint medial sulcus; USNM loc.
700a; USNM, No. 155839; X 1.4. 6. Left valve; Bed ten,
Gaptank Fm.; USNM, No. 155840; X 2.0. 7. Elongate, pos-
teriorly expanded right valve; USNM loc. 700a; USNM, No.
155841; X 1.4. 8. Right valve; Bed ten, Gaptank Fm.; USNM,
No. 155842; X& 2.3. 9. Left valve. St. David Ls., Green Co.,
Ill.; Coll. J. M. Weller, 1928. Illinois Geol. Sur., No. 216; X 1.3.
10,11. Grammatodon biplicata Bird, n. sp. ooo... ee 142
Coll. Morningstar near Somerset, Perry Co., Ohio; lower Mercer
Ls.; Pottsville Series; Orton Museum, No. 9188, Ohio State
University. 10. Holotype; bivalve specimen; costellae coarsen
posteriorly; some costae bifid, especially posterior; X 1.4. 11.
Paratype; bivalve specimen; flattened costae; X 1.4.
12-14. Grammatodon erectumbona Bird, n. sp. oo... 138
12. Paratype; weathered right valve; ribs bifid, irregular in
weight; USNM loc. 700a; USNM, No. 155834; X 1.6. 13. Para-
type; left valve; USNM loc. 700; USNM, 155852; X& 1.9. 14a.
Holotype; young left valve; ribs vaguely bifid at this growth
stage; USNM loc. 700a; USNM No. 155833; X 2.6. b. Right
valve; few ribs bifid; X 2.6.
15. Grammatodon cf. G. kansasensis (Sayre) ............................... 140
Bed ten, Gaptank Fm.; USNM loc. 700a; USNM, No. 155837.
a. Long, low left valve; minute costellae near margins of
valve; X 2.2. b. Cardinal view; X 2.2.
16. Wilkingia terminale (Hall) ............ LAH bap IB eee A veto RMN Let 00 131
Bed ten, Gaptank Fm.; USNM loc. 700; USNM, No. 155829;
internal mold, right valve; X 1.1.
180
Figure
1,2.
10,11.
12.
13.
14,15.
16,17.
BULLETIN 240
EXPLANATION OF PLATE 13
Grammatodon hexacostata Bird, n. sp. ..... 00.02... ENN 139
Bed ten, Gaptank Fm.; USNM loc. 700a. 1a. Holotype; right
valve; six ribs in medial sulcus; USNM, No. 155835; X 2.3. b.
Cardinal view; X 2.3. 2a. Paratype; right valve; USNM, No.
155836; X 2.0. b. Hinge view, chevrons mark ligamental area;
teeth tiny; X 2.0.
Conocardium parrashi Worthen 000.200... ee ees 144
Bed ten, Gaptank Fm.; USNM, No. 155843. Right valve; X 4.9.
Nuculopsis girtyi Schenck 2000... ete eects 137
USNM loc. 700a; USNM, No. 155832. Left valve; X 1.5.
Goniophora gnoma Bird, n. SP. .o........ occ eee ee teres 149
Bed ten, Gaptank Fm. Holotype; USNM, No. 155847. a. Hinge
view; high convexity; two umbonal keels; prominent escut-
cheon; X 2.5. b. Hinge view, incurved beaks; lunule; X 2.5. c.
Oblique view of left valve; X 2.5.
Pteriaclongan(Geinutz) ci ie eae sinensis coe Neuen tense 145
Bed ten, Gaptank Fm.; USNM, No. 155844. Right valve; X 3.0.
Genus and species not determined 22.0.0... cece 146
Bed ten, Gaptank Fm.; USNM loc. 700a; USNM, No. 155845.
a. Hinge view obscured by matrix; X 1.8. b. Left valve; X 1.8.
c. Right valve with broad, vague costellae; X 1.8.
“Promytilus” postumbonus Bird, n. sp. ...0..00.0..... ee 146
Bed ten, Gaptank Fm.; USNM loc. 700a; holotype, USNM, No.
155846. a. Right valve with deep ventral sinus and _ sulcus;
X 1.9. b. Left valve; X 1.9. c. Cardinal view; X 1.9.
Streblopteria (Streblochondria) semicosta Bird, i. sp. ............ 159
Bed ten, Gaptank Fm. Holotype; USNM, No, 155862. Right valve;
costellae faint, widely spaced; X 2.6.
Clavicosta cf. C. echinata Newell 2000. 152
Bed ten, Gaptank Fm. 10. Right valve with ribs of two weights;
USNM, No. 155853; X 2.5. 11. Fragmentary right valve with
fluted costae; USNM, No. 155854; X 2.0.
Streblopteria (Streblopteria) obliqua Bird, n. sp. ........................ 155
USNM loc. 700a. Holotype; USNM, No. 155855. Right valve;
X 1.6.
Streblopteria (Streblochondria) aff. S. (S.) sculptilus (Miller) 156
Bed ten, Gaptank Fm.; USNM, No. 155858. Right valve; X 2.4.
Annuliconcha interlineata (Meek and Worthen) .... ................... 151
Bed ten, Gaptank Fm. 14. Left valve; X& 2.0. 15. Right valve;
USNM, No. 155851; X 3.0.
Acanthopecten carboniferus (Stevens)
Bed ten, Gaptank Fm. 16. Right valve; USNM, No. 155849; X 2.6.
17a. Umbonal area enlarged; X 30. 17b. Full view of same left
valve; USNM , No. 155850; X 2.0.
BULL. AMER. PALEONT., VOL. 54
PLATE 13
Buu. AMER. PALEONT., VOL. 54 PLATE 14
Figure
1,2.
3-6.
7,8.
9,18,19.
10,11.
12-17.
TEXAS PENNSYLVANIAN PELECYPODS: BIRD 181
EXPLANATION OF PLATE 14
Page
Streblopteria (Streblopteria) Sp. 000 ees _ 155
1. Broken right valve; USNM loc. 700; USNM, No. 155856;
X 1.4. 2. broken right valve; USNM loc. 700a; USNM, No.
155857; X 14.
Streblopteria (Streblochondria?) tenuilineata
(Meek and Worthen) 158
3-5. Mercer Ls. S.E. of Frazeysburg, Muskingum Co., Ohio; coll.
Morningstar, Orton Museum, No. 15289, Ohio State Uniy. 3.
Opisthocline right valve; umbonal area eroded; X 2.1. 4. Ex-
ternal replica of lett valve; X 2.1. 5. Worn right valve;
auricles markedly low; X 2.1. 6. Bed ten, Gaptank Fm.; USNM,
No. 155861. a. Umbonal area of right vaive enlarged to show
cancellate ornament; X 30. b. Full view; ears typical height;
X 2.4.
Streblopteria (Streblochondria) fila Bird, n. sp. ................... 157
Bed ten, Gaptank Fm. 7. Holotype; right valve; prominent fila
and vague, fine radial ribbing; coarse crossed lamellar
structure; USNM, No. 155859; X 3.3. 8. Paratype: right valve;
USNM, No. 155860; X 2.0.
Astartella varica McChesney .oo....000000..cooccecceccceecetececeeeeeeeees 166
9. Gaptank Fm.; Texas Bureau Econ. Geol., Cat. No. 35393.
Left valve; two prominent cardinal teeth; X 1.8. 18,19. Bed
ten, Gaptank Fm.; USNM loc. 790. 18. Trigonal right valve;
USNM, No. 155869; & 1.5. 19a. Left valve; USNM, No. 155870;
X 1.5. b. Right valve; X 1.5.
Streblopteria (Obliquipecten) SP. .o..0..00000000oooococecccccecececceeees . 160
Bed ten, Gaptank Fm. 10. Broken left valve; part of anterior
ear present; broad radial costae of anterior margin atypically
prominent; USNM, No. 155363; X 1.6. 11. Larger right
valve: anterior ear missing; USNM loc. 700; USNM, No.
155864; X 1.5.
Astartella;veravilalle iiss oe es soe alo aes 165
12,13. Topotypes from the Desmoinesian near Springfield, III.
Walker Museum, No. 13303. Chicago Univ. (now Field Mus.
Nat. Hist.) 12. Right valve; X 2.0. 13. Cardinal view; X 2.0.
14,15. Topotypes of 4A. gurleyi White: from the Desmoinesian
near Danville, Ill. Walker Museum, No. 13320. Chicago Univ.
(now Field Mus. Nat. Hist.) 14. Left valve: X 4.0. 15. Hinge
view: X 4.0. 16,17. Heumader Shale (middle Missourian),
Elk Co., Kansas, Univ. Wisconsin, 16. Cardinal view; X 2.0.
17. Left valve; lamellae seen with hand lens; X 2.0.
INDEX
Note: The left hand bold faced figures refer to the plates. The nght
hand light figures refer to the pages.
A
Acanthopecten .......... 121, 150
acutacarinata,
Goniophora ............ 149
Allorisma. .................... 126, 131, 132,
133, 135
angustata,
Sanguinolaria? ........ 126
augustata,
Sanguinolites .......... 135
annosus, Promytilus 146
Annuliconcha _............ 121, 151, 152
ANCOMS 3 ome oe 138
PAT Cae ierese means acti SAM 137
Arkell, W.-J. .............. 137
AStartellay es ee 120, 163, 164,
165, 166
Aviculopecten ............ 151, 156
B
Beede, J. W. ......0......... 112
Bellerophon _............ 120
Bellerophontids _........ 120
Bendian Series ............ 115
biplicata,
Grammatodon ....12 138, 142, 143
Black Peak, Texas .... 1174, 1018}
Bostwick, D. A. .......... 112
Bowsher, A. L. ............ 120
Brachiopoda ................ 119
BransonynCa ee 137, 138
Brewster County,
ORAS ce aieshe ne 111
Cc
Caballos Novaculite . 113
Canyon Series ............ 115
carbonaria,
Grammatodon ...12 121, 140, 141,
142, 143
carbonaria,
Parallodon .............. 143
carboniferus,
Acanthopecten 13 150, 152
carboniferus, Pecten 150
Cardiomorpha ............ 128
Cardium
(Conocardium) ........ 143
carinatum,
Conocardium ......... 144
Chaetetes Limestone 114
Chonetina association 117, 118
Chronicehe ye 150
Ciriacks, K. W. .......... 154
Cisco Series. ................ 115
Clavicosta. ...........5.. 121, 152, 153
@)ine 1a: Me es ee ee 166
“Coal Measures” ........ 164
compacta,
Astartella 00000000000... 164, 166
Composita .......0.0.0.0.0..... 119
concentrica,
Astartella ............... 164
concentrica,
Edmondia ................. 164
Condra, G.. Es 1... 114
Condrathyris .............. 119
Conocardium .............. 143, 144
Cooper, G. A. .............. 114
corrucostata,
“Stutchburia” 11,12 162, 163
costata, ‘“Allorisma” .. 126, 133, 135
costata, Orthonata? .... 162
costata,
Pleurophorella ....11 126, 133, 134,
135, 136
Cretaceous .................. 148
Grinoids#= ee 122
crista, Goniophora .... 149, 150
Crurithyris .................. 119
cullomensis,
triticites 2.0.0.0... 114
cymbaeformis,
Cypricardia ............ 149
Cypricardella ............ 163, 167
Cypricardia ................ 149
Cypricardinia .............. 120, 161, 162
D
Del Norte Moun-
tains, Texas ............ 112
Denby alee eee pone 119
Desmoinesian
DELIESHe ee eae 113, 115
Devonian .................... 113, 161
Dickens, R. ................ 147, 148, 161,
162
Dimple Limestone ..”. 113
Doubtful Canyon,
AD Oa Si seer es. 112
Driscoll, E. G. ............ 136, 137
Dugout Creek,
POX AS) se een Me ee ene 112, 113, 114
Dunbar, C. O. ............ 114, 122
182
INDEX
E
echinata,
Clavicosta ............ 13 152
Edmondia ..................... 120, 125, 126,
127, 128, 129,
130, 164, 167
“RKdmondia” sp. ....11] 128, 129
elegantula,
Cypricardinia? ........ 161
AS Mie eae ne 127, 136, 137
elliptica, Venus ....... Ny. 126, 131
elongata,
Cardiomorpha ........ 128
elongatum, Cardium
(Conocardium) ........ 143
Enteletes ............0.0....... 119
EFoastartella 20.00.0000... 163
erectumbona,
Grammatodon ....12 138, 140, 143
Huphemitess 2... ... 120
fila, Streblopteria
(Streblochondria) 14 154, 157, 158,
159
Fleming, J. 0... 125
Flint Ridge, Ohio ...... 159
foerstii, Crenipecten .. 159
Fort Stockton,
MORASS reas aione eee 114
Fulton County,
MNOS ee 117
Fusulines .................... 118, 122
G
Gosseletina ................ ; 119, 120
Gastropod
associations...” 118, 119
Gastropoda ................. 119
Genus and species
not determined .13 146
Gintyre Gece oe 126, 127, 128,
133, 136
girtyi,
Nuculopsis ........ 13 136, 137
Glabrocingulum .......... 119
gnoma,
Goniophora ........ 13 149
Goniophora .................. 148, 149
Graham Formation .... 133, 136
Grammatodon ............ 121, 137, 138,
139, 140, 141,
142, 143
gurleyl,
Astartella ................ 164, 166
H
ET al lees ceteris tence 132
hawni,
Pseudomonotis ........ 152, 153
hemiplicatus,
Enteletes .................. 115
hertzeri,
Streblochondria 156, 157
Heumader Shale ....... 164
hexacostata,
Grammatodon ....13 139, 140
16 Gira be A Nis samme ace are Bona 126, 127, 128,
132, 135
hirundo,
My talus ee 145
Hoarse, R. D. .............. 166
Hopkins County,
Kentucky .............. 14]
Hystriculina ................ 119
1
PMN OSes ee 141
inornata, Arca .......... 137
interlineata,
Annuliconcha ....13 151, 152
interlineatus,
Aviculopecten ........ 151
irregularis,
Driticites 2705202 114, 122
J
Johnson, R. G. ............ 117, 118, 119,
122
johnsoni, Modiolus .... 148
K
Kaibab Formation ... 149
Kaibabellaw 22 os. 163
Keal'S als wcsia a eee ean ta 118, 120
kansasensis,
Grammatodon ...12 140
KGa ea eee ee 112, 113, 114
Kein SRM Hainer ean oa 112
CITE oe linens wae: 127, 128, 131
Knightites
(Retispira) 2.0.0.0... 129
Koninck, L. G. de ...... 127, 128
koneckii, Modiolus .... 147
Kozlowskias tes ee 119
183
laevigata, ©
Meleagrina
laevis,
Obliquipecten
lamellosa,
Cypricardinia
Loudon, L. R. ..............
Marathon Basin,
Texas
Marathon, Texas
Marvillas Chert
Maryland
maxima, Wilkingia ....
Meek. HB ioc iccsneeses
Meleagrina
Mercer Limestone
Mid-Continent
Mississippian
Missourian Series
Monopteria
Moore, R. C. ...............
mooreli, Triticites
Morningstar, H. ..........
Morrowan Series
Mourlonia
Mudge, M. R. ........
Mytilus
Neospirifer
newberryi,
Astartella ob:
Newell, N. D. Sela
INTC OLED ee eee ee
North Central
MeCXa Spee se oe
Nucula .........
Nuculopsis
1°)
obliqua, Streblopteria
(Streblopteria) ...13
Obliquipecten
INDEX
161, 162
ial, 1H
112, 13 aia
119, 120
117, 118, 120,
122
145, 147
119
164
114, 133, 141,
148, 153, 159.
160, 162
138
. 115, 133, 136
136
- 120, 136, 137
155
. 154, 155, 160
Orbiculoidea
association .............. 117, 118, 119
Orbiculoidea.............. 119
Ordovicians 73. 113
Orthonota 2.0... 00000000... 134, 162
ovata, Edmondia ........ 130
Ozawkie cyclothem .... 120
P
papillosa,
Pleurophorella ........ 126, 133, 135
Parallelodon .............. 121, 137, 139,
143
Ranker Cae Acci ee 120
parrashi,
Conocardium ...... 13 144
Pecos County,
ROM AS Pee Noni Meee 111, 112
PeCtenevies ce sees: 150
Pelecypoda .................. 120
RermMlany ee ee 118, 147, 154
Permophorus ............ . 133, 141, 162
Phanerotrema ............ 120
Pharkidonotus ............. 120
Phillhipssdg eee ee 127
Platyceras ee 120
Pleurophorella .......... 120, 125, 126,
133, 134, 135,
136
Pleurophorus ............. : 162
Pleurotomariids ........ 119, 120
Plummer, F. B. .......... 115
postumbonus,
“Promytilus” ...... 13 146, 147, 148
Pottsville Series ........ 159
pricei, Permophorus . 141
primaeva, Edmondia.. 126
Productidi ees 119
Promytilus 0.0.0.0... .. 146, 147, 148
“Promytilus” ............. 121, 146, 147,
148
Pseudomonotis 152, 153
Plena ee, ak cae 144, 145
Q
questa,
Cypricardinia ....12 161, 162
R
Reticulatay ae 119
Rhynchopora ........... 119
RO GCI ee 121
ROSS Ca Airis 112, 115
184
INDEX
S
St. David Limestone 141
Sanguinolaria? ............ 125, 126, 131
Sanguinolites .............. 125, 126, Ae
Sayiresc Ana Nine ee 140, 145
Schenck, H. G. WW... 136, 137
Schopf, T. J. M. ........ 159
sculptilus,
Aviculopecten ......... 156
sculptilus, Streblop-
teria (Streblo-
chondria) _............ 13 115, 156
sectoralis,
Cypricardella .......... 167
semicosta, Streblop-
teria (Streblo-
chondria) a 13 154, 159
Somerset, Ohio .......... 143
Sphenotus ......0..000000.... 134
Spiniferid( 2 200... 119
splendens, Hystri-
culinal Se ee 115
statonensis, Streblo-
chondria .................. 156
Stockton Gap, Texas 112
Straparolus ................ 120
Strawn Series ............. 115
Streblechondria .......... 153, 156, 160
Streblopteria ............ 121, 154, 155
Streblopteria (Obliqui-
pecten) sp. .......... 14 154, 160
Streblopteria
(Streblochondria) .. 151, 154, 156,
157, 158, 159
Streblopteria
(Streblopteria) ........ 154, 155
Streblopteria
(Streblop-
tenia) spe 14 155
Stutchburia —............ 120, 121, 162
subcuneata, Allor-
ISMVAG Se mes eae 132
subcuneata,
Walkingias yee 132
subquadrata,
Astartella ................ 164
subtruncata,
“Edmondia”’ ........ 11 128, 129, 130,
167
suleata, Edmondia ..... 131
suleata, Hiatella ...... 125, 131
suleata, Pteria ............ 145
suleata, Sanguino-
Pana seins rani eaalees 125, 126, 131
T
tenuilineata, Streblop-
teria (Streblo-
chondria)? .......... 14 154, 158, 159
tenuistriata, Parallelo-
GO TN AA ona ie 139
terminale,
Walkingia 2) 12 131, 132, 133
Trachydomia .............. 120
Trepospira .................. 120
Triticites ........0..0000..... 114, 122
U
Wdden Jo Are soins. 112
unioniformis,
Edmondia ................. 127
unioniformis,
Isocardia ................. 125, 127
Upper Limestone
Series, Scotland .... 149
Vv
varica, Astar-
fellas ceo stain 14 164, 166, 167
ventricosa, Nucula .... 136
vera, Astartella ....14 163, 165, 166
Virgilian Series ........ 113, 115
Volsellina ....0000............ 147, 148
WwW
wabashensis,
Kozlowskia .............. 115
Wanless, H. C. ............ 135
Wianthiai, ea 120
Weller, J. M. .............. 135, 141, 164
welleri, Pteria ............ 145
Western Australia .... 147
Wewoka Formation . 164
Wildhorse
Formation (yen 164
Wilkingiae ie 120, 125, 126,
131, 132, 133,
134
Wilson, R. B. ............ 125, 126, 127,
128, 131
Worthen, A. H. ........ 130
Worthenia .................. 119, 120
Wyoming 2... 154
Y
Yochelson, E. L. ........ 117, 118, 120,
122, 148
185
Mibbe LP)
es
/ HNN ay:
Pane
ECUNT JUNE 1 ay)
Bae) /
ies aa
HON
| 3 2044 0
Live Music Archive
Librivox Free Audio
Metropolitan Museum
Cleveland Museum of Art
Internet Arcade
Console Living Room
Books to Borrow
Open Library
TV News
Understanding 9/11