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U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 155 PLATE 1

Attan (Bree Ke

WEST INDIAN TREE DUCK (DENDROCYGNA ARBOREA), A RESIDENT SPECIES OFTEN
FOUND IN MANGROVE SWAMPS

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f a \\. * \ Le
Ne a od D§MITHSONIAN INSTITUTIO
UNITED STATES NATIONAL/M

Buttetin 155

THE BIRDS OF HAITI
AND THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC

ALEXANDER WETMORE

Assistant Secretary, Smithsonian Institution
AND

BRADSHAW H. SWALES

Honorary Assistant Curator of Birds
United States National Museum

UNITED STATES
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE
WASHINGTON : 1931

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, Washington, D.C. - - - Price $1.00 (Paper cover)

The scientific publications of the National Museum include two
series, known, respectively, as Proceedings and Bulletin.

The Proceedings, begun in 1878, is intended primarily as a medium
for the publication of original papers, based on the collections of
the National Museum, that set forth newly acquired facts in biology,
anthropology, and geology, with descriptions of new forms and
revisions of limited groups. Copies of each paper, in pamphlet
form, are distributed as published to libraries and scientific organi-
zations and to specialists and others interested in the different sub-
jects. ‘The dates at which these separate papers are published are
recorded in the table of contents of each of the volumes.

The Bulletin, the first of which was issued in 1875, consists of
a series of separate publications comprising monographs of large
zoological groups and other general systematic treatises, (occasion-
ally in several volumes), faunal works, reports of expeditions, cata-
logues of type specimens, special collections, and other material of
similar nature. The majority of the volumes are octavo in size,
but a quarto size has been adopted in a few instances in which large
plates were regarded as indispensable. In the Bulletin series appear
volumes under the heading Contributions from the United States
National Herbarium, in octavo form, published by the National
Museum since 1902, which contain papers relating to the botanical
collections of the Museum.

The present work forms No. 155 of the Bulletin series.

ALEXANDER WETMORE,
Assistant Secretary, Smithsonian Institution.
Wasuineron, D. C., January 27, 1931.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

BRET G TO GLUT tiL 10 eee ad dae ao I a Ps EIS 2 a EA 1

HV AIG RETO oes Seu see hee ew Skee Cea et acs Ltt ee Ree oi 2

Historical account of ornithological investigations_____-_-------------- id

Hieldiaworke tor the) somivnsoniandnstibutione 222222. Dae seh 22

MD ISCUSSLONGO GRUNER AVE IT Geese ee Ee ei ea eee ee ay ET eet B30

(QYSrNe TL) Ne UALR AEE DAV ae pees Ge OLA ANUS ence en CaM AEE LS ZU Na 37

LCMOATESTONACIS ERT MELO MES Gey occ le geet uy Niel ad SUS la a a 46

Bird scons Gone vies) iy Gl ere ieee ce ee te LE 47

IPAS HOLM OL LUG = LS LAIN teem ema A ORDER a Sah a He ed ea) 49

DirasoriGrande, Cayemiute: Island 80350 2222 Ls oc BOO ales 51

Bird srothes Ona esl am Gate bese nee Bie elie Drak NAb real AEE ere ape NN 51

Birds.ofhersevien) brothers islan dsm ee sneer ae eye 52

Bird sione Na Vassae ls) aim dice ani sel eee DIE ee) oul 5 MeO Mae peat 53

Recommendations regarding further studies_______________----------- 53

Pen wicOPMent sas ws suse os ate Mee oo ie o's eel eR 54

Wirethodronnureatimem ts alesse ee eS EE hae we 2 ve ce pea 56
Annotated list:

Colpmipmormes:) Mao Cia (Pils US wis ts eras ieee 57

Rolymbidaes42 lt tea cui A AL ee ey oe eich ee i ae 57

IBrOCellanl TO TIN CS ime ery eke el teehee haben eas ee A eae OMe WRN Pane 61

TESTO COL TTT CLC ees ea Re py Ng yy lan Lap Sy 61

VAT OD SLCC ee oe ne els WS ee SS ee 63

PelecanitOnmes sien eee tis Se Ge ah ee ee BA as as Bani 64

TELaVEL ovo an ACs Fs Rept e ye thee ei EA Be aL ILE Vee mee eae eR Se OES Se Shs Pk 8 20k IIE 64

IPeleca mid aes sees Reed Rye eb TG ful ERP EA ML!) 65

SS Uli ae i eas Be Aa a Peery eh GM 2 aN ahs Ee neds Be 68

fiPbalaeraconaciaac ye sae a ee oe br ate I 70

EPPA HGae a8 eae ee ed eee BE Sears ee) 2) ee EOS OS 71

WiC OWE OMe Ae ae Ne LF yale a cl ee Be YR 73

TNO FeVere se Ve opt fess rt OLR AP RN A alle Merah, pos MUA Dy i ACBL Ns VA STE 73

GOINGS eestor oe elke beara Re Used a id sees day aL ad AARP CRN Mk 2 89

AD at ered Feo} Lah GU VG Fee pegeee erie rant ALORA op pe a NRC ee Mormon PD PLS Bs AM aD 90

Bhoenicopteridaes.a 225 sah yale a Ta pee 94

PANTS SET ROTTEVGS canal aed ee a ecard Lacey aad gaat Pe aa La RE 97

Vas evs AKG bs Yc) SARs OR ler es CARERS ie eee IG a ey ONY HRB A Peat cH UBDY fs 2. Seah 97

DHE O TUTORING hy ee ae mate FCM Nh TREE ok Sy AN aah Pa RI Oy Se 105

NC CLOLEMIC Ae eau ess wi bda eek wall Ci 2 See Ne Sea eA ke 108

Hall ent ne men tar iy UA Bete Sale ae Ss os alee a

Galliformiesaeumirirs we ia kia eh ! lA Dy a 122

IEP EA RO BUSI (AVS pk Mh a fe Sel eed Del PRU VNB A ol AICS A Pe a ae 122

INTUTE WEL SS eR DRI ESSA DC) Ee 125

Grinifonines sepa eemeee! ae Le PRT ae BURN he WIE LN ROE gtd COR 128

LeNeeh ECU (O Gait ee, 07S DINO SRR SPOR RAAT ck ep NIE AP TP OS Ee ee 128

Ea TG ie meen ea enim Laan Mey falls ob SNE EAU Ely Ley 20 130

IV TABLE OF CONTENTS

Annotated list—Continued.

@haraariilorm sees: oes eee ee en ee es ees
PRCA RC ae att ence Sass Ope a Ae eee ete Re es ee ered
Eee bO PO cic ae haa een SIN See et ee ee ee ee ye ee
(OLA Pe VGhlol: Veyeen me Mute Oe Mi aciogy, (Ss Ripon ie rec eae eM eae a moe remenees
Scolopacidaee. sac seen eet ak = Pe ee WL ee eee
VECURVITOSULIG HC 22 oie Pen ek eee ee Apt ee) e ee B ee ee
OB Gicnemidsens tate yee ee ame ee eat Sete eee ee Eee

Colimmbiformes =e: sae ete ew ye ee ey es ee eter se eis eRe ee Pape ae
(ol uM Dr aes Se eee a eae ere ek rae ee er ee mye Lyte, Cae eee ape Reel ae
Psittacikormes= 862 = SAA iad Ea ee bi ap ee ea TB nay PE ee See
IPSittaACIOA C22 = a aie AR ee ce Pe aR et ee
Girculikormes seer, = lee URE aoe Bene tue, Ave pee ayy (OU ape gets f=
Gurcuilicla ew ee Ss kh ee es a Ce, Be ee De

DUI CULORMES 2 5 se cee ae!) es oe eae ae yee Oe Up ees
ANVtOMIGRe ls se Se. Tee De aye Rear kee ee a as
SVURIP GAC sor yb See ee eye Ea ee Baer ee
C@aprinnulpiformes Ss 7ioe s)he: ONT eh St bye ee eee ee Ao
Ny. ciiblidaes 235 soe 4. 2k Cee ee net as Se eee
@aprimuloidaes. se 0.0 uo 2 ARS ele BARE ste fie nee ae
Micropodiformes-= 22-0 ots See oe se a eee ert
WMicropodidad = 2x2 aie a5 2) eure hd) a Eee ae fs ee
MrochuviGdaeee ae = as Sel ae Be een Fe ok yc ee lee ee aye eee eee ee
PCEOGONILOTMES= 2. ee at ae eS oe el. Se Se Chae ee ed eye eee
Mrogonidacee 2 sisi. ate Uae 2S SE Ee erro aie ees = Mapes Xe
@oracitiormese. 22 2205 te a ee ee en En a Sie ep keen
INI Gedini dacs ses ope se Rene a ee OE = peas ee es ek a ep eee
MOGIG AC! esi oo Re rete tee Nase ee reeeatar ie ss BA ot Deen Rae ape eenr Oe yeCr

AT CLE TTYL CS ay eee Ns ee ag re en ee ey en pe
PAYG} LEY 3 ee EAT Bgl Wan Res pes Sy aia EL a be i ee mE ey FE OEY 2). De
IPASSeTILOLIMESE one aa eee ce ae ee Eee ee eee ee
Avram aeas 25 ni. cite Wet ow She ee a ee ete ee
Hirundinidae®s eee. cals ae ee el aes oboe sh Se eA ee ne
Corvad des = se lees POI EE he Mat yo eh
Mimi dite: Sha = Sieh Ae ee) ee yee eh here | ee anced Lee
ADIT UG ACS 3 tne tae a oe eee ae meee ed 2 Oh a any WR ent ee ee ae
Bombycillidaes: =a Sa sks. See ae ee oye oe Oe ae een ee
Dithidaewss. ee a a eee ag sey ee Me 2) eye ene eee
Wireonidae.: 22.65. sa 2 ee ee Be ee eee aa
Coerebidaen ot 2 ae Te a eS ee ets BER Ngaio Eek mai eet
Compsothlypidac:.. 22252. woe a epee ee ee

IPlO Gerdes Be hyn coe eT ea ee a ee
Meteridae-.- 4 ste ne ad SR i OS ee se
RATA PLA Rete ak eS eS aE ha es eae
Pringullidae. 22.22 08 = ea 5c a ee eee
miplopraphy se! . 0) MP2 Bek ae ce eee ee ee

THE BIRDS OF HAITI AND THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC

By ALexaNnpER WETMORE
Assistant Secretary, Smithsonian Institution
AND

Brapsuaw H. Swates
Honorary Assistant Curator of Birds, United States National Museum

INTRODUCTION

The island that Columbus named Hispaniola, divided politically
in modern times between the Dominican Republic and the Republic
of Haiti biologically is the most interesting of the Greater Antilles
since in its great area of elevated mountains it has preserved remnants
of life of an ancient type that elsewhere in the West Indies has dis-
appeared. Though naturalists began their observations in Hispaniola
in the days of Columbus since when many strange and peculiar forms
have become known, only within the past fifteen years has there come
a definite understanding of the importance of Hispaniola in out-
lining problems of distribution in this general area. Advance in mod-
ern knowledge of the life of this island has been due in large measure
to the efforts of the veteran explorer Dr. W. L. Abbott. Since an
early visit to the Dominican Republic in 1883 Doctor Abbott has been
interested in Hispaniola and has visited the region of Samana Bay
repeatedly in the intervals between travels in more distant parts of
the world. In 1916, he began definitely to make systematic collections
on the island, which he continued until 1923, in that time amassing
series of specimens, particularly in birds, mammals, reptiles, amphib-
ians and plants, with material in less amount from various other
groups. Since ceasing active personal work he has retained his inter-
est in the island and has financed extensive work on the part of other
naturalists. The rich collections thus obtained have all come to the
Smithsonian Institution for the United States National Museum, and
have given this institution the finest collections extant from the island
in question. Though undertaken primarily to fill gaps in our collec-
tions the information that immediately became available was ob-
viously so extended and so important that several reports on the col-
lections have been planned. As the Museum collections became ex-

2 BULLETIN 155, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

tensive it was decided finally to make these reports comprehensive
accounts of the various groups covered so as to bring this information
down to date.

The report on the birds of Hispaniola was projected originally
by Dr. Charles W. Richmond, Associate Curator of Birds and Mr.
Bradshaw H. Swales, Honorary Assistant Curator of Birds, in the
United States National Museum. These two worked over the collec-
tions in a preliminary way as they were received from Doctor Abbott
and published descriptions of a number of new forms. At the close of
1926 Doctor Richmond became engrossed in other matters and with-
drew from this cooperative enterprise, which was continued by Mr.
Swales in collaboration with Dr. Alexander Wetmore, Assistant
Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution. Mr. Swales went over
much of the literature published in English for records, and before
his final illness and death on January 23, 1928, examined the pre-
liminary write-up of the accounts of the first seventy forms of birds
here treated. The surviving author has carded the remaining ltera-
ture, has identified carefully the entire collection of birds and has
written the account that follows. In view of Mr. Swales’ prolonged
interest in the project and the extensive work that he performed in
assembling preliminary data it has seemed entirely fitting that he
should be credited as part author of this report which may on that
basis stand as a monument to his memory, to his contributions to the
science of ornithology, and to his interest in that science which has
brought hundreds of rare and valuable specimens to the collections
of the United States National Museum.

PHYSIOGRAPHY

The island of Hispaniola has an irregular form elongated in gen-
eral from east to west, and is approximately 650 kilometers long by
260 kilometers broad with a surface area that is said to be 73,150
square kilometers. (Pl. 2.) It is located between Cuba and Porto
Rico between 17° 36’ 40’’ and 19° 58’ 20’ north latitude and 68°
20’ and 74° 30’ west longitude. The Windward Passage, separating
Hispaniola from Cuba, descends to depths of 1,830 meters while the
maximum depth of Mona Passage between the Dominican Republic
and Porto Rico is about 580 meters.?

1Data for the present section, where not given from first-hand information, is taken
principally from the following: Vaughan, T. W., Cooke, Wythe, Condit, D. D., Ross, C. P.,
Woodring, W. P., and Calkins, F. C., Geological Reconnaissance of the Dominican Re.
public, Geol. Surv. Dominican Republic, Mem. 1, 1921, pp. 1-268, 23 pls.

Woodring, Wendell P., Brown, John S., and Burbank, Wilbur 8., Geology of the Re-
public of Haiti. Dept. of Public Works, 1924, pp. 1-631, 40 pls., 37 figs.

West Indies Pilot, vol. 1, ed. 5, 1927, Hydrographic Office, Navy Dept., pp. 358-359,
430-541.

THE BIRDS OF HAITI AND THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 3

On approach from the sea the general appearance of the island is
rough and mountainous, broken hills bulking high on the horizon,
and though there are extensive coastal and interior plains in travel
by land one is continually climbing over ranges of hills, often by
trails that are steep and difficult.

Beginning at the north, the Cordillera Septentrional, or northern
mountain system, arises in low, arid, rocky hills near Monte Cristi,
and extends southeastward about 200 kilometers roughly parallel
to the northern coast to terminate finally at the marshy area known
as El Gran Estero between Matanzas and Rivas at the head of
Samand Bay. The highest points in this range are north of San-
tiago where some of the peaks are reported to rise from 1,000 to
1,400 meters above sea level. Toward the east these hills become pro-
gressively better watered until on Loma Quita Espuela, northeast
of San Francisco de Macoris, the rainfall is extremely heavy and
there is abundant forest.

The estero just mentioned is low and marshy and has evidently
at one time cut off what is now the Samana Peninsula as a separate
island. It has been filled in by silt borne by the Rio Yuna, and
it is said that channels communicate through its marshy expanse
between the lower Yuna, which flows into Samana Bay, and the
Atlantic Ocean. The Samana Peninsula which is about 50 kilometers
long by 11 or 12 kilometers broad is traversed by a range of hills
that rise to an average elevation of about 500 meters, the summit
of Loma Las Cafiitas at Sanchez being 514 meters above sea level.
The hills, heavily forested with trees 15 to 25 meters high, are dis-
posed in three parallel ridges with low depressions between, in
which there are occasional small lakes, the Laguna de Rancho
Fabiin on the trail between Sanchez and Las Terrenas being 100
meters long by 75 meters wide.

To the south of the Cordillera Septentrional lies the great Cibao
Valley that extends across from Manzanillo Bay near Monte Cristi
to Samand Bay. The western portion is traversed by the Rio Yaque
del Norte which heads finally in the great mountain system of the
interior of the Dominican Republic beyond Jarabacoa. In its west-
ern portion the Cibao Valley is dry and arid and has great stretches
grown with cacti that form veritable jungles. Near Monte Cristi
considerable areas are cultivated under irrigation. Toward the east
the valley becomes progressively better watered until beyond San-
tiago it is known as the Vega Real, where rainfall is abundant and
rich and valuable crops are grown. This area is traversed by the Rio
Yuna and its principal tributary the Camt which carry waters from
the central mountains as well as those that come to them in the
valley. To the eastward the Vega Real becomes lower, until at

4 BULLETIN 155, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

Samana Bay it is swampy with broad, wet savannas grown with
palms, or extensive stretches of wet forest, penetrated with difficulty,
that at the sea become mangrove swamps.

The central mountain system of the island is a broken series of
ridges and peaks that present no systematic arrangement to the
eye of the traveller. The Cordillera Central, as it is known in the
Dominican Republic, begins in a series of low hills in the arid
eastern end of the island and extending westward broadens and be-
comes better watered until in its central portions it receives heavy
downpours of rain. It continues through northern Haiti as the
rugged Massif du Nord to a point northwest of Gros Morne, and at
the south in Haiti is extended through the Montagnes Noires into
the Sierra de Neiba that runs back into the Dominican Republic
between the valleys of San Juan and Enriquillo. At the north the
central mountain mass is limited by the Cibao Valley, while at the
south in the Dominican Republic one spur reaches the vicinity of the
sea at Sabana Buey. The system is 130 kilometers wide near its
‘middle, and in its greatest extent is between 400 and 500 kilometers
long. The summit of Loma Tina, in the Dominican Republic, near
its center, reputed to be the highest mountain in the West Indies, is
reported to rise 3,140 meters above sea level, while Culo de Maco
nearby is about its equal. Loma Rucillo, also called Pico de Yaque,
not far from Culo de Maco, is recorded as 2,955 meters high. Broad
stretches through these central mountains are covered with beautiful
forests of pine mingled with areas of rain-forest jungle. The
climate of the high interior valleys is invigorating, with hot days
and cool nights, with occasional frost in the highest altitudes in
winter. Rainfall is abundant in the Dominican Republic while to
the west in Haiti the land is drier.

The northwest peninsula of Haiti is cut off from the Massif du
Nord by the deep trough of the Trois Riviéres valley, and is
traversed by several mountain ranges, extending mainly from east to
west, and rising to a maximum elevation of 700 meters above the
sea. In the southern part of the western end is the extensive Bom-
bardopolis plateau 20 by 25 kilometers in size, elevated to an average
of 400 to 500 meters.

The great Central Plain, or Plaine Centrale of Haiti, begins near
St. Michel and extends to the southeast as a level floored valley
between the Massif du Nord and the Montagnes Noires, crossing
the Dominican frontier to be known as the San Juan Valley. It
forms a great interior basin cut off by hills from the bordering low-
lands of the island. The plain of Azua extends from the eastern
end of the Sierra de Neiba to the sea at the Bahia de Ocoa.

U BULLETIN 155 PLATE
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U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 155 PLATE

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HAITI fa

THE BIRDS OF HAITI AND THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 5

A remarkable depression called the Cul-de-Sac Plain begins in
Haiti at the sea north of Port-au-Prince and continues to the south-
east as a broad valley, crossing the Dominican frontier to be
known as the Enriquillo Basin and reaches the sea again at the
Bahia de Neiba. In the early Quaternary period, no distant time
geologically, this great trough was a strait of the sea completely
separating the southwestern part of Hispaniola from the main mass.
At present it has an average altitude of only 50 meters or less above
the sea, certain areas being actually below sea-level. The Ktang
Saumatre in the Cul-de-Sac area of Haiti is a broad lake of brackish
water, while to the eastward lies Lake Enriquillo, a body of heavily
concentrated brine whose surface in 1919 lay 44 meters below sea
level. This great valley of the Cul-de-Sac is dry and arid, and in
places shows clearly its recent emergence above the sea in its shell-
strewn sands and exposed growths of corals.

South of this great depression there begins the mountain complex
known at its eastern end as the Sierra de Bahoruco which comes to
the Caribbean Sea at Barahona, with spurs extending southward
from the main range elsewhere toward the coast. To the west this
mountain mass enters Haiti to form the backbone of the southern
peninsula of that republic, where the mountain system is considered
to be of two parts, the eastern being the Massif de la Selle, and the
western the Massif de la Hotte that continues to the end of the
peninsula. The Bahoruco range, Morne La Selle, and many of the
ridges that surround Morne La Hotte have extensive forests of
pine with an abundant turf of grass, mingled with low, dense rain
forest. Morne La Selle is said to reach an elevation of 2,680 meters.
The air is cool and pleasant in the high altitudes, suggestive of that
of the mountains of Arizona and New Mexico. Frost comes occa-
sionally in winter on the great ridge of La Selle. This mountain
complex includes the bare ridges that rise back of Pétionville, and
extends west to a low divide running from Jacmel to Grand Goave.
There is however no abrupt surface transition at this line which has
been chosen to limit the eastern extension of the Massif de la Hotte,
the basis of division being difference in geological formation. The
eastern part of the Massif de la Hotte as far west as the mountain
pass that carries the road from Miragoane to Aquin is relatively low
but to the west the ridge becomes higher culminating finally between
Les Cayes and Jérémie in the mountainous region of Morne La Hotte,
whose elevation is not definitely known but whose highest points rise
well above 2,000 meters elevation. Throughout the entire higher
areas of this southern mountain range rains are heavy, culminating
finally in the almost constant precipitation on Morne La Hotte,

6 BULLETIN 155, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

which supports a dense rain-forest with many peculiar botanical
elements.

Coastal plains of more or less extent are found around much of
the island, cut at many points where the interior mountains send
down spurs to form sea cliffs, the different sections being designated
by a variety of local names.

Saona Island, at the southeastern extremity of the main island, is
about 22 kilometers long and from 3 to 514 kilometers wide. The
greater part of the island, which is wooded, is low, the land rising at
the eastern end in a rocky bluff 35 meters high. Saona is located on a
shallow bank connected with the adjacent coast.

On the same shallow bank north of Saona is found Catalinita
Island, a small brush grown island 12 meters high, where there is a
spring of fresh water and where, according to the West Indies Pilot,
many birds are found.

Catalina Island, about two kilometers off the port of La’ Romana,
Dominican Republic, is about four kilometers in extent. The north-
ern portion is low and flat while the southern part rises to 35 meters
above the sea. The island is wooded and there is a sandy beach on
the western side.

Beata Island, or Ile de la Béate, situated off the most southern
point of Hispaniola near the center of the south coast is a little more
than 6 kilometers broad and rises to a height of 100 meters. It is
connected with the main island by a shallow bank. On the northeast
and west there are said to be sandy beaches.

Alta Vela Island, a short distance southwest of Beata, is about a
kilometer long by a little less than a kilometer wide, rising in a great
hill 152 meters high.

Ile & Vache, opposite Les Cayes on the south shore of the south-
western peninsula of Haiti, is more than 12 kilometers long by 4
kilometers wide. The eastern end is low and thickly wooded, while in
the west are several small hills 30 meters high. The channel between
it and the main island is shallow.

Grande Cayemite Island, opposite Les Basses and east of Jérémie,
is more than 9 kilometers long by 5 kilometers wide, is thickly
wooded, and rises to a height of 152 meters above the sea. Petite
Cayemite a short distance to the west is less than 2 kilometers long.

Gonave Island, the largest separate island in the group here con-
sidered, lies opposite Port-au-Prince, in the great bay between the
northwestern and southwestern peninsulas of Haiti. It is 57 kilo-
meters long and averages 15 kilometers wide. The highest points,
Morne Chien Content and Morne la Pierre, near the eastern end, are
elevated 755 meters above the sea. The southeastern part of the
island is more rugged than the other portions. The Plaine Mapou in

THE BIRDS OF HAITI AND THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 7

this same section is a completely enclosed depression 5 kilometers
long by 1 kilometer wide. The surface of the island is broken and
hilly, and very arid, with xerophytic thickets in places near the coast,
but broad open areas with only scattered trees in the interior. Man-
groves fringe many bays. Gonave is joined to the main island by a
shallow bank. There are several small islets near its eastern end,
among which may be mentioned Petite Gonave and Ile Fregate.

Tortue Island, off Port-de-Paix on the north coast of Haiti, is 37
kilometers long and has an average width of 5 kilometers. The in-
terior consists of a rolling plateau rising in low, rounded knobs to
325 meters above sea level. Much of the island is heavily wooded
though considerable areas have been cleared. The channel separating
Tortue from the main island is remarkable for its depth, this ranging
from 777 to 1,267 meters.

On the Monte Cristi bank between Cap-Haitien and Monte Cristi
is a group of small islets known as the Sept Fréres or the Siete
Hermanos. Monte Chico, Toruru, Muertos, Tercero, Ratas, and
Arenas are low and sandy, covered with grass and scattered shrubs.
Monte Grande, surrounded by reefs so that it is difficult of access, has
a growth of higher trees. Lizards abound and terns and other birds
resort to these Seven Brothers Islands to breed.

Elsewhere along the coasts of Hispaniola there are various other
islets of small size concerning which little is known and which need
not be enumerated here, except to state that there are a number along
the northern shore of the Samana Peninsula.

The small island of Navassa according to Dr. K. P. Schmidt? in
“its topography recalls that of Mona Island, in the passage between
Santo Domingo and Porto Rico, at least in its sheer sea cliff. It dif-
fers from Mona Island chiefly in the fact that there is a broad terrace
at the top of the sea cliff, with a rising mound in the center. * * #*
The island is arid, and the vegetation scanty. * * * The surface
rock is as rough as that of Mona, or the ‘ diente perro’ country of
Cuba described by Barbour.”

HISTORICAL ACCOUNT OF ORNITHOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS

The record of ornithological observations in Hispaniola begins
with the period of discovery and includes the names of many trav-
elers. According to G. Brown Goode * “ Columbus was charged by
Queen Isabella to collect birds, and it is recorded that he took back
to Spain various skins of beasts.” Whether he secured specimens
during his sojourn in Hispaniola is not certain but it is related that in

? Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. 44, Dec. 23, 1921, p. 555.
* Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. 3, 1886, p. 63.

8 BULLETIN 155, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

his triumphal parade in Barcelona, in April, 1498, there were dis-
played various kinds of live parrots, and skins of birds. In the

, journal of Columbus first voyage there is mention during the first
part of December, 1492, at Baie des Moustiques, Haiti, of a singing
bird that was mistaken for the nightingale. At Gros Morne, about
the middle of the month, the supposed nightingale was again re-
corded, with astonishment that it should sing in the winter. As
it was heard both day and night it is probable that reference is made
to the mockingbird, the only common song bird of the region that
sings constantly in this manner. About the middle of January,
1493, at the eastern end of Samana Bay, Columbus records feathers
of parrots and other birds used by the Indians to decorate the hair.
On his second voyage, at the end of August, 1494, his men are said
to have landed on the islet of Alta Vela where they killed pigeons
and other birds with sticks.

After noting the incidental references to birds made by Columbus
it is of interest to record the observations of Oviedo which began
in the earliest days of the colonization of the island. Gonzalo Fer-
nandez de Oviedo y Valdéz, according to the account of Los Rios,
came to Hispaniola at the close of 1515 and on his return to Spain
after a brief stay took with him “ treynta papagallos ” (thirty par-
rots). He returned to the island in 1523 to establish his family at
Santo Domingo City, continuing his travels on September 16, of that
year. At the end of 1530 he was with his family for a brief space
and then continued to Spain, returning to Santo Domingo City in
the autumn of 1532. In 1534 he was in Spain, and on January 11,
1536, had returned to Hispaniola, where he had established an estate
on the Rio Haina three leagues from the capital. From 1546 to
early in 1549 he was in Spain again, where he returned in the autumn
of 1556, and where he died in 1557 at the age of 79 years, having
crossed the ocean to the New World twelve times. Oviedo’s account
of the birds of Hispaniola is fairly extensive, and, though it is in
the main general, there may be definitely recognized from his descrip-
tions such species as the palm-chat, martin, red-tailed hawk, wood-
pecker, parrot, paroquet, pelican and nighthawk, as well as a number
of others that are included under such names as dove, heron, and
similar group designations. His description of the nesting of the
palm-chat is excellent. Because of the personal knowledge evident
in most of his statements we may overlook his inclusion of the story
current in his day of a monstrous bird with one foot webbed like that
of a duck, and the other armed with the talons of a hawk that fed
indifferently on fish or fowl, which Oviedo says was found in His-
paniola and Porto Rico! His entire account of his travels and obser-
vations, divided into fifty chapters, is replete with interest.

THE BIRDS OF HAITI AND THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 9

In the year 1618 Charles de Rochefort published a brief but inter-
esting account of the hunting of the flamingo as noted during his
travels.

At the close of the year 1700 Father Labat, a French priest who
traveled extensively in the West Indies, came to Monte Cristi and
visited in turn Tortue Island, Cap-Haitien, Port-de-Paix, Mole St.
Nicolas, Petite Riviére, Estére, Léogane, [le a Vache, Les Cayes,
Fonds-des-Négres, Maniel, and Catalina and Saona Islands, depart-
ing from the island in April, 1701. His accounts of birds are casual,
including mention of pigeons, paroquets, thrushes and other birds
on Tortue, and pigeons at a few other points.

Mathurin Jacques Brisson in his six-volume work entitled Ornith-
clogie, published in 1760, includes recognizable descriptions of
thirty-three kinds of birds from Hispaniola, in the collection of M.
de Reaumur from species received from a M. Chervain. In some
cases male and female of one kind are considered distinct forms, and
there are four not included in the number above whose identity is
uncertain, as well as three others improperly attributed to Hispan-
iola. The two types of Phaenicophilus erroneously are said to have
been collected in Cayenne by Artur. Of the collector Chervain noth-
ing has been learned aside from this mention in Brisson. Apparently
he was an industrious naturalist who worked prior to 1760, presum-
ably in the French colony of Haiti. M. de Reaumur may be the per-
son mentioned in the Journal de Saint-Domingue (December, 1765,
p. 65, and February, 1766, pp. 236-237) as author of a work on
entomology, and proponent of the introduction of the cochineal insect
to be reared on the abundant cacti of the island. The work of Cher-
vain has been important as the accepted scientific names of a number
of birds are based on the descriptions taken by Brisson from his
specimens.

In the Histoire Naturelle des Oiseaux of Georges Louis Leclerc
Buffon, published in nine volumes with the assistance of Mont-
beillard from 1770 to 1783, there are included many references to
Hispaniolan birds, taken mainly from published accounts, but
notable for their inclusion of many excellent first hand observations
obtained from reports of a correspondent named Deshayes. Accord-
ing to Moreau de Saint-Méry + M. Lefebure Deshayes, born in Saint-
Malo, France in 1732, resided in the canton of Plymouth, parish of
Jérémie, on an estate called Tivoly, about a quarter of a mile (220
toises) from the sea. Deshayes while a student of general natural
history preferred birds to all other subjects, and painted them with
such care and beauty of execution that his work received high praise
from Buffon. He was a member of the society called Cercle des

4 Descrip. Part. Franc. Isle Saint-Domingue, vol. 2, 1798, pp. 814-815.

10 BULLETIN 155, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

Philadelphes, formed by amateurs resident in Haiti, interested in
various phases of science, and among other papers contributed to
that organization is said to have presented one on le colibri (possibly
the tody, rather than the hummingbird, since colibri is the usual
name for the common tody of Haiti). Deshayes died in Cap-
Haitien in 1788 leaving to the Cercle des Philadelphes his manu-
scripts and a part of his library. His portrait was hung in the
assembly room of the society.

Among other naturalist-observers of the French colonial period
mention must be made of M. de Rabie who is said to have been
“maréchal de camp, ingénieur en Chef de la partie du nord de St.
Domingue.” All that is known of his work as a naturalist is found
in a set of water color drawings bound in four volumes that have
been available for examination through the courtesy of Wheldon and
Wesley Ltd. of London, and that have since been purchased for the
Blacker Library in McGill University at Montreal through the
interest of Dr. Casey A. Wood. One of these volumes is given to
birds and includes 58 plates of that group, most of them natural size,
shown in most cases in excellent color and attitude, and taken ob-
viously from life. They include a herring gull, the only record for
the island, as well as representation of Antrostomus cubanensis
ekmani and Pterodroma hasitata; the majority are the common birds
of the island. These plates have been bound in a volume 1014 by
1214 inches, the binding being old with a sticker on the inside of the
front cover that reads

Aux deux creoles
Rue du Faub. St. Honoré, No. 60.
De La Rue, Rapetier.
Fabrique toutes sortes de Registres & Portfeu
Fourniture de Bureaux
Tient tout ce qui & rapport au Dessin & 4 Peint®
a Paris

The birds are shown in life-like attitude in many cases with a
background of landscape. The collection has been renumbered in
its present arrangement and some of the drawings that had become
frayed at the margins trimmed. The original inscription in some
cases is partly gone but has been carefully copied so that the word-
ing has been preserved. The drawings of birds are marked as made
“au Cap” which would signify Cap-Haitien, except one which is
marked Fort Dauphin, and are dated from December 29, 1773, to
August 19, 1784. Apparently Rabfe’s interest in depicting the local
fauna and flora was aroused in 1771 since some of his drawings of
fishes are marked as made at sea in that year. Moreau de Saint-
Méry mentions his name as an engineer as early as 1752 so that he

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 155 PLATE 3

SHORE OF SAMANA BAY WITH THE INTERIOR HILLS IN THE BACKGROUND

Near SAnchez, Dominican Republic, May 9, 1927.

NEAR THE MOUTH OF THE RIO YUNA SHOWING GROVES OF ROYAL PALMS

Near Sanchez, Dominican Republic, May 10, 1927.

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULELETRING 155. PEAGE-4

A MOUNTAIN TRAIL THROUGH THE PINES

Near Constanza, Dominican Republic, May 19, 1927.

DENSE JUNGLE OF RAIN FOREST, TYPICAL OF THE HIGHER ALTITUDES
WHERE RAINFALL ABOUNDS

Near Constanza, Dominican Republic, May 19, 1927.

THE BIRDS OF HAITI AND THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 11

seems to have been long resident in the colony. He is said to have
died in Paris in 1785. His sketches include fruits and vegetables,
insects, fish, crustaceans; and mollusks as well as birds.

Francis Alexander Stanislaus, Baron de Wimpffen, who traveled
in Hispaniola from 1788 to 1790, gives occasional mention of birds,
noting especially the presence of guinea-fowl, wild turkeys, and
curassows, introduced gallinaceous birds that he hunted as game. In
passing the islet of Alta Vela he described it as “a mere rock, with
a few green spots about it” and says that it is a “retreat for a
prodigious number of sea birds.”

Vieillot seems to have traveled in Haiti between 1790 and 1800,
the date and the length of his sojourn not being definitely indicated
in the sources seen at this time. In the introduction to his Histoire
Naturelle des Oiseaux de l’Amérique Septentrional (vol. 1, 1807, pp.
1, 2) he notes that during a sojourn in Hispaniola he made many
notes on the birds which he prepared in the form of a memoir and
offered to Buffon. The latter had already completed the volumes on
birds in his great natural history and therefore advised Vieillot to
return to North America, gather further material, and prepare a
complete account of the ornithology of that continent. Subsequently
Vieillot began this undertaking but it was ten years after his return
from Hispaniola before he came again to America. In his final ac-
count he incorporated his notes made in Hispaniola but after the
issuance of two volumes the work was suspended and never com-
pleted. Though he makes no reference to definite localities it is prob-
able that his investigations were made in Haiti, at that time a pros-
perous French colony, since travel in the Spanish part of the island
was difficult, and the Spanish were not on too good terms with the
French. Further where he gives the local names of birds these are
the creole appellations current in the Republic of Haiti to-day. He
described particularly the sharp-shinned hawk of the island (Ac-
cipiter striatus striatus), and is the first naturalist to name in modern
scientific form a species that he had taken personally on the island.

Among the various historians who in their chronicles of progress
and travel in Hispaniola have made reference to birds special men-
tion must be made of Moreau de Saint-Méry who published in 1797
and 1798 two separate works of two volumes each, one dealing with
the French part of the island and the other with the Spanish section,
in which he describes with much detail the various parts of the island
with remarks on the people, the agriculture, the forests, the history
and a multitude of other subjects. While his reference to birds is
casual his work serves as a source of valuable collateral information,
particularly as regards interest in science in general, and has given
much data that otherwise would have been lost.

i2 BULLETIN 155, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

Early interest in science in the island turned to plants rather than
to other branches of natural history. Charles Plumier made botanical
collections in 1690. Jean Baptiste Réné Pouppé Desportes collected
plants at Cap-Haitien in 1732, and Pére Nicolson made similar col-
lections for several years, publishing in 1776 a natural history of the
island in which however he makes no reference to birds. In the
Dominican Republic Olaf Swartz collected plants about 1784 to
1786, and Turpin from 1794 to about 1802 carried on similar studies
near Cap-Haitien and on Tortue Island. Poiteau, from 1794 to
about 1801, was engaged in similar researches on the north side of the
island.

M. E. Descourtilz, according to his Voyages d’un Naturaliste, pub-
lished in Paris in 1809, came to Port-au-Prince on April 2, 1799,
continuing on April 7 to St. Mare where apparently he arrived two
days later. Here he speaks of observations at the Lagon Peinier in
the plain of the Artibonite, and on April 16 passed by way of Pont
de l’Estére to Gonaives and Plaisance, so that on April 26 he was in
Cap-Haitien. Returning immediately to Gonaives he studied and
collected for some time at the Artibonite, near Desdunes, and at Gros
Morne. On August 4 he set out for Port-au-Prince, continuing by
land to L’Arcahaie, and from there by boat to his destination. On
August 22 he began the return journey to St. Mare. Until February
and March, 1800, his further travels covered familiar ground, when
he made an expedition into the mountains of Cibao, returning to
St. Mare, April 6. At about this time he was taken captive during the
revolt of the negro slaves, and was held for some time, this termi-
nating his natural history observations. He finally obtained freedom
and left the island on “4 Prairial, an XI” of the revolutionary cal-
endar (about May 23, 1803). The list of birds in his account of his
expedition comprises about 56 species, named in part after Brisson,
and in part not described sufficiently for certain identification. His
accounts are frequently of interest though concerned principally with
hunting birds for game.

William Walton, jr. in 1810, in an account of the Present State
of the Spanish Colonies, included a brief statement of the game
birds of Hispaniola that has some records of value.

Karl Ritter, who is indicated on the title page of his book Natur-
historische Reise nach der Westindischen Insel Hayti auf Kosten Sr.
Majestit des Kaisers von Oesterreich, published in Stuttgart in 1836,
as “Gartendirector in Ungarn und Mitgleid mehrerer gelehrten
Gesellschaften” came on April 14, 1820, to Cap-Haitien, where
through force of circumstances he remained for some time, not per-
mitted to travel except in the immediate neighborhood. On October
16 he records a journey to Sans Souci where he speaks of the Cita-
delle but was not allowed to enter though he climbed the hill on

THE BIRDS OF HAITI AND THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 13

whose summit it rests. Later in October he made an excursion to
“ Fort-Royal ”, followed by a journey to the Riviére Massacre in
search of living crocodiles. On February 7, 1821, he left for
Gonaives, arriving on the third day, and continued later to St. Mare,
but did not go to Port-au-Prince. His work in natural history was
much curtailed by the political conditions at the time. In his ac-
count of the fauna he gives observations on habits of a few birds and
a list of 78 species, of which he indicates that he secured specimens
of 52.

Paul Wilhelm, Herzog von Wiirttemberg, also visited Hispaniola,
since in his Erste Reise nach dem Noérdlichen Amerika in den Jahren
1822 bis 1824, published in 1835 he speaks (p. 48) of a shell brought
to him in Cuba and remarks “ desto hiiufiger fand ich sie spiiter auf
S. Domingo und an den 6stlichen abhiingen der Cordillern.” And
later (p. 59) mentions reports of a mapou tree near Miragoane re-
vered by natives as a god. In another place (p. 68) he mentions two
forms of crow on “St. Domingo” and in a footnote says they are
new and gives them scientific names. Wiirttemberg made two jour-
neys and must have visited Hispaniola in the second since his detailed
itinerary in the book mentioned does not touch that island. In
Naumannia for 1852 (pp. 50-56) is an article by Hartlaub entitled
Ueber einige neue oder weniger bekannte Végel Amerika’s aus brief-
lichen Mittheilungen des Herzogs Paul Wilhelm von Wiirttemberg
mitgetheilt, in which there is an annotated list of birds recorded by
Wiirttemberg in Cuba with occasional references to Haiti. He men-
tions observations made at Miragoane, Mirebalais, the hills east of
Mirebalais, “ Escabobas ” and Loma de San Juan. The date “1829”
is given in connection with some of these statements.

According to Mulsant and Verreaux,® Alexandre Ricord, born in
1798 in Baltimore, traveled in 1826 in the Antilles, mainly in Santo
Domingo, for the Paris Museum, where he collected many interest-
ing specimens, devoting his attention principally to fishes. His name
is carried in the genus Riccordia, spelled by Reichenbach with a
double ¢ through a slip of the pen. Ricord collected the type of
Plagiodontia aedium Cuvier, a curious mammal, among other speci-
mens, but nothing has come to our eyes regarding birds that he se-
cured, with exception of his description of Lowxia haitii,’ a species of
uncertain identity.

Alcide d’Orbigny in his Voyage Pittoresque dans les deux
Amériques, 1836, pp. 11-24, describes his landing in Port-au-Prince
on May 29, 1826, where he was occupied for a week in the city and

> Hist. Nat. Ois. Mouch., vol. 2, 1876, p. 76.
6 Rey. Zool., 1838, p. 167.

2134—31

14 BULLETIN 155, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

the country nearby. He mentions Bizoton, Mon Repos, and Roche
Blanche, and says that on June 10 he embarked for Cap-Haitien,
viewing en route Gonaives, Mole St. Nicolas, and Tortue Island,
arriving at the Cap June 14. From here he visited Milot and the
Citadelle. After leaving Cap-Haitien he came to Les Cayes leaving
there on “30 mai” (apparently should be June 30). His only men-
tion of birds is general and it is not definitely said that he made
collections in ornithology.
John Hearne was another traveling naturalist of this period who
visited Haiti, though knowledge of his activities there is scanty. In
a letter dated February 15, 1834, at Port-au-Prince, he wrote to the
Zoological Society of London regarding a pair of goats sent to the
gardens of that organization, and mentions several birds, including
the musicien, or solitaire. On July 16, 1834, in a second communica-
tion from Port-au-Prince he announced the sending of “an alligator
from the river Artibonite,’ and some doves, including the ground-
dove and the Key West quail-dove (Ovreopeleia chrysia). John
Gould in the Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1837
(published 1838) (p. 127) describes an immature specimen of the
glossy ibis (Plegadis f. falcinellus) collected by Hearne in Haiti as
Ibis erythrorhyncha under the impression that it represented a new
species.

One of the earliest naturalists to make an extensive collection of
birds was Auguste Sallé, who according to Crosse,’ came to Santo
Domingo City June 8, 1849, and made this his base for excursions
during the ensuing two years, in the course of which he covered the
greater part of the Dominican Republic. From Bani Sallé pene-
trated to Maniel and Azua, and on a subsequent journey continued
through Azua to San Juan, Neiba, and Lake Enriquillo to Cerro de
Sal and Barahona. On a subsequent journey he reached Cotui, La
Vega, Moca, Santiago, Ponton in the valley of the Yaqui, near the
Haitian frontier, and Puerto Plata. Another expedition included
Sabana Grande, Seibo, Higuéy, Macao, Cap Espada and Cap En-
gafio. He passed considerable time at San Cristobal, in the hills
seven or eight leagues west of Santo Domingo City. He was search-
ing especially, at the instance of Hugh Cuming, for a land shell
Helix gigantea, of which for a long time he found only a few dead
examples. Finally on the eve of his departure, when he was almost
in despair, he discovered that this creature was nocturnal, and sally-
ing forth with torches in a downpour of rain that threatened to
extinguish his lights, found the shell common in regions where he
had searched carefully for it by day, and collected a fine series. He

7Crosse, H., Faune Malacologique Terrestre et Fluviatile de l’Isle de Saint Domingue,
Paris, 1891, pp. 7-27.

THE BIRDS OF HAITI AND THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 15

left the island July 8, 1851. Sallé gave in the Proceedings of the
Zoological Society of London for 1857 (pp. 230-237), a considerable
account of his ornithological collections, including 61 species. A few
of his skins have come through dealers in natural history specimens
into the collections of the United States National Museum. He
described the vervain hummingbird under the name Ornismia cathe-
rinae, and in a sale catalogue of specimens issued in 1861 included a
number of birds taken in the Dominican Republic.

Some time about 1865 P. R. Uhler visited Haiti and secured a
few species of birds which were included in Doctor Bryant’s report
on the Younglove collection mentioned beyond. Seven of his skins
that came to the Smithsonian were catalogued on November 17, 1865.
One alcoholic specimen transferred later was collected near Jérémie,
being a young mockingbird taken at the Grand Anse river on March
20, 1865. Nothing further is now known regarding this material or
the ornithological collections of this worker.

William More Gabb came to the Dominican Republic early in the
year 1869 at the request of the government of that country, and re-
mained until 1872 conducting a geological reconnaissance of the
island. He was on the island again in the winter of 1876-1877, to
develop a promising mining claim, and came again the following
winter but was taken ill and returned to the United States where
his health was so broken that he died on May 30, 1878. Gabb col-
lected birds in small numbers, and among his specimens that came to
the United States National Museum there may be mentioned the type
of Lawrencia nana (locality and date not certain), and of two birds
in alcohol, a myrtle warbler and a grassquit, secured by a friend,
Charles A. Fraser at Puerto Plata. Lawrence in describing TJol-
marchus gabbii remarks that the type, which came from Hato Viejo,
was brought by Professor Gabb with eight other species from Santo
Domingo, and speaks of further collections that were expected.

Charles B. Cory collected in Haiti between January 1 and March
12, 1881, later publishing an account of his observations in which he
enumerates 65 species. He gives no itinerary but records notes and
specimens from Port-au-Prince, Fort Jacques, Gonaives, Le Coup,
Jacmel, Gantier, Jérémie, Etang Saumatre, and Lake Enriquillo.
From data obtained from his recorded specimens it appears that he
was at Jacmel January 12 to 26, Gonaives February 10, Le Coup, now
called Pétionville, February 15 to March 9, Port-au-Prince February
17 and 21, Fort Jacques March 3, and Gantier March 6. In the latter
part of 1882 Cory returned to the island for work in the Dominican
Republic which was continued until September, 1883. He was as-
sisted in these investigations by the taxidermist M. Abbott Frazar,
but whether both Cory and Frazar were in the field continuously is

16 BULLETIN 155, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

not certain. No account of the trip has been published but an itiner-
ary may be worked out roughly from published dates connected with
specimens. As there is an overlapping in dates in some cases it ap-
pears that the two collectors were separated occasionally. Follow-
ing is a digest of available dates: Puerto Plata November 12, 1882
to January 30, 1883; Magua January 7, January 26 to February 1;
Samana January 8, March 12 to April 27, June 1, 2, and 25, Septem-
ber 1 to 11; La Vega July 9 to August 15; Almercen, or Villa Rivas,
August 21 to 29. In La Vega, in May, 1927, Wetmore met by chance
an old gentleman who had been Cory’s host and hunting companion
in that region, who still recalled his skill as an unerring shot. The
results of the prolonged work of Cory’s two expeditions included
descriptions of a number of new forms, and were embodied finally
in an illustrated work on the “ Birds of Haiti and San Domingo ”
which was published in four parts, beginning in March, 1884, and
completed a year later. This covers 111 species, most of the peculiar
forms of the island being illustrated in color, with descriptions and
brief notes on habits.

In June and July, 1883, Dr. W. L. Abbott came to Samana Bay in
the Dominican Republic and there made a considerable collection of
birds that he presented to the Academy of Natural Sciences in Phila-
delphia. He collected at Samana, Las Cafiitas (the present day San-
chez), and at Sabana la Mar, securing representatives of about 42
species. These specimens have been examined in part in the prepara-
tion of the present report.

In the Ibis for 1884 (pp. 167-168) Canon Tristram published a list
of 29 species of birds from the Dominican Republic received from
Mr. C. McGrigor. No localities are cited, but from the published
catalogue of Tristram’s collection it appears that McGrigor collected
at Samana, definite dates noted being April 25 and September 10 and
12, 1883, and January 11, 1884. There is listed also a skin of Calyp-
tophilus taken at Arenoso March 23, 1884. In addition Tristram
received a number of birds collected at Almercen, or Villa Rivas,
in 1886 and 1887 by A. 8. Toogood who is believed to have been a
missionary.

L. Gentil Tippenhauer of Port-au-Prince in his work entitled Die
Insel Haiti, published in two parts in 1892, and reprinted in one vol-
ume in 1893, gives a list of birds of the island compiled mainly from
literature but including a few original observations made during a
long residence on the island.

On August 20, 1892, Dr. Ernst Hartert observed and collected in
the vicinity of Sanchez while his steamer lay at anchor off that town.
A few notes appear in his account of his early journeys, the actual
date of his visit having been furnished by Doctor Hartert in a recent
letter.

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULEEEDRIN 155 PEATE 5

GRAVEL KNOLLS FREQUENTED BY THE BAHAMAN NIGHTHAWK (CHOR-
DEILES MINOR VICINUS)

Near Hinche, Haiti, April 23, 1927.

TYPICAL VIEW OF THE CENTRAL PLAIN OF HAITI

Near Hinche, Haiti, April 23, 1927.

U S NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 155 PLATE 6

LOOKING TOWARD MORNE TRANCHANT FROM) THE
EOWER SLOPES OF LA SELEE. INOGE SCANTY “COVER

OFSFORESIT
Near Furcy, Haiti, April 9, 1927.

WESTERN END OF THE MAIN RIDGE OF LA SELLE

From Morne La Visite, April 11, 1927.

THE BIRDS OF HAITI AND THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 7

Early in January, 1895, Dr. Cuthbert Christy landed at Santo Do-
mingo City, continuing at once to Sanchez, which he notes was called
Las Cafiitas on older maps. He remained on the island until July,
and though occupied busily with a medical practice prepared about
70 skins, collected during country excursions to visit distant patients.
He was located at La Vega during the greater part of April and May,
spending the remainder of his stay at Sanchez. His published list,
written in pleasing style, includes interesting observations on the
habits of 59 species of birds, and is one of the few of the earlier ac-
counts that gives much on the life history of the native forms.

At this same period George K. Cherrie was engaged in making an
extensive collection of birds for the Field Museum under direction
of Mr. Cory. Cherrie arrived in Santo Domingo City January 8,
1895. On January 19 he left the capital and from January 21 to
February 6 was located at Catarrey, spelled Catare in Cherrie’s paper
on his collections, in the foothill region at an elevation of about 450
meters. From this base he made various excursions, one of which
took him up the course of the Rio Guananito, a tributary of the
Haina, into the pines of the higher altitudes. Following this for a
short period he worked at Santo Domingo City, and then returned
through Catarrey to Aguacate for the period February 20 to 28.
From March 2 to 7 he was again at Catarrey. After another brief
period at Santo Domingo City he removed to San Cristobal, where
among other activities he explored some caves. On March 28 he con-
tinued to Honduras, near the Rio Ocoa, where he located March 29
to April 2. On April 3 he continued to Maniel, shown on the maps as
San José de Ocoa, where he remained for six days in vain attempt to
find a guide to conduct him into the high interior mountains toward
Loma Tina. Failing this he returned to Santo Domingo City and
continued collecting in that vicinity until the first week in May.
From his field notes he prepared for publication an annotated list of
83 species with many valuable observations.

A. Hyatt Verrill collected in the Dominican Republic from De-
cember 21, 1906, to April 13, 1907, securing considerable series of the
resident birds and a long array of North American migrants. Part
of his specimens came to the Tring Museum, and many more to
Mr. J. H. Fleming. Verrill began work at Sanchez, continuing there
until about December 29, when he crossed Samana Bay to San Lo-
renzo, working there until January 13, and at El Valle, farther in-
jand, until January 19. From January 20 to 28 he was again at
Sanchez, when he removed to Samana, collecting in that vicinity
until about February 25. He worked at Sanchez again from Febru-
ary 26 to March 11, and then located at La Vega March 18. His next
point called Miranda he says “is a small village nearly forty miles

18 BULLETIN 155, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

inland from La Vega, and situated in the heart of the wild and
unsettled mountains of the island.” His work was terminated by
an attack of typhoid fever that nearly cost his life. His account
of the birds was published in collaboration with A. E. Verrill.

James Lee Peters, traveling for the Museum of Comparative
Zodlogy, began ornithological investigations at Monte Cristi, Do-
minican Republic, on February 6, 1916. From February 11 to 14
he was occupied in a journey to Bulla in the valley of the Rio Mao,
proceeding by way of Valverde, where he reached the edge of the pine
forests. On February 23 he proceeded by water to Puerto Plata
and located at Sostia, 25 kilometers to the east. On March 3 he be-
gan a pack trip to the eastward, during which he collected at Gaspar
Hernandez March 3 and 18, Rio San Juan March 4 and 12, Cabrera
March 5, 7 and 11, Arroyo Savanna March 8 and 9, and Los Toritos
March 10. From March 24 to 26 he was at Chocd, in the hills a
short distance south of Sostia, and on April 5 visited El Batey,
returning to Sostia by way of Cabarate. He left the island on
March 11. His investigations are detailed in a report on birds from
the northern coast of the Dominican Republic published in the
Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zodlogy.

In the same year Rollo H. Beck, on an extended collecting trip to
secure specimens for the Brewster-Sanford collection in the American
Museum of Natural History, touched at San Pedro de Macoris
September 23, 1916, and arrived that same day at Santo Domingo
City. He collected in that vicinity until October 26 when he pro-
ceeded by water to Sanchez arriving the following day. On Novem-
ber 20 he crossed Samana Bay to San Lorenzo, and on November 27
removed to La Vega, where he remained until December 10, when he
returned to Sanchez, and on December 18 arrived once more in
Santo Domingo City. On December 29 he came to Tiibano in the
Province of Azua, and on January 1, 1917 started on an expedition
into the mountains of the interior. He ascended Loma Tina to its
summit on January 3, and on January 11 was on the high ridge
separating the valleys of Tibano and Constanza. On January 16 he
was at Ttibano, and on January 26 visited La Cafiita. January 31 he
set out again for the mountains, following a branch of the Rio de los
Cuevos toward Loma Pelone Blanco, known locally as Ultima Cie-
naga, and February 2 ascended that mountain. February 6 he re-
turned to Tubano remaining until February 21 when he started on a
trip to Loma Rucillo. His trail led over the range above the Rio de
los Cuevos, across the Rio Medio and up a steep slope for about 8
kilometers to the settlement of La Cafiita, the second of that name
in his itinerary, the other being below Tiibano. On February 23 he
crossed to the head of the Rio Yaque del Sur and there secured his

THE BIRDS OF HAITI AND THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 19

first crossbills. The following morning at his camp in a little valley
he records that the ground was white with frost. He remained in
this vicinity working the high slopes, until March 4 when he left for
Tiibano, arriving the following day. On March 10 he was again in
his former camp at the head of the Yaque, on this day collecting nine
crossbills. March 13 he moved to Tortillos, a short distance east on
the Rio Blanco, returning to his former camp March 15. Four days
later he set out for Tuibano, continued to Azua on March 21, and on
March 24 arrived in Santo Domingo City. Following this he made
a trip to St. Thomas and other islands east of Porto Rico, returning
to Santo Domingo City May 21. On June 11, 1917 he came to Les
Cayes, Haiti (frequently called Aux Cayes in English writings) and
continued that evening to Port-a-Piment a short distance west. On
June 15 he moved to Les Anglais, his objective being the ascent of
Morne La Hotte. June 18 he proceeded inland up a steep slope where
he found coffee growing to 1200 meters, and at noon reached the last
available water above the highest native hut. Beyond there were no
trails and, progress was impeded by trees blown down by a recent
hurricane. On the following day he laboriously cut a trail to the
top of a long ridge running toward the highest peak in the vicinity
and continued along this to two pines. On returning to his camp at
noon he found that his men had deserted him. On June 21 he
moved to another site, the following day cutting a trail up to the
pines. June 24 he climbed again to the summit of the ridge near
the base of the peak, returning on June 26 to Port-a-Piment. On
July 1 he returned again to the interior, and July 4 cut another trail
along the ridges toward the peak. On July 6 he returned to Port-a-
Piment, and on the following day was in Les Cayes. July 12 he
continued to Navassa Island where he remained until July 19, pro-
ceeding then to Cuba. Dr. F. M. Chapman has described several
new forms from Beck’s collection and has courteously allowed full
use of the Beck material in the present report. Beck’s itinerary as
given above is taken from his manuscript journals, available through
the kindness of Doctor Chapman and Doctor Murphy of the American
Museum of Natural History.

Dr. Glover M. Allen of the Museum of Comparative Zodlogy, while
collecting reptiles and other material in Haiti in 1919, secured a few
birds at Dumai which he says (in a letter) is a plantation a few kilo-
meters from Port-au-Prince on August 7, and near Lake Enriquillo
August 14.

Mr. J. S. Brown and Mr. W. S. Burbank, during field studies con-
cerned with a geological survey of the Republic of Haiti, on March
4 and 5, 1921 visited the caves at L’Atalaye, near St. Michel, to ex-
amine the deposits of guano there found. (Pls. 11 and 12.) In the

20 BULLETIN 155, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

course of excavations to determine the depth of this material in the
Grotte San Francisque they encountered a deposit of bones and
brought away a handful or two as samples. In this material which
came to the United States National Museum Wetmore found the
fragments from which he described the great barn owl 7'yto ostologa.

Emil Kaempfer came in the late spring of 1921 to Puerto Plata
and remained for some time in the Dominican Republic, the birds
that he collected going to the Tring Museum. The exact date of his
departure is uncertain but Doctor Hartert writes that he collected a
pigeon hawk at Moca January 1, 1924. Kaempfer was engaged prin-
cipally in other zoological collecting but devoted considerable at-
tention to birds, and has published a general account containing his
more interesting observations. He traveled extensively collecting
birds on the Samana Peninsula, at Rivas, La Vega, Cotui, Moca,
Jarabacoa, Constanza, and Tutbano.

A small collection of birds of the Dominican Republic has been as-
sembled at the Agricultural station at Moca by Prof. Raffaele Ciferri,
Director of the station, the specimens procured having been identi-
fied by Dr. E. Moltoni of Milan. A brief list of the collection has
been published by the collector (see bibliography). In addition to
this Professor Ciferri and his brother Ermanno Ciferri, the latter
resident at San Juan de la Maguana, have presented to the Museo
Civico di Storia Naturale in Milan a collection of three hundred
bird skins representing one hundred and thirteen forms which have
been the basis of a report by Doctor Moltoni. The work of the two
Ciferris has been centered principally about San Juan and Moca,
but has included collections from Haina, the Rio Haina and Guerra
in the Province of Santo Domingo, San Juan, Sabana San Thomé,
Sitio de la Maguana, Rio Manade, and Monte Viejo in the Province
of Azua, Bonao in the Province of La Vega, Moca in the Province
of Espaillat, Santiago in the Province of Santiago, the Seven
Brothers Islands off the north coast opposite Monte Cristi, and Beata
Island on the south coast. Their investigations as reported by Mol-
toni extend from 1925 to 1929, and have added several forms to the
list known from the island.

William Beebe, as director of an expedition of the Department of
Tropical Research of the New York Zoological Society, worked in
Haiti from January 1 to May 23, 1927. Though occupied principally
with life in the water Beebe made numerous observations on birds,
and his published records give considerable useful information. His
observations were carried on principally in the vicinity of Bizoton,
where his schooner was anchored, with records from the Etang
Miragoane, Source Matelas, the various reefs along shore—including
those near Gonave Island—the Etang Saumitre, Furcy, and a few

THE BIRDS OF HAITI AND THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 21

other points. His published list includes 36 species, and there are
numerous references to birds throughout the text of his book Beneath
Tropic Seas.

In the summer of 1927 Prof. Stuart T. Danforth of the University
of Porto Rico made an extended journey through Hispaniola between
June 14 and August 10, collecting birds at numerous localities. From
June 14 to July 27 he was accompanied by Frank P. Mathews whose
skins came to the American Museum of Natural History, and from
July 2 to August 10 by John T. Emlen, jr., whose specimens are in
the Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences. The party traveled
by motor car principally, working near Santo Domingo City from
June 14 to 18, near Monte Cristi until June 28, with visits to an irri-
gation project at Vasquez and to Laguna del Salodillo near the Hai-
tian frontier. June 29 and 30 they were near La Vega, returning then
to Santo Domingo City until July 2. From July 4 to 7 the party
worked at Higiiey, Seybo, and Hato Mayor, and from July 9 to 11
near San Juan. July 12 they crossed into Haiti at Belladére and con-
tinued by way of Las Cahobes to Port-au-Prince. July 15 they trav-
eled by airplane to Anse a Galets on Gonave Island, remaining there
until July 20, collecting between that village and Etroites, with one
trip to Boucan Legume. From July 22 to 24 Mathews and Emlen
visited Kenscoff, while Danforth worked the Etang Miragoane,
Fonds-des-Négres, Aquin, and Les Cayes. July 28 and 29 Danforth
and Emlen continued to St. Mare, collecting at the Etang Bois-Neuf
south of that town, and at the Artibonite River to the North. July
31 they were at Cap-Haitien, and August 2 and 3 at the Citadelle
above Milot. On August 4 they crossed the border into the Dom-
inican Republic at Dajabén for a second short stay at Monte Cristi,
and on August 7 were near Bonao as the guests of Doctor Ciferri.
Work was concluded at Santo Domingo City August 10. The com-
bined list of birds observed as published by Danforth includes notes
on 121 forms.

James Bond, research associate of the Philadelphia Academy of
Natural Sciences, engaged in extended ornithological investigations
in Haiti from December, 1927, to June, 1928, during which he covered
the principal geographic divisions of the Republic. During the last
of December he worked in the vicinity of Port-au-Prince, and in Jan-
uary was occupied in two excursions into the Massif de la Selle, the
first to Morne Tranchant in the vicinity of Kenscoff and Furcy, and
the second to Morne Malanga and Gros Morne in the Créte &
Piquants group at the western end of the La Selle mountain forma-
tion. He also visited Jaemel and worked along the sea coast to
Marigot. Later he traveled into the eastern part of the La Hotte
region and worked in the swamps of Trou Caiman. During Feb-

22 BULLETIN 155, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

ruary he was on Gonave Island at the Etang Miragoane, and in the
arid region about Trou Forban between Mont Rouis and L’Arcahaie.
During all of March and a part of April he was occupied in north-
western Haiti, where he visited Tortue Island. He ascended Morne
Basile and also Morne Haut Piton south of Port-de-Paix. In the
latter part of April he traveled through the Cul-de-Sac region to the
Etang Saumatre and Lake Enriquillo, continuing to Laguna Limén.
In May he crossed to northeastern Haiti and came south from the
northern plain through the Massif du Nord to Hinche, ascending
Morne Salnave, above Acul Samedi. In late May he was again on
Gonave Island, and in early June climbed Morne La Selle, return-
ing to Trou Caiman and crossing once more to Gonave. His pub-
lished observations contain distributional notes of much value since
he visited points not previously seen by ornithologists. His observa-
tions are especially valuable for their notes on the nests and eggs of
rare native forms.

Dr. E. L. Ekman, who has explored Haiti and the Dominican
Republic botanically more thoroughly than any other naturalist, be-
came interested in birds through his contact with Wetmore in 1927
when they worked on Morne La Selle, and in 1928 when he made sev-
eral prolonged excursions with Bond. In his later journeys Doctor
Ekman has collected specimens of unusual and interesting birds,
which he has forwarded principally to Dr. Einar Lénnberg, who
has named a goatsucker (Antrostomus cubanensis ekmani) in his
honor. A collection of about 200 specimens made by Ekman reported
on by Professor Lénnberg in 1929 contained representatives of 107
forms including skins from Navassa, Gonave, and Tortue, and many
of the rarer birds from the main island. Of particular interest have
been his notes on the birds of Navassa as most of what is now known
of the birdlife of that island is found in his published records of
his observations there, and his observations from the higher eleva-
tions of the Dominican Republic and the Seven Brothers Islands off
Monte Cristi.

The Crane Pacific Expedition of the Field Museum under the
leadership of Dr. Karl Schmidt visited Haiti in the latter part of
1928, including observations on birds in its schedule of investigation.
At this writing the extent of the studies made is not known.

FIDLD WORK FOR THD SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION

Active participation of the Smithsonian Institution in research
in the ornithology of Hispaniola began in 1866 when Mr. A. E.
Younglove of Cleveland, Ohio, with Mr. J. H. Beardsley as a trav-
eling companion, visited Haiti at the instance of Spencer Fullerton
Baird, Assistant Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, travel-

THE BIRDS OF HAITI AND THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC P55

ing as nearly as may be ascertained at this late date through love
of adventure and to aid somewhat in collecting new material for
science. All that is known of this expedition is contained in letters
addressed to Baird preserved in the files of the United States
National Museum, and a manuscript catalogue of the collection em-
bracing 141 specimens that came to the Smithsonian Institution.
Younglove and Beardsley left New York about December 15, 1865,
and were shipwrecked on the Jersey coast, barely escaping with their
baggage. ‘They returned to New York to set out again about two
weeks later and arrived at Port-au-Prince January 15, 1866. Young-
love writes of the comparative scarcity of birds so far as species are
concerned, and of his difficulties in securing information about the
habits of his specimens because of his lack of knowledge of the
language of the country. Most of his collecting was done in the
vicinity of Port-au-Prince, though he made one trip to Jérémie on
the southwestern peninsula. He describes the mountains as im-
penetrable because of the condition of the trails, and remarks on the
unhealthiness of the country. One of his skins is marked Le Coup
and several are labeled “ Mountains” without any other data. They
probably come from the area near Kenscoff or Furcy. He speaks in
his letters of a plan to visit some salt lakes 30 miles away, evidently
the Etang Saumitre, but apparently did not put this into effect.
His work was finished about July 1, 1866, when he returned home.
Many of his specimens are still preserved in the United States Na-
tional Museum while others have been distributed to other insti-
tutions. The collection was reported on in 1867 by Dr. Henry
Bryant, who described five species from it as new to science.

The most important observations and collections in natural history
that have been made in Hispaniola have been those of the veteran
explorer Dr. William L. Abbott who, following his early work of
1883, returned to the island in the summer of 1916 and continued
work with only brief interruptions for journeys to the United States
until the close of 1923. During this extended period Doctor Abbott
visited all of the important districts of the area under consideration,
penetrating to the most remote sections, and amassed collections for
the Smithsonian Institution that are without equal elsewhere. In
addition to his own efforts, he took with him on various occasions
Mr. E. C. Leonard of the division of plants in the United States Na-
tional Museum, and after ceasing active work in the field himself has
continued his interest through providing the means for further travel
on the part of others. It is his efforts in this field that have made
possible the present report on the birds. The itinerary that follows
is taken from manuscript notes and other sources and is sufficiently
complete to indicate the places and periods of collecting.

24 BULLETIN 155, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

Drawn by memories of his earlier visit in 1883, Doctor Abbott re-
turned to the Samana Bay region in the Dominican Republic toward
the end of July, 1916, and on July 26 began collecting birds near
Samana, a town of about two thousand inhabitants on the shore of
Samana Bay. The population here is descended in large part from
negroes, the majority of whom speak English, come from the United
States from 1822 to 1824 during the regime of President Boyer of
Haiti. The region is hilly, and fairly well wooded in spite of the
considerable country population. From July 28 to 30 Doctor Abbott
was at San Lorenzo on the south side of Samana Bay, where
precipitous limestone hills, honey-combed with caves, descend ab-
ruptly to the sea. (Pl. 13.) Here he camped in one of the caves
which he noted was floored with shell middens and contained many
Indian carvings. From August 6 to 14 he collected at Laguna, a set-
tlement of scattered houses belonging mainly to English speaking
people near the southern base of the hill called Pilon d’Azucar,
distant about 8 kilometers inland from Samana. There was much
virgin forest here with few inhabitants to the north until the coast
was reached because of lack of water. On August 17 he crossed to
San Juan Bay on the northern side of the peninsula, and on August
26 collected at Rojo Cabo, a short distance inland from the south
shore of Bahia de Rincon, and at La Galera on the bay itself. The
land here was rough and stony. On August 29 and 30 he was at Rojo
Cabo, and on September 9 to 10 crossed again to San Lorenzo.

Following this Doctor Abbott undertook one of the most important
journeys connected with his work on the island, his first visit to the
great interior valley of Constanza. Proceeding by way of La Vega,
on September 20 he was at the small settlement of El Rio on the up-
per waters of the Rio Jimenoa at about 1200 meters altitude. (Pl. 15.)
From September 22 to October 2 he was located at Constanza about
25 kilometers beyond El Rio, an old settlement in a broad, open valley
at about 1200 meters elevation with mountains rising on either side
600 meters higher. (Pls. 14 and 15.) The waters of the valley of
Constanza drain into the Rio Yaqui del Sur. The Rio Jimenoa at El
Rio is an affluent of the Rio Yaqui del Norte, and the Rio Tireo,
whose valley is crossed on the trail from El] Rio to Constanza, is a
tributary of the Yuna. The region thus is an important water-shed.
The village of Constanza in 1916 had about eighty houses, and about
1000 people were resident in the region. The rounded hills bordering
the valley were covered with forests of open pine mingled with areas
of dense rain forest. (Pl. 4.) On this expedition he secured the first
specimens of the crossbill (Zovia megaplaga), the song sparrow
(Brachyspiza capensis antillarum), and the eared owl (Asio stygius
noctipetens) gaining thus an insight into the strange highland avi-

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BUEEETING TSS: PEATE 7

SWAMPY MEADOWS AND SPRING AT SOURCES PUANTES, HAITI
March 30, 1927.

THE VALLEY AT FONDS-DES-NEGRES, HAITI, FROM THE SOUTH

April 5, 1927.

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 155 PLATE 8

SEMIARID HILLS BEHIND AQUIN BAY

Near Aquin, Haiti, April 3, 1927.

THE ETANG MIRAGOANE

The largest fresh-water lake in Haiti, April 1, 1927.

THE BIRDS OF HAITI AND THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 25

fauna whose presence hitherto had been entirely unsuspected. Octo-
ber 4 to 9 he made El Rio his base for operations, and from October
11 to 16 was at Jarabacoa at a much lower elevation. Following this
he returned to Sanchez where he collected from October 20 to 24.

On returning again to the island in 1917 he began work in the
Republic of Haiti, landing at the end of January at Port-de-Paix on
the north coast. On January 30 he crossed to Tortue Island, where he
remained until February 8, securing the first ornithological collections
to be made on this island, and finding there a peculiar vireo (Vireo
crassirostris tortugae) with its near relatives in the Bahama Islands
to the north. He collected at Port-de-Paix February 12, and from
February 16 to 22 was located on the coast at Riviére Bar, at the
mouth of a small stream about 10 kilometers east of Port-de-Paix.
On February 24 he was again in Port-de-Paix, and continued at the
beginning of March to Moustique, inland from Cabaret on the Baie
des Moustiques, not far from the center of the northwestern penin-
sula, where he remained from March 2 to 12, except for March 9
when he was at Port-4-Piment on the southern side of this peninsula.
March 19 he was at Mole St. Nicolas, and from March 21 to 27 worked
on the elevated plateau at Bombardopolis. March 29 and 30 he was at
Jean Rabel, and March 31 and April 1 was again on the Baie des
Moustiques, reaching Port-de-Paix on April 4. He collected on
Tortue again April 6 to 8, and from April 14 to 17 was working once
more at Port-de-Paix. From April 25 to 27 he was occupied in the
vicinity of Cap-Haitien.

At the beginning of May Doctor Abbott again traveled west along
the northern coast, collecting at Baie des Moustiques May 4 to 8, and
at Petit Port a ’Ecu May 9, the latter being a short distance east of
Port 4 ?Ecu. May 12 he was at Trois Riviéres on the coast, a few
kilometers east of Port-de-Paix. From May 16 to 20 he was again on
Tortue collecting further specimens. In work on this island he
camped at La Vallée and Basse Terre, both on the south coast, and
from here made excursions to all parts of the island. The southeast-
ern section near the coast is densely inhabited, with less cultivation
elsewhere. May 30 to June 3 he was once more at Jean Rabel, June 13
and 14 he was again at Port-de-Paix, June 26 to 28 at Petit Port a
V’Kcu, and June 29 on Tortue. This completed investigations for this
expedition.

In November, 1917, Doctor Abbott returned to Haiti for investiga-
tions in the southern part of the Republic, where his work centered
for a time about Jérémie. He collected there assiduously from No-
vember 18 to December 20, making an excursion to the caves at La
Grotte about 12 kilometers southwest from December 8 to 9. From
December 18 to 24 he was located at Moron on the head waters of the

26 BULLETIN 155, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

Riviere Grand Anse, 25 kilometers in an airline southwest of Jérémie.
From December 25 to 28 he collected again at Jérémie, and then
moved to Grande Cayemite Island, locating at Anse Masson from
January 4 to 14, with a visit to the island of Petite Cayemite on
January 138, and one to the vicinity of Les Basses on the coast of
the main island opposite Grande Cayemite on January 9. Janu-
ary 16 he collected again at Jérémie, and then made an attempt to
reach the interior mountain of La Hotte, locating at Moline at about
600 meters altitude from January 25 to February 1, and collecting
on the hills near-by to an elevation of 900 meters. The little settle-
ment in question is about 20 kilometers in an air line east of south
of Jérémie in a beautiful hill country where much coffee is grown.
It proved unhealthy so that in a few days Doctor Abbott’s boys were
down with fever, from which one later died, and it was necessary to
return. He found the narrow-billed tody (Yodus angustirostris)
and Swainson’s hummer (Riccordia swainsonii) at this point, and
reports some pine forest in the vicinity. From February 8 to 10
he was again at Jérémie, where he packed his collections and then
set out in a small boat for Gonave Island, where he located from
February 18 to 28 at La Mahotiere near the middle of the southern
coast, where he says the water was very bad. He describes Gonave
as dry, with little rainfall, but nevertheless fertile since vegetable
gardens and pastures receive moisture from the abundant dew. The
coast belt at La Mahotiere was very arid with the hills inland covered
with greener and more luxuriant vegetation. From here he pro-
ceeded to Port-au-Prince, and March 5 to 10 was occupied near the
eastern end of the Etang Saumitre. Following this until March
12 he was at Trou Caiman, a short distance away, where he was
taken ill and was incapacitated for some time, nearly losing his life.

At the beginning of February, 1919, Doctor Abbott returned for
further work in the Dominican Republic, coming to Sanchez where
he located from February 3 to 23, collecting on the wooded hills
above town, and in the great expanses of swampy forest in the delta
of the Yuna River. (Pl. 3.) He removed then to Samana, collect-
ing birds March 3 at the Rio San Juan on the north coast, and at
Laguna from March 4 to 10. March 16 to 20 he was engaged in
ornithological investigations at San Lorenzo on the south side of
Samana Bay.

Following this he made a prolonged trip to the valley of Constanza,
proceeding on April 3 by rail from Sanchez to La Vega, where he
secured pack horses and continued the following day to Jarabacoa.
He arrived at Constanza on April 6, to find that there had been a
severe drought in the region extending southward from the town so
that food was scarce and cattle in poor condition. The arrival of

THE BIRDS OF HAITI AND THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 27

rain was coincident with his coming so that supplies gradually be-
came more plentiful. He was accompanied by John King and
another black boy from Samana. On April 15 he marched to a clear-
ing known as “ Boho Kali” (spelling uncertain, the first being pos-
sibly Bohio, this meaning a hut) said to signify the “place of the
vine,” at 1,500 meters elevation on the slopes of the Loma Rio
Grande southeast of Constanza and about 7 kilometers distant in an
air line. There it rained constantly and was very cold with morn-
ing temperature about 50° Fahrenheit. Many thousands of acres of
pineland had been burned over during the preceding drought to make
green feed for a few head of stock with much injury to the pine
forests, as undergrowth was destroyed and the vitality of the larger
trees injured. It was reported that plantations did poorly here as
they were killed by frost in winter. The siskin (Lowimitris domini-
censis) was common in flocks, the birds being in molt at that season.
April 24 Doctor Abbott returned to Constanza, and April 28 crossed
the high ridge to the southward to a clearing 10 kilometers distant
known as Corralito, where he camped among the pines 450 meters
above the narrow valley of the Rio Grande. He remarks that the
country reminded him of Kashmir. On May 3 he continued 10 kilo-
meters farther to the little settlement of Hondo on the Rio Grande,
camping between one and two kilometers above Hondo Abajo in a
small grass grown clearing surrounded by thick scrub on a bluff
above the river. Three species of swifts were seen here and the notes
of nightjars were heard regularly. He speaks of one goatsucker
that he did not secure, with a peculiar flight that reminded him of
the course of an Australian boomerang. On May 10 he returned to
Constanza where he found paroquets feeding on ripening guavas.
May 12 he continued to El Rfo to search for crossbills, which he did
not find, and remained for eight days, coming on May 20 to Jara-
bacoa, May 21 to La Vega, and May 22 to Sanchez, where he re-
mained until about June 1, returning then for a brief period to the
United States.

In August of that year Doctor Abbott was again in the Dominican
Republic, collecting from August 11 to 21 on the eastern end of the
Samana Peninsula. On August 11 and 13 he worked at Laguna,
August 12 at the Pilon d’Azucar, August 16 to 19 at Puerto Rincén
on the bay of that name, and August 21 at Puerto Francés south of
Cap Samana. Laguna del Diablo, where he took numerous water
birds during his various stays in this general region is a small lagoon
in the interior hills a few kilometers west of Rincén. In September
he began work on islands off the southeastern coast, visiting Cata-
linita Island September 11, where he found a colony of brown peli-
cans and saw barn swallows and kingfishers. On Saona Island from

a8 BULLETIN 155, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

September 12 to 17 birds were in poor plumage and difficult to find,
with many mosquitoes and sand flies. Catalina Island was visited
September 19. Returning to the main island he went into the south-
western section of the Dominican Republic, camping from October
1 to 6 at Duvergé, about five kilometers from the southeastern shore
of Lake Enriquillo. Sandpipers and other water-loving birds
abounded along the swampy shores of the lake, and many rails were
heard. Following this he returned again to the States.

About the middle of February, 1921, Doctor Abbott returned once
more to Haiti, accompanied by Mr. E. C. Leonard of the United States
National Museum who engaged in extended botanical explorations.
They were occupied in Port-au-Prince from February 19 to 23, and
then moved to St. Mare for a few days. March 2 about sundown
they arrived at Anse 4 Galets, a village of a dozen houses on Gonave
Island, where they collected until March 14. The town is located
near the mouth of a little stream called La Source that rises from a
spring in the hills. The small bay here was bordered by mangroves
back of which were extensive salines bare of vegetation, rising to
ground covered with a dense growth of Prosopis juliflora and numer-
ous cacti. Beyond were rugged hills. About eleven on the morning
of March 15 they arrived at Etroites farther to the west at Etroite
Point, the town being located in a break in the mangrove swamp
with a reef offshore. Inland was an open plain, and beyond hills
covered with trees and bushes. Work continued here until March
22 when they returned to St. Marc, remaining there until March 30,
and then removing to Port-au-Prince for the period April 1 to 3.
From April 4 to 14 they were at Manneville, at the eastern end of
the Etang Saumatre, where many strong springs of fresh water rise
from the earth and after a course of a few rods through bogg
meadows empty into the lake. Back of the lake shore the level
ground was covered with thorny trees and cacti. April 7 Doctor
Abbott collected at Trou Caiman, about one mile southwest of Thom-
azeau, where there are extensive swamps grown closely with cat-tails
and other marsh growth and a border of open meadowland. From
April 17 to May 3 they located at Fonds Verettes in the lower hills
of La Selle, where there were dense thickets grown with climbing
bamboo and scattered pine trees, though most of the primitive wood-
land had been destroyed. On one occasion Doctor Abbott had a
glimpse of the thrush afterwards secured by Wetmore (Haplocichla
swalesi) but though he returned to the spot several times did not suc-
ceed in obtaining specimens. From May 5 to 13 Doctor Abbott and
Mr. Leonard were at Fond Parisien on the shores of the Etang
Saumatre where they found the weaverfinch and so solved the mys-
tery of a supposed colonizing oriole that had been reported from

THE BIRDS OF HAITI AND THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 29

Haiti. May 14 to 16 they were again at Manneville, and on May
26 were at Furcy in the hills back of Port-au-Prince, in a region
almost entirely cut over with only occasional pines. They collected
here on Morne Tranchant, on Morne St. Vincent, and on other
eminences in this much-broken country. About the middle of June
they moved to Pétionville where they were located from June 15
to 28, and on July 4 arrived again on Gonave Island, this time land-
ing at Picmy on the south coast a short distance west of the south-
eastern point. Here there were a few palm trees where Doctor Ab-
bott sought the mythical “ Dulus nuchalis,’ and collected the speci-
mens from which the Gonave palm-chat has been described. Abbott
and Leonard remained here until July 9, and on July 10 landed on
Petite Gonave Island, where they found ragged coral rocks and occa-
sional sandy beaches with a lagoon bordered by mangroves in the
center. Following this they returned to Port-au-Prince and con-
tinued north by way of Cap Haitien leaving the island at the end
of July.

At the end of November, 1920, Doctor Abbott returned to His-
paniola, this time to the Dominican Republic. Until about Decem-
ber 12 he was at Sanchez and then removed to Samana, working over
familiar ground at Laguna from December 17 to 24, and at
Samana December 27 to 30. After a second stay at Sanchez
he moved to Villa Riva, or Rivas, on the railroad line to La Vega
for a few days, and on January 19 was at Pimentel. January
28 he was collecting at Cotui, remaining there until February
7. Collections in the savannas of the two latter localities brought
specimens of the grasshopper sparrow and thick-knee. From Feb-
ruary 13 to 21 he was at Guayubin on the Rio Yaqui del Norte not
far from Monte Cristi, and February 23 to March 1 he worked at
Mao where a specimen of Antrostomus cubanensis ekmané was taken.
He located at Navarrete March 3 to 6, and then from March 9 to
14 was at Sanchez, and from March 16 to 20 at Samand. A trip
through the end of the Samana Peninsula covered Rojo Cabo March
23 and 24, Cape Samana March 25 and 26, Lajana, a small settlement
4 kilometers south of Puerto Rincén, March 27, Puerto Francés,
March 28 and 29, and Las Cacaos a little village 9 kilometers east
of Sanchez March 30 and 31. There followed a journey to the south-
ern shores of Samana Bay, where he located at San Gabriel Island
April 5 and collected in this neighborhood until April 11, with a
visit to a second spot known as La Llanada, this time just west of San
Gabriel island. He returned to Samana then, collecting at Hato
Viejo on the Old Heart River 15 kilometers northwest of Samana
near Port Limon from April 19 to 23. He was at Samand April

2134—31

9
Vv

30 BULLETIN 155, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

25, and Sanchez April 28 to May 1. His work was concluded in
Puerto Plata May 7.

January 3, 1922, found Doctor Abbott again in Sanchez. January
8 to 10 he moved to Samana, and January 11 to 14 was once more in
Sanchez. Following this came an extended journey to the Barahona
district in the southwestern part of the Republic where he worked
on the Sierra de Bahoruco. He was at Barahona January 23 to 24,
and at Paradis, a village on the seashore 31 kilometers southeast of
Barahona January 28 to February 5 and again on February 18.
Work here extended to Herman’s coffee plantation at an elevation of
450 meters in the hills. February 8 to 14 he located at Trujin on
the shore of a large salt lagoon, and February 15 to 17 at Petit Trou,
also called Enriquillo, on the coast. Following this he entered the
Sierra de Bahoruco, visiting Polo at an elevation of 600 meters
from February 26 to March 13. From here he explored the Loma
del Cielo about 1200 meters high finding a rain-forest at the summit,
and Loma Le Haut, of about the same elevation. The solitaire was
common in these sections. From March 15 to 18 he was at Cabral
on the Laguna Rincén, where he reported the most extensive reed |
beds he had seen on the island, covering several thousand acres. Here
he obtained the short-eared owl, and various water birds.

Returning to Sanchez for work March 30 and 31, he continued
to San Francisco de Macoris and from there made a pack trip to
Loma Quita Espuela from April 5 to 14, where his work centered
about a clearing known as La Brazita on the southern slopes, and
covered the area to the top of the mountain. April 17 he had re-
turned to San Francisco de Macoris, April 20 to Sanchez and April
23 to Samana, when he crossed to the south shore of Samana Bay
for work at San Gabriel and San Lorenzo April 26 to May 2. May
5 and 6 he was at Samana, May 9 and 15 at Laguna, May 17 to 20
at Samana, and May 24 to 30 at Sanchez, which concluded his work
for the season.

Two brief trips by Doctor Abbott to the Dominican Republic were
made in 1923. The first came in the early part of the year and took
him to new country to the eastward of San Lorenzo Bay, a region
hitherto inaccessible. From February 1 to 7 he was at Jovéro on
the coast and then moved ten’ kilometers inland along the trail to
Seibo to a little clearing called El Liar where he remained from Feb-
ruary 8 to 16. Beyond this point there was extensive virgin forest
with the hills of the eastern extension of the Cordillera Central
above. February 18 to 20 he was again at Jovéro, and from Feb-
ruary 22 to 27 remained at Las Cafiitas (a common place name in the
Dominican Republic), located about thirty kilometers east of Jovéro,
near the shore of Samané Bay. March 2 he was in Samana, and
March 6 to 138 collected near Sanchez.

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BUEEETIN 155) PLATE 9

HEAD OF THE RIVIERE CHOTARD ON MORNE LA SELLE

April 15, 1927.

CAMP ON LA SELLE AT ABOUT 2.000-METERS ELEVATION

April 12, 1927.

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BUICEEIGIN 1555 PEATE 10

ARTIBONITE RIVER NEAR LAS CAHOBES, HAITI

April 20, 1927.

OPEN FOREST OF PINE AT 2,000-METERS ELEVATION ON THE MAIN RIDGE
OF EA SELEE

Below Morne La Visite, April 11, 1927.

THE BIRDS OF HAITI AND THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 3l

In early November, 1923, Doctor Abbott was again at Sanchez
where he collected plants from November 4 to 8, and then removed
to Samana until November 12. November 15 and 16 he was again at
Jovéro, and then moved to the little settlement of Guarabo on the
trail to the east behind Cape Rafael, where he remained until No-
vember 24 working the adjacent area including Monte Redondo, an
isolated hill about 300 meters high, near the cape, that serves as a
landmark for the entrance to Samana Bay from the southward. At
this time there was one small clearing on the west base, the re-
mainder being forested with much indication of damage by hurri-
canes. He located at Punta Jicaco November 29 to December 1, was
at Jovéro December 4 to 6, and then returned to Samand. On De-
cember 14 he visited a long ridge rising to an altitude of 600 meters
that crosses the base of the peninsula of Cabo Cabron that is known
locally as Loma de Traverzada. December 17 to 19 he was at
Samana and December 24 to 28 at Sanchez, this completing his in-
vestigations on the island which had covered all of the important
areas.

On April 1, 1917, Mr. J. B. Henderson, regent of the Smithsonian
Institution, and Dr. Paul Bartsch, Curator of Mollusks in the
United States National Museum, came to Port-au-Prince, Haiti,
and were engaged until near the end of that month in collecting
mollusks through an area extending along the coast from Jérémie to
St. Mare, and inland through the Cul-de-Sac region. Doctor
Bartsch, interested always in the bird-life about him, made daily
entries in his journal of the birds that he observed, and as oppor-
tunity offered collected birds for specimens, preserving part as skins
and part entire in alcohol. ‘The detailed itinerary of this party fol-
lows: Pétionville, April 1; Thomazeau, April 2; Gloré, April 3;
Trou Caiman, April 4; Petit Goave, April 8 and 9; Miragoane,
April 9; Jérémie, April 10 to 12; Trou des Roseaux, April 13 and 14;
Jérémie, April 15 and 16; Port-au-Prince, April 19; Port-au-Prince
to St. Mare and return April 21 and 22; Cul-de-Sac region, April
24; salt flats north of Port-au-Prince, April 25; near Port-au-Prince,
April 25 to 28. The more than eighty birds taken during this period
are sufficient indication of Doctor Bartsch’s energy, in view of his
occupation with the collection of mollusks which was the main object
of the expedition. From his specimens he described a new form of
yellow rail, Porzana flaviventer hendersoni, while there were included
as well several migrant birds not previously recorded or little known
in the island. He has placed at our disposal his manuscript notes
from which numerous records of value have been taken.

During March and April, 1925, Mr. Gerrit S. Miller, jr., accom-
panied by Mrs. Miller, was occupied in work in Haiti principally in
the cave deposits near L’Atalaye which had been located four years

32 BULLETIN 155, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

previous by Burbank and Brown. Mr. Miller arrived in Port-au-
Prince March 3, 1925, and was located for the following ten days
about ten kilometers west of the city near Point Lamentin. Follow-
ing this he spent four weeks at L’Atalaye near St. Michel at the
western border of the Central Plain, where he explored the bone de-
posit located in 1921, and found additional beds of the same material
in four other caves in the vicinity. (Pls. 11 and 12.) Included in the
large collections obtained were quantities of bird bones, including
abundant remains of the extinct barn owl and other species of inter-
est. In addition numerous birds were collected, partly through
the assistance of Mr. E. J. Sieger, manager of the plantation at
L’Atalaye.

In February, 1928, Mr. Miller, with Mrs. Miller, and Mr. Herbert
W. Krieger, Curator of Ethnology in the United States National Mu-
seum, came to the Dominican Republic for the exploration of kitchen
midden sites in the caves on the south side of Samana Bay, and at old
Indian village sites on the Samana Peninsula, Mr. Miller’s principal
interest being in the bones to be obtained, and Mr. Krieger’s in study
of the archeological remains. The first explorations continuing from
February 19 for about a month, were made in the caves near San
Lorenzo where quantities of bird bones were secured with the remains
of other vertebrates. (Pl. 13.) Later beginning about the first of
April the old village site of Cacique Mayobanex at the mouth of the
Rio San Juan on the north side of the Samana Peninsula was ex-
plored, with more bones of birds as a result. Toward the end of
April middens at Anadel two kilometers from Samana were exca-
vated and additional remains of birds were obtained.

In January, 1929, Mr. Krieger returned to the Dominican Republic
for further archeological explorations, being occupied from January
22 to April 1 in the Silla de Caballo range east and south of Monte
Cristi, and then making a traverse along the north coast from near
the eastern end of the Samana Peninsula to Puerto Plata. The bones
of birds obtained as a part of this work were not as abundant as those
from previous expeditions but are of importance. He made a further
expedition in the first weeks of 1930, working at Constanza and Jara-
bacoa and securing quantities of bird bones from Indian village sites.

To supplement the collections previously made by Dr. W. L. Ab-
bott, and to obtain information on faunal areas and distribution for
use in reports on the Abbott collections, Alexander Wetmore con-
ducted zoological explorations on the island, under the Swales Fund,
and through assistance from Doctor Abbott from March 27 to June
3, 1927. Following his arrival in Port-au-Prince, and a few days
spent in that vicinity, at Sources Puantes (Pl. 7), Mont Rouis,
Gressier and elsewhere work was begun on March 31 at Fonds-des-

THE BIRDS OF HAITI AND THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 33

Négres in the southern peninsula, where, in company with Dr. C. H.
Arndt, a considerable area was covered from Aquin on the south
coast to the great fresh water lake known as the Etang Miragoane on
the north. (Pls. 7 and 8.) Much of Haiti is dry and arid, but the
vegetation in the better watered region at Fonds-des-Négres appears
more as is anticipated in visits to subtropical regions. Guinea hens
running wild in abundance, native coots (Fulica caribaea) with
smooth, glistening white plates on the forehead, gray or green liz-
ards 12 inches in length clinging motionless on the tree trunks, and
for some unknown reason held in the deepest fear by the Haitian
laborers, were a few of the many attractive features of this locality.
There was opportunity here to investigate the communal nests of the
palm-chat whose flocks construct at the top of some royal palm a
permanent home of sticks at times six or seven feet in diameter.
(PI. 23.)

On returning from the southern peninsula, Wetmore in company
with Dr. EK. L. Ekman, the botanist, and Doctor Arndt set out the
morning of April 8 from Pétionville for the great mountain ridge of
La Selle. The road, at first broad and open, wound steadily up the
slopes of the hills bordering the Cul-de-Sac plain toward Kenscoff
and Furcy to altitudes where the air was cool and pleasant at which
there appeared the familiar weeds of temperate climates, left as evi-
dence of the agriculture of the period of French colonization. The
first evening camp was made on the Riviére Jacquisy in the valley
below Furey. On the second day when they approached the pre-
cipitous escarpment of La Selle the pack animals were unable to
progress with their loads of camp and collecting equipment over the
steep, rocky trails, and it was necessary to engage cheerful Haitian
women as porters, finally reaching the summit of the ridge at 2,250
meters above the sea. (PI. 6.) At camp 300 meters below the sum-
mit, near the head of the Riviére Chotard were forests of pine with
the ground covered with bracken, or with a turf in which white
clover and strawberries blossomed. (Pls. 9 and 10.) The higher
peaks and the slopes of many ravines were covered with rain-forest
jungle in which trees and shrubs grew densely, interlaced with the
entangling, wirelike strands of a creeping bamboo. Parrots, vocifer-
ous crows, and pigeons were abundant in the pinelands, while in the
jungles were found solitaires, a beautiful chestnut-sided robin, Hap-
locichla swalesi not previously known to science, and many other
birds. (PI. 22.) In early morning it was pleasant to rest in the
warm sun on the edge of the 450 meter precipice that marked the
face of Morne La Visite, one of the higher points above camp, while
through the still air from the jungle depths came the clear, flutelike
notes of the muszcien, the appropriate Haitian name of the solitaire,

34 BULLETIN 155, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

mingled with the throbbing beat of distant work drums to whose
irregular cadence laborers toiled and sang in a remote world of
cultivated fields far below. As no zoological collector had visited
the crest of this mountain ridge previously so far as known, various
specimens taken were new to science. Smoothly scaled lizards, found
under flat stones and preserved in a bottle of native rum purchased
from the load borne on the head of a traveling merchant woman,
proved to be a new genus, and landshells gathered at random were
also new. By means of a tall pine tree felled for a ladder Wetmore
and Ekman climbed down into a great sink hole and discovered in a
sheltered crevice bones of extinct mammals that ranged the island be-
fore the coming of Columbus. Returning April 17 by way of Cha-
pelle Faure in Nouvelle Touraine Wetmore journeyed April 20 past
the Artibonite River (Pl. 10) to Hinche in the level Central Plain
where he was welcomed at the experiment station by Mr. and Mrs.
J. E. Boog-Scott, and pleasantly entertained while he explored for
strange birds. (Pl. 5.) April 21 he visited the caves at L’Atalaye,
to view the excavations from which had come the remains of the
giant owl 7yto ostologa and other birds. (Pl. 11 and 12.) April
24 he visited another cave at the Bassin Zime to the northeast, and
on April 25 returned to Port-au-Prince.

On April 26 he journeyed by airplane through courtesy of the
Marine Corps from Port-au-Prince to the north over the Central
Plain, past the ruins of the Citadelle of Christophe perched on its
high hilltop, to Cap-Haitien and then overland by motor car to
Poste Charbert where work continued until April 28, including a visit
to Caracol on the coast on April 27. Returning by plane with Capt.
k. A. Pressley he crossed to Gonaives and for miles flew low over
the coastal swamps viewing the myriads of water birds from the air
and finally locating the flamingos of which he was in search.

Early on the morning of April 30 he left the hospitable home of
Dr. and Mrs. George F. Freeman and began the long journey by
motor car to Santo Domingo City, proceeding by way of Belladére
and Comendador. That night he stopped in San Juan in the Do-
minican Republic, continuing the following morning to Azua to
arrange details of importation of part of his collecting outfit, and
then returned to Comendador to claim guns and ammunition which
it had been necessary to leave in the police station the night before.
Santo Domingo City was reached late that evening. He was re-
ceived with the greatest courtesy by Mr. E. E. Young, American
Minister, and by officials of the Dominican Republic, and on May
4 continued by motor car through Catarrey and Aguacate, scenes
of early investigations by Cherrie, to Bonao, Cotui, and San Fran-
cisco de Macoris. The following morning he went by train to San-

THE BIRDS OF HAITI AND THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 35

chez, where he remained until May 16, working in the swamps of the
Yuna delta, and visiting the Arroyo Barrancota and San Lorenzo
Bay to examine the caves, and the colonies of pelicans, terns and
frigate birds on the Cayos de los Pajares. (Pls. 3 and 13.)

Continuing May 16 to Moca and La Vega at the latter place he
bargained for pack mules and on the following day was bound for
the mountains of the interior. Leaving the palms and banana
plantations of the lowlands he traveled for miles through open
forests of beautiful pines past Jarabacoa, climbed by narrow trails
up the steep slopes of El Barrero, impassable during rains, to come
finally to El Rio, and on May 18 to the interior valley of Constanza,
where the air was cool and where, in winter, frosts come to kill
tender vegetation. (Pl. 15.) At Constanza, birds abounded, among
them especially a song sparrow of the genus Brachyspiza with its
relatives in South and Central America, and found elsewhere only
in the interior mountains of this island. Dense deciduous forests
covered many slopes, alternating with pines in pleasing contrast.
(Pls.4.and 14.) A rare quail-dove inhabited the jungles, and trogons
nested in hollow trees. In climate and topography, the region,
except for its vegetation, was reminiscent of the mountains of Ari-
zona and New Mexico.

On May 29 he came again to El Rio, and on May 30 reached La
Vega. May 31 he made a brief visit to Santiago, and on June 2
moved by motor car from La Vega to Santiago and from there by
train to Puerto Plata to leave for New York on June 3.

Bones of extinct mammals and birds secured by Mr. Miller in
Haiti in 1925 proved of such scientific value that further work there
became of importance. Through the interest of Dr. W. L. Abbott
the necessary funds were provided and on December 15, 1927, Mr.
A. J. Poole, aid in the Division of Mammals, United States National
Museum, began further work in the caves near St. Michel. Through
the courtesy of Mr. G. G. Burlingame, President of the United West
Indies Corporation, headquarters were made on the plantation at
L’Atalaye. Work continued here with brief interruptions until the
middle of March, with extensive collections containing many bird
bones as a result. Visits were made at the end of December and
during the first week of March to a cave at St. Raphael, at the mid-
die of February to the Citadelle, and during the first week in March
to Cap-Haitien. Before leaving for New York on March 21 Mr.
Poole also visited the cavern at Diquini near Port-au-Prince.

The following winter Mr. Poole returned to Haiti, accompanied
by Mr. W. M. Perrygo of the staff of taxidermists of the United
States National Museum to carry on further explorations in various
caves and to make zoological collections, particularly of birds and

36 BULLETIN 155, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

reptiles in areas not previously visited, the work being financed in
part by Dr. W. L. Abbott and in part by the Smithsonian Institution.
The following account is taken principally from the manuscript
notes of Mr. Poole. The collectors reached Port-au-Prince Decem-
ber 16, and on December 20 proceeded by way of Ennery to St.
Michel, where they established headquarters for work in that vicinity
and at L’Atalaye. January 10 they removed to St. Raphael, and
January 14 and 15 worked again at St. Michel. January 17 they
moved to Dondon, and on January 20 proceeded by way of Grand
Riviere to Cap-Haitien, and from there to Fort Liberté, where they
arrived January 26. Here they outfitted for work in the small
islands known as Les Sept Fréres, or the Seven Brothers, off the
coast. They reached the islands in a twenty foot Haitian sail boat
on January 28, on this day visiting Toruru, Monte Chico, and Muer-
tos Islands. All of these islands are small,*° Toruru being approx-
imately 150 meters long by 100 meters wide, flat and only slightly
elevated, with two or three small trees, a few bushes, small cacti, and
a rather heavy growth of coarse grass. The western side of the
island was rough with reefs projecting above the water and large
pieces of coral strewn over the narrow beach. Small lizards were
abundant. Monte Chico is almost a duplicate of Toruru both in
size, appearance and vegetation.

Camp was established on Muertos Island the afternoon of January
28, and this was used as a base during subsequent work on the islands.
This island, the smallest of the seven, is only 120 by 90 meters, very
low with sandy shores, and is surrounded on three sides by reefs. In
the center were three or four trees of good size and a small but heavy
growth of bushes. Small lizards were common, and there was a
colony of roof rats here.

Tercero Island, visited on January 30, is about 800 meters long
by 400 meters wide, surrounded by a wide, sandy beach. The island
was covered with thorny bushes and small trees, interspersed with
patches of cacti. At the northeast is a depression that apparently
marks the site of an old lagoon. The oystercatcher was obtained
here. The following day the boat was despatched for supplies but
was prevented from returning until February 3 during which period
the collectors were marooned on Muertos Island dependent on rains
for drinking water. On February 4 attempt was made to land on
Monte Grande, the largest in the group with rather heavy forest,
but weather conditions were not right to permit entry through the
reefs to the rocky shore so that they continued to Ratas Island. In

8 Hor an account of the plant-life of these islands see Ekman, Excursion Botanica al

Nord Oeste de la Republica Dominicana, published in Est. Agr. Moca, Ser. B, Bot., No. 17,
January, 1930, pp. 11-16.

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BUEEREMIN 155) (PEATE. 11

a
ES

BRO TE Fy
PEYIaSS hd Pu hae oe Saal

LIMESTONE RIDGE IN WHICH IS THE GROTTE SAN FRANCISCO AND OTHER
BONE CAVES

Near St. Michel, Haiti, April 21, 1927.

5
far’ eried

RE 8 Re
ve ae
mera Rb es
TYPICAL GULLY CUT THROUGH THE CENTRAL PLAIN, HAUNT OF MANY

BIRDS

Ravine Papaye, near Hinche, Haiti, April 22, 1927,

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BUEEEGIN 155 sRPEATE 12

INTERIOR OF GROTTE SAN FRANCISCO, TYPE LOCALITY OF EXTINCT BARN
OWL (TYTO OSTOLOGA)

Near St. Michel, Haiti, April 21, 1927.

THE RIVIERE SAMANA, IN THE FOOTHILLS ABOVE THE CENTRAL PLAIN OF
HAITI

Near Bassin Zime, Haiti, April 24, 1927.

THE BIRDS OF HAITI AND THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 37

size and vegetation this was similar to the neighboring Tercero Is-
land. At the north and east were extensive reefs exposed at low
tide, which were attractive to shore birds. They did not land on
Arenas Island but passed near enough to observe that it was identi-
cal with the others in form and vegetation. On February 5 the
party returned to Fort Liberté, with a collection representative of
the bird life of the islands as well as numerous other specimens.
Terns nest there but at this season had not yet come in to their
breeding grounds, it being reported by fishermen that they appeared
in May. The golden warbler and migrant sandpipers and plovers
were the most abundant birds.

At Fort Liberté birds were abundant and the collectors remained
there for some time securing an excellent collection. February 20
they left for Cap-Haitien, and continued on February 23 to St.
Marc. Here they collected in the hills back of town, and near the
Artibonite River at Pont Sondé, which is just north of the Artibo-
nite River on the road to Dessalines. February 27 they left in a
sailboat for Gonave Island, landing at Anse a Galets the following
day, and on March 2 moved back into the interior of the island to
the section called En Café, a nine hours’ journey to explore in caves,
and make collections of birds and reptiles. March 9 and 10 they
were at Massacrin, and March 11 and 12 at Plaine Mapou. March
13 they returned to Anse & Galets. Their instructions were to collect
principally in the interior of the island as previous work had been
done mainly on the coast. March 17 they arrived at Hinche where
they were given assistance by Mr. J. E. Boog-Scott, and on the
day following came to Cerca-la-Source. They located camp here
near a large cave 8 kilometers from the village where they were
occupied until March 29, this concluding their field work on the
island, as they sailed for the north from Port-au-Prince on April
3. Their collections are important both for remains of extinct an-
imals from new sites, and for the birds obtained from localities
hitherto unknown. Three North American migrants secured were
new to the avifauna of the island. Their work was materially
assisted by Gen. John M. Russell, American High Commissioner,
Dr. George F. Freeman, head of the Service Technique, and many
friendly officers in the United States Marine Corps and the Haitian
Gendarmerie.

DISCUSSION OF THE AVIFAUNA

The total list of forms of birds at present known from Hispaniola
and the islands adjacent, including Navassa, Gonave, Tortue, and
Saona is 215, while there are 13 additional that have been recorded
but on such questionable grounds that their occurrence is uncertain

38 BULLETIN 155, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

so that at present they are considered hypothetical. These last are
included in the general account that follows but the statement regard-
ing them is placed in brackets to indicate that their status in the list
is not definite.

The following references given in the works of older authors as
relating to birds from Hispaniola do not pertain to species of that
area, or may not be identified successfully from the data given:

Tamatia a téte & Gorge Rouges, Burron, Hist. Nat. Ois., vol. 7,
1780, p. 97, “Saint-Domingue.” This is a species of barbet figured
as the Barbu, de St. Domingue, by Daubenton, Planch. Enl., p. 206,
fig. 2, and is accredited to Hispaniola through some misunderstand-
ing of the locality from which it came.

Chirowiphia pareola, ‘Tristram, Cat. Coll. Birds belonging H. B.
Tristram, 1889, p. 121, listed as “(?) a. San Domingo, 1887.—A. S.
Toogood ” is certainly an error, as this bird known now as Chiroprion
pareola ranges from the Amazon Valley and Guiana to the Island of
Tobago.

Formicarius brachyurus, Hartuave, Isis, 1847, p. 609, listed from
Hispaniola is properly known as Ramphocinclus brachyurus, a
species confined to the island of Martinique.

Muscicapa coronata, Rirrer, Naturh. Reis. Westind. Insel Hayti,
1836, p. 156. “ Buff. 298, gekrénter Flhegenfinger ;” and Muscicapa
coronata “Azaras Churrinche,”’ Hartlaub, Isis, 1847, p. 609, listed
from Hispaniola, may refer to the vermilion flycatcher Pyrocephalus
rubinus, a species ranging in continental America from the south-
western United States to Argentina.

The following may refer to species of Hispaniola but give no
certain clue through which they may be identified :

Ficedula Carolinensis Brisson, Ornith., vol. 3, 1760, pp. 486-488.
(“S. Domingue,” described from a specimen sent by Chervain to de
Reaumur. )

Ficedula Dominicensis fusca Brisson, Ornith., vol. 3, 1760, pp.
5138-515, pl. 28, fig. 5. (“S. Domingue,” described from a specimen
sent by Chervain to de Reaumur, is perhaps a warbler.)

Muscicapa Americana Brisson, Ornith., vol. 2, 1760, pp. 383-386.
(“S. Domingue,” sent by Chervain to de Reaumur.)

Parra calidris Rirrer, Naturh. Reis. Westind. Insel Hayti, 1836,
p. 157. (Listed without comment.)

Sylvia griseicollis Visor, Hist. Nat. Ois. Amér. Sept., vol. 2,
1807, pp. 29-80, pl. 87. (“Saint-Domingue;” apparently a species
of warbler.)

Sylvicola griseocollis Hartiaus, Isis, 1847, p. 609. (Listed from
Hispaniola; probably taken from Vieillot’s Sylvia griseicollis.)

THE BIRDS OF HAITI AND THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 39

Sylvia pumilia Virww0T, Hist. Nat. Ois. Amér. Sept., vol 2, 1807,
p. 39, pl. 100. “A la Jamaique, 4 Saint-Domingue, 4 Caienne,
ainsi qu’a la Caroline; ” apparently a species of warbler.)

Sylvicola pumilia, Hartiavs, Isis, 1847, p. 609. (Listed from
Hispaniola; probably taken from Vieillot’s Sylvia pumilia.)

When birds as a concrete topic are mentioned in conversation
with those of foreign birth resident in Hispaniola, particularly with
Americans, the remark is inevitably made that the island has no
birds, a statement not entirely accurate as the number of forms that
has been found will indicate. This belief, however, has become a
part of the usual knowledge gathered by the casual tourist in brief
visits to Port-au-Prince or Santo Domingo City, and is so univer-
sally accepted that it is even current and established among some
of those residents who have interest in local natural history. In
consequence scant attention is paid to birds and an exceedingly
interesting subject for investigation has been almost wholly neglected.
This is true even among persons of native birth, since only the more
striking avian species are singled out by name, the small, obscurely
marked forms being designated usually merely as “ oiseaux,”
“siguas ” or “siguitas”” according to the language that is spoken.

It is true that as one traverses roads and trails by motor car or on
horse or mule back few birds are noted by either eye or ear, except by
one who is adept in field ornithology. The circumstance seems so con-
vincing that one might well accept current tradition in the matter
and turn to botanizing as an outlet for recreational energy, since
everywhere interesting plants of many species cloak the land in
profusion. Let an observant pedestrian follow the little footpaths
that everywhere in Haiti lead through the scrubs, or penetrate the
less frequented woodlands and thickets of the Dominican Republic,
and a different picture meets the view. Woodpeckers laugh and
call amid the trees, anis scale away with planelike flight from
branches barely out of reach, the lizard cuckoo peers out through
red-lidded eyes, the gray thrush hops robinlike to meet the visitor,
and a host of smaller forms that may perhaps be identified only with
glasses flutter among the branches or along the ground, each indi-
vidual intent on his own affairs. As one pauses and looks about
tiny palm swifts dart quickly overhead, a sparrow hawk or a bur-
rowing owl meets the view, or with chattering calls the curious palm-
chats flutter past in search of flowers or berries. Though it is true
that in Hispaniola birds are far fewer than in tropical regions of
Central and South America where hundreds of species may occur
at one locality, yet they are actually common, and in proportion to
the number of species are about as abundant in individuals as is the
case in the average temperate zone region. The number of resident

40 BULLETIN 155, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

birds is greatly augmented by swarms of migrants that reach the
island as the northern summer closes, and remain until spring and
the approach of the breeding season call them again northward,
but even after the first of May when the spring migration is prac-
tically at an end resident birds may be found in fair abundance by
one who searches properly.

The explanation of this strange difference between fact and current
information may be found in the lack of striking song among the
resident forms, and the silence of migrants and winter residents that
reserve their principal vocal efforts for sojourn in their northern
homes. The mockingbird, the vireo, and the thrush are the only
persistent singers whose notes are loud and striking. Crows gabble
among the palm trees, the woodpecker calls, parrots shriek and
squall, pigeons utter their hooting and cooing calls, and sudden out-
bursts of sound come from flocks of palm-chats. Aside from these
striking bird notes are few. The little yellow-throated grassquit
sings constantly but so modestly that its notes may be scarcely heard
with the singer near at hand in plain view. The same is true of
a number of other species that are commonly distributed. Again
breeding seasons for different individuals may vary through a con-
siderable period so that only a part of each species may be in song
at one time. There is thus no concentration of annual song in a
brief period of weeks as in regions with definite seasons.

As these lines were first written on a pleasant morning in early
June, 1927, in the woodlands of Plummers Island in the Potomac
River a few miles above the city of Washington the notes of wood
thrush, red-eyed vireo, Kentucky warbler, cardinal, tufted titmouse,
and a host of minor songsters greeted the ear, while an hour earlier
in open fields not far distant there were heard the songs of blue-
birds, robins, house wrens, chats, chewinks, thrashers, and field
sparrows. At the same time memory carried back ten days to a
last excursion in the highlands of the Dominican Republic where
squamated pigeons, trogons, solitaires, parrots and strange flycatch-
ers furnished the avian chorus, while other equally interesting forms
went silently about their affairs, and one is convinced that it is to
their less exuberant notes and not to smaller numbers that we must
attribute the current belief that Hispaniola has no birds. The ap-
parent paucity is due to lack in perception on the part of the observer.

Of the known forms of birds of Hispaniola there are 68 that are
endemic in the area considered, most of these being found on the
main island, with a few confined to Gonave, Tortue, Navassa, or
Saona. Most of these peculiar forms have allies in the other islands
of the Greater Antillean group but a few, as Rupornis ridgwayi,
Speotyto c. dominicensis, Loximitris dominicensis, Lowia megaplaga,
and Brachyspiza c. antillarum are here isolated in their distribution,

THE BIRDS OF HAITI AND THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 41

having their nearest relatives in the Lesser Antilles or on the Amer-
ican continents. Certain others, as Dulus dominicus, Lawrencia
nana, the two species of Aficroligea, Calyptophilus, and Phaenico-
philus are quite peculiar, Dulus, Lawrencia, and Calyptophilus, espe-
cially being without known relatives of close affinity. The occur-
rence of a species of Zowia with its nearest relatives breeding in the
boreal areas of North America and of a form of Brachyspiza, rang-
ing elsewhere through South America north into Costa Rica is espe-
cially notable in its union in the highlands of this Antillean island
of faunal elements considered typical respectively of the northern
and southern American continents. Though the presence of these
two here may be due to some fortuitous chance it is suggestive of an
earlier time, perhaps in the Pleistocene, possibly at the close of the
Tertiary, when these and other similar forms had a broader range
than at present, but through various causes have been restricted
elsewhere leaving a few survivors on Hispaniola as indication of
their former spread.

Following is the complete list of living forms peculiar to this area:

Accipiter striatus striatus
Rupornis ridgwayt

Falco sparverius dominicensis
Rallus longirosiris vafer

OE dicnemus dominicensis
Chaemepelia passerina navassae
Oreopeleia leucometopius
Amazona ventralis

Aratinga chloroptera chloroptera
Hyetornis rujigularis

Saurothera longirostris longirostris
Saurothera longirostris petersi ®
Tyto glaucops

Speotyto cunicularia troglodytes
Asio domingensis domingensis
Asio stygius noctipetens
Antrostomus cubanensis ekmani
Siphonorhis brewsteri
Nyctibius griseus abbotti
Anthracothorax dominicus
Riccordia swainsonii
Mellisuga minima vielloti
Temnotrogon roseigaster
Todus angustirostris
Todus subulatus
Chryserpes striatus

® Confined to Gonave Island.

42 BULLETIN 155, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

Nesoctites micromegas

Nesoctites abbotti®

Tolmarchus gabbii

Myarchus dominicensis

Blacicus hispaniolensis hispaniolensis

Blacicus hispaniolensis tacitus ®

Elaenia albicapilla

Lamprochelidon sclatert

Corvus palmarum palmarum

Mimus polyglottos dominicus

Mimocichla ardosiacea ardosiacea

Haplocichla swalest

Myadestes genibarbis montanus

Dulus dominicus dominicus

Dulus dominicus oviedo ®

Vireo crassirostris tortugae

Lawrencia nana

Coereba bananivora bananivora

Coereba bananivora nectarea ™®

Dendroica petechia albicollis

Dendroica petechia solaris ®

Dendroica pinus chrysoleuca

Microligea palustris

Microligea montana:

Icterus dominicensis

Holoquiscalus niger niger

Tanagra musica

Calyptophilus frugivorus frugivorus
Re frugiworus abbotti®

tertius tertius

RS “ selleanus

Spindalis multicolor

Phaenicophilus poliocephalus poliocephalus
Phaenicophilus poliocephalus coryt ®
Phaenicophilus palmarum palmarum
Phaenicophilus palmarum eurous 1+
Loxwimitris dominicensis

Lowia megaplaga

Loxigilla violacea affinis

Lowigilla violacea maurella*
Ammodramus savannarum intricatus
Brachyspiza capensis antillarum

+
® Confined to Tonave Island.

10 Found only on Tortue Island.
1 Peculiar to Saona Island.

U. S. NATIONAL. MUSEUM BUEEETRIN 155 PEATE 13

VIEW AMONG ISLAS DE LOS PAJAROS, BREEDING PLACE OF SEA BIRDS

San Lorenzo Bay, Dominican Republic, May 11, 1927.

CAVE ON SAN LORENZO BAY, DOMINICAN REPUBLIC, FORMERLY INHAB-
ITED BY INDIANS

May 11, 1927

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 155 PLATE 14

HILLS NEAR THE VALLEY OF CONSTANZA, DOMINICAN REPUBLIC

May 24, 1927.

i i?"
r % dee.

er: wn
Rae. Gar
6 an. ‘

Teme. ‘nad

VIEW ACROSS THE VALLEY OF CONSTANZA, DOMINICAN REPUBLIC

May 24, 1929,

THE BIRDS OF HAITI AND THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 43

From cavern deposits there has been described also one species, a
great barn owl 7'yto ostologa, a form of huge dimension compared
to its living relatives, that seems to have lived within comparatively
recent times but that so far as known is now entirely extinct. In-
cluding this owl the endemic forms number 69. Account of the birds
of the cavern bone deposits will be the subject of a special report
when the extensive collections secured in recent work have been
fully identified.

Among extinct species there is also to be included in all proba-
bility a macaw of which nothing is known except for brief mention
by Buffon on the authority of the naturalist Deshayes. The color
and size of this bird remain entirely unknown and its very presence
is open to question, though probable because of the known occurrence
of species of this group on Cuba and Jamaica.

Migrant birds from North America and a few from elsewhere
come to Hispaniola in abundance and in the northern winter season
furnish a prominent element in the insular birdlife. There are no
doubt additions to be made to this list particularly among the
waterbirds so that local observers will do well to pay close attention
to them. Some of those reported seem to have come merely as strag-
glers while the relative abundance of others is at present uncertain.
Among species of casual occurrence Wilson’s petrel Oceanites 0.
oceanicus breeds in southern seas and comes northward in its migra-
tions. One form of nighthawk Chordeiles m. gundlachii is seem-
ingly migrant through this area from breeding grounds in Cuba.
To the naturalist from North America one of the pleasing features
of the migrant swarm of wood warblers is the great abundance
of the Cape May warbler which seems to center its winter distribu-
tion in this island and is at times the most abundant of the smaller
birds. In connection with migration, attention is directed to the
records of common terns and black-crowned night herons banded in
the United States and found subsequently in Hispaniola accounts
of which are given under the species in subsequent pages. Following
is a complete list of the migrant species at present known from the
island:

Oceanodroma leucorhoa leucorhoa
Oceanites oceanicus oceanicus
Butorides virescens virescens
Nycticorax nycticorax hoactli
Nettion carolinense

Querquedula discors

Nyroca affinis

Circus hudsonius

Pandion haliaétus carolinensis

44 BULLETIN 155, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

Falco peregrinus anatum

Falco columbarius columbarius
Porzana carolina

Fulica americana americana
Charadrius melodus
Charadrius semipalmatus
Oxyechus vociferus vociferus
Pluvialis dominicus dominicus
Squatarola squatarola cynosurae
Arenaria interpres morinella
Capella delicata

Phaeopus hudsonicus

Actitis macularia

Tringa solitaria solitaria
Totanus flavipes

Totanus melanoleucus

Pisobia minutilla

Pisobia melanotos

Micropalama himantopus
Ereunetes pusillus

Ereunetes maurt

Tryngites subruficollis
Crocethia alba

Larus argentatus smithsonianus
Sterna hirundo hirundo
Chiidonias nigra surinamensis
Antrostomus carolinensis
Chordeiles minor gundlachiz
Chaetura pelagica

Megaceryle alcyon alcyon
Sphyrapicus varius varius
Riparia riparia riparia
Hirundo erythrogaster
Dumetella carolinensis
Hylocichla minima minima
Bombycilla cedrorum

Mniotilia varia

Compsothlypis americana pusilla
Dendroica tigrina

Dendroica coronata coronata
Dendroica caerulescens caerulescens
Dendroica caerulescens cairnst
Dendroica dominica dominica
Dendroica palmarum palmarum

THE BIRDS OF HAITI AND THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 45

Dendroica magnolia

Dendroica discolor

Dendroica striata

Seiurus aurocapillus aurocapillus
Seiurus motacilla

Seiurus noveboracensis noveboracensis
Seiurus noveboracensis notabilis
Geothlypis trichas trichas
Geothlypis trichas brachidactyla
Setophaga ruticilla

Dolichonyx oryzivorus

Hedymeles ludoviciana

Of numerous attempts at the introduction of exotic birds definite
success seems to have attended the experiment with only four kinds,
namely, Colinus v. virginianus, Colinus v. cubanensis, Numida gale-
ata, and Textor c. cucullatus. Lieutenant Wirkus of the Gendar-
merie is reported to have brought guinea fowl to Gonave Island
in an attempt to establish them there as a game bird but so far as
known without success, as this species has not been recorded wild.
Gonave seems to have been the field for earlier experiments of this
sort since in the account of Moreau Saint-Méry (vol. 2, 1798, p. 529)
we read that “ depuis cette epoque [1787] & pendant son généralat,
M. de la Luzerne s’est occupé de peupler la Gonave de plusieurs
animaux utiles—I1 y a fait mettre des pacaris venus de Carthagéne,
des Agamis tirés de Cayenne, & on vient d’y lacher 4 paires de
tourterelles & deux oiseaux martins de L’Isle de France.” Nothing
is known further of these attempts.

The peacock seems to have become wild on the plains of Neyba,
Dominican Republic near the close of the eighteenth century as
Saint-Méry ** says “ Here it is also that are found the royal or
crowned peacocks (a mixture of the white and colored peacock),
which are highly esteemed, because they have a more delicate flavour
than the common peacocks, and because the beauty of the brilliant
plumage surpasses that of the peacocks in Europe.” He says they
were also found at Azua. Walton*® records them from Neyba
saying “ nor can anything be more pleasing than to see flocks of this
animal feeding in stately parade in the rich bottoms. Though their
plumage is not so brilliant as those we domesticate in Europe it still
varies to the sight in gay colours. * * * This is the only quar-
ter where the bird is seen collectively.”

? Descrip. Span. Part Saint-Domingo, vol. 1, 1798, pp. 85, 306.
18 Pres. State Span. Col. incl. partic. Rep. Hispafiola, vol. 1, 1810, pp. 121-122.

2134—31——_4

46 BULLETIN 155, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

The turkey (Meleagris gallopavo) seems at one time to have been
feral on the island since the Baron de Wimpffen in his Voyage to
Saint Domingo in the years 1788, 1789 and 1790 says (p. 124) “the
turkeys, which the Jesuits seem only to have domesticated for them-
selves, had again run wild” and on the following page remarks
“when we are in want of game, I take my gun, go into the coverts,
and bring home a turkey, just as a sportsman, with you, does a
snipe, or a woodcock.”

Wimpffen in another place (p. 161) mentions the “ Hoco” say-
ing further (p. 162) “the Hoco, Oco, or Oeco transported hither
from Cayenne, and originally from Mexico, with a plumage of
glossy black, except the breast which is white, and a crest of the
most beautiful yellow, is stronger and larger than the peacock.”

Ritter also ** says that a curassow “ Crux alector” was introduced
into Haiti from Mexico.

Bond * lists the domestic fowl Gallus gallus with the local name
Poule marron with the remark that it is “ said to occur near Caracol
in a wild state, though I never encountered it. Doctor Barbour,
of the Service Technique, tells me that they are smaller than the
average domestic fowl and are mottled in appearance.” Columbus
included the domestic fowl among the animals that he brought to
Hispaniola on his second voyage in 1493.

REMARKS ON DISTRIBUTION

The resident forms of Hispaniola divide loosely into two prin-
cipal groups, one of species found on the coastal plain or lower
hills of the interior some of whose members range at large over the
entire main island, and a second much smaller aggregation confined
to the high interior mountains. The endemic forms in the first
mentioned are mainly of types that range through the adjacent
Greater Antillean islands, with a few highly peculiar species, as,
Lawrencia nana and Dulus dominicus, that have no close relatives
elsewhere. The high mountain species, as, Lowvia megaplaga and
Brachyspiza capensis antillarum are highly peculiar in occurrence
and seem to represent remnants of an ancient general distribution
of these types that have become extinct in adjacent islands being
preserved in the upland area of Hispaniola where the elevated lands
are of greater extent than elsewhere in the West Indies. The actual
range of these mountain forms in Haiti and the Dominican Re-
public still remains to be accurately determined. The crossbill,
Elaenia, and Microligea montana are found in Haiti on the higher
slopes of La Selle. Possibly some other of the peculiar forms

4 Naturh, Reis. Westind. Insel Hayti, 1836, p. 150.
+ Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 80, 1928, p. 520.

THE BIRDS OF HAITI AND THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 47

known about Constanza in the Dominican Republic may be found
on La Selle or in northern Haiti when the mountains of that repub-
lic have been more thoroughly explored.

Some peculiarities of distribution are of interest though in some
cases without apparent cause. To date there seem to be no records
from the Samana Peninsula for the elsewhere omnipresent ground
dove. This peninsula it will be recalled is a mountainous ridge
separated from other high ground by a broad area of lowland swamp
so that it is in effect an island. If the ground dove occurs in that
area it is local and has escaped record by collectors. Ovreopeleia
leucometopius and Brachyspiza capensis antillarum are known only
from the high interior of the island in the region extending from
near E] Rio and Constanza to Tibano and the mountains above San
Juan. The handsome thrush Haplocichla swalesi has been found
only on the high ridge of Morne La Selle, and Phaenicophilus
poliocephalus poliocephalus is known only in the western part of the
southwestern peninsula, except for the geographic race P. p. coryt
of Gonave Island, though its close relative Phaenicophilus palmarum
palmarum ranges universally through the main island.

As of interest in this discussion of distribution there is summa-
rized in following paragraphs what is known of the birds to be found
on some of the small islands adjacent to the coasts of Haiti and the
Dominican Republic.

BIRDS OF GONAVE ISLAND

Gonave Island, the largest of the separate islands tributary to the
main island of Hispaniola, has much of romantic interest, and has
been the object of considerable research since its peculiarities were
first made known by Dr. W. L. Abbott. The total list reported
from it is now 84 forms which seems fairly complete though nu-
merous others may be expected. Resident birds on Gonave show
a decided tendency to variation in the direction of slightly larger ©
size and grayer coloration from those of adjacent Haiti so that
there have been recognized 7 geographic races as peculiar to Gonave
alone, all of these being allied to Haitian forms. Following is the
complete list known for Gonave on present information:

Pelecanus occidentalis occidentalis
Sula leucogastra leucogastra
Fregata magnificens

Ardea herodias adoxa
Hydranassa tricolor ruficollis
Florida caerulea caerulescens
Butorides virescens maculatus
Nyctanassa violacea violacea
Phoenicopterus ruber

48 BULLETIN 155, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

Buteo jamaicensis jamaicensis

Falco sparverius dominicensis

Aramus pictus elucus

Rallus longirostris vafer

Pagolla wilsonia rufinucha

Oxyechus vociferus rubidus

Totanus flavipes

Totanus melanoleucus

Pisobia minutilla

Ereunetes pusillus

Himantopus meaxicanus

Gelochelidon nilotica aranea

Sterna albifrons antillarum

Thalasseus maximus maximus

Columba leucocephala

Columba squamosa

Zenaida zenaida zenaida

Zenaidura macroura macroura

Melopelia asiatica asiatica

Chaemepelia passerina insularis

Oreopeleia montana

Oreopeleia chrysia

Amazona ventralis

Coccyzus americanus americanus

Coccyzus minor teres

Hyetornis rufigularis

Saurothera longirostris petersi **

Crotophaga ant

Speotyto cunicularia troglodytes

Asio stygius noctipetens

Siphonorhis brewstert

Chordeiles minor vicinus

Nyctibius griseus abbotti

Anthracothorax dominicus

Riccordia swainsonit

Mellisuga minima vielloti

Megaceryle alcyon aleyon

Todus subulatus

Sphyrapicus varius varius

Nesoctites abbotti®

Tyrannus dominicensis dominicensis

Myiarchus dominicensis
Blacicus hispaniolensis tacitus ‘®

Petrochelidon fulva fulva

18 Peculiar to Gonave Island.

THE BIRDS OF HAITI AND THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 49

Corvus leucognaphalus
Mimus polyglottos dominicus
Mimocichla ardosiacea ardosiacea
Dulus dominicus oviedo
Vireo olivaceus olivaceus
Lawrencia nana

~ Coereba bananivora bananivora
Mniotilta varia
Compsothlypis americana pusilla
Dendroica petechia solaris *°

55 tigrina
< caerulescens caerulescens
ee dominica dominica
re palmarum palmarum
discolor
#6 striata
Seiurus aurocapillus aurocapillus
et motacilla

re noveboracensis noveboracensis
Geothly pis trichas trichas
se “ brachidactyla
Icterus dominicensis
Holoquiscalus niger niger
Tanagra musica
Calyptophilus frugivorus abbotti
Spindalis multicolor
Phaenicophilus poliocephalus coryt*
Hedymeles ludovicianus
Tiaris olivacea olivacea
“bicolor marchit
Lowigilla violacea affinis

BIRDS OF TORTUB ISLAND

Tortue Island off the northern coast of Haiti like Gonave has had
its bird life first known through the investigations of Doctor Abbott.
At present 47 forms of birds have been recorded from its confines, a
number that is sure to be considerably augmented. As the channel
separating Tortue from Haiti is deep ranging from 270 to 625
fathoms in depth, it might be expected to show as much peculiarity
in its birdlife as Gonave but to date only three forms have been
recognized as restricted to it. One of these, Vireo crasstrostris tor-
tugae, has no representative on Hispaniola proper being allied to
forms of the Bahama Islands to the north. The occurrence of this

1 Peculiar to Gonave Island,

50 BULLETIN 155, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

_ bird on Tortue would seem to be fortuitous since there is little reason
to suppose a former close union of Tortue with the Bahamas. The
honey-creeper and grosbeak (Loaigilla) of Tortue differ from those
of the main island, while the lizard-cuckoo is the same. It will
be recalled that the latter on Gonave is a distinct race. Numbers of
the peculiar types of Hispaniola are not known to range to Tortue.
Following is the complete list of birds known from the island:

Phaéthon lepturus catesbyt
Falco sparverius dominicensis
Aramus pictus elucus
Pagolla wilsonia rufinucha
Totanus flavipes
Crocethia alba
Himantopus mexicanus
Columba leucocephala

inornata inornata
Zenaida zenaida zenaida
Zenaidura macroura macroura
Chaemepelia passerina insularis
Oreopeleia chrysia
Coccyzus minor teres
Saurothera longirostris longtrostris
Chordeiles minor vicinus
Chaetura pelagica
Streptoprocne zonaris pallidifrons
Anthracothorax dominicus
Mellisuga minima viellote
Sphyrapicus varius varius
Tyrannus dominicensis dominicensis
Myiarchus dominicensis
Petrochelidon fulva fulwa
Dumetella carolinensis
Mimus polyglottos dominicus
Mimocichla ardosiacea ardosiacea
Vireo crassirostris tortugae **
Vireo olivaceus olivaceus
Coereba bananivora nectarea **
Uniotilta varia
Compsothlypis americana pusilla
Dendroica petechia albicollis

ge tigrina

a coronata coronata

r caerulescens caerulescens
- palmarum palmarum

17 Peculiar to Tortue Island.

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BUEEETIN 155° PEATE 15

EDGE OF PINE FOREST WITH GUAVA BUSHES IN FOREGROUND, HAUNT OF
SONG SPARROW (BRACHYSPIZA C. ANTILLARUM)

Near Constanza, Dominican Republic, May 20, 1927.

HEADWATERS OF RiO JIMENOA

Near El] Rio, Dominican Republic, May 29, 1927.

haa of
ener i
_

i oe hen
bie Y es

tare a Pee, 0 :
a - eat
>
=_ a © he _
aahc, a 7

- 2

aaa 3
~,.s
e

THE BIRDS OF HAITI AND THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 51

Dendroica discolor

Seiurus aurocapillus aurocapillus
“ — noveboracensis notabilis

Geothlypis trichas brachidactyla

Dolichonyx oryzivorus

Icterus dominicensis

Holoquiscalus niger niger

Tiaris olivacea olivacea
“bicolor marchii

Lowigilla violacea maurella*

BIRDS OF GRANDD CAYEMITH ISLAND

The avifauna of this small island is known only from a brief visit
by Dr. W. L. Abbott who recorded there 13 forms of birds, a list that
will be greatly extended. The abundance of Rupornis ridgwayi, (col-
lected also on Petite Cayemite) is the only matter of especial note.
Following is the known list:

Pelecanus occidentalis occidentalis
Hydranassa tricolor ruficollis
Nyctanassa violacea violacea
Rupornis ridgwayt
Pagolla wilsonia rufinucha
Totanus flavipes
Pisobia minutilla
Himantopus mexicanus
Columba leucocephala
MU yiarchus dominicensis
Dendroica coronata coronata

iF palmarum palmarum
Tiaris olivacea olivacea

BIRDS OF SAONA ISLAND

The bird life of Saona Island also is known through the efforts of
Doctor Abbott who collected there briefly at a period when birds
were in poor plumage. One form Phaenicophilus palmarum eurous
is peculiar. The following list of 22 forms known now from Saona
will be greatly extended:

Sula leucogastra leucogastra
“ piscator
Fregata magnificens
Charadrius melodus
Oxyechus vociferus rubidus
Catoptrophorus semipalmatus semipalmatus

4 Peculiar to Tortue Island.

52 BULLETIN 155, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

Totanus flavipes

melanoleucus
Pisobia melanotos
Larus atricilla
Sterna hirundo hirundo

“ dougallii dougallit

“ fuscata fuscata

“ albifrons antillarum
Thalasseus maximus maximus
Chlidonias nigra surinamensis
Chaemepelia passerina insularis
Coccyzus minor teres
Tyrannus dominicensis dominicensis
Hirundo erythrogaster
Corvus leucognaphalus
Phaenicophilus palmarum eurous

BIRDS OF THE SEVEN BROTHERS ISLANDS

The bird life of this group of seven small islets off the north coast
between Cap-Haitien and Monte Cristi is known principally from
brief investigations made by A. J. Poole and W. M. Perrygo of the
United States National Museum who collected there at the end of Jan-~
uary and beginning of February, 1929. They did not succeed in land-
ing on the island of Monte Grande which is well wooded and where
conditions for small birds are better than on the other islets of the
group. Further observations will add considerably to the lst of
birds that they obtained especially in the way of more migrants
since these islands are in a position to attract wandering or lost
individuals. The known list of forms follows:

Ardea herodias adoxva
Florida caerulea caerulescens
Pandion haliaétus carolinensis
Haematopus palliatus prattii
Charadrius melodus
Squatarola squatarola cynosurae
Arenaria interpres morinella
Ereunetes pusillus

maure
Crocethia alba
Sterna anaetheta melanoptera

“ fuscata fuscata

Thalasseus maximus maximus
Dendroica petechia albicollis

ee coronata coronata

us discolor

THE BIRDS OF HAITI AND THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 53
BIRDS OF NAVASSA ISLAND

Finally there may be listed the few birds known from distant
Navassa, an American possession that is included in the present ac-
count through its geographic position. Our present knowledge of
the life of this island comes principally from the work of R. H.
Beck who was there in July, 1917, and Dr. E. L. Ekman who visited
Navassa in October, 1928. The list at present contains twenty-one
forms, one peculiar to the island and two of doubtful status:

Sula leucogastra leucogastra

“ priscator
Fregata magnificens
Falco peregrinus anatum
Sterna anaetheta melanoptera
Columba leucocephala
Columba squamosa
Chaemepelia passerina navassae
Coceyzus americanus americanus
Crotophaga ani
?Tyto glaucops
Megaceryle alcyon alcyon
Tyrannus dominicensis dominicensis
?Petrochelidon fulva fulva
Vireo olivaceus olivaceus
Mniotilta varia
Dendroica palmarum palmarum
Seiurus aurocapillus aurocapillus
Geothlypis trichas brachidactyla
Setophaga ruticilla

RECOMMENDATIONS REGARDING FURTHER STUDIES

Attempt has been made in the present paper to make the account
for each form complete so far as existing information permits but the
many gaps in our knowledge of many birds are readily evident on
careful perusal. There are needed especially definite observations on
the nests, eggs, and nesting habits of numerous forms, and an
economic study of the avifauna remains to be undertaken. The range
of the high mountain species remains to be worked out in detail,
and there is required much information regarding migrants that
come to the island with regard to their arrival, departure, and relative
abundance. In a word, the present account with its summary of
present information may be taken as a starting point for further
detailed studies.

Finally, recommendation is made that definite areas in both re-
publics be set aside as national parks and established as sanctuaries

54 BULLETIN 155, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

where original conditions may be preserved for coming generations
and the continuance of plants, birds, and other animal life assured.
In the present stage of development there remain large areas that as
yet have not been commercially exploited where the original
xerophytic forests, rain-forests, or stands of pine remain in their
primitive condition, but every year sees some curtailment of this
condition and some new use proposed for these various types of land.
Establishment of park areas and forest reserves, for example in the
Quita Espuela district, in the high mountain area about Constanza,
on the ridge of La Selle, and in the La Hotte region may now be
made without particular difficulty. If delayed too long the timber
will be largely destroyed and a condition similar to that in Porto
Rico where it has been possible to establish only one reserve of any
extent, that on El Yunque, while elsewhere original conditions have
been largely destroyed, will result. Such park areas, set aside now
and guarded from fire and needless cutting, will prove valuable
assets for the future.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The present account of the birds of Hispaniola is due primarily to
the interest of Dr. W. L. Abbott, whose untiring energy during his
prolonged work in the field assembled the bulk of the specimens
upon which our work has been based, giving to the United States
National Museum what is unquestionably the finest and most com-
plete collection of the birds of this area extant. In addition to speci-
mens Doctor Abbott has furnished numerous manuscript notes and
much oral information on the frequent occasions on which he has been
consulted, either in the museum or during visits to his home in
Maryland. His assistance has given the greatest addition to knowl-
edge of the avifauna of this region that has come in the present cen-
tury, and has continued beyond his personal efforts in that he has
financed further work on the part of others. The United States
National Museum stands deeply indebted to him for his long and
continued interest.

In work in the field in 1927 Doctor Wetmore was most hospita-
bly received in both Haiti and the Dominican Republic, and has
to acknowledge many courtesies. Through the State Department
necessary information and other courtesies were obtained. Col. D. C.
McDougal, of the United States Marine Corps, gave much informa-
tion regarding the island as well as letters that aided most mate-
rially in establishing contacts in Haiti. In Port-au-Prince Doctor
Wetmore was received with every attention by Gen. John H. Rus-
sell, American High Commissioner, and was assisted further by Gen.
Julius Turrill, at that time Chief of the Gendarmerie d’Haiti, and

THE BIRDS OF HAITI AND THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 55

other officers of the Gendarmerie. Thanks are due to the air service
of the Marine Corps for transportation to and from Cap-Haitien by
plane, a courtesy that enabled a view of the northern part of the
republic not otherwise possible in the time at hand.

Dr. George F. Freeman, Directeur Général of the Service Tech-
nique du Departement de l’Agriculture, was deeply interested in
the work and afforded every facility to further it, and with Mrs.
Freeman extended the hospitality of his home in Port-au-Prince,
besides assisting most materially in work throughout the country.
To Dr. and Mrs. C. H. Arndt, and Mr. and Mrs. J. E. Boog-Scott
thanks are due for hospitable entertainment at Fonds-des-Négres
and Hinche, respectively, while to Dr. William R. Barbour thanks
must be returned for the arrangements that permitted work in the
north at Poste Charbert. Dr. G. N. Wolcott thoughtfully arranged
several local excursions about Port-au-Prince, and other assistance
came from Dr. Carl Colvin, Dr. A. E. Vinson, and Mr. M. J. Perry
of the Service Technique. Dr. E. L. Ekman, the botanist, was a
pleasant companion during an excursion to La Selle, his knowledge
of the country and of the people rendering comparatively simple
a task otherwise somewhat difficult.

In Santo Domingo City Mr. Evan E. Young, American Minis-
ter, was most helpful in giving advice, and in arranging for per-
mits necessary before field work could be begun, ‘These were granted
most expeditiously and considerately by Sefior Luis Ginebra, at
that time Secretario de Estado del Interior, Policia, Guerra y
Marina. Earlier assistance in these matters had been courteously
rendered by Sefior Angel Morales, Minister from the Dominican
Republic in Washington, and by Lic. Ramoén O. Lovatén, Minister
from the Dominican Republic in Port-au-Prince. At La Vega
valuable assistance was obtained through the governor of the prov-
ince, Senor Tedfilo Cordero y Bido in arrangements for a trip to
Constanza. Finally thanks must be returned to many persons who
rendered hospitality during travel in regions not too plentifully sup-
plied with hotel and other accommodations without whose friendly
aid the journey would have been difficult or impossible.

In work on collections during the preparation of this report speci-
mens have been examined in the Field Museum in Chicago, the
Museum of Comparative Zodlogy in Cambridge, and the American
Museum of Natural History in New York City, and necessary ma-
terial has been received in loan from these institutions, as well as
from Mr. J. H. Fleming of Toronto, who further supplied a list of
specimens from the Dominican Republic collection secured from the
field work of Verrill. Dr. Frank M. Chapman permitted examina-
tion of material in the Beck collections, and Dr. Robert Cushman

56 BULLETIN 155, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

Murphy allowed access to Beck’s manuscript journal for information
regarding collecting localities. Dr. C. E. Hellmayr has been most
helpful in furnishing information regarding specimens in the Cory
collection in the Field Museum, and Mr. J. L. Peters has given
valuable assistance and data, especially useful from his personal
experience in the field in the Dominican Republic. Dr. Ernst
Hartert has kindly furnished data on many specimens in the Tring
Museum, Dr. Einar Lonnberg has given information regarding skins
received from Doctor Ekman and Dr. E. Moltoni has supplied cer-
tain data from specimens in his charge. Finally thanks are due
Dr. Charles W. Richmond, Associate Curator in the Division of
Birds in the United States National Museum, particularly for advice
in certain questions of nomenclature.

METHOD OF TREATMENT

With each of the forms treated in the annotated list that follows,
there is given the current scientific name, with the authority, fol-
lowed by the usual English name and the names current locally in
Hispaniola in Spanish, French, and Creole where these are known.
The first reference to literature that follows, is, in all cases, that to
the publication where the form was first described under the accepted
scientific name, and includes in parentheses the type locality. There
follows a brief synonymy, that includes synonyms where an endemic
bird has been redescribed, and that gives the more important perti-
nent references to the scientific names or common names under which
the form has been recorded from Hispaniola. In parentheses there
is included a brief statement as to occurrence or other points of
interest in the reference concerned. By consulting this synonymy
it will be possible to coordinate names used in the writings of older
authors with modern usage where there has been change. There has
been no attempt to make the synonymy exhaustive or complete as
it is considered that this would be useless labor, but there have been
included all references of interest or value, so far as they have come
to attention.

The first paragraph in the general account under each form gives
briefly a statement of the occurrence and range so far as concerns
Hispaniola. This is followed by discussion in detail of the various
records available with what is known of the habits, song, charac-
teristics, and other matters of interest. A final paragraph presents
in brief form a statement regarding size and color that will be of
assistance in identifying the various birds of the island. It is be-
heved that this last will be useful information since there is no
compact handbook available that covers the birds of the region.
The student will find the Handbook of the Birds of Eastern North

THE BIRDS OF HAITI AND THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 57

America, by Dr. Frank M. Chapman (published by D. Appleton
and Company, New York City), a useful work of reference;
though this does not treat the forms peculiar to the West Indies,
it includes the many migrants that come to Hispaniola from North
America, as well as many of the water-birds which have extended
ranges that carry them to the shores of the mainland as well as
through the Greater Antilles.

The island covered in this account is known variously as Haiti
or as Santo Domingo (sometimes written San Domingo), current
terms that may cause some confusion where attempt is made to
make statement regarding the eastern or western sections since the
land is occupied politically by two separate countries, the Domini-
can Republic in the east and the Republic of Haiti in the west.
Difficulty at once arises when either Haiti or Santo Domingo is
used when reference is made to the entire island to express the in-
tended thought clearly, this being further complicated in references
from the older French works on natural history in which the present
area occupied by the Republic of Haiti, formerly a French colony,
is termed Saint-Domingue. To avoid any ambiguity of meaning
in the present account the name Hispaniola, used for the island by
the early Spanish writers, has been adopted for reference when the
entire area is intended, while where Haiti or the Dominican Republic
is mentioned reference is made to the territory occupied now by
these two republics. This course has been followed as the simplest
method to permit clear, concise statement.

Order COLYMBIFORMES
Family COLYMBIDAE

COLYMBUS DOMINICUS DOMINICUS Linnaeus

WEST INDIAN GREBE, ZARAMAGULLON, ZAMBULLIDOR, TIGUA, PLONGEON,
CASTAGNEUX DE SAINT-DOMINGUE, PETIT PLONGEON

Colymbus dominicus LINNAEUS, Syst. Nat., vol. 1, 1766, p. 228 (Hispaniola).

Colymbus fluviatilis Dominicensis Brisson, Ornith., vol. 6, 1760, pp. 64-67,
pl. 5, fig. 2 (sent to de Reaumur by Chervain).

Castagneux de Saint-Domingue, Burron, Hist. Nat. Ois., vol. 8, 1781, p. 248
(‘ Saint-Domingue ”).—DrscourtiLtz, Voy. Nat., vol. 2, 1809, p. 265 (taken
once).

Podiceps dominicus, Satit, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1857, p. 237 (Higuéy).—
Bryant, Proc. Boston Soe. Nat. Hist., vol. 11, May, 1867, p. 97 (Haiti).—Cory,
Birds Haiti and San Domingo, March, 1885, pp. 185-186 (listed after Bryant) .—
TIPPENHAUER, Die Insel Haiti, 1892, pp. 318, 323 (listed).—LONNBERGe, Fauna
och Flora, 1929, p. 100 (Haiti, specimen).

Podicipes dominicus, Curisty, Ibis, 1897, p. 348 (Yuna swamps).

Colymbus dominicus, Rirrmr, Naturh. Reis. Westind. Insel Hayti, 1836, p.
157 (listed).

58 BULLETIN 155, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

Colymbus dominicus, Rirrer, Naturh. Reis. Westind. Insel Hayti, 1836, p.
157 (listed).—Cory, Cat. West Indian Birds, 1892, p. 81 (Haiti, Dominican
Republic).—VeErRILL, Proe. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1909, p. 355 (Yavon
River, San Lorenzo; “ Yaqui” River, Miranda; rare).—Berrsr, Zool. Soc. Bull.,
vol. 30, 1927, p. 188; Beneath Tropic Seas, 1928, p. 217 (Etang Miragoane).

Colymbus dominicus dominicus, Prerers, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zo6l., vol. 61,
1917, p. 396 (Cabrera, specimen; El Batey).—Bonp, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Philadelphia, vol. 80, 1928, p. 489 (Etang Miragoane, Port-de-Paix).

Resident; fairly common, in fresh-water marshes, lagoons and
sluggish streams.

The West Indian grebe is so shy that it is observed with difficulty,
so that it is probable that it is more common than the few records
available indicate. It inhabits fresh waters where there is abundant
aquatic growth to afford it shelter. When alarmed it escapes by
submerging slowly or by a rapid dive, after which it may rise to
the surface at a distance or may come up within the rushes so that
it is not again seen. Its mysterious disappearances are proverbial
among hunters and others who invade its haunts.

Brisson’s account on which the Linnaean name now recognized
for this bird was based, states that this grebe was sent from “S.
Domingue ” by Chervain for the collection of M. de Reaumur. In
spite of this early reference to the species there are few other definite
records for Hispaniola. Sallé mentions it from a marsh on the
plains near Higuéy. Cory did not find it. Christy says: “In July,
while shooting in the Yuna swamp, I several times obtained a good
view of this grebe. It was very shy, and always dived or swam
into the rushes on the first appearance of the boat.” Verrill records
it from the Rio Yav6n near San Lorenzo, and near Miranda. For
the latter locality he reports it from the “ Yaqui River,” apparently
an error for the Rio Yuna which passes near Miranda, as the Yaqui
del Norte isfar distant. Peters shot a male March 11, 1916 at Cabrera,
where he found “ two or three others of the same species in a small,
muddy pool less than forty yards across.” He saw three more in a
lagoon at El Batey April 5. On May 13, 1927, at an altitude of
1,500 feet above the sea in the hills between Sanchez and Las Terrenas,
as Wetmore looked out from a commanding knoll across the little
lake known as the Laguna de Rancho Fabian, one of these grebes
suddenly appeared on the surface, followed a few seconds later by
another. Since this lake is small and is entirely surrounded by heavy
forest it seemed a most unlikely place for the species. Turtles were
seen in the same water. He did not meet the bird elsewhere.

In the Republic of Haiti the species is known from several points
including two specimens, both immature females, taken by Dr. W. L.
Abbott at Port-de-Paix on April 4 and 14, 1917, and from the account
of Bond who reports it from Etang Miragoane and Port-de-Paix.

THE BIRDS OF HAITI AND THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 59

In Abbott’s specimens the iris is noted as yellow, or brownish
yellow.

Descourtilz informs us that the breast feathers are used to make
a valuable ornament but considered the bird rather rare as he took
it only once. Bartsch saw it on the Etang Saumftre near Gloré
on April 3, 1917, and on Trou Caiman, April 4. Beebe, on March 2,
1927, reports six on the Etang Miragoane.

The birds should be found in the fresh-water lagoons through the
coastal plain. It is probable that the Chervain record given above
refers to what is now the Republic of Haiti, since the French in the
main occupied the western part of the island.

In color this grebe is grayish brown above, grayer on the head;
throat dull black; foreneck brownish; underparts white; feet broadly
lobed, projecting far back on the body; tail apparently absent; length
225 to 275 mm., wing 75 to 85 mm. In the immature bird the throat
is whitish. This species is distinguished from the Antillean grebe,
the only other species of its family in this region, by slender bill and
by smaller size.

PODILYMBUS PODICEPS ANTILLARUM Bangs

ANTILLEAN GREBE, ZUMBULLIDOR, ZARAMAGULLON, PLONGEON, GRAND
PLONGEON

Podilymbus podiceps antillarum Banes, Proce. New England Zo6l. Club, vol.
4, March 31, 1918, p. 89 (Bueycito, Province of Oriente, Cuba).—Prters, Bull.
Mus. Comp. Zo6l., vol. 61, 1917, p. 396 (Laguna Flaca near Cabrera).—Bonp,
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 80, 1928, p. 489 (Etang Miragoane,
Artibonite River).—DanrortH, Auk, 1929, p. 359 (Laguna del Salodillo, Santo
Domingo City, Haina, Artibonite River).—LONNBERG, Fauna och Flora, 1929,
p. 100 (Haiti) —Mottont1, Att. Soc. Ital. Scienz. Nat., vol. 68, 1929, p. 307
(Rio Haina).

Grebe, BrEsEe, Zool. Soc. Bull., vol. 30, 1927, p. 188; Beneath Tropic Seas,
1928, p. 217 (Etang Miragoane).

Plongeon, DEScouRTILZ, Voy. Nat., vol. 2, 1809, p. 264 (Riviére Estére).

Podiceps dominicensis, Rirrmr, Naturh. Reis. Westind. Insel Hayti, 1836,
p. 157 (specimen).

Podilymbus podiceps, CHErRRIm, Field Columbian Mus., Ornith. ser., vol. 1,
March, 1896, p. 26 (Ozama River, specimen).—VERRILL, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Philadelphia, 1909, p. 355 (Rio Cami, near La Vega, rare).—BartscH, Proc.
Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. 30, July 27, 1927, p. 182 (Haiti).

Resident; common in lagoons and sluggish streams where there
is proper cover.

The Antillean grebe, the West Indian form of the pied-billed grebe
frequents ponds, lakes, and sluggish streams where there is cover
of rushes to which it may retreat when danger threatens. It feeds
frequently in open waters, securing its prey of small fishes, crusta-
ceans and aquatic insects by diving. It seldom uses its shortened
wings but depends upon submerging to avoid its enemies, an art

60 BULLETIN 155, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

in which it is so expert that it frequently escapes the aim of the
hunter by disappearing so rapidly at the discharge of a gun that
it is safely below the surface before the shot from the shell can reach
it. In the breeding season the males utter a loud, rolling, sonorous
call that carries over the water for long distances.

The Antillean grebe is distinguished from the form of pied-billed
erebe found in the United States by faintly darker color and slightly
smaller size. In 8 males from Hispaniola the wing ranges from
120.1 to 124.5 mm., and in 3 females from 113.0 to 1144 mm. The
North American bird, in which the wing in males ranges from 128.1
to 133.7 mm. and in females from 116.0 to 126.5 mm., may occur
as a winter migrant as it passes south at that season into Cuba.
Three skins of antillarwm taken at Fort Liberté, February 14 and
15 by Poole and Perrygo which have the streakings of the young
plumage on the sides of the head and neck, though in bodily size
fully grown, differ conspicuously from skins of P. p. podiceps in the
same stage of development in much darker coloration above and on
the sides. The difference, in fact, is so striking that it demonstrates
effectively the distinctness of the two races.

Cherrie secured one of these grebes on the Ozama River near Santo
Domingo City, April 26, 1895. Verrill considered it rare along the
Rfo Cami in the vicinity of La Vega. Peters found two on Laguna
Flaca, several miles south of Cabrera, on March 10, 1916. Abbott
shot a male on Laguna del Diablo, near Rojo Cabo on the Samana
Peninsula on March 8, 1919, and reports it as breeding at that point.
Danforth found it in 1927 at Los Tres Ojos de Agua, near Santo
Domingo City, near Haina, and at Laguna del Salodillo near Copey.
Moltoni lists a specimen from the Rio Haina, August 14, 1929.

This grebe may be more numerous in Haiti than in the adjacent
republic, since more specimens have thus far come from that part
of the island. In the river near Jérémie Dr. W. L. Abbott found
the Antillean grebe common and collected adult male and female
and an immature female on February 8, 1918. Dr. Paul Bartsch
secured an adult pair at Trou des Roseaux on April 18, 1917, and an
adult male at Trou Caiman on April 4 of the same year. Abbott
secured specimens from the Etang SaumAtre on March 5 and 6, 1918,
and April 8, 1920. Another is marked as taken near Fond Parisien
on the same lake May 7, 1920. He reports the species as fairly
common on this body of water. A female taken March 6, 1918 was
evidently breeding as it contained nearly mature eggs. Wetmore
recorded a mated pair on the Etang Miragoane April 1, 1927, and
heard several other birds calling. A grebe seen by Beebe on this
same lake March 2, 1927 is believed to be this same form. There is
a skin in the Museum of Comparative Zodlogy taken August 14,

THE BIRDS OF HAITI AND THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 61

1919 at Lake Enriquillo by G. M. Allen. Descourtilz found these
birds rather common on the Riviere Estére, where he shot them for
his negro companions to eat. He relates an incident where he had
killed one and a boy was swimming out to retrieve it when the bird
was seized and drawn down by a large caiman. Danforth records
young one-third grown July 28 and 29 on the Artibonite beyond St.
Marc. Bond says that he found these birds common on the lakes
and rivers of Haiti, stating specifically that he saw them at the Etang
Miragoane, and on the Artibonite River. As has been previously
mentioned Poole and Perrygo shot three immature birds molting
into first fall plumage at Fort Liberté February 14 and 15, 1929.

The adult bird above is blackish brown; below silvery white,
washed with brownish on the chest, and more or less mottled with
blackish on sides and under surface; throat black; bill strong and
heavy, with a blackish band across the center; feet strongly lobed,
projecting far back on the body; length about 340 mm., wing 113 to
124 mm. The immature bird is whiter below and has the throat
white. The species is distinguished from the West Indian grebe
by larger size and thick heavy bill.

Order PROCELLARITFORMES
Family PROCELLARIDAE

PUFFINUS LHERMINIERI LHERMINIERI Lesson
AUDUBON’S SHEARWATER

Pufinus lherminieri Lesson, Rev. Zool., vol. 2, 1839, p. 102 (‘‘Ad ripas
Antillarum ’’).

Procetlaria obscura, Bryant, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 11, May, 1867,
p. 98 (between Haiti and Navassa).

Puffinus obscurus, Cory, Birds Haiti and San Domingo, March, 1885, p. 184
(at sea, twenty miles north of Tortue Island).—TippENHAUER, Die Insel Haiti,
1892, p. 323 (listed).

Puffinus auduboni, Cory, Cat. West Indian Birds, 1892, p. 88 (Haiti and San
Domingo).

Puffinus therminieri lherminieri, Bonp, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol.
80, 1928, p. 489 (near Inagua Island).—DanrortH, Auk, 1929, p. 360 (north of
Puerto Plata).

The exact status of Audubon’s shearwater on the coasts of His-
paniola is at present uncertain. Bryant refers to it under the name
Procellaria obscura, remarking that “the last eight birds were seen
by myself off the coast, at a short distance from land, between St.
Domingo and the island of Navassa.” Cory says that numbers were
seen at sea about twenty miles north of Tortue Island. On June 30,
1927, Emlen found it common fifty miles north of Puerto Plata.

2134 —-31—_5

62 BULLETIN 155, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

Bond saw it near Inagua Island to the northward. These are the
only pertinent records. For the statement of Godman? that it
breeds on “ San Domingo ” we find no basis; we assume that Bent
followed Godman when he also included “Santo Domingo ” in the
breeding range of this species.

Audubon’s shearwater nests in the Bahamas and may be expected
to occur regularly off the northern coasts of both republics, mainly
well out at sea. It is possible that careful exploration in the group
of islands known to the Haitians as Les Sept Fréres and to the
Dominicans as Los Siete Hermanos, may reveal the species as a
nesting bird.

This shearwater is sooty black above and white below with tubular
nostrils and sharply hooked bill. It measures about 325 mm. in
length, with the wing from 195 to 203 mm. long. The flight is
smooth and graceful, performed often by sailing with stiffly spread
wings. On land the bird is not able to stand erect.

PTERODROMA HASITATA (Kuhl)
BLACK-CAPPED PETREL

Procellaria hasitata KUHL, Beitr. Zool. Vergl. Anat., 1820, p. 142 (“ Mers de
Inde”).

Diablotin, Burron, Hist. Nat. Ois., vol. 9, 1788, p. 835 (“ Saint-Domingue”).

Aistrelata hasitata, Cory, Cat. West Indian Birds, 1892, p. 84 (Haiti). —
Satvin, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., vol. 25, 1896, p. 403 (Haiti, specimen).—GopMAN,
Mon. Petrels, pt. 3, 1908, p. 186, pl. 49 (specimen from Haiti figured).

Pterodroma hasitata, Mouitoni, Att. Soc. Ital. Scienz. Nat., vol. 68, 1929, pp.
307-308 (Moca, specimen).

Early record for the black-capped petrel for this area is based
upon the skin of an adult in the British Museum received from
J. Hearne and marked as from Haiti. It may be noted that at a
meeting of the Zoological Society of London on July 14, 1835 John
Gould exhibited “a collection of skins of Birds, formed in Haiti
by J. Hearne, Esq.,” that contained sixteen species.*° The petrel is
not, however, specifically mentioned. Godman gives a colored plate
taken from the British Museum specimen, and says regarding it
“it was originally presented to the Zoological Society by Mr. J.
Hearne, and is believed to have come from Hayti.” In addition
to this Buffon has quoted a statement from Labat which attributes
the diablotin to “ Saint-Domingue.” There may be mentioned also an
excellent water color drawing of this species in a portfolio of
paintings by M. de Rabié, which we have examined through the
courtesy of Messrs. Wheldon and Wesley, in which a specimen is

18 Monograph Petrels, Part 2, March, 1908, p. 130.
%U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 121, 1922, p. 76.
2” Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1835, p. 105.

THE BIRDS OF HAITI AND THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 63

depicted in lifelike attitude resting on its breast on land at the edge
of a body of water. This plate (No. 42) is labelled Le Diablotin
and is indicated as made “au Cap le 26 8bre 1778. Rabié.” The
attitude of the bird suggests strongly that the artist saw it alive.
Dr. C. W. Richmond notes that on April 20 or 21, 1900 while travelling
by steamer along the north coast of the Dominican Republic he
distinctly saw three of these birds flying in toward the land. More
recently Moltoni reports a specimen collected at Moca, May 15, 1928,
where the bird is to be considered a stray as this is an inland locality.

This petrel nested formerly on Guadeloupe and Dominica in the
Lesser Antilles in abundance but has not been found on its breeding
grounds in recent years. Both J. T. Nichols and Wetmore have
observed it in the past fifteen years at sea off the West Indian
Islands.

The black-capped petrel is dark brownish black above with white
under parts and upper tail coverts and a white band across the hind-
neck. It is about 370 mm. long, with the wing about 290 mm. ‘The
nostrils are tubular as in all birds of its group.

Family HYDROBATIDAE
OCEANODROMA LEUCORHOA LEUCORHOA (Vieillot)
LEACH’S PETREL

Procellaria leucorhoa VirILLoT, Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat., vol. 25, 1817, p. 422
(maritime parts of Picardy, France).

Dominican Republic, casual.

On May 11, 1927, Wetmore shot a male Leach’s petrel on Samana
Bay midway between Sanchez and San Lorenzo Bay. The bird was
alone and was flying low over the water. No one who examined it
in Sanchez had ever seen one previously, and this individual must
be considered merely a stray that had wandered in from the ocean.
On Atlantic coasts the species nests from Maine north to Greenland
and in winter passes south to the Equator or casually farther. It is
seldom seen near land except on its breeding grounds.

This petrel is slaty brown in color throughout, blacker on wings
and tail, with a brownish band along the wing coverts, and white
upper tail-coverts. It is about 185 mm. long with the wing from
148 to 163 mm. long. The nostrils are enclosed in a tube.

OCEANITES OCEANICUS OCEANICUS (Kuhl)
WILSON’S PETREL

Procellaria oceanica Kuunt, Beitriige Zool., 1820, p. 136, pl. 10, fig. 1 (southern
Atlantic Ocean, off the mouth of the Rio de la Plata).”
Oceanites oceanicus, DAN¥FortTH, Auk, 1929, p. 359 (Dominican Republic).

21 Designated by Mathews, Birds Austr., vol. 2, May 30, 1912, p. 138.

64. BULLETIN 155, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

Reported off the coast of the Dominican Republic; abundance
uncertain.

Danforth writes that “ three followed the S. S. Catherine for about
an hour off the southeast coast of the Dominican Republic on June
14.” There is no other record.

Wilson’s petrel, like Leach’s petrel, is black with white on the
upper tail-coverts, but is a little smaller, and is distinguished by the
longer tarsi, the feet in flight projecting beyond the end of the tail
so that they are easily seen.

Order PELECANIFORMES

Suborder PHAETHONTES
Family PHAETHONTIDAE

PHAETHON LEPTURUS CATESBYI Brandt
YELLOW-BILLED TROPIC-BIRD, RABIJUNCO, PAILLE-EN-QUEUE

Phaéthon catesbyi BRANDT, Bull. Soc. Imp. Sci. St. Pétersbourg, vol. 4, 1838, °
p. 98 (Bermuda).

Phaécton catesbyi BartscuH, Smiths. Mise. Coll., vol. 68, no. 10, 1917, fig. 43
(photo taken near Jérémie).

Phaéton flavirostris, BRYANT, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 11, May, 1867,
p. 98 (listed from Haiti).

Phaethon jlavirostris, Cory, Birds Haiti and San Domingo, March, 1885,
pp. 175-176 (listed) ; Cat. West Indian Birds, 1892, p. 84 (Haiti, Dominican
Republic) —TirPpENHAUER, Die Insel Haiti, 1892, p. 323 (listed).—CHeERRIRE,
Field Columbian Mus., Ornith. ser., vol. 1, 1896, p. 26 (Santo Domingo City,
specimens).

Phaethon americanus, BEEBE, Zool. Soe. Bull., vol. 30, 1927, p. 187; Beneath
Tropic Seas, 1928, p. 218 (at sea ten miles off Mdle St. Nicolas; Bizoton).

Phaethon lepturus catesbyi, Bonn, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 80,
1928, p. 489 (Tortue Island).

Phaéthon lepturus catesbyi, DANForTH, Auk, 1929, p. 860 (Puerto Plata).

Resident; locally along rocky coasts.

Cherrie found the yellow-billed tropic-bird along the coasts of
the Dominican Republic and reports two young and an adult female
brought to him at Santo Domingo City on April 19, 1895. Danforth
says that Emlen saw three at Puerto Plata, June 30, 1927.

The tropic-bird is mentioned by Bryant without comment as re-
ported from Haiti. Bartsch found a nesting colony of about fifty
birds near Jérémie April 10 to 16, 1917, and saw others at Trou des
Roseaux April 14. Doctor Abbott secured a nestling nearly ready to
fly at Jean Rabel Anchorage, May 30, 1917, and collected an adult
male on Tortue Island, April 8, 1917. He says that tropic-birds
breed in the latter locality. Beebe speaks of two seen off Mole St.

THE BIRDS OF HAITI AND THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 65

Nicolas and of one noted at Bizoton. Bond recorded them on the
rugged north coast of Tortue Island, March 23, 1928, and believed
that they were nesting there.

The tropic-bird is found usually near rocky headlands or along sea-
cliffs, but may occur casually anywhere along salt water. It is
sometimes seen far at sea.

The tropic-bird is white, the feathers of breast and back usually
with a faint blush of pink, with black about the eye and on the
wing. The strong bill is yellow or orange yellow. The young have
the back rather finely barred with blackish. The bird is 480 to 600
mm. or more long, the two long slender median tail feathers pro-
jecting far beyond the others composing one half or more of this
length. In general form it suggests a gull but is easily distinguished
by the form of the tail.

Suborder PELECANI

Superfamily PELECANIDES
Family PELECANIDAE

PELECANUS OCCIDENTALIS OCCIDENTALIS Linnaeus
BROWN PELICAN, ALCATRAZ, PELICAN, GRAND-GOSIER, BLAGUE-A-DIABLE

Pelecanus onocrotalus 6 occidentalis LINNAEUS, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, vol. 1,
1766, p. 215 (West Indies).

Aleatraz, Ovrepo, Hist. Gen. Nat. Indias, Libr. 14, Cap. 6, (Reprint) Madrid,
1851, pp. 444-445 (Santo Domingo City; description, habits).

Grand-Gosier, CHARLEVoIx, Hist. Isle Espagnole, vol. 1, 1733, pp. 40-41 (de-
scription; mention of white pelican).

Pélecan, Burron, Hist. Nat. Ois., vol. 8, 1781, p. 294 (‘ Saint-Domingue ”’).—
DEscourRTILZ, Voy. Nat., vol. 2, 1809, pp. 241-243 (uses for pouch).

Pelikan, HArtEertT, Nov. Zool., vol. 9, 1902, p. 293 (Sanchez).

Pelecanus onocrotalus, Ritter, Naturh. Reis. Westind. Insel Hayti, 1836, pp.
152, 157 (listed).

Pelecanus fuscus, Cory, Bull. Nuttall Ornith. Club, 1881, p. 155 (abundant) ;
Birds Haiti and San Domingo, March, 1885, p. 172 (Port-au-Prince, St. Mare;
common) ; Cat. West Indian Birds, 1892, p. 85 (Haiti, Dominican Republic) .—
TIPPENHAUER, Die Insel Haiti, 1892, pp. 317-318 (listed).—CHeErrig, Field Col.

22 Charlevoix (Hist. Isle Espagnole, vol. 1, 1733, pp. 40-41) described the pelican
rather fully remarking “au bord de la mer, off sa couleur est tofijours, d’un cendre obscur,
& de long des riviéres, of il est, au moins en quelques endroits, d’un trés-beau blanc.’
The last phrase seems to indicate the occurrence of the white pelican (Pelecanus
erythrorhynchos) in early times, a species larger than the brown pelican and colored
white. His observation is especially apt since he says that the white form occurs on
rivers as the white pelican frequents fresh waters. However, no other report of the
species is known so that this record, alone from the fact that it is made rather casually,
is not considered sufficient to give the species full standing in the insular list, particu-
larly since it is possible that Charlevoix may have confused the pelican with some other
large white bird.

66 BULLETIN 155, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

Mus., Ornith. ser., vol. 1, 1896, p. 26 (Saman4 Bay).—Curisty, Ibis, 1897, p.
342 (Samanéi Bay, common; nesting on Pelican Cays).—VERRILL, Proc. Acad.
Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1909, p. 355 (abundant).

Peiecanus occidentalis, Perers, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zod6l., vol. 61, 1917, p. 396
(Hstero Balsa, Manzanillo Bay; Margante).—Cirerri, Segund. Inf. An. Est.
Nac. Agr. Moca, 1927, p. 6 (listed).

Pelecanus 0. occidentalis, BEEBE, Zool. Soc. Bull., vol. 80, 1927, p. 188; Be-
neath Tropic Seas, 1928, pp. 27, 29, 188, 218 (Sand Cay and Lamentin Reef,
near Port-au-Prince).

Pelecanus occidentalis occidentalis, BoNnp, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia,
vol. 80, 1928, p. 489 (Jacmel, Gonave Channel, Port-de-Paix, Gonave Island) .—
DANFORTH, Auk, 1929, p. 360 (Boca Chica, San Pedro de Macoris, St. Mare,
Les Salines, Gonave).—Mottont, Att. Soc. Ital. Scienz. Nat., vol. 68, 1929, p.
3808 (Haina, specimen).

Resident, found along coasts in fair numbers.

The brown pelican is found along the coasts, and is widely distrib-
uted, being most abundant where fish abound in shallow bays. In
spite of its ungainly form the brown pelican dives gracefully and
swiftly from thirty feet or more in the air, and secures its food of
fish in the scoop formed by the capacious pouch dependant from
the lower mandibles. The fish captured are swallowed and are not _
held in the pouch as many suppose.

Oviedo gives a description of the brown pelican and its method
of feeding, and says that it was seen daily about Santo Domingo
City. The size and capacity of the pouch were to him matters of
much wonder.

The only breeding resorts definitely known at this time in the
Dominican Republic are on the Pelican Keys (called also Islas de
los Pajaros) at the entrance to San Lorenzo Bay, and on Catalinita
Island. (Pl. 18.) Christy describes the colony first mentioned as
large but did not visit it personally. On May 11, 1927 Wetmore re-
corded only half a dozen nearly grown young in this rookery, but
nesting was nearly over for the year as he found numbers of young
on the wing on Samana Bay, near the mouths of the Barrancota
and Yuna Rivers, and along the beach east of Sanchez. The nests
observed were built in the tops of low trees on the rocky slopes of
the islets. Apparently the birds were more abundant in earlier
years as Christy mentions a gathering of 600 at the head of Samana
Bay after an easterly gale. Abbott secured a number of bones of
the pelican in caves formerly inhabited by Indians, one fourth mile
from the sea at San Lorenzo Bay. Peters saw a few pelicans at
Estero Balsa on Manzanillo Bay February 10, and one at Margante
March 18. Cherrie found them only in Samana Bay. September
10 to 12, 1919, Abbott reported about one hundred nests, about half
containing young, on the northern end of Catalinita Island. There

THE BIRDS OF HAITI AND THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 67

is a specimen (male) in the collection of J. H. Fleming taken Feb-
ruary 16, 1907 by Verrill on Cayo Levantado opposite Samana.
Danforth found the pelican in 1927 at Boca Chica and San Pedro
de Macoris on the south coast, and Ciferri collected one at Haina,
July 6, 1926.

The species is fairly common along the coast of Haiti. Buffon
in 1781 reported it on the authority of Deshayes, this being the
earliest record for the republic. The bird occurs regularly but in
small numbers in the vicinity of Port-au-Prince. Beebe, reports
six seen regularly at Sand Cay and from ten to seventeen at Lamen-
tin Reef during the late winter and early spring of 1927. He ob-
served them feeding on Jenkinsia and Atherina, and says that twice
he saw a diving pelican collide with a yellow-tail, both fish and
bird being in pursuit of the same prey. Bartsch recorded pelicans
daily in April, 1917 in excursions about Jérémie, and also noted
them at Trou des Roseaux April 13 and 14, and near Miragoane
and Petit Goave April 9. Cory found the species at St. Marc, and
Wetmore saw it in the vicinity of Gonaives April 28, 1927. Abbott
secured skins of a young bird fully grown, and an adult male in
breeding dress on Grande Cayemite Island, January 7 and 8, 1918.
Another male was prepared as a skeleton. He took an adult female
in much worn and faded plumage, on Gonave Island, February 26,
1918, and reports the bird common there at that time. Danforth
saw them at St. Marc, Les Salines, and on Gonave Island in the
summer of 1927. Bond found them at Port-de-Paix, Jacmel, and
in the Gonave channel, and was told of a breeding colony near the
eastern end of Gonave Island. There may be another colony some-
where along the north shore of the southern peninsula. Poole and
Perrygo recorded a pelican at Anse & Galets, Gonave Island, Feb-
ruary 28, 1929. Abbott was told by an American resident in St.
Marc that thirty years ago pelicans had been far more plentiful
but that large numbers had been slaughtered for their feathers and
that since the species had not regained its earlier abundance. Des-
courtilz writes that in his day the pouch of the pelican was put to
various uses, as a pouch to carry shot or tobacco, as a water proof
shoe which guarded the wearer against arthritis, or as a cape for
children, which was supposed to ward off certain ills.

The brown pelican is one of the largest sea birds on the island
and is marked from all others by the long bill, 260 to nearly 300
mm. in length, with a pouch bare of feathers suspended beneath.
Adults in breeding plumage have the back of the neck deep chestnut
while at other times this area is white. Young have the head and
neck grayish brown.

68 BULLETIN 155, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

Superfamily SULIDES
Family SULIDAE

SULA LEUCOGASTRA LEUCOGASTRA (Boddaert)
BROWN BOOBY, BOBY, PAJARO BOBO, FOU

Pelecanus leucogaster BoppAERT, Table Planch. Enl., 1783, p. 57 (Cayenne).

? Fou, OExMELIN, Hist. Avent. Flibustiers, vol. 1, 1775, pp. 856-857 (recorded ;
species not indicated).—DrscourTiILz, Voy. Nat., vol. 2, 1809, pp. 243-244 (two
shot; species not indicated).

Sula fusca, SatLtk, Proc. Zool. Soe. London, 1857, p. 237 (recorded, eastern
coast Dominican Republic) —Bryant, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 11,
May, 1867, p. 97 (listed, Dominican Republic).

Sula sula, Cory, Cat. West Indian Birds, 1892, p. 84 (Haiti, Dominican
Republic).

Sula leucogastra, Cory, Birds Haiti and San Domingo, March, 1885, p. 171
(listed after Bryant).—Ti1erENHAUER, Die Insel Haiti, 1892, p. 323 (listed).—
CirerriI, Segund. Inf. An. Est. Agr. Moca, 1927, p. 6 (listed)—LONNBERG,
Fauna och Flora, 1929, p. 99 (Navassa, specimen).—EKMaN, Ark. for Bot., vol.
22A, No. 16, p. 6 (Navassa, breeding).

Sula leucogastra leucogasira, DAN¥ForTH, Auk, 1929, p. 360 (Saona Island;
Gonave).—MottonI, Att. Soe. Ital. Scienz. Nat., vol. 68, 1929, p. 808 (Beata).

Recorded on the eastern and southern coasts of the Dominican Re-
public; found on Navassa Island; of irregular occurrence in Haiti.

Sallé remarks that this booby is found along the sea in desert
regions which would indicate that he saw it somewhere along the
arid eastern coast of the Dominican Republic. Abbott (September
12 to 18, 1919) saw several near Saona Island but did not take speci-
mens. He reports a booby of some kind on a mid-channel buoy
near Sanchez (March, 1919) but did not identify it. Danforth saw
a few off Saona Island June 14, 1927. Ciferri obtained one alive on
Beata Island in May, 1926. The brown booby breeds in numbers on
Mona and Desecheo Islands in Mona Passage between Hispaniola
and Porto Rico, so that it should occur regularly near the adjacent
Dominican coast in its excursions for food. Nesting colonies are
found also among the Bahamas so that it should come at times to
the northern shores of both republics. This booby fishes at sea so
that it is not seen frequently except from vessels, or near its
colonies. It obtains its food by diving from the air.

Oexmelin records a booby from Tortue Island, and Descourtilz
reports that he shot two, but in neither case is there definite indica-
tion of the species. Cory reports the brown booby from Haiti but
without known basis so that his record is doubtful. Danforth writes
that F. P. Mathews saw three at Boucan Legume, Gonave Island,
July 18, 1927. Ekman secured a specimen on Navassa Island,
according to Doctor Lénnberg, and found them breeding there.

THE BIRDS OF HAITI AND THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 69

The adult brown booby has the entire upper surface, the neck and
upper breast dark brown, and the remainder of the lower surface
white. Immature birds are entirely grayish brown, paler below,
with the primaries blackish. In the first year it is similar to the red-
footed booby of similar age but does not have the red feet of that
species and is slightly larger. The brown booby is approximately
760 mm. in length and has a strong, heavy bill.

SULA PISCATOR (Linnaeus)
RED-FOOTED BOCBY, PAJARO BOBO, FOU

Pelecanus piscator LINNAEUS, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 184 (Java
Seas).

bal piscator, Bonp, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 80, 1928, p. 519
(listed ).—DanrortH, Auk, 1929, p. 360 (Saona Island).—LONnNBrre, Fauna och
Flora, 1929, p. 100 (Navassa, specimens).—Hxman, Ark. fdr Bot., vol. 22A,
No. 16, p. 6 (Navassa, breeding).

Recorded from Navassa Island, and off the Haitian coast opposite;
probably breeding on Navassa.

Mr. W. B. Alexander informs me that on March 8, 1926, as he
passed Navassa Island small parties of red-footed boobies flying
over the sea were frequent, and were in view regularly until evening
when the high mountains of Haiti were dimly visible through the
haze. Toward evening the birds were evidently heading toward
Navassa Island to spend the night. Dr. EK. L. Ekman secured two
on Navassa that he forwarded to Lénnberg, and writes that the birds
were nesting there in numbers.

There is a breeding colony on Desecheo Island in Mona Passage
so that these birds may be expected at times to range off the eastern
coast of the Dominican Republic with the brown booby. Danforth
records one seen by F. P. Mathews near Saona Island, June 14, 1927.

The red-footed booby has habits similar to those of the related
species and likewise secures its food by diving from the air.

The adult of this species is marked by pure white plumage except
for the black primaries and black tips on the greater wing coverts
and secondaries. The immature bird is sooty gray, paler on the
head and lower surface, with a very faintly indicated darker band
across the breast, and whitish tips on the tail. In a later stage the
undersurface may be nearly white with faint indication of the dark
pectoral band and the dorsal surface paler gray. Occasional indi-
viduals that appear fully adult have the posterior part of the body,
including the tail pure white, and the rest of the plumage gray.
The immature stage is distinguished from the brown booby only
by slightly smaller size and red feet and tarsi. In this dress the
two can rarely be separated unless in the hand except by one familiar
with them.

70 BULLETIN 155, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
[SULA DACTYLATRA DACTYLATRA Lesson

BLUE-FACED BOOBY

Sula dactylatra, Lesson, Traité d’Orn., 1831, p. 601 (Ascension Island).

Sula dactylatra?, Bryant, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 11, May, 1867,
p. 97 (Haiti, listed).

Sula cyanops, Cory, Birds Haiti and San Domingo, March, 1885, pp. 170-
171 (listed) ; Cat. West Indian Birds, 1892, p. 84 (Haiti, Dominican Repub-
lic). —TIPpPENHAUER, Die Insel Haiti, 1892, p. 828 (listed).

The blue-faced booby was reported with a query from Haiti by
Bryant, merely as a name without comment of any kind. The record
is considered very doubtful and seems to be the basis for other reports
of this species from this area. The note may refer perhaps to the
red-footed species.

The blue-faced booby nested formerly in the Bahamas, but is not
Inown elsewhere nearby, the nearest modern breeding colonies known
to us being Alacran reefs on the coast of Yucatan, and Los Hermanos
Islands, Venezuela. The adult is white like the red-footed booby
but has the tail feathers, except the middle pair, sooty brown. The
young is dark grayish brown above with whitish streaks on back and
rump, and white below with grayish streaks on the flanks. |

[Family PHALACROCORACIDAE]

[PHALACROCORAX AURITUS FLORIDANUS (Audubon) ?

FLORIDA CORMORANT, GRAND GOSIER

Carbo floridanus AupUBON, Birds Amer. (folio), vol. 3, 18385, pl. 252 (Florida
Keys).

Cormoran, DrscourTiLtz, Voy. Nat., vol. 2, 1809, pp. 2389-241 (common near
the sea).

Descourtilz includes in his list of birds “le Cormoran, appelé a
Saint-Domingue Grand-Gosier, Brisson, tom. VI pag. 511, pl. XLV.”
He describes it as common near the sea and says that the pouch is
used to carry tobacco, as the negroes believe that it keeps the leaves
fresh. Since Descourtilz traveled also in Cuba where the Florida
cormorant is common it is possible that his observations pertain to
that island and that he is in error in ascribing the species to His-
paniola. We have chosen to consider the record uncertain in view of
the fact that some of the ornithological observations of Descourtilz
who was primarily a botanist seem open to question. It must be
borne in mind however that this author came to the island in 1799
when conditions may have differed from those at present, and that
further the region between Gonaives and the mouth of the Artibonite
where Descourtilz worked extensively has not been studied carefully
by an ornithologist.

THE BIRDS OF HAITI AND THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC Fé

The Florida cormorant is from 535 to 760 mm. long with the
wing about 305 mm. The adult is black with a greenish sheen
and has a tuft of white feathers on each side of the crown when in
breeding dress. The young are dull grayish brown. The bird has
a long body, long neck, webbed feet like those of a pelican, and a
hooked bill. ]

Suborder FREGATAE
Family FREGATIDAE

FREGATA MAGNIFICENS Mathews

FRIGATE-BIRD, MAN-0’-WAR BIRD, RABIHCORCADO, RABIJUNCO,
TIJERILLA, FREGATE

Fregata minor magnificens MatHEws, Austr. Av. Rec., vol. 2, December 19,
1914, p. 120 (Barrington Island, Galapagos Archipelago).

Frégate, OExMELIN, Hist. Avent. Flibustiers, vol. 1, 1775, pp. 3857-3858
(habits). —Saint-Mé&ry, Descript: Part. Franc. fle Saint-Domingue, vol. 1, 1797,
p. 717 (near Port-de-Paix).

Man of War Bird, Sarnt-Mfry, Descript. Span. Part Saint-Domingo, vol. 1,
1798, pp. 192-198 (Saman4 Bay).

Tachypetes aquilus, BryANnt, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 11, May, 1867,
p. 98 (Haiti).—Cory, Bull. Nuttall Ornith. Club, 1881, p. 155 (Haiti; seen) ;
Birds Haiti and San Domingo, March, 1885, pp. 1738-174 (shot).—CuHrIsty,
Ibis, 1897, p. 8342 (Samana Bay).

Tachypetes aquilis, TrpePENHAUER, Die Insel Haiti, 1892, p. 323 (listed).

Fregata aquila, Cory, Cat. West Indian Birds, 1892, p. 85 (Haiti, Dominican
Republic).—VeErRItt, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1909, p. 355 (San
Lorenzo Bay).

Fregata magnificens, Perers, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zoél. vol. 61, 1917, p. 397
(North Coast, Dominican Republic).—Bonp, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia,
vol. 80, 1928, p. 489 (Gonave channel, Port-de-Paix).—DaAnrForTH, Auk, 1929,
p. 860 (Saona Island, Santo Domingo City, San Pedro de Macoris, Boca Chica,
Gonave).—LONNBERG, Fauna och Flora, 1929, p. 99 (Navassa, specimen) .—
Exman, Ark. for Bot., vol. 22A, No. 16, p. 6 (Navassa).

Fregata magnificens rothschildi, Brrsr, Zool. Soe. Bull., vol. 30, 1927, p. 138;
Beneath Tropic Seas, 1928, p. 218 (Port-au-Prince; Fregate Island, breeding).

Resident; seen in small numbers along the coasts, locally common.

Moreau de Saint-Méry records the man-6-war bird among the
small islands of Saman4 Bay, and in his remarks concerning the
species says “the cooling oil of which is excellent for the gout
and the sciatica.” His observations evidently refer to the colony
on the islands that comprise the Pelican Keys or Islas de los
Pajaros at the entrance of San Lorenzo Bay, where the birds still
nest today. (PI. 18.) Doctor Abbott, on March 16, 1919, reported
about forty or fifty pairs in this colony, and collected two sets of
two eggs each, and a pair of adult birds. He notes one set of
eggs as fairly well incubated, and says that some of the nests con-

12 BULLETIN 155, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

tained young. The eggs are dull white, with chalky shells, more
or less nest-stained. The two sets measure 71.3 by 49.8 and 67.4
by 47.5; 72.3 by 48.7 and 65.5 by 49.2 mm. On May 11, 1927, in
this colony Wetmore recorded twenty occupied nests containing
well-grown young, some nearly able to fly. The nests were grouped
closely in several small trees at the summit of the islet, fifty feet
above the water. Adults soared silently overhead watching as two
men landed on a rock shelf from a launch and climbed up the steep
slopes through the matted vegetation. The nests were composed of
fair-sized twigs formed into a loose platform. One young bird that
was brought away as a specimen is covered with white down except
for the bare throat, and has the brown tertials and interscapulars
well developed, while the primaries and secondaries are barely break-
ing the growing sheaths. The early growth of the feathers of the
back is a highly practical adaptation to the needs of the bird since
these feathers serve to protect the body from both sun and rain, a
matter of importance as the nests are wholly exposed. This young
bird had the usual habit of clattering the bill loudly and biting
when approached. It was able to break the skin on the back of .
a man’s hand with the sharp hook at the end of the bill.

From this colony the adult birds range over all of Samana Bay.
Christy speaks of them as seen several times, and Verrill mentions
them. Wetmore saw them at the mouth of the Arroyo Barrancota,
and once along the beach east of Sanchez. Peters mentions them as
seen occasionally along the north coast of the Dominican Republic
between February 6 and April 11, 1916, but says that they were by
no means common. Abbott reported them as common on Saona
Island from September 12 to 18, 1919, and says that when he first
visited Samana Bay in 1883 he found the birds in thousands so that
their numbers have greatly decreased. Danforth in 1927 found them
off Saona Island, June 14, Santo Domingo City, June 14, San Pedro
de Macoris, July 1, and Boca Chica, July 4.

The frigate bird is regular in occurrence on the coasts of Haiti but
has been little recorded. Oexmelin in 1775 describes their habit of
pursuing boobies to make them disgorge food, which the frigate then
seizes, and says that this is the most diverting thing to be seen in
America! Saint-Méry reports them near Port-de-Paix. Cory re-
marks that his party saw and shot several but gives no localities.
Doctor Bartsch reports the species near Jérémie from April 11 to 16,
near the Trou des Roseaux April 13 and 14, and near Port-au-Prince
April 19, 1917. At the Etang Miragoane on the north coast of the
southern peninsula, on April 1, 1927, Wetmore observed half a dozen
circling high overhead and finally passing over toward the sea at
an altitude where they were barely visible from the earth. Their
presence at this point was strange as the lake has sweet water. He

THE BIRDS OF HAITI AND THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC io

observed one on April 27 flying above the landing at Caracol. Abbott
found a few on Gonave Island February 18 to 28, 1918, and Beebe
reports a breeding colony on January, 1927, on Fregate Island at
the eastern end of Gonave. Danforth saw them about Gonave July
17 to 20, 1927, and Poole and Perrygo observed two on February 27,
1929, in crossing from St. Marc to Anse a Galets. Bond saw them
in the Gonave channel, and near Port-de-Paix. Ekman collected one
on Navassa Island, reported by Lonnberg, and reports that they nest
on this island.

This species is parasitic in habit, depending for food upon prey
taken by force from weaker companions. At San Lorenzo Bay the
frigate bird nested adjacent to colonies of terns and pelicans that
might serve to capture its food.

The male frigate bird is entirely black, with a greenish or violet
sheen above. On the throat is a bare sac that is brilliant red in the
breeding season and may be inflated lke a top balloon. At other
periods of the year it is shrunken, and is colored orange. The female
is dull black, with the breast and foreneck white, and a brown band
along the wing coverts. The bill is long and strongly hooked, while
the feet and tarsi are extraordinarily small and weak compared to
the size of the body. The tail is long and deeply forked. The
species varies from 950 to 1050 millimeters in length.

Order CICONIFORMES

Suborder ARDEAE
Family ARDEIDAE *

Subfamily ARDEINAE

ARDEA HERODIAS ADOXA Oberholser

WEST INDIAN GREAT BLUE HERON, GARZON CENICIENTO, CUACO,
RECONGO, GROS QUOCK, LA GIRONDE

Ardea herodias adoxa OpBEeRHouseR, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 43, Dec. 12,
1912, p. 544 (Curacao Island).—Bonp, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia,
vol. 80, 1928, p. 489 (Port-au-Prince, Port-de-Paix, Lake HEnriquillo).—DaAn-
FORTH, Auk, 1929, p. 360 (Monte Cristi, Aquin, Les Salines, Gonave).—Mo.LtTonlI,
Att. Soc. Ital. Scienz. Nat., vol. 68, 1929, p. 308 (Santiago, specimens).

Ardea herodias, CHERRIE, Field Columbian Mus., Orn. ser., vol. 1, 1896, p. 25
(mouth of Rio Ozama).—TIrpPpENHAUER, Die Insel Haiti, 1892, p. 323 (listed) —
BEEBE, Zool. Soc. Bull., vol. 30, 1927, p. 188; Beneath Tropic Seas, 1928, pp. 70,
218 (one taken, two seen).

Ardea herodias repens, Prerrrs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zo6l., vol. 61, 1917, p. 397
(Rio Yaqui ; between Gaspar Hernandez and Rio San Juan).

*3 Tippenhauer, Die Insel Haiti, 1892, p. 323, lists Ardea occidentalis without comment
as found in Haiti. The record is regarded here as erroneous,

74 BULLETIN 155, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

Resident; fairly common, mainly in coastal region.

The West Indian great blue heron is found locally, mainly in
extensive lagoons and marshes near the coast. The species is seem-
ingly resident though no nesting sites have yet been recorded.

Cherrie saw these birds frequently in 1895 along the Rio Ozama
near Santo Domingo City, and Peters observed several along the
Rio Yaqui del Norte near Monte Cristi on February 6, 1916, and a
few others at widely scattered localities between Gaspar Hernandez
and the Rio San Juan early in March. Dr. W. L. Abbott observed
this bird on Lake Enriquillo near Duvergé, and Bond found it in
1928 on this same large lake. Danforth records it at Monte Cristi
July 24 to 27 and August 5,1927. Poole and Perrygo in 1929 in work
in the small islands of the Seven Brothers group off the north coast of
Haiti recorded one on Tercero Island on January 30, and one on
Ratas Island February 4. In both cases the birds flew across to
Monte Grande Island. Ciferri obtained two specimens near San-
tiago, D. R., January 1, 1928.

An adult male taken by Abbott near Sanchez, February 12, 1919,
agrees with the diagnosis for the subspecies adowa in being paler
above than Ardea herodias herodias of the United States. It has the
following measurements: Wing 467 mm., tail 180 mm., culmen from
base 149.8 mm., tarsus 178 mm. Very little material in this species
has been collected in the West Indies.

There is comparatively little known of the occurrence of this
heron in Haiti. Dr. Paul Bartsch observed it on the Etang Saumatre
near Gloré on April 38, 1917, and at Trou Caiman the following day.
In crossing the coastal lagoons and mudflats between Gonaives and
Desdunes by airplane on April 28, 1927, with Capt. R. A. Pressley,
United States Marine Corps, Wetmore observed about thirty of
these birds. The majority were in the delta of Riviére de I’ Estére,
south of Gonaives. On the same trip several were noted in the
coastal lagoons near Port-au-Prince.

It was a curious experience to look down on these great birds and
the multitude of other herons from an airplane, and to observe the
confusion spread among them as the great vehicle approached and
passed. There would seem to be a rookery somewhere near Gonaives.
The birds usually nest in trees but where these are not suitable they
may select low bushes or may even make nests on the ground among
rushes. Danforth found them at Aquin July 23, Les Salines July 30,
and on Gonave Island July 16, 1927. Beebe reports a bird in im-
mature dress taken near Port-au-Prince and two others seen, one at
Source Matelas March 21, 1927. Bond saw them near Port-au-Prince
and Port-de-Paix, and says that they are rare. Poole and Perrygo
recorded one at Fort Liberté February 6, and three at Anse 4 Galets
on Gonave Island February 28.

THE BIRDS OF HAITI AND THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 75

The great blue heron is a solitary species except when breeding
when it usually gathers in colonies. It feeds in shallow bays or
marshes standing rigidly in the water with head bent forward, wait-
ing motionless for the small fishes that form its principal prey to
approach the surface when they are seized with a quick forward
thrust, held for a moment until their struggles moderate, and then
are swallowed. The flight is performed with a steady flapping of
the broad wings, with the neck drawn in against the forepart of the
body.

As the great blue heron is the largest of the long-legged, long-
necked heron tribe in the island it can be confused with no other
species. In general the bird is gray, with black and white markings
on head and breast, and rufous tibiae. ‘The one collected by Abbott
measured 1,160 mm. in length.

CASMERODIUS ALBUS EGRETTA (Gmelin)
EGRET, GARZA REAL, GARZON BLANCO, CRABIER BLANC, QUOCK BLANC

Ardea egretta GMELIN, Syst. Nat., vol. 1, pt. 2, 1789, p. 629 (Cayenne).

Grande Aigrette, Burron, Hist. Nat. Ois., vol. 7, 1780, p. 378, (“ Saint-
Domingue ”’).

Grande Aigrette Blanche, DEScCOURTILZ, Voy. ae vol. 2, 1809, pp. 222-224
(common).

Herodias leuce, Sattf, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1857, p. 236 (listed).

Ardea leuce, BRYANT, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 11, May, 1867, p. 97
(Dominican Republic).

Ardea egretta, Ritter, Naturh. Reis. Westind. Insel Hayti, 1836, pp. 151, 157
(Fort Royal, specimen).—Cory, Cat. West Indian Birds, 1892, p. 89 (Haiti,
Dominican Republic). —TirpENHAUER, Die Insel Haiti, 1892, pp. 317, 328
(listed). —Curisty, Ibis, 1897, pp. 340-341 (Yuna swamps; mouth of Barran-
cota, breeding).

Casmerodius albus egretta, Brrse, Zool. Soc. Bull., vol. 30, 1927, p. 188; Be-
neath Tropic Seas, 1928, p. 219 (Port-au-Prince, one).—Bonp, Proc. Acad. Nat.
Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 80, 1928, p. 489 (Trou Caiman, specimen).

Casmerodius alba egretita, DANFoRTH, Auk, 1929, p. 8360 (Laguna del Salodillo,
Les Salines).

Resident ; formerly common, now rare.

Buffon includes “Saint-Domingue” in the range of this heron
without further comment as to locality. Sallé the next earliest writer
to report this heron says merely that it is known as the white heron.
Christy in 1893 found the egret common in the Yuna swamps at the
head of Samané Bay, and reported a breeding colony on February
18, on a rocky island near the mouth of the Arroyo Barrancota, that
contained about one hundred birds. He speaks of shooting several
and says that occasionally the merchants of Sanchez sent the plumes
of these birds to New York for sale. Since that time the species
has decreased so that apparently few remain. Abbott has recorded
it from Lake Enriquillo near Duvergé from October 1 to 6, 1919.

76 BULLETIN 155, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

Wetmore did not succeed in finding it in 1927, but Danforth observed
one at the Laguna del Salodillo, near Copey, June 26, 1927.

The earliest report for Haiti is that of Ritter who speaks of find-
ing the egret near Fort Royal and says that he secured a specimen.
Bartsch recorded it at Trou Caiman, April 4, 1917, and on the coastal
flats north of Port-au-Prince April 25. Beebe reports that during
the late winter and early spring of 1927 a solitary bird flew back and
forth past his schooner anchored off the Bizoton wharves to feeding
and resting places. Danforth saw three at Les Salines July 30, 1927.
Bond shot one at Trou Caiman January 15, 1928, and saw another
at the same point on June 15.

The egret is found usually in mangrove swamps, in shallow bays,
or along the reefs of the coastal region. Its long pursuit by man
for the handsome plumes that adorn its back in the breeding season
have brought the species near extermination throughout its range,
and constant persecution has made the few survivors wary and dif-
ficult of approach. Now that fashion has been informed that the
decorative plumes are at their highest stage only when young birds
are hatching in the nest so that when the parents are killed the.
young are left to starve sentiment has turned tardily in favor of the
egret and there is no longer a market, other than a surreptitious one,
for the beautiful feathers that have brought the species so near ex-
tinction. In the southern United States egrets are increasing under
this protection but unfortunately in tropical America the country
man still has in mind the former high value of “ Garza” plumes
and is inclined to kill the birds at every opportunity. It is highly
desirable that this attitude change as the species is one of those
graceful and interesting forms whose esthetic appeal when alive far
outweighs the value of the few filamentous feathers that may be
cut from its dead body that is then cast aside in the stinking mud
of the swamps and left a prey to scavenger crabs and flesh flies,
while its young slowly starve in the trees above.

The egret is the largest of the herons of pure white plumage in
this region, being a little more than a meter in length with the wing
measuring about 381 mm. In life it is distinguished by large size
coupled with yellow bill and black tarsi.

EGRETTA THULA THULA (Molina)
SNOWY HERON, GARZA BLANCA, CRABIER BLANC, QUOCK BLANC

Ardea Thula Mo.tina, Sagg. Stor. Nat. Chili, 1782, p. 235 (Chile).

Aigretta, Descourtitz, Voy. Nat., vol. 2, 1809, pp. 227-228 (mentioned).

Ardea alba minor, Descourtitz, Voy. Nat., vol. 2, 1809, pp. 62-63 (plain of
the Artibonite).

Herodias candidissima, Satté, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1857, p. 236 (listed ).—
Ritter, Naturh. Reis. Westind. Insel Hayti, 1836, pp. 151-157 (Fort Royal).—

THE BIRDS OF HAITI AND THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC Ad

Bryant, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 11, May, 1867, p. 97 (listed).—
TRISTRAM, Ibis, 1884, p. 168 (specimen, Dominican Republic).—Cory, Birds
Haiti and San Domingo, Dec., 1884, p. 153; Cat. West Indian Birds, 1892, p.
89 (Haiti and Dominican Republic).—TierenuaAver, Die Insel Haiti, 1892, pp.
317, 323 (listed).

Egretta thula thula, Perers, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zodl., vol. 61, 1917, p. 3897
(Monte Cristi, and mouths of Rios Piedra, Ori and San Juan).—BEgEBE, Zool.
Soc. Bull., vol. 30, 1927, p. 138 (Etang Miragoane) ; Beneath Tropic Seas, 1928,
p. 219 (Htang Miragoane).—Bonp, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 80,
1928, p. 490.—DanrortH, Auk, 1929, p. 360 (Vasquez, Monte Cristi, Bonao).—
Motron1, Att. Soe. Ital. Scienz. Nat., vol. 68, 1929, p. 308 (Bonao, specimens).

Resident, in the lagoons and marshes of the lowlands, mainly near
the coast; now rare.

Sallé has included the snowy heron in his list of birds from the
Dominican Republic without record of where he saw it, his notes
apparently furnishing the basis for subsequent inclusion of the
species by Bryant and Cory. Tristram ** records a specimen with-
out locality in a collection made by C. McGrigor. Peters seems to
be the only observer who has found the bird in any numbers. He
noted it at Monte Cristi February 6, 1916, and near the mouths of
the Rios Piedra, Ori, and San Juan from March 3 to 14, at times in
small flocks. Abbott found it uncommon at Lake Enriquillo near
Duvergé from October 1 to 6,1919. Danforth found it near Vasquez
June 25, near Monte Cristi August 5, and on the Yuna near Bonao
August 7, 1927. Ciferri collected three on the Yuna near Bonao
February 8 and April 5 and 6, 1927.

In Haiti Abbott secured a male at Jérémie on December 28, 1917,
and Bartsch recorded the snowy heron at Trou Caiman April 4,
1917. Beebe saw six or eight at the Etang Miragoane, March 2,
1927, and Bond observed it at the same point in 1928. It is probable
that this species was represented among many white herons seen
by Wetmore from an airplane on April 28, 1927, in passing over
the coastal swamps south of Gonaives, but of the identity of these
the observer could not be certain. Descourtiiz, in April, 1799, found
the snowy heron common at “lagon Peinier ” in the plain of the
Artibonite, and says that the scapular plumes were sold for one
hundred franes per ounce, being more valuable than those of the
large species. Ritter reported the snowy heron near Fort Royal.

These graceful birds are found in lowland swamps and lagoons,
often among mangroves but also on fresh waters farther inland
where they feed on fishes and large insects. They are alert and
wary and seldom permit close approach. Their nuptial plumes
though smaller than those of the large egret have been highly prized

“4 This, 1884, p. 168.
2134—3———_@

78 BULLETIN 155, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

in the past and have led to the destruction of untold thousands.
There is little definite data as to the former abundance of the snowy
heron in Hispaniola, but it is probable that it was common and has
been reduced in numbers by plume hunters as in Cuba and Porto
Rico.

The snowy heron is one of the smaller species to be confused
mainly with the white immature stage of the little blue heron, from
which it is distinguished by entirely white primaries when in the
hand, and when alive by the black legs and black bill, the latter
being yellow only at the base. It is much smaller than the egret;
the one taken by Abbott measured 565 mm., with the wing 252 mm.

DICHROMANASSA RUFESCENS RUFESCENS (Gmelin)
REDDISH EGRET, GARZA

Ardea rufescens GMELIN, Syst. Nat., vol. 1, pt. 2, 1789, p. 628 (Louisiana).

Ardea rufa, Cory, Bull. Nuttall Ornith. Club, 1881, p. 154 (Haiti, seen) ;
Birds Haiti and San Domingo, Dec., 1884, pp. 152-153 (specimens ).—TIPPEN-
HAUER, Die Insel Haiti, 1892, p. 328 (listed).

Ardea rufescens, Cory, Cat. West Indian Birds, 1892, p. 89 (Haiti, Dominican
Republic).

Dichromanassa rufescens, DANFORTH, Auk, 1929, p. 360 (Artibonite).

Dichromandassa rufescens rufescens, Bonp, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia,
vol. 80, 1928, p. 520 (listed).

Apparently a rare resident in Haiti and the Dominican Republic.

Cory in 1881 reports several seen without mentioning definite
locality, later (1885) remarking “ probably resident in San Domingo.
Several specimens were taken.” The only specimen that we have
seen is a female in white phase taken by Abbott at the eastern end of
Lake Enriquillo on October 2, 1919. He informs us that he saw birds
in the reddish phase but is now uncertain as to the locality. Dan-
forth reports two seen on the Artibonite Sloughs above St. Mare
July 29, 1927.

Examination of a small series of these herons in the United States
National Museum collection, including five adults from various
localities in Lower California but only three from the eastern part
of the range of the species (one from Florida and two from Cozumel
Island), bear out the contention of Van Rossem in describing
Dichromanassa rufescens dickeyi?® as new that birds from Lower
California are darker on the head and neck. Part of our series from
Lower California however have the tips of the dorsal plumes pale as
in the eastern birds.

The reddish egret, a species larger than the little blue heron or

* Dichromanassa rufescens dickeyi Condor, 1926, p. 246. (San Luis Island, Lower
California.)

THE BIRDS OF HAITI AND THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 79

snowy heron, in the dark phase has the head and neck rufous chest-
nut and the remainder of the body plumage dark bluish slate. About
thirty plumes that grow from the back and extend beyond the tail
are slaty, tipped more or less with whitish. There is also a white
phase in which the bird is entirely white except occasionally for a
slight grayish mottling at the tips of the primaries. The specimen
secured by Doctor Abbott had a total length of 715 mm. and a wing
measurement of 320 mm. The dark phase is readily recognized but
the white form, formerly considered a distinct species is sometimes
identified with difficulty. In the hand it is found that the reddish
egret has the tarsus twice as long as the middle toe without the claw
while in the egret, snowy heron and little blue heron the tarsus is
decidedly less than twice the middle toe without the claw. This
measurement is sufficient to determine any white specimen of the
present species.

HYDRANASSA TRICOLOR RUFICOLLIS (Gosse)
LOUISIANA HERON, GARZA, CRABIER, QUOCK

Egretia ruficollis GossE, Birds Jamaica, 1847, p. 338 (Jamaica).

Demi-Aigrette, Drscourtizz, Voy. Nat., vol. 2, 1809, pp. 228-229 (recorded
from Haiti).

Ardea leucogastra, TIPPENHAUER, Die Insel Haiti, 1892, p. 323 (listed).

Hydranassa tricolor, Brersn, Zool. Soc. Bull., vol. 30, 1927, p. 189; Beneath
Tropic Seas, 1928, pp. 67, 70, 108, 219 (near Port-au-Prince).

Hydranassa tricolor ruficollis, PETERS, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zo6l., vol. 61, 1917,
p. 397 (Mouth of Rio Piedra).—Bonp, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol.
80, 1928, p. 490 (Etang Miragoane, Trou Caiman, Port-de-Paix, Fort Liberté,
Gonave Island).—DanrorrH, Auk, 1929, p. 360 (Monte Cristi, Laguna del
Salodillo, specimens).

Resident; common in the mangrove swamps and lagoons of the
coast, about the salt lakes of the Cul-de-Sac plain, and the fresh
water lagoons of the lowlands.

Though the Louisiana Heron is fairly common in both republics
it has been seldom reported in print. Peters recorded one seen near
the mouth of the Rio Piedra, D. R. on March 16, 1916. Doctor
Abbott secured specimens near Sanchez February 13, 1919, and at
the eastern end of Lake Enriquillo on October 5, 1919. Wetmore
observed one on the Arroyo Barrancota, May 8, 1927, and others on
the islands known as Cayos de los Pajaros at the entrance of San
Lorenzo Bay May 11. It is possible that they breed with other
herons at this latter locality. Danforth in 1927 saw them at Monte
Cristi, Laguna del Salodillo and Vasquez.

In Haiti Abbott collected specimens on Cayemite Island January
5, 1918, on the Etang Saum4tre March 6, 1918, at Trou Caiman
April 7, 1920, and at Port & l’Ecu June 28, 1917. The bird from

80 BULLETIN 155, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

Cayemite Island is in immature dress and probably indicates breed-
ing in that locality. Bartsch reports the Louisiana heron near Gloré
on the Etang Saumatre April 3, 1917, at Trou Caiman April 4, and
from the salt-flats north of Port-au-Prince April 25. Beebe saw
three near Port-au-Prince during a period of three months in 1927,
and records them also at Source Matelas January 13 and March 21,
and at the Etang Miragoane.

Wetmore found this species common in the marshes of the Etang
Miragoane April 1, 1927, observed several in the coastal lagoons near
Aquin April 3, and one on the open beach near Cap-Haitien April
26. On April 28 in passing by airplane at a very low altitude above
the mangrove-bordered lagoons south of Gonaives he recorded many
with multitudes of other herons. He noted approximately four hun-
dred of the present species rising from shallow water in one opening
in the swamps. Danforth in 1927 saw it at Port-au-Prince, Aquin,
Etang Miragoane, Gonaives, Les Salines, Cap-Haitien and Anse 4
Galets, Gonave Island. Bond, who found the species at the Etang
Miragoane, Trou Caiman, Port-de-Paix, Fort Liberté and on Gonave
Island considered it the most common heron of Haiti with the excep- -
tion of the green heron. Poole and Perrygo collected two males at
Fort Liberté February 12 and 18, 1929.

The Louisiana heron is confined entirely to the lowlands where, as
has been indicated, it is found usually in the coastal lagoons but may
range also in fresh-water marshes when these are extensive. It is
largely restricted to marshy and swampy habitats and is seldom
found feeding in the dry fields so often frequented by other small
herons.

This species has the upper parts largely dark slate, with buffy
tips to the dorsal plumes; throat white, with more or less chest-
nut on the foreneck; breast mingled slaty and white and abdomen
entirely white. The bird measures from 600 to 660 mm. in length.
Among a group of birds characterized by thin form the Louisiana
heron is more slender and elongated than any of the others here
treated, so that it is distinguished at a glance by its long thin neck,
long bill, and slender legs.

FLORIDA CAERULEA CAERULESCENS (Latham)

LITTLE BLUE HERON, GARZA AZUL, GARZA BLANCA, CRABIER, CRABIER
BLEU, CRABIER NOIR, CRABIER BLANC, QUOCK, QUOCK BLANC, METIS

Ardea caerulescens LATHAM, Index Orn., vol. 2, 1790, p. 690 (Cayenne).

Métis, Descourtinz, Voy. Nat., vol. 2, 1809, pp. 224-227 (Haiti).

Crabier Bleu, Descourtinz, Voy. Nat., vol. 2, 1809, pp. 229-230 (Haiti).

Little Blue Heron, Breese, Beneath Tropic Seas, 1928, p. 108 (EKtang
Miragoane).

THE BIRDS OF HAITI AND THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC sl

Ardea caerulea, Rirrer, Naturh. Reis. Westind. Insel Hayti, 1836, p. 157
(listed).—Cory, Bull. Nuttall Ornith. Club, 1881, p. 155 (specimens, Haiti) ;
Birds Haiti and San Domingo, Dec., 1884, p. 154 (idem.) ; Cat. West Indian
Birds, 1892, p. 90 (Haiti, Dominican Republic).—Tristram, Ibis, 1884, p. 168
(specimen, Dominican Republic) ; Cat. Coll. Birds belonging H. B. Tristram,
1889, p. 270 (specimen, Dominican Republic).—T1ppeENHAUER, Die Insel Haiti,
1892, pp. 317, 323 (listed).—CHeErkRig£, Field Columbian Mus., Ornith. ser., vol.
1, 1896, p. 25 (specimen) .—CuHrIsty, Ibis, 1897, pp. 338-839 (Sanchez).

Ardea caerulea caerulescens, VERRILL, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia,
1909, p. 355 (abundant).

Florida caerulea, PETERS, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zo6l., vol. 6, 1917, pp. 397-398
(common).

Florida caerulea caerulescens, BOND, Proce. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol.
80, 1928, p. 490 (tang Miragoane, Fort Liberté, Gonave Island).—DANFoRTH,
Auk, 1929, p. 360 (common).—MorrTonti, Att. Soc. Ital. Scienz. Nat., vol. 68, 1929,
p. 808 (Bonao, Santiago, specimens).

Resident; common in the lowlands, particularly in the coastal
lagoons.

The little blue heron is one of the common herons of the island,
that through lack of decorative plumes has escaped the fate of the
more highly ornamented egrets. It is found in great abundance in
the shallow lagoons grown with mangroves that often border the
outer margins of the coastal plain, particularly at the mouths of
streams, and also occurs inland about fresh water lakes. In addition
it ranges in the interior along some of the small streams where these
flow quietly with sluggish current.

In the vicinity of Samana Bay these herons abound. Verrill
records them as common on the water front near the town of
Samana, and in the collection of J. H. Fleming there is a series
of eleven skins taken by Verrill on the Cana Honda, San Lorenzo
Bay, from December 30, 1906 to January 12, 1907. They range
along the lower Yuna and Arroyo Barrancota, and on May 11, 1927,
Wetmore found a number of occupied nests containing either eggs
or small young in trees on the slopes of the Cayos de los Pajaros
at the entrance of San Lorenzo Bay. Christy reported them as com-
mon and Peters found them on the north coast. Abbott recorded
them near Duvergé on Lake Enriquillo from October 1 to 6, 1919.
Ciferri obtained specimens near Bongo on the Rio Masimpedro
December 12, 1926, on the Yuna February 2, 8 and 20, 1927, and at
Santiago October 20, 1927.

In Haiti Abbott secured one at Moron on December 18, 1918, an
inland locality, and Wetmore saw the species along a small stream,
the Riviére des Cotes de Fer, at the Coffee Experiment Station at
Fonds-des-Négres. Little blue herons were seen in many hundreds
by Wetmore on April 28, 1927, in passing in an airplane low over the
lagoons near Gonaives and Desdunes. From some of the bays a

82 BULLETIN 155, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

veritable cloud of birds rose, the majority being the present species.
He observed them further at Aquin, Etang Miragoane, Gressier,
Port-au-Prince, Cap Haitien and Caracol, all during April, 1927.
James Bond recorded them at the Etang Miragoane, Fort Liberté
and on Gonave Island. F. P. Mathews saw them on Gonave Island
in July, 1927, according to Danforth. Poole and Perrygo saw this
species at Grand Riviére January 21, 1929, on Tercero Island, in the
Seven Brothers group January 30, and collected two adults and two
in white immature dress at Fort Liberté February 11, 12 and 15,
1929. Further they secured an adult four miles south of Cerca-la-
Source March 23, 1929. The latter it is supposed represents a
wanderer from the coastal region.

Descourtilz describes the mixed phase of plumage in this species
which he thought was produced by crossing between the little blue
heron and the egret. In Haiti the young in white dress are known
as crabier blanc, and the adults as crabier bleu, or crabier noir.

The adult bird is slaty gray above and blackish below, with a wash
of rufescent color on head and foreneck. Part of the young are
slaty and a part pure white except for a mottling of grey at the tips
of the primaries. Other individuals show a mixture of slate and
white. The length ranges from 540 to 575 mm., and the wing from
about 245 to 275 mm. The white birds are often mistaken for the
snowy heron but may be told by the greenish tarsi, these being black
in the snowy heron.

BUTORIDES VIRESCENS VIRESCENS (Linnacus)
LITTLE GREEN HERON

Ardea virescens LINNAEUS, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 144 (coast of

South Carolina).
Butorides virescens virescens, PETERS, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zo6l., vol. 61, 1917,

p. 398 (Sostia, specimen).

Rare in winter; three specimens known.

Peters shot a male at Sostia, Dominican Republic on March 29,
1916, that he has identified as the typical form of this species saying
that it “ agrees perfectly in color and size with representatives from
the United States; the sides of the neck being more purplish than
in B. v. maculatus, while all its measurements are larger than typical
B. v. maculatus. Wing 177, tail 70.5, exposed culmen 60, tarsus 52,
middle toe 44 mm.

“While I have referred this specimen to the continental form it
is perfectly possible that its larger size may be due to individual
variation in B. v. maculatus.”

THE BIRDS OF HAITI AND THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 83

Abbott collected a male at Sanchez, D. R., February 12, 1919,
that measures as follows: wing 176.0, tail 62.0, culmen 59.0, tarsus
51.0mm. Anda male secured by Poole and Perrygo at Fort Liberté,
Haiti, February 12, 1929, has the following dimensions: wing 178.0,
tail 66.3, culmen 61.9, tarsus 49.3 mm. These are distinctly larger
than specimens of the resident form B. v. maculatus secured at the
same time, and in addition are decidedly darker in color on the sides
of the neck and on the abdomen.

Apparently the green heron of eastern North America comes regu-
larly to the island.

There is also one record of a bird of this form taken at Fajardo,
Porto Rico, February 16, 1899 °° so that the subspecies may occur
casually in winter in the two eastern islands of the Greater Antilles.

The characters of this form as distinguished from the West In-
dian little green heron are indicated above.

BUTORIDES VIRESCENS MACULATUS (Boddaert)

WEST INDIAN GREEN HERON, MARTINETE, GARZA MORADA, CRABIER,
CRACRA, RACRAC, VALET DE CAIMAN

Cancroma maculata Bopparrt, Table Planch. Enl., 1783, p. 54 (Martinique,
Lesser Antilles).

Crabier, Sarnt-Mféry, Descript. Part. Franc. fle Saint-Domingue, vol. 1,
1797, pp. 262, 717 (Dondon, Port-de-Paix) —Derscourtizz, Voy. Nat., vol. 2, 1809,
pp. 230-231 (common).

Ardea cracra, DrescourtiLz, Voy. Nat., vol. 2, 1809, p. 66 (Pont de l’Estére).

Ardea virescens, Bryant, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 11, May, 1867, p.
97 (Dominican Republic).—Cory, Bull. Nuttall Ornith. Club, 1881, p. 155
(Port-au-Prince, specimen) ; Birds Haiti and San Domingo, Dec., 1884, p. 155
(Gantier, Port-au-Prince).—Tristram, Ibis, 1884, p. 168 (Dominican Republic,
specimen ).—TIPPENHAUER, Die Insel Haiti, 1892, p. 323 (listed).—CuHeErrin,
Field Columbian Mus., Ornith. ser., vol. 1, 1896, p. 25 (common).—Curisty,
Ibis, 1897, pp. 839-340 (common).

Butorides virescens, Sauté, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1857, p. 236 (listed) .—
TRISTRAM, Cat. Coll. Birds belonging H. B. Tristram, 1889, p. 270 (Dominican
Republic, specimen).—Brrse, Zool. Soc. Bull., vol. 30, 1927, p. 139; Beneath
Tropic Seas, 1928, pp. 108-219 (common).

Butorides virescens virescens, Motront, Att. Soc. Ital. Scienz. Nat., vol. 68,
1929, p. 309 (Bonao, specimens).

Butoroides virescens maculata, Verrit, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia,
1909, p. 856 (abundant).

Butorides virescens maculatus, Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zodl., vol. 61, 1917,
p. 398 (Monte Cristi, Sostia, specimens).—Bonp, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila-
delphia, vol. 80, 1928, p. 490 (Ktang Miragoane, Trou Caiman, Port-de-Paix,
Gonave Island).—DanrortH, Auk, 1929, p. 360 (common).

ee ee

76See Wetmore, Birds Porto Rico and Virgin Islands, New York Acad. Sci., Scient.
Surv. Porto Rico and Virgin Islands, vol. 9, 1927, pp. 295-296.

84 BULLETIN 155, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

Resident, common; most abundant in the lowlands but ranging
along streams into the high interior.

The green heron is the most widely distributed of its family in
Hispaniola as it ranges in mangrove swamps, lakes, and marshes,
or along streams wherever it may find food and cover. Because
of its small size it is comparatively little disturbed and so is usu-
ally very tame. It may be expected to occur anywhere that there
is water.

Though common these birds are not truly gregarious, and in fact
are inclined to resent too close approach of another of their own
kind. Along the Riviere Cul-de-Sac near Damien, Wetmore ob-
served two fighting petulantly until one dropped into the water
when it swam a few strokes before it reached shallows that per-
mitted it to wade. The voice of this heron is a rude squawk ut-
tered in a protesting tone when it is disturbed in any way.

At Caracol, Haiti on April 27, 1927, one was seen with a large
crayfish which it only swallowed after several unsuccessful attempts.
Bond reported nests at Trou Caiman in June. Descourtilz, who
records this heron at Pont de l’Estére on April 16, 1799, says that -
it was called valet de caiman because it is believed by the country-
men to warn the caiman by its cries of the approach of danger.

On May 10, 1927, this heron was the most common of its kind
along the lower Yuna near where that stream empties into Samana
Bay. <A nest found was a flattened structure of twigs built on a
projecting tree limb about six feet above the water. An adult
crouched at the side of this rude platform which contained two
fresh eggs. These are glaucous-green and measure 39.5 by 29.5
and 39.9 by 29.5 mm. Another set of two taken by Abbott near
Jean Rabel Anchorage on June 3, 1917, came from a nest placed
twenty feet from the ground in a tree growing near the beach.
The male parent was taken on the nest. The eggs in this second
set are lighter in color than the two described above as they are
pale glaucous-green. They measure 40.1 by 39.5 and 38.6 by 29.8
mm.

Following are measurements from our series of skins from His-
paniola:

Seven males, wing 162.0-168.5 (166.3), tail 53.0-62.0 (56.9), cul-
men 51.5-63.0 (56.9), tarsus 45.8-55.0 (48.4) mm.

Five females, wing 165.0-172.0 (169.4), tail 55.5-61.2 (58.6), cul-
men 53.9-61.5 (57.3), tarsus 45.9-51.5 (48.7) mm.

The adult green heron is dull greenish above, darker on the head,
with wing coverts edged with buffy; the sides of the neck and
breast are deep rufous, with a line of white mixed with dusky
down the foreneck; the abdomen is gray. Young birds have the

THE BIRDS OF HAITI AND THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 85

anterior underparts whitish streaked with grayish and the dorsal
surface duller. These birds range from 410 to 470 mm. in length,
and have the wing from 162 to 175 mm. long.

NYCTICORAX NYCTICORAX HOACTLI (Gmelin)

BLACK-CROWNED NIGHT HERON, YABOA, GALLINAZO, COQ-D’EAU, COQ DE
NUIT, QUOCK

Ardea Hoactli GMELIN, Syst. Nat., vol. 1, pt. 2, 1789, p. 680 (in Novae His-
paniae lacubus).

Coq-d’eau, DescourTiLz, Voy. Nat., vol. 2, 1809, pp. 238-239 (reported).

Nyctiardea naevia, TIpPENHAUER, Die Insel Haiti, 1892, p. 323 (listed).—
Curisty, Ibis, 1897, p. 341 (Yuna swamps).

Nycticoraxr nycticorax naevius, Perers, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zo6l1., vol. 61, 1917,
p. 898 (Rio Sostia).—Cirerri, Segund. Inf. An. Est. Nac. Agr. Moca, 1927, p. 6
(listed ).—Bonp, Proce. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 80, 1928, p. 490: (listed).
—DanrortH, Auk, 1929, p. 360 (Artibonite, Les Salines).—Motron1, Att. Soc.
Ital. Scienz. Nat., vol. 68, p. 309 (Haina, specimen).

Apparently resident, though migrants come from North America
during the northern winter; rather rare.

The status of this heron is uncertain as there are few records.
Christy found it several times in the Yuna region. Peters records
two near the Rio Sostia, April 10, 1916. Abbott collected a female
near Sanchez February 6, 1919. Wetmore saw three along the
Arroyo Guayabo near where that stream enters the Yuna on May 10,
1927, and noted several on the following day on the islets known as
Cayos de los Pajaros at the entrance of San Lorenzo Bay. Ciferri
secured one near Haina April 4, 1926. In Haiti the species is re-
ported by Descourtilz, who says it is excellent for the table, by Tip-
penhauer (without locality or comment), and by Bartsch who
observed it on the salt flats north of Port-au-Prince, April 25, 1917.
Danforth in 1927 saw one on the Artibonite beyond St. Marc July
29, and six at Les Salines July 30. Though some individuals of the
black-crowned night heron may be resident others come from the
north during winter. To Dr. W. B. Bell and Mr. Frederick C. Lin-
coln, of the Bureau of Biological Survey, United States Department
of Agriculture, we are indebted for reports of two birds banded in
a nesting colony at Barnstable, Massachusetts, that were taken sub-
sequently in Hispaniola. One of these, marked June 15, 1924 by
Mr. Leavitt C. Parsons, was taken about November 5, 1927, between
Constanza and San Juan de la Maguana, Dominican Republic. The
other, banded June 17, 1925 by Mr. E. H. Forbush was killed at
Anse-a-Veau, Haiti, by Numa Cassy, and was reported under date of
May 21, 1928 by the editor of Le Temps, of Port-au-Prince.

The night heron as its name indicates is abroad mainly after night-
fall though at times it is more or less active by day. In daylight
hours, however, it is usually found resting in the seclusion of dense

86 BULLETIN 155, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

trees, ordinarily in swamps, where it flushes with heavy flight. Its
harsh calls are heard often at night overhead as the birds pass to
roosts or feeding grounds.

The adult has the neck, forehead and underparts whitish and the
crown, and upper back greenish black. The lower back, wings and
tail are ashy, and two slender plumes growing from the back of the
head are white. The immature bird is grayish brown above streaked
with white or buffy, and whitish below streaked with blackish. The
bird measures about 450 mm. in length. It is heavier bodied than
other herons.

NYCTANASSA VIOLACEA VIOLACEA (Linnaeus)
YELLOW-CROWNED NIGHT HERON, YABOA

Ardea violacea LINNAEUS, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 143 (Carolina).

Ardea cayenensis, Rirter, Naturh. Reis. Westind. Insel Hayti, 1836, pp. 151,
157 (Fort Royal).

Nycticorar violaceus, CHERRIE, Field Columbian Mus., Ornith. ser., vol. 1,
1896, p. 25 (Rio Ozama).—VeERRILL, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1909,
p. 357 (very common).

Nyctiardea violacea, TIPPENHAUER, Die Insel Haiti, 1892, p. 323 (listed).

Nyctanassa violacea, Breese, Zool. Soc. Bull., vol. 30, 1927, p. 189; Beneath
Tropic Seas, 1928, p. 219 (Bizoton, one).—LONNBrERe, Fauna och Flora, 1929,
p. 99 (Haiti, specimen). .

Nyctanassa violacea violacea, Bonn, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol.
80, 1928, p. 490 (Port-au-Prince; Grand Lagon, Point-A-Raquettes, Gonave
Island).—DanrorrH, Auk, 1929, p. 360 (fairly common).—MotrToni, Att. Soc.
Ital. Scienz. Nat., vol. 68, 1929, p. 309 (Bonao, Moca, San Juan, specimens).

Resident; fairly common in suitable localities.

Cherrie saw the yellow-crowned night heron on the Rio Ozama
near Santo Domingo City on several occasions. Verrill writes that
it was “very common in the swamps and along the larger rivers”
without giving definite localities. In the collection of J. H. Fleming
there is a male taken by Verrill, March 8, 1907, at Sanchez. Abbott
collected specimens at Laguna and Cape Rojo on the Samana Pen-
insula on August 10 and 29, 1916, respectively. Danforth in 1927
found this species at Monte Cristi, San Juan, and Bonao. Ciferri
obtained specimens at Bonao, Moca, and San Juan.

In Haiti Ritter records one taken near Fort Royal, Abbott secured
specimens on Grande Cayemite Island January 5, 1918, and at Petit
Port 4 1’Ecu on May 9, 1917. He saw yellow-crowned night herons
occasionally on Gonave Island from February 18 to 28, 1918. Dr.
C. H. Arndt, under date of April 22, 1927, has written from Fonds-
des-Négres that a pair were nesting at that time in a large mombin
tree on the grounds of the coffee experiment station. Beebe saw one

THE BIRDS OF HAITI AND THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 87

near Bizoton, and Wetmore noted one near pools of water along the
Ravine Papaye, in the vicinity of Hinche, on April 20 and 23, 1927.
Bond found it near Port-au-Prince, and at Grand Lagon and Point-
4-Raquettes on Gonave Island. He secured a female in first fall
plumage on Gonave February 9, 1928. Danforth in 1927 saw it near
St. Marc, Les Salines, and Les Cayes.

This heron in the main is an inhabitant of wooded swamps where
it is most active at night; during the day it perches in thick trees
where it is sheltered from the sun. Wetmore found one in the
Ravine Papaye where the only water was collected in scattered pools
as it was the dry season. Though by choice inactive during daylight
hours, this heron is alert and takes to flight when too closely ap-
proached. Its flight is strong and direct, performed with the neck
drawn in on the shoulders as is usual in herons.

The yellow-crowned night heron in general is colored gray, with a
whitish wash on the abdomen, and blackish streaks on the dorsal
surface; the crown, cheeks, and the slender, elongated plumes grow-
ing from the back of the head are white, the rest of the head and the
throat are black. The immature bird is rather like the young of the
black-crowned night heron but is marked by its heavier bill. The
bird is similar in size to the black-crowned night heron.

[Subfamily BOTAURINAE]

{[BOTAURUS LENTIGINOSUS (Montagu)
AMERICAN BITTERN

Ardea lentiginosa Montaau, Suppl. Orn. Dict., 1818, text and plate (Piddle-
ton, Dorsetshire, England).

Botaurus minor, TIPPENHAUER, Die Insel Haiti, 1892, p. 323 (listed).

The only record is that of Tippenhauer who lists the species with-
out comment.

The American bittern comes regularly to Cuba*? and is found
occasionally in Porto Rico ** so that it may be expected in Hispaniola
in winter. For the present it is held in the hypothetical list.

The bittern above is brown, with the feathers bordered and mot-
tled with buff and buffy ochraceous; top of head and back of neck
bluish slate washed with buff; below creamy buff, streaked with buffy
brown; a black stripe on either side of upper neck. Young birds are
deeper buff than adults. The total length is about 710 mm. and the
wing about 265 mm. |

7 Barbour, Mem. Nuttall Ornith. Club, no. 4, 1923, p. 31.

Oy noseaoa” New York Acad. Sci., Scient. Surv. Port Rico, Virgin Islands, vol. 9, 1927,

88 BULLETIN 155, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
IXOBRYCHUS EXILIS EXILIS (Gmelin)
LEAST BITTERN, MARTINETE CHICO, CRABIER

Ardea exilis GMELIN, Syst. Nat., vol. 1, pt. 2, 1789, p. 645 (Jamaica).

Crabier des Mangles, Descourtinz, Voy. Nat., vol. 2, 1809, pp. 251-233 (one).

Ardea minuta, Rirrer, Naturh. Reis. Westind. Insel Hayti, 1836, p. 157
(specimen).

Ardetta exilis, TrrPpENHAUER, Die Insel Haiti, 1892, p. 323 (listed).

Izobrychus exilis, BarrscH, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, July 27, 1917, p.
182 (Haiti, listed) —Prrers, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zo@l., vol. 61, 1917, p. 397
(Monte Cristi).

Ixobrychus exilis exilis, Bonp, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 80,
1928, p. 490 (Trou Caiman, Port-de-Paix, Lake Enriquillo)—DAnFortH, Auk,
1929, p. 361 (Laguna del Salodillo).

Resident; local in distribution.

In the Dominican Republic Peters found a few least bitterns in
reed-grown swamps near the mouth of the Rio Yaqui del Norte at
Monte Cristi on February 20, 1916, and Danforth saw one at La-
guna del Salodillo, near Copey, June 26, 1927. Bond has recorded
them from Lake Enriquillo.

In Haiti Bartsch reported the bird near Gloré on the Etang
Saumatre April 8, 1917 and secured five at Trou Caiman on April
4, Later Abbott collected three at the Etang Saumatre on March
6, 8, and 9, 1918. Wetmore flushed one in a swamp grown with
saw-grass at the Etang Miragoane on April 1, 1927. Descourtilz
says that he captured one in his hand but does not give the locality.
Bond reports that they are abundant at Trou Caiman, and found
them also at Port-de-Paix.

The least bittern frequents the rushes of lowland swamps, usually
being found in aquatic growth standing in the water. It is seldom
that men penetrate its chosen habitat as there is little there to at-
tract invasion so that this heron may be seen seldom though fairly
common. The birds often turn the striped breast toward an in-
truder rather than take to flight, when with bill pointing straight
in the air their form simulates the surrounding growth of rushes
so closely that the eye does not readily single them out. When they
do flush they fly out with dangling legs, uttering protesting, croak-
ing notes.

Part of the adult least bitterns that we have examined from
Hispaniola and Porto Rico are paler below than the average from
the eastern United States, possibly indicating that the Antillean
bird is separable. There is such variation in depth of color that we
eall attention to this matter with the suggesion that West Indian
birds be collected in considerable series before attempt is made to
establish their status as a distinct race. The matter is complicated

THE BIRDS OF HAITI AND THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 89

by some uncertainty regarding Cory’s least bittern, which may be
an erythrism of evilis, though some contend that it is specifically
distinct.

The least bittern, the smallest of our herons, is only from 315 to
340 mm. in length, and is slight and slender in body. Its plumage
is marked by buffy and rufescent tints, with the crown and back
black in males and brown in females.

Suborder CICONIAE

Superfamily CICONIIDES
Family CICONIIDAE

Subfamily MYCTERIINAE
MYCTERIA AMERICANA Linnaeus

WOOD IBIS, FAISAN

Mycteria americana LINNAEUS, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 140 (Bra-
zil) —Bonp, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 80, 1928, p. 520 (listed).

Pheasant, Sarnt-Méry, Descrip. Span. Part Saint-Domingo, vol. 1, 1798, p.
85 (Plain of Neiba).

Tantalus loculator, CHristy, Ibis, 1897, p. 888 (Yuna swamps).

Resident locally in the Dominican Republic, now very rare.

The wood ibis is well known to hunters in the Dominican Republic
under the name Faisan, but no report of it in adjacent Haiti has
come to our eyes. Moreau de Saint-Méry speaks of the “ Pheasant ”
as common at the close of the eighteenth century on the plain of
Neiba. Christy reports wood ibises at the end of June, 1895, in the
swamps at the mouth of the Rio Yuna, describing their occurrence
as follows: “I saw five of these birds about half a mile off perched
on a tree covered with matted creepers. They very soon rose, and
rather to my surprise circled high up into the air. We several times
during that day saw single birds, and once I obtained a long shot at
one flying over, but without result. The boatman called them the
‘Faisan.’ What the word meant they could not tell me; but it seemed
to have some connection with the bare vulture-like head and neck of
the birds.” The local name is the Spanish term for pheasant, whose
application to the present species seems curious. Abbott, in June,
1919, heard of large ibises on the Arroyo Guayabo which flows into
the Yuna a few miles above its mouth, and in September of the same
year saw one at Saona Island.

At Sanchez, in May, 1927, Wetmore was told by experienced hunt-
ers that the species had not been seen on the Yuna for several years.
He heard report of it, however, in the swamps of the lower Yaqui
del Norte, and in the vicinity of Lake Enriquillo, and was told that

90 BULLETIN 155, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

a mounted bird had been displayed in recent years in a drugstore in
Santiago. Inspection of twenty or more little pharmacies in that
city on May 31 gave no trace of such a specimen.

The wood ibis is as large as the great blue heron but with much
heavier body, shorter legs, longer, curved bill, and the head and neck
in the adult bare of feathers. The wing and taii feathers are glossy
black and the rest of the plumage is white. The immature bird has
the head and neck more or less feathered but is easily distinguished
by the long, curved bill.

Superfamily THRESKIORNITHIDES
Family THRESKIORNITHIDAE

Subfamily THRESKIORNITHINAE
PLEGADIS FALCINELLUS FALCINELLUS (Linnaeus)
GLOSSY IBIS, COCO PRIETO, PECHEUR, IBIS NOIR

Tantalus falcinellus Linnarus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, pt. 1, 1766, p. 241 (Austria,
Italy).

Pécheur, Drescourtitz, Voy. Nat., vol. 2, 1809, pp. 233-235 (Haiti, rather
rare).

Glossy Ibis, Breese, Beneath Tropic Seas, 1928, p. 108 (Etang Miragoane).

Tantalus Falcinellus, Rirrer, Naturh. Reis. Westind. Insel Hayti, 1836, pp.
152, 157 (Haiti, specimen).

Ibis erythrorhyncha Goutp, Proc. Zool. Soe. London, Nov. 14, 1837 (publ.
June 14, 1838) p. 127 (Haiti) —Harriavps, Isis, 1847, p. 609 (listed).

Plegadis autumnalis, VeERRitt, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1909, p.
355 (‘Colorado River,” specimen).

Plegadis falcinellus, Cory, Cat. Birds Haiti and San Domingo, Dec., 1884,
p. 151 (of possible occurrence).—TIrPpENHAUER, Die Insel Haiti, 1892, pp. 317,
322 (listed).

Plegadis falcinellus falcinellus, Bonp, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol.
80, 1928, p. 490 (Etang Miragoane, Trou Caiman, Artibonite Plain, Fort
Liberté, Lake Enriquillo).—DanrortH, Auk, 1929, p. 361 (Artibonite Sloughs).

Resident; fairly common locally.

In the Doriaesn Republic the glossy ibis seems to be confined
principally to the southern section since the only report north of the
central mountain range is that of Verrill who records “ one specimen
taken at Colorado River,” which is near Sanchez.

Abbott found them common on the open marshes and secured
specimens at the eastern end of Lake Enriquillo October 2, 3, and 5,
1919. He saw several and shot one at Lake Rincon, near Cabral, on
March 15, 1922. Bond also records them from Lake Enriquillo.

In Haiti the species seems more abundantly distributed, though
Descourtilz in 1799 reported them rather rare. A bird secured by
Hearne, apparently a young individual, was described as a distinct

THE BIRDS OF HAITI AND THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 91

species in 1838 by Gould. Abbott has forwarded specimens labeled
Etang Saumatre taken April 5 and 6, 1920. One was secured from a
lake near Thomazeau May 18, and one near Manneville on May 14, in
the same year. Bartsch observed the species at Trou Caiman April
4, 1917, and Abbott collected specimens there on March 12, 1918, and
pei ve 1920. Beebe records glossy ibises at the Etang Manaec une
Wetmore saw glossy ibises feeding in swampy meadows at that point
on April 1, 1927, and a number came flying overhead when disturbed
by the discharge of a gun. Near Desdunes on April 28, a flock
of twenty rose at the passage of an airplane, in which Wetmore was
passenger, and unlike the herons which remained near the water,
ascended to the level of the passing airship, and finally rose above
it. Danforth and Emlen saw one on the Artibonite Sloughs beyond
St. Mare July 28, 1927. Bond records them as common locally at
Etang Miragoane, Trou Caiman, on the Artibonite Plain, and at
Fort Liberté. On June 22, 1928 he found a large breeding colony
in the Trou Caiman swamp, most of the nests containing young, with
many out of the nest. He examined one set of four eggs.

The glossy ibis is found about fresh or brackish ponds where the
water is shallow, or in marshy meadows. It usually occurs in
flocks that are alert and if hunted do not permit close approach.
The birds have a strong, direct flight with the neck and long, curved
bill extended straight in front so that their profile in the air is en-
tirely different from that of the straight-billed herons. Their flock
formation is highly pleasing as the birds move in lines or angled
flocks with each individual holding position with military precision
at a set distance from his companions.

The glossy ibis stands as tall as the smaller herons but is heavier
in body. When feeding or flying it appears plain black so that the
hunter is astonished when one comes to hand to find that the feathers
of the back show a glint of green, and that in the adult the head,
neck and underparts are coppery brown with, in places, a metallic
sheen. The young are duller and have the coppery color replaced
by dull brown, the head and neck being obscurely streaked with

white.
GUARA ALBA (Linnaeus)

WHITE IBIS, c0c6, coc6 BLANCO

Scolopar alba LinNAnus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 145 (Carolina).

? Gru blanche d’Amerique, Drscourtitz, Voy. Nat., vol. 2, 1809, pp. 221-222
(Haiti, rare; specimen).

Tantalus albus, Rrrter, Naturh. Reis. Westind. Insel Hayti, 1836, pp. 152,
157 (Haiti, rare; specimen).

Ibis alba, TristRAM, Cat. Coll. Birds belonging H. B. Tristram, 1889, p. 270
(Dominican Republic, specimen).

92 BULLETIN 155, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

Budocimus albus, Cory, Birds Haiti and San Domingo, Dec., 1884, pp. 150-151
(Dominican Republic, recorded ).—T1PpPpENHAUER, Die Insel Haiti, 1892, pp. 317-
322 (listed).—Curisty, Ibis, 1897, pp. 337-3388 (Yuna, Barrancota, speci-
mens) .—LONNBERG, Fauna och Flora, 1929, pp. 98-99 (Haiti, specimen).

Guara alba, Cory, Cat. West Indian Birds, 1892, p. 88 (Haiti, Dominican
Republic). —Verritt, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1909, p. 355 (abun-
dant).—Bonp, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 80, 1928, p. 491 (Etang
Miragoane).

Resident ; now rare.

In the Dominican Republic the white ibis was first reported by
Cory who noted it as a winter visitant and probably a resident. As the
species is not known to migrate, except for local shifting of individu-
als with the seasons, his statements with regard to its fluctuating
numbers are difficult of interpretation. ‘The bird seems to have been
most common always in the swamps at the head of Samana Bay,
‘and there it remains today in small numbers. Christy reported it
as very common in 1895 on both the Yuna and the Arroyo Bar-
rancota. The cocéd has always been one of the game birds of the
island, and Christy informs us that several times he shot thirty or
forty in one hunt during the brief period of evening twilight. -
Verrill found the birds common and said that they were excellent
eating. A pair that he collected March 1, 1907, near Sanchez are
in the J. H. Fleming collection. Tristram possessed a specimen
taken in the Dominican Republic by A. S. Toogood. In the collec-
tions forwarded by Abbott there are four skins, two in adult and
two in immature plumage, that were taken near Sanchez, February
3 and 6, 1919. A female taken on the date last mentioned contained
eggs nearly ready to lay. According to Hartert, Kaempfer collected
an immature male in the Yuna swamps on October 1, 1922, for the
Tring Museum. Wetmore observed several near the mouth of the
Yuna on May 10, 1927, and on May 16 recorded one along the same
stream at Villa Riva. Abbott found a few on Lake Enriquillo near
Duvergé October 1 to 6, 1919.

In Haiti the “Gru blanche” of Descourtilz, which he said flew in
V-shaped flocks in the marshes, and was so rare that he se-
cured only four in five years’ hunting, was probably this species.
One is reported by Ritter, and Tippenhauer remarks of this bird
that it was sought eagerly for its flesh. Bartsch reported one at
Trou Caiman April 4, 1917. Bond writes that it is not uncommon
at the Etang Miragoane but did not find it elsewhere.

The white ibises are now shy and difficult of approach, so that they
are noted usually as white birds with black-tipped wings and long
curved bills that fly with outstretched necks across the sky, or rest
in the tops of distant trees. The immature individuals are distin-

THE BIRDS OF HAITI AND THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 93

guished from the adults by their grayish brown backs, and grayish
heads and necks. The white ibis measures from 565 to 700 mm.
in length.

Subfamily PLATALEINAE

AJAIA AJAJA (Linnaeus)
ROSEATE SPOONBILL, CUCHARETA, SPATULE

Platalea ajaja LINNAEUS, Syst. Nat., ed.10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 140 (Brazil).

Spoon-bill, Sarnt-Méry, Descript. Span. Part Saint-Domingo, vol. 1, 1798,
p. 306 (Dominican Republic, mentioned).

Spatule, Burron, Hist. Nat. Ois., vol. 7, 1780, p. 460 (‘ Saint-Domingue ”).—
DerscourTILz, Voy. Nat., vol. 2, 1809, pp. 220-221 (Haiti, very rare).

Platalea ajaja, TRISTRAM, Ibis, 1884, p. 168 (Dominican Republic, specimen).

Ajaja ajaja, Cory, Cat. West Indian Birds, 1892, p. 88 (Haiti, Dominican
Republic).

Ajaia ajaia, Morront, Att. Soc. Ital. Scienz. Nat., vol. 68, 1929, p. 8309 (specimen).

Ajaia ajaja, Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 61, 1917, p. 398 (Monte Cristi,
specimen).—Bonp, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 80, 1928, p. 491 (re-
ported) —DanNnrortH, Auk, 1929, p. 361 (Laguna del Salodillo, Artibonite River).

Resident; rare.

The spoonbill is one of the rarest of marsh birds of Hispaniola.
It is mentioned by Moreau de Saint-Méry as one of the birds found
in the Dominican Republic but without statement of definite locality.
Tristram reports one in a collection made by C. McGrigor that is
supposed to have come from near Samana Bay. J. L. Peters in 1916
examined the skull of one obtained by Curt Peters in the marshes at
the mouth of the Rio Yaqui del Norte, and states that the species was
reported as rare near Monte Cristi. Abbott informs us that he found
a flock of twenty or more near Trujin in the Dominican Republic on
February 9, 1922, but that they were so wild that he did not succeed
in collecting specimens. They were said to breed there at the south
end of the lagoon. He heard of them at Rincén and also in the Yuna
swamps, and was told that they were found occasionally at Lake
Enriquillo. An officer in the marines informed him that he had killed
one at the eastern end of this lake. Danforth saw eight at the
Laguna del Salodillo, near Copey, June 26, 1927. Dr. E. L. Ekman
(in a letter) says that he found this species on the island of Beata,
and on the Barahona Peninsula.

Descourtilz reported the spoonbill as very rare in Haiti. Abbott
heard of them on the Etang Saumatre, and saw the wing of one said
to have been killed there. Near Desdunes, Haiti, on April 28, 1927,
as Wetmore crossed by airplane in company with Captain Pressley,
flying low over the coastal lagoons, a flock of three spoonbills rose
to follow a flock of flamingos. Looking directly down from an

2134—31——_7

94 BULLETIN 155, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

altitude of two hundred and fifty feet the spatulate bill was observed
clearly, serving to identify them with ease. Danforth saw three
near the mouth of the Artibonite, July 30, 1927.

The spoonbill is a large ibis-like bird, with pinkish red and white
plumage, having the head and throat more or less bare. It is sepa-
rated from all other birds of this region by the long, flattened bill,

that is greatly expanded at the tip so as to present the form of a
spatula with broadened end.

Suborder PHOENICOPTERI
Family PHOENICOPTERIDAE

PHOENICOPTERUS RUBER Linnaeus
FLAMINGO, FLAMENCO, FLAMAND

Phoenicopterus ruber Linnarus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 139
(Jamaica, Cuba, and Bahamas).

Flamman, RocHeErort, Hist. Nat. Mor. Iles Antilles l’Amerique, 1618, pp.
151-152 (recorded).

Flamand, CHARLEvoIx, Hist. Isle Espagnole, vol. 1, 1733, pp. 41-42 (re- -
corded).—Saint-Méry, Descrip. Part. Frane. Ile Saint-Domingue, vol. 2, 1798,
pp. 111, 621 (Gonaives, breeding).

Flamingo, Satnt-Mitry, Descript. Span. Part Saint-Domingo, vol. 1, 1798,
pp. 85, 306 (Neyba, Azua).—Conpir and Ross, Geol. Rec. Dominican Republic,
Geol. Sur. Dom. Rep., Mem., vol. 1, 1921, p. 192 (Lake Enriquillo).

Flammant, Burron, Hist. Nat. Ois., vol. 8, 1781, pp. 485-486, 491 (Ile a
Vache, Gonave, Lake Enriquillo).

Flamant, DEsScouRTILZ, Voy. Nat., vol. 2, 1809, pp. 217-220 (Gonaives).

Flamenco, WALTON, Pres. State Span. Col. incl. partic. Rep. Hispaniola, vol.
1, 1810, p. 121 (plains of Neiba).

Phoenicopherus ruber, Rirrer, Naturh. Reis. Westind. Insel Hayti, 1836, pp.
151, 156 (Haiti, specimen).

Phoenicopterus ruber, SALLE, Proc. Zool. Soe. London, 1857, p. 236 (‘f Laguna
de Neiba’”’).—Bryant, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 11, May, 1867, p. 97
(Dominican Republic).—Tristram, Ibis, 1884, p. 168 (Dominican Republic,
specimen ).—Cory, Bull. Nuttall Ornith. Club, 1881, p. 155 (Haiti) ; Birds Haiti
and San Domingo, March, 1885, p. 165, (Gonaives) ; Cat. West Indian Birds,
1892, p. 88 (Haiti, Dominican Republic).—T1ppENHAUER, Die Insel Haiti, 1892,
pp. 317, 323 (Gonaives, Salt Lakes).—Prtrrs, Bull. Mus. Comp Zo6l., vol. 61,
1917, p. 399 (Monte Cristi, specimen).—Bonp, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila-
delphia, vol. 80, 1928, p. 491 (Gonave Island, Etang Saumatre, Lower Artibonite,
Caracol, Fort Liberté, Lake Limén).—DaAnrortH, Auk, 1929, p. 861 (Artibonite
River).

Phoenicopterus r. ruber, BEEBE, Zool. Soc. Bull. vol. 30, 1927, p. 1388; Be-
neath Tropic Seas, 1928, pp. 108, 218-219 (tang Saumatre).

Resident; locally in small numbers.

Moreau de Saint-Méry in his account of the Dominican Republic
informs us that “the plain of Neybe * * * seems to be the
chosen spot of the flamingoes * * * which keep in flocks” and

THE BIRDS OF HAITI AND THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 95

continues on another page to say that they are found also near
Azua. Walton reports them in 1810 from the Plains of Neiba. In
view of these early observations it is of interest to record that Abbott
secured a male at the eastern end of Lake Enriquillo on October 5,
1919, and was told that these birds nested in that region. He saw
as many as forty or fifty in a day. Condit and Ross in the course
of a geological reconnaissance of the Republic also reported them
on the southern shores of Lake Enriquillo. Buffon writes that
Deshayes recorded them on Lake Enriquillo, and that at one time
several were kept in captivity for a year. Sallé informs us that
though he did not secure specimens he saw these birds near the
“Laguna de Neiba.” ‘Three taken by Abbott at Trujin in this same
general region include two adult females and a male in immature
plumage. They were said to breed at the south end of the lagoon
at that point. J. L. Peters examined the skull of one taken near
Monte Cristi by Curt Peters, and says that they are reported in fall
in that vicinity. ‘Tristram examined one in a collection of birds
made by C. McGrigor in the Dominican Republic (without specific
locality). Abbott heard of them on Saona Island in 1919, but did
not find them. Rochefort in 1618 says that flamingos were common
and that hunters approached them on all fours, covered with the
skin of an ox so that they passed unnoticed among the grazing cattle.
By this ruse they killed the birds with ease. He describes the
flesh as delicate, and the skin as prized for its down. He believed
that the birds were able to detect the approach of a hunter or the
nearness of firearms by their odor (a belief for which we consider
there is no foundation, though it is alleged today by duck hunters
in parts of Europe that ducks are frightened by human scent borne
on the wind). Though Rochefort describes the flamingo, the figure
that accompanies his account is that of a spoonbill. Charlevoix,
writing in 1733, does not agree with the statement as to the excel-
lence of the flesh of the flamingo, as he says that it is ordinary
except for the tongue which is a delicate morsel.

In Haiti Deshayes informed Buffon that flamingos were common
on Gonave Island, Ie & Vache and in the Cul-de-Sac region. Saint-
Méry at the end of the eighteenth century reported flamingos as
common near Gonaives, and said that they breed there. They were
kept in captivity by Rossignol de Grandmont, and became very tame.
He recorded them also on the coast at Aquin, and says that the Baie
des Flamands is named from their presence. Descourtilz likewise
found them very common near Gonaives, and relates that during a
threatened invasion by the English an excited negro threw the entire
populace into a state of alarm by mistaking the flocks of pink plum-
aged flamingos on the salines for troops of red-coated British sol-

96 BULLETIN 155, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

diery advancing to attack the town. He tells us also that the natives
made flutes and pipe-stems from the long leg bones of these birds.
Persecution by hunting probably accounts for the statement of Rit-
ter in 1836 that flamingos were seen in flocks but were very shy.
Cory says that he saw a flamingo near Gonaives (in the spring of
1881), and reports that the bird was known to the natives at Gantier.
Tippenhauer records them near Gonaives, and on the saline lakes of
the Cul-de-Sac.

Abbott heard of flamingos on the Grande Saline near Gonaives, on
the lagoons on the north side of Gonave Island, and on occasion on
Tortue Island, but did not see them. Beebe, on March 15, 1927, en-
countered twenty-one in two flocks on the Etang Saumitre and
heard that there was a large breeding colony on this lake. He saw
three young birds on the wing. W. J. Eyerdam, in a letter sent to
the United States National Museum reports that at the end of July
and during early August, 1927, during work on Gonave Island,
flamingos were common. He countece twenty-two in one flock and
fourteen in another, and states that they were seen daily while he was
at Point-a-Raquettes. The natives reported that they were nesting. —

Capt. R. A. Pressley, United States Marine Corps, states that he
has found flamingos regularly in the shallow lagoons near Desdunes,
and on April 28, 1927, in flying over this area with Wetmore as pas-
senger, located a flock of twelve. As the plane passed and then
banked to swing again over the birds, they flew low over the surface
of the water—wonderfully beautiful in their pinkish plumage set
off by black-tipped wings. To the passenger the pleasure of this
view was redoubled when his glance passed over the members of
the flock one by one to discover that three birds following behind
were the even rarer roseate spoonbill. Danforth and Emlen saw
about 150 near the mouth of the Artibonite River July 30, 1927,
where they were feeding on the open flats. James Bond writes that
be found the flamingo not rare, recording it at the Etang Saumiatre,
on the lower Artibonite River, at Caracol, and at Fort Liberté.
There were many on Laguna Limon on the Dominican frontier in
April, 1928, and he saw it in large numbers on Gonave Island. He
was told that it nested at Trou Louis on the south side of the island,
and at Grand Lagon on the north.

It is probable that the flamingos of the island nest in one or two
colonies isolated in great stretches of salt lagoons, and that they
range more widely at other times of the year. It may be possible
for some observant aviator to locate such a breeding colony from the
air. ‘The birds should not be disturbed as they are now too rare to
be considered game.

THE BIRDS OF HAITI AND THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 97

In addition to the color, which has been described above, this
species may be told by its form, as it stands taller than the great
blue heron, and by the curious, heavy bill, which is bent down at an
abrupt angle near its middle. Young are whitish with dusky streak-

ings above.
Order ANSERIFORMES
Family ANATIDAE ”°

Subfamily DENDROCYGNINAE
DENDROCYGNA VIDUATA (Linnaeus)
WHITE-FACED TREE-DUCK

Anas viduata Linnarus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, vol. 1, 1766, p. 205 (Lake
Cartagena).

Dendrocygna viduata, Morroni, Att. Soc. Ital. Scienz. Nat., vol. 66, 1929,
p. 309 (Haina, specimens).

Very rare; possibly of accidental occurrence.

The only record for this species is that of Moltoni who reports
a pair taken by Ciferri at Haina May 20, 1926. The species is com-
mon in the continental portions of tropical America and has been
recorded casually in Cuba and Barbadoes in the West Indies.

2 The species of ducks that are now known to occur in Hispaniola are so few that it is
certain that the list will be considerably extended with further observations. Some of
the species to be found are included beyond in brackets to indicate that they are still in
hypothetical status.

Anas torquata, reported from ‘St. Domingue” by Schlegel (Mus. Pays-Bas, Anseres,
1866, p. 61) does not refer to Hispaniola, since the species in question, now known as
Nettion leucophrys, comes from South America.

The muscovy duck Cairina moschata (Linnaeus), common in domestication, may occa-
sionally be found in a wild state, through wandering from its accustomed place with
man. Buffon (Hist. Nat. Ois., vol. 9, 1783, p. 167) states that these ducks were kept
captive at that day but says nothing to indicate that they had become feral. Ritter
(Naturh. Reis. Westind. Insel Hayti, 1836, p. 157) reports a specimen, but does not say
where he obtained it. An officer in the Marine Corps described to Doctor Abbott a
large duck that must have been this form that he had killed near Santo Domingo City.
‘There is no indication that this species was native to the island.

There is uncertain record for the wood duck Aia sponsa (Linnaeus), since it was
reported to Abbott that it had been shot near Santo Domingo City. He saw no specimens.
The species is resident in Cuba. Bond also says (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol.
80, 1928, p. 520) that in February he “shot a small duck which was swimming about
with a small flock of Lesser Scaup (Nyroca affinis) at Lake Miragoane. Unfortunately
the bird was only wounded and I was unable to find it. The duck appeared to have
white patches about the eyes, giving it a spectacled appearance. After examination of
the study collection of ducks in this Academy, I feel the bird may have been a female
wood duck, but am by no means certain. An American living in Port au Prince told
me of having observed the wood duck in Haiti.”

There is ground for belief that geese of unknown species came in earlier years as
migrants. Oviedo (Hist. Gen. Nat. Indias, Libr. 14, cap. 2. Reprint, Madrid, 1851, p.
443) says ‘““hay muchos Ansares de passo bravas y es el passo dellas por diciembre.”
Further Descourtilz (Voy. Nat., vol. 2, 1809, pp. 251-252) remarks under the name oie
Sauvage, ““est la méme que celle d’Europe, * * * Elles volent aussi trés-haut sur
deux lignes, formant un VY.”

98 BULLETIN 155, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

This duck has the ferepart of the head entirely white, the lower
neck chestnut, the back of the head and neck, lower back, and abdo-
men black, the upper back brown, and the sides whitish buff barred
with black. The tarsus is like that of the fulvous tree-duck.

DENDROCYGNA ARBOREA (Linnaeus)

WEST INDIAN TREE-DUCK, YAGUASA, YAGUASA COLORADA, CANARD
SIFFLEUR, GINGEON

Anas arborea LINNAEUS, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 128 (America).
Gingeon, Burron, Hist. Nat. Ois., vol. 9, 1783, pp. 176-181 (part; habits).
Canard Siffieur, de St. Domingue, DauBENTON, Planch. Enl., no. 804.

Canard Siffleur, DEscourtiuz, Voy. Nat., vol. 2, 1809, pp. 252-254 (Riviére
Estére).

Dendrocycna viduata, CirerriI, Segund. Inf. An. Hst. Nac. Agr. Moca, 1927,
p. 6 (listed).

Anas arborea, Ritter, Naturh. Reis. Westind. Insel Hayti, 1836, p. 157 (Haiti,
specimen).

Dendrocygna arborea, Cory, Birds Haiti and San Domingo, March, 1885, pp.
166-167 (specimens) ; Cat. West Indian Birds, 1892, p. 87 (Haiti, Dominican
Republic).—Tristram, Cat. Coll. Birds Bel. H. B. Tristram, 1889, p. 270.
(Dominican Republic, specimen) .—TiPpPENHAUER, Die Insel Haiti, 1892, pp. 318,
323 (listed).—VerERRILL, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1909, p. 355 (com-
mon).—BEEBE, Zool. Soc. Bull., vol. 30, 1927, p. 1388; Beneath Tropic Seas, 1928,
p. 218 (Source Matelas).—Bonp, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 80,
1928, p. 491 (Htang Miragoane).—DanrortH, Auk, 1929, p. 361 (Laguna del
Salodillo, Les Salines, Gonaives, Grand Goave, Etang Miragoane, Artibonite).

Resident; fairly common in the lowlands.

Former distribution of the tree-duck (frontispiece) in the Do-
minican Republic is somewhat uncertain, but to-day the section
surrounding Samana Bay, particularly the area near San Lorenzo
Bay, seems to be that where the species is most common. W. L.
Abbott secured specimens there on July 26 and 30, and September 10,
1916, and forwarded a female from Sanchez February 22, 1919. He
reports tree-ducks as fairly numerous at Lake Enriquillo October
1 to 6, 1919. On May 6, 1927, while wading in a recently flooded
swamp five miles east of Sanchez, Wetmore flushed two tree-ducks
in a wooded area where water was overflowing green vegetation
growing in the shade of trees. The birds rose heavily with a low
quack and flying low under the branches passed rapidly out of
sight. Danforth reports them common at Laguna del Salodillo,
near Copey, June 26, 1927, where he shot twelve. Two had small
seeds in their stomachs.

In Haiti Bartsch recorded the tree-duck on April 3, 1917, near
Gloré on the Etang Saumiatre, and saw it again at Trou Caiman on
April 4. Abbott shot specimens at the Etang Saumatre on March 7,

THE BIRDS OF HAITI AND THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC OG

1918, and secured one at Les Basses on January 9, 1918. He says
that it is in his experience the most common duck in Haiti, and easy
to shoot as when one fires into a flock the survivors usually fly to
a distance and then return giving opportunity for one or two more
shots before they finally leave. Bond found them at the Etang
Miragoane and heard of them at Fort Liberté. Beebe noted three at
Source Matelas. Danforth in 1927 found them very common at
Les Salines and near Gonaives, and observed a few near Grand
Goave, at the Etang Miragoane, and in the Artibonite Sloughs beyond
St. Marc.

Descourtilz reports the tree-duck as common, and says that he saw
it on the Riviére Estére. Buffon quotes extensively from notes fur-
nished by Deshayes, and though he gives these under ¢’:e wigeon refers
certainly to this tree-duck since Deshayes describes them as perching
in trees, as having long legs, and as holding the tail down like a guinea
when walking. Deshayes relates that the birds are found in flocks and
feed extensively on rice. They laid in January, having young about
in March. Often the eggs were taken and placed under hens for
hatching so that tree-ducks were frequent in captivity.

The species is found to-day in lagoons and swamps in the lowlands.
It feeds frequently at night and is seldom seen except when one
chances to encounter a flock hidden in the reaches of swamps.

In general coloration this tree-duck is dull brown above, with
paler margins on most of the feathers that give the plumage a squa-
mated appearance. The throat is white, the foreneck whitish
streaked finely with dusky, and the upper breast dull brown. The
lower breast, sides and under tail coverts are buffy white spotted
with blackish, and the abdomen is buffy white. The species is distin-
guished from all other ducks of this region by the relatively long legs
which are covered with finely reticulated scales that form a honey-
comblike pattern quite different from the broad transverse plates
that cover the front of the lower leg in ordinary ducks.

r Subfamily ANATINAE
[MARECA AMERICANA (Gmelin)
BALDPATE, AMERICAN WIGEON

Anas americana GMELIN, Syst. Nat., vol. 1, pt. 2, 1789, p. 526 (Louisiana and
New York).

Anas penelope, DESCOURTILZ, Voy. Nat., vol. 2, 1809, p. 42 (Artibonite).

Anas americana, RitTER, Naturh. Reis. Westind. Insel Hayti, 1836, p. 157
(listed).

Mareca americana, TIPPENHAUER, Die Insel Haiti, 1892, pp. 318, 323 (listed).

100 BULLETIN 155, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

Status uncertain; probably found during winter as migrant from
North America.

Descourtilz reports the wigeon from “ lagon Peinier” in the plain
of the Artibonite in April, 1799, but without clear description so that
the record is subject to question. Notes by Ritter and Tippenhauer
likewise seem uncertain, so that the species is here placed in hypo-
thetical status. As it comes to Cuba and Porto Rico there is little
question but that it will be found eventually with other migrant ducks
in Hispaniola.

The adult male has the middle of the crown white or buffy,
bordered by glossy green more or less sprinkled with black; cheeks
and throat buff finely barred with black; upper breast and sides
vinaceous, the latter somewhat barred with wavy black lines; lower
breast and abdomen white; black grayish brown finely barred with
black. The female has the head and throat white or pale buff, finely
streaked with black, the upper breast and sides pale vinaceous washed
with grayish, and the rest of the underparts white. The back is
grayish brown barred somewhat with buff. The greater wing coverts
in both sexes are white, forming a prominent patch, and the spec--
ulum is black, in the male glossed distinctly with green. The species
is about the size of the Bahama pintail and is told from other ducks
by the proportionately small bill.]

[DAFILA ACUTA TZITZIHOA (Vieillot)
PINTAIL, SPRIG, PATO PESCUEZILARGO

Anas tzitzihoa Virttitot, Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat., vol. 5, 1816, p. 163 (Mexico).

Probably a winter visitor.

An officer in the United States Marine Corps who hunted ducks
regularly in Haiti informed Dr. W. L. Abbott that he had killed
“sprigs” in addition to the Bahama pintail with which he was
thoroughly familiar. The pintail comes regularly to Cuba *° in
small numbers and Danforth has seen it in western Porto Rico *!
so that it may be expected to range occasionally in winter to His-
paniola. Until more definite information is available we place it in
the hypothetical list.

The pintail has the general form of the Bahama pintail, but is
shghtly larger and has a longer, more slender neck, and an elongated
tail in the male with a projecting spike of feathers. The male has
the head and throat olive brown, a blackish stripe on the hindneck,
and the back gray. The scapular feathers are black, the wing

*® Barbour, Mem. Nuttall Ornith. Club, No. 6, 1923, p. 37.
31 Journ. Dept. Agric. Porto Rico, vol. 10, 1926, p. 37.

THE BIRDS OF HAITI AND THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 101

speculum green, and the underparts white. The female suggests
somewhat the Bahama pintail but is grayer and has the tail grayish
brown, not different in color from the back. |

DAFILA BAHAMENSIS BAHAMENSIS (Linnaeus)

BAHAMA FPINTAIL, BAHAMA DUCK, PATO CRIOLLO

Anas bahamensis LINNAEUS, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 124 (Bahamas).

Dafila bahamensis, Cory, Birds Haiti and San Domingo, March, 1885, pp.
167-168 (possibly seen) ; Cat. West Indian Birds, 1892, p. 86 (Haiti, Dominican
Republic). —TippENHAUER, Die Insel Haiti, 1892, p. 323 (listed).

Poecilonetta bahamensis, LONNBERG, Fauna och Flora, 1929, p. 99 (Haiti,
specimen ).

Poecilonetta b. bahamensis, BEEBE, Zool. Soc. Bull., vol. 30, 1927, p. 138;
Beneath Tropic Seas, 1928, p. 218 (Source Matelas).

? Dafila caribaea “ Herz. v. Wiirttemb.” Hartnaus, Naumannia, 1852, p. 56
(Haiti).

Dafila bahamensis bahamensis, Bonn, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol.
80, 1928, p. 491 (Etang Miragoane, Trou Caiman, Port-de-Paix).—DANForRTH,
Auk, 1929, p. 361 (Laguna del Salodillo, Etang Bois-Neuf, Artibonite Sloughs,
Gonaives. )

Resident; fairly common.

The Bahama pintail was overlooked by early travelers, except by
Cory who believed that he saw it on two occasions but was not
certain.

The only records for the Dominican Republic are those of Abbott,
who secured one at Trujin February 8, 1922, and saw others near
Cabral in March, 1922, and of Danforth who found them abundant
at Laguna del Salodillo, near Copey.

Paul Bartsch secured one at Trou Caiman, Haiti, on April 4,
1917, and preserved the head in alcohol. Abbott says that numbers
were found during the winter of 1916-1917 near Port-de-Paix, and
that a few bred there. He shot two at that point on April 14, 1917,
and April 5, 1920 secured two more on the Etang Saumatre. On
May 6 he took a male near Fond Parisien. Wetmore flushed two
from a salt water lagoon near Aquin on April 3, 1927, and observed
two near Gonaives and nine more north of Port-au-Prince on April
28 in passing low over the coastal swamps by airplane. Danforth
saw thirty at the Etang Bois-Neuf, south of St. Mare July 25, col-
lected one on the Artibonite Sloughs July 28, and saw a dozen near
Gonaives July 30, 1927. Bond found it in 1928 at the Etang Mira-
goane, where he secured a male February 4, at Trou Caiman, where
he took a female June 22, and at Port-de-Paix. He speaks of it
as the most numerous of the resident ducks, and says that though
it prefers fresh water it frequents salt water lagoons, being the
only duck in this area having that habit.

102 BULLETIN 155, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

Attention may be called here to the name Lajila caribaea of Hart-
jaub described briefly from Haiti as “Wesentlich verschieden von D.
americana und urophasianus; grésser wie beide.” As wrophasianus
is an old name for Dafila bahamensis it is possible that Dajila cari-
baea refers to the Bahama duck, though from the meager description
the species concerned may not be successfully identified.

The Bahama duck is found in freshwater marshes or in the brack-
ish lagoons of the coast, at times ranging on broad stretches of open
water, but usually found among rushes or other aquatic growth, or
in mangroves. It flushes quickly and flies with swift direct flight.

The generic name for this duck is usually given as Paecilonetia,
but Wetmore has determined that birds of this supposed group are
not generically distinct from Dajila. **

The Bahama duck, which is only a lhttle larger than a teal
is easily told in the hand or on the wing by the light, buffy brown
tail, distinctly lighter than the back, and the sharp line of demar-
cation on the cheeks between the white of the throat and side of the
head and the grayish brown of the crown. There is a spot at the
base of the bill which is usually bright red but is said sometimes
to be light yellow, a case of this being recorded by Abbott in a
specimen taken at Port-de-Paix.

NETTION CAROLINENSE (Gmelin)
GREEN-WINGED TEAL, PATO DE LA FLORIDA, SARCELLE

Anas carolinensis GMELIN, Syst. Nat., vol. 1, pt. 2, 1789, p. 533 (Hudson Bay
to Carolina).

Nettion crecca carolinensis, Brrnn, Zool. Soc. Bull., vol. 80, 1927, p. 1388; Be-
neath Tropic Seas, 1928, p. 218 (Port-au-Prince).

Rare in winter.

Beebe says “three were examined in a hunter’s bag in Port-au-
Prince.” Abbott was informed by Lieutenant Nickinson of the
Marine Corps that he had shot this species near Santo Domingo City.
This teal should occur with other migrant ducks in winter, and may
be more common than the meager information above quoted indicates.

The green-winged teal, with its blue-winged relative, is among the
smallest ducks that come to the island. The adult male has the head
and neck rufous chestnut, with green on the sides of the head. The
female is more plainly colored. Hither sex is distinguished easily
from the blue-winged teal by the green wing speculum and the lack
of blue on the shoulder. These birds measure about 365 mm. in
length.

82 See Wetmore, New York Acad. Sci., Scient. Surv. Porto Rico and Virgin Islands,
vol. 9, 1927, pp. 310-311.

THE BIRDS OF HAITI AND THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 103
QUERQUEDULA DISCORS (Linnaeus)
BLUE-WINGED TEAL, PATO DE LA FLORIDA, SARCELLE

Anas discors LINNAEUS, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, vol. 1, 1766, p. 205 (Virginia or
Carolina).

Sarcelle, Sarnt-Méry, Descript. Part France. Ile Saint-Domingue, vol. 2,
1798, p. 565 (tang Miragoane).—Dxrscourtiiz, Voy. Nat., vol. 2, 1809, pp. 256-
257 (Haiti).

Teal, Sarnt-MrEry, Descript. Span. Part Saint-Domingue, vol. 1, 1798, p. 214
(Manzanillo and “‘ Cosbeck” Bays).

Anas discors, BRYANT, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 11, May, 1867, p.
97 (Dominican Republic).

Querquedula discors, SALLE, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1857, p. 237 (Higuéy ).—
Cory, Birds Haiti and San Domingo, March, 1885, pp. 168-169 (listed) ; Cat.
West Indian Birds, 1892, p. 86 (Haiti, Dominican Republic) —TirpENHAUER, Die
Insel Haiti, 1892, p. 323 (listed). —Curisty, Ibis, 1897, p. 342 (Yuna swamps) .—
VERBRILL, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1909, p. 355 (Dominican Repub-
lic).—BExEBE, Zool. Soc. Bull., vol. 30, 1927, p. 188; Beneath Tropic Seas, 1928,
pp. 67, 70, 218 (Haiti) —Bonp, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 80,
1928, p. 491 (Etang Miragoane, Trou Caiman, Port-de-Paix).

Winter visitor, common; migrant from North America.

For a bird that is reported as common there are comparatively
few definite records for the blue-winged teal, probably because
most of the specimens shot have found their way into the cooking
pot. Moreau de Saint-Méry wrote that “ducks, teals * * * fly
in clouds particularly in the Bay of Mancenilla and that of Cos-
beck,” a statement that must refer in part to the present bird since
it is the most common of migrant ducks in the West Indies. Sallé
recorded it in the marshes near Higuéy, Dominican Republic, and
Christy shot several in the Yuna swamps but did not find it com-
mon. Verrill makes only a general statement regarding it. Abbott
reported a small flock on Lake Enriquillo, October 1 to 6, 1919.

In Haiti Bartsch recorded the blue-winged teal at Gloré on the
Etang Saumatre April 3, 1917, and at Trou Caiman April 4. Ab-
bott collected one from a large flock at Les Basses on January 4,
1918, and others at the Etang Saumatre April 10 and 13, 1920.

Saint-Méry reports teal, apparently this species from Etang
Miragoane, and Descourtilz gives a very good description of the
blue-winged teal under the name “Sarcelle commune de Saint-
Domingue.” The latter author speaks of ten species of ducks that
are recognized by hunters in Haiti, and says that at Etable (near the
Artibonite) ducks were so numerous that their noise disturbed his
sleep. His servant in four shots at night killed fifty-eight. Offi-
cers of the Marine Corps who hunted extensively in the marshes
and lakes of the lowlands informed Wetmore that from November
to March this teal was the most abundant duck that they encoun-

104 BULLETIN 155, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

tered and that at times it occurred in large numbers. Beebe in
1927 saw four at Source Matelas January 13 and eight March 21.
He reports that he saw fifty-three killed March 2, and that the last
were noted April 12. Bond found it at the Etang Miragoane, Trou
Caiman, and Port-de-Paix and says that it is by far the most abun-
dant of the migrant ducks.

This teal is one of the important game-birds of Hispaniola as its
hunting is excellent sport and its flesh is palatable for the table.

The blue-winged teal is instantly recognized by the bright blue
patch on the shoulder that shows clearly in flight and is the most
prominent marking when the bird is in the hand. It is a species
of small size. Adult males are brighter colored than females, and
have a prominent white crescent in front of the eye.

[SPATULA CLYPEATA (Linnaeus)
SHOVELLER

Anas clypeata LINNAEUS, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 124 (Southern
Sweden).

Sucet, Descourtizz, Voy. Nat., vol. 2, 1809, p. 257 (listed).

Anas clypeata, TIPPENHAUER, Die Insel Haiti, 1892, p. 323 (Haiti).

Descourtilz includes the shoveller among the wild game of the
island under the name swcet¢, and the species is listed by Tippenhauer.
James Bond informs me that it was described to him by several
Americans who hunted ducks in Haiti, including Dr. W. R. Barbour
of the Service Technique. The bird should. be present in small
numbers with other ducks as a winter migrant from North America,
as it is known from Cuba and Porto Rico. Until a specimen is
reported it is included in the hypothetical list.

The shoveller has the same bright blue shoulder patch as the blue-
winged teal, but is larger and is marked at once by the peculiar bill,
which is expanded at the tip until it is twice as wide as at the base,
a character from which the species derives its name. |

Subfamily NYROCINAE

NYROCA AFFINIS (Eyton)
LESSER SCAUP DUCK, PATO DEL MEDIO

Fuligula affinis Eyton, Mon. Anatidae, 1838, p. 157 (North America).

Fuligula affinis, TtepENHAUER, Die Insel Haiti, 1892, p. 323 (Haiti).

Aythia marila, VERRILL, Proe. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1909, p. 355 (San
Lorenzo Bay).

Nyroca affinis, BEEBE, Zool. Soc. Bull., vol. 30, 1927, p. 188; Beneath Tropic
Seas, 1928, p. 218 (Port-au-Prince).—Bonp, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia,
vol. 80, 1928, p. 492 (Trou Caiman, Artibonite River, Etang Miragoane).—
Mo.tont, Att. Soc. Ital. Scienz. Nat., vol. 68, 1929, p. 310 (specimen).

THE BIRDS OF HAITI AND THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 105

Winter visitant from North America (abundance not known).

Abbott secured three from a flock of four January 2, 1922 in the
mouth of the Yuna River opposite Sanchez. He saw others at
Cabral between March 15 and 18, 1922. It is assumed that the birds
reported by Verrill in San Lorenzo Bay as the greater scaup were
the present species, since the greater scaup has not been known to
occur in winter south of Florida.

In Haiti Abbott secured a female January 4, 1918 at Grande
Cayemite Island, and another specimen at the Etang Saumatre
April 6, 1920. Beebe reports four off shore from Port-au-Prince
(probably near the Bizoton wharves) early in January, 1927. Tip-
penhauer lists the species from Haiti without comment. Bond found
it at the Etang Miragoane, Trou Caiman and on the Artibonite
River.

There is nothing further known to us regarding the occurrence
of this species.

The lesser scaup is a North American species that comes regularly
to the West Indies to spend the winter on open lagoons or stretches
of quiet water on the larger streams. The birds are gregarious and
are usually encountered in little groups that drift about in the safety
of open water during the day, and approach the shore line only
under cover of darkness. This species is one of the deep water ducks
that secures its food mainly by diving.

The adult male has the head, neck and upper breast black with
a gloss of purple on the side of the head. The back is white mottled
with dusky, and the under surface white, except for the under tail
coverts which are black. There is a white wing speculum. In the
female the black found in the male is replaced by dull brown, and
there are conspicuous white markings on the head adjacent to the
bill, particularly on the sides of the head. The hind toe as in all
deep water ducks has a broad flap or lobe.

[NYROCA COLLARIS (Donovan)

RING-NECKED DUCK

Anas collaris Donovan, Brit. Birds, vol. 6, 1809, pl. 147 (Lincolnshire, Eng-
land. Found in Leadenhall Market, London).

Fuligula collaris, TrppENHAUER, Die Insel Haiti, 1892, p. 323 (listed).

Reported without comment by Tippenhauer and here placed in
the hypothetical list pending report of a specimen. The species is
seemingly rather rare in Cuba, and has been reported only once in
Porto Rico.

The ring-neck in form and appearance is generally similar to the
lesser scaup duck. The male has the back black, and a poorly defined

106 BULLETIN 155, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

chestnut collar around the neck. The female is brown. Both sexes
have the wing speculum gray, and a light band across the tip of the
pill, characters which distinguish them readily. |

Subfamily ErtsmatrurRINAE
ERISMATURA JAMAICENSIS JAMAICENSIS (Gmelin)
WEST INDIAN RUDDY DUCK, PATICO DE FLORIDA, COUCOURAIME

Anas jamaicensis GMELIN, Syst. Nat., vol. 1, pt. 2, 1789, p. 519 (Jamaica).

Erismatura rubida, TIPPENHAUER, Die Insel Haiti, 1892, p. 823 (Haiti).

Erismatura jamaicensis, Crrerri1, Segund Inf. An, Est. Nae. Agr. Moca, 1927,
p. 6 (listed).

Erismatura jamaicensis jamaicensis, Bono, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadel-
phia, vol. 80, 1928, p. 492 (Trou Caiman).—Danrortu, Auk, 1929, p. 361
(Laguna del Salodillo, specimen).—Motront, Att. Soe. Ital. Scienz. Nat., vol.
68, 1929, p. 310 (Haina, specimen).

Resident; local.

Tippenhauer lists the ruddy duck from Haiti without definite lo-
cality or statement as to its occurrence. W. L. Abbott believes that
he saw it on the Laguna del Diablo, at the eastern end of the Samana
Peninsula, but was not entirely certain.

Ciferri has listed a specimen in the collection of the Experiment
Station at Moca, D. R., the first one actually known for the island,
and sent a specimen collected near Haina April 10, 1926, to Moltoni.
Danforth saw three males at the Laguna del Salodillo, near Copey,
June 26, 1927, and collected one which he says agrees well in color
and measurements with Porto Rican specimens. He measured it as
follows: Wing 182.0, tail 77.5, culmen 42.5, tarsus 33.0 mm. Bond
found the ruddy duck in 1928 in small numbers at the Trou Caiman,
Haiti, and on January 15 secured a female which had been caught
alive by a boy. This bird is in very worn plumage and is extremely
dark in color, being blackish above mottled faintly with dull russet,
the russet color predominating on the scapulars, and showing
strongly on occasional feathers of the side of the neck. On the
under surface it is dark hair brown. The wing is very small and
apparently not fully developed, while the tail is so worn that the
shafts of the feathers project as spines having only ragged bits of
web, with the tips completely gone. The wing measures 109.6 mm.,
the culmen from base 40.7 mm. and the tarsus 30.7 mm. . The length
of wing is decidedly under that normal for the West Indian form,
and it is apparently not entirely grown. Bond believed that he saw
a male in full plumage with two females at the Etang Miragoane
February 4, 1928. At the Trou Caiman natives informed him that
the ruddy duck nested during the summer months.

THE BIRDS OF HAITI AND THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 107

The ruddy duck is short and compact in body with a full, heavy
neck and broad bill. The throat and back of the male in full
plumage are bright rufous-brown, and in the young male, male in
eclipse dress and the female grayish-brown. The species is easily
known by the stiffly pointed tail-feathers, which are often held erect
as the bird swims, and by the very short upper tail coverts.

NOMONYX DOMINICUS (Linnaeus)
MASKED DUCK, PATO CHORIZO, CROUBE

Anas dominica LINNAEUS, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, vol. 1, 1766, p. 201 (Hispaniola).

Croube, DrscourtiLz, Voy. Nat., vol. 2, 1809, pp. 254-256 (Haiti).

Querguedula, Dominicensis Brisson, Ornith., vol. 6, 1760, pp. 472-474, pl. 41,
fig. 2 (“S. Domingue,” specimen).

Anas dominica, DescourTiItz, Voy. Nat., vol. 2, 1809, p. 42 (“‘lagon Peinier,”
Artibonite).—Ruirrrer, Naturh. Reis. Westind. Insel Hayti, 1836, p. 157 (listed).

Erismatura dominica, T1rrpPENHAUER, Die Insel Haiti, 1892, pp. 318, 323
(listed).

Nomonyz dominicus, VERRILL, Proce. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1909, p. 355
(Colorado River near Sanchez).—PertTrErs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zo6l., vol. 61, 1917,
p. 399 (El Batey, specimen).

Resident; apparently rare.

The earliest account of this curious little duck that we have seen
is that of Brisson who describes its color and form in detail, says
that it occurs in “S. Domingue & au Mexique” and that he had
examined it in the collection of Abbé Aubry. As he designates it
“La Sarcelle de S. Domingue ” we may suppose that the specimen he
examined came from Hispaniola.

Definite records are few. Verrill under this species remarks,
“ Colorado River, Sanchez, rare ” a record that may be open to some
doubt. Peters shot a male among reeds at the border of a lagoon
near E] Batey, on April 5, 1916, the only existing specimen from
the island known to us at the present time. Abbott believes that
some little ducks seen on Laguna del Diablo on the Samana Penin-
sula, March 12, 1919, were this species but did not collect specimens.

In Haiti Bartsch reports this species as seen on Trou Caiman,
Haiti, April 4, 1917. Descourtilz found it in the “lagon Peinier ”
on the plain of the Artibonite, in April, 1799, and says of it that it
is solitary, that its flight is very low and for only a short distance,
and that its eggs which are- white are very large for the size of
the bird. Bond believed that a bird described to him under the
name of Canard Zombi was this species but was not certain.

The masked duck is found in reed grown lagoons where it seldom
ventures into the open. When alarmed it may dive and disappear
with all the facility of a grebe or may fly to some cover.

108 BULLETIN 155, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

The adult male is in general rusty brown, paler below with the
anterior portion of head black, the back streaked with black, and
the wing speculum white. The female and young male are paler
with the black markings more broken. The birds are small as they
measure only 300 to 370 mm. long.

Order FALCONIFORMES”

Suborder FALCONES
Family ACCIPITRIDAE

Subfamily ACCIPITRINAE

ACCIPITER STRIATUS STRIATUS Vieillot

HISPANIOLAN SHARP-SHINNED HAWK, GUARAGUOU DE SIERRA, SAN
NICOLAS, HALCON, MALFINI, PETIT MALFINI

Accipiter striatus VIEILLoT, Ois. Amér. Sept., vol. 1, 1807, p. 42, pl. 14 (‘ Saint-
Domingue ”=Haiti™).

Sparvius striatus, VirtLitoT, Encycl., Méth., vol. 8, 1823, pp. 1265-1266 (“ Saint
Domingue ’”’).

Nisus striatus, HARTLAUB, Isis, 1847, p. 609 (listed).

Nisus fuscus, Cory, Bull. Nuttall Ornith. Club, 1881, p. 154 (Haiti, specimen).

Accipiter fringilloides, Cory, Birds Haiti and San Domingo, Dec., 1884, pp.
120-121, col. plate (Le Coup, specimen) ; Cat. West Indian Birds, 1892, p. 98
(Haiti, Dominican Republic); Auk, 1895, p. 279 (Dominican Republic) .—
'TTIPPENHAUER, Die Insel Haiti, 1892, pp. 319, 322 (listed).—CHerrIE, Field

33The following references pertain apparently to either the turkey vulture Cathartes
aura (Linnaeus), or the black vulture Coragyps urubu (Vieillot).

Marchand, BuFrron, Hist. Nat. Ois., vol. 1, 1770, pp. 176, 179 (name applied by French
of “ Saint-Domingue’”’).

Vultur Brasiliensis BRISSON, Ornith., vol. 1, 1760, p. 470. (S. Domingue.) No specimen
is listed.

Aquila nudicollis, RivrerR, Naturh. Reis. Westind. Insel Hayti, 1836, p. 155 (Haiti).
The only note is ‘*‘ geyer mit nakendem Halse.’’ There is no mention of a specimen taken.
This name which occurs in a list of birds supposedly found in Haiti has been overlooked
except as indicated in the next citations.

Falco nudicollis (Ibycter aquilinus), HarrLaus, Isis, 1847, p. 610 (listed after Ritter
with query).

Aquila nudicollis, TIPPENHAUER, Die Insel Haiti, 1892, p. 319 (listed apparently after
Ritter).

Cathartes aura, HARTLAUB, Isis, 1847, p. 610 “wir kennen ihn yon Cuba, Domingo
und St. Nevis.”

The note by Ritter, which seems to be the sole basis for all other references, may
probably refer to birds that he saw in Cuba. There is current, however, an uncertain
belief that buzzards were introduced near Gonaives many years ago during the period
of French colonization, the experiment being unsuccessful. We have found no definite
statement to substantiate this.

“In the original description Vieillot remarks “elle porte le nom de malfini, que les
Créoles donnent indistinctement & tous les petits oiseaux de proie’’ and in the Tableau
Encyclopédique et Méthodique says further “les colons de Saint-Domingue appellent cet
Epervier Malfini, avec l’épithéte de petit.’ As the name malfini is used only in the
Republic of Haiti it is taken from this that his description applies to the bird of Haiti
which is therefore indicated as the restricted type locality.

THE BIRDS OF HAITI AND THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 109

Columbian Mus., Ornith. ser., vol. 1, 1896, p. 22 (Honduras, Catarrey,
specimens ).—VERRILL, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1909, p. 357 (Miranda,
specimen).

Accipiter striatus striatus, Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zodl., vol. 61, 1917, p. 399
(Bulla) —Bonp, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 80, 1928, p. 492
(listed ).—DanrFortTH, Auk, 1929, pp. 361-8362 (La Vega).—Morronr, Att. Soe.
Ital. Scienz. Nat., vol. 68, 1929, p. 310 (San Juan, specimen).

Resident mainly in the hills of the interior; locally common.

The sharp-shinned hawk of Hispaniola is found principally in the
wilder sections of the forested hills of the interior. Though observed
as early as the close of the eighteenth century by Vieillot in his travels
on the island, the bird remained little known, and until recently
comparatively few have been taken.

In the Dominican Republic Cherrie secured specimens at Honduras
(near Bani) April 2, 1895, and at Catarrey, February 6. In the
stomachs of these he found remains of large insects, lizards and
birds. Verrill collected this form at Miranda. Peters recorded one
at Bulla on February 12, 1916, but did not secure it. He did not
find it in his work along the north coast of the island. Near Con-
stanza in the high interior the sharp-shinned hawk seems to be
locally common, as, though Wetmore did not record it, Abbott ob-
tained specimens in that vicinity on April 9, 12, 19, and 30, and May
2, 1919. One of these, taken April 19, is marked as from the Loma
Rio Grande. In 1917 Beck collected specimens for the American
Museum of Natural History on Loma Rucillo March 1, Loma Tina
January 15, and at Tibano February 15 and 20. Danforth records
one seen by F. P. Mathews near La Vega July 7, 1924. Ciferri ob-
tained one at the Sabana San Thomé, near San Juan, Oct. 19, 1928.

As indicated above it appears that Vieillot’s specimen which served
as his type came from the Republic of Haiti. Cory secured one near
Pétionville (or Le Coup) on March 3, 1881, the only one that he
observed. Bartsch reported it from near Jérémie from April 10 to
16, 1917. On July 3, 1917, Beck collected three on the higher slope
of Morne La Hotte. Wetmore recorded one below Morne Cabaio
in the Massif de La Selle, April 10 and 13, 1927. On one occasion
one flew through the pines at his camp with a hummingbird (Ric-
cordia swainsoniz) in hot pursuit. Abbott secured skins at Mousti-
que March 38, and at Bombardopolis March 21, 1917. He found re-
mains of a small bird in the stomach of one, and describes the iris
of this hawk as varying from deep crimson to orange red, the bill
as leaden colored with the tip black, the tarsi greenish yellow, and
the toes yellowish.

This small hawk, little if any larger than the sparrow hawk, is
distinguished readily by its much longer, square-ended tail. It is

2134—31——_8

110 BULLETIN 155, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

a species of swift, darting flight that seems common in the forests
of the high interior. There is nothing known of its nesting, or little
of its habits except as recorded above.

Above this species is dark slate gray, with a whitish tail tip. The
sides of the head and neck are cinnamon brown, and the remainder
of the underparts white barred finely with cinnamon and slate. The
tibia are sometimes cinnamon brown, margined lightly with white,
and sometimes white barred with mixed slate and warm brown. ‘The
tarsi are very long and slender.

Subfamily BUTEONINAE

BUTEO JAMAICENSIS JAMAICENSIS (Gmelin)
WEST INDIAN RED-TAILED HAWK, GUARAGUOU, MALFINI, GROS MALFINI

Falco jamaicensis GMELIN, Syst. Nat., vol. 1, pt. 1, 1788, p. 266 (Jamaica).

?Malfeni, CHARLEVOIX, Hist. Isle Espagnole, vol. 1, 1783, p. 41 (recorded).

?Malfini, Saint-Méry, Descrip. Part. France. Ile Saint-Domingue, vol. 1,
1797, p. 263 (Dondon).

Guaraguao, OvieDo, Hist. Gen. Nat. Indias, Libr. 14, Cap. 2. Reprint, Madrid,
1851, p. 442 (habits).

Red-tailed hawk, Beck, Nat. Hist., vol. 21, 1921, p. 381 (food).

Buteo fulvus, Viettot, Ois. Amér. Sept., vol. 1, 1807, p. 34 (‘ Saint-
Domingue”’).

?Aquila antillarum Rirrer, Naturh. Reis. Westind. Insel Hayti, 1836, p. 155
(Haiti: nomen nudun) —TIPPENHAUER, Die Insel Haiti, 1892, p. 319 (listed).

Rupornis ridgwayi, CHERRIE, Field Columbian Mus., Ornith. ser., vol. 1, 1896,
p. 22 (Dominican Republic, refers to Buteo).

Buteo tropicalis VERRILL, Proce. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1909, pp. 357-858
(Described as new, San Lorenzo, Dominican Republic).

Buteo borealis, Cory, Cat. West Indian Birds, 1892, p. 99 (Haiti, Dominican
Republic).—Berrse, Zool. Soe. Bull., vol. 30, 1927, p. 189; Beneath Tropic Seas,
1928, p. 221 (Haiti).

Buieo borealis jainaicensis, PeTERS, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zo6l. vol. 61, 1917, pp.
399-401 (Chocé, Los Toritos, El Batey, Sostia).—Bonpb, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Philadelphia, vol. 80, 1928, p. 493 (Haiti, common).—DanrortH, Auk, 1929, p.
862 (Haiti and Dominican Republic).—Motton1, Att. Soc. Ital. Scienz. Nat.
vol. 68, 1929, p. 310 (Moca, specimens).

Resident; common, mainly among hills and mountains.

The West Indian red-tailed hawk is widely spread through both
republics and is seen regularly in travel through the country.
Cherrie who did not secure specimens gives notes under the name of
Rupornis ridgwayi that evidently refer to the present bird, as he
reports it seen frequently in the mountains, while Rupornis is more
a species of the lowlands. Further Rupornis is rare and the red-tail,
which Cherrie does not mention at all, is common. Cory did not
include the red-tail in his Birds of Haiti and San Domingo published
in 1885, but lists it from Hispaniola in his Catalogue of West Indian
Birds which appeared in 1892.

THE BIRDS OF HAITI AND THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 111

Peters found this form fairly common in hilly or heavily timbered
country near the coast (Chocd, Los Toritos, Sosta, El Batey) and
collected an adult male at Chocé March 25, 1916. Abbott has for-
warded specimens from Sanchez, October 24, 1916, and February 15,
16 and 17, 1919, from El] Rio in the interior, September 20, October
8 and 9, 1916, and May 12, 1919, and from near Constanza September
26, and October 2, 1916.

Wetmore observed two over the Monte Las Canitas near Sanchez
May 7, 1927, found the species at San Lorenzo Bay on May 11, and
in the swamps at the mouth of the Arroyo Barrancota May 8. Num-
bers were seen over the forested hills between Sanchez and Las Ter-
renas May 13, and he prepared as a specimen one brought to him
alive at Sanchez on May 11.

On May 17, 1927, Wetmore observed several near El Rio. Near
Constanza this bird was seen regularly from May 18 to 26. Dan-
forth in 1927 saw this bird at Monte Cristi June 27, and San Pedro
de Macoris July 7. Abbott secured one on Saona Island, September
16, 1919, and reported several others during the period from Sep-
tember 12 to 18. Ciferri collected specimens near Moca February
27 and September 18, 1927.

In Haiti Bartsch has reported the red-tail in the vicinity of
Jérémie April 12, 15 and 16, and near Trou des Roseaux April 13
and 14, 1917. Abbott collected one at Jérémie November 25, 1917,
and three others at Moline January 30, 1918. He secured one on
Morne St. Vincent June 2, 1920, one at an altitude of 600 meters near
Moustique, March 8, 1917, and one near Anse 4 Galets, on Gonave
Island, March 7, 1920. He reports several seen on Gonave from
February 18 to 28, 1918.

Wetmore found this hawk common at Fonds-des-Negres from
March 31 to April 5, 1927, recorded one near La Tremblay April 7,
and saw three circling over a deep valley among the hills east of
Furcy on April 8. From April 9 to 16 he observed it regularly on
the great ridge of La Selle, and on April 17 recorded several near
Chapelle Faure, Nouvelle Touraine. He recorded one in the hills
northeast of Hinche near the Bassin Zime April 24, and two near
Caracol April 27. On April 28 in crossing above Morne Terrible
toward the Cul-de-Sac Plain by airplane he saw one circling below,
with its colors showing to advantage in this unusual lighting. G. 5S.
Miller, jr., secured one between St. Michel and L’Atalaye on March

26, 1925. Danforth in 1927 found the red-tail at Pétionville and
Kenskoff July 23, at the Citadelle above Milot August 2, and on
Gonave Island July 17. Bond reports it common throughout Haiti
in 1928. In the following year Poole and Perrygo secured one at
Plaine Mapou on Gonave Island, March 12, at which the natives were

112 BULLETIN 155, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

so delighted that they gave the collectors several chickens. The red-
tail was seen also at Cerca-la-Source March 18 to 24.

The traveler from other climes who is accustomed to scan the sky
for large birds welcomes with keen delight the stately form of the
red-tail as it soars over the barren mountain slopes, cultivated fields,
pinelands or swamps of Hispaniola. The birds float high in air
calling occasionally with high pitched screams whose wild cadences
seem fitting and appropriate to the scenes that they survey. Red-
tails are gregarious to the extent that sometimes half a dozen may be
in the field of vision at one time though usually single individuals
are seen.

For food they have available the introduced rats and mice, birds,
lizards, snakes, frogs and possibly large insects. Wetmore ob-
served one in flight with a rat dangling from its talons. Abbott
records one taken near Sanchez that had remains of rats in its
stomach, and another from near Furcy that had eaten bats. They
were said to destroy chickens even in the time of Oviedo, which is
not surprising in a country where chickens are not confined, but
compelled to seek the greater part of their food, wander regularly
afield at a distance from houses. Many houses, too, occupy only
small clearings so that these hawks come naturally near at hand.
Wetmore noted that the passing of these hawks frequently caused
commotion among small birds. Beck notes several dashing at
domestic fowls, and shot one with the remains of a chicken in its
crop.

The scream of this form is exactly lke that of the red-tail of
eastern North America. Occasionally these birds are very tame
and when resting in trees allow close approach, only calling shrilly
in protest when one approaches too near.

Buteo tropicalis Verrill, described as a new species from two
specimens from the south side of Samana Bay, one at least being
from San Lorenzo Bay, is based on the immature phase of the pres-
ent form.

The United States National Museum has now twenty-one skins
of this hawk, the largest series known to us. It is pertinent to list
here the measurements of the specimens from Hispaniola:

Eight males, wing 332-366 (342), tail 180-203 (192); culmen
from cere 24.0-26.4 (24.9) ; tarsus 72.0-83.6 (77.0) mm.

Nine females, wing 360-874 (363.0), tail 190-212 (201.3), culmen
from cere 25.0-28.8 (27.0), tarsus 81.2-85.7 (83.9) mm.

Aquila antillarum of Ritter is a nomen nudum without nomen-
clatural standing. It is cited questionably under the red-tail since
this, the most prominent of the large hawks of Haiti, is not other-
wise mentioned by Ritter. It is possible therefore that Ritter may
have intended to indicate the red-tail under this name.

THE BIRDS OF HAITI AND THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 113

The specific name of the red-tailed hawk must change from
borealis to jamaicensis with the recognition of the Greater Antillean
race as a valid form, since Gmelin who proposed both these names
on the same page named jamaicensis first with borealis following.
Through application of the principle of anteriority the scientific
name of the red-tail becomes Buteo jamaicensis.

The red-tailed hawk, the largest of the common hawks of this
area, is easily distinguished when adult by its reddish brown tail.
The back is dusky brown, mottled more or less with buffy, the
throat blackish, and the rest of the underparts buffy white, with a
large blackish patch, more or less interrupted with white, on the
center of the lower surface. The young have the tail dusky brown
barred indistinctly with paler.

BUTEO PLATYPTERUS PLATYPTERUS (Vieillot)
BROAD-WINGED HAWK

Sparvius platypterus ViELLoT, Tabl. Encycl. Méth., vol. 8, 1823, p. 1273
(Schuylkill River, near Philadelphia, Pa.).

Apparently very rare.

During a visit to the Exposicién Nacional at Santiago, Dominican
Republic, on May 31, 1927, Wetmore examined a mounted specimen
of the broad-winged hawk that was shown among examples of the
work produced by one of the higher schools of Santiago. The bird
was in immature plumage and had been recently mounted as it was
fresh and clean in appearance. Nothing could be learned regarding
it except that it was said to have been killed near Santiago. There
is no other record of the species for Hispaniola, though occurrence
of the bird there is not surprising since the broad-winged hawk is
found regularly in Cuba and has been reported from Porto Rico.

The adult broad-wing is dusky brown above, more or less varie-
gated with a whitish or brownish wash on the feathers, with the
tail broadly banded with whitish. It is buffy white below, barred
irregularly with rufescent brown. The immature bird is darker
above, with the tail band grayish instead of white, and below is
streaked and spotted with dusky brown. The species has a wing
measurement in males of 250 to 270 mm. and in females of 280 to
290 mm. It is easily distinguished from Rupornis by the more
pointed wing tip which in the broad-wing has the seventh and
eighth primaries (counting from the inside) about equal and the
sixth abruptly shorter( being 20 mm. or more less in length than the
seventh) while in Rupornis there is little difference in length between
the sixth, seventh and eighth primaries, the sixth and the eighth
being about equal.

114 BULLETIN 155, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
RUPORNIS RIDGWAYI Cory

RIDGWAY’S HAWE, CULLALA, GUARAGUOU, MALFINI SAVANNE

Rupornis ridgwayi Cory, Quart. Journ. Boston Zo6dl. Soc., vol. 2, Oct., 1883,
p. 46 (Samandé, Dominican Republic).—Cory, Auk, 1884, p. 4 (reprint orig.
description, with further notes) ; Birds Haiti and San Domingo, Dec., 1884, pp.
121-122, 2 col. pls. (Saman&, Almercen, Magua, specimens) ; Cat. West Indian
Birds, 1892, p. 99 (Haiti, Dominican Republic).—Tristram, H. B., Cat. Coll.
Birds belonging H. B. Tristram, 1889, pp. 61, 271 (Samana, specimen) .—TIPPEN-
HAUER, Die Insel Haiti, 1892, pp. 319, 322 (listed) —Curisty, Ibis, 1897, p. 335
(? Yuna).—Verritt, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1909, p. 3857 (Miranda,
specimen ).—PrtTers, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zo6l., vol. 61, 1917, p. 401 (Laguna
Flaca, specimens).—Bonp, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 80, 1928,
p. 493 (Massif du Nord).

OCoryornis ridgwayi, DANForTH, Auk, 1929, p. 362 (Santo Domingo City, Haina,
Gonave Island).

Resident, rather rare.

In the Dominican Republic Dr. W. L. Abbott secured an adult male
at Guarabo near Jovéro on November 18, 1923, noting that the feet
were yellow, and the iris brownish yellow, and that the stomach con-
tained lizards. He also secured an immature bird (with sex not
marked) near Sanchez, February 7, 1919. ‘The stomach of the second
specimen contained remains of a rat. There are also skins in the
Academy of Natural Sciences taken by Abbott labeled Samana Bay
June 30 and La Cafita (now Sanchez), D. R., July 14 and 15, 1883.
Cory records specimens from Magua January 31, Samana April 3
and September 4, and Almercen, August 27, 1883, and there is a skin
in the United States National Museum received from Cory taken at
Almercen, now known as Rivas, on August 24, 1883. Tristram
possessed one specimen taken by T. A. Toogood at Samana in 1886.
Verrill reports one taken at Miranda and says that he observed it in
other localities. Peters shot two males at the Laguna Flaca on the
north coast on March 8, 1916. These records all pertain to the north-
eastern part of the Dominican Republic. Danforth, however, in
1927 recorded the bird east of Santo Domingo City July 4 and 8 and
near Haina June 16.

In Haiti Abbott found Ridgway’s hawk common and tame in the
scrub on the Cayemite Islands in January, 1918, and collected a fine
series. Twelve were taken on Grande Cayemite between January
6 and 10, and one on Petite Cayemite January 13. Two were seen
in the latter locality. The stomach of one contained remains of a
ground dove, and of another a mouse. Abbott records the iris as
brown, brownish yellow, or pale brownish yellow, bill leaden color
with the tip black, the cere yellowish green, the tarsi greenish, and

THE BIRDS OF HAITI AND THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 115

the feet yellow. Bond found it in among the pine forests in the
eastern part of the Massif du Nord, where he collected an adult
female near Bois Laurence May 2, 1928, and on the same day re-
corded two nests placed twenty-five and forty feet from the ground
respectively. Both held downy young. Danforth says that on July
18, 1927 he saw three circling over low woods on Gonave Island.
Nothing is recorded of the habits of the species and few of the in-
habitants know it. At Sanchez it was reported to Wetmore under
the name cullala, and near La Vega it was known as the guaraguou.

No definite type locality is assigned in the original description
but through the kind offices of Dr. C. E. Hellmayr we learn that both
male and female indicated by Cory as types were secured at Samana
in April, 1883.

After comparison of a very fair series of specimens we are led to
believe that Mr. Ridgway, in describing Coryornis** as a monotypic
genus for Rupornis ridgwayi was deceived by inadequate material
since the characters alleged to separate the supposed group from
ftupornis Kaup do not appear to exist. We consider ridgwayi as
not generically separable from Rupornis magnirostris the type form
of Kaup’s genus.

The adult bird is dull gray above, with indistinct shaft streakings
of dusky, and the wing coverts washed with brownish. The chin is
white, the upper breast light gray streaked with dusky, and the rest
of the lower parts, including the tibiae, rufous brown barred
narrowly with white. The bird is from 360 to 390 mm. long.

Subfamily CIRCINAE

CIRCUS. HUDSONIUS (Linnaeus)
MARSH HAWK

Faleo hudsonius LINNAEUS, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, vol. 1, 1766, p. 128 (Hudson
Bay).

Circus hudsonius, Bonp, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 80, 1928, p.
493 (Trou Caiman, St. Michel, Tortue Island).

Uncommon in winter as a migrant from North America.

Peters reports one seen on several occasions near Sostia in the late
winter of 1916 but did not secure it. Abbott saw one twice, about
March 19, 1922, near Cabral, but did not get within gun range. In
Haiti in 1928 Bond saw the marsh hawk at Trou Caiman, St. Michel,

.and on Tortue Island. It is probable that the bird comes casually
during the winter months as a migrant from North America. It is

8 Auk, 1925, p. 585.

116 BULLETIN 155, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

seen rather regularly in Cuba and the Bahamas, and has been re-
corded from Porto Rico.**

The bird does not watch for prey from a commanding perch lke
other hawks of the island but instead is found quartering steadily
back and forth over marshy savannas or open fields in search for
food. Attempt should be made to secure specimens.

The marsh hawk is about as large as the red-tail, but has a longer
tail and more slender form. The female is dark brown, and the
male light gray, both sexes being marked by a large white patch on
the rump.

Subfamily PANDIONINAE

PANDION HALIAETUS CAROLINENSIS (Gmelin)
OSPREY, AGUILA MARINA

Falco carolinensis GMELIN, Syst. Nat., vol. 1, pt. 1, 1788, p. 278 (Carolina).

Pandion haliaétus, Cory, Birds of Haiti and San Domingo, Dec., 1884, pp.
125-126 (Port-au-Prince).—TIPPENHAUER, Die Insel Haiti, 1892, p. 322
(listed).—VERRILL, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1909, p. 359 (recorded).

Pandion haliaétus carolinensis, Cory, Cat. West Indian Birds, 1892, p. 99
(Haiti, Dominican Republic).—Perrrs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zo6l., vol. 61, 1917, p.
402 (Monte Cristi) —Brrsr, Zool. Soc. Bull. vol. 30, 1927, p. 140; Beneath
Tropic Seas, 1928, p. 221 (Port-au-Prince).

A winter visitant in small numbers along the coast.

Peters has recorded an osprey seen near Monte Cristi on Feb-
ruary 17, 1916. Abbott saw this species at Lake Enriquillo October
1 to 6, 1919, and at the mouth of the Yuna during spring of the same
year. At Catalinita Island he recorded four from September 10 to
12, 1919. In view of these few records Verrill’s statement that the
bird was “abundant around the mangrove swamps ” must be taken
with some reservation.

Cory recorded one at Port-au-Prince (probably in February, 1881)
but did not secure it. Beebe says that at the Bizoton wharves, on
March 3, 1927, one attempted to alight on one of the masts of his
schooner with a large fish in its talons. Poole and Perrygo observed
two about the island of Monte Grande in the Seven Brothers group
on January 30 and February 4, 1929.

As the osprey feeds entirely upon fish it must be confined to the
coastal region and the lakes and larger streams of the lowlands in
Hispaniola. Its large size distinguishes it from all other hawks of
the region.

The osprey is blackish brown above with the head white marked
with blackish brown on the crown and cheeks. Below it is white,
sometimes streaked with hight brown.

36} Wetmore, New York Acad. Sci., Sci. Surv. Porto Rico and Virgin Islands, vol. 9,
1927, DL 323.

THE BIRDS OF HAITI AND THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC LIZ
PANDION HALIAETUS RIDGWAYI Maynard

BAHAMAN OSPREY

Pandion Ridgweir* Maynarp, Amer. Exch. and Mart, vol. 3, no. 3, January
15, 1887, p. 33 (Andros Island,” Bahama Island).

Apparently a straggler.

Mr. Gerrit S. Miller, jr. Curator of Mammals, United States Na-
tional Museum has furnished the following interesting statement:

“On the morning of February 17, 1928, while running southeast-
ward along the coast of the Dominican Republic toward Cape En-
gafo, the steamship Huron of the Clyde Santo Domingo Line was
visited by a fish-hawk which I had no hesitation in identifying as
Pandion ridgwayi Maynard. The bird perched on the steamer’s low
mast-head for several hours and evinced much interest in the pas-
sengers moving about on the deck beneath, constantly turning its
head from side to side and downward to keep them in view. ‘The
head markings could thus be perfectly studied, even without the aid
of a glass. With a glass the individual feathers could almost be
counted. The markings were exactly those of the Bahaman fish-
hawk, the type specimen of which, now in the British Museum, was
for many years in my possession.”

This form described originally from the Bahama Islands and
found recently on the coast of Yucatan *® is similar in size to the
American osprey, differing from that bird in having the sides of
the head white without the dark line that passes through the eye
in the other form, and the top of the head and neck also white
except for an occasional dark marking. Careful watch should be
maintained as it may prove to be of regular occurrence.

Family FALCONIDAE

Subfamily FALCONINAE

FALCO PEREGRINUS ANATUM Bonaparte
DUCK HAWK

Faleo anatunt BonaAPARTEe, Geogr. and Comp. List, 1838, p. 4 (Begg Harbor.
New Jersey).

F. p. anatum, LONNBERG, Fauna och Flora, 1929, p. 98 (Navassa, recorded).

Falco peregrinus anatum, EKMAN, Ark. f6r Bot., vol. 22A, No. 16, 1929, p. 7
(Navassa).

37 Given as Pandion ridgwayi in corrected description in vol. 3, no. 6, February 5, 1887,
p. 69.

33 Swann, Synop. Accip., pt. 4, May 20, 1922, p. 232, gives the type locality as ‘“ Bitter
guana Key,” but in the original description it is listed as from Andros.

® Griscom, Amer. Mus. Nov. No. 235, Nov. 18, 1926, p. 13; recorded from Hick’s Key,
Ascension Bay, Boca de Paila, breeding.

118 BULLETIN 155, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

Migrant from North America; rare.

The only record for the Dominican Republic is that of one taken
by Kaempfer and sent to the Tring Museum. Hartert informs us
that this specimen is labeled Espaillat, November, 1923, 300 meters
altitude. The locality probably refers to the Province of Espaillat.
The primaries in this bird are in molt.

Poole and Perrygo recorded one February 11, 1929, near the old
fort at Fort Liberté, Haiti, but did not secure it. Lonnberg reports
a young bird from Navassa Island, in October, 1928, from a collec-
tion made by E. L. Ekman.

The adult is dark bluish slate above, and cream-buff below barred
and spotted with black. The immature is fuscous on the back, more
or less margined with ochraceous or rufous, with the underparts
streaked, spotted or barred with black. There is a prominent mark
of black in the region of the ear. The species is easily told as the
largest of the falcons, being from 400 to 480 mm. in length.

FALCO COLUMBARIUS COLUMBARIUS Linnaeus

PIGEON HAWK, GAVILAN

Falco columbarius LINNAEUS, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 90 (Caro-
lina).

Falso columbarius, Cory, Birds of Haiti and San Domingo, Dec., 1884, pp.
123-124 (Puerto Plata, specimen) ; Cat. West Indian Birds, 1892, p. 99 (Haiti,
Dominican Republic). —TIPpPpENHAUER, Die Insel Haiti, 1892, p. 322 (listed) .—
CHRISTY, Ibis, 1897, p. 385 (head of Samana Bay).

Falco columbarius columbarius, Perers, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zo6l., vol. 61, 1917,
p. 401 (Arroyo Savanna, specimen).—Bonp, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia,
vol. 80, 1928, p. 493 (? Gonave Island).—MoxrtonI, Att. Soc. Ital. Scienz. Nat., vol.
68, 1929, p. 8310 (Laguna de Haina, specimen).

Winter visitant in uncertain numbers.

Christy reports one seen in a mangrove swamp at the head of
Samana Bay without giving the date. Peters shot a female at Ar-
royo Savanna on March 9, and saw another near Monte Cristi, Feb-
ruary 19,1916. Beck took specimens at La Vega November 28 and
December 7, 1916, and on Loma Rucillo February 27, 1917. Cory
collected a male at Puerto Plata on December 7, 1882, and Abbott
shot an adult male at Trujin in the southwestern part of the Domin-
ican Republic on February 10, 1922. Dr. Hartert writes us that
Kaempfer collected two immature specimens for the Tring Museum,
a female at Lopez, Prov. Espaillat March 12, 1922, and a male at
Moca, January 7, 1924. Ciferri secured one alive at the Laguna
de Haina in February, 1926.

In Haiti the only records are those of specimens take by Abbott,
an immature bird, sexed questionably as a female, shot at an altitude
of 900 meters near Moustique in the northwest, on March 4, 1916, an

THE BIRDS OF HAITI AND THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 119

adult male killed near Moline in southwest Haiti, on January 26,
1918, and an immature female shot on Grande Cayemite Island Jan-
uary 5, 1918. The one taken at Moline had eaten a bat. Perrygo
observed one near L’Atalaye toward the end of December, 1928.

On comparison the four specimens secured by Abbott prove to be
typical columbarius, as would be expected.

The pigeon hawk is a dashing little falcon that feeds extensively
on birds that it captures readily as it is swift of flight and strong
in muscle.

This species is about the size of the sparrow hawk, but is easily
distinguished by the dark slaty gray upper surface streaked indis-
tinctly with blackish, by the heavy blackish streaking and barring
of the underparts, and by the black tail, tipped with whitish and
banded with gray.

FALCO SPARVERIUS DOMINICENSIS Gmelin

HISPANIOLAN SPARROW HAWK, CERNICALO, CUYAYA, MALFINI, PRIPRI,
GRIGRI, VERS-MOUCHETTE, ’TI MALFINI

Falco dominicensis GMELIN, Syst. Nat., vol. 1, pt. 1, 1788, p. 285 (Santo
Domingo).

Cernicalo, Ovrepo, Hist. Gen. Nat. Indias, Libr. 14, Cap. 2, Reprint, Madrid,
1851, p. 442 (mentioned).

Grigri, Sarnt-Méry, Descrip. Part. Frang. fle Saint-Domingue vol. 1, 1797,
p. 268 (Dondon).

Emerillon, de St. Domingue, DavuBpEenton, Planch. Enl. No. 465.

AEsalon Carolinensis Brisson, Ornith., vol. 1, 1760, p. 389, pl. 32, fig. 1
(“ Saint-Domingue”’).

Aisalon Donvinicensis Brisson, Ornith, vol. 1, 1760, p. 393, pl. 32, fig. 2
(“ Saint-Domingue”’).

Falco plumbiceps Harttaus, Naumannia, 1852, pt. 2, p. 52 (Cuba and
Haiti).

Falco mercurialis Hartiaus, Naumannia, 1852, pt. 2, p. 52 (Cuba and Haiti).

Tinnunculus sparrerius, Virr~Lot, Hist. Nat. Ois. Amér. Sept., vol. 1, 1807, p.
41 (“Saint Domingue’’).

Tinnunculus sparverius, SALLf, Proce. Zool. Soc. London, 1857, p. 231 (Nizao).—
Cory, Bull. Nuttall Ornith. Club, 1881, p. 154 (Haiti, specimens).

Tinnunculus isabellinus, TRISTRAM, Cat. Coll. Birds belonging H. B. Tristram,
1889, p. 271 (Dominican Republic).

Falco spaverius, Rirrer, Naturh. Reis. Westind. Insel Hayti, 1836, p. 155
(Haiti, specimen).

Falco sparverius, Cory, Cat. West Indian Birds, 1892, p. 99 (Haiti, Domin-
ican Republic).—Verritt, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1909, p. 358
(Miranda).

Falco sparverius isabellinus, Cory, Birds Haiti and San Domingo, Dec.,
1884, pp. 124-125 (Puerto Plata, Magua).—T1IpPpENHAUER, Die Insel Haiti, 1892,
pp. 319, 322 (listed).

Falco dominicensis, BRYANT, Proc. Boston Soe. Nat. Hist., vol. 11, May, 1867,
p. 90 (Dominican Republic, Haiti).—Cory, Cat. West Indian Birds, 1892, p. 99
(Haiti, Dominican Republic) —CHeErrm, Field Columbian Mus., Ornith. ser.,

120 BULLETIN 155, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

vol. 1, 1896, p. 23 (Dominican Republic).—VeErriLtt, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sei. Phila-
delphia, 1909, p. 858 (Dominican Republic).

Falco sparverius dominicensis, Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zo6lL, vol. 61, 1917,
pp. 401-402 (Monte Cristi, Sostia, Chocé, specimens).—IXAEMPFER, Journ. fiir
Ornith., 1924, p. 181 (Dominican Republic).—BrrEse, Zool. Soe. Bull., vol. 30,
1927, p. 140; Beneath Tropic Seas, 1928, p. 221 (Haiti).—Bonp, Proc. Acad.
Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 80, 1928, p. 498 (Haiti, including Tortue and Gonave
Islands).—DanrortH, Auk, 1929, p. 862 (common).—Motton1, Att. Soe. Ital.
Scienz. Nat., vol. 68, 1929, pp. 310-3811 (Haina, Moca, specimens).

Cercneis dominicensis, Cirrrri, Segund. Inf. An. Est. Nac. Agr. Moca, 1927,
p. 6 (listed).

Resident; common except in the densest forests. Following are
definite records of occurrence:

Dominican Republic:—Sanchez, San Francisco de Macoris, P1-
mentel to La Vega, along the railroad (Wetmore); Chocd, Sostia
(Peters); Monte Cristi (Peters, Danforth); Miranda (Verrill) ;
Santiago (Wetmore); Puerto Plata, Magua (Cory); Jarabacoa, El
Rio, Constanza (Abbott, Wetmore); Comendador (Wetmore) ;
Nizao (Sallé); Haina (Danforth).

Haiti :—Caracol, Cap-Haitien, Hinche, Maissade, Las Cahobes,
Morne 4 Cabrits, (Wetmore); Dondon (Saint-Méry); St. Michel, |
Fort Liberté, St. Raphael, Pont Sondé, Cerca-la-Source (Poole and
Perrygo); Bombardopolis, Moustique, Fonds Verettes (Abbott) ;
Port-au-Prince, Damien, Carrefour, Kenskoff, Furcy, Massif de la
Selle near Morne La Visite, La Tremblay, Fonds-des-Négres, Mira-
goane, Etang Miragoane (Wetmore); Jérémie (Abbott); Gonave
Island, Tortue Island (Abbott, Danforth, Poole and Perrygo) ;
Thomazeau, Gloré, Trou Caiman, Petit Goave, Trou des Roseaux
(Bartsch).

The little sparrow hawk is one of the familiar species of His-
paniola, welcome to the eye on its open perch on pole, dead tree or
royal palm spike, in a land where many of the birds skulk and hide,
and are seen with difficulty. The sparrow hawk has characteristics
that readily distinguish it whether quietly at rest, hovering grace-
fully over some creature concealed in the grasses that may serve as
food, or flying across open savannas or among the trees of open for-
ests. Its usual call is a shrill hilly killy killy that proclaims it at
once a member of the great horde of sparrow hawks that inhabit the
New World. It is impetuous and playful, and frequently darts at
red-tailed hawks at rest or on the wing. Wetmore found it among
the palms of the lowlands and lower hills and also among the open
pines of the higher mountains. It was occasionally seen soaring
high above the trees but usually rested on open perches amid the
branches. It does not occur amid dense rain forest jungles and so is
more abundant in semi-arid sections than elsewhere. It seems rather

THE BIRDS OF HAITI AND THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 121

rare on the southern side of the Samana Peninsula. The bird is not
averse to the haunts of man and may be seen even in the gardens in
the suburbs of Port-au-Prince.

The sparrow hawk builds its nest in hollows in trees. Bond has
observed them mating as early as January. At Comendador on April
30, 1927, Wetmore bought two young not quite fledged from a boy
who said that he had taken them from a hollow in a palm. These
were male and female. Abbott collected a mated pair at Jérémie,
December 3, 1917, and shot a female at Etroites on Gonave Island,
March 20, 1920, that contained eggs nearly ready to be laid. The
season for breeding probably varies as climatic conditions are di-
verse in different parts of the island.

Wetmore recorded the sparrow hawk eating lizards on several
occasions and once saw one carrying a small snake. Abbott writes
that the stomach of one taken at Jérémie, January 16, 1918, was filled
with insects, mostly grasshoppers. The bird is a useful species as it
is frequently a destroyer of the larger injurious insects.

The names Falco mercurialis and F. plumbiceps of Hartlaub*
based on collections by Wiurttemberg, applied to supposed races of
the sparrow hawk of Cuba and Haiti seem to have been overlooked.
Hartlaub’s statement in full is as follows:

“3. Falco sparverius, auct. Von dieser Art beobachtete der Herzog
zwei Subspecies, eine dunkelgraugefirbte, welche er F. mercurialis—
und eine lohgelbe, welche er /. plumbiceps nennt. Bei den Creolen
hiess ersterer S. Antonio, letzterer S. Nicola. Beide kommen auf
Cuba und Haiti vor.” So far as Haiti is concerned these are syno-
nyms of Falco dominicensis Gmelin, published in 1788, while for
Cuba they are antedated by Falco sparverioides Vigors described
in 1827.

The degree of relationship between the sparrow hawks of His-
paniola and those of Cuba is one somewhat difficult to establish in
spite of the abundant material from both islands at hand. The
Cuban bird Falco sparverius sparverioides Vigors in the male has
the wing 170.0 to 185.0 mm. (with an average in 12 specimens of
175.8), and in the female 174.0 to 191.0 (with an average in twelve
skins of 182.8 mm.) Many of both sexes are deeply rufescent above
and below, this color being relieved only by the usual black mark-
ings; while others are nearly white on the under surface. Some
have considered these two color phases as distinct species but for this
there is no foundation as the extremes are connected by intergrades
so that they merge into one another. Barbour notes that light and
dark birds frequently mate.

40 Naumannia, 1852, pt. 2, p. 52.

122 BULLETIN 155, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

The bird from Hispaniola in the male has the wing 182.0 to 193.0
with an average of 186.0 mm. (14 specimens) and in the female
184.5 to 202.0 with an average of 190.3 mm. (18 specimens). It thus
averages slightly larger than the Cuban bird, though a few in the
series from Cuba are as large as birds from the adjacent island.
The series from Haiti and the Dominican Republic varies in depth
of brownish color from nearly white below to a strong brownish wash
on the breast but none that we have seen are as completely rufescent
as the darkest specimens from Cuba. Except for the rufescent phase
so commonly represented in Cuba birds from the two islands are
quite similar in coloration.

The male sparrow hawk is white or buffy white below with more
or less of a rufescent wash on the breast, and the sides and flanks
with a few black spots. The tail is bright reddish brown with
whitish tip followed by a black band. The rump and upper back
are reddish brown and the middle back, wing coverts and crown are
gray, the latter sometimes with a reddish brown central patch.
Black streaks across the otherwise pale cheeks form prominent field
marks. ‘The female is similar but has the entire upper surface ex-
cept the head reddish brown barred heavily with black, and is
streaked below with reddish brown. The species ranges from 255
to 285 mm. in length.

Order GALLIFORMES

Suborder GALLI

Superfamily PHASIANIDES
Family PERDICIDAE
Subfamily ODONTOPHORINAE

COLINUS VIRGINIANUS VIRGINIANUS (Linnaeus)
BOB-WHITE, CAILLE

Tetrao virginianus LINNAEUS, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 161
(Carolina).

Caille, Satnt-Méry, Descrip. Part. Franc. Ile Saint-Domingue, vol. 2, 1798,
p. 479 (Léogane, common).

Ortyx virginiana, Cory, Bull. Nuttall Ornith. Club, 1881, p. 154 (Haiti, com-
mon); Birds Haiti and San Domingo, Dec., 1884, pp. 188-139 (specimens) .—
TIPPENHAUER, Die Insel Haiti, 1892, pp. 320-321, 322 (Haiti).

Colinus virginianus (part), Cory, Cat. West Indian Birds, 1892, p. 96
(Haiti) —Brzpe, Zool. Soe. Bull., vol. 30, 1927, p. 189; Beneath Tropic Seas,
1928, p. 220 (Bizoton, Etang Miragoane).—DanrortuH, Auk, 1929, p. 362 (Mire-
balais, Grand Goave, Fonds-des-Négres).

Colinus virginianus virginianus, Bonp, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia,
vol. 80, 1928, p. 493 (Furey, Etang Miragoane).

THE BIRDS OF HAITI AND THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 123

Haiti, introduced; locally common.

Introduction of the quail in Haiti came during the French colonial
period as it was recorded from Léogane, at the close of the eighteenth
century. Of this locality Moreau de Saint-Méry in his pleasantly
informative descriptive narrative says “elle a beaucoup de cailles,
dont l’espéce est semblable & la perdix 4 pied gris des Etats-Unis
d’Amérique.”

Cory in 1881 said the bob-white was common, and according to
statement of the inhabitants had been introduced many years ago.
It is curious that the species was not mentioned by Younglove who
between January and June, 1866 covered much of the same area in
Haiti visited by Cory. The bird is well known to the Haitian coun-
trymen and is now established in many sections.

Paul Bartsch recorded it at Thomazeau, April 2, 1917, near Jérémie
April 10, about five miles west of Jérémie rari 16, in the Cul-de-
Sac beAioh April 24, and near Port-au-Prince, including the coastal
region and the hills back of the city, from April 25 to 27. The
specimen collected by Abbott, the only one from Haiti in the United
States National Museum, is similar in color to birds from Christ-
church Parish, South Carolina in the deep brown of the upper sur-
face, the greater extent of black, and the restriction of brownish
mixture in the black of the auricular region. On the other hand it
is much more buffy below. This bird is decidedly darker than those
from the central and northern states, but is entirely different from
the form found in Florida. Cory remarks of his Haitian specimens
that they “ approach very closely in coloration to the, Bahama form,
but are lighter and much less black on the breast than that which is
found in Florida.”

Wetmore found the quail at Fond-des-Négres from April 3 to 5,
1927, and heard the males whistling regularly in early morning. Dr.
and Mrs. C. H. Arndt at the Coffee Experiment Station said that
they had heard it calling daily for some time. It is well known near
Miragoane where Mr. Rogevie said that the natives trapped quail
and offered them for sale alive. He had kept several in captivity
at one time. They were said to be offered at times in the markets
of Port-au-Prince. W. R. Barbour of the Service Technique stated
that he had found quail in some numbers throughout the Cul-de-Sac
Plain. Beebe in 1927 heard it daily at Bizoton and found it at the
Ktang Miragoane. On April 17, 1927 Wetmore heard its calls near
Kenskoff, and W. L. Abbott, on June 13, 1920, shot a male near Furcy.
i enforth, recorded it in 1927 at Mirebalais, Grand Goave and Fonds-
des-Négres. Bond found it at Furcy and near the Etang Miragoane.

There is such abundance of cover in its range that quail are diffi-
cult to find. They seem from present information to occur along the
southern peninsula from a point west of Jérémie through Fonds-des-

124 BULLETIN 155, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

Négres east to Port-au-Prince and north and east through the Cul-
de-Sac Plain at least as far as Mirebalais and Thomazeau, and a
point 20 kilometers north of Port-au-Prince, extending inland
through the hills to an elevation of 1,200 meters or more at Kenskoff
and below Furcy.

The bob-white has a short plump form that distinguishes it from
all other birds of the island except the quail-doves. It is reddish
brown above mottled with black and grayish buff, and whitish below
barred irregularly with black. The flanks are streaked with bright
brown, and there are heavy black markings on the sides of the head,
crown and upper breast. The throat is white in the male and brown
in the female. The male taken by Abbott measured 230 mm. in
length.

COLINUS VIRGINIANUS CUBANENSIS (Gould)
CUBAN BOB-WHITE, CODORNIZ, CORONISA

Ortyx cubanensis GouLp, in Gray, Gen. Birds, vol. 3, May, 1846, p. 514
Cuba). 7

Cuban Quail, Puiuirs, U. S. Dept. Agr. Techn. Bull. 61, April, 1928, p. 31
(Dominican Republic. )

Colinus cubanensis, Cory, Auk, 1895, p. 279 (Dominican Republic ).—CHERRIF,
Field Columbian Mus., Ornith. Ser., vol. 1, March, 1896, p. 24 (Dominican
Republic).

Colinus virginianus, DANForTH, Auk, 1929, p. 3862 (part, Santo Domingo
City, Los Alearrizos, Hato Mayor).

Colinus virginianus virginianus, MoLTontI, Att. Soc. Ital. Scienz. Nat., vol. 68,
1929, p. 811 (Sabana de Guerra, specimen).

Said to have been introduced into the Dominican Republic.

The earliest record for the Cuban bob-white is that of Cherrie
who says “introduced into San Domingo by an American sugar
planter by the name of Bass, about six years ago. It has increased
very rapidly, and now for a good many miles around San Domingo
City flocks of from ten to twenty-five are frequently met.”

In the American Museum of Natural History there are two adult
males taken by R. H. Beck near Santo Domingo City May 28 and
29, 1917. Both of these birds are very dark, the black of the breast
being so extensive that it covers the greater part of each feather.
The rufescent colors also are darker than the average for this race.
These two have the following measurements: wing 101.2-102.0, tail
37.0-41.1, culmen from base 14.5-15.0, tarsus 27.9-28.2 mm. Maj. J. A.
Bonilla Atiles of the Policia Nacional Dominicana informed Wet-
more that he had found this bird in flocks and had shot a number.
At Constanza there was further talk about the quail at San Pedro
de Macoris and it was believed here that the bob-white was an enemy
of the woodpecker which it drove from the cornfields when that

THE BIRDS OF HAITI AND THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 125

bird came to feed on maize! The foundation for this curious state-
ment is uncertain. Danforth in 1927 found quail quite common in
the region west of Santo Domingo City, and on June 30 at Los
Alcarrizos saw a covey of five adults with several downy young.
Others were seen at Hato Mayor. Ciferri obtained a young bird at
Sabana de Guerra, in Santo Domingo Province, August 12, 1929.

The Cuban bob-white differs from the bird introduced into Haiti
in being much darker colored. The male has the breast nearly solid
black, and shows little brown above except on the upper back.
The female is much more heavily barred below and more black above
with very little mixture of brown.

Family NUMIDIDAE

NUMIDA GALEATA Pallas

GUINEA HEN, GUINEA, GALLINA DE GUINEA, PINTADO, PINTADE,
PINTADE MARONNE, PINTADE SAUVAGE

Numida galeata PAtuas, Spice. Zool., vol. 1, fase. 4, 1767, p. 18 (Based on
domesticated bird).

Pintade, CHARLEvoIx, Hist. Isle Espagnole, vol. 1, 1733, pp. 39-40 (in feral
state).

Pintade marrone, Satnt-Méry, Descrip. Part. Franc. Ile Saint-Domingue,
vol. 1, 1797, pp. 262, 717; vol. 2, 1798, pp. 79, 174, 621, 648, 809 (many locali-
ties).—DrEscourTILz, Voy. Nat., vol. 2, 1809, pp. 177-182 (habits).

Pintado, WIMPFFEN, Voy. Saint Domingo, 1817, p. 188 (mentioned).

Guinea-fowl, Sarnt-M&éry, Descrip. Span. part Saint-Domingo, vol. 1, 1798,
pp. 305-306 (numerous).—WattTon, Pres. State Span. Col. incl. partic. Rep.
Hispanola, vol. i, 1810, p. 122 (plains of Neyba, abundant).—KeEntT, Forest and
Stream, vol. 20, 1883, p. 68 (Dominican Republic).

Numida meleagris, Ritter, Naturh. Reis. Westind. Insel Hayti, 1836, pp. 150,
156 (Haiti).—SaLik, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1857, p. 236 (Bani, San Juan de
la Maguana, Santiago, Monte Cristi).—Bryant, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist.,
vol. 11, May, 1867, p. 97 (Dominican Republic).—Cory, Cat. West Indian Birds,
1892, p. 96 (Haiti, Dominican Republic).—TirrpeNHAUER, Die Insel Haiti, 1892,
p. 320 (listed).—Curisty, Ibis, 1897, p. 341 (Dominican Republic).—VERRILL,
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1909, p. 357 (listed).—Puttiirs, U. 8. Dept.
Agric. Techn. Bull. 61, April, 1928, pp. 11-12 (Dominican Republic).

Numida galeata, DaNrortH, Auk, 1929, p. 862 (Haiti, Dominican Republic).

Numida g. galeata, Brest, Zool. Soc. Bull., vol. 30, 1927, p. 139; Beneath
Tropic Seas, 1928, p. 220 (Haiti).

Numida galeata, Bonp, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 80, 1928, p.
494 (Haiti).

Introduced ; common in many localities; at present found in largest
numbers in Haiti. Following are notes of recorded occurrance:
Dominican Republic :—Banf, Santiago, (Sallé) ; San Juan, Monte
Cristi (Sallé, Danforth); Neiba (Walton); Comendador (Wet-
more); Azua, Tibano (Beck); near mouth of Yuna (Christy);
Sostia (Abbott).
2134—31——_9

126 BULLETIN 155, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

Haiti:—Dondon, Port-de-Paix, Port-i-Piment, Petite-Riviére,
Aquin, St. Louis, Jérémie, (Saint-Méry) ; Port-’-Piment, on south-
ern peninsula (Beck) ; Moustique, Riviere Bar, Pimentel (Abbott) ;
Gloré, Trou Caiman (Bartsch); Fonds-des-Négres, La Tremblay,
Caracol (Wetmore); Hinche (Wetmore, Poole and Perrygo); St.
Michel, Cerca-la-Source (Poole and Perrygo) ; L’Arcahaie, St. Mare,
Les Salines (Danforth).

The guinea hen was introduced into Hispaniola many years ago
so that it was well established and wide spread in the eighteenth
century. Charlevoix in 1733 records the wild bird, and believed
that it could not be domesticated. Saint-Méry in 1797 and 1798
lists it from many localities often in flocks. At Petite-Riviére he
notes that in the dry season hunters set fire to the vegetation and so
drove the birds where they could be killed. As this often took place
in the breeding season a great destruction of nests resulted. Des-
courtilz, who came to Port-au-Prince in 1799, found the bird com-
mon and gives a considerable account of its habits and hunting.
Walton, writing in 1810 says that guineas were killed on the plains
of Neiba in such numbers that they sold in the market for one real
each. Ritter reports that they were brought to the Antilles in the
year 1500, but does not give his authority for that statement.

Christy remarks that the guinea hen was common in the Dominican
Republic, and shot it in the drier parts of the Yuna delta. Beck
secured a young bird one-third grown at Azua, December 28, 1916,
and a series at Tibano from December 30, 1916, to March 6, 1917.
Abbott found them at Sostia in 1919 and recorded them as common
but difficult to procure near Pimentel January 19 to 25, 1921. In
the spring of 1927 Wetmore heard of guineas at various places but
actually saw them only near Comendador, on April 30. It was
his belief that they were common through the wild semi-arid scrubs
in the western part of the eastern Republic but that elsewhere hunt-
ing had greatly reduced their numbers.

In Haiti the Pintade, usually pronounced “ pintard,” is one of the
common game birds and abounds in many localities. Abbott pre-
pared specimens shot at Moustique Bay on the northwest coast May
4, 1917, at Riviére Bar, also near the coast, on February 21, 1917,
and at Moustique, inland from Moustique Bay, near the center of
the northern peninsula, on March 8, 1917. Beck shot one at Port-a-
Piment, on the southern peninsula, June 29, 1917. Bartsch saw
guineas at Gloré on the Etang Saumatre, April 3, 1917, near Trou
Caiman April 4, five miles west of Jérémie April 16, between Port-
au-Prince and St. Mare April 21 and 22, and in the Cul-de-Sac
Plain April 24.

THE BIRDS OF HAITI AND THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 127

On April 5, 1927, Wetmore killed four from a flock of a dozen at
Fonds-des-Négres, preparing two as skins. This flock was encount-
ered in the tops of tall trees where the birds rested quietly or walked
along the larger limbs fifty feet from the ground. Their flesh pos-
sessed a delicate flavor, that made it better than that of the domesti-
cated bird. At dusk on April 7 at La Tremblay in the Cul-de-Sac
plain a number flew into the tops of dense growths of mesquite to
roost. They were calling loudly here though ordinarily the wild
bird is rather silent. Near Hinche from April 22 to 24 guineas were
seen occasionally either in the tops of trees or on the ground. On
April 24 at dusk several flushed from trees in an isolated grove in a
small ravine where they had come to roost at some distance from
other cover. At Poste Charbert, near Caracol, several were seen
on April 26 and 27. Their habit of perching high in the trees and
of flying swiftly away forty or fifty feet above the ground was some-
what of a surprise to one accustomed to them only as a barnyard fowl
in a state of domestication. Poole and Perrygo found them common
at St. Michel in December, 1928, and January, 1929, collecting speci-
mens December 27 and January 15. They were common at Hinche
March 17, 1929, and very plentiful at Cerca-la-Source March 18 to
24, five being taken.

The thorny scrubs of the semi-arid regions seem best fitted for
the needs of guinea fowl and in such areas it abounds in many locali-
ties. Kent informs us that the birds are prolific and that he has
frequently seen fifteen in a brood. They come out to feed in culti-
vated lands but seem more at home in the scrubs where though many
may be heard particularly in evening they are hard to find. Bond
found them ranging to 750 meters above the sea on La Selle, but says
that they are more common at lower elevations. He did not find
them in a wild state on either Tortue or Gonave Islands. Lieutenant
Wirkus of the Gendarmerie is said to have released a pair on Gonave
but the birds soon disappeared. It is current belief that the wild
guinea has the tarsi black while those of the domesticated bird are
reddish. Of the sixteen skins from Hispaniola examined, eleven
have the tarsi dull black while five have more or less of a reddish
east. It is doubtful that the supposed color criterion will hold as
there is in all probability a constant mixing between feral and
domestic birds.

The following measurements of wild-killed birds from Hispaniola
are offered:

Two males, wing 252.0-255.0 (253.5), tail 135.0-142.0 (138.5), cul-
men from cere 21.0-21.1 (21.0), tarsus 62.5-69.0 (65.8) mm.

Three females, wing 280-245.0 (235.0), tail 120.0-137.5 (127.8),
culmen from cere 21.0-22.0 (21.4), tarsus 66.2-67.5 (66.7) mm.

128 BULLETIN 155, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

The guinea fowl is so well known that it is necessary merely to
state that it is a bird the size of a domestic fowl, in color grayish
black profusely spotted with white, with a prominent bony crest
on the head.

Order GRUIFORMES

Suborder GRUES

Superfamily GRUIDES
Family ARAMIDAE

ARAMUS PICTUS ELUCUS Peters
LIMPKIN, CARRAO, COLAS, GRAND COLAS, POULE-A-JOLIE, POULE BELLE

Aramus pictus elucus Pretrers, Occ. Pap. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 5, Janu-
ary 30, 1925, p. 148 (SosGa, Dominican Republic).—Bonp, Proc. Acad. Nat.
Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 80, 1928, p. 494 (Haiti, Gonave and Tortue).—DaNFoRTH,
Auk, 1929, p. 362 (Bonao, Villa Alta Gracia).—LONNBERG, Fauna och Flora,
1929, pp. 100-101 (Haiti).

Ardea scolopacea, Rirtrr, Naturh. Reis. Westind. Insel Hayti, 1836, p. 157 -
(listed).

Aramus scolopaceus, SALLE, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1857, p. 286 (Dominican
Republic).

Aramus scolopaceus giganteus, Cory, Bull. Nuttall Ornith. Club, 1881, p.
155 (Haiti, specimens).

Aramus pictus, Cory, Birds Haiti and San Domingo, Dec., 1884, pp. 157-158
(Gantier, specimens).—TipPpENHAUER, Die Insel Haiti, 1892, p. 323 (listed).

Aramus pictus pictus, MoLTontI, Att. Soc. Ital. Scienz. Nat., 1929, p. 811 (Rio
Yuna, Bonao, specimens).

Aramus giganteus, BRYANT, Proce. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 11, May, 1867,
p. 97 (Dominican Republic).—Trisrram, Cat. Coll. Birds belonging H. B. Tris-
tram, 1889, p. 267 (Almercen, specimen).—Cory, Cat. West Indian Birds, 1892,
p. 90 (Haiti, Dominican Republic).—Verrirt, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadel-
phia, 1909, p. 856 (Dominican Republic).

Aranus vociferus, Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zodl., vol. 61, 1917, p. 403 (Sosta,
specimen ).

In the Dominican Republic Abbott shot an adult male on the Rio
San Juan (or St. John), near Samana, and a series, including three
pairs, at Sostia (four prepared as skins and two as skeletons). In
the locality last named he found them very common. The latter are
topotypes of the present subspecies, as in describing it Peters chose
as his type an adult female that he had collected personaily at Sosta,
Dominican Republic on March 22, 1916. In addition to those men-
tioned there is in the Academy of Natural Sciences a skin taken by
Abbott on Saman4 Bay, June 30, 1883. Verrill reported the species
as common throughout the savannas of the Dominican Republic
“but seldom seen although frequently heard.” Sallé records them
without giving localities saying that they were found in heavy,

THE BIRDS OF HAITI AND THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 129

humid forests where they lived principally upon mollusks. In the
evening they perched on the tops of tall trees and from these elevated
points uttered their sonorous cries.

Peters reports that his type specimen was killed in thick brush
bordering a dry stream-bed, and that another, flushed March 30 from
tall grass flew into nearby woods. He thought that possibly limpkins
were more common in that vicinity than his few notes indicate, as
they were retiring in habit, an observation borne out by the series
collected by Abbott at this same point.

Cory secured specimens of this bird at Samana, and Canon Tris-
tram had one taken at Almercen (now Villa Rivas) by A. S.
Toogood in 1887. Danforth saw them near mountain streams in
the vicinity of Bonao and Villa Alta Gracia on August 7, 1927,
where he heard them calling during the night. He received a speci-
men taken near Bonao December 14, 1927, by Ermanno Ciferri.
Others were sent by Ciferri to Moltoni.

In Haiti the hmpkin is first definitely noted by Cory who secured
two at Gantier and remarks that the flesh was held in high esteem
for the table. Abbott forwarded a female taken at Moustique on
March 2, 1917. He says that limpkins are common on the northeast
peninsula but that he did not find them in the southern part of the
republic. He heard them calling on Tortue Island. The limpkin
was reported to Wetmore at various points, both in the uplands
and along the coastal plain but he did not meet it in person. It is
probably less common now than formerly.

Bond writes that he found the limpkin generally distributed
through Haiti from sea-level to 1,500 meters altitude, occurring on
Gonave and Tortue as well as on the main island. He collected a
female near St. Michel March 8, 1928. Regarding its habits he
writes “this peculiar bird never took to wing if it could possibly
avoid it, preferring to run through the undergrowth just far enough
to keep out of sight. If chased and hard pressed it would open
its wings like a hen, and run with great speed. On one occasion
I chased a limpkin for about five minutes and was not only unable
to make it fly, but failed to oust it from the clump of bushes where
I had found it. Only once, when I came face to face with a limpkin
on Gonave Island, was it startled sufficiently to take to flight, and
had it not been on a steep hillside, I firmly believe that it would
not have done so.” Among bones brought from the caves at En
Café, Gonave Island by J. S. C. Boswell are leg bones of a limpkin.
Poole and Perrygo collected one at Dondon January 19, 1929.

The bird is as large as a medium sized hen with long bill, long
neck, and long legs. The plumage is olive brown in general with
prominent white streaks, more pronounced on the anterior portion
of the body. The throat is white.

£30 BULLETIN 155, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

Superfamily RALLIDES
Family RALLIDAE

Subfamily RALLINAE
RALLUS LONGIROSTRIS VAFER Wetmore
HISPANIOLAN CLAPPER RAIL, RALE D’EAU, RATEAU

Rallus longirostris vafer WrerMors, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. 41, June
29, 1928, p. 121 (Etroites, Gonave Island, Haiti) —Bonp, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Philadelphia, 1928, p. 495 (Port-au-Prince, Caracol, Jaquesy, Fort Liberté) .—
DanrortH, Auk, 1929, p. 862 (Monte Cristi, Les Salines, Gonave).

Rallus longirostris, Bartscu, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. 30, July 27,
1917, p. 182 (Haiti) —Brrse, Zool. Soc. Bull., vol. 30, 1927, p. 189 (Bizoton) ;
Beneath Tropic Seas, 1928, p. 129.

Rallus longirostris caribaeus, Prrers, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zodl., vol. 61, 1917,
p. 402 (Monte Cristi).

Resident in mangrove swamps; local in occurrence.

The first specimen of the clapper rail known to us for Hispaniola
is a male taken by J. L. Peters in an extensive mangrove swamp near_
Monte Cristi on February 18, 1916. Danforth collected one at the
same point June 24, 1927. These are the only two definite records
for the Dominican Republic.

Bartsch reported the clapper rail from the coastal swamps north
of Port-au-Prince, Haiti, on April 25, 1917, and Abbott collected
specimens on Gonave Island in 1920, securing four at Etroites March
18, 19 and 20, and two at Picmy July 7 and 8. Beebe reports one
seen twice in 1927 on a sandy beach at Bizoton.

On April 3, 1927, Wetmore heard the cackling, grunting calls of
these rails in the mangroves bordering the bay at Aquin, Haiti, and
flushed one at the border of an open lagoon. This individual flew
swiftly to shelter on the opposite side of a stretch of open water.
At Caracol on April 27 the grunting calls of clapper rails came from
the mangroves on all sides, becoming loud and vociferous at every
shot fired by the collector. At this point the high ground marking
the landing for the village was limited in area and was closely in-
vested with mangrove swamps. There was constant activity here
among fishermen and in the landing of small cargoes from schooners
plying along the coast. As the men engaged in this work were pre-
occupied with their own affairs, and there was no hunting, rails had
become unusually tame, and came without fear into little open places
among the mangroves. They walked slowly and with a furtive air,
twitching the white marked tail at intervals, or when they felt that
they were under observation paused motionless. When really
alarmed they ran swiftly to safe shelter amid the black shadows of

THE BIRDS OF HAITI AND THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 131

the arching mangrove roots. Of three taken two were prepared as
skins and one as a skeleton.

Danforth in 1927 records them from Les Salines and Gonave
Island. They seem to be especially common along the northern
coast as Bond in 1928 found them particularly numerous on the
shores of the Baie de Caracol at Caracol and Jaquesy. He noted
them also at Port-au-Prince and Fort Liberté, but did not see them on
Gonave Island. Poole and Perrygo noted two at Cap-Haitien Janu-
ary 22, and collected four at Fort Liberté February 8, and 18, 1929.

In most localities the clapper rail is shy and secretive so that its
presence is betrayed through its notes coming by day or night from
thickets or mangroves, or by its long-toed tracks, with long stride,
impressed in the soft mud of the runways leading through its haunts.
Its nocturnal activities we may only conjecture, though from the
light tracery of its foot prints it appears that under shadow of
night the bird comes out into the open. Ordinarily it is seen only
as a gray shadow slipping away among the mangrove roots, or more
rarely is flushed from some restricted corner where it is under neces-
sity of flying to gain new shelter.

The clapper rail of Hispaniola differs from the bird of Jamaica,
R. 1. caribaeus Ridgway, with which it has been ordinarily allocated,
in being grayer, less brownish both above and below, with the fore-
neck and upper breast more evidently cinnamon colored, and the
malar stripe, which is the same color, more prominent. In the
original description Wetmore ** states that “there is decided varia-
tion in color in rails of this group, two distinct phases being evident,
one being paler above, due to predominance of the lighter edgings of
the dorsal feathers and restriction of the dark centers, and the other
decidedly darker with the duller colors of the central parts of the
dorsal feathers much extended, and the lighter margins cerrespond-
ingly restricted. The darker appearance of the extreme of the latter
type becomes much accentuated with plumage wear. The individual
differences indicated need to be kept carefully in mind in segregating
geographic races.

“The Jamaican material before me in the present comparisons
includes the type of caribacus and one other specimen in the United
States National Museum, and a third skin from the Museum of Com-
parative Zodlogy, loaned through the courtesy of Mr. Outram Bangs.
These birds are all old and are more or less faded, having been col-
lected in the sixth decade of the last century. In arriving at dif-
ferential characters to distinguish the Hispaniolan race due allow-
ance has been made for color change in the Jamaican series,
particularly through study of differences evident between these three

“ Proc, Biol. Soc. Washington, yol, 41, June 29, 1928, p. 122.

132 BULLETIN 155, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

and specimens of comparable museum antiquity of other races of
longirostris, with the result that the darker, duller, browner ap-
pearance of the series of caribacus justifies the separation here pro-
posed. In the three caribaeus examined two males have the wing
144.0 and 147.6 mm., the culmen 61.8 and 58.5 mm., and the tarsus
(in both) 54.2 mm. while a female has the wing 139.8, culmen, 54.7,
and tarsus 50.2 mm. There is indicated a slightly longer wing, and
shorter culmen and tarsus than in vafer, a difference so slight, how-
ever, that it needs to be verified in a larger series before it is
accepted.”

The series of wafer that we have seen includes two females from
Caracol, and two males and four females from Etroites and Picmy
on Gonave Island. The latter do not differ from the mainland
birds. One of the specimens from Caracol is in partly melanistic
phase as the cinnamon color normal to the breast is almost entirely
obscured by dark gray.

Measurements are as follows (given in millimeters) :

Males (4 specimens) wing 151.0-159.5 (155.0), tail 61.5-66.4
(63.3), culmen, 63.8-68.5 (65.5), tarsus, 57.0-61.0 (59.0).

Females, (7 specimens) wing, 1384.5-144.5 (138.4), tail 54.4-60.0
(56.9), culmen, 53.6-63.0 (58.7), tarsus, 46.4-59.5 (52.8).

Type, male, wing 151.8, tail 62.2, culmen 63.8, tarsus 59.0.

Peters writes that the male he secured at Monte Cristi had the
wing 149 mm., tail 65 mm., exposed culmen 61 mm., and tarsus
50 mm.

The adult clapper rail is about 340 mm. in length, with long neck
and bill, strong legs, large feet, and short tail. The upper surface
is deep brown, the feathers margined with grayish olive, the throat
is white, the breast buffy brown, and the sides dusky, barred with
white. The downy young are coal black.

PORZANA CAROLINA (Linnaeus)
SORA, GALLINUELA

Rallus carolinus LiInNAxrus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 153 (Hudson
Bay).

Rallus olivaceus Vrer.uor, Nouy. Dict. Hist. Nat., vol. 28, 1819, p. 561 (“Saint-
Domingue”’).

Porzana carolina, Bonp, Proc. Acad. Nat Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 80, 1928,
p. 495 (Etang Miragoane).

Winter visitor; abundance not certainly known.

Dr. W. L. Abbott secured two males at Laguna Rinc6én near
Cabral, Dominican Republic, March 18, 1922, and a third at the
same point on the following day. The birds were common. He
collected a female at Trou Caiman, Haiti, March 11, 1918, and

THER BIRDS OF HAITI AND THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 133
2

reports others near the Etang Saumatre. Bond secured two at the
Etang Miragoane February 4, 1928. These constitute the only rec-
ords at present known to us from the island.

The sora rail inhabits the rushes and grasses of freshwater marshes,
where it seeks heavy cover but may be flushed by driving, when it
flies away with dangling feet to drop after a short distance into the
marsh. The bird may be expected in suitable localities from October
to March.

Dr. C. W. Richmond has called our attention to the Rallus oliva-

ceus of Vieillot, described in 1819 from “ Saint-Domingue.” Sharpe *
has made this a synonym of his Porzana albicollis of South America,
which is erroneous as Vieillot’s description is that of a young sora
rail in first fall plumage. It is therefore cited here in the synonymy
of Porzana carolina.
_ The back is olive-brown with dark centers to the feathers, and
faint streaks of white. The breast is gray or brownish gray, the
abdomen white, and the sides black barred with white. Adults have
the throat and face black, a marking lacking in the immature birds
in fall. The sora measures 205 to 225 mm. in length, and has a
narrow body, very short tail, and strong legs.

PORZANA FLAVIVENTER HENDERSONI Bartsch
YELLOW-BELLIED RAIL, GALLERETA CHIQUITA

Porzana flaviventris hendersont Bartscu, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol.
30, July 27, 1917, p. 131 (Trou Caiman, Haiti). Smithsonian Misc. Colls., vol.
68, no. 12, 1918, fig. 42 (view of habitat).

Porzana flaviventer hendersoni, Bonn, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol.
80, 1928, p. 495 (Trou Caiman).

Hapalocrez RipGway, Smithsonian Mise. Coll., vol. 72, no. 4, Dec. 6, 1920,
p. 8 (type by orig. desig. Rallus flaviventris Boddaert).

?Rallus, SALLE, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1857, p. 286 (Dominican Republic).—
Bryant, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 11, May, 1867, p. 97 (Dominican
Republic).

Resident in Haiti; apparently rare.

There are few specimens known from Hispaniola at present—two
from Trou Caiman, Haiti, a female secured by Bartsch on April 4,
1917, and a male taken by Abbott on March 11, 1918, and a female
from the freshwater marshes southwest of Fort Liberté shot by
Poole and Perrygo February 13, 1929. Bartsch writes that he saw
three others at Trou Caiman, two near Gloré on the Etang Saumatre
April 4, and another at Trou des Roseaux April 13. Bond saw one
at Trou Caiman January 15, 1928. Sallé mentions a small rail from
the Dominican Republic that is probably this species but took no
specimens.

“Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., vol. 23, 1894, p. 102.

134 BULLETIN 155, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

This tiny rail is found in the aquatic growths of freshwater
marshes where it is so secretive that it is probably much more com-
mon than the few records given indicate. In its marshy haunt the
collector seldom penetrates and the rail remains hidden securely
unless startled. Thomas Barbour in Cuba secured a number by
beating their coverts with a long bamboo, thus frightening the birds
into flight, when they could be seen and shot, an artifice that will
merit attention from collectors who visit the haunts of this bird.

The yellow-bellied rail of Cuba and Jamaica is now designated
as Porzana flaviventer gossii (Bonaparte). The three seen from
Haiti are similar in color to gossti but are very slightly smaller.
The wing in gossii ranges from 65.1 to 71.4 mm. with an average of
67 mm., while the culmen measures from 16.2 to 17.9 mm. In the
three birds from Hispaniola one male has the wing 62.0 and the cul-
men 15.9 mm., while two females have the wing 63.1—-63.5 and the
culmen 14.6-16.3 mm. ‘The difference is so slight that it may prove
inconstant, in which case hendersonit will become a synonym of
gossti, which will then range throughout the Greater Antilles.*

We have considered the characters alleged for Hapalocrex, pro-
posed by Mr. Ridgway ** to receive the present species, but fail to
find them in our opinion sufficiently distinct to merit recognition
when compared with other species of the group usually designated
as Porzana. ‘The combined length of the first two joints of the
middle toe is in most specimens of flaviventer not quite as long as
the tarsus, instead of equalling that measurement as stated, the
proportion being almost the same in other species of Porzana when
due allowance is made for size. The length of the alula and other
items in a larger series than originally available to Ridgway do not
seem diagnostic.

With the general form of the sora, the yellow-bellied rail is char-
acterized by tiny size as it is but little larger than a sparrow. It is
whitish below with a wash of buff on the breast, and heavy bars of
black on the flanks and under tail coverts. Above it is deep buff and
black, streaked with white with a dusky gray crown.

Subfamily GALLINULINAE
IONORNIS. MARTINICUS (Linnaeus)

PURPLE GALLINULE, GALLARETA, GALLINA DE AGUA, POULE SULTANE,
ANGOLI, POULE-A-JOLI, JORDELLE

Fulica martinica LINNAEUS, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, vol. 1, 1766, p. 259 (Marti-
nique).

Calamon, Ovimpo, Hist. Gen. Nat. Indias, Libr. 14, Cap. 2, Reprint, Madrid,
1851, p. 442 (mentioned).

48 Hor more detailed discussion of the supposed races of this species see Wetmore, New
York Acad. Sci., Sci. Surv. Porto Rico and Virgin Islands, vol. 9, 1927, pp. 338-339.
#4 Smithsonian Misc. Coll., vol. 72, no. 4, Dec. 6, 1920, p. 3.

THE BIRDS OF HAITI AND THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 135

Poule Sultane, DrescourTiInz, Voy. Nat., vol. 2, 1809, pp. 199-201 (Riviére
Limbé).

?Rale Bidi-bidi, Descourtimmz, Voy. Nat., vol. 2, 1809, pp. 245-246 (identity
not certain).

?Rallus jamaicensis, DESCOURTILZ, Voy. Nat., vol. 2, 1809, p. 66 (identity not
certain).—Ruirrer, Naturh. Reis. Westind. Insel Hayti, 1886, p. 157 (identity
not certain).

Gallinula martinicensis, Rirrer, Naturh. Reis. Westind. Insel Hayti, 1836,
p. 157 (Haiti, specimen).

Porphyrio martinica, Cory, Bull. Nuttall Ornith. Club, 1881, p. 155 (Haiti,
specimens).

Porphyrio martinicus, TRISTRAM, Cat. Coll. Birds belonging H. B. Tristram,
1889, p. 267 (Dominican Republic, specimen).

Porphyriola martinica, CrFERRI, Segund. Inf. An. Est. Nac. Agr. Moca, 1927,
p. 6 (listed).

Jonornis martinica, TIPPENHAUER, Die Insel Haiti, 1892, p. 328 (listed).

Ionornis martinica, Cory, Birds Haiti and San Domingo, March, 1885, pp.
162-163 (Gantier); Cat. West Indian Birds, 1892, p. 91 (Haiti, Dominican
Republic).—VERRILL, Proce. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1909, p. 356 (San Lo-
renzo, Sanchez).—PrrrerS, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zo6l., vol. 61, 1917, p. 402 (Monte
Cristi, El Batey).

Ionornis martinicus, Bond, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 80, 1928,
p. 495 (Etang Miragoane).—DawnrortH, Auk, 1929, p. 362 (Vasquez, Laguna
del Salodillo).

Iornis martinicus, Mouront, Att. Soc. Ital. Scienz. Nat., vol. 68, 1929, p. 311
(Haina, specimens).

Resident; fairly common in freshwater marshes.

Following are records of definite occurrence. Dominican Repub-
lic:—Laguna Rincén, near Cabral (Abbott); San Lorenzo Bay
(Verrill) ; Sanchez (Verrill, Abbott, Wetmore); El Batey, Monte
Cristi (Peters) ; Vasquez, Laguna del Salodillo (Danforth) ; Haina
(Ciferri).

Haiti:—Gantier (Cory) ; Sources Puantes (Wetmore) ; Etang Mir-
agoane (Bond); Trou Caiman, Trou des Roseaux (Bartsch) ; Jéré-
mie (Abbott) ; Riviére Limbé, (Descourtilz).

On Laguna Rincon, near Cabral, Dr. W. L. Abbott found these
birds plentiful, and collected an adult female March 15, 1922.
Verrill wrote that they were “not rare at San Lorenzo and in the
vicinity of Sanchez,” and Abbott secured a male at Sanchez February
7, 1919. On May 10, 1927 Wetmore observed two resting on reeds
at the mouth of the Rio Yuna enjoying the warmth of the early
morning sun. An immature female that he shot is molting into
first plumage and has the wing feathers about three-fourths grown.
His boatman said that the birds were seen regularly at this point.
Peters shot males near El Batey in April, and in the vicinity of
Monte Cristi in February. Danforth shot one at Vasquez June 25,
and saw two at the Laguna del Salodillo, near Copey, June 26, 1927.

Descourtilz found the purple gallinule breeding on the Riviére
Limbé.

136 BULLETIN 155, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

In Haiti Cory secured the purple gallinule near Gantier, where
he found it not uncommon, and saw birds brought by natives to
Pétionville (then known as Le Coup). The latter may have come
from some distance, however, as women travel many miles with
articles of food which they display in the markets. Bartsch shot
one at Trou Caiman April 4, 1917, and recorded the species at Trou
des Roseaux April 13. Abbott collected two near Jérémie February
8 and 10, 1918. On March 29, 1927 Wetmore observed one walking
along a muddy bank among mangroves at the overflow of the
sulphur spring at Sources Puantes north of Port-au-Prince. (PI.
7.) Bond saw several at the Etang Miragoane February 4, 1928.

The purple gallinule usually seeks covert in aquatic growths where
it wades, climbs, or swims, but may occasionally be seen in the open.
In proper light the coloration of the adult bird is beautifully bright
but in any shadow it is obscure. When walking the constant
twitching of the white under tail coverts attracts the eye when the
bird might otherwise remain unnoticed. Abbott describes the colors
of the bill in a female taken at Jérémie as follows; terminal half of
bill pale green; base of lower mandible reddish; base of the upper
mandible and frontal plate fleshy brown.

This gallinule when adult has the under surface rich purple,
changing to black on the abdomen, and white on the under tail
coverts. The back is dull green, the head purple, and the outer
webs of the primaries, and a line along the side of breast and neck,
bright blue. The immature are washed with brown. The bird is
nearly as large in body as a pigeon.

GALLINULA CHLOROPUS PORTORICENSIS Danforth

ANTILLEAN GALLINULE, GALLARETA DE AGUA, GALLINAZA, GALLARETA
PICO ROJO, POULE D’EAU

Gallinula chloropus portoricensis DANYorTH, Auk, 1925, p. 560 (Cartagena
Lagoon, Porto Rico).—Bonp, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 80, 1928, p.
465 (Port-de-Paix, Trou Caiman, nesting).—DaANrortTH, Auk, 1929, p. 362
(Hispaniola, common).—Mottoni, Att. Soe. Ital. Scienz. Nat., vol. 68, 1929, p.
311 (Guerra).

Poule d’eau, DescourRTILz, Voy. Nat., vol. 2, 1809, pp. 261-262 (Riviére Hstére).

Gallinula galeata, SALLE, Proce. Zool. Soc. London, 1857, p. 237 (Mouth of
Rio Haina).—BryYant, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 11, May, 1867, p. 97
(Dominican Republic).—Cory, Bull. Nuttall Ornith. Club, 1881, p. 155
(Gantier) ; Cat. Birds Haiti and San Domingo, March, 1885, pp. 161-162
(Gantier, specimens) ; Cat. West Indian Birds, 1892, p. 91 (Haiti, Dominican
Republic) —TipPpENHAUER, Die Insel Haiti, 1892, p. 323 (listed).—VeErRitn, Proc.
Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1909, p. 356 (Dominican Republic).

Gallinula chloropus, Rirrer, Naturh. Reis. Westind. Insel Hayti, 1836, p. 157
Haiti, specimen).

THE BIRDS OF HAITI AND THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 137

Gallinula chloropus cachinnans, PetrRS, Bull. Mus. Comp. ZoGlI., vol. 61, 1917,
p. 402 (El Batey, Yasica River).—BkrEBE, Zool. Soe. Bull., vol. 30, 1927, p. 139;
Beneath Tropic Seas, 1928, p. 219 (Ktang Saumatre, Iitang Miragoane).

Gallinula chloropus (cerceris?), Mortont, Att. Soc. Ital. Scienz. Nat., vol. 68,
1929, p. 812 (Bonao).

Resident; locally common in freshwater marshes.

Sallé found this gallinule at the mouth of the Rio Haina. Abbott
secured a male and a female, both adult, at Laguna Rincoén, near
Cabral, where the birds were plentiful, on March 16 and 17, 1922,
and a male in immature dress at Sanchez on February 7, 1919.
Peters reported this gallinule as rather common in the lagoons and
sluggish streams of the north coast, and collected two females at
El Batey, April 5, where in a large lagoon he noted adults accom-
panied by young still in black down. On the same day in riding
from El Batey to Cabarete he saw a flock of a dozen resting on the
bank of the Rio Yasica. Verrill reported this gallinule as common
but gave no localities. Danforth, in 1927, collected two at the
Laguna del Salodillo June 26, and on July 3 saw a pair with four
downy young at Los Tres Ojos de Agua, near Santo Domingo City.
Ciferri obtained specimens at Guerra, August 11, 1929 and on the
Rio Yuna near Bonao April 22, 1927.

In Haiti, in 1799, Descourtilz found this gallinule on the Riviére
Kstére. Abbott shot two females at Port-de-Paix, April 14, 1917,
a male at Trou Caiman, April 7, 1920, and a male at the Etang
suitable places on the Cul-de-Sac plain, as Cory in 1881 found
them near Gantier, and Bartsch records them from Gloré on the
Etang Saumatre April 3, 1917, and shot one (head and feet pre-
served in alcohol) at Trou Caiman April 4. Bartsch found them
also at Trou des Roseaux on the southwestern peninsula April 13,
and between Port-au-Prince and St. Mare April 21 and 22. He
reports that on April 28 in Port-au-Prince women brought to his
hotel a bunch of live gallinules which they offered for sale. Abbott
collected an immature female at Jérémie February 8, 1918, and
Wetmore killed an adult male on the Etang Miragoane April 1,
1927. Beebe found them at the Etang Miragoane and the Etang
Saumatre. Danforth found a nest containing one egg at the Arti-
bonite sloughs beyond St. Marc on July 29, 1927. Bond secured eggs
near Port-de-Paix in early April, and at Trou Caiman June 22,
1928. Poole and Perrygo collected eleven at Fort Liberté February
14 and 15, 1929, finding the birds common in freshwater marshes
southwest of town.

The Antillean gallinule is found in fresh or slightly brackish
marshes where it frequents sluggish channels, swimming about like

138 BULLETIN 155, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

a coot in open water, but at any alarm taking refuge in the rushes.
In spite of its narrow toes it swims as readily as it wades.

Peters *° has written that the gallinule of the West Indies is not to
be distinguished from Gallinula chloropus cachinnans of the United
States. In this we do not agree as on comparison of an excellent
series we find that the gallinule of the Antilles, south at least to
Dominica, as well as that from the Bahamas is distinguished from
the North American bird by the restricted area of brown coloration
on the back which in most specimens does not extend far onto the
wings coverts.*®

Following are measurements taken from our series from His-
paniola:

Seven males, wing 166.0-178.0 (172.0), tail 62.3-75.6 (69.8), cul-
men from posterior margin of nostril 21.5-22.9 (22.0), tarsus 54.7—
61.0 (57.447) mm.

Nine females, wing 161.0-171.0 (167.0), tail 63.6—-73.5 (67.7), cul-

men from posterior margin of nostril 19.2-21.9 (20.6), tarsus 50.1—-
57.4 (53.8) mm.

In size, form, and color this gallinule resembles the coots found in -
the same waters but may be readily identified by the bright red
frontal shield, which is entirely without white, and in the hand, by
the long narrow toes without lobes.

Subfamily FULICINAE

FULICA AMERICANA AMERICANA Gmelin

AMERICAN COOT, MUDHEN, GALLARETA, GEOUDEL, POULE D’EAU, CANARD
MARRON

Fulica americana GMELIN, Syst. Nat., vol. 1, pt. 2, 1789, p. 704 (North
America).

Fulica americana americana, Bonp, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol.
80, 1928, p. 495 (Port-de-Paix, specimen).

Fulica americana grenadensis, DANFoRTH, Auk, 1929, p. 363 (Haina).

Migrant from North America; possibly resident in suitable lo-

calities.

Eight skins, all collected in Haiti, constitute the records of this
species based on specimens for the island. (Pl. 16.) Dr. W. L.

Abbott collected a male at Port-de-Paix, April 14, 1917, a male at the
Etang Saumatre March 9, 1918, and a male at Jérémie November 23,

ecrAuk,, 1927, p. 3b:

46 For a discussion of this form and its relationships see Wetmore, New York Acad.
Sci., Scient. Survey Porto Rico and Virgin Islands, vol. 9, 1927, pp. 344—-345.

47 Average of six specimens,

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 155 PLATE 16

AMERICAN COOT (FULICA AMERICANA AMERICANA) IN CENTER: CARIBBEAN COOT
(FULICA CARIBAEA) AT RIGHT AND IN BACKGROUND

The two species are distinguished by the color of the frontal shield.

tal nae : ae
eyes

a ) A
yi) = atlcage ae
vid oes

Reine ty

ete j

THE BIRDS OF HAITI AND THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 139

1917. Wetmore shot a female at the Ftang Miragoane April 1, 1927.
Poole and Perrygo secured male and female at Dessalines December
24, 1928, and a female at Fort Liberté February 14, 1929. Bond
shot a male at Port-de-Paix April 2, 1928. Danforth records two
near Haina June 16, 1927 which would indicate that they were on
their breeding grounds. Attention is drawn to this matter that
investigation may be made by those interested.‘

In habits and appearance this well known bird is similar to the
Caribbean coot, differing only in the color of the frontal shield,

which in the present species has the upper portion deep red.
(Pl. 16.)

FULICA CARIBAEA Ridgway

CARIBBEAN COOT, GALLARETA, GALLARETA PICO BLANCO, GEOUDEL,
POULE D’EAU, FOULQUE

Fulica caribaea Ripaway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 7, 1884, p. 358 (St.
John).—PetTers, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zo6l, vol. 61, 1917, p. 403 (Hl Batey).—
Bonp, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 80, 1928, p. 495 (Trou Caiman,
specimen ).—DanrorTH, Auk, 1929, p. 363 (Laguna del Salodillo, Haina, Etang
Miragoane, Artibonite, Gonaives).—Morroni, Att. Soc. Scienz. Nat., vol. 68,
1929, p. 312 (Guerra).

Poule d’eau, DEScoURTILZ, Voy. Nat., vol. 2, 1809, pp. 262-264; vol. 3, 1809,
p. 147 (Haiti, habits, hunting).

?Poule d’eau, Sarnt-Méry, Descrip. Part. Franc. Ile Saint Domingue, vol. 2,
1798, p. 809 (Jérémie).

?Fulica mexvicana, DESCOURTILZ, Voy. Nat., vol. 2, 1809, p. 66 (Pont de
lEstére).—Ruitter, Naturh. Reis. Westind. Insel Hayti, 1886, p. 157 (Haiti).

?Fulica americana, Cory, Bull. Nuttall Ornith. Club, 1881, p. 155 (Haiti) ;
Birds Haiti and San Domingo, March, 1885, pp. 163-164 (Gantier) ; Cat. West
Indian Birds, 1892, p. 91 (Haiti, Dominican Republic).—CHeErrtig, Field Colum-
bian Mus., Ornith. ser. vol. 1, 1896, p. 25 (Dominican Republic). —TIrrpENHAUER,
Die Insel Haiti, 1892, p. 323 (listed).—VeErrRILL, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila-
delphia, 1909, p. 356 (Dominican Republic).

?Fulica a. americana, Brewer, Zool. Soe. Bull., vol. 30, 1927, p. 189; Beneath
Tropic Seas, 1928, p. 219 (Etang Miragoane).

Resident, locally common.

As the Caribbean coot (Pl. 16) in Hispaniola has been confused
with the American coot until recently, records in literature, except

for those of Descourtilz, and Peters are of uncertain allocation. As
a matter of convenience others are given, with a query, under the
present species.

48Tt may be noted that there is in the National Museum a male American coot taken
at Cabafias, Cuba, on May 23, 1900, by William Palmer and J. H. Riley. Danforth,
Auk, 1928, p. 482, has recorded two coots taken on Long Pond near Hodges, Jamaica,
August 9, 1926, under the name Fulica americana grenadensis Riley. Our specimens
from Haiti have the frontal shield exactly as in continental americana, and have no indica-
tion of the characters of grenadensis.

140 BULLETIN 155, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

The first certain record of this species for the Dominican Republic
is that of Peters who killed a male and a female at El Batey April 5.
He found several pairs in a lagoon formed by an old channel of the
Rio Yasica, and collected a set of seven eggs. Peters reports other
coots seen near Monte Cristi, but was not certain whether they were
the Caribbean or the American species. The eggs taken, preserved
in the Museum of Comparative Zodlogy, have Tie ground pole slight-
ly brighter than pale olive-buff, spotted finely with plumbeous black
and blackish slate, part of the spots being minute dots, and a part
somewhat larger, all distributed uniformly and rather closely over
the surface. ‘These eggs measure as follows: 50.2 by 33.9, 50.8 by
34.6, 51.0 by 34.4, 51.2 by 84.8, 51.2 by 34.9, 51.4 by 34.3, and 51.4 by
34.7 mm. Both Cherrie and Verrill under the name americana
mention coots as seen without definite locality, that may or may not
have been the present species. Abbott also reported coots of uncer-
tain identity as common at Laguna Cabral near Rincén in March,
1922. Danforth collected one at the Laguna del Salodillo, near
Copey, June 26, 1927, and saw others at Haina. Ciferri obtained one
at Laguna de Ranachero, near Guerra, August 12, 1929.

Among specimens collected by Abbott in Haiti there are two
caribaea, a female from Port-de-Paix, taken April 14, 1917, and a
male from Trou Caiman shot April 7, 1920. Bartsch preserved the
head and feet from a specimen taken at Trou Caiman April 4. He
also recorded coots without certain identification from Trou des
Roseaux April 13, and on April 28 saw a bunch of live mudhens
brought for sale to his hotel in Port-au-Prince. Cory during the
late winter months in 1881 found coots, that must have included this
species, common about the lakes near Gantier. Bond collected one
at Trou Caiman January 15, 1928, and John T. Emlen, jr., secured a
male near the mouth of the Wittibonite River July 28, 1927.

The earliest record is that of Descourtilz who sianens a coot
seen at Pont de l’Estére, April 16, 1799, and later describes the
present species as he specifically states that the frontal shield was
pure white. He says that hunting them is best accomplished by four
men armed with shotguns, one to walk on either bank of the stream
er channel, and two to proceed over the water in a boat. These last
drive the birds from the shelter of the rushes, in which they hide
at the slightest noise, so that they may be killed. In the nesting
season it is common practise to set fire to the marshes at the time
when coots and other water birds have eggs. The negroes then
search in the ashes for partly roasted eggs or for birds that have not
had the fortune to escape the flames. The destructiveness of this
method is evident.

THE BIRDS OF HAITI AND THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 14]

Wetmore collected three Caribbean coots at the Etang Miragoane
on April 1, 1927, preserving two, a male and a female, as skeletons,
and a female as a skin. As he approached the open water of this
lake along a little trail hidden among rushes he saw numbers of coots
swimming with nodding heads on the open water. One that was
within range was killed at once, and the black boy who accompanied
him to retrieve birds floundered in soft muck to his waist in securing
it. Other coots of this species swam in little groups spreading rip-
ples over the calm, mirrorlike surface of the lake, while in the blue
sky high above a flock of frigate-birds turned in slow spirals, at an
altitude so great that they appeared no larger than swallows. Along
a swampy channel coots were gathered in bands, walking about across
the open mud like dumpy, large-footed chickens. These gatherings
often contained all three of the species found in the island that
sportsmen usually group under the name of “ mudhen” as on one
occasion on a right and left with his doubled barreled gun into a
flying flock Wetmore secured two Caribbean coots, an American coot,
and an Antillean gallinule. Danforth in 1927 found them at the
Etang Miragoane, on sloughs near the lower Artibonite River where
he collected one July 28, and near Gonaives.

The frontal shield in this species is plain white with a faint tings
of ivory throughout. (Pl. 16.) The end of the bill is crossed by a
dark band. In the fresh specimen the frontal shield is perfectly
smooth, and is as hard and firm to the touch as the shield in ameri-
cana. This is curious since in museum specimens the shield in ameri-
cana dries smooth while in cartbaea it becomes more or less wrinkled.
The light color of the frontal shield in caribaea is very distinct and
with fresh killed specimens in hand the differences in color described
showed clearly.

The local name of “ Geoudel” applied to these birds is of uncer-
tain meaning.

The wing in Fulica caribaea is diastataxic as in F’. americana.

The Caribbean coot, like the American species, is as large as a small
chicken, with strong, broadly lobed feet armed with sharp claws. The
head and neck are blackish slate, and the remainder of the plumage
dark slaty gray, with whitish tips on some of the secondaries, a
white line on the alula, edge of metacarpal, and part of outer margin
of first primary, and black under tail-coverts, bordered broadly on
either side with white. As noted above the frontal shield is pure
white.

2134—31——10

142 BULLETIN 155, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

Order CHARADRIFORMES

Suborder CHARADRII

Superfamily JACANIDES

Family JACANIDAE
JACANA SPINOSA VIOLACEA (Cory)

WEST INDIAN JACANA, GALLITO, GALLITO DE AGUA, MEDECIN, VANNEAU
ARME, CHIRURGIEN, POULE D’EAU DOREE, CHEVALIER MORDORE
ARME

Parra violacea Cory, Bull. Nuttall Ornith. Club, 1881, pp. 180 and 155

(Gantier, Haiti).

Jacana, Burron, Hist. Nat. Ois., vol. 8, 1781, pp. 187-188 (description, hab-
its).—-DeEscourTILz, Voy. Nat., vol. 2, 1809, pp. 65-66 (Pont de l’Estére).

Vanneau Armé, DEscourTiLz, Voy. Nat., vol. 2, 1809, pp. 208-209 (Haiti).

Jacana armata fusca Brisson, Ornith., vol. 5, 1760, pp. 125-129, pl. 11, fig.
1 (“S. Domingue’).

Parra gymnostoma, Cory, Birds Haiti and San Domingo, Dec., 1884, pp. 159-
160, col. pl. (Le Coup?).—TriprpENHAUER, Die Insel Haiti, 1892, pp. 317, 323
(listed).

Parra jacana, Rirrer, Naturh. Reis. Westind. Insel Hayti, 1836, pp. 152, 157
(listed).—Hartiavs, Isis, 1847, p. 610 (listed).

Jacana spinosa, Cory, Cat. West Indian Birds, 1892, p. 92 (Haiti, Domini-
can Republic).—CHeErRIE, Field Col. Mus., Ornith. ser., vol. 1, 1896, p. 25 (Rio
Ozama).

Jacana spinosa violacea, PETERS, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zodl., vol. 61, 1917, p. 406
(El Batey, specimens; Monte Cristi) —Brrsr, Zool. Soc. Bull., vol. 30, 1927,
p. 189; Beneath Tropic Seas, 1928, pp. 108, 220 (Etang Saumatre, Etang Mira-
goane).—Bonp, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 80, 1928, p. 495 (Etang
Miragoane, Fort Liberté).—DanrortH, Auk, 1929, p. 363 (Haina, Laguna del
Salodillo, Etang Miragoane, Gonaives).—Motton1, Att. Soc. Ital. Scienz. Nat.,

vol. 68, 1929, p. 312 (Rio Haina, specimens).

Resident; fairly common at certain points, but apparently local
in distribution.

At the eastern end of Lake Enriquillo Abbott found jacanas fairly
common, and collected two adult males on October 2, 1919, while at
Laguna Rincén, near Cabral, where the birds were plentiful, he
took an adult female on March 15, 1922, and another female in im-
mature dress March 17. Cherrie in 1895 found jacanas quite com-
mon along the Ozama River near Santo Domingo City, and states
that he saw downy young with their parents on April 26. Peters
found jacanas in small numbers on a lagoon at El Batey, near the
north coast of the Dominican Republic, on April 5, 1916, and col-
lected two specimens. He also examined the wing of one killed on
the Rio Yaqui del Norte near Monte Cristi. Danforth collected
one at the Laguna del Salodillo, near Copey, June 26, 1927, and
saw others near Haina. Ciferri secured two on the Rio Haina,
August 14, 1929.

THE BIRDS OF HAITI AND THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 143

The species is seemingly rather local in the Dominican Republic,
and is not recorded as yet from the lagoons of the Samana Penin-
sula, nor from the Yuna delta at the eastern end of Samana Bay.

In Haiti the jacana is first recorded definitely in 1760 by Brisson
who described a specimen sent by Chervain to de Reaumur. Buffon
notes that according to Deshayes this species is known as “ chevalier
mordoré armé.” Descourtilz found it April 16, 1799 at the Pont
de l’Estére, and makes mention of it in connection with other birds
on other pages of his book. He calls it “le Vanneau Armé de Saint-
Domingue.”

Cory described this form from a single specimen taken in the late
winter of 1881, and was told by the natives that the bird was found
at other points. No locality is given in the original description but
in his work entitled Birds of Haiti and San Domingo, published in
1884 (p. 160) he says that this specimen was “taken near Le Coup.”
In the Bulletin of the Nuttall Ornithological Club for 1881 (p. 155),
he says, however, that it came from Gantier. Hellmayr at Wet-
more’s request has examined the type specimen in the collections of -
the Field Museum and informs us that the type specimen of Parra
violacea, Field Museum No. 36416 (Cory Coll. No. 5104) is a female
(not a male as stated in the original description) taken on March
5, 1881. The locality given on the label is Le Coup, Haiti, but this
name is written in different ink from the rest of the data and seems
to have been added later. Since Le Coup, now called Pétionville, is
in the hills above Port-au-Prince, the occurrence of the bird there
seems entirely out of place as its haunts are in the lowlands. It
seems probable that the type was taken near Gantier as described in
1881. On consulting the roster of specimens given in the Birds of
Haiti and San Domingo we find that Cory was at Le Coup from
March 1 to 4 and again on March 7. In the intervening period there
is record of specimens taken at Gantier March 6. It will be noted
that the type in question was taken March 5. In view of this and
of Cory’s own statement in 1881 we consider Gantier the proper
type locality and believe that “Le Coup” was added erroneously
without consideration of the topographic difference involved in the
few miles separating the two points in question.

Bartsch recorded the jacana at Trou Caiman April 4, 1917, and
Abbott collected a male at the same point on March 10, 1918. This
bird is peculiar as it resembles the adult above but below is white
with only a slight mixture of black and brown. In spite of its seem-
ing immaturity as regards the ventral plumage it is marked as a
breeding bird. We consider that it is an albinistic specimen that has
retained the juvenile dress in part after reaching maturity. Abbott
secured other males near the Etang Saumatre March 7, 1918, and
April 11, 1920, and one near Manneville on May 15, 1920. Beebe

144 BULLETIN 155, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

found them in marshes at the Etang Saumitre March 2, 1927. At
the Etang Miragoane on April 1, 1927, Wetmore found the jacana
common and collected an adult female. He saw several young in im-
mature dress. He did not meet the species elsewhere but while in
Haiti did not visit other points suited toit. Danforth found it at the
Etang Miragoane and near Gonaives in the summer of 1927. Bond
also found it at the Etang Miragoane, and saw a few at Fort Liberté,
where two were taken by Poole and Perrygo February 14, and others
seen February 16, 1929.

The jacana inhabits wet meadows, or pools and lagoons covered
with mats of floating vegetation over which it walks with ease by
grace of its long toes with their greatly elongated claws, which be-
cause of their wide spread in relation to the shght weight of the
body give ready support on an apparently unstable surface. The
legs are very long.

Measurements of birds from Hispaniola follow:

Hight males, wing 120.7-125.4 (123.2), tail 40.3-49.2 (42.8), culmen
from base 29.3-31.9 (81.1), tarsus 49.4-54.4 (52.5) mm.

Two females, wing 137.3-142.7, tail 47.0-49.5, culmen from base™
34.1,*° tarsus 51.1-58.5 (57.8) mm.

The front of the head is ornamented by a lappet with the posterior
margin divided into three narrow lobes. In the adult the plumage of
the anterior portion of the body is black, while elsewhere the feathers
are purplish brown except for the wing quills which are light yel-
lowish green. The bend of the wing bears a sharp thornlike spine
from which the bird receives its Haitian name of medecin. The im-
mature is pure white below with a white line through the eye. The
light green of the wings, displayed in flight or often by raising the
wings above the back when the bird is on the marsh, is a prominent
field mark. The body is about as large as that of a Wilson’s snipe.

Superfamily CHARADRIIDES
Family HAEMATOPODIDAE

HAEMATOPUS PALLIATUS PRATTII Maynard

BAHAMAN OYSTER-CATCHER, PRATT’S OYSTER-CATCHER, CORACOLERO,
OSTRERO

Haemotopus prattii MAYNARD, Appendix to Cat. Birds West Indies, Nov. 29,
1899, p. 34 (Flemming’s Key, Bahama Islands).

Haematopus palliatus, Cory, Birds Haiti and San Domingo, Dec., 1884, p. 145
(reported) ; Cat. West Indian Birds, 1892, p. 95 (Haiti, Dominican Republic).—
TIPPENHAUER, Die Insel Haiti, 1892, p. 322 (listed).

49 One specimen.

50 This appendix was published in advance of the work itself, and was reprinted with
the appearance of the list proper. In this reprint the generic name of the present bird
is corrected to Haematopus.

THE BIRDS OF HAITI AND THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 145

Rare; possibly resident.

The oyster-catcher was reported to Cory on the coasts of the Do-
minican Republic but was not seen by him personally. So far as
we are aware the only definite record for the eastern republic is that
of a male taken at Jovéro, Dominican Republic, on November 28,
1928, by Dr. W. L. Abbott. Poole and Perrygo collected a pair on
Tercero Island in the Seven Brothers group January 380, 1929.
Nothing further is known of the occurrence of the bird on the island.

The oyster-catcher is a shore-bird of large size that frequents
rocky shores or nearby sandy beaches, where it calls and whistles
loudly at the sight of man, and at any alarm flies to some secure
spot where it is safe from attack. It is strong and robust in body
and is difficult to kall.

Though current literature * lists the oyster-catcher of the West
Indies as typical H. p. palliatus this seems to have been done without
examination of specimens from the Greater Antilles. On compari-
son of the skins from Hispaniola we find that the males have the
following measurements: culmen from base 81.3 and 85.9 mm., which
equals the average for H. p. prattii the form of the Bahama Islands,
and is longer than the bill in males of typical palliatus from the
southeastern United States. The tip of the bill in the female from
Tercero Island is broken so that it can not be measured. The bill in
the Hispaniolan specimens is also relatively heavy, somewhat more
so in fact than in the only male of pratiii available to us at this time.
As elongated culmen and heavy bill are the characters at present
used to separate the Bahaman bird the Jovero and Tercero skins
must be identified as of that race. This makes it appear probable
that the bird of Desecheo Island in Mona passage, between the
Dominican Republic and Porto Rico, identified as padliatus ** solely
on the assumption of supposed range as no specimens were available,
may also be this same form. It is possible on the other hand that the
bird from Jovéro is a migrant or a stray from the Bahamas. The
status of the races of palliatus as regards the area from northern
South America northward is yet unsatisfactory and should be re-
viewed when more material is available. It may be noted that
Murphy in the paper cited above is in error in attributing pratii to
Bangs as this form was first described by Maynard.

The oyster-catcher has the head and neck sooty black, the back
grayish brown, and a large patch in the wings and the under surface
white. Abbott, in the bird taken at Jovéro, records the iris as brown-
ish yellow, the feet as pinkish flesh color, and the bill and margin
of the eyelids red. It measured 447 mm. in length.

51 Ridgway, R., U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 50, pt. 8, 1919, pp. 32, 36; Murphy, R. C., Amer.
Mus. Nov., No. 194, Nov. 17, 1925, pp. 5-7.

*3 Wetmore, A., New York Acad. Sci., Sci. Surv. Porto Rico and Virgin Islands, vol. 9,
1927, pp. 349-350.

146 BULLETIN 155, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

Family CHARADRITIDAE **

Subfamily CHARADRIINAE

CHARADRIUS NIVOSUS. TENUIROSTRIS (Lawrence)
CUBAN SNOWY PLOVER, PLAYERO

Aigialitis tenwirostris LAWRENCE, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. New York, vol. 7, 1862,
p. 455 (near Guantanamo, Cuba).

Charadrius nivosus tenuirostris, Bonp, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia,
vol. 80, 1928, p. 520 (listed ).—DAnForTH, Auk, 1929, pp. 231-2382, 363 (St. Marc,
Haiti, specimen).

Rare; status uncertain, but apparently breeds.

There are few records of the snowy plover at present for Hispan-
iola. There is in the United States National Museum a female
taken at the Etang Saumatre, Haiti, March 9, 1918, by W. L. Abbott,
a bird in somewhat worn adult dress so that from the date it seems
probable that the species may breed in the area mentioned. Dan-
forth found a pair on July 25, 1927, at the Etang Bois-Neuf, a
small brackish lagoon south of St. Marc, Haiti, and collected a.
female which was near the breeding season. The stomach of this
specimen contained three ants (Odontomachus haematodes) and two
Corixids.

The snowy plover is one that frequents alkaline plains near the
borders of lakes and channels, where its light coloration, coupled
with the intense light reflected from the alkaline crusts of its back-
ground, often render it difficult to see even when its presence is
made certain by its low, whistled call. When its breeding grounds
are approached it may circle about overhead or may start out running
across the muddy surface, continuing without pausing for distances
far beyond those usually covered by its relatives so that it is necessary
for the observer to run also to keep within sight of it.

The bird is not much larger than a sparrow, having the wing
from 98 to 107 mm. long. It is light gray above, and white below
with a blackish spot on either side of the breast. It is distinguished
from the semipalmated plover by paler coloration above, slightly
smaller size, and lack of a breast band.

CHARADRIUS MELODUS Ord
PIPING PLOVER

Charadrius melodus Orp, Reprint, Wilson’s Orn., vol. 7, 1824, p. 71 (Great
Egg Harbor, New Jersey).

53 Vanellus Dominicensis armatus Brisson (Ornith., vol. 5, 1760, pp. 118-120), which
was said to have come to de Reaumur from ‘“'S. Domingue” through Chervain, from the
description is evidently a wattled plover. This bird was called Charadrius brissonii by
Wagler, Syst. Av., 1827, p. 77, and is listed under this name by Hartlaub, Isis, 1847,
p. 609. The locality must be incorrect since no plover of this type is known from the
Antilles. ;

THE BIRDS OF HAITI AND THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 147

Migrant from North America; apparently rare.

The only record is that of two females collected by Poole and
Perrygo on Tercero Island in the Seven Brothers group January 31,
1929.

The piping plover is reported as migrating regularly to the Ba-
hamas so that its occurrence on the northern shores of Hispaniola is
not unexpected. It is another of the small beach birds that are con-
fusing in identification except by one familiar with them.

In color the piping plover is similar to the Cuban snowy plover,
but is distinguished by slightly larger size, the wing measuring 112
to 124 mm. instead of 98 to 107 mm. as in the preceding species. The
bill is shorter and distinctly heavier, measuring only 11 to 13.5 mm.,
against 13 to 15.5 in C. n. tenuirostris.

CHARADRIUS SEMIPALMATUS Bonaparte
SEMIPALMATED PLOVER, PLAYERO

Charadrius semipalmatus BONAPARTE, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia,
vol. 5, 1825, p. 98 (coast of New Jersey).

Aigialitis semipalmatus, TRIsTRAM, Ibis, 1884, p. 168 (Dominican Republic,
specimen).—Cory, Birds Haiti and San Domingo, Dec., 1884, p. 144 (Puerto
Plata, specimen) ; Cat. West Indian Birds, 1892, p. 95 (Haiti, Dominican Re-
public).—Tristram, Cat. Coll. Birds belonging H. B. Tristram, 1889, p. 20 (Do-
minican Republic, specimen).—TIPPENHAUER, Die Insel Haiti, 1892, p. 322
(listed ).—VERRILL, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1909, p. 356 (Samana).

Charadrius semipalmatus, PETERS, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zo6l., vol. 61, 1917, p. 404
(Monte Cristi). —DaNrortH, Auk, 1929, p. 363 (Monte Cristi).

Migrant from North America.

Though there are comparatively few records for this species it is
probable that when a more careful search is made it will be found
fairly common, particularly in spring and fall.

Cory reports one taken at Puerto Plata in December. One col-
lected at about the same time by C. McGrigor somewhere in the
Dominican Republic, possibly at Samana, is recorded by Tristram.

Verrill says that the semipalmated plover was common at Samana
(January 29 to February 25, 1907) and Peters saw a small flock
at Monte Cristi February 18, 1916. Abbott collected an immature
male at Lake Enriquillo, October 5, 1919, and an adult male and an
immature female at Saona Island September 17, 1917. Wetmore
saw one near Sanchez May 6, 1927. Danforth records a flock of ten
at Monte Cristi August 5, 1927.

The little known of the species in Haiti is expressed in an imma-
ture female taken at Jérémie, December 5, 1917 by Abbott, one
recorded at Aquin, April 3, 1927 by Wetmore, one taken at Port-au-
Prince, April 25, 1917 by Bartsch, and five from Fort Liberté shot
February 10 and 19, 1929 by Poole and Perrygo.

148 BULLETIN 155, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

The semipalmated plover frequents muddy flats often with flocks
of other shorebirds but is so small and quiet that it is frequently
overlooked. From the few records available it appears to be present
from September to May.

This species is very small and is marked by dark brown color
above and white below, with a dark band across the breast, this
being black or brownish gray according to season or age. In flight
a band of white is shown in the wing. It measures from 165 to
190 mm. in length, with the wing 114 to 127 mm.

PAGOLLA WILSONIA RUFINUCHA (Ridgway)
RUFOUS-NAPED PLOVER, PLAYERO, TITIRE DE PLAYA, BECASSINE

Algialitis Wilsonius, var. rujinucha Ripeway, Amer. Nat., vol. 8, February,
1874, p. 109 (Spanishtown, Jamaica).

Algialitis wilsonius, Cory, Birds Haiti and San Domingo, Dec., 1884, p. 143 _
(Port-au-Prince) ; Cat. West Indian Birds, 1892, p. 95 (Haiti, Dominican
Republic). —TiIrprENHAUER, Die Insel Haiti, 1892, p. 322 (listed).

Aigialitis wilsoni, VeRRILL, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1909, p. 356
(Samané).

Pagolla wilsonia wilsonia, RwwewaAy, U. 8S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 50, vol. 8, 1919;
p. 110 (Samana).

Pagolla wilsonia rufinucha, Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zodl., vol. 61, 1917,
p. 405 (Monte Cristi, Gaspar Hernandez).—Bonp, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Philadelphia, vol. 80, 1928, p. 495 (Port-de-Paix, Fort Liberté, Gonave, and
Tortue Islands).

Ochthodromus wilsonius rufinuchus, DAN¥FoRTH, Auk, 1929, p. 363 (Monte

Cristi, Les Salines, Gonave).

Probably resident; local.

Verrill reported this plover from Samana where he said that it
was common. Peters says that these birds are found along the
north coast wherever the beach is sufficiently wide to allow a margin
of dry sand above high-water mark. He secured specimens at Monte
Cristi and Gaspar Hernandez and remarks that birds taken at the
latter point March 14 appeared to be paired. Hartert informs us
that there are six in the Tring Museum, a male and two females,
collected by Kaempfer at the mouth of the Yuna River September
3, 6, and 27, 1922, and a male and two females taken by Verrill at
Samana February 2, 4, and 6, 1907. Danforth found them common
near Monte Cristi the summer of 1927 and secured four specimens.

There are more records of occurrence for Haiti, probably because
of more extended field work in the coastal region. At Caracol, on
the north coast, Wetmore found them common on an open playa
near the landing. The birds here showed some agitation and were
believed to be on their breeding grounds. Abbott secured adults
at the Etang Saumatre on March 6, 1918 and April 9, 1920, and took

THE BIRDS OF HAITI AND THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 149

two on Grande Cayemite Island, January 5, 1918. Wetmore killed
a pair April 3, 1927, near Aquin on the south coast. There these
plovers were common on open flats about a salt water lagoon. They
ran about in the open, the heavy bill coupled with the dark band
across the breast being marks that distinguished them easily from
other shorebirds found here. Their call is a high-pitched peet peet.
The two taken were near the nesting season.

Danforth records them in 1927 at Les Salines and also on Gonave
Island where he collected four. Bond found them at Port-de-Paix
and Fort Liberté, writing that a boy brought him an egg at the latter
point on April 29, 1928. He collected two on Gonave Island Feb-
ruary 8, 1928, and reports them as found also on Tortue Island.
Poole and Perrygo found them common near Fort Liberté, collecting
fourteen skins from February 7 to 19, 1929.

Subspecific relationships of the West Indian individuals of this
species have been somewhat puzzling. The West Indian race was
named rufinucha by Ridgway many years ago but recently ** has been
considered by the same author as inseparable from the group found
along the coasts of the southeastern United States. Comparison of
a series of twenty-one recent specimens from Hispaniola upholds
Peters’ contention * that there isa West Indian race marked by darker
color of the dorsal surface. It appears that this difference lessens
appreciably as specimens age in our collections as skins from Porto
Rico and Cuba taken twenty-five years ago are so slightly darker
than those of Florida that recently Wetmore has been misled into
considering them not worthy of separation from true wiélsonza.*®
On examining the fresh material indicated above in connection with
the older series he is now convinced that rufinucha is valid, and that
the form found on Porto Rico as well as on Hispaniola should bear
that name.

Following are measurements of specimens from Hispaniola:

Ten males, wing 114.1-123.1 (118.0), tail 48.7-49.4 (47.2), culmen
from base 19.3-23.5 (21.0), tarsus 28.7-82.2 (30.9) mm.

Eleven females, wing 113.8-123.7 (119.3), tail 44.0-50.1 (48.0),
culmen from base 19.4-22.3 (21.1), tarsus 28.6-32.2 (30.4) mm.

The rufous-naped plover is larger than the semipalmated plover,
but is similarly colored in that it is white below with a dark band
across the chest, and grayish brown above. It is easily told by the
large, heavy bill.

4 Ridgway, R., U. 8. Nat. Mus., Bull. 50, pt. 8, 1919, pp. 110-112.

5 Auk, 1927, p. 5385; Bull. Mus. Comp. Zodl., vol. 61, 1917, p. 405.

56 See Wetmore, A., New York Acad. Sci., Sci. Surv. Porto Rico and Virgin Islands,
vol. 9, 1927, pp. 352-3853.

150 BULLETIN 155, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
OXYECHUS VOCIFERUS VOCIFERUS (Linnaeus)
KILLDEER

Charadrius vociferus LINNAEUS, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 150 (Vir-
ginia and Carolina).

Oxyechus vociferus (rubidus?), Mortront, Att. Soc. Ital. Scienz. Nat., vol.
68, 1929, p. 312 (Moca, specimens).

Migrant from North America; apparently rare.

Among specimens secured by Poole and Perrygo at Fort Liberté,
Haiti is a female of the killdeer from North America, taken Feb-
ruary 19, 1929. This specimen has the following measurements,
wing 170.0, tail 92.0, culmen from base 20.7, and tarsus 37.9 mm.,
having the larger size and darker coloration above that mark the
typical race of this bird. As this is the first record for the island
the abundance of this form as a winter migrant is uncertain.

It is possible that specimens recorded by Moltoni from Moca
November 25, 1926 and January 7, 1927, may also be this form as
he records the wing in two females as 166 and 167 mm., and in
one male as 165 mm.

OXYECHUS VOCIFERUS RUBIDUS Riley

WEST INDIAN KILLDEER, PLAYERO, FRAILECITO, COLLIER

Oxyechus vociferus ruwbidus Ritny, Proc. Biol. Soe. Washington, vol. 22,
April 17, 1909, p. 88 (Santo Domingo=Hispaniola).

Pluvier 4 collier, de St. Domingue, DAuUBENTON, Planch. Enl. No. 286.

Collier, Sarnr-Méry, Descrip. Part. Franc. fle Saint-Domingue, vol. 1, 1797,
p. 262 (Dondon).—DeEscourtiLz, Voy. Nat., vol. 2, 1809, pp. 211-212 (Haiti).

Kildir, Burron, Hist. Nat. Ois., vol. 8, 1781, p. 97 (“ Saint-Domingue’’).

Killdeer, Beck, Nat. Hist., vol. 21, 1921, p. 89 (above Ttibano).

Pluvialis Dominicensis torquata Brisson, Ornith., vol. 5, 1760, pp. 71-74, pl.
6, fig. 2. (“S. Domingue.” )

Charadrius vociferus, Rirrer, Naturh. Reis. Westind. Insel Hayti, 1836, p.
157 (listed). —HartLavus, Naumannia, 1852, p. 58 (Mirebalais).—Bryant, Proc.
Boston Soe. Nat. Hist., vol. 11, May, 1867, p. 97 (Dominican Republic).

Aigialites vociferus, SALLb, Proce. Zool. Soe. London, 1857, p. 236 (Dominican
Republic).

Aigialitis vociferus, Cory, Birds Haiti and San Domingo, Dec., 1884, pp.
141-142 (listed) ; Cat. Birds West Indies, 1892, p. 95 (Haiti, Dominican Re-
public).—Tristram, Cat. Coll. Birds belonging H. B. Tristram, 1889, p. 266
(Dominican Republic, specimen ).—TIPPENHAUER, Die Insel Haiti, 1892, pp. 317,
322 (listed).—CuHeErRif, Field Col. Mus., Ornith. ser., vol. 1, 1896, p. 25 (Do-
minican Republic).—Curisty, Ibis, 1897, p. 38837 (La Vega, Puerto Plata).—
VERRILL, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1909, p. 356 (El Valle, Sanchez,
Samana, La Vega).

Oxyechus vociferus, Fornrs and Ropinson, Bull. Liverpool Mus., vol. 2, 1899,
p. 66 (Almercen).

Oxyechus vociferus rubidus, PETERS, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zo6l., vol. 61, 1917, p.
404 (Jaibon, Gaspar Hernandez).—BEEBE, Zool. Soc. Bull, vol. 30, 1927, p. 189;

THE BIRDS OF HAITI AND THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 151

Beneath Tropic Seas, 1928, p. 220 (Haiti).—Bonp, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila-
delphia, vol. 80, 1928, p. 496 (Etang Miragoane, Trou Caiman, Etang Saumiatre,
HEnnery, Port-de-Paix) —DanrortH, Auk, 1929, p. 363 (many localities).

Resident; locally distributed. Following are records of occurrence:

Dominican Republic:—San Juan (Wetmore); Lake Enriquillo
(Abbott) ; Saona Island (Abbott); El Valle, Sanchez, Samana, La
Vega (Verrill) ; Almercen, or Rivas (Forbes and Robinson) ; Jaibén,
Gaspar Hernandez, Monte Cristi (Peters); Constanza (Abbott,
Wetmore); base of Loma Tina above Tibano (Beck); Higiiey,
Seibo, Hato Mayor, Haina, San Cristobal, Vasquez, Monte Cristi,
Laguna del Salodillo, Dajabon, San Juan (Danforth).

Haiti:—Baie des Moustiques, Mole St. Nicolas, (Abbott); Etang
Saumatre (Abbott, Bond); Gloré, near Port-au-Prince (Bartsch) ;
Trou Caiman (Bartsch, Bond); Sources Puantes, Aquin, Hinche,
Caracol (Wetmore); Mirebalais (Wiirttemberg); Dondon (Saint-
Méry); Ennery, Port-de-Paix (Bond); St. Michel, Fort Liberté,
Cerea-la-Source (Poole and Perrygo); Etang Bois-Neuf, Sloughs
near mouth of Artibonite, Les Salines, Gonaives, Les Cayes, Gonave
Island (Danforth).

The killdeer is found in open meadows or fields, marshy savannas
or bare, open playas where it walks or runs over the ground pausing
at intervals to teeter slightly, uttering its clear calls of hill deer, kill
deer at the slightest alarm. When at a distance it often turns its
brown back toward the observer and then blends almost perfectly
into its background. The bird may be less abundant now than
formerly, as Verrill, in 1909, reported it common at a number of
localities. It ranges from the coast to the higher elevations of the
island wherever there is open country suited to its needs. Abbott
collected a specimen at Constanza in the high interior May 11, 1919,
and Wetmore found several there from May 18 to 21, 1927, and col-
lected a female. ‘They were found on prairies and pastures in the
open valleys. Beck reports them from a high meadow above
Tubano at the base of Loma Tina.

Forbes and Robinson record the killdeer from Almercen (now
known as Rivas). Cherrie noted it as fairly common along water
courses near the coast, and secured one that contained a nearly de-
veloped egg on March 24. Abbott recorded it at Lake Enriquillo,
October 1 to 6, 1919, Peters collected six at Jaibon, and Gaspar
Hernandez, and saw others at Monte Cristi. Danforth in 1927 found
it at Higtiey, Seibo, Hato Mayor, Haina, San Cristobal, Vasquez,
Monte Cristi, Laguna del Salodillo, Dajabén, and San Juan.

In Haiti, Brisson reports the killdeer in 1760, and Saint-Méry
and Descourtilz recorded it under the name “collier” in 1797 and

% Bull, Liverpool Mus., vol. 2, 1899, p. 66.

152 BULLETIN 155, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

1809 respectively. Wiirttemberg secured it at Mirebalais. Abbott
shot specimens at Mole, St. Nicolas March 19, and Baie des Mous-
tiques May 5, 1917, and one at the Etang Saumatre March 5, 1918.
On March 29 and 30, 1927, Wetmore found one feeding along the
muddy overflow of the sulphur spring at Sources Puantes on the
coast north of Port-au-Prince, and April 3 saw a number with other
waders about a lagoon at Aquin. At Hinche on April 23 and 24
a pair was found on a barren, stony knoil far from water. From
their actions they appeared to have a nest or young. Near Caracol
killdeer were seen in open ground at Poste Charbert April 26, and
near the coast on April 27. Danforth in 1927 found them at the
Etang Bois-Neuf, on the sloughs near the mouth of the Artibonite,
at Les Salines, Gonaives, Les Cayes, and on Gonave Island.

Bond found them at the Etang Miragoane, Trou Caiman, Etang
Saumatre, Ennery, and Port-de-Paix. Poole and Perrygo secured
skins at St. Michel January 14, and Fort Liberté February 11, 1929.
They recorded these birds also at Cerca-la-Source from March 18
to 24, 1929.

W. L. Abbott secured a set of three eggs May 30, 1917, at Jean.
Rabel Anchorage, brought to him by a boy who found them in a
nest on a pebbly sea beach. These eggs have the ground color
slightly brighter than pale olive-buff, spotted irregularly with black,
a few of the markings being partly concealed so that they appear
slate gray. The spots are rather evenly distributed over the surface
but with the larger, heavier ones on the larger end. The markings
on the average are angular or drawn out into short lines. One of
the eggs is less profusely marked than the other two. They measure
as follows: 36.5 by 28.1, 36.7 by 28.0, and 36.7 by 27.9 mm.

Following are measurements of birds from Hispaniola.

Four males, wing 145.0-157.0 (151.0), tail 84.8-93.4 (88.5), culmen
from base 18.5-20.7 (19.7), tarsus 33.7-35.0 °° (34.6) mm.

Three females, wing 155.0-160.0, tail 82.9-90.0 (86.4), culmen from
base 20.7-20.9 (20.8), tarsus 33.9-36.7 (36.0) mm.

The Tourterelle, de St. Dominique, figured by Daubenton (Planch.
Enl. No. 487) is evidently an artifact made with the body of a mourn-
ing dove (Zenaidura macroura), and the head and upper neck of
a killdeer.

The killdeer is as large as a thrush with grayish brown back,
rufous brown rump and upper tail coverts, and white forehead and
under surface, with two black bands across the chest, a black band
across the front of the head and a white line behind the eye. As
the bird raises its long wings in flight prominent white markings
are displayed on the flight feathers.

58 Average of three.

THE BIRDS OF HAITI AND THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 153
PLUVIALIS DOMINICUS DOMINICUS (Miller)
AMERICAN GOLDEN PLOVER, CHORLITO, PLUVIAL, PLUVIER DORE

Charadrius dominicus Mutter, Natursyst. Suppl., 1776, p. 116 (Santo Do-
mingo=Hispaniola).

Pluvier Doré, Burron, Hist. Nat. Ois., vol 8, 1781, p. 84 (““‘Saint-Domingue”’ ).—
Descourtiuz, Voy. Nat., vol. 2, 1809, pp. 209-211, (Haiti).

Pluvialis Dominicensis aureus Brisson, Ornith., vol. 5, 1760, pp. 48-51, pl. 6,
fig. 1 (““S. Domingue”).

Charadrius pluwvidlis, Rirter, Naturh. Reis. Westind. Insel Hayti, 1886, p.

157 (listed).

Pluvialis dominicus dominicus, Motront, Att. Soc. Ital. Scienz. Nat., vol. 68,
1929, p. 312 (San Juan, specimens).

Migrant.

The scientific name for the present species is based on /e pluvier
doré de S. Domingue of Brisson, who informs us that his description
is taken from a specimen sent to M. de Reaumur by Chervain. Des-
courtilz speaks of the pluvier doré as common and says that they
come to wet fields to feed and are very tame. Abbott reported them
common at the Etang SaumAtre in early March, 1918. Ciferri col-
lected three at the Sabana San Thomé, near San Juan, September
18, 1928. Further than this there is no record of the species at
present. It may occur regularly in migration though this is as yet
uncertain.

The golden plover is similar in size to the black-bellied plover,
and is distinguished by lack of a hind toe.

SQUATAROLA SQUATAROLA CYNOSURAE Thayer and Bangs
AMERICAN BLACK-BELLIED PLOVER, PLUVIAL

Squaiarola squatarola cynosurade THAYER and Banas, Proc. New England
Zool. Club, vol. 5, April 9, 1914, p. 23 (Baillie Island, Arctic America).—
PETERS, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zoél., vol. 61, 1917, p. 404 (Monte Cristi, Rio San
Juan).—Bonp, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 80, 1928, p. 496 (Port-
de-Paix).—DaNnrortH, Auk, 1929, pp. 363-364 (Monte Cristi; St. Louis, Les
Salines, Gonave Island).

Found during winter; abundance, from available data, uncertain.

The only records for the Dominican Republic are those of Peters
(the first to record the species in Hispaniola) who observed a flock
of about twenty near Monte Cristi February 18, and two others west
of the mouth of the Rio San Juan March 4, 1916, Abbott, who found
the species at Lake Enriquillo October 1 to 6, 1919, and Danforth,
who saw a few at Monte Cristi June 24 and 27, and August 5, 1927.
In Haiti Abbott collected a female in winter dress at Baie des Mous-
tiques May 7, 1917, and saw black-bellied plovers early in March,
1918 at the Etang Saumatre. Wetmore observed half a dozen near

154 BULLETIN 155, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

Aquin April 3, and one near Caracol April 27, 1927. Bond saw a
number near Port-de-Paix and collected one. Poole and Danforth
found them at St. Louis July 23, Les Salines July 30, and at Anse a
Galets and Etroites, Gonave Island July 17. Poole and Perrygo in
1929 collected one on Tercero Island January 31, and one on Muertos
Island February 4, both of these being in the Seven Brothers group.
At Fort Liberté they secured five on February 9.

The black-bellied plover during winter is found on open mud-
flats, usually near coastal lagoons, but occasionally appears on sandy
beaches. It is fairly large of body and has an erect carriage so that
it is easily seen among other shorebirds with which it may be as-
sociated.

In winter dress, in which the species is usually seen in Hispaniola,
the sides of the head and under parts are white, the breast somewhat
streaked with dusky, and the upper parts brownish gray mottled
somewhat with white. The axillar feathers are black. Birds found
in late spring or early fall may be in breeding dress, in which they
are pale gray above, spotted with brownish black, with the under-
parts and sides of head black. The bird is distinctly larger than a.
killdeer, has the wing ranging from 178 to 199 mm. and possesses
a small but distinct hind toe.

Subfamily ARENARIINAE

ARENARIA INTERPRES MORINELLA (Linnaeus)
RUDDY TURNSTONE, PLAYERO TURCO

Tringa morinella LinNarus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, vol. 1, 1766, p. 249 (coast of
southeastern Georgia).

Strepsilas interpres, TRIsTRAM, Ibis, 1884, p. 168 (Dominican Republic).

Arenaria interpres, Cory, Cat. West Indian Birds, 1892, p. 92 (Haiti, Domini-
can Republic).—VrErrizt, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1909, p. 356
(Samana Bay).

Arenaria interpres morinella, Perers, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zo6l., vol. 61, 1917, p.
406 (Monte Cristi, Gaspar Hernandez).—Bonp, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila-
delphia, vol. 80, 1928, p. 496 (Jaquesy, Fort Libert¢).—DanrortH, Auk, 1929, p.
364 (Les Salines, Monte Cristi).

Winter visitant along the coast; fairly common.

Though there are few records for the turnstone this is probably
due to lack of observation rather than to rarity of the bird, which
should be distributed in fair numbers through the coastal lagoons.

The earliest report is that of Tristram, who received a skin from
C. McGrigor taken in the Dominican Republic, probably near
Samana. Verrill reported them common on the litle cays in
Samani Bay. There are two specimens in the collection of J. H.
Fleming taken by Verrill on Cayo Levantado opposite Samana on
February 14, 1907. Peters saw them at Monte Cristi during the

THE BIRDS OF HAITI AND THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIG 155

second and third weeks in February, and between Gaspar Hernandez
and the Rio San Juan on March 4, 1916. Abbott collected a female
on Saona Island, September 14, 1919. Danforth reports five at
Monte Cristi August 5, 1927.

In Haiti Abbott secured a male at the Etang Saum4tre on March
7,1918. At Aquin, on April 3, 1927, Wetmore observed fifty or more
scattered over mudflats adjacent to a salt water lagoon, and others
along adjacent sandy beaches, basis for our statement that the species
is probably more common than the few records indicate. At Caracol
on April 27 a dozen were recorded. Danforth saw fifteen at Les
Salines July 30,1927. They seem especially common along the north
coast of Haiti as Bond records them at Jacquesy and Fort Liberté,
collecting skins on April 28, 1928, and Poole and Perrygo in 1929
secured three on Muertos Island in the Seven Brothers group Jan-
uary 29 and February 2, and six at Fort Liberté February 9.

On its wintering ground the turnstone is found ordinarily on mud
flats or muddy playas, always in the open, and ordinarily in little
flocks. It is also encountered on sandy beaches, but is then usually
in migration. It is unobtrusive and feeds quietly, often allowing
close approach, to flush when alarmed with a low whistle and fly with
rapid flight to another feeding ground. |

The turnstone is somewhat heavier in body than the killdeer but
is of about the same stature. The adult is white below, with the
chest and foreneck black, and the upper surface marked with black,
white and rusty brown. The lower back and upper tail coverts
are white, the rump is black, and there is a prominent white band
in the wings, so that the bird appears strikingly colored as it rises
in flight. In winter and immature dress the black of the chest is
restricted, and there is little rusty on the back. The wing measures
from 139 to 157 mm.

Family SCOLOPACIDAE *

Subfamily SCOLOPACINAE
CAPELLA DELICATA (Qrd)

WILSON’S SNIPE, BECASINA, BECASSE DES SAVANNES

Scolopax delicata Orv, Reprint of Wilson’s Ornithology, vol. 9, 1825, p.
cexviii (Pennsylvania).

59 Ritter, Naturh. Reis. Westind. Insel Hayti, 1836, p. 157, includes the red-backed
sandpiper (Pelidna alpina sakhalina) in his list, under the name Tringa cinclus, without
annotation as to where he found it. Abbott believes that he saw this sandpiper on Saona
Island, September 12 to 18, 1919, but did not secure specimens. ‘The species is found
on mudbars, where it probes for food with its long bill. It has not been definitely
reported south of southern Florida.

The species is one of moderate size being 200 mm. or a little more in length with the
upper parts brownish gray, middle upper tail coverts blackish, under parts whitish, the
breast indistinctly streaked with blackish. In breeding dress there is a large patch of
black on the abdomen that may be more or less indicated in birds in migration. The
bill is relatively long and slightly decurved at the tip,

156 BULLETIN 155, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

Bécassine, BuFFon, Hist. Nat. Ois., vol. 7, 1780, p. 488 (migrant).

Bécasse des Savannes, Descourtiuz, Voy. Nat., vol. 2, 1809, pp. 212-214
(Haiti).

Scolopax frenata, Rirrer, Naturh. Reis. Westind. Insel Hayti, 1836, p. 157
(specimen ).—TIPPENHAUER, Die Insel Haiti, 1892, p. 317 (listed).

Gailinago delicata, VERRILL, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1909, p. 356
(San Lorenzo, El Valle).

Capella gallinago delicata, Bonn, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 80,
1928, p. 496 (Etang Miragoane, Trou Caiman, Artibonite Plain, Port-de-Paix).

Migrant from the north; abundance uncertain.

Verrill writes that this snipe was “ abundant at San Lorenzo and
at El Valle, where in the broad wet savannas I found the best snipe
shooting I have ever seen.” This was between December 29, 1906,
and January 19, 1907. Abbott saw several at the eastern end of
Lake Enriquillo between October 1 and 6, 1919. Hartert informs
us that there is a skin in the Tring Museum taken by Kaempfer at
Villa Riva, January 6, 1924.

Deshayes wrote to Buffon that the bécassine was migrant remain-
ing through the winter until February, and that a month after
arrival they become so fat that they are heavy as quail. Descourtilz -
describes this species as the bécasse des savannes. Abbott secured
two skins at Trou Caiman, March 10, 1918. Bond writes that he
found them at the Etang Miragoane, Trou Caiman, on the Arti-
bonite Plain, and at Port-de-Paix.

The Wilson’s snipe or jack snipe is found in wet meadows or
open marshes where it remains hidden until startled when it springs
into the air with a harsh, explosive note and darts away with swift,
erratic flight that after a few yards becomes straight. The bird may
pitch again nearby, or may swing back overhead and pass to some
other feeding ground. Its sudden rise is disconcerting and though
the despair of the tyro provides excellent sport for the expert wing
shot.

The bird is blackish brown above, streaked longitudinally with
buffy brown, and white below with mottled breast and barred sides.
Its peculiar mark is the long straight bill with flexible tip, with
which it probes in the mud, and the large eyes set far back on the
sides of the head. The wing measures from 117 to 185 mm.

Subfamily NUMENIINAE

[PHAEOPUS BOREALIS (J. R. Forster)

ESKIMO CURLEW

Scolopagr borealis J. R. ForstrEr, Philos. Trans., vol. 62, 1772, p. 481 (Fort
Albany, Hudson Bay).
Numenius borealis, TIepENHAUER, Die Insel Haiti, 1892, p. 822 (listed).

THE BIRDS OF HAITI AND THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 157

Status uncertain.

The Eskimo curlew, formerly abundant, is now nearly extinct
as few individuals have been seen in recent years. It has been found
in Porto Rico casually. Tippenhauer has included it in his list
of birds without information as to its standing. It is placed in the
hypothetical list.

This species is similar to the Hudsonian Curlew in general appear-
ance, but is smaller, the bill being under three inches, and the pri-
maries blackish without bars on the inner surface. |

PHAEOPUS HUDSONICUS (Latham)
HUDSONIAN CURLEW

Numenius hudsonicus LATHAM, Index Ornith., vol. 2, 1790, p. 712 (Hud-
son Bay).—TiIrPpENHAUER, Die Insel Haiti, 1892, p. 322 (listed) —Brrsr, Zool.
Soc. Bull., vol. 30, 1927, p. 189; Beneath Tropic Seas, 1928, p. 220 (Etang
Saumatre). 7

Phacopus hudsonicus, DANFoRTH, Auk, 1929, p. 364 (Les Salines).

Rare during migration.

Tippenhauer mentions this bird without giving locality where he
found it. Beebe in 1927 remarks that “ three birds kept just beyond
gun-shot on the marshes of the Etang Saumatre.” Danforth and
Emlen saw one at Les Salines July 30, 1927. There are no further
records at present. The Hudsonian curlew is found on open mud-
flats or beaches.

It is grayish brown above, with the feathers mottled somewhat
with whitish. The rump and tail are barred with buff and dull
black, the underparts are buffy or whitish streaked with black on the
neck and breast, and barred with black on the sides and under wing
coverts. The decurved bill is more than three inches in length.

ACTITIS MACULARIA (Linnaeus)
SPOTTED SANDPIPER, PLAYERO MANCHADO

Tringa macularia LinNAEus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, vol. 1, 1766, p. 249 (Penn-
sylvania).

? Becasseau, DescourtTiuz, Voy. Nat., vol. 2, 1809, pp. 214-216 (in part).

Tringoides macularius, Cory, Bull. Nuttall Ornith. Club, 1881, p. 154 (Jacmel,
specimens) ; Birds Haiti and San Domingo, Dec., 1884, pp. 148-149 (Port-au-
Prince, Jacmel, specimens).—TIPPENHAUER, Die Insel Haiti, 1892, p. 322
(listed) .—Curisty, Ibis, 1897, p. 337 (Sanchez, Yuna River).

Totanus macularius, Hartert, Noy. Zool., vol. 9, 1902, p. 293 (SAnchez).

Actitis macularia, Cory, Cat. West Indian Birds, 1892, p. 94 (Haiti, Domini-
can Republic).—CuHeErriz, Field Col. Mus., Ornith. ser., vol. 1, 1896, p. 25
(Dominican Republic).—Verrri11, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1919, p.
3856 (Dominican Republic).—Pertrrrs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zodl., vol. 61, 1917, p.

2134—31——_11

158 BULLETIN 155, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

404 (Monte Cristi, Sosfia, between Cabarete and San Juan).—BreEse, Zool.
Soe. Bull., vol. 30, 1927, p. 189; Beneath Tropic Seas, 1928, p. 220 (Bizoton).—
Bonp, Proce. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 80, 1928, p. 496 (abundant) .—
DanFortH, Auk, 1929, p. 364 (L’Arcahaie, Les Salines, Monte Cristi, Bonao).—
Mottoni, Att. Soc. Ital. Scienz. Nat., vol. 68, 1929, p. 318 (Rio San Juan,
specimen).

Winter visitant ; common.

The spotted sandpiper is universally distributed through both
republics wherever conditions are suitable for it, from the salt
lagoons and mangroves of the coast to the larger streams of the
interior where the shores are not too heavily forested. Hartert
found it on the beach at Sanchez August 20, 1892 (date furnished in
a letter). It was observed by Cherrie “at all points visited,” Christy
found it at Sanchez, and along the Yuna. Verrill speaks of it as
“exceedingly common everywhere.” In the collection of J. H.
Fleming there are five skins of this species taken by Verrill at
Samana February 5, 6, and 17, and La Vega March 14, 1907. Peters
found it at Monte Cristi, Sostia, and along the sandy beaches from
Cabarete to San Juan. He observed it until his departure from the
island on April 11, 1916. On Samandi Bay Wetmore recorded it:
near Sanchez, May 6 and 9, near the mouth of the Arroyo Barran-
cota May 8, in the Yuna delta May 10, and at San Lorenzo Bay May
11, 1927 (three seen). He collected an adult female in summer
plumage near Sanchez on May 6. Danforth saw it at Monte Cristi
August 4 and 5, and near Bonao August 7, 1927. Ciferri obtained
one on the Rio San Juan September 18, 1929.

In Haiti Cory reports two taken near Port-au-Prince in February,
and three at Jacmel in the latter part of March, 1881. W. L. Abbott,
collected one at Jérémie, December 5, 1917. Bartsch found this
species at Gloré, on the Etang Saumatre April 3, Trou Caiman April
4, Petit Goave, April 8 and 9, and near Port-au-Prince, April 25,
1917. Wetmore recorded it at Source Matelas and Mont Rouis
March 30, Aquin April 3, Caracol April 27, and Gressier April 28.
Beebe found it at Bizoton. Danforth found it at L’Arcahaie July
25 and Les Salines July 30, 1927. Poole and Perrygo collected four
at Fort Liberté February 11 and 18, 1929, and three near Cerca-la-
Source March 22 and 25, 1929. Two of the latter, preserved as
skins, are in an interesting stage of molt with the spots of the sum-
mer plumage appearing on the lower surface.

The species may be expected to occur regularly from July to May
as many return from their breeding grounds in North America dur-
ing early summer, and some linger until the spring is far advanced.

The spotted sandpiper is found on muddy shores, gravel bars, or
sandy beaches indifferently, and though often associated with others
of its kind where food is abundant it is not gregarious and does not

THE BIRDS OF HAITI AND THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 159

occur in flocks. As it moves it tilts the body nervously, the posterior
portion tipping up and the antericr down, a constant jerking motion
that is certain to catch the eye. Though usually found in the open
the spotted sandpiper may penetrate far into the depths of mangrove
swamps. When flushed the bird rises with a low peet weet and flies
off with short strokes of its wings, usually just above the water, so
that often it is mirrored on the surface, giving to the eye of the
observer two figures, the bird itself and its reflection below.

The spotted sandpiper is among the smaller sandpipers being 200
mm. or less in length. It is greenish olive above, with obscure dusky
markings, and white below. In breeding dress the under surface is
heavily spotted with dull black. In winter plumage the underparts
are white with perhaps a faint wash of grayish brown across the
breast. As it flies there is displayed a prominent white band in
either wing.

TRINGA SOLITARIA SOLITARIA Wilson

SOLITARY SANDPIPER, ZARAPICO SOLITARIO

Tringa solitaria Wi~son. Amer. Orn., vol. 7, 1813, p. 58, pl. 58, fig. 3 (probably
Pennsylvania).

Totanus solitarius, TIrpPENHAUER, Die Insel Haiti, 1892, p. 322 (listed).—
CHERRIE, Field Columbian Mus., Ornith. ser., vol. 7, 1896, p. 25 (Santo Domingo
City).

Tringa solitaria solitaria, Bonp, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 80,
1928, p. 496 (Trou Caiman).—DaAnrFrortH, Auk, 1929, p. 364 (Artibonite) —
Motront, Att. Soc. Ital. Scienz. Nat., vol. 68, 1929, p. 313 (Haina, San Juan).

Winter visitant; probably fairly common.

Little is known at present of the occurrence of the solitary sand-
piper in Hispaniola. Tippenhauer lists it without comment. Cher-
rie found it on March 16 and April 27 on the Rio Ozama near Santo
Domingo City, and according to Hartert there is a skin in the Tring
Museum taken by Kaempfer at Las Lagunas, Province Espaillat,
March 5, 1922. Ciferri collected it at Haina in September, 1925,
and near San Juan August 11 and September 1, 1928. Wetmore saw
one near Gressier March 29, 1927, and Danforth one near the mouth
of the Artibonite July 29, 1927. Bond saw several and collected one
at the Trou Caiman in January, 1928. The species is probably fairly
common during winter about swamps and lagoons on the coastal
plain.

The solitary sandpiper, like the spotted sandpiper, ranges alone
on open muddy shores or about small pools of fresh water. It is
prone to occur anywhere that water collects after heavy rains as in
such situations it finds suitable feeding grounds. It is quiet in de-
meanor and though it jerks the body nervously as it moves is less
active than some of the other sandpipers. As it wades in the shal-

160 BULLETIN 155, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

lows it may easily pass unnoticed until it is approached too closely
when it flushes swiftly with a loud pees wees and flies rapidly away.

The solitary sandpiper is larger than the spotted sandpiper and
has longer legs. It is dusky black above, spotted very lightly with
white, with the outer tail feathers barred prominently with white.
Beneath it is white with fine dusky gray lines on the foreneck and
sides of the breast, and the axillars and under wing coverts grayish
black, barred with white. The wing measures from 121 to 134 mm.,
females being usually larger than males.

CATOPTROPHORUS SEMIPALMATUS SEMIPALMATUS (Gmelin)
WILLET, CHORLO

Scolopax semipalmata GMELIN, Syst. Nat., vol. 1, pt. 2, 1789, p. 659 (New
York).

Totanus semipalmatus, TIPPENHAUER, Die Insel Haiti, 1882, p. 322 (listed).

Catoptrophorus s. semipalmatus, BEEBE, Zool. Soc. Bull., vol. 30, 1927, p. 139;
Beneath Tropic Seas, 1928, pp. 67, 69, 219 (Source Matelas).

Catoptrophorus semipalmatus semipalinaius, Bonyp, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila-
delphia, vol. 80, 1928, p. 520 (listed).—DanrortH, Auk, 1929, p. 364 (Les.
Salines, specimen).

Probably resident; local.

The only records of the willet for the Dominican Republic are
those of one taken on Saona Island, September 14, 1919, by W. L.
Abbott, and two males secured by Kaempfer, now in the Tring Mu-
seum, which Hartert informs us were taken at the mouth of the Yuna
River October 11, 1922, and near Sanchez November 25, 1921. The .
Abbott specimen, of uncertain sex, has the following measurements:
wing 197.0, tail 70.2, culmen from base 57.5, tarsus 55.4 mm. It is
identified as the subspecies semipalmatus. Abbott saw several at
Baie des Moustiques in 1917, and Beebe recorded five at Source
Matelas January 13 and 23, 1927.

In Haiti Wetmore found a dozen near Aquin on April 3, 1927,
scattered over the open mudflats near a salt water lagoon. He shot
one but was prevented from retrieving it by the depth of the soft
mud. The birds called noisily and flew about with display of the
prominent black and white wing markings. He recorded one at
Caracol on April 27, and on April 28 saw numbers near Gonaives in
passing low above the coastal lagoons in an airplane. The clear cut
wing markings made identification easy as the birds flew beneath the
plane.

Danforth collected one of two seen at Les Salines July 30, 1927.
The species is one that inhabits open mudflats and is thus restricted
to the coastal plain.

THE BIRDS OF HAITI AND THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 161

The willet in breeding dress is grayish brown above with spots
and bars of dusky, and white below with irregular markings of dusky.
The axillars and under wing coverts are blackish. In winter the
bird lacks the dusky spottings. When at rest it appears quite plain
and ordinary so that one is astonished by the striking pattern of
white on black revealed when it spreads its wings for flight. The
species is one of the largest shorebirds reported for the island being
as bully in body as a pigeon.

TOTANUS FLAVIPES (Gmelin)

LESSER YELLOWLEGS, CHORLO, CABALLERO, PATA AMARILLA

Scolopaxr flavipes GMELIN, Syst. Nat., vol. 1, pt. 2, 1789, p. 659 (New York).

Totanus fiavipes, Rirrer, Naturh. Reis. Westind. Insel Hayti, 1836, p. 157
(Haiti).—TipPpeENHAUER, Die Insel Haiti, 1892, p. 822 (listed). —BartscH, Proc.
Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. 30, July 27, 1917, p. 1382 (Haiti).—Bonp, Proc. Acad.
Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 80, 1928, p. 496 (Ktang Miragoane, Trou Caiman,
Port-de-Paix, Fort Liberté, Gonave and Tortue Islands).—DANrortTH, Auk,
1929, p. 364 (Etang Bois-Neuf, Artibonite, Les Salines, Monte Cristi).—
Morton, Att. Soe. Ital. Scienz. Nat., vol. 68, 1929, p. 318 (Laguna de Guerra,
specimen).

Neoglottis flavipes, Brrsr, Zool. Soc. Bull., vol. 30, 1927, p. 189; Beneath
Tropic Seas, 1928, p. 220 (Source Matelas).

Winter visitant; probably common near the coast.

The present species is common during migration through the
Greater Antilles. The only records for the Dominican Republic are
the following. W. L. Abbott secured one on Saona Island Sep-
tember 13, 1919, and one at the eastern end of Lake Enriquillo,
October 5, 1919. (At the latter point the bird was common from
October 1 to 6). Kaempfer collected one at Sanchez September 15,
1922, the specimen now being in the Tring Museum according to
Hartert. Danforth saw lesser yellowlegs at Monte Cristi August
4 and 5, 1927. Ciferri shot one at Laguna de Guerra August 13,
1929.

In Haiti, Ritter in 1836 and Tippenhauer in 1893 list this species
without comment, and it is probable that this bird is included among
those listed by Descourtilz in 1809 under the names clin-clin and
tui-tui. Bartsch saw this species in a trip from Port-au-Prince to
St. Marc and return April 21 and 22, 1917, and collected one on the
salt flats north of Port-au-Prince April 25. Abbott shot one at
Trou Caiman March 11, 1918, and two at Grande Cayemite Island
January 4, 1918. Wetmore recorded one in muddy shallows near
the sulphur spring at Sources Puantes March 29 and 30, 1927, and
at the Etang Miragoane April 1. Beebe found a flock of 21 at
Source Matelas in January, 1927. Danforth collected one of about

162 BULLETIN 155, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

one hundred seen at the Etang Bois-Neuf July 25, and saw others
on the sloughs near the mouth of the Artibonite July 28 and 29, and
at Les Salines July 30, 1927. Bond records them from Etang
Miragoane, Trou Caiman, Port-de-Paix, Fort Liberté, and on Gonave
and Tortue Islands.

The lesser yellowlegs is found singly or in little groups on muddy
shores along salt or fresh water, or around ponds and marshes,
where aquatic vegetation is low so that it does not impede feeding.
The birds walk about on the mud or wade in shallow water to secure
their food of water insects, amphipods and other aquatic creatures.
Their flight is swift and direct, and they often utter a clear, whistled
note that is characteristic when once it is learned.

The lesser yellowlegs is grayish brown above, mottled with white
and dusky, with white rump and light barred tail. Below it is white,
with grayish brown streaks on the breast. The markings of the
under surface are heavier in the breeding season. The bird is dis-
tinguished by the bright yellow tarsi and feet. The wing measures
from 149 to 163 mm.

TOTANUS MELANOLEUCUS (Gmelin)

GREATER YELLOWLEGS, CHORLO, CABALLERO CHILLON, PATA AMARILLA

Scolopax melanoleuca GMELIN, Syst. Nat., vol. 1, pt. 2, 1789, p. 659 (Chateau
Bay, Labrador).

Totanus melanoleucus, TIPPENHAUER, Die Insel Haiti, 1892, p. 322 (listed).—
BartTscH, Proce. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. 30, July 27, 1917, p. 182 (Haiti).—
Cirerri, Segund. Inf. An. Est. Nae. Agr. Moca, 1927, p. 6 (listed).—DANFoRTH,
Auk, 1929, p. 364 (Monte Cristi, Les Salines, Gonave Island).—Motrront, Att.
Soe. Ital. Scienz. Nat., vol. 68, 1929, p. 313 (Haina, San Juan, specimens).

Neoglottis melanoleuca, BrEBr, Zool. Soc. Bull. vol. 30, 1927, p. 1389; Beneath
Tropic Seas, 1928, pp. 69, 70, 220 (Source Matelas).

Winter visitant; abundance uncertain.

Abbott reported this species from Saona Island, September 12 to
18, 1919, and Danforth found it at Monte Cristi June 24 and 27 and
August 5,1927. Ciferri obtained it at Haina in April, 1926, and San
Juan October 28, 1928.

In Haiti it is listed by Tippenhauer without comment. Bartsch
saw it on the salt flats north of Port-au-Prince, Haiti on April 25,
1917. Beebe found it at Source Matelas January 23, 1927, and took
one at the same point March 21. Danforth found it at Les Salines
July 80, and on Gonave Island observed it at Anse & Galets July
15 and Etroites July 17, 1927. The species is regularly migrant
through the Greater Antilles so that the records though not based
on specimens taken are not to be considered unusual.

Like its small relative the greater yellowlegs will be found in
the marshes of the coastal plain or on the mudflats bordering saline

THE BIRDS OF HAITI AND THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 163

lagoons. It has the same habits as the lesser species but to a
discriminating ear its calls are slightly different. It resembles the
lesser yellowlegs in coloration but is told by larger size, the wing
measuring from 180 to 199 mm.

Subfamily CALIDRINAE
PISOBIA MINUTILLA (Vieillot)
LEAST SANDPIPER, ZARAPICO MENUDO

Tringa minutilla ViE1LLoT, Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat., vol. 34, 1819, p. 466 (Nova
Scotia to Antilles).

Hreunetes minutilla, TIePENHAUER, Die Insel Haiti, 1892, p. 322 (listed).

Pisobia minutilla, BarrscH, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. 30, July 27,
1917, p. 182 (Haiti). —Brsesn, Zool. Soc. Bull., vol. 30, 1927, p. 189; Beneath
Tropic Seas, 1928, p. 129 (Source Matelas).—Bonp, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila-
delphia, vol. 80, 1928, p. 496 (Lake Enriquillo, Gonave Island).—DanrortTH,
Auk, 1927, p. 364 (Etang Bois-Neuf, Artibonite River, Les Salines, Monte
Cristi). —Motton1, Att. Soc. Ital. Scienz. Nat., vol. 68, 1929, p. 313 (San Juan,
specimen).

Migrant and winter visitant along coast; abundance uncertain.

At Lake Enriquillo in the Dominican Republic this little sandpiper
was found in large flocks from October 1 to 6, 1919, by Abbott, and
was reported in 1928 by Bond. Wetmore shot one near Sanchez
May 6, 1927, and saw four others near the mouth of the Rio Yuna
May 10. Hartert writes us that there are six in the Tring Museum
taken at Sanchez December 24, 1906 by A. H. Verrill, and six more
collected by Kaempfer at the mouth of the Yuna September 27 to
October 3, 1922. Danforth found the least sandpiper at Monte
Cristi August 4 and 5, 1927. Ciferri collected it at San Juan Sep-
tember 1, 1928.

In Haiti a number of specimens of this species were taken by
Bartsch on the salt flats north of Port-au-Prince April 25, 1917.
W. L. Abbott took one on Grande Cayemite Island January 14, 1918,
indicating that the species is present through the winter, and re-
ported the birds as common. Beebe secured specimens at Source
Matelas in early 1927, and Wetmore found two near Aquin April 3,
1927. Danforth in 1927 saw many at the Etang Bois-Neuf July 25,
collecting one, and reports them also from the sloughs at the mouth
of the Artibonite July 29, and at Les Salines July 30. Bond says
that he found them particularly numerous on Gonave Island.

This species usually frequents open stretches of mud, and in His-
paniola is most common near the coasts, as elsewhere there is only
limited area available to it. It is small and quiet and so may fre-
quently escape attention. At times it occurs in flocks.

The least sandpiper is among the smallest of its group having
the wing only from 82 to 91 mm. long. It is mottled black and

164 BULLETIN 155, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

grayish buff above, with occasional indications of rusty, and white
below with the breast grayish white streaked with dusky. In the
hand it may be told from its small relative, the semipalmated sand-
piper, by the lack of webs between the toes, while in life it is marked
from that species by the greenish tarsi.

PISOBIA MELANOTOS (Vieillot)
PECTORAL SANDPIPER, ZARAPICO MANCHADO

Tringa melanotos ViEILLor, Nouy. Dict. Hist. Nat., vol. 34, 1819, p. 462
(Paraguay).

?Becassine des savannes, DrscourTiIluz, Voy. Nat., vol. 2, 1809, pp. 216-217
(Haiti).

Cinclus Dominicensis Brisson, Ornith., vol. 5, 1760, pp. 219-222, pl. 24, fig. 1.
(“S. Domingue.’ )

Tringa dominicensis DEGLAND, Orn. Hur., vol. 2, 1849, p. 232. (Based on
Brisson.) :

Tringa maculata, TIPPENHAUER, Die Insel Haiti, 1892, p. 322 (listed).

Pisobia melanotos, DANFoRTH, Auk, 1929, p. 364 (Les Salines).

Pisobia melanotus, Moutont, Att. Soe. Ital. Scienz. Nat., vol. 68, 1929, p. 3138
(San Juan, specimens).

Migrant: status uncertain.

Abbott shot a pectoral sandpiper on Saona Island September i5,
and two more on Catalina Island September 19, 1919. Ciferri se-
cured two at Sabana San Thomé, San Juan, August 11, 1928.

These are the only records for the Dominican Republic.

The Alouette-de-mer de S. Domingue or Cinclus Dominicensis of
Brisson taken from a bird in the Reaumur collection secured by
Chervain has been identified as the present species and has served as
the basis for Tringa dominicensis Degland. Descourtilz described a
bird as the Bécassine des savannes that is possibly the pectoral sand-
piper but this is not certain. Tippenhauer lists this species without
comment. Danforth writes that he saw two at Les Salines July
30, 1927. No specimen, other than that of Brisson is known from
Haiti.

This sandpiper is found on muddy shores where it wades about
quietly, or in recently flooded meadows where it may not be seen until
it flushes suddenly with a harsh note. It is found usually on fresh
or brackish waters. It nests in the far north and spends the winter
in South America so that it should visit Hispaniola regularly in
spring and fall.

The pectoral sandpiper is streaked with blackish and rusty buff
above, and below is white with a grayish buff band streaked with
dusky across the breast. The wing measures 119 to 146 mm., and the
bird is shorter legged than other sandpipers with which it might be
confused. The tarsus is dull greenish.

THE BIRDS OF HAITI AND THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 165

MICROPALAMA HIMANTOPUS (Bonaparte)
STILT SANDPIPER

Tringa himantopus BoNAPpartr, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. New York, vol. 2, 1826,
p. 157 (Long Branch, New Jersey).

Micropalama himantopus, Cory, Cat. West Indian Birds, 1892, p. 92 (Haiti,
Dominican Republic).

In migration; status uncertain.

The only record for this species is that of Cory who lists it from
Hispaniola without stating his basis for its inclusion. As the stilt
sandpiper is known to be migrant in Cuba and Porto Rico it should
be fairly common in spring and fall migration, since it nests in the
far north and spends the winter in South America.

The stilt sandpiper somewhat resembles the lesser yellowlegs, but
is more slender, and has somewhat grayer, less contrasted markings.
The legs are greenish in color, which distinguishes it at once from
the yellowlegs. It is found in similar situations as that species.

EREUNETES PUSILLUS (Linnacus)
SEMIPALMATED SANDPIPER, MARINGOUIN, BECASSINE

Tringa pusilla LiInNAEUS, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, vol. 1, 1766, p. 252 (Santo
Domingo=Hispaniola).

? Maringouin, Drscourtinz, Voy. Nat., vol. 2, 1809, pp. 249-251 (Haiti,
common).

Cinclus Dominicensis minor Brisson, Ornith., vol. 5, 1760, pp. 222-226, pl. 25,
fig. 2 (“ S. Domingue’’).

Ereunetes pusillus, TIPPENHAUER, Die Insel Haiti, 1892, p. 322 (listed) .—
VERRILL, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1909, p. 356 (Sanchez).—BarTscuH,
Proc. Biol. Soe. Washington, vol. 30, July 27, 1917, p. 1382 (Haiti).—PrErsmrs,
Bull. Mus. Comp. Zo@l., vol. 61, 1917, p. 403 (Monte Cristi).—Bonp, Proc. Acad.
Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 80, 1928, p. 49 (Lake Enriquillo, Gonave Island).—
DanrortH, Auk, 1929, p. 364 (KEtang Bois-Neuf, Les Salines, Monte Cristi).—
Breese, Zool. Soe. Bull., vol. 30, 1927, p. 189; Beneath Tropic Seas, 1928, pp.
219-220 (Haiti).—Motron1, Att. Soc. Ital. Scienz. Nat., vol. 68, 1929, p. 313
(San Juan, specimens).

? Alouette de Mer, Burron, Hist. Nat. Ois., vol. 7, 1780, pp. 551-552 (“ Saint-
Domingue”).

Migrant from eastern North America.

In the Dominican Republic the semipalmated sandpiper has been
taken at Sanchez by Verrill, and at Monte Cristi, February 18, 1916
by Peters. Danforth saw it at Monte Cristi August 5, 1927. Bond
records it from Lake Enriquillo. Ciferri secured three at Sabana
San Thomé, San Juan, August 9, 1928.

In Haiti Tippenhauer includes the semipalmated sandpiper in
a list of birds without comment. Bartsch secured specimens on the
salt flats north of Port-au-Prince, April 25, 1917, and Wetmore saw
several about a salt water lagoon near Aquin April 3, 1927. Beebe
observed two in the early part of 1927. Danforth in 1927 collected

166 BULLETIN 155, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

two at the Etang Bois-Neuf July 25, observing many others. He
recorded several at Les Salines July 30. Bond reports them from
Gonave Island. Poole and Perrygo shot a female (culmen 18.1 mm.)
on Monte Chico Island in the Seven Brothers group January 29, 1929,
and two males (culmen 17.5 and 19.1 mm.) at Fort Liberté February
10, 1929.

The Linnaean name for this species is based on Brisson’s description
of the Petite Alouette-de-mer de S. Domingue, Cinclus Dominicensis
minor taken from a bird in the collection of de Reaumur secured by
Chervain in “S. Domingue.” Descourtilz speaks of a bird called
the maringouin that he says is very small and flies in dense flocks so
that on one occasion he killed 120 with two shots, that is probably
this species.

This sandpiper is found on extensive mudflats and often congre-
gates in large flocks that patter quickly about in friendly company
in search of food, and when alarmed take flight in close bands that
pass swiftly through the air, moving and turning with the greatest
precision as though practised in intricate maneuvers by some stern
drillmaster.

The species is similar in size to the least sandpiper but may be
distinguished in life by the distinctly black bill and tarsi, these being
greenish in the related species, and in the hand by the small webs
beween the toes.

EREUNETES MAURI Cabanis

WESTERN SANDPIPER

Ereunetes mauri Capants, Journ. ftir Ornith., 1856, p. 149 (Cuba).—BartscH,
Proc. Biol. Soe. Washington, vol. 30, July 27, 1917, p. 182 (Haiti).

Migrant from western North America.

Among specimens taken on the salt flats north of Port-au-Prince
April 25, 1917 by Paul Bartsch there is one that is identified as this
species as it has a bill measurement of 26.8 mm. Poole and Perrygo
found the western sandpiper in numbers on the Seven Brothers
Islands off the north coast of Haiti in 1929 and collected fourteen
males and eight females on Muertos Island February 1, and one fe-
male February 2. Measurements of the culmen in the males are as
follows: 21.4, 21.7, 21.7, 22.0, 22.3, 22.8, 22.9, 23.0, 23.9, 23.9, 24.1,
24.1, and 24.7 mm.: in females 24.6, 26.0, 26.2, 26.38, 27.2, 27.3, 27.5,
27.9, and 29.3 mm. The first three males are a trifle small but fit in
this series better than in #. pusilus. All are in winter plumage so
that no color differences are evident. The occurrence of the western
sandpiper in such numbers at this point is somewhat surprising, and
indicates that attention should be paid to the collection of more of
this genus to determine the relative abundance of the two species
involved.

THE BIRDS OF HAITI AND THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 167

In general appearance and habits the western sandpiper is ex-
actly like the semipalmated. It will be found casually with that
species. In color it is like the semipalmated sandpiper though a
little more rusty above, being distinguished mainly by the longer
bill, which is as long as or longer than the tarsus, instead of shorter
as in the related species.

TRYNGITES SUBRUFICOLLIS (Vieillot)
BUFF-BREASTED SANDPIPER

Tringa subruficollis ViertLtot, Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat., vol. 34, 1819, p. 465
(Paraguay).

Tryngites subruficollis, Moutoni, Att. Soc. Ital. Scienz. Nat., vol. 68, 1929,
p. 313 (San Juan, specimen).

Casual in migration.

The only record is that of one collected by Ciferri at the Sabana
San Thomé, near San Juan, D. R., October 1, 1928.

The buff-breasted sandpiper has the wing from 122 to 1386 mm.
long. Above it is pale grayish brown with the centers of the feath-
ers olive. The underparts are brownish buff mixed with whitish,
usually with concealed black markings. The primaries have the inner
webs speckled prominently with black.

[LIMOSA FEDOA (Linnaeus)
MARBLED GODWIT

Scolopar fedoa LinNAEUS, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 146 (Hudson Bay).

Limosa fedoa, TrrePENHAUER, Die Insel Haiti, 1892, p. 322 (listed).

Status uncertain.

Tippenhauer has included this with other shorebirds without
stating where it is found. As it has been recorded from Cuba and
Porto Rico it may be expected to occur occasionally during migra-
tion. It frequents muddy shores.

The marbled godwit in life appears as large as the Hudsonian
curlew from which it is distinguished by browner plumage, and by
the form of the bill, which is long and slightly upceurved at the tip.]

CROCETHIA ALBA (Pallas)
SANDERLING, ARENARO, BECASSINE

Trynga alba PALuas, in Vroeg, Cat. Rais., Adumbr., 1764, p. 7 (coast of North
Sea).

Calidris arenaria, TIPPENHAUER, Die Insel Haiti, 1892, p. 322 (listed).

Calidris leucophaea, Prrers, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zodl., vol. 61, 1917, p. 404
(Gaspar Hernandez).

Crocethia alba, Bonn, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 80, 1928, p.
496 (Tortue).—Mottonr, Att. Soe. Ital. Scienz. Nat., vol. 68, 1929, p. 313
(Haina, specimens).

168 BULLETIN 155, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

Found during migration; may remain through winter.

One seen by Peters on an open sandy beach a few miles east of
Gaspar Hernandez on March 4, 1916 and two secured by Ciferri at
Haina in 1925 are the only observations at present for the Dominican
Republic.

Tippenhauer includes it in his list of the birds of Haiti without
indicating reason for this action. Abbott shot two on the shores
of the Etang Saumatre on March 10, 1918, these being the only speci-
mens now recorded from the entire island. Bond saw a number on
Tortue Island.

The sanderling may occur alone or in flocks along sandy beaches
or with other waders in open areas of muddy lagoon.

This species is of small size, having the wing 118 to 127 mm.,
and appears very light in color, especially when flying, as in
winter plumage, the stage in which it will be found in Hispaniola,
it is pure white beneath and light brownish gray above, with the
primaries black crossed by a white band. In the hand it may be
told from all other sandpipers by the fact that it has no hind toe.

Family RECURVIROSTRIDAE

HIMANTOPUS MEXICANUS (Miiller)

BLACK-NECKED STILT, VIUDA, PLAYERO, ECHASSE, PET-PET, BELLE PETE,
PIGEON D’ETANG, BECASSINE

Charadrius mexicanus Muuter, Natursyst., Suppl., 1776, p. 117 (Mexico).

Echasse, DEScouRTILZ, Voy. Nat., vol. 2, 1809, pp. 285-238 (Haiti, breeding).

Himantopus mewxicanus, Sati, Proce. Zool. Soe. London, 1857, p. 237
(Higuéy).—Bryant, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 11, May, 1867, p. 97
(Dominican Republic).—Cory, Birds Haiti and San Domingo, Dec., 1884, pp.
146-147 (listed); Cat. West Indian Birds, 1892, p. 92 (Haiti, Dominican
Republic).—TiprpeNHAUER, Die Insel Haiti, 1892, p. 822 (listed).—Cmrrerrt,
Segund. Inf. An. Est. Nac. Agr. de Moca, 1927, p. 6 (listed).—Brxrsr, Zool.
Soc. Bull., vol. 30, 1927, p. 189; Beneath Tropic Seas, 1928, pp. 69, 70, 219;
(Source Matelas, Etang Miragoane).—Bonp, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia,
vol. 80, 1928, pp. 496-497 (EKtang Miragoane, Trou Caiman, Port-de-Paix, Fort
Liberté, Gonave and Tortue Islands).—Danrorrn, Auk, 1929, p. 364 (numerous
localities). —LONNBERG, Fauna och Flora, 1929, p. 100 (Haiti) —Monronti, Att.
Soe. Ital. Scienz. Nat., vol. 68, 1929, p. 314 (Haina, Laguna de Guerra,
specimens).

Resident; local.

Sallé found the black-necked stilt in marshes near Higuéy. Abbott
found them common at the eastern end of Lake Enriquillo October 1
to 6, 1919, and shot one at Laguna Cabral, near Rincén, March 16,
1922. Danforth in 1927 records them ag breeding at Haina and
Monte Cristi, and saw them also at the Laguna del Salodillo. Ciferri
sent specimens to Moltoni from Haina April 15, 1926, and Laguna de
Guerra August 13, 1929.

THE BIRDS OF HAITI AND THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 169

In Haiti the stilt seemingly is locally common. WDescourtilz says
that it deposits from two to four eggs, and that its local name of
pet-pet is given in imitation of its cry. W. L. Abbott reports it
common in suitable localities, and shot a male and two females near
Port-de-Paix April 14, 1917, and a female at the Etang Saumitre,
April 5, 1920. He found it also on the saline on Grande Cayemite
Island in the early part of January, 1918. Bartsch recorded it be-
tween Port-au-Prince and St. Mare April 21 and 22, 1927. Wetmore
observed two near Aquin, on April 3, 1927 near a salt water lagoon
and near Desdunes in passing low over the swamps in an airplane on
April 28 saw a considerable colony at one lagoon. Beebe in 1927
recorded it at Source Matelas, January 23 and March 21, and at the
Etang Miragoane, and says that two shot at the former locality had
been feeding on corixids. Danforth found it in 1927 at the Etang
Bois-Neuf, the sloughs near the mouth of the Artibonite River, Les
Salines, Sources Puantes, and on Gonave Island. Bond says that
it is common in all fresh water swamps, and is found also in mangrove
lined lagoons along the coast. He records it at Etang Miragoane,
Trou Caiman, Port-de-Paix, and Fort Liberté, and on Gonave and
Tortue Islands. Stilts were nesting at the Trou Caiman in June.

These birds are found in lowland marshes usually those that
border salt water, and appear to be local in their distribution. They
walk gracefully about on their long stiltlike legs and when on their
breeding grounds are so solicitous for their nests or young that
they fly courageously to meet intruding man, sad to say, often to
their own destruction. Their sharp, barking calls are distinctive and
resemble those of no other bird.

The body of the black-necked stilt, about as large as that of a
small pigeon, is mounted on very tall, slender stilts of legs that with
the long neck and straight bill give the bird a curious appearance
of fragility. It is pure white below and on the lower back, and
black on wings, neck and upper back, with a wash of gray on the
back in the immature. The tail is grayish white.

Superfamily OEDICNEMIDES
Family ORKDICNEMIDAE

OEDICNEMUS DOMINICENSIS Cory

HISPANIOLAN THICK-KNEE, BUCARO, COURLIS DE TERRE, COURRE-VITE,
COQ SAVANNE, POULE SAVANNE

OEdicnemus dominicensis Cory, Quart. Journ. Boston Zool. Soc., October,
1883, p. 46 (La Vega, Dominican Republic).

Courlis de Terre, DeEscourtiuz, Voy. Nat., vol. 2, 1809, pp. 202-204
(description).

170 BULLETIN 155, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

Burhinus dominicensis, BEEBE, Zool. Soc. Bull., vol. 30, 1927, p. 141 (exhibited
alive in zoological park).

OEdicnemus dominicensis, Cory, Auk, 1884, pp. 4-5 (notes) ; Cat. Birds Haiti
and San Domingo, Dec., 1884, pp. 140-141, col. pl. (Dominican Republic) ; Cat.
West Indian Birds. 1892, p. 95 (Dominican Republic).—THompson, Auk, 1885,
p. 110 (Cincinnati Zoological Gardens).—TiereNHAUER, Die Insel Haiti, 1892,
pp. 317-822 (listed).—CHeErriz, Field Columbian Mus., Ornith. ser., vol. 1,
1896, p. 25 (Dominican Republic).—Curisty, Ibis, 1897, p. 337 (Rivas).—
VERRILL, Proe. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1909, p. 3856 (rare).—BE«EBE, Zool.
Soe. Bull, vol. 30, 1927, p. 189; Beneath Tropic Seas, 1928, p. 497 (Btang
Saumatre).—Bonp, Proc. Acad. Nat Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 80, 1928, p. 497
(reported on northern and central plains)—DawnrorrH, Auk, 1929, p. 368
(Gonaives).—Motrton1, Att. Soc. Ital. Scienz. Nat., vol. 68, 1929, p. 314 (San
Juan).

Resident; locally fairly common in the northern part of the Domin-
ican Republic and extreme northeastern Haiti; reported also near
Hinche and San Juan.

The specimens upon which the original description of this species
was based were secured near La Vega, D. R. Cory reports the bird
as fairly common on the high hills back of La Vega, and says that
M. A. Frazar considered it somewhat nocturnal in its habits though
he saw it feeding during the day. Christy found it on one occasion
on the Sabana Grande near Almercen (now called Rivas). W. L.
Abbott shot specimens at Pimentel January 25 and 26, where he
found a good many, and near Cotui February 3, 1921. He heard
of it south of Jovéro. J. A. Julia informed Wetmore that it was
common west of Monte Cristi toward Dajabén on the Haitian
frontier. He relates that when driving at night he has had birds
bewildered by his head fights strike the fender of his car. Abbott
heard of them in this same area. It was also reported to Wetmore
inland from Sabana La Mar on the south shore of Samana Bay.
H. W. Krieger, of the United States National Museum, during
archeological researches in this same area was told by Sefor R.
Arcadio Sanchez, Governor of Monte Cristi Province, that the biicaro
was well known on the plain southeast of Monte Cristi from thirty
to fifty kilometers distant, and that it occurred also along the coast
and in the delta region of the Rio Yaque del Norte. The same
statement was made by Mr. Grossart of the Compania Comercial
and others. Chauffeurs are said to delight in running them down
on the auto roads.

Abbott did not find this bird in the southern part of the Domin-
ican Republic and from present information, except for a specimen
sent by Ciferri to Moltoni from San Juan, October 19, 1929, it is
known in that republic only from Sabana La Mar and Cotui north
and west through La Vega for an undetermined distance toward
Monte Cristi and Dajabon.

THE BIRDS OF HAITI AND THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 171

In Haiti Descourtilz says that he took specimens and describes the
bird as the Courlis de terre or Courre-vite, but does not say certainly
that he secured them within the limits of the Haitian Republic.
Abbott heard that the species occurred on the Plaine du Nord west
of Ouanaminthe, and that it was also found at Méle St. Nicolas.
Beebe writes that John Tee-Van saw two on the shore of the Etang
Saumatre March 15, 1927, and in a letter written to Wetmore says
further that there can be no question of the identification as the
birds were seen under the most favorable circumstances by one long
familiar with the thick-knee in captivity. Tippenhauer reports that
this bird was brought often from the Dominican Republic and kept
in captivity. According to Danforth one was seen near Gonaives
July 14, 1926, by R. S. Mathews. His record for Kenscoff seems
uncertain. Bond heard of the occurrence of this species on the
Northern and Central Plains. He was assured by natives that a
strange cackling call heard before daybreak near Acul-Samedi south
of Fort Liberté was this bird. He saw none during the course of
his work. Poole and Perrygo were told at Hinche of the Cog savanne
but were not able to find it and from the descriptions given them
were not certain of its identity. J. EK. Boog-Scott says, however,
that he has found the bird in the vicinity of Hinche. It is possible
that part of the reports for Haiti, including that of Beebe, pertain
to introduction through escape from captivity. The definite range
of the species in both republics should be ascertained as accurately
as possible before the thick-knee is crowded out of existence by
increase in agriculture.

The bicaro is a bird that inhabits open plains and prairies and
is found in pairs or family groups. It is terrestrial and seldom
flies, and in fact is so quiet that it seems almost stolid. It runs
quickly at need but after a short distance stops and remains without
movement for long periods so that it is difficult to detect. Wetmore
traveled long distances through its haunts without seeing one at
freedom.

The bticaro is kept by many people in patios and corrals for its
services in eating roaches and vermin of all kinds, and it is thus in
considerable demand. Wetmore was told that both adults and young
were sold in the markets at from fifteen to thirty cents each. Adults
had one wing clipped when first captured and, though never tame in
the sense that they permitted themselves to be handled, became fear-
less and remained after they had regained the power of flight at the
next molt. They are usually kept in pairs and are said at times te
breed in the state of loose captivity in which they were held. Their
call is a loud repetition of a single note given so rapidly that it
becomes a rattle, rising in volume and then dying away, a sound that

172 BULLETIN 155, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

comes frequently from behind the fences or walls surrounding the
better homes in small towns. Popular superstition relates that the
bticaro calls at the change of each hour so that the birds are reputed
to be time keepers. They are among the most interesting of the
island’s species. Two of these birds were exhibited in the Zoological
Gardens in Cincinnati, Ohio, as early as 1884.

The bticaro in body is as large as a small crow with long legs and
very short toes (which are three in number), and fairly long neck,
which is usually disguised as the bird habitually stands with the
head drawn in on the shoulders. Above it is dusky streaked with
buff, with a black mark above the eye and a light mark through it.
The breast and foreneck are grayish white with dusky streaks, and
the rest of the underparts are dirty white. Abbott describes the
large, expressive eye as yellow, and the tarsi as greenish slate.

Suborder LARI
Family LARIDAE

Subfamily LARINAE

LARUS ARGENTATUS SMITHSONIANUS Coues
HERRING GULL

Larus Smithsonianus Cours, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1862, p. 296
(East and West Coasts of North America).

Accidental.

The only record for this species is that of a water color sketch of
an adult herring gull in a bound book of drawings made by M. de
Rabié in Haiti in the latter part of the eighteenth century, this
volume having been examined through the courtesy of Messrs.
Wheldon and Wesley. Drawing no. 37, marked “ La Mauve ” depicts
an adult herring gull in lifelike attitude, according to the inscrip-
tion on the back of the plate in the handwriting of the artist, “ au 2/3
de grandeur naturelle” made “au Cap le 7 juillet 1775.” The
locality au Cap refers to Cap-Haitien.

The herring gull is a species of North America that comes south
casually to Cuba but is very rare south of Florida. The sketch is
identified as the American form on the basis of probability.

The herring gull with a wing from 401 to 419 mm. long is so
much larger that the laughing gull, the only other species found in
Hispaniola, that it may be told with ease. The adult has the head
and underparts pure white, and the back and upper surface of the
wings gray. The ends of the primaries are black tipped with white.
Young birds are grayish brown mottled with whitish, becoming
lighter with age until they assume adult plumage.

THE BIRDS OF HAITI AND THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 173
LARUS ATRICILLA Linnaeus
LAUGHING GULL, GAVIOTA, PIGEON DE LA MER

Larus atricilla Linnarus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 186 (Bahama
Islands).

Gavia ridibunda Brisson, Ornith., vol. 6, 1760, pp. 192-195, pl. 18, fig. 1
(“S. Domingue”’).

Larus atricilla, Cory, Birds Haiti and San Domingo, March, 1885, pp. 177-178
(listed) ; Cat. West Indian Birds, 1892, p. 82 (Haiti, Dominican Republic) .—
TIPPENHAUER, Die Insel Haiti, 1892, p. 323 (listed).—Bonp, Proc. Acad. Nat.
Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 80, 1928, p. 497 (Port-au-Prince, and interior saline
lakes).

Chroicocephalus atricilla, BEEBE, Zool. Soc. Bull., vol. 30, 1927, p. 188; Be-
neath Tropic Seas, 1928, p. 217 (Haiti).

Larus atricilla atricilla, DANrortTH, Auk, 1929, p. 864 (coast).

Fairly common; of regular occurrence but not as yet recorded
breeding.

In the Dominican Republic Abbott collected two laughing gulls
at Catalinita Island September 11, 1919, that are adults in winter
dress as shown by the white tail and gray alula only faintly marked
with dusky. One is still molting about the head. He found the
species at Saona Island September 12 to 18, and from October 1 to
6 of the same year reported it common at the eastern end of Lake
Enriquillo. Wetmore recorded two in the little bay at the mouth of
the Rio Ozama at Santo Domingo City, May 3, 1927, and in a café
at Sanchez saw a crudely mounted specimen suspended by a wire
from the ceiling that was said to have been killed at Matanzas. The
latter was a young individual with spots still persisting on the wing
coverts. Danforth saw one in the harbor of Santo Domingo City
June 14, and two at San Pedro de Macoris July 4, 1927. Brisson
in 1760 describes the laughing gull from a specimen secured by
Chervain for de Reaumur, presumably in Haiti. Abbott shot two
males and one female, all in full nuptial plumage, at Fond Parisien
on the Etang Saumitre May 5, 1920. Beebe reports one seen in 1927,
apparently near Port-au-Prince. Bond saw one at Port-au-Prince
in July, 1928, and found them on the saline lakes of the Cul-de-Sac
Plain. Danforth observed a few in Port-au-Prince harbor July 27,
six at Les Salines July 30, and recorded many off Méle St. Nicolas
July 27, 1927 on the authority of F. P. Mathews. Cory recorded a
few individuals but does not state whether they were seen at the
eastern or western end of the island.

The laughing gull is found along coasts, and from Abbott’s
records on the Etang Saumatre and Lake Enriquillo comes also to
the saline lakes of the Cul-de-Sac region. No breeding colonies are

2134—31 12

174 BULLETIN 155, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

at present known. The two adult males taken have the wing 296
and 800 mm. respectively, and the female has the wing 299 mm.
Measurements of birds examined from the Antilles indicate vaguely
two groups of individuals, one with the wing ranging from 292 to
305 mm. and the other from 312 to 331 mm. There is however no
definite break between the two so that there is no clear support of
the contention that there is a North American continental race dis-
tinguished by larger size, particularly since some of the large birds
from the West Indies and Bahamas are taken at dates when migrants
should have retreated north to their nesting grounds. The matter
is discussed by Dwight ® and Wetmore who agree that the present
evidence does not substantiate claim for two forms. The question
can be settled only with adequate series of breeding birds from the
Bahamas and West Indies.

In breeding dress the laughing gull has the entire head except
for the white eyelids dark sooty gray, the back gray, the ends of the
wings black and the rest of the plumage white. In winter dress
the head is more or less mottled with white, the white being ex-
tensive in birds of the year. It can be confused only with the royal
tern from which it differs always in smaller bill which is dull reddish
in life, and the extensive black in the wing.

Subfamily STERNINAE

GELOCHELIDON NILOTICA ARANEA (Wilson)
GULL-BILLED TERN

Sterna aranea Witson, Amer. Ornith., vol. 8, 1814, p. 148, pl. 72, fig. 6 (Cape
May, New Jersey).

Gelochelidon nilotica aranea, DANFoRTH, Auk, 1929, p. 365 (recorded).

Migrant; status uncertain.

The only records for the gull-billed tern are those of a pair taken
by Abbott near Fond Parisien on the Etang Saumatre May 5, 1920,
and of birds recorded by Danforth, who found four at Etang Mira-
goane July 22, twenty-five at Les Salines July 30, five at Monte
Cristi August 5 (where one was taken), and four at Etroites, Gonave
Island July 17, 1927 (reported by Emlen). The species is known to
breed on Cuba and some of the Bahama Islands. The birds noted
on Hispaniola may have been in migration to some other point or
there may be a breeding colony about the salt lakes in the Cul-de-Sac
region.

60 Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. 52, Dec. 31, 1925, pp. 266—267.

®1 New York Acad. Sci., Scient. Surv. Porto Rico and Virgin Islands, vol. 9, 1927, pp,
378-379.

THE BIRDS OF HAITI AND THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 175

The gull-billed tern is pure white below and pale gray above with
black crown. It is distinguished from other medium-sized terns by
the heavy bill which is black in color. In winter dress the crown is
white, the auricular region gray, and a space in front of the eye
blackish. The wing is 290 to 800 mm. long.

STERNA HIRUNDO HIRUNDO Linnaeus
COMMON TERN, GAVIOTA

Sterna hirundo LINNAEws, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 187 (Sweden).
Sterna hirundo hirundo, DAN¥ForTH, Auk, 1922, p. 365 (Saona Island).

A number of records; status not certain, but apparently regular in
migration.

W. L. Abbott secured two specimens, an adult in full summer
plumage, and a young male in juvenal dress, apparently only recent-
ly on the wing, at Saona Island, September 14, 1919. Danforth
reports that they were common off Saona June 14, and Emlen noted
about fifty there July 1, 1927. Hartert writes that there are three
skins taken by Kaempfer in the Tring Museum, an immature male
from the mouth of the Yuna shot December 28, 1922, and two other
males marked Samana Bay, an immature on October 2, and an adult
on October 28, 1922.

The hurricanes of the late summer of 1928 apparently brought
havoc to the ranks of this tern since following the storms a number
of dead birds were reported, all of particular interest since they were
birds banded before they were able to fly in breeding colonies on the
coast of Massachusetts. For information regarding them we are in-
debted to Frederick C. Lincoln of the Biological Survey. A bird
banded by Charles B. Floyd on July 10, 1928 at Tern Island, Chat-
ham, Mass. (No. 678,732,) was reported through the Department of
State as captured at Haina, D. R., on September 15, 1928. One
banded July 7, 1928, at Penikese Island, Mass., by F. C. Lincoln
(No. 709,083) was reported by A. D. MacGillivray September 14,
1928 as blown in by the hurricane at San Pedro de Macoris. An-
other banded at the same point by Mr. Lincoln on July 8 (No.
710,318) was reported by the Department of State September 14, as
captured at Boca Chica, one of the mouths of the Yuna, opposite
Sanchez. Another marked at Chatham, Mass., by Mr. Floyd July 3
(No. 675,752) was reported found at Altamira, Puerto Plata, D. R.,
by Ramén German under date of October 23. The final record, a
bird marked at Chatham, Mass., by Mr. Floyd on July 9, 1928, that
was found dead near Cap-Haitien, Haiti, September 27, 1928, by
Maj. John R. Henley is of particular interest since it is at present the
only record of this species from Haiti.

176 BULLETIN 155, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

The common tern is recorded throughout the summer in western
Porto Rico, particularly near Cabo Rojo lighthouse on the south-
western point of the island.*? As Saona Island is not far distant
birds seen there may have come from Porto Rico, or there may be
colonies that nest along the little known eastern coast of Hispaniola.
The records may, however refer entirely to northern migrants which
apparently pass regularly through this area, as such is indicated by
the banded birds from Massachusetts that have been reported. The
fact that specimens taken come during the months of fall is some
indication that they refer to migrant birds.

The common tern is from 315 to 320 mm. in length, gray above
with black crown, and white below. The tail is white with the outer
webs of the outer feathers dusky. Larger size and the dark markings
in the tail distinguish it from the roseate tern.

STERNA DOUGALLIT DOUGALLIT Montagu
ROSEATE TERN

Sterna dougallii Montagu, Suppi. Orn. Dict., 1818, text and plate (not num- -
bered) (Cambrae Islands, Firth of Clyde).

Sterna dougallii TIrpPENHAUER, Die Insel aiti, 1892, p. 323 (listed).

Breeding on the eastern coast of the Dominican Republic.

Abbott shot a male roseate tern on Saona Island, September 13,
1919. Wetmore collected three breeding females on the Cayos de los
Pajaros or Pelican Keys at the entrance of San Lorenzo Bay, on May
11,1927. Two of these were preserved as skins and one as a skeleton.
On the date given about twenty pairs were nesting on the smallest
of the three islets composing the group, where as nearly as could be
told from the summit of an adjacent island they were occupying an
open platform of rock thirty or forty feet square where there was no
vegetation. This was the highest point of the islet and was elevated
about forty feet above the water. The birds remained close about
their breeding place and seemed to pass out to the east toward the
open sea to feed. When disturbed they circled overhead with sharp
cries.

Tippenhauer included the roseate tern in his list without comment
as to his basis. There is at present no certain record for Haiti.

The roseate tern is colored in general like the common tern but is
smaller and has the long, forked tail pure white. In breeding dress
the feathers of the undersurface are suffused with a blush of pink
from which the species derives its name.

6 Struthers, Auk, 1923, p. 474.

THE BIRDS OF HAITI AND THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 177
STERNA ANAETHETA MELANOPTERA Swainson
BRIDLED TERN

Sterna melanoptera Swarnson, Birds W. Africa, vol. 2, 1837, p. 249 (West
Africa).

Sterna anosthaeta, TIrPPENHAUER, Die Insel Haiti, 1892, p. 323 (listed).

Sterna anaetheta melanoptera, LONNBERG, Fauna och Flora, 1929, p. 100
(Navassa, specimen) —Motront1, Att. Soc. Ital. Scienz. Nat., vol. 68, 1929, p. 314
(Seven Brothers group, specimens).

Melanosterna anaetheta recognita, Ekman, Ark. for Bot., vol. 22 A, No. 16,
p. 6, 1929 (Navassa, breeding).

Sterna anaetheta recognita, EKMAN, Hst. Agr. Moca, Ser. B., Bot., No. 17,
January, 1930, pp. 11, 12, 18 (Monte Grande, Tercero, Ratas, breeding).

Tippenhauer includes the bridled tern in his list without stating
reason for his action. Lénnberg records one from Navassa Island
taken by E. L. Ekman, which he writes us was collected in October,
1928. Wetmore and Bond were told that at certain times of the
year eggs of seabirds were found in abundance on the iittle islands
of the Seven Brothers group off Monte Cristi toward Cap-Haitien
which suggested that there was a tern colony in that group. In
February, 1929, Poole and Perrygo visited the islands in question
to determine if possible what birds nested there but found that they
were too early in the season as the bird colonies were deserted.
On Tercero Island they secured quantities of skulls and other bones
which on identification in Washington prove to be those of the bridled
tern. The season of nesting from available information seems to come
from May to July. Ciferri obtained two specimens of this tern in
the Seven Brothers group in July, 1929, where they are reported by
Ekman from Monte Grande, Tercero, and Ratas.

This species breeds in the colonies of seabirds that frequent Mona
and Desecheo Islands and as it is seen occasionally along the western
coast of Porto Rico should come also to the adjacent shores of the
Dominican Republic.

The bridled tern is easily distinguished among other terns by its
sooty black wings and crown, slaty back, and white forehead, the
line of white extending back on either side above the eye, and white
underparts.

STERNA FUSCATA FUSCATA Linnaeus

SOOTY TERN

Sterna fuscata LINNAEUS, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 228 (Santo
Domingo=Hispaniola).

Sterna fuscu Brisson, Ornith., vol. 6, 1760, pp. 220-222, pl. 21, fig. 1.
(“S. Domingue.”)

Sterna fuliginosa, Rirter, Naturh. Reis. Westind. Insel Hayti, 1836, p. 157
(specimen).—BrYANT, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 11, May, 1867, p. 98

178 BULLETIN 155, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

(Haiti) —Cory, Birds Haiti and San Domingo, March, 1885, pp. 181-182
(recorded) ; Cat. West Indian Birds, 1892, p. 83 (Haiti, Dominican Republic) .—
TIPPENHAUER, Die Insel Haiti, 1892, pp. 318, 323 (listed).

Sterna fuscata, Bonp, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 80, 1928, p.
497 (questionably identified, Gonave Channel) —DanrortH, Auk, 1929, p. 365
(Puerto Plata, Saona Island, Méle St. Nicolas).

Recorded; status not certain, but a breeding species.

The scientific name of the sooty tern is based on Brisson’s de-
scription of a bird in juvenal dress sent by Chervain from “S.
Domingue” to de Reaumur. From the figure and description the
specimen was very young and can not have been long on the wing,
indication that it came from a breeding colony somewhere along the
coast of Hispaniola. Ritter lists a specimen of this species in his
collection made in 1820-1821. Cory writes that this bird is found
without giving definite localities. Danforth reports that the sooty
tern was seen by Emlen at Puerto Plata June 30, and off the eastern
coast of Santo Domingo July 1, and by Mathews off Saona Island
June 14, and off Méle St. Nicolas July 27, 1927. The species is
known to breed in the Bahama Islands and on the island of Mona
east of the Dominican Republic. It is found only along the sea.

The sooty tern is black above and white below, differing from the
bridled tern in darker back and in restriction of white on the fore-
head which does not extend back over the eye.

STERNA ALBIFRONS ANTILLARUM (Lesson)
LEAST TERN, PIGEON DE MER

Sternula antillarun Lesson, Compl. Oeuvres Buffon, vol. 20, 1847, p. 256
(Guadeloupe Island, West Indies).

Sterna antillarum, BRYANT, Proce. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 11, May, 1867,
p. 98 (Haiti).—Cory, Birds Haiti and San Domingo, March, 1885, pp. 179-180
(listed) ; Cat. West Indian Birds, 1892, p. 838 (Haiti, Dominican Republic). —
TIPPENHAUER, Die Insel Haiti, 1892, pp. 318, 823 (listed).

Sterna albifrons antillarum, Bonp, Proe. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol.
80, 1928, p. 497 (Fort Liberté, Etang Saumitre, Lake Enriquillo, Gonave
Island).—DaAnrortH, Auk, 1929, p. 865 (Monte Cristi, Les Salines, Saona
Island).

A breeding species; probably resident.

There are few definite records for the least tern in the Dominican
Republic. Abbott recorded it at Saona Island from September 12
to 18, 1919, and earlier took one, now in the Academy of Natural
Sciences, at La Canita (Sanchez) July 13, 1883. Bond found it on
Lake Enriquillo.

In Haiti Bryant in 1863 includes it in his list without comment.
Cory in his Birds of Haiti and San Domingo says of it “common
in summer and probably breeds” but gives no localities for either
republic.

THE BIRDS OF HAITI AND THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 179

Abbott collected a pair, May 12, 1917, at the mouth of Trois
Riviéres in northwestern Haiti, and an adult male on the Etang
Saumatre near Fond Parisien, on May 5, 1920. At Jean Rabel An-
chorage, on May 30, 1917, he secured a set of two eggs from a pebbly
sea beach just above high water mark. The parent was seen on the
nest. These eggs have the ground color light cartridge buff, with
the surface dull, not shining. They are spotted rather heavily with
Hays brown, natal brown and slate gray, the spots being most nu-
merous about the larger end. They measure 30.8 by 23.6, and 31.0
by 23.5 mm. Danforth says that F. P. Mathews found a small
breeding colony on the beach at the mouth of the Rio Yaque del
Norte June 25, 1927, and that least terns were found at Les Salines
July 30 and off Saona Island August 10. Bond records them from

Fort Liberté, Etang Saumatre, and on Gonave Island. He did not
observe them until April, after which they were common. Abbott
describes the bill in an adult female in life as yellow, tipped with
black, and the feet as yellow with black claws.

The least tern frequents sea beaches, but also goes inland in suit-
able localities, so that it should occur regularly about the lakes of
the Cul-de-Sac region.

This species is easily distinguished as the smallest of the terns.
The back is light gray, the crown black, the forehead and under
parts pure white. It ranges from 230 to 245 mm. in length.

THALASSEUS MAXIMUS MAXIMUS (Boddaert)
ROYAL TERN, GAVIOTA, PIGEON DE MER

Sterna maxima BoppaErt, Table Planch. Enl., 1783, p. 58 (Cayenne).

Sterna regia, Bryant, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 11, May, 1867, p. 98
(Haiti).

Sterna maxima, Cory, Birds Haiti and San Domingo, March, 1885, pp. 178-179
(listed) ; Cat. West Indian Birds, 1892, p. 82 (Haiti, Dominican Republic) .—
TIPPENHAUER, Die Insel Haiti, 1892, pp. 318, 328 (listed).—VERRILL, Proc.
Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1909, p. 8355 (Dominican Republic).—Perrrrs, Bull.
Mus. Comp. Zool. vol. 61, 1917, p. 403 (Puerto Plata, Sostia).—LONNBERG,
Fauna och Flora, 1929, p. 100 (Gonave, specimen).

Thalasseus maximus, BrrBr, Zool. Soc. Bull., vol. 30, 1927, p. 188; Beneath
Tropic Seas, 1928, p. 497, (Bizoton).—Exman, Est. Agr. Moca, Ser. B, Bot.,
No. 17, January, 1980, p. 18 (Ratas Island).

Thalasseus mazimus maximus, Bonn, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol.
80, 1928, p. 497 (Gonave and St. Mare Channels, Fort Liberté, Etang Saumatre,
Lake Enriquillo).—DanrortH, Auk, 1929, p. 865 (recorded).

Of regular occurrence; fairly common; probably breeds.

In the Dominican Republic the royal tern was reported as common
by Verrill, who collected two at Sanchez, on March 1, 1907, which
are now in the collection of J. H. Fleming. Abbott found them at

180 BULLETIN 155, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

Saona Island September 12 to 19, 1919, and collected a female at
Sanchez February 6, 1919. Wetmore found them common at the
head of Samand Bay from May 6 to 11, 1927, and at times noted
several fishing in company. He collected a male near the mouth of
the Arroyo Barrancota, May 8, 1927. Peters reported them at
Puerto Plata February 25, 1916, and occasionally at Sostia until
April 11. Wetmore recorded one in the harbor at Puerto Plata
June 3, 1927. Danforth observed the royal tern in Santo Domingo
City harbor June 14 and August 9, at San Pedro de Macoris July
4, at Monte Cristi June 24 and August 5, and at Puerto Plata July
1, 1927. Bond found this species on Lake Enriquillo. Ekman in
July, 1929, found a flock resting on Ratas Island in the Seven
Brothers group.

The royal tern is first recorded for Haiti by Bryant in 1863. In
1917 Bartsch found it at Petit Goave and Miragoane April 9, near
Jérémie April 11, and at Trou des Roseaux April 13. Wetmore saw
it at Aquin April 3, and at Caracol April 27, and Abbott collected
a male at the mouth of Trois Riviéres May 12,1917. Beebe reported
one occasionally about his schooner at Bizoton in the early part
of 1927. According to Danforth Emlen saw it on Gonave Island
July 17, 1927. Bond saw it in the Gonave and St. Marc Channels,
at Fort Liberté, and on the Etang Saumatre. Poole and Perrygo
collected five, all males, at Fort Liberté on February 10, 1929.
Lénnberg records one taken by Ekman on Gonave Island.

The royal tern is found mainly along the seashore, searching for
fish which it secures by diving in the shallows of bays and harbors, or
resting, facing the wind, on some pile or stake standing in the water.
It is the largest of the terns of this region being from 475 to 505 mm.
in length so that it can be confused only with the laughing gull from
which it differs in longer, straighter bill, and in lack of prominent
black on the ends of the wings. The upper surface is light gray,
with the crown black, and the underparts white. In winter dress
the anterior part of the crown is white. The feathers of the nape
are extended to form a short crest. The eye is dark brown, the bill
light orange or orange yellow, and the feet and tarsus black (colors
noted by Abbott from freshly killed specimen).

THALASSEUS SANDVICENSIS ACUFLAVIDUS (Cabot)
CABOT’S TERN, GAVIOTA

Sterna acuflavida Casot, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 2, 1847, p. 257
(Tancah, Yucatan).

Sterna cantiaca, TIPPENHAUER, Die Insel Haiti, 1892, p. 323 (listed).

Thalasseus sandvicensis acuflavidus, DANFoRTH, Auk, 1929, p. 3865 (Monte
Cristi, Samani Bay).

THE BIRDS OF HAITI AND THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 181

Recorded; status not certain.

Abbott secured a male in post-breeding dress at Sénchez June 1,
1919. Hartert informs us that Kaempfer collected an adult male
for the Tring Museum at the same point on September 23, 1922.
Danforth writes that he saw five at Monte Cristi July 5, 1927, and
that R. S. Mathews saw six off Samana Bay, July 11, 1925.

The bird is included by Tippenhauer in his list for Haiti without
definite comment.

Cabot’s tern is of medium size among the terns of this region, and
in color is a miniature of the royal tern. The bill is relatively
longer and is black with the extreme tip yellow.

[LHYDROPROGNE CASPIA IMPERATOR (Coues)
CASPIAN TERN

Thalasseus imperator Cours, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 14, Feb-
ruary, 1863, p. 5388 (Fort Resolution, Great Slave Lake, Mackenzie).

Hydroprogne caspiad, DANFoRTH, Auk, 1929, p. 865 (Les Salines).

Danforth writes “ three noted at Les Salines on July 30 1927.”

As specimens were not taken, and as this tern is not known to go
regularly to the West Indies this report is here placed in the hypo-
thetical list pending further information. |

CHLIDONIAS NIGRA SURINAMENSIS (Gmelin)
BLACK TERN

Sterna surinamensis GMELIN, Syst. Nat., vol. 1, pt. 2, 1789, p. 604 (Surinam).
Hydrochelidon lariformis, TrepENHAUER, Die Insel Haiti, 1892, p. 393 (listed).
Migrant; apparently rare.

Tippenhauer has reported this species without giving definite
record. The only specimens known to us are two taken by W. L.
Abbott on Saona Island, Dominican Republic, September 13, 1919.

The black tern is found usually over freshwater ponds, marshes,
and lagoons, where it flies easily back and forth low over the water.
Its flight is ight and graceful so that a flock of the birds on the wing
is a most pleasing picture.

The black tern is a little larger than the least tern, being from
230 to 245 mm. in length. The adult in breeding dress has the head
and undersurface entirely black, and is dark gray above. Immature
birds and adults in post-breeding plumage are white below, with the
forehead and a ring around the neck whitish, and the crown dusky.
Birds seen in spring show transition between white and black on the
under surface. The bill and feet are black.

182 BULLETIN 155, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

ANOUS STOLIDUS STOLIDUS (Linnaeus)
NODDY TERN

Sterna stolida LINNAEUS, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 137 (West In-
dies).—BryAnt, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 11, May, 1867, p. 97 (Haiti).

Anous stolidus, Cory, Birds Haiti and San Domingo, March, 1885, pp. 182-183
(common) ; Cat. West Indian Birds, 1892, p. 83 (Haiti, Dominican Republic) —
TIPPENHAUER, Die Insel Haiti, 1892, p. 323 (listed).

Anous s. stolidus, BEEBE, Zool. Soc. Bull., vol. 30, 1927, p. 188; Beneath Tropic
Seas, 1928, p. 218 (Bizoton).

Anous stolidus stolidus, HKMAN, Est. Agr. Moca, Ser. B., Bot., No. 17, January,
1930, pp. 12, 18 (Tercero, Ratas, breeding).—Motrton1, Att. Soc. Ital. Scienz.
Nat., vol. 68, 1929, p. 814 (Seven Brothers Group, specimen).

Probably of regular occurrence along the coast; abundance un-
certain.

Bryant reported the noddy as abundant off the coast, while Cory
says that it is common in summer. The only recent record is that
of Beebe who says “an unmistakable Noddy flew swiftly past the
schooner early one morning after a very severe storm which had
lasted most of the night.” This was at Bizoton near Port-au-Prince.
Ekman writes that the noddy nests abundantly on Tercero and
Ratas Islands in the Seven Brothers Islands where the native fisher-
men call it “bubi.” Ciferri obtained one here in July, 1929.

The noddy is known to nest on Mona and Desecheo Islands
and in some of the Bahama Islands so that it should range regularly
to the coasts of Hispaniola. Possibly colonies may be found on some
of the coastal islands. It is found at sea or about the islands on
which it nests, and elsewhere does not come near shore except by
accident.

The noddy tern is of medium size in its group, and is easily told by
its sooty brown color with a wash of grayish white on the crown.

Order COLUMBIFORMES

Suborder COLUMBAE
Family COLUMBIDAE °*

COLUMBA LEUCOCEPHALA Linnaeus

WHITE-CROWNED PIGEON, PALOMA CABEZA BLANCA, PALOMA AQUITA,
RAMIER, PIGEON A COURONNE BLANCHE, RAMIER TETE BLANCHE

Columba leucocephala LINNAEUS, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 164
(Bahama Islands).—Rirrer, Naturh. Reis. Westind. Insel Hayti, 18326, p. 156
(specimen) .—SAtLit, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1857, p. 235 (Dominican Repub-

6’ Cory, in the Auk, 1887, p. 120, remarks of the ring-dove Streptopelia risoria (Lin-
naeus) that he had a specimen in his collection marked ‘San Domingo.’ Since this
species is known only in captivity it does not have definite status in the list of birds
from Hispaniola,

THE BIRDS OF HAITI AND THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 183

lic).—BrYANT, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 11, May, 1867, p. 96 (Domini-
can Republic).—Cory, Bull. Nuttall Ornith. Club, 1881, p. 154 (Haiti); Birds
Haiti and San Domingo, Dec., 1884, pp. 134-185 (Puerto Plata, specimens) ;
Cat. West Indian Birds, 1892, p. 96 (Haiti, Dominican Republic) —Tristram,
Ibis, 1884, p. 168 (Dominican Republic) —TirrnHaAvurEr, Die Insel Haiti, 1892,
pp. 320, 322 (listed).—CuHerrrin, Field Columbian Mus., Ornith. ser., vol. 1, 1896,
p. 23 (sold in markets).—VeERRILL, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1909, p.
857 (Dominican Republic).—KaArmprer, Journ. fiir Ornith., 1924, p. 183 (San-
chez).—Bonp, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 80, 1928, p. 498 (Jacmel,
Ennery, Caracol; Gonave and Tortue Islands).—DawnrortH, Auk, 1929, p. 365
(recorded ).—LONNBERG, Fauna och Flora, 1929, p. 101 (Haiti, specimen).—
Exman, Ark. f6r Bot., vol. 22A, No. 16, 1929, pp. 5, 7 (Navassa).

Pigeon 4 couronne blanche, DrescourTILz, Voy. Nat., vol. 2, 1809, pp. 186-188
(Haiti).

Patagioenas leucocephala, Prermrs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zod6l., vol. 61, 1917,
p. 408 (San Juan, Margante).

Resident; common.

In the Dominican Republic Sallé, in 1857, wrote that the white-
crowned pigeon was abundant and sold at such a low price as to be a
veritable manna to the inhabitants. Pigeons were killed when in
flight between their feeding and resting grounds, or by means of an
artificial decoy placed in the top of a tree which attracted passing
birds so that they alighted, offering easy shots to the hunter beneath.
He found them nesting about March, and ranging in bands from
April to October. Cherrie, in May, 1895, saw immense numbers of-
fered for sale in the markets of Santo Domingo City. Verrill, in
1907, found them in great flocks from May to September. ‘They were
hunted extensively and sold for ten cents to twenty-five cents a pair.
Abbott collected a male at San Lorenzo on Samana Bay, July 31,
1916, and on August 6, 1916 secured a male in juvenal plumage at
Laguna, on Samana Peninsula. This bird is duller gray than adults
and lacks the handsome markings of the hindneck, which is plain
sooty brown. The crown is the same color with a slight indication
of white on the forehead. The wing coverts and breast feathers are
tipped narrowly with cinnamon-buff. Kaempfer reported them
breeding near Sanchez in May.

From May 7 to 13, 1927, Wetmore found the white-crowned pigeon
in abundance around Samana Bay, including the hills back of San
Lorenzo Bay. Many were seen between Sanchez and Pimentel May
16. The thousands that frequented the swamps bordering the lower
courses of the Rio Yuna and the Arroyo Barrancota were the great
feature of the bird life of this section. Flocks and single birds
passed above the tree tops with direct, sweeping flight, and others
rested scattered through the tops of the mangroves. Their white
crowns and dark plumage made a pleasing contrast when they were
at rest or on the wing. The birds were not greatly molested, though
occasionally a few were shot for the table, so that they were quite

184 BULLETIN 155, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

tame. In Sanchez during the day white-crowned pigeons passed
along the hills back of the village, flying between the swampy wood-
lands at the head of Samana Bay and the forested slopes to the
eastward. Occasionally single birds were seen but usually they
passed in flocks containing four or five to a dozen individuals. At
a distance they appeared black but sometimes the sun rays caught
the white crown cap so that it glistened like silver. The birds flew
with strong, vigorous flight. In the wet forests at an altitude of
1,500 feet their guttural cooing came from all sides, and in traversing
the trails birds flushed continually with loudly clapping wings.

Struthers in an account of the birds of Mona Island lying midway
between the Dominican Republic and Porto Rico*! remarks “at
sunrise and sunset flocks numbering as high as five hundred indi-
viduals were seen approaching Mona from the direction of Santo
Domingo. Many of these birds were collected and several had the
seed of the royal palm in their crops. As this palm was not found
on Mona these birds must have migrated recently.” Mona is distant
about 35 miles from the nearest point of the Dominican Republic.

Cory found the white-headed pigeon in large numbers and said ~
that they nested in May. He secured specimens at Puerto Plata De-
cember 21 and 29, 1882, and January 3, 1883. Peters found a few at
San Juan and Margante March 12 and 138, 1916, and was told by
natives in this section that large flocks appeared in August. Dan-
forth found many at Seibo early in July, and flocks between Dajabén
and Monte Cristi in June and August, 1927.

In Haiti Bartsch found this species in 1917 near Jérémie April 12
and 15, Trou des Roseaux April 14, between Port-au-Prince and St.
Mare April 21 and 22, and in the Cul-de-Sac region April 24. Ab-
bott reported them as breeding in numbers on Grande Cayemite
Island in January, 1918. On Gonave Island he secured males on
February 22 and 27, 1918, and March 5 and 9, 1920, and was told
that numbers came there at the proper season to breed. Near Bom-
bardopolis, at an altitude of 1,500 feet, they seem to have been com-
mon as he secured eight specimens, including both sexes, March 22,
23, 25 and 26, 1917. Four more males were collected on Tortue
Island April 6, 7 and 8, 1917. The birds breed here in numbers in
the mangroves, and on May 17, 1917, Abbott collected twenty sets
of one egg each. These are glossy white in color and elliptical in
form, slightly pointed at the smaller end. There is some variation
in shape, and considerable variation in size as the following measure-
ments will indicate: 32.8 by 26.2, 33.4 by 25.7, 34.6 by 26.1, 35.0 by
25.9, 35.1 by 27.2, 35.6 by 26.2, 36.5 by 25.5, 36.6 by 25.6, 36.7 by 25.5
37.0 by 26.1, 37.2 by 26.8, 37.2 by 27.0, 37.3 by 27.0, 37.4 by 26.8, 37.4

*% Auk, 1927, p. 543.

THE BIRDS OF HAITI AND THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 185

by 28.4, 37.5 by 25.6, 37.6 by 27.5, 38.4 by 26.0, 40.0 by 27.0, and 40.0
by 27.9.

Wetmore observed one white-crowned pigeon at Poste Charbert
on April 26, 1927. Danforth collected specimens on Gonave Island
in 1927. Bond records them in 1928 from Jacmel, Ennery, and Cara-
col, and says that they are common on Gonave and Tortue Islands.
He secured a female June 24 (locality not given) that contained an
egg nearly ready to be deposited. He records measurement of one
ege as 37.9 by 27.3 mm. Poole and Perrygo in 1929 saw several
at Anse 4 Galets, Gonave Island February 28, and recorded others
at En Café in the interior from March 3 to 14. They collected one
(at Massacrin) March 8 and three others March 12.

R. H. Beck secured three on Navassa Island July 14, 1917. in-
cluding a juvenile bird fully grown but still entirely in juvenal
dress with no white on the crown, so that it seems that the species
breeds on that island. It has been recorded there in October by E.
L. Ekman.

The soft parts in an adult male taken by Wetmore near Sanchez
May 8, 1927 were colored as follows: iris light buff; tip of bill dull
greenish yellow, rest, as well as cere, dull red; tarsus and toes dull
red; claws light brown.

This bird is dull gray with black edgings and greenish reflections
on the feathers of the hindneck, a rich reddish brown patch on the
nape and a white crown. Females have the light color of the crown
obscured by a wash of slate.

CCOLUMBA SQUAMOSA Bonnaterre

SCALED PIGEON, PALOMA TURCA, PALOMA TORCAZA, PALCMA MORADA,
RAMIER, RAMEREAU, RAMIER COU ROUGE

Columba squamosa BoNNATERRE, Tabl. Ene. Méth., vol. 1, 1792, p. 234 (Gua-
deloupe Island, West Indies).—Bonp, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol.
80, 1928, p. 498 (La Hotte, La Selle, Chaine des Mateux, Massif du Nord,
Montaignes Noires, Gonave Island).—DanrortH, Auk, 1929, p. 365 (recorded).
—LONNBERG, Fuana och Flora, 1929, p. 101 (Haiti) .—Exkman, Ark. for Bot.,
vol. 22A, No. 16, 1929, pp. 5, 7 (Navassa).—Motron1, Att. Soc. Ital. Scienz.
Nat., vol. 68, 1929, p. 314 (Bonao, specimens).

Paloma Toreaca, Oviepo, Hist. Gen. Nat. Indias, Libr. 14, Cap. 2; Reprint,
Madrid, 1851, p. 442 (common).

Ramier (in part), Sarnr-Méry, Descrip. Part. Frane, fle Saint-Domingue,
vol. 1, 1797, pp. 262, 717, vol. 2, 1798, pp. 79, 506, 577, 621, 648, 809 (Dondon,
Port-de-Paix, Port-i-Piment, above Jacmel, Cayes, Fonds-des-Négres, Aquin,
Saint-Louis, Jérémie).—Descourtitz, Voy. Nat., vol. 2, 1809, pp. 182-186
(common).

Wood-pigeon (in part), Samr-Méry, Descrip. Span. Part Saint-Domingo,
vol. 1, 1798, pp. 193, 214 (common).—WimMpPrFFEN, Voy. Saint Domingo, 1817,
p. 188 (mentioned).

186 BULLETIN 155, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

Columba portoricensis, HARTLAUB, Isis, 1847, p. 609 (listed from Hispaniola).—
SCHLEGEL, Mus. Pays-Bas, Pt. 4, Columbae, 1868, p. 68 (type from Haiti).

Columba corensis, SALLE, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1857, p. 235 (Dominican
Republic).—Bryant, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 11, May, 1867, p. 96
(Dominican Republic).—Cory, Birds Haiti and San Domingo, Dec. 18S,
pp. 136-137 (Magua, specimens) ; Cat. West Indian Birds, 1892, p. 96 (Haiti,
Dominican Republic).—TierenHAvER, Die Insel Haiti, 1892, p. 322 (listed) .—
CHeErRIp, Field Columbian Mus., Ornith. ser., vol 1, 1896, p. 24 (Dominican
Republic).—VeERRILL, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1909, p. 357 (Domini-
can Republic).—Karmprer, Journ. fiir Ornith., 1924, p. 183 (Sanchez).

Resident; abundant in many places in the interior.

The scaled pigeon, which shares with the white-headed and plain
pigeons the names paloma in the Dominican Republic and ramier
in Haiti, is common through the wooded sections of the island be-
ing especially numerous in the hills of the interior. Oviedo speaks
of it in the early part of the sixteenth century, and it has been one of
the favored game birds of the island to the present day.

In the Dominican Republic Abbott collected a male above Paradis,
February 1, 1922, and two pairs at Laguna, on the Samana Penin-
sula August 7, 12 and 13, 1916, and March 6, 1919. He notes that .
birds secured here in March were in breeding condition. He secured
another pair near Constanza April 13 and 17, 1919, the latter taken
at an altitude of 1,800 meters on Loma Rio Grande. Kaempfer noted
scaled pigeons near Sanchez, and Cory secured a pair at Magua
January 27 and 29, 1883. Wetmore did not identify them in the
coastal region but on May 17 and 18 and again on May 29 to 30,
1927 recorded many in riding from Jarabacoa to Constanza by way
of El Rio. At Constanza in the intervening period the birds were
common. The birds were found in both deciduous and pine forests,
and were observed continually flying with strong flight high above
the mountain valleys as they crossed from slope to slope. Their calls,
smooth and less guttural in tone than those of C. leucocephala,
came frequently to the ear. The note may be written who who hoo-
0o0-hoo uttered slowly in a loud tone. The male in display scaled out
with set wings, tilting from side to side and changing direction
slightly every few feet so that while it transversed a circular or
elliptical course the actual line of flight was very irregular. Dan-
forth records one taken at Laguna del Salodillo, near Copey, June
26, 1927, others seen at Seibo and La Vega, and ten, mainly young
shot at Bonao in early August. Ciferri sent specimens to Moltoni
from Bonao taken November 7, 18, and 20, 1927.

In Haiti the birds are abundant in forested sections but not found
elsewhere. Abbott found them in numbers near Moron, back of
Jérémie, and collected three males December 18, 1917. At Moustique

THE BIRDS OF HAITI AND THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 187

he recorded them as common and prepared twelve skins from March
3 to 9,1917. A female shot March 9 contained mature eggs.

Wetmore in 1927 reported one from Sources Puantes March 30,
and others at Fonds-des-Négres April 2 and 5. On the Massif de la
Selle they were seen regularly from April 12 to 15. Here the ramier
was especially common among the scattered fields of the Jardins
Bois Pin where they perched in the tops of dead trees, often in little
companies. At one time nine were observed resting in the early
morning sun in two adjacent trees. The swift, direct flight always
caught the eye as they crossed the sky. At rest they sat erect with
tail straight down and head well up so that the neck appeared long.
When approached in the open they usually took flight out of gun
range but there was little difficulty in stalking them behind light
cover for they were not too wary due to present prohibition against
the general possession of firearms in Haiti. They were observed at
Chapelle Faure on April 17. The skulls of several taken on this
mountain range were preserved as specimens while the bodies made
an excellent addition to a somewhat restricted camp menu. A male
shot April 15 was approaching the breeding season. At Hinche
Wetmore took one April 22 and on April 24 observed several near
the Bassin Zime. The adult male taken April 22 showed the fol-
lowing colors of the soft parts: iris orange red; margins of eyelids
bright red; bare skin about eye pale purplish red above and in front
of eye, with scattered papillae colored honey yellow; distal half of
bill dull grayish yellow; basal portion, including cere, deep red,
tarsus and toes deep, dull red; claws dull grayish yellow. Abbott
has recorded the eyes in specimens taken at Laguna in August as
red in the male and orange red in the female, while in a female from
Moustique taken in March he reports the iris as orange, eyelids red,
and the orbital skin yellow. Danforth found squamated pigeons at
the Citadelle de Christophe above Milot, at Fonds-des-Négres, and
on Gonave Island in 1927. Bond found this pigeon widely distrib-
uted through the mountainous regions recording it in Morne La
Hotte, Massif de la Selle, Chaine des Mateux, Massif du Nord, and
the Montaignes Noires. He found it rare on Gonave Island. A nest
found on Morne Salnave back of Acul Samedi was placed about
five metres above the ground. Poole and Perrygo collected one at
L’Atalaye December 31, 1928, and one at St. Michel January 6, 1929.
EK. L. Ekman has reported this species from Navassa Island in
October, 1928.

Schlegel * says that the type of Columba portoricensis, a synonym
of the present species, came from Haiti.

6 Mus. Pays-Bas, vol. 4, 1873, Columbae, p. 68,

188 BULLETIN 155, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

This pigeon, almost as large as the domestic species, is dark bluish
gray in general color, with the head, hindneck and upper breast dull
purplish drab, the hindneck with a patch of rich purplish brown,
and the duller feathers behind margined with the same color. The
female is slightly duller than the male.

COLUMBA INORNATA INORNATA Vigors
PLAIN PIGEON, PALOMA, RAMIER, MILLET, CENIZA, RAMIER CENIZA

Columba inornata Vicors, Zool. Journ., vol. 8, December, 1827, p. 466 (near
Havana, Cuba).

? Coritas, OviEDo, Hist. Gen. Nat. Indias, Libr. 14, Cap. 2; Reprint, Madrid,
1851, p. 442 (common).

Great Ash-colored Wood Pigeon, Saint-Mféry, Descrip. Span. Part Saint-
Domingo, vol. 1, 1798, p. 305 (common).

Columba?, Bryant, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 11, May, 1867, p. 96
(Dominican Republic).

? Columba caribaea, Ritter, Naturh. Reis. Westind. Insel Hayti, 1836, p. 156
(listed ).—HARTLAUB, Isis, 1847, p. 609 (listed).

Columba incorata, TIPPENHAUER, Die Insel Haiti, 1892, p. 322 (listed).

Columba inornata, Cory, Birds Haiti and San Domingo, Dec., 1884, p. 136-
(Magua) ; Cat. West Indian Birds, 1892, p. 97 (Haiti, Dominican Republic).—
Curisty, Ibis, 1897, p. 336 (head of Samana Bay).—VrErRILL, Proc. Acad. Nat.
Sci. Philadelphia, 1909, p. 857 (listed).—L6Onnsrre, Fauna och Flora, 1929, p.
101 (Haiti).

Columba inornata inornata, Bonp, Proce. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 80,
1928, p. 498 (Northern Peninsula, Massif du Nord, Montaignes Noires, Ennery,
Etang Saumftre, Lake HEnriquillo, Tortue Island).—DANForTH, Auk, 1929, p.
365 (Artibonite).

Resident; locally common.

The plain pigeon is less widely distributed than the two preceding
species but is common in certain sections. It is less wary and more
readily killed, which probably accounts for the lessening numbers
recorded of the present form in Cuba and of the slightly differen-
tiated subspecies described from the Isle of Pines, Jamaica, and
Porto Rico. The wooded interior of Hispaniola today is the only
area where representatives of the species as a whole are actually
common.

This is apparently the bird referred to by Oviedo as corita, and is
also the great ash-colored wood-pigeon of Moreau de Saint-Méry,
which was said to be “extremely delicate” and to fly in clouds.
There are two skins in the Academy of Natural Sciences taken by
W. L. Abbott on Samana Bay, D. R., July 30, 1883. Cory collected a
male at Magua in the Dominican Republic February 2, 1883.
Christy describes it as abundant at the head of Samana Bay in
June, July and August. He gives an account of its hunting but we

THE BIRDS OF HAITI AND THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 189

believe has confused it in part with the white-headed pigeon which
he does not mention in his list, and which is today the predominately
abundant species of large pigeon in the area mentioned. Verrill
records the plain pigeon as rarer than the squamated pigeon. Abbott
secured specimens at San Lorenzo, on Samana Bay, July 28, 1916,
and March 19, 1919, and one at Sanchez February 22, 1919. He
thought that they were nesting in the mangroves at San Lorenzo in
March but was not certain. R. H. Beck collected specimens at San-
chez November 6 and 23, 1916, and a series on Loma Tina from
January 8 to 24, 1917.

Wetmore found a few at the mouth of the Arroyo Barrancota
May 8, 1927, and one at the mouth of the Yuna May 10. Near
Constanza from May 20 to 27 they were fairly common both among
the pines and in the rain forest, though most in evidence in the pines
because of the more open branches. The hooting of males at a dis-
tance suggested the calls of owls but near at hand came to the ear
as kr-r-r-r coo-whoo-hoo, coo-whoo-hoo the first note being a gut-
tural growl, followed by slow, hooting calls. At times the guttural
note was omitted. When calling they perched on dead limbs in
the tops of tall trees where they had view over the surrounding
country. Males were truculent like most pigeons and were seen
driving one another about.

Ritter must have had the present species in mind when he listed
Columba caribaea from Haiti. The species is also included from
Haiti by Cory and Tippenhauer, but the only definite records ap-
pear to be those of Wetmore who saw several along the road between
Maissade and Hinche April 21, 1927, and found them common near
Hinche April 22 to 24, preparing a pair as skins on April 22 and
others as skulls and skeletons on that date and the day following.
They were the most common of the large pigeons in this vicinity,
frequenting the large trees along the streams and ravines, particu-
larly along the Ravine Papaye. They rested in little groups of two
to ten, sometimes in dead trees and sometimes on leafy branches,
and true to their reputation in other islands were far less wary than
other doves so that they were easily approached. They sat quietly
arranging their plumage or resting, and when alarmed drew up
very straight with the head fully erect, finally taking flight with a
loud clapping of wings to dart rapidly away. The breeding season
was at hand and on April 23 a nest was found in a mango tree
standing in a little clearing near the Ravine Papaye. The struc-
ture, placed twenty feet from the ground among branches where a
denser growth of leaves than ordinary furnished shelter, was a plat-

2134—31——18

190 BULLETIN 155, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

form of weed-stems and grasses, with a slight concavity arranged
so loosely that the egg was visible from below. The adult was
flushed from the nest so that identity was certain. The single egg
was slightly incubated and like all pigeons’ eggs of this group is
white with a somewhat glossy surface. It measures 35.9 by 28.0
mm. At Poste Charbert, near Caracol, the plain pigeon was com-
mon April 26 and 27.

Danforth saw five in low woods near the mouth of the Artibonite
River July 29,1927. Bond says that this is the most common pigeon
in northern Haiti, being one of the few common birds in the upland
pine forests of this section. He records them from the Northern
Peninsula, Massif du Nord, Ennery (specimen), Montaignes Noires,

Etang Saumitre, Lake Enriquillo and on Tortue Island. He did
not see them on Gonave. Poole and Perrygo secured two at L’Ata-
laye January 8, 1929, reported them at Hinche March 17, and found
them very plentiful at Cerca-la-Source, preparing two skins and two
skeletons March 21 and on March 24 and 25 preserving a number
of skulls. An adult female taken April 22, had the iris grayish
white; margins of eyelids dull rose, bare skin about eye purplish,
washed with dull rose; bill dull black, cere dusky gray; tarsus and
toes dull red; claws dusky.

Through the courtesy of the Museum of Comparative Zodlogy
there has been available an extensive series of this form from Cuba
for comparison with our equally extensive lot from Hispaniola.
There is considerable individual variation in the depth and suffusion
of the reddish color both above and below and also some individual
difference in the depth of the gray colors. Allowing for this the
birds from the two islands are so closely similar as to remain united
in one form. The measurements as well as the colors are also prac-
tically the same as the following will show:

Ten males from Cuba, wing 205.0-229.0 (212.6), tail 123.8-146.8
(134.2), culmen 17.4-20.8 (19.1), tarsus 27.1-30.8 (29.3) mm.

Nine males from Hispaniola, wing 208.0-228.5 (219.4), tail 117.5-
132.5 (125.0), culmen 17.8-21.4 (19.7), tarsus 29.3-31.6 (30.0) mm.

Eight females from Cuba, wing 207.0-222.0 (212.0), tail 132.2—
146.7 (189.7), culmen 17.7-20.0 (18.6), tarsus 28.0-31.0 (28.8) mm.

Seven females from Hispaniola, wing 205.0-217.0 (211.5), tail,
110.5-131.0 (120.1), culmen 17.6-20.7 (19.8), tarsus, 28.0-30.3 (29.2)
mm.

The plain pigeon, as large as the scaled pigeon and possibly
heavier in body, is gray washed with vinaceous or purplish red over
the forepart of the body, with the greater wing coverts edged lightly
with white. Females are less brightly colored than males,

THE BIRDS OF HAITI AND THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 191
ZENAIDA ZENAIDA ZENAIDA (Bonaparte)

ZENAIDA DOVE, TORTOLA, ROLON, TOURTE, GROSSE TOURTERELLE,
TOURTERELLE ROUGE, GROS TOURTE

Columba zenaida BoNaparte, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 5,
June, 1825, p. 30 (Florida Keys).

? Tourte, Grosse Tourterelle, Drscourtitz, Voy. Nat., vol. 2, 1809, pp. 188-
189 (apparently Zenaida dove).

Zenaida, LONNBERG, Fauna och Flora, 1929, p. 101 (Haiti).

Zenaida amabilis, Cory, Birds Haiti and San Domingo, Dec., 1884, pp. 128-
129 (Puerto Plata, Magua).—TIpPpENHAUER, Die Insel Haiti, 1892, p. 322
(listed).

Zenaida zenaida, Cory, Cat. West Indian Birds, 1892, p. 97 (Haiti, Domini-
can Republic).—CHERRIg, Field Columbian Mus., Ornith. ser., vol. 1, 1896, p. 24
(Dominican Republic).—VrErruw1, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1909, p.
357 (Dominican Republic).

Zenaida zenaida zenaida, PETERS, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zodl., vol. 61, 1917, pp.
407-408 (La Chorrera, Arroyo Savanna).—Motrtoni, Att. Soe. Ital. Scienz. Nat.,
vol. 68, 1929, p. 315 (San Juan, specimens).

Zenaida aurita zenaida, Bonn, Proce. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 80,
1928, p. 498 (Haiti, Gonave, Tortue)—DanrortH, Auk, 1929, p. 366 (common).

Resident; locally common.

The Zenaida dove frequents open fields, pastures, and prairie lands
bordered by trees and open growths of arid scrub, and does not
occur in densely forested regions where there are no clearings. It
is possible that with increase in cultivation in the last twenty-five
years it has extended its range to a considerable degree, particularly
in the Dominican Republic since Cherrie in 1895 reported it as com-
mon in the coast districts but not found in the high interior, and
Cory at an earlier date recorded specimens only from Puerto Plata
and Magua. The latter found them nesting in May.

Wetmore found the Zenaida dove common along the road between
Azua and Comendador May 1, 1927, and recorded single birds at
San Francisco de Macoris May 7, and Santiago May 31. Peters,
who secured three specimens, found them common only on the Mar-
tinez Savanna, southwest of Cabrera. His skins were procured at
La Chorrera February 12, 1916, and Arroyo Savanna March 9 and
10. Abbott secured a male at El Rio near the head of the Rio
Jimenoa, where there are extensive clearings, on May 17, 1918, and
another at Hondo, west of Constanza May 5, 1919. There do not
seem to be records of this species on the Samana Peninsula. Dan-
forth reports this dove in 1927 as very common, especially in the
hills west of Azua, and says that he collected specimens at Vasquez
and San Juan. Ciferri secured it near San Juan (Arroyo Loro,
Sabana San Thomé).

192 BULLETIN 155, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

In Haiti the Zenaida dove is apparently more abundant than in
the eastern republic of Hispaniola. Bartsch recorded it at Trou
Caiman April 4, 1917, and near Port-au-Prince April 25. Abbott
collected specimens at Jean Rabel Anchorage March 30, 1917, Bom-
bardopolis at elevation of 450 meters March 27, and Baie des Mous-
tiques May 7. He secured a female on Gonave Island February 18,
1918, and two of the same sex on Tortue Island February 2 and 4,
1917. Wetmore found Zenaida doves common at Hinche, where he
collected one April 22,1927. They fed on bare open ground and were
seen to some extent among open scrubs. The call of the male,
phrased like that of the mourning dove but deeper in tone and more
sonorous, given somewhat more quickly and not quite so prolonged at
the end, with all the syllables somewhat curtailed, may be written as
coo 00 00 coo coo. The wings in flight produce a whistling sound that
is louder and lower pitched than that of the related species. The re-
semblance between these two forms is really surprising and in life
it requires careful attention to avoid confusing them. The males
of the Zenaida dove in the breeding season have a display habit,
common to many pigeons, of circling in the air with stiffly set wings. .
The Zenaida dove was common at Poste Charbert near Caracol on
April 26 and 27.

There is a specimen in the Academy of Natural Sciences from
Gonave Island taken July 18, 1927, by John T. Emlen, jr. Bond
reports it from Gonave, as well as from Tortue. Poole and Perry-
go secured one at St. Michel, December 23, 1928, and four at Cerca-
la-Source March 23, 25 and 28, 1928. One of these shows albinistic
tendencies as the usual brown color is replaced in part by buff.

The Zenaida dove is warm brown in color, with violet iridescence
on the sides of the neck. There is a black spot below the ear and
black markings on the inner secondaries. The tail is tipped with
gray and the secondaries with white. In appearance it is similar to
the mourning dove but is distinguished by the short, slightly rounded
tail.

ZENAIDURA MACROURA MACROURA (Linnaeus)

WEST INDIAN MOURNING DOVE, TORTOLA, TOURTERELLE, TOURTERELLE
QUEUE-FINE

Columba macroura LINNAEus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, pt. 1, 1758, p. 164 (Cuba).
? Ring-dove, Sarint-Méry, Descrip. Span. Part Saint Domingo, vol. 1, 1798,
p. 305 (abundant).

66 Based on the Long-Tailed Dove of Edwards Natural History, p. 15, pl. 15, which
came from the West Indies. Type locality here designated as Cuba.

The Tourterelle de St. Domingue, Daubenton, Planch. Enl. No. 487, is an artifact with
the body of a mourning dove and the head of a killdeer (not a golden plover as Salvadori
has stated). On it are based Columba dominicensis Latham, Index Ornith., vol. 2, 1790,
p. 615, (in Dominicensi Insula), and Columba annulata Wagler, Syst. Av., 1827, p. 267
(in Dominicensi Insula). For a full synonymy see Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus.,
vol. 21, 1893, pp. 639-640.

THE BIRDS OF HAITI AND THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 193

Turtle, WIMPFFEN, Voy. Saint Domingo, 1817, p. 188 (size of quail).

Tortola (in part) Ovimvo, Hist. Gen. Nat. Indias, Libr. 14, Cap. 2; Reprint,
Madrid, 1851, p. 442 (recorded).

Tourterelle, Sarnr-Méry, Descript. Part. Frane¢.tle Saint-Domingue, vol. 1,
1797, pp. 262, 717, vol. 2, 1798, p. 79 (Dondon, Port-de-Paix, Port-4-Piment).

Tourterelle vineuse, DEScouRTILz, Voy. Nat., vol. 2, 1809, pp. 189-193
(common).

Tourterelle brune, DescourTILz, Voy. Nat., vol. 2, 1809, pp. 193-194 (common).

Turtur caroliniensis Brisson, Ornith., vol. 1, 1760, p. 110, pl. 8 (“ Saint-
Domingue ’’).

? Columba dominicensis, HartLauB, Naumannia, 1852, p. 53 (Haiti, common).

Columba carolinensis, Bryant, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 11, May,
1867, p. 96 (Haiti, Dominican Republic).

Zenaidura carolinensis, SALLE, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1857, p. 285 (Domini-
can Republic).—Cory, Bull. Nuttall Ornith. Club, 1881, p. 154 (Gantier) ; Birds
Haiti and San Domingo, Dec., 1884, pp. 129-130 (Le Coup, specimen) .—TIPPEN-
HAUER, Die Insel Haiti, 1892, p. 322 (listed) —Curisty, Ibis, 1897, p. 335
(La Vega).

Zenaidura macroura, Cory, Cat. West Indian Birds, 1892, p. 97 (Haiti, Do-
minican Republic) —CuHerriz, Field Columbian Mus., Ornith. ser., vol. 1, 1896,
p. 24 (San Cristobal, Honduras, Maniel).—VeErrILL, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila-
delphia, 1909, p. 357 (La Vega, specimen).—KaAEMPrFER, Journ. fiir Ornith., 1924,
p. 183 (Sinchez).—LOnneBerc, Fauna och Flora, 1929, p. 101 (Haiti).

Zonaidura macroura macroura, PETERS, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zodél., vol. 61, 1917,
p. 408 (Monte Cristi).—Bonp, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadeiphia, vol. 80, 1928,
p. 498 (Haiti, Gonave, Tortue)—DanrortH, Auk, 1929, p. 365 (common) .—
MottonI, Att. Soc. Ital. Scienz. Nat., vol. 68, 1929, p. 315 (San Juan, specimens).

Resident ; common.

In appearance, habits and note the West Indian mourning dove is
a counterpart of the forms of North America. In Hispaniola this
bird, as usual, is a species of open country, where it feeds in fields and
pastures, or of open glades in woodland, and nests and rests in
thickets and groves of trees. It does not penetrate dense rain-forest
jungles except casually, although it finds in the open pine forests of
the highlands conditions favorable for its life. The birds are found
ordinarily in pairs or little bands that congregate where seeds that
furnish food abound. They walk about on the ground with rapidly
nodding heads but at any alarm stop to remain motionless when their
color harmonizes so with the ground that they may not be perceived
until they flush with musically winnowing wings and dart quickly
away with rapid flight to a perch in some tree. When approached
in such a situation they jerk the head and twitch the tail nervously
and then suddenly take flight again. The song of this species is a
cooing call, uttered with slow cadence, that in tone is mournful to
the ears of some, though others, like the writers, find it pleasing.
The birds are hunted as game but unless too severely pursued hold
their abundance.

The mourning dove has been recorded by many naturalists in
Hispaniola. Oviedo includes under the name tortola, Brisson in

194 BULLETIN 155, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

1760 describes a mourning dove sent to de Reaumur by Chervain,
and it is described in more or less detail by Saint-Méry, Descourtilz
and Baron Wimpffen.

In the Dominican Republic Wetmore found it common in the
semi-arid section extending from Comendador to Azua on April 30
and May 1, 1927. Cherrie reported it from San Cristobal, Honduras
and San José de Ocoa (which he terms Maniel). Kaempfer found
it at Sanchez, and Christy and Verrill obtained specimens near La
Vega. Wetmore recorded it near Santiago May 31, 1927. Peters
found it rather rare on the north coast in 1916 as he observed it only
sear the fort at Monte Cristi. In the interior Abbott secured four
males and one female near Constanza on September 22 and 28 and
October 1, 1916, and April 29 and May 1, 1919, obtaining one at an
altitude of 1,500 metres. Wetmore recorded it commonly in the
open valley of Constanza from May 18 to 25, and found a few scat-
tered through the open pine lands. He collected two on May 18 and
20 which were prepared for skeletons. He found the mourning dove
in the clearings at El Rio on May 29. Danforth found it especially
abundant near Monte Cristi. Ciferri sent specimens to Moltoni,
taken at Sabana San Thomé, San Juan, October 10 and 23, 1928.

In Haiti, where the country is more open and the climate on the
average drier, the mourning dove is more common. ‘Two spevimens
were sent to the Smithsonian Institution from Port-au-Prince by
A. E. Younglove in 1866, one of them being still in the United States
National Museum collections. Cory reported this dove from Gantier
and Pétionville, in the former locality as abundant. In 1917 Bartsch
recorded this species at Thomazeau, April 2, near Gloré April 3,
Trou Caiman April 4, and near Port-au-Prince April 19 to 25. On
the southwestern peninsula he found it near Jérémie April 10 to 15,
Trou des Roseaux April 13 and 14, Petit Goave April 8 and 9, and
Miragoane April 9. In 1927 Wetmore recorded several March 29 in
mesquite thickets near the city of Port-au-Prince and observed others
drinking from the Riviére Cul-de-Sac near Damien on April 29.
Several were seen at the Etang Miragoane April 1, and doves were
common in open fields at Fonds-des-Négres April 2 and 5, Aquin
April 8, and L’Acul April 4. Several were observed near La Trem-
blay April 7. On the Riviére Jaquisy below Furcy this dove was
common April 8 and 9, and its voice at the earliest hint of dawn was
the first bird note of the morning. On La Selle from April 9 to 15
it was common, being especially abundant in the cultivated fields of
the Jardins Bois Pin. Mourning doves called from the trees about
camp at the head of the Riviére Chotard and were found assembled
in little flocks in open fields dotted with dead trees. The mourning
dove was seen at Chapelle Faure and Furcy April 17. It was ob-

THE BIRDS OF HAITI AND THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 195

served on Morne 4 Cabrits April 20 and at Maissade April 21, and was
recorded daily at Hinche April 20 to 24. At Caracol on the North
Plain it was common on April 26 and 27 and was found in pairs.

Abbott secured a female at Bombardopolis March 21, 1919, and a
pair at Moustique on March 9 and 10 at elevations of 600 and 900
meters. He took a female at Baie des Moustiques May 4. On Tortue
Island he secured three males January 30 and 31, and May 18, 1917,
and on May 18 and 19 collected two sets of eggs, one containing the
two eggs usual to this species, and the other, apparently incomplete,
only one. The nests were located about twelve feet from the ground
in mangroves near the seashore. The parent of the set of two, taken
on the nest, proved to be a male bird. The eggs, as usual are pure
white with a slight gloss. The set of two measures 27.7 by 21.8 and
29.0 by 22.2, and the single egg 29.0 by 21.2 mm. Danforth in 1927
found the mourning dove very common between Gonaives and Cap-
Haitien. Bond reports them on Gonave and Tortue Islands, and
Poole and Perrygo collected specimens at St. Michel January 6 and
15, Fort Liberté February 15, St. Mare February 25, and at En
Café in the interior of Gonave Island March 5, 1929.

Three males from Tortue Island are distinctly darker below than
others from Haiti, this color extending over the lower tail-coverts.
They are equalled only by two birds seen from eastern Cuba which
differ from other Cuban specimens as the Tortue birds do from others
from Haiti. Further material will be of interest but it is probable
that the specimens indicated represent individual and not geographic
variation.

Following are measurements of the series from Hispaniola:

Eleven males, wing 133.0-148.1 (138.2), tail 115.4-129.4 (122.4),
culmen 12.5-14.7 (18.4), tarsus 20.4-22.5 (21.1) mm.

Four females, wing 129.4-137.2 (133.4), tail 95.0-111.8 (102.5),
culmen 11.8-13.9 (13.0), tarsus 19.3-21.3 (20.7) mm.

Columba macroura of Linnaeus ® is a composite based on the
long-tailed dove of Edwards, which is the mourning dove of the
West Indies, and the Palumbus migratorius of Catesby, which is the
passenger pigeon. The Edwards reference is the one given first and
has been used in applying the name, though the range assigned by
Linnaeus is that of the passenger pigeon. In the twelfth edition
of the Systema Naturae in 1766 Linnaeus dropped Columba macroura
of 1758 entirely, and named the passenger pigeon Colwmba canaden-
sis (p. 284) and Columba migratoria (p. 285), the North American
mourning dove Columba carolinensis (p. 286), and the long-tailed
dove of Edwards Columba marginata (p. 286). In the period when
the twelfth edition of Linnaeus was generally accepted as the basis

Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 164.

196 BULLETIN 155, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

for zoological nomenclature the mourning dove was called Columba
carolinensis, or later, Zenaidura carolinensis. When the committee
of the American Ornithologists’ Union appointed to prepare a check-
list of North American birds decided to adopt the tenth edition of
Linnaeus as the starting point of binomial nomenclature the mourn-
ing dove became through this procedure Zenaidura macroura.* In
1902 William Palmer and J. H. Riley recognized that the Cuban
birds differed from those of the eastern United States in smaller
size and named the former Zenaitdura macroura bella.®? 'They did
not discuss the name macroura but accepted it as currently used.
Subsequently Bangs reviewed this action,’® deciding that Columba
macroura 1758 applied to the passenger pigeon, which under this
became Ectopistes macrourus (Linnaeus), that the North American
mourning dove should be called Zenaidura carolinensis carolinensis
(Linnaeus) and the West Indian form should be known as Zenaidura
carolinensis marginata (Linnaeus). The third edition of the A. O.
U. Check-list in 1910 gives Zenaidura macroura macroura as “ extra-
limital ” without comment and uses Zenaidura macroura carolinensis
for the continental bird. Ridgway in the seventh volume of the
Birds of North and Middle America in 1916 uses macroura for the
bird of. the West Indies and carolinensis for the form of eastern
North America. From this brief synopsis it is evident that the
names of the mourning dove are involved in some confusion.

The “ Long-tailed Dove” of Edwards was described and figured
in the first part of his Natural History on page 15, the colored plate
facing this page. On page 125, in part two of this work, in a cata-
logue of the names of birds that he had described, Edwards refers
to it as “ Columba, macroura” so that Linnaeus was correct in his
citation from Edwards though he does not give the page reference
to the Latin name. Edwards states definitely that his specimen of
the long-tailed dove was brought “ from the West Indies.”

Since two races of the mourning dove have been recognized in the
area in question the name macrowra has been applied to the Antillean
form and carolinensis to the continental bird. In no place, however,
does there seem to have been definite assignation of the Linnaean
name macroura or definite designation of a type locality. It seems
logical to follow current custom in applying macroura to the mourn-
ing dove, as though a composite as used by Linnaeus in 1758 the
citation of Edwards may be taken as the principal reference since
it stands first, and Linnaeus accepted Edwards’ Latin name for his
species though he did not give the page on which this Latin name

68 First published by Ridgway, Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., vol. 8, 1885, p. 355.

® Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. 15, March 5, 1902, p. 38. (Type locality, Mariel,
Cuba; type in U. S. National Museum.)

7” Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. 19, February 26, 1906, pp. 43-44.

THE BIRDS OF HAITI AND THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 197

occurred. As an attempt to stabilize current usage Columba
macroura Linnaeus of 1758, a composite in the original description,
is here definitely taken as applying to the mourning dove from the
reference given to Edwards, and its type locality designated as Cuba,
where the bird is common. The West Indian race will stand as
Zenadura macroura macroura (Linnaeus), with Columba marginata
Linnaeus, 1766, and Zenaidura macroura bella Palmer and Riley,
1902 as synonyms.

The mourning dove is colored like the Zenaida dove but lacks the
white in the wings and has the tail long, narrow and much
graduated.

MELOPELIA ASIATICA ASIATICA (Linnacus)

WHITE-WINGED DOVE, ALA BLANCA, TOURTERELLE AILE-BLANCHE,
BALBARIN, BARBARIN

Columba asiatica LINNAEUS, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 163 (‘ Indiis ”=
Jamaica).

Melopelia leucoptera, Cory, Birds Haiti and San Domingo, Dec., 1884, p. 181
(Puerto Plata, specimen) ; Cat. West Indian Birds, 1892, p. 97 (Haiti, Domini-
can Republic).—TIPPpENHAUER, Die Insel Haiti, 1892, p. 322 (listed). —CHeERRIE,
Fieid Columbian Mus., Ornith. ser., vol. 1, 1896, p. 24 (Mt. Laguneta, speci-
men).—VERRILL, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1909, p. 851 (recorded).

Melopelia a. asiatica, BEEBE, Zool. Soc. Bull., vol. 30, 1927, p. 189; Beneath
Tropic Seas, 1928, p. 220 (recorded).

Melopelia asiatica asiatica, PEerers, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zo6l., vol. 61, 1917, p.
407 (Sosta, Rio San Juan).—Bonp, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 80,
1928, pp. 498-499 (Haiti, Gonave and Tortue).—DanrortH, Auk, 1929, p. 366
(recorded).

Fairly common resident in lowlands and lower hills; not known
at present from the high interior.

The white-winged dove is generally distributed through the
coastal plain and the lower hills and is seen regularly in travel
through the country. The loud cooing calls of the males come from
the shelter of trees through the hottest hours of the day, indicating
the presence of unseen birds, while frequently a passing dove seen
in flight from trail or roadway reveals the flash of white in the wing
that identifies the present species. The white-winged dove is espe-
cially partial to mesquite scrubs of the arid sections, particularly
where these are intermingled with tree cacti, but ranges also in
areas of heavy rainfall.

In the Dominican Republic Cherrie reports the species from
“ Mount La Laguneta” a locality that we do not know but assume
to be near San Cristobal as there is a skin from that point in the
Field Museum. Wetmore found the white-winged dove fairly com-
mon in the scrubs bordering the auto road between Comendador and
Azua April 30 and May 1, 1927. Occasional birds were seen or

198 BULLETIN 155, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

heard at Sanchez May 6 and 9, several were found in the woodland
at the mouth of the Yuna May 10, and one was recorded at San
Lorenzo Bay May 11. On May 9 he took an adult male from the
top of a tall tree and found the colors of the head remarkably bril-
lant. The bill, including the cere, was dull black; bare skin about
eye bright blue; iris reddish orange; tarsus and toes red; claws
dusky. Peters observed a few near Sostia February 25 to April 11,
1916 and collected one specimen. A few were noted March 4 at the
mouth of the Rio San Juan. Danforth in 1927 found this bird very
common in the arid section about Monte Cristi, and reports a few
near Santo Domingo City and San Juan.

The species has been more frequently recorded in Haiti. Bartsch
found it at Petit Goave April 8 and 9, 1917, Jérémie April 10 to 12
and 15 to 16, and near Trou des Roseaux April 13 and 14. He
recorded it in the vicinity of Port-au-Prince April 19, 24 and 27.
Wetmore found it in the mesquites at the edge of Port-au-Prince
in early morning of March 29, and saw it later in the day at Damien
and Carrefour. At Fonds-des-Négres it was common from March
31 to April 5 and was heard calling constantly throughout the day.
The birds remained concealed in the heavy foliage here and were not
seen as frequently as in more arid sections. Individuals were seen
at the Etang Miragoane April 1, Aquin April 3, and L’Acul April 4.
On April 20 he recorded them at Las Cahobes, and from April 22
to 24 found them in small numbers near Hinche. At Poste Char-
bert near Caracol they were common, particularly along the Riviére
Trou where dozens were observed. It is possible that the birds were
colonizing here to breed, as is the regular habit of the subspecies
found in the southwestern United States. Poole and Perrygo se-
cured specimens at L’Atalaye January 9, St. Michel January 6 and
15, and Cerca-la-Source March 25, 1929. Abbott collected a male
at Moustique at an elevation of 450 meters, and a female at Anse
ai Galets, Gonave Island March 5, 1920. From February 18 to 28,
1928 he reported the white-wing as the most common dove on
Gonave. On June 4, 1917 he collected two sets of two eggs each
at Jean Rabel Anchorage, one from a nest in a tree cactus ten feet
from the earth, and the other from a nest placed four feet from
the ground in a small tree near the sea. These eggs are white, with
a very faint tinge of cream, and have somewhat glossy shells. They
measure 29.0 by 22.6, and 29.5 by 22.7; 28.6 by 22.2 and 29.2 by
21.9 mm. Danforth in 1927 says that they were quite common
between St. Marc and Gonaives, and that he saw a few near
Belladére, Port-au-Prince, Etang Miragoane, Aquin, and Les Cayes.
‘They were quite common on Gonave Island. Bond reports a nest
with young on Gonave Island in January 1928, and one with eggs
at Trou Caiman in June. |

THE BIRDS OF HAITI AND THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 199

Birds from Haiti seem a little paler above than those from Ja-
maica but the material at hand is too small in amount to distinguish
them successfully.

Columba asiatica of the tenth edition of Linnaeus is taken from
the Zurtur, indicus, fuscus of Edwards Natural History (pp. 76, 127)
and the Columba subfusca media of Browne (p. 468). Linnaeus
gives the habitat as “in Indiis”. Edwards says that he was told
that his specimen “ came from the East Indies,” which is an obvious
error. In his twelfth edition (p. 281) Linnaeus renamed this bird
Columba leucoptera, adding to the two previous references Bris-
son’s Columba indica,” giving the habitat as “Asia.” The type
locality of astatica is indicated by Mearns* with some uncertainty
in the statement “ Jamaica, or at least the West Indies, is supposed
to be the type locality of Melopelia asiatica (Linnaeus).” The type
locality is here definitely designated as Jamaica.

The white-winged dove is about as long as the Zenaida dove but
is smaller in body. It is ight brown above and on the breast, with a
black spot below the ear and a wash of purple on the head. ‘The rest
of the underparts are light gray, the wing black with a prominent
band of white, and the rounded tail black tipped with white.

CHAEMEPELIA PASSERINA INSULARIS (Ridgway)
CUBAN GROUND-DOVE, ROLITA, ORTOLAN

Columbigallina passerina insularig Ripeway, Proe. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 10,
1887, p. 574 (Grand Cayman).

Petite Tourterelle de St. Domingue, DAuBENTON, Planch. Enl., pl. 248.

Cocot-zin, DrscourtiLtz, Voy. Nat., vol. 2, 1809, pp. 194-196 (common).

Turtur parvus Americanus “Brisson, Ornith., vol. 1, 1760, p. 113, pl. 9, fig. 1
(“ Saint-Domingue’’).

Columba passerina, HEARNE, Proc. Zool. Soe. London, 1834, p. 110 (forwarded
from Haiti) —Ruirrer, Naturh. Reis. Westind. Insel Hayti, 1836, p. 156 (Haiti,
specimen ).—BRYANT, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 11, May, 1867, p. 96
(Dominican Republic, Haiti).

Columbigallina passerina, Cory, Cat. West Indian Birds, 1892, p. 92 (Haiti,
Dominican Republic).—CHerrig, Field Col. Mus., Ornith. ser., vol. 1, 1896, p. 24
(Dominican Republic).

Chamaepelia hortulana HArtLAuB, Naumannia, 1852, p. 56. (Haiti.)

Chamaepelia passerina, SALLE, Proce. Zool. Soc. London, 1857, p. 236 (Domini-
can Republic).—Cory, Bull. Nuttall Ornith. Club, 1881, p. 154 (Haiti); Birds
Haiti and San Domingo, Dec., 1884, pp. 127-128 (abundant).—TrisrrAm, Ibis,
1884, p. 168 (Dominican Republic, specimen) —TieppenHAUER, Die Insel Haiti,
1892, pp. 320, 322 (listed).—Curistry, Ibis, 1897, p. 8835 (La Vega).

7 Ornith., vol. 1, p. 105.

7 Auk, 1911, p. 489.

® Turtur parvus fuscus Americanus Brisson, Ornith., vol. 1, 1760, p. 116, pl. 8, fig. 2,
of which the author says “‘on la trouve 4 saint Dominque, d’ov elle a été envoyée a M.
de Reaumur par M. Chervain” is Chaemepclia minuta of South America, wrongly
ascribed to Hispaniola.

200 BULLETIN 155, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

Chaemepelia passerina aflavida, Topp, Ann. Carnegie Mus., vol. 8, 1912,
pp. 5638-564 (Haiti, Dominican Republic) —Ripeway, U. 8. Nat. Mus. Bull.
50, pt. 7, 1916, p. 415 (Jacmel, Pétionville, Port-au-Prince, Catarrey, Honduras,
Sanchez, San Cristobal, La Vega, San José de Ocoa, Fuerte Resoli, Santo
Domingo City, Puerto Plata).—Brrsr, Zool. Soc. Bull., vol. 30, 1927, p. 139;
Beneath Tropic Seas, 1928, p. 220 (Haiti).—DanrortH, Auk, 1929, p. 336 (com-
mon).—LOnneBerG, Fauna och Flora, 1929, p. 101 (Haiti) Moroni, Att. Soc.
Ital. Scienz. Nat., vol. 68, 1929, p. 8315 (San Juan, specimens).

Chaemepelia passerinad insularis, Perers, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zo6l., p. 407
(Monte Cristi, SosGa).

Chamaepelia passerina insularis, Bonp, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia,
vol. 80, 1928, p. 499 (Port-de-Paix, specimen).

Resident, except in the higher mountains and in dense forests.

The ground-dove is too widely distributed to make necessary
detailed discussion of its distribution. It has been recorded at the
following points:

Dominican Republic: Comendador to Azua, Santo Domingo City
to San Francisco de Macoris, Moca (Wetmore) ; La Vega (Christy,
Verrill, specimen from latter in collection of J. H. Fleming) Jara-
bacoa (Abbott) ; Monte Cristi, Sostia (Peters) ; San Juan (Ciferri) ;
Saona Island (Abbott).

Haiti: Jérémie (Abbott, specimens; Bartsch) ; Trou des Roseaux,
Petit Goave, Miragoane (Bartsch) ; Aquin, Fonds-des-Négres, Etang
Miragoane, L’Acul, Carrefour, Damien, La Tremblay (Wetmore) ;
Port-au-Prince (Younglove, specimens, Bartsch, Wetmore); Trou
Caiman, Gloré (Bartsch) ; Massif de la Selle, Chapelle Faure, Furcy,
Morne a4 Cabrits to St. Michel by way of Hinche, Caracol (Wet-
more) ; Riviére Bar, Moustique; Etroites and Anse & Galets, Gonave
Island; Tortue Island (Abbott) ; L’Atalaye, St. Michel, St. Raphael
Pont Sondé, Fort Liberté, Cerca-la-Source (Poole and Perrygo).

The bird has long been known from Haiti since Hearne in 1834
sent specimens alive to the Zoological Society of London. Wetmore
found a few in the cultivated fields of the Jardin Bois Pin on
La Selle but did not meet with it in the open pine forests on the
summit of the ridge. It is not known at present from the high valley
of Constanza. Abbott found it abundant on Gonave, Tortue, and
Saona Islands. It seems to be rare on the Saman4 Peninsula as there
are no records for it there at present.

The ground-dove is found in open fields or pastures and does noi
range in dense woodland though it may occur in very small clear-
ings. Many are noted at the roadside in traveling through the
country. The ground-dove is found in pairs or little bands, con-
gregating where its food of seeds may be obtained. It walks about.
nervously moving the head, to remain still at hint of danger and
then to rise suddenly with a bright flash of reddish brown from the
ander surface of the wings. The call of the male, uttered constantly

THE BIRDS OF HAITI AND THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 201

during the breeding season, may be written coo-00-0h, coo-00-oh
uttered almost as one syllable, with a rising inflection. Given con-
stantly through the heat of the day it may become highly monotonous
to the human ear. The birds though small are hunted to some extent
as game.

Cory reports ground doves nesting in May, while near La Vega
Christy found eggs and young toward the end of June. The eggs
are white with a distinct gloss, and number two to a set. Abbott
collected a set of two near Sosta, July 22, 1919 from a nest of
grasses placed on the ground beneath a tussock of grass. These
measure 21.3 by 16.2 and 21.3 by 16.8 mm. He forwarded one egg
from Tortue Island, Haiti, taken on May 14, 1917, which measures
22.5 by 17.0 mm. Christy also describes nests found on the ground,
a habit that will be inimical to the species as the mongoose increases,
but that may perhaps be overcome as in Porto Rico where a closely
related subspecies of ground dove now nests in trees.

Danforth and Emlen report the flight of one of these doves, timed
by the speedometer of their automobile, at thirty-four miles an hour.

Following are measurements for comparative examination:

Twenty-three males from Hispaniola (including Tortue, Gonave
and Saona Islands), wing 80.0-87.0 (83.6), tail 51.8-61.1 (54.6), cul-
men 9.7-11.8 (10.9), tarsus 14.9-17.2 (16.0) mm.

Six females from Hispaniola (including Tortue and Gonave Is-
lands), wing 81.5-83.5 (82.3), tail 51.2-56.4 (54.3), culmen 10.3-11.6
(11.0), tarsus 14.4-16.9 (15.7) mm.

Hartlaub ™* gives “ Chamaepelia hortulana, Herz. vy. Wiirttemb.
Von den Creolen Haitis Ortolan genannt; grésser als passerina,; eine
allerliebste kleine Taube, welche eine sehr gute speise abgibt und von
allen mir bekannten arten abweicht.” Though probably referring
to the ground-dove because of the generic name used this is not
certain since the only descriptive phrase that saves this from being
a nomen nudum “ grosser als passerina” does not hold true. Hart-
laub’s species, therefore, is considered not certainly identifiable so
that the name is not accepted. Todd“ writes that Hellmayr has
not been able to locate Hartlaub’s type. The name énsularis based
on a bird from Grand Cayman is used for this race.

The ground dove of Hispaniola is similar to that of Cuba and the
Cayman Islands. Though there is variation in depth of color this
is individual and not correlated with geographic range. J. L. Peters
has kindly compared the series in the Museum of Comparative
Zoology for us and informs us that birds from Cuba and Hispaniola
in that collection are identical as they are in ours. A small series

74 Naumannia, 1852, pt. 2, p. 56.
7% Ann. Carnegie Mus., vol. 8, 1912, p. 564.

202 BULLETIN 155, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

from Gonave Island are very faintly paler than birds from Haiti
proper but not sufficiently to merit more than casual notice. Several
from Tortue Island are duller, less pinkish below and decidedly
darker above, a difference that seems to be due to wear and stain
on the feathers. One from Saona Island is the same as that of
Hispaniola.

The ground-dove is distinguished from all others of its family by
tiny size as it is only a little larger than a sparrow. The male is
pinkish brown on breast and forehead and gray above, with the
breast flecked with black and the wings spotted with metallic blue.
The female does not have the reddish color on the breast and the
wing spottings are paler. Both sexes have the under surface of the
wings deep cinnamon brown.

CHAEMEPELIA PASSERINA NAVASSAE Wetmore
NAVASSA GROUND-DOVE

Chaemepelia passerina navassae WeErMorE, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol.
43, September 26, 1930, p. 149 (Navassa Island).

Chamaepelia passerina, EKMAN, Ark. fér Bot., vol. 22 A, no. 16, 1929, p. 7
(Navassa).

Chaemepelia passerina aflavida, LONNBERG, Fauna och Flora, 1929, p. 101
(Navassa, specimen).

Navassa Island; resident.

The first specimens of this dove recorded are three pairs taken by
R. H. Beck, July 16 and 17, 1917, for the American Museum of Nat-
_ ural History. Through the kindness of Dr. F. M. Chapman these
were examined during work on the Haitian collections in the Ameri-
can Museum when it was observed that they seemed slightly paler
than typical insularis. As these birds were all in much worn plumage,
it was decided after somewhat lengthy comparisons that this differ-
ence might be due to fading, so that it was considered that they were
not sufficient basis to warrant naming the Navassa bird as a distinct
race. On May 10, 1930, Lee Parish visited Navassa in his yacht
Esperanza on behalf of the Smithsonian Institution when two males
and three females of the ground-dove were obtained by S. W. Parish
and W. M. Perrygo. These birds which came to hand as this report
was in press are in fresh, unworn plumage, and have been sufficient to
indicate that the bird of Navassa differs from that of Haiti in paler
coloration and in slightly smaller size. It is interesting to note that
its variation is in the direction of C. p. exiqgua of Mona Island.

This dove was also collected on Navassa by E. L. Ekman.

Following are measurements from all of the birds seen:

Males, five specimens, wing 79.6-82.0 (80.9), tail 51.6-57.5 (54.8),
culmen with cere 9.8-10.8 (10.2), tarsus 14.8-16.0 (15.2) mm.

THE BIRDS OF HAITI AND THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 203

Females, five specimens, wing 76.2-83.0 (80.0), tail 52.4-57.5 (53.6),
culmen with cere 11.1-11.7 (11.4), tarsus 18.8-15.8 (14.7) mm.
Type, male, wing 81.0, tail 55.0, culmen with cere 10.8, tarsus

14.8 mm.
OREOPELEIA MONTANA (Linnaeus)

RUDDY QUAIL-DOVE, PERDIZ, PERDRIX, PERDRIX ROUGE

Columba montana LINNAEUS, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 163 (Jamaica).

Perdrix rouge, CHARLEVorx, Hist. Isle Espagnole, vol. 1, 1733, p. 40 (men-
tioned ).—DerEscourtTitz, Voy. Nat., vol. 2, 1809, pp. 196-199 (found in hills).

?Columba montana, BRYANT, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 11, May, 1867,
p. 96 (Dominican Republic).

Geotrygon montana, Sauté, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1857, p. 235 (Dominican
Republic).—Cory, Birds Haiti and San Domingo, Dec., 1884, pp. 132-133 (Puerto
Plata, Samand, specimens); Cat. West Indian Birds, 1892, p. 97 (Haiti,
Dominican Republic).—T1IrpENHAUER, Die Insel Haiti, 1892, pp. 320, 322
(listed ).—CHErRIm, Field Columbian Mus., Ornith. ser., vol. 1, 1896, p. 24
(Dominican Republic).—VeErRRILtL, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1909,
p. 357 (Dominican Republic).—KArmprer, Journ. fiir Ornith., 1924, p. 184
(Cotui).

Oreopeleia montana, PeTERS, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zo@l., vol. 61, 1917, p. 406 (Los
Toritos).—Bonp, Proce. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 80, 1928, pp. 520-521
(listed) .—DanrortH, Auk, 1929, p. 366 (San Juan, Bonao, Gonave).

Resident; fairly common in forested areas in regions of consid-
erable rainfall.

The ruddy quail-dove frequents forests where the ground be-
neath the trees is sufficiently open to permit it to walk about, con-
ditions that are found in swampy woodlands along the lowland
streams or in the growths that cover the hills. Verrill reports it
from dense growths of sawgrass, which seems unusual, while Abbott
found that groves of cacao, with their heavy shade and open lanes
along the ground, were frequented instead of the forest growth
which they replaced. The quail-dove is retiring so that it usually
walks quickly aside to avoid a human intruder or flushes quickly
with a flutter of wings to dart immediately behind some cover and
then fly away unseen behind this protective screen. The difficulty
of hunting it is easily evident. Its presence is often unsuspected
except by those who recognize the moaning calls of the males that
come regularly during the breeding season from the forest depths,
or who have eyes quick enough to detect the movement of birds
walking on the ground among the dense shadows amid which they
live.

Sallé knew these quail-doves well and gives a graphic word picture
of the sombre shade of their forest haunts. Cory reports them as
abundant and found them in flocks, a report pertaining apparently
to Puerto Plata where he secured six specimens December 16 and
18, 1882. He lists one other specimen in his collection from Samana

904 BULLETIN 155, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

April 2, 1883. He had specimens also from Almercen (Villa Rivas).
One of his skins, a female, from Puerto Plata, December 14, 1882,
is now in the United States National Museum. Cherrie recorded
the ruddy quail-dove in the hills of the southern part of the Domin-
ican Republic in small numbers but saw few near the coast. He
obtained specimens at Catarrey. Verrill says that near El Valle
large numbers were trapped by the natives and sold in the markets
at three cents a pair. Ridgway examined specimens from Sanchez
and La Vega in addition to those indicated above. Beck secured
specimens at Santo Domingo City October 9, 10, 19, and 20, 1916,
and at Tubano February 13, 1917.

At Laguna, on the Samana peninsula, Abbott found the ruddy
quail-dove in numbers so that he collected twelve specimens of both
sexes August 10, 13, and 14, 1916, and March 4, 6, 7, 8, and 10, 1919.
He took two at Sanchez February 17 and 20, 1919. A female shot
February 20, near Sanchez, contained a nearly mature egg, and he
indicates February to May as the regular breeding season. At
Laguna he observed a number of nests composed of a few sticks or
dead leaves placed loosely from six to eight feet from the ground
on clumps of Zillandsia, an epiphyte abundant in the dripping
woodland. <A set of two eggs taken at this point about March 15,
1919, are colored light buff, are rather rounded, and measure 26.4 by
21.1 and 26.1 by 21.7 mm. A second set of two and a single egg
secured in April, 1919 were forwarded from the same locality, the
single being slightly paler than the average of the others. One egg
in the set is broken, the other measuring 28.1 by 21.2 mm. The
single egg mentioned is greatly elongated and is more pointed, its
measurements being 31.2 by 19.6 mm. It appears abnormal in
form. ‘Two young birds not quite grown were taken March 6 and
Mer tO10:

Kaempfer found the ruddy quail-dove very common at Cotui,
where nests seen at the end of February contained either young or
hard-set eggs. The nests observed were placed only a meter above
the ground. He wrote that the birds were hunted at night with
torches when they could be captured by hand.

Wetmore heard the resonant cooing of this dove in the heavy
forests above Sanchez May 7, 1927, and on May 13 these birds were
fairly common in the dripping woodland bordering the irregular
trail that leads over the hills to Las Terrenas on the north coast.
May 10 he flushed several in swampy forest opposite the Arroyo
Guayabo near the mouth of the Yuna, and heard their moaning
calls frequently. One was heard near Constanza May 24. Peters
collected a male at Los Toritos in the spring of 1916 and reports
that children trapped these birds in little traps made of sticks.

THE BIRDS OF HAITI AND THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 205

Danforth collected one near San Juan July 11, and two near Bonao
August 7, 1927. On the latter date he found a nest placed on a matted
bush about a foot from the ground; it contained two eggs.

The ruddy quail-dove seems far less abundant in Haiti than in
the Dominican Republic, probably because of the restricted areas
in the former republic where suitable rain forest is found. Des-
courtilz describes the hunting of this species and says that it is known
locally as heleux. Tippenhauer includes it in his list without com-
ment. F. P, Mathews collected a male at Anse 4 Galets, Gonave
Island July 17, 1927.

Abbott reports the iris in males as brownish yellow, orange brown,
or brownish yellow.

The adult male is chestnut or rufous-chestnut above, glossed on
the hindneck and back with reddish purple, pinkish cinnamon on
throat and malar region, vinaceous fawn on the breast, and buffy
cinnamon on the rest of the underparts. The female is much darker,
being olive-brown above except for the rufescent forehead, the
plumage glossed faintly with bronze, and cinnamon below, with a
band of darker brown across the breast. The birds are about as
large in body as the Zenaida dove and have the tail nearly square.

OREOPELEIA CHRYSIA (Bonaparte)
KEY WEST QUAIL-DOVE, PERDIZ, PERDRIX, PERDRIX GRISE

Geotrygon chrysia BoNAPARTE, Compt. Rend., vol. 40, 1855, p. 100 (Florida).

Perdriz grise, DEScoURTILZ, Voy. Nat., vol. 2, 1809, p. 196 (recorded).

Columba mystacea, HEARNE, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1834, p. 110 (sent alive
from Haiti).

Columba martinica, Ritrmr, Naturh. Reis. Westind. Insel Hayti, 1836, p. 156
(Haiti, specimen).—Bryant, Proc. Boston Soe. Nat. Hist., vol. 11, May, 1867,
p. 96 (Port-au-Prince, specimens).

Leptoptila, Satié, Proc. Zool. Soe. London, 1857, p. 235 (Dominican Re-
public).

Geotrygon martinica, Cory, Birds Haiti and San Domingo, Dec., 1884, pp.
133-134 (Puerto Plata) ; Cat. West Indian Birds, 1892, p. 97 (Haiti, Dominican
Republic).—T1ePpENHAUER, Die Insel Haiti, 1892, pp. 320, 322 (listed) —CHEnR-
RIE, Field Columbian Mus., Ornith. ser., vol. 1, 1896, p. 24 (Aguacate).—
VERRILL, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1909, p. 351 (Cayo Levantado,
specimen).

Oreopeleia chrysia, Perers, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zo6l., vol. 61, 1917, pp. 406407
(Arroyo Salado, Puerto Plata, specimens).—Ripe@way, U. S. Nat. Mus., Bull.
50, vol. 7, 1916, p. 471 (Puerto Plata, Aguacate, Cuya, Cayo Levantado).—
Bonp, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 80, 1928, p. 499 (Haiti, Gonave,
Tortue).—DanrFrortH, Auk, 1929, p. 366 (San Juan, Bonao, Fonds-des-Négres) .—
LGONNBERG, Fauna och Flora, 1929, p. 101 (Haiti, specimen).

Resident; found locally in small numbers.
The present species like the preceding is an inhabitant of forests
where it walks about on the ground, and is seen with difficulty ex-
2134—31—_14

206 BULLETIN 155, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

cept when it is in flight. It is not restricted to areas of consider-
able rainfall, however, and can accommodate its environmental needs
to limited tracts of semi-arid scrub so that though perhaps seeming
less abundant in numbers than the ruddy quail-dove it has a much
wider range. Hartert informs us that Kaempfer collected a num-
ber for the Tring Museum at altitudes ranging from 30 to 500 meters
near Tiibano in the province of Azua, between August 9 and 17,
1923. These include two juveniles taken August 12 and 13, which
offer some clue to the breeding season in that locality. Cherrie saw
only one, which had been killed by a native at Aguacate. Verrill
secured one on Cayo Levantado, opposite Samana, which Hartert
tells us is now in the Tring Museum, and was taken February 15,
1907. Peters secured one in rather open woodland at Arroyo Salado,
March 7, 1916, and says that there is one in the Museum of Compara-
tive Zoélogy shot at Puerto Plata by M. Abbott Frazar, January
16, 1883. Cory lists one taken at Puerto Plata, December 18, 1882.
W. L. Abbott has reported it from the Dominican Republic in his
manuscript notes but does not cite definite localities. Beck col-
lected a series of twenty-seven skins near Tibano from February
3 to 15,1917. Danforth shot one near San Juan July 10, and saw
one near Bonao August 7, 1927.

There are numerous records for Haiti. Descourtilz mentions it in
1809, and it is included among other species sent by John Hearne in
1834 to the Zoological Society of London. Ritter records taking
one, and two secured by A. E. Younglove in 1866 were sent to the
Smithsonian, a male from “Le Coup” (Pétionville) February 19,
and a female from near Port-au-Prince, May 9, these being the two
listed by Bryant from Port-au-Prince. The first of these Younglove
specimens is still in the United States National Museum. W. L.
Abbott secured three at an elevation of 300 meters near Bombard-
opolis on March 24, 26, 1917. He saw a quail-dove on Tortue Island
which he believed to be this species, in which in all probability he
was correct, since the forest there seems too dry to favor the occur-
rence of O. montana. Wetmore collected an adult female in the
Ravine Papaye, near Hinche April 22, 1927, and on the following
day heard two calling in the dense, hot scrub in that vicinity, the
note being a low, resonant coo, suggestive of that of the ruddy quail-
dove but with a different pitch and far less carrying power so that
it was audible only to a distance of less than one hundred yards.
The bird taken flushed with a loud rustling of wings at the edge of
a dry water course and flew rapidly. When first taken the iris was
dull red, with the inner margin honey yellow; margins of lids and
bare skin about eye dull red; distal half of bill dusky; basal half,

THE BIRDS OF HAITI AND THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 207

including cere, deep dull red; tarsus and toes dull red with a grayish
cast; claws dusky. Danforth saw one at Fonds-des-Négres July 23,
1927. Bond in 1928 reports them as common in the arid regions of
Haiti and as particularly numerous on the islands of Gonave and
Tortue. He reports one flushed from an empty nest on Gonave
June 25, and found them breeding on Tortue in March. Natives
trapped them on Gonave Island in numbers, using corn or water as
bait. Bond reports the call as a booming note that is ventriloquial
in effect and so difficult to locate. Poole and Perrygo collected one
at L’Atalaye January 5, four at Cerca-la-Source March 22 and 26,
and one at Anse 4 Galets March 13, 1929.

This quail-dove is reddish brown on back and wings, with the
crown and hindneck metallic green or blue according to the angle
of light, and the forehead brown. Below it is white on the throat,
with a malar stripe of brown, vinaceous drab on the breast, and
white on the abdomen. The wing-coverts are reddish brown brighter
in the male and duller in the female.

OREOPELEIA LEUCOMETOPIUS Chapman
HISPANIOLAN QUAIL-DOVE, PERDIZ, PERDIZ CENIZA, PERDRIX GRIS

Oreopeleia leucometopius CHAPMAN, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. 37,
May 14, 1917, p. 327 (Loma Tina, Province of Azua, Dominican Republic).—
Bonp, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 80, 1928, p. 521 (La Selle).

Oreopeleia leucometopium, EKMAN, Est. Agr. Moca, Ser. B. Bot., No. 15,
December, 1929, p. 5 (Loma de Jayaco).

? Violet-winged pigeon, Sarnt-Méry, Descrip. Span. Part Saint-Domingo,
vol. 1, 1798, p. 305 (abundant).

Blue ground pigeon, Beck, Nat. Hist., vol. 21, 1921, pp. 39, 41 (habits, col-
lecting).

Resident in rain-forest of mountains of Dominican Republic.

The present species was discovered in 1917 by R. H. Beck who
found it on the slopes of Loma Tina, near Tubano, and near Las
Cafiitas, the latter locality being on the Rio del Medio, a tributary
of Rio Yaque del Sur. Beck describes it as living on the ground
in dense forest and in habits more like a quail or partridge than
an ordinary pigeon. He secured an excellent series on Loma Tina
January 12, 15, 17, 22, and 27, and February 2, at Tiubano February
10, 12, 18, 14, and 15, and at La Cafiita nearby March 9, 1917. The
type specimen, Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. No. 163,788, a male, taken on
Loma Tina January 27, 1917 (original no. 7089), has the following
measurements: wing 151.7, tail 76.6, culmen with cere 18.5 and tarsus
35.6 mm. Whether this is the “ violet-winged pigeon” mentioned
long ago by Moreau Saint-Méry is not certain, but this is not impos-
sible. It is true that the wings of this quail-dove are not violet, but

208 BULLETIN 155, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

the adjacent back feathers are that color which is found in no other
dove of the island.

Abbott shot a pair of these quail-doves at an elevation of 900
meters near Hondo, west of Constanza on May 3, and 5, 1919, a
locality not far from Las Cafitas where Beck secured specimens.
Abbott records them as not common and writes that he killed a
young individual near Constanza but that it was too badly shot to
skin. On March 13, 1922, he collected a female at an elevation of
1,200 meters on Loma del Cielo in the Sierra de Bahoruco about two
miles east of Polo, Province of Barahona. He was told also by an
officer of the Guardia of a curious pigeon near Cabo Isabella on the
north coast but was not certain that it was the present species.

On May 17, 1927, as Wetmore ascended the trail to El Rio, at the
summit of the steep mountain slope above the crossing of the Rio
Jimenoa below Jarabacoa one of these beautiful doves flew across the
path directly in front of his mule. Another was seen at dusk
directly above the settlement of El Rio. The flight was swift and
direct, and on the wing the neck appeared very short. On the
morning of May 25, above Constanza, in heavy rain-forest where
slender palms thrust their heads toward the light amid denser
growth he heard a strange call, certainly a pigeon but one not
familiar, that began as a low hoot hoot hoot repeated with great
rapidity and audible for only a few yards and changed suddenly to
a hollow, resonant coo that came to the ear in slow, throbbing beats
often for the space of a minute, a sound that carried for a long
distance through the dripping verdure. Creeping slowly through
little openings between the trees, hampered always by the entangling
strands of the climbing bamboo he finally looked down a steep slope
into a space where for a few yards the ground was free of under-
growth beneath a little group of palms to obtain a brief glimpse of
one of these quail-doves as it walked quickly aside into cover. A
quick shot through the dense growth had no other effect than to
place a load of shot pellets in the trunks of intervening trees, and
half an hour later from the trail above he heard the strange,
cadenced beat of the call from the same spot as before. On the
following day very early in the morning the bird was again calling
but took alarm before it was seen and a wait in a blind for an hour
and a half gave no result. On May 27, another prolonged wait was
fruitless, but on returning toward the trail a quail-dove that possibly
had been watching the hunter flushed with a great rustling of wings,
to alight twenty-five feet from the ground in a tree, where an instant
iater it was secured. It was truly a wonderful bird that well repaid
the long tramps afoot over execrable trails in the faint light of

THE BIRDS OF HAITI AND THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 209

dawn, and the waits in the wet jungle growth. Another was heard
calling this day and it was found that they were well known to the
natives though reputed difficult to secure. The species was reported
at El Rio May 30.

The individual taken May 27, which after some deliberation was
preserved in alcohol for subsequent dissection, had the tip of the bill
pale brown; top of cere dusky; sides of cere and base of bill dull red;
iris orange red; tarsus and toes light pinkish brown; claws dusky.
Abbott noted the iris in a female from Hondo as blood red. E. L.
Ekman under date of September 21, 1929 writes that he had col-
lected this species recently on the summit of Loma Jayaco in the
Cordillera de Neiba. He observed it in the Cordillera Central from
1000 to 1500 meters altitude. At La Vega Wetmore heard further
talk of this quail-dove under the name paloma del suelo, a bird that
local hunters supposed was a hybrid between the ordinary quail-
dove or perdiz and a pigeon or paloma. Apparently the species now
has a considerable distribution in the high mountains but will soon
be restricted in range as the rain-forests that provide its home are
cleared to provide lands for cultivation.

In Haiti this quail-dove is as yet not certainly reported though
from Abbott’s record in the Sierra de Bahoruco it may range in those
mountains across the frontier. Bond writes that “the natives on the
top of Morne La Selle told me that they occasionally encountered a
gray quail-dove. It was said to be rare and to occur in the scrub on
the ridge of the mountain.”

Oreopeleia leucometopius is unquestionably of the same stock as
O. caniceps of Cuba, differing in white instead of gray forehead,
darker gray on head, more bluish back, greater extent of metallic
purple on sides of breast, deeper russet of ventral region, restricted
rufous on outer webs of primaries, and slightly shorter wing tip so
that the emarginations of the outer primaries are slightly nearer the
tip of the wing. Though the two birds are patently similar we agree
with Doctor Chapman that the form of Hispaniola is specifically
distinct. It will be recalled that Wetmore has described a quail-
dove of this same type, in structural form at least, as Oreopeleia
larva from bones found in cavern deposits of Porto Rico.

This quail-dove has the forehead pure white, head slate gray, back
and sides of breast rich purple, becoming indigo on the rump, center
of upper breast greenish, lower breast dull gray and abdomen and
under tail coverts rufous. The female is somewhat duller than the
male. In body the bird is as large as a Zenaida dove. The species
is to be mistaken for no other found in Hispaniola.

210 BULLETIN 155, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

Order PSITTACIFORMES
Family PSITTACIDAE

Subfamily PIONINAE

AMAZONA VENTRALIS (Miiller)”*
HISPANIOLAN PARROT, COTORRA, PERRUCHE, JACQUOT

Psittacus ventralis MULLER, Natursyst., Suppl., 1776, p. 79 (‘“‘ Martinique ”’=
Hispaniola).

Papagayo, Oviepo, Hist. Gen. Nat. Indias, Libr. 14, Cap. 4; Reprint, Madrid,
1851, p. 448 (common).

Amazone 4 téte blanche, Burron, Hist. Nat. Ois., vol. 6, 1779, p. 213 (“ Saint-
Domingue ”’).—DrscourRTILz, Voy. Nat., vol. 2, 1809, pp. 201-202 (Haiti).

Amazone 4 téte jaune, Descourtizz, Voy. Nat., vol. 2, 1809, pp. 201-202
(Dominican Republic, error for A. ventralis).

Perruche, Sarnt-Méry, Descrip. Part. Franc. fle Saint-Domingue, vol. 1,
1797, p. 262 (Dondon).

Parrot, JeFFERYS, Nat. Civ. Hist. French Dom. North and South America, pt.
2, 1760, pp. 12, 170 (method of capture).—Sarnt-Méry, Descrip. Span. Part
Saint-Domingo, vol. 1, 1798, p. 306 (numerous).—WIMPFFEN, Voy. Saint Do-
mingo, 1817, p. i88 (recorded).—BrcKk, Nat. Hist., vol. 21, 1921, p. 41 (near
Loma Tina).

Psittacus dominicensis, HARTLAUB, Isis, 1847, p. 609 (Hispaniola).—RITTER,
Naturh. Reis. Westind. Insel Hayti, 1836, p. 155 (listed).

?Psittacus ochrocephalus, Rirrmr, Naturh. Reis. Westind. Insel Hayti, 18386,
p. 155 (listed).

Chrysotis sallaei ScuaterR, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1857, p. 224 (described
as new from Dominican Republic).—Satut, Proe. Zool. Soc. London, 1857, p.
234 (habits).—Cory, Bull. Nuttall Ornith. Club, 1881, p. 154 (Jérémie, speci-
men); Birds Haiti and San Domingo, Dec., 1884, pp. 115-116, col. sketch of
head (Samand, Magua, Jérémie, specimens).—TIPrENHAUER, Die Insel Haiti,
1892, pp. 318, 322 (listed).—Curisty, Ibis, 1897, p. 334 (Sanchez, common).

Psittacus Sallaei, Bryant, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 11, May, 1867,
p. 96 (Dominican Republic, Haiti).

Amazona sallaei, Cony, Cat. West Indian Birds, 1892, p.101 (Haiti, Dominican
Republic).—CHErRRIE, Field Columbian Mus., Ornith. ser., vol. 1, 1896, p. 22
(abundant).—CuarK, Auk, 1905, pp. 331, 344 (listed).—Verrritnt, Proc. Acad.
Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1909, p. 8359 (common).

Chrysotis ventralis, HARTERT, Nov. Zool., vol. 9, 1902, p. 293 (Sanchez).

Amazona ventralis, PETERS, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zodél., vol. 61, 1917, pp. 408-409
(Arroyo Savana, specimens).—KAEMprrerR, Journ. fiir Ornith., 1924, p. 183
(Sanchez) .—BeEsgsez, Zool. Soc. Bull., vol. 80, 1927, pp. 140, 141; Beneath Tropic
Seas, 1928, p. 221 (recorded).—Bonp, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol.
80, 1928, p. 499 (La Selle, Chaine des Mateux, Montaignes Noires, Massif du
Nord, Gonave).—DAnrForTH, Auk, 1929, p. 366 (generally distributed ).—LOnn-
BERG, Fauna och Flora, 1929, p. 102 (Haiti) —Motroni, Att. Soc. Ital. Scienz.
Nat., vol. 68, 1929, p. 315 (Bonao, specimens).

7% The Papegai 1 bandeau rouge, of Buffon, Hist. Nat. Ois., vol. 6, 1779, pp. 241-242
(“ Saint-Domingue ”’), and the Perroquet, de St. Domingue, of Daubenton, Planch. Enl.,
no. 792, refer to Amazona vittata of Porto Rico.

THE BIRDS OF HAITI AND THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 2]]

Resident; common in many localities particularly in the interior.

The parrot is a common captive in Hispaniolan households where
it often lives in a state of semi-freedom in houses, patios, and shade
trees. It is docile when captured young, learns to speak words of
human speech readily, and is exported in small number to nearby
islands or to the United States. Though locally common in the
settled lowlands it is reduced from its early abundance and is en-
countered in numbers at present only in the forests of the interior
mountains. Where it is found it is a conspicuous member of the
avifauna as though it feeds concealed among the leaves of trees it
makes daily flights in screeching flocks above the forests.

The species has long been considered a game bird. Jefferys in 1760
related that the Indians were said to send a boy into a tree with a
captive parrot on his head which he caused to scream. Wild birds
attracted by this gathered about squalling excitedly and were noosed
skilfully one by one and killed. Moreau de Saint-Méry says that
parrots were numerous in his day and excellent for the table, but
Baron Wimpffen in 1817 found them shy so that it was “almost
impossible to get a shot.” Sallé says they were good to eat and
natives still consider them game.

Cherrie relates that he saw several flocks of parrots containing as
many as five hundred birds, and that the birds were watchful so that
they were approached with difficulty. Beck, near the base of Loma
Tina, observed that they ate the seeds of ripe sour oranges. Wetmore
found a flock near San Juan, May 1, 1927, but there are compara-
tively few modern records in the southern section of the Dominican
Republic. MHartert observed this bird at Sanchez in 1892, and
Christy records it in that section as found at every turn. He
observed it nesting in holes in the palm trees. Abbott records a
nest at Laguna on the Samana Peninsula, that on March 5, 1919,
contained two young covered with pin feathers. The nest was in a
hollow about nine inches in diameter in a half dead vervain tree
that stood in a clearing a hundred yards from a house and the same
distance from woodland. The trunk of this tree was hollow for
most of its length with the lower part filled with wet debris. The
entrance hole was twenty-seven feet above the ground. On May
28, 1919 his boy, John King, secured an addled egg from a hollow
in a palm twenty feet from the ground. This egg is white, stained
to a dull color by age. It measures approximately 35.7 mm. long
(one end being damaged) by 27.6 mm. wide. Kaempfer recorded
parrots as breeding in the lowlands in April. He says that they
are destructive to maize and the cultivated legume called gonduro,
a complaint made almost universally of Amazon parrots throughout
the range of the genus. Cory secured skins at Samana March 23,

212 BULLETIN 155, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

and June 1, 1883, and at Magua January 29 of the same year. Peters
took specimens at Arroyo Savana and found the species common
east of the Rio San Juan and inland from Cabrera. Ridgway has
listed specimens from Cafia Honda, Sabana la Mar, La Cafita, and
Almercen (Rivas) in addition to the localities that have been men-
tioned. Abbott forwarded skins from several points on the Samana
peninsula, including two from the north shore near San Juan Bay
August 17, 1916, La Galera, August 26 and Rojo Cabo, August 30.
He collected one at an altitude of 1500 metres near Constanza
September 22, 1916, and another at the same point April 29, 1919.
There are two in the Academy of Natural Sciences that he took at
Sabana la Mar June 25, 1883.

Wetmore observed parrots at Villa Altagracia May 4, 1927, when
a flock of a dozen passed. Near Sanchez they were observed in the
mouth of the Arroyo Barrancota, May 8, along the lower Yuna
May 10, and near the village May 14. In the interior they were
more abundant being observed at El Rio May 18, 29 and 30, and
near Constanza in numbers from May 18 to 29. They passed
across the sky regularly in early morning and late afternoon trav-
eling high in the air. Their flight though not of great velocity is
remarkably ducklike as it is performed with short, quick wing
strokes. When flying low over the trees they frequently sail for
short distances with set wings. Loud, screeching calls almost in-
variably announce the coming of a flock, a sound that amid the
forests clothing the great ridges or in the broad open valleys was
not so disagreeable to the ear as when the birds are confined within
a building. At times they alighted in dead trees where they crawled
and squalled in usual parrot fashion. It was always a matter of
astonishment to have a number fly into the branches of a fairly
open deciduous tree and there seem to disappear entirely so closely
did the green of the plumage blend with the leaf color amid which
they rested. When assured that there was no danger threatening
they began then to call in low tones and to crawl about through
the limbs.

A female taken May 27 at Constanza had the bill pale brownish
white, tinged with slate on the sides and with yellow at the base;
cere pale brownish white; bare skin about eye dull yellowish white;
iris bone brown; tarsus and toes dull grayish white; claws dusky.
In 1927 Danforth found parrots especially common in the wooded
hills near Bonao where he collected specimens August 7. Others
were recorded between Azua and San Juan, between Navarreté and
Monte Cristi, and near Seibo and Comendador. Ciferri sent speci-
mens to Moltoni shot near Bonao February 6, 1927.

THE BIRDS OF HAITI AND THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 213

In Haiti the parrot though fairly common seems less abundantly
distributed than in the Dominican Republic, though here again
many are seen in captivity. Saint-Méry in 1797 reported them from
Dondon. Bryant in the middle of the nineteenth century while on
Great Inagua Island in the Bahamas saw a number of these parrots
brought in captivity from Haiti. Cory in 1881 reported the species
as abundant on the coast in summer and procured one specimen at
Jérémie. During Abbott’s investigation he recorded parrots as gen-
erally distributed but not particularly common except on Grande
Cayemite Island where in January, 1918, they abounded (specimen
taken January 6). He shot one at Jérémie December 26, 1917, and
one at Furcy June 1, 1920. Two were taken at Moustique, at eleva-
tions of 600 and 900 meters on March 3 and 4, 1917. G.S. Miller, jr.,
collected three (two preserved as skeletons) near St. Michel,
March 12, 1925. Wetmore found parrots in numbers on the high
ridge of La Selle from April 9 to 15, 1927, where they were observed
feeding about the plantations of the Jardins Bois Pin or in flight
above the pine forests in morning and evening. In traveling long
distances the flocks though maintaining coherence were divided
clearly into pairs or groups of three that flew closely, the third in-
dividual probably being a young bird still accompanying its parents.
Above Hinche a few were seen near the Bassin Zime April 24, and
at Caracol on April 26 and 27, flocks were seen in morning and
evening flight. Danforth found them in 1927 between St. Mare
and Gonaives. Bond records them from La Selle, Chaine des
Mateux, Montaignes Noires, and Massif du Nord, and Poole and
Perrygo recorded them at St. Michel December 21 and 238, 1928,
and Grand Riviere January 21, 1929.

On Gonave Island Abbott observed a few parrots high up on the
hillsides from February 18 to 28, 1918, but found none there in
1920. He did not see them on Tortue Island. Bond says that par-
rots are fairly common on the higher parts of Gonave Island, and
Perrygo saw a pair at En Café March 9 and four March 10. The
birds were very wild so that none were taken.

The series in the United States National Museum has the follow-
ing measurements :

Males, 12 specimens, wing 178.5-192.0 (186.4), tail 91.4-107.3
(98.8), culmen from cere 2%4.3-28.5 (26.0), tarsus 18.7-21.9
(20.5) mm.

Females, 5 specimens, wing 171.0-185.0 (181.1), tail 93.0-103.9
(98.2), culmen from cere 24.2-26.1 (25.2), tarsus 20.2-22.8 (21.6) mm.

The parrot is clear green in general coloration with blue on the
crown and sides of the head, and on the wings, white on the fore-
head and in front of the eye, and more or less red on the abdomen.

214 BULLETIN 155, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

Subfamily ARINAE
[MACAW

Macaw, RoTHSCHILD, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, vol. 16, Nov. 1, 1905, pp. 14-15
(Hispaniola) ; Extinct Birds, 1907, p. 52 (Hispaniola).

Ara rouge, Burron, Hist. Nat. Ois., vol. 6, 1779, p. 183 (reported).

Ara tricolor, CLARK, Auk, 1905, pp. 337, 348 (listed from Haiti).

Macaws are reported in early days from Cuba and Jamaica but
the only note that refers to them in Hispaniola is that of Buffon who
in the Histoire Naturelle des Oiseaux, (vol. 6, 1779, p. 183) says
under l’Ara rouge “en général, les aras étoient autrefois trés-com-
muns a Saint-Domingue. Je vois par une lettre de M. le chevalier
Deshayes, que dequis que les établissemens francois ont été poussés
jusque sur le sommet des montagnes, ces Olseaux y sont moins
fréquens.” A. H. Clark, in Auk, 1905, p. 348, cites this but through
a lapsus calami refers it to Brisson, and considers that the Haitian
bird may have been Ava tricolor.

According to Moreau de Saint-Méry,’? Deshayes, born in 1782,
resided on an estate called Tivoly located a quarter of a mile from
the sea in the canton of Plymouth, parish of Jérémie. Though a
student of general natural history he preferred birds to all other
subjects.

Lord Rothschild writes’*: “I may also mention that a small
Macaw, also supposed to have been A. tricolor, was found on Hapyti.
This, in my opinion, must have been a third species, but we hawve
no definite description of it.” And in another place” says: “There
was a third member of the tricolor group of Macaws found on the
large island of Haiti, which Mr. Clark has also united under A. éri-
color, but I believe it must have been different, just as the Jamaica
bird.”

The record as it stands above is indefinite and uncertain and until
other evidence is offered the macaw can not be accepted in this list. ]

ARATINGA CHLOROPTERA CHLOROPTERA (Souancé)
HISPANIOLAN PAROQUET, PERICU, PERRICHE, PERRUCHE

Psittacara chloroptera Souanck, Rev. Mag. Zool., 1856, p. 59 (“ Saint-
Domingue”).

Papagayo, Oviepo, Hist. Gen. Nat. Indias, Libr. 14, Cap. 4; Reprint, Madrid,
1851, p. 443 (common).

Sincialo, Burron, Hist. Nat. Ois., vol. 6, 1779, pp. 265-268 (part; “ Saint-
Domingue’’).

™ Descrip. Part, Frane, Isle Saint-Domingue, vol. 2, 1798, pp. 814-815.
7 Bull. Brit. Ornith. Club, vol. 16, 1905, pp. 14—15.
7 Hxtinct Birds, 1907, p. 52.

THE BIRDS OF HAITI AND THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 215

Perroquet, OmxMeELIN, Hist. Avent. Flibustiers, vol. 1, 1775, pp. 355-356, (com-
mon).—SAInt-Méry, Descrip. Part. Franc. Tle Saint-Domingue, vol. 1, 1797,
pp. 262, 717 (Dondon, Port-de-Paix).

Papegai 4 bandeau rouge, DescourTizz, Voy. Nat., vol. 2, 1809, pp. 201-202
(recorded).

Paroquet, Beck, Nat. Hist., vol. 21, 1921, pp. 41, 46 (Tfabano).

?Psittacus rufirostris, Rirrmr, Naturh. Reis. Westind. Insel Hayti, 1836, p. 155
(listed).

Psittacus guyanensis, Rrrrer, Naturh. Reis. Westind. Insel Hayti, 1836, pp.
151, 155 (specimen).

Psiitacus chloropterus, BRYANT, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 11, May
1867, p. 96 (Dominican Republic).

Conurus guyanensis, Hartiave, Isis, 1847, p. 610 (Hispaniola).

Conurus euops, Tristram, Ibis, 1884, p. 168 (Dominican Republic).

Conurus chloropierus, SAtué, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1857, p. 234 (Dominican
Republic).—Cory, Birds Haiti and San Domingo, December, 1884, pp. 113-114,
col. pl. (descriptions, habits) ; Cat. West Indian Birds, 1892, p. 101 (Dominican
Republic) ; Auk, 1895, p. 279 (listed).—Tristram, Cat. Coll. Birds belonging
H. B. Tristram, 1889, p. 272 (Dominican Republic, specimen) .—TIPPpENHAUER,
Die Insel Haiti, 1892, pp. 318, 322 (listed).—Cuxrrrin, Field Columbian Mus.,
Ornith. ser., vol. 1, 1896, p. 121 (not common, specimens) —Curisry, Ibis, 1897,
p. 334 (Yuna).—VERRILL, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1909, p. 359 (HI
Valle, Matanzas).

Aratinga chloroptera, LONNBERG, Fauna och Flora, 1929, p. 102 (Haiti).

Aratinga chloroptera chloroptera, Brxsr, Zool. Soc. Bull., vol. 30, 1927, p. 140;
Beneath Tropic Seas, 1928, p. 221 (recorded).—Bonp, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Philadelphia, vol. 80, 1928, p. 499 (Port-au-Prince, La Selle, Ennery, Massif
du Nord, St. Michel).—DaNnrortH, Auk, 1929, pp. 366-867 (abundant) .—
Mo ton, Att. Soc. Ital. Scienz. Nat., vol. 68, 1929, p. 315 (San Juan, specimens).

Resident; common in the high mountains of the interior, locally
distributed elsewhere.

In the early history of Hispaniola paroquets were found in num-
bers. Oviedo speaks of them as common and says that the Indians
called them wazabes. Oexmelin reported them in flocks and writes
that they nested in old woodpecker holes or other cavities in trees,
laying three or five eggs, or rarely seven. He supposed that they
deposited eggs always in odd numbers. In the nineteenth century
paroquets seem to have become rare in the coastal region and lower
hills, as Sallé secured only one specimen and saw few others. Cherrie
reported few and secured only four. Natives reported the species
to him as abundant at certain seasons which probably indicates that
flocks descended at times from the interior mountains. Christy in
1895 observed several small flocks in the Yuna swamps. Verrill
considered them rare and found them only at El Valle and Matanzas.
Cory secured a number at Samana March 12, April 3, 7, 9 and 18,
and September 3, 1883, three of these skins being now in the United
States National Museum. Beck collected a series on Loma Tina
and at Tibano, in December, 1916 and January 1, 1917. Abbott

216 BULLETIN 155, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

found paroquets in small flocks in the high interior near Constanza,
securing two specimens there on April 26, and four on May 11, 1919,
and one near Kl Rio on May 19 of the same year. On March 1,
1922, he shot one at an elevation of 600 meters in the Sierra de Baho-
ruco near Polo. Near Sanchez in 1883 he found the paroquet com-
mon. He was told that fifty years previous paroquets had come in
great flocks so that it was necessary to guard the fields of maize
against their depredations. Hundreds were shot in driving them
out. In 1919 he saw none at all on the Samana peninsula, and in
that vicinity heard of them only at Matanzas and near Cabo Francés
Viejo. With prohibition against firearms the birds seem to be again
on the increase since Wetmore found several flocks May 10, 1927,
along the lower Yuna. He recorded several bands near Comendador
April 30, and found them near Constanza May 18 and 21, collecting
two on the date last mentioned. These two were shot on the wing
at one discharge from a passing flock, divided as usual into couples
that flew near together, and proved to be male and female, indica-
tion that these segregations within the flock are pairs as is always
supposed.

Danforth writes that in 1927 the paroquet was abundant through
the region between San Juan, Dominican Republic, and Mirebalais
so that thousands were seen in small flocks daily. At San Juan
there was a roost somewhere to the west as flocks were observed
traveling to and from it night and morning. The birds were feed-
ing on the fruit of a wild fig, and were tame and unsuspicious so
that they were not alarmed even when some of them were shot.
Nine taken were not in breeding condition. He observed this species
elsewhere at Laguna del Salodillo, near Copey, June 26, Hato Major
July 7, Vasquez August 6, and Bonao August 7. Ciferri obtained it
at San Juan, February 5 and May 30, 1928, and July 4, 1929.

In Haiti the paroquet has been reported more rarely. Saint-Méry
speaks of it near Dondon and Port-de-Paix. Abbott collected three
at the Etang Saumatre April 8, 1920, and others on the slopes above
Fonds Verettes May 1, and near Fond Parisien May 6 and 8.
Bartsch observed one in the Cul-de-Sac region April 24, 1917, and
Beebe records a few flocks in the interior. Wetmore found them
numerous on the summit of La Selle April 9 to 15, 1927, and secured
two specimens April 18. Squalling flocks passed over the pines at
intervals but the birds were wary and seldom permitted near
approach. Many were seen about the little plantations of the Jar-
dins Bois Pin. The flight of the paroquet is swift and direct and
the long slender tail makes an excellent field mark. One morning
at sunrise two alighted in the top of a dead tree near camp and
when collected proved to be male and female. G. S. Miller, jr.,

THE BIRDS OF HAITI AND THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 217

secured one near St. Michel March 18, 1925. Wetmore found a few
along the Ravine Papaye near Hinche April 20 and 238, and at the
Bassin Zime April 25. A few were observed near Maissade April
21. At Poste Charbert near Caracol, flocks were seen in evening
flight on April 26 and 27. Danforth saw a few at Pétionville July
23, 1927.

Bond recorded the paroquet at Port-au-Prince, on La Selle, the
Massif du Nord, and at Ennery and St. Michel. He reports a nest
on Morne Salnave placed in a hole in a dead pine “ at least 80 feet
above the ground.” Poole and Perrygo found paroquets common at
St. Michel December 21, 1928, and on December 31, collected one at
L’Atalaye. Another was taken at St. Raphael January 138, 1929,
and others were seen at Grand Riviere January 21, and Hinche March
17. At Cerca-la-Source four were taken March 21 and 23.

The calls of this paroquet are higher pitched than those of the
native parrot so that the two are easily distinguished at a distance
when they may not be seen. As the paroquet raises the wings to take
flight the flash of red from the under wing coverts is very pleasing.
A few of these birds were seen in captivity with one wing clipped to
prevent their flying but they did not seem such favorites as cage
birds as the parrots. The Haitian name pevricihe is a creole rendition
of the French perruche.

In studying the series of skins of this bird from Hispaniola it has
been necessary to again consider the status of Avatinga chloroptera
maugezt on the basis of the single specimen from Mona Island in the
Field Museum, which has been available for comparison through the
kindness of Dr. C. E. Hellmayr. The green in this bird is faintly
duller on the underparts and the bill is slightly larger than the aver-
age. The greatest peculiarity is found in the extensive red on the
under primary coverts, this color pervading all of these coverts except
two on one side. In an extended series of chloroptera from Hispani-
ola proper, including those in the Field Museum, United States Na-
tional Museum, Academy of Natural Sciences, Tring and the American
Museum there are some birds that have a few of the under primary
coverts red but not one approaches the bird from Mona in that
respect. The bird from Mona, which is a female, has the following
measurements; wing 162.0, tail 159.5, culmen 26.6 and tarsus 17.8 mm.
It, therefore, averages slightly smaller than skins from Hispaniola.
It may be noted here that the right wing has the tips of the two
longest primaries slightly broken so that this wing measures only
157.5 mm., which will account for this wing length given by Wetmore
in his Birds of Porto Rico and the Virgin Islands,*° as in earlier

* New York Acad. Sci., Sci. Surv. Porto Rico and Virgin Islands, vol. 9, 1927, p. 417.

218 BULLETIN 155, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

examination this wing was measured without noticing the slight
break indicated.

Following are measurements from the Hispaniolan series; 10
males, wing 169.4-178.5 (171.6), tail 129.0-155.6 (147.7), culmen
from cere 22.8-28.3 (25.7), tarsus 15.2-18.3 (16.9) mm.

Eleven females, wing 162.5-170.0 (166.8), tail 181.5-156.5 (147.1),
culmen from cere 23.3-25.9 (24.5), tarsus 15.8-18.7 (16.9) mm.

The paroquet is entirely green except for more or less mixture of
red on the under wing coverts that some times shows on the edge
of the wing. The long, graduated, pointed tail serves to distinguish
it readily from the square tailed parrot.

Order CUCULIFORMES

Suborder CUCULI
Family CUCULIDAE

Subfamily CUCULINAE
COCCYZUS AMERICANUS AMERICANUS (Linnaeus)
YELLOW-BILLED CUCK00, PAJARO BOBO

Cueulus americanus LinNarkus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 111
(Carolina).

Cuculus Dominicensis Brisson, Ornith., vol. 4, 1760, pp. 110-112, pl. 9, fig. 2
(“S. Domingue”).

Coccyzus americanus, CHERRIE, Field Columbian Mus., Ornith. ser., vol. 1,
1896, p. 19 (Dominican Republic, specimens).—EKMAN, Ark. fér Bot., vol, 22 A,
No. 16, p. 7, 1929 (Navassa).

Coccyzus americanus americanus, BEEBE, Zool. Soc. Bull., vol. 30, 1927, p. 140;
Beneath Tropic Seas, 1928, p. 221 (Port-au-Prince).—Bonp, Proc. Acad. Nat.
Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 80, 1928, pp. 489-500 (listed) —DanrortH, Auk, 1929,
p. 367 (apparently breeding).—Motroni, Att. Soc. Ital. Scienz. Nat., vol. 68,
1929, p. 315 (San Juan, specimens).

Fairly common; apparently breeding.

Brisson describes and figures the yellow-billed cuckoo from a
specimen sent by Chervain to de Reaumur. Cherrie relates that at
the beginning of May, 1895, at Santo Domingo City this species
suddenly appeared in numbers so that on May 2, 3, and 4 he collected
five pairs. One female secured held an egg in the oviduct that
would have been deposited within two days. Beck collected one at
S4nchez November 22, 1916, and one at Santo Domingo City May
28, 1917. Hartert informs us that four specimens in the Tring
Museum collected by Kaempfer were secured near Tibano, in the
Province of Azua, from August 9 to 19, 1923. They were found

THE BIRDS OF HAITI AND THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 219

from 400 to 700 meters altitude. Danforth recorded them at Monte
Christi June 22, Dajabén June 23 (specimen), Laguna del Salodillo
June 26, Santo Domingo City July 1, Vasquez August 6, and Bonao
August 7. Ciferri sent specimens to Moltoni taken at San Juan
July 5 and 6, 1929.

In Haiti Abbott collected a female at Port-de-Paix June 18, 1917,
and four males and one female at Picmy, Gonave Island July 5 and
6 of that year. All of these are adult birds. Beebe reports one in
a garden at Port-au-Prince without giving the date. Danforth
records six taken on Gonave July 15 to 19, 1927, one of which, in the
Academy of Natural Sciences, was taken at Anse & Galets July 15.
Danforth found them also at the sloughs near the mouth of the Arti-
bonite July 29. He reports that three birds taken on Gonave had
the stomachs filled with noctuid caterpillars, with an elaterid beetle
in one. From present somewhat meager evidence it appears that
the yellow-billed cuckoo nests in Hispaniola, while from Cherrie’s
experience at Santo Domingo City where the species appeared sud-
denly in numbers at the opening of May it would seem that it may
be a migrant found mainly insummer. Known dates of its occurrence
at present range from May 2 to November 22. The bird is found in
dense shrubbery and trees where it moves slowly and leisurely oc-
casionally uttering a loud, slowly cadenced, rattling call. The
specimens taken at 700 meters near Ttibano may mark the upward
limit of range in the interior hills.

E. L. Ekman found the yellow-billed cuckoo on Navassa Island in
October, 1928.

We have compared the series of six secured by Abbott with speci-
mens from eastern North America and find that they are apparently
identical in color. These specimens have the following range of
measurement (in millimeters) :

Four males, wing 184.8-143.1 (138.1), tail 1384.0-136.7 (135.7),
culmen from base 24.2-25.0 (24.6), tarsus 25.7-26.8 (26.2).

Two females, wing 135.6-146.9 (141.2), tail 133.1-149.8 (141.4),
culmen from base 24.2-25.0 (24.6), tarsus 25.7-26.8 (26.2).

Though the average is slightly less than that for extensive series
from eastern North America many northern birds are no larger
than those from Haiti so that the apparent difference would prob:
ably disappear with more specimens. We consider the Hispaniolan
birds to be C. a. americanus.

The yellow-billed cuckoo, while from 275 to 308 mm. long, is
very slender. It is white below and grayish brown above, with a
chestnut wash on the primaries, and a black tail with the outer
feathers broadly tipped with white.

220 BULLETIN 155, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

COCCYZUS MINOR TERES Peters
MANGROVE CUCKOO, PAJARO BOBO, TACOT

Coccyzus minor teres Prrers, Proc. New England Zo6él. Club, vol. 9, June
24, 1927, p. 112 (Sostia, Dominican Republic).—Bonp, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Philadelphia, vol. 80, 1928, p. 500 (recorded).—DaAnrForTH, Auk, 1929, p. 367
(specimens).—LONNBERG, Fauna och Flora, 1929, p. 101 (Haiti).

Cuculus seniculus, Rrrrer, Naturh. Reis. Westind. Insel Hayti, 1836, p. 155
(Haiti, specimen).

Coccygus minor, Bryant, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 11, May, 1867,
p. 96 (Haiti).—Cory, Bull. Nuttall Ornith. Club, 1881, p. 154 (Haiti, speci-
mens); Birds Haiti and San Domingo, July, 1884, pp. 101-102 (La Vega,
specimens).—TIPPENHAUER, Die Insel Haiti, 1892, pp. 319, 322 (listed).

Coccygus dominicus ?, BryANT, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 11, May,
1867, p. 96 (Dominican Republic).

Coccyzus seniculus, Sati, Proce. Zool. Soc. London, 1857, p. 234 (listed).

Coccyzus dominicus, HArtTLAus, Isis, 1847, p. 609 (listed) ; Naumannia, 1852,
p. 53 (Haiti).—Satit&, Proce. Zool. Soe. London, 1857, p. 234 (listed).

Coccyzus minor, Cory, Cat. West Indian Birds, 1892, p. 102 (Haiti, Domini-
ean Republic).—CuHeErriz, Field Columbian Mus., Ornith. Ser., vol. 1, 1896, p.
19 (Dominican Republic).—Verritt, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1909,
p. 359 (San Lorenzo, El Valle, La Vega).

Coccyzus minor nesiotes, Ripaway, U. 8S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 50, pt. 7, 1916, p. 27
(Port-au-Prince, Le Coup, San Cristobal, Catarrey, Puerto Plata, Samana,
Cafia Honda, La Cafiita, San Lorenzo, El Valle, La Vega).—Perers, Bull. Mus.
Comp. Zobl., vol. 61, 1917, pp. 409-410 (Monte Cristi, SosGa).—MottonI, Att.
Soe. Ital. Scienz. Nat., vol. 68, 1929, p. 315 (Bonao, specimen).

Coccyzus minor maynardi, Cory, Cat. West Indian Birds, 1892, p. 102,
(Haiti, Dominican Republic).

Resident; fairly common in some localities.

Though known as the mangrove cuckoo the present species fre-
quents tangled growth of all kinds from the thorny cactus grown
scrubs of semi-arid sections to the dense lowland jungles of the
areas with abundant precipitation. It moves about rather slowly,
peering out among the leaves as it searches for its insect food,
largely caterpillars, and when not seen frequently announces its
presence by loud, rolling, sharply syllabled calls. It is local in oc-
currence and may be absent over wide areas. There is considerable
variation in depth of color in specimens from Hispaniola which
has caused some naturalists to suppose that two forms were found
on the island. There is no indication of this, however, and recently
Mr. Peters has recognized a distinct form from Hispaniola and
Porto Rico in which we concur.

Seven males from Haiti and the Dominican Republic in the
United States National Museum have the following measurements
(in millimeters): wing 120.4 to 127.4 (125.1), tail 151.0 to 162.5
(154.8), culmen from base 26.1 to 29.9 (27.6), tarsus 26.9 to 28.0
(27.2).

THE BIRDS OF HAITI AND THE DOMINICAN REPIIBLIC 221

Six females measure as follows: 126.0-131.9 (128.1), tail, 140.0-
161.0 (151.9), culmen from base 27.3-28.9 (27.7), tarsus 27.0-28.8
(27.9).

In the Dominican Republic Cherrie reported a few from the low-
lands (Catarrey, San Cristobal) in the southern part of the country
and did not find the species above 100 meters altitude. Abbott se-
cured a pair at Trujin on February 8 and 10, 1922, two at Villa
Rivas January 15 and 17, a female, near the breeding season, at Pi-
mentel January 23, 1921 and one at Laguna on the Samana Penin-
sula March 7, 1919. Verrill reported them as abundant in some
localities but entirely absent in others. He records them in his
paper from San Lorenzo, El Valle and La Vega but says that he
saw none at Sanchez. Specimens that he secured, now in the col-
lection of J. H. Fleming of Toronto, include three from Cana Honda
January 6, 10 and 12, two from Samana, January 31 and February
19, and three from La Vega March 11, 13 and 14, 1907. Cory lists
two from La Vega July 24 and August 7, 1883, these being the only
summer specimens at present on record. Peters found them com-
mon in the desert region at Monte Cristi, and in the more luxuriant
tangles near Sostia, securing eighteen skins. Beck secured speci-
mens at Santo Domingo City September 27, and October 2, 17 and
19 and November 29, 1916. Abbott reports this bird as common on
Saona Island September 12 to 18, 1919 but did not collect specimens.

In 1927 Danforth collected a breeding male at Seibo July 4 and
observed another individual carrying nesting material on the follow-
ing day. He took one at Vasquez June 25 and saw others at Monte
Cristi June 18 to 27 and Bonao August 7. Ciferri secured one at
Bonao September 5, 1927.

In Haiti Wiirttemberg, according to Hartlaub, found this species
very common. A. E. Younglove sent two, taken at Port-au-Prince
February 28 and April 18, 1866 to the Smithsonian Institution,
which are still in the collections of the United States National Mu-
seum. Bartsch recorded the species near Gloré April 3, and at Trou
Caiman April 4, 1917. Abbott secured skins at Port-de-Paix April
14, and Cap-Haitien April 27, 1927. He collected a female at Anse
a Galets on Gonave Island March 5, 1920. Wetmore secured one
near Caracol on April 27, 1927, the only one observed during the
entire course of his work on the island. Danforth records them in
1927 from the Citadelle Hill above Milot August 2, and collected
one at the Etang Miragoane July 22. Others were taken on Gonave
Island during the middle of July. Bond says that he did not see
this bird until after February 20, 1928, but that after that he re-
corded it frequently. He reports it from the Morne La Hotte and

2134—31 15

222 BULLETIN 155, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

the Massif de la Selle, and from Port-de-Paix, Cap-Haitien, Gonave
and Tortue Islands. There are three specimens in his collection in
the Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences, one from Miragoane
February 20, and two from Tortue Island March 17 and 18, 1928.
One was taken at Anse 4 Galets, Gonave Island, July 19, 1927, by
John T. Emlen, jr. Poole and Perrygo in 1929 found this cuckoo
at L’Atalaye January 5, Fort Liberté February 6, 7, 10, 12, and 19,
and St. Mare February 25.

The present species is from 300 to 325 mm. in length with slender
form and long, narrow tail. Above it is grayish brown with a
blackish line through the eye, and below it is deep buff, grayish
on the breast, the buff color becoming deeper on the under tail
coverts. ‘The under side of the tail is black with the feathers tipped
broadly with white. The bill is black except for the base of the
lower mandible, which is yellow as in the yellow-billed cuckoo.

HYETORNIS RUFIGULARIS (Hartlaub)
HISPANIOLAN HYETORNIS, BOBO, MANTERO, TACOT, TACOT CABRI

Coccyzus rufigularis “Herz. v. Wiirttemb.” HartLaus, Naumannia, 1852,
p. 55 (Mountain forests of Dominican Republic).

Piaya Pauli guilelmi Hartitaus, Naumannia, 1852, p. 55 (substitute name for
Coccyzus rufigularis).

Hyetornis fieidi Corny, Auk, 1895, p. 278 (Described as new; type locality
“Maniel”=San José de Ocoa, Dominican Republic).—CwHerrir, Field Colum-
bian Mus., Ornith. ser., vol. 1, 1896, pp. 19-20 (Honduras, San José de Ocoa,
specimens ).—VEERILL, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1909, p. 359 (between
Miranda and La Vega).

Hyetornis rufigularis, Bonp, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 80, 1928,
p. 500 (Gonave Island).—DanrorrH, Auk, 1929, p. 368 (Gonave Island).—
LONNBERG, Fauna och Flora, 1929, p. 101 (Haiti).

Resident; local in distribution.

In view of the large size of this cuckoo, larger even than the lizard-
cuckoo, the little known regarding it at present is surprising. It
was first recorded by Wiirttemberg who secured it in 1829 “in den
gebirgigen Urwiildern des Spanischen S. Domingo.” His descrip-
tion of it however was overlooked so that when Cherrie in 1895 se-
cured three at Honduras and two at San José de Ocoa Cory described
them as new under the name Hyetornis field. Cherrie reports that
he learned comparatively little of the habits of this bird since it
progressed so rapidly through the forest, running quickly along the
limbs of the trees and flying across to new points of vantage, that it
was necessary to move rapidly to keep it in sight. He likened the
note to the hoarse croaking of a frog. Like other cuckoos of the
Dominican Republic he said that the flesh of this bird was esteemed
as a delicacy for the sick. Verrill met with the species only once
between Miranda and La Vega. Beck collected an extensive series

THE BIRDS OF HAITI AND THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 223

at Tubano December 30, 1916 and February 4 to 20, 1917, and one on
Loma Tina January 8, 1917. Abbott secured specimens near Con-
stanza April 9 and 30, and May 1, and near Hondo at an altitude of
900 meters May 4, 1919. On April 28 he speaks of them as common
at Corralito near Constanza, and says that they were common else-
where in that region. He found them breeding in May, and on May
9 near Hondo, killed a female that contained an egg ready to lay.
The one taken April 30 had the stomach filled with locusts, mantids,
pentatomids, and the remains of lizards. Hartert writes that there
are seven skins in the Tring Museum collected by Kaempfer, an adult
male from Constanza taken July 31, and two males and four females
secured near Tubano at from 300 to 500 meters altitude between
August 9 and 23, 1923.

In Haiti Abbott secured three near Moustique at from 750 to 900
meters altitude March 9 and 12, 1917. He saw them nowhere else
on the mainland but secured five on Gonave Island on February 20,
23, 25, and 26, 1918, and four more at Anse 4 Galets, March 11, and
Ktroites March 16 and 21, 1920. They were not especially shy but
inhabited dense jungle where they were not easily seen except when
called out into view. Most of them were found on densely wooded
hillsides at 300 meters altitude. The stomach of one taken March
21, 1920 contained the remains of mice.

Abbott records the bill as blackish above and lead colored at the
base of the mandible, and the tarsus as lead colored. This agrees
with the statement of Cherrie who writes “maxilla and point of
mandible is black; eye dusky; feet, legs and basal part of mandible
plumbeous.” Danforth records one collected by F. P. Mathews in
the hills above Anse 4 Galets, Gonave Island, July 19, 1927 and
says that the stomach contains lizard remains and a few bits of
Coleoptera. Bond writes “not uncommon on Gonave Island. I
did not observe it elsewhere. The notes of this cuckoo resemble
the bleating of a rather large lamb from which it has derived its
name of Tacot cabri. It also emits at times a very strange though
more cuckoo-like t-wack-t-wack-u-wack-u-wich-wick-wiack-wick.
Its flight is heavier, more labored, than that of Sawrothera.”

In view of the differences that exist between the lizard-cuckoos of
Gonave Island and those of Hispaniola proper it is somewhat sur-
prising that the Hyetornis from these two localities appear identical.
In the present species the female is slightly larger than the male.
Following are comparative measurements of birds from Hispaniola
proper and Gonave Island:

Haiti and the Dominican Republic:

Males, four specimens, wing, 160.0-175.0 (167.1), tail 251.0-266.0
(258.3), culmen from base 35.0-36.2 (35.6), tarsus 37.0-40.4 (38.5)
mm. !

224 BULLETIN 155, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

Females, four specimens, wing 181.0-184.5 (183.1), tail 270.0-285.0
(277.8), culmen from base 40.5-45.9 (43.8), tarsus 48.0-45.0 (44.3)
mm.

Gonave Island:

Males, four specimens, wing 163.0-173.0 (168.0), tail 246.0-269.0
(254.3), culmen from base 37.1-42.1 (38.8), tarsus 38.7-45.3 (41.3)
mm.

Females, five specimens, wing 180.0-185.0 (183.0), tail 270.0-280.0
(274.8), culmen from base 42.2-44.2 (43.2), tarsus 42.5-46.0 (44.6)
mm. .

The present species measures from 430 to 525 mm. in total length,
nearly two-thirds of this being given to the long tail. The upper
surface is grayish brown except for the end of the tail which is
black, tipped with white and a wash of chestnut on the wing. The
breast, throat and sides are chestnut, the abdomen cinnamon-buff,
and the under surface of the tail black, the individual feathers
tipped widely with white. The bill is strongly decurved with
minute serrulations along the cutting edges.

SAUROTHERA LONGIROSTRIS LONGIROSTRIS (Hermann)
HISPANIOLAN LIZARD-CUCKOO, PAJARO BOBO, TACOT

Cuculus longirostris HERMANN, Tab. Affin. Anim., 1783, p. 186 (Hispaniola).

Tacco, MonTBEILLARD, in Buffon, Hist. Nat. Ois., vol. 6, 1779, pp. 402407
(part; habits).

Cuculus Jamaicensis longiroster Brisson, Ornith., vol. 4, 1760, pp. 116-118,
pl. 17, fig. 2 (“S. Domingue”’).

Cuculus vetula, Rirrer, Naturh. Reis. Westind. Insel Hayti, 1836, p. 155
(Haiti, specimen).

Saurothera vetula, HartLaAus, Isis, 1847, p. 609 (listed).

Saurothera Vicilloti, Sar~é, Proce. Zool. Soc. London, 1857, p. 284 (Domini-
ean Republic).

Saurothera vieillotii ?, Bryant, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 11, May,
1867, p. 95 (Dominican Republic).

Saurothera domingensis “ Herz. v. Wiirttemberg’ Hartitaus, Naumannia,
1852, p. 55 (Dominican Republic).

Saurothera dominigeneis, Cirerri, Segund. Inf. An. Hst. Agr. Moca, 1927,
p. 6 (listed).

Saurothera Dominicensis LAFRESNAYE, Rev. Zool., vol. 10, November, 1847,
p. 355. (Based on Cuculus Jamaicensis longiroster Brisson, from “S. Do-
mingue.’’)

Saurothera dominicensis, SALLE, Proc. Zool. Soe. London, 1857, p. 234 (listed) .—
Bryant, Proce. Boston Soe. Nat. Hist., vol. 11, May, 1867, p. 95 (Dominican
Republic, Haiti).—Cory, Bull. Nuttall Ornith. Club, 1881, p. 154, (Haiti) ; Birds
Haiti and San Domingo, July, 1884, pp. 98-99, col. pl. of head (Pétionville,
Puerto Plata, specimens) ; Cat. West Indian Birds, 1892, p. 102 (Haiti, Domini-
can Republic).—Tristram, Ibis, 1884, p. 168 (Dominican Republic) ; Cat. Coll.
Birds belonging H. B. Tristram, 1889, p. 272 (Dominican Republic, specimen) .—
TIPPENHAUER, Die Insel Haiti, 1892, pp. 318, 322 (listed).—CHeErrRI£, Field
Columbian Mus., Ornith. ser., vol. 1, 1896, p. 19 (Dominican Republic, abun-

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 155 PLATE

THE HISPANIOLAN LIZARD-CUCKOO (SAUROTHERA LONGIROSTRIS LONGIROSTRIS)

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tH BIRDS OF HAITI AND THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 225

dant).—Curisty, Ibis, 1897, p. 331 (Dominican,Republic).—Forses and Ros-
INSON, Bull. Liverpool Mus., vol. 1, August, 1897, p. 42 (Las Caflitas, specimens) —
VERRILL, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1909, p. 359 (Dominican Repub-
lic).—Prrers, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zo@l., vol. 61, 1917, p. 409 (Monte Cristi, Bulla,
Sostia, Chocé, specimens).—BartscH, Smithsonian Misc. Colls., vol. 68, no. 12,
1918, fig. 56 (photo).—Karmprer, Journ. fiir Ornith., 1924, p. 181 (nest, habits) —
BEEBE, Zool. Soc. Bull., vol. 30, 1927, pp. 140, 141; Beneath Tropic Seas, 1928,
pp. 51, 52, 221 (food).

Saurothera longirostris, STRESEMANN, Noy. Zool., vol. 27, 1920, p. 330 (change
of name).—LO6OnnserG, Fauna och Flora, 1929, p. 101 (Haiti, Tortue).

Saurothera longirostris longirostris, RICHMOND and SwALtes, Proc. Biol. Soc.
Washington, vol. 37, March 17, 1924, pp. 105, 106 (mentioned)—Bonp, Proc.
Acad. Nat. Sci., vol. 80, 1928, p. 500 (Haiti, Tortue).—DanrortH, Auk, 1929,
p. 367 (common).—MotrTont, Att. Soe. Ital. Scienz. Nat., vol. 68, p. 316 (Haina,
San Juan, Bonao, specimens).

Resident, common.

The lizard-cuckoo is one of the common birds of the island, dis-
tributed everywhere that there is shrubbery or forest to afford it
cover. (PI. 17.) It occurs close about the towns, coming into-the
outskirts of Port-au-Prince, and is seen at times in gardens. In the
country districts the birds appear everywhere, in Haiti even in scant
stands of bushes on barren mountain slopes. They move in a
leisurely manner, walking with long strides along the tree-limbs,
often crouching and proceeding stealthily in search of their insect
or lizard prey, or creeping and crawling like great rats along dense
branches near the ground. Frequently they rest quietly at one point
for several minutes. In early morning particularly they delight in
sitting in the rays of the sun with fieathers fluffed out loosely to
absorb the warmth. Their call, a rattling, grating note, repeated
several times, is given frequently. In addition they have low calls
that may be rendered as tchk, a clicking sound, and tick cwuh-h-h
in a lower tone. Though preferring to progress among limbs, wher.
flight is necessary it is performed with rapid beats of the relatively
small, rounded wings, and ends in a sail with spread pinions that
carries the bird to the desired perch. The whole reminds one of
descriptions of the supposed method of flight of the archeopteryx,
the most ancient of known fossil birds.

Lizard-cuckoos are inquisitive and fearless and may be decoyed
easily to approach within a few feet. Their food is made up largely
of orthoptera and lizards, and it is common to see one with the limp
body of a lizard dangling from its bill. Abbott reports a mantis
in the stomach of one and orthoptera in three that he examined. In
the Dominican Republic the flesh of the p4jaro bobo is given to
invalids to produce appetite, and is highly prized among the country
people as a cure for indigestion.

The species has seemingly always been abundant. Cherrie reports
that he collected 80 specimens, representing all of the localities where

226 BULLETIN 155, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

he worked. Christy found large green orthoptera in the stomach
of two that he skinned. J. H. Fleming has a considerable series
collected by Verrill at Cafia Honda, El Valle, Sanchez, near Samana,
and at La Vega. Kaempfer describes a nest found near Jarabacoa
as a flat, poorly made structure composed of a few leaves placed on
the stump of a tree 50 cm. from the ground. He reports orthoptera
and a snake 42 cm. long in the stomachs of specimens collected.
Abbott secured specimens at Laguna on the Saman4 Peninsula, near
Jarabacoa, and in the vicinity of Constanza. Wetmore observed
a number at Constanza, and near El] Rio, so that the species seems
to range from the sea coast through the interior over the high
mountains. Abbott reports one shot but not preserved on Saona
Island September 12 to 18, 1919.

Danforth collected a young bird barely able to fly near Monte
Cristi June 22, 1927. In the stomach of one bird he found two
cockroach nymphs and two cicadas (Odopoea cincta), and in an-
other two large cicadas, a small grasshopper, and a lizard of the genus
Anolis. Ciferri sent specimens to Moltoni from Haina, Bonao, and
the Sabana San Thomé near San Juan.

In Haiti, as has been said, the bird occurs wherever there is cover.
In 1866 A. E. Younglove found it common as he forwarded eight
from Port-au-Prince and Jérémie to the Smithsonian Institution.
Abbott secured one near Furcy, and Wetmore saw numbers on the
summit of La Selle. The bird extends through the Cul-de-Sac plain
and the great central plain, and is common in the north. Abbott
found it common on Tortue Island where he collected three specimens.
Beebe brought living specimens to New York for exhibit in the
Zoological Park.

A male collected by Wetmore at Fonds-des-Négres April 2, 1927,
had the maxilla and tip of mandible dull black; rest of mandible
pale neutral gray; center of lower eyelid neutral gray; rest of bare
skin about eye clear red; tarsus and toes neutral gray; under sides of
toes yellowish.

Following is the occurrence of this species as recorded by Wetmore
in 1927:

Dominican Republic: Comendador, April 30; San Juan May 1;
Sanchez May 6 to 13; La Vega to El Rio May 17; Constanza May
18 to 27.

Haiti; Port-au-Prince, March 29; Fonds-des-Négres March 81 to
April 4; Aquin, April 3; La Tremblay, April 7; Riviére Jaquisy
April 8 and 9; Massif de la Selle, April 9 to 15; Chapelle Faure,
April 17; Morne’ a Cabrits, April 20; Las Cahobes, eral 20; ; Hinche,
April 20 to 24; Maissade, April 21; Guiereoli pail 26.

THE BIRDS OF HAITI AND THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 227

Abbott collected specimens at Jérémie and Riviére Bar, in addition
to those already mentioned. Poole and Perrygo secured this bird
at L’Atalaye, St. Michel, St. Raphael, Dondon, Pont Sondé, and
Cerca-la-Source.

Stresemann *! wrote that the earliest name applicable to this species
is Cuculus longirostris of Hermann, published in 1783, which ante-
dates the name doméinicensis of Lafresnaye (1847) long in current
use. On investigation it appears that longirostris of Hermann is
based on the Tacco of Montbeillard in Buffon.*? This is a composite
composed of a mixed account of the lizard-cuckoos of Jamaica and
Haiti taken from Sloane and others. The first reference is to the
Coucou a long bec, de la Jamaique in Daubenton, Planch. Enl., no.
772, which in spite of the locality given is the species of Hispaniola.
The name longirostris of Hermann will, therefore, apply as Strese-
mann indicates to the species current as S. dominicensis (Lafresnaye),
with Hispaniola as the type locality.

In a considerable series of these birds there is slight variation in
depth of color of the upper surface and in extent and depth of shade
in the cinnamon of throat and abdomen but this appears individual,
as birds from the high mountains and coastal plain and from arid
and humid sections appear similar. The skins obtained by Abbott
on Tortue island do not differ from those of Hispaniola proper.

In the Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences there is an
immature male not fully grown with wing quills still in process of
development that was taken by James Bond at Port-au-Prince
December 26, 1927. In general color this is like the adult but has a
faint wash of brown above, and the webs of the two central tail
feathers distinctly brownish. The buff of the throat is well indi-
cated but is faintly paler than in the adult while the chin is nearly
white. The rectrices have a fairly distinct spot of chamois at the
extreme tip and a wash of the same color on the proximal portion of
the usual white marking. The outermost pair lacks the customary
white tip of the adult, the dark coloration of the main part of the
feather fading gradually into a terminal mark of dull chamois. The
buff throat is so distinctly more evident than the faint wash of that
color found in the form of lizard-cuckoo peculiar to Gonave Island
as to suggest a wider separation than has been supposed for that form.
Following are measurements of birds from Hispaniola, including
Tortue Island:

Fourteen males, wing 129.7-138.0 (134.3), tail 184.0-227.0 (205.5),
culmen from base 46.0-53.6 (50.7), tarsus 33.4-37.5 (35.5) mm.

81 Nov. Zool., vol. 27, 1920, p. 330.
™ Hist. Nat. Ois., vol. 6, 1770, p. 402.

228 BULLETIN 155, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

Nineteen females, wing 126.7-144.6 (136.6), tail 182.0-227.0 (210.0),
culmen from base 46.4-54.3 (49.3), tarsus 33.9-39.3 (36.7) mm.

The lizard-cuckoo ranges from 405 to 450 mm. in length, more
than one half of this being taken by the greatly elongated tail. The
bird is slender in form, with a long bill that in hfe appears nearly
straight. (Pl. 17.) The upper surface is dark grayish brown, the
breast ight gray, the throat and abdomen cinnamon, and the under
surface of the tail black with the feathers broadly tipped with white.

SAUROTHERA LONGIROSTRIS PETERSI Richmond and Swales
GONAVE LIZARD-CUCKOO, TACOT

Saurothera longirostris petersi RicHMOND and SwaAtces, Proc. Biol. Soc.
Washington, vol. 37, March 17, 1924, p. 105 (La Mathotiere, Gonave Island,
Haiti).—Bonp, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 80, 1928, p. 500 (Gonave
Island).—DanFortH, Auk, 1929, p. 367 (Gonave Island).—LONNBERG, Fauna
och Flora, 1929, pp. 101-102 (Gonave).

Gonave Island; resident.

The present form, named in honor of James L. Peters of the
Museum of Comparative Zodlogy, is restricted to Gonave Island
where W. L. Abbott collected the type, a male, near La Mahotiere on
the south coast, February 20, 1918, and others on February 19, 20, 21,
22, and 23. On a subsequent visit he secured three additional males
at Anse & Galets March 6 and 8, 1920. He reports that the bird is
common in the dense scrubs and that its habits are similar to those of
the mainland form except that it seems shyer. One that he examined
had eaten a lizard. THe describes the tarsus as lead-colored and the
iris as reddish brown. Bond says that this race does not differ in
notes and habits from the bird of the main island. Danforth reports
that it is not as common as typical longirostris. In the stomach of
one he found a lizard (Anolis), two sphingid caterpillars, three
noctuid caterpillars, a chrysalid, and the wings of a damsel fly.

This race differs from Saurothera 1. longirostris in the restriction
or absence of the buffy throat patch, paler abdomen and undertail
coverts, and paler dorsal surface. Three of our skins have no buff
on the throat whatever, and in others this color is faint and restricted
in area. The differences are so striking as to be almost of specific
value. Measurements (in millimeters) of the specimens at hand
range as follows:

Six males, wing 133.0-136.5 (184.5); tail 213.0-236.0 (221.3) ;
culmen from base 44.0-52.7 (48.8); tarsus 34.9-37.0 (86.3).

Three females, wing 133.0-139.0 (185.2) ; tail 217.0-232.0 (223.0) ;
culmen from base 44.5-47.0 (45.3); tarsus 38.5-40.0 (89.2).

Type specimen, male, wing 136.0, tail 224.0, culmen from base 44.0,
tarsus 37.0.

THE BIRDS OF HAITI AND THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 229

Subfamily CROTOPHAGINAE
CROTOPHAGA ANI Linnaeus
ANI, BLACK WITCH, JUDIO, BOUTS-TABAC, PERROQUET NOIR

Crotophaga ani LINNAEUS, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 105 (Ja-
maica).—RuirTer, Naturh. Reis. Westind. Insel Hayti, 1836, pp. 152-155
(Haiti, specimen).—Harrtiaus, Isis, 1847, p. 610 (listed).—SaLi&, Proc.
Zool. Soc. London, 1857, p. 284 (Dominican Republic).—Bryant, Proc. Boston
Soe. Nat. Hist., vol. 11, May, 1867, p. 95 (Haiti).—Cory, Bull. Nuttall Ornith.
Club, 1881, p. 154 (Haiti, abundant); Birds Haiti and San Domingo, July,
1884, pp. 100-101 (Dominican Republic, Haiti) ; Cat. West Indian Birds, 1892,
p. 102 (Haiti, Dominican Republic) —CHERrRIn, Field Columbian Mus., Ornith.
ser., vol. 1, 1896, p. 19 (Dominican Republic).—Tristram, Cat. Coll. Birds
belonging H. B. Tristram, 1889, p. 272 (Dominican Republic).—TIPPpENHAUER,
Die Insel Haiti, 1892, pp. 318, 322 (listed) —Curisty, Ibis, 1897, pp. 331-332
(Sanchez, La Vega).—VERRILL, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1909, p. 359
(Dominican Republic).—PertErs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zodl., vol. 61, 1917, p. 409
(Sosta, specimens).—KaArmMprer, Journ. ftir Ornith., 1924, p. 180 (Dominican
Republic).—Cirerri, Segund. Inf. An. Est. Nac. Agr. Moca, 1927, p. 6
(specimen ).— BEEBE, Zool. Soe. Bull., vol. 30, 1927, p. 140; Beneath Tropic
Seas, 1928, pp. 51, 221 (Haiti).—Bonp, Pree. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol.
80, 1928, p. 500 (Haiti) —DaAnrortH, Auk, 1929, p. 368 (common).—LONNBERG,
Fauna och Flora, 1929, p. 102 (Haiti) —ExKmawn, Ark. for Bot., vol. 22A, No. 16,
1929, p. 7 (Navassa).—Mo.rTonl, Att. Soc. Ital. Scienz. Nat., vol. 68, 1929, p. 316
(Haina, Moca, specimens).

Ani des Paletuviers, MONTBEILLARD, in Buffon, Hist. Nat. Ois., vol. 6, 1779,
pp. 423-429 (part).

Bouts-de-tabac, Saint-Méry, Descrip. Part. Frane. fle Saint-Domingue,
vol. 1, 1797, p. 717 (Port-de-Paix).

Crotophaga major, Rirrer, Naturh. Reis. Westind. Insel Hayti, 1836, p. 155
(Haiti, specimen) —HArTLAvB, Isis, 1847, p. 610 (listed).

Resident, common and widely distributed; absent from heavily
forested areas.

The ani is found mainly in fields and open pastures, especially
where these are intermingled with shrubs or thickets. The birds
are gregarious and are seldom seen alone as usually from six to
a dozen are found in company. They frequently feed on the ground
about cattle, capturing insects disturbed from the grass. ‘They
greet intruders with querulous calls and when disturbed fly up to
low perches where they assume picturesque attitudes, often half
a dozen perching on one limb facing in different directions with
craning heads and twitching tails. In flight the feet are thrown
back beneath the tail.

Christy found a few anis at Sanchez, but observed them in greatest
abundance at La Vega where he examined eggs taken early in July.
Verrill found them abundant. Abbott secured specimens at Laguna,
on the Samand Peninsula, August 6, and at Sanchez October 23,
1916. Kaempfer says that they roost at night in company, and that

230 BULLETIN 155, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

nests containing one hundred eggs were reported to him by country-
men, the latter probably an exaggeration. Cory secured one at
Puerto Plata November 24, 1882, and Peters collected two at Sostia.
Wetmore reported them at Comendador April 30, San Juan May 1,
Los Alcarrizos and San Francisco de Macoris May 4, Sanchez May
6 to 14, and at various points between La Vega and Jarabacoa May
17. In the high valley at Constanza they were fairly common from
May 19 to 27. On one occasion a flock came through a tract of
pine forest flying and sailing a hundred feet or more in the air
and pausing to rest in the tops of the tallest trees, an unusual habit
in a bird that seldom rises fifty feet above the earth. On one occa-
sion he observed a flock of fifteen at daybreak, indication that
they may gather in roosts at night, as at Constanza the flocks ob-
served during the day did not contain more than half a dozen indi-
viduals. They were recorded near El Rio May 30. Moltoni reports
specimens received from Ciferri from Haina and Moca.

In Haiti the ani is widely distributed and is known as perroquet
noir or more usually among the creoles as bouts-tabac pronounced
sometimes bouts-de-tabac. Deshayes wrote to Buffon that the flight
of this bird was weak so that many were killed during hurricanes.
Cory secured an egg near Jacmel, which was greenish blue in
color covered irregularly with a coating of chalky white. Younglove
forwarded four skins from Port-au-Prince taken February 2, and
May 3 and 8, 1866. Bartsch found them near Gloré April 3, Trou
Caiman April 4, Petit Goave April 8 and 9, Miragoane April 9,
near Jérémie April 10 to 16, Trou des Roseaux April 13 and 14,
and in the vicinity of Port-au-Prince April 21 to 27, 1917. Abbott,
who reports them as universally distributed, collected specimens
at Jérémie Nov. 18, 1917, Fonds Verettes April 20, 1920, and Baie
des Moustiques May 8, 1917. Saint-Méry in 1797 noted them from
near Port-de-Paix. Wetmore in 1927 found anis at Carrefour, Da-
mien and Sources Puantes March 29, Mont Rouis March 30, Fonds-
des-Négres March 31 to April 5, Etang Miragoane April 1, Aquin
April 8, and L’Acul April 4. On April 9 he observed several at
an altitude of 1600 meters on the slopes of La Selle above the Riviere
Jaquisy. He found them at Morne Rouge April 20, and at Hinche
from April 22 to 24. On the latter date an occupied nest was seen
in the streets of the village. At Caracol April 26 and 27 they were
common. G. 8. Miller, jr., secured a male at St. Michel March 21,
1925. Danforth records them as common on Gonave and says that
he secured a specimen at Anse & Galets. Poole and Perrygo in
the winter of 1928-1929 found this species at Port-au-Prince Decem-
ber 16, St. Michel January 6 and 23, St. Raphael January 13, Don-
don January 17 to 19, Fort Liberté February 6 to 12, St. Marc

THE BIRDS OF HAITI AND THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 23]

February 25, Pont Sondé February 26, Hinche March 17, Cerca-la-
Source March 27 and at En Café and Plaine Mapou on Gonave
Island March 3 to 14.

There is a skin of the ani in the United States National Museum
from Navassa Island received December 3, 1890, from J. F. R.
Dufour, of Washington. KE. L. Ekman has recorded this species
from Navassa in October, 1928.

The ani is from 345 to 390 mm. long with a very long tail and
slender body. In life it appears black but in the hand shows
indistinct markings of bronze on the head and forepart of the
body, and faint violet reflections in the wings. The bill is greatly
compressed and arched so that the upper margin is a thin plate and
the whole bill is as high as the head. Like other cuckoos the ani
has two toes in front and two in back.

Order STRIGIFORMES
Family TYTONIDAE

TYTO GLAUCOPS (Kaup)

HISPANIOLAN BARN-OWL, LECHUZA, FRESAIE

Striz glaucops Kaur, Jardine’s Contr. Ornith., 1852, p. 118 (‘“ Jamaica ’=
Dominican Republic ™).

Lechuga, Oviedo, Hist. Gen. Nat. Indias, Libr. 14, cap. 7; Reprint, Madrid,
1851, p. 446 (many).

Fresaye, Saint-Mréry, Descrip. Part. Franc. ile Saint-Domingue, vol. 1, 1797,
p. 263 (Dondon).

Oiseaux nocturnes, Sarnt-Mfry, Descrip. Part. Franc. Ile Saint-Domingue,
vol. 2, 1798, p. 604 (Baradéres).

?2?0wl, ExmanN, Ark. fOr Bot., vol. 22A, No. 16, 1929, p. 7 (Navassa).

Striz glaucops, Cory, Birds Haiti and San Domingo, Dec., 1884, pp. 117-118
(Puerto Plata); Cat. West Indian Birds, 1892, p. 100 (Haiti, Dominican
Republic).—TrippeNHAUER, Die Insel Haiti, 1892, pp. 319, 8322 (listed). —
VERRILL, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1909, p. 359 (listed).

Strix dominicensis Cory, Bull. Nuttall Ornith. Club, vol. 8, 1883, p. 95.
(Described as new from ‘“ Santo Domingo ’””=Puerto Plata, D. R.).

Tyto glaucops, Prrers, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zo@l., vol. 61, 1917, pp. 410-411
(listed).—Brxsp, Zool. Soc. Bull. vol. 30, 1927, pp. 140-141; Beneath Tropic
Seas, 1928, p. 221 (Bizoton).—Ricumonp, Smithsonian Mise. Colls., vol. 66, no.
17, 1917, p. 38 (mentioned).—Bonp, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol.
80, 1928, p. 500 (Haiti) —Danrortu, Auk, 1929, p. 368 (recorded).—MotronI,
Att. Soc. Ital. Scienz. Nat., vol. 68, 1929, p. 316 (San Juan, Moca, specimens).

Tyto alba glaucops, Karmprrr, Journ. fiir Ornith., 1924, pp. 181-182 (Domini-
can Republic).—Hakrrert, Noy. Zool., vol. 35, 1929, p. 101 (listed).

Resident; fairly common in some localities.

“ Hartert, Vég. Pal. Fauna, vol. 2, August, 1913, p. 1040, says “der Typus im British
Museum stammt von San Domingo.”

252 BULLETIN 155, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

The barn owl is widely distributed through the island and though
nowhere common is probably more abundant than might be supposed
since it is abroad usually by night and in the day remains in con-
cealment, usually in caves, clefts in rocks, or hollow trees. Appar-
ently it early found the haunts of men favorable to its activities
since Oviedo writing in the sixteenth century says that there were
many owls in Santo Domingo City, and that they came regularly
about the thatched huts of the natives.

Sharpe * lists two mounted specimens in the British Museum from
“S. Domingo ”, one taken by Sallé, and the other without indication
of its source. One of these is assumed to be the type on which Kaup
based his description. Curiously enough this species is not mentioned
by Sallé, or by Sclater in the paper listing Sallé’s birds published in
the Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London in 1857. Hart-
laub’s statement *® regarding his Strix dominicensis, taken from
Wiirttemberg, is somewhat confused as he says “ Vielleicht nur
Varietat von furcata; eine schéne Tageule aus den Urwaildern des
spanischen Domingo.” The comparison to furcata indicates a Tyto.
while the statement that it is a “day-owl” would seem to point to
Speotyto.

Cory collected two males at Puerto Plata, December 2, 1882 and
March 1, 1883, and says that no others were seen. On one of these
in 1883 he based a new name Stria dominicensis which is however a
synonym of Strix glaucops of Kaup, in addition to being a homonym
of Stria dominicensis Gmelin of 1788. Cory saw only the two speci-
mens mentioned. Verrill says “ common, but seldom seen during the
day.” He does not mention collecting specimens. Peters did not
see this species but at several points heard calls during the night
which natives asserted were uttered by the barn owl.

Abbott seems to be the first collector to meet with the barn owl
regularly. He secured a female at Samana August 3, 1916, indi-
cating the iris as dark brown, bill pale horn, cere pale purplish flesh
color, and feet dirty brownish white. At Rojo Cabo he took a female
August 29, 1916, and a male March 24, 1921. The stomach of the
latter contained a large bat. At Laguna, also on the Samana Penin-
sula, he secured a male August 9, 1916, and a female August 11, 1919.
From Laguna he forwarded in addition three skeletons of this species,
one March 19, 1919, one in 1919 without other date, and one Novem-
ber 29, 1923. The latter, received in rough dried form with much
of the plumage intact, had five albinistic primaries in the left wing.
R. H. Beck forwarded six adults to the American Museum of Natural
History, taken at Santo Domingo City October 16, 1916, Tiibano

*4 Cat, Birds Brit. Mus., vol. 2, 1875, p. 302.
® Naumannia, 1852, p. 54.

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BUREETIN 155 PEATE, 18

COLONY OF NESTS OF INTRODUCED WEAVER-FINCH (TEXTOR C. CUCUL-
LATUS)

Near Mont Rouis, Haiti, March 30, 1927.

YOUNG HiSPANIOLAN BARN OWL (TYTO GLAUCOPS)

From high ridge of La Selle, Haiti, April 15, 1927.

THE BIRDS OF HAITI AND THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 233

February 6, 8, 9 and 12, 1917, and Loma Tina January 5, 1917. A
native brought him two young in the down with the adult at Tibano
February 8, the young with new feathers appearing on back and
wings and being in color like the younger specimen in down secured
by Wetmore in Haiti. Kaempfer reported the lechuza fairly com-
mon and observed that he secured a female and two young in Decem-
ber. He sent six skins to the Tring Museum according to informa-
tion given us by Doctor Hartert. He records that flesh of this owl
made into a pomade was believed to cure asthma. Danforth found
this owl in a limestone cave at Los Tres Ojos de Agua, east of Santo
Domingo City, July 3, 1927. Ciferri obtained it at the Sabana San
Thomé, San Juan September 1, 1928 and Moca in April, 1929.

In Haiti this owl was recorded at Dondon by Saint-Méry, and
is probably the species represented by the ‘* Oiseaux nocturnes ” re-
ported by the same author to inhabit a cavern at the Bay of Bar-
adéres. Abbott secured a female in the cave known as Trou de Bon
Dieu near Port-de-Paix, April 17, 1917, and a second female in a
mangrove swamp near Petit Port a ’Ecu on May 9, 1917. In his
notes he remarks that this species was heard calling nearly every-
where at night, and that he noted it on Isle Tortue. Beebe says that
one came about his schooner anchored off Bizoton on six different
evenings, flying about and swooping at the light. He secured a
female alive on shore.

Three miles west of L’Acul on April 4, 1927, Wetmore flushed one
of these owls in a small cave in a limestone formation. The bird
retreated first to the depths of the cave and then came fluttering out
overhead into the light of the sun. A ledge of rock twenty feet
from the cave floor was evidently a favored perch as below it were
quantities of bones from regurgitated pellets of which a small bag
full were taken for identification. On April 7, 1927 Dr. G. N.
Wolcott presented a male that had been killed in his yard in Port-
au-Prince. Barn owls were heard calling regularly at night about
Dr. G. F. Freeman’s residence, Villa Keitel. One was heard in
camp on the Riviére Jaquisy April 8, and another April 10 near the
head of the Riviére Chotard on La Selle. On the following morn-
ing while investigating a sink hole called by the natives Trujin, an
opening forty or fifty feet deep and one hundred fifty feet long
with an arch across the center, a barn owl was observed resting
like the true bird of Minerva on a round column of stone twenty-
five feet below the surface level. Its gaze was directed downward
and it paid no attention whatever to those above as they circled the
opening looking for a means of descent. This was below Morne La
Visite at an elevation of nearly 2000 meters. On April 15 a tall
slender pine with many branches was cut, and the limbs trimmed a

234 BULLETIN 155, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

foot from the trunk which was then lowered into the hole to form
a ladder down which descent was easy. Below the column on which
the owl rested regularly was a considerable accumulation of bones
from its prey while beneath a slight ledge projecting out over the
floor of the sink was a nest containing two young in the down, one
developing pin feathers on the wings and the other somewhat
younger. (Pl. 18.) There was no nesting material other than an
accumulation of pellets and other refuse. The young uttered char-
acteristic growling, hissing notes and shrank away as the nest site
was examined. ‘The half eaten body of a rat lay beside them, and
the parent bird flushed from its shelter, seeming confused as it half
flew and half clambered along the rocky wall to a height of six feet
and then flew to a perch at the opposite end of the sink. A quantity
of pellet material was collected for examination. A native boy
plucked a few filaments of down from one of the young, putting them
away Sua ae and on augers explained somewhat sheepishly
that they were “ pour la reméde.”

The young bird taken is covered with long soft down in color
somewhat duller than light buff.

Bond says that according to natives this species does not occur on
Gonave Island. Ekman writes “an owl has been seen and heard
repeatedly by the keepers of the lighthouse” on Navassa Island,
an interesting observation that should refer to the barn owl. The
food of the barn owl is composed largely of rats, with a fair number
of birds and occasional lizards. For the benefit of those not familiar
with the feeding habits of these birds it may be stated that their
prey is torn apart and swallowed in fragments, the bird consuming
skin, bones, fur, scales, and many feathers though birds except those
of smallest size are usually partly plucked. The digestive processes
of the stomach remove the nutriment from such masses, and the
bones and other indigestible parts are formed into pellets which at
the proper time are regurgitated leaving the stomach empty for
another meal. Pellets accumulate in quantity beneath perches fre-
quented by these owls and from their content serve as a ready index
to the food preferences of the bird, it being necessary only to identify
the skulls and other bones found in them. There follows an account
of four sets of such pellets collected in the field and examined by
Wetmore in Washington.

In March, 1925 G. S. Miller, jr., secured a number of barn owl
pellets from a cave at Diquini, not far from Port-au-Prince. From
these he removed a large number of brown rat remains (Lattus rat-
tus) and skulls and other bones of bats, in search for other mamma-
lian species. Other bones were identified by Wetmore. These included
jaws of a small lizard (Anolis sp.) remains of a small tree-toad

THE BIRDS OF HAITI AND THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 230

(Hyla dominicensis) and the following birds: 2 mourning doves
(Zenaidura m. macroura), 4 ground-doves (Chaemepelia p. insu-
laris), 2 mangrove cuckoos (Coccyzus m. teres), 4 lizard cuckoos
(Saurothera l. longirostris), 1 solitaire (Myadestes g. montanus), 1
palm-chat (Dulus d. dominicus), 1 weaver-finch (Z'extor c. cuculla-
tus), 1 Jamaican vireo (Vireo o. olivaceus), 2 warblers (Dendroica
sp.), 5 palm tanagers (Phaenicophilus p. palmarwm), 1 grassquit
(Tiaris o. olivacea), 1 grassquit (T%aris 6. marchii), 1 grosbeak
(Loxigilla v. affinis). The above list does not include the numbers of
the different mammals found as this data was not available.

In a cave near L’Acul, Haiti, on April 1, 1927, Wetmore collected
a quantity of pellet material beneath a ledge where a barn owl
rested and from it identified the following: 41 brown rats (Rattus
rattus), 29 house mice (Mus musculus), 27 bats of 4 species (Artz-
beus j. jamaicensis, Phyllops haitiensis, Macrotus w. waterhousi,
and Monophyllus cubanus ferreus), 3 young domestic fowl from ten
to twenty days old (Gallus gallus), 1 wild pigeon (Columba sp.),
1 ground dove (Chaemepelia p. imsularis), 1 young quail-dove
(Oreopeleia sp), 1 lizard-cuckoo (Saurothera l. longirostris), 1 ani
(Crotophaga ani), 1 Hispaniolan tody (Yodus subulatus), 1 His-
paniolan woodpecker (CAryserpes striatus), 3 palm-chats (ulus
d. dominicus), 1 weaver-finch (Zextor c. cucullatus), 12 Jamaican
vireos (Vireo o. olivaceus), 4 palm tanagers (Phaenicophilus p.
palmarum), 3 grassquits (TZ'iaris o. olivaceus), 1 grosbeak (Lowigilla
v. affinis), 1 large tree-lizard (Anolis ricordii), and 12 tree-toads
(Hyla dominicensis) .

From about the nest of a barn owl in the sink hole called by the
natives Trujin, located on the high ridge of La Selle below Morne
La Visite on April 15, 1927, Wetmore collected another lot of pellet
material that included the following: 134 brown rats (Rattus rat-
tus), 6 house mice (Mus musculus), 4 bats (Hptesicus hispaniolae),
1 black swift (Nephoecetes n. niger), 1 cloud swift (Streptoprocne
2. melanotis), 1 Hispaniolan trogon (Temnotrogon roseigaster), 2
Hispaniolan siskins (Loximitris dominicensis) , 4 Hispaniolan cross-
bills (Loxia megaplaga). The presence of the remains of two swifts
in this material can be explained only on the supposition that they
were captured among rock ledges when asleep at night as it would
be impracticable for an owl to take birds of such rapid flight except
when they were at roost.

In the early spring of 1928 G. S. Miller, jr., and H. W. Krieger
of the United States National Museum while searching caves at San
Lorenzo Bay in the Dominican Republic collected a quantity of pel-
let material in one cave from which the following are identified:
6 tree frogs (Hyla doméinicensis), 16 ground lizards (Ameiva sp.),

236 BULLETIN 155, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

1 small lizard (Anolis sp.), 1 pigeon (Columba sp.), 2 mourning
doves (Zenaidura m. macroura), 1 mango hummingbird (Anthra-
cothorax dominicus), 1 Hispaniolan tody (Todus subulatus), 1
narrow-billed tody (Zodus angustirostris), 1 Hispaniolan wood-
pecker (Chryserpes striatus), 1 cliff swallow (Petrochelidon f.
fulva), 8 Hispaniolan thrushes (Mimocichla a. ardosiacea), 5 Ja-
maican vireos (Vireo o. olivaceus), 1 redstart (Setophaga ruticilla),
2 Hispaniolan spindalis (Spindalis multicolor), 138 Hispaniolan
palm tanagers (Phaenicophilus p. palmarum). Bones of these spe-
cies were selected from a great quantity of remains of rats which
are not available for count. The presence of tree-frog remains is
notable.

From the above data it appears that the barn owl is a definite
element in the control of rats and mice which are of economic im-
portance in their destructiveness to crops and other things pertain-
ing to man. It is true that the owl seems to capture many birds,
but it is believed that its aid in rodent control offsets any injury in
this direction and the owls should not be destroyed for that reason.

The barn owls of Haiti show two distinct color-phases one being
light with light buffy and grayish tints predominating and the other
very dark with the buff very deep and the color of the back much
darker. Very light and very dark birds offer considerable contrast
but in the series available the two phases merge imperceptibly
through individual specimens.

The barn owl is one of the larger landbirds of the island being 350
mm. or more in length. It is easily told from other birds by the
broad disks or rings of gray feathers that surround either eye
which give the bird the strange appearance that in the United
States causes a closely related form to be known as the “ monkey-
faced owl.” Above the barn owl is dusky brown mottled with light
or dark buff or grayish and below buff with the feathers barred
lightly with irregular marks of dusky. Feathering extends down the
tarsus but the feathers become sparse on the lower half continuing
as stiff, scattered, hairlike filaments to the last joints of the toes.

TYTO OSTOLOGA Wetmore
GIANT OWL

Tyto ostologa Wermorr, Smithsonian Misc. Colls., vol. 74, no. 4, October
17, 1922, p. 2, figs. 1 and 2 (from cave near St. Michel, Haiti).—Bonp, Proce.
Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 80, 1928, p. 521 (listed).

Extinct; known only from bones found in caves in Haiti.

During a geological reconnaissance in Haiti in March, 1921 J. S.
Brown and W. 8S. Burbank secured the fragments of the metatarsus
from which the present species was described in a large cave known

THE BIRDS OF HAITI AND THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 237

us Grotte San Francisco, near the summit of a long ridge of lime-
stone about three kilometers northeast of St. Michel. The specimens
were secured at a depth of less than a meter from the surface. In-
trigued by the peculiar mammalian bones from these same excava-
tions Gerrit S. Miller, jr., Curator of Mammals in the United States
National Museum, visited the section indicated in March and April,
1925, securing a large quantity of bones, among them many addi-
tional remains of this owl. These, which will be described fully
in a paper dealing with the birds represented in the bone deposits
of Haiti, give information on other parts of the skeleton additional
to the metatarsus. The results of Mr. Miller’s work were so valu-
able that in December, 1927, under funds provided by Dr. W. L.
Abbott, Arthur J. Poole, Aid in the Division of Mammals, was sent
to St. Michel to complete the collections from these caves. This was
important at this time since it had been learned that earth from these
deposits was being removed for use as fertilizers, a procedure that
would destroy everything in the deposits of scientific value. Mr.
Poole remained in the field until March, 1928, during which period
he explored a number of caves, sifting the earth carefully and re-
covering a great mass of mammalian and avian bones among which
are many remains of this owl. The species is known from these
investigations from the Grotte San Francisco near St. Michel and
from caves above L’Atalaye a short distance away.

The size of Z7’'yto ostologa is apparent when it is known that a
complete metatarsus measures 93 mm. in length and that the other
bones of the skeleton are of proportionate dimensions. The meta-
tarsus in the ordinary barn owl is from 66 to 77 mm. long and is
much more slender. 7’. ostologa was apparently as tall or perhaps
somewhat taller than the great horned owl Bubo virginianus and
had very large, strong feet. Its period of existence as a species co-
incided with a flourishing native fauna of small mammals now so
far as known entirely extinct, whose existence was first indicated
in certain stories repeated by the historian Oviedo as he heard them
from the Indians but which were disregarded until ‘discovery of an
abundance of mammalian bones in the caves from which come the
remains of 7’'yto ostologa. If we may judge from analogy with the
living barn owls these bone deposits are due to the activities of the
giant owl which foraged for its animal food, swallowed it with many
of the bones entire, and subsequently in its cavern homes regurgi-
tated the indigestible parts of its meals in the form of pellets which
formed the usual accumulations beneath its perches. From the re-
mains of these pellets we now secure skulls and other remains of
extinct insectivores, rats, and hutia-like mammals, and various birds

2134—31——_16

238 BULLETIN 155, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

mingled with an occasional fragment of the owl through whose
agency the other remains have been preserved for us. Occasional
lumps of bones found in the deposit are still cemented together in
the form of pellets.

In a visit to St. Michel on April 21, 1927, Wetmore examined in
person the Grotte San Francisco from which had come the type
bones of Tyto ostologa. After walking up a limestone slope through
dry scrub in the blazing heat of an afternoon sun the air within the
cavern was cool and refreshing. Stalagmitic columns divided the
cave in two sections, with a large opening or chimney admitting
light from above into a chamber at the farther end. The loose soil
was reddish in color and rose in a powder of dust during some casual
digging that disclosed a few bones. At one side was a projecting
ledge which apparently had served the great owl as a roost as it
does the modern barn owl today as below mammalian remains were
in abundance. As the site was examined one could imagine great
owls peering down with drowsy eyes from the cavern ledges or flying
out on soft, noiseless wings through the opening above to range the
nearby iafisides and savannas in search of prey.

There is no definite criterion from which the age of these cave
deposits may be estimated, except that the animal tissues have en-
tirely disappeared from the bones found in them. Some of the more
perfect bones are white and appear startlingly recent. It seems
probable that the deposits were accumulated over a long period of
years extending perhaps-from four hundred to two thousand or
more years ago.

On April 15, 1927, in the Trujin on La Selle described in connec-
tion with 7’yto glaucops, beneath the span of rock forming a bridge
across the sink, Wetmore chanced to observe a hollow thirty inches
long by a foot wide behind some hanging stalactites at an elevation
of six feet from the floor where the depression was completely
sheltered from the elements. On climbing up to look into this an
old skull lying on a little earth caught the eye and proved on ex-
amination to represent one of the extinct species of rodents of the
island. Careful digging revealed many other bones among them
skulls of Vesophontes. Practically all of the earth was removed and
brought to Washington where it has been carefully examined.
Though no remains of 7'yto ostologa were identified the other ma-
terial is so similar to that from La Selle as to lead to the supposition
that the depression was formerly the nesting place of the giant owl.

In this connection it is of interest to detail an account of a visit
to La Selle given by Moreau de Saint-Méry ** whose account he says
was taken from the journal Ajfiches Americaines for April 28, 1788.

® Descrip. Part. Franc. fle Saint-Domingue, vol. 2, 1798, p. 298.

THE BIRDS OF HAITI AND THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 239

The story runs that on February 1, 1788 M. l’Abbé Madoulé, master
of mathematics, M. le Comte de Bermont, and M. Toupin climbed to
the summit of La Selle from the northwest at about ten leagues from
Port-au-Prince. They found trees covered with moss, the ground
torn by the rootings of wild pigs, and reported an abundance of
pigeons, thrushes, and woodpeckers. From eight in the evening un-
til one in the morning they heard hollow cries imitating the human
voice that they attributed to some nocturnal bird, as they had seen
feathers resembling those of a swan at the edge of sort of a den or
cavern. The account is so definite as to suggest that they may have
heard the calls of Zyto ostologa. As these adventurers noted that
the feathers examined were like those of a swan we may suppose
that they were white, which may be a clue to the color of this bird.

There is no indication that this species, which was far larger than
any others now recorded for its family, is still living. It must be
considered one of the most extraordinary members of a highly
interesting extinct fauna.

Family STRIGIDAE *

SPEOTYTO CUNICULARIA TROGLODYTES, new name

HISPANIOLAN BURROWING OWL, CHOUETTE A TERRIER, COU-COU,
COU-COU TERRE

Speotyto dominicensis Cory, Auk, 1886, p. 471 (Haiti).

Buhio de paja, Oviepo, Hist. Gen. Nat. Indias, Libr. 14, Cap. 7; Reprint,
Madrid, 1851, p. 446 (recorded).

Chouette, SAInt-Méry, Descrip. Part. Franc. fle Saint-Domingue, vol. 1, 1797,
p. 263 (Dondon).

87 The small eared owl described and figured by Vieillot (Hist. Nat. Ois. Amér. Sept.,
vol. 1, 1807, pp. 53-54, pl. 22) as le Hibou Nudipéde, Bubo nudipes, is currently identified
as a species found in Central America. In the original description Vieillot gives no
locality, stating of his specimen only ‘‘ de ma collection.” On page 45 of the work cited,
however, in discussing the chouette nudipéde of Porto Rico, which is Gymnasio nudipes,
be says “cette Chouette porte un vétement qui a de l’analogie avec celui du Hibou
nudipéde; mais ses couleurs ne sont pas nuancées et distribuées tout-a-fait de méme.
Le Hibou a les plumes de la téte élevées en forme d’aigrettes, la Chouette les a aussi
courtes que les autres. * * * TL’une et l’autre se trouyent a Saint-Domingue et a
Porto-Ricco.” The same author later (Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., vol. 7, 1817, p. 46) bases
the name Striz psilopoda on the plate cited above, stating that ‘‘on le trouve & Saint-
Domingue et a Porto-Ricco.” In the Tabl. Méth., Ornith., vol. 3, 1823, p. 1282, he
uses this latter name again saying that the bird is found on both the islands mentioned.

It is true that the decription and plate agree closely with the Central American owl
currently known as Otus nudipes, except that the figured bird has a more rounded tail,
but at the same time it is curious that if it is that species Vieillot should have given
the range as ‘“ Saint-Domingue et Porto-Ricco”’ as he collected personally on the first
island mentioned. Further at that date there were few specimens accessible to him from
the region extending from Costo Rica to Panama, the range of the species to which the
name is now attributed.

In this connection it may be noted that Oviedo (Hist. Gen. Nat. Indias, Libr. 14, cap.
7; Reprint, Madrid, 1851, p. 446) describes a small eared owl from the Dominican
Republic saying ‘“‘ hay buhos, pero muy chiquitos 6 no mayores que las lechucas que he
dicho [referring to the burrowing owl], é assi aquellas orejas 6 cuernos levantados en
le cabeca y de proprio plumaje, é los ojos pequefios 4 proporcion del cuerpo; pero muy
claros, como los buhos de Espana.”

In view of the above it seems not impossible that a small eared owl may exist in
Hispaniola, a matter that should be borne in mind in future investigations.

240 BULLETIN 155, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM a

* Athene cunicularia, HARTLAUvB, Isis, 1847, p. 610 (listed).

Athene dominicensis, SAtLf, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1857, p. 231 (habits).

Striv cunicularia, VIEILLOT, Hist. Nat. Ois. Amér. Sept., vol. 1, 1807, pp. 48-49
(habits).

Stria dominicensis, BRYANT, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 11, May, 1867,
p. 90 (Dominican Republic).

Speotyto, LONNBERG, Fauna och Flora, 1929, p. 102 (Haiti).

Speotyto cunicularia, Cory, Birds Haiti and San Domingo, Dec., 1884, pp. 118-
119 (Pétionville, Port-au-Prince).—TrprpENHAUER, Die Insel Haiti, 1892, pp. 319,
322 (listed).

Speotyto dominicensis, VERRILL, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1909, p. 359
(between La Vega and Santiago, Azua).—BrrsE, Zool. Soc. Bull., vol. 30, 1927,
p. 140; Beneath Tropic Seas, 1928, p. 221 (Haiti).

Speotyto cunicularia dominicensis, Cory, Bull. Nuttall Ornith. Club, 1881,
p. 154 (range); Cat. West Indian Birds, 1892, p. 100 (Haiti, Dominican Re-
public).—CuHrrriz, Field Columbian Mus., Ornith. ser., vol. 1, 1896, p. 22
(Honduras).—KarEmprer, Jour. fiir Ornith., 1924, p. 182 (habits).

Speotyto floridana dominicensis, Ripaway, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 50, pt. 6,
1914, p. $28 (Haiti, Dominican Republic).—Perters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zo6l.,
vol. 61, 1917, p. 410 (Sosta, Monte Cristi) —Bartrscu, Smithsonian Misc.
Colls., vol. 68, no. 12, 1918, fig. 45 (phote).—Bonp, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Philadelphia, vol. 80, 1928, p. 501 (Haiti).—DanrortH, Auk, 1929, p. 368
(specimens).—Motrtonti, Att. Soc. Ital. Scienz. Nat., vol. 68, 1929, p. 316 (San
Juan, specimen).

Resident; locally common.

The burrowing owl inhabits semi-open arid scrubs and does not
enter areas of heavy forest. It has not been recorded from the
Samana Peninsula, and in the high interior is known now only from
the valley of Constanza. It is most common in Haiti and in north-
western and southwestern Dominican Republic.

This species lives in holes in the earth which it excavates to a
depth of several feet. It is active by day and may be seen standing
on the little mound of earth above its burrow singly, in pairs, or in
family groups, or perched in low trees, on fence posts, stumps or
other low perches where it watches all that may transpire with round
eyes and a general air of smug satisfaction at its estate. When
alarmed it bows with quick genuflexions and if disturbed flies quick-
ly to some more distant perch or retreats hastily to the depths of its
burrow. Although active by day it is also abroad by night and is
frequently heard calling after dark. In modern travel it is often
observed at night in the light thrown by automobile headlights.

Oviedo mentions owls smaller than those of Spain that must in-
clude the present species. Sallé describes the habits of the burrow-
ing owl and remarks that the burrow entrance is usually strewn
with fragments of dried horse dung, a peculiar habit of unknown
significance observed in other forms of the burrowing owl in North
America and in the plains of southern South America. Cherrie did
not find burrowing owls abundant in the Dominican Republic as he

THE BIRDS OF HAITI AND THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 241

collected only one, taken at Honduras. Verrill found them near
Azua and between La Vega and Santiago. Peters secured a pair at
Sostia, and found them rather common in the desert area near Monte
Cristi. His specimens secured near Sosta lived in a burrow with
two entrances dug in reddish soil which had heavily stained their
plumage.

Wetmore recorded a few between Comendador and Bani April
30 and May 1, 1927. Many were observed at night by the lights of
the motor car in which he was traveling when the birds watched
the moving shadows about them and paid little attention to the light
rays themselves. Near San Juan May 1 some one had dug out a
burrow three feet deep in the side of a bank beside the road and *
had killed the three fledged young that the nest contained. An
adult owl perched on the body of one of the young birds, tearing at
it with vigor and when disturbed attempted unsuccessfully to fly
away with its prey. A second bird was badly torn about the head
while the third was untouched. The case was evidently one of
cannibalism but whether on the part of a parent or a stranger it was
impossible to say. One of the young, prepared as a skin, was as
yet unable to fly. It has the abdomen and flanks dull buff without
spots or markings.

W. L. Abbott secured a male at Constanza on April 7, 1919, and
Wetmore observed one at the same point May 19, 1927 that had been
captured on its nest which contained five hard set eggs. The boy in
whose possession it was, placed the eggs in one of the hollowed logs
which are stood on end and used in pounding coffee. The bird,
apparently a female, tethered by a long cord, recognized her eggs
immediately and settled down to incubate them in spite of rough
handling. Two days later she was still faithfully covering her
treasures aided by bits of meat from the bodies of birds skinned for
specimens in lieu of the rice offered as food by her captor. The
latter, tired of his charge, wished to kill her but was persuaded to
set her at liberty. Two of the eggs were blown, though very hard
set.

Danforth found these owls common in 1927 in the dry area be-
tween Navarrete and Monte Cristi, and on June 23 saw them nesting
in holes in dry clay banks bordering mangrove swamps. In the
stomachs of two examined he found a little mouse fur in one, and
remains of beetles and the claws of a centipede in the other. He
observed them further at Santiago, Tibano, and San Juan. Ciferri
sent a specimen to Moltoni taken at Sabana San Thomé, San Juan,
June 22, 1929.

In Haiti the burrowing owl seems more common than in the
eastern republic because of the more extensive sections adapted to its
needs. It is especially numerous in the Cul-de-Sac region, and

242 BULLETIN 155, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

Abbott recorded it in numbers on the northwest peninsula. Cory
records specimens near Pétionville February 27 and 28, and March 1,
1881, and one near Port-au-Prince February 21, 1881. There is one
in the United States National Museum from his collection taken at
Port-au-Prince, December 31, 1880. He reported it common about
the saline lakes of the Cul-de-Sac, and it still remains in numbers
about the Etang Saumitre according to Abbott and Bartsch.
Bartsch secured one at Trou Caiman April 4, 1917, and Abbott took
two at the same point March 10,1918. Bartsch collected a series of
five skins between Port-au-Prince and St. Mare April 20, 1917, and
two more birds the following day at St. Mare which were put in
alcohol. He recorded others at Thomazeau April 2, Gloré April 3,
and near Port-au-Prince April 25 and 27. Wetmore found them at
Damien March 29, 1927, Sources Puantes March 29, La Tremblay
April 7, and Las Cahobes April 20. He had confidently expected to
find them abundant in the central plain near Hinche but saw none
there.

Saint-Méry recorded this species at Dondon. Abbott collected six
skins at Baie des Moustiques from March 31 to May 4, 1917, and
seven more at an altitude of 450 meters near Bombardopolis March 21
to 26 of the same year. One from the first locality had eaten a
lizard and a scorpion, and one from the second contained insects
and a mouse.

At Bais des Moustiques May 4, 1917 Abbott secured four sets of
eggs. These are white, with a distinct gloss and are rounded in
form. A set of two was fresh. They measure 31.6 by 26.7, and 32.0
by 26.4 mm. A set of three eggs also fresh, measures 28.3 by 25.3,
29.5 by 24.8 and 29.7 by 24.6 mm. A second set of three, apparently
heavily incubated, measures 30.9 by 26.4, 31.0 by 26.5, and 31.5 by
26.8 mm. Four addled eggs from a burrow four feet long dug just
beneath the surface of the earth in a meadow, at which both parents
were taken measure 32.0 by 27.0, 32.1 by 26.9, 32.2 by 26.5 and 32.2 by
26.7 mm. The two eggs secured by Wetmore at Constanza are
slightly larger, measuring 32.9 by 28.3 and 33.7 by 27.1 mm.

Danforth in 1927 recorded this burrowing owl at Port-au-Prince
and Les Cayes. Bond says that he found this bird at Port-de-Paix
in March, and further that he did not encounter it on Tortue Island.
Poole and Perrygo secured skins at Fort Liberté February 11 and 18
and Pont Sondé February 26, 1929. Further they took one at Massa-
crin on Gonave Island March 9, though Bond says he did not find
it on that island.

Vieillot says that the eyes in the male are a very vivid yellow
while those of the female are paler; Abbott, in a male shot at Bom-
bardopolis March 21, 1917, records the iris as yellow, bill greenish
yellow and feet greenish.

THE BIRDS OF HAITI AND THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 243

The Florida and Hispaniolan burrowing owls recently have been
considered a species apart from cunicularia which, divided into a
number of forms, ranges from western North America south to
Patagonia, but in our opinion they have gone such a little way on
the road to differentiation that the line of demarcation is not sharp
cut so that we consider these two as subspecies of the continental
group. Some South American specimens of cwnicularia have the
under wing coverts distinctly spotted and an occasional specimen of
troglodytes has them nearly immaculate. Also occasional speci-
mens of the cwnicularia group are as heavily barred below as the
floridana aggregation. The feathering of the tarsi is less heavy in
floridana and troglodytes, but the difference here is slight.

After some search in literature it appears that the subspecific name
dominicensis for the burrowing owl here discussed must be changed.
Speotyto dominicensis Cory has been cited from the Bulletin of
the Nuttall Ornithological Club, 1881, p. 154, but is here a nomen
nudum as there is no description, the statement being merely “ 47.
Speotyto cunicularia dominicensis (Mol.) Baird.—Resident and very
abundant in the low scrub bordering the large lakes of the interior.”
The reference to Baird is not certain. In his Birds of Haiti and
San Domingo (1885, p. 118), Cory calls this bird Speotyto cunicu-
laria, but in the Auk for 1886 (p. 471) gives it as Speotyto domini-
censis Cory, the name dating from this point, being accompanied by
a description. However, there is a previous Athene dominicensis of
Bonaparte ** which is preoccupied by Athene dominicensis *® Gray.
The latter refers to Speotyto c. cwnicularia, since it is based on Azara
and must be, therefore, the bird of southern South America. As
there is no other name available it becomes necessary to give the
burrowing owl of Hispaniola a new designation. It may be known
as Speotyto cunicularia troglodytes.

Following are measurements of our series; Males, 14 specimens,
wing 152.0-164.5 (158.7), tail 69.0-81.7 (73.3), culmen from cere
13.7-16.4 (14.9), tarsus 42.3-46.6 (44.3) mm.

Females, 12 specimens, wing 150.0-163.0 (156.8), tail 63.3-74.0
(69.5), culmen from cere 13.8-15.3 (14.5), tarsus 40.0-44.8 (43.1) mm.

The burrowing owl is earthy brown above spotted and streaked
with white and buffy white, and whitish or buffy below barred
irregularly with earthy brown, with a broad white band across the
upper breast and the throat white. The legs are feathered, the
feathering becoming hairlike at the lower end of the tarsus and on the
toes. The bird ranges from 210 to 230 mm. long, and is distinguished
easily from any other owl of this area by small size and smooth,
rounded head, without the projecting tufts of feathers called ears.

% Consp. Av., vol. 1, 1850, p. 38. (‘Ex Antill.’’)
® Gen. Birds, vol. 1, 1845, p. 35.

244 BULLETIN 155, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

ASIO DOMINGENSIS DOMINGENSIS (Miller)
HISPANIOLAN SHORT-EARED OWL, LECHUZA, CHOUETTE, CHAT-HUANT

Strix domingensis P. L. 8. Mtxter, Vollst. Naturs. Suppl. Reg.-Band, 1776,
p. 70 (Hispaniola).

Chouette ou Grande Chevéche de Saint-Domingue, Burron, Hist. Nat. Ois.,
vol. 1, 1770, pp. 392-893 (‘ Saint-Domingue ”’).

Strir dominicensis GMELIN, Syst. Nat., vol. 1, pt. 1, 1788, p. 296 (His-
paniola).—SuHaw, Gen. Zool., vol. 7, pt. 1, 1809, p. 261 (based on Buffon).

?Stric dominicensis, RirrER, Naturh. Reis. Westind. Insel Hayti, 1836, p. 155
(specimen).

Asio domingensis domingensis, WETMORE, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. 41,
October 15, 1928, pp. 165-166 (discussion of nomenclature).—Bonp, Proc. Acad.
Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 80, 1928, p. 50 (St. Michel, specimen).—Motront,
Att. Soe. Ital. Scienz. Nat., vol. 68, 1929, p. 316 (Moca, San Juan, specimens).

Resident; rare. _

W. L. Abbott collected a female of the native short-eared owl
March 19, 1922, at the Laguna Rinecén, near Cabral, Dominican Re-
public. E. L. Ekman, under date of December 2, 1929, writes that
he obtained a pair near San Juan. The Ciferris collected specimens
at Moca October 12, 1927, San Juan February 3, 1928, and Sabana
San Thomé, near San Juan May 30, 1928. Another, a male, was
secured by James Bond from four or five seen near St. Michel, Haiti,
March 4, 1928. Abbott notes that his bird had eaten a rail,
apparently a sora.

That Buffon examined a specimen of the short-eared owl from
Hispaniola, and noted the peculiarities that distinguished this species
from the widespread Asto flammeus, has been overlooked in recent
decades. His remarks are as follows:

“Cet oiseau nous a été enyoyé de Saint-Domingue, & nous paroit étre une
espéce nouvelle différente de toutes celles qui ont été indiquées par tous les
Naturalistes; nous avons cru devoir la rapporter par le nom &a celle de la
chouette ou grande chevéche d’Europe, parce qu’elle s’en éloigne moins que
d’aucune autre; mais dans le réel, elie nous paroit faire une espéce 4 part, &
qui mériteroit un nom particulier; elle a le bec plus grand, plus fort & plus
crochu qu’aucune espéce de chouette, & elle différe encore de notre grande
chevéche, en ce qu’elle a le ventre d’une couleur rouffatre, uniforme, & qu’elle
n’a sur la poitrine que quelques taches longitudinales; au lieu que la chouette
ou grande chevéche d’Europe, a sur la poitrine & sur le ventre le grandes taches
brunes, oblongues & pointues, que lui ont fait donner le nom de Choueite flam-
bée, noctua flammeatda.”

The early authors who were so assiduous in coining Latin names
for all birds whose descriptions appeared in current literature did
not neglect this note of Buffon’s as the species was styled Strix
domingensis by Miiller in 1776 and Stria dominicensis by Gmelin in
1788. The bird must bear the first name mentioned, that of Miiller.

The species indicated by the Striw dominicensis of Ritter may be
the present one but that is not certain.

THE BIRDS OF HAITI AND THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 245

Following are measurements in millimeters of the two specimens
seen :

Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. No. 82,270, male, wing 294, tail 130, culmen
and cere 30.0, tarsus 52.5.

U.S.N.M. No. 279,303, female, wing 297, tail 182, culmen and cere
28.0, tarsus 57.2.

On comparison it develops that Aso domingensis is so related to
A. portoricensis Ridgway, of the adjacent island of Porto Rico that
the two should be treated as geographic races. The Porto Rican bird
is distinguished by slightly smaller size, the wing in four examples
ranging from 274 to 281 mm. (average 277 mm.), more rounded tail,
darker forehead and less heavily marked chest. In general color,
except as noted, the two forms are closely similar, birds in first
fall plumage being darker buff than those that are older. The Porto
Rican short-eared owl will be known as Asio domingensis portori-
censis Ridgway.

The Hispaniolan short-eared owl is dark brown above with the
feathers edged prominently with cinnamon buff, with bars of the
latter color on wings and tail. There is a dark ring around the eye
beyond which the facial disk is cinnamon buff and white. The bird is
cinnamon buff below with the abdomen immaculate, the sides and
flanks very lightly streaked and the breast very heavily marked with
dusky. The bird is easily distinguished from the barn owl by the
difference in color of the facial disk and from the eared owl by its
smooth head and paler color.

ASIO STYGIUS NOCTIPETENS Riley

HISPANIOLAN STYGIAN OWL, LECEUZA, HOUHOU, FRESAYE-A-CORNES

Asio noctipetens RitEy, Smithsonian Misc. Colls., vol. 66, no. 15, Dec. 1,
1916, p. 1 (Constanza, Dominican Republic).—RicHMoNpD, Smithsonian Misc.
Colls., vol. 66, no. 17, 1917, p. 388 (mentioned).—KAEMPFER, Journ. fiir Ornith.,
1924, p. 188 (Sanchez).

Asio stygius noctipetens, Bonp, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Philadelphia, vol. 80,
1928, p. 501 (Gonave Island, specinren).—Motton1, Att. Soc. Ital. Scienz. Nat.,
vol. 68, 1929, p. 316 (Moca, specimens).

Bubo clamator (part), Viemxot, Hist. Nat. Ois. Amér. Sept., vol. 1, 1807,
p. 52 (“ Saint-Domingue”’).

Resident; rare.

Little is at present known of this owl, first described from an
adult male secured by Dr. W. L. Abbott near Constanza, D. R., at
an elevation of about 1200 meters, on September 23, 1916.
(Pl. 19.) Kaempfer collected a second bird from the swampy
forests at the mouth of the Rio Yuna, which Hartert says is an
adult female taken November 18, 1922. Abbott informs us that this
latter bird was secured alive from a native. According to infor-

246 BULLETIN 155, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

mation from Hartert the label indicates the iris as golden yellow;
bill blue-black, pale towards base; and feet dark gray, with a bluish
tinge. The ends of the primaries are broken so that the true wing
measurement may not be obtained. Ciferri secured skins at Moca
January 1, 1927, and July 29, 1929.

Abbott says that he heard these owls hooting at night from the
forests near Constanza but though Wetmore during his residence
at that town listened for it regularly he was unable to hear any sound
that might be attributed to it. The species, familiar to inhabitants
under the name lechuza, was said to inhabit the dense rain-forests
and to come out at night to hunt in the open pine-lands. It was
reputed to rest in one certain place by day. Though its call was
known no one could definitely describe it. It was said to take
chickens on occasion when these were not properly housed.

Apparently this owl was known to Vieillot in his work in Haiti as
under the name Bubo clamator (which refers to another owl but
under which the author seems to have given notes pertaining to
several species of eared owls) he remarks that the colonists of “Saint-
Domingue” knew an owl that they called howhou.

James Bond collected a male at Pointe-’-Raquette on Gouave
Island, June 29, 1928, the only specimen definitely known at present
from Haiti. He was told that the bird was not uncommon on
Gonave but saw it only on this one occasion. It was said to live in
wooded ravines and to hunt at night in the plantations of the natives.
The one taken had eaten a ground-dove.

Through the courtesy of Mr. Bond and Doctor Stone, Wetmore
has compared the skin from Gonave Island with the type from Con-
stanza and finds that it is similar though with coloration somewhat
browner due obviously to wear and fading of the plumage. These
skins are quite similar to Asio stygius, differing in general darker
coloration, particularly above, with the light markings more re-
stricted on wing coverts, scapulars, and facial disk and absent on the
interscapular region. After careful comparison noctipetens is
placed as a subspecies of stygius of which it is obviously the geo-
graphic representative. It will be recalled that Asio stygius siqguapa
(d’Orbigny) is found in the adjacent island of Cuba; according to
Barbour * this differs from continental stygius in paler facial disk
and general grayer coloration.

Following are measurements in millimeters of the two specimens
from Hispaniola:

Type, U.S.N.M. 249,475, male, wing 291, tail 160, culmen and cere
34.3, tarsus 45.0.

®0 Birds of Cuba, Mem. Nuttall Ornith, Club, No. 6, June, 1923, p. 87.

155 PLATE 19

BULLETIN

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM

THE HISPANIOLAN EARED OWL (ASIO STYGIUS NOCTIPETENS)

ae 5
, = =
=
.
-

THE BIRDS OF HAITI AND THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 247

Acad. Nat. Sci. No. 82,272, male, wing 303, tail 169, culmen and
cere 35.8, tarsus 47.3.

Abbott describes the soft parts in his specimen as follows: iris
yellow, toes dirty lead color, claws black, bill horny black, with the
tip and lower mandible yellowish.

This owl, which is about 440 mm. in length is blackish brown
above, mottled faintly with grayish buff on forehead, sides of head,
wing coverts, inner secondaries, and tertials, and barred with buff
on the tail. Below it is buff, paler anteriorly, streaked and barred
heavily with blackish brown. Elongated feathers project as two
horns on the crown, and the legs are feathered to the toes. (Pl. 19.)

Order CAPRIMULGIFORMES

Suborder CAPRIMULGI
Family NYCTIBIIDAE

NYCTIBIUS GRISEUS ABBOTTI Richmond
HISPANIOLAN NYCTIBIUS, DON JUAN, CHAT HUANT

Nyctibius griseus abbotti RicHMoND, Smithsonian Misc. Colls., vol. 68, no. 7,
July 12, 1917, p. 1 (Port 4 Piment, Haiti) —Werermorn, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus.,
vol. 54, October 15, 1918, pp. 577-586, 3 figs. (anatomy, systematic position) .—
Bonp, Proce. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 80, 1928, p. 502 (reported).

Resident; abundance not certain.

The present form was described from a male taken by W. L.
Abbott at Port a Piment, on the southern shore of the northwest
peninsula of Haiti, March 9, 1917. It was caught alive while asleep.
Under date of February 12, 1918 Abbott wrote from Jérémie that
he had heard many chat huant (as these birds are named in Haiti)
calling but that he did not secure any. He also reported them from
the Cul-de-Sac region under date of May 19, 1920. James Bond
collected a female on Gonave Island June 28, 1928, a gray bird like
the type, with the wing 295.0, tail 212.0, culmen from base 26.2, and
tarsus 17.9 mm. He writes (in a letter) that his specimen came
from Pointe-a-Raquette.

The body of the type specimen, preserved in alcohol, was studied
by Wetmore who has published an account of the anatomy. The
following items of food, with their percentages by bulk, were found
in the capacious stomach of this bird:

Three Stenodontes exsertus Olivier 5 per cent, 2 other cerambycid
beetles not identified 5 per cent, 2 small Passalid beetles 2 per cent,
18 locustid eggs 5 per cent, remains of moths 83 per cent.

248 BULLETIN 155, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

In the Dominican Republic Abbott examined a bird, badly
mounted, in a drug store in Puerto Plata, and heard the queer call
of the Don Juan morning and evening in May near Hondo in the
mountains. ‘They were reported to be local in distribution, and were
said to be found near San Francisco de Macoris.

Hartert writes us that there is an adult in the Tring Museum taken
by Kaempfer near Ttibano in October, 1923.

This group of birds is found elsewhere in the Greater Antilles
only in Jamaica. It is true that Hartlaub®™ says that Herzog von
Wiurttemberg secured one in Cuba, but there is no other record for
that island and there is reason to believe that this individual was
obtained elsewhere, possibly in Haiti where Wiirttemberg traveled
extensively.

The Don Juan or chat huant is the largest of the goatsuckerlike
birds on the island and, though superficially like the others, through
possession of powder downs and certain anatomical peculiarities, is
segregated in a family distinct from the Caprimulgidae. The form
of Hispaniola is approximately 450 mm. in length, with long tail,
fairly heavy body, and a tremendous mouth that measures approxi-
mately 45 mm. across the gape and opens sufficiently to engulf a
small mango. The bird is gray above, streaked with black and
mottled with whitish, and the same color below, with black spots
on the breast.

Family CAPRIMULGIDAE ”

Subfamily CAPRIMULGINAE

ANTROSTOMUS CAROLINENSIS (Gmelin)
CHUCK-WILL’S-WIDOW, PITANGUA, DON JUAN

Caprimulgus carolinensis GMELIN, Syst. Nat., vol. 1, pt. 2, 1789, p. 1028
(Carolina. )

? Caprimulgus rufus, RirtER, Naturh. Reis. Westind. Insel Hayti, 1886, p.
156 (specimen). ~

Caprimulgus carolinensis, KAEMPFER, Journ. fiir Ornith., 1924, p. 182 (Moca).

Androstomus carolinensis, TIPPENHAUER, Die Insel Haiti, 1892, pp. 320, 321
(listed).

Antrostomus carolinensis, Cory, Bull, Nuttall Ornith. Club, 1881, p. 153 (spec-
imens) ; Birds Haiti and San Domingo, july, 1884, pp. 84-85 (Pétionville) ; Cat.
West Indian Birds, 1892, p. 105 (Haiti, Dominican Republic).—Cuerrrim, Field
Columbian Mus., Ornith. ser., vol. 1, 1896, p. 18, (Catarrey, specimen) .—VER-

*! Naumannia, 1852, pt. 2, p. 54.

*2 In the Conspectus Avium, vol. 1, 1850, p. 61 Bonaparte has the following description :

“Antrostomus dominicus, Bp. Mus. Lugd. ex Insula S. Dominici. Similis praecedenti,
[i. e. Antrostomus vociferus] sed obscurior, magis et pulcherrime variegatus.’’ In the
Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., vol. 16, 1892, p. 535, Doctor Hartert writes “I have examined
the types of this supposed species in the Leyden Museum; they are said to be from
Haiti, but, in my opinion, are C. pectoralis with wrong locality.”” Caprimulgus pecto-
ralis is a species of South Africa.

THE BIRDS OF HAITI AND THER DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 249

RILL, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1909, p. 360 (Sanchez, La Vega, El
Valle).—Mottoni, Att. Soc. Ital. Scienz. Nat., vol. 68, 1929, p. 317 (Haina,
specimen),

Migrant from United States; abundance not certain as the birds
are seldom seen.

The chuck-will’s-widow is a migrant species that comes in winter
from the southeastern United States to the West Indies. It is strictly
nocturnal, remaining under cover during the entire day and be-
coming active only at night when it comes out to search for food.
It is seen therefore only casually when one comes across a sleeping
individual. The few records available are not to be taken as an
index to the abundance of the species.

Cherrie secured one February 3, 1896, near Catarrey, and says that
he heard the Chuck-will’s-widow calling frequently on clear even-
ings. Verrill records it near Sanchez, La Vega, and El Valle, and
says that it was not rare in the more open portions of wooded hill-
sides. Hartert informs us that the Tring Museum has an adult
female taken by A. H. Verrill at Sanchez, March 9, 1907. R. H.
Beck secured specimens at Santo Domingo City October 14 and 17,
La Vega December 4, 1916, Loma Tina January 16, and Titibano
February 20, 1917. Abbott forwarded one taken February 18, 1923
at Jovéro, and says that it was killed by a boy with a slingshot or
catapult in dense jungle near a river. Near Hondo, below Con-
stanza, he saw several large nightjars in the wooded swamps that
may have included this species, but this was not certain as he did
not succeed in procuring specimens. Kaempfer has reported a few
in cacao plantations near Moca, and Hartert states (in a letter) that
the Tring Museum has skins collected by Kaempfer at Villa Riva,
February 4, 1924, Guanabano, near the border between the Provinces
of La Vega and Espaillat March 1, 1922, and near Caimato, Province
of Espaillat, April 1, 1922. Moltoni received one taken by Ciferri
near Haina.

There are few definite records for Haiti. Ritter lists a specimen
of “rother Zeigenmelker ” that may perhaps have been the chuck-
will’s-widow. Cory speaks of two taken and gives one of them as
secured at Pétionville February 28, 1881.

The chuck-will’s-widow is distinguished from other goatsuckers of
the island by large size, having the wing 201 to 225 mm. long and
measuring itself about 325 mm. in leneth. The plumage in general
is brownish, above becoming more or less grayish on the inner wing
feathers, everywhere minutely vermiculated with black, with black
streaks and spots on head and back. The breast is similar but paler,
there is a band of buff across the throat, and the abdomen is dull
buff barred with dusky. The male has the inner webs of the outer

250 BULLETIN 155, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

rectrices broadly white, while in the female they are buff. The
species is distinguished from any of the other goatsuckers by having
lateral filaments on the long bristles that project about the mouth.

ANTROSTOMUS CUBANENSIS EKMANI Lénnberg
HISPANICLAN GOATSUCKER, PITANGUA

Antrostomus ekmani LONNBERG, Ark. f6r Zool., vol. 20 B, no. 6, March 18,
1929, p. 1, fig. 1 (Jérémie, Haiti) —LOnnsBerre, Fauna och Flora, 1929, pp. 102-
103, fig. 1 (specimen, eggs).

? Caprimulgus carolinensis (part), KarmMprer, Journ. fiir Ornith., 1924, p.
182 (notes on nest).

Antrostomus, sp. ? Bonpb, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sei. Philadelphia, vol. 80, 1928,
p. 521 (mentioned).

Known locally in the Dominican Republic, and Haiti; resident.

This peculiar bird is known at present from a specimen secured
by W. L. Abbott February 23, 1921 at Mao, D: R., in the valley
of the Yaqui del Norte, one found by Kaempfer near La Vega, August
2, 1922, and by a third, the type of the race, taken by Ekman near
Jérémie in July, 1928. (Pl. 20.) The second specimen Hartert in-
forms us was found dead in such condition that it could be preserved
only by leaving most of the bones in the skin. Abbott writes that
his bird was found resting on a branch near the ground in an area
of the dense growth characteristic of the arid region there. Pos-
sibly this form was included among the goatsuckers seen but not
collected by Abbott near Hondo below Constanza.

K. L. Ekman, the botanist, secured the type of this race at 1500
meters altitude at the Habitation Quillaud near Trou des Roseaux
in the Massif de la Hotte June 27, 1928. The bird was flushed from
a nest on the ground in which there were two eggs, light greenish
white in color spotted with brown.

It is of interest to note that in a collection of water-color draw-
ings of birds made by M. de Rabié near the close of the eighteenth
century there is an excellent illustration of the present bird, easily
recognized by size and color, particularly by the plain buff outer
margins of the distal ends of the rectrices. The drawing in question
is labelled peut-on voir and is indicated as made “au Cap” (=Cap-
Haitien). It is number 14 in the portfolio in question which has
been examined through the courtesy of Wheldon and Wesley of Lon-
don. There is no other mention of it in the older records from Haiti
unless possibly this may be the Caprimulgus rufus listed by Ritter.t

Kaempfer in his notes on “ Caprimulgus carolinensis” (see refer-
ence above) writes “die Eier dieses Vogels sollen nach Berichten von
EKingeborenen weiss mit braunen Punkten sein und das Nest sich auf

1 (Naturh. Reis. Westind. Insel Hayti, 1836, p. 156) whose identity is not certain but
which is more probably the chuck-will’s-widow.

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 155 PLATE 20

HISPANIOLAN GOATSUCKER (ANTROSTOMUS CUBANENSIS EKMAN])

THE BIRDS OF HAITI AND THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 25]

dem Boden befinden. Der Ruf ist ein schauerlich klingendes weithin
hérbares Pitangua, gegen das Ende stark anschwellend.” As Antro-
stomus carolinensis, the chuck-will’s-widow, is known only as a mi-
grant these observations may refer to the native species.

This bird in size and form is similar to Antrostomus cubanensis
cubanensis Lawrence of Cuba from which it differs in having the
light tips of the outer rectrices and the under tail coverts cinnamon-
buff, immaculate except for the longer central feathers which have
dark bars on the outer webs, and with the light mottlings on the
inner webs of the primaries less extensive, the feathers being im-
maculate on the inner web for the distal fourth. The Cuban form
has the entire under tail coverts heavily barred with the inner webs
of the primaries displaying extensive mottled bars that extend to
distal end of the feathers.

Though Abbott noted developing eggs as large as number two
shot in his specimen for some reason he marked it “ 9?”. After
comparison with Cuban birds it appears to be a female, as the female
of that form differs from the male, in addition to the narrower hght
band on the tip of the tail, in having distinct paler markings on the
inner webs of the outer rectrices, producing a series of bars. This
area in the male is immaculate. As the bird from Mao has the
mottled bars on the inner webs of the rectrices it appears certainly
to bea female. It has the following measurements (in millimeters) ;
wing 170.5, tail 128.3, culmen from base 16.3, tarsus 17.9. The
dimensions are closely similar to those of A. ¢. cubanensis.

The present bird in form is like the chuck-will’s-widow but is
smaller, and grayer, less buffy, in color. In the hand it may be told
by shorter wing, which measures about 170 mm. (instead of the
200 mm. or more of the chuck-will’s-widow) and by the smooth
bases of the rictal bristles which lack lateral filaments. (PI. 20.)

SIPHONORHIS BREWSTERI (Chapman)
BREWSTER’S GOATSUCKER, GROUILLE-CORPS

Microsiphonorhis brewsteri CHAMAN, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. 37,
May 14, 1917, p. 829 (Tabano, Dominican Republic).—Bonp, Auk, 1928, pp.
471-474, pl. 16 (Gonave Island; habits, eggs).—LGONNBERG, Fauna och Flora,
1929, p. 102 (Haiti).

Siphonorhis brewsteri, Bonp, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 80,
1928, pp. 501-502 (Gonave Island, Trou Forban).

Resident; local.

The present species, peculiar to the island, was first taken by R. H.
Beck, who collected an adult female near Ttibano, in the Province
of Azua, February 10, 1917. Hartert informs us that Kaempfer
secured three specimens for the Tring Museum, near Tiibano on

252 BULLETIN 155, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

August 13 and 14, 1924, at an elevation of 300 meters. According
to the labels these include one male and two females. This species
was first identified from Haiti by bones from the cavern deposits at
L’Atalaye identified by Wetmore. In 1928 Bond recorded it in
small numbers in the arid region about Trou Forban and Magasin
Caries between L’Arcahaie and Mont Rouis, and on Gonave Island
found it fairly common so that he collected a series. He writes that
he usually found them “ perched lengthwise on a horizontal branch
of a bush, from one to five feet above the ground. The protective
coloring of the birds, combined with their immobility, made them
extremely difficult to make out. Occasionally, however, I flushed
them from the ground, on which occasions they would flit a short
distance through the scrub like large moths and either settle again
on the ground, or, as frequently happened, would fly up into a
nearby bush like some passerine! It will thus be seen that the bird
once found was not difficult to collect and in fact in no case did I
fail to secure a bird which I had followed up.

“In May and June, which is evidently their breeding-season,
the little goatsucker is more noisy at night, and at times I heard it
during the day! The notes may be described as half croaks, half
whispers, and can be recalled by the syllables gu-eck, goo-ré-caw,
with the accent on the ré._ The bird also emits at times a clear rising
whistle, which reminded me forcibly of a Canada Jay.

“Partly because of its note, partly because of its habit, typical
of the family, of quivering its wings when flushed from the nest,
the little goatsucker is known to the natives as the ‘ Grouillé-corps’
or ‘shaking-body.’”

Bond secured two sets of two eggs each. The first one was
found May 16, 1928 on Gonave Island on the top of a narrow ridge on
burnt land, placed in a little hollow formed by the bird on the
ground. The eggs are dull white with rather evenly distributed
spots of pale violet-gray and numerous spots or scrawls of buff and
pale brown. ‘A second set brought in by a native June 27 has the
violet-gray markings restricted to the large end and the buff spots
lacking. ‘The first set measures 25.0 by 18.2 and 25.2 by 18.9 mm.,
and the second 24.8 by 18.9 and 24.6 by 18.9 mm. Bond cites the
hills above Pointe-’-Raquette as the place where this little goat-
sucker was first seen, but does not state whether his subsequent notes
pertain to this locality or to others.

On examination of the excellent series collected by Bond it appears
that male and female are generally similar in color, but that females
average decidedly paler, less blackish on the breast, and in most of
those examined are a little less rufescent on the back. Two juvenile
birds secured May 17, 1928, though not quite grown, were evidently

THE BIRDS OF HAITI AND THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 253

able to fly. These are in molt from juvenal to first fall plumage,
with most of the feathers except those on the breast already replaced.
Where juvenile feathers persist on lower breast and abdomen the
markings are softer and less distinct and the color is more buffy than
in the next plumage. Otherwise they are like the adults.

Following are measurements of the series in the Academy of
Natural Sciences:

Four males, wing 115.0-120.1 (117.0), tail 99.1-104.8 (101.2),
culmen from base 9.2—11.3 (10.6), tarsus 24.4-24.9 (24.6) mm.

Five females, wing 112.9-120.2 (114.8), tail 92.6-104.1 (97.4),
culmen from base 9.6-11.0 (10.3), tarsus 22.2-23.9 (23.1) mm.

Wetmore agrees with Bond that the present species should be
placed in the genus Siphonorhis since the structural differences
alleged in the original description of Aficrosiphonorhis do not hold
when a series is examined, the only apparent distinction between
brewstert and Siphonorhis americanus being that the bill in the
former is relatively heavier. The long, strong tarsi of the bird of
Hispaniola attract attention at once, and we agree with Chapman
that in length of tarsus and in general appearance both Siphonorhis
americanus of Jamaica and S. brewsteri are of the same general type
as Myctidromus of the continental American tropics.

The present species is distinguished by small size from all others
of its family found in Hispaniola. It is brownish gray above,
mottled as usual in goatsuckers with a mixture of black and lighter
colors. There is a distinct white throat band, and the under surface
is barred and vermiculated with black and buff or buffy white.

Subfamily CHORDEILINAE
CHORDEILES MINOR VICINUS Riley

BAHAMAN NIGHTHAWK, QUEREBEBE, PEUT-ON-VOIR

Chordeiles virginianus vicinus Ritry, Auk. 1903, p. 482 (Long Island,
Bahamas).

Aves Nocturnas, Oviepo, Hist. Gen. Nat. Indias, Libr. 14, cap. 7; Reprint,
1851, p. 446 (habits).

Chordeiies minor, Cory, Birds Haiti and San Domingo, July, 1884, pp. 85-86
(La Vega, specimens) ; Cat. West Indian Birds, 1892, p. 105 (Haiti, Dominican
Republic).—TIpPpENHAUER, Die Insel Haiti, 1892, p. 321 (listed).—Curisry,
Ibis, 1897, pp. 328-329 (La Vega).—VerriLt, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia,
1909, p. 360 (Dominican Republic, common).

Chordeiles virginianus minor, KapMprer, Journ. fiix Ornith., 1924, p. 182
(Dominican Republic, common).

Chordeiles virginianus gundlachii, Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zodl., 1917, p.
411 (Sostia).—Bonp, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 80, 1928, p. 502
(Port-de-Paix, Acul Samedi, Tortue Island) —Danrortu, Auk, 1929, p. 369

21384-—31——_17 ‘

254 BULLETIN 155, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

(fairly common).—Motton1, Att. Soc. Ital. Scienz. Nat., vol. 68, 1929, p. 317
(Haina, Bonao, specimens).

Chordeiles minor vicinus, Mottont, Att. Soc. Ital. Scienz. Nat., vol. 68, 1929,
p. 87 (San Thomé, specimen).

Summer resident; locally common.

The nighthawk is migrant in Hispaniola, according to available
information arriving in April and nesting in May and June. It is
a bird that prefers pasturelands and other open country and does
not range in dense forests as do other goatsuckers except to rest occa-
sionally in trees. Nighthawks appear in the air toward sunset or
on cloudy days, and fly steadily with strong beats of their long wings
in zigzag, irregular course across the sky in search of insect food
which they capture on the wing in their broadly opened mouths.
As the dusk of evening deepens they come to lower elevations when
they may sweep back and forth barely above the ground. The name
of “hawk,” given to them apparently because of their long, narrow
wings, is a misnomer since they are members of the family of goat-
suckers or nightjars. They rest on the ground or on the limbs of
trees, in the latter case always perching longitudinally along the
limb. The date of departure from Hispaniola for their unknown
winter home somewhere in South America is not at present known.

The earliest report of the nighthawk on the island, that of Oviedo
in the sixteenth century, relates probably to the Dominican Repub-
lic. He says “hay en esta isla aves mayores que vencejos, é
las alas tienen y el vuelo de la mesina forma, é vuelan
con tanto velocidad é con aquella manera de voltear, subiendo y
descendiendo, dando vueltas en el ayre. FE no salen ni se veen sino
el tiempo que el sol se entra ‘debaxo del horiconte, é tambien
aleunas veces si el sol no paresce, por estar el cielo fubloso.” He
describes further their notes which may be heard at a distance and
remarks that they are great enemies to bats, striking at them in
the air, a curious statement of uncertain foundation. Cory, who
secured three at La Vega, July 31 and August 2 and 4, 1883, remarks
that the nighthawk is abundant in many localities in the summer
months. Christy found them also at La Vega and writes that
he observed nine at one time. Verrill writes that they were com-
mon in the savannas of the interior. Peters reports that the first
of the returning migrants appeared on the north coast near Sostia
on April 10, 1916, the night before his departure from the island.
Kaempfer reported them as the most common of the family found
throughout the Dominican Republic. He was told that they nested
on the ground in dry stony localities. They were found resting
in low trees and appeared on the wing as the sun set, or sometimes
earlier on cloudy days. He recorded a flock of fifty or more in May
near Jarabacoa. Hartert writes us that the Tring Museum received

THE BIRDS OF HAITI AND THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 255

two skins from Kaempfer, a male taken at Manabdo, in the west-
ern part of the Province of La Vega, not far from the head of the
Rio Yaqui del Norte, May 2, 1923, and a female in worn dress from
Ttbano, August 16, 1923. Wetmore saw one near Comendador Aprii
30, and at Constanza from May 18 to 28 recorded them regularly.
They appeared high in the air above the village, always at sundown,
coming from the north, northeast, or east, and passed down the
valley to the west. It appeared almost that they moved down to
some lower altitude where the evening air was warmer and there-
fore more favorable to flying insects. Most of those seen were males
but occasionally a pair appeared when the male dashed down fre-
quently past his mate to check suddenly and produce a peculiar
roaring, whirring sound that carried for long distances. In the
intervals in this display he called steadily and frequently suspended
his wing strokes to hold his wings in a broadly open V above his
back while he sailed for a short distance. The Spanish name of
querebebé is given in imitation of the call of the male, which to
Wetmore’s ear resembled rather the syllables chitty-chit chitty-chit
uttered rapidly. Danforth in the summer of 1927 found nighthawks
fairly common, recording them at Seibo, Hato Mayor, Santo Do-
mingo City, Los Alcarrizos, Bonao, Monte Cristi, and San Juan.
Moltoni reports one taken by Ciferri at San Thomé, Province of
Azua, August 20, 1929. Others that he lsts under the name gund-
lachii from Haina, August 12, 1926, and Bonao May 4 and 8, 1927,
the last taken from the nest, are also mentioned here.

In Haiti nighthawks were reported by Paul Bartsch April 21
and 22, 1917 between Port-au-Prince and St. Marc. June 28, 1917,
Abbott collected a female at Port 4 l’Ecu on the north coast, and
May 19 and 22 he secured three females on Tortue, where he recorded
them as nesting on pebbly sea beaches. At Jean Rabel Anchorage
he collected two eggs, one on May 29 and the second on June 2, 1917.
In each case the parent was flushed from the egg which was deposited
without nesting material among the pebbles of a gravelly sea beach.
These eggs are elongate in form and measure 29.5 by 21.1 and 33.4
by 22.0 mm. The disparity in size between the two is somewhat
remarkable. The ground color of these eggs is dull white with a
slight gloss, speckled evenly everywhere with fine spots, in the
larger egg of fuscous-black, and in the smaller one of neutral gray.
Bond found nighthawks common on Tortue Island, records them
at Port-de-Paix, and says that they were particularly numerous near
Acul Samedi both on the lowland plains and in the pine forests
of the hills.

Wetmore recorded two at Fonds-des-Négres on April 2, 1927,

and near Hinche from April 22 to 24 found them common. Two
_ were taken here on the latter date. The birds were found over

256 BULLETIN 155, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

gravel-suriaced knolls bearing little vegetation. Apparently they
were located on their breeding grounds with nesting about to begin,
as males swung back and forth through the air in zigzag course,
fifty yards from the earth, each one confining himself to a limited
area which apparently was his chosen nesting territory. As they
flew they called chitty-chit chitty-chit chitty-chit, a rasping note
that in tone and utterance sounded almost exactly like the call of a
katydid. At intervals they swept suddenly down through the air,
turning just before reaching the earth to produce a whirring boom
that was higher pitched, weaker, and less resonant than that of the
nighthawks of the ménor group in the United States. To keen ears
this was barely audible at fifty yards.

In the summer of 1927 Danforth reported nighthawks at Les
Cayes. Poole and Perrygo recorded a dozen at Plaine Mapou on
Gonave Island March 3 to 14, 1929 but did not collect specimens.

After careful comparison it appears that two forms of nighthawk
come to Hispaniola of which the Cuban bird appears in passage to
or from nesting grounds elsewhere, while the breeding bird as shown
by Abbott’s specimens is the Bahaman nighthawk, C. m. vicinus.
Specimens from Tortue and Port 4 l’Ecu, and a male taken by Wet-
more at Huinche, five in all, agree with vicinus from the Bahama
Islands in being pale above and lighter below than the Cuban bird.
In fact they average slightly lighter than most Bahaman birds.
Measurements are as follows (in millimeters) :

One male, wing 169.5, tail 90.8, culmen from base 7.0 and tarsus
13.4.

Four females, wing 167.5-175.0 (172.5); tail 87.6-94.3 (91.5);
culmen from base 7.0-7.7 (7.2) ; tarsus 18.4-14.2 (13.8).

As a matter of convenience here all records in literature are cited
under vicinus though part may refer to the other form. Since the
breeding bird of Hispaniola proves to be vicinus that is probably the
race that nests on Porto Rico, instead of gundlachit as has been
supposed.

The relationship of the Cuban bird gundlachit and the Bahaman
form vicinus to the nighthawks of the mznor type of North America
is puzzling. From all appearances the birds of the Greater An-
tilles and Bahamas are merely geographic races of the continental
type yet the calls of the two from observations made by Wetmore
in Haiti (where he collected both vicinus and gundlachiz) are radi-
cally and entirely different. The call of North American mznor in
its various geographic races is a loud almost raucous peent or pe-ernt
that announces the presence of these birds at a great distance, while
the boom of the male is a resonant, roaring sound that may be heard
likewise over a wide radius. The katydidlike chitty-chit of the

THE BIRDS OF HAITI AND THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 257

West Indian and Bahaman races is so absolutely different as to sug-
gest strongly that these constitute a species distinct as is Chordeiles
acutipennis. It may be noted too that the eggs of vicinus and gund-
lachit of which there is a fair series in the United States National
Museum are much less boldly marked than in the continental birds
the spots being decidedly finer. Only an occasional egg from North
America is as finely marked. The eggs of the West Indian and
Bahaman birds thus resemble those of acutipennis. Examination
of the skins, however, in series reveals no trenchant difference and
though Wetmore is convinced in his own mind that gundlachti and
vicinus are specifically distinct the two are listed here as forms of
minor pending further observations in the matter.

The nighthawk is easily told as the only one of the goatsucker
family that is regularly abroad by day. Above the bird is heavily
mottled with gray and buff on a black background, and below is
whitish or buffy white barred narrowly with dusky. There is a
buffy white band across the throat and a white bar on the under
surface of the primaries near their tips. Males have a wide white
bar across the end of the tail that is not found in females. Night-
hawks differ from other goatsuckers in lack of strong bristles about
the mouth.

CHORDEILES MINOR GUNDLACHII Lawrence

CUBAN NIGHTHAWK, QUEREBEBE, PATIN VOIE

Chordeiles gundlachii Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. New York, vol. 6,
December, 1856, p. 165. (Cuba.)

Migrant; abundance uncertain.

It has been mentioned above that specimens now at hand of breed-
ing nighthawks from Hispaniola belong to the Bahaman form in-
stead of the Cuban race as had been supposed in the past.? Two,
skins taken by Wetmore at Hinche, on April 23, 1927, a male and a
female, have the dark dorsal coloration and deep buff under surface
characteristic of the Cuban race as at present understood and are
identified as that form. They are small in dimension as the fol-
lowing measurements (in millimeters) indicate:

Male, wing 166.5, tail 83.0, culmen from base 8.4, tarsus 11.8.

Female, wing 168.5, tail 91.0, culmen from base 7.6, tarsus 13.2.

There is a male in the American Museum of Natural History
secured at San Isidrio, Dominican Republic, June 1, 1917, by R. H.
Beck, with the wing 164.0, tail 91.9, culmen from base 6.4 and tarsus

13.2 mm. that is also determined as this race, as is a female in the
ern Na ies eM AO PO
? Oberholser, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 80, 1914, p. 83, includes Haiti in the breeding range

of the Cuban nighthawk, but does not list specimens examined from that island so that
basis for his action is uncertain.

258 BULLETIN 155, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

Academy of Natural Sciences taken at Caracol, Haiti, April 28, 1928,
by James Bond with the wing 166.0, tail 85.8, culmen from base 4.4
and tarsus 14.7 mm.

As the Cuban bird does not winter in Cuba but goes elsewhere
it is not surprising that it should occur in migration in Hispaniola.
Further collecting should be carried on to indicate its abundance.

Order MICROPODIFORMES

Suborder MICcROPODII

Family MICROPODIDAE
Subfamily CHAETURINAE

NEPHOECETES NIGER NIGER (Gmelin)
ANTILLEAN BLACK SWIFT, VENCEJO, GOLONDRINA, HIRONDELLE NOIRE

Hirundo nigra GMELIN, Syst. Nat., vol. 1, pt. 2, 1789, p. 1025 (Hispaniola).

Vencejo, OviEDo, Hist. Gen. Nat. Indias, Libr. 14, cap. 2; reprint, Madrid, 1851,
p. 442 (common).

Petit Martinet Noir, MonTBEILLARD, in Buffon, Hist. Nat. Ois., vol. 6, 1779, pp.
668-669 (“ Saint-Domingue’”’).

Hirundo Apos Dominicensis Brisson, Ornith., vol. 2, 1760, pp. 514-515, pl. 46,
fig. 3 (“S. Domingue ”’).

Hirundo nigra, Virituot, Hist. Nat. Ois. Amér. Sept., vol. 1, 1807, p. 64
(habits). —HartLavup, Isis, 1847, p. 609 (listed).

Cypseloides niger, Cory, Cat. West Indian Birds, 1892, p. 105 (Haiti, Domini-
can Republic).—Harrert, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., vol. 16, 1892, p. 495 (La Vega,
specimen ).—VERRILL, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1909, p. 860 (Samana).

Nephoecetes niger, Cory, Birds Haiti and San Domingo, July, 1884, pp. 88-89,
1 fig. (La Vega, specimens).—TIPPENHAUER, Die Insel Haiti, 1892, p. 322
(listed) .—CuHristy, Ibis, 1897, p. 829 (La Vega).

Nephoecetes niger niger, Griscom, Auk, 1924, pp. 68-71 (discussion).—Bonp,
Proce. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 80, 1928, p. 502 (La Selle, Morne
Tranchant, Port-au-Prince).—DanrortH, Auk, 1929, p. 868 (Dominican Re-
public).—Motrton1, Att. Soc. Ital. Scienz. Nat., vol. 68, 1929, p. 317 (Bonao, San
Juan, specimens).

Resident; locally common, in a few places abundant.

The black swift is of a family often confused with the swallows—
which belong in a separate order among the perching birds—because
of its swallowlike form. It feeds in similar manner by capturing its
prey in open mouth on the wing, but by one reasonably expert in
ornithology may be told without trouble by its flight which is much
more rapid than that of swallows, and is performed with greater dash
and speed. Black swifts are usually seen in little flocks that feed
rather high in air. Often they are difficult to secure for specimens
as they never perch on tree limbs but alight only against the faces of
cliffs or in hollow trees.

THE BIRDS OF HAITI AND THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 259

The black swift seems most abundant in the Dominican Republic
in the vicinity of La Vega where Cory secured a number of specimens
from July 25 to August 8, 1883. He says that he did not meet with it
elsewhere. Christy also observed it near La Vega and relates that in
wet weather he found it gathered in vast flocks just outside the town.
Verrill reported it from Samana. Abbott secured two males and a
female at Hondo, below Constanza, May 8 and 9, 1919, and two
females near EK] Rio on May 14 of the same year. He did not pro-
cure it elsewhere.

Wetmore, in 1927, found a dozen at Las Alcarrizos May 4, one on
the lower Yuna near Sanchez May 10, one at Villa Riva May 16,
many near La Vega, May 17 and 30, two at El Rio May 18, others at
the same point May 30, several at Constanza from May 18 to 28, and
several near Santiago May 30. He secured specimens near Con-
stanza May 18. He observed that they were easily told at a glance
from the chimney swift by the tail which in the black swift appears
longer and distinctly broader at the end, and in addition seems dis-
tinctly flexible and is often expanded and twisted from side to side
as the birds turn in the air. The birds appear very black with long
wings. The flight is very rapid, and is accomplished generally with
less wing motion than in the chimney swift. Near Constanza black
swifts were rather local in occurrence and frequented certain parts
of the valley almost to the exclusion of others. One morning when
fog lay heavy along the hills on all sides but the sky above the town
was clear, swifts circled overhead in the open air until the sun came
through the mist when they disappeared. Black swifts seem very
silent and only twice were loud chirping calls heard that apparently
emanated from these birds though this was not wholly certain. West
of La Vega on May 30 black swifts were observed in abundance in
flocks of fifteen or twenty circling swiftly among the royal palms.

In California a closely related form places its nests on rocks be-
neath waterfalls or in dark crevices among the rocks of precipices,
but it is possible from their apparent abundance at La Vega that
here the black swifts locate their nests in some other manner.

In the summer of 1927 Danforth found them at Santo Domingo
City in June and July, Bonao in July and August, San Juan July
10 and 11, and at Haina and La Vega in June. Ciferri obtained them
at Bonao May 8 and September 1, 1927, and at Sabana San Thomé,
near San Juan, May 5, 1929.

Curiously enough there are very few records for this bird in Haiti.
Brisson in 1760 describes a specimen sent to de Reaumur from
Chervain from “S. Domingue”, possibly from Haiti. Vieillot in
1807 says that this species is found in dry, arid sections but gives no
definite localities. His statement that “elle se perche souvent sur les

260 BULLETIN 155, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

branches séches ” throws some doubt on his observations, as in this
he has unquestionably confused them with some swallow. Bartsch
has recorded them April 16, 1917, as seen about five miles west of
Jérémie, and Dr. C. H. Arndt told Wetmore of great numbers of
swiits seen in the month of January beyond Jérémie that may have
been this species. Bond saw them at 1800 meters elevation on Morne
La Selle, and on Morne Tranchant, and recorded three on one occasion
at Port-au-Prince.

Following are measurements of a small series:

Males, two specimens, wing 150.4-151.7 (151.1), tail 58.7-64.4
(61.6), culmen from base 6.5-7.0 (6.8), tarsus 12.4-12.7 (12.6) mm.

Females, five specimens, wing 147.1-151.6 (148.3), tail 53.8-59.0
(56.8), culmen from base 5.4-6.3 (5.9), tarsus 11.0-12.5 (12.0) mm.

The black swift is as large as a medium sized swallow, and is
sooty black in color throughout, lighter on the under surface, with
black markings about the eye and a grayish edging on the feathers of
the forehead and in front of the eye. Their difference from the
chimney swift in appearance in life has been described. In the hand
it is found that the tail feathers of the black swift are soft at the
tip while in the chimney swifts the shafts of the feathers project
beyond the web as little spines.

CHAETURA PELAGICA (Linnaeus)
CHIMNEY SWIFT

Hirundo pelagica LinNarws, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 192 (Carolina).

Hirundo Pelasgia, Viertiotr, Ois. Amér. Sept., vol. 1, 1807, p. 63 (“ Saint-
Domingue ’’).

Chaetura pelagica, BarTrscu, Proc. Biol. Scc. Washington, vol. 30, July 27,
1917, p. 1382 (Haiti).

Found in passage during migration; abundance uncertain.

The chimney swiit, a common bird in eastern North America,
known to the early colonists as a species that nested in hollow trees,
with the advent of Caucasian civilization took up its summer abode
in chimneys and so became familiar about the homes of man. Each
autumn it gathered in flocks for the southward migration and was
traced in passage to Florida and the gulf coast of the United States
and there disappeared. ‘The credulous held firmly to the belief that
during winter the birds went into a state of suspended animation in
caves or hollow trees or submerged in the mud of marshes and ponds
there to spend the winter months in hibernation. The more scientific,
realizing that hibernation was unknown in birds, looked for these
swifts in some winter home to the southward but for many years in
vain,

THE BIRDS OF HAITI AND THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 26]

An early observation of Vieillot on the chimney swift in Hispaniola
has been completely overlooked. This author who traveled in Haiti,
in his account of the chimney swift (see reference above), after
stating the usual range for the bird in the north, remarks “on la
trouve aussi 4 Saint-Domingue.” On April 19, 1917, Paul Bartsch,
familiar with the bird in the north, observed a number of chimney
swifts circling in the air above the city of Port-au-Prince. On May
18, 1917, W. L. Abbott collected an adult male chimney swift on
Tortue Island, the first collected specimen on record so far as we are
aware from south of the United States.

In the early morning of April 15, 1927 Wetmore noted a flock
of forty or fifty circling over his camp on La Selle at an altitude
of 1,900 meters chippering clearly as they darted rapidly above the
pines. At Hinche on the evening of April 23 a single bird passed
toward the northwest traveling rapidly and directly at an elevation
of 80 meters above the earth. On April 30 he noted several at
Belladére and on the following morning saw several across the
Dominican border near Comendadeor. It is believed that these records
all pertain to birds in passage from some winter home in northern
South America. Further observations of occurrence will be im-
portant.

The only other record of the chimney swift south of the United
States that we have seen is that of Bangs and Peters? who report a
male taken at Presidio, Vera Cruz, by W. W. Brown, May 6, 1925.

The chimney swift is sooty black, paler on the rump and upper tail
coverts and throat. Itis smaller than the black swift as it has a wing
measurement of only 122 to 133 mm., and in addition has the shafts
of the tail feathers protruding as rigid spines.

STREPTOPROCNE ZONARIS PALLIDIFRONS (Hartert)
ANTILLEAN CLOUD SWIFT, VENCEJO

Chaetura zonaris pallidifrons Hartert, Ibis, 1896, p. 868 (Ferry River, St.
Catherine, Jamaica) .*

Chaetura zonaris, Cory, Cat. West Indian Birds, 1892, p. 106 (recorded with
a query, Haiti, Dominican Republic) ; Auk, 1895, p. 279 (Dominican Republic) .—
CHERRIE, Field Columbian Mus., Ornith. ser., vol. 1, 1896, p. 18 (Santo Domingo
City, specimen).—Verreitt, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1909, p. 361 (La
Vega).

Streptoprocne zonaris melanotis, Prrers, Proc. New England Zodél. Club, vol.
6, Nov. 23, 1916, p. 387 (described as new from Sosa, Dominican Republic) ;
Bull. Mus. Comp. Zo6l., 1917, p. 418 (Sostia, specimens; Monte Cristi, Chocé,
Rio San Juan).—Bonp, Proe. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 80, 1928, pp.
502-503 (La Selle, La Hotte, Port-au-Prince, Ennery, Port-de-Paix, Tortue
Island).—DaNFortH, Auk, 1929, p. 368 (recorded).—Motroni, Att. Soc. Ital.
Scienz. Nat., vol. 68, 1929, p. 317 (San Juan, specimen).

§ Bull. Mus. Comp. Zodl., vol. 67, 1927, p. 474.
“For this locality see Hartert, Nov. Zool., vol. 29, 1922, p. 399.

262 BULLETIN 155, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

Supposed to be resident; local in occurrence.

The cloud swift is found ordinarily among the hills over towering,
' steep-sided ridges and about high precipices but through its great
speed in flight so annihilates distance that flocks may appear tempo-
rarily almost anywhere. It is believed to be resident, and may breed
in the interior mountains. Observers will do well to note its occur-
rence in the hope of locating nests, as it is one of the most interesting
forms in the bird life of the island.

The earliest certain record is that of Cherrie, who secured one near
Santo Domingo City in the early part of 1895, since Cory in 1892
had queried its occurrence on the island. Cherrie reported great
flocks. Verrill recorded cloud swifts as common at La Vega but says
that usually they flew at such elevation that they were beyond gun
range. “Peters collected four at Sostta February 28, and March 27
and 31, 1916, and reported them also at Monte Cristi, Chocd, and
Rio San Juan. At Sostia, where he saw them most frequently they
were irregular in occurrence as sometimes none were observed for a
period of a week. They were usually noted just before sundown
when a flock would appear from the north and pass toward the
south. Abbott secured two males at El Rio, on May 14, and 18, 1919.
He saw them at Hondo early in May of the same year, and recorded
them as numerous at Constanza on May 10 and 11. On March 5,
1921 he recorded many flying low over a ridge above Navarrete but
had no gun. On the following morning when he returned properly
armed the birds had disappeared. Danforth found them quite
common in 1927 at Bonao in June and August, saw several at La
Vega June 29 and 30, and noted, about two hundred at San Juan
June 10 and 11. Others were noted at Comendador. Ciferri
forwarded a skin taken at Sabana San Thomé, San Juan, June 4,
1928 to Moltoni.

In Haiti, Beck collected specimens at Port-i-Piment June 28 and
29, and on the slopes of La Hotte June 28 and July 1, 1917.
Bartsch recorded this bird near Gloré on April 3, 1917. Wetmore
found a number about the precipitous cliffs and over the high slopes
of La Selle from April 9 to 14, 1927, and on April 17 observed them
above Chapelle Faure, in Nouvelle Touraine. He collected two
females on La Selle, one on Morne La Visite April 11, and one above
the Jardins Bois Pin April 14. As he made camp with Ekman at
the head of the Riviére Chotard a dozen cloud swifts came rapidly
over the pines, and on April 11 he found thirty or forty circling in
fashion typical of their family over the valley opposite the tremen-
dous cliffs that mark the north face of Morne La Visite. At
intervals a few darted in over the peak, and by dint of expenditure
of much ammunition one came finally to hand after two or three had

THE BIRDS OF HAITI AND THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 263

fallen over the dizzy edge into the depths below where it was hope-
less to search for them. On the wing they seem smaller than they
really are. One was observed to make a loop in the air by turning
head down and after a descent of a few feet swinging off to the side.
In late afternoon when rainclouds obscured the peak little parties
darted down the slopes above the pines passing at tremendous speed
with a great rush of wings or occasionally swinging three together
to sail in close proximity with the wings held stiffly in a V angle
above the back. To observe their adroitness and skill in flight is
exhilarating to a degree. Their call is high pitched whee whee
whee, or a rapid chip chip chip chip. In the hand their form is
~ stocky and solid, while the strong feet armed with curved claws are
especially noticeable. The female taken April 14 had the iris bone
brown, bill black, and tarsus and toes dark purplish gray. Bones
of one of these great swifts found at a nest of the barn owl 7'yto
glaucops in the Trujin on La Selle must be from an individual pulled
from some rock cleft at night as it is impossible to believe that the owl
could capture this bird except when it was asleep.

Danforth in 1927 found a few at Las Cahobes July 12 and a few
near the Citadelle above Milot August 2 and 3. James Bond reports
these swifts from La Selle, the Massif de la Hotte, Port-au-Prince,
Ennery, Port-de-Paix and Tortue Island. Perrygo observed two at
L’Atalaye December 29, 1928.

Peters has described a local race of the cloud swift from specimens
that he collected at Sostia, Dominican Republic, distinguishing it
from the bird of Cuba and Jamaica by blacker coloration particu-
larly on the sides of the head. Through the courtesy of the Museum
of Comparative Zodlogy we have been permitted to examine his
type and other specimens and to compare them with four additional
skins secured by Abbott and Wetmore. Though the type and one
other bird are blacker than the average the remaining skins may not
be successfully separated from the series from Cuba and Jamaica
so that it appears that Mr. Peters’ type and other skins are marked
by individual characters that are not substantiated by further
specimens. We use the name pallidifrons of Hartert for all the
birds of the Greater Antilles.

The cloud swift is the largest of the swifts in Hispaniola and is
among the large species in its family for the entire world. The
wing spread is about equal to that of the sparrow-hawk but the
wings are decidedly narrower. The plumage is sooty black, browner
beneath, with a white color extending around the upper breast and
hind neck. The bird is 200 mm. or more in length in life and has
a wing measuring from 148 to 161 mm.

264 BULLETIN 155, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

Subfamily MICROPODINAE

TACHORNIS PHOENICOBIA PHGENICOBIA Gosse
PALM SWIFT, GOLONDRINA, PETIT ROLLE, JOLLE-JOLLE

Tachoriis phoenicobia Gosse, Birds Jamaica, 1847, p. 58 (Jamaica).

Hirundo cayenensis, Rirter, Naturh. Reis. Westind. Insel Hayti, 1836, p. 156
(listed).

Cypselus cayennensis ? Sati, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1857, p. 232 (Do-
minican Republic).—Bryant, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 11, May, 1867,
p. 85 (Dominican Republic).

Cypselus phoenicobius, Cory, Bull. Nuttall Ornith. Club, 1881, p. 153 (Gantier,
Jaemel, specimens) ; Birds Haiti and San Domingo, July, 1834, pp. 87-88, col.
fic. (Gantier, Jacmel, Puerto Plata, La Vega, specimens) ; Cat. West Indian
Birds, 1892, p. 106 (Haiti, Dominican Republic).—TippenHavER, Die Insel
Haiti, 1892, 322 (listed) —Verrritt, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1909.
p. 360 (La Vega).

Tachornis phoenicobia, LONNBERG, Fauna och Flora, 1929, p. 103 (Haiti).

Tachornis phoenicobia phoenicobia, Prevers, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zod6l., vol. 61,
1917, p. 414 (Sostia, specimens).—Bonp, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia,
vol. 80, 1928, p. 503 (Port-au-Prince, Jacmel, Fond Parisien, Ennery, St.
Michel).—DaAnNrorrH, Auk, 1929, p. 368 (locally common).—MotrrTon1, Att. Soe.
Ital. Scienz. Nat., vol. 68, 1929, p. 318 (Moca, San Juan, specimens).

Resident in the lowlands; locally common.

The newly arrived naturalist in Hispaniola, eagerly alert to the
kaleidoscopic impressions of a new environment that crowd his days,
may have as one of his early experiences a glimpse of a little, gray,
narrow-winged form that comes skittering overhead in the blazing
sun, sliding from side to side in the air with a twinkle of wings and
a flash of white so rapidly that it is gone among the palms before
the mind has had time to consider whether it be giant moth or bird.
Seconds after it has passed it is realized that the first of the palm
swifts of the island has been in view. The narrow wings move so
rapidly about the body as to appear often as a blur, while the bird
travels so swiftly that it may require several meetings before there
is clear perception of its colors and form.

The palm swift is confined mainly to the lower country but finds
congenial haunts over the suburbs of towns and cities so that it is
not difficult to see. (Pl. 21.) Sallé recorded it from the Dominican
Republic saying that it appeared in numbers high in the air after
rains. Cory secured specimens at Puero Plata, November 23, 1882,
and La Vega August 8, 1883. Verrill reported palm swifts as com-
mon along the Rio Cami near La Vega and Peters found them fairly
common near Sostia, securing three as specimens. He saw them
flying into the dead fronds of palms to rest. Abbott secured a
female at Lake Enriquillo, October 5, 1919. In Santo Domingo City,
on May 2, 1927, in passing through a suburban street Wetmore’s

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 155) PLATE 21

PALM-SWIFT (TACHORNIS PHOENICOBIA PHOENICOBIA)

Ce
ie

7 ci ‘é
B:

: . ‘ieee
ap ea my Ag ;
ae

THE BIRDS OF HAITI AND THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 265

attention was attracted by a swarm of these little birds darting in
and out of a long shed-like structure. There was opportunity to
investigate the following morning when it was found that the build-
ing was a tannery and that the birds were attracted by an abundance
of flies that filled the place. On this second occasion a dozen swifts
were constantly about, circling past the doorways and flying through
the several low sheds that housed the plant. One was observed at
San Francisco de Macoris May 4, and at La Vega they were common
on May 17 and 30, when they were observed alighting among the
dead, hanging fronds of the royal palms. They were common in
Santiago May 31. Ciferri collected skins at Moca August 23, 1928
and Sabana San Thomé, San Juan, December 28, 1928.

in Haiti the palm swift is locally common. Cory found it abun-
dant near Gantier where he took one March 6, 1881; he secured one
at Jacmel January 12 of the same year. Bartsch in 1917 found the
palm swift at Thomazeau April 2, near Gloré April 3, at Trou
Caiman, April 4, Petit Goave April 8 and 9, Miragoane, April 9, near
Jérémie April 10 to 12 and 15 and 16, at Trou des Roseaux April 13
and 14, and in the vicinity of Port-au-Prince April 19 to 27.

Abbott found the bird common about Jérémie and collected two
females December 17 and 20, 1917. At Fond Parisien he secured
three males May 8, 1920, and in northwestern Haiti shot males at
Port-de-Paix February 24, and at Moustique, March 11,1917. Near
Bombardopolis he secured a female March 25, 1917 at an elevation
of 450 meters above the sea, the highest altitude at which the species
has been reported at present. Wetmore in 1927 observed palm
swifts in Port-au-Prince from March 27 to 29, and on April 19, 25
and 28, usually among the palm grown gardens of the suburbs, but
occasionally darting over the buildings in the business part of town.
At the Etang Miragoane, on April 1 several coursed swiftly over
marshy meadows often flying very low. A male taken here was past
breeding and had the mouth and throat crammed with insects so
that it may have been feeding young. Occasional birds were seen
at Fonds-des-Négres April 2, 4 and 5, and at Aquin April 3. James
Bond reports this species from Port-au-Prince, Jacmel, Fond Pari-
sien, Ennery, and St. Michel.

Careful comparison of our series of ten with several from Jamaica
fails to show any definite differences between skins from the two
islands. Jamaican specimens seem very slightly browner on the
head but it is believed that this is due to adventitious stain from the
greater age of these specimens.

Following are measurements of a small series from Hispaniola:

Males, five specimens, wing 99.3-100.1 (103.3), tail 39.3-40.8 (40.2),
culmen from base 4.24.8 (4.5), tarsus 6.2-7.8 (7.1) mm.

266 BULLETIN 155, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

Females, four specimens, wing 102.7-108.4 (105.8), tail 41.0-44.0
(42.5), culmen from base 4.2-4.4 (4.3), tarsus 7.0-7.3 (7.1) mm.

The palm swift is so tiny, being only 100 to 120 mm. long, that it
will be confused with no other swift on the island. It is sooty black
on back, wings and tail, the black being somewhat browner on head
and sides, and white on breast, abdomen, and rump.

Suborder TROCHILI
Family TROCHILIDAE>

Subfamily TROCHILINAE
[ARCHILOCHUS COLUBRIS (Linnaeus)
RUBY-THROATED HUMMINGBIRD

Trochilus colubris LINNAEUS, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 120 (Carolina
to New England).

Archilochus colubris, Brresr, Zool. Soc. Bull., vol. 30, 1927, p. 140; Beneath
Tropic Seas, 1928, pp. 167-168, 222 (Bizoton, seen).

Status uncertain.

Beebe writes that “a male hummed about my head for several
minutes, and then perched a few feet away at Bizoton sand beach
on March 6. As far as visual reliability alone can be trusted, this
is an absolute identification.” And further in his book Beneath
Tropic Seas writes “One day as I was rowing lazily over a coral
reef close to the sand beach of Bizoton, I heard a sharp whirr of
wings directly behind me, and a moment later a ruby-throated hum-
mingbird alighted on the end of a long net handle which stuck up
over the stern-post. I rested on my oars and watched for a full
minute while the perfect plumaged mite preened and arranged some
feathers too small for my coarse eyesight. This was not any of the
Haitian hummers, some of which were larger and one much smaller,
but my own familiar countryman of northern honeysuckles. When
he had finished his toilet, he wiped his beak, rose gently, hung in
front of my face for a moment, and then, with a single upward
curve, set a course northward, directly across the wide expanse of
water.” There is no other record. The species is one that is found
occasionally on the north coast of Cuba and in the Bahamas and
may come casually to Hispaniola as a winter migrant. Pending
further information as to its occurrence and the collection of speci-
mens it is held in the hypothetical list.

5 Palytmus holosericeus, Vieillot, Hist. Nat. Ois. Amér. Sept., vol. 2, 1807, p. 71, given
from “ Saint-Domingue,” and Trochilus holosericeus, Hartlaub, Isis, 1847, p. 609 in-
cluded from Hispaniola, refer to the blue-breasted hummingbird, Sericotes holosericeus
(Linnaeus), in which the typical form comes east through the Virgin Islands to the eastern
coast of Porto Rico but is not known to range farther. Its citation from Hispaniola by
the authors listed above must be considered an error.

THE BIRDS OF HAITI AND THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 267

The female is marked like the female of Medlisuga m. vielloti but
is decidedly larger. The male has the throat metallic red. ]

MELLISUGA MINIMA VIELLOTI (Shaw)

HISPANIOLAN VERVAIN HUMMINGBIRD, ZUMBADORCITO, OUANGA
NEGRESSE, SUCE-FLEURS

Trochilus Vielloti SHaw, Gen. Zool., vol. 8, pt. 1, 1812, p. 347 (Hispaniola).

Trochilus niger, AUDEBERT and VIELLLOT, Ois. Dor., vol. 1, 1802, pp. 119-122,
pl. 538 (habits).—Vier~Lot, Hist. Nat. Ois. Amér. Sept., vol. 2, 1807, p. 73
(“ Saint-Domingue ’”’).—Ruitrer, Naturh. Reis. Westind. Insel Hayti, 1836, pp.
153, 155 (nest).—Hartravs, Isis, 1847, p. 609 (listed).

Trochilus mellisugus, HARTLAUB, Isis, 1847, p. 610 (listed).

Trochilus minimus, Bryant, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 11, May, 1867,
p. 95 (Dominican Republic; Haiti).

Ornismya minima, HArtTLAus, Isis, 1847, p. 609 (listed).

Ornismia Catharinae SALLE, Rev. Mag. Zool., October, 1849, p. 498 (described
as new from Dominican Republic).

Dyrinia minima, KaEMPrFER, Journ. fiir Ornith., 1924, p. 181 (Dominican
Republic).

Dyrinia minima Vieilloti, Simon, Hist. Nat. Troch., 1921, pp. 400-401 (His-
paniola).

Melisuga, Dominicensis Brisson, Ornith., vol. 3, 1760, pp. 702-704, pl. 36,
fig. 8 (‘‘ Saint-Domingue”).—Satif, Proc. Zool. Soe. London, 1857, p. 233
(Dominican Republic).—Cory, Bull. Nuttall Ornith. Club, 1881, p. 153 (Haiti) ;
Birds Haiti and San Domingo, July, 1884, pp. 92-93, col. fig. (Pétionville, Puerto
Plata, specimens) ; Cat. West Indian Birds, 1892, p. 107 (Haiti, Dominican
Republic).—TristraM, Cat. Coll. Birds belonging H. B. Tristram, 1889, p. 108
(Samana, specimen).—TIpPpENHAUER, Die Insel Haiti, 1892, pp. 318, 322
(listed).—CuHeErrIE, Field Columbian Mus., Ornith. ser., vol. 1, 1896, p. 18 (Do-
Minican Republic).—Curisty, Ibis, 1897, p. 329 (Sanchez, La Vega).—VERRILL,
Proce. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1909, p. 361 (common).

Mellisuga catherinae, BresBE, Zool. Soc. Bull., vol. 30, 1927, p. 140; Beneath
Tropic Seas, 1928, p. 22 (Port-au-Prince).

Mellisuga catharinae, Ripaway, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 50, pt. 5, 1911, pp.
586-587 (Pétionville, Port-au-Prince, Catarrey, Honduras, San Francisco, SAn-
chez, Cafia Honda, La Cafita, Rio San Juan, La Vega).—Perers, Bull. Mus.
Comp. Zo6l., vol. 61, 1917, p. 414; (Monte Cristi, specimens) —DanrorrH, Auk.
1929, p. 368 (recorded ).—LONNBERG, Fauna och Flora, 1929, p. 103 (Haiti).

Melisuga minima, PorscH and Sassi, Verh. Ornith. Ges. Bayern, vol. 18, 1928,
p. 7 (listed).

Mellisuga minima catharinae, Bonp, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol.
80, 1928, p. 503 (Haiti, Gonave, Tortue; nest and eggs).—Motron1, Att. Soc.
Ital. Scienz. Nat., vol. 68, 1929, p. 318 (Haina, specimens).

Resident; locally common.

This tiny bird with its closely related cousin of Jamaica is the
second smallest of the birds of the world, the smallest being Helena’s
hummingbird (Calypte helenae) of Cuba. The greater size of the
vervain hummer is expressed in so very few millimeters of length of
wing and body that it is almost negligible and would not be per-
ceived except with the birds in hand. On the wing the vervain

268 BULLETIN 155, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

hummer appears smal! but its tiny dimensions are only fully appre-
ciated when one pauses in its search of flowers to rest on some twig
in the sun when it seems no larger than a bee, so that one marvels
at its delicate form that retains in spite of its diminutiveness the
- organs and functions of larger relatives.

The vervain hummer frequents shrubbery, fields grown with
bushes, and open scrubs, and does not penetrate dense forest growths.
Tt ranges from sea level into the mountains, the highest elevation
at which it is recorded at present being the Valley of Constanza.
Apparently the climate of the uplands has little peril for it since
the nights at that altitude are very cold. Possibly it may descend
to lower elevations in winter when frost comes occasionally killing
tender vegetation in the mountains.

Should its tiny form in its rapid movements escape the eye atten-
tion is regularly directed to it by its song, a series of labored, twitter-
ing syllables uttered with constantly elongating neck and turning
head, an effort of surprising volume when the author is considered,
that, though high pitched, has considerable carrying power as it is
audible to human ears easily at a distance of seventy-five yards.
Occasionally this song is given on the- wing, but ordinarily the bird
is moved to vocal expression when at rest on some perch in the sun.
The song seemingly is greatly enjoyed as it may continue without
cessation for several minutes. Like larger members of its family
this hummer is pugnacious and does not hesitate to dash headlong
at birds as large as the mockingbird that chance to offend its eye.

The Hispaniolan form has long been known, as Brisson in 1760
described it from a specimen in the museum of de Reaumur, col-
lected by Chervain. Vieillot in 1802 gives a considerable account
of its habits describing the song and nest. The latter he says may
be placed on a limb or attached to the side of an upright branch.
It is built of cottony material, covered externally with lichens. The
eggs, two in number, are incubated for twelve days and the young
remain in the nest for seventeen or eighteen days. He says that
the male shares in the duties of incubation.

Sallé found this hummer in the Dominican Republic and, over-
looking earlier names, described it as a new species under the
specific designation catharinae, dedicating it to his mother. He
records the nest as placed from eighteen inches to three feet from
the ground in thorny thickets or on the leaves of cactus, woven
ordinarily of the webs of spiders and caterpillars and covered with
lichens. He observed occupied nests during July and August. Cory
collected a male at Puerto Plata November 24, 1882. Tristram
reports a male taken at Saman4 in 1884 by C.G. McGrigor. Cherrie
found the species common but difficult to collect. Christy received

THE BIRDS OF HAITI AND THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 269

a nest from La Vega at the beginning of March which contained
two fully grown young. Dr. A. Busck secured a vervain hummer
in the San Francisco Mountains in the southern part of the Do-
minican Republic August 28, 1905, the specimen being in the United
States National Museum. Verrill found it common at all points
visited and collected a number of specimens. Six of these in the
collection of J. H. Fleming were secured at Samana February 9,
12 and 18, 1907. Peters shot three at Monte Cristi, and Abbott
skinned one at Sanchez October 24, 1916. Keempfer reports a nest
made of the down of the kapok tree, placed one and one half meters
from the ground, and says that in August he found these hummers
in thousands near Constanza. The latter observation may indicate
a vertical migration from the lowlands into the mountain valleys as
is regular in many continental hummers. Wetmore observed them in
1927 at Sanchez May 7 and 9, at El Rio May 18 and 30, and com-
monly near Constanza May 20 to 27. One was taken May 21.
Danforth found them in 1927 at Santo Domingo City (specimen),
Bonao, and La Vega. Moltoni received skins from Ciferri taken
at Haina in September, 1925.

In Haiti the vervain hummer is common and from its tiny size has
attracted attention from many travelers. Ritter in 1836 speaks of
finding its nest in guava bushes. A. E. Younglove forwarded two
specimens taken June 1, 1866, to the Smithsonian Institution. These
were preserved as mummies, one being still in the United States
National Museum. Cory in 1881 spoke of it as abundant, and lists a
female taken at Pétionville February 7, 1881. There is another that
he secured from the same point on March 7 in the United States
National Museum. Tippenhauer gives this form the local name of
ouanga négresse. Bartsch in 1917 found it near Gloré April 3
(specimen), Trou Caiman April 4, near Jérémie April 10 to 12, 15
and 16 (specimens April 10 and 11), Trou des Roseaux April 14, and
in the vicinity of Port-au-Prince April 19 to 27. Abbott reports it
as generally common, and occurring cn Tortue Island where he col-
lected one February 1, 1917. He records it also from Gonave and
says that it was common in the hills above three hundred meters
elevation. Wetmore in 1927 collected one at the fiowers of a mimosa
near L’Acul April 4, and observed two in flowering logwoods near
Fonds-des-Négres April 5. He observed one near La Cahobes April
20, and at Hinche April 22 shot two at the blossoms of a flowering
tree but because of their tiny size was unable to find either one. At
Caracol on the north plain they were common April 26 and 27, and
two were taken on the former date. They were seen ordinarily feed-
ing at flowers. Beebe recorded them at Port-au-Prince.

2134—31——18

270 BULLETIN 155, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

Danforth in 1927 found them at Cavaillon, St. Marc, and Fonds-
des-Négres, and says that they are more common on Gonave Island
than on Hispaniola proper. There are two specimens in the Acad-
emy of Natural Sciences taken on Gonave Island July 15, 1927 by
John T. Emlen, jr. James Bond reports them from Gonave and
Tortue and secured a nest containing two fresh eggs on Tortue Island
March 21, 1928. The data with the nest states that it was “ brought
in by boy, who said nest was placed about three feet above ground
near a spring in woods.” The nest was constructed on the fork of a
slender limb a little more than two millimeters in diameter and was
made of soft plant downs of two colors, whitish and dull reddish
brown. The structure varies from 30 to 33 mm. in diameter and is
deeply cupped. Externally it is covered with flakes of thin, paper-
like bark. The eggs are dull white in color. Bond gives the meas-
urements as “11.6 by 8.4 and 11.5 by 8.15” mm. Both eggs were
cracked when examined in May, 1929. Poole and Perrygo secured
two specimens of this hummer at Fort Liberté, Haiti, February 6,
1929.

The earliest available name for the vervain hummer of Hispaniola
is Trochilus vielloti of Shaw published in 1812. We agree with
Simon * that this form is best regarded a subspecies of minima of
Jamaica from which it differs only in slightly darker coloration.

The vervain hummer measures from 60 to 70 mm. in length with
the wing from 34 to 40 mm. It is dull metallic green above and pale
grayish white below. The male has the throat spotted lightly with
dusky, a marking lacking in the female.

RICCORDIA SWAINSONII (Lesson)
HISPANIOLAN EMERALD HUMMINGBIRD, ZUMBADOR, OUANGA NEGRESSE

Ornismya swainsonii Lesson, Hist. Nat. Ois. Mouch., 1829, p. 197, pl. 70
(“ Brésil ’ Hispaniola).

Trochilus maugaeus (part), VierLtot, Hist. Nat. Ois. Amér. Sept., vol. 2,
1807, p. 73 (“ Saint-Domingue”’).

Trochilus elegans, Bryant, Proce. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 11, May, 1867,
p. 95 (Dominican Republic).

Sporadinus elegans, SALLE, Proc. Zool. Soe. London, 1857, p. 233 (mountains,
Dominican Republic).—Cory, Bull. Nuttall Ornith. Club, 1881, p. 153 (Gantier,
Pétionville, specimens) ; Birds Haiti and San Domingo, July, 1884, pp. 93-94,
1 col. fig. (Samana, specimens) ; Cat. West Indian Birds, 1892, p. 107 (Haiti,
Dominican Republic).—Tristram, Cat. Coll. Birds belonging H. B. Tristram,
1889, p. 110 (Samana, specimen) .—TrpPpENHAUER, Die Insel Haiti, 1892, pp. 319,
322 (listed).—CuHeErrIz, Field Columbian Mus., Ornith. ser., vol. 1, 1896, pp.
18-19 (Catarrey, Aguacate, specimens).—Cunristy, Ibis, 1897, p. 329 (Sanchez,
La Vega).—VeERRILL, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1909, p. 361 (Hl
Valle).

6 Hist. Nat. Troch., 1921, pp. 400-401.

THE BIRDS OF HAITI AND THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC Pag fal

Ricordia elegans, PorscH and Sassi, Verh. Ornith. Ges. Bayern, vol. 18, 1928,
p. 7 (listed).

Ricordia swainsoni, KArMprer, Journ, fiir Ornith., 1924, p. 181 (Dominican
Republic).

Riccordia swainsoni, LONNBERG, Fauna och Flora, 1929, p. 108 (Haiti).

Riccordia swainsonti, Ripeway, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 50, pt. 5, 1911, p. 546
(Pétionville, Gantier, Samana, Cattarey, Aguacate, El Valle, La Cafita, San-
chez, La Vega).—Bonp, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 80, 1928, p. 503
(mountains of Haiti).—DanrortrH, Auk, 1929, pp. 368-869 (recorded).

Resident; found principally in the hills and mountains of the
interior.

The emerald hummer is found mainly in heavy forest in the hills
and is most common in regions of considerable rainfall. Cory re-
corded five specimens from Samana April 27, and September 1, 3,
7, and 8, 1883. ‘Tristram received one from the same point taken by
C. G. McGrigor, January 11, 1884. Cherrie found it only at Catar-
rey and Aguacate, recording sixteen skins collected. He found it
only in the darkest parts of the forest, usually near the ground.
Christy says that it was fairly common at Sanchez and La Vega,
while Verrill reports it as “found at all points visited but most
abundant at El Valle.” Beck collected specimens near Sanchez
(probably in the hills above town) October 27, November 4 and 11,
and December 11, 1916. He took a series on Loma Tina January 3
to 19, Loma Pelona February 3, Loma Rucilla March 19, and at La
_ Vega November 28 and December 4, 1917. Abbott found it common
about Constanza especially in the clearing at Bohokali. He collected
seven specimens September 22 and 28, 1916, and April 7, 12 and 138,
1919. On Quita Espuela at 750 meters on April 16, 1922 he secured
a nest of this species in heavy forest, the nest being built on a limb
the size of a pencil in a small bush a meter from the ground in a sit-
uation where it was quite exposed. The nest is made of soft ma-
terial, the base being filaments of moss and fern and the cup above
of cottony substance mixed with coarser plant fibers, covered exter-
nally with bits of lichen stuck on with spider webbing. The nest is
50 mm. across by 60 mm. high, with the cup 25 by 35 mm. and the
depression 20 mm. deep.

Kaempfer recorded this hummer only in the hills above 500 meters
altitude. Wetmore in 1927 found it common in the forested hills
back of Sanchez on May 13 and collected one specimen. He did not
find it there in the lowlands. He saw it at El Rio May 18, and
near Constanza recorded it regularly from May 22 to 27. It was
common in the damp, deciduous rain forests, keeping principally
in the shade, anywhere from ground level to the tops of the trees.
In early morning when the air was damp it came out occasionally
to feed in the open growths of pine. The wings produce a loud

272 BULLETIN 155, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

humming in flight. Danforth observed a few at Hato Mayor and
Bonao in the summer of 1927.

Cory in 1881 reported two taken at Gantier and two near Pétion-
ville (Le Coup) but apparently there may have been some error in
this as subsequently he makes no reference to specimens taken at
these points. The records are therefore considered doubtful as from
present knowledge the species in Haiti is confined to the higher
forested hills. Bond, however, writes (in a letter) that he has ex-
amined a female taken on Gonave Island. Abbott secured this spe-
cies near Moline on the southern peninsula at 600 meters above the
sea, February 1, 1918, on Morne Tranchant, near Furcy, at 1200
meters altitude, May 29, 1920, and near Bombardopolis at 450 meters
March 25, 1917.

Wetmore in 1927 observed one near Mont Rouis on March 30 in
heavy forest a short distance above the sea. On La Selle from April
9 to 15 he found this hummer common above an elevation of 1500
meters. It was observed usually in the rain forest jungle but came
out in more open country to feed at the flowers of a species of agave.
A male taken April 12 at the head of the Riviere Chotard had the
base of the mandible dull pinkish, the rest of the bill black, iris bone
brown, and tarsus and toes brownish black. He found a few near
Hinche April 22 and 23.

Danforth writes that these hummers were common on the Citadelle
Hill above Milot August 2 and 38, 1927, and that he collected speci-
mens that same summer at Pétionville and on Gonave Island. Bond
found nests on June 3 and 6, 1928 on Morne Tranchant at an elevation
of 1,900 meters, placed in bushes a meter or more from the ground.
The nests were about 65 mm. high by 50 mm. in diameter. The
first contained one young bird while the second was not yet complete.

Abbott says that the base of the bill in a male taken at Constanza
September 28, 1916, was flesh color and the remainder black. The
bicolored appearance of the bill, an easily seen field mark, persists
in the dried skin.

The male is brilliant green above and below, with a touch of
velvety black on throat and breast. The female is brownish gray
beneath. This species is intermediate in size between the tiny ver-
vain and the large mango hummers being distinctly smaller than
the latter. The male is marked by the long forked tail.

ANTHRACOTHORAX DOMINICUS (Linnaeus)
HISPANIOLAN MANGO HUMMINGBIRD, ZUMBADOR, OUANGA NEGRESSE
Trochilus dominicus LinNAEuS, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, vol. 1, 1766, p. 191 (‘‘ Dom-

inica ’=Hispaniola).
Hummingbird, Gouip, Proce. Zool. Soc. London, 1835, p. 105 (Haiti).

THE BIRDS OF HAITI AND THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 273

?Colibry, CHartLevorx, Hist. Isle Hspagnole, vol. 1, 1783, pp. 42-43 (observa-
tions).

2Colibri, Sarnt-Mfry, Descrip. Part. Franc. Ile Saint-Domingue, vol. 1,
1797, p. 717 (Port-de-Paix).

Colibri, de St. Domingue. DAUBENTON, Planch. Enl., pl. 680, fig. i.

Plastron Noir, Burron, Hist. Nat. Ois., vol. 6, 1779, pp. 58-60 (part; “ Saint-
Domingue”).

Trochilus aurulentus, Bryant, Proc. Bosten Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 11, May,
1867, p. 95 (Dominican Republic, Haiti).

Trochilus dominicus, Rirver, Naturh. Reis. Westind. Insel Hayti, 1836, p. 155
(specimen).

Trochilus gramineus, Rirrer, Naturh. Reis. Westind. Insel Hayti, 1836, pp.
153-154, 155 (specimen).—HAartTLavp, Isis, 1847, pp. 609, 610 (listed).

Polytmus Dominicensis Brisson, Ornith., vol. 3, 1760, pp. 672-6738, pl. 35,
fig. 4 (“S. Domingue”).

Polytmus Jamaicensis Brisson, Ornith., vol. 3, 1760, pp. 679-681, pl. 35, fig. 1
(“S. Domingue”’).

Polyimus aurulentus (part), Viettot, Hist. Nat. Ois. Amér. Sept., vol. 2,
1807, p. 72 (‘‘ Saint-Domingue ”’).

Polytmus elegans, VreILLoT, Hist. Nat. Ois. Amér. Sept., vol. 2, 1807, p. 72
(“ Saint-Domingue’’).

Polytmus gramineus, ViErttor, Hist. Nat. Ois. Amér. Sept., vol. 2, 1807, p. 72
(‘“ Saint-Domingue’’).

Polytmus viridis, Virirtot, Hist. Nat. Ois. Amér. Sept., vol. 2, 1807, p. 71
(“ Saint-Domingue’”’).

Lampornis aurulenta, Satié, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1857, p. 283 (Dominican
Republic).

Lampornis aurulentus, Cory, Bull. Nuttall Ornith. Club, 1881, p. 153 (Pétion-
ville, Haiti) —TristraM, Ibis, 1884, p. 168 (Dominican Republic, specimen).

Lampornis doninicus, Cory, Birds Haiti and San Domingo, July, 1884, pp.
90-91, 2 col. figs. (abundant); Cat. West Indian Birds, 1892, p. 106 (Haiti,
Dominican Republic).—Tristram, Cat. Coll. Birds belonging H. B. Tristram,
1889, p. 106 (Samana, specimens).—TiIppENHAUER, Die Insel Haiti, 1892, p.
322 (Haiti).—CHeErrin, Field Columbian Mus., Ornith. ser., vol. 1, 1896, p. 18
(common).—Curisty, Ibis, 1897, p. 329 (Samanfi, La Vega).—VERRILL, Proc.
Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1909, p. 361 (common).—Karmprer, Journ. fiir
Ornith., 1924, p. 181 (recorded).—PorscuH and Sasst, Verh. Ornith. Ges. Bayern,
vol. 18, 1928, p. 7 (listed).

Lampornis doninicensis, TrippENHAvurR, Die Insel Haiti, 1892, p. 319 (listed).

Anthracoraz dominicus, Prrrers, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zod6l., vol. 61, 1917, p. 414
(Monte Cristi, Sostia, Chocé, specimens).

Anthracothoraz dominicus, BEEBE, Zool. Soc. Bull., vol. 30, 1927, p. 140; Be-
neath Tropic Seas, 1928, p. 222 (Haiti).—Bonp, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila-
delphia, vol. 80, 1928, p. 503 (Haiti, Gonave, Tortue).—DANrortH, Auk, 1929,
p. 369 (common).—LGONNeEERG, Fauna och Flora, 1929, p. 103 (Haiti).—Mortont1,
Att. Soc. Ital. Scienz. Nat., vol. 68, 1929, p. 318 (Haina, San Juan, specimens).

Resident, common.

The present species, the largest of the three hummers resident in
Hispaniola, is widely distributed from sea-level into the mountains in
both arid and well-watered sections so that it is the most commonly
seen of its group. It is seemingly somewhat more abundant in semi-

274 BULLETIN 155, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

arid regions but is found regularly where rainfall is heavy. It is
perhaps the colibry recorded by Charlevoix in 1733, while both male
and female are described and figured, under distinct names, by Bris-
son in 1760 from specimens sent by Chervain to de Reaumur.

In the Dominican Republic Sallé found this hummer many years
ago about the flowers of cactus. Cory secured skins at Puerto Plata,
December 14, 23 and 24, 1882, and at Samana, April 5 and Septem-
ber 8, 1883. Tristram received three specimens from Samana taken
by C. G. McGrigor, in September, 1883. Cherrie found it tolerably
common, but Christy identified it only twice, at Samana and La
Vega. Verrill wrote that it was common, a statement borne out by
an excellent series of his taking in the collection of J. H. Fleming,
taken in 1907, on January 4 and 10 at Cana Honda, January 14 at
El Valle, February 1 at Rio San Juan, February 3, 5, 10, 11, 12, and
18, and March 3, 6, 7, and 9 at Samana, March 9 at Sanchez, and
March 16 at La Vega. Peters secured a series of twenty at Monte
Cristi, Sosta, and Chocé. Abbott collected it at Laguna August 7
and 10, and at Rojo Cabo August 30, 1916, both places being near
the eastern end of the Samana Peninsula. He took others near
Constanza September 27, 29 and 30, 1916, and April 9, and 16, 1919.
Wetmore, in 1927, found this species at Azua May 1 about flowers in
a suburban yard, at Sanchez, May 6 to 13 (a male taken May 7),
at La Vega May 17, and near Constanza May 21 and 22. Danforth
in the same year collected specimens at Santo Domingo City, Monte
Cristi, Laguna del Salodillo, La Vega, and San Juan. Ciferri for-
warded skins to Moltoni from Haina and Sabana San Thomé near
San Juan.

In Haiti this is the most commonly seen of the hummingbirds.
A. E. Younglove in 1866 collected four specimens near Port-au-
Prince May 9, 16, and 21, which he forwarded to the Smithsonian
Institution where they still remain. Cory in 1881 reported it as
common, and though he found it feeding or resting near the ground
says also that he saw it often in the tops of the tallest trees. He
remarks especially upon one huge tree growing in a little valley in
the outskirts of Pétionville in whose top he frequently saw a dozen
of these hummers darting in and out among the top-most branches
at such an altitude above him that they appeared to his eye no
larger than flies. Bartsch in 1917 found it near the Etang Sauma-
tre April 3, Petit Goave April 8, near Jérémie April 10 to 12 and 15
and 16, near Trou des Roseaux April 13 and 14, and in the vicinity
of Port-au-Prince April 21, 22, and 27. At all these points except
Trou des Roseaux he secured specimens which were preserved in
alcohol with the exception of one which was made into a skin.
Abbott found them very common and secured an excellent series of
10 specimens from the main island, near Moline at an elevation of

THE BIRDS OF HAITI AND THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 275

600 meters January 30, 1918, Jérémie December 1, 2, 8 and 9,
1917, Riviére Bar, February 18 and 22, 1917, and Bombardopolis,
at an elevation of 450 meters, March 22 and 23, 1917. On Gonave
Island he found it likewise common, feeding at the flowers of cactus
and collected four skins February 24, 25, and 27, 1918. He took
four more on Tortue Island January 31 and February 1, 2, and 7,
1917.

Wetmore recorded this species at many localities, reporting it in
Port-au-Prince in the garden of his hotel on March 27, the day of
his arrival. At Montfleury, March 29, in company with Dr. G. N.
Wolcott, he observed a male for some time as it alternately rested in
the shade on a dead twig high above the Riviére Froid, or descended
to feed at the blossoms of a flowering tree (Jnga vera). The bird
was alert and active on the wing, whirling, poising and shifting its
position with the greatest celerity. The long tail was nervously
expanded and gyrated from side to side to assist in balance during
the frequent shifts in center of gravity as the bird whirled from
flower to flower. The sun was reflected from its plumage as it
passed through rays of light with a strong sheen of copper. One
was seen at Damien this same day, and on March 30 one was observed
in dry, hot mesquite scrub near L’Arcahaie. This hummer was found
at the Etang Miragoane April 1, Fonds-des-Négres April 2 and 5,
L’Acul April 4 (when a female taken showed some development of
the ovaries), La Tremblay April 7, and Kenskoff April 8. None
were seen on the summit of La Selle. The species was noted at
Hinche April 22 to 24, and Caracol April 26 and 27. Near Cap-
Haitien on April 28 Mr. Jungerneel showed him a nest of this
species built on the flower stalk of a banana plant just below a bunch
of developing bananas. The structure was made almost entirely of
cotton, covered externally with lichens. It contained two young
almost as large in body as the adult, with pin feathers barely be-
ginning to show. There was a slight indication of down on the
dorsal pteryla but nowhere else. Both birds had short bills, with
elongation to the condition found in the adult just beginning. The
skin was dusky gray with a wash of yellowish at the gape. The
nest was located where it received the fierce heat of the sun with no
shelter available until noon when shadow reached it. The young
maintained the cervical air-sacs fully inflated with considerable
inflation in the body also so that at first glance their bloated appear-
ance gave a startling impression of deformity. The air cushions
thus engendered may be supposed to have served as some protection
against the extreme heat.

Danforth says that in the summer of 1927 these birds fairly
swarmed in the tree cactus country near Gonaives. He found a nest
on Gonave Island July 19, built twenty feet from the ground on a

276 BULLETIN 155, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

fairly large branch of a prickly legume. It contained two eggs.
Poole and Perrygo secured specimens at L’Atalaye January 8, Fort
Liberté February 6, Pont Sondé February 27, Cerca-la Source March
24, and at En Café on Gonave Island March 6, 7, 8 and 10, 1929.
The birds from Tortue and Gonave Islands seem identical with those
of the large island. Females of these hummers are subject to con-
siderable adventitious staining from the flowers at which they feed.

Dr. R. Ciferri, Director of the Estacién Nacional Agronomica at
Moca, has presented to the United States National Museum a male
of this hummer taken by E. Ciferri at San Juan de la Maguana,
Dominican Republic, February 10, 1930 that in general is like the
female with a few green feathers of the adult male dress growing in
on the foreneck. The bird is said to have been sexually adult. It
appears from this skin, the only immature male seen, that in this
species the male in first plumage resembles the female. The skin
forwarded by Ciferri is seemingly in molt from the juvenal stage
into full adult dress.

This species which is as has been said the largest hummer on the
island measures from 115 to 1385 mm. in length, with the bill 23 to 27
mm. long. ‘The male is shining green above, on the sides, and on
the throat, black with a tinge of blue elsewhere underneath, with a
few white feathers on the flanks. The tail is coppery colored on the
inner web of the feathers. The female is whitish below with white
tips on the tail feathers.

Order TROGONIFORMES
Family TROGONIDAE

TEMNOTROGON ROSEIGASTER (Vieillot)

HISPANIOLAN TROGON, PIRAGUA, PAPAGAYO, CCOTORRITA DE SIERRA,
NATIONAL, CALECON ROUGE, DAME OR DEMOISELLE ANGLAISE, PIE DE
MONTAGNE

Trogon roseigaster Virittot, Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., vol. 8, 1817, p. 314
(Hispaniola) .—Sa tuk, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1857, p. 285 (Dominican Repub-
lic).—Bryant, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 11, May, 1867, p. 95 (Domi-
nican Republic).

Couroucou 4 ventre rouge (part), Burron, Hist. Nat. Ois., vol. 6, 1779, pp.
289-291 (habits).

Trogon rhodogaster TEMMINCK, Nouv. Rec. Planch. Col. Ois., vol. 3, livr. 683,
November, 1825, in text for genus 7'rogon (Based on Buffon).

Temnotrogon roseigaster, Cory, Birds Haiti and San Domingo, July, 1884,
pp. 95-87, col. pl. (La Vega, specimens) ; Cat. West Indian Birds, 1892, p. 103
(Dominican Republic) ; Auk, 1895, p. 279 (Dominican Republic) .—TiePENHAUER,
Die Insel Haiti, 1892, p. 322 (listed).—Currriz, Field Col. Mus., Ornith. ser.,
vol. 1, 1896, p. 19 (Aguacate, specimens).—Curisty, Ibis, 1897, p. 330 (re-
ported) .—VeERrRRILL, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1909, p. 359 (La Vega,

THE BIRDS OF HAITI AND THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 277

Miranda).—Perrers, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zodl., vol. 61, 1917, p. 413 (Choc6).—Brrse,
Zool. Soc. Bull., vol. 30, 1927, p. 140; Beneath Tropic Seas, 1928, p. 221 (Mira-
goane).—Bonp, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 80, 1928, p. 504
(Miragoane, La Hotte, La Selle, Haut Piton, Ennery; eggs).—DanrorrH, Auk,
1929, p. 868 (Bonao).—L6ONnBERG, Fauna och Flora, 1929, p. 104 (Haiti).—
Morton, Att. Soe. Ital. Scienz. Nat., vol. 68, 1929, p. 318 (Bonao, Monte Viejo,
specimens).

Resident in the hills and mountains; locally common.

In travel along the wilder trails through the hills of Hispaniola
there may come to the ear a curious cooing call suggesting the note
of a pigeon but at the same time differing from the sound produced
by any of the familiar species of that group. The call is ventrilo-
quial and seems to arise first from one side and then from another.
Finally there is a glimpse of a bird in black silhouette, resting in
shadow on some open limb, with body erect and tail hanging straight
down. No color is visible and it is a pleasurable surprise when one
of the birds pitches to a lower perch or is brought into closer view
by the aid of binoculars and the colors of the plumage flash out
brilhantly, the clear red of the abdomen sharply marked from the
eray of the breast, and the back a shimmering green.

Trogons frequent both deciduous trees and pines and in places
are common so that their calls are heard constantly through the day.
In the hand, where the delicate white barring on the wing may be
admired, the feathers are found to be lax and loose and the skin
extremely tender so that the preparation of specimens for museum
study is a matter of considerable care.

Sallé, familiar with the trogon during his early travels in the
Dominican Republic, says that they utilize old woodpecker holes as
nesting sites, and that their eggs are white (an inaccurate statement)
and much rounded. He says that the natives called them piragua,
though to-day they are usually known in Spanish as papagayo. Cory
found them common in the forested hills above La Vega where he
secured fifteen specimens from August 6 to 12, 1883. He speaks
of them as local in occurrence which is true so far as the lower
sections of the island are concerned. Cherrie encountered them only
at Aguacate where he collected eight skins. Christy did not see the
bird and listed it only from native reports. His statement that it
was found near “ Harabajoa,” which is quoted in the range given by
Mr. Ridgway ‘ refers to the well-known town of Jarabacoa. Verrill
found the trogon in the pine forests near La Vega and Miranda
but speaks of it as shy and difficult to procure. Peters working on
the north coast saw it only at Chocé, where he recorded one March
25, 1916.

To W. L. Abbott we are indebted for an excellent series of this
beautiful bird, specimens being taken as follows: near Jarabacoa

7U, S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 50, pt. 5, 1911, p. 792.

278 BULLETIN 155, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

October 15, 1916, El Rio, October 4, 5, and 6, 1916, and May 18, 1919,
and in the vicinity of Constanza, September 25 and 26, 1916, and
April 9, 1919, including seven skins from this last locality. In 1927
Wetmore heard the strange call of the trogon regularly on May 17
and 18 while riding over the mountain trails from Jarabacoa to
Constanza by way of El Rio. Near Constanza from May 19 to 27
the birds were common and were encountered regularly. They called
among the high pines, the note resembling the syllables cuh kwao or
cuh kwao kwao, uttered rather slowly and carrying for considerable
distances through the clear air. Occasionally in some dense growth
of rain forest one came down curiously to a closer view of the hu-
man intruder, flying with a rapidly tilting flight resembling in
exaggerated type that of some long-tailed, short-winged sparrow,
and accompanied by a loud rattle of the rounded wings. When ex-
cited or curious these trogons may utter a low, rattling call, or at
times a complaining sound like the loudly pleading whine of a dog.
One pair on May 25 was interested in a hole fifteen feet from the
ground in a dead stub standing in the wet rain forest so located
that it could not be reached as the trunk was too decayed to: bear
the weight of a climber. One bird rested near the opening and as
the site was under examination another came flipping noisily through
the wet leaves to join it in peering down at the intruder.

The species seemingly is very rare in the forests on the Samana
Peninsula, where the natives do not know it, the only report for
this area being that of a marine who told Abbott that he had killed
two in the hills back of Sanchez while shooting pigeons. Wetmore
did not hear its characteristic calls during extended journeys afield
in this region. Danforth heard it near Bonao August 7, 1927, and
Ciferri forwarded skins to Moltoni taken at that locality at Lo
Slano December 11, Allaco December 15, and Puente Yuna Novem-
ber 11, 1927, as well as from Monte Viejo (1,500 m.) August 28, 1929.

In Haiti the species has long been known. In Buffon in 1779
there is a considerable account of the bird from observations sup-
plied by Deshayes. It is said there that the birds breed in April
and again in August and September, depositing three or four eggs,
erroneously described as white, on a bed of decayed wood in a cavity
in a tree trunk. The young are said to be naked when hatched.
Deshayes says that his attempts to keep them in captivity were un-
successful. Some of his statements, notably where he says that
when the nest cavity chosen is not sufficiently big they enlarge it with
the strongly toothed bill need verification before they are implicitly
accepted. Levaillant,® according to Gould,® says that he had a speci-

8 Hist. Nat. des Couroucous, 1806, pl. 138. Date taken from Sherborn, Index Anim.,
pt. 11922, p: Ixxxi.
®Mon. Trogonidae, 1838, without pagination,

THE BIRDS OF HAITI AND THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 279

men but that the bird was rare as he had seen only two others, in
the collections of Abbé Aubry and Doctor Mauduit. Vieillot ap-
parently did not meet with it personally, as he bases his description
of the species mainly on the statements of Buffon.

A FE. Younglove secured one in the “ mountains,” back of Port-au-
Prince on June 5, 1866, and forwarded it to the Smithsonian Institu-
tion where it still remains in the United States National Museum.
From that time to the period of the investigations made by Abbott
there has been little added to knowledge of the bird in Haiti. Abbott
secured one at Moline in southwestern Haiti on January 29, 1918.
At Riviére Bar, east of Port-de-Paix, where the birds were common
near sea level, he collected five on February 16, 17, and 19,1917. The
only other records available are from the inland hills where one was
taken at 900 meters elevation near Moustique March 4, 1917.

In 1927, Wetmore encountered the trogon first at Fonds-des-Négres
April 2, when he collected two at an altitude of 450 meters on the
upper course of the Riviére Seche, and heard others near the Coffee
Experiment Station below. Others were recorded near Fonds-des-
Négres April 5. On the high slopes of La Selle the birds were com-
mon from April 10 to 15, and were heard daily calling from the tall
pines or from thickets of deciduous forest. On April 12 half a
dozen were gathered on low perches in a little grove engaged in
mating display. Two, apparently rival males, were matched in
harmless combat in which they rested a few feet apart with head out-
stretched and tail hanging straight down. At intervals the tail was
raised slowly to nearly a right angle with the back and then brought
down rather quickly to its normal perpendicular position. At brief
intervals one dashed at the other with a loud rattle of wings but ap-
parently the two never actually struck one another as the one attack-
ing usually passed beneath the opponent. They uttered constantly
a rolling note that mingled with the usual cooing calls uttered stead-
ily by their companions. Their light-colored eyes and bills were very
conspicuous. In the low thickets grown with creeping bamboo tro-
gons perched at times within six feet of the ground. A pair taken
at Fonds-des-Négres April 2 had the iris light orange, bill bright
honey yellow, tarsus brownish ‘gray, and the under side of the toes
yellow.

The Haitians call this species calecon rouge, dame or demoiselle
Anglaise, pie de montagne, or national.

Beebe observed this species only once west of Miragoane in Jan-
uary. Bond records it at the same point, stating that he found it
in mangrove swamps at sea level. He also noted it on La Hotte, La
Selle, Haut Piton in the Massif du Nord, and at Ennery. He col-

280 BULLETIN 155, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

lected three on Morne Malanga, and says that he had report of it on
Gonave Island but did not see it there personally. On La Selle he
was fortunate in finding two occupied nests on June 10 and 11, 1928,
both being placed in deserted nest-holes of the Hispaniolan wood-
pecker (Chryserpes striatus), one being five meters from the ground.
Both sets contained two eggs, one fresh and the other slightly incu-
bated. The eggs are decidedly paler than pale niagara green, un-
marked, with the surface slightly glossed, and very slightly granular.
They measure 30.4 by 23.3 and 27.9 by 23.5 mm. and 31.4 by 23.9 and
31.1 by 23.5 mm. The green color of these eggs is entirely unex-
pected as in most trogons they are white, the only exceptions that
come to mind being the quetzal (Pharomachrus mocinno) which also
has green eggs, and 7’rogonurus mexicanus which according to Salvin
and Godman ?° has very pale greenish eggs.

Following are measurements taken from our series of skins.

Males, seventeen specimens, wing 129.9-140.4 (135.2), tail 146.0-
161.0 (154.0), culmen from base 16.4-18.4 (17.8), tarsus 15.0-18.4
(16.8) mm.

Females, four specimens, wing 132.6-141.0 (136.6), tail 150.0-161.0
(154.0), culmen from base 15.9-17.1 (16.5), tarsus 16.3-16.7 (16.4)
mm.

The Hispaniolan trogon is metallic green above, gray on the throat
and breast, and delicate red on the abdomen and under tail-coverts,
with prominent spots of white at the tips of the tail feathers. The
male differs from the female in having a bluish cast on the back, and
the wing coverts barred narrowly with lines of white. The species is
about as large as the sparrowhawk.

Order CORACIIFORMES

Suborder ALCEDINES
Superfamily ALCEDINIDES
Family ALCEDINIDAE
Subfamily CERYLINAE
MEGACERYLE ALCYGN ALCYON (Linnaeus)
BELTED KINGFISHER, MARTIN PESCADOR, MARTIN-PECHEUR

Alcedo alcyon Linnarus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 115 (North
America).

Martin-pécheur hupé, de St. Domingue, Davusenron, Planch. Enl., pl. 593
(figure of male).

Ispidina Dominicensis cristata Brisson, Ornith., vol. 4, 1760, pp. 515-517
(“S. Domingue ”’).

20 Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, vol. 2, 1896, p. 488.

THE BIRDS OF HAITI AND THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 28]

Megaceryle domingensis REICHENBACH, Handb. Spec. Ornith., Alcedineae,
1851, p. 26 (not M. domingensis idem p. 25=Jf, stellata).

Alcedo alcyon, Bryant, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 11, May, 1867, p.
95 (Dominican Republic, Haiti).

Ceryle alcyon, SatLt, Proce. Zool. Soe. London, 1857, p. 233 (listed) .—Cory,
Bull. Nuttall Ornith. Club, 1881, p. 154 (winter); Birds Haiti and San Do-
mingo, July, 1884, pp. 108-104 (winter, specimens) ; Cat. West Indian Birds,
1892, p. 108 (Haiti, Dominican Republic) —Tristram, Ibis, 1884, p. 168
(Dominican Republic, specimen).—TiIrppENHAUER, Die Insel Haiti, 1892, p. 322
(listed).—Cuerriz, Field Columbian Mus., Ornith. ser., vol. 1, 1896, p. 20
(near coast).—Curisty, Ibis, 1897, p. 882 (Samana Bay, specimen).—VERRILL,
Proe. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1909, p. 859 (recorded).

Megaceryle alcyon, Hkman, Ark. fOr Bot., vol. 22A, No. 16, 1929, p. 7
(Navassa).

Megaceryle a. alcyon, BEEBE, Zool. Soc. Bull., vol. 30, 1927, p. 140; Beneath
Tropic Seas, 1928, p. 222 (Etang Miragoane).

Streptoceryle aicyon alcyon, PETERS, Bull. Mus. Comp. ZoGl., vol. 61, 1917, p. 412
(north coast).—Bonp, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sei. Philadelphia, vol. 80, 1928, p. 504
(Haiti).—Morton1, Att. Soe. Ital. Scienz. Nat., vol. 68, 1929, p. 318 (Haina,
specimen).

Winter visitant along coast and on the rivers and lakes of the
coastal plain.

The belted kingfisher arrives as a migrant from North America
in fall and remains until spring, frequenting mangrove swamps
and the banks of streams, lagoons and lakes in the lowlands, where
with its crested head it is an attractive feature of the landscape.
Natives assert that it breeds, a statement that has been accepted by
Verrill, but there is no basis for this assertion so far as can be
ascertained.

In the Dominican Republic Cherrie recorded the kingfisher fre-
quently along water courses near the coast. Christy found it on
the Yuna, and among the mangroves at the head of Samand4 Bay.
He collected one March 7, and says that he saw it in June, the
latter a statement to be taken with some reserve. Verrill reported
the kingfisher as common, and Peters in 1916 says that it was fairly
common along the north coast. Beck collected specimens at Santo
Domingo City October 20, Sanchez November 6, 1916, and Ttibano
February 12 and 18, 1917. Abbott found it common in winter, and
collected a female February 14, 1919, at Sanchez. He saw two or
three at Catalinita Island from September 10 to 12, 1919, an early
date of fall arrival. Hartert informs us that there are two in the
Tring Museum collected by Kaempfer on the Rfo Yuna October 22,
1922. The collector has marked on the label “ breeds here” but of
this again there is no proof. Abbott says definitely that the king-
fisher is absent in summer, and Wetmore was afield on Samand Bay
on many occasions in the first part of May, 1927, in localities fa-
vorable to this bird without seeing one.

282 BULLETIN 155, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

The kingfisher has long been known from Haiti if we suppose that
the one sent by Chervain to de Reaumur from “S$. Domingue” (the
specimen described by Brisson) came from the French colony. Cory
speaks of the kingfisher as a common winter visitant, especially about
the interior lakes, during his first work in Haiti in 1881. Bartsch
in 1917 reported it on the Etang Saumatre April 3, near Jérémie
April 10 to 12, and 15, and at Trou des Roseaux April 13. Dr. W. L.
Abbott found it common from November, 1917, to March, 1918, and
recorded a few along the coast of Gonave Island February 18 to 28.
He collected one at the Etang Saumitre March 8. Beebe recorded
one at Etang Miragoane March 2, 1927, and says that he saw others
occasionally elsewhere. Wetmore, in 1927, observed it at Carrefour
March 29, and at Mont Rouis March 30, both on the coast. He saw
one April 8 along the Riviere Jaquisy, below Furcy, at an elevation of
800 meters, and one April 24 on the Riviere Samana near Hinche.
The last one that he recorded was found on the coast at Caracol April
27. The records for the Riviere Jaquisy and for Hinche probably
represent the extent of the inland wandering of the species which
follows the larger streams back among the hills. Perrygo reported
the kingfisher at Fort Liberté February 8 and 16, 1929. Ekman
found the kingfisher on Navassa Island in October, 1928.

Reichenbach “* under Megaceryle alcyon refers to Daubenton’s
Planch. Enl. No. 593, Martin-pécheur hupé, de St. Domingue, imply-
ing that mistakes have been made with regard to its scientific name.
He says “Gray citirt sie ohne Anstand zu Ceryle Aleyon—mir
zweifelhaft bleibt und wohl auf St. Domingo besser beobachtet zu
werden und nach Wiederauffindung den Namen M. domingensis zu
erhalten verdient.” On a previous page, however (p. 25), he gives
the name Megaceryle domingensis as referring his plate CCCCX,
figure 3105, which is Megaceryle stellata, as he says “Das Vater-
land des von mir 3,105 abgebildeten Vogels ist mir nicht bekannt und
ich finde ihn so viel von Meyen’s Vogel verscheiden, dass ich ihn eher
fiir den enl. 593 abgebildeten von St. Domingo halten méchte, tiber den
ich weiter unten bei 17. Aleyon mich noch weiter aussprechen werde:
M. domingensis za nennen.” On page 24 he gives “ domingensis:
CCCX. *3,105” immediately following his name M&M. stellata
(Meyen) but there says nothing more about it. It appears then that
he uses the name domingensis for two distinct species, and that
through page priority its application to the belted kingfisher of
North America is preoccupied by its allocation to the South Ameri-
can Megaceryle stellata.

The belted kingfisher is of moderate size being 325 mm, or more in
length with small feet, heavy bill and strongly crested head. Above

u Handb. Spec. Ornith., Alcedineae 1851, p. 26.

THE BIRDS OF HAITI AND THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 283

it is dark gray and below white. The male has the band across the
breast and the sides gray. In the female the sides are bright brown,
a color that sometimes forms a second band across the breast.

Superfamily TODIDES
Family TODIDAE

TODUS SUBULATUS Gray

HISPANIOLAN TODY, BARRANCOLI, BARRANQUERO, PERROQUET DE
TERRE, COLIBRI

Todus subulatus “ Gould” Gray, Gen. Birds, vol. 1, April, 1847, pl. 22 (His-
paniola ”).—HartTiavur, Isis, 1847, p. 609 (listed).—Tristram, Ibis, 1884,
p. 168 (Dominican Republic, specimen).—Cory, Birds Haiti and San Do-
mingo, July, 1884, pp. 105-106, col. fig. (Puerto Plata, Port-au-Prince, speci-
mens) ; Cat. West Indian Birds, 1892, p. 103 (Haiti, Dominican Republic) .—
CHERRIB, Field Columbian Mus., Ornith. ser., vol. 1, 1896, p. 20 (abundant) .—
TIPPENHAUER, Die Insel Haiti, 1892, pp. 318, 322 (listed).—Curistry, Ibis, 1897,
pp. 332-333 (habits) —Harrert, Nov. Zool., vol. 9, 1902, p. 293 (Sanchez, speci-
mens) .—VERRILL, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1909, p. 860 (abundant, Do-
minican Republic).—PErEtTrERs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zo6l., vol. 61, 1917, p. 441 (Monte
Cristi, SosGa, Chocé, Rio San Juan, Arroyo Salado, specimens).—KAEMPFER,
Journ. fiir Ornith., 1924, p. 181 (habits).—Brrpsr, Zool. Soc. Bull. vol. 30, 1927,
p. 140; Beneath Tropic Seas, 1928, p. 221 (Haiti).—Bonp, Proc. Acad. Nat.
Sei. Philadelphia, vol. 80, 1928, pp. 504-505 (Haiti, Gonave Island; habits,
nest).—DANFoRTH, Auk, 1929, p. 3869 (abundant).—LONNBERG, Fauna och
Flora, 1929, p. 104 (Haiti, Gonave).—Motroni, Att. Soc. Ital. Scienz., Nat., vol.
68, 1929, p. 319 (Haina, San Juan specimens).

Todier, Burron, Hist. Nat. Ois, vol. 7, 1780, p. 226 (description, nest).

Todier de St. Domingue, DAUBENTON, Planch. Enl., pl. 585, figs. 1 and 2.

Perroquet de terre, Saint-Méry, Descrip. Part. Franc. Tle Saint-Domingue,
vol. 1, 1797, p. 262 (Dondon).

Todus viridis, VirILLotT, Hist. Nat. Ois. Amér. Sept., vol. 1, 1807, pp. 87-88,
pl. 56 (habits).—Ruirrrr, Naturh. Reis. Westind. Insel Hayti, 1836, p. 155 (speci-
men).—HARTLAUB, Isis, 1847, p. 609 (listed).

Todus dominicensis, SALLtr%, Proce. Zool. Soc. London, 1857, pp. 233-234
(habits).—Bryant, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 11, May, 1867, p. 91
(Dominican Republic, Haiti).—Cory, Bull. Nuttall Ornith. Club, 1881, p. 154
(Haiti). —Tristram, Cat. Coll. Birds belonging to H. B. Tristram, 1889, p. 98
(Samana, specimens).

Resident; abundant. Not recorded for Tortue Island.

The Hispaniolan tody is universally distributed, with the ex-
ception of the higher mountain areas, and is one of the most abundant
and constantly seen species of the island. It ranges alike in dry
areas or humid sections, its only requirement being a cover of thorny
scrub or low forest that will afford it shelter. It is one of the few
species of birds that appears regularly beside the trails and road-
ways as one travels through the country.

“Gray marked his plate simply “ Todus subulatus Gould” without giving any locality.

284 BULLETIN 155, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

Following is a digest of localities at which this tody has been
reported :

Dominican Republic: Santo Domingo City, Seibo (Danforth), San
Juan (Wetmore, Danforth); San José de Ocoa, Honduras, San
Cristobal (Cherrie) ; Los Alcarrizos (Wetmore) ; Hondo, below Con-
stanza (Abbott); Cafia Honda (Verrill) ; Sanchez (Hartert, Verrill,
Abbott, Wetmore) ; Samana (Tristram, Verrill) ; Laguna, Rojo Cabo
(Abbott); La Vega (Verrill, Wetmore); Jarabacoa (Wetmore) ;
Monte Cristi (Peters, Danforth); Sostia, Chocé, Rio San Juan,
Arroyo Salado (Peters) ; Haina, San Juan (Ciferri).

Haiti: Moron, Moline, (Abbott); Jérémie (Abbott, Bartsch) ;
Trou des Roseaux (Bartsch); Aguin, Fonds-des-Négres L’Acul,
Etang Miragoane (Wetmore); Miragoane, Petit Goave, Trou
Caiman, Gloré (Bartsch); Port-au-Prince (Younglove, Bartsch) ;
Fonds Verettes (Abbott); Damien, Sources Puantes, Mont Rouis,
La Tremblay, Riviére Jaquisy, to 1700 meters altitude on La Selle,
Pétionville, Morne & Cabrits, Las Cahobes, Hinche, Maissade, Cara-
col (Wetmore); Dondon (Saint-Méry, Poole and Perrygo); Bom-
bardopolis, Méle St. Nicolas, Moustique (Abbott); St. Michel,
L’Atalaye, Cerca-la-Source, St. Raphael, Fort Liberté (Poole and
Perrygo); Gonave Island (Abbott, Bond, Emlen, Poole and Per-
rygo, Danforth).

On the north slope of La Selle below Morne Cabaio Wetmore
found this tody in April to an elevation of 1700 meters, which seems
to be near its maximum elevation for regular occurrence. Elsewhere,
where the slopes are lower, it may range over the tops of the
mountains. In ascending the range of hills back of Sanchez this
species was found on the south facing slopes to the very top, where
a few were encountered in the edge of the range of the narrow-
billed tody to which the Hispaniolan tody then gave way and dis-
appeared. Abbott and Wetmore did not find it in the Valley of
Constanza though Abbott collected specimens at Hondo a short dis-
tance below. This tody ranged in small numbers in the mangrove
swamps of the Yuna and Barrancota on Samana Bay, and was fairly
common among the cacti and mesquites that formed the arid scrubs
near L’Arcahaie, all of which will illustrate its adaptability to en-
vironment, and makes it appear the more curious that it does not
penetrate through all of the dense rain forests that cover the moun-
tains.

The Hispaniolan tody is common on Gonave Island where Abbott
collected a considerable series, but is not found at all on Tortue
Island, a curious circumstance. It is not recorded at present from
Saona Island.

The tody is so strikingly marked with green back and brilliant red
throat that it attracts the eye in spite of its small size and so is known

THE BIRDS OF HAITI AND THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 285

to the majority of those who travel in the country. The birds watch
for their insect food from open perches, usually near the ground
but occasionally well up among the branches of trees. They prefer
shade and in the desert sections of their range usually perch in what-
ever shadow may be available. Attention is often attracted by their
whistled call of terp terp terp, uttered in a complaining tone, varied
by a metallic rattle heard during the nesting season. The notes are
entirely different from those of the species found on Porto Rico.
They perch with tail pointed down and the large bill directed up at
an angle of forty-five degrees, their ight eyes conspicuous at a near
distance, turning the head to watch for their prey, and flying out
with a whir of wings to seize passing insects with a snap of the bill.

In April in Haiti Wetmore found them usually in pairs, preparing
for the nesting season. Near Fonds-des-Négres on April 2 a pair
had started a tunnel in a low cut-bank a few feet above the water
of the Riviére Seche. On April 3 near Aquin another pair was
excavating a hole for a nest in a roadside bank with its sui face
baked hard by the intense heat of the sun, the tunnel at this time
being only three or four inches deep. He was astonished at the
sites chosen by some near Fonds-des-Négres and evidently suitable
cut-banks are less common than the birds. Several nest tunnels were
located in the face of fairly steep slopes at the borders of paths
while one was in a little bank that was only eighteen inches above
the surrounding level, with a slope of only 45°. The hole in this
case was about six inches above the trodden trail. The deepest
openings seen were from one to two feet in length, with the excava-
tion still continuing. No finished nests were observed but the tun-
nels were said to be from one to more than two feet in length, with
an enlarged chamber at the end in which the eggs were deposited
on loose earth. Both sexes at times produced a whirring rattle with
the wings, a sound like that made by drawing a stick rapidly along
a paling fence, flying quickly up as they made it and then dropping
down. This was often produced as they left the nesting hole.

Near Laguna, on the Samana Peninsula, early in March, 1919,
Abbott found many nest holes under construction but none yet com-
pleted. On his return the first of June children had gathered a
number of eggs for him in May during his absence and he preserved
29. He was told that four constituted the usual set. The eggs be-
fore us are white with a distinct gloss, frequently obscured by stain
from the reddish earth on which they were laid, and rounded ovate
in form. Following are measurements in millimeters of the Abbott
specimens: 16.4 by 18.8, 16.6 by 14.1, 16.7 by 14.2, 17.2 by 14.4,
17.2 by 14.5, 17.8 by 14.7, 17.3 by 15.0, 17.4 by 14.5, 17.4 by 14.5,

21384—31——19

286 BULLETIN 155, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

17.5 by 14.2, 17.5 by 14.2, 17.5 by 14.5, 17.6 by 14.4, 17.6 by 14.5,
17.6 by 14.5, 17.6 by 14.5, 17.7 by 14.8, 17.8 by 14.0, 17.8 by 14.2,
17.8 by 14.4, 17.9 by 14.8, 18.4 by 15.1, 18.8 by 14.5. The last two
seem abnormally long.

Abbott was told that todies bred twice each year. Kaempfer
reports eggs in the month of May. Cory found one nest that con-
tained three eggs. Danforth in 1927 collected a female at Santo
Domingo City June 17 containing an egg ready to be deposited. A
nest found July 18 on Gonave Island was in a little clay bank not
over eight inches in height beside a much used footpath. The tunnel
was only nine inches long. Sallé believed that they lined the nest
cavity with dry herbaceous material, but in this seems to have been
‘mistaken as others say that the eggs are deposited on the earth with-
out protection. Vieillot’s observation that the eggs are blue is also
an error.*%

In Haiti the natives call this tody colibri, a name that Mr. P.
Rogevie of Miragoane says is correct. In the Dominican Republic
the bird is usually known as barrancoli.

An adult male taken April 2 had the maxilla dusky brown, with
a reddish cast near the center of the culmen; mandible orange red;
iris grayish white; tarsus and toes dull brown; claws black. In the
Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences there is a young male in
juvenal dress taken at Anse a Galets, Gonave Island, July 18, 1928,
by John T. Emlen, jr., that has the dorsal surface plain, dull green,
and the lower parts white with the breast streaked heavily with
poorly defined markings of dusky. There is no red evident any-
where and only a very faint wash of yellow on the flanks.

Birds from Gonave Island on first examination appear brighter
green above and whiter below than those from the mainland but on
examination of a large series so many individuals are found from
Haiti and the Dominican Republic that are exactly like those of
Gonave that the supposed differences disappear and lose even an
average character. There is much variation from light to dark in
shade of green and in the hue of the undersurface. Occasionally
specimens are strongly suffused with red on the lower parts. Gonave
birds are very slightly larger as the following will show:

Birds from Haiti and the Dominican Republic—

Males, sixteen specimens, wing 47.0-51.5 (49.0), tail 33.6-37.7
(35.8), culmen from base 19.0-23.2 (20.9), tarsus 13.3-15.0 (14.2) mm.

Females, thirteen specimens, wing 45.6-52.2 (49.0), tail, 33.6-37.6
(35.4), culmen from base 20.4-23.6 (21.4), tarsus 13.0-15.3 (14.3) mm.

Birds from Gonave Island—

Males, seven specimens, wing 49.8-52.5 (50.9), tail 34.0-38.2 (36.0),
culmen from base 18.8-22.9 (21.1), tarsus 13.5-15.8 (14.7) mm.

18 Hist. Nat. Ois. Amer. Sept., vol. 1, 1807, p. 87.

THE BIRDS OF HAITI AND THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 287

Females, six specimens, wing 48.0-52.5 (50.2), tail 34.3-37.5 (35.7),
culmen from base 19.8-21.6 (20.5), tarsus 14.0-14.8 (14.4) mm.

This tody measures from 115 to 125 mm. in length. The bill is
long, flat, and comparatively wide, measuring from 5.5 to 6 mm. in
width at the nostril. The throat is red, the breast grayish white,
abdomen pale yellowish, and the sides and flanks light red. The
under surface is often washed somewhat with reddish.

TODUS ANGUSTIROSTRIS Lafresnaye
NARROW-BILLED TODY, BARRANCOLI, PICHUI, CHICORETTE

Todus angustirostris LAFRESNAYE, Rev. et Mag. Zool., October, 1851, p. 478
(Dominican Republic).—Cory, Birds Haiti and San Domingo, July, 1884, pp.
107-108, col. plate (Puerto Plata, specimens).—TIPPpENHAUER, Die Insel Haiti,
1892, p. 322 (listed).—CHeERRIn, Field Columbian Mus., Ornith. ser., vol. 1,
1896, p. 20 (Dominican Republic).—VERRILL, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia,
1909, p. 369 (Dominican Republic) —Prrrers, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zod6l., vol. 61,
1917, p. 412 (SosGa specimens).—RicHMOND, Smithsonian Mise. Colls., vol. 66,
no. 17, 1917, pp. 38-89 (mentioned).—Bonp, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia,
vol. 80, 1928, p. 504 (La Hotte, La Selle, Morne Tranchant, Morne Basile,
Massif du Nord).—DanrortH, Auk, 1929, p..369 (Fonds-des-Négres).—LONN-
RERG, Fauna och Flora, 1929, p. 104 (Haiti).—Motroni, Att. Soc. Ital. Scienz.
Nat., vol. 68, 1929, p. 319 (Monte Viejo, specimen).

Subulatus angustirostris, Cory, Cat. West Indian Birds, 1892, p 103 (error
for Todus).

Todus subulatus angustirostris, Cony, Cat. West Indian Birds, 1892, p. 103
(Haiti, Dominican Republic).

Resident; restricted mainly to the hills and mountains.

Since the other Greater Antillean islands have only one form of
tody each it is astonishing to find two distinct species on Hispaniola.
For many years the two were confused, until 1851 when Lafresnaye
correctly described the present bird from a specimen taken by Sallé
in the Dominican Republic. Sallé himself did not have proper
understanding in the matter as in his list published in the Pro-
ceedings of the Zoological Society of London in 1857 he gives
angustirostris as a synonym of subulatus, believing incorrectly that
the differences pointed out by Lafresnaye between the two forms
were those distinguishing male and female of one species. By some
the narrow-billed tody was later called a subspecies of subulatus an
allocation wholly incorrect as the two are specifically distinct.

The narrow-billed tody is primarily a species of dense, damp
jungles and in Wetmore’s experience was found principally in the
higher mountains, as on La Selle and near Constanza. Above San-
chez he observed it around 450 meters altitude and it seems to be
locally common under proper conditions at such elevations. Only
along the abandoned railroad at San Lorenzo did he record it at sea
level, and here and above Sanchez were the only places where he

288 BULLETIN 155, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

found it mingling with the other species of tody. The two seem
to occupy distinct ecological associations, with the broad-billed form
widely distributed through the lowland areas, and the narrow-billed
species closely confined to the wet jungles bound with creeping bam-
boo that grow principally in the mountains, not wandering beyond
these limits. Though superficially alike in color and Pee the
two species are ie distinguished by their notes so that there is
instant recognition when they are heard. The call of the narrow-
billed tody, uttered with bill pointing upward at any disturbance
in its haunt is a chattering chippy chippy chippy chip occasionally
varied to chic-o-ret or chip-chui. In April Wetmore found them in
pairs with the males scolding nervously at intruders. One was
seen resting within a few inches of his mate with the feathers of
his sides expanded beyond his wings so that their brilliant pink
was prominently displayed while he jerked his tail and uttered
his call. Though no shyer than the companion species the narrow-
billed tody is usually difficult to see when its calls are heard as it
inhabits dense growths and is so tiny that a single leaf may com-
pletely hide it orn view.

There is an old skin of this species without data in the United
States National Museum that was secured by Gabb in the Dominican
Republic. In the southern part of that country Cherrie found it at
the interior points where he collected, securing specimens at Aguacate
and Catarrey. Ridgway, has recorded it from Santo Domingo City
but this we consider uncertain. (His basis for reference to it at
Puerto Resoli is unknown to us.) Verrill confused it with the broad-
billed species since he says that its note is similar to that of subulatus
in which he was entirely mistaken. The only references of his to it
that are to be trusted are skins that he collected at Cafia Honda Janu-
ary 2, and El Valle, January 15, 1907, which E. Hartert informs us
are in the Tring Museum. Beck collected specimens at Santo
Domingo City, October 5 and 20, and Sanchez Nov. 3, 18, and 14,
1916, and on Loma Tina January 3, 1917.

Abbott found the narrow-billed tody common near Constanza,
where he collected specimens September 24, 25, 28, and 29, 1916, and
April 9, 10, and 11, 1919. On May 4 and 6, 1919 he secured two at
Hondo. On May 9 about two miles below Hondo Abajo he collected
two eggs, one containing a fair-sized embryo, from a hole dug in the
bank of a dry stream bed. The tunnel was excavated to a depth of
eleven inches and near the end turned at right angles to the left,
probably because of a large stone encountered at this point, to term1-
nate in a chamber that from Abbott’s notes was the “size of a small
fist.” He says that children often rob the nests to eat the eggs. The

44U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 50, pt. 6, 1914, p. 445.

THE BIRDS OF HAITI AND THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 289

two eggs collected are glossy white, unmarked, and measure 15.5 by
13.5, and 15.7 by 18.5 mm., being distinctly smaller than those of
Todus subulatus. Among eggs of todies brought to Abbott at
Laguna, on the Samana Peninsula, taken by children during May,
1919, there is one that from its size is certainly the present species
as it measures 15.1 by 13.7 mm., distinctly smaller than in subulatus.

Peters found this tody only at Sostia, where he collected one speci-
men. Cory records five from Puerto Plata, November 17, December
13, 22, and 28, 1882, and January 11, 1883. From the general topog-
raphy it seems probable that these came from the hill Loma Isabela
de Torres whose cloud-capped summit might offer suitable resort for
this species.

In the spring of 1927, Wetmore found the narrow-billed tody on
May 13 on the summit of the hills above Sanchez, in crossing on the
trail that leads to Las Terrenas. In climbing up the steep mountain
face Todus subulatus was common to the summit where at 450 meters
altitude it mingled for a brief space with 7. angustirostris which re-
placed it completely in the dripping rain forest farther inland.
Three specimens of angustirostris were taken on this occasion. On
May 11 he heard them calling from the hill slopes at San Lorenzo
Bay but was not able to find them in the dense growth of vegetation.
The presence of the species at this point however was verified sub-
sequently when he identified the skull of one from barn owl pellets
collected in one of the caves in that vicinity. On May 17 in ascend-
ing the steep slopes of El Barrero above the Rio Jimenoa, on the
trail from Jarabacoa to Constanza, the chattering calls of the narrow-
billed tody came frequently from either hand as soon as the dense
rain forest suited to its needs was encountered. Near Constanza
from May 19 to 27 it was the only species encountered. Moltoni re-
ceived one from Ciferri taken on Monte Viejo at 1200 to 1500 meters
elevation in August, 1929.

In Haiti Abbott collected one at Moron on the southwest peninsula
December 24, 1917, while at Moline, about 30 kilometers southeast of
Jérémie at an elevation of 600 meters he found them common securing
six between January 25 and 30,1918. He took one near Furcy at an
elevation of 900 meters, May 31, 1920.

Wetmore encountered the narrow-billed tody on the summit of
La Selle from April 11 to 15 and collected several. The birds were
found in dense thickets throughout this region down the slopes into
the lower levels of the Jardins Bois Pin and the ravine of the Riviére
Chotard, completely replacing the lowland species. On April 17 in
passing over the steep trails from Chapelle Faure in Nouvelle Tou-
raine to Furcy he recorded it at a number of places, particularly in
the damp thickets on Morne St. Vincent. Beck secured one on the

290 BULLETIN 155, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

higher slopes of La Hotte July 3, 1917, Danforth shot one at Fonds-
des-Négres July 23, 1927 in a coffee plantation, and Bond one on
Morne Tranchant January 6, 1928. Bond found this species in
1928 on La Selle, Morne Tranchant (specimen), Morne Basile in
the Montagnes Noires, and the Massif du Nord.

A male collected by Wetmore on La Selle April 12 had the maxilla
and distal half of the mandible black, rest of bill light dull red, iris
ivory white, tarsus and toes pinkish brown, and claws black. One
from Constanza May 27 (preserved in alcohol and sex not taken)
had the base of the mandible deep reddish orange, rest of bill black-
ish, iris pale grayish white, tarsus and toes dusky brown.

The Dominicans call this species barrancoli from its habit of nest-
ing in cut banks, while at Constanza it was also known as pichui
probably from its note. The Haitians on La Selle called it chicorette
in evident imitation of one of its calls.

Like the other tody this species is brillant green above with a
bright red throat, and pinkish red sides. It is distinctly hghter
below with the yellow wash confined to the undertail coverts and
extreme lower abdomen so that it often appears clear white with a
wash of grayish across the breast. In any case it may be told by its
note, or in the hand by the distinctly narrower, black-tipped bill,
which measures at the nostrils from 4 to 5 mm. in width.

Order PICIFORMES

Suborder Pic!
Family PICIDAE™”

Subfamily PICINAE
CHRYSERPES STRIATUS (P. L. S. Miiller)

HISPANIOLAN WOODPECKER, CARPINTERO, CHARPENTIER, PIVERT

Picas striatus Méttrr, Volist. Naturs. Suppl. Reg-Band, 1776, p. 91
(Hispaniola).

Carpintero, Ovizpo, Hist. Gen. Nat. Indias, Libr. 14, Cap. 2; Reprint, Madrid,
1851, p. 442 (habits).

Charpentier, CHAntEvorx, Hist. Isle Espagnole, vol. 1, 1733, p. 40 (listed).—
OEXMELIN, Hist. Avent. Flibustiers, vol. 1, 1775, p. 356 (nest).—SarintT-Mkry,

18 Picus rubidicollis Vicillot, Hist. Nat. Ois. Amér. Sept., vol. 2, 1807, p. 63, recorded
from “ Porto-Ricco et 4 Saint-Domingue,” and Picus portoricensis, Harilaub, Isis, 1847,
p. 609, listed from Hispaniola, refer to the Porto Rican woodpecker (Melanerpes porto-
ricensis), and are listed erroneously from Hispaniola as this species is confined to Porto
Rico and the adjacent island of Vieques.

Picus Dominicensis minor Brisson, Ornith., vol. 4, 1760, pp. 75-77, pl. 4, fig. 2, said
to have been sent from ‘8S. Domingue’’ to Abbé Aubry seems to be a Piculus and can
hardly have come from Hispaniola,

THE BIRDS OF HAITI AND THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 29]

Descrip. Part. Frane. Ile Saint-Domingue, vol. 1, 1797, p. 717 (Port-de-Paix).—
DescourtTitz, Voy. Nat., vol. 2, 1809, p. 68 (Gonaives).

Pic Rayé de Saint-Domingue, Burron, Hist. Nat. Ois., vol. 7, 1780, pp. 27-28
(description) —DavusBenTon, Planch. Enl., pl. 281.

Pic Rayé 4 téte noire, de St. Domingue, DavusentTon, Planch. Enl., pl. 614
(female).

Pivert, Sarnt-Méiry, Descrip. Part. Franc. ile Saint-Domingue, vol. 2, 1798,

p. 298 (La Selle).

Picus Dominicensis striatus Brisson, Ornith., vol. 4, 1760, pp. 65-67, pl. 4,
fig. 1 (“S. Domingue”; refers to male).

Picus Dominicensis striatus minor Brisson, Ornith., vol. 4, 1760, pp. 67-69,
pl. 3, fig. 2. (“S. Domingue”; refers to female.)

Picus striatus, ViemrLtot, Hist. Nat. Ois. Amér. Sept., vol. 2, 1807, pl. 114
(description, habits) —Ritrer, Naturh. Reis. Westind. Insel Hayti, 1886, p. 155
(Haiti, specimen). —Hanrrriavs, Isis, 1847, p. 609 (listed) —Macquart, Ann.
Soc. Ent. France, 1853, pp. 657-660 (parasitized by larva of a fly).—BRYANT,
Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 11, May, 1867, p. 96, (Dominican Republic;
Haiti).

Chloronerpes striatus, Cory, Cat. West Indian Birds, 1892, p. 104 (Haiti,
Dominican Republic).—Cuerrris, Field Columbian Mus., Ornith. ser., vol. 1,
1896, p. 21 (Dominican Republic).

Melanerpes striatus, VERRILL, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1909, p. 360
(Dominican Republic, abundant).

Centurus striatus, Sattt&, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1857, p. 234 (Santo
Domingo City).—Cory, Bull. Nuttall Ornith. Club, 1881, p. 154 (Haiti) ; Birds
Haiti and San Domingo, July, 1884, pp. 111-112, 2 col. figs. (Puerto Plata,
Pétionville).—TristRAM, Ibis, 1884, p. 168 (Dominican Republic) ; Cat. Coll.
Birds belonging H. B. Tristram, 1889, p. 104 (Samana, specimens) .—TIpren-
HAUER, Die Insel Haiti, 1892, pp. 318, 322 (listed).—Curisty, Ibis, 1897, pp.
333-334 (Dominican Republic).—PrtTmrs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zodl., vol. 61, 1917,
pp. 412-413 (Monte Christi; Sosta, specimens).—KApmprer, Journ. fiir Ornith.,
1924, p. 179 (Deminican Republic).—LONNBERG, Fauna och Flora, 1929, p. 104
(Haiti).

Chryserpes striatus, Mirier, Bull. Amer, Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. 34, 1915, pp. 517-
520 (recognized as in distinct genus) .—Brxrsn, Zool. Soc. Bull. vol. 30, 1927, pp. 140,
141; Beneath Tropic Seas, 1928, p. 222 (Haiti) —Bonp, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Philadelphia, vol. 80, 1928, p. 505 (Haiti; nesting).—DanrortH, Auk, 1929,
p. 869 (abundant).—MottTon1, Att. Soc. Ital. Scienz. Nat., vol. 68, 1929, p. 319
(Moca, San Juan, specimens).

Resident; common.

The woodpecker is a bird of strong, robust form and familiar
habit that is universally distributed wherever there is tree growth
to support it, as it ranges from mangrove swamps on the coast through
thorny scrubs, coffee plantations, and sparsely wooded hillsides to
the rolling pinelands of the interior hills and mountains seemingly
with no preference. It is one of the most common and easily seen of
the native birds. So far as known at present it is confined to the
main island and does not occur on Gonave and Tortue.

To the North American naturalist the Hispaniolan woodpecker
in action at once suggests the melanerpine woodpeckers, while its

292 BULLETIN 155, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

loud, rollicking, rolling calls, often interspersed with tree-toad-like
gutturals, in its changing tones brings to mind continental flickers,
ant-eating, and red-headed woodpeckers. The birds fly from tree
to tree with rapidly bounding flight, and alight indifferently on
trunk or branches, to hitch about, bracing with the strong, stiff tail,
clinging to the bark with the strong feet and sharp claws. Occa-
sionally one may fly to the outer branches of a tree and seizing a
small twig in its feet swing back downward in search for food. The
nest is placed in a hole drilled by the bird itself in a tree trunk.
Often one tree may have several holes in it, and on one occasion
Wetmore observed a palm with a dozen cavities cut by this wood-
pecker. In the lowlands the royal palm is the favorite nesting tree,
and there is little doubt that subsequent rotting induced by the col-
lection of water in these artificial cavities affects the tree and may
eventually extend until the trunk breaks in the wind. Whether this
damage is serious is questionable and one that should be examined
with an open mind to all the factors concerned, including the abun-
dance of palms, the extent to which they are utilized by man, and
the rapidity of growth which would normally replace those de-
stroyed. At the present time it appears that damage is negligible as
royal palms abound as do the woodpecker. It is Wetmore’s opinion
from present observations that damage that has been claimed is
more imaginary than real, being based on isolated cases where the
shooting of one or two birds would correct the difficulty. At Poste
Charbert Wetmore was told that the woodpeckers drilled holes in
the water tank that supplied the house, a matter of some importance,
corrected however by casual shooting. Near Constanza the wood-
pecker was reported to damage maize, an allegation made in other
localities also. It would appear that the bird should be given care-
ful study by some one competent to determine its exact status. It is
the opinion of Wetmore from present information that as a species
it is useful through destruction of injurious forest insects, and that
only those individuals that develop injurious habits should be killed.
There should be no general war on it without careful investigation.

That the woodpecker has been common throughout the historic
period is shown by frequent reference to it in early works of travel.
Oviedo describes the nesting cavity dug in the trunk of a palm. The
species is mentioned by Charlevoix in 1733, and by Oexmelin in 1775,
the latter like Oviedo noting the nesting holes drilled in the hard
wood of palm trunks. Brisson in 1760 described minutely the male
and female from specimens sent by Chervain to de Reaumur, con-
sidering them distinct species. Vieillot (writing in 1807) says that
he found them nesting in May, and that they laid from four to five
eggs.

THE BIRDS OF HAITI AND THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIO 293

In the Dominican Republic Sallé notes that in one taken near
Santo Domingo City he found the larva of a parasitic fly which he
succeeded in rearing and that was described by J. Macquart (in
1853) as an Anthomyid, Aricia pict, now called Philornis pici.'®
Cory (in 1885), speaks of the woodpecker as abundant, and says that
the complete set of eggs usually numbered three. He recorded one
nest with eggs taken May 13 (year not given). ‘Tristram received
a pair from A. Toogood, taken at Samana in 1887. Cherrie reported
that the bird tapped the trunks of palm trees for the sap, an observa-
tion that seems not to have been made by others. Christy says that
they are destructive to the fruit of the cacao, and reports that he
secured four slightly incubated eggs at Sanchez on February 27.
There are two skins in the United States National Museum taken by
A. Busck September 1, 1905, in the San Francisco Mountains. Ver-
rill heard bad report of the woodpecker as he says that it feeds on
“fruits, oranges and cacao-pods, and frequently ruins the crop.” He
continues “ fortunately iis increase is kept down by a fatal provision
of nature in the shape of a parasitic worm that infests the throat and
head. ‘This worm matures at the season when the young woodpeckers
are able to leave the nest, and after that time it is practically im-
possible to find an adult Melanerpes [that is woodpecker] alive. The
ground beneath the nests is often strewn with the dead and dying
birds, their throats and crops so distended with the disgusting para-
sites as to render them incapable of flight.” This account would
appear to be considerably overdrawn as the species remains too com-
mon to support belief in such wholesale destruction. Danforth re-
ports that specimens he collected in the summer of 1927 were para-
sitized by round worms.

J. H. Fleming has specimens from Sanchez, Cafia Honda, and
Samana collected by Verrill. J. L. Peters secured 19 near Monte
Cristi and Sostia, and describes nests seen in “ post cactus” in the
lower Yaqui Valley. He found 25 birds congregated in one tree on
one occasion. Kaempfer examined a heavily incubated egg at Con-
stanza the middle of July. W. L. Abbott prepared skins at Laguna
on the Samana Peninsula August 7 and 8, 1916, and Sanchez Sep-
tember 24, October 20 and 23, 1916, and February 11, 1919.

Wetmore, in 1927, observed the woodpecker occasionally on May 1,
in traveling from Comendador to Azua. On May 4 in crossing by
motor car from Santo Domingo City to San Francisco de Macoris it
was fairly common wherever there was forest growth. Two were
seen resting side by side on the trunk of a palm attentively examin-
ing a nest hole. Near Sanchez they were common from May 6 to 13.
Numbers were seen in the mangrove swamps on the lower Barrancota

#6 See Aldrich, J. M., Ann. Ent. Soc. America, vol. 16, 1923, p. 308.

294 BULLETIN 155, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

and in the swampy woods along the Yuna. On May 9 near the town
one was flushed from a nest 10 meters from the ground in a trunk of a
palm. In the forested hills the woodpecker was the most prominent
bird as it was heard calling and hammering on every side. Curi-
ously enough in all his experience on the island he did not hear these
birds make the rattling drum, so prominent a habit in other wood-
peckers during the breeding season. From La Vega to El Rio May
17, and on the return journey May 30, many were seen along the
trail. At Constanza from May 19 to 28 they were common but did
not range extensively through the great forests of pine, preferring
the deciduous growth.

In Haiti Saint-Méry, writing in 1797, tells us that the woodpecker
was found near Port-de-Paix, and on a later page says that it was
observed by Abbé Madoulé and two companions on February 1,
1788, on the summit of La Selle. Descourtilz recorded it at Gonaives
April 16, 1799. A. E. Younglove collected specimens near Port-au-
Prince April 14 and May 7, 1866. Cory secured skins near Pétion-
ville in February and March 1881. In April 1917, Bartsch recorded
it near Jérémie, Trou des Roseaux, Miragoane, Petit Goave, Port-au-
Prince, Trou Caiman, Gloré and Thomazeau.

Abbott secured specimens at Jérémie November 18, 19, 20, and 22,
Riviere Bar February 10, 12,16, and 17, and Bombardopolis March 22,
during 1917. At Jean Rabel Anchorage the same year he found
the birds nesting in holes excavated in the trunks of tree cacti, and
collected four sets of eggs. These are white in color with a slight
gloss. <A single egg was secured on May 80 from a hole 13 inches
deep, 7 feet from the ground in a tree a foot in diameter. This egg
measures 25.8 by 18.3 mm. On June 2 two sets were taken. One of
four eggs came from a nest hole “16 inches deep, 714 feet from the
ground.” ‘These measure 22.5 by 19.3, 23.5 by 19.4, 23.6 by 19.4 and
23.8 by 20.0 mm. Five eggs from a hole “13 inches deep, 614 feet
from the ground” measure 24.5 by 18.5, 24.8 by 18.8, 25.6 by 19.3,
25.7 by 18.9, and 25.7 by 19.1 mm. Four eggs from a set of five
secured June 3 in a cavity “18 inches deep, 7 feet from the ground ”
measure 28.7 by 19.6, 29.2 by 20.3, 29.5 by 20.0 and 29.6 by 20.4 mm.
From these figures a considerable variation in size is evident.
Abbott says in his notes that he did not find the woodpecker on
Tortue, nor does he mention it from Gonave. In 1925 G. S. Miller,
jr., secured skeletons near St. Michel. Beebe brought living birds
in 1927 for exhibition by the New York Zoological Society.

Wetmore, in 1927, recorded the woodpecker at Damien March 29.
L’Arcahaie March 30, where it was common among the enormous
cacti, perching on the flat pads, Mont Rouis March 30, Fonds-des-
Négres March 31 to April 5, where it was observed feeding on
berries, Aquin April 8, L’Acul April 4, La Tremblay April 7, the

THE BIRDS OF HAITI AND THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 295

summit of La Selle April 9 to 15, Las Cahobes, April 20, Maissade
April 21, Hinche April 22 to 24, and Caracol April 26 and 27. Dan-
forth in the summer of 1927 says that he found them nesting in
large cacti. Poole and Perrygo secured specimens at St. Michel
December 238, 26, and 29, 1928, Dondon January 18, St. Raphael
January 12 and 18, Fort Liberté February 7 and 8, St. Marc Febru-
ary 25 and Cerca-la-Source March 22 and 23, 1929.

An adult male taken by Wetmore at Fonds-des-Négres April 2,
1927, had the maxilla and tip of mandible dull black; rest of mandi-
ble neutral gray; iris bright yellow; tarsus and toes greenish gray.

W. deW. Miller?’ has given a detailed discussion of the structural
characters of this woodpecker and has segregated it in the genus
Chryserpes distinct from other species of its group. On critical
examination we find the Hispaniolan woodpecker generally similar to
Centurus carolinus, the type of the genus Centurus, but with culmen
more sharply ridged, feathers of crown and nape shorter and stiffer,
upper tail coverts much shorter, and the tuft of the oil gland shorter.
Other characters are of minor importance but aid to indicate the
generic distinctness of the species.

Miller examined a fair series of these birds and gives it as his
opinion that “there is little doubt that Chryserpes striatus consists of
two or three races differing chiefly if not wholly in size.” Kaempfer **
believed that birds from 800 to 1,000 meters altitude and above
differed from those of the lowlands in being larger with heavier
bills. We have compared an excellent series and find considerable
difference in size individually and some seasonal variation in color
due to plumage wear in birds from arid localities but can not corre-
late this variation with geographic locality. We consider it entirely
individual. Difference in wing measurement in birds from one lo-
cality may be as much as ten millimeters, and the size and strength
of the bill may vary in equivalent amount.

The Hispaniolan woodpecker is a robust bird from 225 to 265 mm.
in length, yellowish green on the back heavily barred with black,
wings black barred with dull yellow, tail black above, yellowish olive
below, rump and nape red, breast brownish yellow and abdomen
olive yellow. The male has the crown red while in the female it
is black.

SPHYRAPICUS VARIUS VARIUS (Linnaeus)
YELLOW-BELLIED WOODPECKER, CHARPENTIER

Picus varius Linnarus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, vol. 1, 1766, p. 176 (Carolina).

Sphyrapicus varius, LONNBERG, Fauna och Flora, 1929, p. 98 (Haiti).

Sphyrapicus varius varius, Bonn, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 80,
1928, p. 505 (Gonave and Tortue Islands).

17 Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. 34, 1915, pp. 517-520.
38 Journ. fiir Ornith., 1924, p. 179.

296 BULLETIN 155, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

Migrant from North America; apparently rare.

R. H. Beck secured a female yellow-bellied woodpecker on Loma
Tina, Dominican Republic, January 3, 1917, that was molting into
breeding dress, and on February 10 of the same year shot another of
the same sex in full breeding plumage. On March 6, 1920 W. L.
Abbott collected a female near Anse & Galets on Gonave Island,
noting that it was extremely fat. Bond reports the species from
Trou Louis on Gonave Island, and from Tortue. Lonnberg writes
that the specimen he records as taken by Dr. E. L. Ekman was secured
on Tortue in March, 1928.

The yellow-bellied woodpecker is a little smaller than the
Hispaniolan woodpecker, and is black above, mottled with white
on the wings and buffy white on the back, with a broad band of
white across the wing coverts. Below it is yellowish with sides
streaked with brown and a broad shield of black on the breast. The
throat is whitish in the female, and the crown either red or black.
Throat and crown are red in the male.

Subfamily PICUMNINAE

NESOCTITES MICROMEGAS (Sundevall)

HISPANIOLAN PICULET, FLAUTERO, CHARPENTIER-CAMELLE,
CHARPENTIER-BOIS

Picumnus micromegas SUNDEVALL, Consp. Av. Pic., 1866, p. 95 (“ Brasilia *=
Hispaniola).

Petit pic olive de Saint-Domingue, Burron, Hist. Nat. Ois., vol. 7, 1780,
pp. 29-30 (description).

?Bucco cayennensis, SALLE, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1857, p. 234 (identity not
certain).

Picus passerinus, Ritrer, Naturh. Reis. Westind. Insel Hayti, 1836, p. 155
(specimen ).—HartLavus, Isis, 1847, p. 610 (listed).—Bryant, Proc. Boston Soe.
Nat. Hist., vol. 11, May, 1867, p. $6 (Dominican Republic).

Chloronerpes passerinus, SALLh, Proc. Zool. Soe. London, 1857, p. 234
(Higuéy).

Picummus lawrencit Cory, Bull. Nuttall Ornith. Club, 1881, p. 129, pl. 1,
(Described as new; type from Jacmel, Haiti); pp. 153-154 (Jacmel, Pétion-
ville).

Picumnus lawrencei, Cory, Birds Haiti and San Domingo, July, 1884, pp.
109-110, col. pl. (Samanaé, Rivas, Pétionville, Jacmel, specimens).—TIPPEN-
HAUER, Die Insel Haiti, 1892, pp. 318, 322 (listed).—VrERRIIL, Proc. Acad. Nat.
Sci. Philadelphia, 1909, p. 360 (Sanchez, Samana).

Picumnus micromegas, BRYANT, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 11, May,
1867, p. 96 (Dominican Republic, Haiti).—Tristram, Ibis, 1884, pp. 167-168
(Dominican Republic, specimen) ; Cat. Coll. Birds belonging H. B. Tristram,
1889, p. 100 (Samana, specimen).

Nesoctites micromegas, Haraitt, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., vol. 18, 1890, pp.
552-553, 3 figs. (description of new genus; specimens).—Cory, Cat. West
Indian Birds, 1892, p. 108 (Haiti, Dominican Republic) —CHerrigz, Field

THE BIRDS OF HAITI AND THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 297

Columbian Mus., Ornith, ser., vol. 1, 1896, pp. 20-21 (Santo Domingo City,
Catarrey, Aguacate, specimens).—PETERS, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zodl., vol. 16, 1917,
p. 412 (Hstero Balsa, Sostia, Los Toritos, specimens).—Karmprer, Journ. fiir
Ornith., 1924, pp. 183-184 (Sanchez, specimens). —LONNBERG, Fauna och Flora,
1920, p. 104 (Haiti).

Nesoctites micromegas micromegas, Bonn, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia,
vol. 80, 1928, p. 505 (Miragoane, Port-au-Prince, Fond Parisien, Trou Forban,
Ennery, Massif du Nord, Plaine du Nord).—DanrortH, Auk, 1929, pp. 369-870
(recorded).

Resident, locally common.

The piculet is a shy inhabitant of forests where it creeps about in
such cover that it is seen with difficulty. Little is known at present
of its habits.

Most of the available records pertain to the Dominican Republic.
Sallé speaks of it as very rare in the forests near Higuéy. He lists
another bird as “ Bucco cayennensis” 1® that is supposed to be the
present species which he says he found in deep forest. Cory collected
specimens at Samana June 2, and September 1, 3, 4, 5, and 8, and
at Rivas August 24, in 1883. Tristram received a female from
Samana, collected in 1883 by C. McGrigor. Cherrie says that he
secured a series of 25 at Santo Domingo City, Catarrey and Agua-
cate. Verrill writes that he obtained it only at Samana and San-
chez. Peters collected four in the spring of 1916 at Estero Balsa,
Sosta and Los Toritos. He describes its song as a series of six
whistled notes from which the species derives its local name of
flautero. Beck took specimens near Sanchez May 28, October 9
and 10, and November 4, 16, 17 and 23, 1916.

Abbott found the piculet common at Laguna on the Samana Pen-
insula, and says that though not shy it was difficult to see because
of its inconspicuous coloration. He collected specimens there on
March 9, and August 11, and 13, 1919. On March 30 of that year
his boy, John King, brought him a set of four eggs from a hole in
an alligator pear tree 12 feet from the ground, reporting that he had
a good view of the parent bird as it left the nest. These eggs, which
proved to be very hard set, are rounded oval in form and white in
color with a distinct gloss. They measure 19.1 by 17.0, 19.4 by 16.6,
19.8 by 16.5 and 20.0 by 16.6 mm. A single egg also secured by John
King near Laguna May 19, 1919 measures 21.1 by 16.2. This speci-
men was heavily incubated. Skins were obtained at Rojo Cabo
August 30, 1916, Port Rincén August 17, 18, and 19, 1919, and at
Pimentel January 22, 1921. In a female taken at Port Rincén

Abbott has marked the iris as reddish brown and the feet greenish
slate.

19 Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1857, p. 234.

298 BULLETIN 155, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

Kaempfer secured two birds partly grown near Sanchez. Dan-
forth in 1927 records this species as locally common in woods near the
Rio Yaqui del Norte in the vicinity of Monte Cristi, and also near
Seibo. He found a few at Bonao, Laguna del Salodillo, and east of
Azua. One taken at Monte Cristi had eaten a centipede, many ants,
three earwigs and many small beetles. He describes the call as “a
rolling trill with a deep flycatcher-like tone resembling somewhat
that of Zolmarchus taylori.” At Seibo July 4 a female was observed
excavating a hole in a partly rotted fence post.

In Haiti A. E. Younglove collected two near Port-au-Prince
April 25 and May 9, 1866. Cory reports two, a male from Jacmel
January 16, and a female from Pétionville March 4, 1881. He says
that the piculet has the habits of a woodpecker and utters a short,
sharp note, generally while flying. Danforth reports it from the
Citadelle Hill above Milot in 1927. Bond records it as common in
arid sections along the coast but rare inland. He found it at
Miragoane, Port-au-Prince (specimen, February 1, 1928), Fond Par-
isien, Trou Forban northwest of L’Arcahaie, Ennery, in the Massif
du Nord, and on the Plaine du Nord. He remarks that “the notes
are loud and of woodpecker quality and resemble the syllables
huck-ki-ki-ki-ke-ku-kuck.”

The piculet of Hispaniola was first described by Sundevall as
Picumnus micromegas. We was told that his specimen came from
Brazil from which the true range of the bird was not suspected, so
that when Cory collected specimens in Haiti in 1881 he named them
lawrencii in honor of George N. Lawrence. Bryant in 1863 correctly
identified mécromegas of Sundevall as from Hispaniola, but as he
made no comment as to why he had done so his action was overlooked,
until in 1884 Tristram went into the matter carefully indicating that
lawrencii of Cory is a synonym of micromegas of Sundevall.

The piculet is a small bird little larger than a sparrow, measuring
only 145 to 160 mm. in length. Though woodpeckerlike in form the
tail feathers are short and soft at the ends as the bird does not brace
with the tail in climbing. The plumage is yellowish olive green
above with a patch of golden yellow on the crown, and yellowish
white below streaked and spotted lightly with blackish. The male
has a spot of red in the center of the yellow crown patch.

NESOCTITES ABBOTTI Wetmore
GONAVE PICULET

Nesoctites abbotti Wetmore, Proc. Biol. Soe. Washington, vol. 41, October
15, 1928, p. 167 (La Mahotiere, Gonave Island, Haiti) —LOnnbBerG, Fauna och
Flora, 1929, p. 104 (Gonave).

THE BIRDS OF HAITI AND THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 299

Nesoctites micromegas abbotti, Bonn, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol.
80, 1928, p. 505 (Gonave Island).—DaANrortTH, Auk, 1929, p. 370 (Gonave).

Gonave Island; common resident.

Dr. W. L. Abbott, in whose honor this species is named, found
the Gonave piculet common in dense scrub on the hillsides, and
usually encountered it in pairs. In all he secured 14 specimens taken
February 20, 21, 23, 24, and 27, 1918, and March 8, 9, 10, and 14,
1920. The latter were shot near Anse a Galets. The specimen
selected as type is a male taken February 24, 1918. The soft parts
are said to be similar in male and female, the iris being reddish
brown, upper mandible blackish above and leaden beneath, and tarsi
greenish lead color.

Danforth found it common on Gonave in 1927 and says “it is
almost abundant in the brushy woods, and its characteristic callnote
is heard on every side. We collected five specimens. The stomach
contents of one consisted exclusively of the seeds and pulp of some
fruit.”

Bond writes that the piculet is “ very common on Gonave Island,
its abundance being due perhaps to the absence of the much larger
Chryserpes. In habits and notes it is similar to the mainland form.
Six specimens were secured.

“A nest was found in June. It was placed about 12 feet above
the ground in arid growth. It was apparently empty. The nesting
hole was of downy-woodpecker size.”

This form is generally similar to Nesoctites micromegas (Sunde-
vall) but is very much paler both above and below, the under surface
being white, with only a very faint tinge of yellowish on the breast,
and the upper surface much grayer. The white of the sides of the
neck is more extended and the yellow of the crown in the male is
more restricted.

Following are measurements (in millimeters) of the series
obtained :

Eight males, wing 65.9-68.4 (67.7) ; tail 36.5-42.8 (39.5); culmen
from base 15.8-17.2 (16.5) ; tarsus 17.0-18.3 (17.4).

Six females, wing 69.3-73.2 (71.2); tail 37.0-41.5 (39.9) ; culmen
from base 17.0-17.7 (17.5) ; tarsus 17.3-18.5 (17.8).

Type, male, wing 68.0; tail 42.8; culmen from base 16.5; tar-
sus 17.9.

In general the Gonave Island bird is similar to that of the main
island, but the differences, mainly those of paler coloration, seem
so distinct that it is considered a species apart from micromegas.

300 BULLETIN 155, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

Order PASSERIFORMES

Suborder TYRANNI

Superfamily TYRANNIDES
Family TYRANNIDAE ”°

TYRANNUS DOMINICENSIS DOMINICENSIS (Gmelin)
GRAY KINGBIRD, PETIGRE, PITIRRE, TITIRI, PIPIRITE

Lanius dominicensis GMELIN, Syst. Nat., 1788, vol. 1, pt. 1, p. 302 (Hispaniola).

Titire, ou Pipiri, Burron, Hist. Nat. Ois., vol. 4, 1778, pp. 573-577 (habits).

Tyrannus intrepidus, Rirrer, Naturh. Reis. Westind. Insel Hayti, 1836, p.
156 (specimen).

Tyrannus matutinus, SALLE, Proce, Zool. Soe. London, 1857, p. 282 (Dominican
Republic).

Tyrannus griseus, ViEILLoT, Hist. Nat. Ois. Amér. Sept., vol. 1, 1807, pp. 76-77,
pl. 46 (habits, description) —Bryant, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 11,
May, 1867, p. 90 (Dominican Republic, Haiti).—Cory, Bull. Nuttall Ornith.
Club, 1881, p. 153 (Haiti).

Tyrannus Dominicensis Brisson, Ornith., vol. 2, 1760, pp. 394-395, pl. 38,
fig. 2 (“S. Domingue’’).

Tyrannus dominicensis, Cory, Bull. Nuttall Ornith. Club, 1881, p. 153 (Haiti,
specimens) ; Birds Haiti and San Domingo, July, 1884, pp. 77-79 (Puerto Plata,
specimens; Samana, eggs); Cat. West Indian Birds, 1892, p. 108 (Haiti,
Dominican Republic).—TnristramM, Ibis, 1884, p. 168 (Dominican Republic,
specimen) ; Cat. Coll. Birds belonging H. B. Tristram, 1889, p. 124 (Rivas,
specimen) .—TIPPENHAUER, Die Insel Haiti, 1892, pp. 320, 3821 (listed) —
CHERRIE£, Field Columbian Mus., Ornith. ser., vol. 1, 1896, p. 18 (Dominican
Republic, specimens).—Cunristy, Ibis, 1897, pp. 327-3828 (Dominican Republic,
nesting) —VERRILL, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1909, p. 361 (Dominican
Republic).—Karmprer, Journ. fiir Ornith., 1924, p. 180 (Dominican Republic) .—
LONNBERG, Fauna och Flora, 1929, p. 105 (Haiti).

Tyrannus d. dominicensis, BrEBr, Zool. Soc. Bull, vol. 80, 1927, p. 140; Be-
neath Tropic Seas, 1928, pp. 67, 222 (Haiti). —HxKman, Ark. fér Bot., vol. 22 A,
No. 16, 1929, p. 7 (Navassa).

Tyrannus dominicensis dominicensis, PETERS, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. vol. 61,
1917, pp. 414-415 (Monte Christi, Sostiia, specimens).—Bonp, Proce. Acad. Nat.
Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 80, 1928, p. 506 (Caracol, nest).—DaAnrorrH, Auk, 1929,
p. 870 (common).

Tyramnus curvirostris curvirostris, Mortonti, Att. Soe. Ital. Secienz. Nat.,
vol. 68, 1929, p. 319 (Moca, specimens).

20 Salvadori in Atti Soc. Ital. Sci. Nat., vol. 7, 1864, p. 153, described a small fly-
catcher under the name Anaeretes cristatellus that he says “@ indicato come proveniente
da Haiti.” Sclater and Salvin after examining his type specimen report in the Proc.
Zool. Soc. London, 1868, p. 175 (footnote) that this is Serpophaga subcristata (Vieillot),
which ranges in South America from Pernambuco and Piauhy south into Argentina as
far as the Rio Negro, and does not occur in the Greater Antilles. Salvadori’s locality is
therefore erroneous.

THE BIRDS OF HAITI AND THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 301

Resident, common; not found in heavily forested sections.

The gray kingbird is almost universally distributed in the culti-
vated sections of Hispaniola, occurring everywhere about fields and
pastures but not penetrating the forests. Wetmore did not find it
on the heights of La Selle, though it ranged on the north face of
that range above the Riviére Jaquisy, but in the Valley of Con-
stanza, at a slightly lower altitude than La Selle with a climate
equally cold, the bird was fairly common. He observed it in the
mangroves bordering the Yuna and Barrancota, and on the little
wooded islets on the southern shores of Samana Bay, seeming ex-
ceptions to the statement that the species is not found regularly in
forested sections until it is remembered that open stretches of water
in these haunts afforded favorable feeding grounds comparable to
the open lands frequented elsewhere. It comes into the suburbs of
towns and villages, and ranges in semi-arid and humid sections
alike. Abbott collected specimens on Gonave and Tortue Islands,
and from September 12 to 18, 1919, found it common on Saona.
He saw two or three pairs on Catalinita Island September 10 to
12 of the same year.

The gray kingbird rests on open perches to watch for passing in-
sects, flying out to secure these on the wing. Its flight is direct,
performed with rapid beats of the wings, and can be fairly rapid.
The bird is belligerent and delights in pursuing other kingbirds or
individuals of other species, its victims ranging in size from the
red-tailed hawk down, all, regardless of stature, fleeing from its
angry attacks. From an economic standpoint it is one of the most
useful species found on the island and should be protected as it is
fitted to thrive in connection with developing agriculture. If prop-
erly guarded it should increase in numbers as the forests are cleared
and more land comes under cultivation.

Present definite records of its occurrence are as follows:

Dominican Republic: Comendador to Azua, San Francisco de
Macoris (Wetmore); Rivas (Tristram); Cafia Honda, El Valle,
Cayo Levantado, Samana (Verrill) ; Rojo Cabo, San Lorenzo (Ab-
bott) ; Sanchez, La Vega, (Verrill, Wetmore); La Vega to Jara-
bacoa (Wetmore) ; El Rio, Constanza (Abbott, Wetmore) ; Santiago
(Wetmore) ; Moca (Ciferri) ; Puerto Plata (Cory); Monte Cristi,
Sostia (Peters); Saona and Catalinita Islands (Abbott).

Haiti: Jérémie (Abbott, Bartsch) ; Trou des Roseaux, Miragoane,
Petit Goave (Bartsch); Aquin, L’Acul, Fonds-des-Nigres, Etang
Miragoane, Carrefour, Damien (Wetmore); Port-au-Prince
(Younglove, Bartsch, Beebe, Wetmore) ; Trou Caiman, Thomazeau,
Gloré (Bartsch); Fonds Verettes (Abbott); Mont Rouis, Las Ca-

2134—31 20

302 BULLETIN 155, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

hobes, Hinche to St. Michel, Cap-Haitien (Wetmore); Caracol
(Wetmore, Bond); L’Atalaye, St. Michel, St. Raphael, Fort
Liberté, St. Marc, Cerca-la-Source (Poole and Perrygo); Riv-
iére Bar, Bombardopolis, Jean Rabel Anchorage, Moustique,
Tortue Island (Abbott); Gonave Island (Abbott, Danforth,
Poole and Perrygo) ; Navassa Island (Ekman).

The gray kingbird outside the breeding season gathers frequently
at night in central roosts to which many individuals may come. As
the birds congregate in the evening they utter continual vociferous
calls, often rising to circle in the air, and then settle again in the tree
tops where they spend the night. At day break they are very noisy
again for a time and then disperse to their feeding grounds for the
day.

The principal nesting season appears to come from April to June,
though Vieillot reports that they nest irregularly. He records the
number of eggs as three to four. Cory reports a nest April 18, 1883,
with three fresh eggs, and another May 20 with two eggs. Christy
observed nests with young during June. The last two authors de-
scribe the nest as constructed of small twigs loosely placed together.

At Baie des Moustiques on May 8, 1917, Abbott collected three sets,
two of two and one of three eggs. One of these came from a nest in
a mangrove ten feet above high water mark, and another from an
acacia ten feet from the ground. <A nest that he took here eight feet
above high water in a mangrove is a flat structure of small twigs
about 240 mm. in diameter by 70 mm. high with an inner cup, com-
posed of long fine strands of rootlets coiled in a circular manner, 85
mm. in diameter by 35 mm. deep. The three sets of eggs taken
measure as follows (in millimeters) 26.0 by 18.3, and 26.0 by 18.7
(one broken egg not measured) ; 23.5 by 17.8, and 24.3 by 17.73; 26.5
by 17.7 and 26.9 by 17.3. On June 1, 1917 he collected a set of two,
from a nest ten feet from the ground in a low tree near the seashore,
that measure 24.7 by 18.0 and 27.2 by 18.0. Two eggs secured on
Tortue Island May 19, 1917, from a slightly built nest of twigs 8 feet
from the ground in a mangrove have the following dimensions: 22.7
by 17.5 and 23.5 by 17.7. There is a further set of four eggs from
Haiti without definite date or locality that measure as follows: 23.6
by 17.2, 25.3 by 18.4, 25.5 by 18.5 and 25.8 by 18.5 mm. The eggs are
elliptical oval in form and in color vary from white tinged with
ivory yellow to very pale pinkish buff, spotted boldly with vinaceous
russet, burnt umber, natal brown, and purplish gray, the markings
being heaviest about the larger end.

On May 6, 1927 Wetmore saw a gray kingbird carrying aesting
material into a mangrove near Sanchez, and on May 26 near Con-
stanza he observed an occupied nest 40 feet from the ground on the

THE BIRDS OF HAITI AND THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 303

limb of a pine. Bond describes a nest containing three eggs found
in a mangrove swamp near Caracol, May 26, 1928.

Abbott describes the bill and feet in this species as black and the
iris as dark brown.

The gray kingbird, 225 to 235 mm. long, is dark gray above, with
blackish wings and tail, the former edged with whitish, a blackish
band through the eye, white underparts with a wash of gray on the
breast, light yellow under wing coverts, and a concealed patch of
orange and yellow on the crown.

TOLMARCHUS GABBII (Lawrence)
HISPANIOLAN PETCHARY, MANJUILA, PIPIRIT, TETE POLICE

Pitangus Gabbii LAwRENceE, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. New York, vol. 11, 1876, p.
288 (Hato Viejo, Mao River, Province of Santiago, Dominican Republic) .—
Cory, Bull. Nuttall Ornith. Club, 1881, p. 153 (Haiti); Birds Haiti and San
Domingo, July, 1884, pp. 76-77, col. fig. (Magua, Pétionville, specimens) ; Cat.
West Indian Birds, 1882, p. 108 (Haiti, Dominican Republic) ; Auk, 1895, p.
279 (Dominican Republic).—T1IpPpENHAUER, Die Insel Haiti, 1892, p. 321
(listed). —CHERRIE, Field Columbian Mus., Ornith. ser., vol. 1, 1896, p. 17 (Hon-
duras, specimen).—VERRILL, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1909, p. 361
(Miranda).

Tyrannus (part), Brisson, Ornith., vol. 2, 1760, pp. 391-392 (“ S. Domingue ”’).

Tyrannus intrepidus ?, SALLE, Proc. Zool. Soe. London, 1857, p. 232 (listed) .—
BRYANT, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 11, May, 1867, p. 90 (considered error
for Tolmarchus).

Tyranmus tyrannus, Cory, Birds West Indies 1889, p. 132 (listed) ; Cat. West
Indian Birds, 1892, p. 108 (Dominican Republic).—Ripeway, U. S. Nat. Mus.
Bull. 50, vol. 4, 1907, p. 691 (‘‘ Haiti’’).

?Muscicapa cayenensis, RitreR, Naturh. Reis. Westind. Insel Hayti, 1836, p.
156 (specimen).

? Muscicapa flava, VIEILLOT, Hist. Nat.»Ois. Amér. Sept., vol. 1, 1807, p. 69
(“ Saint-Domingue”’).

Tolmarchus gabbi, Ripaway, Proce. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. 18, Sept. 2,
1905, p. 209 (listed).—Prrers, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zo6l., vol. 61, 1917, p. 415
(Monte Cristi, Bulla, specimens).—Karmprer, Journ. fiir Ornith., 1924, p. 180
(Ttbano).

Tolmarchus gabbii, Ripgway, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 50, pt. 4, 1907, pp. 683-684,
(description, range).—BExBx, Zool. Soc. Bull., vol. 30, 1927, p. 141 (living speci-
men in Zoological Park).—DANForTH, Auk, 1929, p. 870 (local).—LONNBERG,
Fauna och Flora, 1929, p. 105 (Haiti).—Mottonti, Att. Soc. Ital. Scienz. Nat.,
vol. 68, 1929, p. 319 (San Juan, specimen).

Tolmarchus caudifasciatus gabbii, HELLMAyYR, Cat. Birds Amer., Field Mus.
Nat. Hist., Zool. ser., vol. 18, April 11, 1927, p. 158 (Port-au-Prince, Pétionville.
Magua, Honduras, specimens).—Bonpb, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol.
80, 1928, p. 506 (La Selle, Morne Malanga).

Resident; local in occurrence.

The petchary though widely distributed is less common than the
gray kingbird whose place it takes in areas of forest. It is found
almost entirely amid heavy growths of trees, finding in coffee planta-

304 BULLETIN 155, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

tions situations to its liking but usually not coming into the open.
Though found throughout the entire island records of occurrence are
rather few. It seems from present information to be more common
in the southwestern peninsula of Haiti than elsewhere. It is quiet
and retiring in habit and has been overlooked by many naturalists.

Cherrie secured one at Honduras April 2, 1895, the only one that
he saw. Kaempfer found it only at Tuibano where he says that it
was known as manjuila. Verrill reports it only at Miranda; Cory
collected two at Magua, January 26 and 31, 1883. Peters secured
four males at Monte Cristi and Bulla, the latter not far from the
type locality as Gabb collected the type specimen at Hato Viejo,
on the Mao River. At Monte Cristi Peters found the petchary in
the cactus grown scrub but it is less abundant in such situations than
in denser forest. In the Dominican Republic Abbott collected it
only near Constanza where he secured skins September 27, 28, and
29, 1916, and April 12, 1919. Wetmore in 1927 found a few on May
13 at an elevation of 450 meters in the forested hills east of Sanchez
on the trail that crosses to Las Terrenas. At Constanza on May 19
he saw one calling from a perch high in the top of a pine, uttering
a prolonged, rolling trill that terminated with several sharply
explosive notes. Danforth recorded it in 1927 near Santiago June
18, Vasquez June 25, Monte Cristi June 20, Azua July 9, and San
Juan July 10 and 11. Moltoni received one from Ciferri taken at
San Juan, July 7, 1929.

In Haiti Cory secured two near Pétionville in February, 1881.
Bartsch shot one near Jérémie April 16, 1917, and recorded the
species north of Port-au-Prince April 21 and 22. Abbott found it
rather numerous in the southwestern peninsula where he secured an
excellent series, including specimens from Jérémie November 20, 28,
29, and 30, and December 9 and 11, 1917; Moron December 19, 20,
and 23, 1917, and Moline January 29, 1918. Wetmore found the
petchary common at Fonds-des-Négres March 31 to April 5, and
collected several specimens. The birds were mating at this period
and were very noisy. Pairs were observed on several occasions flying
in company low through the undergrowth, the male above and almost
touching the female, snapping his bill loudly and continually, a
flight that continued from fifty to one hundred feet. On April 17
he saw one at Chapelle Faure in Nouvelle Touraine, and on April 26
and 27 recorded others at Poste Charbert near Caracol. Danforth
collected one at Fonds-des-Négres July 23. Bond reports them from
La Selle, and secured two males on Morne Malanga January 21 and
23, 1928.

Beebe reports that he has exhibited this bird alive in the Zoologi-
eal Park in New York City.

THE BIRDS OF HAITI AND THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 305

In a female from Moron, December 19, 1917, Abbott notes the bill
as black, somewhat brownish beneath, feet black, and iris dark
brown. Another from Jérémie taken November 20 agreed in color
of feet and bill. An adult female shot by Wetmore at Fonds-des-
Négres April 2, 1927, had the bill dull black, iris bone brown, tarsus
and toes dusky slate.

The present species is included in Brisson’s description of his
Tyrannus of which he says that a specimen from Hispaniola was
sent to de Reaumur by Chervain. His statement that it was migrant
to Virginia and Carolina refers however to some other bird. Sallé
seemingly reported this species under the erroneous name Z’yrannus
intrepidus, which applies properly to the common kingbird of the
eastern United States known now as Zyrannus tyrannus. This ref-
erence appears to be the basis for the report of Tyrannus tyrannus
from Hispaniola by later authors as there is no definite record for
this bird, which migrates farther to the west, being known only
casually from Cuba and the Bahamas.

We do not agree with Hellmayr in considering gabbiz a subspecies
of Tolmarchus caudifasciatus as its characters seem to entitle it to
specific recognition.

Specimens taken in November and December in freshly grown
plumage when compared with skins secured in April or later are
darker above and have a brownish wash on the breast.

The type specimen in the American Museum of Natural History,
Cat. No. 42,641 is marked “Pitangus gabbui Lawr. Type W. M.
Gabb—St. Domingo Coll. Geo. N. Lawrence, Hato Viejo.” It is in
worn plumage and measures as follows: wing 99.4, tail 77.3, culmen
from base 25.0, tarsus 20.2 mm.

The petchary in form and size resembles the gray kingbird but
is much darker in color, being blackish brown above, almost black
on the head, with wings and tail edged with rufous. Below it is
white with a slight wash of gray or brown on the breast. There is
a concealed patch of bright yellow in the crown.

MYIARCHUS DOMINICENSIS (Bryant)

HISPANIOLAN FLYCATCHER, MAROA, MAROITA, MANUELITO, ALOUETTE
EUPPEE, LOUIS, PIPIRIT GROS-TETE

Tyrannula stolida (var., dominicensis) Bryant, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist.,
vol. 11, May, 1867, p. 90 (Port-au-Prince, Haiti).

Muscicapa flaviventris, Virtttor, Hist. Nat. Ois. Amér. Sept., vol. 1, 1807,
p. 70 (habits).

Myiarchus stolidus, Cory, Bull. Nuttall Ornith. Club, 1881, p. 153 (Haiti).

Myiarchus ruficaudatus Cory, Bull. Nuttall Ornith. Club, 1883, p. 95 (de-
scribed as new from Puerto Plata, Dominican Republic).

306 BULLETIN 155, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

Myiarchus dominicensis, Cory, Birds Haiti and San Domingo July, 1884, pp.
79-80, col. fig. (Rivas, Samana, La Vega, specimens) ; Cat. West Indian Birds,
1892, p. 108 (Dominican Republic).—TristraM, Cat. Coll. Birds belonging H. B.
Tristram, 1889, p. 124 (Rivas, specimens).—T1mrepPpENHAUER, Die Insel Haiti,
1892, p. 321 (listed) ; Field Columbian Mus., Ornith. ser., vol. 1, 1896, p. 18
(Dominican Republic, specimens). —Cnrrsty, Ibis, 1897, p. 828 (Sanchez, speci-
men ).—VERRILL, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1909, p. 361 (Dominican
Republic).—Pxrters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zo6l., vol. 61, 1917, p. 415 (Monte Cristi,
Sostia, Choc6, specimens).—DANFoRTH, Auk, 1929, p. 370 (many records).—
LONNBERG, Fauna och Flora, 1929, p. 105 (Haiti)—Motroni, Att. Soe. Ital.
Scienz. Nat., vol. 68, 1929, p. 319 (Haina, San Juan, specimens).

Myiarchus stolidus dominicensis, HELLMAYR, Cat. Birds Amer., Field Mus.
Nat. Hist., Zool. ser., vol. 18, pt. 5, April 11, 1927, pp. 169-170 (Port-au-Prince,
Pétionville, Jacmel, Santo Domingo City, Aguacate, La Vega, Rivas, Magua,
Samana, Catarrey, San Cristobal, Honduras, San José de Ocoa, Puerto Plata,
specimens).—Bonp, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 80, 1928, p. 506
(Haiti, Gonave, Tortue; nest).

Resident ; common.

This flycatcher is distributed rather widely through the island
both in arid and humid sections, being found in cactus-grown scrubs,
mesquites, pine forests and other woodland. Wetmore did not re-
cord it on the high summit of La Selle but it is found regularly in
the mountains near Constanza at a somewhat lower altitude. The
bird occurs alone or in pairs watching for insect food from some
elevated perch.

In the Dominican Republic Cherrie secured a large series so that
his statement that it was “tolerably common” underestimates its
abundance. He took specimens (according to records published by
Hellmayr) at Santo Domingo City, Aguacate, Catarrey, San Cris-
tobal, Honduras, and San José de Ocoa. Cory secured it at La
Vega, Rivas, Magua, Puerto Plata, and Samana. Near Samana
May 5, 1883, Cory collected four eggs from a hole in a tree 4 feet
from the ground; he describes the nest as a soft structure of hair,
moss and feathers. Christy found this flycatcher near Sanchez.
Tristram had one taken at Rivas in 1887 by A. S. Toogood, and
Verrill collected skins at Samana February 23, and Sanchez March
3, 1907, that are now in the collection of J. H. Fleming. Peters
collected specimens at Monte Cristi, Sostia, and Chocé.

Abbott found this species generally common, collecting specimens
at Laguna on the Samana Peninsula August 13, 1916, and March 6,
1919, at Rojo Cabo, not far distant, August 30, 1916, and near Jara-
bacoa, October 11 and 12, 1916. Wetmore observed a few between
San Juan and Azua May 1, 1927, and at Sanchez from May 6 to 13
recorded it occasionally near the town and found it common in the
wet forests that covered the hills at an elevation of 450 meters.
Near Constanza from May 19 to 26 it was common, being found

THE BIRDS OF HAITI AND THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 307

here mainly in the forests of pine, often perching high above the
ground. It was seen at El Rio May 30. Danforth in 1927 found
this flycatcher common between Santiago and Monte Cristi, and
saw it also at Santo Domingo City, Seibo, and San Juan. On June
23 he collected a young bird recently from the nest. Bond saw one
nest building at Lake Enriquillo April 15, 1928. Moltoni received
skins from Haina and San Juan.

In the Dominican Republic this species is called manuelito, maroa
or maroita, the two latter names reported only from the northern
part of the Republic.

In Haiti the Hispaniolan flycatcher is somewhat more widely dis-
tributed than in the Dominican Republic, the dry scrubs and open
forests of the western part of the island seeming especially suited ~
to its needs. In 1866 A. E. Younglove collected specimens February
10, April 25, and May 8 and 10, which he forwarded to the Smith-
sonian Institution, a male shot February 10 serving as the type of
the species from which Bryant prepared his description published
in 1867. Cory collected this flycatcher at Pétionville and Jacmel
in 1881. In April, 1917 Bartsch recorded it at Gloré, Trou Caiman,
Petit Goave (specimen), in the vicinity of Jérémie, near Port-au-
Prince and at St. Mare (specimen).

W. L. Abbott secured skins at Moustique March 4, 5, and 10, and
Bombardopolis March 27, 1917. He collected a small series on
Tortue Island February 1, 4, and 17, 1917, on Gonave Island Febru-
ary 19 and 24, 1918 and March 8, 1920, and one on Grande Cayemite
Island January 10, 1918. On May 9, 1917, at Petit Port 4 ’Ecu he
found a nest in an old woodpecker hole cut into the trunk of a tree
cactus about five feet from the ground. The nest was constructed
of cottony down and contained three eggs of which one is broken.
The other two measure 21.1 by 16.0 and 21.5 by 162 mm. At Jean
Rabel Anchorage June 5, 1917 native boys brought him a set of two
eggs together with the parent bird alive. These eggs measure 19.7
by 16.4 and 19.9 by 16.3 mm. The eggs are very pale ivory yellow,
marked heavily with mars brown, warm sepia and deep quaker drab,
the markings being heaviest at the larger end and tending to extend
in a straight line along the longitudinal axis of the egg, many being
so elongated as to suggest pen markings.

It will be recalled that in the nest of the crested flycatcher of the
United States, which belongs to the same genus, shed snake skin
is almost universally found in the nesting material. Abbott noted
particularly that this peculiar material was not used in the nest that
he examined.

G. S. Miller, jr., collected one of these flycatchers at St. Michel,
March 24, 1925. In 1927 Wetmore found this flycatcher at a number

308 BULLETIN 155, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

of points in Haiti. At L’Archaie March 30 several were observed
in an arid cactus and mesquite scrub. The birds rested on open
perches near the ground, in alert attitude enhanced by raised crests,
and darted out to capture passing insects with a loud snap of the
bill. Their call was a high pitched, somewhat sibilant note that
may be written whee-ee, varied occasionally to whit-a whit-a. Two
taken at Aquin April 3 in dry scrub back of the beach were near the
breeding season. The species was recorded at La Tremblay April
7, Morne 4 Cabrits April 20, Hinche April 22 to 24, and Caracol
April 26 and 27.

Danforth in 1927 found this flycatcher near the mouth of the
Artibonite River, at Etang Miragoane, and on Gonave Island.
Bond reports this flycatcher as abundant in the arid lowlands of
Haiti, including Gonave and Tortue Islands. He found a nest near
Port-de-Paix, April 1, 1928, placed in a natural cavity a little more
than a meter from the ground, that contained two nearly fledged
young. Poole and Perrygo secured specimens at St. Michel January
6, L’Atalaye January 8, St. Raphael January 12, Pont Sondé Feb-
ruary 27, and Fort Liberté February 6 and 11, 1929. Danforth
reports that one bird taken had eaten ten weevils (Lachnopus) and
a butterfly; another a seed, three caterpillars, and a small chryso-
melid beetle; a third seeds of Solanaceae; a fourth a fly (raz
rufotibia) and some coleoptera; and a fifth a Buprestid, a weevil
(Lachnopus), a grasshopper (Schistocercus), and a fly (HLrax
rufotibia).

Four specimens from Gonave Island average very slightly paler on
the dorsal surface than most birds from the main island but are
matched in this respect by one skin from Tortue and by a few from
the main island, so that we consider this difference as of individual
nature. Birds in fresh plumage are blacker and those in worn dress
grayer above. Measurements are almost identical as the following
indicate.

Haiti and the Dominican Republic:

Males, seventeen specimens, wing 80.1-88.1 (84.0), tail 73.7-82.9
(78.0), culmen from base 18.2-21.8 (20.1), tarsus 19.3-23.1 (21.2) mm.

Females, six specimens, wing 78.0-84.9 (81.5), tail, 72.9-79.2 (76.1),
culmen from base 18.0-21.3 (19.5), tarsus 20.0-21.8 (20.8) mm.

Gonave Island:

Male, one specimen, wing 83.8, tail 74.4, culmen from base 21.5,
tarsus 20.2 mm.

Females, three specimens, wing 79.5-82.3 (80.6), tail 72.8-77.7
(75.5), culmen from base 19.0-19.4 (19.1), tarsus 20.3-21.3 (20.7) mm.

Hellmayr writes that the type of Myiarchus ruficaudatus Cory, a
male, F. M. No. 31149, was taken at Puerto Plata, D. R., December
11, 1882.

THE BIRDS OF HAITI AND THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 309

The Hispaniolan flycatcher, while it measures from 180 to 195 mm.
in length, is of slender form with long tail. It has the flat bill
characteristic of its family. Above it is olive brown, darker on the
head, light gray on the breast, and pale yellow on the abdomen.
The primaries are edged with chestnut brown and the secondaries
with whitish, and the inner webs of the tail feathers are margined
with chestnut.

BLACICUS HISPANIOLENSIS HISPANIOLENSIS (Bryant)
HISPANIOLAN WOOD PEWEE, SIGUA, PIPIRIT TETE FOU

Tyrannula carribaea (var., hispaniolensis) BRYANT, Proc. Boston Soe. Nat.
Hist., vol. 11, May, 1867, p. 91 (Port-au-Prince, Haiti).

?Muscicapa querula, Rirrer, Naturh. Reis. Westind. Insel Hayti, 1886, p. 156
(Haiti, specimen).

Contopus frazari Cory, Bull. Nuttall Ornith. Club, 1883, p. 94. (Puerto
Plata, Dominican Republic, described as new) ; Birds Haiti and San Domingo,
July, 1884, pp. 81-82 (discussion).

Contopus hispaniolensis, Cory, Birds Haiti and San Domingo, July, 1884, pp.
81-82, col. fig. (La Vega, Puerto Plata, Samana, specimens). —TIPPENHAUER,
Die Insel Haiti, 1892, p. 321 (listed).

Sayornis dominicensis Cory, Bull. Nuttall Ornith. Club, 1888, p. 95 (Magua,
Dominican Republic; described as new); Birds Haiti and San Domingo, July,
1884, pp. 81-82 (discussion).

Blacicus hispaniolensis, Cory, Cat. West Indian Birds, 1892, p. 109 (Haiti,
Dominican Republic).—CHERrIm®, Field Columbian Mus., Ornith. ser., vol. 1, 1896,
pp. 17-18 (Dominican Republic).—Verritt, Proce. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia,
1909, p. 361 (Dominican Republic).—PrtTers, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zo6l., vol. 61,
1917, p. 415 (Monte Cristi, Gaspar Hernandez, Rio San Juan, specimens) .—
DANFORTH, Auk, 1929, p. 870 (Seibo, Santo Domingo City, San Juan).—LOnnN-
BERG, Fauna och Flora, 1929, p. 105 (Haiti) —Motroni, Att. Soc. Ital. Scienz.
Nat., vol. 68, 1929, p. 8320 (San Juan, Monte Viejo, specimens).

Blacicus caribaeus hispaniolensis, HELLMAyR, Cat. Birds. Amer., Field Mus.
Nat. Hist., Zool. ser., vol. 13, 1927, p. 205 (Santo Domingo City, La Vega,
Aguacate, Honduras, Samana, La Laguneta, Magua, Catarrey, Maiman, Puerto
Plata, specimens).—Bonp, Proce. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadeiphia, vol. 80, 1928,
p. 506 (Haiti).

Resident; fairly common, particularly in the forested hills of the
interior.

The wood pewee is an inhabitant of thickets and woodlands where
it rests quietly on open perches, usually near the ground but occa-
sionally thirty or forty feet above it, and watches for its food of
flying insects which it flies out and captures expertly with a snap of
the bill, and then circles back to its perch. Aside from these sallies
for food it is quiet and will pass unnoticed except to those of keen
and attentive perception. It is most easily seen in early morning
when it comes out into more open lands than at any other time as
in the heat of the day it remains at rest, frequently in the shadow of
dense coverts. The bird has the mannerisms of the wood pewees of

310 BULLETIN 155, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

North America but in general seeks perches nearer the ground. In
the Dominican Republic Cory found it abundant in the hills back of
La Vega in July, 1888, and collected it also at Samana September 10
and 11, and Puerto Plata November 22, 1882. Cherrie found it
common in the southern part of the republic and took specimens at
Santo Domingo City, Aguacate, Honduras, and Catarrey. Along
the northern coast the species seems somewhat rare as in 1916 Peters
secured only three specimens, at Monte Cristi, Gaspar Hernandez,
and Rfo San Juan, and in addition observed only one other, which
was seen at Estero Balsa. All except one were found amid man-
groves.

W. L. Abbott found the wood pewee more common and secured an
excellent series. On April 10, 1922 he collected one male at an ele-
vation of 700 meters near Polo in the Bahoruco mountains. Three
were taken at San Lorenzo on Samana Bay July 28 and September
9, 1916, and March 19, 1919. One was shot at Jarabacoa October 14,
1916, two at El Rio October 4 and 8, 1916 and six at Constanza Sep-
tember 25, 27, and 28, 1916, and April 10 and 12, 1919. In 1927
Wetmore secured one in the mangrove swamps at the mouth of the
Arroyo Barrancota opposite Sanchez, and found them fairly numer-
ous in the forested hills of the Samané Peninsula at an elevation of
450 meters. Near Constanza from May 19 to 26 they were common,
and others were recorded at El Rio May 30. In the great forests ot
pine about Constanza he heard on many occasions a mournful call
of considerable carrying power coming from the tops of the pine
trees, a note of several syllables that may be written pur pip pip pip
After several days of search he traced it to the quiet little wood
pewee, which was entirely unexpected as the author, but when this
was once established the circumstance seemed quite natural as the
call is suggestive of that of a North American flycatcher that resides
in similar haunts, the olive-sided flycatcher (Wuttallornis mesoleucus).
From further observation he found that the wood pewee of His-
paniola has other notes of a varied character so that its voice has
considerable range in sound production. Danforth in 1927 collected
two at Seibo July 4 to 6, saw others at Santo Domingo City, and
collected one at San Juan July 11. Ciferri collected one at San
Juan July 7, 1929, and two at an elevation of 1,200 to 1,500 meters
on Monte Viejo, May 25 to 28, 1929, one of the latter being a young
individual.

The type specimen of this species was secured in the hills back of
Port-au-Prince, Haiti, in all probability somewhere above Pétion-
ville, on June 6, 1866, by A. E. Younglove, and the bird was de-
scribed by Dr. Henry Bryant in the following year. It is possible
that the “Graukohliger Fliegenfinger” which Ritter lists in 1836

THE BIRDS OF HAITI AND THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 311

under the scientific name of Muscicapa querula may have been this
same species but this is not certain. Cory does not seem to have
found the wood pewee in the western republic so that the next in-
formation regarding it in Haiti comes from the collections of Abbott
who secured five at Moron December 18, 19, 20, and 24, 1917, one
at Moline January 26, 1918, and three at Moustique March 2, 3, and
11, 1917. Bartsch in 1917 observed it in the vicinity of Jérémie
April 10 to 12, and 15 and 16, near Trou des Roseaux April 13 and 14,
and in the vicinity of Port-au-Prince, mainly near the coast, April
24,25,and27. G.S. Miller, jr., secured it near St. Michel, March 29,
1925. In 1927 Wetmore found it fairly common near Fonds-des-
Négres from March 31 to April 5, and from specimens taken learned
that the breeding season was near. At this time the birds were en-
tirely silent so far as he observed. On La Selle they were seen April
12, 18, and 14, being especially common at the borders of the thickets
where these joined the pinelands. They especially were in evidence
in early morning when they came out of the coverts to rest in the
warm rays of the morning sun. On April 27 he observed a pair at
Poste Charbert near Caracol. Bond found it most common in the
mountains but saw it also at the borders of mangrove swamps.

In a specimen taken by Abbott, marked questionably as a female,
from Moron, Haiti, December 20, 1917, the upper mandible is indi-
cated as dark brown or black and the lower as brownish yellow.

The Hispaniolan wood pewee is subject to some variation in color,
birds in fresh fall plumage being decidedly darker than spring speci-
mens especially on the back. Cory was misled by these differences
and named two of these variants, calling one Contopus frazari and
the other Sayornis dominicensis, the type of the first according to
_Hellmayr coming from Puerto Plata, and of the second from Magua.
Later Cory, recognizing his error, indicated these properly as syno-
nyms of Blacicus hispaniolensis.

The wood pewee is a bird of slender form, long tail and broad,
flat bill that measures from 150 to 160 mm. in length. Above it is
olive brown, blacker on crown, wings and tail, with paler edgings on
the inner wing feathers. The breast is brownish gray and the abdo-
men brownish buff. The general tone of olive and warm brown, the
small size, and quiet demeanor are characteristic.

BLACICUS HISPANIOLENSIS TACITUS Wetmore
GONAVE WOOD PEWEE

Blacicus hispaniolensis tacitus Wrrmorn, Proc. Biol. Soe. Washington, vol.
41. December 18, 1928, p. 201 (Anse 4 Galets, Gonave Island, Haiti).—L6nn-
BERG, Fauna och Flora, 1929, p. 106 (Gonave).

Blacicus hispaniolensis, DANForTH, Auk, 1929, p. 370 (Gonave Island).

Blacicus caribaeus hispaniolensis, Bonp, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia,
vol. 80, 1928, p. 506 (part; Gonave).

312 BULLETIN 155, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

Gonave Island; resident.

The present form was described from eight skins collected on
Gonave Island by W. L. Abbott. Three of these, taken February 20
and 25, 1918, are marked simply Gonave Island. Four more, includ-
ing ie type come from Anse 4 Galets, March 7, 9, and 13, 1920, and
Bieroites, March 17, 1920. Danforth collected Was: in 1997 and re-
ports that one had eaten a moth, a wasp (Chalcis inserta) and a small
beetle.

This form is closely similar to the bird from the main island from
which it differs in paler coloration, being grayer above and lighter
buffier below on the abdomen. The ae is gray without a wash
of brown. This form is similar in dimensions to the birds of the
main island comparative measurements in millimeters being as
follows:

Blacicus h. hispaniolensis

| Wing Tail CHlmen from Tarsus

| Cees So ie Se OT ee
Marra lessen ois See Nee Ak ee eset 68. 8-76.9 (73.4) | 60.0-71.3 (65.8) | 14.1-16.0 (15.2) | 14.1-15.8 (15.1)
Sifemaless. $21 aS he 67. 5-73.8 (71.1) | 62.9-68.8 (65.9) | 13.5-15.8 (14.6) | 138.5-15.9 (14.8

Blacicus h. tacitus
= tare n ms :

ANNA CS Hee at ee ee Cae | 73.4-77.9 (75.5) | 69.0-72.7 (70.6) | 14.8-16.9 (15.5) | 14.5-15.9 (15.0)
simemlalestave 450142 Gees ele | 69. 6-74. 7 (72. 6) 67. 6-70. 3 (69.1) | 14. 2-15.6 (14.8) | 14.9-15.3 (15.1)

So far as known tacttus is confined to Gonave Island where Bond
reports it as common.

ELAENIA ALBICAPILLA (Vieillot)
HISPANIOLAN ELAENIA

Muscicapa albicapilla VirrtLoT, Hist. Nat. Ois. Amér. Sept., vol. 1, 1807,
p. 66, pl. 87 (“ Saint-Domingue ”’=Hispaniola).

Tyrannula albicapilla, HARTLAUB, Isis, 1847, p. 609 (listed).

Elainea cherriei Cory, Auk, 1895, p. 279 (“ Calare”’=Catarrey, Dominican
Republic).

Elainia cherriei, CHERRIE, Field Columbian Mus., Ornith. ser., vol. 1, 1896,
p. 17 (Catarrey, Aguacate).

Elaina cherriei, Verity, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1909, p. 361
(Miranda, specimen).

Hlaenia cherriei, LONNBERG, Fauna och Flora, 1929, p. 105 (Haiti).

Elaenia fallax cherriei, HELLMAyYR, Cat. Birds Amer., Field Mus. Nat. Hist.,
Zool. ser., vol. 18, pt. 5, April 11, 1927, p. 429 (Catarrey, Aguacate).—Bonp,
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 80, 1928, p. 507 (La Selle, Morne
Basile).—Motton1, Att. Soe. Ital. Scienz. Nat., vol. 68, 1929, p. 320 (Monte
Viejo, specimen).

Resident in the higher hills of the interior.

To see the little flycatcher known as the elaenia it is necessary to
leave the heat of the lowlands and to climb by winding trails—often

THE BIRDS OF HAITI AND THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 313

over slopes so steep as to be almost precipitous—until one reaches the
great pine forests of the interior mountains. In these cool altitudes
above the rustle of wind in the pine needles one may hear a low
chattering call from a little olive gray bird with a tinge of yellow on
the under surface that may be hopping about among the branches
or may be resting quietly on the lookout for insects. This is the
elaenia, one of the interesting native birds, whose intimate acquaint-
ance has come to few naturalists. Though partial to the extensive
stretches of pines that cover broad areas of the poorer soil in the
hills, the elaenia is somewhat remarkable for its catholic taste in
habitat, as though often found in the tops of the highest trees where
its tiny form is barely visible, it may come also within the borders of
the dense rain-forests, or may be seen in thickets of guava or other
iow growth in more open country. Its call is a somewhat explosive
swee-0, given rather abruptly, followed at times by twittering notes,
or a mellow pleasantly modulated trill that is truly a song. In early
morning when the sun shines through the chill of the mountain air
the elaenia is most in evidence as then it comes freely into the open
and rests in the warming rays. Once known, in spite of its unobtru-
sive coloration it is a species never to be forgotten.

To the present time the elaenia has been seen by few naturalists.
It was first described in 1807 by Vieillot, who called it the “ mou-
cherolle a huppé blanche” from the white markings in the elongated
feathers of the crown. Though his description and plate apply
certainly to the present species which he says he found in “ Saint-
Domingue” his observations have been overlooked, so that when
Cherrie collected one at Catarrey, January 31, 1895, and two others
at Aguacate on February 22 and 27 of the same year Cory immedi-
ately described these as a new species Hlaenia cherriei in honor of
the collector, a name that the bird has borne in modern treatises but
that must give way to Hlaenia albicapilla, as Vieillot has long pri-
ority in description. Cherrie noted little of his birds except that they
were found in the interior hills, and little more was added by A. H.
Verrill who in 1907 collected one specimen at Miranda. W. L.
Abbott, the first to observe the birds in numbers, found them one of
the commonest birds in the upland pine forests in the Dominican
Republic. His first specimen was taken near El Rio on October 8,
1916. On a subsequent journey in 1919 he encountered them in
numbers and collected a series at Constanza from April 9 to 18,
shot one at Hondo May 4, and two more near El] Rio May 16 and 18.
Beck secured a series on Loma Tina from January 3 to February 2,
one at La Canita February 22, one on Loma Ultimate Civil Feb-
ruary 1, and a series on Loma Rucilla February 24 to March 16,
1917. An immature bird in juvenal plumage taken by Abbott at
El Rio October 8 resembles the adult in general but the olive of the

314 BULLETIN 155, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

back is more grayish, the lower parts are not as yellowish, and the
concealed white crown stripe is lacking. ‘The feathers of the pileum
are deep olive changing to deep guil gray basally with a light shaft
streak. Over each eye are a few feathers of the adult plumage com-
ing in, the secondaries are edged distally on the external margin with
deep olive buff, and the abdomen is lighter than in the adult bird.

In 1927 on May 17 and 18 Wetmore found the elaenia along the
trail leading up from the Rio Jimenoa beyond Jarabacoa to El Rio
and Constanza and recorded it again in retracing this journey on
May 30. From May 19 to 27 the birds were common about Con-
stanza and several were taken. Birds collected at this time were
in breeding condition. Abbott in 1919 noted that specimens taken
in mid April were not yet mating. At times they were found in the
tops of the tallest pines and again were seen hopping about low down
among the guava bushes. Ciferri secured one on Monte Viejo at
1,200 to 1,500 meters elevation in May, 1929.

The first specimen definitely recorded from Haiti is a male shot
by Abbott near Furey on June 13, 1920. In 1927 Wetmore found
them common on La Selle, directly opposite Furcy, from April 9 to
15, taking one on the first date mentioned at an elevation of 1,500
meters below Morne Cabaio. Among the pines on the summit of
the ridge the birds were common and were encountered daily. Here
they were found mainly in the pine forests, and were seldom seen in
the rain-forest. On one cool morning following heavy rains on the
previous evening two were seen hopping about among weeds and
fallen branches only a few inches from the ground, seeking the
warmth of the rising sun. Bond found them common on La Selle,
and also observed them at 1,500 meters altitude on Morne Basile in
the Montaignes Noires of northern Haiti, collecting one there on
March 6, 1928. He secured another on Morne Malanga January 22
of the same year.

In an adult female taken by Wetmore at Constanza May 27,
1927, the base of the mandible was pale brownish white, the re-
mainder of the bill blackish, the iris Hay’s brown and the tarsus
and toes black.

We do not agree with Hellmayr that this species should be con-
sidered a race of Hlaenia fallax.

The type specimen on which Cory based the name cherriet (Field
Mus. Nat. Hist. no. 31844), a male collected by G. K. Cherrie at Cat-
arrey, D. R., January 31, 1895 (orig. no. 4706), is a bird in fresh
plumage, very yellow on the abdomen, with the breast strongly
washed with olive brown. It has the following measurements; wing
71.2, tail 68.0, culmen from base 12.5, tarsus 20.0 mm.

THE BIRDS OF HAITI AND THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 3815

Hellmayr in vol. 5 of his Catalogue of the Birds of the Americas,
1927 (p. 429), gives “Gonave” as a locality for this flycatcher,
which he informed Wetmore was based on two skins in the Tring
Museum. Hartert writes (in a letter) that the two specimens in
question were acquired in the Dalmas Collection and were collected
by a Monsieur Guyon and not by Dalmas. They bear a little label on
which is written on one side “ Guyon, Oct. 1898” and on the other
“ Gonave, St. Domingue.” The locality is in Hellmayr’s hand-writ-
ing and is assumed to be based on verbal information received from
Count Dalmas when Hellmayr was packing the collection for ship-
ment to Tring. It seems certain that the locality is erroneously
attributed to Gonave Island as there is no proper range for the
elaenia on that island.

The elaenia is even smaller than the wood pewee of Hispaniola
as it only measures from 145 to 160 mm. long. It has a long tail and
is slender in form but is easily told from the wood pewee by its
smaller, narrower bill and different coloration. Above it is greenish
olive gray with the wings and tail dull black, the former with two
whitish wing bars and whitish margins on the inner feathers, and the
latter edged with greenish. Below it is hght grayish on the breast
and yellowish on the abdomen. When in the hand there may be
noted a concealed spot of white at the bases of the feathers of the
crown.

Suborder OSCINES
Family HIRUNDINIDAE

LAMPROCHELIDON SCLATERI (Cory)
SCLATER’S SWALLOW, GOLONDRINA, HIRONDELLE

Hirundo sclateri Cory, Auk. 1884, p. 2 (“Santo Domingo”—La Vega, Do-
minican Republic) : Birds Haiti and San Domingo, March, 1884, pp. 45-47, col.
pl. (La Vega, specimens): Cat. West Indian Birds, 1892, p. 115 (Dominican
Republic).—TirPENHAUER, Die Insel Haiti, 1892, p. 321 (listed) —Cunrisry, Ibis,
1897, p. 322 (La Vega).—Verritt, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1909,
p. 364 (La Vega).

Hirundo euchrysea (var. dominicensis?) Bryant, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat.
Hist., vol. 11, May, 1867, p. 95 (described as new from Port-au-Prince).

Tachycineta sclateri, Cory, Auk, 1886, p. 58; Birds West Indies, 1889, p. 72
(description, range).

Lamprochelidon sclateri, Ripaway, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 50, pt. 3, 1904, pp.
102-103 (Island of Haiti) —Bonp, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 80,
1928, p. 507 (La Selle, La Hotte).—Lénneerc, Fauna och Flora, 1929, p. 105
(Haiti).—Morrton1, Att. Soc. Ital. Scienz. Nat., vol. 68, 1929, p. 320 (Bonao,
specimens).

Resident in the hills of the interior; local in occurrence.

This handsome swallow is found among the interior hills and is
greeted with delight wherever seen from its graceful actions and

316 BULLETIN 155, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

pleasing coloration. As one climbs over steep slopes in the moun-
tains among dead trunks of pine a long-tailed swallow may come
circling through the air to display in passing a white breast and
glossy back. In its active evolutions it is certain to attract the eye
and the traveler is sure to pause to observe its course as it circles
quickly away. In choice of haunts and general habits it is suggestive
of the violet-green swallow of North America.

In the Dominican Republic, Cory encountered Sclater’s swallow
near La Vega, and in July and August, 1883 prepared a series of
specimens of which there are still twenty-three in the Field Museum
collections including the type of the species. Four others secured
at this time are in the United States National Museum. The type
of sclateri (Field Mus. Nat. Hist. no. 10,874) is a male taken August
2, 1883, a bird in shghtly worn plumage. It has the following
measurements: wing 113.0, tail 53.0, culmen from base 6.0, tarsus 10.0
mm. Christy in 1895 also found this swallow near La Vega, and
Verrill in 1907 reports it abundant there along the Rio Cami.
Abbott on October 13 and 14, 1916 collected three near Jarabacoa
at 550 meters altitude, the lowest altitude at which he recorded it.
Near El Rio he took others October 4 and 7, 1916, and May 17, 1919,
and at Constanza shot specimens September 27, 1916, and April 21,
1919. He reported that they were nesting in May. Beck secured
specimens on Loma Rucilla February 27 and March 5, on Loma Tina
January 10 and 24, and on Pico del Yaque February 24, 1917.

In 1927 Wetmore recorded these swallows at El Rio May 18, and
at Constanza May 18 and 27. On May 30 they were seen regularly
from El Rio to Paso Bajito on the trail to El Barrero but were not
observed beyond this point. Near Constanza occasional birds came
flying over the streets of the town, particularly during storms when
the air above the village was clear while heavy fogs concealed the
surrounding hills. The birds were regularly at home about knolls
where standing trunks of dead trees afforded them nesting cavities.
About such places they circled tirelessly, swinging gracefully out
among the pines or over the dense stands of rain-forest, but returning
always to more open localities. Birds that were assumed to be males
uttered a pleasing song on the wing, a simple repetition of two notes
given without much variation in tone. Ciferri collected skins at
Puente Yuna near Bonao January 5 and 7, 1928.

From the fact that Cory, Christy, and Verrill found these swal-
lows abundant near La Vega in late summer while Wetmore did
not observe them there in May it seems probable that they nest in
the higher hills and come down into the lowlands when their young
are on the wing. This supposition is borne out further by the fact
that Cory collected immature birds near La Vega in late July, 1883.

THE BIRDS OF HAITI AND THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 317

(Specimen in United States National Museum taken July 28.)
Peters did not report this swallow from the north coast.

The first specimen known from Haiti is one taken by A. E.
Younglove on June 7, 1886, which according to the collector was
secured in the “mountains” near Port-au-Prince. This bird, an
adult in full plumage, is the type of Hivwndo euchrysea (var. dom-
inicensis) of Bryant, a name antedated by an earlier Hirundo dom-
inicensis of Gmelin so that the species is known from Cory’s later
description as sclateri.

Cory does not mention seeing the species in Haiti and the next
records known to us for that republic are a female shot on the slopes
of La Selle above Fonds Verettes by Abbott May 1, and a male taken
on Morne Tranchant near Furcy May 29, 1920.

On April 8, 1927, as Wetmore came to Kenskoff on the trail from
Pétionville a swallow came swiftly past to be recognized as the
present species, which proved to be common over the slopes three
miles to the eastward. At his camp on the Riviére Jaquisy on the
following morning numbers were seen and one was taken, while on
La Selle from April 10 to 15 they were observed regularly and
and several were collected. The open pinelands seemed especially
suited to them while they ranged also over the open summits of
Morne Cabaio and Morne La Visite and through the clearings
and bush grown pastures of the Jardins Bois Pin. Always pleasing
in appearance their soft calls added to their attractiveness. At
this season they were mating and were busily examing old
woodpecker holes and other cavities in dead trees in which they
evidently nested. Often they were found resting on the limbs of the
dead trunks containing their nesting sites. Several were observed
on April 17 in crossing the slopes of thesdeep valley on the trail
from Chapelle Faure in Nouvelle Touraine to Kenskoff. On April
24 two probably a pair were found at the Bassin Zime in the edge
of the hills beyond Hinche, which suggests that they breed through
the extensive tracts of open pine forests that cover the higher slopes
beyond. The calls of this species are closely similar to those of the
tree swallow of North America to which, as well as to the violet-
green swallow, it is closely allied. Bond found them common on
La Selle and La Hotte and notes a nest found June 5, 1928, in an
old woodpecker hole in a dead pine 15 meters from the ground. He
collected one on Morne Tranchant.

This swallow is of medium size, metallic green above, and pure
white below, with the sides of the head dull black, this color infring-
ing on the sides of the throat. The tail is fairly long and is notched
at the end. The young in first plumage are duller above with a
band of gray across the breast.

mee

v
318 BULLETIN 155, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
RIPARIA RIPARIA RIPARIA (Linnaeus)
BANK SWALLOW, GOLONDRINA

Hirundo riparia LINNAEUS, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 192 (Sweden) .—
Rirrer, Naturh. Reis. Westind. Insel Hayti, 1836, p. 156 (Haiti; specimen).

Migrant from North America; apparently very rare.

The only record of the bank swallow at present is that of Ritter
who says that he secured a specimen in Haiti during his travels there
in 1820 and 1821. The species is recorded as a migrant in Porto
Rico, Cuba, and Jamaica so its occurrence in Hispaniola is to be
expected.

The bank swallow is small in size, brown above, and white below,
with a brown band across the breast. It will be confused with no
other species of the region as the dark band across the light breast
distinguishes it from all except the young of Sclater’s swallow,
which is larger and much darker, with a metallic gloss above.

HIRUNDO ERYTHROGASTER Boddaert
BARN SWALLOW, GOLONDRINA, HIRONDELLE

Hirundo erythrogaster Bopparrt, Tabl. Planch. Enl., 1788, p. 45 (Cay-
enne).—Brgse, Zool. Soc. Bull., vol. 80, 1927, p. 141; Beneath Tropic Seas, 1928,
p. 223 (Bizoton).

Hirundo erythrogastra, BartscH, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. 30, July
27, 1917, p. 132 (listed).—Motron1, Att. Soc. Ital. Scienz. Nat., vol. 68, 1929,
p. 320 (San Juan, specimens).

Hirundo rustica erythrogastra, Bonp, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia,
vol. 80, 1928, p. 507 (Fort Liberté).

Migrant from North America; fairly common on the coastal plain.

The only records for the Dominican Republic at present are those
of Ciferri, who collected specimens for Moltoni at San Juan Sep-
tember 18, 1928, and September 7, 1929, and Abbott who found these
swallows numerous at Catalinita Island from September 10 to 12,
1919, and says that he saw them flying southward over the ocean
toward South America. He observed that they were common at
Saona Island from September 12 to 18 of the same year.

In Haiti in 1917 Bartsch found the barn swallow at Petit Goave,
April 8 and 9, near Trou des Roseaux, April 14, and about Jérémie,
April 15 and 16. Abbott shot two females at Baie des Moustiques,
May 5, 1917, and Beebe notes that three flew about his schooner
anchored off the Bizoton wharves on February 20, 1927. On April 1,
1927, Wetmore recorded a dozen circling with native cliff swallows
over marshy meadows at the Etang Miragoane, and on April 19 saw
two at Bizoton. Bond saw several at Fort Liberté April 30, 1928.

THE BIRDS OF HAITI AND THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 319

The barn swallow, of medium size, is easily told from all others
that occur on the island by the long, very deeply forked tail which is
often expanded while the bird is in flight. The species is dark
metallic blue above, with forehead and throat chestnut, and the
remainder of the underparts deep buff.

PETROCHELIDON FULVA FULVA (Vieillot)

HISPANIOLAN CLIFF SWALLOW, GOLONDRINA, HIRONDELLE FAUVE,
HIRONDELLE

Hirundo fulva VietttotT, Hist. Nat. Ois. Amér. Sept., vol. 1, 1807, p. 62,
pl. 82 (Hisponiola).

? Swallow, Ekman, Ark. foér Bot., vol. 22A, No. 16, 1929, p. 7 (Navassa).

Petrochelidon fulva, Cory, Bull. Nuttall Ornith. Club, 1881, p. 152 (Gonaives,
specimen); Birds Haiti and San Domingo, March, 1884, pp. 47-48, col. pl.
(Gonaives, Rivas, specimens) ; Cat. West Indian Birds, 1892, p. 115 (Haiti,
Dominican Republic).—TIrPpENHAUER, Die Insel Haiti, 1892, p. 321 (listed) .—
CHERRIE, Field Columbian Mus., Ornith. ser., vol. 1, 1896, pp. 12-13 (Santo
Domingo City, breeding).—VerRritt, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1909,
p. 364 (Dominican Republic).—BEEBH, Zool. Soe. Bull., vol. 80, 1927, p. 141;
Beneath Tropic Seas, 1928, p. 223 (Furcy).—LONNBERG, Fauna och Flora,
1929, pp. 105-106 (Haiti).

Petrochelidon fulva fulva, Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zo6l., vol. 61, 1917, p.
418 (Monte Cristi, Rio San Juan, specimens).—Bonp, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Philadelphia, vol. 80, 1928, p. 507 (Haiti, Gonave, Tortue).—DANrFrortH, Auk,
1929, p. 371 (Santo Domingo City, Citadelle, Gonave Island).—Mottont, Att.
Soe. Ital. Scienz. Nat., vol. 68, 1929, p. 320 (San Juan, specimens).

Resident; locally distributed; not found regularly at high alti-
tudes.

The native cliff swallow nests in caverns, usually about water,
from which it follows naturally that it is found in regions where
limestone is exposed near the sea or along inland streams. Outside
the nesting season the species wanders to some extent but even then
is not commonly distributed. It is most abundant along the sea
where rocky headlands project near the water.

The earliest record for the Dominican Republic appears to be
that of Cory who reports a specimen from Rivas August 21, 1883.
He says that he took another but does not state the locality, merely
remarking that only a few flocks were seen. In 1895 Cherrie found
these swallows nesting at Santo Domingo City April 24, when the
breeding season appeared to be at its height. Verrill recorded the
cliff swallow but gives no localities. Peters secured skins at Monte
Cristi and the Rio San Juan, saying that during February, 1916,
they were common along the Rio Yaqui del Norte near Monte Cristi,
and abundant over the saline flats between the town and the landing.
Abbott secured one at Rojo Cabo on the Samana Peninsula August
26, 1916, and two at San Lorenzo on Samané Bay March 19, 1919.

320 BULLETIN 155, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

At the latter locality he found them breeding in crevices and clefts
in the limestone rocks in the little islets that line the shore in this
area. They nested at times in company with the martin. Many of
their eggs were destroyed by grackles. Wetmore in 1927 observed
a few cliff swallows flying over the houses of Santo Domingo City
on May 3, and on Samana Bay recorded them May 8 about the rocky
islands opposite the mouth of the Arroyo Barrancota. On May 11
he observed them in numbers along the limestone cliffs, islets, and
headlands from San Lorenzo west along the southern coast of Samana
Bay. On May 16, 30, and 31, and June 1 they were seen about
La Vega. Danforth in 1927 found them nesting on a ledge over-
hanging the sea at Santo Domingo City, and reports that they had
young the first week in July. Ciferri collected specimens at Sabana
San Thomé, near San Juan, July 25, 1929.

Following are observations that pertain to Haiti. Vieillot, who
termed this species hirondelle fauve and gave it the scientific name
of fulva, says that he observed it once in the middle of May and
collected one when a number flew into the open windows of a house
and when driven out returned immediately. Cory in 1881 collected
one at Gonaives on February 10, and says that he observed several
flocks flying about houses but these disappeared the following day
and none were found subsequently. Bartsch in 1917 recorded them
about Jérémie from April 10 to 16, collecting one April 14, at Trou
des Roseaux April 13 and 14, and in the general vicinity of Port-au-
Prince April 21, 22, and 24. Abbott secured a series of skins at
Cap-Haitien April 25 and 27, and one at Baie des Moustiques May
7,1917. On July 7 he found them nesting on Tortue Island. Beebe
records them on one occasion about the Gendarmerie station at
Furcy which seems to be the highest altitude at which the species
has been reported. The hills in that vicinity are generally bare
and open so that there these swallows might easily come up from
lower elevations. In 1927 Wetmore saw a few cliff swallows at
Fonds-des-Négres March 31, and found them common April 1 over
the marshy meadows along the north side of the Etang Miragoane.
At the Bassin Zime, in the hills beyond Hinche, on April 24 he found
a considerable colony nesting in a cave back among the shadows near
the entrance. An adult male was taken. At Cap-Haitien on April
26 a flock of these swallows in much excitement busily gathered mud
for their nests at the border of the sea, carrying it to the girders
supporting a newly installed iron bridge across a tidal stream, a
rapid accommodation to a change in their environment. Bond found
them breeding in Christophe’s Citadelle and also near Fort Liberté.
He found them common on Tortue and Gonave. Poole and Perrygo

THE BIRDS OF HAITI AND THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 32]

collected several at St. Raphael January 10 and 18,1929. There is a
skin in the Academy of Natural Sciences taken at Anse a Galets,
Gonave Island July 20, 1927, by J. T. Emlen, jr. As indicated above,
the cliff swallow nests ordinarily in caves and in clefts and crevices
in cliffs. Related swallows elsewhere, with human settlement, have
changed their primitive habits and now nest regularly about build-
ings and other structures erected by man. It is possible that Vieil-
lot’s birds that at the close of the eighteenth century flew into
the windows of his house were in search of nesting sites, and it is
probable that with coming modern developments this cliff swallow
may change its nesting habits decidedly as is already the case
with those found about the bridge at Cap-Haitien. Cherrie in
1895 describes the lining of nests of this bird as a soft, cottony
material from the seed pods of a native tree, which may be the
same as the soft brownish white fiber that Abbott found in nests
collected along the south side of Samana Bay, west of San Lorenzo
in April, 1921, which E. C. Leonard informs us appears to be from
the fruit of a bombax (Pachira emarginata A. Rich.) These nests
found by Abbott were built of mud placed in sheltered crannies,
some only two or three feet above high water. He collected six
sets, three of two eggs, and three containing three. The eggs are
elongate oval, in color white, spotted rather boldly with mikado
brown, warm sepia, and gray, the markings distributed over the en-
tire surface with usually a greater concentration about the larger
end to form a wreath that is more or less distinct according to the
specimen. A few have the spots very fine and small. One egg
examined has the ground color cartridge buff. Following are meas-
urements in millimeters of those specimens that are entire: April
9, 1921, set of two, 19.6 by 13.5, 20.0 by 13.4; set of three, 18.5 by
14.2, 18.6 by 14.1, 19.7 by 14.2; April 12, 1921, set of two, 18.7 by
14.5, 19.5 by 14.3; set of two, 19.9 by 14.4, 19.9 by 14.5 and set of
three, 19.2 by 14.8, 20.1 by 18.8, 20.2 by 14.2. On Tortue Island
July 6, 1917, Abbott found many of these swallows nesting in a cave
about half a mile inland from the coast and collected a set of two
eggs, in form very long and pointed which measure as follows;
21.4 by 13.8 and 21.4 by 13.8 mm. In the cave above the Bassin
Zime beyond Hinche on April 24, 1927, Wetmore found a consider-
able colony of these birds nesting in the darker shadows near the
entrance. Their nests were constructed from dried pellets of mud
built against the rock to form a cup that in some cases was en-
closed above with a small entrance in the side. Other birds built
up a mere ledge of earth with a bit of nesting material behind it.
One pair had utilized a natural cavity of the proper size, filling in

322 BULLETIN 155, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

the front except for the entrance hole. Most of the nests were
out of reach but half a dozen to which he could climb were only
partly completed. Another contained three heavily incubated eggs.
While some of the nests were only six feet from the floor of the
cave others were located in the ceiling sixty feet above. All were
placed where they were obscured by shadows so that they were not
easily seen. This species must be subject to heavy depredation
from the barn owl which also inhabits caves.

Danforth in 1927 found large numbers nesting in the ruins of
the Citadelle of Christophe on August 2 and 3. From July 18 to 20
he observed many flying over mangrove swamps on Gonave Island.

Ekman records numbers of swallows on Navassa Island, in
October, 1928, that may have included the present species.

As there are few measurements available in literature of the
typical Petrochelidon fulya fulva from Hispaniola, the type
locality, the following (taken in millimeters) from our series will be
of interest:

Eight males, wing 97.1-103.0 (99.5), tail 37.0-44.2 (41.6), culmen
from base 7.4-8.3 (7.9), tarsus 11.3-14.7 (12.5).

Two females, wing 99.7-101.2 (100.5), tail 41.5-45.3 (48.4), culmen
from base 74-83 (7.9), tarsus 11.3-14.7 (12.5).

These birds average slightly smaller than the size given by Ridg-
way *t in specimens from Cuba, and differ from the Cuban birds
otherwise mainly in lesser extent of the chestnut area of the rump.
The latter appears to be the principal character separating Petro-
chelidon f. cavicola*? of Cuba as a race apart from fulva. The
series of eleven adults from Hispaniola shows considerable variation
in depth of brown below, running from light to dark in different
individuals, with the white varying also in extent, so that the char-
acter pointed out by the describers of cavicola of greater extension of
brown below with the brown richer in color does not hold as this
is noted in various individuals in our series from Hispaniola. The
greater extent of the brown rump in Cuban birds is however easily
seen.

The cliff swallow of Hispaniola is of medium size, from 120 to 180
mm. long, with short tail only slightly notched at the tip. The
back and crown are dark, steely blue with a metallic reflection,
while the rump, a band across the hind neck, and the forehead are
chestnut. Below the bird is white on the abdomen, and elsewhere
is light brown.

2U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 50, pt. 3, 1904, p. 53.
22 Petrochelidon fulva cavicola Barbour and Brooks, Proce. New England Zo6l. Club,
vol. 6, Jan. 18, 1917, p. 52. (Preston, Nipe Bay, Province of Oriente, Cuba.)

THE BIRDS OF HAITI AND THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 323
PROGNE DOMINICENSIS (Gmelin)

CARIBBEAN MARTIN, GOLONDRINA, HIRONDELLE, HIRONDELLE A VENTRE
BLANC

Hirundo dominicensis GmeEtin, Syst. Nat., vol. 1, pt. 2, 1789, p. 1025 (‘in
insula S. Dominici ’’=Hispaniola).—Brisson, Ornith., vol. 2, 1760, pp. 493-494
(“ S. Domingue ’’).—Vre1L1oT, Hist. Nat. Ois. Amér. Sept., vol. 1, 1807, pp. 59-60,
pl. 28 (“S. Domingue”’).—Ruitrer, Naturh. Reis. Westind. Insel Hayti, 1836,
p. 156 (listed).—Harrravp, Isis, 1847, p. 609 (listed) —Bryant, Proc. Boston
Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 11, May, 1867, p. 94 (Dominican Republic).

Golondrina, Ovrepo, Hist. Gen. Nat. Indias, Libr. 14, cap. 2; Reprint, Madrid,
1851, p. 442 (habits).

Grande Martinet noir 4 ventre blanc, MONTBEILLARD, in Buffon, Hist, Nat. Ois.
vol. 6, 1779, pp. 669-670 (‘ Saint-Domingue”’).

Progne dominicensis, SatLb, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1857, p. 232 (listed ).—
Cory, Birds Haiti and San Domingo, March, 1884, pp. 4445, col. pl. (Samana,
specimens) ; Cat. West Indian Birds, 1892, p. 114 (Haiti, Dominican Repub-
lic).—TRIsTRAM, Cat. Coll. Birds belonging H. B. Tristram, 1889, p. 205
(Samané, specimen).—TimPpENHAUER, Die Insel Haiti, 1892, pp. 320, 321
(listed ).—Verritt, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1909, p. 364 (Dominican
Republic). —Pertrrs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zo6l., vol. 61, 1917, pp. 418-419 (Sosa,
Rio San Juan, specimens; Monte Cristi, Puerto Plata, Abreo, seen).—BEEBE,
Zool. Soe. Bull., vol. 30, 1927, p. 141; Beneath Tropic Seas, 1928, p. 507 (listed) .—
Bonp, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 80, 1928, p. 507 (Lake Enri-
quillo).—DanrortH, Auk, 1929, p. 371 (generally distributed )—LONNBERG,
Fauna och Flora, 1929, p. 105 (Haiti) —Motron1, Att. Soc. Ital. Scienz. Nat.,
vol. 68, 1929, p. 8320 (Moca, specimens).

Breeding locally throughout the island; supposed to migrate in
fall to some distant winter home.

The Caribbean martin is the largest of the native swallows and is
found regularly in the towns so that it is easily seen. It is supposed
to come to the island for the breeding season and then to migrate
elsewhere for its winter home, as it does in Porto Rico, but the dates
of its arrival and departure in Hispaniola are yet to be ascertained.

The earliest record historically for the Dominican Republic is that
of Oviedo who describes a swallow that is evidently this species—
as he notes that it is larger than the swallows of Spain—which he says
in his day had already begun to build in the great church and the
Dominican monastery in Santo Domingo City, truly a rapid adapta-
tion to the coming of the Caucasian. Cory secured five specimens at
Samana June 25, 1882, and says that he saw it elsewhere but does not
give the localities. Tristram received a skin from Samand taken by
C. G. McGrigor September 12, 1883, the latest record for fall avail-
able at this time. Abbott found the martin nesting in clefts of rock
on islets near the entrance to San Lorenzo Bay but was not able to
reach the cavities to obtain eggs. He secured five skins there on
March 18 and 20, 1919. Peters collected males at Sostia and the Rio

324 BULLETIN 155, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

San Juan, and saw others at Monte Cristi February 22 and about
the fort at Puerto Plata February 26, 1916. He noted them also at
Abreo.

In 1927 Wetmore saw four martins near the mouth of the Yuna
opposite Sanchez May 10, and shot one that was flying about a wood-
pecker hole in the trunk of a palm. The birds came in flight to drink
from the river and for a time alighted on a sandbar. On May 11
several were seen about the rocky islands at the entrance of San
Lorenzo Bay. At La Vega the birds were fairly common in town
being seen May 16 and 30 and June 1. They were found near the
crossing of the Rio Jimenoa at Jarabacoa May 17 and 30, and at
E] Rio in the mountains May 18. Near Constanza from May 19 to
27 they were observed among dead pines on low ridges bordering the
valley, or flying high above the forests. Danforth in 1927 observed
the martin at Higuéy, Santo Domingo City, Monte Cristi, Laguna
del Salodillo, and Comendador. Bond observed many flying over the
marshes of Lake Enriquillo. Ciferri obtained skins at Moca August
20, 1928, and August 11, 1929.

The martin is fairly common in Haiti and has a long history there.
De Reaumur received a specimen from Chervain which may have
come from the western republic, though this is not certain, that was
described by Brisson. Vieillot remarked in 1807 that the martin was
found only from April to October so that its migratory habit has
long been recognized. It is listed by Ritter in 1836, and by Tippen-
hauer in 1898. Bartsch in 1917 recorded a colony nesting in hollows
in a tree near Trou Caiman April 4, and saw martins also near
Jérémie April 15 and 16, and over the Cul-de-Sac Plain near Port-
au-Prince April 24. Abbott recorded them on the southern peninsula
of Haiti only at Petit Trou des Nippes. He collected one female on
May 14, 1920, at Manneville on the Etang Saumitre. In 1917 he
secured several at Port-de-Paix February 12, at Moustique, at eleva-
tions of 750 to 900 meters, March 5 and 12, and at Jean Rabel Anchor-
age May 30. He found a large colony in Cap-Haitien and says that
in towns they nest in holes in the ends of houses where the decay of
the end of a rafter has left a cavity or in similar openings. He
found them common also in cliffs along the sea at Port a ’Ecu and
Cotes de Fer, in company with the cliff swallow. Wetmore found
them in Haiti April 9, 1927, at 1500 meters altitude on the north
slopes of Morne Cabaio, and April 17 on Morne St. Vincent, near
Furey. The call of this species is high in pitch and though cheerful
is not so full and rolling as that of the purple martin of North
America. Danforth in 1927 found them at Grand Goave, Aquin,
Les Cayes and Cap-Haitien. Perrygo recorded them at Fort Liberté
February 7, 1929. The specimens obtained from Hispaniola do not
differ from skins examined from Porto Rico.

THE BIRDS OF HAITI AND THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 325

Following are measurements from our series from the former
island (Hispaniola) :

Ten males, wing 139.6-146.4 (142.5) ; tail 69.1-77.3 (72.9) ; culmen
from base 11.6-12.8 (12.0 7°), tarsus 14.3-15.6 (14.9) mm.

Four females, wing 138.3-144.4 (140.9), tail 68.7-72.5 (71.1),
culmen from base 11.7-12.7 (12.3 24), tarsus 13.8-14.9 (14.3) mm.

The male Caribbean martin is dark, steely blue throughout, except
for the white abdomen and under tail coverts. Females are duller
above, and have the dark colors of the underparts deep gray.

Family CORVIDAE

Subfamily CORVINAE
CORVUS LEUCOGNAPHALUS Daudin
WHITE-NECKED CROW, CUERVO, CORNEILLE

Corvus leucognaphalus Daupin, Traité d’Orn., vol. 2, 1800, p. 231 (Porto
Rico).—Satxik, Proce. Zool. Soc. London, 1857, p. 232 (Dominican Republic) .—
BRYANT, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 11, May, 1867, p. 94 (Dominican
Republic).—Cory, Bull. Nuttall Ornith. Club, 1881, p. 153 (Gantier, specimens) ;
Birds Haiti and San Domingo, July, 1884, pp. 74-75 (Gantier, Rivas) ; Cat.
West Indian Birds, 1892, p. 109 (Dominican Republic).—TirpPpHNHAUER, Die
Insel Haiti, 1892, pp. 319, 321 (listed) —CuHerrriz, Field Columbian Mus.,
Ornith, ser., vol. 1, 1896, p. i7 (Dominican Republic, common).—Curisty, Ibis,
1897, p. 327 (Rio Yuna).—Verritt, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 61,
1909, p. 361 (San Lorenzo).—MEINERTZHAGEN, Noy. Zool. vol. 33, 1926, p. 94
(description, discussion).—DANFortTH, Auk, 1929, p. 371 (Bonao, La Vega).—
LONNBERG, Fauna och Flora, 1929, p. 110 (Haiti) —Mo.roni, Att. Soe. Ital.
Scienz. Nat., vol. 68, 1929, p. 321 (San Juan, specimen).

Corvus erythrophthalmus WtrrtEMBerRG, Hrst. Reis. nérdl. Amer., 1835, p.
68 (described as new from “ Nihe des Cibao-gebirges im ehemaligen Spani-
schen St. Domingo ”’).—HartTiavs, Isis, 1847, p. 609 (Hispaniola) ; Naumannia,
1852, pp. 54-55 (common).

Corvus leucognaphalus erythrophthalmus, Ripaway, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull.
50, pt. 3, 1904, p. 279 (description, range).—Perters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zoil.,
vol. 61, 1917, p. 416 (Rio San Juan, specimen; Monte Cristi, seen).—BErEBE,
Zool. Soc. Bull., vol. 30, 1927, p. 140; Beneath Tropic Seas, 1928, p. 222 (Haiti).

Corvus dominicensis Cory, Auk, 1886, p. 228. (Proposed as new from the

Dominican Republic.)

Resident; locally common.

We have termed this bird the white-necked crow because though
in life it appears wholly black when in the hand it is found that the
feathers of the hind neck at the base are pure white, this color being
entirely concealed by the black overlying feather tips. The present
species is distinctly larger than the other crow of the island and
utters higher pitched notes that are rather like those of the ravens

23 Average of nine individuals.
24 Average of three individuals.

326 BULLETIN 155, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

of the north. It also flies frequently high in the air for long dis-
tances, and appears in life to have a longer wing, and a more
graceful, sweeping wing stroke. As both species of crow are black,
familiarity with them is required to make entirely certain of their
identity.

In the Dominican Republic the white-necked crow is first definitely
noted by Wirttemberg who wrote in 1835 that he had found it in
the Cibao range, where according to a later report by Hartlaub he
encountered it in noisy flocks of hundreds that came fearlessly about
houses. Sallé recorded it in heavy forest, and Cory collected five
at Rivas in August, 1883. One of these taken August 21, and an-
other, shot September 10 at Samana, are in the United States Nation-
al Museum collections. Cherrie says that these crows band together
in immense flocks that follow the ripening of fruits on which they
feed. Christy observed them in the larger forests of the Yuna
swamps, and Verrill reports immense flocks at San Lorenzo where
the birds flew regularly morning and evening between their roosts
in the mountains and their feeding grounds in the swamps, always
passing at a great elevation. On the north coast Peters in 1916
found this crow very local, observing a few in the cactus forests near
Monte Cristi, and in the extensive mangrove swamps at the mouth
of the Rio San Juan where he collected one female. Abbott found
them very common at the mouth of the Rio Yuna and along the
southern shores of Samana Bay, particularly at San Lorenzo. The
older inhabitants at Samana and Sanchez said that these crows had
been common on the Samana Peninsula years ago but in modern
times had become more rare. Abbott however collected two at Port
Rincén, August 16, 1919. Others were taken near Sanchez February
7, and at San Lorenzo March 18 and 19 of the same year. He shot
one on Saona Island September 12, 1919. In 1927 Wetmore found
a few at Comendador April 30, and near Constanza May 24. Dan-
forth in the same year observed them at Bonao, and in the pine woods
above La Vega; Ciferri collected one at San Juan October 1, 1928.

Though this crow is common in Haiti there are few published
records for it. Cory found it at Gantier in 1881, Tippenhauer
mentions it, and Beebe saw it in 1927. Wetmore found one in the
mangroves at Sources Puantes March 29, noting the white of the
hind neck as the bird turned its head. On the summit of La Selle
the birds were common and seemed to congregate at night in a roost
somewhere to the eastward of the Riviere Chotard. On several
occasions a number came flying in early morning from that direction,
on one occasion thirty being seen in company. They traveled in
direct lines, usually high in air calling loudly, at times pausing to

THE BIRDS OF HAITI AND THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 327

circle in the warm rays of the sun. Others were seen at Las Cahobes
April 20, and at Hinche April 20 to 23. A few were seen as far as
St. Michel on April 21. An adult male taken April 22 had the iris
deep brownish orange, and the bill, tarsi and toes black. On April
24 a pair was said to have a nest in the top of a palm where it could
not be reached.

In 1927 Danforth saw them between Port-au-Prince and St. Marc,
and on July 15 recorded one on Gonave Island. At Las Cahobes
he took two females, one with the iris red and one with it yellow.
Bond found them common in the pine forests of northeastern
Haiti, and in smaller numbers about Hinche, St. Michel, and Ennery.
A few were seen in Port-au-Prince. He records a nest in the crotch
of a pine near Bois Laurence May 2, 1928. Poole and Perrygo
obtained specimens at Dondon January 18 and Cerca-la-Source
March 22, 1929. This crow, a fruit feeder, is considered a game-bird,
and before the prohibition against firearms was hunted extensively,
which with clearing of large areas of forests has probably brought
about a reduction in numbers below its formerly reported abundance.
The flesh is considered excellent eating. Natives in both republics
interpret its gabbling calls as attempts at speech which are sometimes
rendered in phrases not always polite in meaning. The country
Haitian is firmly convinced that these crows converse in Spanish.

Though the white-necked crow of Hispaniola has been recognized
by Mr. Ridgway as a race distinct from that of Porto Rico under
the sub-specific name of erythrophthalmus Wiirttemberg, it appears
that the supposed differences were based on insufficient material in
which the specimens did not have the sex properly marked. With
the series of skins now available there is no apparent difference
between birds of the two islands. Cory also tentatively separated
the Hispaniolan bird under the name dominicensis.

Following are pertinent measurements:

Four males from Hispaniola, wing 298.8-317.0 (308.5), tail 192.0-
200.0 (195.1), culmen from base 56.4-59.8 (58.4), tarsus 51.6-53.2
(52.5) mm.

Four females from Hispaniola, wing 285.0-292.0 (289.0), tail 178.0-
186.2 (183.3), culmen from base 52.5-55.7 (53.9), tarsus 52.6-53.5
(53.1) mm.

Three males from Porto Rico, wing 300.0-812.0 (804.0), tail 192.5-
202.5 (196.8), culmen from base 55.7-57.5 (56.9), tarsus 50.0-53.2
(52.1) mm.

Six females from Porto Rico, wing 288.0-298.0 (292.1), tail 177.0-
193.5 (186.5), culmen from base 52.7-56.5 (54.5), tarsus 50.0-54.1
(52.1) mm.

328 BULLETIN 155, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

As has-been said the white-necked crow is jet black except for
the concealed bases of the feathers of the hindneck which are pure
white. The larger size which distinguishes it from the palm crow
is indicated in the measurements above.

CORVUS PALMARUM PALMARUM Wiirttemberg
PALM CROW, CAO

Corvus palmarum WitrrtEeMBerG, Erst. Reis. nérd. Amer., 1835, p. 68 (Cibao
Mountains, Dominican Republic).—HarrLavus, Isis, 1847, p. 609 (listed). —
Ripeway, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 50, pt. 3, 1904, p. 276 (description, range) .—
BartscH, Smithsonian Mise. Colls., vol. 68, no. 12, 1918, fig. 44 (photo).—Dan-
FoRTH, Auk. 1929, p. 371 (habits, food).—LO6NNBERG, Fauna och Flora, 1929, p.
110 (Haiti).

? Corbeau, MONTBEILLARD, in Buffon, Hist. Nat. Ois., vol. 8, 1775, p. 37 (St.
Domingue’’).

? Corneille, Sarnt-Méry, Descrip. Part. Frane. Ile Saint-Domingue, vol. 2,
1798, p. 78 (Port-4-Piment).

? Corvus caribaeus, Rrrrer, Naturh. Reis. Westind. Insel Hayti, 1836, p. 155
(Haiti).

Corvus jamaicensis, SatLtt, Proe. Zool. Soc. London, 1857, pp. 282-283 (be-
tween Bani and Azua).—BRYANT, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 11, May,
1867, p. 94 (listed).

Corvus Solitarius ‘“ WURTTEMBERG,”’ HARTLAUB, Naumannia, 1852, p. 55
(new name for CO. palmarum; Mirebalais ‘“ Escabobas ’=? Las Cahobes, “ Loma
San Juan.’’).—Cory, Birds Haiti and San Domingo, July, 1884, p. 75 (Gantier,
specimens) ; Cat. West Indian Birds, 1892, p. 110 (Haiti, Dominican Republic) ;
Auk, 1895, p. 279 (Dominican Republic).—T1pPpeNHAUER, Die Insel Haiti, 1892,
p. 321 (isted)—Cuerrrin, Field Columbian Mus., Ornith. ser., vol. 1, 1896,
p. 17 (San José de Ocoa).—VERRILL, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 61,
1909, p. 361 (Dominican Republic).

Corvus brachyrhynchos palinarum, MEINERTZHAGEN, Noy. Zool., vol. 33, 1926,
p. 90 (description, discussion).

Resident, locally common.

Smaller size and entirely black color without concealed white on
the hind-neck mark this crow from the companion species found
on the same island. The two are easily told when examined in skin
form but in the field some experience is necessary to distinguish
them. In flight the wing of the palm crow appears shorter, and
flight is accomplished by a steadier flapping than in the other form.
The call of the palm crow is also different being a harsher caw, less
musical than that of the white-necked species, resembling more the
notes of the North American crow. The two forms often inhabit
the same areas and will repay study by someone with leisure to be-
come thoroughly acquainted with them. They seem to have been
confused by some travelers so that relatively few definite records
for them are available.

THE BIRDS OF HAITI AND THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 329

In the Dominican Republic, where this species is known as cao,
the palm crow was first recorded by the Herzog von Wiirttemberg
who gave it its scientific name and says that he found it in the Cibao
range without specifying a more definite locality. Sallé says that
he observed it in the arid sections between Bani and Azua. Cherrie
found it at San José de Ocoa, which goes under the colloquial name
of Maniel. Verrill lists it but does not give any locality. Abbott
collected a female at Polo, in the Bahoruco Mountains March 6, 1922,
and found it common near Constanza, where he collected skins Sep-
tember 22 and October 2, 1916, and April 7 and 8, 1919. He notes
that a pair taken April 7 had a newly finished nest ten meters from
the ground in a pine tree. Others were building nests at this same
time. At Lake Enriquillo from October 1 to 6, 1919, he found these
birds common. In 1927 Wetmore found a few palm crows in the
swamps at the mouth of the Arroyo Barrancota on Samana Bay
May 8, and recorded them as fairly common in certain sections near
Constanza May 24 to 27. They were found in little groups that in
company fed on the ground or rested in the trees. They were often
resentful of human intrusion and at times came to scold vigorously
at unusual actions. On one occasion three came with raucous calls
within fifteen feet of the observer jerking their drooping wings and
elevated tails vigorously. The tongue does not show at all between
the mandibles while the bird is calling, being concealed in its normal
position between the mandibles on the floor of the mouth. Dan-
forth in the summer of 1927 found this crow common in June in
the brushy region between Monte Cristi and Navarrete. They were
molting at this time. They were also common in the rolling coun-
try about Las Matas. In three stomachs he found lizards, snails,
Coleoptera (including Prepodes and Calosoma) caterpillars, a
cicada, other Hemiptera, fruit pulp, and seeds.

In Haiti in 1829 Wiirttemberg recorded this species from
Mirebalais and from “ Escabobas,” the latter perhaps being the
modern Las Cahobes. Cory collected specimens at Gantier on March
6, 1881, one of these being now in the United States National
Museum. He says that the birds were shot as game, their flesh
being considered a great delicacy. Paul Bartsch in 1917 found them
at Thomazeau April 2, near Gloré April 3, Trou Caiman April 4, and
near Petit Goave April 8 and 9. Others were recorded near Port-au-
Prince April 21, 22, 25 and 27, and on April 24 he collected a fine set
of four eggs on the Cul-de-Sac Plain at the base of Morne 4 Cabrits.
These eggs are light Niagara green, covered rather evenly with diffuse
spots of clove brown and dark olive, the spots being moderately
large and somewhat uneven in outline. These eggs measure 36.7 by
26.2, 87.1 by 26.4, 37.6 by 24.0, and 38.2 by 24.8 mm. W. L. Abbott

330 BULLETIN 155, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

collected one of these crows at. Bombardopolis March 25, 1917, and
two at the Etang Saumatre March 6 and 9, 1918. In 1927 Wetmore
observed them on the summit of La Selle on April 9, when a little
flock scolded vigorously at his pack animals. At Hinche from April
22 to 24 these small crows were common among the trees lining the
ravines cut below the level of the plain. They ranged in little flocks
containing from four to six individuals, and were frequently observed
about the tops of the royal palms where they seemed to be nesting.
At any disturbance they gathered in groups like jays to clamour
noisily. One little band mobbed a yellow-crowned night heron and
drove it to cover. One bird was recorded at Caracol May 27. An
adult female taken at Hinche April 22, 1927 had the iris deep brown,
and the bill, tarsi and toes black. Danforth saw them in 1927 near
Mirebalais, near St. Marc, about the sloughs near the mouth of the
Artibonite, and east of Gonaives. According to Dr. G. N. Wolcott
these crows were seen eating sphingid caterpillars (Celerio lineata)
in the cotton and sisal plantation at Hatte Lathan. Bond found them
common on the plains and abundant in the pine forests of the north.
He recorded them in June on La Selle, and collected one at Trou
Caiman. He found them nesting in pines and palms high above the
ground. Poole and Perrygo recorded this crow at St. Michel De-
cember 21, 1928, L’Atalaye December 28, 1928 and January 9, 1929,
Dondon January 17 and 18, St. Mare February 25, and Cerca-la-
Source March 18 to 24, 1929.

The small crows found on Hispaniola and Cuba are similar in
size and seem to differ only in color, palmarum being more iridescent,
and minutus a duller black. 'They seem best regarded as subspecies
and will stand as Corvus palmarum palmarum Wiirttemberg, and
Corvus palmarum minutus Gundlach. Bangs and Peters agree in
this treatment. Meinertzhagen in his review of the genus Corvus *
has indicated these two as subspecies of brachyrhynchos of North
America but in this is in error.

The palm crow was first described by Paul Wilhelm von Wiirttem-
berg in 1835 from “Nihe des Cibao-Gebirges in ehemaligen Span-
ischen St. Domingo” so that the type locality is the Cibao range of
the Dominican Republic. In 1852 Hartlaub published a note on this
species in which he changed the name to solitarius from a manuscript
designation by Wiirttemberg, which is of course antedated by
palmarum.

Measurements of palmarum from our series are as follows:

Four males, wing 250.0-264.0 (255.3), tail 143.6-149.0 (146.7),
culmen from base 49.0-51.7, tarsus 50.1-51.0 (50.6) mm.

% Nov. Zool., vol. 38, 1926, pp. 90-91.

THE BIRDS OF HAITI AND-THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 331

Nine females, wing 227.0-259.0 (246.6), tail 134.3-152.0 (146.6),
culmen from base 44.2-49.4 (46.5), tarsus 48.4-50.2 (49.3) mm.

The palm crow is entirely black and is much smaller than the
white-necked crow, as indicated by the measurements given above.

Family MIMIDAE

MIMUS POLYGLOTTOS DOMINICUS (Linnaeus)
HISPANIOLAN MOCKINGBIRD, RUISENOR, ROSSIGNOL, MERLE

Tardus dominicus LINNAEUS, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, vol. 1, 1766, p. 295 (‘‘ Domin-
ica’) =Hispaniola).

Ruysefor, Oviepo, Hist. Gen. Nat. Indias, Libr. 14, cap. 2; Reprint, Madrid,
1851, p. 443, (common).

Merle cendré, de Saint-Domingue, MonTBEILLARD, in Buffon, Hist. Nat. Ois.,
vol. 3, 1775, pp. 820, 325.—DAUBENTON, Planch. Enl., pl. 558, fig. 1.

Rossignol, Sarnt-Méry, Descrip. Part. Franc. ile Saint-Domingue, vol. 1,
1797, p. 717 (Port-de-Paix).

Nightingale, WIMPFFEN, Voy. Saint Domingo, 1817, p. 188-189 (habits).

Jamaica Nightingale or Mockingbird, Watron, jr., Pres. State Span. Col.
incl. partic. Rep. Hispafiola, vol. 1, 1810, p. 122 (recorded).

Merula Dominicensis Brisson, Ornith., vol. 2, 1760, pp. 284-286, pl. 27, fig. 1
(description).

Turdus orpheus, ViEILLor, Hist. Nat. Ois. Amér. Sept., vol. 2, 1807, pp. 13-14
(description, habits).

Turdus polyglottus, Rirter, Naturh. Reis. Westind. Insel Hayti, 1836, pp. 152,
156 (specimen).

Mimus gilvus, Hartert, Nov. Zool., vol. 9, 1902, p. 293 (Sanchez, specimen).

Mimus dominicus, Satif, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1857, p. 232 (Dominican
Republic).—Cory, Birds Haiti and San Domingo, 1885, pp. 21-22 (Pétionville,
St. Mare, Jacmel, specimens).—TIPpPpENHAUER, Die Insel Haiti, 1892, pp. 320,
321 (listed).—CuHristy, Ibis, 1897, pp. 319-820 (Sanchez, La Vega).—VERRILL,
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 61, 1909, p. 864 (abundant).

Mimus dominicus, CHERRIE, Field Columbian Mus., Ornith. ser., vol. 1, 1896,
pp. 10-11 (abundant).

Mimus orpheus dominicus, Cory, Bull. Nuttall Ornith. Club, 1881, p. 151
(abundant).

Mimus polyglottus orpheus, Cory, Cat. West Indian Birds, 1892, p. 121
(Haiti, Dominican Republic).

Mimus polyglottos orpheus, Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zo6l., vol. 61, 1917, pp.
415-416 (Monte Cristi, Sostia, Choc6, specimens).—KaArMPFreR, Journ. fiir Ornith.,
1924, p. 180 (common).

Mimus polyglottus (var., dominicus), Bryant, Proc. Boston Soe. Nat. Hist.,
vol. 11, May, 1867, p. 93 (Dominican Republic, Haiti).

Mimus polyglottos dominicus, Ripeway, U. 8S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 50, 1907,
pp. 233-234 (description, range, synonymy).

Mimus polyglottus dominicus, Brrse, Zool. Soc. Bull., vol. 30, 1927, p. 141;
Beneath Tropic Seas, 1928, pp. 52, 67, 224 (Haiti) —Bonp, Proc. Acad. Nat.
Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 80, 1928, p. 508 (Haiti) —DanrortH, Auk, 1929, p. 371
(abundant) .—Morront, Att. Soe. Ital. Scienz. Nat., vol. 68, 1929, p. 821 (Moca,
specimens).

332 BULLETIN 155, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

Resident ; common.

The mockingbird is both widely distributed and easily seen so
that it is one of the prominent birds found on the island. It fre-
quents open brush, or the borders of fields and pastures where there
is a cover of thicket in which it may find shelter, but does not pene-
trate into heavy forest, though it may occur wherever there are little
clearings. It is found abundantly all through the lowland regions
of the island and is ubiquitous so that there is no necessity for citing
localities at which it has been recorded. Wetmore found it abundant
on the open slopes at Kenskoff and Furcy and observed it on the
north slope of Morne La Selle to an elevation of 1600 meters but
did not see it on the high summit of the range. It was not recorded
in the mountain valleys about Constanza and El Rio but may pos-
sibly occur there in small numbers as all conditions there except the
cold of the night air are favorable to it. Abbott secured it on Tortue
and Gonave Islands, and Danforth and Poole and Perrygo took it
on the latter. The species is especially common in semi-arid sec-
tions grown with cactus, mesquite and logwood.

In traveling along country roads or trails one frequently observes
a slender, long-tailed bird with gray back and white breast that
shows a broad mark of white in the dark wings as it flies across in
front of car, horse or pedestrian, or rises with slowly flapping wings
to sing in the air above its haunt of thorny thickets. This is the
mockingbird, ruisenor, or rossignol, according to the language that
one speaks. The song, clear and pleasing, is at its height in April
and May, and the birds may then be heard on all sides. Their notes
are similar to those of the mockingbird of the mainland, famous for
its powers of mimicry, but the Hispaniolan race does not imitate
other birds so constantly as its northern relative, principally because
there are few species in its haunts with striking notes. Wetmore
heard the mocker giving the song of the common vireo (Vireo oliva-
ceus olivaceus) regularly, and occasionally copying the note of the
gray kingbird, but no other species. The song is thus more truly
that of the mockingbird than that heard in other regions. Vieillot
many years ago noted this peculiarity as he observed that in Haiti
this form is not a mimic, but in this he was not altogether correct
as is indicated above. The species is recorded by many of the early
travelers who wrote of the island from the days of Columbus and
Oviedo, sufficient indication of the prominent place that it takes in
the landscape.

At Baie des Moustiques W. L. Abbott secured a set of three eggs
May 8, 1917 which have the ground color paler than pale glaucous
green and are spotted heavily with army, cameo, and vandyke brown,
large spots occurring over the entire surface but concentrating about
the large end to form a broad, poorly defined wreath. Two of these

THE BIRDS OF HAITI AND THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 333

eggs measure 23.7 by 18.4 and 23.9 by 18.3 mm. The third is broken.
On Tortue Island he collected another set of three from a nest made
rather loosely of thorny twigs and lined with shreds of bark placed
in an acacia about two meters from the ground. The date of collec-
tion is not given but is assumed to be about the middle of May, 1917.
These eges are more finely spotted than the ones just described, and
have some of the markings coated by a shell deposit so that they
appear purplish. All three have spots distributed over the surface
with a heavy concentration about the large end. They measure 23.8
by 17.8, 23.9 by 18.2 and 24.6 by 18.3 mm. Cherrie secured young
birds near Santo Domingo City from March 18 to May 2, 1895.
Christy recorded young near La Vega in April and May, while
Kaempfer reports that there may be no especial breeding season as
he observed young in May, September, and December. He recorded
nests as placed from two to four meters from the ground. Wetmore
saw an occupied nest near Caracol, Haiti, April 27, 1927 placed two
meters from the earth in a logwood. Danforth in 1927 found a nest
containing young near Monte Cristi June 22. On Gonave Island he
saw a nest containing two eggs and a newly hatched young July 16,
and on July 18 one with large young and another with eggs. Most
of the nests seen were in acacia trees but one was in a mangrove.
Bond in 1928 found them nesting in northern Haiti in March and
April but says that they breed later in the south. Poole and Perrygo
secured a young bird recently from the nest at Fort Liberté February
16, 1929. The mockingbird is kept regularly as a cage bird especially
in the Dominican Republic.

An adult male taken by Wetmore at Hinche, Haiti on April 22,
1927 had the iris deep yellow; bill, tarsi and toes dull blackish.

The mockingbird is from 230 to 255 mm. in length, slender in
form, with a long tail. Below it is white and above gray, with wings
and tail black. The outer tail feathers are white and there is a
prominent band of white in the wing.

DUMETELLA CAROLINENSIS (Linnaeus)
CATBIRD

Muscieapa carolinensis Linnarus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, vol. 1, 1766, p. 328
(Virginia or Carolina).

Casual migrant from North America.

The only record of the catbird is that of a male taken by Dr. W.
L. Abbott on Tortue Island February 5, 1917. It winters regularly
in Cuba and the Bahama Islands and may be expected to occur cas-
ually in Haiti.

This species is approximately 200 mm. in length, and is dark gray
with black crown and chestnut under tail coverts.

2134—31——22

334 BULLETIN 155, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

MARGAROPS FUSCATUS FUSCATUS (Vieillot)
PEARLY-EYED THRASHER

Turdus fuscatus VimILLoT, Hist. Nat. Ois. Amér. Sept.; 1807, vol. 2, p. 1, pl.
57bis (Hispaniola; Porto Rico).—Harrnaur, Isis, 1847, p. 609 (listed).

Margarops fuscatus, Cory, Birds Haiti and San Domingo, March, 1884, p. 22
(no record other than that of Vieillot) ; Cat. West Indian Birds, 1892, p. 121
(Haiti, Dominican Republic).—TippenHAveER, Die Insel Haiti, 1892, p. 321
(listed).

Margarops fuscatus fascatus, Ripaway, U. 8. Nat. Mus. Bull. 50, pt. 4, 1907,
p. 266 (listed) —Brrse, Zool. Soc. Bull. vol. 30, 1927, p. 141 (living specimen
received from Haiti).

Status uncertain.

Vieillot in 1807 wrote of this species “ La grive brune se trouve
dans les grandes iles Antilles et particuliérement & Porto-Ricco et
a Saint-Domingue. * * * De ma collection.” Beebe obtained
one in 1927 in a collection of living birds received direct from Haiti
and placed it on exhibition in the zoological garden in New York
City. ‘The species is common in the Bahamas, Jamaica, and Porto
Rico and extends through the northern Lesser Antilles. It is abun-
dant on Mona and Desecheo Islands in Mona Passage only a short
distance east of Hispaniola and is found on Inagua to the north.
Jt is not particularly difficult to secure so that if it occurs regularly
in Hispaniola it would seem that some of the many collectors who
have visited Hispaniola since the days of Vieillot would have ob-
tained it. Cory says specifically that he did not procure it, and
Tippenhauer seems to have listed it from Cory. The species may be
found on some of the outlying islets. The living specimen sent to
Beebe may possibly have been brought from elsewhere since there is
no definite information as to where it was secured. The species thus
seems of uncertain status and may perhaps belong in the hypotheti-
cal list.

The pearly-eyed thrasher is from 250 to 300 mm. in length with
rather stocky body. It is grayish brown above, the feathers being
darker centrally so that it appears faintly scaled or spotted, and
white below streaked with grayish brown, the sides and flanks being
almost wholly brown. The tail feathers are tipped with white.

Family TURDIDAE
MIMOCICHLA ARDOSIACEA ARDOSIACEA (Vieillot)

HISPANIOLAN THRUSH, ZORZAL, CALECON ROUGE, MERLE, ROSSIGNOL DE
MONTAGNE, OUETE-OUETE, COUETE-COUETE

Turdus ardosiaceus VietxLot, Tabl. Encye. Méth., vol. 2, 1823, p. 646
(“ Saint-Domingue ’=Hispaniola).—Bryant, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol.
11, May, 1867, pp. 92-93 (Dominican Republic, Haiti).

Calecgon rouge, Sarnt-Méry, Descrip. Part. Franc. fle Saint-Domingue, vol.
2, 1798, p. 298 (La Selle).

THE BIRDS OF HAITI AND THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 335

Merle, Sarnt-Miry, Descrip. Part. Frang. fle Saint-Domingue, vol. 1, 1797,
pp. 717, 7386 (Port-de-Paix, Tortue Island).

Merula Americana cinerea Brisson, Ornith., vol. 2, 1760, pp. 288-290 (“S.
Domingue ’”’).

Turdus plumbeus, VirrrLot, Hist. Nat. Ois. Amér. Sept., vol. 2, 1807, pp. 2-3
(habits).—Rirtrr, Naturh. Reis. Westind. Insel Hayti, 1836, p. 156 (speci-
men).—HARTLAUB, Isis, 1847, p. 609 (listed).

Galeoscoptes plumbeus, SAtLh, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1857, p. 231 (Santo
Domingo City).

Mimocichla ardesiaca, Cory, Bull. Nuttall Ornith. Club, 1881, p. 151 (hills
near Port-au-Prince, specimens) ; Birds Haiti and San Domingo, March, 1884,
pp. 18-20, 2 col. pls. (Pétionville, Puerto Plata, Magua, La Vega, Saman4,
specimens); Cat. West Indian Birds, 1892, p. 122 (“San Domingo’’).—
TRISTRAM, Ibis, 1884, p. 168 (Dominican Republic, specimen) ; Cat. Coll. Birds
belonging H. B. Tristram, 1889, p. 129 (Samana, specimen) .—T1pPpENHAUER,
Die Insel Haiti, 1892, pp. 320, 321 (listed).—CHErRRIE, Field Col. Mus., Ornith.
ser., vol. 1, 1896, p. 9 (Dominican Republic, specimens) .—Curisty, Ibis, 1897, p.
319 (La Vega).—VeERRILL, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1909, p. 366
(Dominican Republic).—KArEmMpreER, Journ. fiir Ornith., 1924, p. 184, (Tabano).

Mimocichla ardosiacea, LONNBERG, Fauna och Flora, 1929, p. 107 (Haiti).

Mimocichla ardosiacea ardosiacea, Ripgway, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 50, pt.
4, 1907, pp. 80-81 (Hispaniola).—Perters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zo6l., vol. 61, 1917,
p. 416 (Sostia, Chocé, specimens).—Brgpp, Zool. Soc. Bull. vol. 30, 1927, p. 141
(living example in zoological park).—Bonp, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia,
vol. 80, 1928, pp. 508-509 (Haiti, Gonave, Tortue).—DaANrFortH, Auk, 1929, p. 372
(habits, food).—Mottoni, Att. Soc. Ital. Scienz. Nat., vol. 68, 1929, p. 321
(San Juan, Monte Viejo, specimens).

Resident; common in forested areas, particularly in the interior.
Found on Tortue and Gonave Islands.

This handsome thrush is robinlike in appearance and in actions
but is shy and retiring so that it is not easily observed. It resides
in thickets and woodlands, usually in those sections with abundant
rainfall, or, in drier areas, near permanent water, and is recorded
more regularly from its notes than from actual observation.

Sallé reported it in the vicinity of Santo Domingo City, where
it was also observed by Cherrie, who found it in addition common in
the interior. Cory obtained specimens at Puerto Plata, Magua,
La Vega and Samana. He reports the nesting season as December
and January, and describes and figures in color a nest and eggs taken
January 9 (1883) near Puerto Plata. The eggs were said to be dull
bluish white, heavily blotched with brown measuring (in inches)
“1.10 by 1.85”. Tristram received a skin from C. McGrigor taken
at Samana in 1883. Christy reported this thrush from La Vega,
and Verrill wrote that it was common but shy. Specimens that he
collected, now in possession of J. H. Fleming, were secured at
Sanchez March 6 and 9, and La Vega March 11, 183 and 18, 1907.
A juvenile was secured March 9. Peters found this thrush rare on
the north coast as he secured only two at Sostia and Chocé, but
records it at Monte Cristi and at Bulla as somewhat more numerous.

336 BULLETIN 155, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

W. L. Abbott collected skins at Laguna August 9, 1916, and March
9, 1919, and Rojo Cabo, August 28 and 30, 1916, both localities being
on the Samana Peninsula. He secured one at El Rio in the interior
October 5, and one near Jarabacoa October 11, 1916. In 1919 he
collected one May 4, near Hondo, below Constanza. Kaempfer
reports the species as common at Ttibano near the locality last
mentioned.

In 1927 Wetmore recorded this thrush in small numbers between
Comendador and Azua April 30 and May 1. At Sanchez May 7 to
13 it was found in some numbers, particularly in the forested hills
inland. The birds were in molt at this time. On the trail from
Jarabacoa to Constanza this thrush was seen frequently May 17,
18, 29 and 30, and at Constanza from May 19 to 27 it was common.
A few were observed in the lowlands between La Vega and Santiago
May 31. Danforth in the summer of 1927 observed it at Seibo,
Santo Domingo City, Los Alcarrizos, Bonao, La Vega and Monte
Cristi. Ciferri obtained skins at San Juan and at 1200 to 1500 meters
on Monte Viejo.

Writing of Haiti, Vieillot terms this thrush the rosstgnol de mon-
tagne and describes the eggs as “blancs et tachetés de noir,” in which
he was in error as will be seen by the description given below.
Younglove collected several of these thrushes in April and May,
1866 which he sent to the Smithsonian Institution, while Cory
reported them in 1881 as common at an altitude of 750 meters near
Fort Jacques, and as seen occasionally in dense cover near Port-au-
Prince. Bartsch in 1917 recorded this species at Thomazeau April
2, Gloré April 3, Trou Caiman April 4, Petit Goave April 8, Trou
des Roseaux April 18, and near Jérémie April 15 and 16. Abbott
secured specimens at La Grotte, December 8, Jérémie December 12,
and Moron December 20, 1917. In the north of Haiti he obtained
two near Bombardopolis March 21, and one at Moustique March 11,
of the same year. On Gonave Island he found them fairly common
securing specimens February 22 and 24, 1918, and March 3, 1920.
Moreau de Saint-Méry wrote in 1797 that Pointe des Oiseaux on
Tortue Island was named from the large numbers of birds particu-
larly merles there found so that it is interesting to report that Abbott
found the thrush common on Tortue in 1917, collecting a female on
February 8. On May 20, 1917 a native brought him a nest of this
species containing one egg, the nest being loosely constructed of
banana fibres and some mud. The egg is pale glaucous-green covered
with broad, poorly defined spots of cameo and walnut brown. It
measures 82.8 by 22.3 mm. A second nest found May 22, placed in a
mass of orchids about three and one half meters from the ground,
contained two young and an addled egg, the latter being collected.

THE BIRDS OF HAITI AND THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 337

This egg is somewhat more heavily marked than the one described
above and measures 30.2 by 21.8 mm. The eggs are strikingly and
handsomely colored.

Wetmore in 1927 found this thrush very common in coffee planta-
tions about Fonds-des-Négres from March 31 to April 5. Males
were singing and the breeding season was evidently in progress. On
April 2 one rested for a time in the limbs of a tree holding a beak
full of dead leaves, while it jerked its wings and tail nervously.
Finally it flew to the side of a large epiphyte fifteen meters from
the ground and deposited its burden on the foundation of a nest.
The nest site was in a tree with foliage mainly at the tips of the
branches so that the interior limbs were open. It stood at the edge
of a clearing with a little house only a few yards away. On April
5 one was seen carrying food to young in another locality. On
April 9 on the Riviére Jaquisy below Furcy one was singing, and
from April 10 to 15 the species was common on the high summit of
La Selle. The song of this thrush was one of the early bird songs
heard about camp there and came to the ear at the first hint of
day. The notes are labored in utterance but are given steadily, and,
in spite of occasional harsh breaks, the whole is pleasing. The call
note is a low peep peep. During the day when all was quiet these
thrushes appeared near camp on the ground in the open. In their
usual method of progression they ran rapidly for a few feet and
then stopped abruptly with the head held erect. The mannerisms
are wholly: those of a robin. Where seen clearly the white under
tail-coverts are prominent while in flight the white spots at the ends
of the outer tail feathers are displayed plainly. The birds often
perched in the tops of dead trees but at any alarm dropped quickly
into the thickets below where they remained carefully concealed.
The thrush was observed April 17 at Chapelle Faure in Nouvelle
Touraine, and April 20 on Morne a Cabrits. On April 24 it was
common at the Bassin Zime but none were seen in the immediate
vicinity of Hinche. It was recorded April 26 and 27 at Poste Char-
bert near Caracol. In 1927 Danforth found it at Fonds-des-Négres
and near the Citadelle, and on July 18 saw an adult accompanied by
young on the wing on Gonave. Bond found this species widely
distributed in Haiti from sea level to the tops of the mountains, and
on Gonave and Tortue. In 1928 birds were in breeding condition
on Tortue in March, and nests were seen in southern Haiti in May
and June. In an adult male taken by Wetmore at Fonds-des-Négres
April 2, 1927, the bill and free margins of the eyelids were coral red;
tarsus, toes, and claws slightly paler red; iris reddish brown. Dan-
forth records that in the stomach of one he found a seed and two
cockroaches (one of them “’pilampra saublosa), and in another four

338 BULLETIN 155, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

seeds, a snail, a lamellicorn beetle (Lachnosterna hogradi) and a
millipede.

The thrush is from 250 to 270 mm. in length with rather heavy
body. In general coloration it is gray, darker above with wings and
tail black and abdomen and under tail coverts white. The throat
is white broadly streaked with blackish slate and the tail has the
external feathers broadly tipped with white.

HAPLOCICHLA SWALESI Wetmore
SWALES’ THRUSH, MERLE, OUETE-OUETE NOIR

Haplocichla swalesi WrETMoRE, Proc. Biol. Soe. Washington, vol. 40, June 30,
1927, p. 55 (Jardins Bois Pin, Massif de la Selle, Haiti, 1800 meters altitude) .—
Bonp, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 80, 1929, p. 509 (La Selle).—
BEEBE, Beneath Tropic Seas, 1928, p. 11 (mentioned).

Haplocichla swalesii, LONNBERG, Fauna och Flora, 1929, p. 107 (Haiti).

Resident in Haiti on the high ridge of La Selle; not recorded
elsewhere. The species ranges from 1500 to 2100 meters coming
occasionally a little lower.

On April 11, 1927, as Wetmore came into the dense growth of
rain forest jungle below the summit of Morne La Visite he heard a
strange thrush note and a moment later had a glimpse of the songster
within a distance of a few feet, recognizing it instantly as a species
new to the known fauna of the island. Hours were spent in creep-
ing cautiously through wet thickets, bound into almost impenetrable
entanglements by long strands of creeping bamboo, but not until two
days later did the first specimen of this beautiful bird come to hand.
(Pl. 22.) The colors were such that at a distance the species was
invisible to the eye in the dense shadows and when clearly seen
individuals were usually so close at hand as to make it impracticable
to collect them with ordinary loads, while their appearance was so
brief as to make it impracticable to change to lighter shells before
the birds had disappeared. Finally in a heavy rain several came
out into an open trail apparently in enjoyment of the downpour and
specimens were secured with comparative ease. On subsequent days
numbers were observed and in all four were collected. In the
Jardins Bois Pin this thrush was somewhat more familiar as here it
lived near the huts of the country people and inhabited smaller
sections of thicket adjacent to little clearings.

Swales’ thrush spends much time on the ground where it has the
habits usual to the robin-like thrushes, running with lowered head
across little open spaces and then pausing abruptly with head thrown
erect. In the dark shadows of its haunts its colors merge so per-
fectly with its background that it is extremely difficult to see at any
distance except when in motion. At times it ran up on recumbent

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BUEEE GIN 155 (PEATE 22

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SWALES'’ THRUSH (HAPLOCICHLA SWALESI) KNOWN ONLY FROM HIGH RIDGE OF
PAT SEELE

THE BIRDS OF HAITI AND THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 339

logs or rested among low branches, and while singing perched among
limbs sometimes forty feet from the earth but always concealed
among leaves. The song resembles somewhat that of the gray robin
(Mimocichla a. ardosiacea) and suggests also that of the smaller
thrushes (Hylocichla) of the United States. It is given slowly and
clearly with decided intervals between the notes. From the other
thrush of the island the notes are easily told since they are much
more clear and distinct in utterance, and less broken. The alarm
note is wheury wheury wheury repeated usually three times with
great rapidity.

Abbott says that in May, 1920, when on the slopes of La Selle
above Fonds Verettes he saw one of these thrushes but had no gun.
On subsequent visits he was not able to find it again. Bond collected
birds in breeding condition on La Selle in June, 1928.

Structurally the present species is characterized by long, slender
tarsus and rounded wing, the wing tip being somewhat more rounded
than in Haplocichla aurantia of Jamaica, which hitherto has stood
alone in a monotypic genus. Haplocichla swalesi is so entirely
different in color from aurantia as to preclude the idea of close
association between the two other than their union in the same
genus. They are evidently not geographic representatives of one
stock as is so often the case with allied birds on West Indian islands.

Following is a description of the type specimen :

Mus. Cat. No. 264,707, adult male, collected in the Massif de la
Selle (altitude 1800 meters), April 15, 1927, by A. Wetmore. Entire
upper parts, including sides of head, deep black; chin white; throat
and upper foreneck black streaked lightly with white; upper breast
blackish slate with faintly indicated brownish edgings; sides of
upper breast sepia; lower breast and sides bright hazel; abdomen
white; flanks and under tail coverts blackish slate, the lower flank
feathers and under tail coverts with hight shaft streaks and edgings
of white. Bill orange rufous, extreme base of mandibular rami and
area about nostrils blackish; eye ring light orange; iris Rood’s
brown; tarsus Rood’s brown with a line of honey yellow down the
back; bare skin at back of tibio-tarsal joint honey yellow; toes
somewhat lighter than tarsus; lower surfaces of toes honey yellow.
(Colors from fresh specimen).

Measurements are as follows:

Males (five specimens), wing 126.7-181.5 (129.6), tail 102.5-105.5
(104.0), culmen from base 23.2-24.8 (24.2), tarsus 42.2-47.0
(44.0) mm,

Female (one specimen), wing 123.9; tail 97.7; culmen from base
22.4; tarsus 46.0 mm.

Type (adult male), wing 126.7; tail 102.5; culmen from base
24.7; tarsus 42.3 mm.

340 BULLETIN 155, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

HYLOCICHLA MINIMA MINIMA (Lafresnaye)
BICKNELL’S THRUSH

Turdus minimus LAFRESNAYE, Rey. Zool., 1848, p. 5 (Bogota).

Turdus aliciae, Cory, Birds Haiti and San Domingo, March, 1884, pp. 17-18
(Puerto Plata, specimens) ; Cat. West Indian Birds, 1892, p. 122 (Dominican
Republic).—TipPpENHAUER, Die Insel Haiti, 1892, p. 34 (listed).—CHrErrig,
Field Col. Mus., Ornith. ser., vol. 1, 1896, p. 9 (Aguacate; Santo Domingo City,
specimens ).—VERRILL, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1909, p. 366 (Sanchez,
specimen).

Hylocichla, LONNBrERG, Fauna och Flora, 1929, p. 98 (Haiti).

Hylocichla aliciae aliciae, Ripeway, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 50, pt. 4, 1907, p. 60
(Santo Domingo).

Hylocichla aliciae bicknelli, A. O. U. Check-List, ed. 3, 1910, p. 360 (Haiti).

Hylocichla minima subsp.?, Bonp, Proce. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol.
80, 1928, p. 509 (Morne Malanga).

Winter visitant from North America; rare.

Thrushes of this type were first reported by Cory who secured
specimens near Puerto Plata, Dominican Republic, taking a female,
December 14, a male December 16, 1882, and a second female January
6, 1883. Cherrie collected two males near Aguacate February 22 and
25, and one at Santo Domingo City May 1, 1895. Verrill collected
one at Sanchez.

In March, 1921, Swales and Richmond examined four specimens
loaned by the Field Museum, including the male and female taken
by Cory at Puerto Plata in December, 1882, and the two males
secured by Cherrie at Aguacate in February 1895 and found them to
be Bicknell’s thrush. The three remaining skins listed have not
been seen and may possibly include representatives of Alice’s thrush.
All records for the species are included here, however, on the basis
of material actually identified. With regard to the female taken
January 8, 1883, at Puerto Plata it may be noted that Cory gives the
wing as 3.80 inches (equivalent to 96.5 mm.) and the other two from
the same locality as 3.75 and 3.78 inches respectively. On this basis
it seems probable that the third bird lke the others which have been
seen is Bicknell’s thrush. Wetmore has examined the Verrill speci-
men from Sanchez in the Tring Museum and finds it to be this form.

Bond reports a thrush of unknown form from Morne Malanga,
Haiti, January 19, 1928. This is probably the specimen recorded
by Lénnberg, which he has informed us (in a letter) was taken by
Ekman in January, 1928, and which is a Bicknell’s thrush. This is
the only certain record at present for Haiti. Further specimens
should be taken to determine if both forms occur.

Bangs and Penard °° have found from examination of the original
specimen that the bird described by Lafresnaye as Z’urdus minimus

76 Bull. Mus. Comp. Zodl., vol. 63, June, 1919, p. 30.

THE BIRDS OF HAITI AND THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 341

from a specimen from “ Bogota” is a Bicknell’s thrush. From this
Bicknell’s thrush, formerly called Hylocichla aliciae bicknelli Ridg-
way (named in 1882), becomes Hylocichla minima minima (Lafres-
naye), while Alice’s thrush, formerly Hylocichla aliciae aliciae
(Baird), will be known as Hylocichla minima aliciae (Baird).

Bicknell’s thrush differs from Alice’s thrush (Hylocichla minima
aliciae) in being slightly smaller and browner above. The wing in
aliciae ranges from 99 to 109 mm. in males and 97 to 107.5 mm. in
females, in minima from 88.5 to 98.0 mm. in males and 85 to 93 mm.
in females.

Bicknell’s thrush is olive with a slight tinge of brown above. It
has a whitish eye-ring and grayish lores. Below it is white, tinged
with cream-buff on the sides of throat and breast, spotted with black.
The sides are brownish gray.

MYADESTES GENIBARBIS MONTANUS Cory
HISPANIOLAN SOLITAIRE, JILGUERO, MUSICIEN, OISHEAU MUSICIEN

Myadestes montanus Cory, Bull. Nuttall Ornith. Club, 1881, p. 180 (near
Fort Jacques above Pétionville, Haiti) ; Bull. Nuttall Ornith. Club, 1881, p. 151
(one specimen taken near Fort Jacques) ; Birds Haiti and San Domingo, March,
1884, pp. 52-53, col. pl. (Fort Jacques) ; Cat. West Indian Birds, 1892, p. 122
(Haiti) ; Auk, 1895, p. 279 (Dominican Republic, specimens).—TIPPENHAUER,
Die Insel Haiti, 1892, pp. 320, 321 (listed).—Vrrritzt, Proce. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil-
adelphia, 1909, p. 866 (Sanchez, Miranda).—Bonp, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila-
delphia, vol. 80, 1928, p. 521 (mentioned).

Musicien, MoNTBEILLARD, in Buffon, Hist. Nat. Ois., vol. 4, 1778, p. 290 (south
Haiti).—Sartnt-Méry, Descrip. Part. Franc. fle Saint-Domingue, vol. 1, 1797,
pp. 155, 262; vol. 2, 1798, pp. 299, 506 (Mont Organisé, Dondon, Nouvelle Tou-
raine, Trou Coucou, and above Jacmel).—HEARNE, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1834,
p. 25 (mentioned ).—R1ttrr, Naturh. Reis. Westind. Insel Hayti, 1836, pp. 152—
153 (mentioned).

Cyphorinus cantans, ScHoMBURGK, Athenaeum, No. 1291, July 24, 1852, p. 798
(song).

Myadestes montanus ?, CHERRIE, Field Columbian Mus., Ornith. ser., vol. 1,
1896, pp. 9-10 (Catarrey, Aguacate, specimens).

Myadestes genibarbis cherriei Ripgway, Smithsonian Mise. Colls., vol. 47,
Aug. 6, 1904, p. 112 (described as new from Catarrey, Dominican Republic) ;
U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 50, pt. 4, 1907, pp. 177-178 (Haiti) —Bonp, Proc. Acad.
Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 80, 1928, p. 509 (La Hotte, La Selle, Montaignes
Noir, Massif du Nord).—LOnnegere, Fauna och Flora, 1929, p. 107 (Haiti).—
Mottont, Att. Soc. Ital. Scienz. Nat., vol. 68, 1928, p. 821 (Monte Viejo, speci-
mens).

Myadestes solitarius (part), Ripeway, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 50, pt. 4, 1907,
p. 174 (Fort Jacques, Haiti).

Resident in the hills of the interior; locally fairly common.

When riding mountain trails that pass dense growths of damp
rain-forest one may hear occasionally a series of clear, whistled notes,
like those of a flute, that come slowly through the air and then cease,

342 BULLETIN 155, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

to be repeated at a short interval, or perhaps answered from a little
distance. The countryman knows this disembodied voice as the jil-
guero or the musicien, according to whether one is traveling in the
Dominican Republic or in Haiti, but is almost sure to state that it is
supposed to be a bird but that by no possible chance can one ever be
seen. By the superstitious the notes are believed to emanate from
some spirit. The observant naturalist on penetrating the thicket
may obtain a fleeting glimpse of a small gray bird with a reddish
brown throat and under tail-coverts and will know that he has found
the source of the mysterious voice in the solitaire.

Though common in many localities in the interior hills in Hispan-
iola comparatively few specimens have been taken until recently.
Cherrie in 1895 obtained seven at Aguacate and three at Catarrey,
and has written an interesting account of the bird and his impres-
sions of the wonderful song. From February 20 to 28 at Aguacate
he found them mating. He reports the food as fruits and insects,
the latter taken frequently on the wing. Verrill in 1907 recorded
them only from Sanchez and Miranda, though he reports that the
song was often heard in the mountainous districts. R. H. Beck
secured two on La Hotte June 22 and July 3, 1917. Kaempfer col-
lected four which are in the Tring Museum.

Dr. W. L. Abbott secured a small series at the following localities:
one male, Hato Viejo River, near Limon, on the Samana Peninsula,
April 23, 1921; four males near Constanza, April 10, 11, 13 and 29,
1919; four males Loma del Rio Grande, above Constanza, April 18
and 22, 1919; one male, El Rio May 14, 1919; and a pair at Loma
del Cielo, in the Bahoruco Mountains March 18, 1922. Ciferri
secured skins at 1200 to 1500 meters elevation on Monte Viejo August
25 to 28, 1929.

In 1927 Wetmore recorded the song of the solitaire on the trail
to Constanza from the summit of El Barrero above the first crossing
of the Rio Jimenoa near Jarabacoa where it was noted frequently.
The bird was common in the rain-forest and was heard daily from
May 17 to 30 during the entire period of work in the upland country.
The birds sang from perches in the tree tops but always were con-
cealed among the leaves. Though usually found in extensive tracts
of dense jungle they sang at times from scattered growths of trees
along streams passing through open mountain meadows. The song
resembled the notes of a flute or occasionally of some one whistling,
varying in tone in different individuals, but always of such a char-
acter as to be easily imitated. The first note was low, the second
higher in scale, and the third low again like the first. At intervals
with these clearer calls there came a ringing, double note. Occasion-
ally a pair was observed in the dense growth hopping about alertly,

THE BIRDS OF HAITI AND THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 343

occasionally quivering the tips of the wings slightly. When the birds
were at rest the tail hung straight down, at other times it was held at
an angle. The light yellow tarsi were always prominent and were
even noticed when birds flew over head. The natives knew the song
of the jilguero but very few professed to have seen it so that the
specimens collected attracted much interest.

In Haiti the musicien has been known to historians for many years.
At the close of the eighteenth century Moreau de Saint-Méry wrote
that Mont Organisé in the northeastern mountains was said to have
been named because it was the favorite resort of this beautiful
songster. He reported it also at Dondon, Nouvelle Touraine, and
on the slopes of La Selle above Jacmel. Montbeillard in 1778 quotes
records from Deshayes who found it in the high mountains of the
south of Haiti. Hearne in 1834 wrote to the Zoological Society of
London that he hoped to secure a specimen alive for the zoological
gardens but apparently was not successful. The first specimen of
which there is actual record seems to be the type collected by Cory
near Fort Jacques, above Pétionville on March 3, 1881. Cory speaks
of the solitaire as apparently rare and secured no others. It was
reported to Abbott during his work in the southwestern peninsula
but at that season was not singing so that he did not succeed in
finding it. In 1927 Wetmore found it fairly common in the rain-
forests on the slopes of La Selle recording its song on April 12, 13,
and 16. An adult male taken April 12 had the bill black; iris bright
reddish brown; tarsus and toes bright yellow; and claws dusky.
The birds were found principally in the steep-sided ravines below
the summit of the long ridge that forms the top of this range. In
early morning their clear, flutelike notes came with indescribable
purity to the listener resting on the brink of the great precipice
that forms the face of Morne La Visite, a marvellously beautiful
song and one never to be forgotten. One was heard on the summit
of Morne St. Vincent near Furcy on April 17. Bond in 1928 found
them on La Hotte, and La Selle, in the Montaignes Noires, and in
the Massif du Nord.

The excellent series of fourteen skins available enables the clearing
away of confusion that has existed regarding the identity of the
solitaires of Hispaniola. Cory in 1881 described his single specimen
as Myiadestes montanus.*" He gave no locality in the original de-
scription but elsewhere writes that it was taken “in the neighbor-
hood of Fort Jacques.” The skin, Field Mus. No. 26,988, a female,
is labeled “ Le Coup, Hayti,” this being equivalent to the present day
Pétionville. When Cherrie secured others in 1895 in the Dominican
Republic he found that they differed somewhat from Cory’s type

7 Bull. Nuttall Ornith. Club, 1881, p. 151.

344 BULLETIN 155, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

and suggested that there might be two forms, one in the western
and one in the eastern part of the island. However in view of the
fact that Cory’s type which was not in too good condition was the
only bird available from Haiti he followed Cory and called his
specimens montanus. Ridgway was likewise impressed with the
difference shown by the type specimen of montanus, which he identi-
fied erroneously as Myadestes solitarius of Jamaica, and named the
birds collected by Cherrie in the Dominican Republic Myadestes
genibarbis cherriet (type locality Catarrey). Wetmore has exam-
ined the type of montanus and finds that it is unquestionably the
same form as all others taken in Hispaniola but is aberrant in
having the malar stripe rufous below the gape while the white spot
normally found on the chin is also obscured by rufous, the bases of
the feathers here only being lighter. The ear coverts are streaked
with white as is normal in the Hispaniolan bird. The rufous of
the malar region occupies the same position as the white normally
found in the Hispaniolan race. In several specimens from the
Dominican Republic and Haiti now available there is a mixture of
rufous in the white of the malar region while the white of the chin
is also somewhat obscured. It appears that there is only one form
of solitaire on Hispaniola which will be known as Myadestes gené-
barbis montanus Cory.

Following are measurements in millimeters of birds from
Hispaniola.

Thirteen males, wing 86.5-92.8 (89.5); tail, 78.5-91.0 (84.4) ;
culmen from base 11.8-12.3 (11.9); tarsus 21.4-24.2 (22.8).

One female, wing 89.0, tail 84.8, culmen broken, tarsus 22.0.

Type of montanus, female, wing 85.0, tail 85.2, culmen from base
13.0, tarsus 23.5.

Myadestes solitarius Baird of Jamaica, according to Ridgway ** is
larger the male having the wing 91.5 to 96.5 mm., and tail 92.0-99.0
and the female the wing 88.5-95.5, tail 86.5-95.0. The bird is also
blacker on the side of the head.

A juvenile bird taken by James Bond on Morne Malanga, Haiti
January 20, 1928 has some traces of the juvenal dress remaining,
there being a few feathers on the crown that are tipped with black
and spotted subterminally with cinnamon buff. The greater wing
coverts are tipped faintly with whitish-buff, and there are tear-
shaped spots of cinnamon buff on the shafts of the scapulars beyond
which the tip of the feather is black. The lesser wing coverts have
subterminal spots of whitish buff, there are a few feathers in the
center of the abdomen that are whitish, barred narrowly with black
at the tip, and a few on the upper breast that are dull cinnamon-

220. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 50, pt. 4, 1907, p. 174.

THE BIRDS OF HAITI AND THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 345

buff margined distantly with black. Elsewhere the plumage is that
of the adult.

The solitaire is from 185 to 195 mm. long of slender form with
long tail. In general it is gray, darker above and paler below, with
throat and under tail-coverts chestnut, chin and malar streak white
and outer tail feathers tipped with white.

Family BOMBYCILLIDAE

BOMBYCILLA CEDRORUM Vieillot

CEDAR WAZXWING

Bombycilla cedrorum Vierttot, Ois. Amér. Sept., vol. 1, 1807 (1808), p. 88,
pl. 57 (Hastern North America) ?

Ampelis cedrorum, Mortoni, Att. Soc. Ital. Scienz. Nat., vol. 68, 1929, pp.
320-3821 (Bonao, specimens).

Migrant from North America; abundance not certain.

Dr. Edgardo Moltoni of the Museo Civico di Storia Naturale in
Milan writes that he has received three specimens of the cedar
waxwing taken by the Ciferri brothers at Piedra Blanca near
Bonao, Dominican Republic, in January, 1926. There is no other
record for the island.

The cedar waxwing from 140 to 160 mm. in length, is brownish
fawn color, grayer on the back and still grayer on the wings, with
the forehead, chin and a line through the eye black, the under tail-
coverts white, and a yellow band across the end of the tail. Some
individuals have small red tips that appear like bits of sealing wax
at the ends of the secondary feathers and more rarely on the tips of
the tail feathers. There is a distinct crest.

Family DULIDAE

DULUS DOMINICUS DOMINICUS (Linnaeus)

PALM-CHAT, SIGUA PALMERA, SIGUA DE PALMA, OISEAU PALMISTE,
ESCLAVE

Tanagra dominica LINNAEvS, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, vol. 1, 1766, p. 316 (“ Do-
minica ’’=Hispaniola) —Derscourtinz, Voy. Nat., vol. 2, 1809, p. 68 (Go-
naives).—LAFRESNAYE, Rey. Mag. Zool., 1851, pp. 585-590 (notes large feet;
habits).

Palm-tree bird, WIMPFFEN, Voy. Saint Domingo, 1817, p. 188 (listed).

Paxaro comunero, Oviepo, Hist. Gen. Nat. Indias, Libr. 14, cap. 5; reprint,
Madrid, 1851, p. 444 (nesting habits).

Esclave, MoNTBEILLARD, in Buffon, Hist. Nat. Ois., vol. 4, 1778, pp. 263-264
(description ).—Drscourtinz, Voy. Nat., vol. 2, 1809, p. 206 (listed).

Oiseau Palmiste, Descourtiuz, Voy. Nat., vol. 2, 1809. pp. 205-207 (evidently
Dulus, though reference is made to Brisson’s Palmiste & téte noire, which iS a
Phaenicophilus).

Tanagra, de St. Domingue, DAUBENTON, Planch. Enl., pl. 152, fig. 2 (col. plate).

346 BULLETIN 155, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

Grive de la Guyane, MONTBEILLARD, in Buffon, Hist. Nat. Ois., vol. 3, 1775,
p. 289 (description).

Passer maculosus Frvuituttr, Journ. Observ. Phys., vol. 3, 1725, pp. 386-887
(Haiti).
Tangara Dominicensis Brisson, Ornith., vol. 3, 1760, pp. 37-88, vol. 2, fig. 4
(described from “S. Domingue’’).

Turdus gujanensis GMELIN, Syst. Nat., vol. 1, pt. 2, 1789, p. 809 (based on
Buffon).

Turdus guianensis, Rirrer, Naturh. Reis. Westind. Insel Hayti, 1836, pp.
152, 156 (specimen).—TIpPpENHAUER, Die Insel Haiti, 1892, p. 320 (listed).

Tanagra mancipium HERMANN, Tabl. Aff. Anim., 1788, p. 211 (based on
Vesclave of Buffon).

Taugara dominica, Rirrer, Naturh. Reis. Westind. Insel Hayti, 1836, p. 156
(listed).

Dulus palmarum ViEILLoT, Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat., vol. 10, 1817, p. 485 (de-
scription) ; Gal. Ois., pt. 2, 1824, pp. 287-288 (habits, description).

Dulus dominicensis, HARTERT, Nov. Zool., vol. 9, 1902, p. 293 (Sanchez).

Dulus dominicus, Hartrtaus, Isis, 1847, p. 609 (listed) —StrickLanp, in
Jardine’s Contr. Ornith., 1851, pp. 103-104 (placed in family Ampelidae).—
SaALxf£, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1857, p. 282 (listed).—Bryant, Proc. Boston Soc.
Nat. Hist., vol. 11, May, 1867, p. 92 (Dominican Republic, Haiti).—TristrAm,
Ibis, 1884, p. 168 (Dominican Republic, specimen) ; Cat. Coll. Birds ‘belong.
H. B. Tristram, 1889, p. 203 (Samandé, Rivas, specimens).—Cory, Bull. Nut-
tall Ornith. Club, 1881, p. 152 (habits) ; Birds Haiti and San Domingo, March,
1884, pp. 51-52, col. pl. (Samana, Pétionville, specimens); Cat. West Indian
Birds, 1892, p. 115 (Dominican Republic, Haiti).—TirpprnHAvrErR, Die Insel
Haiti, 1892, pp. 320, 321 (listed).—CHeERrRIEz, Field Col. Mus., Ornith. ser., vol.
1, 1896, p. 18 (habits) —Curisty, Ibis, 1897, p. 322 (habits).—RIcHMOND,
Smithsonian Mise. Colls., vol. 66, no. 17, 1917, p. 89 (habits) —Buscx, Proc.
Ent. Soe. Washington, vol. 7, 1907, pp. 2-8 (parasitized by anthomyiid fly). —
VERRILL, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1909, p. 364 (habits).—PETERs,
Bull. Mus. Comp. Zodél., 1917, pp. 417-418 (color, measurements, habits).—
KAEMPFER, Journ. fiir Ornith., 1924, pp. 179-180 (habits).—Cirerri, Segund.
Inf. An. Est. Nac. Agr. Moca, 1927, p. 6 (listed).—BrEBE, Zool. Soc. Bull., vol.
30, 1927, p. 141; Beneath Tropic Seas, 1928, p. 223 (habits).—Bonp, Proc. Acad.
Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 80, 1928, pp. 509-510 (habits)—DANrortH, Auk,
1929, p. 372 (recorded).—LONNBERG, Fauna och Flora, 1929, p. 106 (Haiti).—
Morton, Att. Soe. Ital. Scienz. Nat.; vol. 68, 1929, p. 321 (Moca, specimens).

Dulus nuchalis Swainson, Anim. in Menag., 1888, p. 345 (‘ Brazil.”)—
Bonp, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 80, 1928, p. 510 (= dominicus).

Resident throughout the island, except in the highest altitudes.

The palm-chat, restricted in range to Hispaniola, is one of the
most peculiar as well as one of the most prominent of the smaller
birds of the island. Distributed universally throughout the low-
lands, the huge stick nests of this species, usually in the top of a
palm, are a regular feature of the landscape, and attract certain at-
tention to a bird that otherwise might not attain notice except by
ornithologists on account of, its plain coloration. (Pl. 23.) The
palm-chat is common in both republics throughout the range of
the royal palm, and extends into the mountains to altitudes of 1500
meters or more. It is absent therefore only on the highest peaks and

BUEEERIN 155 PEATE 23

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM

THE PALM-CHAT (DULUS DOMINICUS DOMINICUS)

“Z6L ‘g [ad y ‘WreRT ‘setae N-Sep-spuo gy “L061 ‘TE Yoav IA ‘WV H{ ‘80.189 N-Ssop-spuo

M3IA YVAN V LINYSd OL SSYL WOYSA GSAOWAY (SND Wivd IWAOY NI (SNOININOG
-ININOG ‘d SN1Nd) LYHO-W1Vd AO LSAN AO NOILOAS ‘ad snind) LVHO-W1Vd AO ALIS DNILSAN TWYOIdAL

ve ALV1d SSl NILATING WNASNW TWNOILVYN ‘S *N

THE BIRDS OF HAITI AND THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 347

ridges and in areas grown with dense rain forest which are not suited
to its requirements. It is seen in small numbers in the great valley
of Constanza in the Dominican Republic but is not found on the
high ridges above. In Haiti it is known on the open mountain slopes
at Furcy and was observed by Bond at 1800 meters on the higher
mass of La Selle opposite. It is not known to range to Tortue Island.
The species is seen so universally that there is no necessity for list-
ing points and dates of observation. We have before us an extensive
series of skins and the partial synonymy at the head of this section
will indicate the many references to the species in literature.

The palm-chat is a gregarious species that lives in little bands,
each group being made up of several pairs, at the proper season
accompanied by their young, and having as the center of its activi-
ties the communal nest, which serves as a resting place when the
birds are not searching for food or otherwise engaged and as a roost
at night. Their communal habits and nests have attracted universal
attention from early travelers who came to Hispaniola from Oviedo
down, so that the species is mentioned frequently in older works of
travel.

Oviedo noted that this species built a communal nest as large as
that of the stork in Spain, made of twigs closely interlaced, in which
structure each pair had its separate compartment. Vieillot de-
scribes the nest in similar words, as does Sallé in an account fur-
nished to Lafresnaye. The large size of the structure has been
truthfully recorded by many observers but the number of individuals
that frequent each nest, at least in modern times, is usually only
eight to sixteen, and according to Wetmore’s observations the largest
bands seen did not include more than twenty individuals. State-
ments of various travellers that two hundred or three hundred were
seen in company seem to be exaggeration.

The nesting season seems to extend mainly from March to June.
At Fonds-des-Négres, Haiti, April 5, 1927, Wetmore, with the as-
sistance of Dr. C. H. Arndt, employed a man to climb to several
nests and send them to the ground for examination. The method
employed in climbing the smooth palm trunks was interesting. A
double hitch was made around the trunk of the tree with two sep-
arate ropes, the free ends of each being tied together to form a sling.
Through one of these the man thrust his leg until he rested on the
thigh, while he placed the sole of his bare foot in the other. Stand-
ing on this foot he slipped the double hitch up the smooth trunk
for two or three feet when he rested on his thigh and loosening the
lower rope brought it to the level of the first one. Progressing thus
he rapidly ascended the trunk cutting away the seed heads of the
palm as he reached them, and in a short time climbed to the nest.
Some of these were built entirely around the crown of the palm

348 BULLETIN 155, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

supported by the lower fronds while others were placed around the
trunk on the fruiting fronds a few feet below the crown of leaves.
The nests were constructed of twigs from half the size of a lead
pencil to a little larger, ranging from 250 to 450 mm. in length,
with occasional twigs 600 to 750 mm. long. It seemed remarkable
that a bird the size of the palm-chat, having the dimension of a
cedar waxwing, could rise from the ground to a nest from twelve
to fifteen meters from the earth with such burdens. The first nest
examined was obviously under construction, and not yet complete.
The twigs were interlaced rather loosely particularly at the sides
and top. The structure was the size of a bushel basket and was evi-
dently occupied by only a few pairs. There was a roughly defined
central tunnel 100 to 125 mm. in diameter leading through the mass
of sticks from side to side, opening at either end to the outside.
Near the end was a slight accumulation of shredded bark that made
a little platform on one of which had rested an egg, unfortunately
broken. The nest padding was barely sufficient to protect the egg.
This nest seemed to have been entirely newly formed and was eyvi-
dently not yet complete. A second structure secured on this day
was much larger and had evidently been used the year previous with
much material recently added. Eight individual birds were ob-
served flying away from it and it appeared to contain four separate
units each 450 to 500 mm. in diameter with stick ends projecting in
every direction, and the separate sections loosely interwoven about
the trunk of the palm. In each unit a tunnel led to a central cham-
ber 100 to 125 mm. across with the bottom well filled with fine shreds
of bark and other soft materials to form a distinct cup. Though
each nest was a separate unit with its own portal to the exterior
there were roughly defined channels or passages running through
the interlacing twigs at the top of the nests that could permit the
birds to creep about under cover. The separate nests were very
compact so that it was necessary to cut and break away the twigs to
get at the interior. Subsequent examination of a number of other
completed nests indicated that this was the normal type of con-
struction, each communal structure consisting of several separate
compartments opening separately to the outside. The twigs used
in construction were usually slightly smaller in diameter than a lead
pencil and were dead twigs of light wood, coffee and orange twigs
being usual in the lowlands. The nest lining was always the small-
est possible amount of fine grass and shredded bark that would
serve to support the eggs. (Pl. 24.)

Though each pair occupied a separate domicile in a common struc-
ture, that may be likened to an apartment house, work on this domi-
cile was carried on to some extent in common as it was not unusual

THE BIRDS OF HAITI AND THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 349

to see half a dozen of the birds resting near together, perhaps with
two or three so close as to actually touch, all pulling and twisting at
the sticks about them to work them more firmly into place. Occa-
sionally birds clung back down to the bottom of the nest to pull and
tug with much fluttering of wings at refractory bits of material.
The twigs are carried into the trees in the bill of the bird and not in
the feet as some have stated. The stick is held crosswise in the bill
and the bird flies with steady direct flight at a sharp angle upward,
often stopping to rest for a moment on some limb before reaching
the nest. The stick nest is without question a safeguard against
owls and other similar predators.

On March 10, 1919, Dr. W. L. Abbott secured four eggs as a set
from a nest near Laguna on the Samana Peninsula, that he describes
as a meter and a half in diameter and the same in height. These eggs
are oval, white with a faint gloss, spotted rather heavily with deep
to dark heliotrope gray, the spots concentrating to form a more or
less distinct wreath at the large end. One egg has the spots fewer
and more distinctly outlined than is the case in the other three. They
measure as follows: 25.2 by 19.7, 25.2 by 20.1, 25.3 by 19.7 and 25.7 by
19.5 mm. Bits of broken ege shell secured by Wetmore at Fonds-des-
Négres April 5, 1927. are similarly marked to the eggs described
above. The only previous account of the egg that we have seen is
that of Lafresnaye ?° who quotes Sallé in describing the eggs as white,
evidently in error.

The palm-chat is most evident about its nest where it rests in sun
or shadow depending upon the temperature of the hour or perches
on the palm fronds or the projecting spike above. In feeding, the
birds search through trees and shrubbery, usually two or three to-
gether, often seeming alert and vivacious with much character in
pose and attitude though at rest with body erect and tail pointing
straight down they appear rather stolid and heavy. They are
eminently social and seek company, sidling along to perch beside a
companion and often resting so near that their bodies touch. Mated
pairs were especially attentive so that when one moved along the
other immediately followed to crowd against its companion. The
birds are very noisy and utter a variety of rather harsh chattering
notes in chorus. Wetmore did not succeed in identifying anything
that might be called a song.

Old nests regularly fall to the ground with the maturity and death
of the palm fronds that support them, this probably being the foun-
dation of the story that a band of two or three hundred gather
together to tear out old structures and cast them to the ground, a tale
for which there is little reason for credence.

2 Rev. Mag. Zool., 1851, p. 588.
2134—31 23

350 BULLETIN 155, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

On the mountains near Furcy the palm-chat builds in pine trees,
or other open trees and here makes smaller structures usually occu-
pied by two pairs, as the open limbs are not fitted to support the
large nest mass common in the lowland palms. Sometimes three or
four separate nests were placed in one tree, and on one occasion
Abbott found the nest of a grackle (Holoquiscalus) tacked on to the
side of a nest of the palm-chat. Wetmore observed palm-chats
investigating nests of the weaver-bird (TVewtor c. cucullatus) appar-
ently through curiosity.

The food of the palm-chat so far as known is vegetable. Wetmore
observed them eating blossoms of Cordia serrata and other flower-
ing plants, biting them off and swallowing them piecemeal or
entire. One bird swallowed four flowers of Cordia, twelve mm. in
width in rapid succession, swinging head down and reaching far
out to secure them or flying past a cluster of blossoms to cut one off
in passage without the slightest hesitation and then alighting to
swallow its catch. They also eat berries of various kinds in quan-
tity. Danforth found palm berries in the stomachs of those that he
shot. No complaint has been made of damage against them and at
present the species is not known to have any particular economic
importance. Baron de Wimpffen wrote in 1817 that the “ flesh is
said to be delicious” but it is not known that the palm-chat is
regularly hunted.

The palm-chat is one of the birds of the island that is parasitized
by a peculiar anthomyiid fly Philornis pict (Macquart) whose eggs
are laid on nestling birds and develop in a sac under the skin of
the head or wing. A. Busck*° described the larva of this fly from
a parasitized palm-chat shot September 8. The larva left the bird
the same day, burrowed in earth and made a cocoon from which
the adult insect emerged September 18. He found these parasites
common at San Francisco, Dominican Republic, the infestation in
small birds there amounting to nearly 90 per cent of the individuals
examined. The insects did not seem to cause injury that was neces-
sarily fatal as adult birds that he shot frequently showed a shrivelled
larval sac indicating that they had been parasitized in early life.
The iris in the palm-chat is reddish brown in both sexes.

An immature palm-chat taken by Abbott at Laguna on the Samana
Peninsula August 7, 1916, is fully grown but still retains the juvenal
dress on head and body. The markings and colors in general are
similar to those of the adult except that the feathers of the throat
and foreneck are almost entirely dark with only faint lighter edgings
and the rump is lighter being buffy brown.

* Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington, vol. 7, 1907, pp. 2-3,

THE BIRDS OF HAITI AND THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 351

The series of skins that we have examined shows much variation,
those from Haiti as a whole seeming slightly lighter and less heavily
streaked below than those from the Dominican Republic, particu-
larly when compared with skins from the Samana Peninsula which
are especially dark and heavily marked. There is evident tendency
toward geographic distinction in color but from the series examined
this is not expressed with sufficient definition to warrant the naming
of local races on Hispaniola proper, which may come later with
more detailed studies of local conditions and larger sets of skins.

As few sets of measurements of this species have been published
the following taken from an extensive series may be of interest:

Males, 17 specimens, wing 82.3-89.8 (86.3), tail 65.6-77.0 (69.8),
culmen from base 13.5-16.5 (15.1), tarsus 20.8-24.4 (22.3) mm.

Females, 15 specimens, wing 83.4-90.0 (86.8), tail 63.5-77.4 (68.3),
culmen from base 13.7-16.0 (15.0), tarsus 20.2-23.5 (22.2) mm.

The bird described by Swainson as Dulus nuchalis ** supposed to
have come from “ Brazil ” said to be “ above olive brown; nape with
a transverse bar of white; beneath cream color, with distinct stripes
of dark brown” has long been a puzzle since it has been believed
that it might be a distinct species with habitat not known. Bond
writes: *? “I have examined Swainson’s type of Dulus nuchalis in
the Cambridge (England) Museum. There is nothing remarkable
about the bird, the only difference in coloration being an ill-defined
and irregular spot of albinism on one side of the neck. Nuchalis,
therefore, must be considered synonymous with dominicus.”

The palm-chat is from 190 to 210 mm. in length with moderately
long tail and fairly strong bill somewhat curved at the base. The
bird is olive above with a greenish wash on the rump and upper
tail-coverts, and edgings of the same color on feathers of wings and
tail. The under surface is yellowish white broadly and distinctly
streaked with sooty brown. The species may always be identified
at its huge nests of sticks in the royal palms which differ wholly
from the structures built by any other of the small birds of the
island.

DULUS DOMINICUS OVIEDO Wetmore

GONAVE PALM-CHAT, OISEAU PALMISTE

Dulus dominicus oviedo Werrmorr, Proce. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. 42,
March 25, 1929, p. 117 (Picmy Gonave Island, Haiti).

Dulus dominicus, Bonp, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 80, 1928,
p. 509 (Gonave; local).

= Anim. Menag., 1838, p. 345.
= Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 80, 1928, p. 510.

352 BULLETIN 155, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

Gonave Island, resident.

The palm-chat of Gonave Island is grayer brown, less olive above,
has the rump and upper tail-coverts less extensively washed with
green, and averages somewhat larger, with heavier bill than the
form of the main island. The new race was described from seven
specimens taken at Picmy, a little village on the southeastern shores
of La Gonave on July 5, 1920, by W. L. Abbott. The series is quite
uniform in the characters noted and is approached in color and size
by only a few of the many specimens examined from Hispaniola
proper.

Following are measurements (in millimeters) of the Gonave series :

Males, five specimens, wing 90.4-92.2 (91.2) ; tail 72.3-80.7 (75.0) ;
culmen from base 15.6-16.8 (16.2) ; tarsus 21.0-23.1 (22.3).

Females, three specimens, wing 88.3-94.1 (90.9); tail 72.0-74.8
(73.0) ; culmen from base 16.2-17.3 (16.9) ; tarsus 22.1-24.1 (22.9).

This race is named in honor of Capt. Gonzalo Fernandez de
Oviedo y Valdés, first among the early historians of the New World,
who in his Historia General y Natural de las Indias, begun in 1526,
gave to the world many observations on natural history particularly
from Hispaniola where he resided for years. His account of the
paxaro comunero, as he termed the palm-chat is highly entertaining.

Abbott writes that the palm-chat is local on Gonave as on his first
visit he did not find it. On a later trip inland from Picmy along
a small stream where he found royal palms he located quite a large
colony of the birds and there collected his specimens. Bond says
that it is local in occurrence due probably to the few available palms
and other nesting trees. Poole and Perrygo collected it at Massacrin
on March 9, 1929.

- Family VIREONIDAE
Subfamily VIREONINAE

VIREO CRASSIROSTRIS TORTUGAE Richmond
TORTUE VIREO, OISEAU CANNE

Vireo crassirostris tortugae RicHMOND, Smithsonian Mise. Colls., vol. 68,
no. 7, July 12, 1917, p. 2 (Tortue Island, Haiti).—Bonp, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Philadelphia, vol. 80, 1928, p. 510 (Tortue; habits).—LONNBERe, Fauna och
Flora, 1929, p. 106 (Haiti).

Resident on Tortue Island, Haiti; common.

Abbott writes that he found these birds in pairs in dense bush,
but makes no further comment on their habits.

James Bond writes that this vireo “ occurs abundantly throughout
the island. In habits, song and nesting it resembles the northern
white-eyed vireo (V. griseus). March appeared to be the height of

THE BIRDS OF HAITI AND THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 353

the breeding season, as many as five nests being found during my two
weeks’ stay on the island during that month. These were placed
from about one to three feet above the ground, and contained one
fresh egg, two fresh eggs, three heavily incubated eggs, and three
young nearly ready to leave the nest, while one nest was empty, the
young having but recently flown. A single egg secured March 18th
measures 21.6 by 14.5 mm.” A nest that he collected is a cuplike
structure suspended, as usual in vireos, by the margin from a fork
at the end of a limb. It is made of strips of bark with a lining and
filling of leaves and other soft materials, with a very deep cup. The
occurrence of this vireo on Tortue is of considerable interest since
the species crassirostris, with four other geographic races, range
through the Bahama and Cayman Islands to Old Providence in the
Caribbean Sea. As Tortue is only fifty miles from Great Inagua
the separation here is not great, it being more remarkable that the
vireo has not crossed from Tortue to the coast of Haiti less than
five miles away.

Vireo crassirostris tortugae differs from Vireo c. crassirostris in
being tinged or washed with buff instead of yellow below, and in
having the upper surface buffy brown rather than grayish. It does
not require comparison with the other forms of crassirostris
(flavescens, alleni and approximans) as these are brighter colored,
being much more yellow. V. ¢. tortwgae is subject to considerable
plumage wear as the summer season advances, then appearing grayer
than in fresh dress. Even worn specimens are browner, however,
than crassirostris. ‘The twenty-one specimens available were taken
from January 30 to February 8, April 7 and 8, and June 29, 1917.
Measurements from this entire series show no appreciable difference
from crassirostris, the smaller size alleged in the original description
disappearing when a larger series is measured. Dimensions of
tortugae (in millimeters) are as follows:

Males, 17 specimens, wing 59.3-63.4 (61.5), tail 45.7-51.5 (48.9),
culmen from base 12.2-13.8 (12.9), tarsus 18.3-20.8 (19.8).

Females, 4 specimens, wing 57.0-63.3 (59.5), tail 44.3-46.8 (45.9),
culmen from base 12.4-13.6 (12.9), tarsus 19.5-20.3 (19.9).

Type, male, wing 62.7, tail 50.7, culmen from base 13.3, tarsus 19.8.

There is apparently some difference in eye color, due possibly to
age as Abbott has marked this on different specimens as pale yellow-
ish, grayish white, gray and dark gray. He indicates the bill as
lead color, blackish above, and the tarsi as leaden.

This vireo is from 129 to 136 mm. long, dull buffy brown above,
and whitish washed with buff (more heavily on the chest) below.
A yellowish white line extends from above the eye to the lores, and
there are two white wing bars.

354 BULLETIN 155, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
VIREO OLIVACEUS OLIVACEUS (Linnaeus)

JAMAICAN VIREO, BIEN-TE-VEO, QUIEN FUE, JULIAN CHIVI, OISEAU
CANNE, PETIT BANACHE

Muscicapa olivacea LINNAEUS, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, vol. 1, 1766, p. 327
(Jamaica).

Turdus hispaniolensis, Rirrer, Naturh. Reis. Westind. Insel Hayti, 1886,
p. 156 (Haiti, specimen) .—Hartiavs, Isis, 1847, p. 609 (listed).

Muscicapa altiloqua, VirErLot, Hist. Nat. Ois. Amér. Sept., vol. 1, 1807, p.
67 (“ Saint-Domingue”’).

Tyrannula altiloqua, HartTLAvs, Isis, 1847, p. 609 (listed).

Vireo altiloquus, SatLb, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1857, p. 231 (listed).

Vireo altiloquus barbatulus, Cory, Bull. Nuttall Ornith. Club, 1881, p. 152
(Haiti).

Vireo calidris, BRYANT, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 11, May, 1867, p. 93
(Dominican Republic, Haiti) —Cory, Birds Haiti and San Domingo, March,
1884, pp. 49-50 (Pétionville, Samana, specimens) ; Cat. West Indian Birds, 1892,
y. 115 (Haiti, Dominican Republic).—TirPpENHAUER, Die Insel Haiti, 1892, p.
821 (listed).—CHeErRRIE, Field Col. Mus., Ornith. ser., vol. 1, 1896, p. 13
(Dominican Republic, specimens) .—Ntcott, Ibis, 1904, p. 576 (specimen at sea
near island).—VeERRILL, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 61, 1909,
p. 364 (common). '

Vireosylva calidris calidris, PETERS, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zo6l., vol. 61, 1917, p. 417
(Monte Cristi, Sosfia, specimens).

Vireosylva olivaceus, LONNBERG, Fauna och flora, 1929, p. 106 (Gonave).

Vireosylvia olivacea, Ekman, Ark. fér Bot., vol. 22A, No. 16, 1929, p. 7
(Navassa).

Vireo olivacea olivacea, Bonn, Proce. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 80,
1928, p. 510 (Haiti, Gonave, and Tortue).

Vireo olivaceus olivaceus, DANForTH, Auk, 1929, p. 372 (habits, song, food).—
Motront, Att. Soc. Ital. Scienz. Nat., vol. 68, 1929, p. 821 (San Juan, specimens).

A breeding form, found on Gonave and Tortue as well as on the
main island.

The visitor to Hispaniola who is familiar with the birds of eastern
North America recognizes at once the Jamaican vireo through its
close similarity in song and habit to the red-eyed vireo of the North.
The species inhabits woodland growths and mangrove swamps in
both arid and humid sections, being rather universally distributed.
In the highlands it does not occur in the pine forests, and on La
Selle Wetmore did not record it on the summit of the high ridge of
that mountain system, though he observed it on the north face of
Morne Cabaio at 1,700 meters, and saw it also at Chapelle Faure in
Nouvelle Touraine. At Constanza and El Rio a few were found in
groves of deciduous trees. Strangely enough though this vireo was
seen at Las Cahobes and at Caracol none were found at Hinche on
the central plain during Wetmore’s stay there in April, though the
birds must occur there at times as the mockingbirds about the ex-
periment station, which so far as known are strictly resident, imi-
tated its song constantly. Possibly the vireo passes through this

THE BIRDS OF HAITI AND THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 355

section in spring migration. The Jamaican vireo finds dense semi-
arid scrubs much to its liking but at the same time ranges commonly
through such humid forests as clothe the hills of the Samana
Peninsula where rain is of almost daily occurrence and the vegeta-
tion below the exposed tree tops never dries.

In Porto Rico the Jamaican vireo is migrant arriving in February
and leaving in September. In the extensive series secured by Ab-
bott in Hispaniola the earliest spring record is that of one from
Tortue Island February 2, and the latest in fall one taken at Rojo
Cabo on the Samana Peninsula August 30. Hartert informs us
that there is a specimen in the Tring Museum taken by Kaempfer
in the Yuna swamps October 12, 1922. The species seems however
to remain here through the year as in an extensive series secured by
A. H. Verrill, now in the collection of J. H. Fleming, there are three
skins marked as taken at Sanchez December 22, 25 and 26, 1906,
two at Cafia Honda January 7 and 12, 1907, two at El Valle January
14 and 17, and a series at Sanchez from January 21 to 30. Bond re-
ports seeing two at Port-au-Prince December 26, 1927. Beck se-
cured specimens at Santo Domingo City October 3 to 24 and at
Sanchez November 3 to 18 and December 12, 1917. This matter of
winter occurrence is curious since it is certain that this vireo is
found in the Santa Marta region in Colombia at that season, and
that it leaves Porto Rico in winter. We are inclined to believe that
it is partially migrant in Hispaniola also, a supposition confirmed
by a report of M. J. Nicoll who on February 27, 1904 secured one
that flew about his vessel while passing to the south of the island
en route from Porto Rico to Jamaica, a bird that would seem to
be a migrant from the south. The matter of the occurrence of this
bird is one that should be given attention by naturalists who are on
the island during winter.

R. H. Beck secured four on Navassa Island, July 14 and 17, 1917,
that are in worn breeding dress. They appear browner, less green-
ish than ordinary but are not in condition for proper comparison.
Ekman recorded this species from Navassa in October, 1928.

The ordinary song of this vireo may be written as cher chereo,
a couplet that after a short pause is again repeated. Occasionally
this is varied somewhat but the bird has no extended repertoire. On
the hills back of Sanchez Wetmore found them abundantly dis-
tributed through the forest each male having its territory where it
moved about slowly or remained quietly perched uttering its song.
In the swamps of the Yuna and Barrancota they were also common.
Abbott secured a series on Gonave Island and another on Tortue,
so that apparently the birds are found there in numbers. Danforth
records them from Gonave reporting that the song there is different
from that heard on Hispaniola proper.

356 BULLETIN 155, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

On Tortue Island May 19, 1917, Abbott found a nest in a mangrove
four meters from the ground that contained three small young.
The nest is a cupped structure suspended by the margin in the fork
at the tip of a limb. It is made of rootlets, mosslike materials, and
bits of bark with rather thick walls, and is lined with brownish,
fibers. Sets of two and three eggs were collected on May 20 and 23,
1917, the eggs being white spotted very sparingly with minute to
moderate spots of black and blackish brown, these being found,
mainly at the larger end of the egg. The individual eggs of these
two sets were confused in cataloguing and may not now be separated.
The two eggs that may be measured have the following dimensions:
22.6 by 16.4 and 23.5 by 15.7 mm. The nest of the set secured May
20, suspended like the one described above in the fork at the tip
of a twig, is a much slighter structure than the first one and is made
largely of shredded bark padded heavily with cotton so that it is
conspicuously white. It was placed two meters from the ground.
Danforth found numerous nests containing from one to three eggs
on Gonave Island July 15 to 20, 1927, at heights of five to nine feet
from the ground. An adult male of this vireo taken at Sanchez,
May 9, 1927 by Wetmore had the maxilla and tip of mandible dull
slaty brown; iris reddish brown, and tarsus gray number 6 (of
Ridgway).

In the extensive series examined all specimens are referable to the
typical form, birds from Hispaniola agreeing closely with those of
Jamaica, those of Porto Rico averaging very faintly paler. Bangs
and Penard ** have shown that the specific name o/ivaceus, long in
use for the red-eyed vireo, must replace calidris current for the
present group, the appellation of the red-eyed vireo being changed
to Vireo virescens.

The Jamaican vireo is from 155 to 175 mm. in length, of slender
form, greenish above, duller and grayer on the head, and whitish
below, with a yellowish green wash on the sides and under tail
coverts, a prominent light streak above either eye, a blackish malar
stripe, and a grayish brown mark before the eye.

LAWRENCIA NANA (Lawrence)
FLAT-BILLED VIREO

Hmpidonax nanus LAWRENCE, Ibis, 1875, p. 886 (‘“ St. Domingo ”’=Dominican
Republic).—Cory, Birds Haiti and San Domingo, July 1884, pp. 82-83, col.
fig. (description, figure of head).—TippENHAUER, Die Insel Haiti, 1892, p. 321
(listed ).

Lawrencia Ringway, Auk, 1886, p. 382 (new genus for Hmpidonar nanus
Lawrence).

3 Bull. Mus. Comp. Zo6l., vol. 67, 1925, pp. 205-206,

THE BIRDS OF HAITI AND THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 357

Lawrencia nanus, Cory, Cat. West Indian Birds, 1892, p. 109 (Dominican
Republic).—VeErritt, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 61, 1909, p. 361
(Miranda, specimen).

Lawrencia nana, Ringway, U. 8. Nat. Mus. Bull. 50, pt. 4, 1907, p. 893 (desecrip-
tion, allocation to oscines).—PErEtTrERS, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zod6l., vol. 61, 1917, pp.
416-417 (Sostia, specimen).—Bonp, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 80,
1928, p. 511 (Gonave Island; northern Haiti).—DanrorrH, Auk. 1929, p. 370
(Gonave Island).—LGONNBERG, Fauna och Flora, 1929, p. 106 (Gonave).

Resident, locally distributed in both republics; found on Gonave
Island.

Though the present species was described as long ago as 1875 there
is still little known regarding it. The type secured in the Dominican
Republic by W. M. Gabb and preserved in the United States Nation-
al Museum, bears neither date nor locality as these were matters
considered at that day of no great importance. Verrill in 1909 wrote
of this bird “ extremely rare, found at Miranda only ” but seems not
to have collected any so that his record is open to doubt. The second
specimen so far as record goes was not obtained until 1916 when J. L.
Peters secured one at Sostia, Dominican Republic, on April 8. He
writes that the bird had “just flown across a little open stretch and
alighted in a small tree through which it was searching in a most
vireo-like manner when I shot it.” W. L. Abbott found the species
common on Gonave Island, Haiti, and there collected nine skins, four
of them February 20, 21 and 24, 1918, marked Gonave Island and five
March 6, 7 and 10 from Anse 4 Galets. He secured another at Port
Rincon, on the Samana Peninsula, Dominican Republic, August 16,
1919, and one at Mao, in the Yaqui Valley, February 24, 1921. He
writes that the birds were common on Gonave, being found in dense
brush near the foot of the hills, usually in pairs, and remarkably
tame. Under date of September 2, 1919 he reports others seen near
Sostia, Dominican Republic, but did not secure them. Hartert (in
a letter) says that there is a male in the Tring Museum taken by
Kaempfer at Tibano, Province of Azua, Dominican Republic, at 300
meters altitude on July 24, 1923. Danforth in 1927 found it fairly
common on Gonave where F. P. Mathews collected a male near Anse
a Galets July 20, which “ was perched on top of a bush, calling with
a fairly loud, unmusical trill.” James Bond in 1928 collected speci-
mens in Haiti which are in the Academy of Natural Sciences in
Philadelphia, a female at Magasin Caries, February 25, a breeding
male and another with sex not indicated at Port-de-Paix March 12
and 13, and others from Gonave February 5 and 8. He writes that
“ Lawrencia in habits and appearance resembles the white-eyed
vireos delighting as it does to creep about in low scrub, occasionally
hopping about on the ground in search of food. Only once did I
observe this bird fly at insects in the manner of a flycatcher, the snap

358 BULLETIN 155, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

of its bill on this occasion being distinctly audible. * * * The notes
of this vireo resemble a clear, whistled rather titmouse-like wét-wit-
wit-wit-wit, sometimes varied to a more rapid “ wi-wi-wi-wi-wi.”
Its note when scolding resembles that of V. griseus.” He did not find
nests but believed that they were breeding on the northern peninsula
in March, and on Gonave in May and June. Poole and Perrygo col-
lected one at Fort Liberté February 8, 1929. Wetmore in 1927 ob-
served the flat-billed vireo at two localities. On March 30 with Dr.
G. N. Wolcott near Mont Rouis as the motor car in which he rode
stopped beside the road a slender little bird appeared in a scrubby
tree, six meters away hopping and peering about in a leisurely way
in its search for insects. It was typically vireolike in action differ-
ing only in the more slender form, and longer tail than ordinary in
that group. The light eyes were easily evident. This individual
disappeared into heavier brush and could not be found again. It
was seen within 50 meters of the sea, near the base of a steep hill
where dense scrub grew in a stony soil beneath taller trees which now
were leafless. On May 7 at the summit of the hill above the town of
Sd4nchez, Dominican Republic, one came out of a dense tangle of
vines almost within reach in response to a squeak. It hopped about
in leisurely manner and flew with quick, certain flight strongly sug-
gesting a vireo. It disappeared soon in the dense tangle but later
was located again and collected. A low, whistled song of two notes
constantly repeated resembling wheury wheury wheury wheury and
so on for six or eight repetitions that came constantly from the same
dense tangles of vines he was inclined to attribute with some cer-
tainty to this species, though he failed to locate the singer, since he
was familiar with the notes of other birds found at this point and
recognized these as new to his experience. The one taken, an adult
female about to breed, had the iris dull ivory white; base of mandible
dull whitish, rest of bill dusky; tarsus and toes gray number 6 (of
Ridgway).

From scanty information at hand it appears that this species is
found principally among low limestone hills grown with scrub and
that it may occur in humid or arid sections, being perhaps more com-
mon in the latter.

There are two color phases in this species, one in which the lower
surface is strongly suffused with yellow, and one in which the under-
parts are white with only the faintest tinge of yellow in the center of
the abdomen. The yellow phase seems to predominate as ten of
twelve skins in the United States National Museum are of that color
and only two, one of them the type of the species, are white. White
and yellow birds are alike in size, and of the white phase one comes
from Gonave and one from the main island. Birds from Gonave do

THE BIRDS OF HAITI AND THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 9359

not differ appreciably from those of the main island. Following are
measurements taken from our series:

Males, 6 specimens, wing 55.4-59.5 (56.7), tail 48.4-55.5 (52.9),
culmen from base 9.5-10.4 (9.9), tarsus 18.5-20.9 (19.7) mm.

Females, 5 specimens, wing 54.5-57.0 (55.8), tail 51.2-53.1 (51.9),
culmen from base 9.1-10.5 (9.8), tarsus 18.1-19.8 (19.1) mm.

Type, sex not known, wing 54.6, tail 49.7 culmen from base 10.2,
tarsus 18.4 mm.

The affinities of this small bird have been a matter of some uncer-
tainty. The species was described in 1875 by George Newbold
Lawrence as ’mpidonax nanus and placed in the tyrant flycatchers,
Tyrannidae, evidently because of its flat bill. In 1886 Ridgway
separated it in another genus which he called Lawrencia in honor of
Lawrence, remarking that “ the type of this genus is exceedingly dif-
ferent in structure from any of the species of Xmpidonax.” He sug-
gested that in color it resembled “some of the Vireones especially
V. bell.” On reviewing the species ** critically again in connection
with his studies of the Tyrannidae Ridgway decided from examina-
tion of the wing structure and the form of the tarsal envelope and
foot that Lawrencia belonged in or near the family Vireonidae
though differing from recognized genera of Vireos in possessing a
broad, depressed bill of markedly triangular form.

Among specimens forwarded by Dr. W. L. Abbott to the collec-
tions of the National Museum there is a complete specimen and
a body in alcohol from Gonave Island. Dissection of the complete
bird has afforded opportunity for a comparative study to deter-
mine more definitely the relationships of the species. ‘These were
examined by Wetmore some years ago and an account of his find-
ings was presented before the A. O. U. meeting in Cambridge, Mass.,
in 1923. As for various reasons this account of the anatomy and
affinities of this bird has never been published it is pertinent to
include it here in some detail.

The alcoholic specimen examined had three rather prominent
rictal bristles on either side of the bill while the tips of the feathers
bordering the base of the maxilla were modified into setae. Both
upper and lower eyelids were bare save for a single row of small
marginal feathers on the upper lid and a double row on the lower
lid that merged into the densely feathered region of the lores. A
large roughly elliptical temporal space, characteristic of the osci-
nine Passeriformes occupied the side of the head posterior to the
auricular opening. (Fig. 1.) The spinal and ventral tracts were
differentiated on the side of the neck immediately below the ear

*% Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 1906, pp. 12-13, and U. S. Nat. Mus., Bull. 50, vol. 4,
1907, pp. 339, 892-893,

360 BULLETIN 155, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

where a rather broad apterium began. The spinal tract (pteryla
spinalis) was somewhat narrowed between the shoulders, and then
at the center of the scapulae, broadened gradually to form an
enlarged tract. This contracted suddenly behind with abrupt lat-
eral angles and a shallow posterior indentation on either side and con-
tinued in a double row of papillae to expand shghtly once more
behind the level of the femoral attachment on the pelvis, and finally
terminated at the base of the large oil gland. The oil gland
had a prominent naked nipple and was bare except for two or three
scattered down feathers. There was no trace of a median apterium
in the large dorsal rhombus of the spinal tract.

There were twelve rectrices. The upper coverts of all save the
center pair were normal and lay above the bases of the quills at their

FIGURE 2.—UPPER WING
MUSCLES OF THB FLAT-
BILLED VIREO LAw-

Ficurp 1.—DorsAau PTERY- RENCIA NANA. X 2
LOSIS OF THE FLAT-

BILLED VIREO LAWRENCIA
NANA. NATURAL SIZE.

outer margins. The median coverts were represented only by slender
filoplumes of which there were two on one side and three on the
other all growing from the integument above the inner margin of
the quill base on either side. There were thus ten fully developed
coverts and a series of filaments that may be considered as the aborted
remnants of two more. Other filoplumes were not found nearer than
the lower part of the spinal tract above the oilgland.

The humeral tract was three rows of papillae wide. In the wing
there were nine secondaries and ten primaries. The tenth (outer-
most) primary, while reduced in length and falcate in shape was
one-half the length of the ninth and was similar in form and relative
size to the tenth primary in the subgenus Vireo. The wing was
eutaxic. The ventral feather tracts beginning at the base of the bill
proceeded backward, broadened somewhat and then divided at a
point one-third of the total length of the neck above the shoulders.
After passing on to the breast these tracts expanded broadly, this

THE BIRDS OF HAITI AND THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 361

lateral extension continuing to opposite the base of the knee where
each tract was suddenly restricted and continued as a narrowed line
down the side of the abdomen, the two converging finally to meet
the circle of feathers surrounding the anal prominence.

The arrangement of the shoulder muscles was typical of that of
the oscinine Passeriformes according to present knowledge. ‘The
M. propatagialis longus (fig. 2) was free from the shoulder for a
short distance only before becoming tendinous. It received a very
slender slip from the /. cucullaris. The M. propatagialis brevis was
moderately strong in form, elliptically elongate and pointed. From
the slightly prolonged lower point came a slender tendon that
passed down and attached to the tendon of the MW. extensor meta-
carpi radialis longus, and then separating again passed inward to
insert on the ectepicondylar process of the humerus.

On the upper arm the M. deltoideus major brevis was strong and
heavy extending practically the full length of the humerus to insert
on the ectepicondylar process. The d/. deltoideus major longus was
likewise long and strong. It narrowed somewhat below, but did
not become tendinous. It inserted in fleshy fasciae at the base of
the ectepicondylar prominence behind the insertion of the tendon
of the brevis portion of this muscle.

The WM. latissimus dorsi was double, both anterior and posterior
portions being present, of which the latter was slightly the stronger.
The two were separated in origin as usual but converged rapidly and
met immediately after passing out over the scapula. At the point
where the two passed free from the I/. trapezius toward their attach-
ment on the humerus the anterior portion overlapped the posterior
and continued partly superimposed upon it.

In the Tyrannidae the arrangement of these muscles is different.
In Tolmarchus gabbii, a tyrannine form, the M. propatagialis brevis
is more moderate in development, extending only half way down
the humerus, with the lower end decidedly blunt. The slender
tendon extends from the outer margin of the blunt termination and
is attached below in the usual manner to the tendon of the W/. extensor
metacarpi radialis longus. The two tendons attach finally to the
ectepicondylar process very near one another the point of attachment
of the brevis lying above and external to the other. The disparity
in size between the two tendons beyond their point of attachment
is marked, that of the brevis being only about one third the bulk of
the other. The other shoulder muscles exhibit marked differences
from the condition described in Lawrencia nana. The iM. deltoideus
major brevis is quite heavy but extends only three-fifths of the
length of the humerus to insert on the humeral shaft. There is no
tendon proceeding down from it to the ectepicondylar process. The
M. deltoideus major longus also is partly aborted as it thins out,

362 BULLETIN 155, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

becomes attenuate below the middle of the humerus and finally passes
on as a very slender tendon 5 millimeters in length that as usual
inserts on the ectepicondylar process. The anterior and posterior
portions of the M. latissimus dorsi arise far apart and converge but
do not meet until after leaving the body to proceed toward their
attachment on the humerus. Both are rather slender. In another
New World flycatcher, Myiarchus dominicensis, the M. latissimus
dorsi show the same conformation. In such oscinine species, how-
ever, as Vireo virescens and Vireo crassirostris tortugae the deltoid
muscles are similar in development to those of Lawrencia nana. The
M. latissimi dorsi also have the same overlapping arrangement as
that described in Lawrencia.

The syrinx of Lawrencia nana is of the diacromyodian type. The
intrinsic muscles insert on the dorsal and ventral end of the first
bronchial semiring. The single pair of extrinsic muscles is very
slender. In Vireo flavifrons the extrinsic muscles are likewise
slender and attenuate. The intrinsic muscles are flattened. Dorsally
their attachment is to the end of the second bronchial semiring and
ventrally to the end of the first semiring.

For comparison a description of the anisomyodian type of syrinx
found in the Tyrannidae is given. In Tyrannus tyrannus the ex-
trinsic muscles are cylindrical and in contrast to those in the
oscinine birds just described are strong and well developed. The
intrinsic muscles form an enlarged rounded mass on either side.
From this an elongation is inserted on the dorsal end of the second
bronchial semiring alone. ‘The development of these muscles in
Tyrannus verticalis is the same.

The viscera in perching birds at present offer no known points
of value for classification but may be described in Lawrencia to com-
plete this account. The right lobe of the liver is slightly longer than
the left but the two are nearly equal in bulk as the left portion has
a somewhat broader lateral extension than the right. A gall
bladder is present under the right lobe and there are two hepatic
ducts that enter the ascending arm of the duodenum below its an-
terior end. The pancreas has a single lobe included in the loop
of the duodenum but only loosely attached to the gut. The intes-
tine as a whole measures 115 millimeters in length, while the long
intestine, extending from the caeca to the anus is 8 millimeters
long. The caeca are paired, ear-shaped lobes about 2.5 millimeters
in length and 2 millimeters broad that project as rounded, nodular
prominences from the sides of the ventral surface of the intestine.
The stomach appears strong and muscular. The ventricular por-
tion measures 8 millimeters by 10 millimeters.

In the skull of Zawrencia there is distinct agreement with the
vireos in the form of the free end of the vomer which is not incised,

THE BIRDS OF HAITI AND THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 363

in the large single opening, forming the anterior passage from the
orbit above the mesethmoid, in the shape of the transpalatines in
which the outer margin curls upward as a scroll, and in the form
and position of the foramina of the occipital veins.

From the other genera of vireos Lawrencia differs extremely in
the broad, depressed, triangular bill the width of which at the
frontal antiae is more than twice the depth at this point. The elon-
gated, slender tarsus is also striking. In the skull the face is dis-
tinctly broader, the lower margin of the lachrymals extending out-
ward only to the inner margin of the zygoma, and the outer margin
of the processus maxillaris of the premaxilla being distinctly convex.

It is easily apparent that Lawrencia is a somewhat peculiar mem-
ber of the Vireonidae.

The flat-billed vireo is from 125 to 185 mm. long with slender
form and long tail. Above it is greenish olive gray, with whitish
lores and a whitish ring around the eye. The wings are dusky, the
feathers being margined faintly with whitish, with a broad band of
white across the ends of the primary coverts. Below the bird is
white or light yellow.

Family COEREBIDAE
Subfamily COEREBINAE

COEREBA BANANIVORA BANANIVORA (Gmelin)

HISPANIOLAN HONEY-CREEPER, SIiGUITA, SUCRIER, BANANISTE, PETIT
SERIN, BANANE MURE

Motacilla bananivora GMELIN, Syst. Nat., vol. 1, pt. 2, 1789, p. 951 (“insulae
S. Dominici ”=Hispaniola).

Bananiste, Burron, Hist. Nat. Ois., vol. 5, 1778, pp. 332-834 (description).

Sucrier (part), MoNTBEILLARD, in Buffon, Hist. Nat. Ois., vol. 5, 1778, pp. 543,
545 (“ Saint-Domingue”’).

Certhiola, Hartiavs, Isis, 1847, p. 609 (listed).—Sarx&, Proc. Zool. Soe.
London, 1857, p. 233 (listed).

Certhia flaveola, Rirrer, Naturh. Reis. Westind. Insel Hayti, 1836, p. 155
(specimen).

Certhiola Clusiae “ Wiirttemberg” Harrnaus, Naumannia, 1852, p. 56
(Haiti).

Certhiola cluciae, Cory, Bull. Nuttall Ornith. Club, 1881, p. 151 (locally
abundant).

Certhiola bananivora, BRYANT, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 11, May,
1867, p. 95 (Dominican Republic, Haiti).—Cory, Birds Haiti and San Domingo,
March, 1884, pp. 41-48, col. fig. (description of nest; Puerto Plata, Samana,
Pétionville, specimens).—TIPPENHAUER, Die Insel Haiti, 1892, p. 321 (listed). —
TRISTRAM, Cat. Coll. Birds belonging H. B. Tristram, 1889, p. 218 (Samana,
Rivas, specimens).—Curisty, Ibis, 1897, p. 821 (Sanchez, description of
tongue) .—CrirerRi, Seg. Inf. An. Est. Nac. Agr. Moca, 1927, p. 6 (listed).

Coereba bananivora, Cory, Cat. West Indian Birds, 1892, p. 116 (Haiti,
Dominican Republic). —Cuerrim, Field Col. Mus., Ornith. ser., vol. 1, 1896, p. 12

364 BULLETIN 155, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

(nesting).—VERRILL, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 61, 1909, p. 364
(Dominican Republic).—Prrrers, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 61, 1917, p. 423
(Monte Cristi, Sostia, specimens).—Karmprer, Journ. fiir Ornith., 1924, p. 184
(Dominican Republic).—Brese, Zool. Sce. Bull., vol. 30, 1927, p. 141; Beneath
Tropic Seas, 1928, p. 223 (Haiti) —Bonp, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia,
vol. 80, 1928, pp. 511-512 (Haiti) —DanrorryH, Auk, 1929, p. 372 (generally dis-
tributed; Gonave).—LONNBERG, Fauna och Flora, 1929, p. 108 (Haiti).—
Motrtont, Att. Soe. Ital. Scienz. Nat., vol. 68, 1929, p. 322 (Haina, San Juan,
specimens).

Resident, locally common, more particularly in sections with
plentiful rainfall; found on Gonave and Petite Cayemite Islands.

The honey-creeper is commonly distributed through the island be-
ing found especially where abundant rainfall produces suitable cover
of vegetation. It ranges from sea-level to the tops of the mountains
in both republics as it has been recorded from the summit of La Selle
and from the mountains above Constanza and El Rio. In the up-
lands it inhabits deciduous growths and does not range among the
pines except where its usual habitat is afforded by trees and bushes
growing along little streams. Wetmore did not record it during his
brief stay near Hinche in 1927 but it is possible that it is found
locally in areas of brush in that vicinity. Though usually common
the bird is somewhat retiring so that it may be easily overlooked
except by those familiar with its high-pitched, insect-like song. It
seems especially common over the southwest peninsula of Haiti and
the Samana peninsula in the Dominican Republic. Abbott found it
common on Gonave Island, and secured a male on Petite Cayemite
Island January 13, 1918. Danforth in 1927 records it as fairly com-
mon on Gonave where he found a nest containing one egg July 17.
Poole and Perrygo collected skins in 1929 at Plaine Mapou and
Massacrin on Gonave.

These birds feed regularly at blossoms of many kinds being espe-
cially fond of the banana. Though much of the food is nectar they
also consume quantities of minute insects and spiders. Peters reports
that at Monte Cristi they feed extensively at the flowers of the agave.

The breeding season extends over a considerable part of the year.
Peters secured young not more than two months old at Monte Cristi
between February 7 and 21, and an incubating female at Sosta
March 30, 1916. Cherrie found male and female busily carrying
nesting material at Santo Domingo City February 15, 1895, and
Cory describes a nest found May 1, 1883 (probably at Samana,
though this is not stated) in deep woods, placed at the end of a
long limb, containing two fresh eggs. On May 9, 1917 W. L. Ab-
bott collected a set of three eggs (of which one was lost) at Petit
Port a l’Ecu. The nest, placed in a bush one and one-half meters
from the ground, is the globular structure usual in this genus, rough-
ly 100 mm. in diameter, entirely enclosed, with a small opening in

THE BIRDS OF HAITI AND THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 365

one side. This nest is constructed of weed stems, filaments of moss,
grasses, and small leaves, mingled with occasional masses of spider
webbing, lined with softer materials of the same kind. The nest
wall is thickened at the side below the opening to form a sort of
threshold being only half as thick elsewhere. The two elliptical
eggs are dull white heavily marked with suffused markings of verona
brown which while heaviest at the large end cover the entire sur-
face concealing most of the light background. One of the eggs is
broken so that it can not be measured, the other is seemingly a
“runt ” egg measuring only 14.9 by 11.2 mm. Another nest was
collected by Abbott at Lajana, Dominican Republic, on the south
side of Samana Bay. This structure was placed at the tip of a limb
in a thorny bush growing in a cleft in a limestone cliff a meter and a
half above the sea. It is generally similar to the one described
above but is made of coarser materials with very little spider web-
bing. It contained one egg colored like those described above but
with the spotting confined mainly to the larger end of the egg with
only scattered markings below. This egg measures 16.0 by 12.5 mm.
Abbott remarks that nests of this bird are often suspended on lianas
swinging over paths or open places in the woods from two to three
meters from the ground. Wetmore found a nest May 11, 1927 at
San Lorenzo, Dominican Republic suspended at the tip of a limb a
little more than a meter from the ground in jungle on a steep hillside.
The nest was a ball of grasses and bark shreds with a smooth,
round entrance beneath. It contained three hard-set eggs only one
of which could be properly preserved. This has the white back-
ground almost entirely obscured by suffused markings of natal brown
and measures 17.5 by 13.0 mm. Bond records that he found the
honey-creeper breeding for the entire period of his stay on the island
from January to June 1928.

The honey creeper regularly uses the old nests as roosts. At the
home of Dr. George F. Freeman in Port-au-Prince at the end of
March and during April Wetmore observed one of these birds on a
number of occasions as it retired for the night. Almost invariably
it flew up from dense brush across the street to rest with flitting
wings on a telephone wire for a few minutes and then suddenly
pitched down into a casuarina and entered a nest six meters from
the ground near the tip of a drooping limb where it was distin-
guished with difficulty from the abundant epiphytes that clothed the
branches about it.

The honey-creeper measures from 100 to 112 mm. in length and
has a short tail and a slender, strongly decurved bill. It is sooty
brown above with a white line over the eye and a white spot on the
wing, dark gray on the throat and foreneck, and yellow on the

2134—31 24

366 BULLETIN 155, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

breast. Immature individuals have the throat and line over the
eye yellowish, and the underparts dull grayish white.

COEREBA BANANIVORA NECTAREA Wetmore
TORTUE HONEY-CREEPER, PETIT SERIN

Coereba bananivora nectarea WrETMORE, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. 42,
March 25, 1929, p. 118 (Tortue Island, Haiti).

Resident on Tortue Island, Haiti.

The honey-creeper of Tortue Island differs from that of Hispaniola
proper in having the throat and foreneck slightly darker gray. This
difference was noted when the series from Hispaniola secured by
Abbott was first examined, and was verified by a specimen secured
March 238, 1928 by James Bond, now in the Philadelphia Academy
of Natural Sciences. In other respects the Tortue bird seems similar
to that of the main island. Following are measurements of the two
males in the United States National Museum: Wing 58.0 *°—58.5
(58.3), tail 33.9 *°-35.38 (84.6), culmen from base 12.5-13.0%* (12.8),
tarsus 17.0-17.2*° (17.1) mm.

A female in the Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences has
the wing 58.1, tail 54.4, culmen from base 12.9 and tarsus 16.4 mm.

A nest collected by Abbott, not occupied at the time, is a ball made
of the gray moss common in the trees of many localities, lined with
weed stems and grasses.

Family COMPSOTHLYPIDAE *

MNIOTILTA VARIA (Linnaeus)
BLACK AND WHITE WARBLER, PETIT CHIT

Motacilla varia Linnarus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, vol. 1, 1766, p. 333
(Hispaniola).

Black and white warbler, Beck, Nat. Hist., vol. 21, 1921, p. 41 (Loma Tina).

Ficedula Dominicensis varia Brisson, Ornith., vol. 3, 1760, pp. 529-531, pl.
27, fig. 5 (“S. Domingue”).

Sylvicola varia, Bryant, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 11, May, 1867,
p. 91 (Haiti).

Mniotilia, Hartiavs, Isis, 1847, p. 609 (listed).

Mniotilta varia, Cory, Bull. Nuttall Ornith. Club, 1881, p. 151 (Haiti) ; Birds
Haiti and San Domingo, March, 1884, pp. 23-24 (winter); Cat. West Indian
Birds, 1892, p. 117 (Haiti, Dominican Republic).—Tristram, Ibis, 1884, p. 168
(Dominican Republic, specimen).—TIppENHAUER, Die Insel Haiti, 1892, p. 321
(listed).—Cuerriz, Field Col. Mus., Ornith. ser., vol. 1, 1896, p. 11 (Dominican
Republic, specimens).—VeErRRILL, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 61,
1909, p. 364 (Dominican Republic).—Perrrers, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zodél., vol. 61,
1917, p. 423 (Rio San Juan, specimen; Sostia).—Brrgsr, Zool. Soc. Bull., vol.

% Type.

%°The following apparently refers to wood warblers which may not be identified
specifically.

Pivionets, Saint-Méry, Descrip. Part. Frang. fle Saint-Domingue, vol. 1, 1797, p. 717
(Port-de-Paix).

THE BIRDS OF HAITL AND THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 367

30, 1927, p. 141; Beneath Tropic Seas, 1928, p. 223 (Haiti, specimens).—Bonp,
Proce. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 80, 1928, p. 512 (winter).—ExKmaAn, Ark.
for Bot., vol. 22A, No. 16, 1929, p. 7 (Navassa).—Mottoni, Att. Soc. Ital
Seienz. Nat., vol. 68, 1929, p. 322 (San Juan, specimens).

Winter visitant from North America; fairly common.

The black and white warbler is one of the migrant horde of small
birds that in fall swarms southward through the West Indies, com-
ing regularly to spend the winter in Hispaniola. It is told easily
from its relatives by its black and white streaked plumage, and by
its habit of running over the limbs and trunks of trees where it
clings easily to the bark with its sharp claws often from the under
side of branches. It may occur anywhere through the island where
there is suitable tree growth.

This species is another of the group that have Hispaniola as the
type locality since Linnaeus based his Latin name for it on the ac-
count of Brisson who described a specimen sent by Chervain to de
Reaumur.

The first definite record for the Dominican Republic seems to be
a skin sent by C. McGrigor to Canon Tristram. Cherrie speaks of
collecting nine in the southern part of the Dominican Republic from
January 22 to April 21, 1895, but does not cite localities. In the
collection of J. H. Fleming there are the following specimens secured
by A. H. Verrill in 1907: Sanchez, January 21, February 28, March
6 and 9; Samana, January 31, February 4 and 7, and Cayo Levan-
tado, opposite Samana, February 14. Beck reports the black and
white warbler from Loma Tina in the high interior February 3,
1917, and collected one at Santo Domingo City September 27, 1916.
Peters found it rather uncommon along the north coast, securing
one at Rio San Juan, and seeing a few others near Sosta. W. L.
Abbott collected a female at Laguna on the Samana Peninsula
March 7, 1919, and a male at Polo in the Bahoruco Mountains,
February 26, 1922. Ciferri secured skins near San Juan at Sabana
San Thomé September 29 and October 25, 1928, and at Corral de
los Indios October 7, 1928.

Though it is probable that the specimen mentioned as collected by
Chervain came from Haiti the first definite record from that republic
is of two birds that A. E. Younglove secured at Port-au-Prince,
March 7 and April 13, 1866, and sent to the Smithsonian Institution.
Cory found this species in 1881, and Bartsch in 1917 recorded it at
Thomazeau April 2, and Gloré April 8. Abbott reported it for
Tortue Island, and Beebe records it as common in 1927 when he shot
several. Wetmore in 1927 saw two on the outskirts of Port-au-Prince
March 29, one at Fond-des-Négres March 31, one at Etang
Miragoane April 1, and one on the very summit of Morne La Visite
in the Massif de La Selle at 2100 meters elevation on April 13. At

368 BULLETIN 155, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

Hinche a male was taken April 20 and a female seen April 23.
Bond records it at Port-au-Prince and on Gonave, and Poole and
Perrygo collected specimens at St. Michel January 14, St. Raphael
January 11, Dondon January 19, Fort Liberté February 16, Pont
Sondé February 27, St. Mare February 25, Plaine Mapou, Gonave
Island March 12, and Cerca-la-Source March 21 and 24, 1929; at
the latter point it was plentiful. Ekman found it on Navassa
Island in October, 1928.

The black and white warbler is from 115 to 130 mm. long with
jong, slender bill. The plumage is streaked black and white both
above and below in the male, and white with faint dusky streaks on
the sides in the female.

COMPSOTHLYPIS AMERICANA PUSILLA (Wilson)
NORTHERN PARULA WARBLER, PETIT CHIT

Sylvia pusilla Wiztson, Amer. Ornith., vol. 4, 1811, p. 71, pl. 28, fig. 8 (Eastern
Pennsylvania).

Sylvia torquata, VrerttotT, Hist. Nat. Ois. Amér. Sept., vol. 2, 1807, p. 38
(“ Saint-Domingue’’). >

Parula americana, Cory, Bull. Nuttall Ornith. Club, 1881, p. 151 (Gonaives,
Port-au-Prince) ; Birds Haiti and San Domingo, March, 1884, pp. 24-25 (win-
ter ).—TRISTRAM, Ibis, 1884, p. 168 (Dominican Republic, specimen ) ; Cat. Coll.
Birds belonging H. B. Tristram, 1889, p. 174 (Rivas, specimen). —TrPppENHAUER,
Die Insel Haiti, 1892, p. 321 (listed).

Parula americana, VERRILL, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 61, 1909,
p. 364 (Dominican Republic).—Cory, Cat. West Indian Birds, 1892, p. 117
(Haiti, Dominican Republic).—CuHerrir, Field Col. Mus., Ornith. ser., vol. 1,
1896, p. 11 (Dominican Republic, specimens).

Compsothlypis americana usneae, PETERS, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zod6l., vol. 61,
1917, p. 423 (Monte Cristi)—Brersr, Zool. Soc. Bull., vol. 80, 1927, p. 141; Be-
neath Tropic Seas, 1928, pp. 53, 223 (Haiti, specimen).

Compsothlypis americana pusilla, Bonp, Proce. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia,
vol. 80, 1928, p. 512 (Haiti, Gonave).—Motrtonr, Att. Soc. Ital. Scienz. Nat.,
vol. 68, 1929, p. 8322 (San Juan, specimens).

Winter visitant from North America; common.

The parula warbler is found in groves and forests where it works
actively about in its search for insect food. It is common at times,
particularly in the Dominican Republic.

Specimens sent to Tristram, in 1884 without locality by C. Me-
Grigor, and from Rivas in 1887 by A. S. Toogood seem to be the
earliest records for the Dominican Republic. Cherrie recorded it
until April 2, 1895, but saw none after that date. He collected 18
and says that he observed it at all points that he visited except
Maniel. Verrill took numerous specimens, now in the collection of
J. H. Fleming, dates being as follows: Samani, December 27, 1906,
January 22, 26, 80 and 31, February 2, 3, 9, 18, and 20, and March 1
and 5, 1907; Cafia Honda December 30, 1906, and January 1, 5, and

, 1907; El Valle, January 15, 16 and 18, 1907; and Rio San Juan

THE BIRDS OF HAITI AND THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 369

February 1, 1907. Peters saw only one, a bird shot at Monte Cristi
February 10. Abbott shot a male at Sanchez October 23, 1916.
Ciferri secured skins at Sabana San Thomé, near San Juan, October
21 and 23, 1928.

Vieillot at the end of the eighteenth century said that it was
very common in “Saint-Domingue” his records probably referring
to what is now Haiti. Cory recorded it at Gonaives and Port-au-
Prince in 1881, and Bartsch in 1917 saw one near the Etang Sau-
matre on April 3, 1917. W. L. Abbott reports the bird as common
in migration, and in 1917 secured one on Tortue Island January
30, and one near Jérémie November 24. Beebe collected one, and
Wetmore in 1927 observed the species at Fonds-des-Négres March
31, and April 5, taking one on the latter date, and one at L’Acul,
April 4. Bond records it from Gonave Island without date. Poole
and Perrygo shot specimens at St. Michel January 14, Pont Sondé
February 27, and at En Café, Gonave Island March 6, 7, and 12, 1929.

The parula warbler is from 112 to 122 mm. in length with the
upper parts grayish, and a greenish yellow patch on the back. The
throat and breast are yellow, with a blackish cross band in males
sometimes mingled with rufous, the abdomen is white and there
are two white wing bars.

DENDROICA PETECHIA ALBICOLLIS (Gmelin)

HISPANIOLAN GOLDEN WARBLER, PETIT OISEAU MANGLIERS

Motacilla albicollis GMELIN, Syst. Nat., vol. 1, pt. 2, 1789, p. 983 (“S.
Dominici ’ Hispaniola).

Motacilla, chloroleuca, GMELIN, Syst. Nat., vol. 1, pt. 2, 1789, p. 984 (“S.
Dominici Hispaniola).

Ficedula Dominicensis Brisson, Ornith., vol. 3, 1760, pp. 494-496, pl. 26, fig.
5 (“S. Domingue’’).

Ficedula Dominicensis minor Brisson, Ornith., vol. 3, 1760, pp. 496-498, pl.
26, fig. 2 (‘“S. Domingue’’).

Figuier 4 Gorge Blanche, Burron, Hist. Nat. Ois., vol. 5, 1778, p. 287 (based
on Ficedula Dominicensis Brisson).

Figuier Vert & Blanc, Burron, Hist. Nat. Ois., vol. 5, 1778, pp. 289-290 (based
on Ficedula Dominicensis minor Brisson).

Sylvia aestiva, Viettiot, Hist. Nat. Ois. Amér. Sept., vol. 2, 1807, p. 35
(“ Saint-Domingue ”).—Rittrr, Naturh. Reis. Westind. Insel Hayti, 1836, p.
156 (specimen).

Dendroica p. petechia, BEEBE, Zool. Soc. Bull., vol. 30, 1927, p. 141; Beneath
Tropic Seas, 1928, p. 223 (Haiti).

Dendroica petechia albicollis, BArTscH, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. 39,
July 27, 1917, p. 1382 (separated as distinct race).—Perrters, Bull. Mus. Comp.
Zool., vol. 61, October, 1917, pp. 421-423 (discussion) ; Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash-
ington, vol. 40, March 5, 1927, pp. 34-85 (description, synonymy).—Bonp, Proc.
Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 80, 1928, p. 512 (Port-au-Prince, Sources
Puantes, Caracol, Fort Liberté, Tortue Island).—DanrortH, Auk, 1929, pp.,
372-373 (Monte Cristi, Port-au-Prince, Les Salines).—LONNBERc, Fauna och
Flora, 1929, p. 108 (Haiti).

370 BULLETIN 155, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

Resident locally in the coastal mangrove swamps.

The golden warbler is probably more common than present
records indicate since it lives in mangrove swamps that few observ-
ers enter except to skirt the edges of the interlacing growth of roots
and stems that stand in mud and water. Here in a humid atmos-
phere, cut off from cooling breezes, with the heat at times almost
suffocating there may be heard a sudden outburst of song that often
comes from such dense tangles that the singer may not be seen. At
some alarm however a beautiful golden yellow bird may appear for
a few seconds, gleaming amid the heavy green of the leaves behind
which it disappears as soon as its curiosity is satisfied.

Peters, the first to record this bird in the Dominican Republic, se-
cured three near Monte Cristi February 16 and 17, 1916, these being
the only ones seen. Wetmore collected a male May 11, 1927, in
mangroves at San Lorenzo Bay. Danforth says that in 1927 golden
warblers were fairly common in mangroves at Monte Cristi, and in
a dry creek bed near the sea between Monte Cristi and Dajabon.

Two of the older descriptions by Brisson, namely his Picedula
Dominicensis, and Ficedula Dominicensis minor are of uncertain
geographic assignment as they are based on birds sent by Chervain
to de Reaumur marked simply “S. Domingue.” They may have
come from the area known now as Haiti but this may not be cer-
tainly said. Vieillot, who confused this species with the yellow
warbler of North America, also listed it from “ Saint-Domingue ”
without giving certain locality.

The first specimen definitely assigned to Haiti is one listed by
Ritter in 1836. There are two in the United States National Mu-
seum taken at Port-au-Prince March 3, 1866, by A. E. Younglove.
Bartsch found the golden warbler near Jérémie April 15 and 16,
1917, and collected one near St. Mare April 21, and four near Port-
au-Prince April 25. Beebe recorded it in 1927 without definite
locality, and in that same year Wetmore saw one at Sources Puantes
March 29, and found the bird common at Aquin April 3 and Caracol
April 27, collecting an adult female at the latter locality. Abbott
secured two at Port 4 l’Ecu June 26,1917. Danforth in 1927 found
a few near Port-au-Prince and numerous individuals near Les
Salines. Bond records the golden warbler from Port-au-Prince,
“Sulphur Springs” (=Sources Puantes), Caracol, and Fort Lib-
erté and Tortue Island. Poole and Perrygo secured an excellent
series on Tercero, Ratas, Toruru and Monte Chico Islands in the
Seven Brothers group from January 29 to February 4, and col-
lected one at Fort Liberté February 8, 1929.

The differences between the golden warblers of Hispaniola and of
Jamaica, which according to J. L. Peters is to be know as Dendroica

THE BIRDS OF HAITI AND THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 371

petechia eoa (Gosse **) were first indicated by Bartsch in July,
1917, and a few weeks later were discussed more fully by Peters.
The more extended series examined by Wetmore bears out fully the
distinctness of the Hispaniolan form, which differs from the bird of
Jamaica in being highter and more golden yellow, less olive yellow
above, with the forepart of the crown more orange, and less rufes-
cent, the yellow of the underparts more intense, and the size slightly
smaller.

Following are measurements of our series of albicollis.

Eighteen males, wing 59.3-64.5 (62.5), tail 47.3-53.0 (50.5), cul-
men from base 11.0-13.3 (12.6), tarsus 19.9-22.0 (21.0) mm.

Five females, wing 57.8-63.0 (60.3), tail 47.8-50.2 (49.2), culmen
from base 11.2-13.2 (12.4), tarsus 19.8-21.0 (20.6) mm.

The few localities now known at which the golden warbler has
been found can hardly represent the true range of the bird in
Hispaniola. It should occur along the coast wherever there are
extensive growths of mangroves.

The golden warbler is from 180 to 145 mm. long. The male is
rich yellow below, streaked more or less distinctly with bright
reddish brown, and bright yellowish olive green above, with the
forehead washed with deep orange. The inner webs of the tail
feathers are yellow. Females are duller in color and do not have
the streaks or the orange color on the crown. Young are whitish
below.

DENDROICA PETECHIA SOLARIS Wetmore
GONAVE GOLDEN WARBLER, PETIT OISEAU MANGLIERS

Dendroica petechia solaris WETMORE, Smithsonian Misc. Colls., vol. 81, no. 13,
May 15, 1929, p. 1 (Etroites, Gonave Island).

Dendroica petechia albicollis, Bonp, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol.
80, 1928, p. 512 (part, Gonave Island).—DaNrortH, Auk, 1929, pp. 3872-873
(part, Gonave Island).—LGONNBERG, Fauna och Flora, 1929, p. 108 (Gonave).

Gonave Island; resident.

We have before us nineteen specimens of solaris all collected by
Abbott. Two are marked February 25, 1918, and come from La
Mahotiere on the south coast. At Etroites specimens were secured
March 16, 17, 18, 19, and 20, and at Picmy one was taken July 7,
1920. Danforth found young on the wing in July, 1927. Bond lists
the golden warbler as found on Gonave Island, and it seems to be
common where there are growths of mangroves suitable for it.

Birds from Gonave Island when compared in series with D. p.
albicollis appear slightly lighter above, with the yellow less clear,
and also a little paler below than those from the main island, this
color difference being more evident in females than in males. Gonave

87 See Peters, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. 40, March 5, 1927, pp. 32-34.

BY BULLETIN 155, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

birds in the series at hand are also very slightly larger as the follow-
ing will indicate:
Ten males from Gonave Island, wing 64.2-68.0 (65.9), tail 50.0-

57.0 (52.1), culmen from base 12.3-18.1°8 (12.8), tarsus 20.5-22.3
(21.3) mm.

Seven females from Gonave Island, wing 61.3-63.2 (62.2), tail
46.9-51.0 (48.9), culmen from base 11.5-12.9 (12.2), tarsus 21.2-22.0
(21.4) mm.

Type specimen, male, wing 67.0, tail 57.0, culmen from base 12.5,
tarsus 21.5 mm.

In size and brighter color the present race shows approach to
D. p. eoa of Jamaica but is less golden yellow, with the dark colora-
tion of the anterior part of the crown rufescent rather than orange
brown.

In the collection from Picmy, Gonave Island there is a bird in full
juvenal plumage taken by Abbott July 7, 1920. Above this individ-
ual is light brownish olive, somewhat more yellowish on the crown;
lores, a line over the eye and a line of feathers across the lower
eyelid pale olive-buff; ear-coverts deep olive-buff; wing quills dull
blackish, with proximal half of primaries margined with yellowish
citrine; distal half of primaries and secondaries edged with whitish;
greater wing coverts blackish tipped’ and edged with cartridge buff
to form a wing bar; middle and lesser coverts light yellowish olive,
the former edged with cartridge buff to form a second wing bar;
rectrices blackish edged externally with olive-yellow, this color espe-
cially prominent toward the base; inner webs of recirices strontian
yellow; throat and under tail coverts olive-buff; breast deep olive
buff; abdomen pale olive-buff ; under wing-coverts and inner margins
of primaries citron yellow. One adult female has patches of grayish
white on the throat and chest. The type specimen of the race
(No. 278738, U.S.N.M.) was taken at Etroites March 18, 1920.

DENDROICA TIGRINA (Gmelin)
CAPE MAY WARBLER, PETIT CHIT

Motacilla tigrina Gmetin, Syst. Nat., vol. 1, pt. 2, 1789, p. 985 (Canada).

? Figuier & gorge jaune, Burron, Hist. Nat. Ois., vol. 5, 1778, pp. 288-289
(“ Saint-domingue’’).

? Ficedula Ludoviciana Brisson, Ornith., vol. 8, 1760, pp. 500-502, pl. 26,
fig. 4. (‘“‘ Saint-domingue’’).

Sylvia tigrina, Virmior, Hist. Nat. Ois. Amér. Sept., vol. 2; 1807, p. 34
(migrant).

Sylvia maritima, Rrrrer, Naturh. Reis. Westind. Insel Hayti, 1836, p. 156
(specimen ).

Sylvicola tigrina, BRYANT, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 11, May, 1867,
p. 91 (Haiti).
Thinnest teeter ec ee Se ce ee ee ee ee

88 Average of nine.

THE BIRDS OF HAITI AND THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 373

Perissoglossa tigrina, TRIstTRAM, Cat. Coll. Birds belong. H. B. Tristram, 1889,
p. 174 (Dominican Republic).

Dendroeca tigrina, Cory, Bull. Nuttall Ornith. Club, 1881, p. 151 (Haiti) ;
Birds Haiti and San Domingo, March, 1884, pp. 25-26 (winter) .—TIpPpENHAUER,
Die Insel Haiti, 1892, pp. 320, 321 (listed).

Dendroica tigrina, Cory, Cat. West Indian Birds, 1892, p. 117 (Haiti,
Dominican Republic) —Currrim, Field Columbian Mus., Ornith. ser., vol. 1,
1896, p. 11 (specimens).—VeERRILL, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 61,
1909, p. 865 (believed to breed).—PerteErs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zo6l., vol. 61, 1917,
p. 421 (Monte Cristi, Jaibén, Sosfa, Arroyo Savana).—BreEsBE, Zool. Soc. Bull.,
vol. 30, 1927, p. 141; Beneath Tropic Seas, 1928, p. 223 (specimen ).—Bonp,
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 80, 1928, p. 512 (migrant).—MOotLtTont,
Att. Soe. Ital. Scienz. Nat., vol. 68, 1929, p. 322 (San Juan, specimens).

Migrant from North America, very common.

Though the Cape May warbler is found through the Greater An-
tilles Hispaniola appears to be the winter metropolis of the species
as the birds are found throughout the island often in considerable
numbers. In fact their abundance in some localities is almost be-
wildering to one accustomed to their rarity as migrants in the eastern
United States.

The species was known to the earliest collectors, as Brisson in 1760
and Buffon in 1778 both describe what appears to be this bird, though
the species concerned in their notes is somewhat open to question.
Vieillot recorded it certainly in 1807, and Ritter in 1836 reported a
specimen shot in Haiti.

From the Dominican Republic Tristram received one from A. S.
Toogood in 1887, while Cherrie found it in the southern part of that
republic until April 6, 1895, taking 21 specimens. Verrill who col-
lected a considerable series (now in the collection of J. H. Fleming)
from December 27, 1906, to March 18, 1907, writes *° that “ there ap-
pear to be two forms; one, the common North American bird, the
other, more richly colored, with distinctly chestnut breast, deep-
yellow wing-bars, and rich—almost orange—yellow breast and belly.
As young birds in nestling plumage, as well as females containing
eggs ready for the nest, were obtained, I consider it possible to sep-
arate the resident bird from the northern form as a local variety
or subspecies.” We believe his observation as to breeding in His-
paniola certainly erroneous since the species nests only in the far
north, reports of a breeding colony in the mountains of Jamaica
being also due to a mistake on the part of the observer. Peters found
the Cape May warbler common on the north coast and collected
five specimens at Monte Cristi, Jaibon, Sostia, and Arroyo Savana.
Abbott secured one at Sanchez October 23, 1916, and one at Polo in
the Bahoruco Mountains, March 4, 1922. R. H. Beck collected a fe-

*® Proc, Acad, Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 61, 1909, p. 365,

374 BULLETIN 155, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

male and another bird with sex not marked at Santo Domingo City,
Dominican Republic, October 14 and 20, 1916. Moltoni received
specimens from Ciferri taken near San Juan at Corral de los Indios
October 7, 1928, and at Sabana San Thomé November 5 and Decem-
ber 28, 1928, and October 1, 1929.

In Haiti the Cape May warbler seems more common than in the
eastern republic. Younglove collected two near Port-au-Prince Feb-
ruary 20 and April 19, 1866, which are still in the collections of the
United States National Museum. Cory in 1881 found the species
“very abundant in February and March.” Bartsch in April, 1917
recorded it at all points visited, collecting specimens at Gloré April
8, Trou Caiman April 4, Petit Goave April 9, Trou des Roseaux
April 18, Jérémie, April 15, and Morne a Cabrits April 24. His last
record is one seen near Port-au-Prince April 27. W. L. Abbott found
the species common, taking specimens at Jérémie November 19 and
24 and December 1, 1917, La Mahotiere, Gonave Island February
22, 1918, Anse & Galets, Gonave Island March 6, 1920, and Tortue
Island February 2, 1917. In 1927 Wetmore recorded the last one
seen near Hinche April 22. He found the species common over the
high summit of La Selle where it was often seen in weeds, bracken
and other low cover near the ground; and observed it as well in the
logwoods and mesquites of the hot lowlands. On April 7 near La
Tremblay many were observed, a number gathering to scold sharply
at burrowing owls resting in the scrub. Bond found the Cape May
warbler on Gonave Island and reports it as common. Poole and
Perrygo secured an excellent series of both sexes as follows: St.
Michel December 29, 1928, L’Atalaye January 8, St. Raphael Janu-
ary 12, Dondon January 19, Fort Liberté, February 6, 7 and 13,
Cerca-la-Source, March 26, and En Café, Massacrin, and Plaine
Mapou on Gonave March 4, 7, 9, and 11, 1928. March specimens of
both sexes are in partial molt on the throat.

The Cape May warbler is of ordinary warbler size being about
125 mm. long. The male is olive green above, more or less in-
distinctly streaked with black, with the rump yellowish, and a large
patch of white on the wing coverts. There is a yellowish line over
the eye and a black line through it. The sides of the head are
rufous this being a character that marks it at once from all other
warblers of the region. The sides of the neck and breast are yellow,
the latter is streaked with black, and the abdomen is white. The
adult female is similar but much duller. The young are dull gray-
ish olive green above and whitish below, streaked indistinctly with

dusky.

THE BIRDS OF HAITI AND THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 375
DENDROICA PINUS CHRYSOLEUCA Griscom

HISPANIOLAN PINE WARBLER

Dendroica pinus chrysoleuca GRiscom, Amer. Mus. Nov., no. 71, April 30,
1923, p. 5 (Loma Tina, Dominican Republic).—Bonp, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Philadelphia, vol. 80, 1928, p. 512 (La Selle, Cerca Cabrajal).—DanrorrH, Auk,
1929, p. 3738 (La Vega).—MotrtonI, Att. Soc. Ital. Scienz. Nat., vol. 68, 1929,
p. 322 (Loma del Medio, specimen).

Dendroica pinus, Cory, Birds Haiti and San Domingo, March, 1884, p. 33
(La Vega, breeding).—TIpPENHAUER, Die Insel Haiti, 1892, p. 321 (listed)(—
ExKMAN, Est. Agr. Moca, Ser. B, Bot., No. 15, December, 1929, p. 10 (ua Pelona).

Dendroica vigorsii, Cory, Cat. West Indian Birds, 1892, p. 118 (Haiti, Domin-
ican Republic).—VeErRILL, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 61, 1909, p.
365 (Dominican Republic).

Resident in forests of pine; hence so far as known confined to the
hills of the interior.

As one wanders through the beautiful pine forests of the high-
lands of Hispaniola, there comes suddenly to the ear a low, trilling
song that to the uninitiated might be merely the stridulation of some
insect but that in fact gives notice of the presence of the pine warbler.
Gazing aloft, after careful watching the bird may be seen working
actively among the branches at such an elevation above the ground
that there is perceived merely a glint of the yellow breast. When
familiar with the species and its habits one comes to expect its calls
wherever pines are encountered though there may be only two or
three scattered trees on an otherwise open slope. The birds are
most common in the great stands of pine on the interior of the
Dominican Republic.

The pine warbler was first recorded by Cory who secured several
young birds near La Vega, in July, 1883, indicating that the species
nested on the island. It was reported by Verrill as common in the
pine forests, apparently in this same region, as this traveler entered
the region of pines only at La Vega and Miranda. Abbott found it
common in the pine forests at El Rio and Constanza, collecting his
first specimen, a male, at Constanza on September 24, 1916, and others
on April 11 and 29,1919. At El Rio he collected three on May 13 and
15, 1919, noting that a female taken on the latter date contained
a nearly formed egg. R. H. Beck found it in 1917 on Loma Tina
and Loma Rucilla.

In 1927 Wetmore heard the songs of the pine warbler on May 18
as soon as he had entered the pine forests above La Vega and observed
the birds frequently in suitable localities on the trail to Constanza.
The species was fairly common at the latter point so that nine were
prepared as skins between May 19 and 27. Often the birds were
difficult to locate as they frequently ranged twenty meters from the
ground among limbs that moved constantly in the wind. Occasion-

376 BULLETIN 155, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

ally one or two flew out with quick, tilting flight and passed off over
the trees in exactly the same manner that migrant warblers affect,
but the pine warbler here is resident and all those taken were breed-
ing. In early morning they were found at times among the lower
branches of the trees, and when feeding worked about very actively.
Often they rested quietly for many minutes, singing at intervals and
dressing their plumage. Even at Constanza where there were great
expanses grown with pines these warblers were often encountered
where two or three pine trees stood in the open valley distant from
the forests. Danforth found them June 29 and 30, 1927, in the pines
above La Vega. Ekman found them in some numbers on the high
slopes of La Pelona and collected one for Ciferri on Loma del
Medio April 26, 1929.

The first definite report for the species in Haiti seems to be speci-
mens secured by Wetmore in the pine forests on the summit of La
Selle, where the birds were recorded from April 9 to 15, and four were
taken April 10 and 13. The birds were fairly common and were heard
singing regularly. They were seen at times in company with migrant
warblers from, North America. A breeding male was collected
April 10. On April 17 at Chapelle Faure one was singing from two
pines growing on a long slope otherwise barren of trees. James
Bond collected a pair at Cerca Cabrajal May 3, 1928, where he says
they are found in small numbers, and a male at Furcy June 7, 1928.
He recorded them also on La Selle.

The pine warbler of Hispaniola was described as distinct by Mr.
Griscom from three specimens collected by R. H. Beck, the type com-
ing from Loma Tina January 10, 1917, and the other two from Loma
Rucilla. The excellent series now available when compared with
the pine warbler of the United States shows that chrysoleuca is dis-
tinguished by being slightly brighter yellow and clearer white below,
with the light wing bars somewhat narrower.

Following are measurements of D. p. chrysoleuca from the series
in the United States National Museum:

Males, 14 specimens, wing 65.9-71.8 (68.5); tail 50.0-58.2 (53.4),
culmen from base 11.3-12.7 (11.8); tarsus 18.0-19.7 (18.8) mm.

Females, 4 specimens, wing 64.6-67.3 (65.6), tail 49.0-51.8 (50.3),
culmen from base 11.4-11.8 (11.6), tarsus 17.8-18.8 (18.2) mm.

Stone *° has shown that the specific name of the pine warbler is
pinus of Wilson instead of vigorsii of Audubon.

The pine warbler is about 130 mm. in length, yellowish green
above, with dusky wings and tail, and two whitish wing bars. Below
it is bright yellow on the breast, lined faintly and indistinctly with
greenish olive, and white on the abdomen.

40 Auk, 1921, pp. 280—281.

THE BIRDS OF HAITI AND THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 377
DENDROICA CORONATA CORONATA (Linnaeus)
MYRTLE WARBLER, PETIT CHIT

Motacilla coronata Linnarwus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, vol. 1, 1766, p. 333 (Near
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania).

Sylvia coronata, Rirrer, Naturh. Reis. Westind. Insel Hayti, 1836, p. 156
(specimen ).

Sylvicola coronata, SALLf, Proce. Zool. Soc. London, 1857, p. 231 (listed) —
BRYANT, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 11, May, 1867, p. 91 (Dominican
Republic).

Dendroeca coronata, Cory, Bull. Nuttall Ornith. Club, 1881, p. 151 (Haiti) ;
Birds Haiti and San Domingo, March, 1884, p. 30 (Pétionville) —TIPPENHAUER,
Die Insel Haiti, 1892, pp. 320, 321 (listed). —Curisry, Ibis, 1897, p. 320 (Rio
Yuna, Sanchez).

Dendroica coronata, Cory, Cat. West Indian Birds, 1892, p. 118 (Haiti, Do-
minican Republic).—CuHerrir, Field Col. Mus., Ornith. ser., vol. 1, 1896, p. 11
(Dominican Republic).—VeERRILL, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 61,
1909, p. 365 (common).—PETERS, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zo6l., vol. 61, 1917, pp.
420-421 (Monte Cristi, Sosia).—Brese, Zool. Soe. Bull., vol. 30, 1927, p. 141;
Beneath Tropie Seas, 1928, p. 223 (Haiti).

Dendroica coronata coronata, Bonp, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol.
80, 1928, p. 512 (migrant)—Motrton1, Att. Soc. Ital. Scienz. Nat., vol. 69, 1929,
p. 322 (San Juan, specimens).

Migrant from North America, common.

The myrtle warbler apparently is more common in the eastern
part of Hispaniola than in the west as the records of greatest abun-
dance come from the Dominican Republic.

The species was first reported by Sallé who listed it without com-
ment. W. M. Gabb received a specimen in alcohol taken by Charles
A. Fraser at Puerto Plata that came later to the United States Na-
tional Museum. (It bears no date but was entered in the catalogue
on January 11,1882). Cherrie, working in 1895 in the southern part
of the republic, remarks of it merely “not common, and none seen
after March 27.” Christy found it common in undergrowth along
the Rio Yuna and near Sanchez but says that he seldom saw it in the
interior. Verrill reported it as very common, a statement borne out
by a long series of specimens that he secured in 1907, now in the col-
lection of J. H. Fleming of Toronto. These include one from Cana
Honda January 3, four from El Valle January 17 and 18, eight from
Sanchez January 21, 23, 24 and 26, twenty-four from Samana Janu-
ary 30 and February 4 to 20, and one from La Vega January 18. Of
this long set it is interesting to note that eleven are males and twenty-
seven females. Peters secured two females at Monte Cristi, where he
found the species abundant both in the cactus forests and the other
scrub, and at Sosta. Their numbers here decreased by March 15 and
by April 1 practically all had gone, though a straggler was taken at
Sosta April 10. Beck in 1917 secured specimens on Loma Tina Janu-

378 BULLETIN 155, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

ary 20 and 24, on Loma Rucilla February 27, and at Tiibano March
6. Ciferri collected three near San Juan at Sabana San Thomé
October 1, 1929.

Records of the myrtle warbler for Haiti at present are compara-
tively few. Ritter lists a specimen in his work published in 1836.
Cory in 1881 reported the bird as very common in the “ neighbor-
hood of Le Coup” (Pétionville). Bartsch in 1917 collected one
“between St. Mare and Port-au-Prince” April 21, and saw others
near Port-au-Prince April 25 and 27. Abbott secured one on Tortue
Island February 4, 1917, and one on Grande Cayemite January 14,
1918. In 1927 Beebe reported two; and Wetmore recorded one on
April 6 at the home of Dr. Geo, F. Freeman in Port-au-Prince.
Bond found them common. Poole and Perrygo took two of four
seen on January 31, 1929, on Tercero Island in the Seven Brothers
group. Others were secured at Fort Liberté February 13 and 16,
Pont Sondé February 27, and Cerca-la-Source March 26. Of ten
specimens that they collected eight are females.

The adult male myrtle warbler is bluish gray above, streaked with
black, and white below, with breast and sides heavily marked with
black. The female and immature are similar but are browner with
the streaks more obscure. In any plumage there are two white wing
bars, and the birds are marked from all other warblers by the pres-
ence of four more or less distinct spots of yellow, one on either side
of the breast, one on the rump, and one (usually partly concealed)
on the crown. The bird is from 130 to 140 mm. long.

DENDROICA CAERULESCENS CAERULESCENS (Gmelin)
BLACK-THROATED BLUE WARBLER, PETIT CHIT

Motacilla caerulescens GMELIN, Syst. Nat., vol. 1, pt. 2, 1789, p. 960 (“S.
Dominici ”=Hispaniola).

Blue Flycatcher, Epwarps, Glean. Nat. Hist., vol. 5, 1758, p. 91, pl. 252 (taken
at sea near Hispaniola).

Fauvette bleuAtre de Saint-Domingue, Burron, Hist. Nat. Ois., vol. 5, 1778,
p. 164 (brief description of male).

Figuier Bleu, Burron, Hist. Nat. Ois., vol. 5, 1778, pp. 804-305 (based on
Edwards’ blue flycatcher).

?Parus coeruleus, RirrerR, Naturh. Reis. Westind. Insel Hayti, 1886, p. 156
(listed).

Sylvia caerulescens, VirtLLotT, Hist. Nat. Ois. Amér. Sept., vol. 2, 1807, p. 26
(winter).

Sylvicola canadensis, SAtL&, Proce. Zool. Soe. London, 1857, p. 231 (listed).—
Bryant, Proce. Boston Soe. Nat. Hist., vol. 11, May, 1867, p. 91 (Dominican
Republic, Haiti).

Dendroeca coerulescens, Cory, Birds Haiti and San Domingo, March, 1884,
pp. 26-27 (winter).—TipPpENHAUER, Die Insel Haiti, 1892, p. 321 (listed).

Dendroeca caerulescens, Cory, Bull. Nuttall Ornith. Club, 1881, p. 151
(Haiti).—Tristram, Ibis, 1884, p. 168 (Dominican Republic, specimen).

THE BIRDS OF HAITI AND THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 379

Dendroica, coerulescens, VERRILL, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 61,
1909, p. 365 (migrant).

Dendroica caerulescens, Cory, Cat. West Indian Birds, 1892, p. 118 (Haiti,
Dominican Republic).—CHErRRIE, Field Col. Mus., Ornith. ser., vol. 1, 1896, p. 11
(specimens).

Dendroica c. caerulescens, BEEBE, Zool. Soc. Bull., vol. 306, 1927, p. 141;
Beneath Tropic Seas, 1928, p. 223 (Haiti, specimen).

Dendroica caerulescens caerulescens, PETERS, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zodl., vol. 61,
1917, p. 421 (Chocd, Los Toritos, specimens).—PENaARD, Auk, 1926, p. 377 (one
at sea).—Bonp, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 80, 1928, p. 512
(migrant).—Mottont, Att. Soc. Scienz. Nat., vol. 68, 1929, pp. 322-823 (San
Juan, specimens).

Winter migrant from North America; common.

The black-throated blue warbler is a common winter visitant in
Hispaniola arriving after the middle of September and in October,
and leaving northward by the end of April or the middle of May.
The species inhabits woodlands from sea-level to the tops of the
highest mountains.

The first note of this bird for the region is that of Edwards who
describes and figures a male that he writes was “taken at sea, in
November 1751, by the late Thomas Stack, M. D. and F. R. S. in
his Voyage to Jamaica, as the ship lay becalmed, about eight or ten
leagues distant from Hispaniola.” Buffon described a male as the
Fauvette bleuatre de Saint-Domingue, the basis for (Gmelin’s
Motacilla caerulescens, and also included in another place reference
to Edwards’ bird, terming it the figuier bleu. Vieillot found this
species common on the island.

The first definite record for the Dominican Republic is that of
Sallé who says that he found the black-throated blue warbler among
the pine-covered hills of the interior. Tristram in 1884 received
one from C. McGrigor, and Cherrie collected 49 specimens, stating
that he found it the most common of North American migrants.
Verrill obtained a series, now in the collection of J. H. Fleming, as
follows: fifteen at Sanchez December 24, 1906, January 22 to 24,
February 27, and March 7, 1907, and eight at El Valle, January 9
to 18, 1907. Peters collected birds at Chocé and Los Toritos report-
ing that on the north coast they were apparently mainly migrant as
he saw the first March 11, while by March 25 they had reached their
greatest abundance. None were observed after April 1. W. L.
Abbott writes that in the Dominican Republic these warblers became
abundant by the middle of September, 1916. He collected one near
El Rio, October 5, 1916, and one near Paradis, January 31, 1922.
Specimens in the American Museum of Natural History were taken
by Beck at Sanchez October 30 and 31, and November 3, 11 and 14,
at La Vega December 4, 1916, and on Loma Rucilla March 16, 1917.
All of these have been identified by Wetmore as true caerulescens.

380 BULLETIN 155, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

Moltoni received skins from Sabana San Thomé, near San Juan,
taken March 5, October 9, 21, 28 and 25, 1928.

From Haiti A. E. Younglove forwarded three males taken at
Port-au-Prince to the Smithsonian, two secured on March 3, and
one on April 13, 1866. Cory in 1881 reported them as abundant
in February and March. Bartsch collected one at Pétionville April
1, 1917, and Abbott secured two near Jérémie, a female November
22, and a male November 29, 1917. He reported that he saw this
species on Tortue Island until the middle of May, 1917. At sea
on the morning of October 27, 1921 T. E. Penard found a male black-
throated blue warbler on board his ship which had left Port-au-
Prince the evening before, indicating a late date of arrival in fall
migration. In 1927 Wetmore collected a male near Fonds-des-
Negres April 5, the only one seen at this point. From April 10 to
15 the species was common on the summit of La Selle being found
in thickets and also in the low bracken that carpeted the ground in
the pine-lands. The majority seen were females. He observed one
male at the summit of Morne a Cabrits on the road to Mirebalais.
Poole and Perrygo in 1929 collected specimens at St. Raphael Janu-
ary 11, Dondon January 19, and Cerca-la-Source March 24 and 26.
On Gonave Island they secured skins at En Café March 4 and 5 and
Massacrin March 9.

The black-throated blue warbler is the same in size as the myrtle
warbler. The male is grayish blue above, black on the sides of the
head, throat, foreneck, and sides of the body, and white elsewhere
below. The female is quite different, being greenish above and
yellowish buff below. Both sexes are easily told by the prominent
white spot near the center of the wing.

DENDROICA CAERULESCENS CAIRNSI Coues
CAIRNS’ WARBLER

Dendroica caerulescens cairnsi Cours, Auk, 1897, p. 96 (Craggy Mountain,
Buncombe Co., N. C.).

Migrant from North America; apparently very rare.

The only record for Hispaniola at present is that of a male col-
lected at El Rio, Dominican Republic, October 5, 1916 by W. L.
Abbott. This form of the black-throated blue warbler is recognized
as the bird that breeds in the mountains from Pennsylvania south to
western North Carolina. The winter home is not definitely known
except that one specimen has been taken at Matanzas, Cuba (Febru-
ary 14, 1900).

This race in the male is distinguished from D. ec. caerulescens by
darker coloration above, with extensive mixture of black in the
back. The female is slightly darker. The race is poorly character-

THE BIRDS OF HAITI AND THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 381

ized since it is usual to find males throughout the breeding range of
caerulescens with much mixture of black on the dorsum, and may
after all represent merely an individual color phase rather than a
race with distinct geographic range. Its status should be carefully
investigated with proper series of breeding birds as it may finally be
found not recognizable.

DENDROICA DOMINICA DOMINICA (Linnaeus)

YELLOW-THROATED WARBLER, CHARDONNERET, PETIT CHIT

Motacilla dominica LinNaEvs, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, vol. 1, 1766, p. 334 (His-
paniola).

Ficedula Dominicensis cinerea Brisson, Ornith., vol. 3, 1760, pp. 520-522
pl. 27, fig. 3 (“S. Domingue”).

Cou-Jaune, Burron, Hist. Nat. Ois., vol. 5, 1778, pp. 165-169 (description,
habits; said to breed).

Figuier cendre 4 gorge jaune, Burron, Hist. Nat. Ois., vol. 5, 1778, pp. 300-301
(“St. Domingue’’).

Gorge-jaune de St. Domingue, DAausrnton, Planch. HEnl., pl. 686, fig. 1
(figured).

Sylvia pensilis, VIEILLOT, Hist. Nat. Ois. Amér. Sept., vol. 2, 1807, pp. 20-21,
pl. 72 (description).

Sylvicola pensilis, SALLE, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1857, p. 231 (listed).—
Bryant, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 11, May, 1867, p. 91 (Dominican
Republic).

Dendroeca dominica, Cory, Birds Haiti and San Domingo, March, 1884, pp.
27-28 (common, winter).—TristTraAm, Cat. Coll. Birds belong. H. B. Tristram,
1889, p. 177 (Rivas, specimen).—TIPPENHAUER, Die Insel Haiti, 1892, p. 32
(listed).

Dendroica dominica, Cory, Cat. West Indian Birds, 1892, p. 118 (Haiti,
Dominican Republic).—VeErRRILL, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 61,
1909, p. 8365 (Dominican Republic, common).

Dendroica dominica dominica, PerERS, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zo6l., vol. 61, 1917,
p. 420 (Bulla, specimens).—Bonp, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sei. Philadelphia, vol. 80,
1928, p. 512 (Port-au-Prince, Gonaives, Kenskoff)—Mottoni, Att. Soe. Ital.
Scienz. Nat., vol. 68, 1929, p. 323 (San Juan, Monte Viejo, specimens).

Winter visitant from North America; locally fairly common.

The yellow-throated warbler is another North American species
with the type locality in Hispaniola as the Latin name is based
largely on the account of Brisson, who described a specimen sent by
Chervain to de Reaumur. According to Buffon and Vieillot this
species was believed to be resident on the island and to nest there
but this seems to be in error as there is no record of it during the
period of northern summer.

In the Dominican Republic the yellow-throated warbler is first
recorded by Sallé who lists it without statement as to its abundance.
Tristram received one from Rivas (formerly Almercen) taken in
1887 by A. S. Toogood. Verrill in 1907 found it common and se-

2134—31 25

382 BULLETIN 155, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

cured a series (now in the collection of J. H. Fleming) at the fol-
lowing localities: Cafia Honda, one, January 4; Sanchez, four Jan-
uary 21 and 24, February 26, 27 and 28; Samana, nineteen, January
30 and February 2 to 23; Rio San Juan, one, February 1; and La
Vega, one, March 13. Peters collected two at Bulla on February
12, 1916. Abbott obtained five at Constanza September 22, 23 and
26, 1916, one at El Rio, October 9, 1916, and one at Mao, February
23, 1921. Beck secured two at La Vega, November 28, 1916. Mol-
toni received skins from Ciferri taken at Sabana San Thomé, near
San Juan, October 23, 1928, and at 1,200 to 1,500 meters elevation
on Monte Viejo August 26, 1929. The latter must represent early
migrants and not breeding birds as he supposed.

In the Republic of Haiti Bartsch saw one a short distance north
of Port-au-Prince, April 27,1917. Bond records others at Port-au-
Prince, Gonaives ** and Kenskoff. Poole and Perryo collected a
male at Massacrin on Gonave Island, March 9, 1929, this being the
only Haitian specimen of which we have record.

The yellow-throated warbler is similar in size and form to other
migrant warblers of the genus Dendroica found on the island.
Above it is deep gray, with two white bars across a black wing, a
blackish forehead, a white line over the eye that is yellow at the
base of the bill, black cheeks, bright yellow throat, and the rest of
the underparts white, with the sides streaked with black.

DENDROICA PALMARUM PALMARUM (Gmelin)
PALM WARBLER, BIMBELE, FAUSSE LINOTTE, ’TI BON AMI, PETIT CHIT

Motacilla palmarum GmMeEtin, Syst. Nat., vol. 1, pt. 2, 1789, p. 951 ("S.
Dominici ””—Republic of Haiti).

Le Bimbelé, ou La Fausse Linotte, Burron, Hist. Nat. Ois., vol. 5, 1778, p
330-331 (described from a painting by Deshayes).

? Passer maculosus, FEUILLER, Journ. Obsery. Phys. Math. Bot., vol. 3, 1725,
p. 386 (specimen, Les Cayes).

Sylwia palmaruwm, ViEILLoT, Hist. Nat. Ois. Amér. Sept., vol. 2, 1807, p. 21
(supposed to be resident).

SylWwicola palmarum, Sauté, Proc. Zool. Soe. London, 1857, p. 231 (listed).—
BRYANT, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 11, May, 1867, p. 91 (Dominican
Republic, Haiti).

Dendroeca palmarum, Cory, Bull. Nuttall Ornith. Club, 1881, p. 151 (winter) ;
Birds Haiti and San Domingo, March, 1884, p. 32 (winter).—TIPpPENHAUER,
Die Insel Haiti, 1892, pp. 320, 321 (listed).—Curisty, Ibis, 1897, p. 321
(Sanchez, specimen).

Dendroica palmarum, Cory, Cat. West Indian Birds, 1892, p. 118 (Haiti,
Dominican Republic).—Cuerrigz, Field Col. Mus., Ornith. ser., vol. 1, 1896, p. 11
(Dominican Republic).—VeERRILL, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sei. Philadelphia, 1909, p.
365 (Dominican Republic, abundant).

“Mr. Bond states (in a letter) that this should be Gonaives instead of Gonave as
listed in his report, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 80, 1928, p. 512.

THE BIRDS OF HAITI AND THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 383

Dendroica p. palmarum, BrrsBsg, Zool. Soc. Bull., vol. 30 1927, p. 141; Beneath
Tropic Seas, 1928, p. 223.—Exman, Ark. for Bot., vol. 22A, No. 16, 1929, p. 7
(Navassa).

Dendroica palmarum palmarum, PETERS, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zo6l., vol. 61, 1917,
p. 420 (Bulla, specimen; SosGa).—Bonp, Proc. Acad, Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol.
80, 1928, p. 512 (Gonave, Tortue, Caracol).—Mo.xron1, Att. Soc. Ital. Scienz.
Nat., vol. 68, 1929, p. 323 (San Juan, specimens).

Winter visitant from North America; common.

Though inconspicuously marked the palm warbler is easily dis-
tinguished from the host of other migrant warblers (many of which
are superficially similar in color) by its habit of constantly twitching
the tail up and down whether in the trees or bushes or walking on
the ground, a steady, wagging motion found among its relatives
only in the water-thrushes, which are quite differently colored.

Gmelin’s characterization of the palm warbler is taken from
Buffon’s account of the bimbelé or fausse linotte. Since Buffon’s
statement is made on the basis of a painting of the bird and a de-
scription of its habits supplied by Deshayes the type locality may
be certainly restricted to the Republic of Haiti.

For the Dominican Republic the earliest report of this species is
that of Sallé who makes no statement regarding it except to include
it in his list. Cherrie reported it in 1895 as fairly common from
February 12 to April 1. Christy obtained one near Sanchez, January
28,1895. Verrill found it abundant, nine specimens of his collecting,
now in possession of J. H. Fleming, bearing the following data:
Cafia Honda January 4 and 12; El Valle, January 17; Sanchez,
January 23; Rio San Juan, February 1; Samana, February 4, 12,
and 19; and La Vega, March 16, 1907. Peters says that in 1916 he
noted a few at nearly every locality visited prior to March 15, but
saw few after that date, though he records one at Sostia April 10.
He collected one at Bulla. Abbott secured one at Jarabacoa October
14, 1916, and one at Constanza April 7, 1919. Beck took specimens
at Santo Domingo City October 5, 10 and 12, at Sanchez November
22, and at La Vega November 28 and 30, 1916. Ciferri obtained
skins at Sabana San Thomé near San Juan May 12, and October 19
and 21, 1928.

Buffon writes in 1778 that he received a picture and a record of
observations on the habits of the palm warbler from Chevalier
Lefebure Deshayes, a naturalist resident in the old French colony
that now is Haiti, the earliest record for the bird in the limits of
Haiti, unless the Passer maculosus of Feuillée shot near Les Cayes
in March, 1705, should be, as appears probable from the description,
the present species. Vieillot in 1807 believed that the palm warbler
was resident in Haiti, an error, shared by Deshayes, as the species
nests only in North America. Both Vieillot and Deshayes state that

384 BULLETIN 155, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

it is known as bimbelé or fausse linotte. A. E. Younglove secured
one at Port-au-Prince, January 26, 1866, which is still in the collec-
tion of the United States National Museum. Cory in 1881 reported
it as common, and Bartsch in 1917 found it at Petit Goave April 9
(specimen), Trou des Roseaux April 13 (specimen) and 14, near
Jérémie April 15 and 16, and near Port-au-Prince April 25
(specimens) and 27. W. L. Abbott shot one at Jérémie Novem-
ber 18, 1917, and one on Grande Cayemite Island January 10, 1918.
Further he secured one at Moustique March 5, 1917, and one at
Tortue Island, February 1, 1917. Wetmore in 1927, found the palm
warbler common in Haiti until near the end of April. On March 29
one was observed in the mangroves at Sources Puantes flitting
alertly through low branches or walking on the ground. One was
taken at Fonds-des-Négres March 31, and another on April 1 at
the Etang Miragoane where the birds were common in logwood
scrub. Several were seen April 3 at Aquin, others at L’Acul April 4,
Fonds-des-Négres April 5, and La Tremblay April 7. On La Selle
the palm warbler was common from April 18 to 15, being found
on the highest summit as well as spread through the open pine-lands.
At Hinche these birds were common from April 20 to 25.

Bond records the palm warbler as a common migrant found on
both Gonave and Tortue in addition to the main island. He col-
lected his last specimen near Caracol April 28, 1928. Poole and
Perrygo secured skins at L’Atalaye December 28, 1928, St. Michel
January 3, St. Mare February 25, and Cerca-la-Source March 26,
1929. Others were obtained on Gonave Island, at En Café March
4,6, and 7, and Plaine Mapou March 11. Ekman found this species
on Navassa Island in October, 1928.

The palm warbler, from 125 to 140 mm. in length, is grayish
brown, faintly streaked with dusky above, and has two faintly
outlined brownish white wing bars, a more or less distinct crown-
cap of bright reddish brown (much obscured in young birds and
females) and a whitish line above the eye. Below it is buffy whitish
streaked indistinctly with dusky and in some specimens washed
heavily with yellow. There are prominent white spots near the
tip of the tail. As has been already noted its steadily wagging tail
is an excellent field mark.

DENDROICA MAGNOLIA (Wilson)
MAGNOLIA WARBLER, PETIT CHIT
Sylvia magnolia Witson, Amer. Orn., vol. 8, 1811, p. 63, pl. 23, fig. 2

(Little Miami, near its junction with the Ohio; in magnolias near Fort Adams
on the Mississippi; near Philadelphia, Pa.).

THE BIRDS OF HAITI AND THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 385

Dendroeca maculosa, Cory, Birds Haiti and San Domingo, March, 1884, p.
29 (Puerto Plata, specimen).—TIPPENHAUER, Die Insel Haiti, 1892, p. 321
(listed).

Dendroica maculosa, Cory, Cat. West Indian Birds, 1892, p. 118 (Hispan-
iola).—VeERRILL, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 61, 1909, p. 365
(Samana, specimen).

Winter visitant from North America; apparently rare.

The only records for the magnolia warbler are of one collected
by Cory at Puerto Plata, Dominican Republic, December 14, 1882,
one reported by Verrill as taken at Samana, Dominican Republic,
and one shot by Perrygo at Cerca-la-Source, Dominican Republic,
March 28, 1929. The species is reported rarely from Porto Rico
and Cuba.

The magnolia warbler, a typical tree-haunting wood warbler in
size and habits, is easily told from its relatives by its black tail with
a sharply defined white band across the center of its underside, as
in other species the white markings in the tail are at the tip. The
adult male has the crown bluish gray, cheeks and forehead black
with a white line over the eye; back black with the feathers edged
with greenish; a large patch of white on the wing coverts; rump
yellow; under surface yellow streaked with black; under tail coverts
white. The immature bird is olive green above with nearly con-
cealed black spots, yellow rump, and two narrow wing bars. The
tail is as in the adult.

DENDROICA DISCOLOR DISCOLOR (Vieillot)
PRAIRIE WARBLER, PETIT CHIT

Sylvia discolor ViettLot, Ois. Amér. Sept., vol. 2, 1807 (18097), p. 37, pl.
98. (Hastern United States or Greater Antilles).

Sylvicola discolor, BRYANT, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 11, May, 1867,
p. 91 (Haiti).

Dendroeca discolor, Cory, Bull. Nuttall Ornith. Club, 1881, p. 151 (winter) ;
Birds Haiti and San Domingo, March, 1884, p. 31 (winter).—TIPpPENHAUER,
Die Insel Haiti, 1892, p. 321 (listed).

Dendroica discolor, Cory, Cat. West Indian Birds, 1892, p. 118 (Haiti,
Dominican Republic).—CHerrrig, Field Columbian Mus., Ornith., ser., vol. 1,
1896, p. 11 (Dominican Republic).—VeErriLu, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia,
vol. 61, 1909, p. 365 (common).—PerrErs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zo6l, vol. 61, 1917,
p. 420 (Monte Cristi, Sosa, Rio San Juan, specimens).—BeExrBE, Zool. Soe.
Bull., vol. 30, 1927, p. 141; Beneath Tropic Seas, 1928, p. 224 (Haiti, specimen) .—
Bonp, Proce. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 80, 1928, p. 518 (Haiti, Gonave,
Tortue).—Motron1, Att. Soc. Ital. Scienz. Nat., vol. 68, 1929, p. 323 (Haina,
San Juan, specimens).

Winter visitant from North America; common.

The prairie warbler is found mainly in the coastal plain and lower
hills and does not appear to go into the high, mountainous interior

386 BULLETIN 155, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

of the island. It ranges usually in thickets and low trees, often
feeding near the ground.

The earliest definite record for the Dominican Republic is that of
Cherrie who found it near the south coast from February 18 to
April 2 but says that it was not common at any time. Verrill re-
ported it ascommon. Of specimens that he secured in 1907 eight now
in the collection of J. H. Fleming of Toronto were taken as follows:
Cafia Honda, January 1; El Valle, January 17 and 18; Samana,
January 31, February 2 and 10; Rio San Juan February 1, and La
Vega, March 17. Peters shot five at Monte Cristi, Sostia, and Rio
San Juan on the north coast, and says that they were more common
in March when they were in migration than earlier during winter.
He heard them singing at the end of March and in April. W. L.
Abbott secured a female at Trujin near the southwestern coast of the
republic February 8, 1922. R. H. Beck collected specimens at Santo
Domingo City September 27 and 29, and October 2, 7, 10, 12 and 24,
1916, indicating an early fall arrival. Ciferri, obtained skins for
Moltoni at Haina in December, 1925, near San Juan at Corral de los
Indios October 7, 1928, and at Sabana San Thomé October 7, 21 and
28 and December 28, 1928.

In Haiti A. E. Younglove secured a female at Port-au-Prince
March 4, 1866, which was reported in 1867 by Bryant and is still in
the United States National Museum. Cory found this species not
uncommon during the winter months. W. L. Abbott secured two on
Gonave Island in 1920, one without definite locality on March 4, and
one at Etroites March 16. He collected one on Tortue Island, Janu-
ary 31,1917. In the same year Bartsch recorded the prairie warbler
at Thomazeau April 2; near Gloré, on the Etang Saumatre April 3
(specimen); Petit Goave April 9 (specimen); and near Jérémie
April 10 and 11. Wetmore in 1927 recorded it at a number of
localities. On March 29 in the outskirts of Port-au-Prince he ob-
served several in mesquite scrub, working about in the bushes with-
out uttering a sound. Others were seen at Carrefour on the same
day, at Mont Rouis March 30, at Fonds-des-Négres March 31 and
April 5, and near the Etang Miragoane April 1. They were common
in dry scrub near Aquin on the south coast April 3, and several were
seen at L’Acul April 4, and La Tremblay April 7. The last were
observed at Hinche from April 20 to 22, this being the latest date of
record for the island. Bond records the prairie warbler as abundant
and says that he found it common on Gonave and Tortue Islands.
Poole and Perrygo collected a considerable series, dates and localities
being as follows: St. Michel, December 26, 1928 and January 15, 1929,
L’Atalaye, December 28, 1928, Tercero Island, in the Seven Brothers
group, January 31, Fort Liberté, February 6 to 19, St. Marc, Febru-

THE BIRDS OF HAITI AND THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 387

ary 25, Pont Sondé, February 27, and Cerca-la-Source, March 24 and
27,1929. On Gonave Island specimens were shot at En Café, March
4,6 and 7, Massacrin, March 9, and Plaine Mapou, March 11, 1929.
Birds from Gonave are in partial molt on the throat.

The prairie warbler is among the smallest species of its genus and
though brightly colored is sometimes identified with difficulty by the
novice. Above it is bright yellowish green with a shght mixture of
chestnut, often nearly concealed, in the center of the back that marks
it from its relatives. There is a light bar more or less evident in the
wing, and the outer tail feathers are prominently white. Below it is
bright yellow, this color covering the sides of the head and forming
a line above the eye. There is a heavy black mark on the side of the
head well below the eye, and prominent black streakings on the sides.
The female is somewhat duller than the male.

[DENDROICA PENSYLVANICA (Linnaeus)
CHESTNUT-SIDED WARBLER

Motacilla pensylvanica LINNAEUS, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, vol. 1, 1766, p. 333
(near Philadelphia, Pa). ;

Dendroica pensylwanica, BartTscH, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. 30, July
27, 1917, p. 182 (listed from Haiti).

Paul Bartsch recorded this species as seen at Port-au-Prince and
St. Mare April 21 and 22, 1917, but as no specimens were taken and
the species is not recorded from the West Indies, (except casually
from the Bahamas), its southward migrations carrying it to the
southwest through eastern Mexico, it is here included in the hypo-
thetical list.

It is of usual warbler size as found in this genus, and is marked
in breeding plumage by bright yellow crown and a chestnut streak
on the sides, being otherwise pure white below. Immature birds are
clear white below, and above are yellowish green indistinctly streaked
with blackish. ]

DENDROICA STRIATA (J. R. Forster)
BLACK-POLL WARBLER, PETIT CHIT

Muscicapa striata J. R. Forster, Phil. Trans., vol. 62, 1772, pp. 406, 428
(Fort Severn, West Coast of Hudson Bay).

Dendroica striata, Bonn, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 80, 1928, p.
513 (Gonave, seen).—Motrtontr, Att. Soc. Ital. Scienz. Nat., vol. 68, 1929, p. 323
(San Juan, specimens).

Winter migrant from North America; apparently rare.
The black-poll warbler so far as known was first obtained in His-

paniola by Kaempfer, who secured three specimens in the Yuna
swamps on October 8, 18, and 22, 1922. We are indebted to Ernst

388 BULLETIN 155, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

Hartert for these records and for the privilege of including them in
this account. Ciferri collected six at Sabana San Thomé near San
Juan September 27 and October 9, 19, and 23, 1928. James Bond
records a small band of blackpolls on Gonave Island May 15, 1928,
and states that he heard one utter its song.

The species is rare in migration elsewhere in the Greater Antilles.

The black-poll warbler is about the size of the myrtle warbler.
The male has the crown black, ear-coverts white, nape streaked with
black and white, the back and rump ashy gray streaked with black,
and two white wing bars. Below it is white streaked on the sides
with black. The female and immature birds are olive-green above,
streaked with black, and white tinged with yellow below, with more
or less distinct blackish streaks on the sides. The wing is marked
as in the male.

SEIURUS AUROCAPILLUS AUROCAPILLUS (Linnaeus)
OVENBIRD, PETIT CHIT

Motacilla aurocapillus Linnanus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, vol. 1, 1766, p. 834 (at
sea about thirty miles from Hispaniola).

Grivelette de Saint-Domingue, MonTBEILLARD, in Buffon, Hist. Nat. Ois., vol.
8, 1775, pp. 317-318 (migrant).—DerscourtTitz, Voy. Nat., vol. 2, 1809, p. 204
(part).

Petite grive de St. Domingue, Dausenton, Planch. Enl., pl. 398, fig. 2
(figured).

Golden-crowned Thrush, Epwarps, Glean. Nat. Hist., vol. 5, 1758, pp. 91-92,
pl. 252 (Hispaniola).

Passer maculosus (part), Freurrifr, Journ. Observ. Phys. Math. Bot., vol. 3,
1725, p. 387 (specimen, Les Cayes).

Turdus coronatus, Vir1LLotT, Hist. Nat. Ois. Amér. Sept., vol. 2, 1807, p. 8
(winter).

Siurus aurocapillus, Cory, Bull. Nuttall Ornith. Club, 1881, p. 151 (winter).

Seiurus aurocapillus, Satif, Proc. Zool. Soe. London, 1857, p. 231 (Dominican
Republic).—Bryant, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 11, May, 1867, p. 91
(Dominican Republic, Haiti).—Cory, Birds Haiti and San Domingo, March,
1884, p. 34 (Gonaives, Jacmel).—Cat. West Indian Birds, 1892, p. 119 (Haiti,
Dominican Republic).—TipPpENHAUER, Die Insel Haiti, 1892, p. 321 (listed).—
CuHerrin, Field Col. Mus., Ornith. ser., vol. 1, 1896, p. 11 (recorded).—Curisty,
Ibis, 1897, p. 321 (La Vega, specimen).—VeErRILL, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila-
delphia, vol. 61, 1909, p. 865 (migrant, abundant).—Perers, Bull. Mus. Comp.
Zodl., vol. 61, 1917, p. 420 (Sosta, Arroyo Salado, specimens).—PENaArD, Auk,
1926, p. 377 (at sea, near Haiti) —ExmMan, Ark. fdr Bot., vol. 22A, No. 16, 1929,
p. 7 (Navassa).

Seiurus aurocapillus aurocapillus, Bonp, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia,
vol. 80, 1928, p. 518 (Haiti, Gonave).—Motron1, Att. Soe. Ital. Scienz. Nat.,
vol. 68, 1929, p. 323 (Haina, San Juan, Moca, specimens).

Winter visitant from North America; common and widely dis-
tributed.

THE BIRDS OF HAITI AND THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 389

The ovenbird is found in thickets and scrubs in both humid
and arid sections, where it walks about on the ground in search for
food, and though not conspicuous it is not so shy as it is in its north-
ern breeding ground. The fact that it walks, coupled with its black
striped crown and white streaked breast, identifies it readily.

The species was found first in the Dominican Republic by Salleé.
Cherrie reported it common at all points that he visited in the south
of the republic in 1895, Christy shot an adult female at La Vega
April 19, 1895, and Verrill found it abundant. Specimens in the
collection of J. H. Fleming secured by Verrill were taken at Sanchez
December 23, 1906, and January 23 and 25, 1907, El Valle January
18, Samana January 30 to February 20 (nineteen skins), and La
Vega March 18. Peters found the ovenbird at Sosta and Arroyo
Salado. It is seemingly more common on the north coast during
spring migration as he found it common after March 15, increasing
in numbers to the end of the month and continuing in undiminished
abundance to April 10. R. H. Beck collected one at Santo Domingo
City September 27, 1916. W. L. Abbott secured a male at Sanchez
February 17, 1919.

The Ciferri brothers collected it at Haina in November, 1925, at
Sabana San Thomé near San Juan October 19 and 25, 1928, and at
Moca October 12, 1929.

Records for Haiti date back to March, 1705, when Feuillée reports
an ovenbird from near Les Cayes, describing its colors carefully but
telling little about it otherwise. Another early record of interest
is that of Edwards who figures one taken November 1, 1751, at sea
about 10 leagues from the coast of Hispaniola by Tho. Stack en route
from London to Jamaica. Vieillot said that this species was found in
winter, his records presumably referring to Haiti. Cory found it
common near Gonaives and Jacmel in 1881, and Bartsch reported it
as common about Jérémie April 11 to 16, 1917, and at Trou des
Roseaux April 14. W. L. Abbott secured it on Tortue Island Feb-
ruary 2 and 7, 1917, Gonave Island February 20, 1918 and at Jérémie
November 24, 1917. T. E. Penard reports one aboard ship to the
north of Haiti October 27, 1921, his steamer having left Port-au-
Prince northward bound the night before, indicating a late migration
date.

In 1927, Wetmore found one March 29 in the outskirts of Port-au-
Prince, one April 7 at La Tremblay, one April 9 at an altitude of
1,500 meters below Morne Cabaio on the slopes of La Selle, and
one April 13 at 2,100 meters on Morne La Visite in the latter range.
The records indicated carry the species from sea-level to the tops
of the mountains and indicate well its general distribution. On
April 20 he collected one at Las Cahobes and secured others at

390 BULLETIN 155, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

Hinche April 22 and 23. Two were shot and another seen near
Caracol April 26. Two males from Hinche and a male and a female
from Caracol had the sexual organs very little developed indicating
a breeding season still distant so that from the dates mentioned they
must have been individuals from far north in the breeding range of
the species. Bond records the last one seen on Gonave Island May
18, 1928. Poole and Perrygo collected specimens at St. Raphael
January 11, Cerca-la-Source March 21 and 24, and at Massacrin on
Gonave Island March 8 and 10, 1929. Ekman has recorded the
ovenbird on Navassa Island in October, 1928.

Charles W. Richmond has called our attention to a matter con-
cerning the type locality of the ovenbird that may be considered
here. Motacilla aurocapilla Linnaeus,*? is based on the following
references, “Briss. av. 8, p. 504. Edw. av. 91. t. 252.” Turning
first to Brisson there is found the description of Le Figuier a teste
dOr de Pensilvanie Ficedula Pensilvanica auro-capilla, taken from
Edwards (p. 91, pl. 252). Brisson wrote his description from
Edwards’ plate and did not have a specimen. In Edwards there
is given a fair representation of the ovenbird in color prepared from
a specimen “taken at sea, in November, 1751, by the late Tho. Stack,
M. D. and F. R. S., in his Voyage to Jamaica, as the ship lay
becalmed, about eight or ten leagues distant from Hispaniola.”,
Edwards supposed it to be a bird of passage from North America.
At the close of his statement he adds the following:

“ P. S—Since my writing the above descriptions, I have received
two of these same birds from my good friend Mr. W. Bartram, of
Pennsylvania, which confirms my opinion, that they are birds of
passage: for he says, they arrive there in April, and continue all
the summer; he says, the golden-crowned thrush builds its nest upon
the ground, and always chooses the south side of a hill” and so on
with other details. From this postcript Brisson took his statement.
“ Habitat aestate in Pensilvanie ” which gave Linnaeus his “ Habitat
in Pennsylvania” and “ near Philadelphia, Pennsylvania ” has been
the accepted type locality. It now appears that Edwards’ plate, and
description on which the account of both Brisson and Linnaeus were
based, was taken from a specimen secured at sea off Hispaniola so
that the latter must be accepted as the type locality of the ovenbird.

The ovenbird is 145 to 155 mm. or more in length, greenish above,
with the center of the crown deep buff, bordered on either side by a
streak of black. Below it is streaked on breast and sides with black.
The feet are very light brownish white.

4a Syst. Nat., ed. 12, vol. 1, 1766, p. 334.

THE BIRDS OF HAITI AND THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 391
SEIURUS MOTACILLA (Vieillot)
LOUISIANA WATER-THRUSH, PETIT CHIT

Turdus motacilla VIEILLOT, Ois. Amér. Sept., vol. 2, 1807 (18087), p. 9, pl. 65
(Kentucky).

Siurus ludovicianus, Cory, Bull. Nuttall Ornith. Club, 1881, p. 151 (Haiti,
specimens).

Seiurus motacilla, Cory, Birds Haiti and San Domingo, March, 1884, pp. 35—
36 (Pétionville, Puerto Plata, La Vega, specimens) ; Cat. West Indian Birds,
1892, p. 119 (Haiti, Dominican Republic).—TirpeENHAUER, Die Insel Haiti, 1892,
p. 321 (listed).—CHerrriz, Field Columbian Mus., Ornith. ser., vol. 1, 1896, p. 11
(Dominican Republic, specimen).—VeErRRILL, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia,
vol. 61, 1909, p. 365 (Dominican Republic).—Bonp, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil-
adelphia, vol. 80, 1928, p. 513 (Haiti, Gonave Island).

Migrant from North America; fairly common.

The Louisiana water-thrush is found principally along little fresh
water streams but comes to salt water during its migration move-
ments. It spends much of its time on the ground at the edge of the
water, steadily wagging the tail up and down as it walks about.
When disturbed it frequently flies to a tree-limb to rest a moment
before going down again to the ground.

In the Dominican Republic the species is first reported by Cory
from specimens taken at Puerto Plata November 17, 1882, and
August 12 and 14, 1883. The latter dates which indicate very early
arrival in fall migration from the north caused Cory to believe that
the species was resident for which however there is no basis. ‘Cher-
rie secured one near Catarrey January 22, 1895. Verrill reports it
“common during migrations, but confined to the vicinity of salt
water,” in which he seems to have confused it with the other species
of water-thrush, which is found only along the coast, the present bird
being the one that regularly goes inland. A specimen in the collec-
tion of J. H. Fleming, taken by Verrill was collected at Samana
February 20, 1907.

In Haiti a bird of this species was secured near Port-au-Prince,
February 26, 1866, by A. E. Younglove. Cory collected two, one
of which was shot at Pétionville March 2, 1881. He does not give
the locality for the second one. Wetmore in 1927 observed one
among mangroves at the sulphur spring at Sources Puantes on
March 29, where it was in company with the other water-thrush. He
saw one at the coffee experiment station at Fonds-des-Négres March
31, and on April 2 collected one in that vicinity on the Riviére Seche
at about 3875 meters elevation. James Bond reports one from
Gonave Island.

The Louisiana water-thrush is from 127 to 140 mm. in length. It
is olive above, with a prominent white line extending over the eye.

392 BULLETIN 155, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

Below it is white, tinged with cream buff on under tail-coverts and
flanks, streaked heavily with dusky, the throat being clear white
without markings.

SEIURUS NOVEBORACENSIS NOVEBORACENSIS (Gmelin)
WATER-THRUSH, PETIT CHIT

Motacilla noveboracensis GMELIN, Syst. Nat., vol. 1, pt. 2, 1789, p. 958
(Louisiana and New York).

Figuier brun de Saint-Domingue Brisson, Ornith., vol. 8, 1760, pp. 513-515,
pl. 28, fig. 5 (‘S. Domingue ”’).—Virrtiot, Hist. Nat. Ois. Amér. Sept., vol. 2,
1807, pp. 26, 34 (listed).

Seiurus noveboracensis, BRYANT, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 11, May,
1867, p. 91 (Dominican Republic, Haiti) —CHeErrin, Field Columbian Mus.,
Ornith. ser., vol. 1, 1896, p. 11 (Dominican Republic).—Verritt, Proce. Acad.
Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 61, 1909, p. 865 (Dominican Republic, part).—
Bonp, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 80, 1928, p. 5138 (Gonave).

Seiurus noveboracensis noveboracensis, PENARD, Auk, 1926, p. 877 (at sea).—
Mottont, Att. Soc. Ital. Scienz. Nat., vol. 68, 1929, p. 324 (San Juan, specimens).

Seiurus n. novaeboracensis, BEEBE, Zool. Soc. Bull., vol. 30, 1927, p. 141;
Beneath Tropic Seas, 1928, p. 224 (Furcy).

Winter visitant from North America: fairly common.

This species of water-thrush is found in Hispaniola on muddy
shores in the lowlands, principally in localities where the water
is brackish or salt. It is most common among mangroves, the open
arches of the roots affording it excellent cover under which it may
forage for food.

The two forms of this species, S. n. noveboracensis and S. n.
notabilis, occur together in winter in the West Indies, and as they
may not be distinguished except in the hand the published records
pertaining to them are in many cases of uncertain application.
Those reports in literature that are not known definitely to belong
to notabilis are here assigned arbitrarily under S. n. noveboracensis.

The only specimens of true noveboracensis from Hispaniola
examined are two males secured by Verrill on Cayo Levantado,
opposite Samana, D. R., February 15 and 16, 1907, which are in the
collection of J. H. Fleming, one collected by Poole and Perrygo at
Fort Liberté, Haiti, February 8, 1929, and a male collected by W. L.
Abbott on Gonave Island, Haiti, March 4, 1920.

Vieillot records a water-thrush in 1807, and Bryant in 1867
reports this bird from both the Dominican Republic and Haiti.
Cherrie found this species on February 24 and March 16, 1895. On
the first date he was at Aguacate in the interior, on the latter he
was apparently at Santo Domingo City. Ciferri secured specimens
at Sabana San Thomé near San Juan September 4, and October 23,
1928, and October 1, 1929. Bartsch records the present species along
the coast north of Port-au-Prince April 21 and 22, 1917. In 1927,

THE BIRDS OF HAITI AND THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 393

Wetmore saw four among mangroves at Sources Puantes on March
29, and heard one singing, the song being abbreviated but still
reminiscent of the northern breeding season. Several were observed
April 3 in a mangrove swamp at Aquin on the south coast. Beebe
has reported one seen at Furcy which would seem to be most un-
usual as this is in the uplands.

The water-thrush is very similar to the Louisiana water-thrush
differing in very slightly smaller size, somewhat less conspicuous
light streak over the eye, and distinctly yellow rather than buff
tinge of the under surface, with the throat streaked like the remainder
of the underparts. The pale yellow under surface is easily recognized
once the bird is known.

SEIURUS NOVEBORACENSIS NOTABILIS Ridgway

GRINNELL’S WATER-THRUSH, PETIT CHIT

Seiurus naevius notabilis Ripceway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 3, 1880, p. 12
(Shores of Como Lake, Carbon Co., Wyoming).

Seiurus noveboracensis, VERRILL, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 61,
1909, p. 865 (Dominican Republic, part).

Seiurus noveboracensis notabilis, Petrrs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zo6l., vol. 61, 1917,
pp. 419-420 (Monte Cristi, specimen).—Mottont1, Att. Soc. Ital. Scienz. Nat.,
vol. 68, 1929, p. 324 (San Juan, specimen doubtfully identified).

Migrant from North America; apparently fairly common.

Grinnell’s water-thrush has exactly the same habits as the pre-
ceding race, and like it is confined to the coastal plain, principally
to muddy shores on brackish and fresh waters. This race was first
recorded for the island by Peters who collected a female near the
beach at Monte Cristi. There is a male in the collection of J. H.
Fleming shot by Verrill on Cayo Levantado opposite Samana, D. R.,
February 16, 1907. Moltoni has doubtfully identified one secured
by Ciferri at Sabana San Thomé, near San Juan, on October 9,
1928.

Abbott shot one February 1, 1917 on Tortue Island, and Wetmore
collected a male at the Etang Miragoane, April 1, 1927, and a fe-
male among mangroves near the sea at Caracol April 27, 1927. Two
birds of this species were seen at the Etang Miragoane, a fact worth
recording since this lake has fresh water and lies back some distance
from the sea. Poole and Perrygo secured one at Fort Liberté,
Haiti, February 14, 1929.

From these few records it appears that Grinnell’s water-thrush,
which is the breeding form of the interior of North America, is more
common in winter in the West Indies than has been supposed.
Other specimens should be collected at every opportunity until the
relative abundance of the two forms under discussion is determined.

394 BULLETIN 155, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

This race is so nearly similar to true noveboracensis that it may
be identified certainly only on comparison with specimens in mu-
seums. It is distinguished mainly by more sooty less brownish dor-
sal surface, paler yellow underparts, and usually by slightly larger
size, especially of the bill. Color seems better as a distinguishing
character than size.

MICROLIGEA PALUSTRIS (Cory)
HISPANIOLAN GROUND WARBLER, SIGUITA, PETIT CHIT

Ligea palustris Cory, Auk, 1884, p. 1, pl. 1 (col.), 1 fig (“Santo Do-
mingo ’—Rivas, D. R.); Birds Haiti and San Domingo, March, 1884, pp. 38-39,
col. pl. (Rivas, specimens).—TIPPENHAUER, Die Insel Haiti, 1892, p. 321
(listed).

Ligia, SHARPE, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., vol. 10, 1885, p. 349 (emendation).—
Cory, Birds Haiti and San Domingo, March, 1884, p. 88 (emendation).

Ligia palustris, SHARPH, Cat. Birds, Brit. Mus., vol. 10, 1885, pp. 349-350
(description, range).

Microligea Cory, Auk, 1884, p. 290 (new name for Ligea Cory, preoccupied).

Microligea palustris, Cory, Auk, 1884, p. 290 (type of Microligea) ; Cat.
West Indian Birds, 1892, p. 119 (Dominican Republic).—CHERRIE, Field Colum-
bian Mus., Ornith. ser., vol. 1, 1896, p. 12 (Santo Domingo City, Honduras,
specimens) ..—VERRILL, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 61, 1909, p. 365
(El Valle).—CHAPMAN, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. 37, May 14, 1917,
p. 3381 (Loma Tina, Loma Rucilla, specimens).—Bonp, Proce. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Philadelphia, vol. 80, 1928, p. 513 (Morne La Selle, Morne Tranchant, Morne
Brouet, Créte 4 Piquants).—LONNBrERe, Fauna och Flora, 1929, p. 107 (La
Selle).—Motton1, Att. Soc. Ital. Scienz. Nat., vol. 68, 1929, p. 324 (Sitio la
Maguana, specimen).

Geothlypis palustris, PALMER, Auk, 1900, p. 217 (considered representative of
this genus).

Resident; locally common.

This ground warbler so far as at present known lives in the dense
growths of damp thickets and woodland that are found in sections
of abundant rainfall, where these conditions are encountered being
fairly common, though so quiet that it is found only by those ac-
customed to search for the shyer species of birds. These birds creep
and clamber about in the dripping foliage of moss grown thickets or
dense clumps of ferns, moving rather slowly, usually near the
ground, but at times coming to feed through the branches above the
denser growth. Their call is a low complaining chewp, chewp heard
only when within a short distance. At times they show some curios-
ity and come near at hand to look at a human intruder. The long
tail gives them a tilting flight in the short distances that they cover
on the wing.

The type specimen from which the species was described by Cory
is found in the Field Museum (Cat. No. 26350) and is a male (orig-
inal No. 3387) in fresh plumage but with wing and tail in partial

THE BIRDS OF HAITI AND THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 395

molt, taken at Almercen (now known as Villa Rivas), D. R., August
26,1883. This bird measures as follows: Wing 68.5, tail 61.2, culmen
from base 15.0, tarsus 22.8 mm. There is a second skin, a female
(Cat. no. 26347) in the same collection, taken at the same locality
August 24, 1883, that is marked “ Type of female,” that under mod-
ern usage is of course to be disregarded in considering the type
specimen. Seven other skins from Villa Rivas taken in the same
year were collected August 24, 25, 26, 27,28 and 29. Cherrie reports
that in 1895 he secured eight skins; of these six are at present in the
Field Museum, four from Santo Domingo City, February 12 and
April 30, and two from Honduras March 30 and 31. Cherrie says
that the female taken April 30 was breeding. Verrill collected one,
at El Valle, but did not find it elsewhere. There is a considerable
series in the American Museum of Natural History shot by R. H.
Beck at Santo Domingo City September 28 and October 5, 6, 16, and
17, 1916, on Loma Tina, a number from January 5 to 24, on Loma
Ultimate Civil February 1, and on Loma Rucilla February 28 and
March 5, 1917. Abbott forwarded skins from near Constanza Sep-
tember 27, 1916, and April 16, 18, and 19, 1919, and one from Trujin
February 11, 1922. Wetmore in 1927 found this species fairly com-
mon near Constanza May 18 to 27. HK. L. Ekman has forwarded to
the United States National Museum skins taken in the Valle del
Yaque at 1,500 meters elevation and in the Valle del Nuevo at 2,400
meters and says that he has found the species to 2,925 meters. He
obtained a bird in immature dress near Constanza October 21, 1929,
and presented one to Ciferri taken at Sitio la Maguana September
15, 1929. ‘The species does not seem to be reported as yet from the
Samana Peninsula.

In Haiti this ground warbler is less widely distributed being
known at present only from the line of mountains that traverse the
southwestern peninsula to the break of the Cul-de-Sac plain. Abbott
collected one above Fonds Verettes May 1, and another at Furcy
May 31, 1920. Wetmore found them common in 1927 on the high
ridge of La Selle on Morne La Visite and Morne Cabaio, in the
ravine below the head of the Riviére Chotard, and about the clear-
ings of the Jardins Bois Pin from April 11 to 15, collecting three
specimens at the place last mentioned. He found them at times in
growths of weeds bordering fields where they ranged with yellow-
throats in the dense, wet cover. More were found, however, in the
dense thickets bound together with long strands of climbing bamboo.
In habits and appearance they frequently offer a curious suggestion
of resemblance to the wren-tit (Chamaea). ‘They are rather solitary
in habit and though two or three may associate they do not roam
about with flocks of migrant warblers. James Bond in 1928 found

396 BULLETIN 155, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

them not uncommon in the Crete & Piquants group, and on Morne
Tranchant and Morne Brouet in the neighborhood of Furcy. He
observed them in larger numbers on La Selle. He reports that they
were breeding in June.

What appear to be young of the year have a greenish wash on the
crown and hindneck. An adult male taken by Wetmore on La Selle
April 12, 1927, had the iris bright red; maxilla grayish black, man-
dible neutral gray; tarsus neutral gray, with the toes somewhat
paler.

This ground warbler is from 1385 to 150 mm. in length, slender in
form with long tail, rather short wings, and slender, pointed bill.
It is greenish on wings, back and tail, and dull gray, often with a
greenish wash, on hindneck and crown. Below it is grayish white,
becoming nearly white on the center of the abdomen and much
darker on the sides.

MICROLIGEA MONTANA Chapman

CHAPMAN’S GROUND WARBLER, SIGUITA, PETIT QUATRE YEUX, PETIT
CHIT

Microligea moniana CHAPMAN, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. 87, May 14,
1917, p. 330 (Loma Tina. Provincia de Azua. D. R.).—Bonp. Proc. Acad. Nat.
Sei. Philadelphia, vol. 80, 1928, pp. 513-514 (Morne Malanga, Morne Tranchant,
Morne La Selle).—L6ONNBERG, Fauna och Flora, 1929, pp. 107-108 (La Selle).—
Motrtont, Att. Soc. Ital. Scienz. Nat., vol. 68, 1929, p. 324 (Sitio la Maguana,
specimen).

Resident in the highlands; locally fairly common.

Chapman’s ground warbler is resident in the higher elevations
where it ranges in more open thickets than the other ground warbler,
feeding rather actively among the branches and creepers in habits
seeming to combine the mannerisms of warblers and _ vireos.
(Pl. 25.) These birds are found alone or in pairs, seldom high
above the ground, but on the other hand not searching as near the
earth as the related species. Wetmore heard one utter a low chat-
tering call, while Bond reports the note as a thin ¢seep not unlike
that of the palm chat. On June 11, 1928 at 1800 meters elevation
on La Selle Bond was shown a nest reputed to be of this species
though he did not see the owners. The structure was globular in
shape, composed of moss and grasses, lined with grass stems and
feathers, placed in a bush five feet from the ground. The nest con-
tained two fresh eggs (now in the Philadelphia Academy of Natural
Sciences) which are plain, creamy white in color without markings.
Bond gives the measurements as 21.6 by 15.5 and 21.7 by 15.5 mm.

This warbler was discovered by R. H. Beck, the type coming from
Loma Tina, January 15, 1917. He secured a long series there from
January 3 to February 38, one on Loma Rucilla February 24, and

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 155 PLATE 25

CHAPMAN'S GROUND WARBLER (MICROLIGEA MONTANA)

THE BIRDS OF HAITI AND THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 397

one at La Caftita March 9. W.L. Abbott secured a female at El Rio,
D. R., May 18, 1919, which is the only one that he recorded. In
1927 Wetmore observed one from the trail near El Rio May 17. On
May 19 he saw two at the edge of a clearing near Constanza and
collected one. On May 21 he shot another as it fed actively in a tree
growing in a dark ravine. E. L. Ekman in 1929 found this species
in the mountains north of San Juan. The natives described the nest
as oval with the entrance from beneath. Ciferri collected one at
1,200 to 1,500 meters altitude on Monte Viejo in August, 1929.

In Haiti Beck collected three on La Hotte June 20 and 22, 1917,
one being a young bird molting into first fall dress with the chest
washed with yellowish. Wetmore in 1927 found it on Morne La
Selle. On April 14 two were shot in thickets among the clearings at
the Jardins Bois Pin, and on April 15 another was seen in the same
locality. James Bond in 1928 found these warblers in small num-
bers on Morne Malanga in the Créte 4 Piquants group (male taken
January 19), on Morne Tranchant (one taken January 7), and on
Morne La Selle, where he reports them as about as common as
Microligea palustris.

An adult male taken by Wetmore on La Selle April 14 had the
maxilla black, mandible gray no. 6, iris Hay’s brown, tarsus and toes
neutral gray. An adult female secured at the same time was similar.

This species differs structurally from Microligea palustris in much
heavier bill and less fluffy plumage. Though Wetmore is inclined
to consider from his personal experience that the two species under
discussion belong in different genera he is not at this time prepared
to separate them since, except as noted above, palustris and montana
appear identical in structural characters.

Chapman’s ground warbler is similar in size to the related ground
warbler but appears somewhat more robust in life. The back and
wing coverts are green, head and tail gray, with black lores and a
white spot on either side of the forehead. (Pl. 25.) The wing
feathers are black with a prominent white spot on the primaries
extended along them as a streak. The underparts are white as are the
tips of the outer tail feathers. The white wing marking is promi-
nent in this species and serves as an excellent field mark.

GEOTHLYPIS TRICHAS TRICHAS (Linnaeus)
MARYLAND YELLOWTHROAT, PETIT CHIT
Turdus trichas LINNAEUS, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, vol. 1, 1766, p. 298 (“ Carolina”).

Winter visitant from the southeastern United States; abundance
uncertain.
In a series of yellowthroats taken by Poole and Perrygo in the
spring of 1929 there are five males that are referable to the present
2134—31——26

398 BULLETIN 155, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

form, these being the first recorded from Hispaniola. ‘Two were
taken at Fort Liberté February 8 and 11, and three at En Café on
Gonave Island March 5, 6, and 7. One from Fort Liberté and two
from Gonave are young birds with the black feathers of the facial
mask just appearing. From examination of these it seems that the
black comes in first on the cheeks and from there extends across the
crown.

This form of the yellowthroat has been reported from Cuba and
from various islands in the Bahamas so that it is to be expected to
range to Hispaniola. It is closely similar to the northern yellow-
throat, differing only in less extent of yellow below, slightly less
greenish upper surface, and slightly smaller size. It may be dis-
tinguished only by careful study of specimens in the hand.

GEOTHLYPIS TRICHAS BRACHIDACTYLA (Swainson)

NORTHERN YELLOWTHROAT, PETIT CHIT

Trichas brachidactylus SwArInson, Anim. in Menag., 1888, p. 295. (North-
ern Provinces of United States.)

?Sylvia pumilia VirEILLor, Hist. Nat. Ois. Amér. Sept., vol. 2, 1807, p. 39 (ap-
parently female Geothlypis).

Geothlypis trichas, Cory, Bull. Nuttall Ornith. Club, 1881, p. 151 (Haiti) ;
Birds Haiti and San Domingo, March, 1884, pp. 36-37 (winter); Cat. West
Indian Birds, 1892, p. 119 (Haiti, Dominican Republic).—TiIpPpENHAUER, Die
Insel Haiti, 1892, p. 321 (listed).—CHrErRIn, Field Columbian Mus., Ornith. ser.,
vol. 1, 1896, p. 12 (Dominican Republic, specimens).—Curisty, Ibis, 1897, p.
321 (La Vega, specimen).—VERRILL, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 61,
1909, p. 365 (listed).—Bonp, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 80, 1928, p.
514 (Gonave, Tortue)—HExman, Ark. fér Bot., vol. 22A, No. 16, 1929, p. 7
(Navassa).—Motront, Att. Soc. Ital. Scienz. Nat., vol. 68, 1929, p. 324 (Haina,
San Juan, specimens).

Geothlypis trichas brachydactyla, BrEBE, Zool. Soc. Bull. vol. 30, 1927, p. 141;
Beneath Tropie Seas, 1928, pp. 53, 224 (Haiti, specimen).

Geothlypis trichas brachidactyla, PrtTers, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zo6l., vol. 61,
1917, p. 419 (Sostia, specimens).—PENARD, Auk, 1926, p. 877 (one at sea).

Geothlypis trichas ignota, BrEesr, Zool. Soc. Bull., vol. 380, 1927, p. 141;
Beneath Tropic Seas, 1928, p. 224 (specimen, Bizoton).

Winter visitant ; common.

The yellow-throat* is found in numbers at the proper season in
weed-grown fields, and the borders of marshes in the lowlands, and
also ranges widely into the higher altitudes where there is suitable
cover for it. It lives near the ground concealed in the dense growths
that it affects, coming out on open perches for a few seconds and
then dodging back quickly out of sight, or flushing with tilting
flight to fly for a few yards before disappearing again into its
coverts. Attention often is directed to it by its harsh call note, a
low chimp, as it scolds whenever disturbed.

THE BIRDS OF HAITI AND THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 399

The bird was first recorded for the Dominican Republic by Cherrie
who secured one February 2, 1895 (at Catarrey). He reports that
the yellowthroat was common the middle of March, and that it con-
tinued in numbers until he left the island on May 8. Christy shot
one at La Vega April 19, 1895, and Verrill reports it as common in
1907. Four specimens of his taking in the collection of J. H. Flem-
ing were secured at Samana February 9, 19, and 20. Peters in 1916
found yellowthroats uncommon at Monte Cristi February 5 to 23;
and at Sostia February 25 to April 8. After March 15 they in-
creased in numbers remaining common until he left that section on
April 10. There is a series of eight in the American Museum of
Natural History taken by R. H. Beck at Santo Domingo City Sep-
tember 30, October 4, 10, 12, 17, and 20, 1916, all referred by Wet-
more to the present form. W. L. Abbott wrote on March 29, 1922
that yellowthroats were then common at Laguna Rincon. Ciferri
secured specimens at Haina in November, 1925, and at Sabana San
Thomé near San Juan November 5, December 28, 1928, and February
26, 1929. (Moltoni informs us that his published record of June 5
for a specimen from San Thomé is an error for November 5.)

In Haiti Cory reported the yellowthroat common in 1881 without
giving localities for his observations. In 1917 Paul Bartsch re-
corded this bird at Thomazeau April 2 (specimen), near Gloré on
the Etang Saumatre April 3, Trou Caiman April 4, near Jérémie
April 11, 14, 15, and 16 (specimen April 14), Trou des Roseaux
April 13 and 14, and near Port-au-Prince April 21 and 22. Abbott
shot a male at Trou Caiman, March 12, 1918, and a female on Gonave
Island March 12, 1920. Penard observed one on board ship at sea
near Haiti October 27,1921. Beebe reports one taken and four seen in
1927. During that same spring Wetmore recorded several in the
outskirts of Port-au-Prince in dry, thorny scrub far from any water.
On April 1 at the Etang Miragoane these birds were so abundant
in swampy meadows that about one hundred were seen. One was
seen April 7 in dry scrub near La Tremblay, and on April 8 several
were observed along the trail between Pétionville and Kenskoff. On
La Selle the birds were common in patches of weed and bracken in
the Jardins Bois Pin at 1800 meters altitude April 14, but were
apparently in migration as there was noticeable decrease in their
abundance the following day, and on April 16 only one was seen.
One was recorded at Kenskoff April 17. On April 27 near Caracol
one was taken in a weed-grown field, and that evening several were
seen and one was taken at Poste Charbert. All observed on this day
were females. This was the last date on which the species was
observed that spring. Bond records them in 1928 as common, noting
them on Gonave and Tortue Islands, and wrote that he saw the last

400 BULLETIN 155, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

one in spring on May 1. Poole and Perrygo in 1929 secured speci-
mens at St. Michel January 5 and 14, St. Raphael January 11, and
Pont Sondé February 27. On Gonave Island they took three at En
Café March 4 and 7, in company with the Maryland yellowthroat.
Ekman found the yellowthroat on Navassa Island in October, 1928.

Sylvia pumilia of Vieillot ** which he records from “ Saint-
Domingue ” among other places, may perhaps be the female of the
yellowthroat.

Five specimens in the United States National Museum represent
the subspecies brachidactyla, as do five in the Museum of Compara-
tive Zodlogy according to Peters, and the four taken by Verrill at
Samana (which have been examined by Wetmore through the cour-
tesy of Mr. J. H. Fleming). Beebe has reported a specimen of
the southern yellowthroat Geothlypis trichas ignota from Bizoton,
Haiti, April 7, 1927, but after careful comparison Wetmore has
determined it to be G. t. brachidactyla.

The northern yellowthroat is from 125 to 135 mm. long, being
bright olive green above and bright yellow on the throat and breast,
becoming yellowish white on the abdomen. The male has a mask of
black extending from the ear region across the sides of the head
and forehead, bordered on the forehead with white. The male is
easily identified but the female is difficult. In the hand the yellow-
throat is easily told by the fact that it has no rictal bristles.

SETOPHAGA RUTICILLA (Linnacus)
REDSTART, PETIT CHIT

Motacilla ruticilla LiInNAEUS, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 186 (Vir-
ginia).

Redstart, BEcK, Nat. Hist., vol. 21, 1921, p. 41 (Loma Tina).

Muscicapa ruticilla, VIEILoT, Hist. Nat. Ois. Amér. Sept., vol. 1, 1807, p. 66
(“ Saint-Domingue’’).

Setophaga ruticilla, SatLb&, Proc. Zool. Soe. London, 1857, p. 231 (Dominican
Republic).— Bryant, Proce. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 11, May, 1867, p. 91
(Dominican Republic, Haiti) Cory, Bull. Nuttall Ornith. Club, 1881, p. 151
(winter) ; Birds Haiti and San Domingo, March, 1884, p. 40 (common) ; Cat.
West Indian Birds, 1892, p. 120 (Haiti, Dominican Republic).—Tristram, Ibis,
1884, p. 168 (Dominican Republic) ; Cat. Coll. Birds belonging H. B. Tristram,
1889, p. 175 (Rivas, specimens).—TrepPpENHAUER, Die Insel Haiti, 1892, p. 321
(listed).—CHERRIg, Field Columbian Mus., Ornith. ser., vol. 1, 1896, p. 12
(tolerably common).—Curisty, Ibis, 1897, p. 321 (Sanchez, specimen).—VEr-
RILL, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 61, 1909, p. 365 (abundant).—
Perers, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zo6l., vol. 61, 1917, p. 419 (Sosa, Ric San Juan
specimens) .—Prnarp, Auk, 1926, p. 877 (at sea near Haiti).—BrrsE, Zool. Soe.
Bull., vol. 30, 1927, p. 141; Beneath Tropic Seas, 1928, p. 224 (Port-au-Prince) .—
Bonp, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 80, 1928, p. 514 (Haiti, Gonave
Island).—ExKman, Ark. fér Bot., vol. 22A, no. 16, 1929, p. 7 (Navassa).—
Mo.toniI, Att. Soc. Ital. Scienz. Nat., vol. 68, 1929, p. 8324 (San Juan, specimens).

“Hist. Nat. Ois. Amér. Sept., vol. 2, 1807, p. 39.

THE BIRDS OF HAITI AND THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 401

Migrant from North America; common.

The redstart frequents shrubbery, groves and forests, where it is
a most active flycatcher, pursuing its living prey with dash and vigor
among the branches with much display of its brilliantly marked,
fan-shaped tail. It ranges from coastal thickets to the summits of
the mountains, being so general in distribution that there is little
object in detailing all of the numerous records. Peters reports that
he saw comparatively few redstarts along the north coast during
March and April, 1916, though Verrill in 1907 found them abundant
in the region of Samana Bay, collecting numerous specimens during
January and February, which are now in the collection of J. H.
Fleming. The earliest report of the species in fall is that of a female
taken near Constanza, D. R., September 22, 1916, by W. L. Abbott.
Beck collected specimens at Santo Domingo City September 27 and
October 12, 18, and 24, and at Sdnchez November 11 and 23, 1916.
Wetmore observed the last one in the spring of 1927, near San Juan,
D. R., May 1. Ciferri sent specimens to Moltoni from Sabana San
Thomé near San Juan October 23 and 25, and November 29, 1928.

A. KE. Younglove collected two near Port-au-Prince, Haiti, May 9,
and May 10, 1866. James Bond, who found these birds abundant
in Haiti, reported the last from Gonave Island, May 20, 1928. Poole
and Perrygo in 1929 secured skins at St. Michel January 14, St.
Raphael January 11, Dondon January 19, Fort Liberté February 16
and Cerca-la-Source March 24 and 26. On Gonave Island they took
others at En Café March 4 and 6 and Massacrin March 10. Ekman
found this species on Navassa Island in October, 1928.

The redstart is a small warbler with broad, flat bill. The adult
male is jet black on the upper surface, throat and breast, with spots
of pale orange or salmon-pink in the center of each wing, on either
side of the breast, and across the center of the tail. The abdomen is
white. In the female and young male the black of the back of the
adult male is replaced by brownish gray, the breast is whitish, and
the orange patches become dull yellow.

Family PLOCEIDAE

Subfamily PLOCEINAE

TEXTCR CUCULLATUS CUCULLATUS (Swainson)
BLACK AND YELLOW MANTLED WEAVERBIRD, MADAME SARAH

Oriolus cucullaius P. L. S. MUtxirr, Volist. Natursyst. Suppl., 1776, p. 87
(Senegal).

Hyphantornis cucullatus, RIcHMOND, Smithsonian Misc. Colls., vol. 72, no. 6,
1921, p. 47, fig. 59 (collected in Haiti by Abbott)—DAnrortu, Auk, 1929, p.
373 (recorded).

402 BULLETIN 155, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

Hyphantornis c. cucullatus, Bresy, Zool. Soc. Bull., vol. 30, 1927, p. 141;
Beneath Tropic Seas, 1928, pp. 215, 223 (Bizoton, Miragoane, Port-au-Prince).

Textor cucullatus, BoNnp, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 80, 1928,
p. 510 (Miragoane, Port-au-Prince, Etang Saumfatre, Trou Caiman, Ennery).

Introduced into Haiti from West Africa; resident locally.

The first information of the presence of this weaver-finch in Haiti
came from photographs of a group of unknown nests taken in 1917
by Paul Bartsch. He recorded colonies at Trou Caiman April 4, and
20 kilometers north of Port-au-Prince April 27.

In May, 1920 E. C. Leonard, botanizing near Fond Parisien, ob-
served a colony of nests of a form strange to him which he called
to the attention of W. L. Abbott who collected the first specimens on
May 5. Others were taken May 8 and 12, and on May 16 one was
secured at Manneville. In 1927 Wetmore made especial effort to
obtain information on the distribution of the weaver, a quest in which
he was greatly assisted by Dr. G. N. Wolcott, then entomologist for
the Service Technique, who had located several colonies. Appar-
ently the weaver-bird has its center of abundance in the Cul-de-Sac
plain, extending beyond this to the north beyond St. Mare, as there
is a skin in the Academy of Natural Sciences in Philadelphia taken
near the mouth of the Artibonite River July 24, 1927, by J. T. Emlen,
Jr., and to Ennery where it is reported by Bond. On March 30,
near Mont Rouis Wetmore was shown a colony by Wolcott in two
trees immediately back of the beach, the nests being the lowest seen,
ranging from two and one half to seven meters from the ground.
(Pl. 18.) ‘They were not occupied at that time. In the Brigade
Hospital grounds in Port-au-Prince there was a colony of 40 nests
placed in the tops of two royal palms, a group that has been seen by
many naturalists who have passed through the city in recent years.
Along the north side of the southern peninsula the weaver has ex-
tended into the Leogane plain. Wolcott showed Wetmore one col-
ony of 60 nests in a eucalyptus tree standing in a yard at Montfleury,
and another group located in the tops of two Haitian oaks (Catalpa
longissima) between Mariani and Gressier on March 29. Appar-
ently the birds range even farther to the westward since Wetmore
in April, 1927 secured bones of the weaver in barn owl pellets col-
lected in a cave a short distance west of L’Acul. The barn owl may
eat these birds rather regularly since weaver bones were also identified
from owl pellets secured in the cave at Diquini. It will be recalled
that Abbott recorded the weaver at Manneville and Fond Parisien.
There is further a specimen in the Philadelphia Academy of Natural
Sciences shot near Trou Caiman December 30, 1927, by James Bond,
who reports the species at Miragoane, Port-au-Prince, Etang Sau-

THE BIRDS OF HAITI AND THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 4(3

matre, Trou Caiman and Ennery. He saw a colony of over 70
nests at Basin Generale. Poole and Perrygo collected two specimens
at Pont Sondé February 26, 1929.

Wetmore observed one bird in the Ravine Papaye near Hinche
on April 23, 1927, and on May 1, located a colony of thirty nests,
most of them apparently occupied, a mile east of Comendador, D.
R. on the road to San Juan. This colony was placed in a tree above
a little hut at a native cane mill. The privilege of a shot was allowed
and the collector secured a fine male at the first discharge greatly to
the disappointment of observers who wanted him to continue the
fusillade. The fifteen cents presented to the old negress living in
the house pleased her greatly and no doubt gave the colony of birds
an enhanced value in her eyes. It was said that this colony had
been established here for many years.

The above outlines briefly the present known distribution of this
bird. There are probably numerous other colonies and the species
may have a wider distribution on the island than is at present
suspected.

In palm trees the nests of this species are fastened to the long
fronds often several being attached to one leaf. In deciduous trees
the structures are usually clustered rather closely on the small
branches at the top of the tree though occasionally they are grouped
at the extremity of a long, projecting limb. Where the colony is
large many limbs may be utilized, as near Gressier, where there were
two groups of 40 and 75 nests respectively, placed from 10 to 15
meters from the ground. Small groups of nests were scattered
through two royal palms and a jobo tree nearby.

The nests usually are constructed of strips of palm leaf woven to
form a globular structure that is firmly attached to supporting twigs
so that it hangs suspended from its upper part. The entrance is
placed in one side slightly above the center, with the nest material
arching out over it so that it is well protected, the opening often
being entirely concealed from the side so that the bird seems to
enter from below. The fibers used in weaving are from one to five
mm. wide, occasionally a little broader, and the nest is from 90 to’
130 mm. wide by 140 to 160 mm. deep. The walls are from 10 to 30
mm. thick and are fairly even throughout except that they are
decidedly thicker above. The weaving though seemingly loose is
compact so that there are few openings apparent between the strands.
In the two nests taken by Abbott at Fond Parisien from which this
description is written there is no definite nest lining. During build-
ing operations if in a palm the birds strip the leaves adjacent to
their nests leaving the fronds badly shredded or even bare, and in

404 BULLETIN 155, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

other trees pull away the leaves so that the nests are exposed without
protecting shade. It was said that near St. Marc the birds had
almost denuded a little clump of banana plants in securing building
material from the leaves. The nests are woven of green materials
but soon fade under the powerful sun to yellow. Colonies seem to
be occupied for several years with new nests added regularly. The
usual number of birds in a colony seemed to be twenty to thirty,
possibly more in some cases as the birds come and go so constantly
that it is difficult to estimate their numbers accurately. Colonies
are noisy so that there is heard from them a steady, high-pitched
chatter forming a monotonous volume of sound through which
whistled calls or wheezing songs ring out clearly. At short intervals
there is louder more excited outcry as the brilliantly colored males
fly each to his nest and call vivaciously with outspread, slowly wav-
ing wings, often hanging suspended back downward, making a
striking display. Males frequently rest below or beside the nest in
the little patch of shadow cast by the structure. They were especially
vociferous when females came flying overhead.

These weavers range over considerable territory in feeding and
were frequently observed in parties of six to fifteen flying across
country above the trees, the heavy body, broad wings and square
tail causing them to be easily recognized. Away from their nests
they are at times difficult to see in the dense cover that they affect,
attention being drawn to their presence by their high pitched, squeal-
ing, creaking notes uttered in chorus.

As a species Zextor cucullatus ranges across central Africa from
Senegal to Abyssinia being divided in this region into five geographic
races according to modern ideas.“ The series from Haiti agrees
perfectly with Zewtor cucullatus cucullatus and is identified as that
race. The extent of black on the head and the generally yellow
color of the upper breast in the males separates them from the east-
ern races, while the strong brown coloration of the flanks is a char-
acteristic marking of the typical race.

Measurements (in millimeters) of our series are as follows:

Ten males, wing 86.2-90.3 (88.0), tail 49.5-56.8 (51.8), culmen
from base 19.7-21.0 (20.5), tarsus 23.0-24.7 (24.0).

Four females, wing 77.1-80.7 (78.9), tail 44.1-46.2 (44.9), culmen
from base 17.8-19.8 (18.5), tarsus 21.1-23.9 (22.2).

It is of interest to note that the present bird, like the two forms
of weavers found in Porto Rico, the hooded weaver-finch (Sper-
mestes cucullatus cucullatus) and the scarlet-cheeked weaver-finch
POPE eit ds ee MN Ras Licence 2 On ee ot

44 See Sclater, W. L., and Mackworth-Praed, C., Ibis, 1918, pp. 435-436, and Reichenow,
Mitt. Zool. Staatsinst. Zool. Mus. Hamburg, vol. 40, 1923, p. 64.

THE BIRDS OF HAITI AND THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 405

(Estrilda melpoda melpoda) is from western Africa, indication
that it was probably introduced at the time slave-ships were plying
between the West African coast and the West Indies. Though
the weaver was not collected until 1920 it is so well established
that there can be little doubt that it was introduced many years
before, probably dating back to the period of French colonization.

The following quotations from that diligent historian Moreau de
Saint-Méry indicate possibility of its escape from aviaries main-
tained at that time.*®

“A-peu-prés depuis 1783, on a vu s’introduire au Cap, un gofit que
jai déja loué; c’est celui d’avoir de charmantes voliéres, oti des
oiseaux fournis par le Sénégal, la Guyane le Mississipi & méme par la
Partie Espagnole de l’Isle, charment V’oeil & Voreille. On est frappé
surtout de la mutation qu’éprouvent les sénégalais qui changent
totalement de nuances, sans changer de plumes, & homme sensible
aime & penser que la vue & le soin de ces timides créatures, doivent
inspirer des pensées aussi douces qu’elles.” On a later page **® he
writes

“ J’al vi en 1788, chez M. Le Sage, chirurgien aide-major de Vhos-
pital, un cayman, de 11 pieds de long. * * #*

“Crest chez le méme que j’ai eu occasion d’admirer plusieurs fois
plus de 200 oiseaux de différentes espéces, venant tous de Sénégal.
Ils etaient petits & vétus de robes, trés-belles, & avec des couleurs
plutot agreablement nuancées que vives. Les modulations de leurs
gosiers flexibles avaient toujours pour mon oreille un charine nou-
veau. Quelques uns d’entréux changeaient de coleur sans changer
de plumes.”

In a pleasant climate like that of Haiti a species like this weaver
should have had little difficulty in establishing itself if set at freedom.

The weaver is a stocky bird 155 to 175 mm. long with strong,
heavy bill, large, powerful feet, short tail and long wings. The
adult males are bright yellow, marked with black on the back and
chestnut on the hindneck and breast, with a wash of the latter color
on the sides. The head is jet black, the wings dusky edged with olive
yellow, and the tail olive green. The female is light yellow beneath
becoming whitish on the abdomen, yellowish green on the head, and
olive green washed with gray on the back, with the wings and tail
as in the male.

45 Descrip. Part. Franc. fle Saint-Domingue, vol. 1, 1797, p. 300.
46Tdem, vol. 2, 1798, p. 426.

406 BULLETIN 155, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

Family ICTERIDAE *

DOLICHONYX ORYZIVORUS (Linnaeus)
BOBOLINE

Fringilla oryzivora LINNAEUS, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 179 (Cuba).

Dolichonyz orizivorus, Mourroni, Att. Soc. Ital. Scienz. Nat., vol. 68, 1929,
p. 324 (San Juan, specimens).

Migrant from North America; rare.

The first record for this species is of one shot on Tortue Island,
May 16, 1917, by W. L. Abbott. Abbott writes that this bird was
taken from a flock of about one hundred. E. L. Ekman secured
specimens in cornfields near San Juan, Dominican Republic, on Sep-
tember 21, 1929, collecting five on that date. Ciferri collected two at
the same point September 28, 1929. The bobolink nests in the north
from British Columbia and Montana to New England and winters
from Brazil to Argentina so that it may be expected in Hispaniola
only in passage during spring and fall.

The bobolink ranges from 155 to 185 mm. long, and is plump of
body, with short, conical, sparrowlike bill, long tarsi, and sharply
pointed tail feathers. In fall and winter dress in which it should
be most frequently seen in Hispaniola it is brownish above, con-
spicuously streaked with black and buffy, and buffy or yellowish
beneath, streaked on sides and flanks with black. The female re-
tains this dress throughout the year, but the male in spring becomes
a striking bird of jet black plumage with a large patch of buff on the
nape, and the scapulars, rump and upper tail-coverts white tinged
with gray.

AGELAIUS HUMERALIS (Vigors)

TAWNY-SHOULDERED BLACKBIRD, MERLE

Leistes humeralis Vicors, Zool. Journ., vol. 3, November, 1827, p. 442. (Near
Havana, Cuba.)

Agelaius quisqueyensis DANFORTH and EMLEN, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington,
vol. 40, December 2, 1927, p. 147 (Artibonite Sloughs, near St. Mare, Haiti) .—
DanrFortH, Auk, 1929, p. 373 (Artibonite) —LONNBrERG, Fauna och Flora, 1929, p.
110 (Haiti).

Agelaius humeralis, Bonp, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sei. Philadelphia, vol. 80, 1928,
pp. 514-515 (Port-de-Paix, specimen).

Agelaius humeralis quisqueyensis, Moroni, Att. Soe. Ital. Scienz. Nat., vol.
68, 1929, p. 8325 (mentioned).

47 The siffleur of Montbeillard, in Buffon’s Hist. Nat. Ois., vol. 3, 1775, p. 230, recorded
in part from “ Saint-Domingue,”’ refers possibly to some species of this family (possibly
an oriole), but can not be identified with any of those known from Hispaniola.

Agelajus guirahuro, Hartlaub, Isis, 1847, p. 610, refers properly to an icterid of south-
ern South America and can not be assigned to any species here under consideration.

THE BIRDS OF HAITI AND THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 407

Resident; found near Port-de-Paix and the mouth of the Arti-
bonite River, Haiti.

The tawny-shouldered blackbird was unknown in Hispaniola until
its discovery near the mouth of the Artibonite River, a short distance
from St. Marc, Haiti, in the summer of 1927 by Stuart T. Danforth
and John T. Emlen, jr. Five specimens, an adult and an immature
male, and three females, were taken near some sloughs in the locality
mentioned on July 29, two being in the private collection of Mr. Dan-
forth in the College of Agriculture of the University of Porto Rico
at Mayagiiez, Porto Rico, and two in the Academy of Natural Sci-
ences. These were described as Agelaius quisqueyensis under the im-
pression that they represented a distinct species. Mr. Danforth
recently has deposited the type in the United States National
Museum. Danforth and Emlen report that they observed about
twenty of these blackbirds on the date mentioned near sloughs along
the Artibonite River, about eight miles from St. Marc, where they
were in flocks of five to ten, resting in trees standing in water. Some
were feeding young birds on the wing. Bond has reported the species
from near Port-de-Paix where he secured one on March 13, 1928. He
writes that the note is quite different from that of Holoquiscalus.

Through the courtesy of Dr. Witmer Stone and James Bond of the
Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences, an adult female and an
immature male taken by Emlen, with an adult male secured by Bond
March 13, 1928, were sent to Washington for examination. On com-
parison with a considerable series of A. humeralis from Cuba in the
United States National Museum the bird of Haiti, which was de-
scribed as Agelaius quisqueyensis under the impression that it was
new, is found to be identical with the bird of Cuba and must be re-
corded under the name hwmeralis. The color of the shoulder patch
in this species is variable from light to dark so that the shade rep-
resented in the Haitian specimens is easily duplicated in many
Cuban skins. No characters to support separation of two races are
found after the most careful comparisons.

Following are measurements in millimeters from adult birds from
Haiti:

Two males, wing 100.3-101.9,** tail 81.3-82.0,4° culmen from base
17.0-18.1,** tarsus 24.3-26.3.*8

One female, wing 95.7, tail 80.8, culmen from base 16.9, tarsus 23.9.

The limited area from which this blackbird is known in Haiti,
and the fact that it has not been recorded earlier suggest that it may
have been established recently on the island by individuals come from
Cuba. Abbott did not secure it during extensive travels on the island

48 Type.

408 BULLETIN 155, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

nor did Wetmore observe it during his work in the field so that it
can hardly be wide spread in distribution since it is a bird that is
conspicuous and easily seen when its haunts are visited.

The tawny-shouldered blackbird measures 200 mm. or a little more
in length and is glossy black in color, with the bend of the wing, or
“ shoulder,” deep brownish buff. Male and female.are alike in color.

ICTERUS DOMINICENSIS (Linnaeus)

HISPANIOLAN ORIOLE, CALANDRA, SIGUA AMARILLA, SIGUA CALANDRIA,
SIGUA CANARIA, BANANE MURE, DEMOISELLE

Oriolus dominicensis LINNAEUS, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, vol. 1, 1766, p. 163
(“ Dominica ’=Hispaniola).—RitTrer, Naturh. Reis. Westind. Insel Hayti, 1836,
p. 155 (specimen).

Merle a Gorge Noire de Saint-Domingue, MonrTsrInLarpD, in Buffon’s Hist.
Nat. Ois., vol. 3. 1775, pp. 382-883 (immature individual in molt to adult
plumage) .—DAUBENTON, Planch. Enl., pl. 559 (in color).

Troupiale, de St. Domingue, appellé le Siffleur, DAUBENTON, Planch, Enl.,
pl. 286 (apparently immature of J. dominicensis though Boddaert calls it Bal-
timore oriole).

Carouge (part), MonrTBrI~LArD, in Buffon’s Hist. Nat. Ois., vol. 3, 1775, p.
245 (‘“ Saint-Domingue’”’).

Carouge de St. Domingue, DAUBENTON, Planch. Enl., pl. 5, fig. 2 (adult).

Icterus minor viridis Brisson, Ornith., vol. 2, 1760, pp. 118-115, pl. 10, fig. 2
(immature).

Xanthornus Dominicensis Brisson, Ornith., vol. 2, 1760, pp. 121-123, pl. 12,
fig. 3 (description).—Hartriaus, Naumannia, 1852, p. 58 (Haiti, common).

?Oriolus wanthornus, Ritrer, Naturh. Reis. Westind. Insel Hayti, 1836,
p. 155 (specimen).

Icterus flavigaster, HARTLAUB, Isis, 1847, p. 609 (listed).

Icterus dominicensis, SALLE, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1857, p. 232 (nesting).—
Bryant, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 11, May, 1867, p. 94 (Dominican Re-
public, Haiti).—Cory, Bull. Nuttall Ornith. Club, 1881, p. 152 (common) ; Birds
Haiti and San Domingo, July, 1884, pp. 71-72, col. pl. (Pétionville, Puerto
Plata, La Vega, specimens); Cat. West Indian Birds, 1892, p. 110 (Haiti,
Dominican Republic).—TristrAm, Ibis, 1884, p. 168 (Dominican Republic, speci-
men) ; Cat. Coll. Birds Belonging H. B. Tristram, 1889, p. 250 (Samana, Rivas,
specimens ).—TIPPpENHAUER, Die Insel Haiti, 1892, pp. 319-820, 321 (listed) —
CHERRIE, Field Columbian Mus., Ornith. ser., vol. 1, 1896, pp. 16-17 (habits).—
Curisty, Ibis, 1897, pp. 325-326 (common).—VERRILL, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Philadelphia, vol. 61, 1909, p. 362 (common).—PETERS, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool,
vol. 61, 1917, pp. 423-424 (Monte Cristi, SosGa, Arroyo Salado, specimens) .—
CrrerRI, Segund. Inf. An. Est. Nac. Agr. Moca, 1927, p. 6 (listed).—BrE«se, Zool.
Soc. Bull., vol. 30, 1927, p. 140; Beneath Tropic Seas, 1928, p. 222 (recorded).
Bonp, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 80, 1928, p. 515 (Haiti, common;
description of nest and eggs).—Danr¥rortTH, Auk, 1929, p. 373 (generally distrib-
uted).—LGNNsBeErG, Fauna och Flora, 1929, p. 110 (Haiti). —Mortont, Att. Soe.
Ital. Scienz. Nat., vol. 68, 1929, p. 325 (Haina, Moca, San Juan, specimens).

Resident ; locally common.
As the oriole lives amid the leaves of trees, it is found usually in the
smaller branches where though not particularly shy it keeps well

THE BIRDS OF HAITI AND THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 409

under cover. ‘The call is a harsh chur-r-r-r while the whistled song
is clear and pleasant. Where it frequents palms in its search for food
it is more easily observed but even here with its slow leisurely move-
ments it often escapes detection. Its calls frequently betray its pres-
ence where the bird itself escapes detection. As it flies across open
spaces the yellow shoulders and under tail-coverts are in prominent
contrast to the black of the rest of the plumage. The slender form
and long tail also are notable when the bird is on the wing.

Wetmore did not observe the oriole on the higher slopes of La
Selle but found it in small numbers at Constanza and El Rio so that
it does not fear the cold air of the mountains. Abbott collected a
number on Tortue Island where it is reported also by Bond, the latter
stating that a few are found through the higher hills of Gonave
Island as well. Bond secured a female on Gonave February 10, 1928
which is now in the collection of the Philadelphia Academy of
Natural Sciences.

Following is a digest of the definite records for this species:

Dominican Republic: Duvergé (Abbott); San Juan, Bonao,
Sanchez (Wetmore); Santo Domingo City, (Sallé); Laguna
(Abbott); Samana, (Verrill, McGrigor); Caia Honda, La Valle,
Rio San Juan (Verrill) ; Rivas (Toogood, Abbott) ; La Vega (Cory,
Verrill) ; Vasquez (Danforth) ; Monte Cristi, Arroyo Salado, Sostia
(Peters); Puerto Plata (Cory); Jarabacoa (Abbott); Constanza,
El Rio (Wetmore) ; Haina, Moca, San Juan (Ciferri).

Haiti: Jérémie (Abbott, Bartsch); Moline (Abbott); Trou des
Roseaux, Petit Goave, Gloré (Bartsch); Fonds-des-Négres (Wet-
more); Port-au-Prince (Younglove, Bartsch, Wetmore); Pétion-
ville (Cory); Fond Parisien, Riviére Bar, Moustique (Abbott) ;
- Montfleury, Las Cahobes, Hinche, Caracol (Wetmore); St. Michel
(Miller); Gonave Island (Bond, Poole and Perrygo); Tortue
Island (Abbott, Bond). St. Raphael, Fort Liberté, Cerca-la-Source
(Poole and Perrygo).

The oriole has been reported in flocks by several observers, as
many as fifty having been seen in company. These birds feed regu-
larly about flowers especially those of the orange and agave, coming
to such blossoms with honey-creepers, hummingbirds and wood-
peckers,

A nest secured by W. L. Abbott on Tortue Island, June 19, 1917,
was placed twenty feet from the ground on the under side of a leaf
of a coconut palm. The nest is a shallow basket composed of fibers
apparently stripped from a palm leaf, woven firmly together to
form an openwork frame which is well padded with cotton. The
whole is fastened to the palm leaf at either end by having long
fibres passed through slits made in the leaf for this purpose, the
support coming mainly at two points at each of which from twelve

410 BULLETIN 155, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

to twenty fibres are involved. The four eggs have a white back-
ground spotted very finely with russet, the spots being distributed
over the entire surface of the egg but more numerous about the large
end. The eggs measure as follows: 20.9 by 15.9, 21.2 by 16.2, 21.8
by 15.9, and 21.8 by 16.6 mm.

James Bond reports a nest found at Fort Liberté April 28, 1928,
placed fifteen feet from the ground at the end of a branch in an
almond tree, being woven into the leaves. ‘Two of the eggs were on
the point of hatching. The third, which was saved, measured 22.7
by 16mm. The egg is white with a very faint bluish tinge, marked
with fine spots of russet and mars brown spread rather evenly over
the surface, fusing over the large end to form a distinct cap.

An adult male shot by Wetmore at Hinche, Haiti, April 22, 1927,
had the bill black; iris bone brown; tarsi and toes dull neutral gray ;
claws black. An immature female taken at the same time had the
same colors.

Birds from Hispaniola, Gonave and Tortue do not seem to differ
appreciably in color or size. Following are measurements of our
series:

Males, twenty-one specimens, wing 88.9-101.0 (96.0), tail 82.0-94.2
(86.2), culmen from base 19.2—28.8 (21.5), tarsus 21.7-24.8 (23.5) mm.

Females, five specimens, wing 87.0—91.4 (89.0), tail 82.3-84.8 (83.6),
culmen from base 19.9-20.9 (20.4), tarsus 22.6-24.5 (23.5) mm.

This oriole is from 195-220 mm. in length, with slender form.
Adult male and female are black with rump, shoulder, abdomen and
under tail-coverts clear yellow. Birds in immature dress are olive
green, more yellowish below, and often show varying numbers of
black feathers as the adult dress grows in among the other plumes.

HOLOQUISCALUS NIGER NIGER (Boddaert)
HISPANIOLAN GRACKLE, CHINCHILIN, MERLE, MERLE DIABLE

Oriolus niger BoppAERT, Table Planch. Enl., 1788, p. 31 (‘“ St. Domingue ”=
Hispaniola).—DrEscourtTILz, Voy. Nat., vol. 2, 1809, p. 68 (Gonaives) .—RITTER,
Naturh. Reis. Westind. Insel Hayti, 1886, p. 155 (specimen).

Troupiale noir, MoNTBEILLARD, in Buffon’s Hist. Nat. Ois., vol. 8, 1775, p. 220
(food).

Troupiale noir, de St. Domingue, DauBENTON, Planch. Enl. No. 5384 (colored
figure).

Icterus niger Brisson, Ornith., vol. 2, 1760, p. 104, pl. 10, fig. 1 (“ Saint-
Domingue’’).

Gracula quiscala, RirrerR, Naturh. Reis. Westind. Insel Hayti, 1886, p. 155
(specimen) .

Quiscalus sericeus, Hartiaus, Isis, 1847, p. 610 (listed).

Quiscalus barita, Satté, Proc. Zool. Soe. London, 1857, p. 232 (Dominican
Republic).

THE BIRDS OF HAITI AND THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 411

Quiscalus ater, BRYANT, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 11, May, 1867,
p. 94 (Jérémie).—Cory, Bull. Nuttall Ornith. Club, i881, p. 153 (Haiti) —
TRISTRAM, Ibis, 1884, p. 168 (Dominican Republic).

Quiscalus niger, CAsstn, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1866, p. 407
(Jérémie).—Cory, Birds Haiti and San Domingo, July, 1884, p. 73, col. pl.
(Pétionville, Puerto Plata, Samana) ; Cat. West Indian Birds, 1892, p. 111 (“ San
Domingo ”).—TIPPENHAUER, Die Insel Haiti, 1892, pp. 320, 321 (listed).—
CHERRIE, Field Columbian Mus., Ornith. ser., vol. 1, 1896, p. 17 (Catarrey;
Aguacate, Santo Domingo City, specimens).—Curisty, Ibis, 1897, pp. 326-327
(habits).—VERRILL, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 61, 1909, p. 362
(habits) —Karmprer, Journ. fiir Ornith., 1924, p. 180 (distribution; albinos).

Holoquiscalus niger, Prerrrs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zodl., vol. 61, 1917, p. 424
(Sostia, specimens; Monte Cristi).—Brrser, Zool. Soc. Bull., vol. 80, 1927, p. 141;
Beneath Tropic Seas, 1928, p. 222 (noted).

Holoquiscalus gundlachi niger, EKMAN, Fauna och Flora, 1929, p. 110
(Haiti).

Holoquiscalus niger niger, Perers, Auk, 1921, pp. 444445 (synonymy, distri-
bution ).—Bonp, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 80, 1928, p. 515 (Haiti,
Gonave Island).—DawnrortTH, Auk, 1929, p. 373 (common).—Mottont, Att. Soc.
Ital. Scienz. Nat., vol. 68, 1929, p. 325 (Bonao, San Juan, specimens).

Resident; locally common.

The grackle is widely distributed in both republics being found
about marshes, savannas, open fields bordered by trees, semi-open
groves, and even in open pine forest. It does not feed far from
water, though any mud hole, particularly if surrounded by thick
brush may harbor a few. Peters notes that in the arid Monte Cristi
region the birds were confined to the marshes along the Rio Yaqui
del Norte. In Haiti the grackle ranges across the summit of La
Selle, as Wetmore observed it there in some numbers from April 9
to 16, both in the clearings of the Jardins Bois Pin, and through the
open forest of pines above. He recorded it in pairs at the Riviére
Jaquisy below Morne Cabaio April 9, and on the slopes above to
1,500 meters. It was observed also at Chapelle Faure April 17. In
the Dominican Republic, however, it does not appear to range to such
high elevations. Neither Abbott nor Wetmore found it near
Constanza, and Kaempfer does not report it above 700 meters.
Abbott secured two at Jarabacoa October 12, 1916, and Wetmore
recorded the species as common along the Rio Camt near La Vega
but not among the hills above.

Montbeillard, writing in 1775, gives some account of the habits
of this species, probably from notes furnished by Deshayes, saying
among other things that the stomach is muscular, and is filled ordi-
narily with scarabaeids and other insects. At Sanchez Christy saw
them visiting nests of the palm-chat to rob them of their eggs. The
birds feed on the ground where this is open, walking about in pairs
or in little groups. Albino individuals seem to be fairly common in
this species and attract the attention usual with “ white blackbirds,”

412 BULLETIN 155, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

as the natives frequently report having seen them, and W. L. Abbott
collected two, both females, one at the eastern end of Lake Enriquillo,
D. R., October 2, 1919, and one at Fond Parisien May 6, 1920. In
both the body plumage is mainly white with a mixture of dark
feathers, while wings and tail are black with small tippings of white.
William Beebe reports that he has exhibited this grackle alive in the
Zoological Park in New York City.

Following are definite records of occurrence for this species:

Dominican Republic: Santo Domingo City, Aguacate, Catarrey
(Cherrie, Danforth) ; Sanchez (Christy, Verrill, Abbott, Wetmore) ;
Samana (Cory); Rojo Cabo, Samana Peninsula (Abbott) ; Sosta,
Monte Cristi (Peters); Puerto Plata (Cory); Santiago, (Wet-
more); La Vega (Verrill, Wetmore, Danforth); Jarabacoa (Ab-
bott) ; Seibo, Hato Mayor, San Pedro de Macoris, Haina, Vasquez,
Laguna del Salodillo, (Danforth); Bonao, San Juan (Danforth,
Ciferri).

Haiti: Jérémie (Uhler, Bartsch, Abbott); Moline (Abbott) ;
Trou des Roseaux, Trou Caiman, Gloré, Thomazeau (Bartsch) ;
Pétionville (Cory); Fond Parisien (Abbott); Port-au-Prince,
(Wetmore, Bond, Danforth); Carrefour, Sources Puantes, La
Tremblay, Chapelle Faure, Las Cahobes, Hinche, Caracol (Wet-
more) ; Fonds-des-Négres, Etang Miragoane (ireamnate. Danforth) ;
Summit of La Selle (Wetmore, Bond); Gonaives (Descourtilz) ;
Moustique, Tortue Island (Abbott); Gonave Island (Poole and Per-
rygo, Bond); Dondon, Pont Sondé, Fort Liberté, Cerca-la-Source
(Poole and Perrygo) ; Remeeote, Gonaives (Danforth).

Abbott collected three sets af eggs of this species, these having a
ground color decidedly paler than pale king’s blue spotted with
blackish and pearl blue, some of the markings being fine, while some
are heavy blotches, many being arranged as irregular lines as though
scrawled by a careless pen. A set of four taken May 8, 1917, at
Baie des Moustiques came from a nest placed in mangroves 2.5 meters
above high-water mark. These eggs measured 27.2 by 19.5, 28.4 by
20.0, 28.4 by 20.1, and 28.8 by 19.9 mm. Three more from the same
locality, without definite date, were taken from a nest made of
Spanish moss with an internal cup of mud, placed in an acacia tree
about three meters from the earth. These measure 26.1 by 20.1, 26.6
by 20.3, and 26.9 by 20.2mm. On May 30, 1917, four eggs were raken
from a nest loosely constructed of Spanish moss and banana leaf
fiber placed in a coconut palm. These eggs measure 26.7 by 19.8,
27.1 by 20.0, 27.5 by 19.4, and 27.5 by 19.5 mm.

Danforth found six pairs nesting in trees along the sloughs near
the mouth of the Artibonite River July 29, 1927, when one nest had
eggs and the others young. Bond has reported a nest with one egg
from Tortue Island in March. Near Sanchez, on May 6, 1927,

THE BIRDS OF HAITI AND THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 413

Wetmore found young out of the nest and observed the birds in
family parties that usually contained three young in addition to the
parents. Others were nesting at this time about the rocky islets on
the south shore of Samana Bay and among the palms in the savannas
of the lower Yuna, where males walked back and forth with drooping
wings and spread tail along the horizontal leaf ribs.

From a few observations it appears that these birds may gather
at evening in central roosts when they are not nesting. On March
29, 1927, Wetmore observed two flying high above Port-au-Prince in
early morning, and at dusk of the same day near Carrefour observed
little bands passing to the westward along the coast until more than
one hundred had been counted. Abbott noted large numbers congre-
gated in the marshes near Lake Enriquillo October 1 to 6, 1919.
The usual call of the grackle is a high-pitched whees-see-ee, and the
song, a wheezing effort, is variable.

An adult male taken by Wetmore April 2, 1927, at Fonds-des-
Négres had the bill and tarsus black, under side of toes dusky, and
iris light yellow. Male and female taken at Sanchez May 9 were
similar to the one just described except that the under side of the
toes was slightly yellowish. A young male taken with them had the
iris light brown.

The keel on the lower face of the palate (in the roof of the mouth),
so prominently developed in grackles of the genus Quzscalus, in the
present species is represented by a rounded ridge that projects below
the level of the cutting edge of the mandibles and slopes gradually
into the level of the palate in front.

A pair taken by Abbott at Jarabacoa October 12, 1916, and one
from Lake Enriquillo October 2, 1919, are molting wing and tail
feathers. In a juvenile shot by Wetmore at Sanchez May 6, 1927,
the ninth and tenth primaries are only partly grown.

Range in measurement in these birds is considerable but so far as
can be ascertained is entirely individual. Birds from Tortue and
Gonave do not differ appreciably from those of the main island.
Following are dimensions from the series at hand:

Twelve males, wing 125.1-143.7 (185.7), tail 104.8-124.8 (117.7),
culmen from base 30.3-34.8 (32.2), tarsus 32.0-87.7 (34.5) mm.

Twelve females, wing 108.5-119.3 (114.4), tail 91.4-107.0 (100.3),
culmen from base 26.4-29.4 (27.9), tarsus 29.5-33.0 mm.

The grackle is from 265 to 305 mm. long, males being decidedly
larger than females, and is glossy black in color. The tail is plicate,
i. e. is formed like an open V the lower ridge or angle being capable
of great extension downward in the males. The young are duller
colored when they first leave the nest but soon assume the dress of
the adults. ,

21384—31—_27

414 BULLETIN 155, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
Family THRAUPIDAE

Subfamily THRAUPINAE
SPINDALIS MULTICOLOR (Vieillot)
HISPANIOLAN SPINDALIS, MOUNEDELE “

Tanagra malticolor ViritLot, Tabl. Encye. Méth., vol. 2, 18238, p. 775
(“ Florides, les fles Bahama et de Saint-Domingue ”=Hispaniola).

Grivelette de Saint-Domingue, Drscourtinz, Voy. Nat., vol. 2, 1809, pp. 204—
206 (in part; hunting, eggs).

Tanagra dominicensis Bryant, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 11, May,
1867, p. 92 (New name for Tanagra multicolor Vieillot from Hispaniola).

Spindalis multicolor, SaLu£, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1857, p. 231 (Dominican
Republic, specimens).—Cory, Bull. Nuttall Ornith. Club, 1881, p. 152 (Haiti,
specimens) ; Birds Haiti and San Domingo, March, 1884, pp. 54-55, col. pl.
(Pétionville, Puerto Plata, specimens) ; Cat. West Indian Birds, 1892, p. 114
(Haiti, Dominican Republic); Auk, 1895, p. 279 (Dominican Republic) .—
TRISTRAM, Cat. Coll. Birds belonging H. B. Tristram, 1889, p. 220 (Samana,
specimens).—TIPPENHAUER, Die Insel Haiti, 1892, p. 321 (listed).—Curisty,
Ibis, 1897, p. 323 (Sanchez, specimen).—VeERRILL, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila-
delphia, vol. 61, 1909, p. 363 (Sanchez, specimens).—CHERRIg, Field Col. Mus.,
Ornith. ser., vol. 1, 1896, p. 18 (Catarrey, Aguacate, specimens).—PETERs, Bull.
Mus. Comp. Zo6l., vol. 61, 1917, p. 425 (Bulla).—Bonp, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Philadelphia, vol. 80, 1928, p. 516 (Haiti) —LONNBERG, Fauna och Flora, 1929,
p. 109 (Haiti) —Mottonr, Att. Soe. Ital. Scienz. Nat., vol. 68, 1929, pp. 825-326
(Monte Viejo), specimens).

Resident ; common.

This handsomely variegated tanager is common among the hills
in the better watered localities where thickets and low jungle
abound, but is found only casually in more arid country. The birds
delight in the low growth that appears along fences extending
through clearings, or in the bushes that border more open trails,
but also search busily through dense, wet jungle flying from perch
to perch with a heavy rattle of wings common among many birds
in the quiet of such damp haunts. Often the spindalis is seen in
passage overhead traveling with bounding flight, and if the birds
be males with much display of bright color. This species feeds
on seeds, berries and fruits of various kinds, traveling at times to
congregate in abundance where some fruit is ripening. They are
very silent and seldom call, their note then being low and faint.
Wetmore heard one utter a weak, sibilant song that may be written
tsee see sce see see, in so low a tone that it was heard with difficulty,
which agrees with Verrill’s notes that the song is feeble and insect-
like. Sallé’s record that the spindalis has “un chant agréable ” is
seemingly erroneous.

49 So named in the La Hotte region according to Dr. E. L, Ekman.

THE BIRDS OF HAITI AND THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 415

The earliest definite date for the spindalis from the Dominican
Republic seems to be one taken by Cory at Puerto Plata, December
2, 1882. Later McGrigor sent one to Tristram that was collected
at Samand January 12, 1884, and Christy obtained one at Sanchez
February 25, 1895, remarking that the stomach was filled with soft
dark purple berries. Verrill writes that early in his collecting he
saw none but on January 22, 1907, he collected one at Sanchez. In
the week following February 26 he obtained more than sixty in a
radius of one hundred yards where they assembled to feed on red-
dish purple berries. When the supply of berries was consumed the
birds disappeared. Cherrie obtained several at Aguacate and
Catarrey in January and February 1895 when the birds were found
in overgrown clearings feeding on berries. Peters saw one at Bulla
but observed no others. Abbott secured numerous specimens which
may be itemized to indicate the dates of occurrence. Polo, Bahor-
uco Mountains, February 28, 1922, female; Pilon de Azucar, Samana
Peninsula August 12, 1919; El Rfo October 7, 8 and 9, 1916, and
May 14 and 18, 1919; vicinity of Constanza April 7, 9, 10, 11, and
16 and May 7, 1919. He speaks of them as common on the north
shore of the Samana Peninsula, and in the high pine woods in the
vicinity of Constanza. Specimens taken at El Rio May 14, 1919,
were breeding. Wetmore, on May 13, 1927, collected one in the for-
est at the summit of the hills back of Sanchez. At Constanza he
found them common from May 19 to 27, securing specimens May
24 and 27. Ciferri collected specimens at 1,200 to 1,500 meters on
Monte Viejo, August 25 to 28, 1929.

The spindalis is common through the hills of Haiti. Possibly
Descourtilz included this species in part in his description of the
grivelette de Saint Domingue, though his reference to Daubenton’s
plate is to a picture of the ovenbird, as he describes this bird as
common so that it was sought eagerly as game, being considered
highly desirable for the table, and speaks of it as feeding extensively
on fruits. He describes the eggs which he secured as bluish, spotted
at the large end with reddish brown. His account is uncertain in
application and must not be accepted with finality. Younglove
collected four spindalis at Port-au-Price June 8 and 10, 1866, these
apparently being the first skins of this species to come to the United
States. Cory collected two at Pétionville March 3, 1881. Abbott
secured two at Jérémie December 2 and 14, 1917, and a series at
Moline January 25, 26, and 29, and February 1, 1918. He took
others on Morne St. Vincent, near Furcy, June 12, 1920, at Fonds
Verettes April 27, 1920, and at Moustique March 9, 1917. Wetmore
found them common on the ridge of La Selle from April 9 to 15,
securing one at 1,500 meters below Morne Cabaio April 9, and seeing
one near Chapelle Faure April 17. Bond speaks of them as common

416 BULLETIN 155, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

on the slopes of La Hotte, La Selle, Montaignes Noir (Morne
Basile), and the Massif du Nord (Haut Piton, Morne Salnave).
He found them also near sea level in the arid scrubs of Gonave
Island, collecting specimens there on February 14 and 16, 1928.

A female collected by Wetmore May 27, 1927, at Constanza had
the maxilla and tip of the mandible black; base of mandible neutral
gray; iris Rood’s brown; tarsus and toes neutral gray; claws black-
ish. In an adult male taken by Abbott October 8, 1916, at El Rio
it was noted that the bill was black above, and leaden color beneath,
while the iris was dark brown.

The spindalis is from 162 to 186 millimeters in length, being a
httle larger than an ordinary sparrow. The male is one of the
brilliantly colored birds of the island as it has the head black with
a white streak above the eye, hind-neck bright yellow, back olive
yellow, rump orange brown, wings and tail black—the former with
two white wing bars, and latter with spots of white—chin white,
this color extending back on either side as a malar stripe, center of
throat bright yellow, sides of throat black, upper breast chestnut,
lower breast yellow, and abdomen white. The female is grayish
green above, dull whitish below with indistinct streaks of dusky, an
indistinct white wing bar with a second spot of white, and wing
edgings of greenish.

PHAENICOPHILUS POLIOCEPHALUS POLIOCEPHALUS (Bonaparte)

GRAY-CROWNED PALM TANAGER, QUATRE YEUX, OISEAU QUATRE YEUX

Dulus poliocephalus Bonapartr, Rey. Mag. Zool., 1851, p. 178 (‘“His-
paniola ’—Haiti).

Merula Palmarum Brisson, Ornith., vol. 2, 1760, pp. 301-303, pl. 29, fig. 1
(‘‘ Cayenne’’).

Phoenicophilus dominicensis Cory, Bull. Nuttall Ornith. Club, 1881, p. 129
(“ Haiti”=Jacmel); p. 152 (Jacmel, specimens); Birds Haiti and San
Domingo, July, 1884, p. 58, col. pl. (Jacmel, specimens).—T1epENHAUER, Die
Insel Haiti, 1892, p. 321 (listed).

Phoenicophilus dominicanus, VERRILL, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol.
61, 1909, p. 363 (“ Miranda”).

Phoenicophilus palmarum, SciatTer, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1856, p. 84
(part; supposed female) ; Syn. Av. Tanagr., 1856, p. 22 (part).

Phoenicophilus poliocephalus, Cory, Cat. West Indian Birds, 1892, p. 114
(Haiti, Dominican Republic)—Lénnserc, Fauna och Flora, 1929, p. 109
(Haiti).

Phaenicophilus poliocephalus poliocephalus, RICHMOND and SWALES, Proc.
Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. 87, March 17, 1924, p. 107 (mentioned).

Phoenicophilus poliocephalus poliocephalus, Bonb, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila-
delphia, vol. 80, 1928, pp. 516-517 (Morne la Casiére).

Southwestern Haiti, resident; ranging from: Jacmel west to the
end of the southern peninsula.

THE BIRDS OF HAITI AND THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 417

The only definite records pertain to the area above mentioned
since this species is not known at present on the main island east of
the pass leading from Grande Goave to Jacmel, called by Bond the
Trouin Valley. It is strange that it does not range on the great
ridge of La Selle since the break of the Cul-de-Sac Plain would
seem to form a more natural boundary.

Bonaparte in his original description says that his type came from
‘“ Hispaniola ” which must be interpreted as Haiti in view of our
present information on distribution. Brisson in 1760 figures one
that he says came from Cayenne which is certainly in error. It is
more probable that it was taken by Chervain, and may possibly
indicate a clue to the region where that collector worked. Cory in
1881 named this species Phoenicophilus dominicensis, overlooking
Bonaparte’s earlier name, having before him four specimens taken
near Jacmel, and stating definitely that he observed none except at
that point. His statement in his Catalogue of West Indian Birds,
1892, p. 114 that it ranged in “ Haiti and San Domingo” is cer-
tainly erroneous. Verrill includes this species under the name
Phoenicophilus dominicanus, saying of it “rare; only found at
Miranda,” which seems an error since he does not indicate that he
collected any specimens. All certain records come from the area in
Haiti above indicated.

Paul Bartsch reported this species near Jérémie on April 10 and
12,1917. Beck collected specimens on Morne La Hotte June 20, and
22, and July 3, and 4, 1917. Abbott in the same year secured a good
series at Jérémie Nov. 19, 25, 28, and 30, and December 1, 2, 8, 9, 25,
and 26, two at Moron December 20, and two at Moline January 25,
and 27, 1918. He also took one on Grande Cayemite Island Janu-
ary 14, 1918. James Bond reports it is common on the southern
peninsula being rare in the eastern part of its range on Morne La
Casiére. He says that the note of this species is shorter than that
of its relative Phaenicophilus palmarum.

The specimen that Abbott secured on Grande Cayemite is very
slightly paler and a little larger than those from Jérémie and the
vicinity, in this approaching coryi of Gonave Island, but with only
one skin in hand the difference is hardly to be considered notable.
The specimen has the following measurements: wing 87.0, tail 70.1,
culmen from base 19.1 and tarsus 21.7 mm.

Curiously enough several specimens with only a lesser amount of
black on the forehead than usual and a greenish wash on the crown,
hindneck, throat and upper breast, which are assumed to be in a_first
fall dress, have the wing shorter than in birds in full plumage, the
difference holding in both true poliocephalus and in P. p. coryi.

418 BULLETIN 155, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

Following are measurements from specimens in adult plumage:

Hight males, wing 83.7-87.7 (85.4), tail 65.4-68.9 (67.3), culmen
from base 18.0-19.9 (18.8), tarsus 21.5-24.0 (22.4) mm.

Four females, wing 80.7-84.8 (88.8), tail 64.5-69.0 (66.5), culmen
from base 18.4-19.3 (18.9), tarsus 21.7-22.9 (22.3) mm.

This species is from 170 to 190 mm. in length, and has the head
and neck, except as noted below, and the underparts deep gray, the
throat and a streak along the side of the head, the lower eyelid, and
two spots one above and one in front of the eye white, the sides of
the head and not more than the anterior third of the crown deep
black, and the back, wings and tail bright yellowish green.

PHAENICOPHILUS POLIOCEPHALUS CORYI Richmond and Swales
GONAVE PALM TANAGER, QUATRE YEUX, OISEAU QUATRE YEUX

Phaenicophilus poliocephalus coryi RIcHMOND and SwaA.ss, Proc. Biol. Soc.
Washington, vol. 87, March 17, 1924, p. 107 (Gonave Island, Haiti). Dan-
forth, Auk, 1929, p. 374 (Gonave, common).

Phoenicophilus poliocephalus coryi, BoND, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia,
vol. 80, 1928, p. 517 (Gonave, nest).—LONNBERG, Fauna och Flora, 1929, p. 109
(Haiti).

Gonave Island, Haiti; resident.

The present form is represented in the United States National
Museum by fourteen skins collected by W. L. Abbott, four taken near
La Mahotiere February 19, 20, and 22, 1918, eight from Anse 4 Galets
March 4, 5, 7, 9, and 11, 1920, one from Etroites, March 17, 1920, and
one from Picmy July 5, 1920.

Bond reports that this bird is abundant, occurring throughout the
island. He found many nests during the latter part of May and in
June, reported that they were frail structures, like the nest of the
scarlet tanager, but deeply cupped, placed from seven to thirty feet.
above the ground.

Danforth says that this form is common, living in dense brush near
the ground. In five stomachs vegetable matter (a seed) amounted to
5 per cent, and animal matter to 95 per cent, the latter including
Orthoptera, Lepidopterous larvae (mainly noctuids), Hemiptera, and
Coleoptera.

According to notes made by Wetmore from the actual specimens
in the Bond collection a set of four eggs taken May 19, 1928 are
decidedly paler than pale glaucous green, marked uniformly with
drab to cinnamon drab, the markings being suffused without sharp
outline, tending toward longitudinal distribution, varying in extent
on the different eggs. Bond’s measurements are as follows: 26.1 by
17.0, 25.0 by 17.8, 25.3 by 17.4, and 24.4 by 17.5 mm. A set of two
taken May 14 are pale bluish white with obscure wash spots of drab

THE BIRDS OF HAITI AND THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 419

and occasional short scrawling lines and spots of blackish brown.
They measure 23.2 by 17.7, and 23.1 by 17.6mm. (Bond). A single
egg taken May 21 is similar to the last but has the ground color
dull green. It measures 22.7 by 17.2 mm.

This race differs from the form of the mainland in larger size
and paler color, the center of the abdomen and breast being white,
usually lighter.under tail-coverts, and slightly brighter yellowish
green above.

Following are measurements of birds in adult plumage:

Seven males, wing 84.5-93.0 (89.6), tail 65.0-71.7 (68.3), culmen
from base 19.0-22.0 (21.1), tarsus 23.8-24.9 (24.4) mm.

Three females, wing 88.3-89.0 (88.7), tail 69.5-71.4 (70.1), culmen
from base 20.5-21.5 (21.0), tarsus 22.8-24.8 (24.0) mm.

Type, male, wing 92.0, tail 67.6, culmen from base 21.7, tarsus
24.6 mm.

PHAENICOPHILUS PALMARUM PALMARUM (Linnaeus)

HISPANIOLAN PALM TANAGER, SIGUA DE CABEZA PRIETA, SIGUA
MAIMONERA, SIGUA AMARILLA, CUATRO 0JO

Turdus palmarum LINNAEUS, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, vol. 1, 1766, p. 295 (‘“* Habitat
in Cayennae Palmis’’=—Hispaniola).—ViernLtot, Hist. Nat. Ois. Amér. Sept.,
vol. 2, 1807, pp. 16-17, pls. 69-70 (common).—Ruirtrr, Naturh. Reis. Westind.
Insel Hayti, 1836, p. 156 (Hayti, specimen).

Palmiste, MONTBEILLARD, in Buffon, Hist. Nat. Ois., vol. 3, 1775, pp. 400-401
(description).

Palmiste, de Cayenne, DAUBENTON, Planch. Enl., No. 539, fig. 1 (in color).

Merula Palmarum atricapilla Brisson, Ornith., vol. 2, 1760, pp. 303-805, pl.
29, fig. 2 (“‘ Cayenne’’).

Arremon palmarum, BRYANT, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 11, May, 1867,
p. 92 (Dominican Republic, Haiti).

Phoenicophilus palmarum, SawtLf, Proce. Zool. Soc. London, 1857, p. 232
(habits).—Cory, Bull. Nuttall Ornith. Club, 1881, p. 152 (Haiti, abundant) ;
Birds Haiti and San Domingo, March—July, 1884, pp. 56-57, col. pl. (Pétionville,
Puerto Plata, specimens) ; Cat. West Indian Birds, 1892, p. 114 (Haiti, Domin-
ican Republic).—TristrAm, Ibis, 1884, p. 168 (Dominican Republic, specimen) ;
Cat. Coll. Birds Belonging H. B. Tristram, 1889, p. 222 (Samana, specimen) .—
TIPPENHAUER, Die Insel Haiti, 1892, pp. 320, 321 (listed).—CueErrigz, Field Col.
Mus., Ornith. ser., vol. 1, 1896, p. 14 (Dominican Republic, abundant ).—Curisty,
Ibis, 1897, p. 328 (Sanchez, La Vega).—VeErRILL, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila-
delphia, vol. 61, 1909, p. 363 (Dominican Republic).—PErEtTErs, Bull. Mus. Comp.
Zool., vol. 61, 1917, p. 424 (Monte Cristi, Bulla, Sosfia, Chocé, Rio San Juan,
specimens ).—BEEBE, Zool. Soc. Bull., vol. 30, 1927, p. 141; Beneath Tropic Seas,
1928, p. 228 (listed).—Bonp, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 80, 1928,
p. 518 (Haiti, habits) —LGONNsBERG, Fauna och Flora, 1929, p. 109 (Haiti). —
MottonI, Att. Soc. Ital. Scienz. Nat., vol. 68, 1929, p. 326 (Haina, Bonao, San
Juan, specimens).

Phaenicophilus palmarum, Dan¥FortH, Auk, 1929, pp. 373-874 (abundant),

420 BULLETIN 155, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

Resident; common. Not known at present from Tortue or Gonave
Islands, or from the southwestern peninsula of Haiti west of Grand
Goave and Jacmel.

This palm-tanager inhabits thickets and growths of forest in both
humid and arid sections. It is found usually in fairly heavy cover
where it moves about in slow and leisurely manner, occasionally:
twitching its tail, hopping through the branches in search for food,
and regularly clambering over the trunks and larger limbs of the
trees where it clings to the rough bark as easily as a pine warbler or
black and white warbler, holding with strong feet and occasionally
fluttering the wings slightly to help over some difficult spot. The
call is a low chep; no song has yet been recorded. The ordinary
names of quatre yeux and cuatro ojo are taken from the white spots
on either side of the forehead which give the appearance of an extra
pair of eyes.

The first record of the species for the Dominican Republic is that
of Sallé who gives a few brief notes on its habits. Cory obtained
a number from Puerto Plata November 17, 1882, and January 2, 1883.
Tristram received one from C. G. McGrigor taken at Samana, in
1884. Cherrie collected a very large series and says that it was
probably the most abundant species at the localities that he visited.
He reports that it feeds on fruit and insects, and says that he obtained
breeding birds but found no nests. Christy found it common at
Sanchez, and at La Vega, and Verrill reported it as abundant. Spec-
imens that he secured at Sanchez, Cafia Honda, El Valle, Samana,
and La Vega are in the collection of J. H. Fleming. There is a
specimen in the United States National Museum taken in the San
Francisco Mountains August 28, 1905, by A. Busck. Peters in 1916
obtained them at Monte Cristi, Bulla, Sostia, Chocé, and Rio San
Juan. Abbott collected a series as follows: Polo, Bahoruco Moun-
tains, February 28, 1922; Laguna, Samana Peninsula, August 7 and
9. 1916; San Lorenzo, July 30, 1916; El Rio, October 7 and 8, 1916;
and Constanza, September 28, 1916, and April 10 and 16, 1919. In
1927 Wetmore observed this species between Comendador and San
Juan May 1, at Los Alcarrizos May 4, in the hills above Sanchez
May 7 and 18, near Constanza May 19 to 27, and at El Rio May 30.
Danforth in the summer of 1927 collected specimens at Seibo, Santo
Domingo City, Haina, Monte Cristi, and San Juan. Three stom-
achs that he examined contained seeds and drupes alone. Two others
in addition to such vegetable matter held remains of a large brown
tree cricket, a small orthopteran, a Bibionid fly, a wasp, and a Coreid
bug (Catorhintha guttula). Ciferri obtained skins at Haina, Bonao
and San Juan,

THE BIRDS OF HAITI AND THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 421

In Haiti Vieillot found this bird rather common in woodlands.
A. E. Younglove collected a number near Port-au-Prince February
7 and 16, April 6, 18, and 15, and May 3, 1866. Cory found them
very common at Pétionville from February 25 to March 9, 1881.
Abbott collected specimens at Fond Parisien May 5, and above Fonds
Verettes April 20 and 26, 1920, at Riviére Bar February 17, 18, and
22, 1917, and near Moustique March 7 and 9, 1917. He observes that
the species was common near Port-au-Prince, but that he did not
find it on Tortue Island. Beebe obtained living specimens which he
exhibited in the New York Zoological Park. Wetmore in 1927 found
it at Port-au-Prince March 29 and April 6, Sources Puantes March
30, La Selle April 11 to 15, Hinche April 21 to 24, and Caracol April
26 and 27. On April 28, 1928, James Bond found a nest near Caracol,
that he attributed uncertainly to this species, placed in a bush in
open scrub growth and containing three young. Poole and Perrygo
secured specimens at St. Michel December 23, 1928, L’Atalaye Jan-
uary 8, St. Raphael January 12, Dondon January 18, Fort Liberté
February 6, 10, and 19, and Cerca-la-Source March 24 and 26, 1929.

The present species so far as now known ranges throughout the
island except for the western part of the southwestern peninsula west
of Grande Goave and Jacmel inhabited by Phaenicophilus polioce-
phalus. Apparently the two species do not mingle. P. palmarum is
not known from Gonave Island.

An adult male secured by Wetmore on the summit of La Selle
April 18, 1927, had the maxilla and tip of mandible black, rest of
mandible gray no. 6, iris reddish brown, tarsus and toes neutral gray.

Following are measurements of a series in the United States Na-
tional Museum:

Twelve males, wing 88.3-96.1 (92.3), tail 67.5-74.2 (71.7), culmen
from base 18.6-22.0 (20.5), tarsus 22.2-25.7 (23.8) mm.

Eleven females, wing 81.8-89.0 (85.1), tail 66.2-70.2 (68.4), culmen
from base 19.2-21.8 (20.7), tarsus 22.3-24.0 (23.3) mm.

This species is similar to the other palm tanager except that the
black of the head extends over the entire crown.

PHAENICOPHILUS PALMARUM EUROUS Wetmore
SAONA PALM TANAGER
Phaenicophilus palmarum eurous WETMORE, Smithsonian Mise. Colls., vol.
81, no. 13, May 15, 1929, p. 3 (Saona Island, D. R.)

Saona Island; resident.

This form is known from the type alone, a male collected by Dr.
W. L. Abbott on Saona Island, September 13, 1919. This bird re-
sembles closely the palm tanager of the main island adjacent but is

422 BULLETIN 155, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

lighter in color, being brighter green above, with the gray of the
hindneck paler, and more extensively white below, with the under
tail-coverts paler.

The type, a male, has the following dimensions: wing 90.0, tail
67.5, culmen from base 20.7, tarsus 22.5 mm.

Subfamily TANAGRINAE

Pipra musica GMELIN, Syst. Nat., vol. 1, pt. 2, 1789, p. 1004 (‘S. Domi-
nici ””’=Hispaniola).

Organiste, MONTBEILLARD, in Buffon, Hist. Nat. Ois., vol. 4, 1778, pp. 290-291
(described).

Organiste, de St. Domingue, Davueenton, Planch. Enl., pl. 809, fig. 1
(figured).

Euphonia musica, SALLk, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1857, pp. 231-232 (Domi-
nican Republic). —Cory, Bull. Nuttall Ornith. Club, 1881, p. 152 (Pétionville) ;
Birds Haiti and San Domingo, July, 1884, pp. 61-68, col. pl. (La Vega, Magua,
Pétionville, specimen) ; Cat. West Indian Birds, 1892, p. 118 (Haiti, Dominican
Republic) ; Auk, 1895, p. 279 (Dominican Republic, specimen) .—TRISTRAM,
Ibis, 1884, p. 168 (Dominican Republic, specimen) ; Cat. Coll. Birds Belonging
H. B. Tristram, 1889, p. 219 (Samana, specimen).—TIPPENHAUER, Die Insel
Haiti, 1892, pp. 320, 321 (listed). —Cuerriz, Field Columbian Mus., Ornith. ser.,
vol. 1, 1896, p. 13 (Honduras, San José de Ocoa, specimens).—Curisty, Ibis,
1897, p. 324 (La Vega, specimen).—VeERRILL, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia,
vol. 61, 1909, p. 363 (Sanchez, specimens).—LONNsBeERG, Fauna och Flora, 1929,
p. 109 (Haiti).

Tanagra musica, BRYANT, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 11, May, 1867,
p. 92 (Dominican Republic, Haiti).—Bonp, Proc, Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia,
vol. 80, 1928, pp. 515-516 (Haiti, Gonave).—MottonI, Att. Soe. Ital. Scienz. Nat.,
vol. 68, 1929, p. 325 (San Juan, Monte Viejo, Rio Manade, specimens).

Resident, locally fairly common; found mainly among the hills.

The euphonia lives in forests in the upper limbs of the trees, and
is so small and frequents such dense cover that it is found regularly
only by those who have become familiar with its notes. Both
male and female utter a plaintive whistle followed by a rapidly
repeated double note that forms a rapid, chattering twitter, given
sometimes on the wing but more usually as the birds rest in trees.
When this is heard careful scrutiny of the trees ordinarily reveals
clumps of mistletoe, and on watching these attentively the euphonias
may be detected hopping about among them to feed on the mistletoe

50 The following may refer to the euphonia:

Dame Anglaise, Saint-Méry, Descrip. Part. Franc. fle Saint-Domingue, vol. 2, 1798,
p. 506. According to this statement, on the slopes of La Selle above Cayes Jacmel
“Jes dames anglaises etalent leur robe dans les bois fourres.”

Evéque, Saint-Méry, idem, vol. 1, 1797, p. 717. Listed from near Port-de-Paix, without
description.

THE BIRDS OF HAITI AND THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 423

berries, which form the bulk of their food. At a distance these
birds are so tiny that they show only a yellow breast and a dark
back so that one is astonished at the lovely colors of one in the
hand. Occasionally birds are seen flying overhead, but are detected
in the trees often only after prolonged watching, so that familiarity
with their calls is the principal criterion on which to determine their
abundance. As said above they are dependent for food mainly on
the mistletoe berry, the viscous-coated seeds of which drop from
mouth and vent as recently killed birds are handled. They are
probably the principal disseminators of their own food supply by
carrying the seeds from place to place.
_ Sallé first records the euphonia from the Dominican Republic,
but is mistaken when he says of its whistling notes “le chant en est
magnifique et trés fort” as the calls of this bird do not carry far.
Cherrie secured eight at Honduras and one at Maniel (San José
de Ocoa). Verrill obtained specimens near Sanchez, the first on
February 26, 1907, and says that he found them only in one tree
to which they came regularly to feed on the berries of a mistletoe.
One that he collected here March 6 is in the collection of J. H.
Fleming. Tristram received one from Samana taken September 10,
1884, by C. G. McGrigor. Near La Vega Cory secured a series
August 6, 12, 14 and 15, and September 7, 1883. Christy obtained
a pair here May 2, 1895, and Beck one December 8, 1916. Cory took
another at Magua January 27, 1883. Abbott shot a male at El Rio
May 19, 1919, and reports that he saw others. Wetmore observed
one at this point May 29, 1927, and May 19 to 27 saw them regularly
at Constanza where they were common in high deciduous forest. He
collected three May 24. Ciferri obtained it at San Juan February
3, 1929, on Monte Viejo at 1,200 to 1,500 meters August 25 to 28, 1929
and also at Rio Manade in the Province of Azua on the dates last
mentioned.

In Haiti the first record is that of A. E. Younglove who secured
a male at Port-au-Prince May 9, 1866. Cory collected an immature
bird at Pétionville March 9, 1881. On December 14, 1917, W. L.
Abbott saw several in the hills four miles south of Jérémie at an alti-
tude of 450 meters and collected a pair. In north Haiti he obtained
two March 7 and 11, 1917, at 360 meters near Moustique, and reports
that he saw others near Riviére Bar, near sea level.

In 1927 Wetmore found them fairly common at Fonds-des-Négres
and collected a male April 5. On La Selle he recorded one at 1,500
meters on the north slopes of Morne Cabaio April 9, and found others
April 14 at the Jardins Bois Pin at 1,800 meters. James Bond col-
lected an immature male on Gonave Island February 12, 1928, He

424 BULLETIN 155, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

states that he did not observe it on Tortue Island. Poole and Per-
rygo in 1929 secured a male at L’Atalaye January 8, and a female at
Cerca-la-Source March 24.

Following are measurements from a small series in the United
States National Museum:

Seven males, wing 61.2-64.3 (62.5), tail 35.2-37.8, culmen from
base 6.7—-7.9 (7.3), tarsus 18.3-14.9 (14.3) mm.

One female, wing 59.9, tail 35.4, culmen from base 7.8, tarsus
15.2 mm.

The euphonia is a tiny bird being only from 120 to 125 mm. long.
The male is deep steel blue on wings, tail, back, throat, and sides of
head, light blue on crown and hindneck, and orange yellow on rump,
forehead, and underparts. The female has the forehead yellow,
crown and hindneck light green, rest of upper surface dull green, and
entire under surface greenish yellow.

Subfamily CALYPTOPHILINAE
CALYPTOPHILUS FRUGIVORUS FRUGIVORUS (Cory)
HISPANIOLAN CHAT-TANAGER

Phoenicophilus frugivorus Cory, Quart. Journ. Boston Zodél. Soc., October,
1883, p. 45. (“Santo Domingo ’’=Rivas, D. R.)

?Merle olive de Saint-Domingue, MoNTBEILLARD, in Buffon, Hist. Nat. Ois.,
vol. 3, 1775, pp. 403-404 (description).

?Merle, de St. Domingue, DAUBENTON, Planch. Enl., pl. 273 (col. pl.).

?Merula olivacea Dominicensis Brisson, Ornith., vol. 2, 1760, pp. 296-297,
pl. 27, fig. 2 (St. Domingue’’).

Calyptophilus Cory, Auk, 1884, p. 3, 1 fig. (mew genus for Phoenicophilus
frugivorus Cory).

Calyptophilus frugivorus, Cory, Auk, 1884, pp. 3-4 (republication of original
description) ; Birds Haiti and San Domingo, July, 1884, pp. 59-60, col. pl.
(Rivas, specimens) ; Cat. West Indian Birds, 1892, p. 114 (Dominican Repub-
lic) ; Auk, 1895, p. 279 (Dominican Republic, specimen).—TristraM, Cat. Coll.
Birds Belonging H. B. Tristram, 1889, p. 222 (Arenoso, Rivas, specimens).—
TIPPENHAUER, Die Insel Haiti, 1892, p. 321 (listed).—CHeErRIz, Field Columbian
Mus., Ornith. ser., vol. 1, 1896, pp. 14-15 (Aguacate, specimens).—CHRISTY,
Ibis, 1897, p. 323 (La Vega, specimen ).—VERRILL, Proce. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila-
delphia, vol. 61, 1909, p. 364 (La Vega, Miranda).—Muittre, Auk, 1918, pp.
356-357 (placed in Tangaridae).—KaArmprer, Journ. fiir Ornith., 1924, p. 184.
(Cotui, specimen).—LONNBERG, Fauna och Flora, 1929, p. 106 (Haiti).

Calyptophilus frugivorus frugivorus RicHMOND and SwALEs, Proc. Biol. Soc.
Washington, vol. 37, March 17, 1924, p. 107 (mentioned).

Resident; of local occurrence.

The present species was described by Cory in 1883 from the
Dominican Republic as a species of Phaenicophilus but was recog-
nized a year later as generically distinct and placed by the original
describer in the genus Calyptophilus. Possibly this is the form

THE BIRDS OF HAITI AND THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 425

described by Brisson as the Merula olivacea Dominicensis from a
bird sent to de Reaumur by Chervain, and the Merle olive de Saint-
Domingue of Montbeillard figured by Daubenton as Merle, de St.
Domingue, but of this there is no definite certainty. Daubenton’s
plate while suggestive of the chat-tanager does not show sufficiently
diagnostic characters to indicate definitely that it is that bird,
otherwise the species would need to be named from Zurdus Indicus
P. L. S. Miiller,** based on the figure in question. Miiller’s locality
of “ Ostindien ” is in error as he has confused the geographic sources
of the two species depicted on the plate in question. Zurdus virens
Boddaert,®? (not Linnaeus, 1758) also refers to this same plate.

Cory described this species as a tanager but it is so aberrant in
appearance that Ridgway was uncertain as to its affinities, finally
placing it provisionally in the Mimidae.®* Cory in a scheme of
classification for his Catalogue of Birds of the Americas lists it as
“ ¢Calyptophilidae ” placing it between the Cinclidae and Mimidae
remarking in a footnote, “the monotypic genus may later be con-
sidered to represent a subfamily.” DeWitt Miller®® finds that
Calyptophilus has only nine fully developed primaries instead of the
ten recorded by Ridgway, which removes it from the Mimidae. He
restores it tentatively to its old position in the family of tanagers
where it may remain for the present.

In the Field Museum there is a considerable series of this bird
which Cory had before him when he described the species. ‘These
include eleven skins from “Almercen,” now Villa Rivas, shot August
21 to 29, 1883, including the type specimen, a male bird, taken August
29, 1883. The type, formerly mounted but now in the skin series,
is in fresh, bright plumage, and has the following measurements:
wing 92.0, tail 88.0, culmen from base 20.0, tarsus 28.0 mm. A pair
come from Samana, taken April 16, 1883, the female being marked
“Type of ¢.” Two females were taken at La Vega, July 9, 1883.
Cory’s statement, therefore, in the Birds of Haiti and San Domingo,
1885, p. 60, that “all the specimens were taken in the swamps near
Almercen, and none were observed elsewhere ” is incorrect. Cory
reported it as retiring in habits, remaining among the densest
thickets.

The species is next recorded by Canon Tristram who received a
male from C. G. McGrigor taken at Arenoso, Dominican Republic,
March 23, 1884, and another from “Almercen ” collected in 1887 by

51 Vollst. Natursyst. Suppl., Reg. Band, 1776 (p. 145).

52 Table Planch. Enl., 1783, p. 16.

53 Birds North and Middle Amer., pt. 2, 1902, p. 1, and pt. 4, 1907, pp. 180. 181, 182,
278-279.

5% Cat. Birds Amer., pt. 2, no. 1, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. ser., vol. 13, March, 1918,

55 Auk, 1918, p. 357.

426 BULLETIN 155, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

A. S. Toogood. Christy shot a male in thick underbrush in forest
near La Vega April 19, 1895, and Cherrie collected three at Aguacate.
Dominican Republic, February 26, 1895. He reports that at daybreak
near his camp he noted daily a pleasant song, the first of the bird
notes to be heard with the coming of dawn, that he attributed to
the common palm tanager (Phaenicophilus palmarum) but that he
learned finally was the present species. When the sun came up the
birds were quiet. Verrill observed the species at Miranda and La
Vega only. Abbott saw one at El Rio in 1919, and in 1921 searched
for the species carefully near Villa Rivas where the original series
had been collected but failed to find any, though he did observe one
in low ground near Cotui, which he did not collect. Kaempfer *°
writes that he took a few near Cotui but in this seems to have
written in error since Hartert writes that the five secured by Kaemp-
fer, including four males and a female, were shot at Villa Rivas
from January 1 to 3, 1924. Ekman writes that the chat-tanager 1s
rare in the mountains north of San Juan but that he found it in
abundance on the Sierra de Ocoa ranging to an elevation of 2,000
meters. .

There are as yet no records for the typical race in Haiti.

The chat-tanager, a trifle larger than the palm tanager, has
rounded wings and tail and a fairly straight, compressed bill. Above
it is olive brown, darker on the head, with a spot of yellow in front
of the eye, and a yellow margin on the bend of the wing. The
throat, breast, and abdomen are white, and the flanks and under
tail coverts dull brown.

CALYPTOPHILUS FRUGIVORUS ABBOTTI Richmond and Swales
GONAVE CHAT-TANAGER

Calyptophilus frugivorus abbotti RicHMoND and Swates, Proc. Biol. Soe.
Washington, vol. 37, March 17, 1924, p. 107 (La Mahotiere, Gonave Island,
Haiti).—Bonp, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 80, 1928, p. 516
(habits). —DanrortH, Auk, 1929, p. 374 (Gonave Island).—LONNBERG, Fauna
och Flora, 1929, p. 106 (Haiti).

Gonave Island; resident, fairly common.

W. L. Abbott, the first to find this bird on Gonave Island, writes
that near La Mahotiere he saw several keeping near the ground in
dense jungle where they were so shy that they were difficult to see,
and so were probably more common than his notes indicate. He
secured a male, the type of this race, on February 18, and a female
on February 26, 1918. Danforth reports that in July, 1927, these
birds were “ probably not uncommon on Gonave, but rather difficult
to observe on account of the dense undergrowth in which they live,

86 Journ. fiir Ornith., 1924, p. 184.

THE BIRDS OF HAITI AND THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 427

though they were not especially shy. Their song was a rather buzzy,
whistled wee-chee-chee-chee-chee. I collected two males. Parasitic
nematodes were found under the skin of the breast and belly of one
of them. Their stomachs contained 10 per cent vegetable matter
(two seeds in one stomach), and 90 per cent animal matter (a
moth; an ant Pheidole megacephala; two hairy spiders, a thrips
and the oétheca of a cockroach).” James Bond writes that he found
the Gonave chat-tanager common in arid scrubs, and that it was not
so shy as the form of Hispaniola proper. The song was weaker than
that of the Haitian bird. He writes that he collected two specimens,

The Gonave chat-tanager is decidedly paler in color than that of
the main island, being grayer and less brown above, with the sides
and flanks more extensively white, and the under tail-coverts ighter.
The yellow of the under wing coverts and axillars is distinctly
lighter. In addition the bird is slightly smaller, the bill in par-
ticular being shorter and slighter. In fact it appears so different
that did not an occasional specimen from Hispaniola proper ap-
proach it in size of bill it might well be considered a distinct species
rather than a subspecies. Certainly the two forms concerned have
progressed far in differentiation from one another.

Following are measurements of the four specimens seen:

Males, three specimens, wing 80.5-92.1 (87.1), tail 78.0-95.2 (87.9),
culmen from base 20.1-21.3 (20.6), tarsus 24.9-28.4 (26.6) mm.

Female, one specimen, wing 76.9, tail 76.7, culmen from base 18.4,
tarsus 25.0 mm.

Type, male, wing 80.5, tail 78.0, culmen from base 20.3, tarsus
28.4 mm.

CALYPTOPHILUS TERTIUS TERTIUS Wetmore

LA HOTTE CHAT-TANAGER, CORNICHON °

Calyptophilus tertius WETMORE, Smithsonian Mise. Colls., vol. 81, No. 18,
May 15, 1929, p. 2. (Higher slopes of Morne La Hotte, Haiti.)

Resident; known only from the higher slopes of Morne La Hotte,
southwestern Haiti.

The present species is another of the high mountain forms of Haiti
whose presence has been wholly unexpected. It is at present known
only from seven skins collected by R. H. Beck from June 20 to July
4, 1917, during the Brewster-Sanford expedition for the American
Museum of Natural History. All of the birds were secured on the
higher slopes of Morne La Hotte in the region back of Les Anglais.
From the collector’s journal, which Wetmore has examined through
the courtesy of Doctors Chapman and Murphy, it appears that these
specimens were taken in dense, trackless jungle on the high ridges

57 A name applied in the region of La Hotte according to Dr. E. L. Ekman.

428 BULLETIN 155, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

leading to the actual peak of La Hotte so that it would appear that
they were found at 2,000 meters altitude or higher. The birds were
breeding at this time. The tips of the wing and tail feathers were
worn and abraded in most of the specimens.

Following are measurements of the series secured by Beck:

Five males, wing 92.5-104.0 (98.9), tail 96.5-108.0 (101.2), culmen
from base 23.7-27.4 (24.9), tarsus 32.5-35.0 (33.4) mm.

Two females, wing 84.4-91.5 (88.0), tail 83.9-89.0 (86.5), culmen
from base 22.8-23.6 (23.2), tarsus 80.8-31.1 (31.0) mm.

Type, male, wing 100.0, tail 100.2, culmen from base 24.5, tarsus
82.8 mm.

This bird is decidedly larger, with much heavier bill than
Calyptophilus frugivorus found elsewhere in the island, and is also
much darker in color, the wings and tail being deeply rufescent. It
also lacks the narrow line of yellow feathers found about the eye in

frugiworus.
CALYPTOPHILUS TERTIUS SELLEANUS Bond

LA SELLE CHAT-TANAGER

Calyptophilus frugivorus selleanus Bonn, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia,
vol. 81, October 3, 1929, p. 473 (Morne Malanga, Haiti).

Calyptophilus frugivorus frugivorus, Bonp, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia,
vol. 80, 1928, p. 516 (Morne La Selle, Morne Brouet, Morne Tranchant, Créte 4
Piquants).

Resident locally in the ranges of the Massif de la Selle.

The only records for this form are those of James Bond who re-
ports it from Morne La Selle, Morne Brouet, Morne Tranchant, and
Créte a Piquants. He says that the bird is mainly terrestrial in habits
and that it is very shy. He found them breeding in June but did not
succeed in locating a nest. He writes that this “is one of the best
songsters in the Republic. The loud startling notes of this bird are
rather wrenlike in character and may be recalled by the syllables
“ chip-chip-chip-swerp-swerp-swerp” or as a variation “ swerp-
swerp-swerp-chip-chip-chip.” Its callnote is very unlike that of
Phaenicophilus and resembles the tick of a cheap watch.” Two of
the five skins that he collected, which are in the Academy of Natural
Sciences of Philadelphia, were taken on Morne Tranchant January 6
and June 3, 1928, while three more were shot on Morne Malanga Jan-
uary 20 and 22. The type specimen (Acad. Nat. Sci. No. 82,384), a
male, was collected on Morne Malanga, near the western end of the
Massif de la Selle, on January 22, 1928.

Comparison of available skins indicates that the peculiar chat-tan-
agers of Hispaniola divide into two species, each of which has two
geographicraces. Calyptophilus frugivorus is characterized by gray-
ish olive-green dorsal surface, this color being nearly uniform from

THE BIRDS OF HAITI AND THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 429

crown to tail, while Calyptophilus tertius is much darker above, with
the tail and upper tail-coverts very deep brown, decidedly different
in color from the remainder of the dorsal surface. The known forms
of this genus in view of present information should be arranged as
follows:

Calyptophilus frugivorus frugivorus, Dominican Republic.

Calyptophilus frugivorus abbotti, Gonave Island.

Calyptophilus tertius tertius, Morne La Hotte.

Calyptophilus tertius selleanus, Massif de la Selle.

Though each form is known from a distinct geographic region
there is no evidence as yet of intergradation between frugivorus and
the two forms of tertius from the southwestern peninsula of Haiti so
that it is considered that two species are represented.

Following are measurements taken by Wetmore from the series of
selleanus collected by James Bond:

Three males, wing 95.0-99.0 (97.3), tail 99.5-104.0 (102.2), cul-
men from base 22.6-25.7 (23.9), tarsus 29.7-83.0 (31.2) mm.

Type, wing 99.0, tail 104.0, culmen from base 23.5, tarsus 31.0 mm.

Two females, wing 83.0-84.2 (83.6), tail 87.0-90.0 (88.5), culmen
from base ** 23.2, tarsus 29.4-32.1 (30.7) mm.

The form described by Bond as sedleanugs is easily distinguished
from ¢ertius of La Hotte by deeper olive coloration of dorsal surface
and sides, and by smaller size.

Family FRINGILLIDAE *

Subfamily RICHMONDENINAE
HEDYMELES LUDOVICIANUS (Linnaeus)

ROSE-BREASTED GROSBEAK
Lozia udoviciana LINNAEUS, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, vol. 1, 1766, p. 306 (Louisiana).

Migrant from North America; apparently rare.

The first report for this species is of a male shot by W. L. Abbott
on Gonave Island, February 21,1918. The bird was obtained at the
edge of an old clearing at 300 meters altitude. One was seen by
Wetmore at Poste Charbert, near Caracol, Haiti, April 26, 1927. As
the species migrates to the Bahamas, Cuba, and Jamaica it may be
expected in Hispaniola at least occasionally.

This grosbeak is from 165 to 180 mm. in length and is of stocky
form with a strong, heavy bill. The adult male has the head, throat,

58 Qne specimen.

'® The following references pertaining apparently to birds of this family from Hispan-
iola are not definitely identified.

Verderin, Montbeillard, in Buffon, Hist. Nat. Ois., vol. 4, 1778, p. 185 (“ Cet oiseau se
trouve & Saint-Domingue ’’).

Verdier, de St. Domingue, Daubenton, Planch. Enl., no. 341.

2134—31 28

430 BULLETIN 155, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

wings, tail and back black, the upper breast and under wing coverts
bright rose-red, the rest of the underparts white, and the wings
spotted with white. The female is grayish brown above with the
feathers margined with bufi, a whitish line over the eye, and a dis-
tinct buff line down the center of the crown, the under wing coverts
orange, and the under parts buffy streaked with dark brown. Adult
males in winter dress are brown instead of black.

TIARIS OLIVACEA OLIVACEA (Linnaeus)
YELLOW-FACED GRASSQUIT, SIGUITA, PETIT Z’7HERBES

Emberiza olwacea LINNAEUS, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, vol. 1, 1766 ,p. 309 (‘ Domin-
ica ’’=Hispaniola).

Olive, MoNTBEILLARD, in Buffon, Hist. Nat. Ois., vol. 4, 1778, pp. 363-364
(“ Saint-Domingue ”’).

Emberiza Dominicensis Brisson, Ornith., vol. 3, 1760, pp. 300-802, pl. 183,
fig. 5 (“S. Domingue”).

Passerina olivacea, HarTtLaus, Naumannia, 1852, p. 53 (Haiti).

Fringilla olivacea, Bryant, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 11, May, 1867,
p. 98 (Dominican Republic, Haiti).

Phonipara olivacea, SALLE, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1857, p. 232 (Dominican
Republic).—Cory, Bull. Nuttall Ornith. Club, 1881, p. 152 (Haiti) ; Birds Haiti
and San Domingo, July, 1884, pp. 65-66, col. pl. (La Vega, specimen) .—Trp-
PENHAUER, Die Insel Haiti, 1892, p. 321 (listed).

Phonipara lepida, Tristram, Cat. Coll. Birds Belonging H. B. Tristram, 1889,
p. 282 (Rivas, specimen). ;

Euethia lepida, Cory, Cat. West Indian Birds, 1892, p. 113 (Haiti, Domini-
can Republic).—CuHeErRin, Field Col. Mus., Ornith. ser., vol. 1, 1896, p. 16
(Dominican Republic).

Euethia o. olivacea, BEEBE, Zool. Soc. Bull., vol. 30, 1927, p. 141; Beneath
Tropic Seas, 1928, p. 222 (Haiti).

Tiaris lepida, Vrerrint, Proce. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 61, 1909, p.
362 (La Vega, Hl Valie).

Tiaris olivacea, LONNBERG, Fauna och Flora, 1929, p. 110 (Haiti).

Tiaris olivacea olivacea, Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zodl., vol. 61, 1917, p. 425
(Monte Cristi, Santiago, Sosiia, Chocé, specimens).—Bonp, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Philadelphia, vol. 80, 1928, p. 518 (Haiti) —DanrortH, Auk, 1929, p. 374 (abun-
Gant).—Mottont, Att. Soc. Ital. Scienz. Nat., vol. 68, 1929, p. 326 (Haina, San
Juan, Specimens).

Resident ; common.

This grassquit is distributed commonly through Hispaniola, ex-
cept that it has not been recorded on the Samana Peninsula in spite
of the extensive collections that have been made during fifty years
past at Sanchez and Samand. Possibly it has been overlooked since
it is known from Pimentel and Villa Rivas immediately to the west,
and is recorded from the south side of Samand Bay at Sabana de
la Mar and El Valle. Abbott says that he did not see it on Tortue
Island but Bond indicates that he found it there.

THE BIRDS OF HAITI AND THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 431

This tiny grassquit is one of the most abundant species of native
birds on the island, in many localities seeming to outnumber any
other form twenty to one. It inhabits thickets and growths of weeds,
coming out in flocks of twenty-five to one hundred to feed quietly
on open turf where seeds and other food may be found. The general
color of the plumage is a peculiar gray green that is inconspicuous
in the glaring light of the sun even when the birds are on the wing
so that their tiny forms escape detection except by the most ob-
servant in spite of their abundance. They range from semi-arid
open lands into the higher mountains wherever there is open ground
suitable for their needs. Across the summit of La Selle they were
found amid the bracken of the pine-lands and in the weeds of aban-
doned fields. At Constanza they were frequent among the open
thickets of guava bushes. Though frequently quarreling petulantly
they are social and feed in flocks, and when startled often fly up to
perch in trees and bushes in close proximity. The song of the male
is a sibilant, buzzing trill that at fifty yards is barely audible. The
species is one that can maintain itself with increase in agriculture
and will remain in abundance when some others of the native birds
have become very rare as it delights in canefields, plantations and
pastures. Following is a brief summary of recorded occurrence:

Dominican Republic: Monte Cristi, Sosta, Chocé (Peters) ; San-
tiago (Peters, Wetmore); Villa Rivas (Tristram, Abbott) ; Pimen-
tel (Abbott); El Valle (Verrill) ; La Vega (Cory, Verrill, Beck) ;
Jarabacoa (Abbott); El Rio, Constanza (Abbott, Wetmore) ; Com-
endador to Azua (Wetmore); Santo Domingo City, (Beck, Dan-
forth) ; Loma Tina (Beck); Bonao (Danforth); Haina, San Juan
(Ciferri).

Haiti: Moustique (Abbott); Caracol, Hinche, Maissade, Las Ca-
hobes, Morne a Cabrits (Wetmore); Port-au-Prince (Younglove,
Wetmore); La Selle, Kenskoff, Chapelle Faure, Fonds-des-Négres,
Aquin, L’Acul (Wetmore); Jérémie (Bartsch, Abbott); Grande
Cayemite Island (Abbott); Tortue Island (Bond); St. Michel, St.
Raphael (Poole and Perrygo) ; Gonave Island (Danforth, Poole and
Perrygo).

Cory describes a nest taken August 15 (locality and year not given)
that contained two fresh eggs, in color dull white, heavily blotched
with brown on the large end and faintly spotted elsewhere with the
same color. The eggs measured “.66 by .48” inches. “The nest is
usually built in the branches of a low tree, and is made of grass
very loosely put together.” °°

Danforth records a nest at Hato Mayor, Dominican Republic,
July 7, 1927, placed a foot above the ground in a small bush and says

6 Cory, Birds Haiti and San Domingo, 1885, p. 66.

432 BULLETIN 155, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

that the “five eggs were spotted with red, especially at the larger
end.” Another nest on Gonave Island July 17 contained four eggs.

A male shot by Wetmore at Fonds-des-Négres April 1, 1927, had
the maxilla blackish; mandible dusky neutral gray; iris bone brown;
tarsus and toes grayish brown.

This grassquit is only 110 to 115 mm. long, and is rather stocky in
form with a thick, heavy bill. The male is dull grayish green above,
with an orange yellow line extending from the base of the bill above
the eye and a patch of the same color on the throat. The breast and
foreneck are extensively black and there is a line of the same color
about the gape and on the forehead. ‘The rest of the underparts are
dull white becoming dull gray on the sides. Females are dull grayish
green, lighter below, becoming whitish on the abdomen, and have a
dull yellowish line over the eye and a hint of yellow on the throat.

TIARIS BICOLOR MARCHIE (Baird)
MARCH’S GRASSQUIT, PETIT Z’HERBES

Phonipara Marchiti Batrp, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1863, p. 297
(Jamaica).

Phonipara zena, Cory, Birds Haiti and San Domingo, July, 1884, pp. 63-64,
col. pl. (Samana, specimens).—TIrpPENHAUER, Die Insel Haiti, 1892, p. 321
(listed ).—Curisty, Ibis, 1897, p. 324 (nest and eggs).

Fringilla zena (var. Marchii), Bryant, Proc. Boston Soe. Nat. Hist., vol. 11,
May, 1867, p. 98 (Port-au-Prince, specimens).

Carduelis bicolor, HARTLAUB, Isis, 1847, p. 609 (listed).

Phonipara bicolor, Cory, Bull. Nuttall Ornith. Club, 1881, p. 152 (Haiti).—
TRISTRAM, Ibis, 1884, p. 168 (Dominican Republic, specimen).

Huethia bicolor, Cory, Cat. West Indian Birds, 1892, p. 118 (Haiti, Dominican
Republic).—CHeErrRIg, Field Col. Mus., Ornith. ser., vol. 1, 1896, p. 16 (Dominican
Republic, specimens).

Tiaris bicolor, VERRILL, Proce. Acad. Nat. Sei. Philadelphia, vol. 61, 1909, p.
3862 (Dominican Republic).

Huethia bicolor marchii, Ripaway, U. 8S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 50, pt. 1, 1901, pp.
541-542 (Haiti).—Brrsr, Zool. Soc. Bull., vol. 30, 1927, p. 141; Beneath Tropic
Seas, 1928, p. 222 (Bizoton, Haiti).

Tiaris bicolor marchi, Bonp, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 80, 1928,
p. 518 (Gonave, Tortue).—Motrtonr, Att. Soc. Ital. Scienz. Nat., vol. 68, 1929,
p. 826 (San Juan, specimen).

Tiaris bicolor marchii, DANFoRTH, Auk, 1929, p. 874 (recorded).—LONNBERG,
Fauna och Flora, 1929, p. 110 (Haiti).

Resident; common.

The present form of grassquit frequents similar localities to the
yellow-throated species, but in Hispaniola is much less abundant.
It is widely distributed through semi-arid and humid sections and
like its relative thrives in canefields and pastures where there is the
slightest cover to give it shelter. The heat of the coastal plain and
the cold, bracing air of the high mountain slopes are equally agree-

THE BIRDS OF HAITI AND THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 433

able to it, and it will probably increase in all situations as continued
developments in agriculture clear away the land. The song is
harsher and louder than that of the related species.

The earliest specimen from the Dominican Republic seems to be
one received in alcohol at the United States National Museum from
Prof. William Gabb, collected at Puerto Plata by Charles A. Fraser.
The exact date of capture is uncertain but comes between 1869 and
1878. Tristram obtained one from C. G. McGrigor in 1884, and
Cory reports two taken at Samand September 4, 1883. Cherrie
found this species common in the southern part of the republic in
1895, and says that he secured specimens at all the localities visited.
Christy reports that in late June he found several nests placed
among the spines in the tops of pineapple plants. The eggs at the
larger end were marked with pale rust-colored spots and blotches.
Verrill says that he found this grassquit common, and collected
specimens at Sanchez January 14, 21, and 26, February 27, and
March 1, 6, and 7, and at Samana February 18, 1907, which are now
in the collection of J. H. Fleming. R. H. Beck secured skins for the
American Museum of Natural History at Santo Domingo City
October 5, 6, 17, and 19, 1916, and May 29, 1917, and at Sanchez
October 27 and 30, and December 13, 1916. W. L. Abbott collected
this form only near Constanza in 1919, where he obtained skins April
16, 21, and 22 on the Loma Rio Grande, and May 5 near Hondo. In
1927 Wetmore found several at Los Alcarrizos May 4, and collected
a breeding male at Sanchez May 9. He observed several at the
same point May 18, and recorded a male near Constanza May 19.
Danforth in the summer of 1927 recorded them at Santo Domingo
City, Haina, Bonao, and Las Matas. Ciferri shot one at Sabana
San Thomé, near San Juan, October 19, 1928.

In Haiti A. E. Younglove shot specimens near Port-au-Prince
April 31, May 4, and June 1. Bartsch recorded them near Jérémie
April 11, 15, and 16, near Trou des Roseaux April 18 and 14, and
between Port-au-Prince and St. Mare April 21 and 22. Abbott col-
lected two at 900 meters above Fonds Verettes April 21 and 22.
Beebe found them at Bizoton in 1927. Wetmore in the same year
secured an adult male on La Selle April 14, and recorded several
more in the weed-grown fields of the Jardins Bois Pin on the follow-
ing day. He observed them at Chapelle Faure April 17, at Maissade
April 20, and near Hinche April 22 and 23. Danforth in the sum-
mer of 1927 found them at St. Marc, Gonaives, Cap-Haitien, the
Citadelle, and on Gonave Island. James Bond reports them as com-
mon on Gonave, and as found on Tortue Island. He writes that he
found many nests near Furcy. Poole and Perrygo collected one at

434 BULLETIN 155, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

St. Michel December 29, 1928, and a series on Gonave Island, at En
Café March 5, and Plaine Mapou March 11.

An adult male taken by Wetmore at Sanchez May 9, 1927 had the
bill blackish slate, becoming slightly brown at the base of the man-
dible, tarsus and toes light brown, and claws dusky.

Compared with an excellent series from Jamaica, loaned by the
Museum of Comparative Zodlogy, the birds from Hispaniola offer
no appreciable differences. They are very faintly grayer above in
series but the difference is too slight for consideration. Following
are measurements of the series at hand from Hispaniola:

Nine males, wing 51.3-54.4 (53.1), tail 39.6-44.8 ( (41.7), culmen
from base 9.1-10.5 (9.8), tarsus 16.3-17.8 (16.9) mm.

Two females, wing 52.4-52.4 (52.4), tail 40.5-41.2 (40.9), culmen
from base 8.9 (one specimen), tarsus 15.7-16.2 (16.0), mm.

This little bird is from 110 to 120 mm. in length with the same
heavy, sharply pointed bill found in the related species. The male
is dark grayish green above, with the sides of the head, foreneck,
and breast black, the sides of the body grayish green, and the rest
of the underparts dull white. The female is dull greenish brown
above, a little paler on the breast and foreneck, and whitish on the
abdomen. It is distinguished mainly from the female of the other
grassquit by lack of the faint superciliary stripe and the yellowish
on the throat.

Subfamily CARDUELINAE

LOXIGILLA VIOLACEA AFFINIS (Ridgway)

HISPANIOLAN BULLFINCH, CALANDRA, GALLITO, PRIETO, CHICHIGUA,
OISEAU-C0Q, MAITRE-COQ, MAJOR-COQ

Pyhrrulagra affinis “(Baird)” RipawAy, Auk, 1898, p. 322. (Port-au-Prince,
Haiti.)

Bouvreuil, Sarnt-Méry, Descrip. Part. Franc. fle Saint-Domingue, vol. 1,
1797, p. 717 (Port-de-Paix).

Luzia dominicensis, Rrrrer, Naturh. Reis. Westind. Insel Hayti, 1886, p. 156
(listed).

Luxia violacea, RittErr, Naturh. Reis. Westind. Insel Hayti, 1886, p. 156
(specimen).

? Loxia haitii, Rrcorp, Rev. Zool., 1838, p. 167 (part ?; described from
“toutes des Indes occidentales * * * bords de l’Orenoque, * * * en
Virginie. )

Lowvia violacea, Bryant, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 11, May, 1867, p.
93 (Dominican Republic, Haiti).

Guiraca violacea, HARTLAUB, Isis, 1847, p. 609 (listed).

Spermophila noctis (Lovia haitit Ricord?), Harriaup, Isis, 1847, p. 609
(listed).

Pyrrhulagra violacea, Cory, Cat. West Indian Birds, 1892, p. 112 (Domini-
can Republic, Haiti) —Cuerrriz, Field Col. Mus., Ornith. ser., vol. 1, 1896, pp.
15-16 (Santo Domingo City, Catarrey, Aguacate).

THE BIRDS OF HAITI AND THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 435

Pyrrhulagra violacea afinis, Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zod6l., vol. 61, 1917, p.
425 (Monte Cristi, Sosia, Arroyo Salado, specimens).—BrxseE, Zool. Soc. Bull.,
vol. 30, 1927, p. 141; Beneath Tropic Seas, 1928, p. 222 (Bizoton).—DAnNrForTH,
Auk, 1929, p. 875 (fairly common).—LONNBERG, Fauna och Flora, 1929, pp.
109-110 (Haiti).

Lovigilla violacea, Satu, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1857, p. 231 (Dominican
Republic).—Cory, Bull. Nuttall Ornith. Club, 1881, p. 152 (Haiti); Birds Haiti
and San Domingo, July, 1884, pp. 69-70, col. pl. (Rivas, Saman&, specimens) .—
TRISTRAM, H. B., Ibis, 1884, p. 168 (Dominican Republic, specimen) ; Cat. Coll.
Birds, Belonging H. B. Tristram, 1889, p. 231 (Samana, specimen) .—TIPPEn-
HAUER, Die Insel Haiti, 1892, pp. 320, 321 (listed).—Curisry, Ibis, 1897, p. 325
(Sanchez, specimen).—VERRILL, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 61,
1909, p. 8362 (Dominican Republic).

Lozigilla violacea affinis, Bonp, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1928, p.
519 (Haiti, Gonave).

Resident ; common and widely distributed except in the more arid
sections.

The soberly plumaged bullfinch lives in thickets or heavy rain-
forests where it has shelter and can avoid being seen when it so
desires. It is regularly found in pairs or in little groups of half a
dozen—that may be family parties—feeding in the tops of low trees
or bushes, or, in the mountains, coming out in early morning into
the sunshine at the borders of the rain forest to dodge quickly back
at any alarm into heavy cover. When the observer is resting quietly
in heavy growth the birds often work about through the branches
near at hand, flying from perch to perch with a loud rattle of the
wings. They have considerable curiosity and are attracted by squeak-
ing but keep in the background behind some cover. The song uttered
from dense cover of leaves in the top of a low tree, is odd and
curiously accented.

This form is one that is widely distributed through the small off-
lying islands. It is common on Gonave, and Abbott has recorded it
from Catalina Island, and from Saona Island. The latter appeared
to him somewhat different from those seen on the mainland, but
as he did not obtain specimens this can not now be demonstrated.
Though considered ordinarily a shy denizen of thickets not given to
prolonged flights across open spaces the bullfinch may however
traverse considerable distances as indicated by the statement of
Beebe that “two individuals of this unmistakable species, in full
color, apparently males, came to the schooner and perched quietly
on the ratlines until a gun was loaded, when then they flew straight
out across the Gulf and were not seen again.” As the schooner was
anchored off the Bizoton wharf the birds must have had the distant
shores of Gonave Island or of the opposite side of the broad bay as
an objective.

®1 Zool. Soc. Bull., vol. 30, 1927, p. 141.

436 BULLETIN 155, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

Following are records of occurrence for this bird:

Dominican Republic: Santo Domingo City (Danforth, Cherrie) ;
Catarrey, Aguacate (Cherrie); Haina (Danforth); Rivas (Cory) ;
Sanchez (Christy, Verrill, Abbott, Wetmore); Samana (Tristram,
Cory); Laguna, Samana Peninsula, San Lorenzo (Abbott); Cafia
Honda, El Valle (Verrill); Monte Cristi, Sostia, Arroyo Salado
(Peters) ; Constanza (Abbott, Wetmore); El Rio (Wetmore).

Haiti: Moline (Abbott); Jérémie (Bartsch); Port-au-Prince
(Younglove, Bartsch, Wetmore); Furcy (Abbott); La Tremblay,
Morne La Selle, Morne 4 Cabrits, Limonade (Wetmore); Mole St.
Nicolas (Abbott); Port-de-Paix (Saint-Méry); St. Marc, Pont
Sondé, St. Michel, Fort Liberté, Cerca-la-Source (Poole and
Perrygo) ; Gonave Island (Abbott, Danforth, Bond).

Danforth, recording observations made in 1927 says “On July
17 at Etroites, Gonave Island, Emlen found and photographed a
nest. It was a domed affair, placed three feet from the ground in
an open bush, and contained four white eggs spotted with brown,
especially at the larger end.” In the Spanish speaking part of the
island the bullfinch is known usually as gallito, though Verrill
heard the males called prieto and the females chichigua. The breed-
ing season seems to vary. Peters notes two birds in juvenal dress
taken at Monte Cristi February 9, 1916. Abbott secured fully grown
young in this same immature plumage at Laguna on the Samana
Peninsula August 6, 1916, and near Constanza September 24, 1916,
and April 16, 1919. A male shot by Wetmore near Sanchez May 10,
1927, is molting into adult dress.

Considerable uncertainty has attached to the bird described by
Ricord as Lowa haiti but as will be seen by the extract from the
original description to be given presently the supposed species is a
composite with nothing to indicate which of a number of New World
grosbeaks is intended. The author writes that he saw the bird in all
of the West Indies, on the Orinoco, and in Virginia, the only indica-
tion of Hispaniola being in his choice of hattii as a specific name. It
does not appear practicable to decide which of several forms in-
volved is the principal one as perusal of the following abstract will
indicate :

“Note sur le Gros-Bec Pére-Noir, Loxia haitii, Ricord, par M. Alexandre
Ricord.

Le plumage de la femelle du Gros-bec pére-noir est, pendant la premiére et la
seconde année, d’un gris tacheté de roux feuille-morte et de noir, ce n’est
qu’a la troisiéme mue qu’elle prend la livrée que je vais décrire.

Toute la partie supérieure est d’un roux feuille-morte; la partie inférieure
et le cou d’un gris cendré; les plumes annales d’un roux clair; bec: mandibule

® Rev. Zool., 1838, p. 167.

THE BIRDS OF HAITI AND THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 437

supérieure brune; Vinférieure blanchatre; pieds gris; taille du Moineau-
franesy 2):

J’ai rencontré cet oiseau dans toutes les Indes occidentales oi je l’ai étudié
pendant les huit années que j’y ai séjourné; je l’ai aussi observé a la Terre-
Ferme de l’Amérique espagnole, sur les bords de ]’Orénoque; enfin je l’ai aussi
vu au continent de Amérique du nord, en Virginie.

Ces oiseaux fréquentent le voisinage des habitations et vivent deux 4 deux.
La femelle fait son nid trés-grossiérement dans les halliers. Hlle y pond de
cing 4 sept cufs, de la couleur des ceufs de nos moineaux; ils prennent tous
deux soin des petits, avec lesquels ils passent plusieurs mois.

Bien que ce genre d’oiseaux soit de l’ordre des Granivores, il se nourrissent
presque exclusivement de fruits et préférent la pomme-rose. Ce fruit sert de
noulriture aux petits. La femelle du Pére-noir 4 des mceurs douces, est trés-
attachée et fidelle 4 son male et ne s’en éloigne pas; ces oiseaux ne sont point
querelleurs. Leur chant monotone est un siffement que l’on peut rendre par:
pist-pist-pist . . . pist.’”

Birds from Gonave Island in immature dress are very slightly
grayer above than those from the main island, but adults appear
identical. The difference is too slight to merit description on the
present material. The following measurements include specimens
from the main island and from Gonave:

Sixteen males, wing 71.9-79.2 (76.7), tail 61.7-69.3 (65.3), culmen
from base 14.2-16.5 (15.2), depth of bill at base 11.0-12.9 (12.3),
tarsus 19.2-23.4 (21.1) mm.

Nine females, wing 67.2-75.8 (71.2), tail 59.8-67.0 (63.5), culmen
from base 12.6-14.3 (13.6) ,°* depth of bill at base 10.4-11.8 (10.9),
tarsus 19.7-22.3 (21.0) mm.

The bullfinch is from 155 to 180 mm. in length with rounded wings
and very heavy, conical bill. The adult male is deep black, with the
throat, line over the eye, and under tail-coverts chestnut. The female
is deep blackish slate with similar chestnut markings. The young are
dull gray green, paler below than above, with more or less reddish
brown on throat, above the eye, and on under tail-coverts.

LOXIGILLA VIOLACEA MAURELLA Wetmore

TORTUE BULLFINCEH, ’TI-COQ

Lozvigilla violacea maurella WrErMorE, Smithsonian Misc. Colls., vol. 81, no.
13, May 15, 1929, p. 4 (Tortue Island, Haiti).

Lovigilla violacea affinis, Bonp, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 80,
1928, p. 519 (Tortue Island; nest and eggs).

Resident on Tortue Island.

The present race of the bullfinch is confined so far as known to
Tortue Island off the north coast of Haiti. It is distinguished from
L. v. affinis of the main island by greater size and larger bill, the

68 Average of eight.

438 BULLETIN 155, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

greater bulk of the Tortue birds being more readily evident on direct
comparison of skins than from examination of the measurements
that follow:

Three males, wing 82.4-84.3 (83.4), tail 70.2-71.9 (71.2), culmen
from base 16.2-16.8 (16.4), depth of bill at base 12.9-13.8 (13.3),
tarsus 22.1-22.8 (22.4) mm.

One female, wing 77.7, tail 65.8, culmen from base 15.5, depth of
bill at base 11.9, tarsus 22.9 mm.

Type, male, wing 82.4, tail 71.9, culmen from base 16.8, depth of
bill at base 18.8, tarsus 22.8 mm.

Abbott speaks of the Tortue bullfinch as common, a statement
corroborated by the observations of Bond. Abbott secured two sets
of eggs with nests on June 20, 1917, brought to him by natives
which are evidently correctly identified as of this species. The first
nest is approximately 140 mm. in diameter by 100 mm. deep, and is
made of moss, fine twigs and a few leaves, lined with finer materials,
the nest cavity being very deep. This nest contained six eggs of
which one was broken. The remaining five have the ground color
very pale bluish white, spotted with irregular markings of Verona
brown, and warm sepia, these being confluent at the larger end of
the egg. There is some difference in style of marking in these five
egos and it seems possible that the native who collected them may
have combined two sets in the one nest. Following are measure-
ments of four of these eggs, one being badly cracked: 20.6 by 15.1,
21.5 by 16.2, 22.4 by 16.0, and 25.3 by 16.7 mm. The second nest is
composed of coarser twigs and contains many more entire leaves,
several of these comprising the actual bottom lining. Like the first
this nest is very deeply cupped. The coloration of the three eggs
does not differ from those already described. Measurements are as
follows: 20.9 by 16.4, 21.1 by 16.4 and 22.8 by 16.6 mm.

James Bond describes a nest found May 19, 1928, as placed about
three feet from the ground, with a domed top.

LOXIMITRIS DOMINICENSIS (Bryant)
HISPANIOLAN SISKIN, SIGUITA

Chrysomitris dominicensis BRYANT, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 11, May,
1867, p. 93, text-fig. (Port-au-Prince, Haiti).—Cory, Bull. Nuttall Ornith. Club,
1881, p. 152 (Pétionville, specimens).

Lozimitris BRYANT, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 11, May, 1867, p. 98,
text-fig. (Type by monotypy Chrysomitris dominicensis).

Fringilla dominicensis, Gray, Hand-list Birds, vol. 2, 1870, p. 81 (listed).

Loximitris, Ekman, Est. Agr. Moca, Ser. B, Bot., No. 15, December, 1929, p.
7 (Loma de Mediania).

Lowvimitris dominicensis, Cory, Birds Haiti and San Domingo, July, 1884,
pp. 67-68, col. pl. (Pétionville, specimens) ; Cat. West Indian Birds, 1892, p.
111 (Haiti, Dominican Republic).—TiprpenHAUER, Die Insel Haiti, 1892, pp.

THE BIRDS OF HAITI AND THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 439

820, 321 (listed).—Cory, Auk, 1895, p. 279 (Dominican Republic, specimens) .—
CHERRIE, Field Columbian Mus., Ornith. ser., vol. 1, 1896, p. 16 (Aguacate,
Catarrey, specimens).—Curisty, Ibis, 1897, pp. 824-825 (La Vega).—VERRILL,
Proce. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 61, 1909, p. 362 (La Vega).—RiIcHMOND,
Smithsonian Misc. Colls., vol. 66, no. 17, 1917, p. 39 (mentioned).—Bonp, Proc.
Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 80, 1928, pp. 518-519 (La Selle, Morne Tran-
chant, specimens).—LONNBERG, Fauna och Flora, 1929, p. 109 (Haiti).—Moz-
ToNI, Att. Soc. Ital. Scienz. Nat., vol. 68, 1929, p. 326 (Loma del Medio, speci-
men).

Resident in the interior hills; locally common.

In traveling through the higher mountains of Haiti and the
Dominican Republic siskins are flushed occasionally from near the
ground in patches of weeds or about old gardens. As they fly the
eye is instinctively drawn to them by the brilliant, contrasting
plumage of the males with its flashes of yellow and black, though
the duller colored females are inconspicuous. When once known the
birds are at times observed in the tops of pines or flying in little
flocks overhead. They are most abundant about the higher ridges
above 1,500 meters elevation, but seem to be irregular in distribution
as they have not been reported from areas in the northwest of Haiti,
where they might be expected. From his personal observations
Wetmore believed that the present species nests in the region of
pines and following the breeding season wanders more or less to
other localities.

The first specimens recorded from the Dominican Republic seem
to be those taken by Cherrie at Aguacate and Catarrey in 1895. He
secured adults and immature birds of both sexes. Christy found the
siskin near La Vega in the same year, and in 1907 Verrill reported
it as abundant in certain localities in that vicinity. He observed it
in flocks in the open pasturelands. W. L. Abbott collected skins
at El Rio October 7, 1916, and May 13 and 14, 1919. Above Con-
stanza at the clearing known as Bohokali on the great ridge of
the Loma Rio Grande he found it in abundant flocks from April
15 to 23, and collected an excellent series of specimens. Young males
taken were in molt from immaiure to adult plumage. He noted
that the birds were not breeding. In 1927 Wetmore found the siskin
common near Constanza from May 20 to 26, mainly among the
higher branches of the pines where because of their tiny size they
were detected with difficulty except when they were moving about.
The males sang low, chattering, trilling songs, composed of confused
notes that at times were suggestive of the notes of the American gold-
finch and again of the warblings of a ruby-crowned kinglet. The
breeding season at this time was near. He observed a few near
El Rio May 30. Ekman presented a skin to Ciferri taken on Loma
del Medio September 26, 1929.

440 BULLETIN 155, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

The type specimen of this species was collected June 3, 1866, by
A. E. Younglove in the mountains back of Port-au-Prince, Haiti,
in all probability somewhere above Pétionville, where Cory secured
specimens February 28 and March 2 and 7, 1881. Bartsch recorded
the siskin from near Jérémie April 10 and 11, 1917, but did not take
specimens. Abbott collected three on June 10, 1920, on Morne St.
Vincent near Furcy. In 1927 Wetmore recorded a flock of twenty-
five on April 12 on the high ridge of La Selle at 1,800 meters, feeding
on seeds of dock in an abandoned clearing, and on April 14 found
numerous flocks about the clearings of the Jardins Bois Pin, where
the birds fed on weed seeds near the ground, the groups being scat-
tered about at random, working quietly, but when disturbed flying
up with low notes resembling chut chut, or a higher pitched swee-ee,
or chit chit, chee-ee-o. He recorded them near Furcy April 17, and
also observed one on Morne Rouge on the road to Las Cahobes on
April 20. Bond found them abundant on Morne La Selle, and also
collected specimens on Morne Tranchant near Furcy January 6 and
7, 1928.

An adult male taken by Wetmore on La Selle April 12, 1927, had
the bill light honey yellow, iris bone brown, and tarsus and toes
dusky brown. A female shot at the same time had the bill color
duller, with the tip of the maxilla dusky, but otherwise was similar.
The male was molting and renewing the lesser wing coverts.

Following are measurements from adult birds in our series:

Males, four specimens, wing 64.3-65.8 (65.0), tail 40.5-43.2 (41.6),
culmen from base 8.8-10.2 (9.7), tarsus 14.2-16.2 (15.1) mm.

Females, five specimens, wing 61.7-65.2 (63.4), tail 39.38-42.1
(40.5), culmen from base 9.3-9.9 (9.7), tarsus 13.8-14.7 (14.3) mm.

The siskin is a tiny bird from 110 to 120 mm. long with strong,
heavy, pointed bill. The male has the entire head, including the
throat, black, the wings and tail black, the back olive green, and the
rest of the plumage brilliant yellow. The female has the wings and
tail as in the male, the upper surface dull grayish green, and the
lower parts dull yellowish white faintly and obscurely streaked with

dusky.

LOXIA MEGAPLAGA Riley
HISPANIOLAN CROSSBILL, PERIQUITO, PIQUITO EN CRUZ

Lozia megaplaga Ritry, Smithsonian Misc. Colls., vol. 66, no. 15, December 1,
1916, p. 1 (El Rio, Dominican Republic).—RicHMonpD, Smithsonian Misc. Colls.,
vol. 66, no. 17, 1917, pp. 37-88, fig. 839 (notes from Abbott).—CHapmMan, Bull.
Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. 37, May 14, 1917, pp. 331-333 (Loma Rucilla, Loma
Pelona, D. R., specimens) ; Amer. Mus. Journ., vol. 17, 1917, p. 584 (possible
origin).—Bonp, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 80, 1928, p. 519 (Morne
La Selle).—EKMAN, Hst. Agr. Moca, Ser. B., Bot. no. 15, December, 1929, p.
5 (local name).

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 155 FLATE 26

HISPANIOLAN CROSSBILL (LOXIA MEGAPLAGA)

THE BIRDS OF HAITI AND TH DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 44]

Crossbill, Beck, Nat. Hist., vol. 21, 1921, pp. 48-49 (high slopes of Loma
Pelona).

Resident in higher mountains; local in occurrence.

On his first trip to the valley of Constanza in the fall of 1916,
when he had reached the high pine forests above Jarabacoa, W. L.
Abbott was told of a very small parrot that lived in flocks among
the pines and fed on the cones. He suspected at once that this bird
might prove to be a crossbill, a supposition that was verified when he
collected a pair of the birds at El Rio on October 7, 1916, at an eleva-
tion of 1,250 meters. Not only was the bird a crossbill but one with
white banded wings, a type that in North America does not come
regularly as far south as does the companion red crossbill. (Pl. 26.)

In February and-March, 1917, R. H. Beck, collecting in this same
highland country but somewhat farther west, secured a series of
thirty-one crossbills which came to the collections of the American
Museum of Natural History. He obtained his first specimen Feb-
ruary 23 on the south face of Loma Rucilla at the head of the Rio
Yaque del Sur. Ten more were taken on March 2 and 5, and others
were shot at the same point on March 10, 16, and 19. He also en-
countered the bird on Loma Pelona March 15. Fifteen of his speci-
mens are in streaked, immature dress, and one taken March 5 was
evidently only a few days from the nest as the tail was only partly
grown. The collector recorded in his journal on February 24 that
the ground was covered with white frost so that these birds nest
under conditions of cold as in the north. In May, 1927 Wetmore
made extended search for the crossbill in the great pine forests on the
mountains bordering the Valley of Constanza but without success.
He believes that like the crossbills of the north the Hispaniolan form
wanders from place to place with variation in food supply. Numeri-
cally it is probably not abundant. He found that the birds were
known to some of the country people who called them periquitos.
Abbott was told that they came at times to the pine forests about
Jarabacoa.

On April 10, 1927, in traversing a stand of open pines on Morne
La Selle at an altitude of 2,000 meters Wetmore heard a bird call
uttered steadily and insistently that may be written chu chu chu chu
given in a high pitched tone, and suggestive of the calls of some
young woodpecker in its steady reiteration. His eye caught sight of
the stocky form of a sparrowlike bird resting in the sun on a dead
limb sixty meters from the ground and in another moment a fine
male crossbill was in his hand. No others were seen but apparently
the birds occurred here regularly since he found their bones in barn
owl pellets from the nearby sinkhole known as the Trujin. Bond
reported that a flock of birds seen flying above the pines in this same -

442 BULLETIN 155, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

vicinity were probably crossbills but of this he was not certain.
There are no other records at present for Haiti.

Of the extensive series at present in the American Museum of Nat-
ural History from the Beck collection eleven skins are immature
birds, fully grown in that they were on the wing, but not yet fully
adult as the primaries are not quite at maximum size and in some
the bill is not fully developed. The youngest is a female taken
March 10, 1917, which has the bill only one half as large as in the
adult. This bird is more sharply and definitely streaked below than
adult females, with the light areas whiter and more extensive. The
crown is dusky, mottled heavily with white. The wing bars appear
as in the adult. One taken March 5 has the tail only partly grown.
The juvenal plumage just described seems of brief duration, follow-
ing which there is molt over the body into first fall plumage. The
rectrices and remiges are retained from the juvenal stage. Two males
are molting from juvenal dress into a plumage showing much orange
on the head and under surface of the body. They have as yet no
deep red though the molt is not complete. Four adult males show
the usual variation in crossbills of this sex from deep red to orange
in different parts of the plumage or in different individuals. One is
almost entirely orange.

Following are measurements of adults, examined by Wetmore:

Males, six specimens, wing 85.5-90.2 (88.2), tail 56.3-60.8 (58.5),
culmen from base 19.0-20.3 (19.7), tarsus 17.5-18.2 (17.7) mm.

Females, five specimens, wing 81.8-84.2 (82.9), tail 52.8-56.3
(54.8), culmen from base 18.2-19.8 (18.8), tarsus 17.0-18.1 (17.6) mm.

Type, male, wing 85.5, tail 57.0, culmen from base 19.0, tarsus
17.8 mm.

The degree of relationship to be accorded the three principal
forms of white-winged crossbills now known, bifasciata of northern
Europe, leucoptera of northern North America, and megaplaga of
Hispaniola is at present uncertain. Loaia leucoptera is a smaller
form with small, delicately formed bill and extensive white in the
wing bars. Lowia bifasciata is larger, with much larger bill and
less extent of white in the wing markings, according to the few
specimens seen. Loawia megaplaga of Hispaniola combines the
bodily dimensions of /ewcoptera with the restricted white wing bars
of bifasciata, and has a bill even heavier than in the European bird.
Obviously the three are from a common stock but since intergrades
are not definitely known, in view of the geographic separation of
their ranges the three are here accorded full specific rank. ‘The com-
ing of the crossbill to Hispaniola may be believed to date back at
least to the Pleistocene.

THE BIRDS OF HAITI AND THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 443

The crossbill is from 150 to 160 mm. long and is distinguished
from all other birds of the island by the twisted bill with the tips
of the mandibles passing one another, to facilitate the extraction of
seeds from hard, stiff pine cones. The bill tip crosses indifferently
to the right or to the left in different individuals. The adult male
is generally dusky, washed to a greater or less extent on the fore-
parts of the body with yellowish and deep red, the amounts of these
colors showing much variation. Females are dusky with a wash of
yellowish on the chest, and the immature are obscurely streaked on
the breast. All have two prominent bars of white across the wing

coverts.
AMMODRAMUS SAVANNARUM INTRICATUS Hartert

DOMINICAN GRASSHOPPER SPARROW

Ammodramus savannarum intricatus Hartert, Bull. Brit. Ornith. Club,
vol. 19, April 29, 1907, p. 73 (El Valle, Dominican Republic). —VeERRILL, Proc.
Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 61, 1909, pp. 362-863 (Hl Valle).—Perers, Bull.
Mus. Comp. Zo6l., vol. 61, 1917, p. 426 (Arroyo Savana, specimens).—Bonp,
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 80, 1928, p. 519 (Northern and Central
Plains).—DANForTH, Auk, 1929, p. 875 (Hato Mayor).—LONNBERG, Fauna och
Flora, 1929, p. 110 (Haiti) —Motront, Att. Soc. Ital. Scienz. Nat., vol 68, 1929,
p. 326 (San Juan, specimens).

Ammodromus savannarum, TRISTRAM, Cat. Coll. Birds Belonging H. B. Tris-
tram, 1889, p. 283 (Rivas, specimen).

Resident; found locally in lowland savannas.

The first report of the grasshopper sparrow for the island is that
of Tristram who received a specimen taken in 1887 by A. S. Toogood,
at Almercen, known now as Villa Rivas, Dominican Republic, though
this is antedated by a skin in the Academy of Natural Sciences taken
by W. L. Abbott at Sabana la Mar, June 25, 1883. Verrill found the
birds common in the grassy savannas near El Valle in 1907, and col-
lected two pairs which were secured by the Tring Museum and from
which Hartert discovered that a distinct race was to be distinguished.
Verrill records the song as an insectlike trill like that of the grass-
hopper sparrow of the United States. Peters obtained nine speci-
mens at Arroyo Savana twenty-five miles southwest of Cabrera on
the north coast, reporting that from March 8 to 10, 1916 the birds
were singing and that the breeding season was near.

Abbott found the grasshopper sparrow common at Rivas January
11 to 16, 1921, collecting a series of eight individuals. At Pimentel
he shot two males on January 22, and at Cotuf February 1, 2, and 5
secured three more, a young bird in juvenal dress being taken on
February 1. Danforth found these birds common near Hato Mayor
July 4 to 7, 1927, and observed two others between Belladére and
La Cahobes July 12. Ciferri collected them near San Juan May 8

444 BULLETIN 155, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

and 12,1928. At Hinche, Haiti, in 1927, Wetmore found a few near
the Experiment Station and collected four males on April 20 and 23.
The plains here are burned annually so that there is very little cover
to which the birds may resort until new growth has come. In April
the cover was very scant. The majority of the grasshopper sparrows
seen were about bare, gravelly knolls where they were found on the
open ground. Often when approached they turned their backs when
the streaked markings of the dorsal surface rendered them quite in-
conspicuous. Again when they were in mats of dead grass they
remained hidden until almost beneath the collector’s feet. At times
they flew into low bushes to perch and then were easily approached.
The breeding season was near and a few were heard singing the usual
insect-like song. James Bond secured three at St. Michel March 3,
1928. He writes that he found the birds common on the Northern
and Central Plains.

The seasonal variation in color in this form is considerable, birds
in fall dress being much darker than those taken at the approach of
the breeding period. .

Following are measurements of specimens in the National Museum,
Academy of Natural Sciences, and the Museum of Comparative
Zoology :

Kighteen males, wing 55.8-59.3 (57.7), tail 40.3-45.9 (42.4), culmen
from base 12.0-13.0 (12.5), tarsus 18.8-25.0 (21.1) mm.

Five females, wing 52.7-56.0 (54.5), tail 36.9-41.7 (89.3), culmen
from base 12.1-12.7 (12.4), tarsus 19.5-21.5 (20.6) mm.

The grasshopper sparrow is from 120 to 135 mm. in length with
short tail, rounded wings, and strong, heavy bill. The crown is
dull black, with a buffy line down its center, and a yellow line extend-
ing from the bill to above the eye. The feathers of the hind-neck are
light brown margined with gray, while those of the back and wing
coverts are black or light brown margined with gray and buff. There
are two indistinct light wing bars and the tail feathers, which are
narrow and pointed, are blackish margined with buff. The abdomen
and lower breast are white, and the rest of the lower surface is buff.
The young have the chest streaked with black.

Subfamily EMBERIZINAE

BRACHYSPIZA CAPENSIS ANTILLARUM Riley
CONSTANZA SONG SPARROW, SIGUA, SIGUITA

Brachyspiza antillarum Ritry, Smithsonian Mise. Colls., vol. 66, no. 15, De-
cember 1, 1916, p. 2 (Constanza, D. R)—RicHMoND, Smithsonian Misc.
Colls., vol. 66, no. 17, 1917, p. 38 (mentioned).

Mountain sparrow, Breck, Nat. Hist., vol. 21, 1921, p. 46 (above Tfiibano).

THE BIRDS OF HAITI AND THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 445

Brachyspiza capensis antillarum, CHAPMAN, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., vol.
37, May 14, 1917, pp. 333-834 (Loma Tina, Loma Rucilla, Las Canitas, speci-
mens).—Motron1, Att. Soc. Ital. Scienz. Nat., vol. 68, 1929, p. 326 (specimen).

Brachyspiza, EKMAN, Est. Agr. Moca, Ser. B, Bot., no. 15, December, 1929,
p. 7 (Loma de Mediania, La Pelona).

Resident in the higher mountains of the central Dominican
Republic.

In the autumn of 1916 when W. L. Abbott sent to the Smithsonian
Institution the first known specimens of this sparrow, which as a
species ranges in a large number of geographic races from southern
Mexico to the Straits of Magellan, but which had been wholly unsus-
pected previously in the West Indies, there became known another
of the strange and unexpected forms of birds of the higher moun-
tains of Hispaniola. Abbott secured skins near Constanza and El
Rio in 1916, and in 1919 obtained it at Hondo at a slightly lower
altitude. Beck in 1917 collected it on Loma Rucilla and Loma Tina
in January, February, and March, and on Loma Ultimate Civil, near
Loma Pelona, February 1. Wetmore in 1927 found it from the sum-
mit of the great hill known as El Barrero where the Constanza trail
climbs from the Rio Jimenoa, near Jarabacoa, to El Rio and Con-
stanza. Ekman reports it from Loma de Mediania and La Pelona
and presented a specimen to Ciferri taken on Loma del Medio. The
bird from present data seems mainly confined to the high portion of
the Cordillera Central in the general area about the great Valley of
Constanza. It is common in this circumscribed range. Under date
of December 2, 1929, E. L. Ekman has written that he has observed
it from the Rio San Juan through Constanza to the head waters of
the Rio de los Cuevas, Rio Yuna and Rio Nizao. Wetmore searched
for it carefully on the Massif de la Selle in Haiti without success.

This song sparrow is found in thickets along little streams in open
valleys, at the borders of the deciduous forests, or less commonly,
scattered through growths of bracken in the pine lands, where it lives
a secluded life, being shy and retiring in habit. When disturbed one
may appear for an instant on a prostrate tree trunk, skip rapidly
along it, and then, after a slight pause, drop out of sight on the
epposite side to disappear completely since it is difficult in most
instances to flush them a second time. The flight is tilting and on
the wing they appear very dark in color. When they do come out in
the open at the slightest alarm they pitch into cover, coming up occa-
sionally into low branches to peer about with nervous twitchings.

The song of the Constanza form while similar in general to that
of the many races of the species that are found in South America
lacks some of the pleasing tones of the southern birds. It seemed
somewhat more subdued also but is nevertheless a pleasing and agree-

2134—31——-29

446 BULLETIN 155, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

able offering of music, whose attraction is not lessened by the fact
that it is necessary to search out the singer and approach near to
hear to best advantage. On May 19, 1927, Wetmore observed a
female collecting nesting material, and May 27 the breeding season
was fully at hand. Abbott collected young in streaked immature
dress near Constanza September 23 to 25, 1916.

Following are measurements from a considerable series in the
United States National Museum:

Twenty-two males, wing 62.6-69.7 (66.3), tail 57.3-69.6 (65.3), cul-
men from base 12.1—-14.0 (18.0), tarsus 22.2-24.9 (23.5) mm.

Five females, wing 61.5-64.1 (62.6), tail, 58.4-68.0 (62.0), culmen
from base 12.8-18.2 (18.0), tarsus 23.0-24.5 (23.5) mm.

Type, male, wing 68.2, tail 65.7, culmen from base 12.8, tarsus
23.4 mm.

The Constanza song sparrow is from 150 to 165 mm. long, with
long tail and slender form. Male and female are alike in color. The
head is dark gray, with a light line above the eye, and a broad streak
of black down either side of the crown. The upper surface is dull
brown, with the back streaked with black, a chestnut collar around
the hind neck, chestnut brown edgings on the wings and two narrow
light wing bars. The central part of the under surface is white, with
dull brown sides and a band of black across the lower foreneck. The
young have the black neck band indistinct, and the underparts
streaked with black.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

The list of titles that follows includes those that have been of importance
in the preparation of the present account, though there has been no attempt to
cite in it many books that contain random references to the work in hand.
The authors’ names are arranged alphabetically; where more than one title
appears under the name of a writer the papers are given in chronological
sequence. ?

Although considerable time has been devoted to search through early works
of travel and general natural history for notes on birds this field is considered
as still a fertile one for investigation, particularly in the case of certain period-
icals that have not been available. Moreau de Saint-Méry “ mentions a num-
ber of magazines and papers published in the French colonial period in Haiti
which have not been found in the libraries in Washington but which may be
preserved in Haiti or in France. It is possible that valuable notes on birds
may be contained in them.

The Gazette de Saint Domingue according to Saint-Méry was established by
M. Monceaux in Cap-Haitien on Feb. 1, 1764 as an 8 page quarto that appeared
weekly. On August 29, 1764 its title was changed to Avis divers & Petites
affiches Américaines, while on January 1, 1766 it was again altered to Affiches
Américaines. On March 23, 1768 the place of publication was transferred to
Port-au-Prince where there was added a supplement called first Avis du Cap,
then Avis du Cap, Supplément aux affiches américaines and finally Supplément

Descrip. Part, Franc. Ile Saint-Domingue, vol. 1797, pp. 506-511.

————— ———

THE BIRDS OF HAITI AND THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 447

aux affiches américaines. The editor died August 21, 1768 and was succeeded
by M. Duchemin Despaletz who died January 9, 1771. In 1777 a supplement
was published in Cap-Haitien, continuing until October 3, 1778, when the print-
ing of the main journal was transferred once more to Cap-Haitien with a
supplement in Port-au-Prince. This continued to July 3, 1784, when the
place and manner of printing were again reversed. Complete sets were unob-
tainable in 1782.

An Almanach de Saint-Domingue was printed in Cap-Haitien in 1765 in
duodecimo size. In 1767 this was changed to sextodecimo, and after 1769 was
printed in Port-au-Prince. After 1778 there were two volumes annually, one
from each of the two places mentioned.

The Journal de Saint-Domingue was begun by M. Despaletz in November, 1765,
in Cap-Haitien, and appeared monthly in duodecimo size with 64 pages in each
number. It continued until January, 1767 and then failed through lack of
support. It was said to contain observations on natural history as well as
many other matters of interest. The first volume, which we have seen, ended
in March, 1766, and is devoted to discussions of agriculture and general topics
with much poetry. There are in it several general articles on natural history
but with only general reference to birds.

About the same time there appeared a small sheet called the Iris américaine
devoted to poetry.

Hight numbers of a Gazette de Médecine were printed in Cap-Haitien when
the enterprise failed through lack of subscribers. This was a quarto published
on the first and fifteenth of the month, beginning November 1, 1778 and running
to February, 1779.

Saint-Méry mentions also a Société des Sciences & Arts, indicating that the
members were devoted to the study of medicine, chemistry, botany, and other
matters. He writes (p. 678) that this was founded in 1784. On page 63 he
mentions the first volume of memoirs of this society, and on p. 775 refers to
its publication as Mémoires de la Société des Sciences & Arts du Cap-Francois.

Saint-Méry mentions also an organization called the Cercle des Philadelphes,
composed of persons resident in Haiti interested in various phases of science
before which Deshayes presented a paper on the Colibri. We have seen indefi-
nite reference to a volume of memoirs of this society published in 1788, possibly
the same as the publication mentioned in the preceding paragraph. It is said
to have articles on the diseases and natural history of the island.

There is further reference” to a work on l’Histoire Naturelle de Port-a-
Piment by M. Gauché, dated 1785, from which Saint-Méry quotes a phrase
regarding silver mines worked by the Spaniards, but gives no other indication
of its content.

There is also indefinite reference to a Journal des Officiers de Santé de St.
Domingue, conducted by a M. Trabuc and others, which was intended to cover
medicine, surgery and natural history. Four or more numbers are said to have
appeared about 1793."

ACOSTA, JOSEPH DE:

Historia Natural y Moral de las Indias, en que se tratan las Cosas
Notables del Cielo, y Elementos, Metales, Plantas, y Animales dellas: y los
Ritos, y Ceremonias, Leyes, y Gouierno, y Guerras de los Indios. Sevilla,
1590, pp. 1-535, index.

Very general account of birds, including Hispaniola, pp. 280-282, 284-286.

8 Saint Méry, Moreau de, Descrip. Part. Franc. fle Saint-Domingue, vol. 1798, p. 83.
66 From data supplied by Dr. C. W. Richmond.

448 BULLETIN 155, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

BartscH, PAUL:

Additions to the Haitian Avifauna. Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol.
30, July 27, 1917, pp. 131-1382.

Porzana flaviveniris hendersoni described as new. Twelve other forms
noted as new to the island.

Biological. Explorations in Cuba and Haiti. Smithsonian Misc. Colls.,
vol. 68, no. 10, January 16, 1918, pp. 40-48, figs. 42-48.

Travel with J. B. Henderson in Haiti from St. Mare to the Cul de-Sac

region and Jérémie for mollusks, with notes on birds.
Beck, Roto H.:

Bird Collecting in the Highlands of Santo Domingo. Nat. Hist., vol.
21, 1921, pp. 37-49.

Popular account detailing search for crossbills and other rare birds.

BEEBE, WILLIAM :

Notes on the Birds of Haiti. Zool. Soc. Bull. vol. 80, September—October,
1927, pp. 136-141, 4 figs.

List of 81 forms observed during 1927, with 13 given as exhibited alive
in the Zoological Park in New York.

List of Haitian Birds Observed. Appendix D, in Beneath Tropic Seas,
1928, pp. 216-224.

Reprint of list in Zool. Soe. Bull., 1927, pp. 136-141. Other bird notes are
seattered through the text of this volume (see pp. 11, 27, 28, 51, 52, 53, 67,
69, 70, 108, 167-168 and 215).

Bonp, JAMES:
A remarkable West Indian Goatsucker. Auk, 1928, pp. 471-474, pl. 16.
Habits, nest and eggs of Siphonorhis brewsteri.
The Distribution and Habits of the Birds of the Republic of Haiti.
Proce. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 80, 1928, pp. 483-521.

Annotated list of 153 forms, with important notes on distribution, nest-

ing and habits.
Brisson, M.:

Ornithologie ou Méthode contenant la Division des Oiseaux en Ordres,
Sections, Genres, Especes & ieurs Variétés. A laquelle on a joint une De-
scription exacte de chaque Espece, avec les Citations des Auteurs qui en
ont traité, les Noms quils leur ont donnés, ceux que leur out donnés les
différentes Nations, & les Noms vulgaires. 6 vols., 1760, vol. 1, pp. l-xxiv,
1-526, Lxxiv, 37 pls.; vol. 2, pp. 1-516, i-Ixviii, 46 pls.; vol. 3, pp. 1-734,
i—xcii, 37 pls.; vol. 4, pp. 1-576, i-liv, 46 pls.; vol. 5, pp. 1-544, i-lvi, 42
pls.; vol. 6, pp. 1-530, 1-Ixvi, 46 pls.; Supplement, pp. 1-146, 1-xxiii, 6 pls.

Descriptions of various species from Hispaniola.

BRYANT, Dr. HENRY:

A List of the Birds of St. Domingo, with Descriptions of some New
Species or Varieties. Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 11, May, 1867, pp.
89-938.

Records 79 species of which Tyrannula stolida (var. dominicensis),
Tyrannula carribaea (var. hispaniolensis), Tanagra dominicensis, Mimus
polyglottus (var. dominicus), Chrysomitris dominicensis, Loximitris and
Hirundo euchrysea (var. dominicensis ?) are described as new.

BuFFON, GEORGES LOUIS LECLERC:

Histoire Naturelle des Oiseaux, 9 vols., 1770-1783, illustrated, written in
part by Montbeillard, vol. 1, 1770, pp. l-xxiv, 1-496 by Buffon; vol. 2,
1771, pp. 1-560 by Buffon; vol. 8, 1775, pp. 1-448 by Montbeillard, pp.
444-502 by Buffon; vol. 4, 1778, 1-57, 236-304, 400-438, 462-590, by Buffon,

THE BIRDS OF HAITI AND THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 449

BuFFON, GEoRGES Louis LecLrRc—Continued.
pp. 58-235, 305-399, 489-461 by Montbeillard; vol. 5, 1778, pp. 117-321,
337-361 by Buffon, pp. 1-116, 322-336, 862-528 by Montbeillard; vol. 6,
1779, pp. 1-804, 419-435 by Buffon, 305-418, 486-702 by Montbeillard; vol. :
7, 1780, pp. 1-554 by Buffon; vol. 8, 1781, pp. 1-498 by Buffon; vol. 9, 1783,
pp. 1-488, table, pp. 1-284 by Buffon.

Descriptions of a number of birds from Hispaniola, with original obser-
vations contributed by Deshayes. See also Daubenton, Planches enlumi-
nées.

CASSIN, JOHN:

A Second Study of the Icteridae. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia,
1866, pp. 4038-417.

Notes on Holoquiscalus from Jérémie.

CHAPMAN, FRANK M.:

Descriptions of New Birds from Santo Domingo and Remarks on Others
in the Brewster-Sanford Collection. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. 37,
May 14, 1917, pp. 327-334.

Oreopeleia leucometopius, Microsiphonorhis brewsteri, and Microligea
montana described as new.

[Notes on Crossbill.] Amer. Mus. Journ., vol. 17, 1917, p. 584.
Reprinted from Bull. Amer. Mus. vol. 37, 1917, pp. 332-3388.
CHARLEVOIX, PIERRE-FRANCOIS-XAVIER DE:

Histoire de l’ile Espagnole ou de S. Domingue. Ecrite particulierement
sur des Memoires Manuscrits du P. Jean-Baptiste Le Pers, Jesuite, Mis-
sionaire 4 Saint Domingue, & sur les Piéces Originales, qui se Conservent
au Depot dela Marine. 4 vols. Amsterdam, 1733. Birds, vol. 1, pp. 38—48.

Mention of a few birds, the accounts taken mainly from previous authors.

CHERRIE, GEORGE K.:

Contributions to the Ornithology of San Domingo. Field Col. Mus.,
Ornith. Ser., vol. 1, no. 1, March, 1896, pp. 1-26.

Annotated records of 838 species, with introduction describing the local-
ities visited, and difficulties of work.

CHRISTY, CUTHBERT:

Field-notes on the Birds of the Island of San Domingo. Ibis, July,
1897, pp. 317-348.

Notes on 59 species with interesting notes on the majority.

CIFERRI, R.:

[Colecciones de la Estacién], in Segundo Informe anual de la Estacién
Nacional Agronoémica de Moca, 1926, (publ. 1927), p. 6.

Collection of 56 specimens of 14 species determined by Prof. E. Moltoni
of Milan. Includes ruddy duck.

CLARK, AUSTIN H.:

The West Indian Parrots. Auk, 1905, pp. 337-344.

The Greater Antillean Macaws. Auk, 1905, pp. 345-348.
Cory, CHARLES B.:

List of the Birds of Haiti, taken in different parts of the Island between
January 1, and March 12, 1881. Bull. Nuttall Ornith. Club, vol. 6, 1881,
pp. 151-155, map.

List of 65 species, briefly annotated.

Descriptions of Four New Species of Haitian Birds. Bull. Nuttall
Ornith. Club, vol. 4, July, 1881, pp. 129-130, Plate 1.

Description of Picwmnus lawrencii, Phoenicophilus dominicensis, Parra
violacea, and Myiadestes montanus.

450 BULLETIN 155, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

Cory, CHARLES B.—Continued.
Descriptions of New Species of Birds from Santo Domingo. Bull. Nut-
tall Ornith. Club, vol. 8, April, 1883, pp. 94-95.

Description of Contopus frazari, Sayornis dominicensis, Myiarchus rufi-
caudatus, and Strix dominicensis.
Descriptions of three new species of birds from Santo Domingo. Quar-
terly Journal Boston Zo6l. Soc., vol. 2, Oct. 1883, pp. 45-46.

Phoenicophilus frugivorus, Rupornis ridgwayi, and Gdicnemus domini- |

censis.

Descriptions of Several New Birds from Santo Domingo. Auk, 1884,

pp. 1-5, 1 pl. (eol.), 2 figs.

Ligea palustris, Hirundo sclateri, and Calyptophilus.

The Generic Name Ligea. Auk, 1884, p. 290.

Microligea proposed to replace Ligea.

The Birds of Haiti and San Domingo, Boston, pp. 1-198, 1 map, 22 pls.

(in color). Published originally in parts; pt. 1, pp. 17-56, 6 pls., March,

1884; pt. 2, pp. 57-112, 6 pls., July, 1884; pt. 38, pp. 113-160, 6 pls., Dec.,

1884; pt. 4, pp. 1-16, 161-198, 5 pls., March, 1885.

Includes 111 species. :

Notes on West Indian Birds. Auk, 1891, pp. 4146.

Includes notes on Cichlherminia (=Margarops) fuscata, and Mimus

polyglottos orpheus from Santo Domingo. ;

Catalogue of West Indian Birds, containing a list of all species known
to occur in the Bahama Islands, the Greater Antilles, the Caymans, and
the Lesser Antilles, excepting the Islands of Tobago and Trinidad. Boston,
1892, pp. 1-163.

-——— Description of two new species of birds from San Domingo. Auk. 1895,
pp. 278-279. ‘

Description of Hyetornis fieldi and Elainea cherriei, with record of a few
other species.

CROSSE, H.:

Faune Malacologique Terrestre et Fluviatile de l’Ile de Saint-Domingue.
Paris, 1891, pp. 1-148, 3 pls.

Gives itinerary of various collectors, including Sallé.

DANFORTH, STUART T.:

Snowy Plover in Haiti and Porto Rico. Auk, 1929, pp. 231-232.

Near St. Mare, Haiti.

Notes on the Birds of Hispaniola. Auk, July, 1929, pp. 358-3875.

Annotated list of 121 forms seen in the Dominican Republic and Haiti,
including Gonave Isiand.

DAUBENTON, EDME LOUIS:

Planches enluminées d’histoire naturelle, 1765-1781.

1,008 plates in color, principally of birds, prepared to accompany Buffon’s
Histoire Naturelle des Oiseaux. Figures a number of birds from
Hispaniola, a number of them however erroneously attributed to that
island. The authors’ name is written by some as D’Aubenton.

DESCOURTILZ, E.:

Voyages d’un Naturaliste, et ses Observations Faites sur les trois régnes
de la Nature, dans plusieurs ports de mer frangais, en Espagne, au continent
de Amérique septentrionale, 4 Saint-Yago de Cuba, et 4 St. Domingue,
ou ]’Auteur devenu le prisonnier de 40,000 Noirs révoltés, et par suite mis
en liberté par un colonne de l’armée francaise, donne des détails circon-

.
|

THE BIRDS OF HAITI AND THE DOM{NICAN REPUBLIC 451

DerEscourtTILz, E.—Continued.
stanciés sur l’expedition du général LeClere. Paris, 3 vols., 1809, pp.
i-lxiv, 1-365, 1-470, 1-476.

His account of the birds is found in vol. 2, pp. 177-265, comprising about
56 species.

DURLAND, WILLIAM DAVIES:

The Forests of the Dominican Republic. Geogr. Rey., vol. 12, 1922, pp.
206-222, § figs.

Divides the republic into seven ecologic types. (1) Evergreen Hard-
wood forest, (2) Partially Evergreen Hardwood, (8) Pine Forest, (4)
Thorn Forest, (5) Savana, (6) Mostly Deciduous, (7) Littoral Woodland.

EKMAN, EH. L.:
Botanizing in Haiti. U. S. Naval Med. Bull, vol. 24, July, 1926, pp.
483-497.
An account of the faunal divisions of the island.
A Botanical Excursion in La Hotte, Haiti. Svensk. Bot. Tidskr., vol. 22,
1928, pp. 200-219, 9 figs. ,
Ascent of Morne Formon, one of the high peaks of La Hotte, at the
end of 1926, with account of the vegetation.
Plants of Navassa Island. Ark. fOr Bot., vol. 22A, No. 16, 1929, pp.
1—12, 2 pls.
Includes notes made in October, 1928, on twenty species of birds.
En Busca del Monte Tina. Est. Agr. Moca, Ser. B, Bot., no. 15, De-
cember, 1929, pp. 3-17, 1 map.
A general account of the higher mountains of the Cordillera Central,
with occasional notes on birds.
Excursion Botanica al Nord-este de la Republica Dominicana. Hst. Agr.
Moca, Ser. B, Bot., No. 17, January, 1930, pp. 11, 12, 138.

Birds seen on Monte Grande, Tercero and Ratas in the Seven Brothers

Group.
GABB, W. M.:

Notes on the vegetation of Santo Domingo. Amer. Journ. Sci., ser. 3,
vol. 2, Aug., 1871, pp. 127-129.

On the Topography and Geology of Santo Domingo. Trans. Amer.
Philos. Soe., vol. 15, 1881, pp. 49-259, 2 maps.
GoopE, G. Brown:

The beginnings of Natural History in America. Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash-
ington, vol. 3, 1886, pp. 35-105.

Notes on early explorers in Hispaniola.

GouULD, JOHN:

(Exhibition of specimens). Proc. Zool. Soe. London, 1835, p. 105.

16 species from Haiti received from John Hearne, including a hum-
mningbird.

[Description of a new Ibis from Haiti] Proc. Zool. Soe. London, 18388,
D127.
Ibis erythrorhyncha.
Griscom LUDLOW:
A Review of the West Indian Black Swifts. Auk, 1924, pp. 68-71.
HARTERT, ERNST:

Aus den Wanderjahren eines Naturforschers. Pt. 3, Dominican Republic.
Noy. Zool., vol. 9, 1902, pp. 298-294. (Reprinted as a separate work under
the title Aus den Wanderjahren eines Naturforschers, 1901-1902, where
the above is found on pp. 273-274.)

A day at Sanchez in 1892.

452 BULLETIN 155, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

HartTertT, Ernst—Continued.

[Description of a new subspecies of Ammodramus from Santo Domingo. ]
Bull. Brit. Ornith. Club, vol. 19, No. CX XXIII, April 29, 1907, pp. 73-74.

Ammodramus savannarum intricatus.

HARTLAUB, G.:

Den heutigen Zustand unserer Kenntnisse von Westindiens Ornithologie.
Isis (of Oken), 1847, pp. 608-610.

Compilation of records for Hispaniola including a number of doubtful
species.

Ueber einige neue oder weniger bekannte Végel Amerika’s. Aus brief-
lichen Mittheilungen des herzogs Paul Wilhelm von Wiirttemberg mitge-
theilt. Naumannia, vol. 2, Heft 2, 1852, pp. 50-56.

Includes notes on birds collected in 1829 in Hispaniola.

[HEARNE, JOHN]:

(Letter from.) Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1834, p. 25.

Mentions solitaire.

[A letter accompanying a donation to the Society from the Island of

Haiti.] Proce. Zool. Soc. London, 1834, p. 110.

Mentions Columbia passerina Linnaeus and Columba mystacea Temminck
forwarded alive from Port-au-Prince.

[Notice of a collection of bird skins, 16 species, formed by him in Haiti.]
Proc. Zool. Soe. London, 1835, p. 105.
JEFFERYS, THOMAS:

The Natural and Civil History of the French Dominions in North and
South America. Giving a particular account of the Climate, Soil, Minerals,
Animals, Vegetables, Manufacturers, Trade, Commerce, and Languages,
together with The Religion, Government, Genius, Character, Manners and
Customs of the Indians and other Inhabitants. London, 2 vols., 1760, pp.
1-168, 1-246, several maps.

In Part 2 there is account of hunting of parrots and pigeons by Indians
(p. 12), and (pp. 168-172) a general account of birds, described mainly
without geographic locality.

KAEMPFER, E/MIL:

Ueber das Vogelleben in Santo Domingo. Journ. fiir Ornith., 1924, pp.
178-184.

A running account of birds seen and collected in various localities.

KEnT, L.:

The Guinea Fowl as Game. Forest and Stream, vol. 20, 1883, p. 68.

LABAT, PERE:

Nouveau Voyage aux Isles de Amérique. Vol. 5, 1724, pp. 52-305.

Account of journey in Hispaniola, with casual mention of a few birds.

LAFRESNAYE, M. DE:

Sur V’oiseau nommé par Brisson Tangara de Saint-Domingue, Tanagra
Dominicensis, Tanagra Dominica, par Linné, figuré par Buffon, pl. enl.,
156, f. 2, et dont Vieillot a fait son genre Hsclave (Dulus), sous le nom de
Dulus palmarum. Rev. et Mag. de Zool., 1851, pp. 585-590.

Discussion of size of the feet and probable cause, with original notes by
Sallé, and quotations from other authors.

LAWRENCE, GEORGE N.:

Description of a new Species of Bird of the genus Pitangus. Ann. Lye.
Nat. Hist. New York, vol. 11, Nov., 1876, pp. 288-290.

Pitangus gabbii from Hato Viejo, Mao River, Province of Santiago.

THE BIRDS OF HAITI AND THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 453

LEONARD, E. C.:

Botanical Exploration in Northern Haiti. Smithsonian Misc. Colls., vol.
48, no. 7, 1927, pp. 118-123, figs. 126-131.

Work on Central Plain, at Ennery and north to St. Raphael, Dondon,
and Marmelade.

LONNBERG, EINAR:

A new Nightjar from Haiti. Ark. fér Zool., vol. 20, no. 6, March 18, 1929,
pp. 1-3, 2 figs.

Description of Antrostomus ekmani.

Nagra ord om en samling figlar frin Haiti. Fauna och Flora, 1929,
pp. 97-112, 1 fig.

Popular account of a collection of 200 skins of 107 forras made by Dr.
BE. L. Ekman in Haiti, including Navassa, Gonave, and Tortue Islands.

MACQUART, J.:

Notice sur une nouvelle Espéce d’Aricie, Diptére de la Tribu des Anthomy-
zides. Ann. Soc. Ent. France, 1853, pp. 657-660, pl. 20 (col.).

Description -of Aricia pici, an anthomyid fly with larva parasitic on
Chryserpes striatus, collected near Santo Domingo City by A. Sallé.

MAxon, W. R.:

Botanical Exploration of the Dominican Republic. Smithsonian Misc.
Colls., vol. 74, no. 2, Sept. 27, 1922, pp. 62-63.

Work of Dr. W. L. Abbott on Quita Espuela, and southern portion of
Province of Barahona.

Botanical Exploration in the Dominican Republic. Smithsonian Misc.

Colls., vol. 76, no. 10, 1924, pp. 48-47, figs. 42-46.

Work of Dr. W. L. Abbott in Saman& Bay region, mainly southern
shore.
and RicHMoND, C. W.:

Biological Exploration in Haiti. Smithsonian Misc. Colls., vol. 72, no. 6,
1921, pp. 43-47, figs. 56-59.

Work by Dr. W. L. Abbott and E. C. Leonard on Gonave Island, and Cul-
de-Sae plain and at Furcy.

MILLER, Jr., GERRIT S.:

Exploration of Haitian Caves. Smithsonian Misc. Colls., vol. 78, no. 1,
1926, pp. 36-40, figs. 37-42.
Bone deposits at L’Atalaye.
and KRIEGER, HERBERT W.:

Expedition to Saman& Province, Dominican Republic. Expl. and Field-
work Smithsonian Inst. 1928, Smithsonian publ. 3011, 1929, pp. 43-54,
figs. 33-44.

Exploration of caves at San Lorenzo, and kitchen middens on the Samana
Peninsula, with large collections of bird bones.

MILLER, WALDRON DE WITT: i

Verrill on the Birds of San Domingo. Auk, 1910, pp. 103-104.

Review.

The Systematic Position of Calyptophilus. Auk, 1918, pp. 356—357.

Placed in Thraupidae next to Phaenicophilus.

MOLTONI, EDGARDO:

Primo Elenco degli Uccelli dell’Isola di Haiti. Att. Soe. Ital. Scienz. Nat.,
vol. 68, 1929, pp. 306-826.

Report on 113 forms collected in the Dominican Republic by Raffaele and
Ermanno Ciferri between 1925 and 1929, with first records for Dendro-
cygna viduata, Tryngites subruficollis, and Bombycilla cedrorum.

454 BULLETIN 155, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

MONTBEILLARD, GUENEAU:
See Buffon, Histoire Naturelle des Oiseaux.
NIcoLi, M. J.:

On a collection of birds, made during the Cruise of the “ Valhalla”
R. Y. S., in the West Indies (1903-4). Ibis, 1904, pp. 576-577.

Reference to Vireo olivaceus.

[NIcoLson, le pére]:

Essai sur l’Histoire Naturelle de l’ile de Saint-Domingue avec des Figures
en taille-douce. Paris, 1776, pp. i-xxxi, 1-374.

No birds mentioned.

OBERHOLSER, HARRY C.:

A revision of the Subspecies of the Green Heron (Butorides virescens

[Linnaeus]). Proce. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 42, Aug. 29, 1912, pp. 529-577.
A Revision of the Forms of the Great Blue Heron (Ardea herodias

Linnaeus). Proce. U. 8. Nat. Mus., Dec. 12, 1912, vol. 48, pp. 531-559.
OEXMELIN, ALEXANDRE-OLIVIER:

Histoire des Aventuriers Flibustiers qui se sont signalés dans les Indes.
Nouvelle édition, 4 vols. 1775.

Vol. 1 has brief account of woodpecker, booby, and man-o’-war bird, and
paroquet, pp. 355-358.

D’ORBIGNY, ALCIDE:
Voyage Pittoresque dans les deux Amériques, etc. Paris, 1836, pp. 11-24.
Brief account of visit to Haiti in May and June 1826.

OvIEDO y VALDES, GONZALO FERNANDEZ de:

Historia general y Natural de las Indias, Islas y Tierra-Firme del Mar
Océano. Reprint edited by José Amador de los Rios, Madrid, 1851. 4 vols.
account of birds in vol. 1, Libro xiv, pp. 489-448.

Gives general account of birds of Hispaniola based on personal observa-
tion, with habits of Dulus and observations on bird migration made between
1515 and 1555.

PENARD, THOMAS E.:

Warblers at Sea. Auk, 1926, pp. 376-377.

Black-throated blue warbler, northern water-thrush, ovenbird, yellow-
throat, and redstart aboard ship at sea near Haiti following a storm.

PETERS, JAMES LEE:
A New Swift from Santo Domingo. Proc. New England Zool. Club,
vol. 6, November 23, 1916, p. 37.
Streptoprocne zonaris melanotis from Sosta.
Birds from the northern coast of the Dominican Republic. Bull. Mus.
Comp. Zo6l., vol. 61, Oct., 1917, pp. 391-426.
Annotated list of 92 species.
PHILLIPS, J. C.:

Wild birds introduced or transplanted in North America. U. S. Dept.
Agric. Techn. Bull. 61, April, 1928, pp. 1-63.

Guinea fowl and Cuban quail in Dominican Republic.

PorscH O. and Sassi, M.:

Die Verbreitung der Kolibris nach politischen Gebieten geordnet. Verh.
Ornith. Ges. Bayern, vol. 18, 1928, p. 7.

List of 3 species from Hispaniola.

RICHMOND, CHARLES W.:
The Earliest Name for the Nighthawk. Auk, 1917, pp. 88-89.

THE BIRDS OF HAITI AND THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 455

RICHMOND, CHARLES W.—Continued.
Explorations in Santo Domingo. Smithsonian Misc. Colls., vol. 66,
no. 17, 1917, pp. 36-39, figs. 38-39.

Work of Dr. W. L. Abbott at San Lorenzo, El Rio and Constanza.
Descriptions of two new birds from Haiti. Smithsonian Mise. Colls.,
vol. 68, no. 7, July 12, 1917, pp. 1-3.

Nyctibius griseus abbotti and Vireo crassirostris tortugae.

and SWALeEs, BRADSHAW, H.:

Description of three new birds from Gonave Island, Haiti. Proce. Biol.
Soc. Washington, vol. 37, March 17, 1924, pp. 105-108.

Saurothera longirostris petersi, Calyptophilus frugivorus abbotti, and
Phaenicophilus poliocephalus coryi.

Rimpeway, RosBert:

Description of a new genus of Tyrannidae from Santo Domingo. Auk,
1886, pp. 382-383.

Lawrencia (type Empidonar nanus Lawrence).

New Species, ete., of American Birds.—II. Fringillidae (continued).
Auk, 1898, pp. 319-324.

Pyrrhulagra affinis described as new.

Descriptions of Seven New Species and Subspecies of Birds from
Tropical America. Smithsonian Misc. Colls., vol. 47, Aug. 6, 1904, p. 112.

Myadestes genibarbis cherriei from Santo Domingo.

Diagnosis of a new genus of Buteonine Hawks (Coryornis gen. nov.).
Auk, 1925, p. 585.

For Rupornis ridgwayi.

Ritey, J. H.:

Three Remarkable New Species of Birds from Santo Domingo. Smith-
sonian Misc. Colls., vol. 66, no. 15, Dec. 1, 1916, pp. 1-2.

Asio noctipetens, Loxia megaplaga, and Brachyspiza antillarum.

RITTER, KARL:

Naturhistorische Reise nach der westindischen Insel Hayti auf Kosten
Sr. Majestit des Kaisers von Oesterreich. Stuttgart, 1836, pp. 1-206.

The birds (pp. 150-157) listed include 78 species (not all identified with
birds known to occur in the island) of which he indicates that he collected
specimens of 52.

ROCHEFORT, CHARLES DE:

Histoire Naturelle et Morale des iles Antilles de VAmérique. Enrichez de
plusieurs belles figures des Raretez les plus considerables qui y sont
d’écriter. Avec un Vocabulaire Caraibe. Rotterdam, 1618, pp. 1-527,
numerous plates.

Brief account of the hunting of the flamingo in Hispaniola, pp. 151-152.

Sarnt-Mméry, M. L. EH. Moreau:

A Topographical and Political Description of the Spanish Part of Saint-
Domingo; containing general observations on the climate, population, and
productions; on the character and manners of the inhabitants; with an
account of the several branches of the government. Translated from the
French by William Cobbett. Philadelphia, 1798, vol. 1, pp. i-liv, 1-314, vol.
2, pp. 1-318.

Casual reference to birds.

Description Topographique, Physique, Civile, Politique et Historique de
la Partie Francaise de Vile Saint-Domingue. Avee des Observations
Générales sur sa Population, sur le Caractére & les Moeurs de ses divers
Habitans; sur son Climat, sa Culture, ses Productions, son Administration,

456 BULLETIN 155, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

Sarnt-Mmry, M. L. E. Morrau—Continued.
&e. &c. Accompagnées des détails les plus propres 4 faire connaitre
état de cette Colonie 4 l’epoque du 18 Octobre 1789; et d’une nouvelle
Carte de la totalité de Vile. Vol. 1, 1797, pp. i-xx, 1-788, with map; vol.
2, 1798, pp. 1—viii, 1-856.
Occasional mention of birds.
SALLE, A.:
[Description of Ornismia Catherinaec]. Rev. Mag. Zool., 1849, pp. 498-499.
Original description. Author’s name incorrectly spelled “ Salé.”

Liste des Oiseaux Rapportés, et Observés dans la République Domini-
eaine (Ancienne Partie Espagnole de |’fe St. Domingue ou d’Haiti) pendant
son voyage de 1849 4 1851. Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1857, pp. 230-237.

61 species briefly annotated.
Liste d’Oiseaux a vendre provenant des chasses faites en Amérique.
(Sales Catalogue), Paris, March, 1861.

Includes the following from “Ile de Saint Domingue ou d’ Haiti”; Tro-
gon roseigaster Vieillot, Sporadinus elegans Audebert, Setophaga ruti-
cilla Linnaeus, Dendroica canadensis Linnaeus, Dendroica pensilis Gmelin,
Icterus dominicensis Linnaeus, Columba leucocephala Linnaeus, Geotrygon
montana Linnaeus, Chamaepelia passerina, Aramus scolopaceus Vieillot,
Butorides virescens Linnaeus, Gallinula galeata Lichtenstein.

SCHMIDT, KARL PATTERSON :

The Herpetology of Navassa Island. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., vol.

44, December 23, 1921, pp. 555-559, 2 pls., 5 text-figs.
SCLATER, PHILIP LUTLEY:

Notes on an Unnamed Parrot from the Island of Santo Domingo, now
living in the Society’s Gardens; and on some other Species of the same
Family. Proce. Zool. Soe. London, 1857, pp. 224-226, pl. exxvii.

Description of Chrysotis sallaei.

STRICKLAND, H. H.:
On the Type of the Genus Dulus Vieill. Jardine’s Contr. Orn., 1851,
pp. 103-104.
THOMPSON, FRANK J.:
The Gidicnemus dominicensis in Confinement. Auk, 1885, p. 110.
Two juvenile birds at Zoological Gardens, Cincinnati, Ohio.
TIPPENHAUER, L. GENTIL.

Die Insel Haiti, vol. 1, Allgemeiner Theil, pp. i-xvi, 1-865. Vol. 2, Be-
sonderer Theil, pp. i-ix, 366-693, separatabdruck fiir Haiti in zwei Banden,
Leipzig, 1892, many plates.

List of birds compiled mainly from literature with a few original ob-
servations (pp. 317-323), some of the records being uncertain. Bibliog-
raphy.

Die Insel Haiti, 1 vol. Leipzig, 1893, pp. i-xviii, 1-693, 65 pls.

Reprint of two volume edition with change in dedication, slight addition
to preface, but no other apparent changes in text.
TRISTRAM, H. B.:
On a Collection of San Domingo Birds. Ibis, 1884, pp. 167-168.
Twenty-nine species collected by Mr. C. MecGrigor without localities.
Catalogue of a collection of birds belonging to H. B. Tristram, D.D.,
LL.D., F.R.S., 1889, pp. i-xvi, 1-278.
Specimens from Hispaniola listed,

THE BIRDS OF HAITI AND THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 457

VAUGHAN, T. W.; CooKE, WYTHE; ConpiT, D. D.; Ross, C. P.; Wooprine, W. P.;
and CALKINS, F. C.

A Geological Reconnaissance of the Dominican Republic. Geol. Surv.

Dominican Republic, Mem., vol. 1, 1921, pp. 1-268, 23 plates.
VERRILL, A. E., and A. HYAtTT:

Notes on the Birds of San Domingo, with a list of the species including
a new Hawk. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 61, 1909, pp. 352-366.

Annotated list of 112 species with description of Buteo tropicalis.

\Aunacinoy te | BAM eae

Histoire Naturelle des Oiseaux de l’Amérique Septentrionale, contenant
un grand Nombre d’Espéces décrites ou figurées pour la premiére Fois.
1807, vol. 1, pp. 1-90, 57 pls., vol. 2, pp. 1-74, 124 pls., large folio.

Miscellaneous notes with descriptions of Accipiter striatus, Bubo nudipes,
and Muscicapa albicapilla.

WALTON, jr., WILLIAM :

Present state of the Spanish Colonies, including a particular Report of
Hispaniola, or the Spanish Part of Santo Domingo; with a general survey
of the Settlements on the South Continent of America as relates to History,
Trades, Population,.Customs, Manners, &¢., with a concise statement of
the sentiments of the People on their relative situation to the Mother
Country. 2 vols., London, 1810, pp. 1-884, 1-386.

Brief account of game birds of Hispaniola, vol. 1, pp. 121-122.

WETMORE, ALEXANDER:

A New Accipiter from Porto Rico with notes on the Allied Forms of Cuba
and San Domingo. Proce. Biol. Soe. Washington, vol. 27, July 10, 1914, pp.
119-122.

A Thrush New to Science from Haiti. Proc. Biol. Soe. Washington, vol.
40, June 30, 1927, pp. 55-56.
Description of Haplocichla swalesi.

Zoological Exploration in Hispaniola. Expl. and Field-Work Smith-
sonian Inst. in 1927. Smithsonian publ. 2957, 1928, pp. 33-40, figs. 33-41.

Brief account of field work in Haiti and the Dominican Republic.
The Clapper Rail of Hispaniola. Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. 41,
June 29, 1928, pp. 121-122.
Described as Rallus longirostris vafer.

The Short-eared Owls of Porto Rico and Hispaniola. Proc. Biol. Soc.
Washington, vol. 41, October 15, 1928, pp. 165-166.

Hispaniolan bird is Asio domingensis domingensis (Miiller), with portori-
censis as a race.
A new Species of Piculet from Gonave Island. Proc. Biol. Soc. Washing-
ton, vol. 41, October 15, 1928, pp. 167-168.

Description of Nesoctites abbotti.
A new subspecies of flycatcher from Gonave Island, Haiti. Proc. Biol.
Soc. Washington, vol. 41, December 18, 1928, p. 201.
Description of Blacicus hispaniolensis tacitus.

New Races of Birds from Haiti. Proc. Biol. Soe. Washington, vol. 42,
March 25, 1929, pp. 117-120.
Descriptions of Dulus dominicus oviedo, and Coereba bananivora nectarea.
Descriptions of Four New Forms of Birds from Haiti. Smithsonian
Mise. Colls., vol. 81, no. 18, May 15, 1929, pp. 1-4.

Descriptions of Dendroica petechia solaris, Calyptophilus tertius, Phaeni-
cophilus palmarum eurous, and Lozigilla violacea maurella.

458 BULLETIN 155, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

WIMPFFEN, BARON DE:

A Voyage to Saint Domingo, in the years 1788, 1789, and 1790. By
Francis Alexander Stanislaus, Baron de Wimpffen. Translated from the
original manuscript, which has never been published, by J. Wright. Lon-
don, 1817, pp. i-xviii, 1-871, 1 map.

WOODRING, WENDELL P.; Brown, JOHN S.; and BURBANK, WILBUR S.:

Geology of the Republic of Haiti. Republic of Haiti. Dept. Public

Works, Geol. Surv. Republic Haiti, 1924, pp. 1-631, 40 pls., 37 figs.
WURTTEMBERG, PAUL WILHELM, HERZ0G VON:

Erste Reise nach dem nérdlichen Amerika in den Jahren 1822 bis 1824.
Stuttgart, 1835, p. 68.

Description of Corvus erythrophthalmus and Corvus palmarum.

INDEX

Page

MAD DOLE, aWi- Ms. WOLK Of--—- 2-2 steele 16, 23-31
abbotti, Calyptophilus frugivorus---_------ 426, 429
INesocti tes ss =-.2~5222-s62 2 saeco 298
Nesoctites micromegas____---_---__- 299

INV Ctiblus) griseus=-2— 5-3. Seas 247
Accipiter fringilloides....--<--52-245 see 108
striatus: =. 223222 22) aes Get ne 108
Striatusistriatuse-2 505 eas 108, 109
Atctitisimacularige =. 252022. ek eae 157
mcuiawida Sterne sateen sooo Leen aes 180
acuflavidus, Thalasseus sandvicensis- ------_- 180
BCULAILZILZINOA. Dafila= sass oe > cae eens 100
adoxa, Ardea herodias-—----=.--- 23-4222 73
MNerialites;VOCiierus=-2ss=55 7 — = 2. Soe re 150
Aegialitis semipalmatus---____--....----_---- 147
CONUILOS(niSeaoe aaa ee eee 146

i 0 0) ne Se esa ras 148

WHISONMUSs<22 5252255 2225002 ee el 148
Wilsonius var. rufinucha---_------- 148
Wesalon:'Carolinensis=——--_-2ses eee aoe 119
Dominicensissasess22 22 ase ee ee 119

MOShIVES SVLVIR= = sae a EI At yet 369
Aestrelatanasita ta saan eee eeeeers apd 2 62
aiinis) Wuliomla = 2 aca ee eBay lah (eyes 104
Loxigilla violacea_--__-.-.-_---- 434, 435, 437

INV POCS Se ete ee SD a Seale 104
Pyhrrulagra 22 ei ene gn aaa 434
Pyrrhulagra violaceqa= = a2) es a 435
aflavida, Chaemepelia passerina_________-_ 200, 202
AcalaiusAMMeraliss sano ene ee ae 406
humeralis quisqueyensis-__-_______-_- 406
QuIsqueyensisa 1 a see 406

Aeelajus guirahnro. <2. 28 web la 406
PApiilaymaring 232200 Se keine Lee Be 116
PANT OUUA soa ae ate aN RE er le 76
FAG SPONSAH 22 222-2 Se Sibe es ay eee ees 97
Agia RIAA = .0 22 = ee ie Nh cea 93
ajajaac2oseo see Sees nbs ees ey, 93
aiaja,Alaia.- 2-22 55 4202 ese ee hea 93
WANinja ainiase 2 eo Se noe) eens Be 93
Binia,, latales ante lost seein otal I eee Meee 93
ale blanca ee te PN rank ae 197
sibanC@rocethia-. 2222-222 25 fe ete 167
egretta, Casmerodius-_-___-.---.---_-_-- 75
PIAUCODS pe EVLOss eens tes ean 231
Guaras eeee t Ae iioh Ra 91, 92

Tpis co 2h Ss 2 ees see Oe cere WE 91
IMINOTs | AT OOS oon ooo) ee eS OP Eee 76
Scolopax. 285 32203 eels ete 91
Aryn ge =.= c0 555 2k os = wee | ete ee 167
albicapilla; Elaenia=2--_ 2-year eae 312
Mlaines = esok! toe ne Bit weg Da 313

Minscicapa ce! =.= Ses eie ete ieee 312

Dyrannulss sees ast area ein 312

albicollis, Dendroica petechia_.---.________ 369, 371
Motarills 52 semper c ess) 369

Page

albifrons antillarum, Sterna---_--..------__-. 178
albus egretta, Casmerodius__----___-.--_____ 75
DUS EM GOCIMUS 22 see eee sae ene oe 92
Teen Gal vas ae ee Te 91

Ad eatragzn So toee soo bos EES elem 65
“Ad ced Oo aleyOny weiss os eS ee SE eae 280, 281
aleyon;) Alcedo.= —- .-. 2. sya eee ee ray 280, 281
Cerylen2 22.2222 beed ee nh 281
Megacerylee 2:2 aio st bu ao. alee 281
Megaceryle aleyon._._-----._------- 280
Streptoceryle aleyon____-.__________. 281

aliciae bicknelli, Hylocichla- -_----------__-. 340
eylocichlasalicines =. kes See eee 340
Mordus: We oss 2 ke as 5 Ue ae le 340

Allen, Glover M., work of__-_.---------.._- 19
Alouette;de, Mer..222.02. 522 52 2ne ese as, 165
Alouette Huppée+.- 2225-224 2 eae ee 305
alpina sakhalina,s Pelidnas- 22. 8S sss ee 155
Alta Vela Island, description of---_____-____- 6
altiloqua;. .Muscicapa=-.1-- eee see se oaks 354
Wyrannula. <= sy eB LO 354
altiloquus barbatulus, Vireo__-------.-__-__- 354
altiloquus, Vireos = {22 lu ke sake ete ia La 354
amMabilis;) Zen aida sea eye eee nae 2 a 191
Amazona Sallaei si yseke eee see ee bea 2a 210
Vertralis 2 Ol oh Uae eel 20 210

Wt tea tag 8 es eu ae a pay gp ell, 210

Amazone 4 Tete Blanche---------.-.------_- 210
Amazone 4 Tete Jaune--.-_----+.----=--1-s-- 210
American, Bittern =. 2202 othe ee ae 87
Black-bellied Plover-_--_.-.--_.__- 153

COO RH hos enw Le 1 eee tht 138

Golden’ Blover. 22.522 25- 2223p 153

Wigeone .2 22 on Seeysere tt ies e oe es 99
americana, Anasia-2hs 2) esse el see 2 99
Americana cinerea, Merula_---------.-----_- 335
americana, Pulica# 222. --l ess ee ee 138, 139
Fulica americana. 2s.) == 12 138
grenadensis, Fulica--_-_-_----- 138, 139

Miareea= 2. fs See 99
Americana, Muscicapa----_---.-. = J 542255 38
americana, Mycteria_-_---.-./- aves 89
Parula so 6en 6 2S a a as 368

pusilla, Compsothlypis---------- 363

usneae, Compsothlypis-_-----_--- 368
americanus; Coccyzus.. 522222 2 es ares 218
Coceyzus americanus---_-----.-- 218

Cuculus: i 3202 2232 eee 218

Phaeton =. 2 225 eset ek eee 64

Turtur, parvus fuscus---.------- 199
Ammodromus savannarum.._--.------------ 443
Ammodramus savannarum intricatus-_-_---- 443
Am pelisicedrorum es: 22s 0 No cee eee ae eee 345
Anaeretes cristallus-.. ashe bee Pee tee 300
anaetheta melanoptera, Sterna_--__---------- 177
recognita, Melanosterna___-------- 177

460 INDEX
Page Page
anaetheta recognita, Sterna_-.-....-.-----._- 177 | Aratinga chloroptera chloroptera___.---__- 214, 215
Anasiamericana 222 bese koe eee ecce os 99 chloroptera maugei...._.____-...____ 217
@TDOLea =e eee ee ee eee 98) "| “arborea, Amas2-222.. 2255-222 ee ee Le 98
bahamensis’= 225s 2 aie ew chee ae 101 endrocy gn ass = se eee 98
Carolinensiss 2.25. 223 Sosa is ee 102 pArchilochus(coluibrisses.- = -s.2-—- =) ee eee 266
COllaniss (285 ise! let WL ee LOS a WAT Gea al banminorssees sea ee eer 7
Clypeataec =. ee See ae ee se 104 caerulea sot hon oar ee 81
Giscorssss 20h ees Lee a tet 103 caerulea caerulescens__.___-__.__-___-- 81
OMIT ICA ss ta a a Ete 107 caerulescens- soit ko) ie ee eee 80
jamaicensis. 2 Stas ee ee 106 cayenensis 2552.52.20 Se ea 86
penelope:.=-2-----21 0 eee 99 cracras=2 20: sees 2 hee 83
torquata--.2s220es-25-252) ee 97 egrettas sols soos 2) see Ee 75
tzitzihoasesf2252 2: -SsseeS Se 100 @xilis22 22422 SO Se ee eee 88
WidUiatarsecescess-225-2ethecsescessinde 97 herodias 22222: - Ss ee 73
anatum, -Paleo-.-+-=-=-<522-s2-2522-)8224iNS 117 herodias! adoxa22- 2-552 -2au Reade Se 7
Falco peregrinus. -_-_-------------- 117 herodias:‘repens.=. 25-22-45. 28s e 73
Androstomus carolinensis---..-.-.----------- 248 Noactliz e255 ee Se eee 85
PAN PON i= tes sstcccesecers loess ee 134 Jentiginoss-2sss22s5.8s soos eens 87
angustirostris, Subulatus------..-_---------- 287 J0UCOs 222s sosso Sook foo Pe 75
Podus --20 702 3t $s2 Ss 287 leucogastrac 2) 2 2452-4) Sewees see 79
Todus subulatus!.-.-i222.--- 287 minutae cos 222552555. 2 88
ANY 2 2s ower See scesesissae tbs 2G 229 occidentaliss=2252-5 55.2 55h ae 73
am, Crotophaga=:-222:ss2s2--2-2-=-2/0422 4. 229 TULA 2 sess 5sco5 25 Sea5s 55522 OY pas 78
Ani des: Paletuviers:.-22222 22222 c.u weal el 229 rufescons.2:3./-2505=-0 0 ee 78
annulata,-Columba:=:+22-=::=+-:2224)2 22222 192 scolopaces=o 222-22 - eee 128
anosthaeta; Sterna-=:-22=2=+2-22==22U24 12 177 Mhulao2 sis sssesrsocoes se 76
SATIOUS Stolidus:2.2-5=2-22500e) ei 182 Wi0laCORe== ss so2— Sasa = een eee 86
stolidus.stolidus? 20 25a. 2 Us oc 182 VWiITeSCens = GHLELE Ste Re eee 82, 83
Asithracorax dominicus--==---+=--)222. 2.-.-2 273: || ardesiaca, Mimocichla...2..2-21).22.228)_2 2 335
Anthracothorax dominicus_--------------- 212 2ioah ATOCttA CXilIS-22- 2525250252 ee eee ee 88
antillarum, Aquila:=222003) 2202002 U8 oh. 110); ‘ardosiacea,. Mimocichla2----..22-_- 22s 335
Brachyspizas-2.2ss-0 bf et 444 Mimocichla ardosiacea_----_-_-- 334, 335
Brachyspiza capensis-_-_-_------ 4444445) \)) \ardosiacelus, LUTGUS2o2220 502520525204 ee eee 334
Podilymbus podiceps-_-__-------- 59/4) arenaria © alidrissss- = =sasene ste see eee 167
Sterna-==22-22s-5=225040222 24.1. 178 si eATenaria- intetpress. sss. 2225 se ee eee 154
Sterna-albifrons—..---22- 4. 2__=- 178 interpres morinellas---8222-2 ste 154
Sternula:2-22-2.s5 i 32s. eee SPW VATONaTOL2e S26 535 plo SEN ee PES 167
Antillean Black. Swift-2—..9s5+ $225. feo. 258 | argentatus smithsonianus, Larus_--_---_---- 172
Cloud Swilt<=s22255-2) Aaeu se 261) | Aniclapicizss22=5ssas=—s52ees ae sae ee ee 293
Gallinule: 2222s ate oe 136°" Jarmata fusca, Jacana <2) et a 142
Grebesisssssesoestesesas doe ss ies 59 | armatus, Vanellus Dominicensis___-__------- 146
ANtrOStOMUS'SP yas. sass is Se 250. i) Arremon) palmarume.e «2220-2 eee 419
carolinensisss2ss-ss Sik te 8 248) asiatica,, COMMDA cesses a ae oe eer eee 197, 199
cubanensis cubanensis- -------- 251 Melopelia-asiatica.=s22se2s-ss-4s2=— 197
cubanensis ekmani_._______-_-- 250 | Asio domingensis domingensis_-_-___._.____-_- 244
Gominicus!2222 250-5 A ees 248 domingensis portoricensis___.____...____ 245
ekmani-se Uae su i 2 250 noctipetens:2 ss 22 ses sas soe ee 245
Apos Dominicensis, Hirundo-_--_------_------ 258 stygiusinoctipetens:.+-- 525-224 2-2 eee 245
Aquilavantillanumsss 2255 o5 2 see 110 Styciusisiguapats..- os se sen eo eee 246
aquila; Kregatas:2-<222-22. Sib @). i ater, Quiscalus= o2a. s2252-- seas ~ aos See 411
Aquila nudicollisiss22s2L==225 5s 108) j) “Attheneicuniculariaso<22 5) 202202-2 oe 240
aquilinus py clersos=-<22554 25. Ae ese oe 108 Gominicensisas=ss-2. cue soe 240, 243
aquilis;, Tachypetes oes bie 4 babes oo 71 | atricilla, Chroicocephalus___.....-.._..------ 173
aquilus; Tachypetes e222 2m.) igs 2 71 Warusis<22 2822.2. ee 173
ATO PROUGC 522-5250 2 2992 SOR Pe nine 214 Juarusiarticillas us 322532 sese se eee 173
ATAMuUs. giganteusss ase eee Semel toa 128 | atricapilla, Merula Palmarum_-_____----.-.-- 419
PICtUSE Seca e LILLE SEALS oe 128°) auduboni, Puiinusic.222-ses- see eee 61
ictus SlUCUSEZ222. = 45 ERE 128')) Audubon's:shearwateri<.--cosso-ssesa2 eee 61
Dictus pictusie 20 slut Bee Ae ee T28islaura; \@athartes-s2 ses es eae ae eee 108
scolopaceus.<. sss Ue eles 128 | aurantia, Haplocichla--..-.-----s2 82422222 ue 339
scolopaceus giganteus_______._______ 128 | aureus, Pluvialis Dominicensis-_------------ 153
VOCHETUSi ca. ccesena sca ONE 128 |} aurita zenaida, Zenaida-___..222-- 22. --...-.- 191
aranea, Gelochelidon nilotica_____.-_-_-_____ 174 | auritus floridanus, Phalacrocorax__-----_---- 70
Sternace! = se Sy ey aid gets 174 || surocapillus;,, Motacilla: 223204222 bose 2 oe 388
ATA triColore =. 2 setae a Nee yea 214 Seiurus:2<< ek eee 388
Avratinga chloropterac 9-2 =.cs-----ssse-seeeee 215 Seiurus aurocapillus_-._-..----- 388

INDEX 461

Page Page

aurocapillus, Siurus=22222522-.2. 2A 388 | Black and Yellow Mantled Weaverbird_____ 401
surulenta;Lampornis 22242224285 ea 273 | Blackbird, Tawney-shouldered_-______...___- 406
aurulentus, Lampornis_-__-...-..---.-----..- Zia) Black-capped, Petrelssa=2s 2-52 925 23-—_ eee 62
IPolytmus sa2s3 5 2s 273 | Black-crowned Night Heron______.___-______ 85

‘Prochiluses <4 L251. A TINS ey 2i3)||) Black-necked«S tilt. sens sos ee ea 168
sutummnalis, Plegadis#=2— Se es SOF Black-poll Warbletss=2544s-4-5.-—- 2 eee 387
JANVOSHIN OCULIENAS Seo = SSS SES MAE URE Lo 8 263" |\\ Black Swiit;:Amtillegni: 22 2st ak 258
Avifauna; discussionof2==-s22-222- 4.2 Sia |t Black Termss25 53s = Se es a 181
Awihigimarilasssess 2 ss OE as 104 | Black-throated Blue Warbler_____.__________ 378
Banham aubiekesks oe ol 1019 i Black Witchosseos ee ier Semele Saas 229
Pra teas eo St 1 PA | ea LOI} ‘Blague-a=Diabless.iosese 5 ee a 65
Bahamany Nighthawk 2-22. -20us baleen 253" |) Blue-faced: Boobyaes222 2 a8 70
OSDPEG Yate Bes aa ee A he Live Bluemily catchers 2252s eee eee 378
Oyster-Catcher 2222. ee 144" |) Blue|Ground Pigeons eee 207
bahamensis;-Amase2. 22-20 ee 101> |t Blue-wingedDeals=-- 22.2.5... -eers ae 103
Da files. Sen eae So 1014 Bobo. 222.2982 se 02. ee ere 2 222

Dafila bahamensis______________ 101"\|}: Bobolink s+ 282222 ohiisuth. joeesnl oes 406

Poecilonetta sss eerie 222 1015 Bob= Whites S22— Sass 2c eee. 122

12) [opel bole ene eae ty Cr DL SE UE 8 197) |) Bob-White; Cubaniss. 5-2 eee eee 124
Baldpates. sare Pei a Ao ee ie ea 99!) Boby tase 25 2 Ses. teats yubeed 8 68
Bananer Mure ss. bei. 2. ee. Lee 363,408 | Bombycilla cedrorum_________..__.__-______. 345
FAM ANIS TO meee 8 cs BE PEIN 363), (Bond siwork:s Offs 225-2 eee ase aed a 21-22
bananivora bananivora, Coereba_-___-_____-- 365) |) BoOobysblue-facede 222-222 awe eer eae 70
Certiiolass: == 5° eee 2 2 363 IB T.O Wik Sts Es Oe earns ee 68
Mocrebaes-.sssse 2 ee Le 363ie|| borealis}; Buteosss-oe- eee ees eee ee 110
Motacillazss--32s-2.25 eRe Lay 363 jamaicensis, Buteo._._____-__.__-._- 110

nectarea, Coereba-_-_-----.--.---- 366 INamenius*) 2). pe 156

bank Swallow 2s: S225 Seok Ae ah be 318 PHACODUSSsseebe a wot so es 156
arp arin 2-5-2552 sg oe sy. 2A 197 Scolopaxcs-25252-2.5-2-. Searle 156
barbatulus, Vireo altiloquus_-__-_____-.---_-- 354 | Botaurus Jentiginosus_----..._._-_.__.-L_._. 87
anita @uiscal us: 24< fous eee ie Ts es 410 MIN GH WSS ee ee 87
iBarn-Ow]l;-Hispaniolan:=_ 2222285 0s Wie ta 230h)||) Bouts-de-T'abac's- 225s. o ht ee a 229
IBA: SWallowisssen es ae eee Bee pe 22 3180) Boutsshabacsst oases Ree 229
Ibarranco ise iy. save ee a eer 28528 Giil SBOUV rewil ee ee Se ae ee 434
IS SITANGUCTO Lees oe ee. Oe ee 283 | brachidactyla, Geothlypis trichas_._.__-.____- 398
IBSrisch, pwOrksOfessse22 so 552225 cs oe 3b, |) brachidactylus;brichas=- 22 = eeeepeee 398
Beata Island, description of__.....__________- 6 | brachydactyla, Geothlypis trichas__________- 398
Jaye Gytret Vee Ae SO be AN ATE bos Ns eee es 155 | brachyrhynchos palmarum, Corvus__--_-__- 328
TE OCASSOR TEs eyes Se seer aes Tinea Papeete |. ae ta 15H.) eBrachyspizas ease aus. eee ri mae 445
Bécasse des.Savannes_.-......-...--.--..-- 155, 156 antillarum 5-2 4h ee 444
IB GCANSITIONE aoe Sree tee 148, 156, 165, 167, 168 capensis antillarum__-________ 444, 445
Bécassineides!Savannesiz. 222+ sess ass 164°\) brachyurus,, Hormicarius-____-.--. ---sha 38
IBECKAWOLEAOlea so-so 2 sea oS ee 2? 18-19 Ramphocinclussate asses 38
Beebe mvOn kone eo. oso so. bo zeae ae 20-21) || Brasiliensis>\Vultunss20=2 Sysos te 108
bella, Zenaidura macroura---__._-----------_ 196 | brewsteri, Microsiphonorhis___________-_____ 251
Meller Petes ssiuso = nse waa 8 = 168 Siphonorhisl= sc seseese ee os 8s 251
Belted Kingfishers sees sete 280 | Brewster’s Goatsucker_.......__........___-- 251
bicknelli, Hylocichla aliciae_.._._-__-.-.-2--- 340!) (Bridled Ternucs 220 yess ee bet oP 177
Bieknell’sHPbrush ss 2eeees Goes ek ete 340))|) Brisson, work/ofves2o. 4 soe ae oa. oe 9
Picolor, .Carduelissese ayes sees En yes 432 | Broad-winged Hawk---_------__-------_2-___ 113
Wet bigs ss eae kash, ead} ali re TL ah 432, ¥BTOWD. BOODY~=2ese2soee =o 5~ Sees 68
ANALEDI UM ATIS ee eee ae ne eee: ree ASAT TO Wil, dei 251 WOLKOf. =< 55-2525 Se ee 19-20
marehil-sHuethiass=2 25) ee 8S 4323) SBrown Pelican. .o232-05- 5-3 65
MATCH aTISee ss sas ee eee ee 432" ABbuboiclamator.s 2222 3522-2- Sa es 245
iPphonipargtes2 == 352 eee eran 432 NnudiIpes= = $2Se Sse LO eee Se 239

OSES gS ep EL ees Sa LM A RR 432 ABO caro 2. =o ocn as sak UY 169
IBleristGarCOwsee eck ob Taye) re 3b4"|| WBUCCO CAaYONNEDSIS=!=3-~ 22-2 e See 296, 297
Bi belo sama tity hy Bs see A gah 382; |; Buff-breasted Sandpiper_._...-2--.2--_-- <2 167
Bittern seATmMOnicanes so2ol 4 Nee eit las 87a (Bullon,: work ofLsls.2.254 ec ae ets 9
GCHS oe Se RE bs 8 So aie Sees oe SoM Bithio de, Bajaco se 022) os eae a a 239
Blacicus caribaeus hispaniolensis_--------- 309, 311 | Bullfinch, Hispaniolan...-_--_-.._.......-_- 434
hispaniolensis....-*-..-- See. 309, 311 TDortueLen esse lsees . Sea ee 437
hispaniolensis hispaniolensis-_------- S000!) Burbank, .WicS:,WOlk Ofoe sees ees erates 19-20
hispaniolensis tacitus___-_----------- 30) Burhinus dominicensis-----e2ees2sse- 2522. 2s 170

Black and White Warbler_.-.-....-.-------- 366 | Burrowing Owl, Hispaniolan___-_-_..__---_- 239

2134—31

462 INDEX
Page Page
Buteo' borealis.2.22 252. Sac ss ste we oss 110) |b 'Carduelis: bicolors=202 22 See eee 432
borealis jamaicensis_-.--.--.-.---.---- 110) |; Caribaea,'Columbat--— 22" - == ee ne 188
fullviuis2 25-222 2c 6252. bees aes 110 Dafilas- 10 so = eaee Ws 101, 102
jamaicensis jamaicensis-____.---------- 110 Mullica ss ee ese ce ee ae re, 139
platypterus platypterus____--_-------- 1S) 1, Caribaeus) Corvus: .-3-2---s-ee eee ee eee 328
tropicalis’. --2--c-.-- 25-3 se Ee 110, 112 hispaniolensis, Blacicus__-------- 309, 311
Biutorides!virescens2.-2---.-.5see see eee 83 Rallus longirostris_-.-___---- 130, 131, 132
virescens maculatus.....-.-..----. 83) |t Caribbean Cootit 22220-2 2 ee 139
virescens virescens-_--------------- 82, 83 Martin 225022 -4-2 2-22 a eee 323
Butoroides virescens maculata___..-__-_.__-- SS MCATOMNa POrzan hens. hose e ne eee ee 132
@ahallerotees ooo se sees ee ee es es 161 |i‘carolinense; Nettion. -2_---.22-_ ees 102
@hillonae 222222 2222s 2 Aa 162: | Carolinensis, Aesalon. 2+ 2-222 ese 119
@apotis hers. 22.222 osese oe aos 5 eee 180 AMS. 205. 225 ees cee 102
cachinnans, Gallinula chloropus--_--------- 137, 138 Androstomus242=¢' sass 248
@Cneriulea, Ardeat.+ 2-22-24... Jaa eal 81 Antrostomus=-- === 2--+ S--ee = 248
caerulescens, Ardea.-_.-.-_._---..-- 81 @aprimulgus:---- 3 248, 250
caerulescens, Florida._-.....-.----- 80, 81 Columbas:2-3224-2233. 193, 195, 196
Mloridasct=2 224 2-2 SSL e a 81 IDumetellas 25 ses esee ae 333
caerulescens) /Ardea-2-2 222-22 saute seek 80 WalCo 2523502. 222 sae ee 116
Ardea.caerulea.2---22--22=-2--- SP |) Carolinensis; Micedula.-2--22- 22--2-2---_- es 38
cairnsi, Dendroica: -224-2-.4-=- 380 | carolinensis, Muscicapa---.------------------ 333
MenGroech.= s2--- a. - eee ee 378 INettionicrecca=s2s=2 =) =e 102
IDendroica!=2.-== 22 eee Ee 379 Pandion haliaétus_--......----- 116
Dendroica caerulescens-._--_-- 378, 379 Zenaidura sss 2222 sess eee 193
Mlorida, caerulea. =.= 2. 2a SOs81 2). caroliniensis: Durtur 222: 2222 Sse eee ae 193
Motactilla ies sus tise ree 378i) Carolinus, Rallis = 0322252222 cet oor eae sane
Sylwia-2-2 =} Joe al 378 - |) Carougesckl. 2. es eeu es! ieee see 408
@aillenete eS eae tees cee wo. ee 122 | Carouge de St. Domingue. -._---------------- 408
@airinaymoschatalss2.--=----2s=— neces a OF Carpinteroe: 222. 04 2s ee eae 290
@airnsiWarbler-s 2822-2 sae sae ee 380). Carrad.. 22. -- ose ce ccs csdec dee sae eee 128
cairnsi, Dendroica caerulescens-------------- 380)||\vearribaea, Tyrannula=2-.-=2--2---- eee 309
@alamon sweet 2k a eee ee 134 | Casmerodius alba egretta__--.--------------- 75
Walandrase: 222 sass ee es 434, 408 albusiegretta-.25-=222-" see tee 75
@alecon Rouges .— sss ea eee te 276,334: "| ‘caspia,iElydropropnes=-=--------4-2---=-=-=== 181
@alidris'arenariais: 26.22 oe ee a 167 imperator, Hydroprogne------------- 181
lewucophaeas i: - —se bet Deets 167 | ©aspian\ Term. sees on see eee Be ee 181
Parrats sess ake steal ubiecent 38 | Castagneux de Saint-Domingue----_-------- 7
WInCOL Sees ae ete ae Gece 354 | Catalina Island, description of-.__.-.-.------ 6
Wireosylvaicalidris#22=) 22 522 2-22 38 354 | Catalinita Island, description of.__..-------- 6
@alymbus:dominicus_... 2-242 2222022__- ee Sie @at birdie sae ase eal ae eases 333
Calpteihelonse.. =. sieve ae eee 267. 4|) catesbyi wehasthonis2222222 22-5 ee 64
Calyptophilisis- sae ee er eee 424 Phaéthon lepturus_-.-..----------- 64
{PU PTVONUSZ hae ene ee 424 Phaétonis Assess 5-2. ee 64
frugivorus abbotti____-_-__- 496:.429") (@athartesauras ==. 242) ee ee 108
frugivorus frugivorus___ 424,428,429 | catharinae, Mellisuga_.........-------------- 267
frugivorus selleanus-______-_--_- 428 Mellisuga minima--__-...-------- 267
tertivis 22-352 Sass Dane es 427 Ornismiae = oe ee ae 267
tertius selleanus__--_-_-__-- 428, 429 | catherinae, Mellisuga_............----------- 267
tertius -tertivses 322 se 427,429 | Catoptrophorus semipalmatus semipalmatus 160
canadensis, ‘Columba=_2222-- 225 se eee 195 | caudifasciatus gabbii, Tolmarchus_-_-------- 303
Sylvicola..: 2-22-2522. Shoes 378 | cavicola, Petrochelidon fulva-_.---.---------- 322
@anard Marrone. 2222-602 2a bn eee ees 138)")| <cayenensisArdeas 2 =o eee 86
Sifleuniss Jos See a eo ee lee 98 Mirindoi 232 Stee a ee 264
@ancromanmaculata 2 =e ee ae eetee 83 Miuscicapaws.22.shs hte Ae Rae 303
candidissima, Herodias.—--_ == 22-224. sisbuee “6. |}. sCayennensis) Buccol.--- eee 296, 297
eantans::@y phorinis seco saan ee eee 341 @ypselus?!:2 222. 2. ieee 264
CantiaCas SleOrnassoss= o-oo se ee ae SE SO) {Cedar jWaxwil Geese see ee 345
CRQe se aeee Se Set eo A oes Sle 328)4|)cedrorum} Am pelis=: 22 = sone 345
Cape) May. Warbler. .-.222 2225-25 ss2n 8-2 37 Bombycillas.---=---- sae ee 345
@apellaidelicate svi s. ohu sc ee ae 55: y i @enizasie Pee Ns ol See ge eee Oe 188
gallinago delicata......._.....-..-... 156; * lh C@rnturuisl 2 2 9 eee ie hee rp ea eae es 295
capensis antillarum, Brachyspiza_____-__-- 444, 445 Striatus: Bete eee 291
Caprimulgus carolinensis_-_-._.-----.------ 248, 250 | (cerceris?), Gallinula chloropus-___----.------ 137
pectoralis=_-2-22ssths eee 248 | Cercneis dominicensis_..............-.------ 120
mfuss. sees ee ess see 248. || Sernicalo: 2 22236 ae ae ee eee 119
@anbolfloridantss2 seesssssss ae nen ene ee eae ZO (Certhiaflaveol aeons. sss ase ee sone eee 363

INDEX 463

Page Page

iehuniolastese tees eek we 363 | Chordeiles virginianus vicinus____.-......-_- 253
ibanianivorass< 31s s42- 6a eed elle 363%] \@Orizo ee ee ae se ne a 107

Glieing 222352. 25 le ce et 363) \@Orlito: 2 ee pees eae he ee 153

CET CNC 0 ee ee 281046 horlou=; Sse eee ee ea ae 160, 161, 162
Chaémepelia passerina aflavida.__.__._____ 200202; |) \Chouettek.= 2225 2= Sa se cle bee se a oer 244
DASSELINAOXIZN Aa os 202"|| (Chouettesé Terrier! oso se es ee 239

passerina insularis____-.___.__ 199;;200) || ‘ChouetterowGrandes2ssesee= = eee 244

passerina mavassae_____.________ 202!) (Christy, wOrkofsseee te ee ie een eae 17

CO aetinea DElAPICA = 5H coe oS ce alo 260 | Chroicocephalus atricilla___..-........-._--- 173
MOTIATIS Uae ness ase hal teh Se Be 2610) \Chryserpesistriatise = eee ene anee 290, 291

zonaris pallidifrons_-_-_--_..-_-.-___ 261" )|) chrysias Geotrygonseess = ate ee eee ee 205
Chamaepelia hortulana___.._______________ 199, 201 Oreo peleiaje s2425 = Sere ee 205
DASSENIN Gays hs Shs ee 199. 2U2 | chrysoleuca, Dendroica pinus_________---____- 375

@hapman’s Ground Warbler. -_...-_-----_-- 396 | Chrysomitris dominicensis_________-________ 438
@haradrius dominicus) 222+-+=--.-2-----22-25 153) | Chrysotis'salldeiavso 2 sso eee ee ea 210
MOlOGUSHsss2ss25 4 else skeen ss 146 Vontraliss 2202: 245 Rieke Reese ed 210

INOXICATIUS = 2a Salo Se ee sie Boe 1684) \@huck-will’s-wid Owes sss2s2 22a eee 248

nivosus tenuirostris_______-__.._- £4601. Ciferri; work Of= 222925232 3 wee leans Soe 20

Dlavialises ses fos as es 153'4\CinclussDominicensiss o> 22s se eee 164
Semipalmatus: 2-2-2228 23 ss 147 ' Dominicensis minor_______-_..-.---- 165

VOC LIOI ES teat ke es 150 | cinerea, Ficedula Dominicensis_________-_-__- 381

sear CONNIGRG bas saa ese 0 Sl) 12 he re as 381 Merula Americana..-.-.-...-....-..- 335
‘CIT Oe VIG eee See oe eee 290;5295)°}| (Circus hudsonits= 222s 22s eee ee 115
Wharpoentier= Bosse =s6s2 52522: 2252s5. selves 296) .clamatory Buboseera = eee ae he ene neler nan 245
Charpentier-Camelle_-__..._...__._-__-___-_- 296 | Clapper Rail, Hispaniolan__-...._...-_.____- 130
‘CHE (PS PRT Re ee aor eee 244, 247 | Cliff Swallow, Hispaniolan________.___.___-- 319
Chat-Tanager, Gonave.----22---.2-2-.22:2-- 426) | (Cloud Swit, -Amtillean = 2-33 esses ee 261
: bas JEbty oy halo hel eee ee 424: | cluciae, Certhiolasss sass ae ees nae ee 363
ie aE Obtes ss asses aoe Sse B27 | <ChYMORLR; -ATIAS Seek ores cee eae rn a er cae 104
al Sellext- =e ss 3 eek ate 1k 428 Spatula se Se eae are open acts wk 104

SOHOTTION W OTK Of oe awed | cd te oes Ag T7) (Coceygusidominicus== sso saan aa eee 220
Bherriel Mlaenige 2.25 fo2s AL a ae eyes See 312 Min oT ses eS Re aN 220
Misenis fallax 3)ss22 s<5) jos 3s os 312 || @occyzus'americanuss.e2-2o-2-5=- eee 218
Myadestes genibarbis__.-_.._-__-_-- 341 americanus americanus____-----_-- 218

10) abate) ee eee ee ee es ee 312 GOMINni cusses 2s asa ane 220

IB ain Oates 2 58 ss Ur 5 Neh bari er 312 pdb hao) geen eee PE ee eee 220

LO Ea ee ee eee ee aie 312 Minor Maynard ses ee 220
Chestnut-sided Warbler__.-...-...-.---.---- 387 minor Nesiotess sso) saa ws ee ee 220
Chevalier Mordoré Armé____-_-._.---------- 142 Minor, teres sass eat ee ee 220
ROI CHIC IA ree eens arte byt cs Sos alain 434 rufigularis! 57.2 eee a eS 222
II COTOLTOZ re ets oo Se Ss ae me 287 Seniculus: 220s Sits Ueseer es totes 220
METATMINIG YS Wale oe ee es 260) || \COC6 2 = casa soe seen Ce sue a aes 91
EAT Chi irises as as St ol ee ee ee 410 Blancos 252225 BL Uso eA eh ee 91
Mhiroprion pareolas.-—-- 22 {2222 eee seas 38: COCO Prieto c.f s oe Se PIU Ie Pani 90
@hiroxiphiawareols.-- 2 sae oe 38: Coco t-zinis sas eee nd aes 199
PRINT PICT Smee ae ee as po aaa as ed ad Sn BE DMN Vim Of0e (0) ge Ae ee ee eee 124
Chlidonias nigra surinamensis_-------------- 181") ‘Coereba bananivora! a2. ee ee 363
ehloroleuca, Motacilla__....:.-=.-----.------ 369 bananivora bananivora_-_-_----_---.- 363
Chloronerpes passerinus_-_.---_-------------- 296 bananivora nectarea._-__---.----_--- 366
SUTiabUsSes: See sta) Soy se 291 | coerulescens, Dendroeca--........--._---.-.- 378

chloroptera; Aratingass45225 eee 215 Dendroica: 220 22223392 379
Aratinga chloroptera_-_------- 214. 215 CORLUICUS,, AUS sean = aoe sae ee 378

maugei, Aratinga---.---------- 27 |) \Colas:.2222 222 25 22s tS es SS es 128

IPSIGtACAR Asta) aa se hse ahs ee 214) Wt @olibriss 22 es aes se sae ee a ee es 273, 283
ehloropterus, Conurus 2. + es-425-45--2-4222- 2t6yi @olibri; dei St. ominpyesss2e sess seen ee 273
PSITERCUIS sae een tre at es eee Ls 21h OGliDry coco eae ee a ee et 273

chloropus cachinnans, Gallinula_-_--------- 137,138" |) @olinus\cubanensis*=--—- ao aa ee ee 124
(cerceris?), Gallinula__-.---------- 137 VWirginianuss 22522222224 ee 122, 124

(Giana a) sh is ee 136 virginianus cubanensis______________ 124
portoricensis, Gallinula__-_-------- 136 virginianus vVirginianus__.__..___._ 122, 124
@hordeiles gundlachii- -.._-»---ss222-2---2_- 207), COMaris; ANS) a 225 ese ee tens serene eet 105
TIT OTE ees es Se NES 253 Ruligulaess S525 eee so eas seas 105

minor gundlachii___-------------- 257 INSV.0 C8 Soe oe eee ea 105

MINOR Vicinus ss eee Zosmepe |) OMSL. oss keel cok Se shes) bebe ee 150
virginianus gundlachii----------- 253, ||) (colubris, ‘Archilochus<22- 2-220 s2-ssceneceeo= 266
virginianus minor==2=s---=-=----— 253 Trochilws =. <- 2st 2-- 22s santo cece 266

464 INDEX
Page Page
Columbarseees Lae aie wa ere oe SRS SA S50) OOLVUS Talat Censis saan et ane eee 328
anniv ata ers = kas ees ee 192 leucognaphalust=s.2 a2 eee 325
asiaticas: 2225 >= ssh 2 See ee 197, 199 leucognaphalus erythrophthalmus__. 325
CaNAdensissee se sae ee ee ee 195 Palm arin See eee ee eee 328
Caripaea hess AU ee eee ees 188 DalmarumpmMinutiyss sss. eee 330
CarolinensiSsseseass see nes 193, 195, 196 palmarum palmarum_._-_----_----___- 328
COTENSISeso2¢- oe) ch eS Se a 186 solitanus* Sens ean teees Sees 328
Gomlinicensisene. see aan eae 192,193 | coryi, Phaenicophilus poliocephalus___-_____ 418
IT G1CA eter ot meee oe lenenns 2 ON a 199 Phoenicophilus poliocephalus--__--____ 418
TTOLN AT Ase ae ee ee ree ere ee TSSiH Cory nwOrks Olen see ee eee es 15-16
Inormata INOMAtays sens ean = TS3Sis te CODVORMISS on ee eee Ca ee eee aoe eee 115
lewcocephalasseees se eee 182 PIGS Waylon ee ee ere eee 114
leUCOp tera ss sete easels Ve Te TOO GC OTOL A ete a ean eae ae See ee 210
IMACKOUN AEs Sateen s hae ane 19219591961" (Cotorrita’ de: Sierras. ee eee 276
TMATPIN Abas see ae eee ene TOS TOT eC OUl= COU re tee ee eer er ln 239
IMAP EIN Cy eee ee Noe NACE ee ee 2054) Coucouraim Geeta a ee nay oe eee 106
DOOCOVOUH? WY: yupap ie che eee Loe a 20371 1 Cou=-COUnNerre eee ot oe enn eel eee ae 239
MY STA CHR eet ea a LL 205) |e Couste-Ooustes ore Bee ee ee A 334
ASST TG eee Ses SE ate ee 199) Cou-Jaline st eee nen ae ae ree LB 381
DOLLONI CEN SIS se wa eee eee 186s cCourlisideberre: sere a ocean te eee ee 169
SQUAMOSAtS f= fee wane eee 185 | Couroucou & ventre rouge_--_--- AVA RE SOY MNO 276
subfuscanmedia se ee 199A §COurre=Vite Seen. ee eee eee 169
Zena dase ssn n en ee ee eee TOTS (Cra pierce sae ee ene ere ale nee eee 79, 80, 83, 88
Columbanus Wh aleoseesees ee ere eee oe 118 Ban Cees See eee esa eee ee 75, 76, 80
Falco columbarius_-__-.---.-__- 118 Bleu oe ae an A ee 80
Columbigallina passerina___.....------------ 199 des*Mangles™ = 42-2 So eee = 88
passerina insularis____----__- 199 INO Ine 0 ee el ee 80
Columbus, observations of___-.-------------- HeSi A OPA Cras se kee Ue nt lel EME ts eee 83
Colymbusidominicuss2222 22 2) se ee DD ieborGraACras PAT Gea: eee ae ee eines See seem eee 83
dominicus dominicus------------- 57, 58 | crassirostris tortugae, Vireo_--.-------------- 352
fluviatilis Dominicensis__-__-----_- 57 | erecca carolinensis, Nettion.----.-.---------- 102
Commion™Rerns see ae ee eee 175: | cristatellus; Anaeretest. -2oe= = ae eee 300
Compsothlypis americana pusilla____-------- 368 | cristata, Ispidina Dominicensis__--------__-- 280
americana usneae_-_--_--------- 3685] (@rocethia‘albas---- ava ee 167
Constanza Song Sparrow. - 2-2 ee 444° || (@Crossbillsoss ee ee 441
Contopusirazaris ee ea ee eee 3097) Crossbill} ispaniolanissss—— see an eee 440
ispaniolensiSeass = tee ee eee ae 309) | Crotophagaanive 2430 SS eee 229
Conurus:chloropterussss22 9 -- oa eee 215 Major Ae 229
CUODSE eee Te ee ee oak 25: |} (Crowbe ess ee ee ES ine alae 107
CMYANENSISe ee ee ee ene ae ee 215) Crows Palins 22 ee sees. Soe 328
Woot, eAmericane S222 hee 138 Wiite-necked=----- =e eee 325
Caribbean ste. eve er. tt eee 139) | Cusco. 2e 2)... ee ee 73
Coq. at ear eee ae LR eee eee i eee 85: | Cuatro: Oj02s . Jesse ee 419
Cogides Nui hisses eee ee ee 85, | ‘Cuban Boh-white:.--_-------- es eee 124
CoqusaVvanneve n= see ee ee 169 Ground-Dove--+=--- 20S ees 199
Coracoleroa ete eee 2 er ee ee ae 144 Nighthawk =202-2-4~.- + -- e 257
Worbeauece) eet ete eet sre i Pee 328 Quail... ee a, See 124
COTeNSIS; | Colimpareess seen cre nee ee 186 Snowy Plover-2=.--- 2 ee 146
Coritass2 es ee eee eee Sate 188 | cubanensis, Antrostomus cubanensis--------- 251
CWOrmorany eee ee a ee ee 70 Colinus:. 22220. etee ie 2k = oe 124
Cormorants loridas: 22: 22222 te oe eee 70 Colinus‘virginianus® = -=-..-- 2222 124
Comeillewar tes 22a osetia eee 325, 328 ekmani, Antrostomus-__-- ------- 250
Cornich one srs eho EO 427 Ortyxs 2st ielee ate BM ca stecs 124
Coronas. oD eEndroees) = sass eee 37 | ‘Gucharota ss joe ee eee 93
Dendroica ese eS eA ewe 377 | Cuckoo; Gonave Lizard...=2 222 228
Dendroica’ coronata-<-—<---+-=-22 377 HispaniolanWizard!222 ts 2222-222 224
Mota cilla a tee 37 Mangrovete tsi eee oe 220
Miuscicapaswit 22 Eee ee 38 Vellow-billedst coe! sa eae eee 218
Sylviaw osha ee foe 377 | cucullatus, Hyphantornis._2: --£2222-5------- 401
Sylvicolayiet a: eos SA WES a 377 Hy phantormisic ase se roe eee 402
coronatussurduse! Soc se a een 388 Oriolus--.--=<-- 5-482 Se ke 401
Coron sane soe ea ER ie 124 MOxtOD=i case ee 402
Corvus brachyrhynchos palmarum__-------- 328 Textor cucullatus__----.------.-- 401
Caribaeusteceeeit eel eee cee teceted o28 | Cuculus'americanus22—— a2 So SeF ee eee 218
dominicensis:-222- ee eee 325 Dominicensiss222e2 Stee ae 218
erythrophthalmus~-<-=-2222-2432._ 2. 325 Jamaicensis longiroster_-._---------- 224

INDEX 465
Page Page
Muculustlongirostris= =. 2-2-5 oe eee 224,200 | “Dendroica p: petechias=2---- 22-2 hk 369
SOHICHIUS Ste kee Ste Le eae ee ee 220 Striatacs so see aoe a ee, 387
BVO DELLA SME eigenen oe et aUTeaue 224 Lata sit ay: ee ee 372, 373
‘CHEN (NS 3h See ee ee 325 VIR OTSIS3a = 25 28 oes 2 375
COND Oe ee ee ees eee Se eee oe H4ial) sDescourtilz-\wOrks Of-2-- == - =e ee ee 12
crnicularia-vAthene-- 2. =.= = 32 eS 240'|' SDeshayes; work: 0f22 3 9-10
dominicensis, Speotyto__.______- 2404) ADIablotin'2 See as ee ee 62
Speoty toe =-8 ae ae oe oc eee 240) || Dichromanassa rufescens==— ==. .-- =.= 7
Sbrixe tace 2 oot Ss ep 240 rufescens dickeyi____-___-_-- 78
troglodytes, Speotyto_________ 239, 243 rufescens rufescens--__-__---- 7
Curassow, introduction of_--.--=..2-....--.- 46 | dickeyi, Dichromanassa rufescens___________- 78
MeRTIOW. SKIMO= 2522 82 ee 156' | adiscolor:(Dendroeca. 222 == 385
TIM dsonians syowsess= 6 = ee 157 Men droica’=2 Ste 2 oe oe 385
curvirostris, Tyrannus curvirostris__________ 300 Mendroica discolor ese ss eee 385
(COMER oc ee an aan ae 119 Sylvia ek Sas ee ed 385
EMAHONS NOU Ase 2 = oS Se ts a a 70 Syilvicola oa. sel ae a ee 385
cynosurae, Squatarola squatarola____________ 153) WGISCOTS PAN AS 2a) 2 8 3 sah ea 103
Cyphorinus cantans__-_____ een ne I ee eee 341 Querquednlass- 23-2 s 208 103
KO DSELOLG OS TIGOP sah eee ae 258: || WolichonyxX(Ory ZiVOrUS ----- =e ee 406
(ry pselus/cayennensis-=-_ == +2 -- ee 264 | Domestic fowl, introduction of._._____-___-- 46
phoenicobiuss = sae 2s ee 2647"\ dominica; ‘Anas. 22 oe ep eee e 107
Mach ylatram Siig Sie d se 2 2 ae Se 70 Dendroecas- 323s ee 381
Sulaidactylatras == - see 70 Dendroica oases 381
Weahlaracutaitzitzihogs-2- os 2 ee 100 Dendroica dominica__________---- 381
bahsamoensises eens) 2 ee ee 101 PAVESI GET Ao ee eee eee 107
bahamensis bahamensis-_-_-_--_--____- 101 Wotacilla= ==. ss 2 eee ee 381
COTI DACA so: et a ee 101, 102 STRANIAOT Qe = = za ee Seas ele 345
MamepAnelsisess =... 222 2= 2h 8 ee a 276 Matiparad <2 user. 22 ee. ee 346
Danforth work Of2 2252 2.22 See 21 | Dominican Grasshopper Sparrow. ___---_---- 443
Melicata nC apalia 222 sec. 2 os ee 155 | dominicanus, Phoenicophilus________.____--- 416
C@apellavgallinago. 22226525 5 156) 4) (Dominicensis; Atsalon--.-=2==-5 eee = = 119
Ghallin 9 0 voce ec oy et 156 armatus, Vanellus________-_-- 146
Scolopaxis=2 <5: sic <2 tops aoe 16D) 1]| ;aominicensis; “Athene===-— == eee 240, 243
MaminAioropies cee cu ets a 79 | Dominicensis aureus, Pluvialis.___...-____-_-_ 153
ID YSan Ve) RCV URS ee ee es ee 408: |) dominicensis,Burhinus 22-5. -—- = eee 170
SAN CI RIS8 Se Seta Soe re eee be 276 @oercneiss- 2 J see ee 120
Mendrocycna viduata-__..._-.-2 224.4. 97 C@hrysomitrisus= ee ee eee 438
iDendrocygna arbores:.-----..-=22--~--+__=— 98 C@incluss=. 2" fee oe ee eee 164
Widwates.=2 222.2 ee eee ee 97 cinerea, Picedulas._---e=-2 2 381
Mendroeca caerulescens__.-_-__-.-_s=2..-=. 2 378 Columbaz--) os ee 192, 193
eoernlescens: -— --+5-— = ste 378 Colymbus fluviatilis______-__- 57
COrOnAi ate =) 2 - = - Se 377 Corvyoste-- = os ee Te 325
Giscolons == 3<=== 4 ee 385 | Dominicensis cristata, Ispidina_____________- 280
dominicasee ===. * ae a 381 @nculms as soe oie 218
IIIA CTH OSA sas os ss oe se Be 365) 1 iGominicensiss DP wlus2 <2 = 5 see oe See 346
joibest\qpletugne = eee nn eee sete 382 | Dominicensis, Ebmeriza.__.........-....-_-- 430
igieeg bats ee, ae eee eee ee, 373))]| ‘Mdominiconsis: Kaleo! --<5-55 2-2 wey eee 119
Dendroica caerulescensea- -.2-22-2-.-.s25-=2. 379 Falco sparverius___._______-- 119, 120
caerulescens caerulescens - - -_---- 378, 379 | Dominicensis, Ficedula__._-......-__._------ 369
caerulescens cairnsi_______-___-__- 380 |) ‘dominicensis, (Wringilla — 22 - es 2 ee 438
coerulescens 2 ee sb ys 379 | Dominicensis fusca, Ficedula___-._______---- 38
coronatat.s22226.25 8 op oe nas oun 4) Gominicensis; Hirunde_- 2 2--=.222 255-2 ee 323
coronata coronata- = - --=—--><-.-.. 377 | Dominicensis, Hirundo Apos_------------ _- 258
Giscolorss= == 5s ee ee 389) 7 dominicensis,cterus==-.2-22---e ee ee 408
discolor discolors =-- = eee ae 385 Tampornish2+) She so ae 273
Gominicgs-2722 2. us a 381 Tans 223 285 2s Sa 300
dominica dominica-_-_-_-___-_-__- 381 Toximitris...- = =s2 Ses ee 438
moacwlosa se ee ee 385 1) 0b. be ee a ee ee 434
MACNOM A= en sas eee s peat eae 384 | Dominicensis, Melisuga__-_----.--_-.---_-_- 267
PAalMaruMt: 23 oe eere se ae ks 382 Mertilas=22< 3435) a te 331
palmarum palmarum_____-_-_-_-- 382, 383 Merula olivacea_____..------- 424
pensylvanica: 3225's. oo 387 minor, Cinclusioe eee 165
petechia albicollis.__...___.__-_ 369, 371 minor, Micedula 24 essen 369
petechia egal as oe toe ta 370, 371 minor hicuses. ee ee 290
poetechia solaris: e+e + 5s 371 | dominicensis Myiarchus_..________---- 305, 306, 362
INS ee so ee ie a Bo 375 Myiarchus stolidus___.-------- 306
pinus chrysoleuca-.--_-----..--.-- 375 OEHdicnemus:2. 3-35 169, 170

466 INDEX
Page Page
dominicensis'Oriolus2= Sse se eee eee 4087] Dove; Zenaidasss. co s-ee sa te 191
Phoenicophilusms- 2. 416") (Ducks Bahamas os 2s eee ee ee ees 101
Podicops ia aes esa S SAG yn as 608 |) aOtck Wa wk ose eee oe ee 117
MomMInicensis weOlytimuss* eee ee seen 273 Lesser SCaup sets. tate ee 104
IPTOLNOt ee ee ee ee 323 Miaske diz poi ton dae ee lk Se 107
Psittacs essa Ee TURIN HATS 210 VINES COV; 2 sees are) itis IA wed 97
Querquedula-tee eae 107 Ring-necked ss: £2 ae wh 105
dominicensis, Saurothera_----.-------------- 224 WestiIndian Ruddy-34) = 106
Sayornis__.-_--- ae pay Rap a 309 Wiest Indian Tree-: 2252s ee 98
Speoty totes ss ese e ae 239, 240, 243 Wihite-faced Dreeit iV eae ae 97
Speotyto cunicularia__.______- 240 WiOOd esse 2k See aaah FANS 97
Speotyto floridana__._...______ 240..| Dulus:dominicensis-:-.---- =~... ee 346
Dominicensis striatus minor, Picus__.___ __- 291 dominicus 22+ —-2=8= + Uae 346, 351
SUAS whICUSseasee eee eee 291 dominicus dominicus! 22022. sia 345
Gominiicensisy: Strix soe ae ee 231, 232, 240, 244 dominicus oviedos-=-222-- = es 351
PPA ACT Rasa aere ne PAeE SIE EER 5 346, 414 nuchalis sis, esee ee 346, 351
FROGS 3s nee easy oe eae 283 palmarumse eee Ain EOE Ee 346
Dominicensis torquata, Pluvialis_____-__ __. 150 poliocephalus_-22----- Sate eee ee 416
dominicensis; hrinvaweeesse saan es ihe 7164 || Dumetella carolinensis: = ==. -=---2 sek BP eee 333
TL VEAnNUS ose eee eee 800 |) Dyriniapminimas==2-- == see 267
Tyrannus dominicensis________ 300 minima, Viellloti-.-2vess ue a 267
Dominicensis varia, Ficedula____...-__-____- 866 {| Hichasse.. ses ee 168
(dominicensis var.), Hirundo euchrysea - __-_- 815; fgets. oe ee ee ES 75

Tyrannula stolida ______ 305 Reddishivwe.. 2s. o eS aie 7

Dominicensis,, xanthormus2-- sess see ee 408) | .esrettas-Ardea: tach oe 75
dominicus;-Anthracorax- ss. 2222-2 ee 273 Casmerodius'alba-2 2-222 S23. wo,
Anthracothoraxs 2" 248.2 2a 272, 273 @asmerodius albus=_--_-_- 25a) f 75
AN trostomus*2ss= see eee so225, (248.4 “Heretta ruficollis=--- ae 79
Calymbus**=2 soa. es or se ees 57 thulathulas 22:2 = a ee ee 76, 77
@haradrivs te oste nae eee 153) (|| koman, work 0fe- 2-22 ee 22
Coccy cis ree sse ieee ee eeerere 220) || ‘ekmani, Antrostomus=:-*{2t0: tS Suelee i 250
WOCCYZUS See ate ee eres 220 Antrostomus cubanensis____-______- 250
Colyambus esse Bevo ee eels oT b8) | laenia al bicapillas. esos eee aes oa ee 312
Colymbus dominicus__---.._ __- 57, 58 Cherrieives soo Si Se 312
dominicus,-Pluvialis-2_ 2-222 153 fallax: cherrieize--- = 312
1111S See ee ree eee eee 346,301 ||) /Elaenia;) Eispaniolan= 2-22 =a ass eee 312
Dulusidominicuss eee 345 || (Hlainajcherriel*~=_—- =~ = == - Pace ee 312
ham Pornissaee see eet eee es Dama ee 273) |, ‘Hlaines‘albicapillas2= 22 = ee aco 313
VEL IT is estes eer er ae wee Peeves RE See 331 cherrieiss=s2 BE ee 312
IMimustorphevssers see ee eae Bol) | Hlainiaicherriee®—- 2 ee ae ee 312
Mimus polyglottos__._.-__-__..__ Sol 4)) elegans “Poly tmus-s2-) 2-0 ee eee ee 273
Mimus poly giottuseie2 #2022 - 331 Ricordiaects2: cease eee 271
IN OI OT yee ae eee eee en ae 107 Sporad inus 2 eee eee eee 270
valerotey IDV IKE ee ee 351 Trochilus: 222.52 eh ee ee 270
POdIicop Ss ears RIEL A SSS ek 7) | ClUCUS}FATAMUS) pICchUsess = as aes eee 128
IP Odi Ci pes eee a ees Hae aN Sad EL: 57 | thmiberiza Dominicensiss=.-- 228 see 430
Atigoy oud Ree ee 272, 273 olivacta:232_ = See ee 430
DuUrdussscsss sme se ee te ke 331 | Emerald Hummingbird, Hispaniolan_____-__- 270
(dominicus, var.), Mimus polyglottus_______ 331 | Emerillon, de St. Domingue___-___-._._____- 119
domingensis, Asio domingensis___.-_-_-_____- 244. || “mien; work0t---=- 22 he ere ae 21
IMevacerylerl2 recone hhesas 2815282 ||| HM pidonaxmanysoess= 2 soca eee ae re ee 356
portoricensis; *A'sios 242 _s=222 ee 245 | eoa, Dendroica petechia__....-.--._...___- 370, 371
Saurotherasesss see eae 224) ||" Hreunetes Marissa sae one eet beeen eee 166
PS. bearer eee et ener he OE a a 244 minutia sss ee 163
dominigeneis, Saurothera__. __._._.__________ 224 USI IS 225 Ee Se ee 165
DD) ON IU AT es sare aaa ae eee ERAN 28 247,248 || ‘Hrismaturadominicas oss eee ee 107
GzOrbigniys work: offsssseesa 2s sees ee 13-14 jamaicensisss sae eee 106
Gougallii=Stornss=-9 ae nee ee 176 jamaicensis jamaicensis__________ 106
Sterna dougallii_____- Hoe ne eee 176 TUbidaz2ssce a eh ee 106
Dove, Cuban Ground ve Meee eee 199 | ‘erythrogaster, Huirundose a a Tee ieee ae 318
ispaniolani Gira lees seal a ee 207 | erythrogastra, euirundosese2e suet ease 318
Key Wiest! @ taileztens: 2 awe 2 ety 205 Hirundo!rustica@ = sss es 318
Wong-tailod tees wae heed ee Se 182 | erythrophthalmus, Corvus-_-_-..-...---.--_--- 325
INavassaiGround spies ee 202 Corvus leucognaphalus._ 325
Rud dya@ wail Sees ee ern 203 || ‘erythrorhyncha;Tbisse-s2s 2) ee een eee on nee 90
West Indian Mourning--_-_..__---_-_ 192 | erythrorhynchos, Pelecanus_._-.-...-------- 65
Wihite-winged!25Se senile ee ee 197°!’ ‘Eisclavesses2 0s ee ee 345

INDEX 467

Page Page

Eskimo/Curlew-sss2ss=-ss--5-65 5 See 22 156) flavipes, Neoglottiss222 aa. 2 ee ee 161
euchrysea, (Var. dominicensis), Hirundo_--. 315 Scolopax:y s-2<.4 S535 2352S se 161
Mudocimus albuszsss-223-25 222 ee as. 92 Totan ussite Aes _ Sr ena 161
Mnethia bicolor: o-3 2-3 see AZ2 ii) HaAvinostris; Lnaethon-==-c5s—-os- a eee 64
bicolorsmarchiiz-2225-2-- Dae eae ee 432 Phaetonsssessssesess See 64

lepidai vase 55-2222 S ee Ee ee 430 | flaviventer gossii, Porzana._.._.-------.--___ - 134
OnOliVacea == 252s 0e SOR SOU ee 430 hendersoni, Porzana_-__--------__ 133

euops, Conurus2.-. 2220 Uae 215 | flaviventris hendersoni, Porzana__.---------- 133
Euphonia, Hispaniolan_.......----------_--- 422 Muscicapa ss) 22-22-55 = Ses esis)
musi¢a:as2ssesus eee 422/|| “Ploridaxcaerulea== + 222555252 See 81

eurous, Phaenicophilus palmarum_------_--- 421 caerulea caerulescens __._------------ 80, 81
WOVEquUese222 es ee Ske ea eee ee 422 Cormorants: 255) 3426-25 eee 70
exigua, Chaemepelia passerina____._-_-_____- 202 | floridana dominicensis, Speotyto_....----____ 240
G@xiliswAndegseesssos2 22252 ek 880i) Moridanus)Carbots225.2e es ee eee 70
Ar dette S2sio2 52 eossss acti ee 88 Phalacrocorax auritus_--------__- 70
Ixobrychus-...--.---- PNP BOR * 88 | fluviatilis Dominicensis, Colymbus-_------_-- 57
Exobry.chusiexilis:= 2.02 92 e 5. eer ee 88 *lycatcher; Bluesstsse 2-2. Joe ake 378
fAlcinellus;, Plegadiss-sete ws eae ee 90 Hispaniolan=<2-22-2-- 2 eS 305
Plegadis falcinellus________.__---- SON bly, Parasiticy 2.222 eee ee 293

Man taliis 22. Shs 0 oo Vals ahs 90 | Formicarius brachyurus-_--..--------------.-- 38
Malcovanatum 2s: 222.62--2 ee ees TF) ROW es oes 5. soe 68, 69
carolinensis? oases hee ee TG) “Boulques 223332 2355 4 ea 0 Se 139
columbarius:+ 252-22 stss2252 eee ANS SM railecito:: 222222 sse5 se sos sees ee 150
columbarius columbarius-_-_-_-_--------- 118ig) SRrazars-workjofes 22) sels 2 eS eases ee 15-16
Gominicensisse=2-42+2es26 42 -t See 119)|\sfrazari, Contopusiss 52 s22s5ess=>52- = 22 ee 309
jamaicensis-2e22 2 oss 5 sheep ee 110))| “Hregataraquilazses2==2- 3 sse =e eee 71
hudsoninss<s2s222 20S Pe ee 115 mapnificens 22a Ss ee ae 71
mercurialis 20s) sees Dal ves 119, 121 magnificens rothschildi__..------__-- 71
MUGICO]isease Se OE EE a 108 minormagnifieens 223 oe 71
pereerinus'anatum. 2 se ee es D7 Aa 6a. se ne wk ee eS or 71
plumbiceps22.222222-.222422 2292. 2225 11951914) \frenata, Scolopax: 2)--2.2 222s sae Le 156
SpParveritis2s)l2ss-5525-52Lb ose 119 ;}] “resaiew.c o22 fess dS ss RE Rees 231
sparverius dominicensis-_-__---------- 119}920' "| AWresayess= Sassi sos a eee 231
sparverius isabellinus______------------ 119) 4] *Wresaye-a-C ornes ss os saab ets esas ee oN 245
sparverius sparveroides____---_-------- 121.4) Hrigate-birdisss252 sa Mes be se ee eae 71

fallax cherriei, Elaenia___.-......-.-.-------- 312 4} EF ringilla dominicensiss===="=-—"- 22222-2222 438
WausseWhinotte:+=222s2sss2sessss-24 ee 382 Olivaeesz2evese Secceetscceoses See 430
Fauvette bleudtre de Saint-Domingue_---_--- 378 OFYZIVOLa 22245242522 see25 SS 406
fod OA WimMosaee ss 2 225 on a sO 167 ZONA see csses esse fxvise saat OS 2D see 432
Scolopax-ses2225 ssselesashesbctseves 2 167) “fringilloides, pA ccipiter 225s =2222-24-2222222e= 108
Ficedula Carolinensis_..--.......-.---------- 38 | frugivorus abbotti, Calyptophilus-_-_------ 426, 429
ominicensis]s-ss--20 ee 369 Calyptophilus®2s sc2-Sse eee 424
Dominicensis cinerea_-___----------- 381 Calyptophilus frugivorus_-.- 424, 428, 429
Dominicensis fusca--..---.--22-2242 38 Phoenicophilus: «2£2-2<=2-22.22222 424
Dominicensis minor__-_------------ 369 selleanus, Calyptophilus____--___- 428
Dominicensis ‘varias 222322 3661) Hulicaamericanasstt) 22. 222-2222 22=2-552 138, 139
Mudovicianass.==25-- StS ee 372 americana americana_---.--- - ---- 138, 139
HoldiMyetomisz:2--5.2 2-5 2-ee aL Eee ol 222 americana grenadensis-_-_------------ 188, 189
Miguier 4 Gorge blanchess 222222 22-2420 369 Garibaeaeey S208 Ware Lae ie eo 139
4; Gorgeijaune::.-2=2- 22-25 ee 372 martinicas.2Jsssa4e--2boe eee eae 134
Blewissesshiteosscse eS BS 378 mexicanasss!. 22539 = 5222S Ee Jaeet) R139

brun de Saint-Domingue---_--------- 302)11| *faliginosas Sternaes a ooe oe ee ee 177

cendre 4 gorge jaune_-_----_---------- S807 MPuligula affinis sce Se see See 104

vert dciblanc..2s26 2525224. see 369 Collarisse2222h-2 hse R eS eee 105
WamanGs2sisie=ss22siece sede ess sO 94 | fulva cavicola, Petrochelidon __-------------- 322
Miamantisis sss 2s teste sceess else 94 Mirando: tvs2.ssacisves eee eee 319
MIAN ENCO! 2248 3s S tse See 94 Petrochelidons<:-=s: 2.25 4b -=2- 319
IAM INngols sos sees eee eee eo ES 94 Petrochelidon fulvazess 24s ee 319
Wlammran 2s s5/ iweb ead A ese G40 *fulvus, Buteozketeee ees ences see ses 555 pipe Sad |) |)
Minmmant-- 2: o2ses5-92- SI. 252 aces 94 | fusca, Ficedula Dominicensis-_--------------- 38
Miat-billed: Vireo-2-=2 Sees ys ee. 356 TJacanaarmata= 22-2: =. ee 142
Miauteroze.ieose2 2 POU eS Oe es 296 Sterna: a2 22S ee Sen 177
flava, Mouscieapas 2.225 ae eee 303 Stlann-22eeesses base eve eee 68
fiaveola, Certhia--.=---2=.2=-2---<- eee ee 3635) ‘fuscata, Sterna s.2. lose 22 scssscecseseses-Ut 177
MAVillons, ViteO == 25 soe loss. s2ssca2525. 52 362 Sterna fuscatea-s 222. -..-2s252s55<2522 177
fiavigasters Ecterus. 22555. -32.2e SEL Se oe 408°! ‘fuscatus; Margarops:=.=22-525.252---2se.-2.2 334

468 INDEX
Page Page
fuscatus, Margarops fuscatus---------------- 334) || wlaucops,Eyto'alba------- 2" eee 231
MuyrduSe tae aso ae ee SE $34. | 1Glossy. [bis 22222 32552422244 2225S eee 90
fuscus americanus, Turtur parvus__--------- 199) || «Goatsucker; ‘Brewster’s-----°----=-2*=- sae ae 251
fUSCUS) JNISUS=-—=-=--2=2522 5 a eee es 108 Mispaniolan.: 3-2. = sakes es 250
Pelecanus.¢ -o- 22222. See eee 6541) «Godwit, Marbled i222. - 22-2 eee 167
Tirtun ingicus.- 2 ee ee ee 199 | Golden-crowned Thrush--_---..------------- 388
Gabb; work of... ~~: 2225340 eet 15 | Golden Warbler, Gonave__-.-.-.-.---------- 371
gabbi, lolmarchusey 2-22) -# eee oi abet ie 303 Warbler, Hispaniolan----_---.-.--..- 369
Gabbii, Pitangus_-_----- Re See ee eee eras 303. ||) <Golondrina-222—2 22-2222 2 2 258, 264, 315, 318, 319, 323
gabbii,, Lolmarchus..----------) =2=)-= 303,361,362), || <Gonave Chat-lManager_22--=-_-— -2s2hsae ele 426
Tolmarchus caudifasciatus_--_------- 303 Golden: Warbler:.- s22)4-cs-2—--222-5 371
galeata: Gallinula-...-220 92. eae oes Se 136 Wbizard*@uckoos—2-2- 22. 22a eee 228
INvmidas..2s32c 226 oii ete eS 125 Palm-Chatic.- 5) 2 eee 351
Galeoscoptes plumbeus.--------------------- 335 PalmVRansten eon sean o sess eee 418
Gallareta.- 220 22 ete es 134, 136, 138, 139 Piculetsss2a28= 22s ee ee eee 298
devAguates-6 ir oh b as eee 136 Wood Peweo-._-..-- 2. ---++hsases3s 311
PicosBlancos22 2225-2. ee ees 139 Island, birdsiofs. 225253 -ese ees 47-49
Gallereta ‘Chiguita_.---—- 2422255582. 2K 133 Island, description of: .22252-=-—2= = 6-7
Wallinayde Agua: s--.--2-- seh e =. ese 134 | Gorge-jaune de St. Domingue----_---.------ 381
de' Guinea. -_.-- <= s22ose ct -3 2 ase 125°\| 4gossii, Porzana flaviventer..2_2=/-2-228" 22 2=— 134
Gallinago delicata__---- Pe 5 eae ee eas he 156° | Grackle> ispaniolan=- 22-2222 2-222 ee 410
gallinago delicata, Capella_._ .--.----------- 156} |) <Gracula quiscala---22-222- 23. 2 ee 410
Grallinazas=- 4223505 eee en eee eon 136:]] sGrand)Colas22222 22222. eee 128
Gallinazo:= <2. 222 ka 8 Seale eee 85 Plongeones_ 232228245055 ste Soe 59
(Gallintiela=. 222 ---s-- = sae cea eee at 8 132 G@osier 2 22-2 2s a ee 65, 70
Gallinulaichloropusi22.2 22-22-22 5 at nena ne 136) | (GranderAigretter se. < 2222 22 = oe 75
chloropus cachinnans-----.--- Bees HB AIK Aigrette blanches. -+-— 2 ss es ee 75
chloropus (cerceris?)_-----------.-- 137 Cayemite Island, birds of-__-------- 51
chloropus portoricensis_------.---- 136 Cayemite Island, description of----- 6
Paleataa aes) a ee eee ees 136 Martinet noir 4 ventre blane_------- 323
Martinicensiso=22.--2-= hanna ene 135 || gramineus, Polytmus..-.-_---.--=2-2222-225- 273
GallinulesAntilleame. 22222 22-5222 eae ee es 136 Trochilus2s= 2: 2-5-5 ane ewe 273
Purple: << 2-- 225 5 oases esc ase 134 | Grasshopper Sparrow, Dominican----------- 443
Wallito\.o ==sses-- se2 aes eee 142.434" ||. (Grassquit..5—-< + 2.2. setae ee eee 432
GrallitoderA gia eee cess eee 142 Yellow-facedizceo- 2 ees 430
Garza es eS ono ee eee ee es ae 78,79 | Gray-crowned Palm Tanager--_-------------- 416
UNC AV ES ee ae ee See 80) l'aG@ray; Kingbird. --. 2--2-2 022-8 ee 300
Blanca22 32 one- oe se eee ee oe 76,80 | Great Ash-colored Wood Pigeon--_----------- 188
Morada@.s 2220-22525 Lessee oe 83:1] "Greater Yellow-legs?-2.2- 220-222 eee 162
ROA) Me eo = eae ee ee ava || Chis) 0): eae ee ee ae one Reg ar Ee 59
Garzon: Blanco 26 2ee oe he eee oe ee 75 Antillean. 222 22-2. {ieee se ee 59
@enicient0. 2222-24 ase seb = 8 73 West: Indian’. 222252 "spe eee 57
Gavia ridibunda=._ so.) 4-222 173||, \Green-winged! Teal .-22222 22422. ene eee oe 102
Gavilan. sa 222 nee 118 | grenadensis, Fulica americana------------- 138, 139
Gaiviota mesos geet Mea a WB U75; 79 ASO cGrigri see se ket Vera eee Berean 119
(ORSEL cole Su RGus sees C2 doe 07. || «Grinnell’s) Water-thrushees- 2-2 aes eeaee 393
Gelochelidon nilotiea aranea__.-------------- 1:74 l)| *eriseocollis; SylViacs==-- 2-2 eee ee 38
genibarbis cherriei, Myadestes_._---.-------- 341 Sylvicola-c2 222. 22222 ebsee eee 38
montanus, Myadestes_----------- 341 | griseus abbotti, Nyctibius_-_....-.-.--------- 247
Geothly pis palustris: 25=22-- 22. sae ee 394 Mwrannus..css=2 2s ees Sea Eee 300
trichas..=. 22222522 ochre eee 398 | uGrivede laiGuyane.=-------2--- ee 346
Trichas brachidactyla-_---------- 398 | Grivelette de Saint Domingue_-_-_---------- 388, 414
trichas brachydactyla_--._-----_- 398 | Grosbeak, Rose-breasted -------------------- 429
trichasiignotazce=22- =o sene eee 39831) (Gros) Malfini2 =~ 2=2=*- 22 2252 ee eee 110
trichas, trichas#<2---2-4- Ge 397 Quoek e322 2- 352 Se ee 73
Geotrygon chrysia:-.-----)---- 2 aS 205 Mourtesb2 5225 s-—- ee 191
martinica.-<-c25) osteo 20514|| Grosse: Tourterelles2-2--—- -=5- = e-o-e 191
montana. .-=-=-4- Asa ot es te 2033}| KGrouille-Corps=s a2 ao5 ee ee ae 251
Meoudeleese a2 oti oan 2 eee ee ae 1384189: || \Ground-Dove, Cuban -------------.=--s-en= 199
Giant;owl: —.-------=-2-<#sb- ed Pee 236 Navassa....-.-----= 2-22 eee 202
giganteus, ATA&MUS: 2229) -- eee ee 128 | Ground Warbler, Chapman’s_--__------------ 396
Aramus scolopaceus——- ==. 242-22 5—- 128 Warbler, Hispaniolan-_-=_--2----c== 394
gilvus, Mimus-----_-_- Pn ne eee ee 331 | Gru Blanche D’Amerique_------------------ 91
Gingeons=. 622. oo haa Se ole 98: || ;Guaraialba.2--22-_2----=2 eect ee 91, 92
Gironde: s2------—: weseenceeeesungeeteectus-s 734] ‘Guiaraguouls 2) 4o=— he Se Se ee eee ee 110, 114
glaucops;, Strix. - .2=---- 2 eet ee ee 231 de Sierra.- =... 25 eet ae se 108
CPV tO eee sate eet Men eee 231} wetianensis; DUrdUSS ss) eee ete ne seeenee ena 346

INDEX 469

Page Page

Guineas 2252) -sshentent bese seo Sake sieloas 1950) Harondelle fauve:2<2sh="2.2222-=- 5-222 319
@uines-fowlita224 = ees haces Te 125 NOW 2 pL de ee ee oe 258
Guinea Hens 2! 22222.222 4 se-222 SES 125 | Hirundo Apos Dominicensis_-.-------------- 258
@iniracawiolaceas =: =. OV IR Vane Om is bl i 434 cayenensisae=-2tee ea 264
gtuirahuro: Agelajus.22-4-22 9 Vir et 406 dominicensisso Ss eee ee 323
eujanensis;Lardus- L222 eee je Se 346 ery throgasterss- 2322202. oo eee 318
@Gull-billedsTern=<-W- += +-- 4-2-3. 5A ee 174 erythrogastrats:+- 2 ete 318
Guolisrerring 42 s— = h ~ Se s es 172 euchrysea (var. dominicensis) -_---- 315
NATE Te Soe ee Be ED yee 173 fulvase alate Se a 319
gundlachi niger, Holoquiscalus-__-__-.-__-___- 411 Mi PTAs ee he ee 258
gundlachii;@hordeiles::- =--=<-=-+-=.2-22 22222 257 pelagica 242-251. te eee ee 260
@hordeiles minor=22) ie - 257 Poelasgia= 2 cbse ea 260

Chordeiles virginianus__________- 253 Tiparigg = 2 A ee eos SEs 318
gpuyanonsis;|ConuruS:2i2=2+-ss=225-25s22s222 215 rustica erythrogastra_-.-.-.-.------ 318
Psittscuss.222- 22552 215 Sclateri=o2= 26-2 315
gvmnostoma. Parra. >: 22. eee 142) |) hirundo;|Sterna ss 222- 22.52 eee ee 175
Heeniatopus' pallistus:o:-<=24- =. 2. =: 144 Sterna hirundo{2---= = 175
palliatus:pratti--- 144)) ‘tispaniolan: Barn-O wls2-- ees ee 231
EPACTHOLOPUS Drattling see See 144 Bullfinch--—- 2-2-3 eet eh) | (ABS
StL Oxia OSs = 2 PALES See 434, 436, 437 Burrowing Owl.-.-.------------ 239
Pa CON ees. 22 8 he RN ns NOE So 108 Chat-Tanager= 9227.4.) 2h 424
haliaétus carolinensis, Pandion__-_____--_-_-- 116 Clapper Raies eee sees 130
Pandion aes 2 eh eae 116 Clif Swallow see eset css eee 319
ridgwayi, Pandion.---2-=2_+-.-=... 117 @rossbilles see = See 2s SS 440
Hapalocrex=25o5 ed RS eee aus 133 Mga qua beer sts aaa 2 312
Haplocichla‘surantig-=~=-== 2222222 +... 5 339 Emerald Hummingbird_--___-_ 270
Swalesies<2. 22. cE Ie 338 Muphonigs!ss so. Meese a 8 422

Swalosiiseet ose eee eo 338 Blyeatchers: 2G ek eee 305

Plartert «work Of e222. he 16 Gosatsuckers2 ct 2s em ee 250
Rasitata; Austrelatas. oe Se ee 62 Golden Warbler____..__-_------- 369
Pterodromai=--~ 222-3 ee 62 Grackle2s:-= + snes ee Oe ae 410

Hawk; Broad-winged«-.-c--—s=-..-<es tee 113 Ground ‘Warbler: -222-22-2_2---- 394
Duckss se ae3 ei eh 117 Honey-creeper-. 2222-4. 3-2 == - 363
Hispaniolan Sharp-shinned__-____---- 108 EPyetornis: a2 22-2¢2 te 222
Hispaniolan' Sparrows 222222 = 119 lizard-Cuck00=ss-- eee 224

IME ATS Warn eS is Saat 115 Mango Hummingbird_-_-___-___- 272

Rigeontee se ee ee a ie 118 Mockingbird=-2-= 331
Red-tailed = s--. oie eee a 110 Nyctibiuss2.422-2 eee ee 247
RUT Wy ye ee a 114 Oriole: 20) eee es ee eee 408

West Indian Red-tailed_____________- 110 Palm: Panagers A. 3 419
TEV S500) d 210) ee LS eee 14 Paroquetuat2se22 = 2 ee 214
Hedymeles ludovicianus____-_--------------- 429 Parrot:: <2. =.2 2.2 eee 210
melenae, Cally ptereas ==. e eee es ee 267 Petcharyé 2 steer 303
iHelena’s Humming bird==~-=22 tes 267 Piculefi ss 22 ee oe 296
hendersoni, Porzana flaviventer__---_-------- 133 IBIneh Warblers sone eee 375
Porzana flaviventris-__--_-.------ 133 Quail-Doves2= ass eee 207

Herodias adoxa-Ardeas estan be seek 8 2 73 Siskine J 22. oe EA 438
ONO (Soe 2 ee ey eee 73 Sharp-shinned Hawk_-_-_-_---_-- 108
ilerodias candidissima:--- = -2 = = 552s 76 Short-Eared Owl-___----_-_--_-- 244
GC es oer Oe eee 75 Solitaire: 2. 4..--3 2 ee 341
herodiasirepens;7Ardea. 3 ==. see 73 Sparrows Hawk ssa sere reese 119
Heron, Black-crowned Night__-__.---------- 85 Spindalis. 22k. aa 414
IU a a GA 83 ee ee 80 Stygian Owl) {2b Oe ee 245

GID TIONG TOONS a te et 82 Mhick-knigene “oa Deere ease 169
HGOQUISIAI a so ees an ea es 79 Mbhrushe sce = kM Ses Be ee 334

SNOW eee en een Co eee 7 To diy Baia ye eae SR er 283

West Indian Great Blue_-_-_---------- 7 Trogon ecnc es SASS ces 276
iWest)Indian Green-2 2-2. = -- 22 83 Vervain Hummingbird_--__-_-- 267
Yellow-crowned Night___------------ 86 Woodpeckers ie eae es 290

IB EST ANOS (CHa = see en Ue lat cs cee eee eee 172 Wood*poewee lt Saree oe et 309
ELT OOUPINUGIPEGGs earns 2 on ee ae 239 | hispaniolensis, Blacicus__.---.----------- _ 309, 311
Himantopus!mexicanus: =~ =~ 22-22. 45-- 168 Blacicus caribaeus__.__ --.. 309, 311
himantopus, Micropalama_____-------------- 165 Blacicus hispaniolensis__-.----- 309
Biri peers ee so ie 165 @ontopussee eee see eee 309

380130) 700 Gee ne Se 315, 318, 319, 323 tacitus, Blacicus__-.--.....--- 311
ALVeRntre) DIaAne22. S26 ae ee 323 ‘Durduss2 le tS Sse ees 354

470 INDEX
Page Page
hoactli, Ardea: 22 2202222222200 eens ot bs 85) || Tonorniismartinica ses .2s= aes = eee ae 133
,Nycticorax nycticorax__---2-0 «---2- 85 martinicuS) = 2 <--=<-2o-— eee 134, 135
Holoquiscalus gundlachi niger--__--.----.--- Atel vormismmartinicisSss=2 oes) = ee ee pee 135
MI PCl ss = sons cas ease en 411 | isabellinus, Falco sparverius-_---------------- 119
miger niger 22 2k-ssees ee: 410, 411 Pinnunculusiis-- = see ee ee eee 119
holosericeus,, Polytmus. ---- 2-4. =!2-4---- 266 | Ispidina Dominicensis cristata___---_---_---- 280
Sericotes. = 2 2c 2eie eee eae 266) |) Exobry.chusvexdlis 252222) See ae eee 88
Trochilus =.= -oie4- 25 - see 266 exilis exiliss) 3.5" 2 “ee 88
Honey-creeper, Hispeniolan___-------------- 363: | Jacana armate fUuSca222--2-22525=>- eens 142
Tortie ese wee eae in ere S66) IijacanasParrae\ores 2.4552 cuccpa ees eee 142
hortulana, Chamaepelia-_--_--------------- 199/201"), Jacanayspinosass 222 ou 22 ee eee 142
TOUR OUM CC eters oe es en eee eee 245 Spinosa wiolaceas=s25 52 ee! soa eee 142
MM SOMIaM @unle wees se es oe ta son 157: ||| Jacana, West Indians :vi242. sa ee 142
hudsonicus, Numenius.-.-..--12------- senses 157 |) Jacquotz----- SOW USS LE oe aaeeee ae Ae 210
Phaeopus- - ----- pac ete ee 157), | Jamaica Nightingale (222222 = 2a eee 331
Gircuge ko .o 2 22 ee ee 8 115, |’ Jamaican Mockingbird®:"!---- 2222225222 331
MALCOM eka See ee eet oe 115 Wireos 2) ue 3222 = 2 eee eee eee 354
humeralis; Avelaius-.-2 2 —3- S eee sae 4061] jamaicensis;-A nasi" 22 vess Sse oe ae eae cone 106
Weistes= sooo e Sake ee 406 Buteo!borealis2_- - 232222222222" 110
quisqueyensis, Agelaius__-------- 406 Buteo jamaicensis__...---------- 110
Hummingbird, Helena’s---.--~2=2--2=----.-- 267 @onvulSs22: 2 2e eee 328
Hispaniolan Emerald___----- 270 Hrismatura oe. pease eee 25106
Hispaniolan Mango__-_------ 272 Erismatura jamaicensis-_-------- 106
Hispaniolan Vervain___----- 267 Raleo:202 23. thoe. See 110
Ruby-throated -_------ aS 266 longiroster, Cuculus_----------- 224
Fey dranassa;tricolor,22--=2==2-..---2=---_-=- 79 Polytmus 2-2-2. ase ee eae 273
tricolor ruficollis: 2. -..2.2-.---- 29) \} jJamaicensis, Ralltiss2 222-222 tsetse ee Secege ALSO
Ey drochelidon ariformis\:2=25225--95 soe oe) ISI yilowerope essa os oe es eee eee 341
iyidroprogne\Casplaesas-s22.eee t= 1810} -Jolle-Jolletei2= 252 5-2 ee ee 264
caspia, imperatori.= 22 2---—— = 181" {) Jonornisimartiniess- 92222) eee 135
ietyefornisifieldisie.s25- -s—— 2 atten ee 2o2' i Tordclewe.. 822 ese oo ee ee 134
Hyetornis, Hispaniolan___---------- eet 222F L INIGIO! 262 eee Ne oe eee Bee ee ee 229
TUM PUAriS soon ee a een 222) atuilian \Chivicees. 2822s ee eee ee 354
eylocichlas 2402 cce oe ee oe ye eee 340 | Kaempfer, work of__-__-------- Fogle pete YS 20
aliciaelaliciaest= = ea 2 - 93840 | Key West Quail-Dove_-_.-.----------------- 205
aliciae; bicknelli_ =-—=---2- --_-=_- SAO Ni sia inert ees Oa Se ae en ee eee 150
MINAS Ss se ee eos se 340) kal deer2: bees Se oe ae Pe eee ee ee 150
minima, minimase=s st2e 2s. 2e = 340 WiestIndiane) 22 2-see ae eee 150
Hyphantornis c. cucullatus-____------------- 402 |) Tine birds Graycss.tes2t- sce. BE 300
cucnllatus..------.------------ 401 | Kingfisher, Belted.....-.----.--------------- 280
Ibis alba_...---.----------------------------- Ol) | 'erieger; work Of <-£22.0.cu-c!- cae 32
erythrorhyncha-----------.-.-- ------ - 80 | Tabat, observations of...-:41/u Walt woe 9
Glossy... ------------------------------- 90 | La Hotte Chat-Tanager-.....----2-9.2.2.42 427
NOI... ~------------------------=- == 00 - 90 | Lampornis aurulenta-_--.-.---------2-------- 273
White___-.------------~----------------- 91 aurulentus___-----.- bode Lisle 273
Wood..--------------------------------- 89 dominicensis#s233! suyhsee2= = =e 27
Tbycteraquilinus=2-2---+-2-- 20224223). 108 dominicus 22) 2.2. 8hDN Aha asl 273
Icterus dominicensis arin OPT PSIN gta NA te eke aos Lamprochelidon sclateri-__-.------------ Edad STING)
Mavigasters. 42a: fab se ee ae Se 408 E ie iS
MEE OY ail. von atc tai 4og | Lanius dominicensis- eee 300
ia lariformis, Hydrochelidon__._.._------------- 181
Sea aa a ok aa A ted ites Larus argentatus smithsonianus 172
ignota, Geothlypis trichas-_--2-+--4-2_-.. -- 398 felling ioe nS CoOL 173
Ile 4 Vache, description of.---. ------------- 6 gure TORR io
: : atricillaiatricillavs ee ase eee ee 173
imperator, Hydroprogne caspia----- PS ns 181 i e 172
TBARS ee eae 181 Smithsonianus’=-2- "= ------- Pane a 7
indi cam @olumpbasess sae ene eee ee 199 Wa Selle! Chat-Tana gers = <= see nae ae 428
indicus fuscus;Durturss2- 20 se- sea ee ee 199 | Laughing Gull-....-------------------- ----- ne
inornata, Columba..--------.--------- ----- 18g | lawrencei, Picumnus-----.-------------.---- 296
Columba inornata__-.-.----_------ 18g | Lawrencia_--.------------------------------- 356
insularis, Chaemepelia passerina__.-------- 199, 200 Sa 356, 357
Columbigallina passerina__-_------ 199 OS A ee aie 357
interpres, Arenaria.<-¢2--02se sea -8 8 154 | lawrencii, Picummnus-____-------------------- 296
morinella, Arenaria.......____------ 154 | Leach’s Petrel_..----------.----------------- 63
Stropsilas: 222) 2s-c2 tones oa 164° |) beastuBittern: +2 2-22 == 2 == 2 28s eae eee 88
intrepidus, ‘Tyranus_-.2.-+.-=--<--=--- 300, 303, 305 Sandpiper sts. se ee eae 163
intricatus, Ammodramus savannarum.....-. 443 Ui Ws\4 0 Ue eee cre DENS OR Bee ean 178

INDEX 471

Page Page

WEBCRUZASe caren eat A ess 231 O44: DAB Mince wee eh eae MO ce eS ee 214
elses enurmeralis tea. s 5 aa se he 406 | macroura bella, Zenaidura_-_--_--_-_--------- 196
WON GISINOSA, HAT GCA a ot te ko ee 87, ||| macroura, Columba----2-222_ —.- -- =, 1925,195,.196
lenbiCINOSuUss-BOLAULUS 22. 2. oe 87 Zensi dura -pecese se hee 152, 193
TEEPE} Yo TS) Ya (3) 7 SG oe 430 Zenaidura macroura__---------- 192, 193
Led s\oyetl) ory a: eee ie te ee 430 | macularia, Actitis__.....__-- Beas ke Weert yee en 157

CPST ATi State eres EE a pe a 430 Dp a bal oe: pow ee eee Oe ere ee en 157
feeptoptilass 22 shoo 22 ke lS. Se ne ee dene 205i maculanivs, Hh OtanUS sass ae eee ee ee 157
lepturus catesbyi, Phaéthon_______________. : 64 Tringoidesi22.2 4-6 ee 157
iresser Scaulp Duck. .--=25-5.---_ Bape eae 104 | maculata, Butoroides virescens____._-_-_____ 83
Yellowlegs__.._--.--_- ene en ee 161 @ancrom aes. eee eee 83

Net COMpAIT CG Gavan ee see eet ee ye 75 FIT Oeste oe See So a eee See 164
EV OTOGTAS eae eee SE SN hae 75 | maculatus, Butorides virescens_-_---_.-__-__- 83
leucocephala, Columba-----_.--..---_---_--- 182) |) maculosa, Dendroeceas oss se5 eee ee 385
IRStAPIOCNAS {pee sree oe ee 183 ID YD) aXe ho) (7h See eR eA ee ee 385

Jeucogaster, Pelecanus_-=-==------=--.--. --. 68 PASSOP 2 Saasac hee a cease 346, 382, 388
WBLICOPASLTA SCAT C Cae ee et 7 Madame) Sarah sats 22a ee eee 401
Sulassee see hea ck pie eens ay eas 68)|) mapnificensWrepatas= 225 ese ee eee 71
Sulavlencovastra.. == see- 68 Hrezata ino ee 71
leucognaphalus, Corvus--_--- ee ee eee 325 rothschildi, Fregata___--..-.--. 71
erythrophthalmus, Corvus.. 325 | magnolia, Dendroica__..--------------- -.--- 384
leucometopium, Oreopeleia_-___--__-_-_---_-- 207 SYAVIS wee ae cae eek ee 384
leucometopius, Oreopeleia_----_--. --------- 207m |t ESEnOli a MVViaT ler esas ees reece ee ee 384
Jencophaea, Calidris! = 2. =. as a 167) |e Maitre- Coq) 222s ee 434
lan copurys; Nettion =: --— 22-25 =e ee O7: ) Miajor-Coq. oss e sie Ee eee 434
lencoptera,-Columba_. .2.-- 2+ Se 190} |;anajors Crotopharawe sees ee eee 229
1 1G) 0) of) th ee eens 1O7? ts Malfoni-2 26 va ee ee ee 110

leucorhoa, Oceanodroma leucorhoa____--___- OBS |), ier Arnie ee ee es I 108, 110, 119
IProcellariaiss cas oe eae wees 63 Savanner cas tee as at 114
Iherminieri, Puffinus Iherminieri____________- 61) |? mancipium) Canseras=< s-seee ee eee 346
PP UAT TS ee ee pe ie 61 | Mango Hummingbird, Hispaniolan___-_-_-__-_- 272

Morea alUStTIS asa -sse asses =e See 3945}; Mianprovei@ uCKOOs=ss ss eee ee eee 220
TU 3 oe ree er ae er eens $046 | Mian jaila tosses - Sean Soe a eee 303
PDSLUIS GNIS See eek oe ee 904).1) Man-o/=War Birds ss5sss2 eee eee 71
HeIMOSaAM ed Odae ta — ee al ee 167) |Mianteros <= 22 =e ee ee 222
TL fhe 0) foe RAR ac So eR ears eee Seer 128); |) Wanuelito: 22-2222 22 eee eee 305
pile Bile; Heron a -2e and 3) nee eee 80°1) Marbled'Godwit===2--2e< = 240 = ees 167
Green Heron __-_--- pesca lle gpa pen byes SZ) marchiseliarisyDiCOlOn= = a5. see ee eee 432
Lizard-Cuckoo, Hispaniolan__._------.------ 224 | marchii, Euethia bicolor-._----.------------- 432
Hacilators Dantals 2 ee ee a ye ae Soe viarchii> Phoniparas 2-5) =" sae ee 432
longiroster, Cuculus Jamaicensis____---__---- 224i hamarchil, Waris DICOlOr= = eee = a= ae eee 432
longirostris caribaeus, Rallus___--_---- 105131, 132) ih Miarch?s | Grassquites=: === eee ee ne eee 432
Mucnluses see 2 aeae ete eee 224 Oo lh WLareCa AMer Canales oe see ee ee 99

petersi, Saurothera_.___._-------- 2280 MiargearopSitUSCAtUS eons cee one ee 334

Let li ee ee ee ee 130 LUSCH tS) LUSCAtUS#=— == see eee 334

Sanrothera.22 22222. escent <2 225 marginatay Colum paseasens= see eee 195, 197

Saurothera longirostris___-_---- 0945295) |emarila: vAythigeeesstesoee ees noe nee nee 104
waforRallus2-2*.s¢ 50262 i 2228 2 180i Miaringouin Sse ee ee ee eee 165

amp -talled sDOVG ts. S22 ee fw ge Sal 182) maritima Sylwigees==s2e5o oe ee eee 372
TOSS D UY EES SE ae SO Ser tere ee eat meee 305). ||Miaroa-.. 3228 ee ae a ee 305
Louisiana Heron_-___-.-- ee eee eee 79) Ni Viaroite ies 2 ee St ee ee a 305
Wiaiter-thrush sete ees ye es 3019/3 Mlarsh lew ha ee ee 115

TLS oF a NUT ee a ee eee 434, 436,437 | Martin, Caribbean__-_._--.------------------ 323
hudoviciana ee - > encae te ve aes ooo 420 ali Miartinetey= 2-225 oss Sees ee ee eee 83
HOSTING See ee ey nce eel 440 CHicoe eee Se ee 88

VOI COG 2 oh eerie SEUrHRN TAs oye eee eS 4340iemartinica;/ Columpassea.-. == saa eee 205
Moxdeillaiviolscea: 222202 22> ce weep cack 435 Muli¢a2 cncacnsens Soe eee ees 134
Vidlacea aflinis= _«--=-=—s~ =. 434, 435, 437 Geotrygon=--= ee 205

violacea maurella____-------------- 437 Tonormisews22 5 aneae knees nae = 135
‘Lrgreb esl nyt ge ee 5 ee ee ey ae ee 438 JONOMNIS: esses os sea ee some Se 135
GomiiniGensigss £2 = 392 esses eee 438 Porphyrionst ety a5 nea a 135
Ludoviciana, Ficedula_..__------------------ 372 Porphyriolas sess oe 135
GOR oes ei es on ae eee 429) martinicensis, | Gallinnlas = ese e ne 2 135

ludovicianus, Hedymeles.. ------------------ 429 || martinicus, Ionornis--..-....-..-...------- 134, 135
(Shotgh cee on eC enn 391 Tighe, re eee ee 135

Wuixia dominicensis..---=+-2-=2---4---stae-s256 434 Porphiyrios 22a sass cet 135
Wd OSCAR ee Soe dB aed Qa45)\ Martin-P6chour--ssse2 eo a ese eee 280

472 INDEX

Page Page
Martinieescad Ons sa: sa-= Site eetcss oe 280 | Micropalama himantopus---_---------------- 165
Maryland Yellowthroates:-o22---s-2--2s5e= 397 | Microsiphonorhis brewsteri_...-------------- 251
WViaSked) UCKae pees sta eee eee ee ere 107 s|iemigratorius; halurmbuss= 2. == sea 195
Mathews) WOLk(Ofeeste esto e seas ee ae 21h Vers wOLks Ofte cae ee nein oe eee 31-32
TMATUENUS eV LATO es eee ee ee S00 Mille tees 28 ease e ee ee 188
MAU ZACUS HL TOCHILUS sane eee ee eee 270 | Mimocichla ardosiacea_--------2---L2_--- js BRIA
maugei, Aratinga chloroptera____----_---___- 217 ardosiacea ardosiacea- -~_------ 334, 335
maurella, Loxigilla violacea___._____--______. 437 ae VEL Ss COMINICUS==25— eee ae == a ee 331
TUIAUTTNeEITCUTO LOS sees ene meee eee ee 166 PIVUS Se eee ee 331
Feb dbootys (Ks) aoks ese epee els a a coe Sel 179 orpheus'dominicus22 2220 2- eee 331
THAXTMNUS Wen al aSseluls ie. = ase eae eee 179 polyglottos dominicus___ -_.--_-_-_- 331
Thalasseus maximus_______._____. 179 polyslottos'orpheus-= 22222222 "2 =.= = 331
Meaynarai, COCCYZUSMINOT = s-- onsen se see e 220 polyglottusidominicus: 222-222". 2ee—e 331
IVICGECING See ase as oan een ese ene o wee ee 142 polyglottus‘orpheus® = 222-222-222 =2 se 331
media, Columba subfusceal2. === =---- 42 - Ue oe 199 polyglottus (var. dominicus) -- _.---- 331
IMegaceryle alcyons.-- =) 22228 ee 281 | minima catharinae, Mellisuga__..--.-.--.-_- 267
aleyontaleyonss oe 223522 2 e 280, 281 Pyrinian 2 - ee eee 267
COMIN GeNnS|Ste see oe eee 281, 282 Eh Vvloci chases yee seen enemas 340
Stellsta ite se ee ee eS 282 Hylocichla;minimas 222222222 e nase 340
IMOCAP APA sLiOM Rees eek wets Lee ee 440 Mielisngass = 21 a= seee ae Soe eae 267
Melanerpes portoricensis-_-_.._.-..--.-------- 290 @TMIST yates ere en ee ee 267
SCnaALUS See ne ee ee 291 VieillotinD yrini dss se eee eee 267
melanoleuca, Neoglottis._........-__--.----- 162 vielloti, Mellisuga.--2=22-s- e222 teae® 267
Scolopaxt*t=t2 sS ae ene e 1625 emini mus. U rocks m= =e eee eee eee 267
melanoleucus, botanusss2 ===) 2s = eee ee 162 TUT OUS eae ae ee oe ee 340
MElANOPLELA SO LOLNA === e eae eee nae Tm eIOIn OFPAT Cea al aeee sae eee ee eee eee 76
Sterna anaethetas=--------——— — 177 BOtaurus S22 Se Sear 2 ee ee ee 87
Melanosterna anaetheta recognita___________ 177 @hordetlesse ss ee so ee ee ee eee 253
melanotis, Streptoproene zonaris__--_________ 261 Chordeiles virginianus-_---_---_-_-_--- 253
MOLANOLOS ME ISODI de ae eee ae ee 164 Cinclus'Dominicensis:.22222252_ 2-3 o= 165
AND gph a 222 ip ak le eee Amr eh nee 164 COCCY LUIS hae eee ee 220
MelANOLISHEISOD A=] ease ste eee 164 @occyZUS =22-2=--- = eee 220
TNELOALTIS se NULTED TC 8 eee ee ee eee 125 Ficedula Dominicensis_--_.----...--_-- 369
Melopelia asiatica asiatica_-..---.----__----- 197 gundlachii, Chordeiles_.------_-_-_--- 257
leucoptera. 2-5--== 22 - cig) per Paley agian 197 magnificens, Fregata..--.--+--.----_-- 71
Melisuga Dominicensis!-—2=*-222 22. = eee 267 Maynards COccyZuUSes= = eee eee 220
FAODNO UD 00 fs Wop Ae Sale ele tS ab ee ls 267 mesiotes | COCCYZUS os soe= eee eee 220
Wellisiiga catharinaee. sss ns set an eee ne 267 ‘Picus;DOmMImMICcensiS!- =e oe- es ae 290
Catberinaoee re ae eae eee 267 Picus Dominicensis striatus__.--_-___- 291
minima catharinae___..._._____.__ 267 teres} CoccyzUs2.2 eee 220
TMIMIMaAviellotie se see ee 267 vicinus; Chordeiles= 222— = + vel e eee 253, 254
Melisdeus sm brOCchilusteses =. eae 267 Viri diss Cberusesees 22 eae een ae ee 408
melodusm@hargdrilis#aca=- 2 eee ee ee eee 146) |) mintita, Ardealact2n222s2=s2se 3 HORNE SNR a ee 88
NTEnCUPIAliSMPR Al COnweae ee = tee eee ne aren IOS 1218) “minutillassHreunetesss=-0soe soe ees 163
MVierlese aot ete eee eee 331, 334, 335, 338, 406, 410 IPISO Dist sie Ses ee ee ee es 163
Merle a gorge noire de Saint-Domingue______ 408 MO cshaveds eke ee a ae eg es ea ee 163
COT CTE ee eee te arnt er nee 331 | minutus, Corvus palmarum----_--..--------- 330
Mierlende Sts OMingie: 126s = Shenoy nee 424° | “Miniotilia eee 366
Merle: Digblerse ee a eo me ewe re SE oie 410 Ven oe tae Se 366
olive de Saint-Domingue__________-__- 424’ || mocinno. Pharomachrus:t2- 22822222 eee 280
Merula Americana cinerea__.---------------- 335 |) Mockingbird; Wamaicas.25 see ee 331
DO OMTINICENSIS eee ee ee 331 ispaniolanes=2 Sosa ae see 331
olivacea Dominicensis_-_-_-__..------- 424 1) Motacillavalbicollis? 22222 e = een 369
Palmantim secs eee eee ee ee 416 aurocepillus= == eee 388
Palmarum atricapilla==- 2" 2222-22 == 419 bananivoras 2... aoe. ae eee 363

TVEGUIS eee ae oe er ec ae ee ee 80 caerulescens22 232 ene 37
THEXICAN a ee ICA. ee eee es ere eee TE 139 chlorolenca====— = eee 369
MOEXICANUS @HATAGhIUSs ea eee ae 168 coronatas=a2 a ee ees ee 377
Ebimfantopustes seme eee ae en a eS Gominical == Seance eee 381
AMTOLONUTUIS tee eee ae 280 MOVEDOLACCHS1 See eee 392
Wiicroliceamontan da eeasee eae a ee 396 Palmar: 222 Ses eee eee eee 382
Palustrish sees eck eee ees 394 pensylvanica= sass sea ete 387
micromegas abbotti, Nesoctites___...._-.---- 299 TUT Cia ee ee eee 400
INGSOCTILES eet ee ee ee ane See 296 | motacilla, Seiurus._------------ aye tees Sos SSSt
Nesoctites micromegas-___------- 207 || Wwrotacillavtiorinder sss s= see e ee eee 372
IPicnmnus atesess sees ese ee eee 206) ' “motacillasTurdus2s 25s ssasseceee eee ene 391

INDEX 473

Page Page

IVIOLACHIS VATA: 2-55 ooce e eeee ee ry 366 W) Nettion carolinense- 222552255. 2- <2 2-220 102
montana, Columba: . 22sec oe 203 CLECCAICALONMNONSISs= none ee eee 102
Goeotryeone 2s ease te 203 IeUCOpHTY Sei tana cae ene 97
MiCTOlE eA sate eee e see ee Ere. BOOK eMIZeL,« CyPSClLOlGCS= > ses see Bane eee ate 258
Oreopeleia aes se ee 203 NN. CEOTUS Sosa ree een gee 410
montanus,, Myadestes. = 22 ae a 341 A OLOQ MISCAl USS ae ae ee eee 411
Myadestes genibarbis____________ 341 Holoquiscalus gundlachi_--__________- 411

morinella, Arenaria interpres________________ 154 Holoquiscalusinigers------ 2-0 =--= 410, 411
bree +f: eee eee alee Oe ee eee Laer 154 Nephoecetes <2 222-5. 22-2225--5-22- ae 258

MMOSCHALA @AITING 224 ph ee 97 Wephoecetes niger=) ss. 2a 258
Wile (es ee eee 414 Oriolus eae 5 ae ee 410
Miommbain) SpanrOow=.----0-----s-2-—. syncs e ne 444 Quliscalus$s2-25-sce eee ee eee 411
Mourning Dove, West Indian_______-______- 192 WrochilUs= = sss ose eens a eee ae 267
PV TIET LHC rns a eye ee ete bh en dee Sees noe TIS TMI SNE PalO a ao Sar sesso eae eee eee, 331
PHI COOL SO DINGSHSHe= a eee ee 414 wigNoghtingale; damaicke—25-- 22. ee ee 331
Panaerase- ae ase oe eT Al4 a Nighthawks Babaman= san nna ne ee ee 253
MATISCOVVal) UCkaws semen meta so ee 97 @ubanies oo. sce ese eee eee 257
Miuscicapaialbicapilian =... = es ae Bl2s era, PET GOs ae a ne ee ee eee a 258
alGloqual a= sss4-- seen eee 354 surinamensis, Chlidonias_________.___ 181

PAINGNIGAN Gee sae oe Eee ee 38 | nilotica aranea, Gelochelidon________________ 174

Carolin enSiSe == eee eee ee Joo (INISUSTUSCUS 22 soem aoe ee eee ee eae 108

CBRYCNONSIS oe sae el es 303 StriatuSe = 22-222 senso ona sae seem 108

COTONAG Ree hye eee nse ees ee 38 | nivosus tenuirostris, Charadrius _.._________ 146

HAV Gian es ee oe os 303.) snoctipetens, ASiO= -—— oo - 22s see ere ce 245
flaviventris. 3. -----—--- Sater aa 305 IASIO;SLYZ1USS2- one a ee ee ee 245

OlUVACRAR. =o PS oh ee 2 secre Sates as 352m] MOCLIS.SPermMophila-=-—— ae ee ee 434

QUCTU tera eee ce eb k 309:4|) (Noddy; Dern-2<- 2 2. Son eee ee 182

MUL CUA 2a oe ek Oe 400%9|| INomonyx dominicus=------ ose eae 107

SU abaya ae seek 387) al) Northern Parula, W arbler------- 22 = = 368

ABUSICS, WU DNONIA= = 2. —e~ a eee Se 422 YOllOWLnTOAtes=s-5— ee eae eee eee 398
Tesh Og ye No ee eee 422 | notabilis, Seiurus naevius_...._-____________- 393

MAN ADT Ree Sosa Sees 422 Seiurus noveboracensis____________ 393

AVIS CLONES 2280s. So as ole ei ae eo es 341 | noveboracensis, Motacilla__.-.-...._________- 392
Myadestes genibarbis cherriei___-.---------- 341 notabilis, Seiurus__.________- 393
genibarbis montanus___---__-___- 341 S@1urHS=<= o> esate eee 392, 393

MONPANUS2 2s s5- Soe oa eee oe es 341 Seiurus noveboracensis______ 392

SOliLATIUS:4220 3a ee eS Sela mnChaliss (OWUSte ona 2 so ek ee en ee 346, 351

MivCleria americana.) - - 5222 n SOG limudicollis A quilas see as— see ee oe e 108
Myiarchus dominicensis_-_.------------ 305, 306, 362 Maleotasavaet shee aoe ee 108
Tunica datuse< =s-s5o— ee 30D; 308 ql) anu Gipes, sRUDOla- saa. eee ae oee ee ee een 239

StOMdUSS< <2. 2 so So aches 305 OSE toe oe aan eae ae eee 239

stolidus dominicensis__-_--------- 3069 oNnmenius borealis: 2s--25--25- eee ee 156

WhY Te SWALDlens = 5 sss so 22 s5e= sc ee eee 377 INUdSOnICUS=]-—seeee ase eee 157
miystaces; Columba sec-— ae ne 205m |e midaraleatass—-_ ae —s eres ee ee 125
Maevis Py NIVCLISLOGS c2eos5 a2 = oe coe cases 85 @. palesta-.2. 22.252 oo een en eee 125
naevius notabilis, Seiurus__..-..----_-.------ 393 MGlCACTIS2S amen cae et ae ee eee 125
naevius, Nycticorax nycticorax--_------------ SdmlieNy.ctanassa widlaces=---.---s-225—5— oe ae ae 86
MANA WAWILONCIA! 2-2 acoso aSsesses eee ca 356, 357 violacea violacea--.------------- 86
MANUS, HIMPICONEX. -—- == =o aasa so ae 3565) JN yctiardea maevia-..---------2--- Sasa ee 85
WAaWYTCN Class 2222 ssoese sas 2ss-s as 357 VIOIACCS) 2. =n n= = a ae enone 86

MATT OW=DUed LOY. 222-222 a— oe me oe 287 ; Nyctibius griseus abbotti-...._._.__---.__.__ 247
TLS ay yak en geal ee ee ee ee ZOni Ny ctibius, Huspaniolan= "ss! 22 0 2s nae se 247
navassae, Chaemepelia passerina_------------ 202 | nycticorax naevius, Nycticorax__-..--.------ 85
Navassa Ground-Dove..-------=-.---.--=--- 202 | Nycticorax nycticorax hoactli-.._-.--_.-___-- 85
INavassaisiand, birds of2---- ------ 2. ===5-- 53 nycticorax naevius.____.___..-__- 85
" déscriprionion 7 ViOlACOUS=~--2-5- ance sce eee ee 86
mecbares.C oere ba Dananivora=--.-=-—-.2---- =) pacOOM IN YROCS SINS: | 2222 t oo ee see eee 104
Neoglottis flavipes_..-------- eee ee eae 161 COMNATIS= = sees - ona oe noe nene eee 105
MOIANOLGUCA=— 32 =2--e =a 1628) Nobscura, eroceliaria.----—---s--eose eee ee 61
Mephoeceres Niger.-.- 2222 s25 oe tce ste 2588 occidentalis, ATdCRic2<-ss-cns-casepeeseeecoes 73
MIGON MISEl oes eae a 258 Pelecanus.- 222 soso 22 oe ee 66

nesiotes, Coccyzus minor-_.-.---------------- 220 Pelecanus occidentalis_--_--+_-- 65, 66
INesaCctiLeS: ADNOULI.~-2:-- 26-5 os een donee soe 298 Pelecanus onocrotalus ---_-_---- 65
MACTOMPLAS- - sea eee ee 206m oceanicg, PYOCOUATIA-.------cocseceso cece cee 63
micromegas abbotti-_---_---------- 299)s || LOCeBNICUS,, OCGANILES.--=— .-22-52-secseeeeee ee 63
micromegas micromegas--_-------- 297 Oceanites oceanicus__.-...-------- 63

474 INDEX
Page Page
Ocaanitesioceantcus2222 2s-2e ines Ae See lees 63 | Owl, Hispaniolan Burrowing____________.__- 239
oceanicus oceanicus_-----__/2_. 63 Hispaniolan Short-Eared____._____ ___ 244
ochrocephalus Psittacnsiensss. fe a ee ee 210 Hispaniolan:Stygian= 222 eet esse 245
Ochthodromus wilsonius rufinuchus__-______- 148u] Oxyechusivociierse.s 2s ss eee ee ees 150
Oedicnemus dominicensis__--..______-_____ 169, 170 WOCiferus'TUDIGUSS 0222 as eee 150
Olseaiicanne ashes oye a yee ware 352, 354 vociferus vociferus= -)2-- > eee ee 150
Oiseat-Codze se anses eee nee ee) 14340) (Ovster-Catcher; Bahamanusc- 3 > eee 144
Oiseau Grand Pere__---__- BS = Se ey tet 422 PrattiSe Seno te eee a een Ad:
VEUISICION as ioe ee eee wee ee oa aerate 341 | Pagolla wilsonia rufinucha:._._--_-_._--____- 148
Mets) bea (sper: pom sitet eae a ANS eae 345, 351 Wilsoniatiwilsoniau. soca eet eee 148
QuatrehYouxs. = sear oe 41654182 baille-en-Quewess 25 eee. ee
OisoaixyNOCturmes!sesrw owes ee ee 23 Th ajaro, BObOlseeseo sa eee eee 68, 69, 218, 220, 224
olivacea Dominicensis, Merula____.__.______ 494) (palliatus;Haematopuss- 2225-2) - o-oo eee 144
TOR IaY of pA ea a A eee OT ga 2 are 430 | palliatus prattii, Haematopus--.___________- 144
Euethia o____- ETA See a ee eens eee 430 | pallidifrons, Chaetura zonaris______________- 261
Hringillattas- 2s. See pe we re eee AR) Streptoprocne zonaris__________- 261
IVUSCICAD ASSL ieee eae eee 354 |||) palmarumArremon=o 20 co ease nee eee 419
IPaSSerina@es2 a ea. ay eee eee 430) | ipalmartumatricapillas Werle: sae sm een AO
PH ONTDATA Be see oe ae eer ete 4300) palmar COnVUS fase as eee ee 328
ARI gn See eee St ree Seren eee mes Sona ()) Corvus brachyrhynchos____..--_- 328
MMariSiOlVacediies = oe se ne eee ees, 450) Corvus palmarum __------_-..- see As}
Vireo olivacea______ Pas ia ON a 354 Dendroeca__------- ay ee ge ar eh 382
AVATCOSV VIG stone eet eee ae 354 WM enGroica sine aye te SD,
OLIV ACECUS HEC all S eee eee ee re een SONI SS) 1D) endrolcaip =n eee 383
WireorOlivaCellSesss 22s ees nee saad. Dendroica palmarum__-_-__-_-_- SAP BES
WiATCOSVIV ATS aun esee ee se aa ee no Oe Dulus sce wee es eee ee - 346
Oi Veen Tava ey ay ah A di eee 430 eurous, Phaenicophilus_____.__._ 421
onocrotalus occidentalis, Pelecanus__________ 65a) eealmartwm seer ae ses eee eee 416
onocrotalus, Pelecanus.—.---.---._..-.- ee 65) {j, Dalmarum’ minutus; Corvus 2-22-2222" _ 222 330
Oreopeleiachnysidecsseess as = ae ne See 205 Me Palmarum: Miotacillasss2e2oe 2s meen sea 382
leucometopium=s. 225 3-24 207, Phaenicophiluss sass s eaten 419
leucometopius=-.--- ee 207 Phaenicophilus palmarum__-_____ 419
TONGAN A teas oe ee renee eee 203 Phoenicophilus:222-_-2-s= 2242 416, 419
Orgvanistes sees ae ee ee 422 BylViaises eae Dees ele eee 382
Organiste, de St. Domingue________________- 422 Sylvicolate ce 2c eo ee cane mse 382
Oriole Hispaniolan See eae ae- oe ee ANS Tur dus 22 N55 222 eres ee Dee eee 419
Oriolusicucillatusessss ee ee eee 401; |e balm-chatss Sones: es sss eee eee 345
GOMIINICONSIS eee eee rs ee ene 408) | ;Palm-chat; Gondvetecass sooo ee eee 351
Miperse tow. Dees we ee ee VAIO Palm Orowsss ce. Shoe hae neem cena ee ae ete 328
XANLHOLNUS hee eee AOS Min bE almeres 2 ewer cla ble Se 8 eee ea ee 345
Onnismia Catharinae: 22222-2222 oe 267 Wi balmiste so: 2295. ses oes nS eee 419
Ornismyanninimaens ses see oe a. 2267-4) \Palmiste; de Cayenne? 2282s eee ee 419
SWAIDSONI See eee ea 270) ti Malm Swiftiae ts! S25 ont ae a See ee ee 264
orpheus dominicus, Mimus_.---_-_--__---__-- 331 | Palm Tanager, Gray-crowned._-.-------- E 416
Mimus polyglottos___.______ pide 331 Gonavet:= S324 eae 418
Mimus polyglottus____..__-__-______- 331 ispaniolanec.--e soe eee 419
UIT GUS = 4 one oes ree a heme cre eee we, BRA Ssona. 2c s6ee Shite Eee ves 421
Ortolan tee tes cae eae ee eee oe eS ew 199) :|| “Balm-tree: birds 222222222 sue rs a = SRNL Ee 345
OTbyxiCuDAaNenSiSMe 2s eee eee 194'4) PalmoWarblers 220222 eae aks See 382
VITCINian ae ere eae ta on ee 1291.4) SP alom ae © ses eee ee Perera eee. 188
OLY.ZLVOTA TLD P ae ae eee fee eter 406 YNCO RDA: eee eat eat Ea era ee 182
OLYZIVOLUS,;»Dolichomyxs= 222s ak as 406 Cabeza Blancs s2252 22 sake hea 182
OSDICY eee caer» sa AN Me ole eee LLG WMorada sf. eis, Sie ae Sees eaters Bo)
Osprey, pb ahaman sess see te ee ee 117 TOTCAZQ2= fat a0 S25 Sar eee eee 185
ostologay Ry toes ssw ores ee ee ee 236 Muaregercscute tie De SUA ses eee en ie ease)
OSTT CFO Mase een ieee aon pies era a 14471) “Palumbusimigratonluses. 2 teet se eee eee 195
Otus'nudipes_-.-.- ----- ede CIR et hy a ape. 239) 3) ‘palustris; (Geothlypis=2-.-- 22s = eee 394
Ouanga Négresse..----..-----------+-. 267, 270, 272 ipente kes Senile ses se Seen e eee 394
Ouste- Ouse eons oo ae ee eee 334 iio geese OES ee SNe eee ee OOS:
TOLD SOE eC eee eee ec 338 Miicroligea' sis. 2s2=8 eee eee 394
Over birds 2 ee ae ee ee ee cee 3884|| randion halisétussees. ose = ee eee 116
oviedo, Dulus:dominicus=----- = 2-2-2 351 haliaétus carolinensis--------_- re 116
Oviedo;‘observations of62=2- 22+ == oss ee 8 Haliaétus ridgwayi ---------------- 117
CO ey a BR EN A 231 Ridgweir-s5 522. eee ee 117
OWING ian Gat Spb ae esas eee ee MR oe 236 || Panagayort smn te ree ee 10 aa eo
Iispaniolany.BarMnes==oe-eos = eee ae 231 | Papegai 4 Bandeau Rouge----------------- 210, 215

;
.
\

INDEX 475

Page Page

Parasiticuh ye ser sso aoe aban Yh eases ae 2OSM RPE OL Or ix sae ee soten nme eterna tes Lior Ae ee ae 203, 205
Pareoia, Chiroprions suse oe eee 38 Gris eee ae Se ae an te noah a oe 207
Chiroxi phigh sss sere Sn eee 38 GYyiseeS SESS SOR ee Nye as ee eee ee 205

PETOCUG hese rae eee ae a ek UE LOIN a REO DNS TROUGO Sears een fons ak PEP eyes 203
Paroquet.eluispaniolan=s ss sser are see 214 | peregrinus anatum, Falco_________-__--_-___ 117
PaALraiCaliG rissa see ses mes Nee fr koe enemy penta es DOM |) MPOLICO Ts eas ace eae ee ne ee ee EAS be 214
PV AITIOSLOM BY Senet cee eee 142A PP eri quiton ne eae ae nS Wee ok eee e ehh aT 440
TACHA ake eee ee sae eae eee tem aL Ee! 142M PE CrISSOPlOSSAiLI_ bina sot meee eee ener 373
WIGIRCE RS arte se ences fom Se nGN eT LY ADTs | A OLELCHG LS teres eens ew Soe ks Cee es ANCL age 214

IRATE OG ses rete ee ee ee 210 |\ (Perro quel sa ieee es er AEs 215
Fispaniolan ses esate Ses ae 210 GemTerrer2ees . or). ee ae 283
PRATT S AIM OTICANS Be ae ae eae tt he 368 IN Ont re Se hs 229
Warbler sNOrinernias ta 22 een see BOS MESIDUCHEL ee eae ee ra eames ney ce nnd 210, 214

TPALUS COBLULCUS. so ee ane n ees ei 378 | Perrygo, work of__--_-.-__- i Set ees 35-37
parvus fuscus americanus, Turtur___________ 199} peescadoreiViartin@-s as ee. sheer tee ea nue eee 280
IPasserMacwlosuses= 222 sso a ee SAGs SSOP aekelll PeSChezl are Osan =a ae = aa een ee ee 100
passerina aflavida, Chaemepelia___________ 200202)3)| Petchary, Huispaniolan= 2225 "32.22 303
Chamaepelia_.....--....__-____+ 199,202 | petechia albicollis, Dendroica______-._____- 369, 371
Columbatee teeta a eae ee = e199 |e pevechid. hl) CNGTOICH Ds a= s-nee eeeoee ae wae 369
Columbigalling = See" sasstiieee suk 199 ConyDendroicae= else eet mee 370, 371

exigua, Chaemepelia__-_-_________- 202 Solaris) Dendroica. ee 371
insularis, Chaemepelia___________ 199%2008| Peters: workOfss==- sosse oe ene eee 18
insularis, Columbigallina__________ 199 | petersi, Saurothera longirostris__._._____..__ 228
navassae, Chaemepelia___________- ADP ANIM ate) Ug dhs i as Pepe CE a gE gs 300
Passenina OVACeRe ieee kee reese ek 430M |w betitepanacheesss oases sacs aa aaa ee neve rere 354
passerinus, Chloronerpes---_--..-.______-__- 296 Chit 366, 368, 372, 377, 378, 381, 382, 384,
Picnste se eee eEMO et ea eno), 296 385, 387, 388, 392, 393, 394, 396, 397, 398, 400
PatavAmariliqess 22s s-s2e aso eee eee. 161, 162 Maltin iso r ene oe Dawes ees Melt 108
Patagioenas leucocephala____________________ 183 MartineGeNoinsses.c8 ee eee ae 258
ATICOLGe nM IOLIGa renee ee ee ee 106 OiseausWaneliers2222 2225 shee se 369, 371
PALIN GV OL sees oe ee ts eee ee ones 257 pic olive de Saint-Domingue_________-- 296
DEI pape gots a ee Doe ook ee he Le 107 PIOM PEON Sears 1 OP ae OND EE kd 57
ETI OL O See ee ee ee 101 QuatrenVeuxs eee sla eee iia SA SOG
Goilamloridassta2=224 5 oe eee 102, 103 ROM 6 Sa ee SeOen he aes Ae a eee 264
GOlIMCCIO ese ee eae ere eet 104 Senin SOAS ece st Ne ere 363, 366
PAMileiielmi velAVQses sae ee ee eee 222 DCT DOS os eee saaae = eee ewe 430, 482
Paxaro COMMNClOsses- see ee eee 345 | Petite grive de St. Domingue__-________-__-- 388
Peacock vin thOduchion Olen == eee eee 45 Tourterelle de St. Domingue__________ 199
early-evyed)orashers 2 5--- 26 e- e ee By Dee et) Fle -| ums ah Sea Cee rs eee epee er Ts 168
POC GUI Tere ee a ee ee GOT Petrel, black-cappedss---- as ses eee 62
PECLOFalISANnGDIPerss—- 2 oes cee ee 164 each? 5 sees sate One eee a a ee ees 63
PHectoralisy Caprimulens: 2. -- 22 ee 248 Willson? eas fee see eee eee 63
pelagicdnCMaAStuTaAve==—- ss esse ne ee eee G0 | OLroChelid OMmtV ase eee sao ee ee nae 319
SETTING Ose ee eee ee 260 fila Cavicolass= = 2a. sa 322

Belasvig weinundOssea= ee es ea ee 260 folwasfulv asso se ee ee 319
IPSlecaree ee emma eee ee ce cee fe soe G5 tl Peut-on- VOI tena eae ee ee Ae ee 253
Pelecanus erythrorhynchos_-_____________-__- G5 peewee, Gonave wood -n2e = ere eee 311
LESCUSHrpte er meee a eter ae osu ness 65 Eispaniolan \WiO0G ake oe ere 309

IO CORASLOR Ee ee ne a sate 68 | Phaenicophilus palmarum--__-__-.------------ 419
Gccidentalistee ste eee a 66 palmarum eurous....---.---. 421
occidentalis occidentalis-_-____-___- 65, 66 palmarum palmarum_--_-_--_- 419
ONOCTOLAIS setae 65 poliocephalus coryi---------- 418
onocrotalus B occidentalis____--__- 65 poliocephalus poliocephalus__ 416

DISCALOD eeeeneen none peer 2 1 69 | ehacopus boreslis!2-- 25-222. ee 156

1 etSY ECE Ta ie Sa i da Fra 65 NUGSONMICUS ese ee eee 157
ISTO See eee aca ete e es Ue 65a ehaethon americanus: 22-25 -o 2 see eee 64

RVI O sera seee ee ete SUN) Se 65 Catésbyteeeoses oe ee eee 64
Pelidna alpina sakhalina----_-._---_-------- 155 flavirosiniseessso=: soe ee 64
POL areeteetss see eee ee eee SS 65 lepturus) CALOSD Wiese es 64
BHCIONE PATRAS ert See a ee a 99% | bhaeton catesbyias ease. = ee eee ne 64
OMIGIIS MS VLVAR ee ees ne ee te eens 381 HaAVITOSthIS=.c oes tae eee ene eee 64
Sua CO eye ee eee ee 381 | Phalacrocorax auritus floridanus-_--_---------- 70
pensylvanica, Dendroica-.---__--------------- 3870|_ Pharomachrus mocinno=+ 22222 == =~ === Ss 280
WWROLACI aes coe c cece ee 38 Me NeSSAN bat ces pec ee ne oe ee ee eee 89

IEOTui kee ON IZA eaten ee tls oe 2074 Ebilornis pict eee. to a eee ee 293
POL Giza 2s eeeieeien ne eo Aas 203; 205;:207" 5 phoenicobia, Tachornis®-<=223_¢25_ 22-2” 264

476 “ INDEX

Page

phoenicobia, Tachornis phoenicobia--_.-___- 264
phoenicobius,\Cypseluss--ss22 sees ae eee 264
IHoeniCOPheLus Titel a ae ee ee 94
Phoenicophilus dominicanus___----_--______ 416
Gominicensissee==5- =e 416

ITU PIV OLUS ss sae a eee ae 424

palmanumessse keene 416, 419
poliocephalustzsss2 oss c=2 eee 416

poliocephalus coryi-_-___--__ 418

poliocephalus poliocephalus__ 416

NOenICOPLChUS RU DCs ss= asa sae ee eee 94
IPhonipara DicOlors =.= ss aan eee eee 432
1 (5 0) (oF eae a ae ek es a ae ee 430

OYUN cee) ob eel ee eee 432

Olivaces foo F aes eae see eee 430

ZEN Aes sane 2 ee ee eS 432

IP DV SIOLTAD DY = see et ee en eee ee 2
Risyareaulivenilelmiz=.ce- eee 222
PI CASSLTIALUS soo see Soe eee ee 290
IPiCHUse se ees nee ee eae Sores eho ceed ee 287
DiCleATI Clas ie. sooo Seo Sees Sees eae 293
IP AIORNIS 2 ee a as oe Oar tee eee 293
IPICORRO] OSes n= ane one ae eee eee eS 136
Pic Rayoa ©6te Noire-—-_-- =...) -2- =. 2-2 291
Pic Rayé de Saint-Domingue____________-__- 291
PICMlet MG ON AV Ores aes ee an ney eee 298
ERISpanio lan eeae ee eee e 296
IPICUIMNTUS IAWLONCOls ste ee eee 296
la wrenCilossa- = - some eee 296

TH ICLOMOL AS sa eee eee 296

MICCUS SPAT AMUSsa52— seen seen ee 128
IATATNIUSHDICLUS Mee eee ee eee es 128

OlUCUS VA ATT UIS eye ee ene ee 128

Picus Dominicensis minor_-...-_._..--.---.- 290
1 OMINICANSIS|StriAtUse= seeeee eee 291
Domicensis striatus minor___-_-_------ 291
DASSCLINUSs2e oe == eee ees soap es 296
OLCOLICNSISE = eos mee ate 290
TUDIGICOISE see oe A ale a ene ee 290
SULiatSioeee seen ee Dae See 291
VATIUS see eae cae Nee ON eee 295

pie deJMiontapne i= -- sea ee eee 276
Pigeon 4 Couronne Blanche_-______-------- 182, 183
Pigeon), Blue Grounds 2- see eee cee 207
Bireoniduli tan gic so ee ae Cpanel 168
RigeoniderMiers: seceso = aan ne See eee 173, 178, 179
Pigeon, Great Ash-colored Wood-_-_-------- 188
IBIQCONGE a Wikessese eae ee eae eee ences 118
Pigeon Plain == -so2s-ss-220 been ee 188
Scaledersse reeves fae Sek See ae ea 185
Miolet-wingedie: 228. sna. seen 207
Wihnite-Crowmed]s_2 2 ane eee see 182

Pine Warbler, Huspaniolan__.:..--_---_---- 375
Pintadess ooo ee naan ann a ee 125
IViSrONNG fee nea ee aes eee ee 125
SaUVARCEY sess tee oe eee cee 125

IPintadOso-6 2. Se ote ee ote ae 125
PIN Gall Se oe ie soln eee Se) wee ee 100
pinta. ahamasecs==-se cee sehen e ee oe 101
DINUS ss DENdTOlCa= sco = eae eee ee 375
chrysoleuca, Dendroica___._..-------- 875
IPRipingePlovenensa-- sso near ease ae eae ee 146
IPpipl Genesee eee a hoe cae ee 303
Gros 6lese5 ane oe oe ee ee eee 305

MOLOMM OW ss sos coe oe eee ae uses eee 309

Page

IPIPTANMUSICA= 2 Se fone eee a 422
Piquitojen Cri7 ssa e os eee ee 440
Piraguae 52. S22 ons Noo oe ee ee 276
IBisObia im elanolosens =e ee 164
melanotiss2=2522= = = ee 164
minutillagee= ase ee 163
Discaton,heleCcanuS ss. sass eee ee 69
Sula bee es ee ee 69
Pitangia See ee eee 248, 250
Pitangusi\Gabbilesse-seee = eee 303
Pitirre Nese ee 300
IRiverts 2 2-222. eee es soe woes Speen 290, 291
Plain Pigeon! sa. so 225-822 eee ee 188
‘Plastron Noirs 2222-2 se ne eee ea ee ee ee 273
iPlataleaaiaia= st. 22 ae ee eee 93
platypterus, Buteo platypterus___-------_--- 113
SDarvills: 32222 e a eee 113

Players 2222s 2 se eno see 146, 147, 148, 150, 168
Manchad02 222222 222 aoe eee 157

TUL COnE fo eS See ee ee ee 154
Plegadisiautumnalisenss)s 2. ee eee ees 90
faleinellus:=2 2.3 2 90
falcinellus falcinellus___-------_-_-- 90
Plonge0n 2. =: S25 5-5 sens aaa seesacaeeaaeeee 57, 59
Plover, American Black-bellied -_.-.-------- 153
American’ Goldeniasa-*- = 22a anaes 153
@uban'Sn0wye--2 =o eee 146

Piping... - -=<5.- 2s. 22sbssssescesceae 146
Rufous-napedias 222. a ee 148
Semipalimated =: 2.22282 s22e oc ee eee 147
plumbeus; Galeoscoptes=2---=-----=--s =e = 335
MuUrdus= sos 2-2 s8o5-2 tesa ae eee 335
plumbiceps; Malcoles == sn = ee ee ee 119, 121
Pluvisls2- 323) - oon eee e sees eee ees 153
pluvislis;,Charadrius2222 2-2 == jeseae sean 153
Pluvialis Dominicensis aureus__-------------- 153
Dominicensis torquata____--------- 150
dominicus dominicus_--_----------- 153

Pluvier 4 Collier, de St. Domingue__-----_-_- 150
PluviersD 006s --2s2. sss see ae= == hone 153
Pod cipes! COMINICUSS saan e ane ee 57
podiceps antillarum, Podilymbus------------ 59
Podiceps dominicensis: 22222 -. =e eee 59
GOMINICUS 22-23 We sesen san ee aa 57
podiceps, Podilymbusi2*22- 2-2 22--aeeee 59
Podilymbus| podiceps2s22--=soseen === 59
podiceps antillarum ___----.---- 59
Poecilonetta bahamensis-------------------- 101
poliocephalus coryi, Phaenicophilus -___----- 418
coryi, Phoenicophilus___----_- 418

WD UW ss 2 ee 416
Phaenicophilus poliocephalus.. 416
Phoenicophilusises2--sa-seaaee 416
Phoenicophilus poliocephalus.. 416

polyglottos dominicus, Mimus-------------- 331
orpheus; MimuS=-222_<---c eee 331
polyglottus dominicus, Mimus-------------- 331
orpheus,; Wiimus!22 2 see eee 331

TUTAUS sac cas eres stone ee nee 331

(var. dominicus), Mimus_-_----- 331
Polytmusiaurvlentuss------sssseseee eae 273
IDominicensiSe-sssc=0-—-s-o eee 273

elegans... 3c wsecs ee tone gee 273
QramMiIneus: 522222 -fo- oe oe eee 273
holosericeus==cscecessan= pena 266
JamMsicensi$.°<--concesasseacseseoe 273

INDEX 477

Page Page

Poly tI USiviniGiSe ee ee ae iow Quiscalus ators —2 a. ao a 411
IPOO10 ssw ORK Ole see ee ee one 35-37 baritas2 See sees ee ee eee 410
Porphyriowmartinica == 5-2-2522 eee esse 135 Migere seeds Sk he es 411
martinicus: sts 135 SOriceus =e so so. Sa eee 410
Porphyriolawartinicas-- == o-os een 135 | quisqueyensis, Agelaius__--.----------------- 406
portoricensis, Asio domingensis-------------- 245 Agelaius humeralis____--___-- 406
Golumbas.~-2 2 Se beet cet TSG O10 Ck a aa ee ae ee ee 79, 80, 85

Gallinula chloropus-_-------- Wo e186. Blane eae ee el eo even 75, 76, 80

. Melanerpes: o22--2=2-42022-2-4- 29041), Ra DI6; sw OtKy 0 fess ce ee 10-11

IP Ct Seen ae Se Sa 2907,|( Rabinorcad 02-2 eee eee 71
Porzana-caroling=~— ee eee S28) ERAT] ATCO a ee a ee 64, 71
flaviventer gossii-_------------------ ie "| TR OTe Cm spies es a ee Be ie 83
fiaviventer hendersoni-------- gees 133 |) Rail, Hispaniolan Clappers=--_--- 2-242" 130
flaviventris hendersoni------------- 133 Wellow-bellied=2-- 2s ee 133
Poule-A-Joliv= 5-2 1345) Rale Bidi-bidi'—3.- 5 a 135
BOOM see eee Se Eee 128 = |FiR ale? aisso2 J ot 2 Ae ee ieee 130

BGI wate eee ee at eee he 128: eR ATS eo vats EEN ss 2 133
@Maw= 24-2222 2-22 ses Se 2h _-- 186, 188, 139 carolints <<) -2> 2 SRE Se 132

GUE ae OnCe se ee anne 142 JamMaicensis: eo Se 135
Savane ees AS ee eh ee) a 169 longirostris= = See ee eee 130
Sultanes set bat oe ie IT fee 134, 135 longirostris caribaeus__--------_- 130, 131, 132
Prairie Warbler ____------- ea eh ed Ot 385 longirostris' vafer= 4. <2 its eee 130
Pratt; Haemotopussss—) ess] le teee ste 144 olivaceussi=2 222 2bee ere eee 132, 133
Haematopus palliatus___------------ 14455) Reamer dee hs eae ee ue ea ee 182, 185, 188
PratisOyster-Cateherso222-- ieee eos 144 Cenizah Se sae sk eee Seek eee 188
TCL Oe ee re Bee 434 CouPRoupess eee eee 185
DES OS geese el ae eer ae a 119 M6te) Blanche ss: at ECM 182
Procellariavleucorhoa 2-22) Sees ets 63 | Ramphocinclus brachyurus_--------.-------- 38
ODSPUTass >a SEA ees Gi Retea itso as ea a ont 130

OCEAN CH wee nae ee eee 63 | recognita, Melanosterna anaetheta__--------- 177
Propneidominicensis2-_=-- == ee Lies es 323 Sterna anaetheta:-_ 2-22 ee 177
iIpsittacarachloropteras-<-— = s* tales = eat’ 2147 |) ROCON GO sae a2: sooo ss see oh A ae 73
Psittacusehloropterus = V2t2 202322) 215) | Reddish Merets 2-2-5 se sa ee 78
GOTMINI Censisuays WaLeses oe --- 210) || Red-footed-booby2--—= = = ee 69
SUYANENSISe reese SARS ee 215.) Redstart: 22 24258 ea 400
ochrocephalus__-------- PA Be oo Sh 210\,\) Red-tailed:Hawlke==- 2-22-23 23 ee 110

PLEA OSU S see eee ee 215" | regia; Sternas-2----2-2 2M ee 179

SE Se eerie Nhat ae 9 26s SAIS TE 210 | repens, Ardea herodias-- _----.-------------- 73

pVONLIAHS =e ee 210° |) rhodogaster, Trogon2-—---- — ee 276
Pterodromajhasitatas==-—= <-- eee 62> || Riecordia‘swainsoni=< ==. -2- SL es 271
Puffinus auduboni----.---------- Tests 2 61 swainsoniis-s— 6 280, 271
Therminieri Iherminieri_-_.--------. 6) Ricord-swork ofs2— 52222222 13
Thenminierin Cs 20s. okie es ee ees 61S | Ricordiselegans 32253 Se 271

pumilia, Sylvia____---- iweb 2 eo a eS 39, 398 SWINSON seen ON 271
Sylvicolatwe ses ose Pecos se aetle 389" |) ridgwayi, Coryornis. —-~— 2 eT 114
Rurple:Gallimules. sae eee sa ee 134 Pandion haligetusse bute se 117
pusilla, Compsothlypis americana _----_------ 368 IRUWPOrMis es a 110, 114
Svan ae ee 368) || Ridgway’ saw... = ee 114

MI RT am t Peette pa las fers ee Se 165\))) Ridgweir;, Pandion-—- 2. 117
PPUSIMITS Ere CCG tee sa ETS 165) ridibunds;'|Gavia2 2-2 ES ee 173
Pybrnlacravattr Ss eee 434. WRing-d0vers-22 seek hth UN Bie 182, 192
iIPyTOCepNaUS Tbs ee ee 38") Ring-neek Ducks 222 a ae 105
iby rrhilagrasviolaceas= ocean a se 2 ae 434 > Tip Aries EM AU GO eee DE) EE 318
Violaceatafiimis= === 2-52 222222 435) |) Riparia riparia riparias_U22- 20 le 318

Quail! Cuban se eee eae 124 risoria,,Streptopelig==-2+-_ = eee ees 182
Quail-Dove, Hispaniolan---_-_..--.---------- ZTE Ritter work oft \:te2 an ewe bai pi ea 12-13
KGY AW OSUs sees ne ee ed 205 | Rochefort, Charles de, observations of______- 9

Rud dyes ete ee OSH) FROM beeen ote eee > LG UE ee 199

@uatro ny cuss sees Sa NS Sat BIGMAISH) FROLOT bts oe 191
@nerebebé seas eee es Cr es 203,200 |) Roseate'Spoonbill=-=— 2c. se ee 93
Qnergue dulaGiscOrs 22-22. sae es 103 FDOT net AE RE A 176
Dominiconsis’ ese ee 107 | Rose-breasted Grosbeak -_---_---._.---------- 429

querula; iniscicapa: = ss 222s Se eee 309 | roseigaster, Temnotrogon___..__...____-___-- 276
Quien Hub sso = ee ee 354 Mropon.a==¢===22 252 RTE 276
Quiscalas! Gracias ee= eee eae ee ee AION) Rossignol) es 72 ES 331

2134—31——_31

478 INDEX

Page Page
Rossignolide Montagne=: 22 aha ee aa 334. | savannarum, Ammodromus_----__--_--_---- 443
rothschildi, Fregata magnificens____________- 71 intricatus, Ammodramus._-_-_-_- 443
Roy aleDerm’: iene elas Pa ee ee 179%) Say ornis'dominicensis 222 22222 Sues sy ee 309
ruber, Phoenicopherus:-222 2-22. ean ss 22 oe 946) SealedsPigeone + ss255.5 2 vss ee Sea ee ee 185
IPhoenicopterus ss ese. fee et O4upschmidt, workiofis.*— 2222-2 ee 22
Tabida Mrisma tira sae ee ee ee LOG ESClateri, ELIT Ose ase eye ee 815
EUDIGICOMIS VRICuS ss 4) ee eet ee ee See 290 Mamprochelidon: | ---4=224- 22222 -25— 315
rubidus, Oxyechus vociferus.___..._..._____- 150 Wy selaten’s Swallowssss=-4--2-sese= Seok eee 315
TUpINUS, sPyrocephalussa22-u we Ventre eee 3 ScolopacesAT eae sess s = ene eee es 128
Ruby-throated Hummingbird___-___________ 266. | scolopaceus, Aramus___..-.-.....-- ent a 128
UU yAQUallD) OVC eaten nes cae | nee eds 203 giganteus, Aramus2. = 2-st2es- 22 128
WINMITMSLONO st s22 poe ae te ee 154 ee SCOlOpax all bees se ae ne San ee eee ee 91
TIMA WAT GCGa. 220 eo 8) SoS hie fy as 7 borealis. j--5- 4 2b tts 156
TULescens: ATdea sooo ae kw tale ae tye 78 delicate 20222 ou es oa ee a ae 155, 156
MichrOmMaAnassaes shee se seo 78 fe doa oie Souths Aes So eee ee 167
Dichromanassa rufescens---------- 78 flavipess se sans ates oe ec cna ee eee 161]
dickeyi, Dichromanassa_-_-__------- 78 frenata sees ee oe ee 156
ruficaudatus, Myiarchus.......__.-.--=.=-.- 305, 308 melanolenCa= es—= eas ee ee eee 162
PUCOMIS ME ORC lbenno eee eee 79 semipalmatas=s- as. see se eee 160
My dranassa: tricolor... 2s2s25- 79ulsSeiurus aurocapilluss=se == sse ee eee eee 388
rufigiwlaris:; Coccy2usu- - 22.4022 ena ee ee 222 aurocaplllus aurocapillus_--_-..--.-- 388
VC COTRIS 2a sae eee eee 222 motacilla sasees = ah ese See ee 391
rufinucha, AEgialitis Wilsonius var.___---_-- 148 naevius notabilis: ..-<.-----2-2--<2-- 393
iPacollaswilsoniaes == see eee 148 MOVEDOTACENSIS 44 528 a ee eee 392, 393
rufinuchus, Ochthodromus wilsonius_-_-__-_-- 148 noveboracensis notabilis__-_-- lass a a 393
PILATOSERIS WESILUACUS a iin een neos Mec ee 215 noveboracensis noveboracensis-_----- 392
i fous-napedsblOVeles=-2- 22 eee ee 148 | selleanus, Calyptophilus frugivorus__--..-__. 428
mufas | Caprimiul puss: 222 hs aes ee 248 Calyptophilus tertius_-—.-----_-- 428, 429
UTISOT Gime eo eee oA Perey see a eas Le NOPE 33iy" |i sSemipalmata,, Scolopax...-- 2.) see aee oe eae 160
IBUPOrnMis mid gswayde se ee ee eee UO; 14 |e SemipalmatedtPloverisss-2-s- sess anes 147
rustica erythrogastra, Hirundo______--_-_-_-- 318 Sandpipers] 222 32-2 -=s ea ee 165
TigicillaswNVOtAC aes seen ee eee 400; |; Semipalmatus, Abgialitis_—--_-22-- 22.02.45. 147
ViUSCICAD ate ee ee eee ee 400 @haradrius: 22-2 22 ee 147

Setophaga 2 ct ees a ea 400 semipalmatus, Catoptro-
EIT SOT OD =O ee ae EEE ee oe ee 331 PHOLUS seo ace ee ee 160
Saint-Meéry,; workof_-._----- <22---2-~-24-~= 11 (POtSNUS =: 8 =e tet ee se 160
sakhalina,weelidmaialpina.__2 -. 222-220 2d 155y)|seniculus, Coceyzuse2--5 tecass—- eee 220
Sallaeiy Amazonas te elle et or eee 210 @ueultis ese eee reas poe 220
@hrysotislsese a en ae 210 g@SCHLCOUS, QUISCAIUS = | Sess eet eae eee 410
BallseieesittACUsa sees snoeee nee een 210|. Seriecotes; holosericeus____ -=- -- ~-s42-24- === 266
SallémworksOfe so) aoa Se ee 14-15% | Serpophagasubcristata-_-- 2- = 22-22-62 eee 300
Sanderling sss So eee. 167: setophagaruticillass32- 82 ee eee 400
Sandpiper, Bufi-breasted_.-_..---.-.-------- 167 | Seven Brothers Islands, birds of_--.--------- 52
MEG SS ty vasiet eho Olona 163 description of___-_-- 7
Pectoral .- =. 22-2 eee eee ee 164.>|;shearwater, Aqvdubon’s==---- 2-2 eee 61
Semipalmated=. 2) 2 == 22s 165 | Short-eared Owl, Hispaniolan ___------------ 244
SO}itary sae ee Se ee ee 159) >Sboveller= 2222 3 oe aes ea ee ee 104
Spottedsts- 2-22 8252 Se eee ee 15 7g SLALOM ooo eae ete oe ene eee eee, - 406
SURG Ree aa eS Sid A ee el 165 Sista ewe toes ao oh on ee ee 309, 345, 444
Wiestern.-. 552.22 see ee 166 amarilla? . 28 woe are os ake ag ae oe 408, 419
sandvicensis acuflavidus, Thalasseus___------ 180 calandriste 2 i256 02 Poe 2 lee 408
SanuNi Colas came oes seve eeee ee eee ee 108 CANATIO.. 2 22) 2a ae eee 408
Saonausland) birdstofss=s*-2--- 22s ae see 51-52 delCabeza Prictass stan ese 419
descriptioniofe b= ae 6 de} Palmal a ee er meee 345
Saona PalmiManapger. 2-5 22-2 eee eas sk 421 Maimoneriss 3) = Xe esas See ees 419
Sarcellos eee i ee ee on not i ae ee 102,103 | siguapa, Asio stygius.-__-..------.------ Bere) 2G}
Saurothera dominicensis-...---------.-+-.-~--- 2o4piSiguitae + sacle Se ae 363, 394, 396, 430, 438, 444
Gominvensiswe--s.ssee ee 204 Sinciglo. 2-2. .ese=s5 Sse es ee eee ee 214
Gominigeneist-sese == nea 294, 'Siphonorhis brewsterie ._---=----.-----=-==- 251
JONgGITOSELISS coos a eee ose liSiskin we Ispaniolan=ss. sess ses sen eee aera 438
longirostris longirostris____----- 224)9251 1) MSiUINUS AUTOCAD Seo so ue = non ae eee - 388
longirostris petersi.\.-2-=- +—<=--< 228 litdovicianus ss eee 391
VOtUl a2 2 eae ee se eee te 2945) |U smi thSOMAnUS sears. =--o.sten see ee Salyer
WAU ae A eee 224 | smithsonianus, Larus argentatus------------ 172
Vioilottiies se oe ee once O2AM Ie Snipe, VWiaISOl Sse see see re oe ea eee 155

INDEX 479

Page Page

STOMAVaH OLON en eas iter k 2 okie see 2 Odd |S vernaStolida oe a5 222 e285 Ss oe 182
solaris, Dendroica petechia____-_-.---------- 371 SUnINaIMeNSIS sea anaes a ee 181
Solitaire weHispaniolanics 2-2-2442 eee eS oa sternulavantillanum.=2-ss522- 25 eee 178
Solitariaisolitanias Dringa 2222-2 eee be 1594 |\Mstilt, Black-neckede=\ 2-2 242s ae eee ae 168
solitaria, Tringa____-- eS ra RET 1594 SS tilt; Sandpiper-sae-e sess ee ee 165
SOMPATINS s CONVUS=2 aon se ee a St S28i8 | NSLOLGS oS LORNAL 2 === = 2a peek ee ee 182
IVE AG CST ES yt a se See pot read (var., dominicensis) Tyrannuia_____ 305

POtANTIS Mee one ee o ps ee T59 cl, stolidus;-Amous!=-.-2 235) 332-2 s ee 182
Politarycandplperss22.4-5, 2-4 2=-= eee 159 Anous)|Stoliduss=c222 252225552 182
Song Sparrow, Constanza_..-._..----+2-_-.- 444 dominicensis, Myiarchus_..---____- 306
SLi Natt asad PLES a oe Sheer eee le 177 IMiyiarchus) 5-2 5- e e 305
SOi epee gt Sf RE Uh ee ee 1329 | PoUrepsL aS in Lerples= ==) s225—— 2. eee 154
Sparrow, Constanza Song--__-.-.------------ 444 | Streptoceryle alcyon alcyon--__.-.---__-___- 281
Dominican Grasshopper-_-------_- 443 SS treptopelia TiSOLlao=- — =-==-2ec eee eae ee 182
MViountain se ese ee See are 444 | Streptoprocne zonaris melanotis_-------____- 261
sparverius dominicensis, Falco____-------- 119, 120 zonaris pallidifrons_-----.-__- 261
Malco sss use ake pe ee says erties gy HOY sstriata,) Dendroica 252222) ek Se ee epEr eS 387
isabellinus, Maleco-- 2-2 2220s 119 IMuscicapa22222=22=2--+--- ee 387
sparveroides, Falco_____--_-.__--- 121) | astriatus;-Accipiters =. 22222222 222 eee 108
AIM UN CUS See ee ees ees Selene, 119 A'ccipiterstriatusss: 2-532-- e 108, 109
sparveroides, Falco sparverius___-.-_-_---_-- 121 Centurtiss2-2¢62 552232 eee 291
Sparvius: platypterust seo 2 Neen ies = = ee 113 Chloronerpes:=:=2-=- 3-2 eee 291
Stra buses ee eae Se 108 G@hryserpes: 122.2. Se ees 290, 291
Bpatmlarchypeatasnas.- ete eee ee eee e104. Melanerpes--3--: 5.22 Nae EE 2 291
‘Sy ave DULey i ees a oe ree! Sis Eee ae 93 minor, Picus Dominicensis_________ 291
STCOLV LO sneer ea = =e he eure eS 240 INISUS! 3 = Su SA ee se 108
Guniculania==s 2. Tews Sn eee ee oie 240 Picase soe. 00 35-5 290
cunicularia dominicensis_---------- 240 PiCUSees sees eS 291
cunicularia troglodytes__.-------- 239, 243 Picus Dominicensis_- --- 22a 291
Gominicensisiiia ee = ssa 239, 240, 243 Sparvills:222. 202222 eee sees 108

floridana dominicensis__--_-------- PAN) | Strixe cuniculan de ==-22555 ese 240
Bnernmonbilamoctisss---s20— 22 a eee 434 dominicensis#2:—-5-- eee 231, 232, 240, 244
Sphyrapicus varius__..-_-------- Mie ee ied 295 domingensiss=2202 32522 eee ee 244
WATIUS VAnLUS: =a 52 ae 295 glaucops 223=- 3-43 = Ree ee 231

Spimnadalis} eispaniolan! 2-2 2- "2" 2222 eer 414 | Stygian Owl, Hispaniolan____-_-------__-__- 245
MTG COLO Tae a oe aes EAE 414 | stygius noctipetens, Asio__-_...-----------_- 245

STOUT OS2ig] eh CAE es Se Se fers BREE et te Thy = 142 Siguapa wASious— 5U to Sree 246
wiolacea: Ww aCan ae =.=) se eee oe 142 “subcristata; Serpophacae= ats.) =s =e ae 300

SEIOUISA PAU Xeon ee eee re, 8 38 Ue 2 ee 97 | subfusca media, Columba__-_---. -.--------_- 199
Spoonkul-Roseate-- 22-2. Soe ee ee 03 F | SUbruficollis:shningas 52a see eee oe 167
Sporadinusjelegans.-— = 22 2s ee 270 Trymgitest stares eee Se PS 167
Spotted Sandpiper. _---2 22 SAA 157 || Subulatus angustirostrisis: 22252 ee 287
Si ahabek at a CA epee see CL eee 100 | subulatus angustirostris, Todus_------_-_-_- 287
SquamosaColumbas..--- 2 TRS oe SUDMIAtUS wn OGUS a = ones ee ee ee 283
Squatarola squatarola cynosurae_-___-----. -- 153.4 |WSucé-Blenrssa=——s2= 5-8 ee See eS 267
srellata,; Megaceryles.- 2.5 ee ee OSD SUCE bas eee ha Naas Ue Wp = ey ee eR eae pee 104
Sterna albifrons antillarum____---_..-------- AS NSU Cran is 28 = oe dee ere a Se eee 363
aciplav i dase ee eee eo 1800 Sle Cy ANODS= ons) sss e as. = eer are ee 70
anaetheta melanoptera___..---------- 177 Gactylatras 222 2 ee ses Sey eye ee a 70
anactheta recognita-i2 22222 f2_.---__. 177 dactylatra dactylatra_____---- See SUL 70
anosthaeta_---- = Es Ay a a 177 fISCAl 2 sok Een sae Le SPS RE Ree 68
antillargme. =o 22-8 s- 2 s S eee eS 178 leticogastras. 2 oe> oan. as eee Ce 68

ELAN Cates be Bee en a Bae 174 leucogastra leucogastra-_-__.-.-------_--- 68
Cantiaca sss os = = Ae ee 180 piscators.=2- 5-22 sc=nn a5 <eee eeeee 69
Comat ies as Sees eo ee ee ey 176 Sula AS $e oo oe Se ee See A eS Ts 68
dougalliiid org al linen ees 176 | surinamensis, Chlidonias nigra______-------- 181
foliginosa soo La. eee cee ae 177 Sterna sa5 64-2 een ees 181

fusca eee 177 4| swainsoni, BRiccordigs-su.2s282e eee 271
fuscata=4 2-0 5sSsco3 55 hs eee S 177 Ricordiqss. 225s ose eacee aa ee oe 271
fuscata fuscsta 2222222 ees See Liia|“swainsonil, Ornismiya---- 22-2 anee eee ee 270

owt r(D6aVG (0}oewde ae ere ee ee Pe 175 Riccordigs.-=20-4 eee ee 270, 271
hirundo hirundo: ee 175 | Swales, Bradshaw H., work of_.------_------ 2
MAXIMA 12235 So SE eer pees 179) (SwalesDhrushy 2-520 eee ee 338
melanopterava ss ste bess ees Bean 177 \| Swalesi,, Haplocichlas<.0 3 22:22 s-a522> 338

regiqe 5.0 ee a ie L79s| tswalesil; Hiaplocichla-—- == =- =e es see 338

480 INDEX
Page Page
Swallows. 20 Cees tel oo oo ee ee 319) ied erneblack= c202 2e as ee es ee Be 181
Bank sa 22 ee aa el 318 Bridledeis io. she ee olen 177
1 SY 15 ee eye ake ee LA ae, 318 Cabotisse 2222.25 se ss 5 hare sear ae 180
EVispaniolan cliff. = 2-24-22 eae 319 Caspian 22 222222 ee i ee Ee 181
Sclateris#2 i227. alr. ee a a eae 315 Common seis! Sarees aires 175
Swift Antillean @loud -- 2-2-2 =- saeasle_s 261 Gull-pilled= 2. os 3 8s eee anes 174
fAmtilleanBlacks2nase2 sees ele 258 WCaSt sn soe eae tn na eee ees 178
@himmneyse 2252 eee ee i Ee 260 INOd diya. 2 = 2 Sra nae Sy ses Se 182
Palme hc ee Sa er ee eee 838 264 FROSCATG) (222 So: Beet eee eee 176
Sylviajaestiva.- 22224. 228A eave eee occe 369 Royale. sot 2 ai 2 oe sey Bah ed ae ee ae 179
caerulescens: 222.5. 222 sess eels S45 378 Sootyn on ae Se eee 77
Ccononatasen. 22. oe tee ees Siia|tertigs:@aly propolis esas ===) =e 427
@iscolor-2=22522 224= Ala seca ioe 385 Calyptophilus tertius__._....._------ 429
STISCOCONMISS <2 222 oe Se ee 38 selleanus, Calyptophilus__________- 428, 429
mapnoliqet shee suu Leos ee utes 384 tertius,, Calyptophilusix! 222222220205 427
TM Aribim Ashes cele Ae 2 ed a S72 PID bterPolicets. 2. <2 Soe Saale mech tea Be Sea 303
Palmantim=! 62s) foes ee ees 3824 oTetrao virginianis=22 22s) saan eee 122
pensilist 225 =. -2 = 2-2 5 ee S81 ul Mextor Cucuilatus= 222282 5 a = elo BES EOE 402
pUMIliawe : 225.5358 eee 39, 398 cucullatus cucullatus___----.--------. 401
USiMass ea. ee Pe eee etek een Ps 2 368) )| “Dhalasseus:imperator__-_- 22s -seeee se 181
11 een ed ne ae) SS A eo 372 TOAXITTIS2 te he FI Ss eee 179
Gornguatas 52h eo =e See ee ee 368 Maximus Maximus::--2:22.28 22: 179
Sylvicolaicanagdensis=:=+- s= = se sate sees Eee 378 sandvicensis acuflavidus________- 180
coronata2 2222 2222. lease sea hese 377 | Thick-knee, Hispaniolan__-:----=22202.4_22 169
Giscolonsos2s2seel 2 le ewe oe 385. Waithrasher, Pearly-eyedes: as asense = ene 334
PLISEOCOMIS!- ees ene ee eRe 38a) ubhrushabicknellisees 2s ase eee 340
malmanum eS esa Lee ee 382 Golden-crowned_2-_-= Se. 288 2) 3388)
ODSWIS= 2 wees Lee 381 ispaniolanwsess-e ose eee eee 334
UAT a eee a a OE ee 39 Swalesesea ili sappy he Sel Peeea ene 338
tigrimass 225. oe one eee ok 372) Ehulay Ardea: _- 222-5225 Stee eee 76
Abas 35 = — fe oe San 366:°)| ‘thula,, Beretta thula=- 22sec 5 es ee 76, 77
Machornis' phoenicobia-.2--_-- 225 22bse== 4 264i eR aris D1Co lores oe eee ee ee 432
machypetes;aduilis: <2 == 2 wer ae eka 71 bicolonmarchies222o= see te ee Jee 1482
aquiiluss 222 282-24 ow eente 71 bicolormarchit-s s25eee oe eee 432
tacitus, Blacicus hispaniolensis__-_-_--.------ 311 lepitdase. soca ee ee ee eee 430
PRA CO UE Set See ee Soe et ee eh 220, 222, 224, 228 Oliva Cea! 5126 Seer os Sees reese Lee 430
Cabriteess 5 ie ee se Se 2 222 Olivacealolivaceans- cs ee eee neee 430
Tamatia 4 tete & Gorge Rouges______..------ B85)\" ahinBonieAmin- =o see oe eee Se ee 382
Manaver, (Gonave Palm. 02820222 eo sea ss See AIR: HREM = OOQ eae notte nee wee eee ee 437
Gonave:Chatl2=22 22 ee ieee sess 496 || ‘tigrina, Dendroeca___-----=--- -ateaeesh ee 373
Gray-Crowned Palm__-_-__-.------- 416 Dendroica!---2 = -t e ee 372, 373
HispaniolaniC hat ue. seis ue 424 Motacillas 2.22. 222: ea eee Oe 372
HispaniolansPalmisss— sb se ase 419 Perissoglossa_._.. ---- ieee 373
mavelontexe hates oa tee wee ane 427 Sylviai..c 3-22 ee 372
WWaiSelles@hates---s0 2 es ae eee 428 Sylvicola 2222204 ss Sn ree 372
. Saonavbalmbe seen sae ee eee AUS |Win Dg bs ye pes ee rage ae Leen np eae EE Bee 57
Managra, deist. Domingues. —------ 2-2 --- = S454 (MM ierilla a2 5-2 22 ine ety wee be ee eee 7]
GOIN Cams se ee ee ee eee 345 .4\ Can Malfinie 12 2222222 e 2k eee 119
Gominicensiss222-2s2-=- eee ee 414° |) “Pinnunculus, isabellinus2s2#224-= 22st ee 119
IMANCHPUIIN 3 esse oe es ee Mahe 346 Sparverius 2201 e445s) eee 119
multicolor 2322322 2248 oe eee 414 || uppenhauer, work of. .-+2----2-S22se yeevise 16
MUSICA! aoe Se eee 422°"\) MitirederPlaya-.o----22eeee oe eee 148
Mangara. Dominicensis-222e2e L208! Sa 34671 Rite: OUsbIDIties sees ee eee ere 300
SHAN bANLIS Al DUIS Bese See eee ee eel ae OU Atri eee eee. oe 8 ee ee ee 300
fal Cinellus! =e ee ee GOA “Rodiere ssn eh re 283
loculator: sec Gest sp eayiree ya eee ies 89 || Lodier.de:St. Domingue 3). ee ee 283
Mmatrarardominicas= 242 = le eee 346 || "Todus angustirostris. _ 22-2222, Ses ee see 287
Tawny-shouldered Blackbird_____--.-------- 406 GominicensiSse-s) esses ee ee 283
Mealee==- 3 yee eee LO eee Siete eee 103 Subulatus.222-5-- 25-5 = ees 283
iBlue=wineed a. 2.- ee ge 103 subulatus angustirostris__------------ 287
Green=wingeds s. 8225 eee 102 VILL CI Ste ee ee eee eee eee 283
Temnotrogon.roseigasterey: =. 2 ee ee 276 || ULody, Euspaniolan—.-2--2e20s2eat Ses eee 283
tenuinostris wt cialitisz=2-——- =~ see ee 146 INarrow-billeda=s2) 22522 -5-- ee seme 287
Charadrius nivosus_-_----------- 146 | Tolmarchus caudifasciatus gabbii_-..-------- 303
teres, Coccyzusuminor_.--- ee P ee ee 220 gabbii22 0020 5 303

INDEX 481

Page Page

‘Rolmarchus) gabbiil= --2-25— === eee 303, 361,362 | Troupiale, de St. Domingue_----__-_--___-_- 408
Morquata,Anase sees ko shea see ee oa 97 INO ee S2252s2525=-220" see eee 410
Pluvialis Dominicensis.______-_--- 150 Noir, de St. Domingue-_--____-___- 410

Siv]iviae soon cet oaks ee ee SoSH lryneea alas ys ee a es 167

ANG) Ro} (eee eS, GCE) a Cee eee 191,192).193: | “Lryngites:subruficollis. 55 -2-- Spee 167
RortuerBuilinche este soe + ae ey ee 437) *burdusalicigels <_<. a. ales Balad Se 340
iHoney-Creepere. 23-2 ee eS 366 ardoOsinceussieests ae SAP es 334
Hsiang DIGS Olas. se ane eee | ed 49-51 COLOHALUIS 2+ 2452 == 22>. 388

Island, description of______..-.______ 7 dominicus___-- See ae ae ee 331

Wireo 2-2 eee aoe te eee 352 fuscatus: 2. V2eh2= 2 2 eae pee biieeh . =~ 334
tortugae, Vireo crassirostris_._..._..... _-_-- 352 guianensis___-_-_-- 3 EEE eS 346
EROLANUSHIA VI DCS = pene ss— aso es lee peas 161 gujanensis! =" see eS eke att 4 346
IMACTEATIISS eo ksa eee oat Sd 157 hispaniolensis#-2s2=- see eee 354
melanoleucusMa see se see Se 162 TINTS 8 a ee 340
Semipalmaist sss see eet ss 160 motacillas=. 3! oei ene 391
SOLPATIUS eons ae ae BRET. oe 159 Orpheus! 222 = ee Ba ane) oes 331

SR OMTLOM aos eae ae as ee SEE 191 palmarumes: ke eee ee 419
pRounterelld ssa. See ere yee Pee eee 192, 193 plumbeust-=122= 22a 2 ee ee 335
Aile-Blanchese 2 +2 sean 21. 197 polyglotius=. =~ See eae 331

[DTUNG eae Ses eo yea ees 193 irichas:.<-=.-eo2h see eee 397

de St:, Domingue — 22232 152,192 || “furkey,1ntroduction(ol:—---==-- sess = 46
Queue=Mine Se tesseh sree ae 192) \@ehornstone; (id diy. - ==>. — aan eee 154

ROUSE eS hse 1904] SRurtlez seen asses ee ee 193

WVITIGUISC Sn eee La ea 193\4|)"Barturicaroliniensis=_-- ===" eee 193

trichas brachidactyla, Geothlypis__________- 398 PaLvus, -Americanus==—-— = sae 199
brachydactyla, Geothlypis__________- 398 parvus fuscus americanus-_-_-----_-_-- 199
brachidactyius= essen seaee seer ae 398 indicus fuscus:.-_- 5-2 eee 199
iraichas sGeothlypiss 22. Ut seeeeeeey Ue Ey 398) “Eyrannilaal bicapillas=a 2 eee 312
Geothiypisitrichas: 222 2s pees 397 altiloquas<- 2-2. Sansniiee ee 354

ignotas Geothlypisi 222.2. ste. ee 398 Carnibacas<.s== 93-5 eee ae 309

SR TIROUS AM et eter eT we eeey 397 stolida (var., dominicensis) --_____ 805

Beri COlOT ACA Ma a te RN 1 214. || WByrannus=.2-2-- 2 2225S ee eee 303
iEivdranassa- Siete emer s k 79 curvirostris curvirostris_-__---___- 300
ruficollis; Erydranassalassei 2! 2. 79 Gominicensis =: 23 o eee ae 300
Mirinsa.domini CenSiss2- ss See ee os 164 dominicensis dominicensis-__---~_- 300
himantopus:_ S23 aia ts - = 165 griseus. 222-025 300
THACUIATIA =e ay ae) eee a 157 intrepidus: —-sss2e3s4 wees 300, 303, 305

TTS CU Gey 2s Le ORES ES EVR ee 164 matutinus:——-— 3-5. eee ea 300
MCIANOLOSe Seca ee oe 164 tyrannuss---5- 522-22 eee 303, 305, 362
minwtillases-- 2.52 eee eer er ae 163 Vvorticaliss:>:=-25) .. 5 eee 362
morinellayh >So. s.ss 22 Mee See 154. 4 Ry to'alba glaucops.=—--—- | eee ee 231

USA Gees = 22 ee es eee 165 plaucops: 222. = Se esl) eee 231
Solitariass-. $L-5. Se eee ee 159 Osbologa= a4 - 250 3.3 A SS 236
Solitaniaisolitariga->-—-- oe ee Loon izitzihos, Anas Oo} 3 ss Se eee 100
Subriticolliss 2-222. 5 = Sa ee ee 167 Dafila:acuta.-22es = eae 100
mEnineoides;Macularius.—--—-=_- 4. Se 157) | mthler, workiof.-2=+> 222 eee oe RS)
sinistram, cwonkof. 2 — 7 =_ eee Lee 16 | usneae, Compsothlypis americana__------_--- 368
pbrochilus\aurulentus_-..-.=.--242Lses2 2s 273 || ‘water, Ralluslongirostris-2--_-_ =. ese" ee 130
Colimbrisa ees ee ees 266! ‘Valet de\Calmance.-22 3. See oe 83
GOMIniCUS!25= 345 === 272,273 | Vanellus Dominicensis armatus-----_-------- 146

elegans. 2-=5. eure gs E08) si 210) |) *Wanneau Armes. Seer, ee 142

, Praminenss. 4 sees cae ees a 273 | varia, Ficedula Dominicensis_-_---.__..-__-_- 366
holosericeus 22. 2 hee ee ees 266 Motaciilaie. 3222522 2 epee 366
MawrAeUs Hse Als Sere ce 270 Miniotiltec. 2226 ae eee 366
mMellisnipusses -. Sfesteeltins i Sales 267 Sylvicolaz..3.2.-) Ss eee ee 366

MINIM US 2 es] a ee 2 LS ee 260 | avarius, Picus.5..S2ote ies see 295

MIZOT Sesoen ae et es SRS a iX 6 Sphyrapicusare 2 see 295

Miellotie (tp erie re rene eee oe 267 Sphyrapicust varius ssa ee 295
troglodytes, Speotyto cunicularia__-------- 230h 243) ViENCOI02co. boo sear te 258, 261
irozor, eispaniolane 4-22. s6ss en son eee 276 || ‘ventralis, Amazons... .-2.-.., BRUNE. .-- = 210
Phodor aster sets - sso eee 276 Chrysotissustevel-t 2e2esie..-- 522 210
TOSeIZASHEL 3s — ee bP eee M26 Psittacusi.=.\—-= see 210
Mrogonurus mexicanus. 2) J2-bse2252 2-22... 280 i4]) AWVELCORIN Se cesar eats co ae an ee a 429
Tropic-bird, Yellow-billed___-..------------- 64 | Verdier, de St. Domingue____--_.____________ 429
tropicalis; Buteo:...-2-= 262242 eee Se7 Soo IOV AVierrill) wOnkOlsccos] ane ee ee 17-18

482 INDEX
Page Page
Wers-mouchette.-2=-- ene are eee ay 119"! “vociferus Ab gialitess —- 202 es ne 150
VOLHICAliSse ly RATITI TS se ee ee En renee 362 YATES ete eS ergy Be Read 128
Vervain Hummingbird, Hispaniolan_-_-__---- 267 Charadrivss2s2330) ate iene 150
Vetila@uetlisscs 2 sae SU elie eee ae 224 Oxyechuse 3.5 sles oe ee 150
Saurothera-2 5-22. =i laeiaey fie eerie 224 Oxyechus yociferus 2-2 ee 150
vicinus, Chordeiles minor.__-__----------- 253, 254 Tubidus; .Oxyechuss5-=ssemse eee 150
Chordeiles virginianus_____...__---- 253.0) Multi BrasilionsisS= 2 3s. Sues eee 108
ViGUAta. ATIAS == soos Soe Sa eh 97 |) Walton, observations of. = 22s Gato ear 12
Mendrocycnass 2-2 eee 98 | Warbler, Black and White__________________ 366
ID endrocy gna sss 2 se ee 97 iBlack-poll= sess ss ee eae eee 387
WiellOtly aAuLothera 2-2-2 swe Eee De 224 Black-throated Blue_._..---_-_-..- 378
WVieiloti, Dyrinia.minima-— 2 22h siete __ 267 Cairns: St vals. ee es eas 380
Samnothera 2222 = are aaria? aerate 224 Cape Mays. 2-222") - Sate ee 372
Wieillot. work of9ss22" 25 2a Se ceo Aiea 11 Chapmanis Ground] 2-22 396
viclloti,. Miellisuga minima. -_ 2 -- 242 eee oe 267 Chestnut-sided = 32 (= 5-0=s eee 387
Wiellotiavhnochilys2s 5:09 = staan Semana 267 Gonave:'Golden=--=-=- == 371
WIZOrSII, Wendroica= 222 a ee sear ea ee 375 Hispaniolan Golden____.-.-_-_---- 369
WIOIACEd PATOGHl 222-2 ose oe Ue 86 Hispaniolan Ground_____..-_-___-- 394
atinis, (oxigila: 2222 eae 434, 435, 437 ispaniolan. Pine: ue eee 875
ainnis; byrrhulagralao 22 sse- oe == 435 Masgnoligs = 225 2-~ are ee 384
Guinaca 22S os IG se SONS eS 434 Miyntle: 2 ee eS eee 377
VACAnaSPinOSaes =. sees ace ees 142 Northern! Parula tite se eee 368
Oka ee See eee ee eee 434 Palms 22008 Sel ak ei eee Se ee 382
AUOXISU Ae eee ake Nap een ties seu eees BF 435 (Prairies coe e ee. ee Ose ee eee 385
PUL] et rs ce ees Reis EP eB Sp a tSy 434 Yellow-throatedss_ 2s 2 eae 381
maurellasoxigillas ss) sashes = 43701) pWiater-thrush =.= 222232 soe | CLL ee ee Sees 392
INGVCEADASS Ao a oe wanes aye eae Boel 86) || swater-thrush, Loisiana. 2222 eee -. 891
Nyctanassa violacea__-__.-..------- 86 )|| SWater-thrush;, Grinnell’s:.- =. 222 2a er 393
INV. ChiaLdeascens ses tare lati ene S60 Wiaxwine. Cedar! = 2". -su2) Sin ees 345
IP ATT AS pe eae te a Dee ena Se 142 | Weaverbird, Black and Yellow Mantled__-. 401
yrrhniiaongnenes sss eit Sen eee 45 West Indian Great Blue Heron___---__------ 73
ViOlACelIS;INiViCLIGOlax--2-=)22--.--= oe eee 86 Gre bees tee oe oe en eee 57
Violet-winged Pigeon___._._.___--_--_------- 207 Green Heronz=. 2232 ee 83
Wireoraltiloquusi¢ sac. 2 ee Le bu 354 Jacana 2s 0245 be eee 142
altiloquus'barbatulusic82 022 27 ee! 354 Killdeersn. 22250) Samed 2 ee 150
Calidnis Rese ee cee eet ee al ee ee es 354 Mourning Dove... 22222222 ES 192
(CTASSINOStnIS.LOLtUgaee ee te 352 Red-tailedsnawike— = so) see 110
flavitrons:sfeanane ons ae ee eee 362 Ruddy. Ducks ._ 22_see ees 106
WireosHlat-billeds.-!==— =. ek earavn eo 356 : Myfee= 1) Clk earn ete etna 98
ViamM aiCanseas- sane a= Se ene eR WeIReS MDa 354 4) Western sandpiper:.___--- as ee eee 166
olivaceniolivaceas==—— aes are eee Jo4 |) Wetmore, -workiof---=— ao eee 32-35
olivaceusiolivaceuss 223) 7 imu te 354 | White-crowned Pigeon-.-..----2-.--225-24_. 182
RONG Ob ss oe oe 352) | aWihite-faced “Tree: Ducks 2-2 eee 97
VET CSCODS Se ea a een ns es 906!.1|) IWRC ME DIS 22 esa nce coe Se ee 91
Vireosylva calidris calidris__.....-.-.-.------ 354. ||) Wihite-neckedi@rowesss-os-=-25 se eee 325
OlIVEACEUIS ee ae Se RS See Sy Boa. ly Wihite Pelican 2225 22a ee ee 65
Wireosylvis olivaceasls---2 2h ab theese de 364: || White-winged DOVe:- ----2--ne eee eee 197
wirescens) ATdessa2-=-- a2 Seer eit Ue 82,183 || iWaigeon; Aimerican==2=—---- = 3 is eC Eee 99
Butoridess=22 2-452... eure 83,0) TWilletscees 2 es ae a See 160
Butorides virescens_-__-_---------- 82583 1) wilsoni, -Aegialitisis 22 -. 2 saeleg en eee 148
maculata, Butoroides_-___.-.------ 83 | wilsonia, Pagolla wilsonia_-------.---------- 148
maculatus, Butorides_____-.------ 83 rufinucha, Pagolla__ 22225 ees 1 148
WATCOR Sees ence aoe et Seeing a 366 ||) ‘wilsonius;"Aegialitis.. === ssseeeeet =e oe 148
WALGINIANA OLY Xsan. oe ee eS ee eee 122 rufinuchus, Ochthodromus__------ 148
VALZINIaANUSs; CONUS es soo see es 122,124 | Wilsonius var. rufinucha, Aegialitis___.-.---- 148
Colinus virginianus_-_.-.------ 122,124 | Wilson’s Petrel____-- Messe sa a H2G2 patie! eee 63
cubanensis, Colinus___---------- 124 Snipes?-.2 2. 2+. -2-2-22 eee 155
gundlachii, Chordeiles_-_-------- 253 | Wimpffen, Baron de, work of_...------------ il
minor; (Chordeiles:22_--=--- 2-242 258) || SWiatch® “Black. =. sos Gat seehoee Stee ca ee 229
Tetra: 2- = Seer a eS ware Nee ape Ae els 122" Wood Duck 228 8 ee he ees 97
vicinus, Chordeilesi#u2222222-—_ 253 | 0) (je ee RR ORE RE Lr oo ee 89
Wiridis: LCterus:minor 122) ee ee SEES 408 | Woodpecker, Hispaniolan__.---------------- 290
Leda) ayant een ae es ae 273 Yellow-bellied__....--.-------- 295
Todus 22225 = = Seal ee PS Ae aah es 283) || ‘Wood Pewee, Gonave: 222. soe sey ee 311
Wittata, Amazonas. cee en ey uae it 210 IMispaniolan:-222)cssasee ee 309
‘WAT Feat CE a ae he Pe aie eS Pe eta 168) |), Wood-piteon 2222 222 ee eee eee eee 185

INDEX 483
Page Page
Wiuornttemberg, work Ofe-2- 2-2 see ee doa) enaida Dove: .-~o22- sce ee 191
Xanthornus Dominicensis___-...------------ 408 Rr IZeTRI ales. ep ae Pea 191
KANUHORBUS, OTOMUS 52 3555) e ae oe een kes 408 | zenaida, Zenaida aurita___..__.--.____.-_______ 191
BVI SD OSes aot a ase ee ee ab 85,86 | Zenaida zenaida zenaida_____._____._-_____-_- 191
RV PUASH Osos sais SS bests seat sl : OS Zaramarillone. 2 saewk soe ees ee 57, 59
(WOlOEAd aes ae hee eee gee, OS te ZaraplcovManchad Os es ese eee 164
Bellow=bellied aail*: —#2— <2 eo 3 2s 25 2 ee 133 Wong dO 255-2 see a snes eee 163
Wrood pecker2--=-- =) ase = 295 Solitarip 25.2 25-4 228 ee 159
ieliow-billed:@uckoo.---2 2-22-22 2) a\|pzenarinei las: aos 2. en) eer nee 432
ARTO piC-Dindsa-s- ek nee 64 IPHONI DATA. es ee ee eee eRe 432
Yellow-crowned Night Heron___-__-------___ 86) | Zenaidura carolinensis----- === == sa 193
wellow=facedGrassquits -2.. =. 430 MACTONTA = = SaaeS soe se tee 152, 193
Wellow-legps, Grester.----..-2--------.-25 22. 162 mMaAcrourabellasses= === a= 196
Wuessers= 25 225-* 223.5=8. 2502-2228 161 macroura macroura-_------------ 192, 193
Yellowthroat, Maryland _--_-_----------.----- 397- lezonaris) Chaetura-s2---2- 22 =o ee 261
INObthermls: = 2" sosse3 ees 398 melanotis, Streptoprocne____----__-- 261
Yellow-throated Warbler__-___----------_--- 381 pallidifrons, Chaetura____..._______- 261
SAGIINEIOV.CsWOLK Ol-- 22 s2-a22-0eseee nee s ous 22-23 pallidifrons, Streptoproene_____.___- 261
FAGITCN (6 Pe a SI oe eee ae oe a ee 191) HE ZOrz Al teat BS SA oie Paes eee 334
amapilist =-Aeeee ho eke nee LON Zumbadors. 2-22 2-2. saab Sa oe se ee 270, 272
SUTLAIZeN IGA ee eee GIVE AU DAG OLCLLO Rae ae te era el eee 267
menaida,Columbals=.<-- s--2-2----sessacsees— 191 | Zumbullidor!.. =.= 2222222. soe ss see 57, 59
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