. S\On ory
Poe
SK ~AS SOAR WINS
Eee.
©
ANNO
\S
Seabahy CONN so i
A AX SiS
XS Si
@
SANG LOY \
CLASS
WK
a
As Sanat
Uk Pea dy
; foe 2.
Abele ei
a
LANG
ce bad al
Svar aiSONIAN INSf1TULTION.
UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
BULLETIN
UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Nee. DO.
PART Td:
WASHINGTON:
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE.
191012:
~
a!
SN a ADE
We es
A ee Oa
a > eS te ~~ ro
rit BIRDS
OF
NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA:
KA DECORIETIVE, CATALOGUE
OF THE
HIGHER GROUPS, GENERA, SPECIES, AND SUBSPECIES OF BIRDS
KNOWN TO OCCUR IN NORTH AMERICA, FROM THE
ARCTIC LANDS TO THE ISTHMUS OF PANAMA,
THE WEST INDIES AND OTHER ISLANDS
OF THE CARIBBEAN SEA, AND THE
GALAPAGOS ARCHIPELAGO.
BY
RoBERT RIDGWAY,
CURATOR, DIVISION OF BIRDS.
Parr Ll.
Family TANAGRIDA—The Tanagers.
Family ICTERIDA—The Troupials.
Family C@REBIDA—The Honey Creepers.
Family MNIOTILTIDA—The Wood Warblers.
WASHINGTON:
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE.
1902:
’
—.
=
or
‘Of
}
MiSBUN Sh
een Aue Es
The present volume is the second of a series which will probably
require eight volumes for completion. It contains the following fami-
lies: Tanagride (Tanagers), Icteride (Troupials), Coerebide (Honey
Creepers), and Mniotiltidee (Wood Warblers). Part I, issued in 1901,
included the Family Fringillide (Finches) alone. Part III, which is
well under way, will include the Motacillide (Wagtails and Pipits),
Hirundinide (Swallows), Vireonide (Vireos), Ampelidee (Waxwings),
Ptiliogonatidee (Silken Chatterers), Dulidee (Palm Chatterers), Laniidee
(Shrikes), Corvidee (Crows and Jays), Paride (Titmice), Sittidee
(Nuthatches), Certhiide (Creepers), Troglodytidee (Wrens), Cinclidee
(Dippers), Chameeiide (Wren-tits), and Sylviide (Kinglets, etc.), and
will probably go to press some time during the present year. The
remaining volumes are all in a more or less advanced stage of prepara-
tion, and it is hoped that these may follow at the rate of two a year.
Acknowledgments for the loan of material for use in the prepara-
tion of the present volume are due to the persons and public institu-
tions mentioned in Part I (pages xii, x11), and also to Dr. A. K. Fisher,
Mr. William Palmer, and Mr. Paul Bartsch, of Washington, District
of Columbia. Both Dr. Fisher and Mr. Palmer should have been
mentioned in Part I in this connection, and the inadvertent omission
of their names is much regretted.
Most of the measurements of specimens for the present volume were
made by Mr. J. H. Riley, Mr. Sidney S. Wilson, and Miss Frances E.
Swett.
RoBert Rrpeway.
SEPTEMBER 6, 1902.
2 Pe,
PSE OF CONTENTS:
Faminy TANAGRIDS. The
Managernvsen css = ss0 8
Kewstosunes Generaotelanagn deen See sae ae ae SNe marcia sk oe w/o
Genus 1. Chlorophonia Bonaparte
Key to the Species of Chlorophonia
1. Chlorophonia occipitalis (Du Bus)
2. Chlorophonia callophrys (Cabanis)
Genus 2. Euphonia Desmarest
Key to the Species of Euphonia
9
4. Euphonia musica (
3. Euphonia elegantissima (Bonaparte )
(Gimelitn)) So s¢ssecscae
5. Euphonia sclateri Sundevall
6. Euphonia flavifrons (Sparrman)
Euphonia anne C
8. Euphonia fulvicrissa Sclater
9. Euphonia gracilis (Cabanis )
10. Euphonia luteicapilla (Cabanis)
11. Euphonia affinis (Lesson )
12. Euphonia minuta humilis (Cabanis )
13. Euphonia godmani Brewster
14, Euphonia hirundinacea Bonaparte
15. Euphonia crassirostris Sclater
16. Huphonia gouldi Sclater—.--...-.---..--.-
ASST mer yb en eee ee
Cenicto as Lair Miphonia Bonaparte 2222. cos oe sees 2 cee eee eee oe
17. Pyrrhuphonia jamaica ( Linnzeus )
Genus +. Buthraupis Cabanis
18. Buthraupis arceei Sclater and Salvin
19. Buthraupis czeruleigularis Cherrie
Genus Calas pizan Graves er eam eee ere ne mi eee beeen ene Sea e ae
Key to the Species and Subspecies of Calospiza
Adwmm@alospizanicterocephala Bonaparte)! s22- 252555252 oeces ols. eee. :
Pie Calospzanionda tloriday(Sclater and Salvin) -2 25002... 02522255 0.22
22. Calospiza florida arceei Ridgway
23. Calospiza guttata chrysophrys (Sclater)
24. Calospiza cabanisi (Sclater)........---.---
25. Calospiza gyroloides ( Lafresnaye)
26. Calospiza lavinia (Cassin )
27. Calospiza dowii (Salvin)
28. Calospiza larvata larvata (Du Bus)
29. Calospiza larvata fanny (Lafresnaye)
(Gorn chee at eres
31. Calospiza cucullata (Swainson)
32. Calospiza versicolor (Lawrence )
9
30. Calospiza inornata
Genus 6. Tanagra Linnzeus
Onan
12
13
15
15
a
18
19
20
21
23
24.
25
28
29
9
o
bl
32
33
34
34
36
Qn
of
39
40
40
2
45
46
46
47
49
51
52
53
54
VIII TABLE OF CONTENTS.
Key to the Species of Tanagra- 92-23-22 eee eee
3a.) Lanagns calla SO WelbsOn=>-e.4seo—5-=— eee
34. Tanagra palmarum melanoptera (Sclater) -----
35. ‘Tanacra abbas LichtenStemi. (2222s. 2
Genus 7. Spindalis Jardine and Selby.....-.-.----.---
Key to the Species and Subspecies of Spindalis ....-.--
36. Spindalis nigricephala (Jameson) -.......------
37. Spindalis portoricensis (Bryant) -....---.-.-.--
38. Spindalis multicolor (Vieillot)-......-...-----
39. Spindalis pretrer (Lesson)... =. 25522 eee
40. Spindalis zena zena (Linneeus) .--....---------
41. Spindalis zena townsendi Ridgway..-....------
42. Spindalis benedicti Ridgway -.--.--..----..--
43:;Spindalis salvini-Cory.- 22k oretele ee ee
GenusiS: Piranga Vieillot? ss) qe ae eee
Key to the Species and Subspecies of Piranga.....--.-..-
44. Piranga rubra rubra (Linnzus)/...2..2-.--22-
45. Piranga rubra cooperi Ridgway.---.-.--------
46) Piranea hepatica swallsom =22=e eee s== eee ee
47. Piranga testacea testacea Sclater and Salvin..--
48. Piranga testacea figlina (Salvin and Godman). -
49, Piranga erythromelas (Vieillot) .......-.-----
50, -kiranea, ludoviciana (Wilson) = so2se— eee
51. Piranga bidentata bidentata Swainson......---
52. Piranga bidentata flammea: Ridgway .--.-.-----
53. Piranga bidentata sanguinolenta (Lafresnaye) -
54. Piranga roseo-gularis roseo-gularis Cabotss=---—
55. Piranga roseo-gularis cozumele Ridgway ------
56. Piranga leucoptera leucoptera Trudeau .....---
57. Piranga leucoptera latifasciata Ridgway .....--
58. Piranga erythrocephala (Swainson).---.------
Genus 9. Heterospingus Ridgway -.-...---.-----.----
Key to the Species of Heterospingus .....2..:2.-<-----
59. Heterospingus xanthopygius (Sclater) --.....-
60. Heterospingus rubrifrons (Lawrence) .---.----
Genus 105 Hemithraupis!Cabamisesess= a= eee
61. Hemithraupis chrysomelas (Sclater and Salvin)
Genus 11. Ramphocelus Desmarest’_-...-..-.:-------:
Key to the Species and Subspecies of Ramphocelus. - - -
62. Ramphocelus passerinii Bonaparte. ..----.----
63. Ramphocelus costaricensis Cherrie.......-----
64. Ramphocelus chrysopterus Boucard....---.----
65. Ramphocelus icteronotus Bonaparte -..-.-------
66. Ramphocelus inexpectatus Rothschild... .-.---
67. Ramphocelus festee Salvadori _--.-..----------
68. Ramphocelus dunstalli Rothschild. .....--.-.---
69. Ramphocelus luciani Lafresnaye...-....------
70. Ramphocelus dimidiatus dimidiatus Lafresnaye
71. Ramphocelus dimidiatus isthmicus Ridgway. . -
Ramphocelus dimidiatus limatus (Bangs) -.. - -
Ramphocelus uropygialis Bonaparte. ---..--.---
Genus 12. Phlogothraupis Sclater and Salvin.......---
74. Phlogothraupis sanguinolenta (Lesson) --.-- ~~ -
Genus:13; -Lanio Vielllot=-2 =o eee
bo
.
‘
‘
Ww
=
Io sy ST ST ST om
a ok NW NW © ~
como OOOOH OO OO WO OO sl
OO COD dD WH DO aI D —& w O
101
102
103
103
104
104
105
106
107
108
109
111
112
115
114
115
115
115
116
118
119
119
120
120
122
E>
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
Key to the Species of Lanio
75. Lanio aurantius Lafresnaye
76. Lanio leucothorax Salvin
77. Lanio melanopygius Salvin and Godman
Genusa4> Pheenicophilus Strickland. —..............--2sc2-2-.5-
Meytomue species ori meemicophilus::_ 22.22.5602 Ses. soe et bee eee
fen Pheemecophilus-palmarum: (Linnzeus) -> 2. ..25...5<..22..5-1-5..22 3
79. Pheenicophilus poliocephalus (Bonaparte )
cnn a iach pMOnusay TellOb eso. co: ofS. 22 Ssh eae Je Sooke ssa el ee See
80. Tachyphonus rufus ( Boddaert )
81. Tachyphonus luctuosus Lafresnaye and D’Orbigny
82. Tachyphonus axillaris Lawrence....--.-.-.-.
Boss Macha MONMs MItICISsIMMUS SAVIN =o) 0 poe ck eee eects ese as
ot lachypbonus delattril Watresmaye: = 5.224.522.2225 22-0-b2e-.- 2
enisela lea COMicbls OC lpek eae sme taser tenes Soe Yao ge eee ee hee
Key to the Species and Subspecies of Hucometis...........-.---..----------
SHAM COMeLIGKGIstetay OL) Ue SUS es ap epee ee ey ease ote a See
Cm
7. Eucometis spodocephala pallida Ber
GO
ALS OSES VSS SE la ie A Poe
88. Eucometis spodocephala stictothorax Berlepsch
6. Eucometis spodocephala spodocephala (Bonaparte ) - - - - -
Scouse. Phesmicouraupis CAaWANIBS-< 25-2 osnccntee Nas So--2ss32 loss Jee ce
Key to the Species and Subspecies of Phcenicothraupis -.....-..-.----.-----
89. Phoenicothraupis rubica rubicoides (Lafresnaye)
gway
90. Pheenicothraupis rubica nelsoni Rid
91. Phcenicothraupis rubica vinacea (Lawrence )
92. Pheenicothraupis rubica affinis (Nelson)
93. Phoenicothraupis rubica rosea (Nelson )
94. Phoenicothraupis salvini salyini Berlepsch
95. Phoenicothraupis salvini littoralis (Nelson )
96. Phoenicothraupis salvini discolor Ridgway
97. Pheenicothraupis salvyini peninsularis Ridgway... -.------
98. Pheenicothraupis salvini insularis (Salvin )
99s Eheeni cothratpis tuscicaudaCabamisis: =. 2.22522. 22s5252 52252222 -
Conusws CMloroumrailpisshiGeway sj... -2-s- 62-520 se se Seed sete Sees ees
Keyatoune species oh Chilorothraupists.o.2))- 222-42 55-s ees co cin eee nn eee -
OO Chl orothraupisiolivaceai(@assim) eres. 25 ste aoe See eel. ey
101. Chlorothraupis carmioli (Lawrence )
emia ston \ CoOnMIg aS Clvee sao nat cies So so Sg sss elon ete Ss
OZawN esospineus speculiterusnlawremce sie oes cke ere newest. = a
ipemna anno MorospingusiCAOAMIG. jaccaec- cee ote cece s lk} 22S. jot seek
102. Chlorospingus olivaceus (Bonaparte)
i) 340 On LOS DUNG sepOStOCUaris Ca banIs 5.2 ts 2 Ss) ss oe ee wee se
104. Chlorospingus ophthalmicus (Du Bus)
105. Chlorospingus sumichrasti Ridgway
106. Chlorospingus albifrons Salvin and Godman
107. Chlorospingus albitempora (Latresnaye )
MiSs Cinorospineud pileatus Salvin. ..4 5.52.2... 5- 2-6 +2 5-8 ee e+ ee
109. Chlorospingus punctulatus Sclater and Salvin
116. Chlorospingus olivaceiceps Underwood. ..-..
111. Chlorospingus hypophieus Sclater and Salyin
Genus 21) -Mitrospingus Ridgway.-.2.025-22--2-2-4.5----- as
112. Mitrospingus cassini (Lawrence) - - -
Ix
Page.
122
123
124
125
126
127
127
128
129
130
130
32,
134
136
136
138
138
139
139
140 .
141
141
142
144
145
146
147
147
148
149
150
151
152
152
154
154
154
155
156
156
157
158
159
160
160
162
162
163
165
166
166
167
167
168
xX TABLE OF CONTENTS.
Page.
Faminy Icrenrpa: “The Troupials. 2. 222 ce es ween eee ee ae 169
Key ‘to: the Genera ‘of Icteridee’. 3.2 2220 ee ee re ee ee ee 173
Genus 1. Zarhynchus Oberholser. -~ 22-24 ce ee ae ee ee 175
1. Zarhynchus wagleri;wagleri (Gray) 52-202 ee = ee eee ee 176
2. Zarhynchus wagieri mexicanus Ridgway --.---..---.-..---.---------- 178
Genus*2.”Gymmnostinops | SClaten cr seers ie oe re 178
Key to the Species of Gymnostnops-=-2. 222-2 ae eee 179
3. Gymnostinops:montezuma (Lesson) «722225255522 2a ee- sce ,, 180
4. Gymnostimops cassini Richmond:;~ 2h ee ee ee ee 181
5. Gymnostinops guatimozinus (Bonaparte) -............-.........---- 182
Genus 3.* Ostinops, Cabanas. to 228 Vek eS ee) er ee ee 183
6. Ostinops decumants (Pallas) = <2 a ee ee 184
Genus 4; Cacicusshacépedes. 22 2. oo eee eee ee ee eee metas 186
Key. tothe: Species! of; @acictis:: 22. 2 e ene eee ee ee eee ee ee 188
ae Cacicus: vate lms) Wavy e nce cir eae ee ee 188
8. Cacicus microrhynchus (Sclater and Salvin) .._.._...-1-...----....- 189
Genus 5. -Cassicalus Swainson 20255: 2a) eos es eee ee eee 190
OMCassiculus mel anictertiss (8 omapa ne) yee ee ee ee 191
Genus 'G. -Amblyeercus’Cabanis: 55 ea eee oe see rene eee eres Sen Oe
10: Amblycercus,holosericeus (ichtenstein))= 32232 sees ee see cone 194
Genus 7.’ 'Cassidix Lesson] .5 oe So seas ee ee i ee a ae 196
Key onthe Subspecies of @assidixvory zi Oras = eee 197
11: Cassidix oryzivera, Wolea Bangs: 2254 22 ae a ee eee one 197
12. Cassidix oryzivora mexicana, (uessom)). S532 ee eee ae oe 199
Gents.8;..Callothrus Cassin 22. 2 see | ee eee ei ee ee 200
Key to the Species and Subspecies of Callothrus........-...--....-----.---- 201
13.: Callothrus:-robustias*( Oabanis)ic2 22. ses sere ae eee cone eects 201
14.° Callothrus:zeneuseeneus'( Wagler) 3h oee oe ee bee ee ee se es 203.
16.. Callothrus. seneus assimuliss Nelsons 5+ ate Se eee ee en eee eee eee 204
Genus) 9s Molo thimusS wa som sess eee ere re 205
Key to the Species and Subspecies of Molothrus .--......-..---.-----.------ 207
16: Molothrusiater:saten(Boddsent) mss == see ae = eee eee 207
ive Molothrus ater obseummusie (Guieliny) es see aes eee ee ee 210
18 Molothrustatronittenss(Cabants) ies =e ee eee eee 21
Genus 10:, Quiscalus: Vieillots S232 ee ee ee ee 212
Key to the Species and Subspecies of Quiscalus.-.........--.--------------- 214
195 Quiscalus quisculaceuiscnla: ((iinmeens)) ee. 2 eee ere 215
20;, Quiscalus’quiscula agleeus\ (Baird )J2 0225) 2282 Sees ee 217
21. Quiscalus quiscula) ceneus;) (Rid&way)ss- esses. esse = ke ee 219
Genus. Hologuiscalus(Cassin 222-2 =e Gee ee ee nee se eee 222
Key to the Species. of Holoquiscalus: 3327s. 225. 2222 bo oe eee 224
22: Holoquisealus cundlachis (Cassin) 3.220 eee See eee 226
23. Holoquiscalus) jamarcensis= (Danicim) tess see eee 227
24- Holoquiscalus niger, ((Boddaext)) a2. == 2 a eee eee eae 228
25. Holoquisealus-brachypterus (Cassin 22. 2225-593 5.0o0 see SU ee eee _ 228
26. Holoqmiscalusicaymanensis (Cony) 2225-22 see ee ae eee 229
2(.- HLoloquiscalusstortinostrisy (aan nemee) = a= re sia a etre 229
28: Holoquiscalus infiexirostris: (Swainson) == sess ss se ees 230
29. Holoquiscalusymartinicensisshid oy ayes ee ae ee 231
30. Holoquiscalus guadeloupensis (Lawrence). .....---.-+.-.----------- 232
ol) Holoquiscalus luminosus (lawrence)|-saseeree = ssae ea ear 232
32. Holoquiscalus:rectirostris’ (Cassim) 2.2 42e eee eee eee 233
Genus 12" Mesaquiscalus @assin= 25/252 Sao ee one See eee eae eee 233
7
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
Key to the Species and Subspecies of Megaquiscalus ..............-...-.----
Meraiqmiseatus major major: (Vieillot’)<.2. 222.222 s225 2051 se.
Megaquiscalus major macrourus (Swainson).._.............--.-----
Mecaqiiscalustmayormobpscurus: (Nelson) 225022222 2-2 hele et
30.
34.
00.
36.
Bic
38.
39.
44.
45.
46.
47.
48.
Megaquiscalus major graysoni (Sclater)
Megaquiscalus major nelsoni Ridgway
Megaquiscalus tenuirostris (Swainson) .......__-
Megaquiscalus nicaraguensis (Salvin and Godman) .......-.....-.--
evuusdoxscolecophagsusiswaMmson 222-225. 820 222 2st Pcs ak
iMevatomuncrspecies Ol ceglecoplaguss =. 5.025.213.) sk ete eke
Meocolecophnacusicdrolmus (Magller)! 262 28S 22 feo. 2 lef. Yee
Hiascolecophapus eyanocephalus (Wagler)s. 0.2.00. 222222522222 22.22-4
remus siewloxena Whapmamen 5-9-2226 oonee 2 a2 52s. k eed elt eel. ok
Ha etloxenasatronrolacess((D}Orbigniyn)= 2) 22 = 2 fee ee
Cooney eb ces Cussler oo Sas te ee ce Oh RN
AS DIiNes) Civesm (Lichtenstein Wass sss. os coeis eases ee csc e ee es we eee
(Cems w Ome GLEnUGP BD TISSO Meee eee ne os eee ee eee wk SS oe
Mevaconueispecies and oubspecies of lecterus .222.2. 222202222 -2-2 828222 <2:
Ieterus
Icterus
Ieterus
Icterus
Teterus
Icterus
Tcterus
Ieterus
Icterus
Ieterus
Ieterus
Icterus
Ieterus
Ieterus
Icterus
Ieterus
Ieterus
Iecterus
Icterus
Ieterus
Icterus
Icterns
Teterus
Teterus
Teterus
Icterus
Icterus
Ieterus
Teterus
Ieterus
Teterus
Teterus
Ieterus
Teterus
Ieterus
UCLE RTI SE GleimMMesIS) penne aes eee lee aye elec re tet be ae UKE Lie
OWeTIn ARCH CC maaan se yom er cages Se Te SSeS te NS.
NOTA UU eed ev U SE © ASS Ieee peters = ee ee peng AN ee hg a Tees
THORELEC Ole Ad LC Timea ae meee hoe Sophy era wees espe Bet
Wide tig OC ite Lipemeyee mee Aoee a. Sh Bey i RS os” Se 2.
pLOstinemelas: (Nerickland) eee. 2 ee = ae ect Sek
hip pOMe Lene OnaAparie Po tease 2 ee See as SS 8
POELOTICEeNSis: Cry aint) ee ope ae ee ee hee ee.
omMMIGensiss GMM eS) ees ae ere ee ee ee ee we
PoUG eta Mliceoielatetente: so ere rare a LE SE TS Le ee
So Uti sa ME Mee IS) em amma eae a ae as ave Ee en Ne
Granade CUUATIESUS)) ee nee eee ee ct 5 en er tee Es
melanocephalus melanocephalus (Wagler)......------------
melanocephalusiaudubomi(Giraud))-- 222-2... 222.222s2-2 222
pectoralichpectonalise(\Waclem)\rsss 2 a8: oe yr eet eee
pectonalishesmmmachiwkidow aye =.= 9 ee eee
gulanishoullanisn@Waclen passe sees cr escee cake Sei eee
SUlarigntam amlipensisenidowaye=22 0.625505 2 wae eee ee
sculanispyucatanensism@benlepsches.- 2... 0. -ee ase se aoe woe
cucullatus*cucullatus Swainsones-- 222-5222. ee ee
cacullatusisenmetiny Ride way == soos 2 2. SOS LS
cen iamismelsonieidowaywecse-. 36 Ue. sh ees See
CuCHIALUSH eMeUSERIG Cwevaeee ye ece EE a ee eee
GueullagushcozumelzeNelsonpyses=s fees a2 28 se oe) ee
cueullatiusrduiplexussNelsonttse seu e 2 so ee eee
CUMAU CUE OAC ea ener eae eee eee ent ae a
Sud lanensispumcenvOodPases= 1222625505 sock sae socseeee
Our Storbll Ech scan (ANG os eh ga pee i a ee a
Reldtenine aaciten Seek eee Cee eee Le Soe Soo Ske
SiON IIe ©ASSuiee ee seme ee Aa ak ede SS.
ATUL DOUS Es OITA 0 ALG wee eer as ene a Ok ASUS Oe oo Ra
SMP OOLMUSeXaMEMOnmUisy (Gqnelin) yeas ae Scie see eo ee
SAM NOLMMS CULAIOCUSIS MIC OW alr see ee eae = mere
lGueopterexa aWeelen aaa te #2 Fe 2 One 2 a ek le ek
Lethon Gia Clie Coisyameyeemmen yee ae ee sera eeu Nene oe Hie ie
XE
Page.
235
236
238
241
241
242
243.
244
244
245
246
248
251
202
253.
254
255
207
263
265
265:
266:
267
269
271
212
273
274
275
279
280
282
283
284
284
286:
287
287
289
290:
291
292
292
293
295
295
297
298
299
300
303
303
305
AIT
Mas
80.
81.
82.
83.
84.
85.
86
87.
88.
89.
90.
Ole
92.
95.
94.
95.
96.
iis
98.
99.
100.
Genus
101
Genus
102
Genus
105.
Genus
Icterus bairdi Cory
Agelaius phoeniceus
Agelaius phoeniceus
Agelaius phoeniceus
Agelaius phoeniceus
Agelaius phoeniceus
Agelaius phoeniceus
Agelaius phceniceus
Agelaius phoeniceus
18. Nesopsar Sclater
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
Icterus mesomelas mesomelas (Wagler) ..-.--.---------------------
Teterus mesomelas sal vimiie (Cassin) ss ee ee ee
Icterus parisorum{Bonapanter seer =e ee ee
Teterus galbula:(mmnesens) Se eee
Icterus bullockua(Swalnsomn)) tases see ee
Agelaius pubernator’ grandis (Nelson) 23-2 => 2s eee ke
phoeniceus, inmeeus))- = eee ee ee eee
foridanuse\aynard 9 see ee
bryantizRidewaryes. oss a= =e ee er ee mee
richmondiaNelsone 252 en a eee ener ee
sonoriensis Ridgeway 35 s-n 4 fase re oe ee
fortis Rid Waly css en eee eee aes
neutralissRiGeway <s55 2 ee eae aes
CaUriMuUs Rid ewaiyne sae ee oe eee Ss Noee
Agelaius assimilis.Gundlach ==... 2a. ae = ne eer een
Agelaius: huimeralis:(-Vigors)=5. 2oes ee aes eee eee Eee
Agelaius xanthomus ((Sclater) 2 saeeo 593 ee
. Nesopsar nigermimius: (Osburn) = -2225- = eet oe ee ea ee
19)XianthocephalusuBona partes. ss ee
. Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus (Bonaparte) -...-.--.----..-------
Key to the Species and Subspecies of Sturnella:..._...------.-2--------s-3--
104.
105.
106.
107.
108.
109.
110.
Sturnella magna magna \( Linnmus) 22-2222 222 2 a. 2 2S ee ee
Sturnella mapna-arcutula; Bangs!s328— ns sae ee eee
Sturnella magna *hoopest:Stone.2: 22 5-228 oe oe ee
Situme)lla maonamexicana: sclater rm: s2e a5 - = sees eae ere eee
Sturnella magna inexpectata Ridgeway 2-22 -52--o2-. 952-22 —- eee
Sturnella neglecta Audubonies sae sae sae ee
Sturnella hippocrepis™(Wagler) ee. nls ee
Genus, 22: Dolichonyx Swainson. 2 cs saoctsce en ooeeeean sesso eee
111. Dolichony-x oryzivorus.(Lanneeus) 4-205. 22 2 Seca ee eee
FaMILy Ca&REBID®.
The Honey ‘Creepers’: - 2 ass 2 eee. aoe
Key tothe, Genera,ot.Coorebidie. 22-2202 Se le ee i a eee
Genus
1. Diglossa Wagler -
Key: to theSpeclestolDiglossa sissies eels a ee ee a
1. ‘Diglossa baritula: Wagler =~ 5-5 - ee ee
2. Diglossa plumibea Cabanis: ==. 2 as. see sass See eee eee
2. Chicrophanes Reichenbach e-2e sess em sees ee ar ee eee
Genus
Ww
Genus
Genus
. Chlorophanes spiza
suatemalensis;(Sclater)) 2257255 ee eee ee
3. .Cyanerpes: Oberholsent ss S35 y5e eee Seg ne ene nee ae
Key to the:Speties of :Cyanerpes? - 34236 sean ee a ee eee
4... Oyanerpes cyaneus: (hinnzets).2 25222 S86 seas tee ee eee
5. Cyanerpes.lucidus: (Sclater. and: Salvin)\<2.-<+ 522-2 oe eee
4. Daenis Cuvier...
Page.
304
305
307
308
310
314
318
319
322
324
326
327
329
330
B30
334
395
337
338
309
341
O44
ots
343
344
344
345
346
347
390
351
353
3596
357
360
361
362
364
365
368
369
370
374
377
378
380
380
381
382
383
384
38s
3
St
Cw Oo
vo
C
e
8
90
Se)
eo
TABLE OF CONTENTS. XTIL
Page.
Key to the Species and Subspecies of Dacnis -.......-...---..2.-....-- Seer OO
GeeDaenistcayanarcayana (Iuinnseus) 5-252. 2.-2-522 ee sete eek e eee 392
(-Dacniccedyanayuliramarinay(Wawrence)) 2-55.42. 225522 ee 8394
Seven eHiehEOUsoaleb a= 25-8 52. 2 Ss. Sy bbe ese ce ge ek 396
SeBWacmichvemustalavwrencenas...5. 2205 255. 62 nooo ae cee snack onaeee cee 396
Eomiet mn Occre pam MieiiGbe sae ne 2S ee Lk ssl sec ew se eee ke eS ok 398
Lc BiP ED WU ENENSY COTTE SEO) i CONES ay Sa 398
10" @cereba, bahamvensis (Reichenbach)! =—= = 2-02.22 li. 222) 2 55 401
lee Cosnebarcapotie¢Bamd) ese se a See ee Se 404
A Coare bars narnpem COL yea smasee se one he ot oe hee cece se Skee 404
jee Qoeke bor tr Colom GRIGG Ways) =a52 Sse ce cise ce oko se oe alee See le 405
ime cercnuvutcola, (Cabanig\issa--esscecct st bot los. Sess ses l. 406
Sp Cocke patcenimoChuimnise yam Peete earner eos en BUS A 408
iGO nere bammemeanan(oclabem aos ee aoe eee ses os Pe SES 409
Men CosrebarbananivoranGmelimi\imaws- 226. seen eke ee UAE eee Al]
gem O cere bas pOntonicensisn UDRVaANt)) sa%a- cs Sases esses eee sada 412
HOR Gosrebasiavecolan Wluimmeecis)\ae wees oe eon o see tse ee Se eat 414
20 mCcerebarsacchariman WuamRence) isc so eee eee ee ee 415
Pilea Gcsrepamewitomla ebalndi ier eee os Sees eu De See Pens 416
pen @oere asd OnmmiGatian Chavon) eae aoe oe Meee eee aoe Ses ale oacas 417
Pam Cosreoaspaktolemicas (SPabnMaM) sree 2 eo ec sae a eee one 419
Dame cereianDarbadensis, (EAE) bee o-oo oe oe oe oe ie eS os kes 420)
PIO crena MEO py Plas DeCLOMSEM.\22- 2 = S25 Soe Te dS Se ee en 420
oes Ourehasmarumlicana (helenenbach)\es aasssc22. 5. 0-2c056c 2c eee 421
Pipe. conebasatnatan law lence) waaerieeer ome oe cine nhee oc temas cee ee 422
Sam Ovene Uae wiell Sig COnyan ses eeeme ee aan ee one fe es stot ee eacs 423
RrethisvO sur OSSIPthlaSClALGR@-j.2s) joes eee seal ee = Se ete ee oes 423,
Po Glogsipiilaruneollisy (Gmelin). 222222 2525s S5o8..l2 521 eee ee eet 424
PAW iinve VENromm rip a= ines WoodWarblersia---5-2-. 5: 25502-2025... 425
Mesto ne Gencraioh Mmiotmltidee 2515. 256 S22 2 22 Sek eee lee 428
ScmuspieniaeotiliamVveel Oth ect sete Sessa c koe ee ook see see 431
ieee inrotnihtas amram Glam reis) eee eee seo Ses. a Pe OL ee oe 432
Crenisp eee belie lin al ara CHUL OO Meaeretemer se See eee ss oe LS a ae ee ae 436
PAB LLChNAlA SWAN SOMMeACUPOM es meas ee a Sea Se ee kee 8 436
Gennes soelelimithenos satin esquetecess-— saeocls oo: 2. secs s S224 eee Secs 438
oe delmitheros: wermivorus; (Gmelim)iso-22-2 5°) -2-25.-5222 2004522 22: 439
Cenc wel rotonotanlapbaindir =. seeee ose eee sass e pion eae eh 442
Hero tonotania;ciineay (bOGdaeKrt)) mee see le eek eee 442
Genusio. ielminthophila, Rideway o-- 22 ss. 55-52 2-2-2 225562. lee 445:
Key to the Species and Subspecies of Helminthophila.._.....-.....---.------ 446.
bs elminthophilachrysopteras(linneeus) 5222). 2222-2 2222s ele. 448
Ourlemiminophiulaliwreneil) (rerrick) 2522. 2222222 222.5-2-62222552-% 452
7. Helminthophila leucobronchialis (Brewster) .-.-.-.--.------------- 453
Seleimumineplila, purus i(uinmeeus)) 2s. 2s ss5 22S bok. 2 SL tse 455
Paneboimthopiila bachmani (Audubon) . 22.2... -.-2205-4.0..2-25--5- 458
10s Helmimthophilasperesrina (Wilson): --22-.--2.---..-..2 52.22.22. 5.- 460
Hie Lichninthophilacelata celata. (Say). 2222-2 2-2 22sec 2222s lees 2. 462
12. Helminthophila celata lutescens Ridgway ...----------.------------ 466.
13. Helminthophila celata sordida Townsend .....--.....-------------- 467
14. Helminthophila rubricapilla rubricapilla (Wilson) ......-.---------- 468
15. Helminthophila rubricapilla gutturalis Ridgway -...-.-------------- 470
iG elmintwophalavireimire:(Baird))| <s22cl2) 2.522 eel ek ses ee 471
17. Helminthophila crissalis Salvin and Godman..........--.---------- 473
Hee telmimt ho philaducice (Cooper) a 2a. woos Seka tee eee 473
XIV TABLE OF CONTENTS.
Page.
Genus 6:.‘Oreothlypis Ride way. -.. 22 2422s ee eee ee eee eee 475
Key to the Species. of Oreothlypis- 2222255 ee a ee 476
19. Oreothlypis. gutturalis: (Cabamis) 23222 2 2h ee Se 476
20. Oreothlypis superciliosa "(Hartlagb)e =) 025 se ee 477
Genus 7. Compsothlypia Cabanis - =." =. 2222 22 252 e So ee 478
Key to the Species and Subspecies of Compsothlypis. - - - - - - Dope Ste Bes a ape ete 479
21. Compsothlypis americana americana (Linnzeus) ...................- 481
22. Compsothlypis americana usneze Brewster............----.--------- 484
23. Compsothlypis americana ramalinzee Ridgway. ...........-..--.----- 486
24. Compsothlypis pitiayumi speciosa Ridgway .......--.-.....-------- 487
25..Compsothlypis pitiayumi inornata (‘Baird’). 2. 2222 >. <22) S22 eee 488
26. Compsothlypis pitiayumi nigrilora-(Coues)-.........-..--.--------- 490
27. Compsothlypis pitiayumi pulchra (Brewster) ......-.-.....-.--.---- 491
28. Compsothlypis pitiayumi insularis (Lawrence) -.........------------- 492
29. Compsothlypis graysoni bidgway.-s2.- 2+ se ssess = eee ae ae 492
(cenus ‘8: -Pencedramus:Coules: 52". oe ee ee ee a 493
20. Peucedramus olivaceus'( Giraud) 2222223: oan = ee seem AOA
Genus'9: Dendroica Gray. 2) - oS See ee ee ee ee ees 496
Key to the Species and Subspecies of Dendroica .......-..-.---------------- 499
S15 Wend roles sesth ve, ses th vate Gurnee) eee es 508
32. Dendroica sstiva sonorana Brewster\-__2--2 222 oe ee 512
33) Dendroica cestiva dugesi: (Coale)eess-- ee ean aa eee 513
34 Dendroica: estiva rmbiginosa (Pallas) sere ae eee 514
35. Dendroiea petechia petechia (Linnieus) 2:52 2 2oee eee oe ee 515
36., Dendroica, petechia auricapilla, Ride ways eee ee eee ae ee 517
ov... Dendroica petechiastlaviceps:| Chapmantes: === === ee =e 517
38. Dendroica petechia bartholemica Sundeyall -........----.----------- 518
39. Dendroica petechia gundlachi’( Baird) se2es- oe eee eee =» 520
40: Dendroicaspetechiaaureola((Gould))) 2 see seseeeee = eee 521
A Dendroica ruticapulla, wadiearpollley (Girne limi. |e ee 523
42. Dendroica ruficapilla rufivertex Ridgway. .-=---222252.-.2-2abse- see 524
43. Dendroica nuficapillaflavadan (Cony) pase e see soa ee 524
44, Dendroica ruficapilla rufopileata Ridgway ------.-.----------------- 525
45, Dendroica ruficapilla capitalis’(bawrence))222 ==. -- 256 eee ee 526
46;; Dendroica rufiguia Baird i220 22 o226 2-82 e see ee eee 526
Ay; Dendroica erithachorides! Baird) = fase == aan ee ee ae eee 527
48. Dendroica bryanticbryantionidewaly = e= eo === eee ee 529
49. Dendroica bryanti castaneiceps Ridgway ---...--------------------- 530
50: Dendroica.eoa' (Gosse): i252. hese se eee ee eee: 2 oe ee 531
Dl. Dendroica maculosa, (Gimelin))-22 eee ane ao 5382
52) Dendroicattigrima(Gmaelim) 22s se oe So ae ee 537
d5-, Dendrorea carbonata) (Audubon): sso. oe a ee 540
54. Dendroica cerulescens czerulescens (Gmelin) -.-----.--------------- O41
5p. Dendroi¢aeserullescens, cairnsi« Cones s-—) == ess eae eee 545
56. Dendroica coronata(innzeus)!= 2522. 2a ee eee 546
57. Dendroica auduboni auduboni (Townsend).....-.---.-------------- 551
58. Dendroica auduboni nigrifrons (Brewster) --.--..------------------- 595
59. Dendroica auduboni goldmani (Nelson) ...--....-.----------------- 556
60.. Dendroica’ nigrescens (Townsend) -=-- oe 2) 42-5 =e ee eee 596
61, Dendroica townsendin(owmsend)) pase eee eee 559
62: Dendroica svirens) (Gmelin) eee se ee a ee eee 562
63. Dendroica chrysoparia Sclater and Salvin .......-.--..------------- 565
64. Dendroica occidentalis;(Lownsend))s-- 6. ee eee eee eee eee 567
65. Dendroica fara, (Wilson) 2-35 22 ee ae eee ee 570
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
66. Dendroica blackburniz (Gmelin)... -
Oe Dendroica domunica, dominica: (Linnseus))..2 225 .S2..22 03. 2 sek ck ek
68. Dendroica dominica albilora Ridgway
oS
©
Dendroica graciv graciz Coues ......
Dendroica gracive decora Ridgway ..- -
Dendroica adelaide Baird........._-
Tio ts aI.
Fane
bn
oO
ee
=
Qi
5
°
e
°
ise]
Qu
oO
se
Ee
9
=
&
od
=
a
Q
s
9
=
I
~
~I
eas
Dendroica castanea (Wilson)......--
~
BS ON
© © I ~I I 43
BOOM 7
Oo bo
Pmnnmmn
alee
Dendroica pensylvanica (Linnzeus) .-
Dendroica striata (Forster)..........
Dendroicavigorsit vicorsil, (Audubon): 225 -< 2.222.222 2se.- 2.2
Dendroica yigorsii achrustera (Bangs)
Dendroica vigorsii abacoensis Ridgway
. Dendroica kirtlandii Baird ...-......
Dendroica pityophila pityophila (Gundlach) .-.-.....22222222222..-
HWendroica-pityopbila -bahamensis'Cory os oss2¢ 21.2. hee.
Dendroica discolor ( Vieillot).......-
Dendroica vitellina Cory-...-.....--
Dendroica palmarum palmarum (Gmelin)....................--.----
Dendroica palmarum hypochrysea Ridgway.......---- ES EGE geen eRe
Dendroica plumbea Lawrence -..-..-
. Dendroica pharetra (Gosse) .....-.---
Genus 10. Catharopeza Sclateri=22-25. 2-2. =:
89. Catharopeza bishopi (Lawrence) .---
Cenus lin Oporormis Baird = 2-205 ocene se -
Key to the Species of Oporornis -.........--.
90. Oporornis formosa (Wilson)......---
91. Oporornis agilis (Wilson) .........-.-
92. Oporornis philadelphia (Wilson) ..--
93. Oporornis tolmiei (Townsend).......
Genus 12. Seiurus Swainson ..-...-.-...----
Key to the Species and Subspecies of Seiurus-
94. Sejurus aurocapillus (Linnzeus) -._---
95. Seiurus motacilla ( Vieillot) ........-
96. Seiurus noveboracensis noveboracensis (Gmelin) .........-.--------
97. Seiurus noveboracensis notabilis Ridgway ..............-.----------
Genus ioe Teretistris Sapenisy Ge re Ea Px nS
"98. aMarebintria Paenaa ee ie
99. Teretistris fornsi Gundlach .........-
Genus 14. Leucopeza Sclater..............--
100. Leucopeza semperi Sclater........---
CenusHon Miicrolices| Conyeass. 225-2 scene. -
101. Microligea palustris Cory......-..---
Genus 16. Geothlypis Cabanis..............-
Key to the Species and Subspecies of Geothlypis ........--...--------------
102. Geothlypis trichas trichas (Linnzeus) -
103. Geothlypis trichas brachidactyla (Swainson) ........---------------
104. Geothlypis trichas ignota Chapman - -
LO5s3Geothlypisttrichas' occidentalis ‘Brewster 2-25-2422 .2225.--22--=----
106. Geothlypis trichas arizela Oberholser
107. Geothlypis trichas modesta Nelson. - -
108. Geothlypis trichas sinuosa Grinnell - -
XV
Page.
574
568
582
584
586
087
588
589
592
595
599
602
603
603
605
606
607
610
612
615
617
618
619
620
621
622
622
625
628
65
63
634
635
639
642
645
648
648
649
XVI
109.
110.
LHe
112.
115.
114.
115.
116.
ie
118.
LOE
120.
121.
122
123.
124.
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
Geothlypis trichas melanops (Baird))27.2- = see oe gee ee
Geothlypis rostrata Bryantc< 2252202) eee Ce eee eee
Geothlypis maynardi Bangs.) 222s. 3 Seen ene ee ee
Geothlypis tannert_ Ridgway: o2. -. oc sos 2 ae re tree
Geothlypis incompta Ridgway? -: 2-022... .f.6ee cee eee eee
Geothlypis.exigua Ride@wayse 2222 tt ee <= epee ei oe a eee
Geothlypis:coryi Ridgway a2 «. 4: - <= Sse aceee oe ans cee eee eee
Geothlypis flavida Ridgeway 22252 2222: 32 2 Stee ao nae eee
Geothlypis: beldineiRideway...+--. .22 22275 2a eee ee ae
Geothl ypis flavovelata Ridgway’. 22825 22-3. 29 S2 53. eee
Geothlypis:flaviceps: Nelson = 2223s) > teers eee oe: Eee
Geothlypis chiriquensis:Salwvins 2 3 2320-222. oe eee a eee eee
Geothlypis semiflava bairdi (Nutting) <=2-.- 2. 22c2=-S-ecee ee
. Geothlypisispeciosa Sclaters = cc =e woe oe om ee ee
Geothlypis nelsoni nelsoni Richmond -...=. 2-25 50-22-2222 ---se-=
Geothlypis nelsoni microrhyncha Ridgway --.-.--------------------
Genus 17. Chamethlypis Ridgway ss. -22- 22 ea ee ee Se eee eee
Key to the Species and Subspecies of Chameethlypis..........----.--.-.----
125.
126.
127.
Chamethlypis poliocephala poliocephala (Baird) ........-.-.------
Chamethlypis poliocephala palpebralis Ridgway -.....------------
Chameethlypis caninucha Ridgway. 2. -¢ <e52- sso. 222 ee eee
Geniis.18: Icteria. Vielllote. 0 2: oe ee he ce eo ee eerie ae
Key to the Subspecies of Tetera.. 2 so sae oi. ce Pe ee
128.
129.
Icteria virens virens (Uimneus)2se. 2-22) —- ee Sessa eee ee
Icteria virens longicauda. (lawrence)... -: 4-23-5052 ee eee
Genus 19:; Granatellus Bonapatie=- <2: 2-266 ee ee eee eee
Key to the Species and Subspecies of Granatellus .........---..----.--------
130.
131.
132.
99
JO.
Granatellussyennstus Bonaparte S32 =e assesses tones eee eee eee
Granatellusfrancescse Bards Se ese-eee see eee eee
Granatellus salle sallzer Bonaparte 25 -e oe en see ae eee ee
Granatellus| salle boucard Rid gwayne assess See se ee
Genus 20: Wilsonia Bonapartes = = 222222 a3 = a oe ee 2 ee eee
Key to the Species and Subspecies of Wilsonia .:...-..---------------.-----
134.
155.
136.
137.
138.
139.
Walsoniasmitratas(Gmelin) = 3 e oe et ee. Sere eee
Wilsonia microcephala Ridgeway 25552 23s: = = ee oe eee eee eee
Wilsonia pusilla: pusilla:(-Wilson)"2. 2... 2s.2e522 Se: SSS eet eee eee
Wilsonia pusillacpileolata «( Pallas): <4: xaisculae oe eee eee
Wilsonia. pusilla chryseola Rideway sa. > --==5- eee eee ree ae
Wilsoniacanadensis:(linnsus))\.2: 332222 e- hese eee ee eee eee eee
Genus: 2). Cardellina .DuBusio=sse25- 5 a ee eee eee ee eee
140.
Cardellina rubrifrons) (Garrat!) eater ee ee
Genus 22: Setophaca: Swainson: 2224554. 3-5 jase oa eae
Key to the Species and Subspecies of Setophaga ............-----.----------
141.
142.
143.
Setophaga ruticilla ( Linneeus)-23 235..2.5 9. wes Saba ceeen Seen Bee
Setophaga picta picta (Swamson)): 022. sos cl ee ee ae ee eee
Setophaga picta, cuatemalce Sharpe: _. 2222222222 ee ose eee eee
Genus 23> Myioborus-Baird'32 55.52 Ss 522 Soe es tee oe eee ee ee x
Key to the Species and Subspecies of Myioborus.-.....-.--..----------------
144.
145.
146.
147.
Myioborus miniatus miniatus (Swainson) ........-.....------------
Myioborusminiatus fammensi(iaup) ieee ees eae ee ree ee
Myioborus.aurantiacus: (Baird) s-2 22-6 See Se ee oe eee ae
Myioborus:torquatus) (Baird!) 228.295. ase eee eae eoeeeeeeee
Phe OO
o
TNS OST STS
wWwnmnbdrw wt
co
Co co
Bence
SIT I 7 ~
oo
or
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
Cound eer c pls OaWanisys. 6 ose acee kee sees cid sesweasa-cec~ 5s
148. Euthlypis lachrymosa lachrymosa Cabanis
149. Euthlypis lachrymosa fe Pham wale Lewis et aces eae Sees ok
emcee bastleuLerusi@abamisec= 2. isos 9-282 seins cows sce cleecsecete eee
Key to the Species and Subspecies of Basileuterus ..........:.2.-..:----5---
150.
151.
152.
153.
154.
155.
156.
157.
158.
159.
160.
161.
162.
165.
164.
Basileuterus
Basileuterus
Basileuterus
Basileuterus
Basileuterus
Basileuterus
Basileuterus
Basileuterus
Basileuterus
Basileuterus
Basileuterus
Basileuterus
Basileuterus
Basileuterus
Basileuterus
Basileuterus
Basileuterus
Basileuterus
belli belli (Giraud)
belli scitulus Nelson
belli clarus Ridgway
HUONG PUA LLONS | GS WwalMSOM)) a... 25 4455s 2,.0 fase ee
HMM rOsJOUMI RIGS WAY sae oose sc: eso de oe oc ee ae cae
TABU DUT RONMS| GUD EXESH RUNG Loa, EN) a ee eee Oe ee
nutiinonsicaudatus)Nelsoniss=2 5-542 - se. 2-2 22s ele oe
rufifrons flavigaster (Nelson)
RUMMrOMS Salama (Cherries seats ee ee eee coe ce
rufifrons delattrii (Bonaparte )
rufifrons mesochrysus (Sclater)
melanogenys Baird
Mme MO iWS aw RENGCs eee ee mele ees ose ee ow ce ae oe
culicivorus culicivorus (Lichtenstein )
culicivorus brasherii (Giraud)
culicivorus flavescens Ridgway-.---.-..----------------
culicivorus) godmani Berlepsch. .5-.- 2 2.--- 22-2222.
semicervinus veraguensis (Sharpe)
semiceryvinus leucopygius (Sclater and Salvin)
Mevatoune: species OlmlICaAllCUS=2e> see. 2 eects lea bs Se. tee itieeee s
169. Ergaticus ruber (Swainson)
170. Ergaticus versicolor (Salvin)
Gemicpenan @ertiniGded Goulds sey fe ee es Sep ob cme eee
Key to the Species of Certhidea
Certhidearolivacea Gould. 2222... 235----2--5-
Certhidea luteola Ridgway
Certhidea ridgwayi (Rothschild and Hartert)
ilVAle
72.
173.
174.
175.
176.
ies
178.
79:
Certmidearmentalis Ridowayecs assess o-5- ls. 5-20 2k dase eee e's
Certhidea fusca Selater and Salyin
Certhideabeckiekothec hil daar meme see Le ee ee ae
Certhidea drownei Rothschild
Certhidea cinerascens Ridgway
Conihidearh iasciatapelOCwavyeroee ee en ok oso. ook nce ele ee
Gennsreesenhodimociehia Elantiauloe seen eaees sees: cise clo Scher tecee aes =
Key to the Species and Subspecies of Rhodinocichla
180. Rhodinocichla rosea eximia Ridgway.-..-.------.----------
(Rie eRhodinoerehlarschistucea, Ridgways.-Ss5---..---------+-
Addenda
Index
List of figures!illustrating generic details _.....-.------------------
3654—VvoL 2—01——II
XVII
Page.
739
736
738
738
741
743
744
745
745
746
747
748
748
749
749
790
Tol
752
753
799
700
706
706
I
\
q
CM OUI, 1S
OO ® =~
SO GO Dd
Fc)
DAD
Or oO bo
o>
‘ e
GD DG G OD o>
co oO oO sI ~J a
Nn Oo
1
SESE
=
SS i esl es eS eee ON eT OT NT NTN
o =
9 o
wm
= CO
wos
~ Pae
| Page
Genus. | Plate. Figure.| of
text.
Te CHlOrO ph OM seb OMA PALle) sae sailor mise ciesins elle ieteie == aiale[si cin crarwias mizee | I 1 4
DeBEII Yt ON eP) CST MNCS irae sate eam cle seal ats = cia weinisieele 2 sinieinie Se =o sess ciaisels == | I 2 8
Se eumEhuphomia BOMApALbel sans eae scnee cee seccetaeeodeceoaseee= See ek I 3 31
BAe EU ANCE TI TO Oe PDE TS eee eerie ale eretlala stole metolclete aie = tases) =)=) === I 6 32
Eye (8S OSC AACHEN er a eee eo ee Em RE aries oats ies cee ee cision Sinem | I 4 34
Game cy ie reve WON ce US etree sat ea eee alse ole shale eile minis seis \nnine =/sinici-m IL 1 54
PASpind ais Jardine en deSelb yes. a2 cecie2-2 22s cate nc= ss sete as cnesc cee II 2 62
Som bIna Mae lO temeenemere seceeat eeecce ce do Serie mjsinemis seem ee Scoaeces JUL 3 75
9. Heterospingus FRAG Davey passe eer emo ae Ree Ie se ne SORES. eee eters a cioiere | Til 3 103
Oe Eve Ta Hepsi a WA MISa ee oe ee ee ee ee ae atcte ale aqeictete ainsi cyermrwssinra emis e <i I 5 105
ieee PHOCEIISHO CSIMETCSh se eee haste ee sal cinininje os cie/aiaisialesimaii= aie == IIL 1 107
i sehilorothnaupis sclaterand Salvin) 7.2 se.c6 2a mn aoc ct nnn <= iil 2 120
sme lE UIA OM CIM Otpnee pees sien eS arserre er ee ae es cise Sema cis cle yalo cee Efarm est sarai | IV 1 122
(APSehenicopailusss ticklamden <5 se eee sean. ls saie cae ee enic[= a= oe iinge IV 3 126
peach yp OMS a VALCO Gone ese erecta ene amie mainte miele cis wieni= mie ine <iminne VI il 129
eR UCOMEeLIS SClaten assesses ee eee ere eee ee one ie eiinecateiene = seincles oe V 1 138
t7- Pheenicothraupis Cabanis. 25.5. Ss-ee sete ac 2 ees SR Nap Pree ae V 2 141
TSE Chl Oro eM rAW pis ALG SW AV ee ele sae eee ee = aaa ae ialeemee sie ee Vi 3 154
OM NIeSOSPIN PIS SC] a Le teeer met ce ae et ease eee ces sees miele ai sei cisers = occ VI 2 156
DOC MLOnOSpUNeISe Oa Dom sjertes me ste eceeeierse cisteie aera nee =a ae le ci- = <'e se IV 2 157
PD em OS JORIS US MECC PANEL Vetere rae aes es patna aye teral ain ate loraie = welsh wie ls/ are ale mi VI 3 167
Dee Hanya Chis (OpernolSeLsecer rea ace sae ee Sac eee eae a cli aicin= nee VII i 175
ora GMM OSEUMN OPS RSC) ib Clase me rey oe eae ately o orm alae meet oteeeemiel= sis = <(c'sisiSs - VUL 1 178
SA OStIMO DS) OA AMIS eet cesta eter nee eee asain inserts ie siarel=-i<ie tes sie = 5 IX 1 183
PRO SCT CUS NIC CDC CLC Mere eee eas a ea ae ela leriaieteintaisia ors aa eee sone x i 186
DGeR OC ASST US eine UI SO Meee yess = ore re eae een eae Sei crc el apara abaratsibelm == =i e's XI 2 190
DP AMINE VI CELEUS! Wain Se se see aces a eee lee eisai ctecaiais = cial sso eiwicie/eve'= aint XI 1 192
SMD ASS Clean NES (Ml ee rete sent e ys a RE teres eeise tat). \o(5= Sofajao =.arcisie since | XII 1 196
OMe aI Ottis! ©ASS las mares ete eee areal lentelae sisia\= = Sins ote cjsia neice =e XT — il 200
A MPO OLMIS Uy ATT SO Meme smn eee ee Meme Se cl nS. crcl aja raleiere’m cin oalere XII 2 205
Slee OUTS CANT Sa Vale ILL © tee pe ses cee rate erate ot estate persiniaws ia simy= oe Soci sla. clinle ele XV 2; 212
Som OLOgUISCa tS) CASS mete sae ne eases cs seen ata) ac 2 Safa win sieeineleles XV a 222
Baer ACU SCH NUS O ASS ln eer ahaere eet ereeteeee earalnyale cisye s .oi= = i='= ain.e sieieieiwiaisi= XIV 3 233
Se SCOLECO MMA STIS SW ALN SO Mise pene eee eo tae fia (se aio 2 -i= = nels lee a= =a XII 4 244
Sse bol Sse Trlealn © ba SPT Sees eeepc ee ete lale cle eee faymtnteisiele =a elias XVI 2 251
Oe Diy csp es Stl er Sareea ete ane ree tense larepoacintnitis <ars]-'aele net ae sila a= XVIT 1 | 253
RM CLERESMETISSO Meee ete Meer se attest nee neice s oe oie cle inieisiacisieicieieiers cise s XIV 1 255
SORENE EOS mV Cll O Leese Oneal reac ei aie = eee ha siocererdceminnciciese Sayer XIV 2 319
BO SPNICSO DSa IS © LAL Teena ee eet eects ater eclak epafetalacinya a ciate 2 cieisinsignem XVI 3 344
A0mexanithocephalusiBona partes =. see=22 ace so Jose e 2 aoe we eee XVII 2 346
IPB EC ISLES aie OLS were ee een er eee a i ial= asin ee raiein Soe eine sees XVI 1 350
OMS UUUnTIE II aAVEl CULO tie eeenE te Meter ecm Core Ate oc Sette wale Raat Sa asa aes XVII 3 393
AS eOD Ol ClO miyexs S wyeul TSO ieee aera ie =m ses spore erent eni= apa ceaielal=i=i= el XIII 3 369
ARM oT OSSER VEL OT Cees at aN ee sree ne ae eee treats otal eyoisrern i= Seieiaisynreicicte XVIII 1 378
45 O@hilorophanesmverchembpachves: seca ee aces act <ielaice tere siniesis nes ei XVIII 2 382
ADO TENET DESO DELM OLSCT eee ee ce ects eine ota nieia)a sia ls ete e) 2) =c ninielelein atm XVIII 5 384
em ACMISIG Ulery teak eee tae Be ER cla ec aie ootaae nieiew= Sereccies ae = XVIII 3 390
LIST OF FIGURES ILLUSTRATING GENERIC DETAILS.
xX LIST OF FIGURES.
Page
Genus. Plate. Figure.} of
text.
48: (Coereba: Vielllot-sto2c: oc socccgsc sae tence = sete eee ee Mere ene ee eee eee XVIII 6 398
49: Glossiptila Selater.2.-)3.0% so Ree ee ee nee cae ee eee XVIII 4 423
50: “Mniotilta: Vielllotes<..-nc-c<ccn ent ae eee Sere Oe ae aera eee oes XVIII ii 431
bl. Helinaia Audubon 22222 J22 Sen. c eo ece eee ee eee ee eeeeee XIX 1 436
52: Helmitheros Rafinesque = 5.2. sande sees sees seen ean eee eee XVIII 8 438
53. Protonotaria Baird! 5. ces. sceweise acetone ee sea eee eee oes ooe XIX 3 442
64. HelminthophilasRidewaly .-s.ae-c. occoee anon e eee ene Aen eee XIX 4 445
05. Oreoth ly pisRid pw ay 5 222 serie esters Site tins clcle eeleeloe nee eee eerie eects XIX 7 475
56: Compsothl ypisi€Cabanis's.- 5. <2se5-5- casa se eee aeeene eae cece ee aaces XIX 5 478
Die specced ramus\ COUGS Sain eseenccie sana esas e ate ee One ee eee eee eee XIX 2 493
DS: "Dendroica Gray ose e acisss 2 shee oe oot eee ce ae eee aes a eee nee xXIxX 6 496
59. Catharopeza Sclatens cancasea ss < aceon aac eee eee eee eee xX o 619
60: AO porormis Baird 5225s ih 2 ac ae es coe eae eae eee enn oae eee eee xX i 621
Gi. Seiurus' Swainson) = -2c-.25 sees o = moecane oscars sen eee eet eaters see XX 2 634
62) Meretistris: Cabanis: 2.5.5. = sesecnee ceemos eee bs oe eee ee nee Cee neaeee xX 6 648
63) Mueucopeza Sclaten cat cisers io coe o> Sercic Berens een semen ace eee eee XXI 1 650
64, Microligea:Cory:2 sa2tj3522h. Sosee eet asec eee Sosa eae oe e eens xx 5 651
65: Geothly pis Cabanis <<: f225235-05n case aie ae a hae ae aaa Ee eee xx 4 653
665 Chameethlypis' Rid gwayce-2-- \-205 sce ace ene ce eee ee eee eee xX 7 686
67: eteria: Vielllot: <2 2. ue cecionotas seekinde ae seeaeee oe ea eee ea eee XXI 2 691
68: Granatellus Bonaparte. sa...26 be sees one ss eee oe ae Jeers eseceee XXI 3 697
G9 Wilsonia. Boma parte s.2. 2... te sce occ do see ce aera a meeiatee aee ieee XXII 1 703
70: Cardellina “DwiBus 522 os 25h sae Baa tasin ance me se eee oe eeeclon See eno XXII 2 719
Tl. setophaga Swanson. 5! os Aes ass nee cae aclne tre ole ae ee ee eee eects XXI 5 722
72. .MLyiObOLuUS Baird 3.2.20. asad sees seg eee oe ee eee a He eneee ee eeebione XXI 4 730
43. Huthlypis Cabanis. + <2<<iiecc< sae ase sacar WOSe ee wok Wee Eee XXII 3 735
74. Basileuterus:Cabaiss. osc). 4: .<-5cbios b= cities oo se eiclo ee ease eae eee eeione XXI 6 738
fos Brpaticus Bard «2 tosusce acces ate ce cee seek nace see Soe eeR eee ee eee eee XXII A 758
76 COLuulGen GOUlGe seems eeeaeeeeer cence Sear seo ost cee ooeeeboe XXII 6 761
7 sR hbodinocichlasHartlaub se -ctese seas ccee seen oA e Eee Le eeee ee eeeee XXII 5 769
THE BIRDS
OF
NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA.
By Ropert Ripeway,
Curator, Division of Birds.
Pare il.
Family TANAGRIDZ.
THE TANAGERS.
Non-granivorous (frugivorous and insectivorous), conirostral, ** nine-
primaried,” acutiplantar Oscines, with the commissure not abruptly
angulated or deflexed basally, and with the mandibular tomium not
distinctly angulated (never toothed) subbasally.
As stated under the head of family Fringillide, the division here
made (like all preceding ones) between the Tanagers and the Finches
is an arbitrary one. The Tanagride, as here restricted, are without
much doubt a more or less artificial group, and I am very doubtful as
to whether the fruit-eating Luphoniw (genera Kuphonia, Pyrrhuphonia,
and Chlorophonia) should not be separated from the others as a dis-
tinct family. This question, however, can only be settled after the
internal structure of all the genera has been carefully studied.
From the Tanagride as given by Dr. Sclater in his latest monograph
of the group' I have already removed the genera P/ty/us (including
Caryothraustes, Rhodothraupis, and Periporphyrus) and Saltator, which
are referred to the Fringillide. Another genus must also be removed.
This is Calyptophilus Cory, usually placed next to Phanicophilus; but,
9
being a ‘‘ten-primaried” bird, it obviously does not belong here.”
1Catalogue | of the | Passeriformes, | or Perching Birds, | in the | Collection { of
the | British Museum. | — | Fringilliformes: Part II | containing the Families |
Cerebide, Tanagride, and Icteride. | By | Philip Lutley Sclater. | London: |
Printed by order of the Trustees. | 1886. |
2 Calyptophilus is of very doubtful position, but probably is amember of the Mimide.
3054— vor, 2—Ol-——=1 1
2 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Other supposed Tanagride which it seems to me must be removed from
this group are the more slender-billed species referred to the genus
Chiorospingus, constituting numbers 16 to 32 of Dr. Sclater’s ‘‘ cata-
logue.” These I would place in the family Mniotiltide under the
generic name /emispingus Cabanis. At the same time, I would add
to the Tanagride a species hitherto placed in the Ccerebidee, namely.
‘* Dacnis” pulcherrima, the type of a new genus, /ridophanes.' To
what further extent the limits of the Tanagridz may require readjust-
ment I have not at present any opinion to express.
The following ‘* key” to the genera found from the Panama Railroad
northward is mainly artificial and is chiefly based on Central American
species.
KEY TO THE GENERA OF TANAGRIDZ.
a. Tail less than two-thirds as long as wing; bill short, triangular in vertical profile
(width at base greater than distance from nostril to tip of maxilla) , compressed
terminally, the maxillary tomium distinctly dilated or convex basally or else
gonys very conspicuously upcurved; plumage chiefly uniform bright green, or
blue and green, above, without markings on back or wings or chestnut on head,
or else silky, blended and metallic, dark steel blue, violet-black, metallic olive-
green, or steel gray above, with or without light blue, yellow or rufous on head;
stomach a membraneous sac.” (Euphoniz.)
}. Bill more depressed, its basal depth less than its width at rictus; breast yellow,
rufous, glossy blue-black, or green.
c. Upper parts green or green and blue; throat green ...---- Chlorophonia (p. 4)
cc. Upper parts dark steel blue, glossy violet-black, metallic olive-greenish, or
greenish gray (with or without yellow, blue or rufous on pileum); throat
black, dark steel blue, violet-blackish, gray, olive-greenish, or yellow.
Euphonia (p. 8)
bb. Bill thicker, its basal depth equal to its width at rictus; breast gray.
Pyrrhuphonia (p. 31)
aa. Tail more than two-thirds as long as wing, or else (Chlorochrysa*) the bill very
slender; bill exceedingly variable in shape, but never as in ‘‘a;’’ if short and
triangular (Procnopis* and Calospiza, part), its width at base not greater than
distance from nostril to tip of maxilla, the maxillary tomium not distinctly
convex or dilated subbasally, and the gonys not conspicuously upcurved;
plumage exceedingly variable, but not as in section ‘‘a;’’ stomach a muscular
“oizzard.’? (Tanagre. )
b. Tail but little more than half as long as wing -------------- Buthraupis° (p. 32)
bb. Tail much more than half as long as wing.
c. Outermost (ninth) primary longer than innermost (first).
1 [ridophanes Ridgway, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci., ili, Apr. 15, 1901, 150. (Type, Dacnis
pulcherrima Sclater.)
Tridophanes pulcherrima is certainly not a Dacnis, but seems to be related to the
“‘Tanagrine’’ genera Chlorochrysa and Hemithraupis, especially the latter.
2See Forbes, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1880, pp. 143-147.
3 An extralimital genus. . (Chlorochrysa Bonaparte, Compt. Rend., xxx, 1851, 76;
type, Callospiza calliparxa Tschudi. )
* An extralimital genus. (Procnopis Cabanis, in Wiegmann’s Archiv. fur Naturg.,
1844, pt. i, 284; type, P. atrocerulea Tschudi. )
5 Central American species only; the South American species have the tail longer
and would be excluded by the character mentioned.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 3
d. Outermost primary much longer than third, usually equal to or longer than
fourth; if wing less than 71.1 the outermost primary equal to fifth.
Exposed culmen decidedly shorter than middle toe without claw.
J. Tarsus decidedly longer than middle toe with claw, more than one-third
eam TI Secctcl Pie eet ee ee eh OR A Calospiza (p. 34)
i. Tarsus not decidedly, if at all, longer than middle toe with claw, not
more than one-third as long as tail.
g. Head unicolored (blue, gray, or olive); maxillary tomium nearly
SUbalehbmemee ae oe ee ere ee ee ee ae Tanagra (p. 54)
gg. Head conspicuously striped with black and white; ! maxillary tomium
concave anteriorly, convex posteriorly ..........- Spindalis (p. 62)
Exposed culmen not shorter than middle toe without claw.
f. Bill stouter, more or less tumid basally; maxillary tomium with a more
or less distinct median tooth, or else plumage unicolored (red in
adult males, yellowish in females and young); adult males with more
OTplesOL medi tee ee ees te Se SS Piranga (p. 75)
ff. Bill more slender, compressed, the culmen sharply ridged; maxillary
tomium without trace of median tooth, and plumage parti-colored;
adult males without any red (except sometimes a supra-auricular
stripe).
g. Larger (wing more than 76.2); bill deeper (depth at base nearly half
exposed culmen); outermost (ninth) primary shorter than fifth;
under parts black or gray, with white axillary patch.
Heterospingus (p. 103)
gg. Smaller (wing less than 76.2); bill shallower (depth at base decidedly
less than half exposed culmen); outermost (ninth) primary longer
than fifth; under parts yellow or partly yellow.
Hemithraupis (p. 105)
dd. Outermost (ninth) primary little, if any, longer than third, or else ( Tachy-
phonus, part) wing less than 71.1, and outermost primary shorter than fifth.
e. Loral and frontal feathers stiff, erect, dense, plush-like.
f. Mandibular rami enlarged and swollen, longer than gonys; sexes differ-
ent in color (adult males black and red or black and yellow, adult
females much duller) 2-2 0. 5225222. oS... Ramphocelus (p. 107)
ff. Mandibular rami not unusually developed, shorter than gonys; sexes
alike in color (black and red) _....:....-.-- Phlogothraupis (p. 120)
Loral and frontal feathers normal.
J. Maxilla strongly hooked at tip, its tomium with a conspicuous median
Rees LO) IRE cee en ters er Nikon cee et a Bie Pe ae Lanio (p. 122)
Jf. Maxilla not strongly hooked at tip, its tomium without a conspicuous
(if any) ‘‘tooth.’’
g. Bill larger, the exposed culmen two-thirds, or more, as long as tarsus.
h. Bill more slender (depth of maxilla immediately in front of nos-
trils less than one-third the distance from nostril to tip).
i. Tail even, shorter than distance from bend of wing to tips of
secondaries; ninth primary longer than third; color olive-green
above, gray or gray and white below; head black and white;
SEXES AIC AMECGOn=g nccts: satase nia aoe Phenicophilus (p. 126)
a. Tail rounded, equal to or longer than distance from bend of wing
to tips of secondaries; ninth primary shorter than third; adult
males black, usually with white on wing coverts (sometimes
with red, yellow, ete., on pileum); adult females rufous,
brownish, olive, or vollowian aaa es Perse: SONG (p. 129)
' Except in females and young.
4 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
hh. Bill stouter (depth of maxilla immediately in front of nostril more
than one-third the distance from nostril to tip).
i. Tail equal to distance from bend of wing to tips of secondaries;
pileum with a bushy crest.
j. Bill smaller, more slender; maxillary tomium without median
tomial tooth; occipital crest (and rest of head) gray; sexes
alike (yellowish olive-green above, yellow below).
Eucometis (p. 138)
jj. Bill larger, stouter; maxillary tomium with a more or less
distinct median ‘‘tooth;’’ vertical crest red; sexes very dif-
ferent (adult males mostly, or largely, red; adult females
brown or olive above, including head, yellowish below).
Phenicothraupis (p. 141)
vi. Tail decidedly shorter than distance from bend of wing to tips
of secondaries; pileum not crested.
j. Bill stouter, much broader basally (basal width greater than
basal depth, and equal to length of gonys); tarsus not more
than one-fourth as long as wing; coloration plain olive-green,
more yellowish below..--..---.------ Chlorothraupis (p. 154)
jj. Bill more slender, narrower basally (basal width less than
basal depth, decidedly less than length of gonys); tarsus
much more than one-fourth as long as wing; coloration plain
grayish brown above, whitish below. .-Nesospingus (p. 156)
gg. Bill much smaller, the exposed culmen much less than two-thirds
a5 long Asstarsus.r. (5. eee ee Chlorospingus (p. 157)
ce. Outermost (ninth) primary shorter than innermost (first).
Mitrospingus (p. 167)
Genus CHLOROPHONIA Bonaparte.
Chlorophonia (not Chlorophoneus Cabanis, 1850)' Bonaparte, Rey. et Mag. de
Zool., ut, 1851, 187. (Type, Tanagra viridis Vieillot. )
Chloreuphonia (emendation) Scuarer, Jardine’s Contr. Orn., 1851, 94.
Triglyphidia*® ReicHensacn, Ay. Syst. Nat., 1850, pl. 63. (Type, Tanagra viridis
Vieillot.) (See Cabanis, Journ. fiir Orn., vu, 1860, 331.)
Acrocompsa * CaBANts, Journ. fir Orn., rx, Jan., 1861, 88, 89. (Type, Triglyphidia
callophrys Cabanis. )
Small broad-gaped, short-tailed, frugivorous Tanagers with the
plumage mainly pure grass green.
Bill small but broad at base, triangular in vertical profile, its basal
width equal to length of maxilla from nostril (C. v7r7dzs) to nearly equal
length of exposed culmen (other species); exposed culmen about half
as long as tarsus (or a little more or less), nearly straight basally, more
or less strongly convex terminally; gonys nearly or quite equal to dis-
tance from nostril to tip of maxilla, more or less strongly convex,
ascending terminally; maxillary tomium more or less strongly notched
near tip (sometimes distinctly toothed behind the notch), thence nearly
! Chlorophoneus Cabanis, Mus. Hein., 1, 1850, 70. Type, Malaconotus rubiginosus Sun-
devall. (Laniidee.)
2«<Timinutive Ableitung von yAv@is, idos, die Kerbe.’’ (Cabanis, Journ. fir
Orn., 1860, 331, foot note. )
8 “Von a&kpos, obenauf, und Kouybos, geschmiickt.”’
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 5
straight (C. v7ridis) or more or less strongly sinuated, the posterior
convexity (beneath nostril) more decided than the anterior concavity;
mandibular tomium nearly straight. Nostril exposed, small, roundish.
Rictal bristles not obvious. Wing rather long (more than three and
a half to about four and three-fourths times as long as tarsus), pointed
(ninth to sixth primaries longest and nearly equal, ninth decidedly
shorter than sixth only in C. pretr77); primaries exceeding secondaries
by about length of tarsus or a little more. Tarsus longer than middle
toe with claw; lateral claws reaching about to base of middle claw;
hind claw decidedly shorter than the digit.
Coloration.—Chietly or largely uniform bright grass green, with
more or less of yellow on under parts, the upper parts often partly blue.
Range.—Tropical America (except West Indies), from southern
Mexico to southern Brazil and Bolivia.
There is considerable variation in details of form among the differ-
ent species of this genus. The type, C. viridis, has the bill far more
slender than any of the others, with the culmen and gonys less
strongly curved, the maxillary tomium nearly straight and very indis-
tinctly notched subterminally; the tip of the maxilla scarcely decurved
or uncinate, and the mandibular -tomium slightly concave anteriorly,
the tip of the mandible being thus obviously recurved and acuminate.
The tarsus is also relatively shorter, and the upper parts are mainly
blue. C. occipitalis represents the opposite extreme in shape of bill,
all the other species being much nearer to it, however, than to C. v7r7-
dis. All have the four outermost primaries nearly equal and longest,
except C. pretriz, which has the ninth much shorter than the sixth,
the eighth being longest. The last-named species is unique in haying
a yellow patch on the rump.
KEY TO THE SPECIES OF CHLOROPHONIA,
a. A patch of blue on occiput and hinder part of crown.
b. Breast bright yellow, margined anteriorly by a semicircular narrow band or
collar of blackish or dark brown. (Adult males. )
c. Forehead and superciliary region green; occipital spot smaller, turquoise blue;
hindneck green. (Southern Mexico; Guatemala. )
Chlorophonia occipitalis, adult male (p. 6)
cc. Forehead and superciliary region yellow; occipital spot large, campanula
blue; hindneck cerulean or turquoise blue. (Costa Rica; Veragua; Chiri-
Cys eee ep a aS Chlorophonia callophrys, adult male (p. 7)
bb. Breast green, not margined anteriorly by blackish or dark-brown collar.
(Adult females. )
c. Occipital spot smaller, turquoise blue; hindneck entirely green, without dis-
tinct, if any, blue collar across lower part.
Chlorophonia occipitalis, adult female (p. 6)
ce. Occipital spot larger, campanula blue; hindneck mostly blue, with distinct
collar of turquoise blue across lower portion.
Chlorophonia callophrys, adult female (p. 7)
aa, No blue on pileum, or else this merely indicated. (Immature males and females
and young. )
6 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
CHLOROPHONIA OCCIPITALIS (Du Bus).
MEXICAN CHLOROPHONIA.
Adult male.— General color plain bright grass green or parrot green,
rather lighter on chin, throat, and chest; a large oval spot or patch of
bright turquoise blue on occiput; a bar of .turquoise blue across pos-
terior margin of sides of neck, sometimes continued across lower
hindneck; breast, abdomen, anal region, and under tail-coverts bright
yellow (lemon or gamboge), the former margined anteriorly by a narrow
semicircular band of chestnut-brown, darkening into almost black next
to green of chest; sides and flanks bright yellowish green; bill (in
dried skins) grayish brown or horn color, becoming blackish termi-
nally; legs and feet light brownish (in dried skins); length (skins),
124.5-134.6 (125.7); wing, 76.2-78.7 (77.7); tail, 46.2-46.7 (46.5);
exposed culmen, 10.2-10.7 (10.4); depth of bill at base, 6.9-7.1; tar-
sus, 17.8-18.8 (18.3); middle toe, 13.5-14.2 (13.7).’
Adult female.—Similar to the adult male, but. breast and other
under parts light yellowish green, becoming light greenish yellow on
abdomen, anal region, and under tail-coverts; no dark brown collar
across upper breast; length (skins), 120.7-158.4 (126.2); wing, 75.9-78.2
(77); tail, 43.2-46.2 (44.5); exposed culmen, 8.4-9.7 (9.4); depth of
bill at base, 6.4-7.1 (6.6); tarsus, 17.8-18.8 (18.3); middle toe,
13.2-14.7 (14).? ;
Southeastern Mexico, in States of Vera Cruz (Jalapa; Orizaba),
Mexico (Valley of Mexico?), and Chiapas (Gineta Mountains), and
highlands of Guatemala (Coban, Choctum, ete.)."
Euphonia ocecipitalis Du Bus, Esquis. Orn., 1847, pl. 14 (= female; Mexico).—
Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 233.—Sciarer, Jardine’s Contr. Orn., 1851,
90.—JARDINE, Ibis, 1860, 103.
Chlorophonia occipitalis Bonaparte, Rey. et Mag. de Zool., 1851, 138.—Cass1n,
Rep. U. 8. Astr. Exp. (Gilliss), ii, 1855, 182, pl. 20, fig. 2 (Mexico).—Scra-
reR, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1856, 270 (s. Mexico); 1857, 205 (Jalapa, Vera
Cruz); 1859, 364 (Jalapa); 1864, 173 (Valley of Mexico); Synop. Ay. Tanagr.,
1856, 96; Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 55 (Jalapa and Orizaba, Vera Cruz; Coban,
Guatemala); Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 57 (Choctum, Guatemala,
etc. ).—ScLaTer and Satvin, Ibis, 1859, 17 (Guatemala); Exotic Orn., 1869,
83, ,l. 42 (male and female).—Sumicurast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., i, 1869,
550 (tierra caliente of Vera Cruz).—Lawrence, Bull. U. 8. Nat. Mus., no. 4,
1876, 18 (Gineta Mts., Chiapas).—Satvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am.,
Aves, i, 1883, 253.
[ Chlorophonia] occipitalis Scharrer and Satvry, Nom. Ay. Neotr., 1873, 17.
T[riglyphidia] occipitalis CaBants, Journ. fiir Orn., viii, 1860, 331, in text.
A[crocompsa] occipitalis CaBants, Journ. fiir Orn., ix, March, 1861, 89, in text.
1 Three specimens, all from Guatemala.
2 Five specimens; four from Guatemala, one from Jalapa, Vera Cruz.
37 am unable to state whether there is any difference between Mexican and Guate-
malan examples of this species, the only specimens of the former that I have seen
being cage birds, and not in proper condition of plumage for satisfactory comparison.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. i
Euphonia cyaneidorsalis Dupois, Rev. et Mag. de Zool., xi, 1859, 49, pl. 2
(Guatemala; type lost).+
Euphonia cyanodorsalis JARDINE, Ibis, 1860, 103 (crit.).—ScLarer, Cat. Birds
Brit. Mus. xi, 1886, 53, footnote.
[ Euphonia] cyanodorsalis Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 79, no. 7163.
A[crocompsa] cyanodorsalis CaBanis, Journ. fiir Orn., ix, March, 1861, 89, in text.
C[hlorophonia] cyanodorsalis ScLaTER and Savin, Exotic Orn., pt. vi, April, 1868,
83, 84, in text.
Chloroph[onia] cyanodorsalis Dusots, Ibis, 1881, 179, in text (crit.; considers it an
accidental variety of C. occipitalis).
Chlorophonia cyanodorsalis SALVIN and GopMAN, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1883,
255.
CHLOROPHONIA CALLOPHRYS (Cabanis).
COSTA RICAN CHLOROPHONIA.
Adult male.—¥orehead and broad superciliary stripe (extending to
sides of occiput) bright yellow (gamboge or rich chrome), the forehead
sometimes tingec or mixed with yellowish green; anterior portion of
crown yellowish green; rest of crown, with occiput, clear campanula
blue, forming a large oblong or oval patch; hindneck azure blue,
becoming more turquoise blue below, where sending off lateral branches
across posterior margin of sides of neck; rest of head and neck, with
chest, uniform bright yellowish green, the eyelids tinged with blue;
whole breast, abdomen, anal region, and under tail-coverts bright
vellow (lemon or gamboge), the yellow of the breast separated from
the green of the chest by a semicircular narrow band of brownish black
tinged with chestnut; sides and flanks uniform bright yellowish green;
back, scapulars, rump, upper tail-coverts, wings, and tail plain bright
yellowish grass green, the primaries blackish, edged with green; bill
grayish brown or horn color basally, blackish terminally; legs and
feet tight horn color (in dried skins); length (skins), 133.4-135.9 (134.6);
wing, 76.2—79.2 (77.5); tail, 48.2-46.7 (45.5); exposed culmen, 9.1—9.7
(9.4); depth of bill at base, 5.8-6.4 (6.1); tarsus, 18.3-19.1 (18.5);
middle toe, 13.2-13.5 (13.2).” |
Adult female.—Similar to adult male but with forehead and super-
ciliary region zreen instead of yellow; occipital patch slightly darker
blue; blue of hindneck mixed with green; breast green instead of yellow,
and yellow of abdomen, etc., paler and less sharply defined against
ereen of sides and flanks; length (skins), 121.9-138.4 (130.8); wing,
12.4-74.9 (73.4); tail, 40.6-42.9 (41.7); exposed culmen, 9.7—10.2 (9.7);
depth of bill at base, 6.4-7.1 (6.6); tarsus, 17.8-18.8 (18.3); middle
toe, 13.2.”
Immature male and female.—Similar to the adult female, but colors
duller, and without any blue on pileum or neck, or with only scattered
blue feathers.
1See Sclater, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 53, footnote.
* Five specimens.
8 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Highlands of Costa Rica (Rancho Redondo; San José; Birris; Cer-
vantes; Candelaria; Navarro; Irazt), Veragua (Chitra; Calovevora;
Cordillera del Chuecu; Calobre), and Chiriqui (Volean de Chiriqui).
Triglyphidia callophrys CABANIS, Journ. fir Orn., viii, Sept., 1860, 331 (Costa Rica;
coll. Berlin Mus. ).
Acrocompsa callophrys CABANIs, Journ. fiir Orn., ix, Jan., 1861, 88.
Chlorophonia callophrys LAWRENCE, Ann. Lye. N. Y.,ix, 1868, 98 (Rancho Redondo,
San José, and Birris, Costa Rica).—Satvaport, Atti Roy. Ac. Sci. Torino, iv,
1868, 173 (Costa Rica).—Franrzius, Journ. fiir Orn., 1869, 297 (Cervantes
and Candelaria, Costa Rica).—Sanvrn, Proe. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 185
(Volean de Chiriqui; Chitra, Cordillera del Chucu, and Caloveyora, Vera-
gua).—Boucarp, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, 54 (Navarro and Candela-
ria, Costa Rica).—Satvin and GopMAn, Biol. Cent. Am., Aves, i, 1883, 254
(Irazu, etc., Costa Rica; Calobre, etc., Veragua).—Scuarer, Cat. Birds Brit.
Mus., xi, 1886, 58.—ZeEtEpon, Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, i, 1887, 109 (San
José, Cartago, Alajuela, Rancho Redondo, and Naranjo de Cartago).
[ Chlorophonia] callophrys ScLaTER and Satvin, Nom. Ay. Neotr., 1873, 17.
Chlorophonia calophrys ScLATER and Sayin, Exotic Orn., Dec., 1868, 84, pl. 68
(male and female).
Genus EUPHONIA Desmarest.
Euphonia DesMarest, Hist. Nat. des Tangaras, 1805, sub pl. 19. (Type, Pipra
musica Gmelin? )
Yuphone (emendation) ‘‘Cuy[1Er], Aves, 1829’’ (fide Seudder’s Nomencel. Zool.,
Univ. Index, p. 120).
Yuphona (emendation) CaBanis, Mus. Hein., 1, 1850, 31.—BoNnaparre, Consp.
Gen. Avium, 1850, 232.
Cyanophonia Bonaparts, Rey. et Mag. de Zool., 2d ser., iii, March, 1851, 138
(Type, Pipra musica Gmelin. )
Acroleptes ‘‘Schiff’??’ Bonaparts, Ann. Sci. Nat., sér. 4, i, 1854,127. (Type, Tana-
gra chlorotica Linnzeus?; see Cabanis, Journ. fiir Orn., 1861, 90.)
Tliolopha Bonaparte, Ann. Sci. Nat., sér. 4, 1, 1854,127. (Type, Tanagra cayana
Linnzeus? )
Ypophaea ‘‘Schiff’? Bonaparte, Ann. Sci. Nat., sér. 4, 1, 1854, 127. (Type, Tana-
gra chalybea Mikan?)
Hypophaea (emendation) CaBants, Journ. fiir Orn., 1861, 91.
Phonasca CaBanis, Journ. fiir Orn., 1860, 330. (Type, Tanagra violacea Linneeus. )
Very small, short-tailed, broad-gaped, frugivorous Tanagers, with
the plumage never bright grass green, nor with blue on upper parts,
or else with only the pileum and hindneck blue, the remaining upper
surface plain dark steel blue, glossy blue-black, or olive-green.
Bill short (exposed culmen about half as long as tarsus), triangular
in vertical profile, but extremely variable as to proportionate length,
breadth, and depth, the extremes, connected by intermediate forms,
being represented by three types, as follows: (1) Bill very broad and
depressed, its width at base equal to length of exposed culmen, its
lateral outlines distinctly sinuate (convex basally and concave ter-
minally); depth of bill at base equal to only about half its width.
(EZ. musica, type of the genus.) (2) Bill slender, almost terete, 1ts
'
|
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 9
width at base less even than half the distance from the nostril to tip of
maxilla, its lateral outlines nearly straight, but less rapidly converg-
ing for terminal third; depth of bill at base about equal to its width
at nostrils. (4. minuta.) (3) Bill extremely thick and swollen, with
lateral outlines nearly straight, its width at base nearly equal to
exposed culmen, and basal depth exceeding distance from nostril to
tip of maxilla; culmen and gonys both very strongly convex. (4. cha-
lybewa, type of Ypophea Bonaparte.) Wing long (more than three
and a half to four and a half times as long as tarsus), pointed (ninth
to sixth primaries longest and usually nearly equal, the ninth some-
times longest and never as short as the fifth); primaries exceeding
secondaries by not less than length of tarsus. Tail short (never more
than two-thirds nor less than half as long as wing), even, slightly
rounded or slightly emarginated, the rectrices rather broad, with
rounded tips. Tarsus equal to or longer than middle toe with claw;
lateral claws reaching about to base of middle claw; hind claw shorter
than its digit; all the claws well curved and sharp. Plumage soft,
silky, and blended.
Coloration.—Adult males glossy, more or less metallic, above, the
prevailing color usually black glossed with violet, steel blue, or green,
with the head above usually with more or less of blue, yellow, or
rufous; if not glossy black above, the color semimetallic olive-green
or bluish gray; under parts usually mainly yellow (sometimes orange-
rufous, rarely grayish), with or without black throat and chest.
Females with olive-green and yellowish (sometimes with gray and
white also) replacing the black and brighter hues of the males. Young
essentially similar to adult females, wholly unstreaked.
Notwithstanding the vast difference in the form of the bill exhibited
by the three extremes described above, the remaining thirty-odd spe-
cles show every possible intermediate condition, and consequently,
being unable to discover any other segregative characters, I am dis-
posed to ignore the so-called genus Ypophwa, recognized by Dr.
Sclater in the eleventh volume of the Catalogue of Birds in the British
Museum. Dr. Sclater says that this lacks the notch near the tip of
the maxillary tomium; but I find it quite as distinctly indicated in
specimens examined as in some examples of true Huphonia. Should
Ypophea be recognized as a genus it would be quite necessary to
restrict Huphonia to E. musica and its nearer allies, make 7. minuta
the type of another genus, and perhaps carry the subdivision still
further.
KEY TO THE SPECIES OF EUPHONIA.
a. Crown, occiput, and hindneck light blue.
b. Back dark steel blue or glossy blue-black.
c. Rump black like back; forehead chestnut. (Southern Mexico to Isthmus of
Ee ATTN ATTN Ay nee seen ee sei Euphonia elegantissima, adult male (p. 12)
cc. Rump yellow; forehead yellow.
10 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
d. Chin and throat glossy blue-black; under parts of body and lower rump
orange-ochraceous. (Haiti.)........ Euphonia musica, adult male (p. 13)
dd. Chin and throat yellow; under parts of body and whole rump yellow.
(Porto Ricoi}2 sso ee. wee Euphonia sclateri, adult male (p. 15)
bb. Back olive-green.
c. Forehead chestnut; throat pale cinnamon.
_ Euphonia elegantissima, adult female (p. 12)
cc. Forehead not chestnut; throat yellow.
d. Forehead ochraceous; crown, occiput, and hindneck azure blue.
Euphonia musica, adult female (p. 14)
dd. Forehead gamboge yellow; crown, occiput, and hindneck light cerulean
or turquoise blue.
e. Sides of head greenish dusky; back glossed with metallic bluish green.
(Lesser Antilles, St. Bartholomew to Grenada. )
Euphonia flavifrons, adult male (p. 15)
ee. Sides of head yellowish olive-green, like back; back without distinct
metalic gloss.
f. Bill larger (exposed culmen 7.4 or more, depth at base 4.8 or more);
under parts less yellowish olive-green.
Euphonia flavifrons, adult female (p. 16)
ff. Bill smaller (exposed culmen 6.7, depth at base 4.6); under parts
more yellowish olive-green-.-.-Euphonia sclateri, adult female (p. 15)
aa. Crown, occiput, and hindneck not light blue.
b. Back dark steel blue or glossy blue-black or violet-black.
ce. Throat black or dark steel blue or violet.
d. Throat black; forehead, crown, and occiput rufous-tawny. (Costa Rica;
Wieragtia.,)\= osm as ose gS EONS babe 5 dayhe? Euphonia annez, adult male (p. 17)
dd. Throat dark steel blue or glossy violet-black; forehead yellow.
e. Under tail-coverts tawny-ochraceous; abdomen yellowish ochraceous.
(Northern Colombia to Isthmus of Panama. )
; Euphonia fulvicrissa, adult male (p. 18)
ee. Under tail-coverts not tawny; abdomen pure yellow.
jf. Under tail-coverts lemon or canary yellow.
g. Inner webs of outermost rectrices wholly black or with only a small
spot of white om edge near tip; whole crown yellow.
h. Larger (wing 55.9-61); occiput dark steel-blue, like hindneck, the
yellow of crown extending much farther backward medially
than laterally, the yellow feathers with triangular central spots
of black. (Costa Rica; Veragua.)
Euphonia gracilis, adult male (p. 19)
hh. Smaller (wing 55.1-55.9); occiput yellow, like crown and fore-
head, the yellow with straight or truncated posterior margin,
the yellow feathers without central spots of black. (Costa Rica;
VWerapuias) S323 eacine ae e Euphonia luteicapilla, adult male (p. 20)
gg. Inner webs of outermost rectrices extensively (more than one-half)
white. (Southern Mexico to Costa Rica. )
Euphonia affinis, adult male (p. 21)
jf. Under tail-coverts white (sometimes tinged with yellow).
g. Bill shorter, much stouter (exposed culmen 6.9-7.4, depth at base
4.6-5.1); yellow of forehead paler, extending to posterior angle of
eye; yellow of under parts lighter, without dusky clouding on sides
and flanks. (Western Mexico. )
Euphonia godmani, adult male (p. 24)
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. fet
gg. Bill longer and more slender (exposed culmen 7.1-7.6, depth at base
3.38-3.7); yellow of forehead deeper (bright lemon), not extending
beyond middle of eyes; yellow of under parts deeper, with dusky
clouding on sides and flanks. (Guatemala to Isthmus of Panama. )
Euphonia minuta humilis, adult male (p. 23)
dd. Throat yellow, like rest of under parts.
e. Yellow of forehead not extending beyond middle of eyes, its posterior
outline directly transverse or truncated. (Southern Mexico to Costa
TERT Gals) Peete Sepa rcrar rea Euphonia hirundinacea, adult male (p. 25)
ee. Yellow of forehead extending much beyond eyes, with strongly convex
or rounded posterior outline. (Costa Rica to Colombia. )
Euphonia crassirostris, adult male (p. 28)
bb. Back olive-green or olive-gray.
c. Abdomen or under tail-coverts (or both) tawny or ochraceous; back, etc.,
strongly glossed with metallic greenish.
d. Forehead and fore part of crown lemon yellow. (Southern Mexico to Costa
TEST Caley) ie epee ae Ree ee oe eee os Euphonia gouldi, adult male (p. 29)
dd. Forehead chestnut.
e. Abdomen deep olive-yellowish- - --- Euphonia gouldi, adult female (p. 29)
ee. Abdomen tawny or ochraceous.
f. Larger (wing 57.4-58.4); whole abdomen tawny.
Euphonia gracilis, adult female (p. 20)
Jf. Smaller (wing 48.8); only median line of abdomen tawny or ochraceous.
Euphonia fulvicrissa, adult female (p. 18)
cc. Neither abdomen nor under tail-coverts tawny or ochraceous.
d. Back bright olive-green.
e. Occiput olive-green, like back.
jf. Median under parts (broadly) grayish, in strong contrast with yellowish
olive-green of sides and flanks.
g. Under tail-coverts grayish brown with whitish tips; forehead strongly
tinged with rusty; gray of median under parts much darker.
Euphonia annee, adult female (p. 17)
gg. Under tail-coverts light olive-yellow; forehead and crown yellowish
olive-green, like rest of upper parts; gray of median under parts
much) paler sss25 228 Euphonia hirundinacea, adult female (p. 26)
ff. Median under parts yellow, like sides and flanks, or at least so on chest.
g. Under parts entirely yellow or olive-yellow; under tail-coverts yellow.
h. Larger (wing 59.7-63.5), with much stouter bill; inner webs of
outermost rectrices with a subterminal white spot.
Euphonia crassirostris, adult female (p. 28)
hh. Smaller (wing 51.0-51.8); inner webs of outermost rectrices with-
out any white .....-- Euphonia luteicapilla, adult female (p. 21)
gg. Under parts with lower throat pale gray, lower abdomen and under
tail-coverts white.
Euphonia minuta humilis, adult female (p. 24)
ee. Occiput grayish, more or less distinctly different from olive-green of back.
jf. Abdomen and under tail-coverts white.
Euphonia godmani, adult female (p. 25)
ff. Under parts wholly yellowish, the under tail-coverts clear lemon
yellow ....-. Euphonia affinis, adult female ? (young male ?) (p. 22)
dd. Back olive-grayish.
Euphonia affinis, young female ? (adult female ?) (p. 23)
12 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
EUPHONIA ELEGANTISSIMA (Bonaparte).
BLUE-HOODED EUPHONIA.
Adult male.—¥orehead (more or less broadly) chestnut, margined
behind by a bar of black; crown, occiput, hindneck, and sides of neck
uniform light cerulean or turquoise blue, the feathers dusky grayish
beneath the surface; back, scapulars, lesser wing-coverts, rump, and
upper tail-coverts uniform dark steel blue, more or less tinged with
violet, especially on back; wings and tail black with steel blue edgings,
these broader and more violet on middle and greater wing-coverts, very
indistinct and (when obvious) more greenish on primaries; loral, sub-
orbital, auricular, and malar regions, chin, and throat, uniform black,
more or less glossed with steel blue or violet; rest of under parts deep
orange-ochraceous or orange-tawny, deeper, more chestnut-tawny, on
chest; under wing-coverts and axillars pale yellow, or white tinged
with yellow or buffy; bill black with basal portion of mandible gray-
ish; legs and feet horn color (in dried skins); length (skins), 100.3-116.8
(108.5); wing, 63-71.1 (66); tail, 37.6-45.2 (40.1); exposed culmen,
6.6-7.1 (6.9); tarsus, 12.2-15.2 (14.5); middle toe, 9.7-12.2 (11.2).*
Adult female.—Pileum and hindneck as in adult male, but black bar
separating chestnut of forehead from blue of crown less distinet; rest
of upper parts bright olive-green, more or less glossed with metallic
bluish green; remiges and rectrices blackish or dusky edged with olive-
ereen (very narrowly on primaries, very broadly on tertials, which have
outer webs mostly or wholly olive-green); auricular, suborbital, and
loral regions olive-green, the malar region similar but paler or more
yellowish; chin and throat light ochraceous or cinnamon-buff; rest of
under parts light yellowish olive-green, more olive-yellowish medially ;
bill and feet as in adult male; length (skins), 99.1-114.3 (110.2); wing,
61-64.3 (62.7); tail, 33.3-389.6 (36.8); exposed culmen, 6.1-7.6 (6.9);
depth of bill at base, 4.3-4.6; tarsus, 13.7-15.7 (15); middle toe,
10.2-11.9 (11.7).”
Southern Mexico, in States of Vera Cruz (Cordova; Jalapa; Ori-
zaba); Puebla (Chachapa); Mexico (City of Mexico); Oaxaca (Juquila;
La Parada), Guanajuato, etc., to Veragua (Calovevora).
' Nine specimens.
+ Seven specimens.
Locality. Wing. | Tail. Es posed on bill Tarsus. atame
‘lat base. ;
MALES. |
Five adult males from southern Mexico.......--.--- 66.8 41.7 6.9 4.3 14.2 iblep-
Two adult males from Guatemala ................-- 65.3 38.4 6.9 3.6 14.2 11.7
Two adult males from Costa Rica and Veragua ..-.- 64.5 39.4 6.9 4.6 15. 2 10.9
FEMALES.
Three adult females from southern Mexico .....-.--. 62.7 37.3 6.9 4.3 14.7 10.9
One adult female from Guatemala...........-..-.-- 64 38.6 7.6 4.6] 15.2 Hs
Three adult females from Costa Ricaand Veragua..| 62.7 35.8 6.9 | 4.3| 15.5 | 10.9
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 13
Euphone tibicen LICHTENSTEIN, Preis-Verz. Mex. Vog., 1831, 2; Journ. fur Orn.
1863, 56 (Jalapa, Vera Cruz;—= nomen nudum).
Pipra elegantissima Bonaparte, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1837, 112 (Mexico).
E{uphonia] elegantissima Gray, Gen. Birds, App., 1849, 17.—Ripa@way, Man.
N. Am. Birds, 1887, 453.
[Euphona] elegantissima Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 232.
E[uphona] elegantissima CaBants, Mus. Hein., i, 1850, 31 (Mexico).
Euphona elegantissima SALVADORI, Atti Roy. Ac. Sci. Torino, iv, 1868, 173 (Costa
Rica).
Euphonia elegantissima Du Bus, Esquis. Orn., 1850, pl. 8 (San Pedro).—SciaTEr,
Jardine’s Contr. Orn., 1851, 83 (monogr.); Proc. Zool. Soe., Lond., 1855, 66
(sub Pipra galericulata); 1856, 272 (monogr. ), 303 (Cordova, Vera Cruz);
1858, 303 (La Parada, Oaxaca) ; 1859, 364 (Jalapa, Vera Cruz), 378 (Juquila,
Oaxaca; descr. nest and eggs); 1864, 173 (Valley of Mexico); Synop. Ay.
Tanagr., 1856, 98; Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 56 (s. Mexico); Cat. Birds Brit.
Mus., xi, 1886, 62 (near City of Mexico; Orizaba, Vera Cruz; Oaxaca; ridge
above Calderas, Choctum, and Coban, Guatemala; Volean de Cartago, Iraztt
distr., and Turrialba, Costa Rica; Calovevora, Veragua).—Barrp, in Stans-
bury’s Rep. Gt. Salt Lake, 1852, 330 (‘‘Texas’’); Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv.,
ix, 1858, 304; ed. 1860 (‘‘ Birds N. Am.’’), atlas, pl. 71, figs. 2, 3; Cat. N.
Am. Birds, 1859, no. 224.—Scrarer and Satvin, Ibis, 1859, 16 (Guate-
mala).—Capanis, Journ. fiir Orn., 1860, 3: 1.—Lawrence, Ann. Lye. N. Y.,
ix, 1868, 98 (San José, Costa Rica).—Sumicurast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., i,
1869, 550 (hot, temperate, and alpine regions, Vera Cruz).—Frantzius, Journ.
fiir Orn., 1869, 297 (Costa Rica).—Satvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 185
(Calovevora, Veragua).—Duaks, La Naturaleza, i, 1870, 140 (Guanajuato) .—
Boucarp, Proc. Zool. Soe. Lond., 1878, 54 (San José, Costa Rica; food;
song).—Ripeway, Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 160.—Sanvin and Gop-
MAN, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1883, 256.—AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’
Unton, Check List, 1886, no. 606.—FERRAEI-PEREz, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus.,
ix, 1886, 140 (Chachapa, Puebla; Jalapa, Vera Cruz).—ZELEDON, Anal.
Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, i, 1887, 109 (Cartago and San José, Costa Rica).—
Cuerrip, Auk, vii, 1890, 334 (San José, Costa Rica); ix, 1892, 24 (San José;
deser. abnormally colored male).—CHapman, Bull. Arm Mius:- Nee EL xs
1898, 27 (Jalapa).
[ Euphonia] elegantissima SCLATER and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 17.
Euphonia coelestis Lesson, Rev. Zool., 1839, 42 (Mexico).—Du Bus, Esquis. Orn.,
Orn., 1847, pl. 14.
Pipra galericwata Grraup, Sixteen Sp. Texan Birds, 1841, fol. 21, pl. 5, fig. 2
(‘‘Texas;”’ type in coll. U.S. Nat. Mus.; see Selater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
1855, 66).
EUPHONIA MUSICA (Gmelin).
HAITIAN EUPHONIA.
Adult male.—Forehead yellow (dull lemon to saffron or dull cad-
mium), bordered behind by a bar of black or glossy blue-black; crown,
occiput, hindneck, and sides of neck plain azure blue, the feathers
dusky grayish beneath the surface; back, scapulars, and upper tail-
coverts dark violaceous steel blue, or blue-black glossed with violet;
wings and tail black with dark violaceous steel blue edgings; upper
rump lemon yellow, passing into ochraceous or tawny-ochraceous on
lower rump; lores black; suborbital, auricular, and malar regions,
14 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
chin, and throat uniform dark violaceous steel blue, or black glossed
with that color; rest of under parts bright yellowish ochraceous, more
yellowish on breast and chest, where becoming deeper, more tawny,
next to black of foreneck, and gradually becoming deeper posteriorly,
the under tail-coverts orange-tawny; thighs light olive-yellow, the
feathers dusky beneath the surface; bill black, the mandible brownish
basally; legs and feet dusky horn color (in dried skins); length (skins),
105.4-108 (106.7); wing, 63; tail, 35.8-37.6 (36.6); exposed culmen,
6.4-6.6; depth of bill at base, 4.1-4.8 (4.3); tarsus, 14.7-15; middle
toe, 10.2-10.9 (10.4).*
Adult female.—Pileum as in adult male, but black bar between yel-
lowish of forehead and blue of crown narrower; back, scapulars,
lesser, middle, and greater wing-coverts, plain olive-green, slightly
glossed with metallic bluish green; rump and upper tail-coverts simi-
lar, but more yellowish olive-green; secondaries and rectrices dusky
with olive-green edgings; primaries dusky, narrowly edged with pale
glaucous or whitish, passing into olive-green basally; auricular and
suborbital regions dusky olive-green, slightly tinged with blue, the
malar region lighter and more bluish; chin and throat canary yellow;
rest of under parts deep olive-yellow or light yellowish olive-green;
bill and feet as in adult male; length (skin), 106.7; wing, 61.7; tail,
36.1; exposed culmen, 6.1; depth of bill at base, 4.6; tarsus, 15; mid-
dle toe, 10.4.
Island of Haiti, Greater Antilles.
[ Pipra] musica GMELIN, Syst. Nat., i, 1788, 1004 (based on L’ Organiste, de St. Do-
mingue Buffon, Pl. Enl., pl. 809, fig. 1).
Tanagra musica VitruLor, Ene. Méth., ii, 1823, 788.—Bryanr, Proc. Bost. Soc.
N. H., xi, 1866, 92 (Santo Domingo).
E{uphonia] musica Gray, Gen. Birds, 1, 1846, 367.
[Euphonia] musica ScLaTeR and Sarvin, Nom. Ay. Neotr., 1873, 17.—Cory, List
Birds W. I., 1885, 11.
[ Euphona] musica BoNAPARTE, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 232.
Euphonia musica ScuatTer, Jardine’s Contr. Orn., 1851, 82 (St. Domingo; ‘‘ Cay-
enne?’’); Proc. Zool. Soe. Lond., 1856, 271 (monogr.; St. Domingo; ‘‘Cuba’’);
Synop. Av. Tanagr., 1856, 97; Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 59 (Samana,
Santo Domingo).—Saus, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1857, 231 (Santo Domingo;
Haiti).—Cory, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vi, 1881, 152 (Haiti; descr. young
male); Birds Haiti and San Dom., 1885, 61, pl. (10); Auk., iii, 1886, 192
(synonymy, descr., etc.); Birds W. I., 1889, 79; Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 16,
113, 131.—Trisrram, Ibis, 1884, 168 (Santo Domingo).—CHeErrik, Contr.
Orn. San Dom., 1896, 13 (Honduras and Maniel, Santo Domingo).
Euphone musica Lemprys, Aves de la Isla de Cuba, 1850, 42 (Cuba; error; see
Gundlach, Journ. fir Orn., 1855, 476; 1861, 409).
Euphona musica Gunpvuacu, Journ. fiir Orn., 1855, 476.
E[uphonia] cxruleocephala Swanson, Classif. Birds, ii, 1837, 286, part (quotes PI.
Enl. 809, fig. 1).
1 Two specimens.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. les
EUPHONIA SCLATERI Sundevall.
PORTO RICAN EUPHONIA.
Adult male.—¥orehead saffron yellow, margined behind by a bar of
black across anterior part of crown; rest of pileum, hindneck, and sides
of neck uniform cerulean blue; back scapulars and upper tail-coverts
uniform glossy blue-black, with a slight violet tinge; wings and tail
black with glossy blue-black or dark steel blue edgings; entire rump
and under parts of body rich saffron yellow, the chin and throat simi-
lar but rather paler; lores, suborbital region, auricular region, and part
of malar region uniform glossy black; maxilla black, paler beneath
nostrils; mandible grayish basally, blackish terminally; legs and feet
horn color (in dried skins); length (skins), 97.8—102.9 (99.6); wine,
58.4-60.5 (59.4); tail, 33.5-34 (33.8); exposed culmen, 6.9—7.1 (6.9);
depth of bill at base, 4.1-4.6 (4.3); tarsus, 14.7—-15.2 (15); middle toe,
10.7-10.9 (10.7)."
Adult female.—Forehead gamboge yellow, margined posteriorly by
an indistinct dusky bar across anterior part of crown; rest of pileum,
hindneck, and sides of neck uniform light greenish blue (turquoise);
loral, suborbital, and auricular regions and most of malar region plain
olive-green; back, scapulars, wing-coverts, and upper tail-coverts plain
deep olive-green, with a slight gloss of metallic bluish green; rump
yellowish olive-green; remiges and rectrices blackish, the latter and the
secondaries with broad edgings of olive-green, the primaries with narrow
edgings of the same or pale greenish gray; under parts deep olive-
yellow, becoming purer yellow on chin, throat, abdomen, anal region,
and under tail-coverts, the last with central portion more olive; bill and
feetas inadultmale; length (skin), 121.9; wing, 59.2; tail, 32.8; exposed
culmen, 6.9; depth of bill at base, 4.6; tarsus, 15.2; middle toe, 10.9.”
Isiand of Porto Rico, Greater Antilles.
Pipra musica (not of Gmelin) VierLtuot, Gal. Ois., Suppl., 1854. pl. s. n.
Cyanophonia musica BONAPARTE, Rey. et Mag. de Zool., 2d ser., ii, March, 1851,
138; Note sur les Tangaras, 1851, 12.
Euphonia flavifrons (not Emberiza flavifrons Sparrmann ) ScuaTer, Proc. Zool. Soc.
Lond., 1856, 271 (Porto Rico); Synop. Av. Tanagr., 1856, 97 (Porto Rico).
[ Euphonia] flavifrons Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 77, no. 7121.—SciaTer and SaL-
vin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 17.—Cory, List Birds W. I., 1885, 11.
Kuphonia sclateri SuNpEvALL, Oefy. Vet.-Ak. Férh. Stockh., 1869, 596 (Porto
Rico; coll. Stockholm Mus.; ex Bonaparte, manuscript ).—GuNDLACH, Journ.
fiir Orn., 1874, 311; 1878, 159; Anal. Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat., vii, 1878, 191.—Cory,
Auk, iii, 1886, 194 (synonymy and description); Birds W. I., 1889, 81; Cat.
W. I. Birds, 1892, 16, 113, 132.—Sciater, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 60.
EUPHONIA FLAVIFRONS (Sparrmann).
GREEN EUPHONIA.
Adult male.—Forehead lemon or gamboge yellow, margined pos-
teriorly by a transverse line or bar of black; crown, occiput, hind-
1 Three specimens. 7 One specimen.
16 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
neck, and sides of neck uniform light cerulean or turquoise blue, the
feathers dusky grayish beneath the surface; back, scapulars, wing-
coverts, tertials, and upper tail-coverts uniform olive-green, glossed
with metallic bluish green; rump yellowish olive-green, or bright
olive-yellowish; secondaries, primaries, and rectrices blackish or dusky,
edged with olive-green, the edgings on primaries narrower and inclin-
ing to pale grayish; lores blackish; suborbital, auricular, and malar
regions dusky olive-green, the last sometimes partly yellow; chin and
throat lemon vellow; rest of under parts uniform yellowish olive-green;
under wing-coverts whitish, tinged with yellow; axillars light yellow;
bill black, with basal portion of mandible grayish; iris brown; ' legs
and feet horn color (in dried skins); length (skins), 106.7—120.7 (112.8);
wing, 60.2-65.3 (63); tail, 37.6-41.1 (89.1); exposed culmen, 7.1-7.9
(7.6); depth of bill at base, 4.6-5.1 (4.8); tarsus, 15-17.5 (16.3); middle
toe, 10.2-11.9 (11.2).
Adult female.—Similar to adult male, but olive-green of back, wings,
etc., decidedly lighter and without metallic bluish green gloss; rump
much less yellowish; yellow of chin and throat paler and less strongly
contrasted with color of cheeks and auriculars, the latter yellowish
olive-green instead of dusky bluish olive-green; under parts usually
paler and less yellowish olive-green; blue of hood usually slightly paler
and duller, sometimes more greenish blue; black bar between yellow
of forehead and blue of crown much less distinct, sometimes obsolete;
length (skins), 101.6-121.9 (111); wing, 58.9-67.6 (62.2); tail, 37.1-40.6
(38.4); exposed culmen, 7.4-7.9 (7.6); depth of bill at base, 4.8—-5.1 (4.8);
tarsus, 15.7-17 (16.5); middle toe, 10.7-11.9 (11.2).°
Lesser Antilles (islands of St. Bartholomew, Guadeloupe, Dominica,
Martinique, Santa Lucia, St. Vincent, and Grenada).
'“<Tris hazel;’’? (Ober, manuscript).
* Ten specimens.
*Ten specimens. Specimens from different islands average as follows:
annaseq| Depth :
Tail. Exposed of bill |'Tarsus. Middle
Locality. Wing. .
culmen. Space toe.
MALES.
Three adult males from Guadeloupe ...-.....-.----- 64.8 39.6 7.6 4.8 16.5 11.4
Two adult males from Grenada.................--.-- 62 38.6 7.4 4.8 16.3 11.4
Two adult males from Santa Lucia................- 61 37.6 Meduleesceees 16.5 a2
One adult male from St. Vincent.....-..-.......-.- 65 41.1 7.4 8} 16 10.7
One adult male from St. Bartholomew .......-..--- 61.5 38.9 7.9 5.1] 15.5 19.2
One adult male from Martinique................-.. 62.7 38.6 7.9 4.8 16 11.9
FEMALES.
Two adult females from Guadeloupe ..--.......-.-- 62.2 38. 1 7.4 4.8 16.5 11.4
Two adult females from Santa Lucia ............... 59.9 37.3 es 4.8 16.5 10.9
Four adult females from Dominica..............--- 64.5 39.6 7.6 4.8 16.8 11.2
One adult female from Martinique .....-........... 61.7 36.1 Nok | otecceee 17 - 11.9
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. Py
Emberiza flavifrons SPARRMANN, Mus. Carls., iv, 1789, no. 92 (= female; coll.
Mus. Carlsonianum; no locality given).
[ Tanagra] flavifrons Laraam, Index Orn., Suppl., 1802, 47.
Tanagra flavifrons Viertior, Ene. Méth., ii, 1823, 775.
Euphonia flavifrons SCLATER, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1856, 271, part (in synonymy) ;
Synop. Av. Tanagr., 1856, 97 (do.); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 56 (‘‘Cayenne;”’
‘“‘Trinidad’’); Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 63 (Martinique; Santa Lucia;
Guadeloupe; St. Bartholomew; Dominica; Grenada); Proe. Zool. Soe.
Lond., 1889, 395 (Santa Lucia).—SunpDEvALL, Oefv. Vet.-Ak. Férh. Stockh.,
1869, 583 (St. Bartholomew).—LawreEncg, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., i, 1878,
56 (Dominica), 190 (St. Vincent), 269 (Grenada); i, 1879, 354 (Martinique;
habits), 455 (Guadeloupe; habits; crit.); ili, 1880, 256 (Dominica); ix, 1886,
613 (Grenada).—ALLEN, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, v, 1880, 166 (Santa Lucia).—
Cory, Auk, iii, 1886, 193 (synonymy, part, and description); iv, 1887, 95
(Martinique); Birds W. I., 1889, 80 (do.); Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 16, 113.
[Euphonia] flavifrons ScLateR and Satvix, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 17.—Cory,
List Birds W. I., 1885, 11.
EUPHONIA ANNE Cassin.
TAWNY-CAPPED EUPHONIA,
Adult male.—Entire pileum rich tawny, lighter, more ochraceous,
anteriorly, deeper posteriorly, where having a rounded outline; rest
of head and neck, including lores, chin, and throat, black, with a slight
violet tinge, more pronounced on postocular region and nape; rest of
upper parts rich dark semimetallic purplish black or very dark metal-
lic purplish violet, becoming more bluish violet posteriorly, the remiges
and rectrices black with bluish violet edgings; inner web of outermost
rectrix with a large subterminal subquadrate space of white; under
parts of body rich yellow (deep lemon yellow to indian yellow); under
tail-coverts white, sometimes tinged with yellow; bill black, the basal
portion of mandible grayish; iris brown; legs and feet dusky horn
color (in dried skins); length (skins), 87.6—109.2 (107.4); wing, 62.2—
68.3 (65); tail, 34.5-39.9 (37.1); exposed culmen, 7.9-8.4 (8.1); depth
of bill at base, 4.8-5.3 (5.1); tarsus, 15.2-17 (16); middle toe, 10.9-12.2
(11.4). |
Adult female.—Above yellowish olive-green, the forehead and crown
strongly tinged with tawny or light rusty; beneath pale gray medi-
ally, yellowish olive-green laterally, with distinct line of demarcation
between the two colors; under tail-coverts whitish at tips, light brown-
ish beneath surface; bill, legs, and feet as in adult male; length (skin),
102.9;” wing, 59.9; tail, 33.3; exposed culmen, 8.6; depth of bill at
base, 5.1; tarsus, 17.3; middle toe, 11.7.°
Costa Rica (Angostura; Santa Rosa; Turrialba; Naranjo de Cartago;
Rio Sucio) and Veragua (Calovevora; Calobre; Cordillera del Chucu;
Santiago).
* One specimen.
1 Six specimens. ? Length before skinning 127,
3654—VoL 2—Ol1
2
18 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Euphonia annex‘ Cassry, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1865, 172 (Santa Rosa, Costa
Rica; coll. U. 8. Nat. Mus.).—Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., ix, 1868, 98
(Angostura and Santa Rosa, Costa Rica).
Euphonia anne Sauvry, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, 137 (Santa Fé, Veragua;
crit. ); 1870, 186 (Calovevora and Cordillera del Chucu, Veragua); Ibis, 1874,
329 (Veragua).—FRAnNrzius, Journ. fiir Orn., 1869, 297 (Costa Rica).—Satvin
and GopMan, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1883, 265 (Calobre, Veragua, ete. ).—
SciaTeR, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 72 (Turrialba, Costa Rica, ete.) .—
ZELEDON, Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, i, 1887, 109 (Naranjo de Cartago; Rio
Sucio).
[ Euphonia] anne ScuatTer and Satvryn, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1878, 17.
Euphonia rufivertex Savin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1866, 71, pl. 7 (Santiago,
Veragua; coll. Salvin and Godman) .
EUPHONIA FULVICRISSA Sclater.
FULVOUS-VENTED EUPHONIA.
Adult male.—¥orehead and anterior part of crown lemon yellow,
with posterior outline truncate or nearly so, the feathers with partially
exposed central triangular spots of dusky; rest of upper parts glossy
greenish bluish black or dark greenish steel blue, more greenish pos-
teriorly, sometimes faintly tinged with violet on occiput and hindneck;
remiges and rectrices black, with greenish steel blue edgings; inner
webs of remiges with about the basal half abruptly white; outermost
rectrix with a large, more or less oblique, subterminal spot or patch of
white; sides of head and neck, chin, throat, and foreneck dark greenish
steel blue, like upper parts, but less strongly glossed; rest of under
parts deep yellow (indian yellow or saffron), becoming deep gallstone
yellow or light ochraceous on abdomen, and deep ochraceous on under
tail-coverts; maxilla black; mandible bluish gray, with dusky tip;
legs and feet dusky horn color (in dried skins); length (skins),
86.4-92.7 (88.4); wings, 52.6-53.8 (53.1); tail, 27.2-98.7 (27.9); ex-
posed culmen, 7.6—7.9; depth of billat base, 4.8-5.1; tarsus, 14.7-15.7
(15.2); middle toe, 9.9-10.4 (10.2).?
Adult female.—Forehead deep russet or cinnamon-rufous, the
feathers with partially exposed central triangular spots of dusky; rest
of upper parts olive-green, more yellowish posteriorly and on wings,
strongly glossed with metallic bluish green, changing to yellowish
green posteriorly; remiges, rectrices, and greater wing-coverts dusky
with broad glossy or semimetallic yellowish olive-green edgings; under
parts bright yellowish olive-green, the abdomen mixed yellow and
light ochraceous, the under tail-coverts deeper ochraceous; a blackish
line separating the cinnamon-rufous of forehead from the yellowish
olive-green of lores; bill, legs, and feet as in the male; length (skin),
83.8; wing, 48.8; tail, 25.1; exposed culmen, 8.4; depth of bill at
base, 4.6; tarsus, 14.7; middle toe, 10.2.%
1 Named for Mrs. D. G. Elliot. * Four specimens. * One specimen.
}
7
;
:
;
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 19
The female of /. fulvicrissa closely resembles that of /. gracé//s in
coloration, but is much smaller (wing less than 50.8 instead of 57.2 or
more), has the rusty forehead flecked with dusky and margined laterally
with a dusky line, the abdomen less extensively ochraceous, and the
under tail-coverts much deeper ochraceous.
Northern Colombia (provinces of Santa Marta, Antioquia, ete.),
including Isthmus of Panama, north to Veragua (Bugaba) and Chiri-
qui (Volean de Chiriqui).
Euphonia fulvicrissa Scuater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1856, 276 (Santa Marta,
Colombia; coll. P. L. Sclater); 1864, 349 (Panama; deser. female); Synop.
Ay. Tanagr., 1856, 102; Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 58 (Santa Marta); Cat. Birds
Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 73 (Santa Marta, Remedios, Nichi, and Bogota, Colom-
bia; Lion Hill and San Pablo station, Panama R. R.; Volcan de Chiriqui;
Bugaba, Veragua).—Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1860, 143 (Rio Tru-
ando, Colombia); 1865, 171 (Angostura and Pacuare, Costa Rica).—ScLaTER
and Sanvry, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, 349 (Lion Hill, Panama R. R.);
1879, 498 (Antioquia, Colombia).—Satvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am.,
Aves, i, 1883, 264, pl. 16, fig. 2.—Brrierscu, Journ. ftir Orn., 1884, 288
(Antioquia, Colombia; descr. female) .
[ Euphonia] fulvicrissa ScuaTER and Sauyin, Nom. Ay. Neotr., 1873, 18.
Ph{onasca] fulvicrissa CaBANnts, Journ. fiir Orn., 1860, 330, in text.
A[crolepies] fulvicrissus CaBants, Journ. fiir Orn., 1861, 91, in text.
Euphonia gouldi (not of Selater) LAwrence, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., vii, 1861, 352 (Lion
Hill, Panama R. R.).—Satvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 186 (Bugaba,
Veragua; Volcan de Chiriqui).
EUPHONIA GRACILIS (Cabanis).
CABANIS’ EUPHONIA.
Adult male.—¥orehead and crown lemon yellow, the feathers with
partially exposed central triangular spots of black, the yellow area
rounded posteriorly, sometimes almost pointed on median line; rest of
upper parts, together with sides of head and neck, chin, throat, and
upper portion of chest (the latter with strongly convex posterior out-
line) glossy blue-black or dark steel blue, more or less tinged with
violet anteriorly, sometimes more greenish posteriorly; remiges and
rectrices black with greenish steel blue or dark bluish green edgings,
these broad on tertials and rectrices, very narrow on primaries; inner
webs of secondaries with basal half abruptly white, the inner webs of
primaries (except two to four outermost) abruptly white basally; no
white on rectrices; under parts of body and under tail-coverts clear
rich yellow (rich lemon, sometimes approaching indian yellow); bill
black, the mandible apparently more grayish basally; legs and feet
dusky horn color (in dried skins); length (skins), 96.5-L01.6 (98.8);
wing, 55.9-61 (58.4); tail, 30.5-32.5 (31.5); exposed culmen, 8.6-8.9;
depth of bill at base, 4.8-5.1 (4.8); tarsus, 16-16.3; middle toe, 10.7—
11.4 (10.9).?
1 Four specimens.
20 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Adult female.—Forehead (extending backward laterally to above
middle of eyes) chestnut-rufous; rest of upper parts plain olive-green,
more yellowish on lower rump and upper tail-coverts, the crown,
occiput, hindneck, back, upper rump, scapulars, and smaller wing-
coverts glossed with metallic bluish green; remiges and rectrices dusky
with yellowish olive-green edgings, broadest on tertials, narrowest
and more yellowish on primaries; sides of head and neck and most of
under parts yellowish olive-green or deep olive-yellowish, lighter and
more decidedly yellowish on chin, throat, and anterior portion of
malar and loral regions; entire abdomen light tawny or deep ochraceous;
anal region and under tail-coverts similar, but more orange-ochra-
ceous; maxilla black, mandible grayish with dusky tip; legs and feet
dusky horn color; length (skins), 94—-100.3 (97); wing, 57.4-58.4 (57.9);
tail, 29.2-32 (30.5); exposed culmen, 8.1-8.6 (8.4); depth of bill at
base, 4.8-5.1 (4.9); tarsus, 15.5-15.7 (15.7); middle toe, 10.7-10.9
6:9) 2
In the metallic olive-green color of the upper parts and tawny abdo-
men the adult female of 4. gracilis presents a strong resemblance to
the adult male of /. gou/d7; but the latter may at once be distinguished
by the yellow instead of chestnut forehead, the deeper tawny of the
abdomen and under tail-coverts (especially the latter), the former
being margined laterally with yellow and the decidedly less bluish-
green gloss of the upper parts.
Costa Rica (San José; Pozo Azul de Pirris) and Chiriqui (Volcan ue
Chiriqui; Bugaba).
Phonasca gracilis CABANIS, Journ. fir Orn., viii, Sept. 1860, 333 (San José, Costa
Rica; coll. Berlin Mus. ).
Euphonia gracilis Scuater, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 359 (Costa Rica); Cat. Birds
Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 69 (Costa Rica; Bugaba and Volcan de Chiriqui, Chiri-
qui).—Cass1n, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1865, 172 (Costa Rica).—LAWRENCE,
Ann. Lye. N. Y., ix, 1868, 98 (San José ), Raancans Journ. fir Orn., 1869,
297 (San José).—Satvry, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 186 (Volean de Chi-
riqui; Bugaba).—Satvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1883, 259,
pl. 16, fig. 8.—Zetepon, Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, i, 1887, 109 (Pozo Azul
de Pirris).—Cnerriz, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xiv, 1891, 530 (Pozo Azul;
descr. female; crit.); Auk, ix, 1892, 24 (San José).
[ Euphonia] gracilis ScLaveR and Satvry, Nom. Ay. Neotr., 1873, 17.
Al[eroleptes] gracilis CaBanis, Journ. fiir Orn., 1861, 91, in text.
EUPHONIA LUTEICAPILLA (Cabanis).
YELLOW-CROWNED EUPHONIA.
Adult male.—Forehead and entire crown deep lemon or gamboge
yellow, the former with a narrow anterior margin of black (inter-
rupted at base of culmen); lores black; sides of head (below the yel-
low pileum), chin, throat, upper a Athe jatter with a strongly
z Three specimens.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 21
convex posterior outline), back, scapulars, rump, upper tail-coverts,
and wing-coverts glossy blue-black or dark steel blue, more or less
tinged with violet on head and neck; remiges and rectrices black, with
dark greenish steel blue edgings; no white on inner webs of rectrices;
under parts of body clear indian yellow, the under tail-coverts paler
(lemon yellow); bill light grayish (bluish gray in life) basally, blac ‘k-
ish terminally; san and feet dark horn color (in dried skins); length
(skins), 94-95.3 (94.5); wing, 55.1-55.9 (55.6); tail, 31.2-33.5 (82);
exposed ean 7.47.9 (7.6); depth of bill at base, 4.3-4.6 (4.4);
tarsus, 14.2-14.7 (14.5); middle toe, 9.7-10.2 (9.9).’
Adult female.—Above plain yellowish olive-green, the remiges and
rectrices dusky with yellowish olive-green edgings; under parts dull
yellow (intermediate between wax yellow and gamboge), rather clearer
medially, slightly more olivaceous laterally; bill and feet as in adult
male; length (skins), 86.4-92.7 a a wing, 51.1-51.8 (51.3); tail,
28.2-30 (29); exposed culmen, 7. 6 (7.4); depth of bill at base, 4.1—
4.3: tarsus, 13.5; middle toe, oe
Immature male.—Variously intermediate in coloration between the
adult female and adult male, the black beginning first on lores and
chin and covering throat and foreneck before appearing on upper
parts; the forehead and superciliary region in this stage yellow, the
crown olive-green, like rest of upper parts.
Young male.—Similar in coloration to adult female.
Nicaragua (Rio Escondido) to Isthmus of Panama (Paraiso Station,
Panama Railroad).
Phonasca luteicapilla Cawants, Journ, fiir Orn., vill, Sept., 1860, 332 (Costa Rica;
coll. Berlin Mus. ).
Euphonia luteicapilla Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., ix, 1868, 98 (Costa Rica ).—
Franrzius, Journ. fir Orn., 1869, 297 (San José, Costa Rica).—SaLvin,
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 186 (Bugaba, Chiriqui; Boquete de Chitra, Vera-
gua).—Satvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1883, 260, pl. 16, fig. 1
(Turrialba, Costa Rica; Volcan de Chiriqui; Cordillera del Chucu, Veragua;
Paraiso Station and Chepo, Isth. Panama) .—Scuarer, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus.,
xi, 1886, 68.—ZeLEepon, Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, i, 1887, 109 (San aTese:
ae Trojas de Puntarenas, Pacaca, and Monte Beionda de San José).—
Cuerriz, Auk, ix, 1892, 24 (San José, Costa Rica; plumage of young male) .—
Ricumonp, Proc. U. §. Nat. Mus., xvi, 1893, 488 (Rio Escondido, Nicaragua).
[ Euphonia] luteicapilla Scuarer and Saryiy, Nom. Avy. Neotr., 1873, 17.
Aferoleptes] luteicapillus Canants, Journ. fiir Orn., 1861, 91, in text.
EUPHONIA AFFINIS (Lesson).
LESSON’S EUPHONIA.
Adult male.—Forehead and anterior portion of crown lemon yellow
(extending farther backward laterally, or to beyond eyes), the first
narrowly bordered anteriorly with black; rest of head, all oe Ww id
1 Three specimens. 2D 0 specimens.
29
BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
upper foreneck, uniform dark metallic violet or black with a strong
violet gloss; back, scapulars, lesser wing-coverts, rump, and upper tail-
coverts dark steel blue or glossy blue-black, the first three usually more
or less tinged (sometimes strongly) with violet; larger wing-coverts,
remiges, and rectrices black; middle and greater wing-coverts, tertials,
and rectrices broadly margined with dark steel bluish; two outermost
rectrices with a large subterminal patch of white on mner web;
inner webs of secondaries abruptly white for basal half or more;
under parts of body pure yellow (rich lemon to chrome or sometimes
almost indian yellow); under wing-coverts and axillars white, usually
tinged with yellow, especially the latter; maxilla black, becoming gray-
ish beneath nostril; mandible grayish (light bluish gray in life), the
tip blackish; legs and feet dusky horn color (in dried skins); length
(skins), 86.4-98.6 (93.2); wing, 49.3-54.4 (51.8); tail, 98.5-35.6 (32);
exposed culmen, 6.9-7.6 (7.4); depth of bill at base, 4.3-4.8 (4.6); tar-
sus, 12.2-13.5 (18); middle toe, 8.4-10.2 (9.7).’
Adult female.—F¥orehead yellowish olive-green, passing into grayish
olive or olive-gray on crown, occiput, and hindneck, this into grayish
olive-green on back, scapulars, wings, and upper rump, the lower
rump more yellowish olive-green; under parts olive-yellowish or light
grayish yellow anteriorly, passing into brighter and purer yellow pos-
teriorly (under tail-coverts. lemon or canary yellow, the abdomen
nearly the same); bill and feet as in adult male; length (skins), 86.4-
96.5 (92.2); wing, 49-53.6 (51.3); tail, 29.5-32.5 (31.2); exposed cul-
men, 6.6-7.6 (7.1); depth of bill at base, 3.84.6 (4.3); tarsus, 13.2-14
(13.5); middle toe, 9.7—-9.9 (8.9).”
1 Twenty-two specimens.
2Ten specimens, many of them in the plumage described as that of the immature
female.
Specimens from different localities average as follows:
lea | Te
ve ,q| Depth :
Locality. Wing. | Tail. Baposee of bill | Tarsus. wee
‘lat base. :
|
MALES. |
Eight adult males from southeastern Mexico ....-. 52.6 33.8 dal 4.6 1267, 9.4
Seven adult males from Yucatan...........-----.-- 51.1 31.8 | 16) 4.6 one 9.4
One adult male from Guatemala ...............-... 52.8 31.2 Todi S eeyetaraa ae Sst eaeeo ee
One adult male from Honduras ........------------ 49.3 28.5 6.9 4.6 12.7 9.4
Two adult males from Nicaragua..........--------. Dano 30,7 | 6.9 | 4.6 a 9.9
Three adult males from Costa Rica.....-.-.--------- 51.8 29.7 | [ga 4.6 Bem 10.2
FEMALES.
Six adult females from southeastern Mexico ....-.-- 51.6 31589 Tou 4.3 13.5 9.7
Two adult females from Yucatan.......-----.------ 50.3 30. 7 6.9 8.8 13.5 9.9
: | . a :
Two adult females from Nicaragua...........------ 51.1 29.7 | 6.9 | 4.3 13.2 O07
Adult males from Yucatan are slightly deeper
not otherwise different.
yellow below, but apparently are
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 93
Immature (?) female.—Similar to the adult female, as described, but
grayer above, the occiput and hindneck distinctly ashy; under parts
less yellowish anteriorly, the throat, chest, and sides of breast some-
times yellowish gray. (Jmmature males are variously intermediate in
coloration, according to age, between the adult male and female.)
Southeastern Mexico, in States of Tamaulipas (Alta Mira), Vera
Cruz (Orizaba, ete.), Oaxaca (Barrio; Tehuantepec), Yucatan (Merida),
and southward to Costa Rica (San Juan; Liberia; Alajuela).
Tanagra ( Euphonia) affinis Lesson, Rev. Zool., 1842, 175 (Realejo, Nicaragua) .
[Euphona] afinis BONAPARTE, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 233.
Efuphonia] affinis Gray, Gen. Birds, ii, 1849, 367.
Euphonia affinis SCLATER, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1856, 274 (Orizaba, Vera Cruz),
303 (Orizaba); Synop. Av. Tanagr., 1856, 100; Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 57
(Orizaba; ‘‘ Central America’’); Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 65 (Orizaba;
n. Yucatan; Belize, Brit. Honduras; Calderas, Duefias, Savana Grande, and
Retalhuleu, Guatemala).—ScLaTER and Satvin, Ibis, 1859, 16 (Guatemala ).—
Satvry and SciaTter, Ibis, 1860, 33 (Duenas, Guatemala).—Lawrence, Ann.
liyerN. Ye, 1x, 1868; 98 (San Juan, Costa Rica); ix, 1869, 200 (Merida,
Yucatan); Bull. U. 8. Nat. Mus., no. 4, 1876, 18 (Barrio and Tehuantepec,
Oaxaca).—Frantzius, Journ. fiir Orn., 1869, 297 (Costa Rica).—SuMICHRAST,
Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., i, 1869, 550 (tierra caliente, Vera Cruz).—SaALvINn
and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, 1, 1883, 257.—Zetepon, Anal. Mus.
Nac. Costa Rica, i, 1887, 109 (Liberia and Alajuela, Costa Rica).—RicuMonp,
Proc. U. §. Nat. Mus., xviii, 1896, 631 (Alta Mira, Tamaulipas) .
9909
Phonasca affinis CABANIs, Journ. fiir Orn., 1860, 332 (San José, Costa Rica).
A[croleptes] affinis Canants, Journ. fur Orn., 1861, 91, in text.
[Euphonia] affinis SCLATER and Savin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 17.
EUPHONIA MINUTA HUMILIS (Cabanis).
WHITE-VENTED EUPHONIA.
Adult male.—Forehead (as far backward as middle of eyes, with
truncated posterior outline) deep yellow (bright chrome or cadmium);
rest of head, with neck and chest, uniform dark violaceous steel blue,
with strongly convex or semicircular posterior outline on chest;
upper parts (except as described) dark steel blue, sometimes with a
slight greenish tinge, the upper back, however, tinged with violet;
inner webs of three lateral rectrices with a large subterminal patch
of white, that on the outermost occupying approximately one-half the
web; inner webs of secondaries with basal half (approximately) white;
under parts of body bright chrome or cadmium yellow, paler on sides
and flanks, where the feathers have a subterminal spot or bar of dusky
(the basal portion grayish) producing a mottled or clouded appearance;
lower abdomen, anal region, and under wing coverts white, the last
tinged with pale yellow and with central (mostly concealed) spots of
dusky grayish; bill blackish terminally, grayish basally, the basal por-
tion of mandible sometimes whitish; iris dark brown; ' leos and feet
1 Zeledon, manuscript.
24 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
dusky (dark plumbeous in life); length (skins), 89.4-95.8 (91.7);
wing, 51.8-55.4 (53.1); tail, 27.4-31 (29.5); exposed culmen, 6.9-7.6
(7.1); depth of bill at base, 3.3-3.6; tarsus, 12.7—-13.5 (13); middle toe,
8.6—-9.7 (9.1).’
Adult female.—Ahbove deep yellowish olive-green, becoming more
yellowish on forehead, where the feathers show darker central spots;
cheeks and chin pale yellowish olive or olive-yellowish; throat pale
gray, in strong contrast with yellowish of chin, ete., and the deep
olive-yellow or dull gamboge yellow of chest, breast, sides, and flanks
(the latter more olivaceous); abdomen white; under tail-coverts pale
brownish gray; bill, iris, and feet as in adult male; length (skins), 89.7—
93.5 (91.9); wing, 53.1-55.9 (54.1); tail, 28.2-30.5 (29.5): exposed cul-
men, 6.9-7.4 (7.1); depth of bill at base, 3.6-3.8 (3.8); tarsus, 13.2-
13.5 (13.2); middle toe, 9.4-9.7 (9. 4).”
Guatemala to Isthmus of Panama.
Phonasca humilis CaBants, Journ. fur Orn., vill, Sept., 1860, 334 (Costa Rica;
coll. Berlin Mus.).
Acroleptes humilis CaBANts, Journ. fiir Orn., 1861, 89 (Costa Rica; crit.).
Euphonia humilis Lawrence, Ann. Lye. N. Y., ix, i868, 98 (Costa Rica ).—FRant-
zius, Journ. fur Orn., 1869, 297 (Costa Rica).—Nurrine, Proc. U. 8. Nat.
Mus., vi, 1888, 373 (San Juan del Sur, Nicaragua; song).
Euphonia minuta (not Euphona minuta Cabanis) Savin and Scuiarer, Ibis,
1860, 275 (Coban, Guatemala).—Lawrencer, Ann. Lye. N. Y., vii, 1861, 332
(Panama R. R.).—Sarvyry; Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 186 (Bugaba, Gianna
Calovevora, Veragua).—Scuiater, Ibis, 1873, 373 (Cc hontales, Nicaragua); Cat.
Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 71, part (Bugaba, Chiriqui; Caloveyora, Veragua;
Costa Rica; Chontales, Nicaragua; Coban, Vera Paz, Guatemala).—SaLyin
and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1883, 258, part (Guatemala; Nica-
ragua; Costa Rica; Veragua; Panama R. R.).—ZrLEpon, Anal. Mus. Nac.
Costa Rica, i, 1887, 109 (San José, Costa Rica).—CHerrrIg, Proc. U. S. Nat.
Mus., xiv, 1891, 531 (Costa Rica; ecrit.); Auk, ix, 1892, 25 (San José, Costa
Rica).
[ EHuphonia] minuta ScuarEeR and Sautyin, Nom. Ay. Neotr., 1873, 17, part.
EUPHONIA GODMANI Brewster.
GODMAN’S EUPHONIA.
Similar to #. minuta humilis, but decidedly larger and with bill much
stouter; adult male with yellow of forehead and under parts much
paler, the former much broader; head and neck more brightly viola-
ceous, upper parts more violaceous steel blue, and inner webs of outer-
most rectrices more extensively white; adult female paler and much
grayer olive-green above, with occiput and hindneck bluish gray, the
chest and sides much paler olive-yellowish, and the throat olive-
yellowish instead of pale gray.
Adult male.—F¥orehead and anterior portion of crown (as far back
as pole angle of eyes) ae lemon or canary elem, rest of head
' Four specimens from Costa na 2 Three specimens Vane Costa te
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 95
and neck bright violaceous steel blue or glossy violet-black; rest of
upper parts dark steel blue, more or less tinged with violet, especially
on upper back; remiges and rectrices black edged with steel blue;
inner webs of secondaries with more than basal half abruptly white;
inner web of outermost rectrix mostly or almost wholly white; second
rectrix with more than terminal half of inner web white; third with
much less white, sometimes very little; under parts of body, includ-
ing chest, pure rich lemon or chrome yellow, the lower abdomen some-
what mixed with whitish; under tail-coverts white, the shorter ones, at
least, tinged with yellow; bill blackish terminally, grayish or whitish
(bluish gray in life?) basally; iris brown; legs and feet dusky in dried
skins; length (skins), 96.5-99.1 (97.8); wing, 53.6-56.9 (55.1); tail,
30.7-35.3 (83); exposed culmen, 6.9—7.4 (7.1); depth of bill at base,
4,6—-5.1 (4.8); tarsus, 18.5-14.5 (18.7); middle toe, 10.2-10.4.*
Adult feme ehead light olive-green, passing into slate-gray
on crown, occiput, and hindneck, the rest of upper parts dull olive-
green, brighter on rump and upper tail-coverts and on edges of larger
wing-coverts, remiges, and rectrices, the two last mainly dusky; under
parts, including throat, pale olive-yellowish, becoming more strongly
and purely yellow on flanks; abdomen, anal region and under’ tail-
coverts white; bill, iris, and feet as in adult male; length (skins), 87.6—
94 (90.2); wing, 51.6-53.1 (52.3); tail, 29-29.7 (29.5); exposed culmen,
6.6-6.9; depth of bill at base, 4.1-4.3; tarsus, 12.7-13.2 (13); middle
toe, 9.9-10.2 (9.9).”
Western Mexico, in States of Sonora (Alamos), Sinaloa (Mazatlan;
Plomosas), and Colima (Sierra Madre), and Territory of Tepic (San
Blas; Rosa Morada).
Kuphonia affinis ( (not Tanagra (Euphonia) affinis Lesson) Lawrence, Mem. Bost.
Soe. N. H., ii, 1874, 273 (Sierra Madre, Colima; Mazatlan).
Euphonia er ae Brewster, Deser. Supposed New Birds from W. Am. and
Mex., Jan., 1889, 90; Auk, vi, Apr., 1889, 90 (Mazatlan, hie Mexico;
coll. U. S. Nat. Mus. ).
EUPHONIA HIRUNDINACEA Bonaparte.
BONAPARTE’S EUPHONIA,
Adult male.—¥orehead and anterior portion of crown (back to
about middle of eyes) and entire under parts yellow, deepest on under
parts of body, where deep gamboge or indian yellow, paler on forehead,
chin, throat, and under tail-coverts, where more lemon yellow; poste-
rior portion of crown, occiput, hindneck, auricular, suborbital, and
malar regions, back, scapulars, smaller wing-coverts, rump, and upper
tail-coverts plain dark steel blue, more or less tinged with or inclining
to violet on head and neck; remiges and rectrices black, with steel blue
edgings; inner webs of pocoyaanics abruptly white for more nein basal
! Four specimens. 2 Three specimens.
26 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
half; inner web of outermost rectrix with more than terminal half
white, that of the second with about (ora little less than) terminal half
white; maxilla black, becoming grayish beneath nostrils; mandible
grayish (bluish gray in life?) with blackish tip; iris brown; legs and
feet dusky (plumbeous in life) *; length (skins), 87.6—108. 7 (102.1); wing,
55.6-64.8 (60.07); tail, 31-39.9 (385.3); exposed culmen, 7.1-8.9 (8.6);
depth of bill at base, 5.1—-5.6 (5.3); tarsus, 14.2-15.7 (15); middle toe,
10.4-11.9 (11.2).?
Adult female.—Above plain olive-green faintly glossed with metallic
greenish, the forehead, rump, and upper tail-coverts slightly more
yellowish olive-green; inner web of outermost rectrix with a terminal
spot of white; lores pale grayish, margined above by an indistinct
dusky line; suborbital and auricular regions olive-green, passing into
more yellowish olive-green on anterior portion of malar region, the
chin light yellowish olive-green or olive-yellowish; throat and median
portion of chest and breast very pale gray or grayish white, passing
into purer white on abdomen, the chest usually more tinged with gray;
postauricular and postmalar region deeper gray; sides of breast, sides,
and flanks bright yellowish olive-green, strongly contrasted with whit-
ish of median under parts; under tail-coverts pale olive-yellowish; bill,
ete., as in adult male; length (skins), 89.7—109.2 (97.8); wing, 55.1—-60.5
(57.7); tail, 29.7-35.3 (32.3); exposed culmen, 7.1-8.9 (7.9); depth of
bill at base, 5.1-5.3; tarsus, 14.2-15.2 (14.7); middle toe, 10.4-11.9
Clie) ee
Young male, first plumage.—Similar to adult female, but plumage
of looser texture, and olive-green of upper parts without gloss.
' Zeledon, manuscript.
* Sixteen specimens.
*Six specimens.
Specimens from Mexico, Guatemala, and Costa Rica average, respectively, in
measurements as follows: 7
Depth |
: rs m3) |Exposed ea | /Middle
Locality. Wing. | Tail. of bill | Tarsus. |
culmen. mi hASed toe.
ewe ae ¥ he PES |e Sale
MALES. |
Eight adult males from southeastern Mexico....--- 61.2 Son 8.1 53 1D 11.2
Four adult males from Guatemala................-- 59, 2 34.3 7.6 dD. 1 15 10.4
Four adult males from Costa Rica ...........------. 61.5 36.1 8.6 5.3 15.5 11.4
FEMALES.
Three adult females from southeastern Mexico..... 58. 2 Soa8 8.4 Sa 15.2 11.4
Three adult females from Guatemala.............-- By2 oL2 ha aoe ae 14.2 | 10.4
|
Adult males from Guatemala and those from the Mexican States of Chiapas and
Tabasco are strongly violaceous above, while those from Costa Rica are more green-
ish; those from Vera Cruz and southern Tamaulipas (Tampico), however, are very
similar in coloration of the upper parts to those from Costa Rica, but are paler yellow
below than either the latter or those from Guatemala. It therefore follows that if
any subdivision of the species be made, three forms will require recognition. The
series is much too small, however, to enable me to decide the question.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. PATS
(Immature males first assume yellow feathers on the throat and median
under parts, the whole under surface becoming yellow before the black
begins toappear. This is first seen on the head, which becomes exactly
as in the adult male before the color of the back, wings, etc., changes
from olive-green. )
Southeastern Mexico, in States of Tamaulipas (Tampico; Alta Mira),
Vera Cruz (Cordova; Jalapa; Orizaba), Puebla (Rinconada), Oaxaca
(Playa Vicente; Guichicovi), and Yucatan (Chichen-Itza), and south-
ward to Costa Rica (San José; Naranjo de Cartago; San Juan; Turri-
alba, ete.); Chiriqui?; Veragua‘,
Euphonia hirundinacea BONAPARTE, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1837, 117 (Guate-
mala;—=immature male); Nuoy. Ann. Se. Nat. Bolegna, ii, 1839, 345 (Mexico) ;
Consp. Av., i, 1850, 232.—SciatEr, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1854, 98, pl. 65,
fig. 1 (Guatemala; Chiriqui; Veragua; Colombia?); 1856, 278 (monogr. ),
303 (Guatemala; Cordova, Vera Cruz); 1859, 364 (Jalapa, Vera Cruz), 378
(Playa Vicente, Oaxaca) ; Tanagr. Cat. Spec., 1854, 14, 16; Synop. Av. Tanagr.,
1856, 104; Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 59 (Coban, Vera Paz, Guatemala; Mexico;
‘New Granada’’); Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 75 (Orizaba, Vera Cruz;
n. Yucatan; Corosal and Belize, Brit. Honduras; pine ridge of Poctun and
Choctum, Vera Paz, Guatemala; San Pedro, Honduras; Costa Rica).—
ScLaTeR and Saxvrn, Ibis, 1859, 16 (Guatemala); Proc. Zool. Soe. Lond.,
1870, 836 (San Pedro, Honduras ).—Cass1y, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1865,
172 (Turrialba, Costa Rica).—LAWRENCE, Ann. liye: -N. Y., 1x, 1868; 98
(Turrialba and San Juan, Costa Rica); Bull. U. 8. Nat. Mus., no. 4, 1876,
18 (Guichicoyi, Oaxaca).—FRaAnrzius, Journ. fiir Orn., 1869, 297 (Costa
Rica).—Sumicurast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H, i, 1869, 550 (tierra caliente,
Vera Cruz).—Boucarp, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, 443 (Yucatan).—
Sanvin, Cat. Strickland Coll., 1882, 180 (Guatemala).—Satvin and Gop-
MAN, Biol. Centr.-Am. Aves, i, 1883, 261 (Coban, Cajabon, etc., Guate-
mala; Hato Viejo, Nicaragua, etc. ).—ZELEDON, Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa
Rica, i, 1887, 109 (San José, Naranjo de. Cartago, and Monte Redondo de
San José, Costa Rica).—Cuerrim, Auk, ix, 1892, 24 (San José, etc., Costa
Rica; descr. nest and eggs).—Ricumonp, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xvi, 1893,
2
o
488 (Rio Escondido, Nicaragua) ; xviii, 1896, 631 (Alta Mira, Tamaulipas ).—
Crapman, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., viii, 1896, 297 (Chichen-Itza, Yucatan;
song).—Lanrz, Trans. Kansas Acad. Sci., 1896-97 (1899), 228 (Rinconada,
Puebla).
E{uphonia] hirundinacea GRay, Gen. Birds, ii, 1849, 367.
[Euphonia] hirundinacea GRay, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 78, no. 7145.—ScLATER and
Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 18.
Phonasca hirundinacea Casanis, Journ. fiir Orn., 1860, 334 (Costa Rica).
Euphonia laniirostris (not of Lafresnaye and D’Orbigny) Sciarer, Jardine’s
Contr. Orn., 1851, 86, part (Chiriqui).
(?) Phonasca gnatho CaBants, Journ. fiir Orn., Sept., 1860, 335 (Costa Rica; coll.
Berlin Mus. ); 1861, 90.
(2?) Euphonia gnatho Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., ix, 1868, 98 (Costa Rica)
Franrzius, Journ. fiir Orn., 1869, 297 (Costa Rica).—Satvin and GoDMAN,
Biol. Centr.-Am. Aves, i, 1883, 262 (Tempate, Gulf of Nicoya, Costa Rica).—
Sciarer, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 76 (Tempate and Turrialba, Costa
Rica) .—Zeepon, Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, i, 1887, 109 (Costa Rica).
(?) [Euphonia] gnatho ScLATER and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 18.
28 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
EUPHONIA CRASSIROSTRIS Sclater.
THICK-BILLED EUPHONIA,
Similar to 2. Adrundinacea, but adult male with yellow of forehead
extending much farther backward (over anterior half of crown) and
with rounded instead of truncate posterior outline, and adult female
entirely yellow beneath.
Adult male.—Forehead and anterior half of crown lemon yellow,
this extending much behind eyes, and with a strongly convex or
rounded posterior outline; entire under parts rich yellow (deep gam-
boge or indian yellow), becoming paler (lemon or canary yellow) on
under tail-coverts; head (except as described) and upper parts dar]:
steel blue, usually more or less tinged with or inclining to violet
anteriorly; remiges and rectrices black with steel blue or greenish
steel blue edgings; inner webs of secondaries abruptly white for more
than basal half; inner web of two lateral rectrices with a large sub-
terminal patch of white, larger on the outermost; maxilla black,
becoming grayish beneath nostrils; mandible grayish (bluish gray in
life?) on basal half or more, blackish terminally; iris brown; legs and
feet horn color or dusky (bluish gray in life?); length (skins), 99.1-111.8
(103.6); wing, 60.2-64.8 (62.2); tail, 33.5-38.6 (35.3); exposed culmen,
7.9-10.2 (9.1); depth of bill at base, 5.3-6.6 (5.8); tarsus, 14.7-16
(15.2); middle toe, 9.9-11.9 (10.7).*
Adult female.—Above plain yellowish olive-green; beneath oliva-
ceous yellow, purer yellow medially, more olive-greenish laterally;
length (skins), 3.90-4.10 (4.03); wing, 59.7-63.5 (61.2); tail, 33-38.1
(35.1); exposed culmen, 8.4-8.9 (8.6); tarsus, 15-15.5 (15.2); middle
toe, 10.7-12.2 (11.4).”
Costa Rica (Angostura; Cartago) and southward through Colombia
to western Ecuador (to Peru and Venezuela ?).
[Euphona] laniirostris (not Euphonia laniirostris Lafresnaye and D’Orbigny)
Casanis, Mus. Hein., i, 1850, 31 (Colombia).
1 Kleven specimens.
* Three specimens. Specimens vary in average measurements according to local-
ity, as follows:
: .q| Depth :
Locality. Wing. | Tail. Exposed! of pint | Tarsus, Middle
‘lat base. ee
MALES.
Three adult males from Bogota ...................-- 63.8 37.3 9.9 6.4 17, 11.4
Three adult males from Santa Marta (2) and lower
Magdalena R. (1)......- arn Ob eae 60.6 |}. 84.8) | opal” Sa sel eet Ow ate >
Four adult males from Isthmus of Panama .....--- 62,2 35.1 8.6 5.3 15. 2 10.2
One adult male from’ Chiriqui-.-----2-.-22-----.2-- 61.7 35. 1 8.1 6.1 15.2 10.7
FEMALES. |
Two adult females from Santa Marta .............. 62 36.1 S/O ees 15.2 HL. 2
One adult female from Isthmus of Panama........- 59.7 33 SiGil pence 15,2 12.2
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 29
Euphonia laniirostris Sauvin and Gopman, Ibis, 1879, 119 (Atanques, proy.
Santa Marta, Colombia, alt. 2,700 ft.; crit.); 1880, 119 (Atanques); Biol.
Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1883, 262, part (Angostura, Costa Rica; Volean de
Chiriqui, Bugaba, and David, Chiriqui; Boquete de Chitra, Calovevora, and
Cordillera de Tolé, Veragua; Lion Hill and Paraiso Station, Panama R. R.;
Colombia; Ecuador; Peru?).—Scuarer, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 76,
part, excl. syn. part (Costa Rican and Colombian localities and references ).—
ZELEDON, Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, i, 1887, 109 (Costa Rica).
Ph{onasca] laniirostris CaABANts, Journ. fiir Orn., 1860, 331; 1861, 90.
Euphonia crassirostris ScuatveR, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1856, 277 (Santa Marta,
Colombia; coll. P. L. Selater); 1859, 19 (Bogota, Colombia); (?) 1860, 275
(Babahoyo, w. Ecuador); Synop. Av., Tanagr., 1856, 103; Cat. Am. Birds,
1862, 58, part (Bogota; Babahoyo?; Caracas, Venezuela?).—ScLaTer and
Satvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, 349 (Lion Hill, Panama k. R.); Proc.
Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, 138 (David, Chiriqui); 1870, 186 (Chitra, Boquete de
Chitra, and Calovevora, Veragua).—Boucarp, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878,
54 (Cartago, Costa Rica).—Brruerscu, Journ. fir Orn., 1884, 289 (Bucara-
manga, Colombia).—Rosrnson, Flying Trip to Tropics, 1891, 161 (Magdalena
R., Colombia).—Banas, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xii, 1898, 141 (Santa Marta,
Colombia), 179 (Palomina, proy. Santa Marta); Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club,
ii, 1900, 28 (Loma del Leon, Panama R. R.; crit.).—ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus.
N. H., xiii, 1900, 170 (Bonda, ete., prov. Santa Marta; crit. ).
Euphonia crassirostris? Lawrence, Ann. Lye. N. Y., viii, 1865, 175 (David,
Chiriqui; crit. ).
Ef{uphonia] crassirostris ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., ii, 1889, 91 (Bogota;
crit. ); iii, 1891, 351 (crit.).
Euphonia hirundinacea (not of Bonaparte) Lawrence, Ann. Lye. N. Y., vii, 1861,
298 (Lion Hill, Panama R. R.).
Euphonia sp.? Sarvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, 138 (Cordillera de Tolé,
Veragua).
EUPHONIA GOULDI Sclater.
GOULD’S EUPHONIA.
Adult male.—Forehead (sometimes forepart of crown also) yellow,
the feathers with partially exposed central triangular spots of dusky;
rest of upper parts plain olive-green, the feathers with broad metallic
margins, producing a strong metallic sheen to the plumage; remiges
and rectrices dusky with olive-green or yellowish olive-green edgings;
lores dusky, becoming black along upper margin next to yellow of
forehead; sides of head (except lores) and neck, chin, throat, and chest
plain yellowish olive-green, without metallic gloss; sides and flanks
olive-green, the feathers with broad margins of yellow; median portion
of breast, abdomen, anal region, and under tail-coverts uniform deep
tawny; maxilla black, mandible bluish gray with dusky tip; legs and
feet dusky horn color (in dried skins); length (skins), 86.4—102.9 (92.7);
wing, 50.8-57.9 (55.1); tail, 25.1-31.5 (29.5); exposed culmen, 8.1—9.4
(8.4); depth of bill at base, 5.3-5.6 (5.5); tarsus, 14.7-15.7 (15.2); mid-
dle toe, 9.7-11.7 (10.7).*
Adult female.—Forehead dark rusty or chestnut, the feathers with
darker central spots, partly exposed; rest of upper parts plain olive-
1 Fourteen specimens,
30 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
green, the feathers with broad semimetallic margins, producing a dis-
tinct metallic gloss or sheen to the plumage; remiges and rectrices dusky
with olive-green edgings, narrower and more yellowish on primaries;
under parts deep olive-yellowish, darker (more yellowish olive-green) on
sides and flanks; under tail-coverts deep ochraceous or tawny; bill and
feet as in adult male; length (skins), 83.8-99.1 (95); wing, 49.5-58.7
(54.6); tail, 22.4-32 (28.2); exposed culmen, 7.9-8.6 (8.4); depth of bill at
base, 4.8—5.8 (5.3); tarsus, 14.7-15.7 (15.2); middle toe, 9.9-11.7 (10.9).?
Southern Mexico, in States of Vera Cruz (Santecomapan), Oaxaca,
etc., and southward to Costa Rica (Angostura; Valza; Tucurriqui; San
Carlos; Jiménez; Pacuare; Dota Mts.).
Euphonia ———? ScuatEr, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1856, 303 (Mexico).
Euphonia gouldi ScuatTer, Proce. Zool. Soc. Lond., xxv, 1857, 66, pl. 124 (Guate-
mala; coll. J. Gould), 229 (Santecomapan, Vera Cruz; Mosquito coast, Nica-
ragua); Ann. and Mag. N. H., 2d ser., xx, 1857, 319; Journ. fir Orn., vi,
1858, 75; Cat. Am. Birds, ii, 1862, 60 (Choctum, Vera Paz, Guatemala) ;
Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 81 (Choctum and Kamkhal, Guatemala;
Belize, Brit. Honduras; Chontales, Nicaragua; Angostura and Valza, Costa
Rica).—SciatTer and Sauvin, Ibis, 1859, 17 (Guatemala).—Sanvin, Ibis,
1860, 194 (Coban, Guatemala); 1872, 315 (Chontales, Nicaragua).—FRANT-
zius, Journ. fur Orn., 1869, 298 (Tucurriqui, etc., Costa Rica).—Bou-
CARD, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, 54 (San Carlos, Costa Rica).—Sa.vin
and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1888, 263.—Rip@way, Proc. U. S.
Nat. Mus., x, 1887, 585 (Segovia R., Honduras).—ZE.LEpon, Anal. Mus. Nac.
Costa Rica, i, 1887, 109 (Jiménez, Costa Rica).—Ricumonp, Proc. U. 8. Nat.
Mus., xvi, 1893, 488 (Greytown and Rio Escondido, Nicaragua).
[ Euphonia] gouldi ScuateR and Satvin, Nom. Ay. Neotr., 1873, 18.
Euphonia gouldii LAwReNcr, Ann. Lye. N. Y., ix, 1868, 98 (Angostura, Pacuare,
and Dota Mts., Costa Rica).—Sumicurast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., i, 1869,
590 (hot region, Vera Cruz).
"Twelve specimens.
Specimens vary in measurements according to locality, those from Costa Rica and
Nicaragua being the smallest. The series examined is not sufficient, however, to
show whether there are constant local differences in either measurements or colora-
tion. Following are average measurements:
ae Depth i
Locality. Wing. | Tail. eee of bill | Tarsus. ae
‘lat base. F
MALES.
Two adult males from eastern Mexico...........-..- 56.4 31 9.1 5.6 15-5 10.7
Five adult males from Guatemala. .-.--. caches sess 55.9 29.7 8.6 5.6 15.5 2
Three adult males from northern Honduras........ 56.4 29.7 8.4 5.3 1525 10.4
Two adult males from southern Honduras........-. [eo D2) ieee 8.1 5.3 15 | 9:9
One adult male from Nicaragua...............-...- 51.6 25.1 8.1 5.3 14.7 7
One adult male from Costa Rica.................. as 53.6 27 Sele eee ecie ln 14.7 10.9
FEMALES.
One adult female from Mexico..............-..----- 56.1 29.7 | 8.4 5.6 15. 2 10.7
Four adult females from Guatemala................ 55.1 29.2 | 8.4 5.8 15.5 10.9
|
Four adult females from northern Honduras. .-...-. 55.4 29.5 8.4 5.3 15 1D IB
Two adult females from Costa Rica................- 50 23.6 Seti 4.8 15 9.9
One adult female from Panama .................... 55.6 26.7 8.1 Seal 15.2 1b IBD,
.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. oll
Genus PYRRHUPHONIA Bonaparte.
Pyrrhuphonia BoNAPARTE, Compt. Rend., xxxi, 1850, 423; Rev. Zool., ili, 1851,
137. (Type, Fringilla jamaica Linnzeus. )
Similar to Huphonia but bill much stouter, its depth at base equal
to its width at rictus and greater than distance from nostril to tip of
maxilla; gonys very strongly ascending terminally, its basal angle
very prominent; maxillary tomium with subterminal notch indistinct?
and without smaller notches or serrations posterior to the notch.
Coloration. —Unitorm, slightly metallic, greenish gray above, paler
gray beneath, becoming yellowish on abdomen.
Range.—Island of Jamaica, Greater Antilles. (Monotypic.)
PYRRHUPHONIA JAMAICA (Linnezus).
JAMAICAN EUPHONIA.
Adult male.—Above uniform greenish plumbeous, witha strong gloss
of metallic bluish green; remiges dusky, with greenish plumbeous edg-
ings, broadest on tertials; beneath much paler gray, without greenish
tinge or metallic gloss; abdomen light yellow (canary yellow or pale
lemon yellow); anal region and under tail-coverts pale cr sam-butf, the
latter with central or median portion duller, sometimes pale gray;
axillars pale yellow (primrose or pale sulphur); under wing-coverts
white; maxilla black with portion below nostril bluish gray (grayish
blue in life?); mandible bluish gray for basal half or more, blackish
terminally; legs and feet horn color (in dried skins); length (skins),
101.6-114.3 (105.9); wing, 66-66.5 (66.3); tail, 39.4-40.1 (89.6);
exposed culmen, 8.9-9.7 (9.1); tarsus, 17.5-17.8 (17.7); middle toe,
10.9-12.7 (12.2).?
Adult female.—Pileum and hindneck greenish gray, with a slight
metallic gloss; rest of upper parts plain olive-green, slightly more
yellowish posteriorly; under parts pale gray, paler and duller medially ;
abdomen buffy whitish; otherwise like the male; length (skins), 101.6—
113 (107.2); wing, 64.8-66 (65.3); tail, 38.6; exposed culmen, 8.9-9.4
(9.1); depth of bill at base, 7.1; tarsus, 17.8; middle toe, 12.2-12.7
(12.4).°
Island of Jamacia, Greater Antilles.
[ Fringilla] jamaica Linn. xus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, i, 1766, 323 (Jamaica; based on
Grey Grosbeak Brown, Illustr., 62, pl. 26).—GMELIN, Syst. Nat., i, pt. ui,
1788, 920.—Laruam, Index Orn., i, 1790, 443.
Euphonia jamaica Goss, Birds Jamaica, 1847, 238; Illustr. Birds Jam., 1849, pl.
59.—Sciater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1861, 73; Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 60.—
Axprecut, Journ. fiir Orn., 1862, 196.—Marcna, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila.,
1863, 296.—Cory, Auk, iii, 1886, 194 (synonymy and deser.); Birds W. L.,
1889, 81.—Scortr, Auk, x, 1893, 180.
1The notch is by no means wanting, as stated on page 53 of the Catalogue of the
Birds in the British Museum, vol. x1.
2 Three specimens. 3 Two specimens.
32 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
{ Euphona] jamaica Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 233.
[ Euphonia] jamaica ScuaATER and Satyin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 18.
E[uphonia] jamaica Newton (A. and E.), Handb. Jamaica, 1881, 104.
Huphonia jamaice ScuAtTER, Jardine’s Contr. Orn., 1851, 91.
Euphonia jamaicensis SCLATER, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1856, 280 (monogr. ); Synop.
Ay. Tanagr., 1856, 106.
[ Euphonia] jamaicensis Cory, List Birds W. I., 1885, 11.
Pyrrhuphonia jamaica Bonaparte, Rey. Zool., iii, Mar., 1851, 137.—Sciarer,
Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 85 (Moneague, Metcalf Parish, and St. Ann’s,
Jamaica).—Cory, Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 16, 113, 130.
Euphonia cinerea LAFRESNAYE, Rey. Zool., ix., Aug., 1846, 277 (‘‘Columbia’’ ).—
ScLatTeR, Jardine’s Contr. Orn., 1851, 91.
Euphonia] cinerea Gray, Gen. Birds, iii, App., 1849, 17.
[ Euphona] cinerea BONAPARTE, Consp. Ay., i, 1850, 235.
Genus BUTHRAUPIS Cabanis.
Buthraupis! CaBants, Mus. Hein., i, 1850, 29. (Type, Tanagra cucullata Jardine. )
Large, short-billed, Tanagers, with the plumage chiefly blue and
vellow, wing rather long and pointed, and tail much shorter than
wing, even, or very slightly rounded.
Bill short (length of maxilla from nostril not more—usually much
less—than half the length of the tarsus), stout (both depth and width at
base equal to or exceeding gonys), usually deeper than broad, rapidly
tapering to the distinctly uncinate tip; culmen gently convex, its terminal
portion sometimes more strongly curved and produced into a distinct
uncinate point, with a distinct tomial notch behind it; gonys about
equal to length of maxilla from nostril (or sometimes a little shorter),
gently convex, strongly ascending, contracted and strongly ridged
terminally; commissure nearly straight or (usually) slightly sinuated.
Nostril exposed, nearly circular, occupying most of anterior end of
nasal fosse. Rictal bristles rather distinct. Wing rather long (three
and one-half to four and one-fourth times as long as tarsus), rather
pointed (eighth to fifth primaries longest, ninth longer than third);
primaries exceeding secondaries by not more (usually less) than length
of tarsus. Taila little more than half (2. arced and BL. ceruleiqularis)
to nearly five-sixths (B. eximza) as long as wing, even or very slightly
rounded, the rectrices broad, with rounded tips. Tarsus longer than
middle toe with claw; lateral claws reaching to or slightly beyond
base of middle claw.
Coloration.—Uniform dull blue or green above, the remiges and
rectrices (except sometimes on margins) blackish, the head also some-
times black; chin, throat, and chest black or very dark blue, the
remaining underparts yellow, or else yellowish olive with an orange-
yellow pectoral patch.
Range.—Costa Rica to Bolivia, Peru, and western Ecuador, in
mountains.
'“Von #ove zur Bezeichnung der Grésse und 6pav7i6, nom. prop.”
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 30
There is great difference in the form of the bill between B. cucullata,
B. montana, B. arc (and its close ally B. cwruleiqularis) on the one
hand and B. chloronota and B. eximia on the other, the two last
named having this member much shorter and proportionally deeper
at the base, the extreme abbreviation existing in B. eximiéa. In the
last-named species the gonys is sharply ridged, and there is a very
sight development of the uncinate tip to the maxilla, which in
B. chloronota is quite as well developed as in B. cucullata, the gonys
at the same time lacking the well-defined ridge of 2. eximia. On the
other hand B. arcewi and B. cwruleigularis, with even a more slender
bill than B. cucullata, have the tip of the maxilla even less uncinate
than B. eximia. It will be seen, therefore, that the genus can not be
subdivided on the shape of the bill alone without making four groups,
the first to include B. cucullata and B. montana, the second B. arca
and B. cwrulecgularis, the third B. chloronota, and the fourth B. eximia.
The first-mentioned of these groups is further characterized by
having the plumage of the upper parts (the head excepted) remarkably
glossy. The others have the upper plumage normal in this respect,
except that represented by B. eximéa, which has the pileum glossy
and the rump partially so. The group containing 4. arc and B.
ceruleigularis (B. edwardsi also?) has the tail very much shorter in
proportion to the wing than the others.
It may eventually prove necessary to separate one or more of these
groups on account of the characters mentioned, but for the present I
prefer to leave the genus with usually assigned limits.
BUTHRAUPIS ARCZEI Sclater and Salvin.
ARCE’S TANAGER,
Adult male.—Above dull grayish indigo blue, the wings and tail
blackish with dull indigo blue edgings; lores, chin, and throat dull
blackish, tinged with dull indigo bluish; rest of under parts rich
yellow (saffron or indian yellow on chest, gradually fading to lemon
yellow on under tail-coverts), the sides and flanks mottled or clouded
with dusky; under wing-coverts pale yellow, with concealed dusky
spaces on outer webs; bill blackish; legs and feet horn brownish;
length (skin), 147.3;' wing, 85.6; tail, 72.6; exposed culmen, 15.2;
depth of bill at base, 8.6; tarsus, 22.4; middle toe, 16.
Veragua (Cordillera del Chucu; Calobre).
Buthraupis arcei Scuarer and Satvry, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1869, 439, pl. 31
(Cordillera del Chucu, Veragua; coll. Salvin and Godman).—Satvin, Proc.
Zool. Soe. Lond., 1870, 187 (Cordillera del Chucu).—Sarvin and GopMan,
Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1883, 276 (Cordillera del Chucu and Calobre,
Veragua).—Scuarer, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 149.
[Buthraupis] arexi ScuaTeR and Satyr, Nom. Ay. Neotr., 1873, 20.
1The total length is actually much greater, the skin being greatly shortened,
3654—VvoL 2—01——3
o4 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
BUTHRAUPIS CAZRULEIGULARIS Cherrie.
CHERRIE’S TANAGER,
Similar to B. arca7, but larger; sides and flanks extensively and
uniformly dusky bluish; chin and throat dull indigo blue, scarcely
darker than pileum, and under wing-coverts light yellow without con-
cealed dusky spots.
Adult male.—Head (all round), hindneck, sides of neck, entire upper
parts, sides, and flanks, uniform dull indigo blue, the larger wing-
coverts, remiges, and rectrices, however, dull black, except on edges;
chest and breast (except laterally), belly, anal region, and under tail-
coverts bright yellow, changing gradually from rich indian yellow on
the chest to lemon yellow on the under tail-coverts; axillars canary
yellow; under wing-coverts mixed primrose yellow and white; inner
webs of remiges dull brownish gray, paler on edges, these becoming
whitish toward base; thighs uniform dusky indigo blue; bill entirely
black; legs dusky horn color; feet dull blackish; length (skin), about
142.2 (tail imperfect); wing, 86.9; exposed culmen, 15.2; depth of bill
at base, 8.9; tarsus, 21.6; middle toe, 15.2.
Although apparently very different from 2B. arcei in the exten-
sively and uniformly dusky sides and flanks, this form is so closely
similar in other features of coloration that possibly it may oniy repre-
sent an extreme variation of that species. At any rate, additional
specimens will be necessary to.establish its validity.
Central Costa Rica (Buena Vista).
Buthraupis ceruleigularis CHERRIE, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xvi, no. 956, Oct. 28,
1893, 609 (Buena Vista, s. w. Costa Rica; coll. U. 8S. Nat. Mus.).
Genus CALOSPIZA Gray.
Calliste (not Callista Poli, 1791) Bors, Isis, 1826, 974. (Type, Tanagra tricolor
Linnzeus. )
Aglaia (not of Renier, 1804, nor of Eschscholz, 1825) Swarnson, Zool. Jour., 111,
1827, 347. (Type, Tanagra tatao Linneus. )
Calospiza Gray, List Gen. Birds, 1840, 44. (Type, Tanagra tricolor Linnzeus. )
Callospiza (emendation) CaBanis, Wiegman’s Archiv. fiir Naturg., 1847, 317.
Gyrola RetcHENBAcH, Ay. Syst. Nat., 1850, pl. 77. (Type, Tanagra gyrola Lin-
nzeus. ) :
Tatao BoNAPARTE, Compt. Rend., xxxii, 1851, 80. (Type, Tanagra tatao Lin-
nzeus. )
Chrysothraupis BONAPARTE, Rey. et Mag. de Zool., iii, Mar., 1851, 142. (Type,
Tanagra (Aglaia) aurulenta Lafresnaye. )
Ixothraupis Bonaparte, Rey. et Mag. de Zool., iii, Mar., 1851, 143. (Type,
Tanagra punctata Linneeus. )
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 35
Chalcothraupis BONAPARTE, Rey. et Mag. de Zool., iii, Mar., 1851, 144. (Type,
Tanagra (Aglaia) labradorides Lafresnaye. )
Euschemon Scuater, Jardine’s Contr. Orn., 1851, 95. (Type, Tanagra flava
Gmelin. )
Euprepiste ScLATER, Jardine’s Contr. Orn., 1851, 95. (Type, Tanagra brasiliensis
Linnzeus. )
Small, very brilliantly colored Tanagers with the bill shorter than
middle toe without claw, the tarsus decidedly longer than middle toe
with claw and more than one-third as long as tail; if not brilliantly
colored in adult plumage, the lesser wing-coverts glossy bright blue.
Bill small (exposed culmen about half as long as tarsus, sometimes
a little more or less), varying from rather stout, with decidedly curved
culmen and basal depth equal to basal width (equal also to length of
gonys), to rather slender, with culmen nearly straight and basal depth
much less than basal width or than length of gonys; commissure nearly
straight, the maxillary tomium more or less distinctly notched near
tip; gonys nearly (sometimes quite) equal to length of maxilla from
nostril, slightly convex, and decidedly ascending terminally, the tip
of the mandible acute. Nostril partly (sometimes almost entirely)
concealed by frontal plumules—rarely fully exposed—nearly circular,
in lower anterior portion of nasal fosse. Rictal bristles minute, often
obsolete. Wing long (about three and one-third to four and one-fourth
times as long as tarsus), pointed (ninth to sixth or eighth to sixth
primaries longest, the ninth usually longer, rarely shorter, than fifth);
primaries exceeding secondaries by nearly (sometimes quite) the
length of the tarsus. Tail shorter than wing by length of tarsus or
(usually) more, usually more or less emarginate, sometimes even, the
rectrices rather narrow, with firm webs and rounded tips. Tarsus
decidedly (sometimes very much) longer than middle toe with claw;
lateral claws reaching about to base of middle claw or slightly beyond;
hind claw decidedly shorter than its digit.
Coloration.—Usually extremely brilliant and varied, in many cases
beyond any other known birds, thus fully entitling the genus to the
name by which it has usually been known (Cad/iste, i. e., most beauti-
ful), but which unfortunately can not be retained. Only one of the
sixty-odd species is plainly attired, this (well named C. cnornata)
being plain gray (paler below), with lesser wing-coverts bright glossy
blue. The sexes are usually alike in color, or nearly so, but the young
are quite different, being very plain, never streaked.
Range.—Tropical America, from southern Mexico to southern
Brazil and Peru. Wanting from the West Indies, except in St.
Vincent and Grenada.
Although very marked variations in the shape of the bill and in
other details of external structure occur among the numerous species
of this genus, I am unable to subdivide it into groups with definite
36 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
characters. The species may be conveniently assorted according to
their style of coloration, as has been done by Dr. Sclater, though I
would give some of his groups different limits. For example, C. florida,
which both he and Messrs. Salvin and Godman consider most nearly
allied with C. schrank7 and place in the same subdivision (true Cad/iste).
seems to me to bea typical ** Chrysothraupis,” having exactly the same
pattern of coloration as C. aurulenta, C. pulchra, ete., but with their
brilliant orange and yellow replaced by glossy green.
KEY TO THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES OF CALOSPIZA.
a. Back streaked with black or dusky.
b. Under parts green or yellowish, without streaks or spots.
c. General color yellow, the throat pale silvery buff or grayish. (Costa Rica to
Biedador?) 42 i.) eae see Se ee eee eee Calospiza icterocephala (p. 37)
ec. General color green, including throat; a large black auricular patch. ( Calo-
spiza florida. )
d. Larger (wing of adult male 68.1, tail 48.7); general color purer green; adult
male with a large occipital patch of pure yellow. (Costa Rica.)
Calospiza florida florida (p. 39)
dd. Smaller (wing of adult male 64.5-66.5, tail 40.1-41.1); general color more
yellowish green; adult male without distinct, if any, occipital patch of
yellow! (Vierapuas)'= oo. 2 eng ee Calospiza florida arcei (p. 40)
bb. Under parts white or pale greenish blue, spotted with black anteriorly.
c. Smaller (wing of adult male 68.6); lesser wing-coverts green, with central
spots of black; pileum green, the feathers with central spots of black.
(Costa Rica to Ecuador, etc.) ...-..--- Calospiza guttata chrysophrys (p. 40)
cc. Larger (wing of adult male 86.4); lesser wing-coverts plain blue; pileum
black, the feathers margined with blue. (West coast of Guatemala. )
Calospiza cabanisi (p. 42)
aa. Back without streaks.
b. Back bright green.
c. Head (except throat) bright rufous-chestnut or orange-maroon.
d. Rump, throat, and breast blue; outer webs of primaries green; anterior
lesser wing-coverts yellow; hindneck green, except a narrow band at pos-
terior margin of chestnut hood (sometimes obsolete). (Costa Rica to
IBolnvids)) 2 ts enone eee ee a eee Calospiza gyroloides, adults (p. 43)
dd. Rump, throat, and breast green; outer webs of primaries cinnamon-rufous;
anterior lesser wing-coverts green; whole hindneck saffron yellow.
(Nicaragua to Isthmus of Panama.) --.--Calospiza lavinia, adults (p. 46)
cc. Head green.
d. Under wing-coverts white or whitish. .-.-.Calospiza gyroloides, young (p. 46)
dd. Under wing-coverts brownish gray ....--- Calospiza lavinia, young (p. 46)
6b. Back not bright green.
c. Back black, dusky, or dull grayish green; rump blue or green.
d. Head mostly black; under parts of body light cinnamon; back greenish
black or dusky.
e. Lesser wing-coverts ultramarine or cobalt blue; rump bright yellowish
green, changing to bluish green; back greenish black. (Costa Rica;
Wierdimuai)pattn@: 23 4 ete bP p ene ee Calospiza dowi, adults (p. 46)
ee. Lesser wing-coverts greenish blue; rump dull grayish green; back dusky.
Calospiza dowi, young (p. 47)
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 37
dd. Head not black; under parts of body not light cinnamon; back not green-
ish black nor dusky.
e. Head changing from golden buff to silvery yellowish green, the forehead
and cheeks blue, the lores and chin black; back deep black; rump
bright blue; chest and sides of breast black. ( Calospiza larvata, adults. )
f. Deeper colored (sides bright ultramarine, becoming bright cerulean or
turquoise blue on flanks, the throat cinnamon-rufous); greater wing-
coverts, remiges and rectrices more broadly edged with greenish;
slightly larger. (Southern Mexico to northern Honduras. )
Calospiza larvata larvata, adults (p. 47)
ff. Lighter colored (sides cerulean blue, becoming pale greenish blue or
bluish green on flanks, the throat orange-buffy or ochraceous); greater
wing-coverts, remiges and rectrices more narrowly edged with green-
ish (the edgings sometimes wanting on greater wing-coverts); slightly
smaller. (Southern Honduras to Isthmus of Panama. )
Calospiza larvata fanny, adults (p. 49)
ee. Head grayish green, becoming whitish on throat; back dull or grayish
green, clouded with blackish or dusky laterally; rump dull green; sides
of chest and breast grayish or dusky.
Calospiza larvata larvata, young (p. 48)
Calospiza larvata fanny, young (p. 49)
cc. Back neither black, dusky, nor dull green; rump neither blue nor green.
d. Pileum, back, scapulars, and rump plain slate-gray; under parts pale gray,
becoming whitish on abdomen; lesser wing-coverts bright blue. (Veragua
toncentralsColannbiam)ias2 = see 51. oe Calospiza inornata, adults (p. 51)
dd. Pileum rufous-tawny to very dark chestnut; back, scapulars, and rump
opalescent, dull greenish or buffy; under parts dull buffy or greenish,
more or less opalescent; lesser wing-coverts dull greenish or bluish
green.
e. Smaller (wing 70.4-75.2); coloration darker, the pileum dark chestnut.
(Island of Grenada, Lesser Antilles; Venezuela. )
Calospiza cucullata, adults (p.52)
ee. Larger (wing 75.7-78.7); coloration lighter, the pileum light chestnut to
rufous-tawny. (Island of St. Vincent, Lesser Antilles. )
Calospiza versicolor, adults (p. 5
3)
CALOSPIZA ICTEROCEPHALA (Bonaparte).
SILVER-THROATED TANAGER.
Adult male.—Pileum, nape, sides of head, and whole rump _ plain
glossy deep saffron or indian yellow; back and scapulars similar
but rather paler yellow (sometimes slightly tinged with greenish),
broadly streaked with black; wings and tail black, the lesser and mid-
dle wing-coverts broadly tipped with yellow or greenish yellow, the
greater coverts, remiges, and rectrices edged with yellowish green;
chin, throat, and malar region and rather indistinct collar across hind-
neck pale buffy greenish or greenish buffy, more or less changeable
with different inclinations to the light; under part of body and under
tail-coverts plain saffron or indian yellow, slightly tinged with olive-
greenish laterally; anterior portion of lores and a streak from rictus
along lower edge of suborbital and malar regions (widening more or
38 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
less at posterior extremity) black; bill black; iris brown; legs and
feet horn color (in dried skins); length (skins), 109.2-137.2 (124.2);
wing, 69.6-80 (74.7); tail, 44.7-53.1 (49.3); exposed culmen, 9.4-10.7
(9.9); depth of bill at base, 5.1-5.6 (5.3); tarsus, 17-19.1 (17.8); middle
toe, 11.4-12.7 (12.2).*
Adult female.—Similar in color to the adult male and not always
distinguishable, but usually more or less duller in color; length (skins),
127-132.1 (129.5); wing, 70.1—78.2 (72.6); tail, 43.9-53.1 (47.2); exposed
culmen, 9.9-10.2 (10); depth of pill at base, 5.1-5.8 (5.3); tarsus,
17.3-18 (17.8); middle toe, 11.9-12.2.”
Young male.—Much duller in coloration than the dullest adult
females; above olive-green, slightly tinged with yellow on sides of
head, more decidedly yellowish on rump; feathers of pileum with
small triangular or sagittate central spots of blackish, the interscapulars
and scapulars with large dusky markings of similar position and shape;
wings and tail blackish with yellowish green edgings; malar region,
chin, and throat dull greenish buffy; rest of under parts buffy yellow
(naples or maize), medially more yellowish, more olive-greenish
laterally.
Young female.—Similar to the young male but still duller in color.
Costa Rica (San José; Dota; Turrialba; Barranca; Candelaria Mts. ;
Naranjo; Orosi; Cartago; San Marco, ete.), southward through Colom-
bia to Ecuador (Punta Playa, near Quito; Nanegal; Pasto; Napo; Bois
de Bagnos; Tongaragua, etc.).
Calliste icterocephala Bonaparte, Compt. Rend., xxxii, 1851, 76 (Punta Playa,
near Quito, Ecuador) .—Scuarer, Jardine’s Contr. Orn., 1851, 53, pl. 70, fig.
1; Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1856, 19, 251 (monogr.; Punta Playa, Ecuador) ;
1860, 87 (Nanegal, w. Ecuador) ; Synop. Ay. Tanagr., 1856, 77; Monogr. Cal-
liste, 1857, 37, pl. 17 (Quito, Ecuador); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 65 (Nanegal) ;
Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 110 (Nanegal, Pasto, and Napo, Ecuador;
Frontino, Colombia; Volcan de Chiriqui; Santa Fé, Calovevora, and Cor-
dillera de Tolé, Veragua; San José, Dota, Turrialba, and Barranca, Costa
Rica).—Satvry, Proc. Zool. Soe. Lond., 1867, 138 (Cordillera de Tolé and
Santa Fé, Veragua; crit.); 1870, 186 (Volean de Chiriquf; Boquete de
Chitra, Cordillera del Chuca, and Calovevora, Veragua).—LawrkeEnce, Ann.
1 Seven specimens.
2 Four specimens from Costa Rica.
Costa Rican and Ecuadorean males compare in average measurements as follows:
rt ial |__| Depth | a
Locality. | Wing. | Tail. |EXPosed| of pill | Tarsus.| ee
| 7 "| at base. | ‘
Four adult males from Costa Rica .......---.++-+-+- | 76.5| 511| 102} 58| 183] 124
Three adult males (two with sex doubtful) from
WavanNON oo ee Sale Riek ce ee ined | 72.1| 46.7 907i. DEB ise 11.9
|
Iam not able to detect any color differences, and the determination of sex being
in some cases open to question, the apparent difference in size may prove inconstant.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 39
Lye. N. Y., ix, 1868, 98 (Dota, Turrialba, Barranca, and San José, Costa
Rica).—Franrzius, Journ. fiir Orn., 1869, 298 (Candelaria Mts., etc., Costa
Rica).—Sciarer and Satvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, 498 (Antioquia,
Colombia).—Bovucarp, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, 54 (Naranjo and Orosf,
Costa Rica).—Satvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1883, 269
(Vivalva, Calobre, etc., Veragua; etc.).—ZrLEpon, Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa
Rica, i, 1887, 109 (Cartago, Naranjo de Cartago, and Santa Maria de Dota).—
JHERRIE, Anal. Inst. Fis.-Geogr. Nac. Costa Rica, vi, 1893, 13 (San Marco).
[ Calliste] icterocephala ScLaTER and Satvin, Nom. Ay. Neotr., 1873, 19.
Chrysothraupis icterocephala BoNAPARTE, Rey. et Mag. de Zool., iii, March, 1851,
129 (Bois de Bagnos, Tonguaragua, Ecuador), 445; Note sur les Tang.,
1851, 17.
Callispiza icterocephala Sauvapori, Atti Roy. Ac. Sci. Torino, iv, 1868, 175
(Costa Rica).
Callispiza (Chrysothraupis) frantzii CABANIS, Journ. fiir Orn., ix, March, 1861, 87
(Costa Rica; coll. Berlin Mus.).
Calliste frantzii ScuATER, Ibis, 1863, 451 (Costa Rica); 1868, 72, in text (Costa
Rica; crit.).
CALOSPIZA FLORIDA FLORIDA (Sclater and Salvin),
EMERALD TANAGER,
Adult male.—General color above pure yellowish green (nearly
apple green), the back and scapulars broadly streaked with black;
lower anterior portion of lores and a large quadrate oblique patch
across auricular region black; entire occiput pure lemon yellow; rump
plain bright greenish yellow, more decidedly yellow below; lesser
wing-coverts bright yellowish green with black (mostly concealed)
bases; rest of wings black, the middle coverts broadly tipped with
bright yellowish green, the greater coverts broadly and secondaries
more narrowly edged with the same; tail black with narrow green
edgings to middle rectrices; under parts plain light green (duller and
less yellowish than upper parts), the abdomen, anal region, and under
tail-coverts light maize or naples yellow; bill black; legs and feet (in
dried skin) horn color; length (skin), 130.8; wing, 68.1; tail, 43.7;
exposed culmen, 10.1; depth of bill at base, 4.8; tarsus, 16; middle
toesslOnie*
Adult female.—Similar to the male, but rather duller in color and
without the yellow occipital patch.
Costa Rica (Carrillos, on Rio Sucio).
Calliste florida SCLATER and SALvIN, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1869, 416, pl. 28 (Costa
~ Rica; coll. Salvin and Godman).—Satvin, Ibis, 1870, 114 (Costa Rica).—
ScLaTer, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 103, part (Costa Rica).—Sa.vin
and GopMAN, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1883, 267, part, pl. 17, fig. 1 (Costa
Rica).—ZELEpDoN, Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, i, 1887, 109 (Costa Rica).
[ Calliste] florida ScuaTER and Satvin, Nom. Avy. Neotr., 1873, 19.
Calospiza florida florida Ripaway, Proc. Wash. Ac. Sci., ili, Apr., 1901, 149,
in text.
1One specimen, no. 108276, U. S. Nat. Mus., from Rio Sucio (Carrillos), 1884;
M. Carranza.
40 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
CALLISTE FLORIDA ARCZEI Ridgway.
ARCE’S EMERALD TANAGER,
Similar to C. f. florida, but smaller, with larger feet; adult male
without a distinct occipital patch of yellow (sometimes with none), and
feathers of pileum marked with a distinct central V-shaped spot of
black or black beneath the surface (partly exposed), and with the gen-
eral green color of upper parts slightly more yellowish; adult female
slightly duller and less yellowish green than the male, with pileum
and rump less yellowish.
Adult male.—Length (skins), 101.6-104.1 (102.9); wing, 64.5-66.5
(65.5); tail, 40.1-41.1 (40.6); exposed culmen, 8.1—9.7 (8.9); depth of
bill at base (one specimen), 5.1; tarsus, 17.3-17.5; middle toe, 10.9-
11.4 (11.2).!
Adult female.—Length (skins), 104.6-106.7 (105.7); wing, 61-63.5
(62.2); tail, 36.8-39.4 (38.1); exposed culmen, 9.7—10.2 (9.9); tarsus,
17.3-17.5; middle toe, 11.2—-12.4 (11.7).’
Veragua.
Calliste florida (not of Sclater and Salvin) Scuarsr, Ibis, 1876, 409 (Veragua);
Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 103, part (Veragua).—Satvin and GopMAN,
Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves,,i, 1883, 267, part (Veragua).
Calospiza florida arcei Ripaway, Proc. Wash. Ac. Sei., iii, Apr. 15, 1901, 149
(Veragua; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.).
CALOSPIZA GUTTATA CHRYSOPHRYS (Sclater)?
YELLOW-BROWED TANAGER,
Adult male.—Upper parts bright yellowish green, becoming more
yellowish on forehead, superciliary, suborbital, and auricular regions,
and sides of neck, the anterior portion of forehead, supraloral region,
and eyelids pure canary yellow; lores black; feathers of crown, occiput,
sides of head, back, and scapulars with central spots of black, these
large and very conspicuous on back and scapulars, the latter with
margins of bluish green or greenish blue; wings and tail black, the
smaller wing-coverts broadly margined with light bluish green (mala-
chite green), the greater coverts and remiges edged with the same, the
primary coverts with narrower and more bluish edgings; rectrices black
edged with yellowish green, the middle pair mostly green; malar
region, chin, throat, chest, and breast glaucous-white, each feather
(except on chin and throat) with a median elliptical spot of black, the
throat with small and inconspicuous streaks of the same; abdomen
white anteriorly, passing posteriorly into light yellow on anal region and
1 Two specimens.
ele
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 41
under tail-coverts, the latter with central wedge-shaped or sagittate spots
(mostly concealed) of dusky; flanks plain yellowish green, tinged with
yellow; maxilla blackish, mandible grayish or horn color with dusky
tip; legs and feet horn color or dusky in dried skins; length (skins),
119.4-142.2 (130.8); wing, 68.6-70.6 (69.6); tail,52.1; exposed culmen,
10.2-10.4; depth of bill at base, 5.1-5.3; tarsus, 18-18.5 (18.3): middle
toe, 11.4-12.2 (11.7).’
Adult female(?).—Similar to the adult male, as described above, but
duller in color; head much less yellowish (quite concolor, in fact, with
back, ete.), without pure yellow on forehead, supraloral region, or
eyelids; black spots on scapulars and interscapulars much less distinct;
length (skins), 107.2-115.6 (110.7); wing, 64.8-71.1 (68.8); tail, 45.7—
58.3 (50); exposed culmen, 9.4-10.2 (9.9); depth of bill at base, 4.8—
5.1 (5); tarsus, 17.8-18 (17.9); middle toe, 11.7—-12.4 (12.2).”
Immature (?) male.—Similar to the adult female, as described above,
but wing-coverts margined and edged with yellowish green, contrast-
ing strongly with the greenish blue edgings of remiges; feathers
of throat with large and distinct central spots of black; length (skin),
125.7; wing, 66.8; tail, 49.5; exposed culmen, 10.7; depth of bill at
base, 5.6; tarsus, 19.3; middle toe, 11.7.°
Having a very small and unsatisfactory series of this species for
examination, I am in doubt as to the proper name which the birds
from Costa Rica and the Isthmus of Panama should bear. The only
specimen I have been able to examine is from Dota, Costa Rica, and,
judging from the loose texture of the plumage, seems to be an imma-
ture, though full-grown, bird. Itis markedasamale. If the birds of
this species are the same from Costa Rica to Venezuela, then it so hap-
pens that all the Colombian specimens which I have seen (three from
‘‘ Bogota”) are females, for none of them have yellow about the head,
while all of those seen from Venezuela (only two in number, however),
are males, the head being bright yellowish green (much yellower than
the back), becoming pure canary yellow on the anterior portion of the
forehead and thence backward to and including the upper eyelid, the
lower eyelid also being pure yellow; the black spots on back and
scapulars being at the same time far larger, more sharply defined, and
deeper black. Four specimens from Trinidad agree in all these char-
acters with the two Venezuelan specimens, but have shorter wings and
are easily distinguished by the larger and relatively broader black
spots on the chest. I have not seen examples from British Guiana,
but these (the true C. guttata) are said by Salvin and Godman to be
distinguished by having the under parts ‘‘ much less spotted, the spcts
1Two specimens from Venezuela.
2 Three specimens from ‘‘ Bogota,’’? Colombia.
$One specimen from Dota, Costa Rica.
42 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
being almost confined to the chest, the throat and abdomen being
plain.”
Costa Rica (Tucurriqui; Angostura; Dota; Turrialba) and south-
ward through Colombia to Ecuador (Valle de Mindos), Venezuela
(Caracas; Puerto Cabello; San Cristobal) and Trinidad.
Calliste chrysophrys ScuatER, Jardine’s Contr. Orn., 1851, 24, 54, pl. 69, fig. 2
(Venezuela; coll. P. L. Sclater).
Calliste guttulata Bonaparte, Compt. Rend., xxxii, 1851, 76 (Mindos, n. w.
Ecuador) .—Scuater, Tanagr. Cat. Specif., 1854, 11; Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
1855, 157 (Bogota, Colombia); 1856, 19, part (Venezuela; Trinidad. )
Ixothraupis guttulata Bonapartr, Rey. et Mag. de Zool., iii, Mar., 1851, 144;
Note sur les Tang., 1851, 18.
Calliste guttata (not Callispiza guttata Cabanis) ScLatrEeR, Proce. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
1856, 249, part (monogr.; Venezuela; Trinidad; Bogota, Colombia; ‘‘ Ecua-
dor);’’? Synop. Av. Tanagr., 1856, 75; Monogr. Calliste, 1857, 21, part, pl.
10 (Trididad; Caracas, Venezuela; Bogota, Colombia; valley of Mindos,
Ecuador); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 64 (Venezuela; Trinidad; Anolaima,
Colombia); Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 105, part (Puerto Cabello, Cara-
cas, and San Cristobal, Venezuela; Bogota, Colombia; s. slope Volcan de
Chiriqui; Tucurriqui and Angostura, Costa Rica, etc.).—Taytor, Ibis,
1864, 82 (Trinidad).—Scuiarer and Satyin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1868,
627 (Venezuela); 1875, 237 (do.).—Lawrence, Ann. Lye. N. Y., ix, 1868,
98 (Angostura, Turrialba, and Dota, Costa Rica).—Franrzivus, Journ. fiir
Orn., 1869, 298 (Costa Rica).—Finscn, Proc. Zool. Soe. Lond., 1870, 579
(Trinidad ).—Satvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 187 ( Volcan de Chiriqui).—
Wyart, Ibis, 1871, 325 (Ocala, Colombia).—Satvin and Gopman, Biol.Centr.-
Am., Aves, i, 1888, 267, part (Turrialba, etc., Costa Rica; Volean de Chiriqui;
Colombia; Ecuador; Venezuela; Trinidad).—Brrieprscn, Journ. ftir Orn.,
1884, 289 (Bucaramanga, Colombia).—ZELEpDoN, Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, i,
1887, 109 (Turrialba).—CHApMAN, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., vi, 1894, 29 (Trini-
dad).
[ Calliste] guttata ScuatTER and Satyrn, Nom. Ay. Neotr., 1873, 19, part ( Vene-
zuela; Colombia; Ecuador; Costa Rica).
C [alliste] guttata Dusots, Bull. Ac. Roy. Belg., xxxviii, 1874 (5) (crit.).
[ Calliste punctata] var. a. guttata Dusors, Bull. Ac. Roy. Belg., xxxviii, July,
1874 (7), part (Venezuela; Trinidad).
CALOSPIZA CABANISI Sclater.
CABANIS TANAGER.
Adult (male?).—** Above greenish blue; wings and tail black, mar-
gined with blue; interscapulium green; cap black, margined with blue;
beneath pale greenish blue, middle of belly whitish; breast-feathers
spotted with black; bill black, at base plumbeous; feet black; whole
length, 144.8; wing, 86.4; tail, 58.4.7?
** Hab. —Costa Cuca district of Guatemala.
‘The characters are taken from the unique specimen in the Museum
ot Berlin, which I examined in 1868.” (Sclater.)
1 Original measurements given in inches and tenths.
o. .
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 43
The above very imperfect description may be supplemented by the
following, taken from the colored plate cited:
Pileum with feathers black centrally, margined with light blue,
becoming light green on nape; interscapular region light green, the
feathers with black central spots (partly exposed); wings black, the
greater coverts and secondaries edged with blue, the lesser coverts
molly blue (more greenish along posterior margin); beneath very pale
greenish, the feathers of lower throat and sides of chest (not the breast,
as in the description quoted) with large central spots of black; lores
black. |
Calliste s. Callispiza sclateri (not Calliste sclateri Lafresnaye) CaBanis, Journ. fiir
Orn., xiv, May, 1866, 163 (Guatemala; coll. Berlin Mus. ).
Calliste cabanisi ScuatTEr, Ibis, 2d ser., iv, Jan., 1868, 71, pl. 3 (Costa Cuca,
w. Guatemala; coll. Berlin Mus.); Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 123.—
SALVIN and GopMAN, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1883, 271.
[ Calliste] cabanisi ScLATER and Satyrn, Nom. Ay. Neotr., 1873, 19.
CALOSPIZA GYROLOIDES (Lafresnaye).
BLUE-RUMPED GREEN TANAGER,
Adult male.—Head, except throat, uniform bright reddish chestnut
or bay; general color of upper parts bright yellowish grass green,
separated from bay of head by a more or less distinct nuchal band or
half-collar of yellow; rump cerulean or turquoise blue, the feathers
green immediately beneath surface, gray basally; lesser wing-coverts
mostly yellow; under parts cerulean or turquoise blue (the feathers
green immediately beneath surface and gray at base), passing into yel-
lowish green on upper part and sides of throat, the sides and flanks
more or less tinged with green; under tail-coverts and posterior por-
tion of flanks clear yellowish green; thighs cinnamon; bill blackish
brown, becoming paler on basal portion of mandible; legs and feet
horn color (in dried skins); length (skins), 121.9-141 (128.8); wing,
71.1-82.6 (77); tail, 47.5-54.6 (51.3); exposed culmen, 9.9-12.2 (10.7);
depth of pill at base, 4.8-6.1 (5.6); tarsus, 16.5-19.6 (17.8); middle toe,
11.4-12.7 (11.9).?
Adult female.—Similar in coloration to the adult male, but much
duller; head much duller chestnut, sometimes strongly olivaceous on
pileum, the color without the sharp definition of the male; blue of
rump more restricted, sometimes obsolete; lesser wing-coverts with
less yellow, sometimes merely tinged with yellow; blue of under parts
paler, more greenish (nile blue, more turquoise on breast); length
(skins), 121.9-139.7 (131.8); wing, 69.6-76.2 (73.2); tail, 47.8-50.8
' Fifteen specimens.
44 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
(48.8); exposed culmen, 9.7—-10.9 (10.4); depth of bill at base, 5.1-5.8
(5.6); tarsus, 16.5-18.3 (17.8); middle toe, 11.7—-12.7 (11.9)."
Immature female.—Entirely green above, including head and neck,
the color duller than in the adult female; beneath pale green, broken
by more or less exposed buffy whitish, this forming a subterminal
spot or bar to each feather, the middle portion of feathers of chest
more grayish, with a darker grayish bar between the light gray and
the green tip; abdomen and under tail-coverts yellowish white, tinged
with pale green.
Immature mate.
Similar to immature female, but green of head
interspersed with orange-chestnut feathers and abdomen largely pale
blue.
Costa Rica (Guaitil; Turrialba; Barranca; Dota; Savanilla de Pirris;
Navarro; Cartago; San Marcos; Sarché de Alajuela, etc.) and south-
ward through Colombia and Ecuador to Peru (Chyavetas; Cosnipata;
Rio Javarri; Mapoto), western Bolivia (Mapiri) and upper Amazons
(Ega; Maribatanas).
Aglaia gyrola (not Tanagra gyrola Linnzeus) LAFRESNAYE and D’Orsieny, Mag.
de Zool., 1837 (Synopsis Avium, i, p. 32).
Tanagra gyrola (not of Linneeus) D’OrpBicNy, Voy. Amer. Mérid., Ois., 1839, 272.
Callospiza gyrola Tscnup1, Wiegmann’s Archiv. fir Naturg., 1844, 286 (Peru);
Fauna Peruana, Aves, 1847, 202.
Aglaia peruviana (not Tanagra peruviana Desmarest) Swainson, Anim. in
Menag., 1838, 356 (Peru; coll. W. Hooker).
C[alliste] cyanoventris (not Tanagra cyanoventris Vieillot) Gray, Gen. Birds, ii,
1844, 366.
' Nine specimens.
Specimens from different localities average as follows:
| | Depth z
Locality. | Wing. | Tail. fexpeeee of bill | Tarsus. Made
| ‘Jat base. ;
MALES. |
Four adult males from Costa Rica .........-.----.-- 80 52.8 | 11.4 | 5.8 18.5 1252,
Three adult males from Veragua and Panama..... 75.7 51.1 | 10.9 | 5.6 18.3 12.7
Five adult males from Colombia (Bogota) .......-.-- 77.9 51.8 | 10.2 Oe 17.5 Loa
Three adult males from eastern Ecuador. --.-----.--- 72.9 48.5 | 10.4 5.1 17 11.2
FEMALES.
Two adult females from Costa Rica........-------.- 74.9 49.8 | 10.7 5.8 18 12.4
Two adult females from Veragua and Chiriqui-..-.. 73.2 48.8 | NOSAS Ee see eee 18 12.4
Four adult females from eastern Ecuador ---.-..-----. 72.6 50.3 10.4 o:8 17.3 12.2
Onesadult female trom /Peru= sca soe. see ee 69.6 47.8 10.2 5.8 17.8 2.2
Adult males from Ecuador and Colombia appear to have the yellow nuchal half-
collar much more distinct than those from Panama, Veragua, and Costa Rica, wnile
those from eastern Ecuador are of rather a greener blue below than those from
Colombia and northward. It is possible the species may require subdivision, put a
much larger series of specimens will be necessary to determine the question.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 45
Gyrola cyanoventris BoNApartr, Rey. et Mag. de Zool., iii, Mar., 1851, 139;
Note sur les Tang., 1851, 13.
Aglaia gyroloides LAFRESNAYE, Rey. Zool., x, Sept., 1847, 277, in text (Central
America).
C[alliste] gyroloides Gray, Gen. Birds, iii, 1849, App., p. 17.
[ Calliste] gyroloides Bonarartr, Consp. Ay., i, 1850, 234.—Sciarer and Saxvin,
Nom. Ay. Neotr., 1873, 19.
Calliste gyroloides ScuaTER, Jardine’s Contr. Orn., 1851, 67; Proe. Zool. Soe.
Lond., 1854, 115 (prov. Quijos, Ecuador); 1855, 158 (Bogota, Colombia);
1856, 142, 255 (monogr.); 1857, 264 (up. Amazon); 1858, 74 (Rio Napo, e.
KEeuador), 453 (Zamora, e. Ecuador); 1859, 139 (Pallatanga, e. Ecuador);
1860, 87 (Nanegal, w. Ecuador), 292 (Esmeraldas, w. Ecuador); Synop. Av.
Tanagr., 1856, 81; Monogr. Calliste, 1857, 57, pl. 26 (David, Chiriqui;
Bogota; Rio Napo, e. Ecuador; wood region e. Peru; e. base Bolivian
Andes); Cat. Am. Birds; 1862, 67 (Bogota; e. Peru); Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi,
1886, 117 (Guiatil and Turrialba, Costa Rica; Santa Fé, Calovevora, Veragua,
Bugaba, Chiriqui; Lion Hill, Panama R. R.; Bogota, Remedios, and Con-
cordia, Colombia; San José, Sarayacu, and Rio Napo, Ecuador; Ega, up.
Amazon; e. Peru).—Cassin, in Gilliss’s Rep. U. S. Astr. Exp., ii, 1855, 182,
pl. 19, fig. 1 (Peru).—Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., vii, 1861, 332 (Panama
R. R.); ix, 1868, 98 (Barranea, Guiatil, and Dota, Costa Rica).—ScuaTEr
and Satvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, 350 (Panama R. R.); 1867, 749
Chyavetas, e. Peru); 1873, 185 (Cosnipata, e. Peru), 261 (Rio Javari and
Chyavetas, e. Peru); 1879, 499 (Antioquia, Colombia), 599 (Bolivia).—
Frantzius, Journ. fir Orn., 1869, 298 (Savanilla de Pirris, etc., Costa
Rica).—Satvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, 138 (Santa Fé, Veragua; David,
Chiriqui); 1870, 186 (Volean de Chiriqui and Bugaba, Chiriqui; Boquete de
Chitra, Cordillera del Chucu, and Calovevora, Veragua).—Wyarr, Ibis, 1871,
025 (bet. Bucaramanga and Rio Magda‘tena, Colombia).—PErLzELN, Orn.
Bras., 1871, 207 (Maribatanas, up. Amazon).—TaczaNnowsk1I, Proc. Zool.
Soc. Lond., 1874, 514 (centr. Peru); 1882, 11 (Huambo, Ecuador); Orn. du
Pérou, ii, 1885, 463.—BoucarD, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, 54 (Navarro,
Costa Rica).—Brr.eprsou, Journ. fiir Orn., 1883, 289 (Bucaramanga, Colom-
bia).—BrrLEepscH and TaczanowskI, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, 545
(Chimbo, w. Ecuador).—Satvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i,
1883, 270.—TaczaNnowskr and BrruepscH, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1885, 78
(Mapoto, centr. Ecuador).—ZeELEpon, Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, i, 1887,
109 (Cartago, Naranjo de Cartago, Pozo Azul de Pirris, Sarché de Alajuela,
and Los Anonas de San José, Costa Rica).—ALLen, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H.,
li, 1889, 71 (Quito, Ecuador), 81 (Mapiri, Bolivia).—Currrir, Anal. Inst.
Fis.-Geog. Nac. Costa Rica, vi, 1893, 13 (Pozo Azul del Pital and San Mar-
cos, Costa Rica).—Satvaporr and Fersra, Boll. Mus. Zool., ete., Torino, xv,
no. 357, 1899, 15 (San José and Valle del Zamora, e. Ecuador; Gualea, w.
Ecuador; crit. ).
C(alliste] gyroloides Dusots, Bull. Ac. Roy. Belg., xxxviii, 1874 (6), (erit.).
[ Calliste gyrola| var. @. gyroloides Dusots, Bull. Ac. Roy. Belg., xxxviii, July,
1874 (8).
Callispiza gyroloides Satvavort, Atti Roy. Ac. Sci. Torino, iv, 1868, 174 (Costa
Rica).
Calospiza gyroloides STONE, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1899, 307 (Ibaque, centr.
Colombia):
46 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
CALOSPIZA LAVINIA (Cassin).
LAVINIA’S TANAGER,.
Adult male.—Head, except chin and throat, bright glossy orange-
maroon, or madder brown; rest of upper parts mainly bright glossy
yellowish grass green, or parrot green, the feathers of the hindneck
broadly tipped with saffron yellow, producing a more or less con-
spicuous half-collar; wings yellowish grass green, the middle and
greater coverts tinged with rusty, the remiges (except tertials) edged
for basal half or more with orange-brown or rufous; under parts,
including throat, clear bright yellowish green, the abdomen turquoise
blue; chin turquoise blue, or tinged with that color, margined ante-
riorly with brownish red; thighs russet; maxilla horn brown, man-
dible paler; legs and feet horn color (in dried skins); length (skins),
120.7-135.9 (125); wing, 69.9-71.9 (70.6); tail, 465. 241.2 2 a aye
exposed culmen, 9.7-10.7 (10.4); depth of bill at base, 5.6-6.6 (6.1);
tarsus, 17.3-18 (17.5); middle toe, 12.4—12.7.’
Adult female.—Much duller than adult male, and without the
brownish red head; above plain glossy yellowish grass green, some-
times tinged anteriorly with dull orange, especially on pileum; edges
of remiges more or less tinged with yellowish olive basally; under
parts halt green, changing to light turquoise or nile blue on ubdo-
men; bill oa feet as in adult male; length (skins), 114.3; wing
65.8-66.8 (66.3); tail, 43.2-48.4; ceed culmen, 10.2-10.7 (10. 4):
depth of bill at base, 5.1—-5.3; tarsus, 16.5— 17.8; middle toe, 1.04-12.7
(11.4).”
Nicaragua (Chontales) to Isthmus of Panama (Rio Truando, ae: )
Calliste lavinia Casstn, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci., Phila., x, 1858, 178 (Rio Truando, n
Colombia; coll. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.); 1860, 142, pl. 1, fig. 1 (do.).—
Sciater, Ibis, 1863, 451 (Isth. Panama); 1876, 409 (Chontales, Nicaragua;
Costa Rica; Veragua); Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 116 (do.).—Sa.vin,
Ibis, 1872, 315 (Chontales; crit.).—Zetepon, Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, i,
1887, 109 (Costa Rica).
[ Calliste] lavinia ScuaTer and Satviy, Nom. Ay. Neotr., 1873, 19.
Calliste lavinie SAtvin and GopMan, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1883, 271.
CALOSPIZA DOWII (Salvin).
DOW’S TANAGER.
Adults (sexes alike). —Head, neck, and chest black, the feathers of
the latter broadly margined with light green (becoming more ochra-
ceous posteriorly, especially on sides of chest), producing a conspicu-
ously scaled appearance; feathers in center of occiput tipped with
russet, forming a small spot; feathers of hindneck, sides of neck, and
auricular region tipped with light green (changing to pale buffy),
these markings larg ger on hindneck; back and secapulars plain greenish
————$——- —_—__—— —————————
1 Four specimens. * Two specimens.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. AQ
black; rump bright opalescent green, changing to blue on upper tail-
coverts, all the feathers blackish beneath the surface; lesser wing-
coverts rich blue (varying from cobalt to light smalt); rest of wings
and tail black with blue edgings; under parts of body, and under tail-
coverts, plain light cinnamon or cinnamon-ocher, paler next to squa-
mately marked feathers of chest; maxilla black, mandible blackish
terminally, horn color basally (in dried skins); legs and feet horn color
(in dried skins).
Young (jirst plumage).—Head, neck, back, and scapulars dull black,
broken on sides of neck and on auricular region by pale greenish buffy
or buffy greenish tips to the feathers; lesser wing-coverts dull greenish
blue; rest of wings and tail dull blackish with greenish blue or bluish
green edgings; rump and upper tail-coverts dusky olive, the feathers
tipped with pale dull greenish; under parts of body and under tail-
coverts plain light cinnamon or cinnamon-ocher, paler on chest, where
spotted with dusky.
Adult male.—Length (skins), 137.2-144.8 (141); wing, 68.6—70.6
(69.6); tail (one specimen), 49; exposed culmen (one specimen), 9.1;
depth of bill at base, 5.6-5.8; tarsus, 19.8; middle toe, 12.2-19.4."
Adult female.—Length (skins), 129.5—-132.1 (131.3); wing, 68.6—70.1
(69.3); tail, 46.5-49.3 (48); exposed culmen, 9.4; depth of bill at base,
5.16.1 (5.6); tarsus, 18.8-19.6 (19.1); middie toe, 11.9-12.2 (12.1).’
Costa Rica (San José; Rancho Redondo; Turrialba; Navarro; Guad-
alupe; Cartago; TIraztii; Quebrada Honda) and Veragua (Cordillera
del Chucu).
Calliste dowii Savin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1863, 168 (‘San José,”’ i. e., Rancho
Redondo de San José, Costa Rica; coll. Salvin-Godman?) ; 1870, 187 (Cor-
dillera del Chucu, Veragua); Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 3d ser., xiii,
1864, 104.—Sciarer, Ibis, 1863, 451, pl. 12 (San José, Costa Rica).—Law-
RENCE, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., ix, 1868, 98 (San José, Turrialba, and Navarro,
Costa Rica).—Franrzius, Journ. ftir Orn., 1869, 298 (Guadalupe and San
José, Costa Rica).—Boucarp, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, 54 (Navarro,
Costa Rica).—ZEtEpon, Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, i, 1887, 109 (Cartago?
and Rancho Redondo de San José).
[ Calliste] dowii ScLaTER and Satvin, Nom. Ay. Neotr., 1873, 19.
Calliste dowi Satvrx and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1883, 272 (Irazu,
ete., Costa Rica, etc.).—Sciarer, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 124 (Que-
brada Honda, ete., Costa Rica, etc. ).
CALOSPIZA LARVATA LARVATA (Du Bus).
GOLDEN-MASKED TANAGER,
Adult male.—Anterior portion of forehead and malar region, chin,
lores, and eyelids black; posterior portion of forehead, suborbital
region, and most of malar and auricular regions campanula blue, with
a narrow posterior margin of light greenish blue (nile blue); crown,
1Two specimens. 2 Three specimens.
48 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
occiput, hindneck, and sides of neck golden buff, changing from deep
orange-buff to oil green, according to inclination of the light; throat
cinnamon-rufous, usually separated from black of chin by a narrow
line of pale bluish; back, scapulars, chest, and sides of breast uniform
deep black; lesser wing-coverts rich campanula blue, the middle coy-
erts bright nile blue; rump glossy light blue (changing from nile blue
to turquoise); upper tail-coverts black, broadly margined with light
bluish green; wings (except lesser and middle coverts) black, the
greater coverts edged with light blue and greenish, the remiges and
rectrices with light yellowish green, more buffy on tertials; abdomen
and median portion of breast white; anal region and under tail-coverts
pale butfy, the latter with concealed central portion dusky; sides rich
sampanula blue, passing into light greenish blue (turquoise or nile
blue) on flanks; bill black; legs and feet dusky (in dried skins); length
(skins), 116.8-132.1 (122.9); wing, 68.1-72.6 (71.1); tail, 45.7-50.8
(48.8); exposed culmen, 8.9—-10.2 (9.7); depth of bill at base, 5.1-5.3
(5.1); tarsus, 16.3-18.5 (17.5); middle toe, 10.4-12.7 (11.7).?
Adult female.—Very similar to the adult male and apparently not
always distinguishable, but usually slightly duller in coloration; length
(skins), 116.8-132.1 (123.2); wing, 65.5-69.9 (67.8); tail, 45.2-49.5
(47.2); exposed culmen, 10.2; depth of bill at base, 5.1-5.6 (5.3); tar-
sus, 17-17.8 (17.3); middle toe, 10.4-11.4 (10.9).”
Young, jirst plumage.—Head and neck (except chin and throat) dull
light green (chromium green), each feather with a small central spot
of dusky; lores, eyelids, anterior portion of malar region, and chin
dusky; throat, median line of chest (narrowly), median portion of
breast, and abdomen dull whitish, slightly tinged with yellowish; a
patch on each side of chest and breast greenish dusky; sides dull gray-
ish, becoming more buffy on flanks; anal region and under tail-coverts
pale buffy; back dull dusky greenish, with a blackish patch on each
side; lower back and rump dull greenish; lesser wing-coverts dull,
light greenish blue; middle coverts dusky basally, dull light bluish
green terminally; rest of wings and tail dusky, with yellowish green
edgings.
'Ten specimens, those from different areas averaging as follows:
| : Depth
oe Too -+ |Exposed! of bill .| Middle
Locality. Wing. | Tail. euler Maal Tarsus. rae
base.
MALES.
Four adult males from southern Mexico...........- 71.9 49.8 9.4 5.1 a7 11.4
Five adult males from Guatemala (some of doubt- |
PUL ROR) Pee acta ee tee eas cote ae eee eee 70.6 47.2 9.9 5.1 17.8 11.7
One adult male from northern Honduras .......... 71.6 50.3 OPO) sone cas 18.3 11.4
| t
* Three specimens, all from southern Mexico.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 49
Southern Mexico, in States of Chiapas (Ocuilapa; Palenque) and
Tabasco (Teapa), to northern Honduras (Rio Blanca; Rio Chamelecon;
San Pedro).
Calliste larvata Du Bus, Esquiss. Orn., 1845 (?), pl. 9 (Tabasco, s. e. Mexico).—
Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 236.—Sciarer, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1856,
19, 260; (monogr.; Tabasco; Rio Chamelecon, Honduras); Synop. Av.
Tanagr., 1856, 86; Monogr. Calliste, 1857, 81, pl. 36; Cat. Am. Birds, 1862,
70 (Choctum, Guatemala); Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 124, part. —SciaTER
and Savin, Ibis, 1859, 16 (Rio Chamelecon); Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870,
836 (San Pedro, Honduras).—Satviny, Ibis, 1859, 467 (Yzabal, Guatemala).—
Satvrn and Sciater, Ibis, 1860, 33 (Yzabal, Guatemala).—Satvin and Gop-
MAN, Biol. Centr. Am., Aves, i, 1883, 274, part (Tabasco, s. Mexico; Belize,
Brit. Honduras; Yzabal, Choctum, and Chisec, Guatemala; Rio Chamelecon
and San Pedro, Honduras).
[ Calliste larvata] ScLaTER and Satvry, Nom. Ay. Neotr., 1873, 19, part (s. Mexico;
Guatemala; Honduras).
Clalliste] larvata Gray, Gen. Birds, iii, App., 1849, 17.—Dusors, Bull. Ac. Roy.
Belg., xxxvili, 1874 (8), (s. Mexico).
Tatao larvatus BONAPARTE, Rey. et Mag. de Zool., iii, March, 1851, 42; Note sur
les Tang., 1851, 16.
Calliste larvata typica Scuater, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 125, in text.
[ Calliste larvata] a. subsp. typica SctaTErR, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 125, in
list of specimens (localities in Guatemala, Brit. Honduras, and Honduras).
[ Calliste lurvata] var. fanny (not Aglaia fanny Lafresnaye) Dusots, Bull. Ac. Roy.
Belg., xxxviii, 1874 (8), part (Guatemala).
(2?) Calliste lavinie (not C. lavinia Cassin) Lantz, Trans. Kansas Ac. Sci., 1896-97
(1899), 223 (Santo Tomas, Guatemala).
CALOSPIZA LARVATA FANNY (Lafresnaye).
MRS, WILSON’S TANAGER,
Similar to @. /. larvata, but averaging slightly smaller, colors of
head and sides paler, and greenish edgings to remiges, rectrices, and
greater wing-coverts less distinct, sometimes altogether wanting on
tail and greater wing-coverts; general color of head lighter golden
buffy with more pronounced greenish and less pronounced reddish
hue in opposite positions to the light, and not conspicuously darker on
throat; blue of forehead and cheeks paler; that of sides and flanks
also paler, with very little purplish blue anteriorly (sometimes none);
blue of rump and smaller wing-coverts also paler.
Young, first plumage.—Head and neck light bluish green (mala-
chite), the feathers dusky grayish basally, producing a minutely mot-
tled appearance; back and scapulars dusky grayish green, becoming
nearly black on outermost scapulars; rump light bluish green (mala-
chite); under parts dull whitish, becoming grayish laterally, the throat
and chest freckled with grayish; anal region and under tail-coverts
pale brownish buffy; wings and tail as in adults, but lesser and mid-
dle wing-coverts light grayish green instead of blue.
3654—voL 2?—01——4
50 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Adult male.—Length (skins), 105.4-130.8 (118.1); wing, 66.8-71.4
(69.6); tail, 45.5-50.3 (47.5); exposed culmen, 9.1—10.4 (9.7); depth of
bill at base, 4.8-5.8 (5.1); tarsus, 16.3-17.8 (17.3); middle toe, 11.2-
12.2 (11.7). |
Adult female.—Length (skins), 113-123.2 (117.3); wing, 64.3-70.4
(66.3); tail, 48.9-46.7 (45.2); exposed culmen, 8.4-10.2 (9.7); depth
of bill at base, 4.6-5.3 (5.1); tarsus, 15.7-16.8 (16.5); middle toe,
10.4-11.7 (10.9).*
Southern Honduras (Rio Segovia) to northern Colombia (province
of Antioquia).
Aglaia fanny LaArresNAyE, Rev. Zool., x, Mar., 1847, 72 (Colombia; coll.
Lafresnaye ).
C[alliste] fanny Gray, Gen. Birds, iii, App., 1849, 17.—Dvsots, Bull. Ac. Roy.
Belg., xxxviii, 1874 (7), part (crit. ).
[ Calliste] fanny Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 236.—Drs Murs, Icon. Orn.,
1876, pl. 56, fig. 1.
[ Calliste larvata] var. fanny Dusors, Bull Ac. Roy. Belg., xxxviii, July, 1874, 8,
part (Colombia).
Calliste larvata var. fanny Boucarp, Cat. Avium, 1876, 242, no. 7560 ( Veragua) .
Calospiza larvata fanny Banes, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club, ii, Sept. 20, 1900, 30
(Loma del Leon, Panama R. R.).
Calliste francisce Scuarer, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1856, 142, 261 (David, Chiri-
qui) ; Synop. Av. Tanagr., 1856, 87; Monogr. Calliste, 1857, 83 (Chiriqui); Cat.
Am. Birds, 1862, 359 (Panama).—Casstn, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1860,
142 (Turbo, n. Colombia).—Lawrence, Ann. Lye. N. Y., vii, 1861, 298, 332
(Lion Hill, Panama R. R.); ix, 1868, 98 (Angostura, San José, and Turri-
alba, Costa Rica).—Sciarer and Saryin, Proe. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, 350
(Lion Hill).—Satvry, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, 138 (Cordillera de Tolé
and Santa Fé, Veragua; David, Chiriqui); 1870, 187 (Bugaba, Chiriqui;
Mina de Chorcha, Chitra, Laguna del Castillo, and Calovevora, Veragua) .—
Franrzius, Journ. fiir Orn., 1869, 298 (Costa Rica).
! Twelve specimens.
* Hight specimens. Specimens from different areas average as follows:
| Ex- | Depth NT;
Locality. Wing. | Tail. posed | of bill | Tarsus. aides
| culmen. at base. ;
MALES. |
Three adult males from Nicaragua ........---..---- 69.9 48.5 | 9.4 | 5.3 17.3 11.4
Three adult males from Costa Rica ........--...---- 71.1 47.5 | 10.2 5.3 17.3 19
Three adult males from Veragua and Chiriqui ....- 69.9| 47.8 | 9.7 5.1 1753 Lie?
Three adult males from Isthmus of Panama ......-. 67.8 |. 45.7 9.7 4.8 17 11.9
|
FEMALES.
Three adult females from southern Honduras (Se- |
SOVIG RIVEL) ceceess=l econ ce eiee cece eens BS eae 65.8 44.7 9.7 5.3 16.5 10.9
Two adult females from Nicaragua.... Rvs cttacees 67.3 45, 2 9.9 4.8 16.3 10.9
One adult female from Costa Rica.......--......--- 68.6 46751 SG eee 5.1 16.8 10.9
One adult female from Isthmus of Panama ........ 64.5 44,2 | Sane as6als alba 10.9
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. Bilt
Calliste francesce LAwrENcE, Ann. Lye. N. Y., ix, 1868, 176 (David, Chiriqui),
180 (Greytown, Nicaragua) .
Calliste larvata francesce ScuATER, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 125, in text.
[ Calliste larvata] b. subsp. francesce Scuarer, Cat. Birds. Brit. Mus., xi, 1886,
125, in list of specimens (Chontales, Nicaragua; Turrialba and Angostura,
Costa Rica; Cordillera de Tolé, Calovevora, Mina de Chorcha, Santa Fé, and
Castillo, Veragua; Panama and Paraiso Station, Panama R. R.; Remedios,
proy. Antioquia, Colombia).
Callispiza franciser Satvaport, Atti Roy. Ac. Sci. Torino, iv, 1868, 175 (Costa
Rica) . ,
Calliste larvata (not of Du Bus) Sciarer, Jardine’s Contr. Orn., 1851, 64 (Chi-
riqui; Veragua).—Cassin, in Rep. U.S. Astr. Exp. (Gilliss), ii, 1855, 182,
part, pl. 18, fig. 2 (Central America; Colombia).—Satvin, Ibis, 1872, 316
(Chontales, Nicaragua).—Boucarp, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, 54 (Na-
ranjo, Orosi, and San Carlos, Costa Rica).—ScuaTer and Savin, Proce.
Zool. Soe. Lond., 1879, 499 (Antioquia, Colombia).—Satvin and Gopman,
Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1883, 274, part (Nicaraguan, Costa Rican, and
Colombian localities and references).—Scuater, Cat. Birds Brit.Mus., xi,
1886, 124, part.—ZeLEepon, Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, i, 1887, 109 (Naranjo
de Cartago, Jiménez, Trojas de Puntarenas, and Pozo Azul de Pirris, Costa
Rica).—Ripeway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., x, 1887, 585 (Segovia R., Hon-
duras).—RicHmonp, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xvi, 1893, 488 (Rio Escondido,
Nicaragua).
CALOSPIZA INORNATA (Gould).
PLAIN-COLORED TANAGER,
Adult male.—Above plain slate-gray, paler and more bluish on rump
and upper tail-coverts; lesser wing-coverts bright cerulean or tur-
quoise blue, more purplish blue on lower portion and along posterior
margin; rest of wings and tail dull black or dusky, with slate-gray
edgings; sides of head and neck like pileum, ete.; lores, apex of malar
region, and anterior margin of chin blackish; lower chin, throat, chest,
sides, and flanks dull light gray, the first inclining to white; median
portion of breast and abdomen white, the lower portion of the latter
tinged with buffy; under tail-coverts dull white or pale buffy, the
longer feathers with concealed portion mostly grayish; maxilla black;
mandible grayish with dusky tip; legs and feet dusky (in dried skins);
length (skins), 109.2-130.8 (119.4); wing, 66.5-68.1 (67.3); tail, 45.2-
48.3 (46.5); exposed culmen, 8.4—-9.4 (8.9); depth of bill at base, 5.1—
5.6; tarsus, 16-17.3 (16.8); middle toe, 11.7-11.9 (11.8).’
Adult female.—Similar to the male and not always distinguishable,
but usually (7) very slightly duller in color; length (skins), 114.3—-
119.4 (116.8); wing, 63-64 (63.5); tail, 41.7-43.2 (42.4); exposed cul-
men, 8.9; depth of bill at base, 5.6; tarsus, 16-16.8 (16.3); middle toe,
11.9-14 (13).’
1 Five specimens. * Two specimens.
52 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Veragua to central Colombia (Bogota; Remedios; Nichi; Bucara-
manga, etc.).
Calliste inornata Gout, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1855, 158 (Bogota, Colombia;
coll. J. Gould).—Sciarer, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1856, 258 (monogr. );
Synop. Ay. Tanagr., 1856, 84; Monogr. Calliste, 1857, 108, pl. 45; Cat. Am.
Birds, 1862, 359 (Panama); Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 121 (Veragua;
Panama, Lion Hill, and Paraiso Station, Panama R. R.; Bogota, Remedios,
Nichi, and Antioquia, Colombia).—Casstx, Proce. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1860,
142 (Turbo, n. Colombia).—LAwreEncg, Ann. Lye. N. Y., vii, 1861, 298 (Lion
Hill, Panama R. R.).—Sciarer and Sanvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864,
350 (Lion Hill); 1879, 499 (Antioquia).—Satvrin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-
Am., Aves, i, 1883, 273.—BrrLEpscH, Journ. fiir Orn., 1884, 291 (Bucara-
manga, Colombia).
[ Calliste] inornata ScuaTeR and Sauivin, Nom. Ay. Neotr., 1873, 19.
Calliste ornata [lapsu] LAwrencr, Ann. Lye. N. Y., vi, 1861, 352 (Panama R. R.;
crit. ).
Calospiza inornata BANGs, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club, ii, Sept. 20, 1900, 30
(Loma del Leon, Panama R. R.).
CALOSPIZA CUCULLATA (Swainson).
HOODED TANAGER,
Adult male.—Pileum uniform very dark chestnut or rich seal brown;
loral, suborbital, and auricular regions dusky, the feathers sometimes
indistinctly tipped with dull grayish blue; hindneck, sides of neck, back,
scapulars, rump, and upper tail-coverts plain buffy, with golden gloss,
or grayish green, according to position with reference to the light;
wing-coverts grayish green (nearly french green), the lesser coverts
somewhat more bluish (terre-verte green); remiges and rectrices black
edged with green (broadly on secondaries and rectrices, the outer webs
of tertials almost wholly green); chin and upper throat light greenish
buffy, the bases of feathers dusky; lower throat and chest grayish
blue changing to silvery buff, the color becoming gradually more cin-
namomeous posteriorly, the under tail-coverts being wholly light
cinnamon; maxilla blackish, mandible horn brownish (in dried skins)
with blackish tips; legs and feet dusky horn color (in dried skins);
length (skins), 128.3-141 (134.6); wing, 73.2-73.9 (73.4); tail, 52.6—
52.8; exposed culmen, 11.7-12.2 (11.9); depth of bill at base, 6.9-7.4
(7.1); tarsus, 19.6-20.6 (20.1); middle toe, 13.2."
Adult female.—Similar to the adult male, but pileum lighter, inclin-
ing more to chestnut (sometimes bright chestnut); back, scapulars,
ete., much greener (bright grayish green, lighter and sometimes
slightly more buffy on lower rump; under parts dull greenish, with
little if any of the blue and violet sheen of the adult male; length
(skins), 128.2-143,.5 (137.2); wing, 70.6—-75.2 (73.2); tail, 51.8-52.8
(52.6); exposed culmen, 11.7-11.9 (11.9); depth of bill at base, 6.6-7.1
(6.9); tarsus, 18.8-20.1 (19.6); middle toe, 12.2-13.5 (13}.”
'Two specimens, both from island of Grenada.
*Six specimens, all from the island of Grenada.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 53
Venezuela! (Angostura); island of Grenada, Lesser Antilles.
A[glaia] cucullata Swanson, Orn. Drawings, 1841, pl. 7
C[alliste] cucullata Gray, Gen. Birds, 11, 1844, 366.
[ Calliste] cucullata Bonaparrn, paie Avy., i, 1850, 234.—Scniarer and Satvin,
Nom. Ay. Neotr., 1873, 1 ,
Calliste cucullata a Rew et Mag. de Zool., ii, 1851, 140; Note sur les
Tang., 1851, 14.—Scuarer, Jardine’s Contr. Orn., 1851, 63 (‘‘ Brazil’’); Proce.
Zool. Soc. Lond., 1856, 19, 253 (monogr.); Synop. Av. Tanagr., 1856, 79;
_ Monograph Calliste, 1857, 45, pl. 20 (Angostura, Venezuela); Ibis, 1876,
410; Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886 113, part (Venezuela).—BuRMEIsTER,
Syst. Ueb. Th. Bras., iii, 1856, 183 (‘‘ Brazil’’).—Cory, Cat. Birds W. L.,
1892, 114, 151 (Grenada, Lesser Antilles).
Calliste versicolor (not of Lawrence, 1878) Lawrencer, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., i,
1879, 269 (Grenada); ix, 1886, 613 (Grenada; habits; descr. nest and eggs ).—
SciaTEr, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 113, part (Grenada; Venezuela).
[ Calliste] versicolor Cory, List Birds W. I., revised ed., 1886, 11, part.
CALOSPIZA VERSICOLOR (Lawrence).
ST. VINCENT TANAGER.
Similar to C. eucullata, but larger and lighter colored, the pileuni
clear light chestnut or chestnut-tawny instead of very dark chestnut
or seal brown.
Adult male.—Pileum clear, bright, light chestnut or tawny-chestnut;
loral, suborbital, and auricular regions dusky, the last with feathers
tipped with dull green or grayish green; hindneck, back, scapulars,
and rump opalescent, changing from light silvery green to golden buff
or even pinkish, according to direction of the light; upper tail-coverts
dull grayish green; lesser and middle wing-coverts dull grayish bluish
green; outer webs of greater coverts similar but more decidedly green;
remiges and rectrices black broadly edged with dull green or grayish
green, the outer webs of tertials and the middle rectrices almost wholly
of this color; chin and upper throat pale greenish grayish, the feathers
darker basally, producing an indistinctly freckled appearance; rest of
under parts opalescent, changing from blue to lilac and golden accord-
ing to direction of the light; under tail-coverts cinnamon, and more or
less of this color showing on under parts of the body where plumage
is disarranged; maxilla brownish black, mandible horn color (in dried
skins); iris brown; legs and feet dusky horn color (in dried skins);
length (skins), 144.8-157.5 (149.4); wing, 76.7-78.7 (77.5); tail, 54.4—
55.9 (55.1); exposed culmen, 12.4-13.2 (12.7); depth of bill at base
(one specimen), 6.9; tarsus, 20.8-21.3 (21.1); middle toe, 1414.7 (14.5).”
Adult female.—Similar to the adult male, but pileum lighter, more
tawny; hindneck, back, scapulars, and rump dull opalescent green,
changing to bright en green and eo buffy; under pane
'T have not seen specimens ae See fen may, or may not, be identical
with Grenada examples.
*Four specimens.
54 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
mainly dull light green, without the blue, lilac, or strongly golden
changeable hues of the adult male; edgings to wings and tail more
yellowish green; length (skins), 149.9-160 (154.2); wing, 75. 7-17. 7 (76.5);
tail, 53.6-54.6 (54.1); exposed culmen, 11.7-12.4 (12.2); depth of bill
at base (two specimens), 7.6; tarsus, 20.8—21.16 (21.3); middle toe, 14.2-
15.2 (14.7).*
Island of St. Vincent, Lesser Antilles.
Calliste versicolor LAwReNcE, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., 1, June, 1878, 153 (St. Vin-
cent, Lesser Antilles; coll. U.S. Nat. Mus.); Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., i, 1878, 190,
487 (St. Vincent).—Cory, Birds W. I., 1889, 82 (do.); Cat. W. I. Birds,
1892, 16, 114, 134, 151.—Sciarer, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 113, part
(St. Vincent).
[ Calliste] versicolor Cory, List Birds W. I., 1885, 11 (St. Vincent).
Calliste cucullata (not Aglaia cucullata Swainson) ScuaTer and SAtvin, Ibis, 1878,
357 (crit.).—Cory, Auk, iii, 1886, 195 (St. Vincent); v, 1888, 157.
[ Calliste] cucullata Cory, List Birds W. I., revised ed., 1886, 11 (St. Vincent).
Genus TANAGRA Linneus.
Tanagra Linnxus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, i, 1766, 313. (Type, by elimination, T.
episcopus Linnzeus or T. sayaca Linnzus.)
Thraupis Bor, Isis, 1826, 947. (Type, Tanagra archepiscopus Desmarest, = T.
ornata Sparrmann. )
Medium-sized Tanagers with exposed culmen decidedly shorter than
middle toe without claw, tarsus not more than one-third as long as
tail, maxillary tomium nearly straight, and with the head unicolored.
Bill varying from slenderly conoid (7: ornata) to turgid conoid (7.
honariensis), but usually intermediate between these extremes; exposed
culmen more than half as long as tarsus, nearly straight for basal half
or more, more or less strongly convex terminally, the tip slightly
uncinate; gonys a little shorter than length of maxilla from nostril,
-slightly convex or nearly straight, more or less ascending terminally;
maxillary tomium nearly straight, distinctly notched subterminally;
mandibular tomium slightly convex or nearly straight; width of bill at
base equal to or exceeding its basal depth. Nostril exposed, small,
nearly circular or horizontally oval, with narrow anterior and superior
membrane. Rictal bristles inconspicuous. Wing rather long (a little
more than four to about four and three-fourths times as long as tar-
sus), rather pointed (ninth to sixth primaries longest, ninth longer
than fourth, sometimes longer than sixth); primaries exceeding sec-
ondaries usually by more than length of tarsus (by less in 7. darwin‘).
Tail shorter than wing by about or more than length of tarsus, even
or slightly emarginate, the rectrices of medium width, with rounded
tips. Tarsus equal to or slightly longer than middle toe with claw;
' Three specimens.
eT
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA, 55
lateral claws reaching about to base of middle claw; hind claw
decidedly shorter than its digit. Plumage silky, blended.
Coloration.—(1) Plain bluish gray, with blue or greenish wings and
tail; (2) purplish olive or grayish, with light-colored wing-coverts and
black remiges; (3) with bluish head and greenish-yellow lesser wing-
coverts, or (4) with blue head and yellow or orange rump and under
parts.
Range.
Argentina and Peru. ;
Notwithstanding the great difference in the form of the bill between
T. ornata and T. bonariensis, other species are so variously intermedi-
ate in this respect that, taking into consideration also the fact that
other considerable differences between the various species (both as to
structure and style of coloration) are not correlated with one another,
Tam unwilling to subdivide the genus as here defined. I must, how-
ever, expunge the Aglaia cyanocephala D’Orbigny and Lafresnaye,
usually placed in Zanagra, on account of its narrow nostrils with
broad superior operculum, broad and depressed bill, shorter and more
rounded wing, and longer tarsus."
Continental tropical America, from southern Mexico to
KEY TO THE SPECIES OF TANAGRA.
a. Wings and tail blue, blue-green, or green; under parts pale gray, grayish blue, or
grayish green. (Southern Mexico to Venezuela, and northern Peru. )
Tanagra cana (p. 59)
aa. Wings and tail blackish, at least in part; under parts olive (sometimes glossed
with purplish blue).
b. Lores pale gray; bases of remiges light olive; adults without blue on head or
neck. (Costa Rica to Amazon Valley. )
Tanagra palmarum melanoptera (p. 58)
bb. Lores black; bases of remiges yellow; adults with head and neck blue. (South-
ern Mexico to southern Honduras.) .---------------- Tanagra abbas (p. 60)
TANAGRA CANA Swainson.
BLUE TANAGER.
Adult male.—Head, neck, and under parts plain pale grayish blue,
sometimes faintly tinged with greenish; back and s ‘apulars darker
erayish blue, usually more or less strongly tinged with glaucous-green,
the rump and upper tail-coverts similar but brighter; lesser and
middle wing-coverts bright campanula blue; rest of wings greenish
blue (intermediate between glaucous-blue and turquoise), the tertials
This I have made the type of a new genus, for which I inadvertently used (Auk,
xv, July, 1898, p. 226) Cabanis’s name Hemithraupis, afterwards (Auk, xv, Oct.,
1898, pp. 330, 331) correcting the error and renaming the genus Sporathraupis, but
unfortunately committing another in giving a false derivation (at secondhand) for
the name.
56 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
more greenish and the terminal portion of primaries blackish; tail
greenish blue, like wings, with black shafts; maxilla black, mandible
more grayish (bluish gray or grayish blue in life’); legs and feet black-
ish or blackish gray (bluish gray in life?); length (skins), 146.1—-161.3
(153.7); wing, 83.6-91.9 (89.4); tail, S ae 1 (65); exposed culmen,
11.7-18 (12. 4); depth of bill at ree 8.1 (7.1); tarsus, 19.1-20.3
(19.8); middle toe, 14.2-15.5 (14.7).*
Adult female. come to adult male and not always distinguishable,
but usually duller in color, more decidedly greenish, with lesser wing-
coverts less purplish blue (cerulean or light cobalt instead of cam-
panula); length (skins), 142.2-165.1 (152.1); wing, 82.3-88.1 (83.8); tail,
58.2-63.8 8 (61 .5); exposed culmen, 11.2-13.2 (12.4); depth of bill at
base, 6.6—7.6 (6.9); tarsus, 18.8-20.8 (19.8); middle toe, 13.2-16 (14.7).?
Dain, Similar to adults, but colors much duller; upper parts
(except wings and tail) greenish gray, brighter or more decidedly
greenish posteriorly; wings and tail bluish green, or glaucous-green,
the lesser wing-coverts cerulean blue; under parts pale grayish green,
tinged with yellowish.
Young (first plumage).—Plain greenish gray, paler beneath; wings
and tail dull green (bice green or chromium green), the edges of pri-
maries more bluish; lesser wing-coverts greenish gray or grayish
green.
Southern Mexico, in State of Vera Cruz (Jalapa; Orizaba; Cordova),
and southward through Central America to Venezuela, western Ecua-
dor, and northern Peru.
T [anagra] cana Swainson, Ornith. Drawings [Birds of Brazil], part iii, 1834,
pl. 37. (Locality not given.)
' Twelve specimens.
* Twelve specimens. Specimens from different localities average as follows:
Ex- Depth : -
Locality. Wing. | Tail. posed | of bill | Tarsus. ade
culmen.|jat base. ,
MALES.
One adult male from Mexico (State of Vera Cruz) -. 86.1 65.3 D7 8.1 19.8 14.5
Two adult males from Honduras.......-......-.--- 87.6 62. 2 12.4 6.6 19.3 14,2
One adult male from Nicaragua .................-.. a7 64: 12.7 | Weal! 20.3 14.7
Three adult males from Costa Rica........----- sure 89.7 | 65.5 | 12.2 | ben 20.1 14.7
One adult male from Panama..........-..--------.| 90.7 | 66.8 1252 6.6 19.6 15
Four adult males from Colombia..............---.- 90.2 | 65.3 1259) 6.9 20.1 14,7
FEMALES.
Three adult females from Mexico .........-.....--- 87.1 60.7 eat Snel: 20.1 15
Two adult females from Honduras .........-...---- 85.9 61 4 12.4 6:9 19.6 14.5
One adult female from Nicaragua ..............---- 87.9 63.8 13.2 | 7.6 20.1 15.2
|
Two adult females from Costa Rica .............-.- 83. 8 62.5 ay 8 el: 19.3 14.7
One adult female from Panama ...............----- 86.4 61.2 13.2 7.4 19.6 14.2
Three adult females from Colombia ............---- 85.1 61.7 eT 7.4 20.3 14.2
|
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. bt
Tanagra cana SCLATER, Proc. Zool. Soe. Lond., 1855, 157 (Bogota, Colombia);
1856, 232, part (Venezuela?; Bogota); 1859, 139 (Pallatanga, w. Poon
1860, 274 (Babahoyo, w. Ecuador), 292 (Beeratans w. Ecuador); Synop.
Ay. Tanagr., 1856, 58; Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 75, part (Venezuela?; Santa
Marta and Bogota, Colombia; Pallatanga and Babahoyo, w. Ecuador); Cat.
Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 156, part (s. Mexico to Venezuela and n. Peru).—
Cassin, Proce. Reet Nat. Sci. Phila., 1860, 141 (Turbo, Colombia).—LAwreEncr,
Am. Lye. N. Y., vii; 1861, 297 (isthenas Panama); ix, 1869, 236 (Puna I.,
Guayaquil, w. Ecuador).—Wyarr, Ibis, 1871, 325 (Colombia, up to 8,000
ft.).—Bovucarp, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, 54 (San José, Costa Rica).—
SciaTer and Sauvry, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, 500 (Antioquia, Colom-
bia).—Sa.vin and Goopmay, Ibis, 1880, 120 (s Sante Marta, Colombia); Biol.
Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1883, 277.—Brr.uepscH and TaczANnowsk1, Proc. Zool. Soe.
Lond., 1883, 545 (Chimbo and Guayaquil, w. Ecuador); 1884, 290 (Cayan-
deled, w. Ecuador ).—Beruepscn, Journ. fiir Orn., 1884, 291 (Bucaramanga,
Colombia).—Taczanowsk1, Orn. du Pérou, ii, 1884, 486.—TaczaNowskI and
BeruepscH, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1885, 81 (Yaguachi, w. Ecuador).—
Ripeway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., x, 1887, 580, 585 (Truxillo and Segovia R..,
Honduras).—ZELEpoN, Anal. ve Nac. Costa Rica, i, 1887, 109 (Alajuela,
San José, Cartago, and Santa Maria de Dota, Costa Rica).—CHerrin, Auk,
ix, 1892, 25 (San José, Costa Rica).—Ricumonp, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xvi,
1893, 488 (Greytown and Rio Escondido, Nicaragua; food).—Rosrnson,
Flying Trip to Tropics, 1895, 161 (Barranquilla to Honda and Guaduas,
Colombia).—Banes, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xii, 1898, 141 (Santa Marta,
Colombia).—Satvaporr and Fersra, Boll. Mus. Zool., ete., Torino, xv, no.
357, 1899, 17 (Vinces and Foreste del Rio Peripa, w. Ecuador).—ALLEN,
Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., xiii, 1900, 169 (Bonda, ete., prov. Santa Marta,
Colombia).
[ Tanagra] cana Scuater and Sauvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 21.
(?) Th [raupis] cana Casants, Mus. Hein., i, 1850, 29 (Venezuela).
(?) T Lanagra] ceelestis (not of Spix) Swarnson, Ornith. Drawings, 1841, pl. 41
(= young).
Tanagra swainsoni Gray, Gen. Birds, ii, 1844, 364.
Tanagra episcopus (not of Linnzeus) Bonaparte, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1837,
116 (Guatemala; deser.).—(?) CaBanis, in Schomburgk’s Reis. Brit. Gui-
ana, lili, 1848, 670.
Tanagra sayaca (not of Linnzeus) Bonapartrr, Rey. Zool., 1851, 170; Note sur
les Tang., 1851, 21.
Tanagra cyanoptera (not Saltator cyanopterus Vieillot) TaczANnowskt, Proc. Zool.
Soc. Lond., 1877, 320 (n. Peru).
Tanagra (Aglaia) diaconus Lesson, Rev. Zool., vy, June, 1842, 175 (Realejo,
Nicaragua) .
C[alliste] diaconus Gray, Gen. Birds, ii, 1844, 366.
Tanagra diaconus Scuater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1856, 142 (David, Chiriqui),
233 (Cordova, Vera Cruz; Guatemala; Realejo, Nicaragua; Chiriqui; Santa
Marta, Colombia; monogr.); 1859, 59 (Omoa, Honduras; Belize, British
Honduras; Peten, Guatemala), 364 (Jalapa, Vera Cruz); 1864, 173 (City of
Mexico); Synop. Av. Tanagr., 1856, 59; Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 75 (Colom-
bia; Honduras; Mexico); Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 156.—ScLarer and
Savin, Ibis, 1859, 16 (Guatemala); Proc. Zool. Soe. Lond., 1864, 350 (Isth.
Panama); 1870, 836 (Honduras).—Satvin and Scriarer, Ibis, 1860, 33
(Duefias, Guatemala).—Taytor, Ibis, 1860, 111 (Honduras).—Cassrn, Proe.
Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1865, 171 (San José, Costa Rica).—LAwrencg, Ann.
58 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Lyc. N. Y., viii, 1865, 176 (David, Chiriqui), 180 (Greytown, Nicaragua);
ix, 1868, 99 (San José and Angostura, Costa Rica).—Satyin, Proc. Zool. Soe.
Lond., 1867, 138 (Santa Fé, Veragua; David, Chiriqui); 1870, 187; Ibis, 1872,
316 (Chontales, Nicaragua).—Sumicurast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., i, 1869,
550 (hot region, Vera Cruz, up to 3,350 ft.).—Franrzius, Journ. fiir Orn.,
1869, 298 (Costa Rica. )
Tanagra cana diaconus Ripaway and Nurrine, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., v, Sept. 5,
1882, 391 (La Palma, Costa Rica; habits).—Nurrinea, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus.,
vy, 1883, 499 (San José, Costa Rica); vi, 1883, 399 (Los Sdbalos, Nica-
ragua).—Banes, Proc. New Eng. Zool. Club, ii, 1900, 30 (Loma del Leon,
Panama R. R.); Auk, xviii, 1901, 32 (San Miguel I., Bay of Panama).
Tanagra diacomus [typographical error] Sciarer, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1856,
303 (Cordova, Vera Cruz).
Thraupis diaconus CaBants, Journ. fiir Orn., 1860, 330 (Costa Rica).
TANAGRA PALMARUM MELANOPTERA (Sclater).
BLACK-WINGED TANAGER,.
Adult male.—General color plain glossy olive, glossed with purplish
blue, darker on back and scapulars, and passing into light olive-
greenish on forehead and crown, the auricular region also inclining to
the same color; abdomen, anal region, and under tail-coverts tinged
with yellowish olive; lores, chin, and anterior portion of malar region
pale gray; lesser wing-coverts dull grayish purplish blue, passing
into yellowish olive on middle and greater coverts; primary coverts
dull blackish or dusky, edged with greenish olive; remiges brownish
black or sooty, faintly edged (especially on primaries) with olive, the
basal portion abruptly and more or less extensively light greenish
olive or yellowish olive in strong contrast; tail brownish black or
sooty, with greenish olive edgings; bill blackish; legs and feet dusky
(in dried skins); length (skins), 157.5-175.3 (166.6); wing, 89.9-99.3
(95.5); tail, 68.8-78.2 (72.4); exposed culmen, 12.7-14.5 (13.2); depth
of bill at base, 6.1-7.1 (6.6); tarsus, 20.1-21.8 (20.8); middle toe, 15-
17.5 (16.8).!
Adult female.—Similar to the adult male and not always distinguish-
able, but usually with less of the purplish blue or violet gloss, the
back lighter olive, the yellowish olive of forehead and crown less dis-
tinct, and the remiges more distinctly edged with olive; length (skins),
157.5-175.38 (166.9); wing, 90.9-96.5 (93.7); tail, 63.8-72.9 (69.3);
1 Six specimens.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 59
exposed culmen, 13-13.2 (13); depth of bill at base, 6.1-7.1 (6.6),
tarsus, 19.8—22.1 (21.1); middle toe, 14.7-17.5 (16.5).?
Young (in first plumage).—Plain, rather light, olive, slightly paler,
and decidedly tinged with yellow on under parts; remiges, primary
coverts, and tail brownish black or sooty, the former indistinctly light
olive basally.
The series of specimens examined is much too imperfect to enable me
to define very accurately the geographic range of this form. Indeed,
Tam doubtful whether the bird from Colombia and Costa Rica is really
the true 7. palmarum melanoptera, the type locality of which is eastern
Peru. The National Museum possesses two specimens from that coun-
try (headwaters of the Rio Huallaga). These have the wing and tail
decidedly longer than any specimen seen from other localities. In
coloration they agree closely with some specimens from the Lower
Amazon (Diamantina), both having the back darker and the general
violet gloss stronger than in any examples from Colombia and Costa
Rica with which I have been able to compare them.
One perplexing circumstance is the occurrence in the same locality
ia the Lower Amazon district of specimens representing, as to colora-
tion at least, both the typical 7. p. palmarum and 7. p. melanoptera.
Eastern Nicaragua (Greytown) and Costa Rica (Tucurriqui; Naranjo;
San José, Santa Rosa; Angostura; Turrialba) southward through
Colombia, Ecuador, Venezuela, etc., to eastern Peru, Bolivia, Amazon
Valley, and Trinidad.
Tanagra olivascens (not of Lichtenstein, 1823) D’Orpiany, Voy. Amer. Mérid.,
Ois., 1839, 274.—Tscnup1, Fauna Peruana, Aves, 1847, 204.—(?) Lroraun,
Ois. Trinidad, 1866, 295.
' Eleven specimens.
Specimens from different localities average as follows:
Ex- Depth rear ie
Locality. Wing. | Tail. posed | of bill | Tarsus. ae
culmen.|at base. Sr
MALES. |
Three adult males from Costa Rica................. 94,2 Wa 13.0 6.9 20.8 | 16.8
Oneadult male from Pamama:.-s.-.--.--2---c<<--- 93.5 73.4 LBW eSecwicise 20.3 | 16.8
Twosdultimales:trom Trinidad 2.--2.=.s--s+--+--6- 94 70.6 14 6.9 20.6 | 16
One adult male from British Guiana ..............- 97.5 72.9 3 6.9 20.6 | L753
Three adult males from Lower Amazon.........--- 94.7 71.4 seo, 6.1 20.8 | Aieo
Two adult males from Upper Amazon (Rio Hual-
Net al) pecan tee mee see ara aac e eke cc cise eee cores 98.6 76.7 ADS Saseee 20.3 | 17
FEMALES, |
Three adult females from Costa Rica..............- 93.7 67.6 13 6.6 20.3 | 16.8
One adult female from Panama ...................- 92.2 67.6 13 6.9 215 3a 14.7
Two adult females from Lower Amazon........-.--- 94.7 72.6 13 6.1 21.3 RO
60 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Tanagra palmarum (not of Maximilian) SciarEr, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1855,
177 (Bogota, Colombia) ; 1856, 234, part (Bolivia); Synop. Av. Tanagr., 1856,
60, part (do.); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 76, part (do.); Cat. Birds Brit. Mus.,
xi, 1886, 159, part.—Lawrenceg, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., vii, 1861, 297 (Lion Hill,
Panama R. R.).—Sciarer and Saryry, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1873, 185
(s. Peru), 262 (upper and lower Ucayali, etc., e. Peru; habits); 1879, 500
(Antioquia, Colombia), 600 (Bolivia).—Boucarp, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
1878, 55 (Naranjo and San José, Costa Rica).—Satvin and Gopman, Ibis,
1880, 120 (Santa Marta, Colombia); Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1883, 279, part
(mostly).—Taczanowsk1, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1882, 13 (n. e. Peru).—
Ripeway, Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., vii, 1884, 173 (Trinidad ).—Zr.Epon, Anal.
Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, i, 1887, 109 (Naranjo de Cartago).—RicuMmonp, Proc.
U.S. Nat. Mus., xvi, 18938, 488 (Greytown, Nicaragua).
[ Tanagra] palmarum ScuaTer and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 21, part.
Thraupis palmarum Frxscu, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 580 (Trinidad).
Tanagra melanoptera ScuatTeR, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1856, 235 (e. Peru; Bogota,
Colombia; ex Hartlaub, manuscript); 1858, 74 (Rio Napo, e. Ecuador);
453 (Ecuador); 1860, 292 (Ecuador); Synop. Av. Tanagr., 1856, 61; Cat.
Am. Birds, 1862, 76 (Bogota, Colombia; Esmeraldas and Rio Napo, Ecuador;
Trinidad ).—Taytor, Ibis, 1864, 82 (Trinidad).—Sciarer and Sayin, Proce.
Zool. Soe. Lond., 1864, 350 (Lion Hill, Panama R. R.); 1866, 180 (Ucayali,
e. Peru); 1867, 749 (Huallaga, e. Peru); 1868, 627 (Venezuela).—Cassin,
Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1865, 171.—Satvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867,
138 (Santiago, Veragua).—Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., ix, 1868, 99 (Santa
Rosa, Angostura, and Turrialba, Costa Rica).—FRranrzius, Journ. fiir Orn.,
1869, 298 (Santa Rosa, Angostura, Turrialba, and Tucurrique, Costa Rica) .—
PELZELN, Orn. Bras., 1871, 209 (Forte de Rio Branco; Forte de Rio Negro;
Rio Murio).—Wyarr, Ibis, 1871, 326 (Bucaramanga, Aguachica, and Ocana,
Colombia).—Taczanowsk1, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1874, 513 (centr. Peru).
Tanagra palmarum melanoptera BerLepscn, Journ. fiir Orn., 1884, 291 (Bucara-
manga, Colombia).—Taczanowsk1, Orn. du Pérou, ii, 1885, 486.—CHAPMAN,
Auk, vii, 1890, 267 (Santarem, lower Amazon; crit.); Bull. Am. Mus. N. H.,
vi, 1894, 30 (Trinidad; habits).—Ricumonp, Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., xviii,
1896, 677 (Margarita I., Venezuela).—Banes, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xii,
1898, 141 (Santa Marta, Colombia); Proc. New Engl. Zool. Cl., ii, 1900, 30
(Loma del Leon, Panama R. R.).—ALuen, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., xiii, 1900,
169 (Bonda, ete., prov. Santa Marta, Colombia).
[ Tanagra palmarum] b. subsp. melanoptera ScuaTEr, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi,
1886, 160, in list of specimens (Tucurriqui, Costa Rica; Santiago, Veragua;
Paraiso Station and Panama, Panama R. R.; Minca, Santa Marta, Remedios,
and Bogota, Colombia; Rio Napo, Sarayacu, and Esmeraldas, Ecuador;
Yquitos and Sarayacu, e. Peru; Cangalli, Bolivia).
(2?) Tanagra palmarum violilavata BerLterscn and Taczanowsk1, Proc. Zool. Soe.
Lond., 1883, 546 (Chimbo, w. Ecuador).
TANAGRA ABBAS Lichtenstein.
ABBOT TANAGER,
Adult male.—Head and neck dull purplish (campanula) blue, becom-
ing much paler and duller (more grayish) blue on throat; lores black;
back olive (with a bluish gloss in certain lights), the feathers dusky
centrally, producing a spotted appearance; scapulars, rump, and upper
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 61
tail-coverts plain yellowish olive, the rump and upper tail-coverts
more or less tinged with gray; under parts (except throat) lighter,
much more yellowish, olive, more or less glossed with purplish blue
anteriorly and laterally; lesser wing-coverts olive-bluish; middle and
greater coverts yellowish olive, the former with slightly bluish tips;
alula, primary coverts, and remiges black, the first two edged with
bluish olive or olive-bluish, the last (except outermost and one to three
innermost primaries) extensively and abruptly clear light yellow (sul-
phur or light canary) basally, that on secondaries mostly concealed
by greater coverts; under wing-coverts pale yellow, with a broad
exterior border of bluish olive or olive-bluish; tail blackish, with dark
olive edgings, broader basally; bill black, the mandible grayish
basally; legs and feet dusky (grayish in life?); length (skins), 157.5-
175.3 (168.1); wing, 94-102.4 (97.8); tail, 64-73.4 (68.3); exposed cul-
men, 11.2-12.7 (11.9); depth of bill at base, 7.6—-8.1 (7.9); tarsus, 20.8
22.6 (21.8); middle toe, 14.7-17.3 (16).*
Adult female.—Similar to adult male, but blue of head and neek
slightly duller, especially on throat, under parts less strongly tinged
with blue, and black of wings and tail rather duller; length (skins),
163.8-167.6 (166.4); wing, 93.5-96.5 (95.3); tail, 65-68.8 (66.8):
exposed culmen, 12.2-13 (12.4); depth of bill at base, 7.9-8.1 (8.1);
tarsus, 20.8—22.4 (21.8); middle toe, 15.2-16 (15.5).?
Young (first plumage).—No blue on head or neck; upper parts,
except wings and tail, plain grayish olive, darker on back; under parts
much paler olive, tinged with yellow posteriorly; wings and tail as in
adults, but remiges, etc., and rectrices duller black, or dusky, the sec-
ondaries with the basal yellow less pure and less sharply defined.
Southern Mexico, in states of Tamaulipas (Alta Mira), Vera Cruz
(Jalapa; Cordova; Orizaba), Mexico (valley of Mexico), Oaxaca, ete.,
'Ten specimens.
* Four specimens.
Specimens from different localities average as follows:
Ex- Depth +3
Locality. Wing. | Tail. | posed | of bill | Tarsus.| Be
culmen./at base. ;
MALES.
Six adult males from eastern Mexico..............- 99.8 70.1 ne 7 7.9 2251) 16.5
Two adult males from Guatemala ...............--. 94.2 65.8 11.9 7.9 21.3 | Leet
Two adult males from Honduras ............-.------ 96 66 D7 Tai!) 21.8 15
FEMALES. |
Two adult females from eastern Mexico.......-...-- 95.3 66.5 12.2 7.9 O95 1 15.7
Two adult females from Honduras ..-...-...-------- 95 66.8 13 8.1 21.6 15.5
I am unable to discover any color difference between specimens from extreme
points of the range of the species.
62 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
southward through Guatemala, British Honduras and Honduras to the
Segovia River.
Tanagra abbas LICHTENSTEIN, Preis-Verz. Mex. Vog., 1831, 2 (Mexico; coll. Berlin
Mus.); Journ. tiir Orn., 1863, 57.—Sciarer, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1856,
235 (monogr.; Cordova and Orizaba, Vera Cruz; Honduras; Guatemala),
303 (Cordova); 1858, 358 (Lake of Yojoa Honduras); 1859, 364 (Jalapa,
Vera Cruz), 378 (Teotalecingo and Villa Alta, Oaxaca); 1864, 173 (valley of
Mexico); Synop. Ay. Tanagr., 1856, 61; Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 76 (Mexico);
Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 162 (Orizaba and Jalapa, Vera Cruz; Belize,
Brit. Honduras; Cahabon, Coban, Chisec, Duefias, and Retalhuleu, Guate-
mala; San Pedro, Honduras).—Sumicurast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., i, 1869,
550 (hot and temperate regions Vera Cruz, up to 4,000 ft.).—ScLarErR and
Savin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 836 (San Pedro, Honduras) .—Law-
RENCE, Bull. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., no. 4, 1876, 19 (Guichicovi, Oaxaca).—Satvin,
Cat. Strickland Coll., 1882, 189 (Guatemala).—Satyiy and Gopmay, Biol.
Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1883, 278. —FERRARI-PEREZ, Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., ix,
1886, 140 (Jalapa, Vera Cruz).—Ripaway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., x, 1887,
580 (Truxillo, Honduras), 585 (Segovia R., Honduras).—Ricumonp, Proc.
U.S. Nat. Mus., xviii, 1896, 631 (Alta Mira, Tamaulipas).—CHapman, Bull.
Am. Mus. N. H., x, 1898, 27 (Jalapa).
[Tanagra] abbas Scuater and Sarvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 21.
Tanagra (Aglaia) vicarius Lesson, Cent. Zool., 1831, 206, pl. 68 (Mexico).
Tanagra vicarius Bonapartg, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1837, 116 (Guatemala) ;
Consp. Av., i, 1850, 238; Rev. et Mag. de Zool., ili, 1851, 171; Note sur les
Tang., 1851, 22.—Sciarer and Satvin, Ibis, 1859, 16, pl. 5, fig. 1, egg
(Duefias, Guatemala; descr. eggs).—Moorr, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1859,
59 (Belize, British Honduras).—Taytor, Ibis, 1860, 111 (Lake Yojoa,
Honduras).
Th{raupis] vicarius CaBanis, Mus. Hein., i, 1850, 29 (Mexico).
Genus SPINDALIS Jardine and Selby.
Spindalis JAnpINE and Sexsy, Ilustr. Orn., new ser., 1836, pl. 9. (Type, S. bili-
neatus JARDINE and Setsy, Tanagra nigricephala Jameson. )
Spizampelis Bry ant, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., x, 1866, 253. (Type, Tanagra pretrei
Lesson. )
Medium-sized to rather small Tanagers, with exposed culmen decid-
edly shorter than middle toe without claw, tarsus not more than one-
third as long as tail, and maxillary tomium distinctly sinuated; adult
males with head conspicuously striped with black and white, the
plumage otherwise varied with black, yellow, orange (sometimes
tawny or chestnut), and white; females with wing-coverts and second-
aries edged distinctly with whitish or pale olive.
Bill rather short (distance from nostril to tip of maxilla less than
that from same point to anterior angle of eye), varying from stout to
rather slender, triangular in vertical profile; culmen distinctly (usually
strongly) convex; gonys slightly convex, shorter than length of maxilla
to nostril, about equal to or a little less than width of mandible at
base; depth of bill at base less than distance from nostril to tip of
maxilla; maxillary tomium rather distinctly notched subterminally,
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 63
then nearly straight or faintly concave, more or less convex beneath
nasal fossee; mandibular tomium first a little concave, then more or
less convex to about the middle, thence nearly straight to the slight
subbasal angle. Nostril exposed, broadly horizontally oval, with
rather broad superior membrane. Rictal bristles obvious but not
conspicuous. Wing: a little less than four to about four and one-third
times as long as tarsus, rather pointed (ninth to sixth or eighth to
fifth primaries longest, the ninth longer than fifth); primaries exceed-
ing secondaries by a little less to a little more than length of tarsus.
Tail shorter than wing by less than length of tarsus, slightly divari-
cate and emarginate, the rectrices rather narrow, with firm webs and
rounded or very slightly pointed tips. Tarsus less than twice as long
as exposed culmen, equal to or slightly exceeding middle toe with
claw; lateral claws scarcely reaching to base of middle claw; hind
claw decidedly shorter than its digit, strongly curved.
Coloration.—Adult males with head black, relieved by broad super-
ciliary and malar stripes of white; wings and tail black, conspicuously
marked with white; under parts with more or less yellow or orange,
or both, sometimes with chestnut on chest; throat black laterally,
white or yellow centrally or medially. Females and young much
duller, with black replaced by olivaceous, the head without conspicu-
ous (if any) stripes.
Range.—Greater Antilles (Bahamas, Cuba, Haiti, Porto Rico,
Jamaica, Grand Cayman) and Cozumel Island, Yucatan.
S. pretre? has been separated generically, doubtless on account of
its slender bill, which is very different in form from that of S. nzgri-
cephala and S. benedicti, but other species are intermediate, and I can
see no good reason for subdividing the genus.
KEY TO THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES OF SPINDALIS.
a. Head black, with conspicuous white superciliary and malar stripes. (Adult males. )
b. Rump yellowish olive-green, similar to back, but slightly more yellowish; inner
webs of lateral rectrices not extensively white.
c. Larger (wing 92.2-100.6); hindneck olive-green, like back; lesser wing-coverts
black; abdomen and flanks yellow. (Jamaica. )
Spindalis nigricephala, adult male (p. 64)
ce. Smaller (wing 82.5-87.6); hindneck orange, forming a sharply defined col-
lar; lesser wing-coverts chestnut; abdomen white, flanks grayish olive-
green, indistinctly streaked with darker. (Porto Rico.)
Spindalis portoricensis, adult male (p. 65)
bb. Rump rufous-orange, orange-rufous, or chestnut very different from color
(olive-green or black) of back; inner webs of lateral rectrices extensively
white.
c. Bill more slender (depth at base much less than distance from nostril to tip of
; maxilla); nuchal collar yellow or rufous-orange; whole rump rufus-orange
or orange-rufous.
d. Nuchal collar yellow; upper tail-coverts chestnut or chestnut-rufous; chest
chestnuts «Gilaitis) esos sees Spindalis multicolor, adult male (p. 67)
64 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
dd. Nuchal collar rufous-orange; upper tail-coverts rufous-orange, like rump;
chest rufous-orange. (Cuba; Isle of Pines. )
Spindalis pretrei, adult male (p. 68)
cc. Bill stouter (depth at base nearly equal to distance from nostril to tip of
maxilla); nuchal collar chestnut, at least the upper portion; upper rump
olive-green or black, like back; lower rump chestnut.
d. Smaller (wing 73.4-81.0, tail 57.9-65.0) ; bill much narrower (depth at base
6.1-7.9). (Spindatlis zena. )
e. Back and scapulars uniform black (rarely very slightly mixed with olive-
green). (Bahamas, except Abaco island. )
Spindalis zena zena, adult male (p. 70)
ee. Back and scapulars dark yellowish olive, or at least much mixed with
this color or olive-yellowish. (Abaco Island, Bahamas. )
Spindalis zena townsendi, adult male (p. 72)
dd. Larger (wing 76.2-86.4, tail 63.0-68.1); bill much stouter (depth at base,
7.6-8.9); back and scapulars always yellowish olive.
e. Median throat-stripe lemon yellow; lower rump chestnut. (Cozumel
sland yeu Galtan) eee ere Spindalis benedicti, adult male (p. 73)
ee. Median throat-stripe ‘‘ yellowish orange;’’ lower rump ‘‘ brownish
orange.’’? (Island of Grand Cayman, Caribbean Sea. )
Spindalis salvini, adult male (p. 74)
aa. Head olive-grayish, without distinct (if any) white superciliary or malar stripes.
(Adult females.')
b. Larger (wing 97.8, tail 74.7); abdomen yellow.
Spindalis nigricephala, adult female (p. 65)
bb. Smaller (wing less than 85.1, tail less than 66); abdomen not yellow.
G) Under parts'streaked=s sss - sso" Spindalis portoricensis, adult female (p. 66)
cc. Under parts not streaked.
d. Larger (wing 76.2-81.5, tail 59.9-63.5) ; bill stouter (depth at base 7.6-8.1).
Spindalis benedicti, adult female (p. 73)
dd. Smaller (wing 68.6—76, tail 58.3-60.7); bill more slender (depth at base not
more than 7.4).
e. Larger (wing 71.1-76.4, averaging more than 72.4; tail 53.3-60.7, averag-
ing 55.6 or more); bill stouter, averaging 7.1-7.4 in basal depth; color
less strongly olivaceous.
fs GURY Cr Ree 2 ase. eee cae ees Spindalis zena zena, adult female (p. 71)
Jf. More olivaceous. .<..-.--- Spindalis zena townsendi, adult female (p. 72)
ee. Smaller (wing 68.6-71.1, averaging 70.1, tail 50.8-54.1, averaging 52.6) ;
bill more slender (averaging 5.6 in basal depth); color more strongly
olivaceous# 22552 a-4ee- Bee eee Spindalis pretrei, adult female (p. 69)
SPINDALIS NIGRICEPHALA (Jameson).
JAMAICAN SPINDALIS,
Adult male.—Head and upper neck black, relieved by a broad super-
ciliary stripe (extending to nape), 2 broad malar stripe, and a patch
covering chin and upper throat, of white: back, scapulars, ramp, and
upper tail-coverts plain yellowish olive-green, more yellowish poste-
riorly; under parts deep saffron or indian yellow, deepening into
orange, or cadmium orange, on median portion of chest and foreneck,
1 Females of S. multicolor and S. salvini have not been seen by me.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 65
slightly tinged with olive laterally, especially on flanks; anal region
and under tail-coverts white, the feathers grayish basally; axillars and
under wing-coverts white, slightly tinged with yellow; wings and tail
black, the greater coverts and tertials broadly, the other secondaries
and the primaries narrowly, margined with white; inner webs of lat-
eral rectrices with a large terminal blotch of white on inner half; max-
illa black, mandible bluish gray with blackish tip; legs and feet
grayish dusky (bluish gray in life?); length (skins), 165.1-186.7 (177);
wing, 92.2-100.6 (97.3); tail, 71.6—-79.2 (75.7); exposed culmen, 12.2—
14 (13. 5); depth of bill at Pe 8.1-8.4 (8.4); tarsus, 21.8-23.9 (22.6);
middle toe, 15.2—-16.8 (16.3). '
Adult female.—Pileum and sides of head plain dull olive-grayish,
the feathers with indistinctly darker margins; chin, throat, and sides
of neck plain light brownish gray; otherwise like the adult male, but
lesser and middle wing-coverts greenish olive, black of greater coverts,
remiges, primary coverts, and tail duller (the last w a middle pair of
rectrices dusky brownish gray), yellowish olive-green of upper parts
duller, and yellow of under parts slightly less intense; white terminal
patch of inner web of lateral rectrices smaller; length (skin), 181.6;
wing, 97.8; tail, 74.7; exposed culmen, 13.5; depth of bill at base, 8.1;
tarsus, 22.9; middle toe, 16.8. ”
Island of Jamaica, Greater Antilles.
Tanagra nigricephala Jameson, Edinburgh New Philos. Journ., xix, 1835, 213
(Jamaica); L’ Institut, 11, 1835, 316.—Gossn, Ilustr. Birds J Jamaica, 1849,
pl. 56.
[Spindalis] nigricephala BoNAPARtE, Consp. Av.,i,1850, 240.—Sciarer and SALvin,
Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 21.—Cory, List Birds W. I., 1885, 11.
Spindalis nigricephala Scuater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., | 1856, 230 (monogr.); 1861,
74; Synop. Ay. Tanagr., 1856, 56; Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 77, excl. syn. part;
Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 166 (Moneague and Spanishtown, Jamaica ).—
ALBRECHT, Journ. fiir Orn., 1862, 196.—Marcn, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila.,
1863, 296.—Cory, Auk, iii, 1886, 198 (synonymy; descr.); Birds W. I., 1889,
85; Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 16, 114, 180.—Scorr, Auk, x, 1893, 180.
S[pindalis] nigricephala A. and E. Newron, Handb. Jamaica, 1881, 104.
Spindalis bilineatus JARDINE and Setsy, Illustr. Orn., new ser., 1836, pl. 9
Tanagra zena (not Fringilla zena Linneeus) Gossr, Birds Jamaica, 1847, 231.
Tanagra zenoides Des Murs, Icon. Orn., 1847, pl. 40.
SPINDALIS PORTORICENSIS (Bryant).
PORTO RICAN SPINDALIS.
Adult male.—Pileum and sides of head black, relieved by a white
superciliary stripe (extending to nape) and a white malar stripe (some-
times also a small white spot in middle of forehead); a large black
space on each side of lower throat; back, scapulars, rump, and upper
1 Five specimens. * One specimen,
3654—VOL 2
66 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
tail-coverts plain olive-green, more yellowish posteriorly; a conspicu-
ous collar of orange, commencing at posterior end of the white malar
stripe and extending thence across sides of neck and hindneck; lesser
wing-coverts chestnut-rufous; middle coverts olive-green; rest of wing
dull blackish or dusky, the greater coverts and secondaries (especially
the tertials) edged with grayish white, the secondaries sometimes
edged with olive-greenish basally; outer webs of primaries more or
less extensively white at base, this sometimes entirely concealed by
primary coverts, sometimes extending beyond them; tail olive-dusky
(the middle pair of rectrices paler, more olive or olive-grayish), with
edges of rectrices olive-greenish basally, grayish terminally; inner
webs of lateral rectrices usually edged terminally with white; chin
and sides of upper throat white, flecked with black; median portion
of throat (more or less broadly) clear yellow, passing into cadmium
orange on median portion of foreneck (between posterior half, approxi-
mately, of the lateral black spaces); chest, breast, upper abdomen,
and anterior portion of sides yellow (lemon or gamboge) tinged with
olive laterally; rest of under parts white medially, light grayish olive
or olive-grayish laterally, the flanks indistincly streaked with darker;
under tail-coverts with a central (mostly concealed) sagittate space of
olive-grayish; maxilla black, mandible grayish (bluish gray or
plumbeous in life); iris dark reddish brown’; legs and feet grayish
dusky (plumbeous in life'); length (skins), 147.3-168.9 (157); wing,
82.6-87.4 (84.6); tail, 61.7-68.6 (64.8); exposed culmen, 11.4-13 (12.2);
depth of bill at base, 7.6-8.9 (8.1); tarsus, 18.8-21.6 (20.1); middle
toe, 14-15.5 (15).”
Adult female.—Very different from the male. Above plain gray-
ish olive, the rump, upper tail-coverts, edges of rectrices (basally),
lesser wing-coverts, and edges of secondaries (sometimes also an
indistinct collar across hindneck and sides of neck), yellowish olive-
green; greater wing-coverts brownish gray, edged with pale olive-
grayish or pale olive-greenish, passing into whitish terminally; rest of
wings darker brownish gray, or dusky, the tertials edged with pale
olive-grayish or olive-whitish, the other secondaries with yellowish
olive-green, the primaries (more narrowly) with olive-whitish or pale
olive-grayish or olive-greenish; sides of head plain grayish olive or
olive-grayish like pileum, sometimes with a very indistinct supercil-
lary stripe of paler; a broad whitish malar stripe, usually flecked with
olive-grayish; beneath this, on sides of lower throat, a more or less
extensive and distinct patch of olive-grayish; under parts whitish,
more or less tinged with yellow on chest and breast and shaded with
olive-grayish across chest and on sides and flanks, more or less dis-
tinctly streaked with dusky, except on lower abdomen and anal region;
bill, iris, legs, and feet as in male; length (skins), 147.3-154.9 (150.9);
wing, 78.7-84.3 (81.5); tail, 59.2-65 (62.5); exposed culmen, 11.4—
'C. W. Richmond, manuscript. *Seven specimens,
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 67
13.2 (12.4); depth of bill at base, 7.4-8.1 (7.6); tarsus, 20.1-29.1
(20.6); middle toe, 13-15.2 (14.5).'
Immature male.—Similar to the adult male, but black of head
replaced by olive, more or less blotched or mixed with black; white
head-stripes less distinct, less purely white; orange patch on foreneck
absent or slightly indicated, and yellow of breast, etc., paler; orange
nuchal collar narrower, more yellow; wines and tail much as in adult
female.
Island of Porto Rico, Greater Antilles.
Tanagra portoricensis Bryant, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., x, 1866, 252 (Porto
Rico).
[Spindalis] portoricensis SCLATER and Sautvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 21.—Cory,
List Birds W. I., 1885, 11.
Spindalis portoricensis GUNDLACH, Journ. fur Orn., 1874, 311; 1878, 159, 168; Anal.
Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat., vii, 1878, 188.—Cory, Auk, ili, 1886, 197 (synonymy;
descr. ); Birds W. I., 1889, 84 (do.); Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 16, 114, 132.—
ScuaTER, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 167.
Tanagra (Spindalis) portoricensis SuNDEVALL, Ofy. K. Vet.-Ak. Férh. Stockh.,
1869, 596.
SPINDALIS MULTICOLOR (Vieillot).
HAITIAN SPINDALIS,
Adult male.—Pileum and sides of head black, relieved by a super-
ciliary stripe and broader malar stripe of white, the former extend-
ing to the nape; chin and upper throat also white: entire hindneck
and sides of neck rich yellow (indian yellow); back yellowish olive-
green, the scapulars similar but darker and somewhat mixed with
dusky anteriorly; whole rump orange-tawny, becoming yellowish next
to olive-green of back, the upper tail-coverts rather deeper orange-
tawny, sometimes inclining to yellowish chestnut; lesser wing-coverts
chestnut; rest of wings black, the middle coverts narrowly margined
with olive-green, the greater coverts and tertials broadly edged with
white, the other secondaries and the primaries more narrowly edged
with white, the latter (except the outermost) white at base of outer
web, forming a more or less extensive patch; tail black, the outermost
rectrix with about the terminal half of inner web white (except at tip),
the corresponding part of outer web also mostly white; next rectrix
with a similar but slightly shorter patch of white on inner web; third
with a large terminal or subterminal spot of white; median line of
lower throat canary yellow, bordered along each side by a large patch
of black (narrow and pointed anteriorly, broad and rounded posteriorly),
extending posteriorly much beyond the yellow, or as far as the pos-
terior extremity of the white malar stripe; space between posterior
half of these black patches, extending considerably upon median por-
tion of chest, chestnut; sides of chest, whole breast, and upper abdo-
men bright yellow (lemon or gamboge); lower abdomen, anal region,
1 Seven specimens.
68 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
and under tail-coverts white, the last with concealed basal portion of
the feathers abruptly gray; flanks light grayish olive, indistinetly
streaked with darker; maxilla black; mandible paler (bluish gray in
life?); legs and feet dusky (bluish gray in life 4); length (skins), 157.5;
wing, $3. 1—-86.4 (84.6); tail, 69.9-71.9 (70.9); exposed culmen, 10.7-11.2
(10.9); depth of bill at base (one specimen), 5.8; tarsus, 20.8—21.1; mid-
dle toe, 13.7.?
Adult female.—** Olive on the back and yellowish on the rump;
under parts grayish, whitening at the vent” (Cory). ‘*Above olive;
back slightly striated; wings and tail blackish brown, edged with olive;
outer margins of wing-coverts whitish; beneath grayish white, clearer
on the belly, with blackish shaft-stripes on the breast” (SCLATER).
Island of Haiti, Greater Antilles.
Tlanagra] multicolor Virittor, Ene. Méth., ii, 1823, 775 (“‘ Florides, les iles Baha-
ma et de Saint-Domingue’’).
Tanagra multicolor Virrtuor, Gal. Ois., i, 1834, 100, pl. 76.
[Spindalis] multicolor Bonaparte, Consp. Ay., i, 1850, 240.—SciaTer and Sayin,
Nom. Ay. Neotr., 1873, 21.—Cory, List Birds W. I., 1885, 11.
Spindalis multicolor ScuateR, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1856, 230 (monogr.); Synop.
Ay. Tanagr., 1856, 57; Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 167.—Sauur, Proc.
Zool. Soe. Lond., 1857, 231.—Cory, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vi, 1881, 152
(Haiti); Birds Haiti and San Dom., 1885, 54, pl. (7); Auk, ili, 1886, 196
(synonymy; descr.); Birds W. L, 1889, 83 (do.); Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 16,
114, 131.—Cuerrisz, Contr. Orn. San Dom., 1896, 13 (Catare and Aguacate,
Santo Domingo; crit. ).
Tanagra dominicensis Bryant, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xi, 1866, 92 (St. Domingo;
Crt):
SPINDALIS PRETREI (Lesson).
CUBAN SPINDALIS.
Similar to S. multicolor, but bill still more slender; adult male with
nuchal collar rufous-orange (instead of yellow), lower rump rufous-
orange (instead of deep orange-tawny), chest tawny-orange instead of
chestnut, middle wing-coverts more broadly tipped with olive-green,
greater coyerts more broadly edged with white, and black stripe on
sides of throat much narrower.
Adult male.—Pileum and sides of head black, relieved by a white
superciliary stripe (extending to nape) and a still broader white malar
stripe; chin white (confluent laterally with white malar stripes); median
portion of throat clear rich yellow (canary or indian yellow), mar-
gined on each side by a black stripe (narrow and pointed anteriorly,
broader and rounded or subtruncate posteriorly); whole chest, lower
foreneck (between posterior portion of lateral black throat-stripes),
sides of neck and band or collar across hindneck orange-tawny or deep
tawny-orange, that on the chest fading posteriorly into clear lemon
yellow on median portion of breast and upper abdomen; sides and
flanks pale olive-grayish; lower abdomen, anal region, and under tail-
Two specimens,
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 69
coverts white, the last with concealed basal portion of longer feathers
abruptly gray; back and scapulars plain yellowish olive-green; rump
tawny-orange or orange-tawny, more yellowish toward back; upper tail-
coverts black basally, gray and olive-greenish terminally; lesser wing-
coverts orange-chestnut; middle coverts black, broadly tipped with olive-
green; rest of wings black, the greater coverts and tertials broadly edged
with white, the other secondaries more narrowly edged with white or pale
yellowish, the primaries still more narrowly edged with white or very
pale grayish, the longer primaries with basal portion of outer webs
white, forming more or less of a patch beyond tips of primary coverts;
tail black, with more than terminal half of inner web of lateral rectrix
white, the second with a little less white (about the terminal half), the
third with a large white terminal space; inner webs of middle rectrices
broadly edged with white; maxilla black, mandible bluish gray; legs
and feet blackish gray (bluish gray in life 4); length (skins), 132.1-147.3
(138.2); wing, 70.6-74.9 (73.4); tail, 53.8-58.2 (56.1); exposed culmen,
10.7-11.4 (10.9); depth of bill at base, 5.6—-6.4 (5.8); tarsus, 17.5-19.6
(18.8); middle toe, 18.2-14.5 (13.5)."
Adult female.—Very different in coloration from the male. Above
(including pileum, sides of head, and hindneck) plain olive, becoming
slightly lighter on rump; beneath much paler olive, slightly tinged
with yellowish, the chin and a broad but not very distinct malar stripe
whitish; abdomen, anal region, and under tail-coverts white, tinged
with yellowish, the last with concealed portion abruptly brownish gray;
wings and tail dusky, the greater wing-coverts and tertials broadly
edged with white, very pale gray, or olive-whitish, the secondaries
edged with light olive, the primaries very narrowly edged with pale
gray, and the rectrices rather broadly edged with greenish olive; inner
webs of two lateral rectrices with an indistinct paler space or blotch
near tip; bill, legs, and feet as in adult male; length (skins), 133.
142.2 (140); wing. 68.6—-71.1 (70.1); tail, 50.8-54.1 (52.6); exposed cul-
men, 10.7-12.2 (11.4); depth of bill at base, 5.3-5.8 (5.6); tarsus, 17.5—
19.6 (18.3); middle toe, 12.7—14 (13.5).”
Island of Cuba (including the Isle of Pines), Greater Antilles.
' Seven specimens.
* Five specimens.
’ Three adult males from the Isle of Pines, although in somewhat worn plumage,
appear to be identical in coloration with Cuban specimens, but are somewhat larger.
Average measurements are as follows:
Depth |
ar
: 5 ., |Exposea| Depth | | Middle
Locality. Wing. | Tail. ecpeon of bill | Tarsus. fae ©
[at pase.
| we: :
Seven adult males from Cuba..........-...-.------- | 73.4 56.1 10.9 5.8 | 18.8 L3S5
Three adult males frome SleroL Pines): o- - soe =e == | WOs7 58. 4 11.9 6.1 19.1 oad
With the exception of a pair from Monte Verde, all the specimens examined are
from western Cuba. No females from the Isle of Pines have been seen by me.
70 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Tanagra pretrei Lesson, Cent. Zool., 1831, 122, pl. 45 (‘‘ Brazil’ ).—LAFRESNAYE,
Rey. Zoel., 1839, 103 (Cuba; crit.).
Tl anagra] pretrei Gray, Gen. Birds, 11, 1844, 365.
[Spindalis] pretrei BONAPARTE, Consp. Ay., 1, 1850, 248.
Spindalis pretrei GUNDLACH, Journ. fur Orn., 1855, 476; 1861, 328; 1862, 189; 1872,
419; Repert. Fisico-Nat. ue i, 1866, 237.—Brewer, Proc. Bese OG: Ne eles
vil, 1860, 8307.—Cory, Auk, 1886, 196 (synonymy; descr.); Birds W. L.,
1889, 83 (do. ).—CHAPMAN, Bull, Am. Mus. N. H., iv, 1892, 309 (Trinidad,
Cuba).
Spindalis pretrti Scuarer, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 168 (San Cristobal,
Cuba).—Cory, Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 16, 114, 129.
[Spindalis] pretrii Scharrer and Sauyrn, Nom. Ay. Neotr., 1873, 21.—Cory, List
Birds W. I., 1885, 11.
Tanagra (Spindalis) pretrei GuNpuacn, Journ. fiir Orn., 1871, 266, 275.
Tanagra zena (not FPringilla zena Linneeus) Vicors, Zool. Journ., iii, no. xi, Dee.,
1827, 441 (Cuba).—D’Orsiany, in La Sagra’s Hist. Nat. Guta: Ois., 1839,
65, excl. syn. part, pl. 11.
Tl anagra] zena Gray, Gen. Birds, ii, 1844, 365 part.
Spindalis zena ScuatTer, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1856, 231 (monogr.); Synop. Av.
Tanagr., 1856, 57, part (Cuba).
SPINDALIS ZENA ZENA (Linneus).
BLACK-BACKED SPINDALIS.
Adult male.—Pileum and sides of head black, relieved by a broad
superciliary stripe (extending to nape) and a still broader malar stripe
ot white; chin white; a band across hindneck (extending across sides
of neck to posterior extremity of white malar stripe) chestnut, becom-
ing lighter and more yellowish (sometimes dull orange-yellow) pos-
teriorly; back and scapulars uniform black (rarely slightly intermixed
with olive-greenish); upper rump dull yellowish (gallstone or ocher yel-
low), passing into bright chestnut on lower rump; upper tail-coverts
black; wings and tail black; lesser wing-coverts partly dark chestnut;
greater coverts and tertials very broadly edged with white, the other
secondaries less broadly and primaries very narrowly edged with the
same, the last with basal portion of outer webs white, forming a more
or less extensive spot or patch; inner webs of middle rectrices edged
(more or less broadly) with white; inner web of outermost rectrix
with more than terminal half white, the next with nearly the terminal
half white, the third usually with a terminal white spot of greater or
less extent; throat with two broad lateral stripes of black (narrower
and more or less pointed anteriorly, much broader and rounded or sub-
truncate posteriorly), these inclosing a median stripe (of varying
extent) of rich yellow (indian yellow or rich lemon yellow); space
between broad posterior extremities of black lateral throat stripes, and
more or less of chest, chestnut; sides of chest, breast, and upper por-
tion of abdomen yellow, usually more or less suffused with chestnut;
flanks pale olive-grayish, sometimes broadly streaked or longitudinally
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. il
clouded with blackish, rarely with these broad black streaks very
heavy; abdomen and under tail-coverts white, the last with concealed
subbasal spots of dusky; maxilla black, mandible bluish gray with
blackish tip; legs and feet grayish dusky (bluish gray in life?); length
(skins), 187.2-152.4 (147.3); wing, 73.4-81 (77.5); tail, 57.9-65 (61.5);
exposed culmen 9.7-13 (11.4); depth of bill at base, 6.1-7.9 (6.9);
tarsus, 18.3-20.3 (19.8); middle toe, 13-15 (14.2).'
Adult female.’—Above plain, rather light, olive or olive-grayish,
the feathers of the pileum very indistinctly darker centrally; wines
and tail dusky, the greater wing-coverts and tertials broadly edged
with dull whitish or very pale olive, the secondaries more narrowly
edged with pale olive, the primaries with outer webs narrowly edged
with pale grayish or grayish white and abruptly white at base, forming
amore or less extensive spot or patch; rectrices edged (quite broadly
toward base) with light greenish olive; sides of head like upper parts,
sometimes with an indistinct paler superciliary stripe, the auricular
region with narrow paler shaft-streaks; under parts very pale olive or
olive-grayish (sometimes faintly tinged with yellowish), the chin, malar
region, lower abdomen, anal region, and under tail-coverts whitish
(the last sometimes inclining to buffy); throat sometimes with a median
space of pale dull yellowish; maxilla blackish, mandible grayish with
dusky tips; legs and feet grayish dusky; length (skins), 129.5-140.9
(148.3); wing, 72.4-76.5 (74.2); tail, 53.8-60.7 (56.9); exposed culmen,
10.9-12.7 (11.7); depth of bill at base, 7.4-7.6 (7.4); tarsus, 17.8-20.3
(19.6); middle toe, 13-15 (13.5).°
' Highteen specimens.
2The female of this species is very similar in coloration to that of S. pretrei, but is
decidedly grayer and has the bill much stouter.
* Hight specimens.
Average measurements of specimens from different islands are as follows:
Poe Depth lene E
Locality. Wing. | Tail. fe pesca of bill | Tarsus.| Middle
| | ‘at base. |
aes |_ | BE
MALES. |
cal
Seven adult males from New Providence Island ...! 77.2 61.2 11.4 65.6; 820541 14.2
Eight adult males from Eleuthera Island ........-. | ditendl 62 11.9 7.1) 19.6 14
Three adult males from San Salvador (Cat Island) / ORT ealG0nD 11,2 6.6 | 20.1 14.2
FEMALES. 3
Five adult females from New Providence Island... | 74,2 | 56.6 7 7.4 | 19.6 | 335
One from San Salvador (Cat Island) ..............- | Tone ee OMe cies | ee 19.1 | 3
Onewrom:GreeniCay saachotenscus--cce Aeseece secs ae | LEST Me eS 11.9 | 7.4 20.3 | 15
|
OnetfromeMleutheralsland)ss---- ccc. sac ececmeee ce | 74.9 | 57.2 MAN So esle as | 19.8 | 13.2
| |
I regret the necessity of reducing to a synonym of S. zena zena the S. 2. steynegeri
of Cory, but can not avoid it. Among eight adult males from Eleuthera Island only
three show the characters of the supposed subspecies, even in part, while of seven
from New Providence three are nearly typical S. 2. stejnegeri.
(32 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Bahama Islands, except island of Abaco. (Recorded from Berry
Islands, Eleuthera, New Providence, Andros, San Salvador, Long
Island, Green Cay, and Mariguana islands. )
[ Fringilla] zena Linnxus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, i, 1766, 320 (based on Bahama Finch,
Fringilla hahamensis Catesby, Nat. Hist. Carolina, i, pl. 42).
TL anagra] zena Gray, Gen. Birds, ii, 1844, 365, part.
Tanagra zena Bryant, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., vii, 1859, 111 (New Providence,
Bahamas).
[Spindalis] zena BoNAPARTE, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 240.—ScLaTErR and Savin, Nom.
Avy. Neotr., 1873, 21.—Cory, List Birds W. I., 1885, 11.
Spindalis zena ScuaterR, Proce. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1856, 231, part, excl. syn. part;
Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 169 (Nassau, New Providence, Bahamas) .—
Cory, Birds Bahama I., 1880, 92; Auk, iii, 1886, 195 (synonymy; descr.) ; viii,
1891, 294 (New Providence), 295 (Berry Islands); ix, 1892, 48 (Mariguana) ;
Birds W. I., 1889, 82 (do.); Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 16, 114,127 (Berry Islands,
New Providence, Andros, San Salvador, Long I., Green Cay, and Mariguana,
Bahamas).—Norrurop, Auk, viii, 1891, 70 (Andros I.; food, ete. ).—Rine-
way, Auk, viii, 1891, 335 (New Providence), 336 (Eleuthera I.), 337 (Cat I.
or San Salvador), 339 (Green Cay).
Spindalis zena stejnegeri Cory, Auk, viii, Oct., 1891, 348, 351 (Eleuthera Island,
Bahamas; coll. C. B. Cory); Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 16, 114, 126, 152 (Eleu-
thera; San Salvador?).
SPINDALIS ZENA TOWNSENDI Ridgway.
ABACO SPINDALIS.
Similar to S. 2. zena, but adult male with back either wholly olive or
much mixed with that color, instead of uniform black, the adult female
more decidedly olive or olive-greenish.
Adult male.—Length (skins), 149.9-162.6 (154.7); wing, 74.2-78.7
(76.7); tail, 61.2-62.7 (62); exposed culmen, 11.7-12.2 (11.9); depth of
bidat base, 5.87.1 (6.6); tarsus, 18.5-19.8 (19.3); middle toe, 13.7-14.5
(14).!
Adult female.—Length (skins), 141-147.3 (144); wing, 71.1-73.7
(72.9); tail, 53.3-57.9 (55.6); exposed culmen, 10.4-11.7 (11.2); depth
of bill at base, 6.9-7.1 (7.1); tarsus, 18.3-19.8 (19.1); middle toe,
13.5-15 (14.2).
Island of Abaco, Bahamas.
Spindalis zena townsendi Rrpaway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., x, Apr. 25, 1887, 3 (Abaco
Island, Bahamas; coll. U.S. Nat. Mus. ); Auk, viii, 1891, 334 (Abaco).—Cory,
Auk. v, 1888, 157; viii, 1891, 298, 350 (Great Bahama; Abaco); Birds W. I.,
1889, 292; Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 16, 114, 127, 152 (Abaco; Great Bahama;
Andros?).
SPINDALIS BENEDICTI Ridgway.
COZUMEL SPINDALIS.
Similar in coloration to S. zena townsend? (the back and scapulars
always olive) but much larger and with much thicker bill.
'Five specimens. * Three specimens.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. te
Adult male.—Pileum and sides of head black, relieved by a broad
superciliary stripe (extending to nape) and breader malar stripe of
white; chin white; throat with a median stripe of bright yellow,
inclosed between two broad lateral stripes (narrower and more pointed
anteriorly, broader and rounded or subtruncate posteriorly) of black;
space between posterior portion of these black lateral throat-stripes,
more or less of the chest, sides of neck, and band across hindneck
chestnut, the nuchal collar broken below by deep olive-yellowish tips
to the feathers; back and scapulars deep yellowish olive-green, passing
into olive-yellowish on upper rump and this into chestnut on lower
rump; feathers of lower hindneck and upper back with a concealed
black transverse spot or bar, separating the terminal yellowish olive-
green or olive-yellowish portion from the basal gray part; scapulars
sometimes partly blackish; upper tail-coverts black, with tips some-
times extensively gray or olive; lesser wing-coverts chestnut; middle
coverts black, narrowly margined at tips with yellowish olive-green;
rest of wing black, the greater coverts and tertials broadly, the other
secondaries more narrowly, the primaries very narrowly, edged with
white; primaries (except outermost) with outer webs abruptly white
at base, forming a more or less extensive spot or patch; tail black, the
outer webs of rectrices very narrowly edged with white, inner web
of middle pair broadly edged with white, and inner webs of two outer-
most extensively white terminally (nearly the terminal half on outer-
most rectrix), the third sometimes with a white spot at tip of inner
web; outer web of lateral rectrix mostly white; breast and upper
abdomen rich yellow (lemon, sometimes approaching indian, yellow);
lower abdomen, anal region, and under tail-coverts white, the last with
a large concealed spot of grayish on each web; sides and flanks light
grayish olive; maxilla black, mandible grayish (bluish gray in life /)
with dusky tip; legs and feet grayish dusky (bluish gray in life 4);
length (skins), 152.4-165.1 (159); wing, 76.2-86.4 (81.5); tail, 68-68.1
(66); exposed culmen, 12.2-12.4 (12.2); depth of bill at base, 7.6-8.9
(8.1); tarsus, 20.6—-22.6 (21.1); middle toe, 14.5-15.2 (15).'
Adult female.—Similar in coloration to the same sex of S. zena
townsend?, but larger and bill much stouter. Above plain olive; wings
dusky, the greater coverts and tertials edged with whitish or very pale
olive, the other secondaries edged with light greenish olive, the
primaries with pale grayish; primaries with basal portion of outer webs
white, forming a small spot; tail dusky or dark olive-grayish with light
greenish olive edgings, the inner webs of lateral rectrices margined
terminally with white; under parts pale olive, paler and more grayish
on chin and malar region, the abdomen, anal region, and under tail-
coverts whitish or yellowish white, the longer under tail-coverts
largely pale olive or light grayish brown; bill, legs, and feet as in the
MSix specimens.
-
74 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. ~~
male; length (skins), 144.5-165.1 (153.7); wing, 76.2-81.5 (78.2); tail,
58.9-63.5 (61.5); exposed culmen, 12.2-12.9 (12.7); depth of bill at
base, 7.6-8.1 (7.9); tarsus, 19.3-21.6 (20.6); middle toe, 14.5-15.2
(14.7).?
Island of Cozumel, Yucatan.
Spindalis benedicti RrpGway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., iii (pub. Mar.), 1885, 21
(Cozumel I., Yucatan; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.); Proc. U. S: Nat. Mus., viii,
1885, 567 (detailed descr. ).
Spindalis exsul Sauyry, Ibis, 5th ser., iii, Apr., 1885, 189, pl. 5 (Cozumel; coll.
Salvin and Godman).
SPINDALIS SALVINI Cory.
SALVIN’S SPINDALIS.
Similar to S. benedict/, but median throat-stripe ‘* yellowish orange”
instead of yellow, and lower rump ‘‘ brownish orange” instead of
chestnut.
Adult male.—**Top of the head and cheeks black; a supercilary
and malar stripe of white; a patch of yellowish orange on the upper
throat, separated from the white malar stripe by a line of black which
reaches the breast; chin dull white; lower throat and breast chestnut;
back dark olive, separated from the black of the head by a chestnut
collar; lower back yellowish; a patch of chestnut on the carpus; rump
brownish orange; beily and under tail-coverts dull white; tail black,
the two outer feathers heavily marked with white; the third feather
tipped with white on the inner web, the two central feathers narrowly
edged with white on the inner webs; bill horn color, feet slate brown.
General appearance of Spindalis pretrii, but having the bill heavier
and throat markings unlike those of that species, besides other minor
differences. ’
** Length, 139.7; wing, 85.1; tail? 69:9;-tarsus) GS" tl toe
Island of Grand Cayman, Caribbean Sea (near Cuba).
This form I have not seen. Judging from the description it seems
to be more like S. benedicti than any other, and to differ from that
species chiefly in the more orange median throat-stripe and paler
(‘‘ brownish orange” instead of chestnut) lower rump. <A direct com-
parison should be made.
Spindalis salvini Cory, Auk, ili, Oct., 1886, 499 (Grand Cayman, Greater Antilles;
coll. C. B. Cory); v. 1888, 157; Birds W. I., 1889, 289; Cat. W. I. Birds,
1892, 16, 114, 129, 152 (Grand Cayman).
'Six specimens.
? Original description; measurements in original given in inches and tenths.
=]
Or
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA.
Genus PIRANGA Vieillot.
Piranga Vieiti0T, Ois. Am. Sept., i, 1807, p. iv. (Type, Muscicapa rubra
Linnzeus. )
Pyranga (emendation) Vieriiot, Analyse, 1816, 32.
Phenisoma Swainson, Classif. Birds, ii, 1837, 284. (Type, by elimination,
Tanagra rubra Linneeus,== Pyranga eyrthromelas Vieillot. )
y ’ “ . x
Pheenicosoma (emendation) CaBanis, Mus. Hein:, i, 1850, 24.
’ > ?
Medium sized or rather small Tanagers with exposed culmen not
shorter than middle toe, without claw; bill rathc» stout to very stout,
more or less swollen, the maxillary tomium with more or less of a
median tooth or else the plumage unicolored (red in adult males, yel-
lowish in adult females and young); adult males with at least the
head red.
Bill subconical, decidedly longer than broad or deep at base, the
culmen more or less strongly curved and uncinate at tip; exposed
culmen less than two-thirds to nearly as long as tarsus, distinctly
ridged, gradually convex from base or nearly straight for basal half
or more; gonys nearly (sometimes quite) twice as long as mandibular
rami, nearly as long as maxilla from nostril, nearly or quite straight;
maxillary tomium distinctly notched subterminally, then gently con-
cave or nearly straight, usually with a more or less distinct tooth-
like projection in or near middle portion; mandibular tomium nearly
straight, or somewhat convex near tip, the basal portion rather
abruptly deflected, or sometimes even distinctly angulated. Nostril
exposed, rather large, oval or roundish, sometimes slightly pointed
anteriorly, in anterior end of nasal foss. Rictal bristles obvious but
not conspicuous. Wing moderate or long (about three and two-thirds
to five and one-third times as long as tarsus), pointed (ninth to seventh
or sixth primaries longest, the ninth longer than sixth) or rounded
(eighth to fifth primaries longest, ninth shorter than fourth); pri-
maries exceeding secondaries by more than length of tarsus, except
in round-winged species. Tail shorter than wing by not less than
half length of tarsus, sometimes by much more than length of tarsus;
emarginate, even or slightly rounded, slightly divaricate terminally,
the rectrices of medium width, rounded at tips. Tarsus equal to or
longer than middle toe with claw; lateral claws reaching about to base
of middle claw, or falling slightly short; hind claw decidedly shorter
than its digit, strongly curved.
Coloration. —Adult males with more or less of red (sometimes wholly
red) with or without black wings and tail, the wings sometimes with
white, yellow, or reddish bands. Adult females with red replaced by
olive-greenish above, yellowish beneath, the wing pattern as in the
male. Young streaked beneath (always?) in first plumage.
76 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Range.—Temperate North America southward through Mexico and
Central America and tropical South America to Argentina, Bolivia,
and Peru.
The species with longer and more pointed wing comprise all except
P. leucoptera, P. ardens, P. erythrocephatla,and P. roseo-qularis. ‘These
latter differ further in having a shorter and more turgid bill, especially
the two last named; but I am not inclined to consider the differences
sufficient to justify generic separation, especially since P. bédentuta is
intermediate with respect to the wing-formula. P. rubra is the longest
winged member of the genus, and is the only one without a commis-
sural tooth, though this is indicated by a more or less obvious convex-
ity of the maxillary tomium where the usual tooth-like projection is
located. 2. erythromelas comes next in length of wing, and the com-
missural ‘* tooth,” though present, is less developed than in any other
species except P. rubra and P. ludoviciana, the latter agreeing
with 7. bidentata in having the bill more slender than other species,
with the culmen nearly or quite straight for the greater part of its
length. The commissural tooth is most developed in P. hepatica, P.
testucea, and their allies.
The wing-tip is at least as long as the tarsus and usually much longer
in all the species except those with rounded wing and short, turgid bill,
in which the distance from the tip of the shortest secondary to that of
the longest primary is very much less than the tarsus, in fact but little
if any more than half the length of the exposed culmen. In these,
too, the tail is much longer in proportion to the wing, but this is due
more to abbreviation of the wing than elongation of the tail.
KEY TO THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES OF PIRANGA,.
a. Wing more than four times as long as tarsus; outermost (ninth) primary longer
than fifth.
b. Back not streaked.
c. General color red, or at least the head red. (Adult males.)
d. Under parts entirely red; back reddish.
e. Wings and tail dull red; back duller or darker red than under parts;
under wing-coverts red or pinkish.
f. Maxillary tomium without a distinct median ‘‘tooth;’’? color pure
vermilion below, dull vermilion above. (Piranga rubra.)
g. Smaller and darker colored; wing averaging 95.5, tail 72.4, exposed
culmen 17.5. (Eastern United States, south in winter to Peru,
GCs) tatasee Soe eee Piranga rubra rubra, adult male (p. 79)
gg. Larger and lighter colored; wing averaging 100.3, tail 80.5, exposed
culmen 19.3. (Southwestern United States and western Mexico.)
Piranga rubra cooperi, adult male (p. 83)
1 The National Museum collection contains several specimens in which this so-called
tooth is very distinctly indicated.
* Very rarely indicated.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 6
Jf. Maxillary tomium with a distinct median ‘‘tooth;’’ color orange-red,
or dull orange-vermilion below, grayish red or brownish red above.
g Wing 100.6 or more, averaging 102.6; back grayish red or reddish
gray; under parts light orange-red or flame scarlet. (Southwestern
United States and plateau of Mexico. )
Piranga hepatica, adult male (p. 84)
gg. Wing not more than 99.1, averaging less than 95.2; back brownish
red; under parts deep dull orange-red. ( Piranga testacea. )
h. Coloration darker, with ear-coverts deep brownish red like pileum;
wings and tail shorter (wing averaging 91.9, tail 75.4). (Nie-
aragua to Colombia, ete. ).
Piranga testacea testacea, adult male (p. 86)
hh. Coloration lighter, with ear-coverts more grayish than pileum;
wings and tail longer (wing averaging 96.5, tail 78.2). (Guate-
mala to Honduras. )..Piranga testacea figlina, adult male (p. 87)
ee. Wings and tail black; back pure red, like under parts; under wing-
coverts white, becoming black on edge of wing. (Eastern North
America, south to northern South America in winter. )
Piranga erythromelas, adult male in summer (p. 88)
dd. Under parts of body yellow; back not reddish.
e. Back black. (Western United States and British Columbia, south to
Guatemala in winter. )
Piranga ludoviciana, adult male in summer (p. 91)
ee. Back yellowish olive-green. (Colombia; accidental in California? )
Piranga rubriceps, adults (extralimital')
cc. General color olive-greenish above (back sometimes black), yellow below;
no red, except sometimes a tinge on forepart of head. (Females and
young males. )
d. Back olive-green or grayish.
e. Wings without yellow bands.
f. Under wing-coverts yellow, without dark outer margin.
g- Bill light brownish, the mandible paler; maxillary tomium without
distinct median tooth. (Piranga rubra. )
h. Smaller and deeper colored; wing averaging 91.9, tail 70.1, exposed
culrmenyiS seen seers se Piranga rubra rubra, adult female (p. 79)
hh. Larger and paler; wing averaging 98.5, tail 78.9, exposed culmen
ONS erste terete aa yee te Piranga rubra cooperi, adult female (p. 83)
gg. Bill dusky, the mandible more bluish gray; maxillary tomium with
a distinct median ‘‘ tooth.”
h. Back olive-grayish or light grayish olive-green; under parts pale
yellow, becoming pale olive-grayish on flanks.
Piranga hepatica, adult female (p. 85)
hh. Back bright yellowish olive-green; under parts deep olive-yellow,
the flanks light olive-green. (Piranga testacea.)
i. Ear-coverts yellowish olive-green, like pileum; wings and _ tail
shorter (wing averaging 84.6, tail 73).
Piranga testacea testacea, adult female (p. 87)
vi. Ear-coverts more grayish than pileum; wings and tail longer
(wing averaging 87.1, tail 78.7).
Piranga testacea figlina, adult female (p. 87)
' Pyranga rubriceps Gray, Gen. Birds, ii, 1844, 364, pl. 89; Sclater, Cat. Birds Brit.
Mus., xi, 1886, 192. (A Colombian species said to have been taken in California;
Bryant, Auk, iv, 1877, 78.)
78 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
J. Under wing-coverts white, with olive, dusky, or black exterior border.
g. Wings and tail black.
Piranga erythromelas, adult male in winter (p. 89)
gy. Wings and tail dusky grayish with olive-greenish edgings.
Piranga erythromelas, adult female and immature male (p. 90)
ee. Wings with two yellow (or one yellow and one white). bands.
/. Back and tail black...Piranga ludoviciana, adult male in winter (p. 92)
J. Back olive-greenish or grayish, tail grayish brown with yellowish olive-
greenredmnagis <ta5.55 «sao Piranga ludoviciana, adult female (p. 92)
bb. Back streaked with black. (Piranga bidentata. )
c. General color red or orange (darker above).
d. Head, neck, and under parts cadmium orange.
e. Smaller (wing averaging 96.3, tail 79.5; white at tip of inner web of lat-
eral rectrices more extended. (Western Mexico. )
Piranga bidentata bidentata, adult male (p. 95)
ee. Larger (wing averaging 97, tail 80.7); white at tip of inner web of lat-
eral rectrices more restricted. (Tres Marias Islands, western Mexico. )
Piranga bidentata flammea, adult male (p. 96)
dd. Head, neck, and under parts orange-red or scarlet. (astern Mexico to
Chiniquis)==eessseee Piranga bidentata sanguinolenta, adult male (p. 96)
ec. ‘veneral color yellow, more olive-greenish on upper parts.
d. Paler, the back more grayish olive-green; yellow of under parts lighter.
e. Smaller (wing averaging 93, tail 77.5, exposed culmen 16; white tip to
inner webs of lateral rectrices broader.
Piranga bidentata bidentata, adult female (p. 95)
ee. Larger (wing averaging 93.7, tail, 80.7, exposed culmen, 17.5; white ter-
minal margin to inner web of lateral rectrices narrower.
Piranga bidentata flammea, adult female (p. 96)
dd. Deeper colored, the back more yellowish olive-green.
Piranga bidentata sanguinolenta, adult female (p. 96)
aa. Wing less than four times as long as tarsus; outermost (ninth) primary shorter
than fifth.
6. Lores grayish; a whitish orbital ring; sides of head, breast, sides, back, and
rump gray. (Piranga roseo-gularis. )
c. Pileum, wings, and tail brownish red; throat and under tail-coverts pinkish
red. (Adult males. )
d. Red of pileum brighter; wing longer (averaging 79.5), tail shorter (aver-
aging 65.5). (Yucatan. )
Piranga roseo-gularis roseo-gularis, adult male (p. 98)
dd. Red of pileum duller; wing shorter (averaging 79.2), tail longer (aver-
aging 68). (Island of Cozumel. )
Piranga roseo-gularis cozumele, adult male (p. 99)
ce. Pileum, wings, and tail dull olive-greenish; throat and under tail-coverts pale
yellowish. (Females and immature males. )
d. Olive-green of pileum and yellow of throat brighter; wing averaging 78,
tail 62.5.
Piranga roseo-gularis roseo-gularis, adult female and immature male (p 98)
dd. Olive-green of pileum duller, yellow of throat paler; wing averaging 75,
tail 64.
Piranga roseo-gularis cozumele, adult female and immature male (p. 99)
bb. Lores black or dusky; no white orbital ring; sides of head and neck red or
olive-green (ear-coverts sometimes grayish), breast and sides red or yellow;
rump red, olive-greenish, or olive-grayish.
c. Wing with two whites bands; edge of wing dusky. (Pirangu leucoptera.)
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 79
d. General color bright red; wings, scapulars, tail, forehead, lores, and orbits
(usually chin also) black.
e. Wing-bands narrower, the anterior one 3-4.6 wide, the posterior one
incomplete (on innermost greater coverts only). (Southern Mexico to
British Honduras and Salvador. )
Piranga leucoptera leucoptera, adult male (p 99)
ee. Wing-bands broader, the anterior one 5.1—7.6 wide, the posterior one com-
plete (extending across all the greater coverts). (Costa Rica, Chiriqui,
and Veragua.) ....-- Piranga leucoptera latifasciata, adult male (p. 101)
dd. General color oliye-green above, yellow below; wings, scapulars, and tail
dusky grayish, more or less tinged or edged with olive-green.
e. Wing bands narrower. .Piranga leucoptera leucoptera, adult female (p. 100)
ee. Wing bands broader. .Piranga leucoptera latifasciata, adult female (p. 101)
ce. Wing without white bands; edge of wing yellow. ( Piranga erythrocephala. )
d. Pileum scarlet; throat and sides of head pinkish red; rest of plumage yel-
lowish olive-green above, bright yellow below. (Mexican plateau. )
Piranga erythrocephala, adult male (p. 102)
dd. Pileum yellowish olive-green, rest of upper parts duller (more grayish)
olive-green; under parts dull yellow, much paler posteriorly.
Piranga erythrocephala, adult female (p. 102)
PIRANGA RUBRA RUBRA (Linnezus).
SUMMER TANAGER,.
Adult male (summer and winter).—Above plain dull red (dark dull
poppy red), brighter or clearer ‘on pileum, rump, and upper tail-
coverts; remiges, primary coverts, and alula grayish brown (hair
brown) edged with dull red; under parts clear rich vermilion or poppy
red, the axillars and under wing-coverts paler, more pinkish; bill light
brownish with paler tomia; iris brown; legs and feet horn color (in
dried skins); length (skins), 162.6-182.9 (170.7); wing, 92.5-99.6 (95.5);
tail, 71.1-74.7 (72.4); exposed culmen, 16.8-19.3 (17.5); depth of bill at
hase, 9.4-10.4 (9.9); tarsus, 18.3-19.8 (19.3); middle toe, 12. 7-14. 7 (14).?
Adult female (summer and winter).—Above plain yellowish olive-
green, more yellowish on pileum, lower rump, and upper tail-coverts,
the back and scapulars sometimes tinged with grayish; primaries
grayish brown with light yellowish olive-green edgings; lores pale
yellowish gray; an indistinct orbital ring of light dull yellow; under
parts dull yellow (wax yellow or dull maize yellow), the under tail-
coverts purer yellow (chrome yellow); bill and feet as in adult male;
length (skins), 165.1-182.9 (173.5); wing, 88.9-95.8 (91.9); tail, 66.5-73.9
(70.1); exposed culmen, 17.5-18.3 (18); depth of bill at base, 9.9-10.7
(10.2); tarsus, 18.5-19.8 (18.8); middle toe, 13.2-14 (13.5).?
Young male in first autumn.—Similar to the adult female, but more
richly colored, the under tail-coverts deep chrome or pale cadmium
vellow, the general color of upper parts more ochraceous, with pileum,
upper tail-coverts, tail, and edges of primaries tinged with dull orange
or orange-ochraceous.
1 E*ght specimens. * Five specimens.
80 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Young male in nestling plumage.'—Pileum and hindneck dull olive-
buffy, distinctly and broadly streaked with dusky; back and scapulars
more olivaceous, more broadly and less distinctly streaked with dull
grayish dusky; rump pale dull buffy, changing to a more fulvous hue
on upper tail-coverts, both distinctly streaked with dusky; tail
cinnamon-brown, the edges of the feathers more reddish; middle wing-
coverts grayish dusky, broadly margined with light yellowish buff;
greater coverts dull grayish, edged with olivaceous and broadly tipped
with light yellowish buff, producing a distinct band across wing;
secondaries olivaceous, their terminal margins paler and more yellow-
ish, the inner webs dusky; primaries similar, but outer webs becom-
ing orange-brownish basally; auriculars uniform olivaceous; sides of
neck dull light buff, streaked with dusky grayish, like nape; under
parts white, stained here and there with buffy yellowish, and every-
where streaked, most conspicuously on chest, breast, and sides, with
grayish dusky; lower tail-coverts orange-buff, with narrow dusky
mesial streaks.
Young female in nestling plumage.—Similar to the young male, as
described above, but tail olivaceous and edgings to primaries without
reddish tinge.
[The only seasonal difference of color in this species is the greater
intensity of the colors in autumn and winter, the opposite extreme
being represented in midsummer specimens. Immature males are
variously intermediate in plumage between the plumage of the adult
female and that of the adult male, the relative proportion of red and
yellowish varying according to age, several years being required for
attainment of the full plumage. Adult females not unfrequently show
touches of red, sometimes a considerable amount of this color, but
such females may be distinguished from immature males by the duller
color of the red. |
Eastern United States in summer, breeding from the Gulf States
(Florida to eastern Texas) north to southern New Jersey and south-
eastern Pennsylvania, southern Ohio, central Indiana (north to Vigo,
Parke, Vermilion, and Franklin counties), central Illinois, southern
lowa, etc.; casual or occasional visitant north to Nova Scotia, New
Brunswick (Grand Manan), Maine (Wiscasset), Connecticut (Port-
land; Saybrook), Ontario (Hamilton; Listowell), etc.; in winter south
to Bahamas (New Providence and Andros islands), Cuba, eastern
Mexico, Central America, and to Ecuador (numerous records), eastern
Peru (Rio Huallaga), Trinidad, and British Guiana (Roraima).
[Pringilla] rubra Linn mus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, i, 1758, 181 (based on Summer Red-
bird, Muscicapa rubra Catesby, Nat. Hist. Carolina, i, 56, pl. 56.)
[ Muscicapa] rubra Linnmus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, 1, 1766, 326.
‘Described from no. 2084, coll. C. W. Beckham, Bardstown, Kentucky, June 21,
1886,
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 81
Piranga rubra Virtuior, Ois. Am., Sept., i, 1807, p. iv.—AmERIcAN ORNITHOLO-
aists’ Union, Check List, 1886, no. 610.—FrERRARI-PEREz, Proc. U.S. Nat.
Mus., ix., 1886, 140 (Chietla and Huexotitla, Puebla, Dec., Nov. ).—Cory,
Auk, iii, 1886, 198 (West Indian references); Birds W. I,, 1889, 85 (do.);
Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 114, 131 (New Providence, Bahamas; Cuba).—
DurcHer, Auk, ili, 1886, 442 (Long Island records).—BrckHam, Auk, iii
1886, 487 (Bardstown, Kentucky; descr. young male).—ZerLepon, Anal. Mus.
Nac., Costa Rica, i, 1887, 110 (Jiménez, San José, San Mateo, Alajuela, ete.,
Costa Rica; racer Panama).—Scorr, Auk, vi, 1889, 324 (Tarpon erence
s. w. Florida, breeding; Key West and Punta Rassa, migr.).—Merarns, Auk,
vii, 1890, 55 (Highland Falls, s. e. New York, 1 spec., May 12, 1883).—
Loomis, Auk, vil, 1890, 125 (Chester County, South Carolina, up to 2,000
ft.).—Wakrren, Birds Pennsylvania, 1890, 252 (West Chester, 3 specs., May
25 and Oct. 10).—Norrnrop, Auk, viii, 1891, 70 (Andros I., Bahamas, 1 spec.,
Apr. 19).—Goss, Birds Kansas, 1891, 499 (summer resid., rare in w. part ).—
MclIiwrairn, Birds Ontario, 1892, 335 (near Hamilton, 1 epee. , May, 1885).—
KELLS, ane Canad. Inst., iii, 1892, 35 (Listowell, County Perth, Ontario,
rare).—CHeErRI£, Auk, ix, 1892, 25 con José, Costa Rica, Oct.7 to Jan. 10).—
Sace, Auk, x, 1893, 303 (Portland, Connecticut, 1 spec., Apr. 28, 1893).—
RicHMonp, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xvi, 1893, 490 (Rio ae Nicaragua,
late Oct. to Apr. 13).—CHapMan, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., vi, 1894, 30 (Trini-
dad).—Cuarx, Auk, xii, 1895, 306 (Saybrook, ae 1 spec., Apr.
27).—NEHRLING, Our Native Birds, etc., ii, 1896, 12, pl. 19.—Knieut, Bull.
Uniy. Maine, no. 3, 1897, 104 (Wiscasset, Lincoln County, Maine, | spec. ).—
Burxer, Birds Indiana, 1897, 988 (north to Vigo, Parke, and Vermilion
counties; Brookville).—Banes, Proc. Biol. Soc., Wash., xii, 1898, 141 (Santa
Marta, Colombia).
Pliranga] rubra Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 454.
Tanagra misisippica HERMANN, Tab. Aff. Anim., 1788, 214 (based on Tangara, du
Mississippi Buffon, Pl. Enl., pl. 741).
[ Tanagra] mississippiensis GMELIN, Syst. Nat., i, 1788, 889 (based on Tangara, du
Mississippi Buffon, Pl. Enl., pl. 741).—LatrHam, Index Orn., i, 1790, 421.—
LicHTENSTELN, Verz. Doubl., 1823, 30.—Bream, Handb. Stub. u. Hausyég.,
1832, 392.
Plyranga] missisippensis MAximtutan, Journ. fir Orn., 1858, 272 (crit.; habits).
Tanagra coccinea Bopparrt, Tabl. Pl. Enl., 1783, 46 (based on Tangara, du Mis-
sissippt Buffon, Pl. Enl., pl. 741).
Plyranga] coccinea Gray, Gen. Birds, 11, 1844, 363.
[Loxia] virginica Gmetry, Syst. Nat., i, 1788, 849 (based on Yellow-bellied Gros-
beak Latham, Gen. Synop. Birds, ii, pt. i, 1783, 125; = male in transition
plumage) .
Loxia virginica Daupin, Traité d’Orn., ii, 1800, 383.
[Tanagra] xstiva GMELIN, Syst. Nat., i, 1788, 889 (based on Swmmer Red-bird,
Muscicapa rubra Catesby, Nat. Hist. Carolina, i, 56, pl. 56).—LarHam,
Index Orn., ii, 1790, 422.
Tanagra xstiva Witson, Am. Orn., i, 1808, 95, pl. 6, figs. 3, 4. —Bonaparre, Journ.
Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., iv, 1824, 53; Ann. Lyc. N. Y., ii, 1826, 205.—LicHTEN-
STEIN, Preis-Verz. Mex. Vég., 1830, 2 (see Journ. fiir Orn., 1863, 56).—
AvupusBoN, Orn. Biog., i, 1831, 232, pl. 44; v, 1839, 518.—NutraLu, Man.
Orn. U.S. and Canada, i, 1832, 469.
Pyranga xstiva ViettLotT, Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., 2d ed., xxviii, 1819, 291;
Enc. Méth., ii, 1823, 799.—Bonaprarre, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1837, 117
(Guatemala); Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 35.—AupuBOoN, Synopsis, 1839, 136;
Birds Am., oct. ed., iii, 1841, 222, a 208,—D’ Orsiany, in La Sagra’s Hist.
3654—VvoL 2—01——-6
82
BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Nat. Cuba, Ois., 1839, 76.—Cassry, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., iv, 1848, 90
(Jalapa, Vera Cruz); xii, 1860, 140 (Turbo, n. Colombia, Apr. ).—JARDINE,
Contr. Orn., 1850, 67 (Bermudas).—Scuater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1855,
156 (Bogota, Colombia); 1856, 123 (monogr.), 142 (Boquete, Chiriqui), 303
(Cordova, Vera Cruz); 1858, 73 (Ecuador), 358 (Honduras); 1859, 364
(Jalapa), 377 (Oaxaca); 1860, 65 (Pallatanga, e. Ecuador), 293 (Esmer-
aldas, w. Ecuador); Synop. Av. Tanagr., 1856, 47; Cat. Am. Birds, 1862,
80 (Pallatanga, e. Ecuador; Colombia; Guatemala); Cat. Birds Brit. Mus.,
xi, 1886, 182 (Orizaba, Vera Cruz; Cozumel I., Yucatan; Duefias, Choctum,
Chisec, Tactic, Savana Grande, and Livingston, Guatemala; San Pedro, Hon-
duras; Chontales, Nicaragua; Nicoya, Atiro, and Irazii, Costa Rica; Chiriqui;
Calovevora and Santa Fé, Veragua; Chépo and Panama, Isth. Panama;
Santa Marta, Medellin, prov. Antioquia, and Bogota, Colombia; Sarayacu,
Rio Napo, and Pallatanga, Ecuador; Roraima, Brit. Guiana).—Bairp, Rep.
Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 301; Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 221; Rep.
U.S. and Mex. Bound. Surv., ii, pt. ii, 1859, 11 (San Antonio and Browns-
ville, Texas, etc. ).—Sciarer and Savin, Ibis, 1859, 15 (Rio Dulce, Yzabal,
Quirigua, Duefias, etc., Guatemala); Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, 350 (Lion
Hill, Panama R. R.); 1870, 886 (San Pedro, Honduras); 1879, 502 (Colom-
bia).—Brewer, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., vii, 1860, 307 (Cuba).—GuNDLACH,
Journ. fiir Orn., 1861, 328 (Cuba); 1872, 421 (Cuba); Repert. Fisico-Nat.
Cuba, i, 1866, 237.—Lawrence, Ann. Lye. N. Y., vii, 1861, 297 (Lion Hill,
Panama R. R.); viii, 1865, 175 (David, Chiriqui); ix, 1868, 99 (Costa Rica);
Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., no. 4, 1876, 19 (Chihuitan and Santa Efigenia, Oaxaca,
Noy., Jan.).—Dressrr, Ibis, 1865, 479 (San Antonio, Texas, breeding).—
Loraup, Ois. Trinidad, 1866, 290.—Satvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867,
139 (Santa Fé, Veragua; David, Chiriqui); 1870, 187 (localities in Veragua);
1872, 316 (Chontales, Nicaragua).—ButcHer, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1868,
149 (Laredo, Texas, Aug. ).—Rmeaway, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1869, 130
(crit.); Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 164.—Franrzius, Journ. fir Orn.,
1869, 299 (Costa Rica).—Sumicurast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., i, 1869, 548
(Vera Cruz).—Maynarp, Naturalists’ Guide, 1870, 109 (Massachusetts);
Birds, E. N. Am., 1885, 87.—Wyart, Ibis, 1871, 326 (Colombia).—Covgs,
Check List, 1873, no. 108; 2d ed., 1882, no. 155; Birds N. W., 1874, 82, part.—
Snow, Birds Kansas, 1873, 5.—Batrp, Brewer, and Ripaway, Hist. N. Am.
Birds, i, 1874, pl. 20, figs. 5, 6.—Merrriam, Trans. Conn. Ac. Sci., iv, 1877,
27 (Connecticut; Rhode Island).—McCauvtery, Bull. U. S. Geol. and Geog.
Sury. Terr., ii, 1877, 662 (Wolf and Canadian rivers, n. Texas).—PuRDIE,
Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, ii, 1877, 21 (near Providence, Rhode Island; one
spec. ).—Srnnerr, Bull. U. 8. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr., iv, 1878, 14
(Hidalgo, Texas, Apr., May); v, 1879, 388 (Lometa, Texas, breeding).—
Merrity, Proce. U. 8. Nat. Mus., i, 1878, 126 (Ft. Brown, Texas, breeding ).—
Brewer, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iv, 1879, 213 (Chester, South Carolina,
breeding; descr. nest and eggs).—Trorrer, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iv, 1879,
235 (accidental near Philadelphia).—Satvin and Gopman, Ibis, 1879, 200
(Atanques, prov. Santa Marta, Colombia, alt. 4,000 ft., Feb.); 1880, 121
(Santa Marta); Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1883, 289.—Nernruire, Bull.
Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 12 (s. e. Texas; breeding).—BatTcHELpER, Bull.
Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 249 (Grand Manan, New Brunswick, | spec., May
12 or 14, 1881).—Boucarp, Proc. Zool. Soe. Lond., 1888, 448 (Valladolid,
Yucatan ).—Brrierscu and Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soe. Lond., 1883,
546 (Chimbo, w. Ecuador, Oct. to Dec.).—Brruepscn, Journ. ftir Orn.,
1884, 292 (Bucaramanga, Colombia).—McItwrairna, Auk, i, 1884, 390 (Hamil-
ton, Ontario, 1 spec., May 20).—Taczanowski and Breruepscn, Proc. Zool.
Soc, Lond., 1885, 81 (Machay, centr. Ecuador, Feb. ).—Taczanowsk1, Orn. du
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 83
Pérou, ii, 1885, 494.—Satvaporr and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool., ete., Torino,
xv, no. 357, 1899, 18 (Pun, e. E:uador, Feb.; Foreste del Rio Peripa, w.
Ecuador, Nov.).
[ Pyranga] «stiva Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 241, part.—Cours, Key N. Am.
Birds, 1872, 111.—Scuarer and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 22, part.—
Cory, List Birds W. I., 1885, 11.
Plyranga] exstiva Newtson, Bull. Essex Inst., viii, 1876, 104 (n. e. Illinois; rare
summer resid.).—Covrs, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 318.
[ Piranga] xstiva Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 60, no. 6836.
Pyranga xstiva var. «stiva Barrp, Brewer, and Ripaway, Hist. N. Amer. Birds,
i, 1874, 441.
[Pyranga estiva] a. «xstiva Cours, Birds N. W., 1874, 82 (synonymy).
[Pyranga xstiva cooperi] a. xstiva Cours, Birds Col. Val., 1878, 353 (synonymy).
Pyranga xstiva xstiva Gooner, Bull. U. 8. Nat. Mus., no. 20, 1883, 339.
[ Phoenisoma] aestiva Swarnson, Classif. Birds, ii, 1837, 284.
Phoenisoma aestiva CAaBANtIS, Journ. fiir Orn., 1860, 329 (Costa Rica).
Ph[oenicosoma] aestiva CABANIS, Mus. Hein., i, 1850, 25.
Phoenicosoma aestiva GunpLAcn, Journ. fiir Orn., 1855, 477 (Cuba); 1861, 409
(Cuba).
[ Phoenicosoma] aestivum GIEBEL, Thesaurus Orn., iii, 1876, 109.
[ Tanagra] variegata Larnam, Index Orn., i, 1790, 421 (based on Tanagra missis-
sippiensis and Loxia virginica Gmelin; male in transition plumage).
Pyranga livida Swatnson, Philos. Mag., new ser., i, 1827, 438 (Real del Monte,
Hidalgo, Mexico).
PIRANGA RUBRA COOPERI Ridgway.
WESTERN SUMMER TANAGER,
Similar to P. 7. rubra, but decidedly larger, with coloration paler;
adult male dull vermilion above (clearer on pileum, rump, and upper
tail-coverts), clear light vermilion beneath; adult female pale olive-
grayish above, tinged with olive-yellowish on back and scapulars, pale
chrome or pale gamboge yellow beneath.
Adult male.—Length (skins), 167.6-190.5 (179.6); wing, 93-106.2
(100.3); tail, 75.7-85.9 (80.5); exposed culmen, 18.3-19.8 (19.3); depth
of bill at base, 9.7-10.9 (10.4); tarsus, 18.3-21.3 (20.3); middle toe
with claw, 14—-15.5 (15).*
Adult female.—Length (skins), 177.8—-199.4 (188.5); wing, 96.5-102.1
(98.6); tail, 74.9-82.8 (79); exposed culmen, 19.3-20.3 (19.8); depth of
bill at base, 10.7; tarsus, 19.8-21.1 (20.6); middle toe, 14.5-16 (15.2).
Southwestern United States, from middle Texas through western
Texas, New Mexico and Arizona to the lower Colorado Valley, Cali-
fornia; south through western Mexico to the state of Colima; north,
casually (4) to Colorado (Denver).
Pyranga xstiva (not Tanagra exstiva Gmelin) Woopnouss, in Rep. Sitgreaves’
Expl. Zufii and Colorado, 1853, 82, part (Texas; New Mexico).—HEnry,
Proc: Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., vii, 1855, 312 (New Mexico); xi, 1859, 106
(do.).—HEERMANN, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., x, no. 1, 1859, 17 (Texas).—
Coorrr, Proc. Cal. Ac. Sci., 1861, 162 (Ft. Yuma, Arizona).—Coves, Ibis,
1865, 159 (New Mexico); Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., xviii, 1866, 71 (Ari-
zona).—Finscu, Abh. Nat. Ver. Brem., i, 1870, 338 (Mazatlan).
1Ten specimens. ? Six specimens.
84 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Pyranga hepatica (not of Swainson) Covers, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., xviii, 1866,
71, part (Los Pinos, New Mexico).—Barrp, Brewer, and Ripeway, Hist.
N. Am. Birds, iii, 1874, 508 (Tucson, Arizona; descr. nest and eggs).
Pyranga coopert Ripaway, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., xxi, June, 1869, 130 (Los
Piftios, New Mexico; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.).—Cooprr, Orn. Cal., 1870, 142
(Ft. Mojave, California; Los Piftos; Mazatlan, Colima).—Batrp, Brewer,
and Rrpeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, pl. 20, figs. 1, 2.—Sanvin and
GopMAN, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1883, 290 (Mazatlan; Presidio, near
Mazatlan; Colima).—Scuarer, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 184 (Presidio).
[ Piranga] cooperi Gray, Hand-tist, 11, 1870, 61, no. 6847.
Pyranga exstiva . . . var. cooperi Cougs, Check List, 1873, no. 108a.—HENsHAw,
Rep. Orn. Spec. Wheeler’s Surv., 1874, 60 (Denver, Colorado), 108 (Gila R..,
Arizona); Zool. Exp. W. 100th Merid., 1875, 239, pls. 2, 3 (Denver; Gila
and San Francisco rivers, Arizona).
Pyranga wstiva, var. coopert Barrp, Brewer, and Rrpaway, Hist. N. Am. Birds,
i, 1874, 444.
Pyranga xstiva var. cooperi LAWRENCE, Mem. Bost. Soe. N. H., ii, 1874, 273
(Mazatlan).
[ Pyranga exstiva] b. cooperi Cours, Birds N. W., 1874, 82 (synonymy).
Pyranga exstiva cooperi Cours, Birds Col. Val., 1878, 352, part (excl. synonymy
under ‘‘a. wstiva’’); Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 156.—Ripaway, Nom. N.
Am. Birds, 1881, no. 164a.—Brewster, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 147
(near Tucson, Arizona; Rio Grande and Gila R., New Mexico; measure-
ments, etc.); Auk, ii, 1885, 198 (Camp Lowell, Arizona; descr. young, ete.).
P [yranga] a[estiva] cooperi Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 318.
Piranga rubra coopert Ripaway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., viii, Sept. 2, 1885, 354.—
AMERICAN OrniITHOLOGISTS’ Unton, Check List, 1886, no. 610a.—Morcom,
Bull. Ridgw. Orn. Ci., no. 2, 1887, 50 (Yuma, Arizona).—Scorr, Auk, v,
1888, 30 (Tucson, Riverside, Florence, Mineral Creek, San Pedro Valley,
and Sierra Santa Catalina, Arizona, up to 4,000 ft.) .
P [iranga] rubra cooperi Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 454
PIRANGA HEPATICA Swainson.
HEPATIC TANAGER.
Adult male in summer.—Pileum dull scarlet or orange-vermilion,
brightest on forehead and superciliary region, duller toward hindneck;
back and scapulars light grayish brown, tinged with red; lesser wing-
coverts, rump, and upper tail-coverts more reddish than back (dull
brownish orange-red); wings grayish brown with pale reddish edgings
(nearly vinaceous-cinnamon on greater coverts and tertials, dilute
orange-rufous on primaries); tail light brown with edgings of light
dull orange-red; lores dusky grayish; auriculars light reddish gray
(mt ch like color of back and scapulars) with narrow shaft-streaks of
whitish anteriorly; under parts flame scarlet, passing into pale reddish
eray on flanks; maxilla blackish, mandible grayish (light bluish gray
in life’); iris brown, legs and feet horn color in dried skins, bluish
gray in life.
Adult male in autumn and winter.—Plamage softer; back and scap-
ulars more strongly tinged with brownish gray; red of under parts less
Lea
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 85
bright, rather pale vermilion than orange-scarlet, some of the feathers
(especially on breast) with paler tips.
Adult female in summer.—Pileum yellowish olive-green, becoming
yellow on supraloral region, passing gradually into dull olive-grayish
on back, scapulars, rump, and upper tail-coverts, the last more tinged
with olive-yellowish; wings darker brownish gray with paler edgings,
these pale olive-grayish (tinged with yellowish) on greater coverts and
tertials, light yellowish olive-green or almost yellow on primaries and
proximal secondaries; tail dull grayish olive with yellowish olive-green
edgings; loral, suborbital, and auricular regions dull grayish; under
parts mainly yellow, brightest (gamboge or chrome) on throat, palest
(canary yellow) on under tail-coverts, the sides tinged with grayish
olive, passing into light yellowish gray on flanks; bill, feet, etc., as in
adult male.
Adult female in autumn and winter.—Similar to the summer female,
but plumage softer and coloration rather brighter.
Young, nestling plumage.—Conspicuously streaked beneath with
dusky ona pale buffy ground, more indistinctly streaked above on a
grayish olive ground; middle and greater wing-coverts margined ter-
minally with buff; otherwise like adult female.’
Adult male.—Length (skins), 175.3-198.1° (186.2); wing, 100.6-
104.9 (102.6); tail, 79.2-85.6 (81.5); exposed culmen, 16.8-18.5 (17.5);
depth of bill at base, 9.9-11.4 (10.4); tarsus, 22.4-23.9 (22.6); middle
toe, 15.2-17.5 (16).°
Adult female.—Length (skins), 175.3-196.9 (186.9);* wing, 97.8-101.3
(99.8); tail, 74.7-84.8 (79.8); exposed culmen, 17-18 (17.5); depth of
bill at base, 10.2-10.7 (10.4); tarsus, 21.8-23.4 (22.6); middle toe,
15.5-16.8 (16).°
Mexican plateau, and northward to northwestern Arizona (confluence
of Beaverdam River and Rio Virgin) and southern New Mexico;
highlands of Guatemala.
Pyranga hepatica Swatnson, Philos. Mag., new ser., i, 1827, 438 (Real del Monte,
Hidalgo, Mexico).—Scuiater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1856, 124 (monogr. );
1857, 213 (Orizaba, Vera Cruz);'1858, 303 (La Parada, Oaxaca); 1859, 364
(Jalapa, Vera Cruz), 377 (Talea, Villa Alta, and Choapam, Oaxaca); 1864,
373 (Valley of Mexico); Synop. Av. Tanagr., 1856, 48; Cat. Am. Birds, 1862,
81 (Jalapa, Vera Cruz); Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 186.—Barrp, Rep.
Pacific R. R. Surv. ix, 1858, 302 (Zufii and Fort Thorn, New Mexico); ed.
NERLY, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., x, 1859, 30, pl. 31 (San Francisco Mts., Ari-
zona).—Henry, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1859, 106 (New Mexico).—
SciaTer and Savin, Ibis, 1859, 15 (Guatemala)—Coves, Proc. Ac. Nat.
1 The specimen described lacks the head.
2 Length before skinning about 208.5
3 Seven specimens, from Arizona and New Mexico.
Length before skinning about 198.1—205.7.
5 Five specimen, from Arizona and New Mexico.
86 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Sci. Phila., 1866, 71 (Fort Whipple, Arizona); Check List, 1873, no. 109; 2d
ed. 1882, no. 157; Birds Col. Val., 1878, 355.—Ripeway, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci.
Phila., 1869, 132 (crit.); Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 163.—SumicHrast,
Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., i, 1869, 549 (Vera Cruz, from coast up to 10,000 ft. )—
Duaes, La Naturaleza, i, 1870, 140 (Guanajuato).—Cooprr, Orn. Cal., 1870,
144 (Arizona, etc.).—LAwreENcE, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., ii, 1874, 274 (Sierra
Madre, bet. Mazatlan and Durango); Bull. U. S. Nat. Mins no. 4, 1876, 19
(Guichicoyi, Oaxaca, Sept.; Gineta Mts., Chiapas, Jan.).—Bairp, Brewer,
and Rrpeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 187 4, 440, pl. 20, figs. 9, 10.—HENsHaw,
Rep. Orn. Spec. Wheeler’s Sury., 1874, 108 (Apache, ete., Aten: Ranier
Zool. Exp. W. 100th Merid., 1875, 287 (Apache, Willow Springs, Rock
Cafion, Bowie 4 gency, Camp Crittenden, ete., Arizona; habits; descr. nest ).—
Brewster, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vi, 1881, 68, (Chiricahua Mts., Arizona);
vil, 1882, 146 (Santa Rita Mts., Arizona; measurements, etc.) ; Auk, ii, 1885,
197 (Santa Rita Mts.; descr. young female).—Satvin, Cat. Strickland Coll.,
1882, 192 (Guatemala).—Satvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i,
1883, 291.
[Pyranga] hepatica Sctater and Satvryx, Nom. Ay. Neotr., 1873, 22.—Covugs,
Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 112.
Plyranga] hepatica Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 318.
[ Piranga] hepatica Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 60, no. 6838.
Piranga hepatica AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ Unton, Check List, 1886, no. 609.—
FERRARI-PEREZ, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., ix, 1886, 140 (Tezuitlan, Puebla,
Noy. ).—Scorr, Auk, v, 1888, 30 (Sierra Santa Catalina, oak belt, 5,000 ft.;
remarks on plumage, ete. ).—Merarns, Auk, vii, 1890, 260 (Mogollon Mts.,
Arizona, breeding in pine belt).—AnrHony, Auk, ix, 1892, 566 (Apache, s.
w. New Mexico).—Jouy, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xvi, 1893, 779 (Barranca
Ibarra, Jalisco, Mar. 10).—FisHer, North Am. Fauna, no. 7, 1893, 109 (con-
fluence of Beaverdam and Rio Virgin, n. w. Arizona).—NEHRLING, Our
Native Birds, ete., ii, 1896, 17. pees Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., x, 1898,
40 (Las Vigas, Vera Cruz, 8,000 tt. ie
Pliranga) hepatica Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 465.
[ Pyranga hepatica] var. hepatica Barrp, Brewer, and Ripaway, Hist. N. Am.
Birds, i, 1874, 484.
Ph{oenicosoma] hepatica CABANiIs, Mus. Hein., i, 1850, 25 (Jalapa).
[ Phoenicosoma] hepaticum G1EBEL, Thesaurus Orn., iii, 1876, 110.
Pyranga azare (not of D’Orbigny ) Woopuousg, Rep. Sitgreaves’ Expl. Zui and
Col. R., 1853, 82 (San Francisco Mts., Arizona).
PIRANGA TESTACEA TESTACEA Sclater and Salvin.
BRICK-RED TANAGER,
Adult male.—Above uniform rich brownish red,! most intense on
pileum; remiges dusky grayish brown, edged with lighter red (dragon’s
blood); under parts bright orange-vermilion, shaded laterally and (more
slightly) across chest with darker brownish red; lores dull brownish
gray; eyelids light red; maxilla blackish with paler tomia; mandible
grayish, becoming dusky at tip; legs and feet horn color (in dried
skins): length (skins), 175.3-188 ie 6); wing, 89.4-93.5 (91.9); tail,
72.4-T7 (75.4); exposed culmen, 18.3-18.8 (18.5); depth of bill at base,
10.7-11.4 (11.2); tarsus, 20.6 22.6 (21.3); middle toe, 13.5-15.7 (14.7).?
1 About tee aaelinte beta een jaalaes pay n and burnt sienna.
? Four specimens.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 87
Adult female. —Aboye bright yellowish olive-green, below yellowish
olive-green laterally and on chest (the latter paler and more yellowish),
the throat, abdomen, and under tail-coverts clear yellow (lemon yellow),
the first sometimes tinged with orange; length (skins), 157.5-177.8
(169.4); wing, 81.3-88.1 (84.6); tail, 66.8-74.9 (72.4); exposed culmen,
16.5-20.1 (18.5); depth of bill at base, 10.2-11.4 (10.9); tarsus, 20.3-
22.9 (21.3); middle toe, 14-15 (14.5).*
Nicaragua (Chontales) to Colombia (** Bogota”). (South to central
Peru and Bolivia?”)
Pyranga hepatica (not of Swainson) Satyr, Proce. Zool. Soe. Lond., 1867, 139
(Santa Fé, Veragua).
Pyranga testacea SCLATER and SALvIN, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1868, 388 (Chitra,
Veragua; coll. Salvin and Godman); 1879, 502 (Antioquia, Colombia).—
Ripaway, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1869, 133, part (Angostura, Costa Rica;
Veragua).—Satvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 187 (Chitra, Boquete de
Chitra, and Calovevora, Veragua).—ZELEDON, Cat. Aves de Costa Rica,
1882, 7.—Satvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1883, 292, part,
pl. 19, figs. 1, 2 (Chontales, Nicaragua; Angostura, Costa Rica; localities in
Veragua; Colombia).—SciarTer, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 184, part
(Chontales, Nicaragua; Costa Rica; Chitra and Santa Fe, Veragua; Concor-
dia and Antioquia, Colombia).
[ Pyranga] testacea ScLaTER and Satyry, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 22.
[Pyranga saira] var. testacea Ripaway, in Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway’s Hist.
N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 434, part (Angostura, Costa Rica; Veragua).
Piranga testacea ZELEDON, Anal. Mus. Nae. Costa Rica, i, 1887, 110 (Pozo Azul
de Pirris, Naranjo de Cartago and Cartago, Costa Rica).
P[iranga] testacea Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 455.
[ Pheenicosoma] testacewin GIEBEL, Thesaurus Orn., iii, 1876, 111.
PIRANGA TESTACEA FIGLINA (Salvin and Godman).
BELIZE TANAGER.
Similar to P. ¢. testacea, but wing and tail longer and coloration
duller: adult male with red of upper parts lighter (approaching
chestnut-rufous), that of under parts lighter and duller (approach-
ing orange-rufous), with the darker shading on chest and sides less
pronounced; auricular region more or less brownish, with fine shaft-
streaks of paler, instead of uniform or nearly uniform dark red, like
pileum; adult female rather lighter yellowish olive-green above, with
auricular region much duller and with fine shaft-streaks of whitish,
instead of uniform yellowish olive-green, like pileum.
Adult male.—Length (skins), 170.2-182.9 (174.8); wing, 88.4-99.1
(94.7); tail, 70.9-79.5 (76.7); exposed culmen, 17.8-19.5 (18.3); depth
of bill at base, 10.4-11.7 (10.9); tarsus, 21.1—-22.6 (21.3); middle toe,
15.2-16.3 (15.7).°
1Six specimens.
27 have not seen specimens from south of Bogota, but there are rather numerous
records for Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia. I suspect that the bird from Chontales, Nic-
aragua, may be P. 1. figlina, or at least an intermediate between the two forms.
’ Seven specimens.
88 ‘BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Adult female.—Length (skins), 167.6-177.8 (171.7); wing, 80.8-95.8
(87.1); tail, 64.3-78.7 (70.6); exposed culmen, 17-17.5 (17.3) depth
of bill at base, 10.4-11.2 (10.7); tarsus, 20.8-21.3 (21.1); middle toe,
15-15.2 (15.2).?
Guatemalan specimens have the wing and tail longer, average measurements being
as follows:
|
| Ex- Depth 2
Locality. Wing. | Tail. posed | of bill | Tarsus. ede
culmen.| at base. Oc
MALES.
Five adult males from central Guatemala .......- 96.5 78.2 18.3 10.9] 21.6 15.7
One adult male from British Honduras (Manatee
TER /a8) eee a le eta et ee eal 92n2 73.9 18.8 10.9 22.4 15,2
One adult male from southern Honduras (Sego-
SVILSAN OER a)) be semte tet = iatetetapeiamreterere = al laletaetetslataletnta teteiete stele te'= 88. 4 70.9 17.8 10.9 22.6 15.7
FEMALES.
One udult female from central Guatemala........ 95. 8 78.7 17 10.4 20.8 15.2
Two adult females from southern Honduras (Se-
BOVIEEU osc ence ne aaheact hate eee 82.8} 65.5 17.5 10.9 1 15
Central Guatemala (pine-ridge of Poctun) to southern Honduras
(Segovia River).”
Pyranga testacea (not of Sclater and Salvin) Rrpaway, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila.,
1869, 133, part (Rio Manati and Belize, British Honduras).—Bovucarp, Liste
Ois. Guat., 1878, 33:
[Pyranga] testacea ScuatER and Satyin, Nom. Avy. Neotr., 1873, 22, part
(Honduras).
[Pyranga saira] var. testacea Rrpaway, in Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway’s Hist.
N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 434, part (Rio Manati and Belize, British Honduras).
Pyranga figlina Satyin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, sig. 37, Dec. 1883,
293 (Manati R., British Honduras; coll. U. 8. Nat. Mus. ).—Scuiarsr, Cat.
Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 185 (pine-ridge of Poctun, Guatemala). -
Piranga figlinw Ripaway, Proce. U. S. Nat. Mus., x, 1888, 585 (Segovia R.,
Honduras).
Pliranga] figlina Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 455.
PIRANGA ERYTHROMELAS (Vieillot).
SCARLET TANAGER,
Adult male in spring and summer.—Uniform intense scarlet or
searlet-vermilion,® the scapulars, wings, and tail uniform deep black;*
under wing-coverts white (sometimes tinged with scarlet), with a broad
1 Three specimens.
* While the specimens from Segovia River have decidedly shorter wings and tail
than those from Guatemala, the coloration of the examples seen is decidedly that of
the present form.
’The red yaries considerably, being sometimes of a flame-scarlet or almost orange
hue; more rarely the red is replaced by orange-yellow.
‘The middle wing-coverts are sometimes marked with red, orange, or yellow,
rarely forming a broad and conspicuous band.
si Nl ia Se
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 389
outer margin of black; bill (in life) grayish blue basally, dull yellow-
ish green terminally; iris brown; legs and feet (in life) pale lavender
gray or lilaceous grayish blue.
Adult malein fall and winter.—W ings and tail black, as in summer;
rest of upper parts yellowish olive-green, more yellowish on forehead
and crown; under parts yellow (gamboge), shaded with olive-green
laterally.
Adult female in spring and summer.—Above yellowish olive-green,
usually somewhat more grayish on back and scapulars, especially the
latter; wings (except lesser coverts and tail) dusky brownish gray
with olive-greenish edgings; under parts light yellow (about interme-
diate between citron or sulphur and canary), shaded laterally with
olive-greenish; under tail-coverts clear canary yellow; under wing-
coverts grayish white (sometimes slightly tinged with pale yellow),
with broad outer margin of grayish olive-green or dull olive-grayish;
bill (in dried skins) horn color, the mandible paler; iris brown; legs
and feet (in dried skins) grayish horn-color (bluish gray in life ?).
Young male in first autumn.—Similar to adult female but yellow of
under parts rather clearer, and middle and greater wing-coverts mar-
gined terminally with light yellow; the black first appearing (by mid-
dle of September) on lesser and middle wing-coverts and scapulars.
Young male, nestling plumage.—Above olive-greenish, faintly mot-
tled with dusky; wings and tail grayish dusky with olive-green edg-
ings, the middle wing-coverts and outer webs of greater coverts tipped
with olive-yellowish, producing two rather distinct bands; under
parts white, tinged with sulphur yellow posteriorly (the under tail-
coverts canary yellow), the chest, upper breast, and sides broadly
streaked with grayish dusky.
Adult male.—Length (skins), 158.8-171.5 (163.6); wing, 91.9-99.3
(95.8); tail, 65-71.6 (68.3); exposed culmen, 14.5-15.7 (15.2); depth of
bill at base, 8.9-9.7 (9.4); tarsus, 19.6-20.8 (19.8); middle toe, 13.2-
15.5 (14).2
Adult female.—Length (skins), 157.5-170.2 (165.1);° wing, 87.6-94.5
(92.7); tail, 64-70.4 (67.1); exposed culmen, 14.5-15.7 (15); depth of
bill at base, 8.1-9.4 (8.9); tarsus, 17.8-20.8 (19.6); middle toe, 13-14.7
toe Tee
Eastern United States and more southern British Provinces, north
to New Brunswick (Grand Falls), Nova Scotia, northern Ontario (Parry
Sound, Muskoka, etc.), Manitoba (Winnipeg, Assiniboine River, ete.),
breeding southward at least to Virginia, Kentucky, Missouri, ete. (in
Allegheny Mountains to South Carolina); in winter migrating south-
ward to West Indies (Bahamas; Cuba; Jamaica; Barbados; Antigua),
and through Mexico, Central America, and northern South Americ:
‘Length before skinning, about 184.2-190.5. * Fourteen specimens.
* Length before skinning, about 7-7.25. *Ten specimens.
YO BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
to Bolivia (Pillon) and central Peru; west, casually or occasionally to
eastern Colorado and Wyoming; accidental in Bermudas.
Average measurements of eastern and western specimens are as follows:
Ex- Depth -
Locality. Wing. | Tail. | posed | of bill | Tarsus. mudals
culmen. | at base. 2
“MALES.
Seven adult males from Atlantic States.........-.- 99. 8 68.6 15. 2 9.4 19.8 14
Seven adult males from Mississippi Valley ...-.--. 95.5 68.1 15.5 9,1 19.8 14
FEMALES.
Six adult females from Atlantic States..........-- 92.7 67.3 15.2 8.6 19.6 13.7
Four adult females from Mississippi Valley... --- | 92.5 66.5 15 8 19.8 13.7
[ Tanagra] rubra (not of Fringilla rubra Linneeus, 1758) Linnanus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, |
i, 1766, 314 (based on Cardinalis canadensis Brisson, Orn., ili, 48 pl. 2, fig.5).—
Boppaerrt, Tabl. Pl. Enl., 1783, 10 (ex Pl. Enl., pl. 156, fig. 1).—Gmenin,
Syst. Nat., i, pt. ii, 1788, 889.—LarHam, Index Orn., i, 1790, 420. |
Tanagra rubra Witson, Am. Orn., ii, 1810, 42, pl. 11, figs. 3, 4.—BoNnaparrTeE, |
Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., iv, 1824, 53; Ann. Lye. N. Y., ii, 1826, 105.—
Lesson, Traité d’Orn., 1831, 465.—Nurratu, Man. Orn. U.S. and Canada, i,
1832, 465.—AvupuBoN, Orn. Biog., iv, 1838, 388, pl. 354, figs. 3, 4.
Pyranga rubra Swarxson and RicHarpson, Fauna Bor.—Am., ii, 1831, 278.—J ar-
DINE, ed. Wilson’s Am. Orn., i, 1832, 192.—Bonaparte, Geog. and Comp.
List, 1838, 35.—AvupuBon, Synopsis, 1839, 186; Birds Am., oct. ed., iii, 1841,
226, pl. 209.—D’Orsiany, in La Sagra’s Hist. Nat. Cuba, Ois., 1839, 78.—
Gossk, BirdsJamaica, 1847, 235.—Jarprng, Contr. Orn. 1850, 67 (Bermudas.).—
Woopnovss, Rep. Sitgreaves’ Expl. Zufi and Col. R., 1853, 82 (Indian Terri-
tory and Texas).—Sciater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1855, 156 ( Bogota, Colom-
bia); 1856, 123 (monogr.); 1858, 73 (Rio Napo, e. Ecuador); Synop. Av.
Tanagr., 1856, 47; Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 80 (Philadelphia, Pennsylvania;
Bogota); Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi., 1886, 188 (Cozumel I., Yucatan; Vera Paz,
Guatemala; Irazi, Costa Rica; Calovevora, Veragua; Lion Hill, Panama
R. R.; Bogota and Remedios, prov. Antioquia, Columbia; Sarayacu and Quito,
Ecuador; Pillon, Bolivia).—Maxrimiiran, Journ. fiir Orn., vi, 1858, 270
(upper Missouri R.).—Batrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 300; Cat.
N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 220.—Wrxus, Smithsonian Rep. for 1858 (1859), 283 |
(Nova Scotia).—Marrens, Journ. fir Orn., 1859, 215 (Bermudas ).—Brewer,
Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., vii, 1860, 307 (Cuba).—Lawrenceg, Ann. Lye. N. Y.,
vii, 1861, 331 (Lion Hill, Panama R. R.); ix, 1868, 99 (San José, Costa
Rica).—Gunpuacu, Journ. fir Orn., 1861, 328 (Cuba); 1872, 421 (do.);
Repert Fisico-Nat. Cuba, i, 1866, 238.—A.Lsrecnat, Journ. fiir Orn., 1862, 197
(Jamaica).—Marcn, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., xv, 1863, 296 (Jamaica).—
ScLaTER and Satyin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, 350 (Lion Hill, Panama
R. R.); 1879, 501 (Colombia), 601 (Bolivia).—(?) Dressmr, Ibis, 1865, 479 (El
Paso, Texas, breeding; very doubtful!) —McIiwrarirn, Proc. Essex Inst. v,
1866, 86 (Hamilton, Ontario).—Sumicnrast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., i, 1869,
550 (Vera Cruz).—Franrzivus, Journ. fiir Orn., 1869, 229 (San José, Costa
Rica).—Satyiy, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 187 (Calovevora, Veragua);
1872, 316 (Chontales, Nicaragua).—Trippr, Proc. Essex Inst., vi, 1871, 117
(Minnesota).—Couers, Check List, 1873, no. 107; 2d ed. 1882, no. 154; Birds
N.W., 1874, 82; Bird Col. Val., 1878, 350, footnote (synonymy ).—ALLEN, Bull.
Mus. Comp. Zool., iii, 1872, 175 (e. Kansas).—Barrp, Brewer, and Ripeway,
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 9]
Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 435, pl. 20, figs. 7, 8.—Taczanowsk1, Proc. Zool.
Soe., Lond., 1874, 514 (centr. Peru).—Boucarp, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878,
55 (San José; Costa Rica, Apr.); 1883, 443 (Yucatan).—Brewsrer, Bull.
Nutt. Orn. Club, iii, 1878, 62 (plumages of adult male).—Ripaway, Nom.
N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 161.—CHamBeErLAIN, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882,
111 (Grand Falls, New Brunswick ).—Satvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am.,
Aves, i, 1882, 287.—BicKNELL, Auk, i, 1884, 326 (song).—BERLEPSCH, Toten:
fur nae 1884, 292 (Bucaramanga, Colombia).—Taczanowskr and Brr-
LEPSCH, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1885, 81 (Machay, centr. Ecuador, Dee. )—
AGeErsporG, Auk, ii, 1885, 278 (s. e. South Dakota, breeding. )
[ Piranga] rubra Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 60, no. 6835.
[ Pyranga] rubra Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 111.—Sciarer and Savi,
Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 22.—Cory, List Birds W. I., 1885, 11.
ee rubra Newton (A. and E.), Handb. Jamaica, 1881, 104.—Covugs, Key
. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 318.
Pe. rubra MERRIAM, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., no. 25, 1884, 283 (Bermudas, 1
spec., Apr. 18, 1881).
Plhenisoma] rubra Swarnson, Classif. Birds, ii, 1837, 284.
Ph[oenicosoma] rubra CaBantis, Mus. Hein., i, 1850, 24.
Phoenicosoma rubra Gunpuac#, Journ. fiir Orn., 1855, 477 (Cuba).
[ Phoenicosoma] rubrum G1iEBEL, Thesaurus Orn., iii, 1876, 110.
Pyranga erythromelas VieruLot, Nouy. Dict. d’ Hist. Nat., XXvVili, 1819, 293, pl. 22,
fig. 1 (based on Tanagra rubra Latham, ete. ).
Pyranga etythromelas (err. typ.] Virtuot, Ene. Méth., ii, 1828, 800.
Piranga erythromelas AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ Unton, Check List., 1886, no.
608.—BrewstTer, Auk, iii, 1886, 110 (mountains of w. North Carolina,
breeding up to 5,000 ft. ).—Cory, Auk, iii, 1886, 199 (West Indian fe
Cuba; Jamaica; Barbadoes); viii, 1891, 47 (Antigua); Birds W. I., 1889, 86;
Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 114, 152 (New Providence and oo ‘Bahamas:
Cuba; Jamaica; Tortola; Barbados).—ZELEpon, Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica,
i, 1887, 109 (Cartago, Naranjo de Cartago, Dota, and Barranca, Costa Rica).—
Bonn, Auk, vi, 1889, 341 (Cheyenne, ae 2 specs., May 28).—Scort,
Auk, vi, 1889, 324 (Tarpon Springs, s. w. Florida, migr.; Key West, Apr.
27 and 29); x, 1893, 180 (Jamaica). ee AY, Orn. Tiiinois: 1 1889) 215 ——
Loomis, ae Vil, 1890, 125 (mountains of South Carolina, breeding above
2,000 ft.); vill, 1891, 329 (Greenville Co., South Carolina, 2,000 ft.); x, 1893,
154 (remarks on plumage).—TxHompson, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xiii, 1891,
608 (Winnipeg, Assiniboine R., etc., Manitoba, rare summer resident) .—
Goss, Birds, Kansas, 1891, 497 (summer resid. e. and mid. Kansas).—RicH-
monpd, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xvi, 1893, 490 (Rio Escondido, Nicaragua,
Sept. 27; Rio Frio, Costa Rica, Mar. 1, both in scarlet and black plumage!) .—
Nenriine, Our Native Birds, ete., ii, 1896, 2, pl. 25, fig. foxes, Bull.
Col. Agric. Coll., no. 44, 1898, 167 Gon Newcastle, Colorado, 2 specs. spring,
1892; Del Norte Valley, 1 spec. Sept., 1883).—F.Lemine, Auk, xviii, 1901,
42 (Parry Sound and Muskoka, n. Ontario, common summer resident).
Pliranga] erythromelas Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 454.
PIRANGA LUDOVICIANA (Wilson).
LOUISIANA TANAGER.
Adult male in summer.—Back, scapulars, wings, and tail black, the
first sometimes slightly mixed with yellow; posterior row of lesser
wing-coverts, middle coverts, broad tips to outer webs of greater
coverts, rump, upper tail-coverts, hindneck, and under parts of body
92 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
yellow (lemon or gamboge to canary yellow), the tips to greater wing-
coverts usually paler yellow, sometimes whitish, and the hindneck
sometimes tinged with red; head (at least anteriorly), all round, red
(varying from orange-chrome to almost crimson on pileum, paler on
throat); under wing-coverts light yellow; bill (in life) dull wax yel-
lowish, darker and more brownish toward culmen; iris brown; legs
and feet (in life) bluish gray.
Adult male in winter.—Similar to the summer male but with head
yellow (or but slightly tinged with red), more or less obscured on
occiput and hindneck with olive-greenish or dusky tips to the feathers;
feathers of back usually more or less distinctly margined with vellow-
ish olive; tertials broadly margined terminally with white or pale
yellow, the rectrices also more or less broadly margined at tips with
white.*
Adult female in summer.—Ahbove olive-greenish, the back and scapu-
lars usually more or less tinged with gray, the rump and upper tail-
coverts more yellowish; wings grayish dusky with light olive-greenish
edgings (usually more grayish on primaries, primary coverts, and
alula); middle coverts broadly tipped with light yellow and outer
webs of greater coverts broadly tipped with paler yellow or white,
forming two distinct bands; tail grayish brown or olive, with yellowish
olive-green edgings; under parts dull yellowish (varying from pale
buffy yellow to almost gamboge), the under tail-coverts clear canary
yellow or lemon yellow; anterior portion of head sometimes tinged
with red; bill, iris, and feet as in adult male.
Young male in first autumn.—Similar to the adult female, but
clearer yellow below, and rump more decidedly yellowish.
‘oung female in first autumn.——Much duller in color than the adult
female, the upper parts more brownish olive, the under parts much
obscured by light brownish olive; wing-bands much narrower, pale
yellowish buff, instead of yellow.
Young male, first plumage.—Pileum, hindneck, back, scapulars,
rump, and upper tail-coverts plain olive-green; wings dull blackish,
the middle and greater coverts margined terminally with yellow, the
greater coverts and tertials broadly edged with olive-green, the alula,
primary coverts, and primaries narrowly edged with grayish olive,
the olive-green on edges of tertials passing into white terminally; tail
grayish dusky, with outer webs of rectrices edged with olive-green;
lores, orbits, malar region, and chin pale olive-yellow; throat and
chest pale grayish, the latter much tinged with olive-yellow; under
' Usually the red of the throat is of an orange hue and does not extend beyond the
throat; but sometimes (in specimens from the eastern base of the Rocky Mountains)
it is of a bright, poppy red hue and extends over the chest. Ry
? These white or pale yellow markings on tertials and rectrices are also present in
spring, or until worn off by exposure.
el
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 93
tail-coverts sulphur yellow; rest of under parts white, stained with
sulphur yellow, the breast streaked with dusky grayish.
Adult male.—Length (skins), 157.5-176.5 (167.9);' wing, 94.2-97.3
(95.8); tail, 67.1-75.7 (71.4); exposed culmen, 14.5-15.7 (15); depth of
bill at base, 7.9-8.6 (8.1); tarsus, 19.6-21.3 (20.3); middle toe, 14-15.2
qa
Adult female.—Length (skins), 160-175.3 (169.2);' wing, 89.9-98.6
(92.7); tail, 68.1—73.4 (70.6); exposed culmen, 13.5-16 (14.7); depth of
bill at base, 7.9-8.6 (8.1); tarsus, 20.1-20.8 (20, 6); middle toe, 14-15
(14.5).*
Western United States, from eastern base of Rocky Mountains to
Pacific coast, northward to British Columbia (Vancouver Island), Atha-
basca (Lake Athabaska; Chippewyan), Idaho, Montana, and western
Dakota. South in winter over greater part of Mexico to highlands of
Guatemala (Duefias; Volcan de Agua; Volcan de Fuego; Alotenango).
Straggling eastward during migration to more northern Atlantic
States (lynn, Masss rence January 20, 1878; Fort Montgomery,
New York, December 21, 1881; New Haven, Geemectiont December
15, 1892; Bangor, Nae October 1, 1897), and near New Orleans,
Louisiana @iarch 19, 1898).
Tanagra ludoviciana Witson, Am. Orn., iii, 1811, 27, pl. 20, fig. 1 (‘‘ Louisiana,”’
i. e., some part of the territory at that date thus designated ).—Bonaparrs,
Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., iv, 1824, 54 (crit.); Ann. Lye. N. Y., ii, 1826,
105.—Nurrauu, Man. Orn. U. 8S. and Canada, i, 1832, 471. OE er AL
CommirrEer, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., oy 1837, 193 (Columbia R.).—
AvuDUBON, Orn. Biog., iv, 1838, 385; v, 183¢ ), 90, pl. 354, figs. 1, 2, and pl.
400, fig. 4—Townsenp, Journ. Ac. NAL. ae Phila., viii, 18389, 154.
Pyranga ludoviciana RicHarpson, Rep. Brit. Assoc. Ady. Sci., v, 1837, 175.—
Bonaparte, Proc. Zool. Soe. Lond., 1837, 116 (Mexico); Geog. and Comp.
List, 1888, 35; Nuov. Ann. Se. Nat. Bologna, 11, 1839, 344.—AupuBoN, Synop.,
1 Length before skinning, about 190.5.
* Twelve specimens.
3 Kight specimens.
Specimens from the Rocky Mountain district have, as a rule, larger wings and tails
than those from California, and brighter coloration. Average measurements are as
follows:
| | | D ae | |
: ca |e ee aD ETT epth iddle
Locality. Wing.| Tail. | ou | of bill | Tarsus | Middle
| * |at base. | :
| (enw :
MALES. | |
| |
Six adult males from Rocky Mountain district... --- 96.3 72.9 | 15 | 8.4 20.3 14.7
Six adult males from California....................- 95.3 G99} Loge 8.1 20.1 14.7
FEMALES. | |
| |
Five adult females from Rocky Mountain district. |. (98.5 71.4 14.2 S¥4n i S2088 14.7
Five adult females from California............--.-- | 92.5 69 1537 8.1 | 20.6 14.5
o4
BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
1839, 137; Birds Am., oct. ed., iii, 1841, 231, pl. 210.—Sciarsr, Proce. Zool.
Soc. Lond., 1856, 124 (monogr. ); 1857, 213 (Orizaba, Vera Cruz); 1859, 377
(Oaxaca); 1862, 19 (La Parada, Oaxaca); Synop. Ay. Tanagr., 1856, 49; Cat.
Am. Birds, 1862, 81 (Southern United States); Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi,
1886, 191 (Vancouver I.; Orizaba; off San Blas; Duefas, Guatemala).—
Batrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 303; Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no.
223.—Xantus, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1859, 191 (Fort Tejon, California).—
HEERMANN, Rep. Pacific R. R. Sury., x, pt. iv, 1859, 52 (Posa Creek and
Tejon Valley, California).—ScLaTer and Satyyy, Ibis, 1859, 15 (Alotenango,
Volcan de Agua, Volcan de Fuego, alt. 5,000 ft., and Vera Paz, Guatemala).—
CoopER and Suck.iey, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., xii, pt. li, 1860, 182 (Fort
Steilacoom, Puget Sound, etc., Washington; habits).—Covuss, Proc. Ac. Nat.
Sci. Phila., 1866, 71 (Fort Whipple, Arizona); Check List, 1873, no. 110;
2d ed., 1882, no. 158; Birds N. W., 1874, 83, 232; Birds Col. Val., 1878, 358.—
Brown, Ibis, 1868, 420 (Vancouver I.).—Coorrr, Am. Nat., iii, 1869, 33 (e.
base Rocky Mts., Montana); Orn. Cal., 1870, 145.—Sumicnrast, Mem. Bost.
Soe. N. H., i, 1869, 550 (Vera Cruz).—Batrp, Brewer, and Ripaway, Hist.
N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 437, pl. 20, figs. 3, 4.—HensHaw, Rep. Orn. Spec. ~
Wheeler’s Surv., 1874, 78 (Garland and Rio Grande, Colorado, up to 10,000
ft.), 107 (Neutria, New Mexico; Apache, Gila R., Goodwin, ete., Arizona);
Zool. Exp. W. 100th Merid., 1875, 235 (Provo, Utah; localities in Colorado,
New Mexico, and Arizona; habits).—LAwreEnce, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., no. 4,
1876, 19 (Ishautlan and Santa Efigenia, Oaxaca, Dec., Jan. ).—Rmeway, Orn.
40th Parallel, 1877, 454 (localities in Nevada and Utah; habits, song, ete. );
Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 162.—Brewer, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 1878,
304 (Lynn, Massachusetts; 1 spec., Jan. 20, 1878); Ibis, 1878, 205 (do.).—
Savin, Cat. Strickland Coll., 1882, 192 (Guatemala).—WuturAms, Bull. Nutt.
Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 62 (Belt Mts., Montana, breeding).—Brewster, Bull.
Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 146 (Santa Rita Mts., Arizona, May 18).—Sa.vin
and GopMmaAN, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1883, 297.—Br.pine, Proc. U.S.
Nat. Mus., vi, 1883, 347 ( Victoria Mts. and La Paz, Lower California, winter).
[Pyranga] ludoviciana Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 112.—Sciarer and
Savin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 22.—Cory, List Birds W. I., 1885, 11 (Cuba).
P[yranga] ludoviciana Covrs, Key N. Am. Birds. 2d ed., 1884, 319.
[Piranga] ludoviciana Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 60, no. 6839.
Piranga ludoviciana AMERICAN ORNiITHOLOGISTS’ Unton, Check List, 1886, no.
607.—FERRARI-PEREZ, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., ix, 1886, 140 (Chietla, Puebla,
Dec. ).—Scorr, Auk, v, 1888, 29 (Santa Catalina and Pinal Mts., s. Arizona,
breeding in pine belt; habits).—Cookr, Bird Migr. Miss. Val., 1888, 222
(South Concho R., Texas; Black Hills, Dakota, breeding); Bull. Col. Agric.
Coll., no. 44, 1898, 167 (breeding in Colorado above 6,000 ft., in n. e. Wyo-
ming down to 4,500 ft.).—Merarns, Auk, vii, 1890, 55 (Fort Montgomery,
s. e. New York, 1 spec., Dec. 21, 1881), 260 (Mogollon Mts.. Arizona, breed-
ing in pine belt).—Patmer (T. S.), Auk, vii, 1890, 310 (Chehalis R., w.
Washington, Aug. 15).—Merrriam, North Am. Fauna, no. 5, 1891, 104 (Lost
Rk. Mts., ete., Idaho).—Fuiinr, Auk, x, 1893, 86 (New Haven, Connecticut,
1 spec., Dec. 15, 1892).—KeEtioce, Auk, xi, 1894, 260 (Finney Co., w. Kan-
sas, May 20, June 1).—Nernruine, Our Native Birds, etc., ii, 1896, 8, pl. 20,
fig. 3.—RicuMmonp, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., xviii, 1896, 631 (Alta Mira, Tamau-
lipas, Jan., Feb.).—Kniaut, Bull. Univ. Maine, no. 3, 1897, 104 (near Ban-
gor, Maine, 1 spec., Oct. 1, 1889).—Dawson, Auk, xiv, 1897, 198 (Okanogan
Co., e. Washington, summer resid.).—Bryerr, Proc. Louis. Soc. Nat.,
1897-’99 (1900), 108 (near New Orleans, 1 spec., March 19, 1898).
Pliranga] ludoviciana Ripaway, Man, N, Am, Birds, 1887, 456,
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 95
[ Phoenicosoma] ludovicianum GiEBEL, Thesaurus Orn., iii, 1876, 110.
Pyranga erythropis ViriuLot, Nouy. Dict. d’ Hist. Nat., 2d ed., xxviii, 1819, 291
(based on Wilson, Am. Orn., pl. 20, fig. 1); Ene. Méth., ii, 1823, 799.
Tanagra columbiana JARDINE, ed. Wilson’s Am. Orn., 1, 1832, 317 (Columbia R. ).
Tanagra columbianus Brewer, ed. Wilson’s Am. Orn., 1840, 207.
PIRANGA BIDENTATA BIDENTATA Swainson.
SWAINSON’S TANAGER,
Adult male.—Head, neck, and under parts cadmium orange, the
pileum more intense (nearer orange chrome, sometimes tinged with
flame scarlet), the hindneck more or less tinged or clouded with olive,
the color of under parts fading posteriorly to pale orange or orange-
buff on under tail-coverts; lores and orbits pale dingy yellowish;
auricular region much duller and lighter orange, obscured by olive or
dull grayish, with a dusky spot or bar across posterior margin; back
and scapulars light olive, more or less tinged with orange-yellowish,
broadly streaked with dusky; rump plain light olive; upper tail-
coverts orange-olive; wings dusky grayish brown with pale olive
edgings, the middle and greater coverts broadly tipped with white
(usually more or less tinged with orange, especially on middle coverts),
forming two distinct bands across wing; outer webs of tertials termi-
nating in a white spot (unless worn off); tail grayish brown with light
yellowish olive edgings, the inner webs of three outermost rectrices
tipped with white (about 1 inch in extent on outermost rectrix); under
wing-coverts and axillars pale buffy orange; maxilla blackish with
light grayish tomia; mandible dark grayish (pale bluish gray in life‘);
legs and feet dusky horn-color (bluish gray in life’); length (skins),
167.6-185.4 (178.3);: wing, 96-96.5 (96.3); tail, 76.2-81.8 (79.5);
exposed culmen, 17.3-18.3 (17.8); depth of bill at base, 9.7—-10.2 (9.9);
tarsus, 20.3-21.6 (21.1); middle toe, 14.2-15.2 (14.7).’
Adult female.—Similar to the adult male, but orange replaced by
yellow (lemon or gamboge on under parts, more tinged with olive on
pileum and hindneck), the rump, wing edgings, etc., olive-greenish;
length (skins), 175.3-185.4 (180.3); wing, 91.9-94 (93); tail, 77-78
(77.5); exposed culmen, 16-16.3; tarsus, 20.8-21.1; middle toe, 14.7—
15.2 (15).’
Southwestern Mexico, in States of Mexico (Temascaltepec), Jalisco
(Barranca Ibarra), Sinaloa (Plomosas), ete.
Pyranga bidentata Swanson, Philos. Mag., new ser., i, 1827, 428 (Temascaltepec,
Mexico).—Sciater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1856, 126, part (Temascaltepec) :
Synop. Av. Tanagr., 1856, 50, part; Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 82, part (in syn
onymy); Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 190, part (in synonymy ).—FINscH,
Abh. Nat. Ver. Brem., ii, 1870, 338 (Mazatlan, Sinaloa).—Satyrnand GopMAN,
Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 18838, 296, part (Temascaltepec).
[Pyranga] bidentata ScuaTer and Satyr, Nom. Av.. Neotr., 1873, 22, part.
1 Three specimens, 2 Two specimens, one of them immature.
96 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Plyranga] bidentata Bonaparte, Consp. Ay., i, 1850, 241.—Bairp, Brewer, and
Ripaway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 483, part.
Piranga bidentata Jovy, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xvi, 1894, 779 (Barranca Ibarra,
Jalisco).—Ne.son, Auk, xv, 1898, 157, 158 (crit.; description and synonymy).
P(iranga] bidentata Ringway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 496, part.
[ Phoenicosoma] bidentatum GirBEL, Thesaurus Orn., ili, 1876, 110, part.
PIRANGA BIDENTATA FLAMMEA Ridgway.
TRES MARIAS TANAGER,
Similar in coloration to ?. 4. bédentata, but with white spaces at tips
of inner webs of lateral rectrices much more restricted (not exceeding
0.80 in length on outermost rectrix and usually much less), and size
decidedly greater.
Adult male.—Length (skins), 182.9-193 (190); wing, 95.8-98 (97);
tail, 78-83.3 (80.8); exposed culmen, 17-18 (17.5); depth of bill at
base, 10.2-10.7 (10.4); tarsus, 21.6—-23.4 (22.9); middle toe, 15.2-16.3
(15.5).
Adult female.—Length (skins), 188-193 (190.2); wing, 91.7-94.7
(93.7); tail, 78.2-80.3 (79.2); exposed culmen, 17.3-18.3 (17.8); depth
of bill at base, 10.2-10.4 (10.4); tarsus, 22.6-23.9 (23.1); middle toe,
15-15.5 (15.2).
Tres Marias Islands, western Mexico.
Pyronga bidentata (not of Swainson) Grayson, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xiv, 1872,
281 (Tres Marias).—Lawrence, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., ii, 1874, 274 (Tres
Marias).—Satvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1883, 296, part
(Tres Marias).—Sciarer, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 190, part (Tres
Marias).
P{iranga] flammea Rrpaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 457 (Tres Marias Islands,
n. w. Mexico; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus. ).
Piranga flammea Rrpaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 592; 2d ed., 1896, 614.
PIRANGA BIDENTATA SANGUINOLENTA (Lafresnaye).
LAFRESNAYE’S TANAGER,
Similar to 2. 4. b¢dentata, but much darker and richer in color;
adult male with head, neck, and under parts orange-red or scarlet®
(deeper on pileum and hindneck), the ground-color of back and scap-
ulars, in full plumage, also the rump and upper tail-coverts, brownish
red (orange-rufous to dragon’s blood red); wing-bands more or less
tinged with pinkish, sometimes decidedly pink, especially the one on
middle coverts; adult female with ground-color of back, scapulars,
and rump olive-green, the last also streaked with dusky.
Adult male.—Length (skins), 162.6-190.5 (179.6); wing, 94-102.9
' Six specimens.
* Four specimens.
’ Younger individuals of this form are often hardly distinguishable in color from
true P. bidentata, being of a similar orange hue; but adult males in full plumage are
always easily distinguished by their much more intense or redder coloration,
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 97
(97); tail, 78.5-87.6 (81); exposed culmen, 16.3-17.3 (16.8); depth of
bill at base, 8.4-10.2 (9.4); tarsus, 19.8-22.4 (21.1); middle toe, 14-16
(14.7)."
Adult female.—Length (skins), 167.6-177.8 (177.3); wing, 90.2-93
(91.7); tail, 76.2-80.5 (78.7); exposed culmen, 16.5-18 (17.5); depth
of bill at base, 9.4-9.7; tarsus, 21.8-22.4 (22.1); middle toe, 14.5-14.7.?
Eastern Mexico, in States of Nuevo Leon (Monterey), Vera Cruz
(Jalapa; Mirador), and southward through Central America to Chiri-
qui and Veragua.
Pyranga bidentata (not of Swainson) ScuaTER, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1856, 126,
part (Jalapa, Vera Cruz); 1857, 205 (Jalapa); 1859, 364 (Jalapa); Synop.
Ay. Tanagr., 1856, 50, part; Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 82, part (Jalapa; Volcan
de Fuego, Guatemala); Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 190, part (Jalapa and
Orizaba, Vera Cruz; Volcan de Fuego, Duefias, and Barranca Honda, Guate-
mala; Iraztii and Parita, Costa Rica; s. slope Volcan de Chiriqui, Chi-
riqui).—SaLvin and Scuarer, Ibis, 1860, 32 (Volcan de Fuego, 5,500 ft.)—
Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1865, 171 (Costa Rica).—Lawrencg, Ann.
Lye. N. Y., ix, 1868, 99 (Dota Mts., Birris, San Jose, and Rancho Redondo,
Costa Rica).—Satvapori, Atti Roy. Ac Sci. Torino, iv, 1868, 177 (Costa
Rica).—Sumicurast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., i, 1869, 549 (temperate region,
Vera Cruz).—Franrzivus, Journ. fir Orn., 1869, 299 (Dota Mts., Rancho
Redondo, San José, Candelaria, and Cervantes, Costa Rica).—Satvrn, Proc.
Zool. Soe. Lond., 1870, 187 (Volean de Chiriqui).—Bovcarp, Proc. Zool.
Soe. Lond., 1878, 55 (Navarro and Volcan de Irazti, Costa Rica).—Nvutrine,
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., v, 1882, 495 (Irazti, Costa Rica).—Satvin and Gop-
MAN, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1883, 296, part (Jalapa, Vera Cruz; Volcan
de Fuego, Barranca Honda, and San Gerénimo, Guatemala; Dota Mts.;
Rancho Redondo, Barranca, San José, Candelaria, Cervantes, and Birris,
Costa Rica; Volcan de Chiriqui).
[ Pyranga] bidentata ScuaTer and Saryin, Nom. Ay. Neotr., 1873, 22, part.
Plyranga] bidentata Batrp, Brewer, and Ripaway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874,
433, part.
P(iranga] bidentata Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 456, part.
Piranga bidentata ZELEDON, Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, i, 1887, 110 (San José,
Cartago, El Zarcero de Alajuela, Volean de Irazu, and Monte Redondo de
San José, Costa Rica).—CnHeErrRiIgz, Auk, ix, 1892, 25 (San José, Costa Rica;
resident ).—CHapmaAN, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., x, 1898, 27 (Jalapa; song, etc. ).
Ph{oenicosoma] bidentata CaBantis, Mus. Hein., i, 1850, 24 (Jalapa).
‘Seventeen specimens.
* Three specimens, from Costa Rica (2) and Chiriqui (1). Average measurements
of adult males from different localities are as follows:
Ex- Depth :
Locality. Wing. | Tail. | posed | of bill | Tarsus. Midie
culmen.| at base. ;
Seven adult males from Vera Cruz (5) and Nueyo
Teeon (2)- ~~ ---- 2.22.2 22e 222s sec ee ee ees eee esses 95.3| 82.0] 17.0 Qe4l) al 256. |) Neb a2
Three adult males from Guatemala............--- 97.3] 81.3 16.8 9.4 20.6 14.5
Seven adult males from Costa Rica (5) and Chi- |
Tei hit (2) ee eee eee oy fone so | 95.8 | 80.0 5
16.5 hy 21.3 14,
| |
The most richly colored specimens seen are from Jalapa, Vera Cruz.
3654—voL 2—01——_7
98 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
[ Phoenicosoma] bidentatum GreBEL, Thesaurus Orn., iii, 1876, 110, part.
Pyranga sanguinolenta LAFRESNAYE, Rey. Zool., 1839, 97 (Mexico; coll. Charles
Brelay).—BonapartE, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 241.
Plyranga] sanguinolenta Gray, Gen. Birds, ii, 1844, 364.
Piranga sanguinolenta Netson, Auk, xy, 1898, 157, 158, 159 (crit.; deser.;
synonymy).
PIRANGA ROSEO-GULARIS ROSEO-GULARIS Cabot.
ROSE-THROATED TANAGER,
Adult male.—Pileum dull brownish red;’ wings grayish brown with
broad edgings of brownish red (nearly brick red), the lesser coverts
nearly uniformly of this color; upper tail-coverts and tail brownish
red (similar to color of wing-edgings); hindneck, back, scapulars, and
rump brownish gray, the back and scapulars more or less tinged with
dull red; sides of head and neck brownish gray (rather lighter than
color of hindneck), becoming paler on malar and orbital regions, the
eyelids dull white; anterior portion of chin dull white; lower part of
chin, throat, and upper part of chest light red (intermediate between
peach-blossom pink and flesh color); under tail-coverts and anal region
paler, more flesh colored; rest of under parts light brownish gray,
becoming dull white on abdomen; maxilla horn brown, paler along
tomia, mandible much paler; legs and feet horn brownish; length
(skins), 144.8-160 (153.2); wing, 76.7—-82.6 (80); tail, 63.5-69.3 (67.1);
exposed culmen, 14.5-15.2 (15); depth of bill at base, 8.9-10.2 (9.7);
tarsus, 20.6-22.1 (21.1); middle toe, 12.2-14 (13).”
Adult female.—Similar to adult male, but the reddish of pileum,
wings, and tail replaced by yellowish olive-green, that of throat by
pale yellow (naples yellow), the under tail-coverts pale buffy; length
(skins), 150-154 (152.1); wing, 76.2-79 (77.4); tail, 62-64.8 (63.3);
exposed culmen, 15-16 (15.3); tarsus, 20.3-21 (20.8); middle toe,
12.7-15 (13.9).°
Immature male.—Identical in coloration with the adult female.
Peninsula of Yucatan (Chichen Itza; Calotmul; between Chemax
and Yalahoo; Izalam; Chem Jonat forest; La Vega; Puerto Morelos).
Pyranga roseo-gularis Casot, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., ii, Dee., 1846, 187
(between Chemax and Yalahoo, Yucatan; coll. 8. Cabot, jr.); Journ. Bost.
Soc. N. H., v, pt. ili, 1846, 416; Am. Journ. Sci., ii, 1847, 4836; Ann. and
Mag. N. H., xx, 1847, 143.
Pyranga roseogularis ScuatEer, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1857, 6; Ibis, 1873, 125,
pl. 8.—Scrarer and Satxvin, Ibis, 1859, 15.
Pyranga roseigularis Rrpaway, Ibis, 18738, 126 (description of type).—Sa.vin,
Ibis, 1874, 327 (crit.).—Rimpaway, in Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway’s Hist.
1 There is no hue in my Nomenclature of Colors which closely approximates this
olor; that nearest to it is perhaps madder brown, though a mixture of madder brown
and poppy red would probably come much nearer to it.
* Seven specimens, from Chichen Itza and Calotmul, Yucatan.
* Three specimens.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. oo
N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 434.—Lawrence, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., ii, 1882, 247
(description of female).—Boucarp,. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, 443
(Izalam, n. Yucatan).—Satyin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i,
1883, 293.—ScuaTer, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 187, part (Chem
Jonat-forest and Izalam, Yucatan).—CnHapman, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., viii,
1896, 279 (Chichen Itza, Yucatan; song).
[ Phoenicosoma] roseogulare GiEBEL, Thesaurus Orn., iii, 1876, 110.
Pliranga) roseigularis Rrpaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 455, part (Yucatan).
Piranga roseo-gularis roseo-gularis RipGway, Proc. Wash. Ac. Sei., iii, 1901, 149,
in text.
PIRANGA ROSEO-GULARIS COZUMEL Ridgway.
COZUMEL TANAGER.
Similar to P. . reseo-gularis, but with shorter wing, longer tail, and
larger bill and feet; adult male with red of pileum, wings, and tail
duller, that of throat and under tail-coverts much paler, and the back
with little, if any, tinge of red; adult female with olive-green of
pileum duller, yellow of throat and under tail-coverts much paler, and
gray of lateral under parts browner.
Adult male.—Length (skins), 153-161 (156.7); wing, 78-80 (79.2);
tail, 65-70 (68); exposed culmen, 16-17 (16.2); tarsus, 21-93 (22); mid-
dle toe, 14-15 (14.5).
Adult female.—Length (skins), 152-155 (153.5); wing, 75; tail, 64;
exposed culmen, 15-16 (15.5); tarsus, 21-23 (22); middle toe, 13-14
(13.5).
Island of Cozumel, Yucatan. (Also Mugeres Island ?)*
Piranga roseigularis (not of Cabot) Satyry, Ibis, 1885, 190 (Cozumel I.), 258
(Meco, Mugeres, and Cozumel islands; crit.).—Satvin and GopMan, Biol.
Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1883, 298, part (Cozumel, Mugeres, and Meco islands ).—
Sciater, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 187, part (Cozumel).
Piranga roseigularis Rrpaway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., viii, 1885, 568 (Cozumel I.).
Pliranga] roseigularis Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 455, part (Cozumel I.).
Piranga roseo-gularis cozumelic: RripGway, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sei., iii, Apr. 15, 1901,
149 (Cozumel I., Yucatan; U. S. Nat. Mus.).
PIRANGA LEUCOPTERA LEUCOPTERA Trudeau.
WHITE-WINGED TANAGER.
Adult male.—General color bright vermilion or poppy red, some-
times inclining to scarlet; forehead (more or less broadly), lores, orbital
region, anterior portion of malar region (sometimes chin also), scapu-
lars, wings, and tail black; middle and innermost greater wing-coverts
broadly tipped with white, forming two distinct bands, that across
middle coverts about 3 to 4.6 mm. wide; axillars and under wing-coverts
white; maxilla blackish, mandible bluish gray (light grayish blue in
‘Four specimens.
* Two specimens.
3See Salvin, Ibis, 1888, 258. The birds from Meco Island are said by Mr. Salvin
to be ‘‘somewhat intermediate, being nearer to that from the mainland.”’
100 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
life?); legs and feet grayish dusky (bluish gray in life?); length (skins),
123.2-147.3 (131.3); wing, 65.3-73.7 (68.1); tail, 55.4-60.7 (58.4);
exposed culmen, 10.9-13.2 (12.4); depth of bill at base, 7.6-8.1 (7.9);
tarsus, 18—20.3 (18.8); middle toe, 10.7—-12.4 (11.4).
Adult female.—Above (including sides of head and neck) yellowish
olive-green, more decidedly yellowish on head and neck; scapulars
dark olive-grayish; wings and tail dusky grayish, the latter with
olive-green, the former with paler grayish edgings (more olive-green
on secondaries); middle and innermost greater wing-coverts tipped
with white, forming one distinct and one indistinct band; under parts
bright yellow (gamboge), slightly tinged with olive on sides and flanks;
lores dusky; bill and feet as in the male; length (skins), 116.8-137.2
(128); wing, 64.3-68.1 (66.3); tail, 54.6-57.7 (55.6); exposed culmen,
12.4-14 (13.2); depth of bill at base, 7.6-8.4 (7.9); tarsus, 17.8-19.1
(18.3); middle toe, 10.7-11.7 (11.4).?
Southern Mexico, in States of Vera Cruz (Mirador; Jalapa; Orizaba;
Cordova), Puebla (Metlaltoyuca), Mexico (Valley of Mexico), and
Chiapas (Tumbala; Ocuilapa); Guatemala (Volcan de Agua; Savana
Grande; Retalhuleu; Chisec; Rasché; Barranca Honda); Salvador
(San Salvador); British Honduras (Belize) ?.
Tanagra erythromelas (not Pyranga erythromelas Vieillot, 1819) LicHTENsTErN,
Preis-Verz. Mex. Vodg., 1831, 2 (Lagunas, Mexico); Journ. fiir Orn., 1863,
57.
Pyranga erythromelena Scuater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1856, 126 (monogr.;
Lagunas, Orizaba, Jalapa, and Cordova, Vera Cruz; Guatemala), 303 (Cor-
dova); 1859, 364 (Jalapa); 1864, 173 (Valley of Mexico); Synop. Av. Tan-
agr., 1856, 50; Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 81 (Jalapa; Guatemala); Cat. Birds
Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 189, part (Jalapa and Orizaba, Vera Cruz; Volcan de
Agua, Savana Grande, Retalhuleu, Chisec, Rasché, and Barranca Honda,
Guatemala; ? Belize, British Honduras).—Sciater and Satyin, Ibis, 1859,
15 (Pacific slope and Vera Paz, Guatemala).—Satyvrin, Ibis, 1860, 100 ( Pacific
slope, Guatemala); 1861, 147 (mountains of Rasché, Guatemala); Cat.
' Fourteen specimens.
7 Seven specimens.
I can discover no difference between Mexican specimens (of which, however, the
series examined is very unsatisfactory) and those from Guatemala and Salvador.
Their average measurements are as follows:
Ex- Depth G
Locality. Wing.| Tail. | posed | of bill | Tarsus. | Middle
culmen.} at base. “
MALES,
Four adult males from Vera Cruz.................- 69.3 58.9 UR 7.9 19.3 nb IRD
Three adult males from Chiapas........--.--..--. 70.4 60. 2 ey 7.6 18.5 nS
Seven adult males from Guatemala...........--.. 66.5 57.2 12.4 7.6 18.3 11.2
One adult male from Salvador .............--....- 7i.6 60.5 aay 7.9 19.1 12.4
FEMALES.
One adult female from Vera Cruz................. 70.1 58.9 12.4 7.9 18.8 11.9
One adult female from Chiapas..............-...- 66.0 07.7 1D 7.6 18.5 10.9
Seven adult females from Guatemala........-..-. 66.3 55.6 13. 2 7.9 18.3 11.4
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 101
Strickland Coll., 1882, 192 (Guatemala).—Sumicurast, Mem. Bost. Soe.
N. H., i, 1869, 549 (temperate region Vera Cruz, 2,000-4,000 feet).—Satvrn
and GopMAn, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1883, 295, part (Mexican and
Guatemalan references and localities; ? Belize, British Honduras).
[Pyranga] erythromelena Scuarer and Sarvrx, Nom. Ay. Neotr, 1873, 22, part.
[Pyranga erythromelena] var. erythromelena Ripaway, in Baird, Brewer, and
Ridgway’s Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 433, part.
[ Phoenicosoma] erythromelas GiEBEL, Thesaurus Orn., iii, 1876, 110, part.
Pyranga leucoptera TrupEau, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., viii, 1839, 160 (Mexico;
coll. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. ).—Bonaparrr, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 241.
Pliranga] leucoptera Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 454.
Piranga leucoptera CuApmMan, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., x, 1898, 27 (Jalapa, Vera
Cruz).
Pyranga bivittata LAFRESNAYE, Rey. Zool., v, 1842, 70 (no locality given).
Ph{oenicosoma] bivittata Capanis, Mus. Hein., i, 1850, 24 (Jalapa; excl. syn.
Phoenicosoma ardens Tschudi).
PIRANGA LEUCOPTERA LATIFASCIATA Ridgway.
BROAD-BANDED TANAGER.
Similar to P. /. leucoptera, but white wing-bands much broader,
the anterior one 5.1—7.6 wide, the posterior one extending across tips
of all the greater coverts instead of the innermost only.
Adult male.—Length (skins), 125-135 (129); wing, 67-72 (70); tail,
57.2-60 (58.5); exposed culmen, 12-13 (12.7); depin of bill at base,
7.1-7.4; tarsus, 18-19 (18.4); middle toe, 11-12 (11.6).?
Adult female.—Length (skins), 125-130 (126.6); wing, 65-68.5 (66.6),
tail, 54-57 (55.2); exposed culmen, 12-13 (12.5); depth of bill at base,
7-7.5 (7.2); tarsus, 17.5-18 (17. 7): middle toe 11-12 (11.38).’
Costa Rica (Barranca; Dota Mountains; Navarro; Tucurriqui), Chiri-
qui (Boquete; Volcan de Chiriqui), and Veragua (Calovevora; Calobre).
Pyranga erythromelena (not P. erythromelas Vieillot, nor Tanagra ae
Lichtenstein) Satvaport, Atti. Roy. Ac. Sci. Torino, iv, 1868, 177 (Costa
Rica).—Lawrencr, Ann. Lye. N. Y., ix, 1868, 99 (Barranca, Dota Mts.,
and Navarro, Costa Rica).—Franrzius, Journ. ftir Orn., 1869, 299 (Gants
Rica).—Satvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 187 (Volcan de Chiriqui;
Calovevora, Veragua).—Satvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves,
i, 1883, 295, part (Tucurriqui, etc., Costa Rica; Calobre, etc., Veragua).—
SciaTER, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 189, part (Dota, Costa Rica; Volcan
de Chiriqui; Calovevora, Veragua).
[ Pyranga] erythromelena ScuatTER and Saryin, Nom. Ay. Neotr., 1873, 22, part.
[Pyranga erythromelena] var. erythromelena Tete AY, in euird Brewer, and
Ridgway’s Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 483, part.
[ Phoenicosoma] erythromelas GimBEL, Thesaurus Orn., iii, 1876, 110, part.
P{iranga] leucoptera latifasciata Rrpaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 457 (Costa
Rica; Veragua; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.).
Piranga leucoptera latifasciata Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 592; 2d ed.,
1896, 614.
Piranga leucoptera (not of Trudeau) ZeLepon, Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, i, 1887,
110 (Costa Rica).—Cnerrie, Auk, ix, 1892, 25 (San José, Costa Rica).
‘Seven specimens. * Four specimens.
102 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
PIRANGA ERYTHROCEPHALA (Swainson.)
RED-HEADED TANAGER.
Adultmale.—Pileum bright red (vermilion or orange-vermilion); rest
of upper parts uniform bright yellowish olive-green, the edges of
primaries and rectrices more decidedly yellowish; lores blackish;
auricular, suborbital, and malar regions, chin, and throat pale vermilion
or pinkish red, with a silvery gloss; rest of under parts rich lemon
yellow, becoming paler posteriorly (under tail-coverts canary yellow),
the sides and flanks tinged with olive-green; edge of wing lemon
yellow; bill blackish, the mandible more grayish (bluish gray in life),
legs and feet dusky (in dried skins), length (skins); 147.3-148.6 (147.8);
wing, 67.3-74.4 (70.1); tail, 63-69.3 (65.5); exposed culmen, 11.9-12.2;
depth of bill at base, 7.4-7.9 (7.6); tarsus, 19.3-20.1 (19.8); middle
toe, 11.7-12.4 (12.2.)*
Adult female.—Pileum yellowish olive-green, becoming yellow
(saffron or dull gamboge) on supraloral region; hindneck, back, scapu-
lars, rump, and upper tail-coverts grayish olive-green, more strongly
tinged with gray posteriorly; wings and tail clearer olive-green than
back, ete., the edges of primaries almost yellow; lores dusky grayish;
lower eyelid whitish; auricular region dull grayish; malar region, chin,
throat, and chest dull lemon or gamboge yellow, the breast and upper
abdomen similar but rather paler; flanks light grayish brown; under
tail-coverts and anal region pale buffy; bill and feet as in adult male;
length (skins), 182.1-142.2 (138.7); wing, 65.3-68.6 (67.1); tail, 58.9—-
60.7 (59.7); exposed culmen, 12.7-14 (13); depth of bill at base, 7.6;
tarsus, 19.1-20.1 (19.6); middle toe, 11.7-12.7 (12.2.) ?
Young female, nestling plumage.—Similar to the adult female, but
plumage of looser texture, and colors duller; back, scapulars, rump,
and upper tail-coverts more brownish olive; yellow of under parts
much duller, tinged with olive.
Western Mexico, in States of Oaxaca (Juquila; Totontepec), Mexico
(Temascaltepec; Valley of Mexico), Guanajuato, Jalisco (San Sebas-
tian), Sinaloa (Plomosas), Chihuahua (Trompa), ete.
Spermagra erythrocephala Swarnson, Philos. Mag., new ser., i, 1827, 437 (Temas-
caltepec, Mexico).
P{yranga] erythrocephala Bonaparts, Rey. et Mag. de Zool., iii, Apr., 1851, 178;
Note sur les Tang., 1851, 29.—Barrp, Brewer, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am.
Birds, i, 1874, 433.
Pyranga erythrocephala ScuaTER, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1856, 125 (monogr. );
1859, 377 (Juquila and Totontepec, Oaxaca); 1864, 173 (Valley of Mexico);
Synop. Ay. Tanagr., 1856, 49; Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 81 (Mexico); Cat. Birds
Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 192 (Juquila).—Dvu Bus, Esquis. Orn., 1845(?), pl. 32.—
Ducks, La Naturaleza, i, 1868, 140 (Guanajuato).—Sa vr and Gopman, Biol.
Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1883, 294, pl. 17, fig. 2—Ripeway, Ibis, 1883, 400 (crit. ).
[ Pyranga] erythrocephala Scuater and Satvin, Nom. Ay. Neotr., 1873, 22.
P{iranga] erythrocephala Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 456.
1 Three specimens. 2 Four specimens.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 108
[ Phoenicosoma] erythrocephalum GiEBEL, Thesaurus Orn., iii, 1876, 110.
Pyranga cucullata Du Bus, Bull. Ac. Roy. Brux., xiv, ie 3 1847, 105 (Mexico;
coll. Brussels Mus.); Rev. Zool., 1848, 245, eee Consp. Av., i,
1850, 241.
Genus HETEROSPINGUS Ridgway.
Heterospingus Ripaway, Auk, xv, no. 3, July (pub. May 13), 1898, 225. (Type,
Tachyphonus rubrifrons Lawrence. )
Similar to Zachyphonus, but nasal fosse densely feathered, concealing
the nostrils; tail relatively much shorter, wing more pointed, tarsus
shorter (scarcely exceeding middle toe with claw), and sexes either
alike in color or nearly so in pattern of coloration.
Exposed culmen about six-sevenths as long as tarsus, straight for
more than basal half, then strongly curved to the slightly uncinate
tip; gonys much shorter than length of maxilla from nostril, slightly
convex; depth of bill at base equal to decidedly more than half the
distance from nostril to tip of maxilla, about equal to its basal width;
maxillary tomium concave anteriorly and subbasally, faintly convex
between, distinctly notched subterminally and slightly deflected ba-
sally; mandibular tomium straight, the basal portion slightly convex
and deflected. Nostril concealed by dense feathering of nasal fossz,
horizontally oval. Rictal bristles scarcely obvious. Wi ing long Gout
four times as long as tarsus), slightly rounded (eighth to sixth pri-
maries longest and nearly equal, ninth a little shorter than fifth); pri-
maries exceeding secondaries by nearly the length of the tarsus. Tail
shorter than wing by length of tarsus, slightly double-rounded, the
rectrices broad, with compact webs and rounded tips. Tarsus stout,
very slightly longer than middle toe with claw; lateral claws reaching
about to base of middle claw, the inner toe a little shorter than the
outer; hind claw shorter than its digit—all the claws strongly curved
and sharp.
Coloration.—Rump bright yellow, underwing-coverts and patch on
each side of breast white; rest of plumage black, with orange-red
supra-auricular tufts (//. wanthopygius, adult male), or dark slate-gray
above, lighter gray beneath (/7. wanthopygius, female, and both sexes
of //. rubrifrons).
Ltange.—Costa Rica to Colombia. (Two species.)
KEY TO THE SPECIES OF HETEROSPINGUS.
a. General color black, more sooty beneath; supra-auricular tufts orange-red.
(Colombia and western Ecuador. )
Heterospingus xanthopygius, adult male (p. 104)
aa. General color slate-gray above, paler gray below; no supra-auricular tufts.
(Isthmus of Panama to Costa Rica. )
: Heterospingus rubrifrons, adult male and female (p. 104)
Heterospingue xanthopygius, female.!
'Not having seen the mane of H. xanthopygius, I am enahle a ae in what
particulars, if any, it differs from H. rubrifrons.
104 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
HETEROSPINGUS XANTHOPYGIUS (Sclater).
ORANGE-BROWED TANAGER,
Adult male.—Above black, relieved by a prominent and conspicuous
supra-auricular tuft of orange or orange-red, composed of stiff, hair-
like feathers, and a triangular patch of lemon yellow on rump; under
parts more sooty black, more grayish sooty on under parts of body,
relieved by a white patch on each side of breast, confluent with white
of axillars and under wing-coverts; bill blackish; legs and feet (in
dried skin) dusky; length (skin), 172.7; wing, 96.5; tail, 71.1; culmen
(tip of bili broken off); depth of bill at base, 9.7; tarsus, 21.1; middle
toes ase
Northwestern and central Colombia and western Ecuador; north to
the Rio Truando.
Tachyphonus «anthopygius ScuaTer, Proc. Zool. Soe. Lond., 1854, 158, pl. 69
(Bogota, Colombia; coll. Brit. Mus.; = female) ; 1855, 83, pl. 90 (Bogota; adult
male, figured); 1856, 116 (monogr.; Bogota); Synop. Av. Tanagr., 1856, 40;
Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 209, part (Bogota and Remedios, proy.
Antioquia, Colombia).—Casstn, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1860, 142 (Rio
Truando, n. Colombia).—Sciarer and Satviy, Proc. Zool. Soe. Lond., 1879,
503 (Remedios, proy. Antioquia, Colombia).—BrrLepscu and TaczaANowskl,
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, 547 (Chimbo, w. Ecuador).—Satyin and Gop-
mAN, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1883, 311, part (Rio Truando, Colombia).
T[achyphonus] xanthopygius SCLATER and Sauvin, Exotic Orn., pt. v, 1868, 68.
[ Tachyphonus] xanthopygius ScLATER and Sauvin, Nom. Ay. Neotr., 1873, 23,
part.
Lanio auritus Du Bus, Bull. Ac. Roy. Brux., xxii, Feb., 1855, 153 (Colombia).
HETEROSPINGUS RUBRIFRONS (Lawrence).
LAWRENCE’S TANAGER,
Adult male.—Above plain sooty slate-color,” relieved by a large
triangular patch of lemon yellow on rump; wings and tail more black-
ish, with brownish slaty edgings, except on lesser wing-coverts, alula,
and primary coverts; upper tail-coverts yellowish olive-green, or much
tinged with this color; sides of head and neck and under parts dull
slate-gray, tinged with olive-yellow posteriorly, especially on under
tail-coverts; under wing-coverts, axillars, and a patch on each side of
breast, white; bill black; legs and feet (in dried skins) dusky horn
color; length (skins), 147.3-160 (151.9); wing, 81.3-83.3 (82.3); tail,
59.7-63 (61.5); exposed culmen, 16.5-18 (17.3); depth of bill at base,
7.1-7.6 (7.4); tarsus, 19.8-20.8 (20.3); middle toe, 13.2-13.5 (13.2).°
1 One specimen, from Rio Truando, Colombia, the only example I have seen of this
species. The adult female is described as being similar to both sexes of H. rubrifrons.
2In the type most of the feathers of the crown are tipped with a spot of dull
brownish red, whence the specific name; but as no other of the six adult males
examined show a trace of this feature, it must be considered as accidental.
* Six specimens.
a ei a
i ea,
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 105
Adult female.—Similar to the male, but gray of under parts duller
and rather lighter and less tinged with olive-yellow posteriorly, the
under tail-coverts usually with very little of this color, sometimes
none; length (skins), 144.8; wing, 77.7—-82.6 (80); tail, 57.2-61 (59.2);
exposed culmen, 16.5-17.3 (16.8); depth of bill at base, 7.4-8.4 (7.9);
tarsus, 19.8—-20.1 (19.8); middle toe, 12.4-13.2 (12.7).?
Isthmus of Panama to Costa Rica (Angostura; Reventazon); south
to the Panama Railroad.
Tachyphonus xanthopygius (not of Sclater) Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., vii, 1864,
331 (Lion Hill, Panama R. R.).—Scuarer and Satxvin, Proc. Zool. Soc.
Lond., 1864, 351 (Lion Hill).—Satvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am.,
Aves, i, 1883, 311, part (Angostura, Costa Rica; Veragua; Lion Hill, Panama
Rk. R.).—Scriater, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 209, part (Panama; Vera-
gua).—ZELEpDON, Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, i, 1887, 110 (Costa Rica).
T [achyphonus] xanthopygius Sarvin, Ibis, 1870, 109, in text (crit. ).
Tachyphonus rubrifrons LAWRENCE, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1865, 106 (Lion
Hill, Panama R. R.; coll. G. N. Lawrence).—Rine@way, Proc. U. 8. Nat,
Mus., xvi, 1893, 610, 611 (Angostura and Reventazon, Costa Rica; crit.).
T [achyphonus] rubrifrons ScuavER and Savin, Exotic Orn., pt. v, 1868, 68.
Heterospingus rubrifrons Banas, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club, ii, Sept. 20, 1900,
29 (Loma del Leon, Panama R. R.).
Tachyphonus propinquus LAWRENCE, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1867, 94 (substitute
for T. rubrifrons, considered inappropriate as being based on an accidental
character); Ann. Lyc. N. Y., ix, 1868, 101 (Angostura, Costa Rica) .—
Franrztivs, Journ. fiir Orn., 1869, 299 (Costa Rica).—Satvin, Ibis, 1870, 109
(erit. ).
Genus HEMITHRAUPIS Cabanis.
Hemithraupis® Capants, Mus. Hein., i, 1850, 21. (Type, Nemosia ruficapilla
Vieillot. )
Similar to Zachyphonus, but bill much more slender, its depth at
base decidedly less than half the length of exposed culmen; wing more
pointed (outermost primary longer than fifth); tail relatively shorter,
tarsus relatively much longer, toes weaker, and style of coloration
very different.
Exposed culmen longer than middle toe without claw, nearly straight
to near the tip, where gently decurved; gonys decidedly shorter than
maxilla from nostril, straight; maxillary tomium with slight subter-
minal notch, straight or very faintly concave ‘o beneath anterior ena
of nasal fosse, thence gently deflected to the rictus; mandibular
tomium straight to the decided though not abrupt basal deflection.
Nostril exposed, broadly oval, with rather broad superior membrane.
Rictal bristles distinct, but not conspicuous. Wing rather long (nearly
to more than four times as long as tarsus), rather pointed (eighth or
seventh primary longest, ninth not shorter than fifth, sometimes equal
to seventh); primaries exceeding secondaries by nearly to much more
than length of exposed culmen. Tail shorter than wing by about two-
' Three specimens. 2«Von Hut, halb und Spavzi6, nom. prop.”’
106 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
thirds to much more than length of tarsus, slightly rounded, even, or
faintly emarginate, the rectrices rather narrow, with compact webs
and rather pointed tips. Tarsus slender, decidedly longer than middle
toe with claw; lateral claws reaching about to base of middle claw;
hind claw shorter than its digit, strongly curved.
Coloration.—Adult males with more or less of yellow, varied in uni-
form areas with black, rufous, or olive-green, or with all these;
females and young very different—plain olive or olive-green above,
yellowish beneath.
Range.—Costa Rica to Paraguay, Bolivia, and Peru.
Although having the bill a little more slender, //. chrysomelas (the
only species known to occur north of the Isthmus) differs far less from
some of the species of //emispingus than certain of the latter do from
one another, and I have no doubt that here is its proper position. It
certainly is far more out of place in Zachyphonus, to which it was
originally assigned and where it has by common consent been kept.
Hemithraupis differs from Vemosia* in relatively longer wing and
tail, more slender bill with straight instead of distinctly convex gonys,
and very different style of coloration.
HEMITHRAUPIS CHRYSOMELAS (Sclater and Salvin).
BLACK AND YELLOW TANAGER,
Adult male.—Entire head, neck, rump, and under parts clear, rich
yellow, rather paler (lemon yellow) below, sometimes inclining to
orange on pileum and hindneck; a narrow orbital ring of black,
broadest beneath posterior half of eye; back, scapulars, wings, upper
tail-coverts, and tail uniform deep black; inner webs of rectrices edged
with light yellow; under wing-coverts white, tinged with yellow; axil-
lars and edges of inner webs of remiges white, usually tinged with
pale yellow; bill black; legs and feet (in dried skins) dusky horn color;
length (skin), about 114.3; wing, 64.3-68.6 (66.8); tail, 47-49.5 (48.5);
exposed culmen, 11.9-12.7 (12.2); tarsus, 16.5-17.3 (16.8); middle toe,
10,2-10.4.?
Adult female.—Above plain yellowish olive-green; wings dusky
grayish brown with broad yellowish olive-green edgings; under parts
gamboge yellow medially, shading into yellowish olive-green (lighter
than that of upper parts) laterally; under tail-coverts pale buffy;
under wing-coverts whitish; bill black; legs and feet (in dried skins),
dusky horn color; length (skin), 106.7; wing, 60.7; tail, 41.4; exposed
culmen, 11.4; tarsus, 17.8; middle toe, 10.4.°
Costa Rica (Talamanca) and Veragua (Cordillera del Chucu).
Tachyphonus chrysomelas ScuaATER and Satryry, Proce. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1869, 440,
pl. 32 (Cordillera del Chucu, Veragua; coll. Salvin and Godman).—Satyvin,
' Nemosia Vieillot, Analyse, 1816, 32. (Type, Tanagra pileata Boddeert. )
* Three specimens.
® One specimen.
meus we
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. OK.
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 188 (Cordillera del Chucu).—Satvrn and Gop-
MAN, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1883, 311, pl. 21, fig. 1.—Scrarrr, Cat. Birds
Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 210.—ZELEpon, Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, i, 1887, 110
(Costa Rica).
[ Tachyphonus] chrysomelas ScuaTER and Sayin, Nom. Ay. Neotr., 1873, 23.
a
Genus RAMPHOCELUS Desmarest.
Ramphocelus DrsmMarest, Hist. Nat. Tang., 1805, p. 5, sub pls. 28, 29. (Type,
Tanagra brasilia Linnzeus. )
Rhamphocelus (emendation) ScuarErR and Satvin, Nom. Ay. Neotr., 1873, 21.
Ramphopis Viriitiot, Analyse, 1816, 32. (Type, Tanagra jacapa Linnzeus.)
Jacapa Bonaparte, Rey. et Mag. de Zool., iii, Mar., 1851, 178. (Type, Tanagra
jacapa Linneeus. )
Medium sized Tanagers with outermost (ninth) primary shorter than
third, plumage of forehead stiff, erect, and plush-like, and with man-
dibular rami more or less enlarged and swollen, longer than gonys;
adult males richly colored with black and crimson, scarlet, orange, or
yellow.
Bill shorter than head, elongate-conical in vertical profile; culmen
usually about two-thirds as long as tarsus or a little more (consider-
ably less in 2. passerinii and allies), nearly straight for basal half or
more, distinctly convex terminally, the tip of the maxilla obviously
uncinate; gonys decidedly shorter than length of maxilla from nostril,
less convex than terminal portion of culmen; commissure nearly
straight; mandibular rami remarkably enlarged (less so in R. passerinit
and allies), much longer than gonys (except in the species mentioned),
developed into a broad thickened plate, more or less rounded behind,
usually differently colored (whitish or pale blue) from rest of bill.
Nostril small, nearly concealed by plush-like frontal feathers. Rictal
bristles not obvious. Wing rather short (about three and one-half to
three and four-fifths times as long as tarsus), rounded (seventh to fifth
primaries longest, ninth shorter than third); primaries exceeding second-
aries by less than length of exposed culmen. ‘Tail nearly as long as wing,
rounded, the rectrices rather broad, with firm webs and rounded tips,
less than the basal half overlaid by upper coverts. Tarsus equal to or
longer than middle toe with claw; lateral claws reaching about to base
of middle claw; hind claw shorter than its digit—all the claws well-
curved, sharp. Plumage soft, velvety; feathers of forehead erect,
somewhat stiffened, plush-like.
Coloration.—Adult males black and scarlet, black and maroon, black,
crimson, and scarlet, or black and yellow, in large unicolored areas;
females and young much duller, with the black replaced by brown,
brownish-gray, or olive, the brighter colors obsolete or faintly
indicated.
fange.—Continental Tropical America, from southern Mexico to
southern Brazil, Bolivia, and Peru.
108 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
KEY TO THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES OF RAMPHOCELUS.
a. Wings and tail black. (Adult males.)
b. Under parts of body entirely black.
c. Lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts scarlet.
d, Smaller (wing averaging 74.9). (Southeastern Mexico to Isthmus of
Panama, | oe. 82. fee eee Ramphocelus passerinii, adult male (p. 109)
dd. Larger (wing averaging 79.0). (Southwestern Costa Rica.)
Ramphocelus costaricensis, adult male (p. 111)
cc. Lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts yellow or orange.
d. Rump, etc., orange.
e. Under wing-coyerts black. (Colombia. )
Ramphocelus chrysonotus, adult male (extralimital) (p. 1121)
ee. Under wing-coverts orange?” (Isthmus of Panama.)
Ramphocelus chrysopterus, adult male (p. 112)
dd. Rump, ete., lemon yellow. (Isthmus of Panama to Ecuador.)
Ramphocelus icteronotus, adult male (p. 113)
bb. Under parts of body partly red or yellow.
c. Under parts, except chin, abdomen, and thighs, yellow. (Isthmus of Panama. )
Ramphocelus inexpectatus, adult male (p. 114)
cc. Under parts, except chin, throat, chest, and abdomen, red, or else black
with a red band across chest.
d. Head and neck velvety black without any reddish tinge; under parts black
with a red band across chest and the anal feathers red. (Chiriqui.)
Ramphocelus feste, adult male (p. 115)
dd. Head and neck dark garnet red, or at least tinged or washed with that
color; under parts mostly red.
e. Red feathers of rump and under parts and tail-coverts without central
spots of black.
jf. Back black or but slightly tinged with dark garnet red.
g. Under parts of body scarlet (‘‘ orange-crimson”’) anteriorly, passing
into rufous-orange posteriorly; basal half of feathers of rump and
upper tail-coverts white. (Isthmus of Panama ?)
Ramphocelus dunstalli, adult male (p. 115)
gg. Under parts of body blood-red or orange-red laterally, black medi-
ally; basal half of feathers of ramp and upper tail-coverts yellow,
white, and gray, successively.
h. Rump, tail-coverts, and lateral under parts orange-red or scarlet;
throat and chest dark brownish red, the first sometimes nearly
black. (Isthmus of Panama to northeast coast of Colombia. )
Ramphocelus luciani, adult male (p. 115)
hh. Rump, tail-coverts, and lateral under parts bright poppy red or
blood red; throat and chest crimson-maroon. (Eastern Peru.)
Ramphocelus melanogaster, adult male (extralimital) (p. 116%)
jf. Back crimson-maroon, like head, neck, and chest. (Ramphocelus dimi-
diatus, adult male.)
g. Abdomen extensively and distinctly black or dusky; general colora-
tion darker; greater wing-coverts entirely black.
h. Colors brighter, the abdomen deep black; tail shorter (averaging
69.0). (Colombia north to coast of Chiriqui. )
Ramphocelus dimidiatus dimidiatus, adult male (p. 116)
' Footnote.
? The original description of this supposed species is so vague that, in the absence
of specimens, it is almost impossible to tell what its characters really are.
*In text and in footnote.
aii ial ee he ee De
ee eee
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 109
hh. Colors duller, the abdomen brownish black or dark brown; tail
longer (averaging 73.9). (Isthmus of Panama. )
Ramphocelus dimidiatus isthmicus, adult male (p. 118)
gg- Abdomen with dusky (not black) area much restricted, sometimes
obsolete; general coloration lighter; greater wing-coverts edged
with dusky red. (San Miguel Island, Bay of Panama.)
Ramphocelus dimidiatus limatus, adult male (p. 119)
ee. Red feathers of rump and under parts and tail coverts with central spots
of black. (‘‘Guatemala.”’ )
Ramphocelus uropygialis, adult male (p. 119)
aa. Wings and tail dusky with lighter (grayish, brownish, dull reddish or light olive
or olive-greenish) edgings. (Adult females and immature males. )
». Throat grayish or pale brownish; rest of under parts yellowish olive or light
tawny-olive.
c. Rump and upper tail-coverts light yellowish olive.
Ramphocelus passerinii, adult female and young male (p. 110)
cc. Rump and upper tail-coverts orange-rufous.
Ramphocelus costaricensis, adult female and young male (p. 111)
6b. Throat not grayish; under parts of body not olive.
¢. Throat, under parts of body, and rump yellow (lemon or sulphur).
Ramphocelus icteronotus, adult female and young male (p. 113)
cc. Throat brown or maroon; under parts of body brownish red or ochraceous-
orange.
d. Rump and under parts ochraceous-orange; back light olive; head and neck
(all round) olive.
Ramphocelus luciani, adult female and young male (p. 116)
dd. Rump and under parts brownish red; back reddish brown; head and neck
(all round) warm sepia brown or dark reddish brown.
e. Throat maroon; back deeper reddish brown; rump and under parts of
body deeper brownish red.
Ramphocelus melanogaster, adult female and young male (p. 116!)
ee. Throat dark sooty brown or seal brown; back lighter reddish brown;
rump and under parts of body lighter brownish red.
f. Head and neck dark sooty brown, the general coloration darker and
richer.
Ramphocelus dimidiatus dimidiatus, adult female and young male (p. 117)
Jf. Head and neck seal brown, the general coloration lighter and duller.
g. Larger (wing averaging 75.9, tail 72.1, tarsus 21.3).
Ramphocelus dimidiatus isthmicus, adult female and young male (p. 118)
gg- Smaller (wing averaging 74.4, tail 66.5, tarsus 20.1).
Ramphocelus dimidiatus limatus, adult female and young male (p. 119)
RAMPHOCELUS PASSERINII Bonaparte.
PASSERINI’S TANAGER,
Adult male.—Uniform glossy black; entire lower back, rump, and
upper tail-coverts bright, intense scarlet, the feathers white for basal
half, with yellow between the white and scarlet; bill light blue in life
(grayish in dried skins) with tip black; iris brown; legs and feet
dusky grayish in dried skins (grayish blue in life?); length (skins),
148.6-165.1 (157.2); wing, 71.4-78.2 (74.9); tail, 64-74.2 (68.3);
exposed culmen, 12.4-14.7 (13.5); depth of bill at base, 7.4-8.1 (7.9);
tarsus, 71.3-23.4 (22.4); middle toe, 13.5-16.8 (15).’
' Tn footnote. * Twenty-four specimens.
110 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Adult female.—Pileum and hindneck plain brownish gray or gray-
ish brown; back and scapulars deep yellowish olive, the feathers indis-
tinctly darker centrally; lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts
lighter, more yellowish olive, inclining to dull gallstone yellow; wings
and tail dusky with yellowish-olive edgings; sides of head and neck
similar to pileum and hindneck, but paler and rather browner, the
chin and throat still paler (very nearly hair brown); under parts light
yellowish olive, brightest on chest, duller on abdomen, where some-
times inclining to hair brown; bill, iris, and feet as in adult male;
length (skins), 154.9-172.7 (160.3); wing, 72.1-78.7 (74.7); tail, 66.8-
73.4 (69.6); exposed culmen, 12.7-15.2 (13.7); depth of bill at base,
7.6-8.1 (7.9); tarsus, 21.6-22.9 (22.6); middle toe, 13.7-16 (14.7).?
Young mate (jirst year).—Exactly like the adult female.
Immature males variously intermediate in coloration between the
adult male and female, according to age.*
State of Tabasco (Teapa), southeastern Mexico, eastern Guatemala
(Yzabal, Tucuru, Cahabon, etc.), and southward to Isthmus of Panama.
Ramphocelus passerinti BonapartE, Antologia, 1831, no. 130, p. 3 (Mexico or
Cuba); Isis, 1833, 755 (‘‘Cuba’’); Consp. Av., i, 1850, 242 ( ‘‘Bolivia’’ ).—Les-
son, Rey. Zool., 1840, 138, excl. syn.—Sciatrer, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
1856, 130 (monogr.; ‘‘Columbia River, Oregon’’; ‘‘Mexico’’; Guatemala;
Nicaragua) , 142 (Chiriqui); 1859, 59 (Omoa, Honduras); Synop. Ay. Tanagr.,
1856, 54; Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 79 (Nicaragua; Honduras).—Moorg, Proc.
Zool. Soc. Lond., 1859, 59 (Omoa, Honduras).—Satvin, Ibis, 1859, 467
(Yzabal, Genes 1870, 187 (Bugaba, Chiriqui; Mina de Chorcha, Ver-
agua) ; 1872, 316 (Chontales, Nicaragua).—Sciarer and Savin, Ibis, 1859, 5,
16 (Yzabal, Atlantic coast, and Cahabon, Vera Paz, Guatemala); Proc. Zool.
Soe. Lond., 1867, 278 (Mosquito coast, Nicaragua); 1870, 836 (San Pedro,
1 The chest and upper tail-coverts sometimes more or less tinged with orange.
* Twelve specimens.
Average measurements of specimens from different localities are as follows:
Locality. Wing. | Tail. panel of Bilt Tarsus. ee
culmen.) at base. :
= |
MALES.
Five adult nals from’ Guatemala 5s.-o-6 se oeesee tiem 72.4 13 8.1 22.6 15
Five adult males from Honduras ............-.--- 74.4 68.1 13.5 7.9 22.1 15
Four adult males from Nicaragua .....--...--..-.- 73.2 66.3 13.7 7.9 21.8 14.5
Four adult males from Costa Rica .....--....-.-.. 74,2 67.3 13.5 7.4 22.6 15.7
One adult male from Veragua .................--- 76.7 69) di e552. 2 7.6 22.4 16.3
Five adult males from Isthmus of Panama ..-...- 74.4 68.1 14 8.1 22.6 15.2
FEMALES.
Four adult females from Guatemala .........-.-..| 76.2 70.9 13 7.6 22.9 15
Three adult females from Honduras .............. [ior pad 70.4 i3e5 8.1 22.4 14.5
Two adult females from Nicaragua ............... 73.2 67.8 15 7.9 <2.4 14.7
Two adult females from Costa Rica............--- Hh BR. 69.1 13.7 7.6 cont 15.7
One adult female from Panama..............-.... | 73.9 69.1 SAE See seek 2351 16
*The male requires several years to attain the perfect adult plumage, and breeds in
the plumage indistinguishable from that of the adult female.
a
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. ee
Honduras).—Sanvin and Scuater, Ibis, 1860, 32 (Yzabal).—Casanis, Journ.
fur Orn., 1860, 330 (Costa Rica).—Taytor, Ibis, 1860, 111 (Atlantic coast
Honduras).—Lawrence, Ann. Lye. N. Y., viii, 1865, 176 (David, Chiriqui),
180 (Greytown, Nicaragua) ; ix, 1868, 99 (Angostura, San Carlos, and Navarro,
Costa Rica).—Stimpson, Trans. Chicago Ac. Sci., i, 1868, 128, pl. 16.—
Frantzius, Journ. fiir Orn., 1869, 299 (Angostura, San Carlos, Navarro,
Orosi, Sarapiqui, and Tucurriqui, Costa Rica).—Boucarp, Proc. Zool. Soe.
Lond., 1878, 55 (San Carlos and Naranjo, Costa Rica).—Ripeway, Proc.
U. S. Nat. Mus., x, 1888, 585 (Segovia R., Honduras).—ZEtEpon, Anal.
Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, i, 1887, 109 (Navarro de Cartago, Naranjo de Cartago,
Jiménez, and Esparto, Costa Rica).—Rricumonp, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xvi,
1893, 489 (Rio Escondido; habits; descr. nest and eggs).—NurrinG, Proc.
U.S. Nat. Mus., v, 1882, 391 (bet. San José and Punta Arenas, Costa Rica),
499 (San José).
[ Ramphocelus] passerinvi SCLATER and Satyin, Nom. Ay. Neotr., 1873, 21.
ramphocelus passerinii SAtvix, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, 138 (David, Chiri-
qui).—Bovcarp, Liste Ois. Gaut., 1878, 33.—Nurrine, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus.,
vi., 1883, 399 (Los Sdbalos, Nicaragua ;habits).
Rhamphocelus passerinii SALYIN and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1883,
281, pl. 18, fig. 1 (Belize and Belize R., British Honduras; Tucuru, ete., Guate-
mala; Barranca, etc., Costa Rica; Vivala, etc., Veragua; etc.).—ScLaTEr,
Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 176.
Rhamphocelus passerintti LAFRESNAYE, Mag. de Zool., 1837, 2° classe, not. 81 (p. 3)
(description ).—Satvaportr, Atti Roy. Ac. Sci. Torino, iv, 1868, 177 (Costa
Rica).
Ramphopis passerinii BoNAPARTE, Notes Orn. Coll. Delattre, 1854, 52.
thamphopis flammigerus (not of Jardine and Selby) Barrp, in Stansbury’s Rep.
Gt. Salt Lake, 1852, 330 (‘Columbia R., Oregon’’).
RAMPHOCELUS COSTARICENSIS Cherrie.
CHERRIE’S TANAGER,
Similar to 22. passerin7i but larger; adult female and immature male
very different from those of 2. passerinii, having the lower back,
rump, and upper tail-coverts, as well as the chest ‘‘ ochraceous-rufous”
or rufous-orange, the chest sometimes orange chrome.
Adult male.—Intense velvety black, the whole lower back, rump,
and upper tail-coverts bright, pure, intense scarlet, the feathers with
basal half pure white and with a yellow bar between the white and
scarlet; bill grayish blue, with black tip; legs and feet grayish blue
(dusky in dried skins).
Adult female.—* Above, whole head varying from a dusky slate
black to a slate gray; back and scapulars dusky yellowish olive; rump
and upper tail-coverts ochraceous-rufous of varying intensity in the
different specimens. Wings dusky brownish black, inner webs of
quills darkest; tail blackish. Below, chin and throat grayish; breast
ochraceous-rufous like the rump; the rest of lower parts yellowish
olive, darker along the sides. Bill black with plumbeous base. Feet,
dark plumbeous.” (Cherrie.')
'The description quoted is given for both the adult female and the immature (at
that time erroneously supposed to be the adult) male.
112 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Immature male.—Similar in color to the adult female.’ Wing,
77.7-80.3 (78.7); tail, 67.3-72.9 (70.4); exposed culmen, 14.7—16 (15.5);
nostril to tip of maxilla, 12.7; tarsus, 22.1—-23.4 (22.9).?
Adult female.—Wing, 77.5-79.8 (78.5); tail, 69.6-74.2 (71.1);
exposed culmen, 14.7-16 (15.2); nostril to tip of maxilla, 12.7; tarsus,
21.6—-23.9 (22.6).°
Southwestern Costa Rica (Pozo Azul; Boruca; Palmar; Buenos
Aires; Navarro).
Ramphocelus costaricensis CHERRIE, Auk, viii, Jan., 1891, 62 (Pozo Azul, s. w.
Costa Rica; coll. Costa Rica Nat. Mus.); Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xiv, 1891,
531 (Navarro, Costa Rica; crit. ).
Ramphocelus costaricensis CHERRIn, Auk, x, 1893, 278 (Boruca, Palmar, and Buenos
Aires, s. w. Costa Rica; habits, song, etc.; descr. adult male).
RAMPHOCELUS CHRYSOPTERUS Boucard.
GOLDEN-WINGED TANAGER,.
Adult male.—‘* Upper and under side velvety black; tail and wing,
brownish black underside [of wings and tail?], rump and upper tail-
coverts magnificent topaz orange; bill, bluish. Total length, 158.7;
wing, 82.5; tail, 76.2; bill, 19.” (Original description. *)
Isthnius of Panama.
It is quite impossible to tell from the very unsatisfactory description
quoted above just what the characters of this species are. Judging
from the name it would seem that there must be some orange or yellow
about the wings, but the description does not say so; possibly by
‘‘underside ” (second mention of this term) is meant the under wing-
coverts. Should there be really yellow on the wings, even on the
underside, the species would be distinct enough. Otherwise, it seems
to resemble 2. chrysonotus,’ from central Colombia, which, however,
has the wings and tail wholly black, even on the ‘‘ underside.”
Ramphocelus chrysopterus Boucarp, The Humming Bird, i, no. 7, July 1, 1891, 53
eiite of Panama, Colombia; coll. A. Boucard).
: eontine to Mr. Creme is bird breeds in ae plumage. An immature male in
the collection of the United States National Museum differs from Mr. Cherrie’s descrip-
tion in having the head hair brown (much deeper on pileum) instead of slate-black or
slate-gray, in having the breast dull orange chrome instead of ochraceous-rufous, and
the rump light yellowish olive, with tips of the feathers broadly dull orpiment orange,
the upper tail-coverts being uniformly of a rather deeper shade of the latter color.
2Three specimens (breeding birds) ; two from Pozo Azul, measured by Mr. Cherrie,
the other from Navarro.
’Three specimens from Pozo Azul, measured by Mr. Cherrie.
4The measurements converted from inches.
5 R[amphocelus] chrysonotus Lafresnaye, Rey. et Mag. de Zool., ser. 2, v, June, 1853,
246 (Colombia).—Rhamphocelus chrysonotus Sclater, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886,
177 (Antioquia, Colombia).
Adult male similar to that of R. icteronotus, but much larger and with the rump
and upper tail-coverts rich cadmium yellow, tinged with orange, instead of lemon or
canary yellow; wing, 88.9; tail, 73.7; exposed culmen, 15.2; tarsus, 22.4.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 113
RAMPHOCELUS ICTERONOTUS Bonaparte.
YELLOW-RUMPED TANAGER,
Adult male.—Intense glossy black; whole lower back, rump, and
upper tail-coverts rich pure lemon yellow, the yellow feathers with
basal half pure white; bill pale blue (darker, more plumbeous in dried
skins) with black tip; iris red;' legs and feet grayish dusky (bluish in
life); length (skins), 147.3-190.5 (169.9); wing, 78.7—88.6 (84.1); tail,
69.6-78.7 (73.9); exposed culmen, 14.7—-16.8 (15.2); depth of bill at base,
8.19.4 (8.9); tarsus, 22.9-24.9 (23.9); middle toe, 15.5-17.3 (16.5).?
Adult female.—Pileum, hindneck, back, and scapulars dusky olive,
the scapulars and interscapulars, in fresh plumage, margined with
yellowish olive; lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts clear yellow
(lemon or canary), the feathers with basal portion grayish; wings and
tail dusky, the wing-coverts and tertials margined with light olive or
yellowish olive; underparts yellow (canary or sulphur), deeper (lemon
or deep canary) on chest, paler (sometimes dull whitish) on chin; bill,
iris, legs, and feet as in adult male; length (skins), 152.4-174 (160.3);
wing, 75.7-82.8 (79.2); tail, 69.3-79 (72.4); exposed culmen, 13-15.5
(14.7); depth of bill at base, 7.9-8.6 (8.1); tarsus, 22.1-24.4 (23.4);
middle toe, 15.5-17 (16).*
Young male in jirst year.—Exactly like the adult female in colora-
tion.
Immature male.—V ariously intermediate, according to age, between
the adult male and female.
Veragua (Santiago) through western and central Colombia to west-
1 According to Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1859, 139.
* Ten specimens.
* Five specimens.
Specimens from western Ecuador average larger than those from the Isthmus of
Panama, but the difference is by no means constant, and I am not able to detect any
constant difference in coloration, though some adult males from Guayaquil have the
rump paler yellow (canary yellow) than any examined from the isthmus. Average
measurements are as follows:
Ex- Depth |
Locality. Wing.| Tail. | posed | of bill | Tarsus. | Middle
culmen.} at base. s
s = - eee _
MALES.
Six adult males from Isthmus of Panama....-.-.-.--| 82.8 72.6 15.0 8.6 23. 4 16.3
Four adult males from western Ecuador (Guaya-
CUULI) eee eee ete eee eee tos aie seein 86.4 76.2 17 8.9 24.6 17.0
FEMALES.
Four adult females from Isthmus of Panama ...-. leeu/8ab 70.6 14.5 | 8.1 23.1 | 16.0
One adult female from western Ecuador (Guaya-
UU) Besser eee ecco oe mrateeseiee ents casera a: ls eS2h0 79.0 15:2 8.1] 23.9 15.7
| | | |
38654—voL 2—01——8
114 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
ern and central Ecuador (Guayaquil; Pallatanga; Babahoyo; Nanegal;
Chimbo; Cayandeled; Pinampunga; Santa Rita; Quito), and central
Peru.
Ramphocelus icteronotus BoNAPARTE, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1837, 121 (‘‘ Mexico
and South America’’); Rey. Zool., i, 1838, 8 (redescribed).—LAFRESNAYE,
Rey. Zool., ix, 1846, 365, 366 (redescribed; crit.; Colombia, Bolivia ?).—
SciatEer, Proc. Zool. Soe. Lond., 1855, 157 (Bogota, Colombia); 1856, 131
(monogr.; Buenaventura and Choco Bay, w. Colombia; Guayaquil and near
Quito, Ecuador); 1859, 139 (Pallatanga, w. Ecuador); 1860, 65 (Pallatanga),
86 (Nanegal, w. Ecuador), 274 (Babahoyo, w. Ecuador); Synop. Ay. Tan-
agr., 1856, 55; Cat. Am. Birds,1862, 80 (Nanegal, w. Ecuador).—Cassry,
Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1860, 141 (Turbo, Rio Atrato, and Rio Truando,
n. w. Colombia).—LAwrENcE, Ann. Lye. N. Y., vii, 1861, 297 (Lion Hill,
Panama R. R.).—Scuiatrer and Satviy, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, 250
(Lion Hill).—Taczanowsx1, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1877, 332 (centr. Peru).—
Roginson, Flying Trip to Tropics, 1895, 161 (Puerto Berrio, n. Colombia).
R[{hamphocelus] icteronotus CaBants, Mus. Hein., i, 1850, 26 (Colombia).
Ramphocelus icteronotus Satvrin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, 139 (Santiago,
Veragua).—ScnaTer and Savin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, 501 (Antio-
quia, Colombia).—BrriepscH and Taczanowsk1, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
1883, 546 (Chimbo, w. Ecuador; crit.); 1884, 298 (Cayandeled and Pinam-
punga, w. Ecuador).—ALuen, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., ii, 1889, 71 (Quito,
Ecuador).
[ Ramphocelus] icteronotus SCLATER and Satvin, Nom. Avy. Neotr., 1875, 21.
Rhamphocelus icteronotus Satvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, 1, 1883,
282.—Sciater, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 177 (Santiago, Veragua;
Paraiso Station and Panama, Panama R. R.; Choco Bay, Sallango, ‘‘ Bogota,”’
Remedios, and Medellin, proy. Antioquia, Colombia; Guayaquil, Pallatanga,
Nanegal, and Santa Rita, w. Ecuador).—Srone, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila.,
1899, 307 (Ibague, centr. Colombia).—Satyaport and Fesra, Boll. Mus. Zool.
etc., Torino, xv, no. 257, 1899, 18 (Gualea, Vinces, Intac, and Foreste del Rio
Peripa, w. Ecuador; crit. ).
R{amphopis] icteronotus Gray, Gen. Birds, ii, 1844, 363.
Ramphopis icteronotus Du Bus, Esquiss. Orn., 1845, pl. 15 (Guayaquil).
Ramphoceles icteronotus ScuaterR, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1860, 292 (Esmeraldas,
w. Ecuador). .
Ramphocelus varians LAFRESNAYE, Rev. Zool., x, 1847, 216, part.
RAMPHOCELUS INEXPECTATUS Rothschild.
ROTHSCHILD’S TANAGER,
Adult male.—** Chin, sides of neck, head, hind neck, interseapulium,
wings, with upper and under coverts, tail, center of abdomen, and
thighs black; rest of plumage bright yellow. This yellow is much
darker than that of the rump in PA. écteronotus, Bp., but not orange
as in Rh. chrysopterus, Bouc. On the occiput are a number of scat-
tered feathers bordered with yellow; this may or may not be the
remains of immature plumage. Total length, 155 mm.; wing, 82;
tail, 70; culmen, 16; tarsus, 20.
‘* Habitat.—Panama.” (Original description.)
Rhamphocelus inexpectatus Rorascuitp, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, no. xlii, Feb. 27,
1897, p. xxxii (Panama; coll. Tring Mus. ?).
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. BLS
RAMPHOCELUS FESTAE Salvadori.
FESTA’S TANAGER,.
Adult male.—Velvety black; lower back, rump, and upper tail-
coverts scarlet; upper breast with a broad transverse semilunar band
of dull red; sides tinged with red; anal feathers scarlet; bill plum-
beous, feet black. Total length, 165; wing, 80; tail, 72; culmen, 15;
tarsus, 22.
LHabitat.—Chiriqui, Central America.
Similar to Ramphocelus passerinii, but much smaller, and distin-
guished by the transverse band of red on upper breast, the sides tinged
with red, and the anal feathers red. (Translation of original descrip-
tion.)
Rhamphocoelus festae Satvaport, Boll. Mus. Zool. Anat. Comp. Torino, xi, no.
249, July 4, 1896, 1 (Chiriqui; coll. Turin Mus. ).
RAMPHOCELUS DUNSTALLI Rothschild.
DUNSTALL’S TANAGER.
Adult male.—* Head, neck, and throat black, washed all over with a
dull crimson flush. Back, rump, and upper tail-coverts brilliant
crimson orange; these feathers with their basal halves white. Wing-
coverts, wings, and tail black. Chest orange-crimson. Abdomen,
flanks, and under tail-coverts rufous orange; the center of abdomen
has the appearance of being intermixed with black, as the feathers
there have black instead of white bases, and a few also black tips.
Thighs black. Wing, 80; tail, 73.7; tarsus, 20.3; culmen, 16.8.
**Received from Mr. K. Dunstall, after whom I have named it. By
the make of the skin it evidently came from Central America, and
probably from Panama.” (Original description.’)
Rhamphocoelus dunstalli RoruscHitp, Novit. Zool., ii, no. 4, Dec., 1895, 481
(Panama?; coll. Tring Mus. ).
RAMPHOCELUS LUCIANI Lafresnaye.
BONAPARTE’S TANAGER.
Adult male.—Head and neck all round, upper part of chest, back,
scapulars, wings, tail, abdomen, and median portion of breast, chest,
under wing-coverts, and axillars black, the neck (sometimes whole head
also) and back more or less tinged with dusky red or maroon, some-
times the whole head, neck, upper chest, and back wholly maroon,
except on concealed portion of the feathers; lower back, rump, upper
tail-coverts, under tail-coverts, and lateral portions of under side of
body (broadly) uniform glossy scarlet or scarlet-vermilion; maxilla
black; mandible pale bluish gray, with terminal third (approximately)
black; legs and feet dusky (in dried skins); length (skins), 157.5—160
‘The measurements converted from inches and tenths.
116 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
(158.8); wing, 78.7-81.3 (80); tail, 72.4-74.2 (73.2); exposed culmen,
14-14.5 (14.2); depth of bill at base, 4.8-5.1; tarsus, 21.6-22.4 (21.8);
middle toe, 14.7—15.2 (15).*
Adult female.—Head, neck, and upper chest uniform sepia brown;
interscapulars, scapulars, and smaller wing-coverts dusky, broadly
margined with lighter sepia brown, the back tinged with tawny olive;
greater wing-coverts, remiges, and rectrices dusky, edged with light
sepia brown; lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts orpiment orange;
under parts of body light buffy orange, slightly paler on abdomen,
deeper (inclining to orpiment orange) on under tail-coverts; bill bluish
gray basally, dusky terminally; legs and feet dusky horn color (in
dried skins); length (skins), 152.4; wing, 79.8; tail, 72.4; exposed cul-
men, 14.5; greatest width of mandibular rami, 3.8; tarsus, 21.6; mid-
dle toe, 15.”
Northern Colombia (Cartagena) to Isthmus of Panama (Lion Hill
station, Panama Railroad).
I have not been able to examine a specimen from the type locality
of this species (Cartagena), but the original description applies fairly
well to the Panama bird. The birds from eastern Peru, usually
referred to this species, however, are very distinct, and should proba-
bly bear the name Ramphocelus melanogaster Swainson.*
Rhamphocelus luciani LAFRESNAYE, Rey. Zool., i, Apr., 1838, 54 (Cartagena, Colom-
bia; coll. Lafresnaye).—BonapartTr, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 242.—ScLaTEr,
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1856, 180 (monogr.; Cartagena); Synop. Avy. Tanagr.,
1856, 54.—LAwRENCs, Ann. Lyc. N.Y., vii, 1861, 331 (Lion Hill, Panama R. R. ).
Tanagra (Rhamphocelus) luciani LAFRESNAYE, Mag. de Zool., sér. 2, 1839, Ois.,
p: 1p 2.
Rhamphocelus luciani Satvin and GopMman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1883, 284,
part (Lion Hill; Colombia).—Sciater, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 173,
part (Panama; Colombia).
R[amphopis] luciani Gray, Gen. Birds, ii, 1844, 363.
RAMPHOCELUS DIMIDIATUS DIMIDIATUS Lafresnaye.
CRIMSON-BACKED TANAGER,
Adult male.—Head, neck, upper chest, back, and scapulars plain
dark crimson-maroon, the feathers gray basally and more or Jess
broadly black medially, the subbasal black somewhat exposed on scap-
ulars; wings and tail uniform black; lower back, rump, upper tail-
coverts, and under parts of body (except abdomen) blood red; abdomen
black; maxilla black, mandible bluish gray (pale blue in life’); legs
and feet grayish dusky (bluish gray in life’); length (skins), 149.9-
154.9 (151.9); wing, 75.7-81.3 (77.5); tail, 66.8—71.6 ‘69.1); exposed
'Two specimens, both from Panama.
? One specimen, from Panama.
* Ramphopis melanogaster Swainson, Anim. in Menag., 1838, 359 (Peru; coll. Sir W.
Hooker).
*Six specimens.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. NG
culmen, 12.7—15.2 (13.7); greatest width of mandibular rami, 4.8—5.:
(5.1); tarsus, 19.8—29.4 (20.6); middle toe, 13.5-15.2 (14).!
Adult female.—Head and neck uniform dark seal brown, darker
(almost brownish black) on pileum and hindneck, the forehead and
lores slightly tinged with dusky reddish; interscapulars and scapulars
dusky centrally, broadly margined with dark brownish red or reddish
brown; lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts brownish red (dull
vermilion, coral red, or dull poppy red); wings and tail blackish brown,
the wing-coverts with distinct brown or reddish brown edgings, the
remiges and rectrices with narrower and less distinct edgings of the
same, sometimes obsolete or altogether wanting; under parts of body
and under tail-coverts dull brownish red; bill blackish, with mandibular
rami grayish or brownish; legs and feet dusky (in dried skins); length,
(skins), 145.3-163.6 (154.9); wing, 74.4-78.2 (76.2); tail, 66.3-T74.7
(70.1); exposed culmen, 13.2-14.7 (14); greatest width of mandibular
rami, 4.6-5.1 (4.8); tarsus, 20.3-21.8 (21.1); middle toe, 18-14.7 (14).?
‘oung. —Similar in color to adult female, but texture of plumage
very different (loose and ‘* woolly”).
Colombia (Bogota; Santa Marta; Cartagena; etc.*), northward along
Caribbean coast to Chiriqui.
Ramphocelus dimidiatus LA¥RESNAYE, Mag. de Zool., sér. 7, 1837, classe ii, not:
Ixxxi, pl. 81 (Cartagena, Colombia).—Bonaparte, Consp. Ay., i, 1850,
242.—SciaTerR, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1855, 156 (Bogota, Colombia); 1856,
129 (monogr.; Cartagena, Santa Marta, and Bogota, Colombia; Chiriqui?;
Veragua ?; ‘‘ Nicaragua’’), 149 (Venezuela); 1858, 73 (Rio Napo, e. Ecua-
dor); Synop. Av. Tanagr., 1856, 53; Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 79 (Colombia).—
Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1860, 141 (Turbo, n. Colombia.—(?) Law-
RENCE, Ann. Lye. N. Y., vili, 1865, 176 (David, Chiriqui).—ScuaTer and
Satvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1868, 627 (Venezuela); 1870, 780 (do.).—
(?) Satvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 187, part (Mina de Chorcha,
Chiriqui).—Wyarr, Ibis, 1871, 326 (Colombia; descr. nest and eggs).—
Roprinson, Flying Trip to Tropics, 1895, 161 (Magdalena R. and Guaduas,
Colombia).—Banes, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xii, 1898, 141 (Santa Marta,
Colombia), 159 (Puebla Viejo, prov. Santa Marta), 179 (Palomina and San
Miguel, prov. Santa Marta).—ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., xiii, 1900, 168
(Cacagualito, prov. Santa Marta).
Ten specimens.
* Seven specimens.
* Specimens from central Colombia (‘‘ Bogota’’) average larger than those from the
northern coast district, average measurements being as follows:
Greatest |
Ex- width ahah
Locality. Wing.| Tail. | posed | of man-]} Tarsus. [aera
culmen.|} dibular :
| rami. |
Three adult males from Bogota -.....2...---.-.--: aZ9E8 70. 4 | 14.7 5. 1 | oele 14.7
Seven adult males from Santa Marta and lower | | |
Mar dalenavRivers-js--cs. 9-4-2 --seseeeteeasee ces] 76.5 68.6 13.2 Syl | 20.3 | 13.0
118 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Ramphocelus dimidiatus (?) Savin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, 138, part (David,
Chiriqui).—Sciarer and Savin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, 501 (Antioquia,
Colombia).
[Ramphocelus] dimidiatus ScLaTER and Satyvriy, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 21, part.
Rhamphocelus dimidiatus Satvixn and Gopman, Ibis, 1880, 120 (Santa Marta,
Colombia); Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1883, 288, part.—ScLaTeEr, Cat. Birds
Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 172 (San Antonio and Remedios, proy. Antioquia, ete.,
Colombia; Zulia, Venezuela, etc. ).—Sarvin, Cat. Strickland Coll., 1882, 191
(Bogota).—Brruerpscn, Jour. fiir Orn., 1884, 291 (Bucaramanga, Colombia).
R[hamphocelus] dimidiatus Capanis, Mus. Hein., i, 1850, 25 (Colombia).
Rhamphocelus dimidiatus Svonr, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1899, 8307 (Ambalema
and Ibague, centr. Colombia).
Rl amphopis] dimidiatus Gray, Gen. Birds, ii, 1844, 363.
Ramphocelus dimidiatus dimidiatus Rripaway, Proce. Wash. Ac. Sci., iii, Apr. 15,
1901, 150, in text.
RAMPHOCELUS DIMIDIATUS ISTHMICUS Ridgway.
PANAMA CRIMSON-BACKED TANAGER,
Similar to R. d. dimidiatus, but tail longer; adult male with. colors
less bright, the red not so pure, the black abdominal patch more
brown; adult female with head and neck decidedly lighter brown and
coloration in general decidedly lighter and duller.
Adult male.—Length (skins), 156.2-160 (158); wing, 78.7—79.2
(78.7); tail, 72.4-75.9 (73.9);.exposed culmen, 13.5-14 (13.7); greatest
width of mandibular rami, 4.8—5.3 (5.1); tarsus, 20.3-22.1 (21.1);
middle toe, 14-15.2 (14.5).’
Adult female.—Length (skins), 152.4-170.7 (163.1); wing, 73.7-
78.7 (75.9); tail, 68.3-78.7 (72.1); exposed culmen, 13.2-15.2 (14.2);
greatest width of mandibular rami, 4.3-4.6 (4.3); tarsus, 20.8-22.1
(21.3); middle toe, 13-14.5 (13.5).”
Isthmus of Panama (Frijole and Lion Hill stations, Panama Rail-
road; Panama).
Ramphocelus dimidiatus (not of Lafresnaye) Lawrence, Ann. Lye. N. Y., vii,
1861, 331 (Lion Hill, Panama R. R.).—Scuarer and Satyin, Proce. Zool.
Soc. Lond., 1864, 350 (Lion Hill).—(?) Satvry, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870,
187, part (Castillo, Chitra, Cordillera del Chucu, and Calovevora, Veragua).
(?) Ramphocelus dimidiatus Satvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, 138 (Santa Fé,
Veragua).
Rhamphocelus dimidiatus BANas, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club, ii, 1900, 30 (Loma
del Leon, Panama R. R.).
[ Ramphocelus] dimidiatus ScLATER and Sautvin, Nom. Ay. Neotr., 1873, 21, part.
Rhamphocelus dimidiatus Savin and GopMan, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1883,
283, part (Paraiso Station, Panama, etc., Panama R. R.).
Ramphocelus dimidiatus isthmicus Ripaway, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci., iii, Apr. 15,
1901, 150 (Frijole Station, Panama R. R.; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.).
1 Four specimens. 2 Seven specimens.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 119
RAMPHOCELUS DIMIDIATUS LIMATUS (Bangs).
SAN MIGUEL TANAGER.
Similar to PR. d. ¢sthmicus, but smaller; adult male with head, neck,
and back lighter crimson-maroon, iesser and middle wing-coverts
broadly tipped with crimson-maroon, greater coverts and tertials
edged with a duller shade of the same, dusky of abdomen more
restricted, sometimes obsolete; adult female similar in coloration to
RL. d. isthmicus, bat averaging rather paler and decidedly smaller,
especially the tail.
Adult male.—Length (skins), 148.6-152.4 (151.1); wing, 75.7-78.7
(77); tail, 64-69.3 (67.1); exposed culmen, 15.2-14.7 (13.7); greatest
width of mandibular rami, 4.6—5.1 (4.8); tarsus, 19.1—20.8 (20.1); mid-
“dle toe, 13-14 (13.2).
Adult female.—Length (skins), 146.1-147.3 (146.6); wing, 73.2-75.7
(74.4); tail, 64.8-68.6 (66.5); exposed culmen, 14—-14.7 (14.2); greatest
width of mandibular rami, 4.1—4.6 (4.3); tarsus, 19.8—20.6 (20.1); mid-
dle toe, 12.4-13.2 (12.7).’
Island of San Miguel, Bay of Panama.
Rhamphocelus limatus Banas, Auk, xviii, Jan., 1901, 31 (San Miguel I., Bay of
Panama; coll. E. A. and O. Bangs).
RAMPHOCELUS UROPYGIALIS Bonaparte.
MAROON-HEADED TANAGER,
Adult male.—‘* Above brownish black; lower part of rump and upper
tail-coverts bright crimson; head and neck all round dark crimson;
abdomen bright crimson, with a central patch on the belly and slight
flammulations on the sides black; thighs black; bill black; lower man-
dible except the tip bluish white; feet brown; whole length, 172.7
wing, 83.8; tail, 78.7.°
** Habitat.—Guatemala.
‘**This species is most like 7. luctani, but at once recognizable by
the biood-red uropygium and upper tail-coverts, the rest of the back
being dark brownish black. The type specimen is at present unique.”
(Sclater. )
(?) Ramphocelus affinis Lesson, Rey. Zool., iii, 1840, 1 (Mexico).
(2?) RLamphocelus] affinis Lesson, Rev. Zool., iii, 1840, 133 (Colombia; fuller
description) .
Ramphocelus uropygialis BONAPARTE, Rey. et Mag. de Zool., iii, Apr., 1851, 178
(Guatemala; coll. P. L. Sclater); Note sur les Tang., 1851, 29.—ScLaTER,
1 Seven specimens.
2 Two specimens.
3 Measurements converted from inches and tenths.
120 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1856, 180 (monogr.); Synop. Ay. Tanagr., 1856, 54;
Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 79 (Guatemala).—Satvin, Ibis, 1866, 193.
[ Ramphocelus] uropygialis SCLATER and Satyin, Nom. Ay. Neotr., 1873, 21.
Rhamphocelus uropygialis SAtvr~x and GopMaN, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1883,
284, pl. 18, fig. 2.—Scuarer, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 173 (Guatemala).
Genus PHLOGOTHRAUPIS Sclater and Salvin.
Phlogothraupis! ScuaTER and Satvin, Nom. Avy. Neotr., 1873, 21,155. (Type, Tana-
gra (Tachyphonus) sanguinolentus Lesson. )
Similar to Ramphocelus, but bill different and sexes alike in color.
Culmen broad, rounded, not ridged; maxilla deeper than mandible,
its tip slightly uncinate but not notched; mandibular rami much
shorter than gonys, truncate posteriorly. Wing rather long (about
four and one-third times as long as tarsus), but rounded, as in
Ramphocelus. Tail about six-sevenths as long as wing, rounded, the
rectrices rather broader and more pointed at tips than in Ramphocelus.
Coloration.—Black, with broad ring around neck (widening on chest)
and extending over top of head to center of forehead), and tail-coverts
blood-red; bill pale blue or bluish white.
Range.—Southern Mexico to Costa Rica. (Monotypic.)
PHLOGOTHRAUPIS SANGUINOLENTA (Lesson).
CRIMSON-COLLARED TANAGER,
Adults (sexes alike).—General color deep black, with a faint bluish
gloss, most apparent on back, scapulars, and margins of wing-coverts;
occiput, greater part of crown, hindneck, sides of neck, entire chest,
lower rump, and upper and under tail-coverts, blood red; under wing-
coverts vermilion red; bill pale grayish blue in life, whitish basally,
dark grayish terminally, in dried skins; iris red;’ legs and feet grayish
dusky (in dried skins).
Young (first plumage).—Sooty black, without gloss; blood-red areas
of the adult replaced by more broken areas of brownish red or dull
vermilion, the chest with only scattered feathers with broad red tips;
under wing-coverts pale brownish red; bill pale horn-color (in dried
skins).
Adult male.—Length (skins), 160-186.7 (174.8); wing, 85.9-94.2
(88.6); tail, 72.1-82 (79); exposed culmen, 15.2-17 (15.5); depth of
bill at base, 8.4-9.7 (9.1); tarsus, 20.6-22.9 (21.8); middle toe, 15.2-
17.3 (16.3).°
Adult female.—Length (skins), 166.4-193 (178.8); wing, 83.1-88.9
(87.4); tail, 72.4-81.3 (79); exposed culmen, 15-15.7 (15.5); depth of
1“ Proyos, flamma et Ppaavdzis, nom. propr.”’
2C. C. Nutting, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vi, 1883, 400.
* Kleven specimens.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. Poa
bill at base, 8.1-9.7 (9.1); tarsus, 20.8-22.1 (21.6); middle toe, 15.2—
16.5 (16).3
Southeastern Mexico, in States of Vera Cruz (Jalapa, Cordova,
Valle Real, Motzorongo, etc.), Oaxaca (Playa Vicente), and Tabasco
(Teapa) southward through Central America to Costa Rica (Cartago,
Navarro de Cartago, Angostura, Orosi, San Carlos, Sarapiqui, ete.).
Tanagra (Tachyphonus) sanguinolentus Lesson, Cent. Zool., 1830, 107, pl. 39
(Mexico).
Tl achyphonus] sanguinolentus Gray, Gen. Birds, ii, 1844, 365.
[ Ramphocelus] sanguinolentus BONAPARTE, Consp. Ay., 1, 1850, 242.
R[hamphocelus] sanguinolentus CABANIS, Mus. Hein., i, 1850, 26 (Mexico).
Ramphocelus sanguinolentus ScuatER, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1856, 132 (monogr.;
Valle Real and Cordova, Vera Cruz; Coban, Guatemala; Camalacan R., near
Truxillo, Honduras), 303 (Cordova); 1859, 59 (Honduras and Guatemala),
364 (Jalapa, Vera Cruz), 377 (Playa Vicente, Oaxaca); Synop. Av. Tanagr.,
1856, 56; Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 80 (Honduras; Vera Cruz).—Scuarer and
Satvin, Ibis, 1859, 16 (coast Honduras); Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, 278
(Mosquito coast, Nicaragua); 1870,836 (San Pedro, Honduras).—Moorg,
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1859, 59 (Peten, Guatemala).—Lawrencer, Ann. Lye.,
N. Y., ix, 1868, 99 (Navarro and Angostura, Costa Rica).—FRANTz1IUs,
Journ. fir Orn., 1869, 299 (Orosi, San Carlos, and Sarapiqui, Costa Rica).—
Sumicurast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., i, 1869, 549 (hot region Vera Cruz, up
to 4,000 ft).—Satnvin, Ibis, 1872, 316 (Chontales, Nicaragua).
[ Phlogothraupis] sanguinolenta ScLaTER and Satyrn, Nom. Ay. Neotr., 1873, 21.
Phlogothraupis sanguinolenta Boucarp, Proce. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, 55 (Orosi,
Costa Rica); Liste Ois. Guat., 1877, 33.—Satvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-
Am., Aves., i, 1883, 285 (Belize and Belize R., British Honduras; near Coban,
Choctum, Cahabon, and Yzabal, Guatemala; etc.).—Nurrina, Proc. U. 8. Nat.
Mus., vi, 1883, 400 (Los Sibalos, Nicaragua; food).—ScuiatsEr, Cat. Birds Brit.
1 Seven specimens.
Average measurements of specimens from different localities are as follows:
| | Ex- Depth . ‘
Locality. Wing.| Tail. | posed | of bill | Tarsus, | Middle
| culmen.) at base. ;
ae
MALES.
Four adult males from eastern Mexico (State of
AGRE COTA) SE Ce ee eee ; 90.2] 81.3 15.2 | 9.4 21.8 15.2
Four adult males from Guatemala .....-.--.-----. 88. 4 78.5 15.5 | 9N7 21.8 16.5
One adult male from southern Honduras (Segovia |
LE) eee Pee eee er Sone eee cane ae aae BEr aay aman jem | 9.4 QOESiius halbae
Two adult males from Costa Rica .......-.-.------ omepcsiceatle | aro 15.5 8.6 22 16.8
FEMALES. |
Two adult females from eastern Mexico (State of |
Wiens ruiz) Pee ses cet ts eee en ee at osetia 88.1} 78.2 15.7 9.4 21.6 15.5
Three adult females from Guatemala ...........-. 87.6 | 80 15.2 | 9.4 21.8 16.5
One adult female from northern Honduras .....-. 88.4] 84.3} ~~ 15.7 | al 21.3 15.5
One adult female from Costa Rica .............--- Soule oe 15 Sl 20) Sie eew eee
Iam not able to discover any color differences between extreme northern and
extreme southern specimens; the series of the latter is very small, however.
122 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Mus., xi, 1886, 178.—ZeEtEpon, Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, i, 1887, 109 (Car-
tago and Navarro de Cartago, Costa Rica).—Ripeway, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus.,
x, 1888, 585 (Segovia R., Honduras).—Ricumonp, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xvi,
1893, 489 (Rio Escondido, Nicaragua, and Rio Frio, Costa Rica; habits;
descr. nest and eggs).
Genus LANIO Vieillot.
Lanio Viriti0or, Analyse, 1816, 40. (Type, Tanagra atricapilla Gmelin. )
Pogonothraupis! CaBanis, in Schomburgk’s Reis. Brit. Guiana, ili, 1848, 669.
(Substitute for Lanio Vieillot. )
Medium sized to rather large Tanagers, with the maxilla compressed
and abruptly hooked at tip, the tomium with a conspicuous median
tooth; adult males with the plumage mainly black and yellow.
Bill nearly as long as the head, much compressed and strongly hooked
terminally, the maxillary tomium with a conspicuous tooth-like pro-
jection about, or a little less than, one-third the distance toward base;
mandibular tomium obliquely beveled at tip, then faintly concave to
beneath the maxillary tooth, then slightly arched for about the basal
two-thirds; culmen nearly as long as tarsus, nearly or quite straight
for most of its length; gonys decidedly shorter than length of maxilla
from nostril. Nostril partly concealed by distinct antrorse frontal
bristles, rather large, nearly circular. Rictal bristles conspicuous;
mental bristles distinct, strongly recurved. Wing about five and one-
third to five and three-fourths times as long as the short tarsus, rounded
(eighth to fifth primaries longest, ninth not longer than fourth); pri-
maries exceeding secondaries by about length of tarsus or a little
more. Tail shorter than wing by not more (usually much less) than
length of tarsus, slightly rounded, the rectrices rather broad, with
rounded or very slightly pointed tips. Legs and feet comparatively
very weak; tarsus little if any longer than exposed culmen; middle
toe with claw about as long as tarsus; lateral claws falling a little
short of base of middle claw; hind claw shorter than its digit.
Coloration.—Adult males with head, wings, and tail black, the rest
of the plumage mainly yellowish, with a white patch between scapu-
lars and lesser wing-coverts; females brownish above, paler, some-
times tinged with yellow below, the throat sometimes grayish or
whitish.
Range.—Southern Mexico to Trinidad, Bolivia, and Ecuador.
KEY TO THE SPECIES OF LANIO.
a. Back and under parts of body yellow; head, wings, and tail black. (Adult
males. )
b. Throat black. (Southern Mexico to Honduras. )
Lanio aurantius, adult male (p. 123)
bb. Throat white or buffy.
L“TIéy av, Bart; Opaunis nom propr.”’
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 193
c. Lower back and rump yellow. (Central Nicaragua to central Costa Rica. )
Lanio leucothorax, adult male (p. 124)
ce. Lower back and rump black. (Veragua, Chiriqui, and southwestern Costa
TERT Galatea eases te hare we Lanio melanopygius, adult male (p. 125)
aa. Back, wings, and tail brown; head brown or grayish, much paler on throat;
under parts of body dingy yellow. ‘
b. Throat light gray; flanks yellow, tinged with olive-brown; under tail-coverts
yellow or dull orange; rump yellowish--.Lanio aurantius, adult female (p. 123)
bb. Throat light brown or grayish brown; flanks and under tail-coverts tawny or
yellowish cinnamon; rump not yellowish.
c. More russet-brown above, the head umber brown, and throat wood brown, or
sale llagcoloneee ass eee eee Lanio leucothorax, adult female (p. 124)
cc. More olive-brown above, the head olive, and throat grayish brown or brown-
eV ol Cod ct iyy Gre ees heer eee ee ne oe Lanio melanopygius, adult female (p. 125)
LANIO AURANTIUS Lafresnaye.
MEXICAN SHRIKE=TANAGER.
Adult male.—Head, neck (except lower foreneck), scapulars, wings
(except part of lesser and middle coverts), tail, and thighs uniform
black; inner portion of lesser wing-covert area and innermost middle
coverts (except tips) white; back, rump, and under parts of body yel-
low (grading from cadmium yellow on back to canary yellow on pos-
terior under parts); lower foreneck tawny, the chest more or less
tinged with the same; under wing-coverts white, with broad black
external border; upper tail-coverts black, the shorter ones yellow with
black central areas; bill black; legs and feet dusky; length (skins),
179.1-205.7 (190.8); wing, 104.4-106.7 (105.4); tail, 89.2-96.5 (93);
exposed culmen, 18-20.6 (19.6); depth of bill at base, 8.6-10.2 (9.1);
tarsus, 19.3-20.6 (20.1) middle toe, 14-16 (15.2).’
Adult female.—Pileum and hindneck dark olive, usually more or
less tinged with slate-gray, especially on forehead; back and scapulars
olive-brown, the lower back lighter and more tawny, or ochraceous-
olive, this passing into olive-ochraceous or dull gallstone-yellow on
rump; wings and tail plain brown (intermediate between raw umber
and mars brown); sides of head similar to pileum but not quite so dark
and rather grayer, passing into smoke gray on chin, throat, and fore-
neck; under parts of body lemon yellow, shaded with olive on chest,
sides, and flanks; the latter slightly more fulvous; under tail-coverts
fulvous-yellow or ochraceous-orange; maxilla blackish, mandible paler,
more horn color; legs and feet horn brownish (in dried skins); length
(skins), 175.3-196.9 (183.9); wing, 94-99.6 (97); tail, 79.8-91.2 (85.6);
exposed culmen, 17.5-19.3 (18.5); depth of bill at base, 8.9-9.7 (9.1);
tarsus, 18.8-19.8 (19.3); middle toe, 13.5-14.2 (14).’
Southeastern Mexico, in States of Vera Cruz (Orizaba, Santecoma-
pan, etc.), Oaxaca (Guichicovi), and Tabasco (Teapa), Guatemala (Coban,.
Chisec, Choctum, Kampamak, Kamkhal, etc.), British Honduras
(Belize), and Honduras.
1 Seven specimens. * Five specimens.
i24 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Lanio aurantius LAPRESNAYE, Rey. Zool., iv, 1846, 204 (‘‘ Colombia;’’ coll. Lafres-
naye ').—Duv Bus, Esquis. Orn., 1845(?), pl. 21.—Bonaparre, Consp. Av., i,
1850, 240.—SciaterR, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1856, 119, 303 (Orizaba, Vera
Cruz; Honduras); 1857, 229 (Santecomapan, Vera Cruz); Synop. Av.
Tanagr., 1856, 43; Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 83 (Guatemala; Vera Cruz); Cat.
Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 202 (Santecomapan; Brit. Honduras; Coban,
Choctum, Chisec, and Kamkhal, Guatemala; Honduras).—SciarTer and Sat-
vin, Ibis, 1859, 15 (Honduras); Exotic Orn., pt. iv, 1867, 61, pl. 31.—Sumr-
cHrast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., i, 1869, 549 (tierra caliente, Vera Cruz).—
Lawrence, Bull. U. 8. Nat. Mus., no. 4, 1876, 19 (Guichicovi, Oaxaca) .—
Bovearp, Liste Ois. Guat., 1878, 33.—Sanvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-
Am., Aves, i, 1873, 304 (Belize, British Honduras; Kampamak, Guatemala,
ete. ).
L{anio] aurantius Gray, Gen. Birds, iii, App., 1849, 16.
[Lanio] aurantius ScLaTER and Satyin, Nom. Ay. Neotr., 1873, 22.
LANIO LEUCOTHORAX Salvin.
WHITE-THROATED SHRIKE-TANAGER,
Adult male. —Head and neck (except throat and foreneck), scapulars,
wings (except innermost lesser and middle coverts), tail, and thighs
black; throat and foreneck white, the first margined laterally with black,
the last tinged with buff or decidedly of this color; innermost lesser
and middle wing-coverts white, the former with basal half (concealed)
abruptly blackish, the latter with terminal or subterminal roundish or
transverse spots of black; back bright chrome yellow, fading to lemon
yellow on rump, the feathers of both grayish basally with a blackish
bar between the gray and yellow, this subterminal blackish broadest
on rump; upper tail-coverts black, the shorter ones with yellowish or
fulvous tips; under parts of body lemon yellow; under tail-coverts paler
yellow, with concealed portion largely (sometimes mostly) blackish;
bill black; iris brown; legs and feet dusky (in dried skins); length
(skins), 182.9-195.6 (190); wing, 99.1-102.9 (100.6); tail, 86.4-89.4
(87.4); exposed culmen, 17.8-19.3 (18.5); depth of bill at base, 8.4-9.7
(9.1); tarsus, 18-19.6 (19.1); middle toe, 12.7-14.2 (13.5).°
Adult female.—Pileum uniform sepia brown; sides of head similar
but slightly paler; back, scapulars, wings, and tail plain rich brown
(intermediate between tawny-olive and mummy brown), the color
fading gradually on rump into light tawny-olive or olive-tawny; chin,
throat, and foreneck light wood brown; under parts of body yellow,
pure on median portion of breast and abdomen, duller (more wax
yellow) on chest and sides, passing into cinnamon-tawny on flanks;
under tail-coverts lighter cinnamon-tawny, margined with yellow;
maxilla blackish; mandible dusky terminally, horn color basally, legs
and feet horn brownish (in dried skins); length (skin), 191.8; wing,
! Types now in the collection of the Boston Society of Natural History.
* Carmiol, manuscript.
> Three specimens.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 25
96.5; tail, 84.6; exposed culmen, 18.5; devth of bill at base, 9.1
tarsus, 17.5; middle toe, 14.
Eastern Nicaragua (Chontales) to central Costa Rica ‘Angostura;
Tucurrique; Pacuare).
.
5
Lanio leucothorax Sauvin, Proc. Zool. Soe. Lond., 1864, 581 (Tucurriqui, Costa
Rica; coll. Salvin and Godman); Ibis, 1872, 317 (Chontales, Nicaragua ).—
Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1865, 171 (Angostura, Costa Rica).—
ScuaterR and Sarvin, Exotic Orn., pt. iv, 1867, 63, part, pl. 32 (fig. of
female).—Lawrencr, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., ix, 1868, 100 (Tucurrique, Angos-
tura, and Pacuare, Costa Rica).—Franrzrus, Journ. fiir Orn., 1869, 299
(Costa Rica).—Satvrn and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1883, 305.—
SciatTer, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 203.—ZeELEpon, Anal. Mus. Nac.
Costa Rica, 1, 1887, 110 (Costa Rica) .
[ Lanio] leucothorax ScLaTER and Sarvin, Nom. Ay. Neotr., 1873, 22, part.
LANIO MELANOPYGIUS Salvin and Godman.
BLACK-RUMPED SHRIKE-TANAGER,
Similar to Z. /eucothorax, but adult male with rump and tail-coverts
black, and throat duller white or buffy; adult female with throat and
chest grayer and rump darker.
Adult male.—Head and neck (except throat and foreneck), scapulars,
wings (except innermost lesser and middle coverts), lower back, rump,
upper and under tail-coverts, thighs, and tail black; innermost lesser
and middle wing-coverts white, the latter with black tips; interscapular
region rich lemon or chrome yellow; throat soiled white or dull buffy
white, the lateral anterior portion and the chin black; whitish of
throat passing into a more decided (sometimes strongly) buffy hue on
chest; under parts of body lemon yellow; under tail-coverts black, more
or less margined (the shorter ones at least) with canary yellow; bill
black; iris dark brown;' tarsi horn brownish (in dried skins), toes
darker; length (skins), 178-190 (181); wing, 96.5-102 (99.8); tail,
83-93 (89.3); exposed culmen, 18.5-20 (19.1); depth of bill at base,
9-10 (9.2); tarsus, 18-20 (19.1); middle toe, 13.5-15 (14).’
Adult female.—Pileum olive, passing into olive-brown or deep raw
umber on back, this into tawny-olive on rump, the wings and tail colored
much like the back; sides of head similar in color to pileum, but
slightly grayer, passing into light hair brown on chin, throat, and
chest; breast and sides light yeHowish olive or olive-yellow, passing
into a more tawny-olive hue on flanks; median portion of breast and
abdomen lemon yellow; under tail-coverts cinnamon; bill blackish,
the maxilla becoming horn color basally; legs and feet dusky (in dried
skin); length (skin), 170-182 (177); wing, 86—94.5 (91.5); tail, 77.5-88
(83); exposed culmen, 18-19 (18.3); depth of bill at base, 8.5—9 (8.6);
tarsus, 17.5-18 (17.9); pe toe, 12.5-15 (13. 9).°
1 Heyde, eae z pore en specimens. 3 Five specimens.
126 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Southwestern Costa Rica (Pirris, Pozo Azul de Pital, etc.), south
to Veragua (Cordillerra de Tolé, Santiago, Cordillera del Chucu,
Chitra, Calovevora, Santa Fé) and Chiriqui (Bugaba, Volcan de Chiri-
qui, Divala, ete.)
Lanio leucothorax (not of Salvin, 1864) Satvry, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867,
139 (Cordillera de Tolé, Santiago, Calovevora, and Santa Fé, Veragua; crit.);
1870, 188 (Volean de Chiriqui and Bugaba, Chiriqui; Cordillera del Chucu,
and Chitra, Veragua).—ScLaTer and SaLvIn, Exotic Orn., pt. iv, 1867, 63,
part, pl. 32 (fig. of male).
Lanio melanopygius Satvin and GopMAN, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, sig. 39,
Dec. 1883, 305 (ex ‘‘ Lanio leucothorax melanopygius, Ridgw. Pr. U. 8. Nat.
Mus. 1883;’’ Bugaba, Chiriqui; coll. Salvin and Godman).—Rip@way,
Proc. U.'S. Nat. Mus., vi, no. 26, Apr. 11, 1884, 412 (Pirris, Costa Rica;
crit.).—SciaTer, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 203.—ZELEDON, Anal.
Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, i, 1887, 110 (Pozo Azul de Pirris, s. w. Costa Rica).—
Cuerrir, Anal. Inst. Fis.-Geog. Costa Rica, vi, 1893, 13 (Pozo Azul de Pital,
s. w. Costa Rica; descr. young).
Genus PHANICOPHILUS Strickland.
Phenicophilus STRICKLAND, Jardine’s Contr. Orn., 1851, 104. (Type, Turdus
palmarum Linnzeus. )
Medium sized, plainly colored Tanagers with the bill rather small
and slender (exposed culmen, however, at least two-thirds as long as
tarsus), tail even, shorter than length of wing to tips of secondaries,
and outermost (ninth) primary longer than third; adults olive-green
above, gray or gray and white beneath, the head chiefly black.
Bill nearly as long as head, slender-conoid, its depth at base much
less than half the length of exposed culmen, and about equal to or
slightly greater than its basal width; exposed culmen about four-fifths
as long as tarsus, nearly straight for about the basal half, then grad-
ually decurved to the slightly uncinate tip; gonys a little shorter than
distance from nostril to tip of maxilla, nearly straight; maxillary
tomium gently concave throughout, distinctly notched subterminally;
mandibular tomium faintly convex terminally, then straight to the
decided but not abrupt basal deflection. Nostril wholly exposed,
nearly circular, in anterior end of nasal fosse, bordered behind by
membrane. Rictal bristles short, indistinct. Wing moderate (about
three and a half to three and three-fourths times as long as the rather
long tarsus), rounded (seventh and sixth primaries longest, ninth
shorter than fifth); primaries exceeding secondaries by less than length
of maxilla from nostril. Tail shorter than wing by considerably less
than length of tarsus, even or very slightly rounded, the rectrices
‘ather narrow, with firm webs and rounded tips. Tarsus decidedly
longer than middle toe with claw; outer claw reaching to base of mid-
dle claw, the inner claw not quite so far; hind claw shorter than its
digit—all the claws well curved and sharp.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 17
Coloration.—Above plain olive-green; top-and sides of head black,
or gray with white supraloral, supraauricular, and suborbital marks;
beneath bluish gray and white. Sexes alike.
ftange.—Island of Haiti, Greater Antilles. (Two species.)
KEY TO THE SPECIES OF PHZNICOPHILUS.
a. Crown and occiput black; whole throat and median portion of chest, breast, and
abdomen white. (Haiti.)...........- Phenicophilus palmarum, adults (p. 127)
aa. Crown and occiput gray, like hindneck; median portion of throat gray; whole of
chest, breast, and abdomen, as well as sides and flanks, gray. (Haiti.)....---
Phenicophilus poliocephalus, adults, (p. 128)
PHAZNICOPHILUS PALMARUM (Linnezus).
PALM TANAGER.
Adult (sewes alike).—Pileum and sides of head black, sharply defined
below and posteriorly, relieved by a large white spot on each side of
forehead, a white spot on lower eyelid, and a broad white supraauricular
streak (beginning near of middle upper eyelid); malar region, chin,
whole throat, and median portion of chest, breast, and abdomen white;
hindneck and sides of neck slate-gray, passing into lighter gray (no. 7
or cinereous) on sides of breast, sides, and flanks; rest of upper parts
plain yellowish olive-green; edge of wing light yellow; maxilla black;
mandible grayish or horn color (in dried skins), becoming black at tip;
iris dark brown; legs and feet horn color or dusky (in dried skins).
Adult male.—Uength (skins), 157.5-160 (158.8); wing, 82.8-87.6
(85.1); tail, 66.5-71.1 (68.8); exposed culmen, 17.3-18.3 (17.8); depth
of bill at base (one specimen), 7.6; tarsus, 23.1-24.6 (23.9); middle
toe, 15-16 (15.5).!
Adult female.—Length (skin), 166.4; wing, 83.1; tail, 71.1; exposed
culmen, 16; depth of bill at base, 6.4; tarsus, 23.4; middle toe, 16.’
Young.—** Similar to the adults, except that the black of the head
is replaced by dusky grayish or slate color, and the entire head, neck,
and breast are washed with olive yellowish.” (Cherrie.)
Island of Haiti, Greater Antilles.
[Turdus] palmarum Lrxnamus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, i, 1766, 295 (based on Le Pal-
miste Brisson, Orn., ii, 301, and Le Palmiste a téte noir Brisson, Orn., ii, 303 ).—
GMELIN, Syst. Nat., i, pt. ii, 1788, 824.—LarnHam, Index Orn., i, 1790, 356.
Tachyphonus palmarum Virittor, Nouy. Dict. d’ Hist. Nat., xxxii, 1819, 359;
Enc. Méth., ii, 1823, 803.
Ar[remon] palmarum Gray, Gen. Birds, iii, 1849, App., p. 16.
Arremon palmarum Bryant, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xi, 1866, 92.
Phenicophilus palmarum StRIcKLAND, Jardine’s Contr. Orn., 1851, 104.
Phenicophilus palmarum Scuater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1856, 84 (monogr. );
1857, 232; Synop. Av. Tanagr., 1856, 22; Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 92; Cat.
Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 234.—Satvin, Cat. Strickland Coll., 1882, 198.—
Cory, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vi, 1881, 152 (Haiti; habits, ete.); Birds Haiti
1 Two specimens. *One specimen,
128 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
and San Dom., 1885, 56, pl. (21), fig. 5 (mountains of interior); Auk, iii,
1886, 200 (synonymy and descr.); Birds W. I., 1889, 87; Cat. W. I. Birds,
1892, 16, 114, 131.
Phoenicophilus palmarum Cerri, Contr. Orn. San Dom., 1896, 14 (habits,
notes, etc. ).
[ Phenicophilus] palmarum ScuaTer and Satvix, Nom. Avy. Neotr., 1873, 25.—
Cory, List Birds W. I., 1885, 12.
Dulus palmarum Bonaparte, Rey. et Mag. de Zool., ili, 1851, 78; Note sur les
Tang., 1851, 29.
PHAENICOPHILUS POLIOCEPHALUS (Bonaparte).
'GRAY-CROWNED PALM TANAGER,
Similar to P. palmarum, but slightly larger; under parts deeper
gray, not becoming white medially, the gray extending over greater
part of throat; crown and occiput gray, like hindneck.
Adult male.—F¥orehead, lores, suborbital region, and auricular region
uniform black, the first with a large spot of white on each side; a small
white spot on lower eyelid and another on posterior half of upper eye-
lid; crown, occiput, hindneck, and entire under parts of body uniform
gray, deeper (slate-gray) on the first, paler (no. 7 gray) on the latter;
rest of upper parts plain yellowish olive-green; edge of wing light
yellow; chin, upper throat, and malar region white, extending later-
ally to beyond end of auricular region, the space inclosed between
these white lateral stripes (including greater part of throat) deeper
gray than breast, etc., but slightly paler than hindneck; under tail-
coverts light gray, broadly margined with white; maxilla black; man-
dible dark grayish (in dried skin), blackish terminally; legs and feet
dusky horn color (in dried skin); length (skin), 167.6; wing, 61; tail,
70.4; exposed culmen, 17.8; depth of bill at base, 7.1; tarsus, 23.1;
middle toe, 15.7."
Island of Haiti, Greater Antilles.
Dulus poliocephalus BoNarartsr, Rey. et Mag. de Zool., ili, Apr., 1851, 178 (‘‘His-
paniola,’”’ i. e., Santo Domingo; coll. Paris Mus.); Note sur les Tang.,
1851, 29.
Phenicophilus poliocephalus StTRICKLAND, Jardine’s Contr. Orn., 1851, 104.
Phenicophilus poliocephalus Scuater, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 234.—Cory,
Birds W. I., 1889, 87; Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 16, 114, 131.
Phenicophilus palmarum (not Turdus palmarum Linnzeus) Sciarer, Proce.
Zool. Soc. Lond., 1856, 84, part (supposed female); Synop. Avy. Tanager,
pene.
Phenicophilus dominicensis Cory, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vi, July, 1881, 129
(Haiti; coll. C. B. Cory), 152 (s. coast Haiti, near Jacmel); Birds Haiti
and San Dom., 1885, 58, pl. 8 (Jacmel, Haiti); Auk, iii, 1886, 200.
Phoenicophilus dominicensis ReicHENow and ScHatow, Journ. fiir Orn., 1884, 407
(republication of orig. description ).
[ Phenicophilus] dominicensis Cory, List Birds W. I., 1885, 12.
1One specimen, from Jacmel, Haiti.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 129
Genus TACHYPHONUS Vieillot.
Tachyphonus Visitor, Analyse, 1816, 33. (Type, Tangara noir male, Buffon, =
Tanagra rufa Boddaert. )
Pyrrota Viettiot, Analyse, 1816, 45. (Type, Tangaroux Buffon, = Tanagra rufa
Boddaert. )
Comarophagus Bors, Isis, 1826, 974. (Type, Oriolus leucoplerus Gmelin, = Tana-
gra rufa Boddaert. )
Medium sized or small Tanagers with rather slender bill (but exposed
culmen at least two-thirds as long as tarsus), tail rounded and equal
to or longer than length of wing to tips of secondaries, and with the
outermost (ninth) primary longer than third; adult males mostly uni-
form black, usually relieved by white under wing-coverts, and some-
times by a yellow, tawny, or red crown-patch or crest; females plain
rufous, brown, or olive, paler (sometimes yellow) below.
Bill subconical, compressed terminally, shorter than head; exposed
culmen not longer than middle toe with claw (usually shorter), straight
basally (sometimes for basal half or more), strongly convex terminally,
the tip slightly (sometimes distinctly) uncinate; gonys decidedly shorter
than length of maxilla from nostril, very slightly convex or nearly
straight; maxillary tomium nearly straight, but middle portion appre-
ciably convex, distinctly, but not abruptly, deflected basally, and more
or less distinctly notched subterminally; mandibular tomium slightly
sinuate, or quite straight to the decidedly, sometimes abruptly, deflected
basal portion, the tip of the mandible acute; basal depth of bill equal
to or slightly exceeding the basal width, and equal to about two-thirds
or three-fourths the lateral length of the mandible. Nostril exposed,
roundish or horizontally oval, with moderately broad superior mem-
brane. Rictal bristles moderately long, but very slender and incon-
spicuous. Wing rather long (about three and one-fourth to three and
five-sixths times as long as tarsus), rounded (seventh to fifth primaries
longest, ninth shorter than fifth, sometimes shorter than third); pri-
maries exceeding secondaries usually by less than length of exposed
culmen (by more in Z. surinamensis). Tail shorter than wing by
much less than length of tarsus, rounded or nearly even, the rectrices
moderately broad, with compact webs and rounded tips. Tarsus
decidedly longer than middle toe with claw; lateral claws reaching
about to base of middle claw; hind claw decidedly shorter than its
digit.
Coloration.—Adult males deep black, usually with white on lesser
wing-coverts or under wing-coverts, sometimes with a buff, tawny,
orange, or red crown-patch (occasionally developed into a crest), the
rump sometimes buffy; females and young very different—plain brown-
ish, olive, or rusty above, paler below.
Range.—Southern Honduras to southeastern Brazil, Bolivia, and
Peru.
3604— VOL 2—O01
2
130 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
KEY TO THE SPECIES OF TACHYPHONUS.
a. General color black. (Adult males. )
b. With white on lesser and under wing-coverts.
c. Larger (wing more than 82.5); middle wing-coverts and part of lesser covert
area black. (Costa Rica to southern Brazil, Trinidad, and Tobago. )
Tachyphonus rufus, adult male (p. 130)
cc. Smaller (wing less than 69.8); middle wing-coverts and all of lesser covert
area white.
d. Middle wing-coverts greatly developed, covering much more than basal
half of greater coverts; crown without trace of central concealed spot of
yellow. (Veragua to Bolivia, southwestern Brazil, Venezuela, and
Mrimid ad) See ee eee Tachyphonus luctuosus, adult male (p. 132)
dd. Middle wing-coverts normally developed, covering not more than basal
half of greater coverts; crown usually with more or less of a central
patch of yellow or orange-rufous.
e. Crown-patch small, concealed, yellow, sometimes wanting. (Costa Rica,
to southeastern Honduras. )...Tachyphonus axillaris, adult male (p. 134)
ee. Crown-patch large, conspicuous, exposed, orange-rufous. (Veragua,
Chiriqui, and southwestern Costa Rica. )
Tachyphonus nitidissimus, adult male (p. 136)
bb. Without white on wing-coverts (or elsewhere). (Costa Rica to Colombia;
HWGuad Ont) scam ec note en eee ee ee Tachyphonus delattrii, adult male (p. 136)
aa. General color rufous, yellowish olive, or brown. (Adult females and young. )
b. General color rufescent (deep cinnamon-rufous above, tawny-ochraceous below ) ;
wing more than 76.2. .Tachyphonus rufus, adult female and young male (p. 131)
bb. General color not rufescent; wing not more than 69.8.
c. Above yellowish olive-green, beneath yellow.!
d. Sides of head distinctly gray; chin and throat white.
Tachyphonus luctuosus, adult female and young male (p. 133)
dd, Sides of head not distinctly, if at all, gray; chin and throat pale buffy.
e. Duller yellow below, especially across chest.
Tachyphonus nitidissimus, adult female and young male (p. 136)
ee. Brighter yellow below.
Tachyphonus axillaris, adult female and young male (pp. 134, 135)
cc. Above deep sooty brown, beneath similar but lighter.
Tachyphonus delattrii, adult female and young male (p. 137)
TACHYPHONUS RUFUS (Boddaert).
BODDAERT’S TANAGER,
Adult male.—Glossy bluish or violaceous black, the centers of the
feathers (mostly concealed) lusterless black, the basal portion grayish;
remiges and rectrices black, without gloss; under wing-coverts, axil-
lars, and lesser wing-coverts (except those near bend of wing) white;
bill black, the basal half, or more, of mandible grayish; legs and feet
black or dusky brown; length (skins), 149.9-182.9 (172); wing, 83.3-
91.4 (87.4); tail, 75.2-86.4 (80.8); exposed culmen, 15.7-18.3 (17.3);
1'The series of specimens examined of the three allied forms, C. luctuosus, C. niti-
dissimus, and C. awvillaris is very small, and I am therefore doubtful as to the relia-
bility of the characters here given,
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. st
depth of bill at base, 7.6-9.4 (8.1); tarsus, 22.6-25.4 (23.9); middle toe,
14.5-18 (16.8).2
Adult female.—Above plain rufous-chestnut; beneath plain cinnamon-
tawny or tawny-ochraceous; bill and feet as in adult male; length (skins),
157.5-185.4 (173.5); wing, 78-86.1 (82.8); tail, 70.6-82 (77.5); exposed
culmen, 16-19.6 (17.5); depth of bill at base, 7.9-9.4 (8.6); tarsus, 22.1-
24.9 (24.1); middle toe, 16-17.5 (16.8).”
Tropical South America in general, including islands of Trinidad
and Tobago; south to southern Brazil, Paraguay, and Argentina, north
through Isthmus of Panama to Costa Rica.
Tanagra albirostris (not of Linnzeus) Bopparrt, Tabl. Pl. Enl., 1783, 11 (based
on Tangara noir, @ Amerique, Buffon, Pl. Enl., pl. 179, fig. 2; adult male).
Tanagra rufa Bopparrt, Tabl. Pl. Enl., 1783, 44 (based on Le Tangaroux, de
Cayenne, Buffon, Pl. Enl., pl. 711; adult female).
Tachyphonus rufus ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., ili, no. 2, Sept. 29, 1891,
359 (Chapada, prov. Mattogrosso, s. w. Brazil; descr. nest and eggs; crit.;
iv, 1892, 52 (El Pilar, Venezuela; crit.).—CHaApman, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H.,
vi, 1894,.31, (Trinidad; habits).—Banas, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xii, 1898,
160 (Pueblo Viejo, proy. Santa Marta, Colombia), 179 (Palomina, prov.
Santa Marta).
Oriolus melaleucus SPARRMANN, Mus. Carls., 1787, no. 31 (Guiana).
Tachyphonus melaleucus ScuatEr, Proc. Zool. Soe. Lond., 1856, 113 (monogr.;
Cayenne; Guiana; Venezuela; Trinidad; Tobago; Bogota, Colombia; Pinto-
bamba, Peru; Goiaz, Pernambuco, and Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; Paraguay;
'Twenty specimens.
* Twelve specimens.
Although the series of specimens examined is, in the aggregate, a large one, the
number of specimens from separate geographic areas is in all cases small and not
sufficient to show whether the species should be subdivided or not. Average meas-
urements according to locality are as follows:
Ex- | Depth
Middle
Locality. Wing. | Tail. | posed | of bill | Tarsus.| “jy5¢
| culmen. at base. oe
MALES. | |
One adult male from Veragua ..............-.---- | 84.1] 78.0 16.5 sal D456? | eeeeeeee
Three adult males from Isthmus of Panama -.....- | 87.6 80.8 16.8 | 7.9 23.9 17.0
Three adult males from Colombia............-.---| 90. 4 82.8 16.3 | 8.4 24.6 17.3
Two adult males from eastern Peru.......-..-.--- | 85.3 80.3 17.5 8.1 24.4 | 17.0
Two adult males from Trinidad.............:..--- | 86.6 79.5 RDS eee cae 23.9 | 16.8
Tyoadult;males from Tobago.....2.......-..2..<. | 89.4 | 80.3 | 17.8 | 7.9 25. 1 | 15.7
Seven adult males from Brazil(BahiaandChapada), 86.6 | 81.3 17.8 8.4 | 23.4 16.5
FEMALES. |
Two adult females from Isthmus of Panama...--- 83.8 79.8 18.0 8591) «2456 17.0
Two adult females from Colombia........-....-.. | 79.8 | 73.4 16.8 | 9.1 23.4 | 16.8
One adult female from eastern Peru .........-.--- 86.1 81.5 | 17.0 | Oo), ) 24.9) 16.3
Two adult females from Trinidad................- 81.3 | 75.2 | 18.8 | 8.6 23.6 | 16.5
Two adult females from Tobago...........-..----.| 83.3 ACAD S725) 7.9 24.1 16.8
Three adult females from southwestern Brazil
(ermnds meena tee eA Ch ee | 83.3] 80.0 16.8 8.4| 23.9 16.8
132 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Corrientes, Argentina); Synop. Av. Tanagr., 1856, 37; Cat. Am. Birds 1862,
84 (Cayenne; Trinidad); Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 206 (Costa Rica;
Veragua; Panama; Medellin, Remedios, and Bogota, Colombia; Caracas,
Venezuela; Trinidad; Tobago; Cayenne; Bartica Grove, British Guiana;
Pari, lower Amazon; Baiao, Rio Tocantins; Pernambuco; Bahia; Rio Claro,
prov. Goiaz; Rio Parand).—Lawrence, Ann. Lye. N. Y., vii, 1861, 331
(Panama R. R.).—Sciarer and Satvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, 351
(Panama R. R.); 1867, 571 (Pardé); 1868, 167 (Venezuela); 1876, 16 (Mar-
anura, Huiro, and Protrero, s. Peru); 1879, 503, pl. 42, fig. 5 (Antioquia,
Colombia; egg figured ).—Taytor, Ibis, 1864, 82 (Trinidad) .—Frxscu, Proc.
Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 582 (Trinidad ).—PELzELN, Orn. Bras., 1871, 212.—
Wyarrt, Ibis, 1871, 327 (Colombia).—Layarp, Ibis, 1873, 379 (Para).—
Forses, Ibis, 1881, 333 (Parahyba, etc., n. e. Brazil).—Taczanowsk1, Proc.
Zool. Soc. Lond., 1882, 15 (n. e. Peru); Orn. du Pérou, ii, 1885, 504.—ZELE-
pon, Cat. Aves de Costa Rica, 1882, 7; Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, i, 1887,
110 (Brazil).—Satvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, 1, 1883, 309.—
BeriepscH, Journ. fiir Orn., 1884, 292 (Bucaramanga, Colombia); 1887, 7
(Lambaré, Paraguay; crit.), 115 (Paraguay ).—Sa.vuy, Ibis, 1885, 211 ( British
Guiana).—Ripeway, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vii, 1884, 173 (Trinidad ).—Kerrr,
Ibis, 1892, 124 (lower Pileomayo, Argentina).—Rosryson, Flying Trip to
Tropics, 1895, 161 (Guaduas, Colombia); Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xviii, 1896,
677 (Margarita I., Venezuela).—InErinG, Aves do Est. S. Paulo, 1899, 152.
Tl achyphonus] melaleucus SCLATER and Satvin, Exotic Orn., 1868, 68.
[ Tachyphonus] melaleucus ScLaTER and Satvrn, Nom. Ay. Neotr., 1873, 23.
[ Oriolus] leucopterus GMELIN, Syst. Nat., i, 1788, 392, part.
Tachyphonus leucopterus Vretttor, Nouv. Dict. d’ Hist. Nat., xxxii, 1819, 358;
Enc. Méth., ii, 1828, 803; Gal. Ois., 1834, 113, pl. 82.—D’Orsiany, Voy.
Amér. Mérid., Ois., 1839, 277.
[ Pyrrota] leucoptera Bonaparte, Consp. Ay., 1, 1850, 238.
TLachyphonus} leucopterus Gray, Gen. Birds, ii, 1849, 365.
Tanagra nigerrima GMELIN, Syst. Nat., i, 1788, 899 (based on Tangara noir,
@ Amerique Buffon, Pl. Enl., pl. 179, fig. 2).—Desmargst, Hist. Nat. Tang.,
1805, pls. 45, 46.—Maxrmi.ian, Beitr. Naturg. Bras., ili, 1830, 534.
T[achyphonus] nigerrima D’Orsiany and LarrEsNAYE, Mag. de Zool., 1837
(Synop. Av., p. 29; Corrientes, Argentina).
Tachyphonus nigerrimus Swatnson, Quart. Journ. Sci., 1826, 62.—CaBanis, in
Schomburgk’s Reise Brit. Guiana, iii, 1848, 669.—BurmetstEr, Syst. Ueb.
Th. Bras., iii, 1856, 166.—Eu.er, Journ. fiir Orn., 1867, 408 (descr. eggs).
T[achyphonus] nigerrimus CaBANIS, Mus. Hein., i, 1850, 22 (Brazil; Guiana).
Pyrrota valeryi Verreaux (J. and E.), Rev. et Mag. de Zool., vii, 1855, 351
(’ Amerique Centrale; coll. Paris Mus. ).
Tachyphonus valerii ScLATER, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1856, 114.
Tachyphonus beauperthuyi Boxaparte, Compt. Rend., xxxii, 1851, 82 (Vene-
zuela).—ScLaTer, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 85 (Venezuela).—Le&oraup, Ois.,
Trinidad, 1866, 299.
TACHYPHONUS LUCTUOSUS Lafresnaye and D’Orbigny.
WHITE-SHOULDERED TANAGER,
Adult male.—Uniform deep black; lesser and middle wing-coverts,
under wing-coverts, and axillars, pure white, the middle coverts
unusually developed, covering much the greater portion of greater
coverts; bill black, with a light bluish-gray or whitish wedge-shaped
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. Loo
space on sides of mandible, covering rami and projecting in an acute
angle more than halfway between gonydeal angle and tip of mandible;
iris brown; legs and feet bluish in life, dusky in dried skins; length
(skins), 109.2-129.5 (121.9); wing, 60.2-68.1 (64.3); tail, 51.3-58.4
(54.9); exposed culmen, 10.7-12.7 (12.2); depth of billat base, 5.1—7.1
(5.8); tarsus, 15.5-17.8 (16.8); middle toe, 9.7-10.9 (10.4).*
Adult female.—Ahbove bright yellowish olive-green, darker and dul-
‘er on pileum; sides of head (Sometimes forehead and hindneck also)
gray, paler toward malar region and on lores; eyelids dull white;
chin and throat dull buffy white; rest of under parts gamboge or light
chrome yellow medially, shading into light yellowish olive-green lat-
erally; under wing-coverts white slightly tinged with yellow; axillars
light yellow; bill and feet as in adult male; length (skins), 114.3-121.9
(118.1); wing, 61-61.5 (61.2); tail, 50.8-52.8 (51.8); exposed culmen,
12.7-13.2 (13); depth of bill at base, 5.8-6.9 (6.4); tarsus, 15.7-16.5
(16); middle toe, 9.7—-10.2 (9.9.) ”
Immature male.—Similar to the adult female, but pene and purer
yellow below; wing, 60.5; tail, 51.8; exposed culmen, 12.7; depth of
bill at base, 6.9; tarsus, 17.3; middle toe, 10.2.°
Veragua* to Trinidad, Guiana, Bolivia, and western Ecuador.
T(achyphonus] luctuosus LAFRESNAYE and D’OrpiaNy, Mag. de Zool., 1837 (Syn-
opsis Avium, i, p. 29; Guarayos, Bolivia).—Sciarrr and Savin, Exotic
Orn., 1868, 68.
Tachyphonus luctuosus Scuater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1854, 115 (Quixos, e.
Eeuador) ; 1855, 156 (eeeees Colombia); 1856, 114 (monogr.; Bolivia; e.
1Seventeen specimens, average measurements, acc online to ie ‘ality, being as follows:
Locality. | Wing. | Tail. ule of bill Tarsus. mide
| |at base. z
Tro adalt males from-Veragua .-.225..22- ss scene oe 67.1 54. 4 12.2. 6.1 17.3 10.2
Three adult males from Isthmus of Panama ........ | 63.2 54.1 12.4 6.4 17.0 10.7
Four adult males from central Colombia (Bogota) os) 67.3 | 56.9 12.2 6.1 17.3 10.4
One adult male from western Ecuador (Guayaquil) 7 63.0-| 54.6 Ded 5.3 17.0 10.4
One adult male from eastern Ecuador (Rio Napo)..| — 60. Bl p13 12.2 5.3 15.5 10.4
One adult male from lower Amazon (Diamantina) - | 60.2 | 54.1 10.7 | 5.1 15.7 9.7
One adult male from British Guiana (Demerara) ..- 62.0 | 54.6 sO 5.1 16.8 9.9
One adult male from Venezuela (Cumanacoa)..---- 64.0 | 5d. 4 127, 5.8 17.3 10.2
Rworadultanales from Trinidad. 22.25.25. 2.222... 63. m4 ees ADAG ne ciao ea ste | 16.8 9.9
| |
The series examined is much too small to show whether there are constant dif-
ferences, according to geographic area, but the specimens from Trinidad, British
Guiana, and lower Amazon have the middle wing-coverts decidedly less developed
(covering but little more than basal half of the greater coverts) than those from
Veragua, Isthmus of Panama, Colombia, and western Ecuador, and I would not be
surprised if a larger series would show that the species should be subdivided, accord-
ing to the character mentioned, into two forms having separate ranges, as indicated.
*Two specimens; one from Panama, the other apparently a ‘‘ Bogota”’ skin.
* Specimen (No. 150874, U. S. Nat. Mus.) from Cascajal, province Coclé, Panama.
* Nicaraguan and Costa Rican references to 7. luctuosus belong to T. axillaris.
134 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Peru; Quixos, e. Ecuador; Bogota and Santa Marta, Colombia; Tobago;
Trinidad ); 1860, 274 (Babahoyo, w. Ecuador), 292 (Esmeraldas, w. Ecuador) ;
Synop. Av. Tanagr., 1856, 38; Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 85 (Trinidad; Bolivia;
Colombia; Esmeraldas, Ecuador); Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., part, xi, 1886, 208
(Panama and Chepo, Isthmus Panama; Santa Marta, Remedios, and Bogota,
Colombia; Santa Rita and Esmeraldas, Ecuador; Bolivia; Engenho do Gama,
3razil; Trinidad; Bartica Grove, British Guiana) .—Casstn, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci.
Phila., 1860, 141 (Rio Truando, n. Colombia).—Lawrence, Ann. Lye. N. Y.,
vii, 1861, 297 (Panama R. R.).—ScuarEr and Sarvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
1864, 351 (Panama R. R.); 1868, 167 (Venezuela); 1879, 503 (Antioquia,
Colombia), 601 (Bolivia).—Finscu, Proce. Zool. Soe. Lond., 1870, 582
(Trinidad).—Satvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 188 (Veragua); Cat.
Strickland Coll., 1882, 194 (Bolivia?; Trinidad); Ibis, 1885, 211 ( British Gui-
ana ).—TaczANowskI1, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1877, 332 (w. Ecuador).—Brr-
LEpscH and TaczAnowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 18838, 547 (Chimbo,
w. Ecuador).—Satvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1883, 310, part
(Chepo, Isthmus Panama; South American localities and references ).—BrEr-
LEpscH and TaczANnowsklI, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1888, 574 (w. Ecuador) .—
BeruepscH, Journ. fiir Orn., 1884, 292 (Bucaramanga, Colombia); 1889, 297
(Sarayacu and Ucayali, e. Peru; crit.).—A.ien, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H.,
ii, 1889, 82 (Reyes, Bolivia).—Riker and CHapman, Auk, vil, 1890, 267
(Santarem, lower Amazon).—CuHapman, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., vi, 1894, 3
(Trinidad).—Satvaporr and Fersra, Boll. Mus. Zool., ete., Torino, xv, no.
357, 1899, 18 (Foreste del Rio Peripa, w. Ecuador).
[ Tachyphonus] luctuosus SCLATER and Satvin, Nom. Ay. Neotr., 1875, 23, part.
Pyranga luctuosa D’OrsIaNy, Voy. Amér. Mérid., Ois., 1839, 263, pl. 20, figs. 1
(male), 2 (female).
[ Lanio] tenuirostris BONAPARTE, Consp. Av., 1, 1850, 240.
Tachyphonus albispeculiaris Leoraup, Ois., Trinidad, 1866, 300.
TACHYPHONUS AXILLARIS Lawrence.
COSTA RICAN WHITE-SHOULDERED TANAGER,
Similar to 7) n7tidissimus, but adult male with colored crown-patch
much smaller, concealed, and yellow instead of orange-rufous; adult
female apparently brighter yellow below.
Adult male.—Unitorm deep black, with lesser, middle, and under
wing-coverts and axillars white; center of crown usually with a small,
mostly concealed, spot of yellow; bill black, the mandible with a pale
bluish gray or whitish space on each side covering the rami and pro-
jecting forward in an acute angle to about midway between gonydeal
angle and tip of mandible; iris brown; legs and feet dusky or dark
brownish in dried skins (bluish in life?); length (skins), 120.7-134.6
(129); wing, 63.2-65.8 (64.8); tail, 56.9-58.7 (57.7); exposed culmen,
12.4-12.7; depth of billat base, 5.8-6.1; tarsus, 17—-18.3 (17.5); middle
toe, 10.7-11.4 (10.9).’
Adult female.—Above yellowish olive-green, slightly darker and
duller on head, where sometimes slightly grayish on forehead and super-
ciliary region; beneath lemon yellow medially shading into yellowish
1 Three specimens.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 135
olive-green laterally, the throat paler, sometimes whitish; bill as in adult
male but more brownish; legs and feet horn brownish in dried skins,
light heliotrope purple in life;* length (skins), 121.9-152.1 (126.2);
wing, 59.2-61.7 (60.5); tail, 54.9-56.4 (55.4); exposed culmen, 10.9-
13.5 (12.2); depth of bill at base, 6.1-6.6 (6.4); tarsus, 17-18.5 (17.8);
middle toe, 10.2-12.4 (11.2).
Young male.—Similar to the adult female, but much browner olive-
ereen above, without any gray on head or neck; middle and greater
wing-coyerts narrowly tipped with light buffy; under parts much
duller yellow (decidedly buffy or deep maize yellow posteriorly), the
chin and throat also yellow (wax yellowish). (From type of Chloro-
spingus axillaris Lawrence; No. 64522, U. S. Nat. Mus.; Talamanca,
Costa Rica.)
Costa Rica (Angostura; Valza; Talamanca) and Nicaragua (Rio
Escondido); southeastern Honduras (Rio Segovia) ¢.”
Tachyphonus luctuosus (not of Lafresnaye and D’Orbigny) Cassin, Proe. Ac.
Nat. Sei. Phila., 1865, 171 (Angostura, Costa Rica).—Lawrence, Ann. Lye.
N. Y., ix, 1868, 100 (Angostura and Juiz, Costa Rica).—Franrzius, Journ.
fiir Orn., 1869, 299 (Costa Rica).—(?) Satvry, Ibis, 1872, 313, 317 (Chon-
tales, Nicaragua).—(?) Boucarp, Proc. Zool. Soe. Lond., 1878, 55 (San Car-
los, Costa Rica).—Satvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1883, 310,
part (Valza, Juiz, and Angostura, Costa Rica; Chontales, Nicaragua ?).—
Ripaway, Proce. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vi, 1884, 412 (Talamanca, Dos Novillos, and
Juiz, Costa Rica; crit.).—Zetepon, Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, i, 1887, 110,
part (Angostura, Costa Rica).—Rricumonp, Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., xvi, 1893,
490 (Rio Escondido, Nicaragua).
(!) [Tachyphonus] luctwosus ScuaTeR and Satvin, Nom. Ay. Neotr., 1878, 23, part
(Nicaragua).
Tachyphonus nitidissimus (not of Salvin) SAtvin and GopMAN, Biol. Centr.-Am.,
Aves, i, 1883, 312, part (Valza, ‘‘Irazu,’”’ and Angostura, Costa Rica).—
ScLaTErR, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 214, part (Valza, Costa Rica).—
ZeLEDON, Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, i, 1887, 110, part.—Crerrisz, Anal.
Inst. Fisico-Geog. Nac. Costa Rica, vi, 1893, 14 (Naranjo, Costa Rica).
Tachyphonus nitidissimus ? Ripaway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., x, 1888, 586 (Segovia
R., Honduras; crit. ).
Chlorospingus axillaris Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., x, Mar., 1874,
395 (‘‘ Volcan de Irazu,’’ i. e., Talamanca,* Costa Rica; coll. U. S. Nat.
Mus.; young male).—Sauvin, Ibis, 1874, 308 (crit.; refers it to Tachyphonus
nitidissimus) .
‘Richmond, Proe. U.S. Nat. Mus., xvi, 1893, 490.
* Three specimens.
* An adult female of a Tachyphonus from the Segovia River, Honduras, in the U. 8.
National Museum collection (No. 112099, Segovia River, June 18, 1887, C. H. Town-
send), is very similar in coloration to the adult female of 7. nitidissimus, but has the
throat entirely yellow, like rest of under parts, and the sides of head yellowish olive-
green. It may represent individual variation in this species or, possibly, a distinet
form. Its measurements are as follows: Length (skin), 132.1; wing, 60.2; tail, 55.1;
exposed culmen, 12.2; depth of bill at base, 6.4; tarsus, 18; middle toe, 10.2.
* According to José C. Zeledon, collector of the type specimen.
136 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
TACHYPHONUS NITIDISSIMUS Salvin.
VERAGUAN WHITE-SHOULDERED TANAGER.
Similar to 7. axillaris, but adult male with colored crown-pateh much
larger, conspicuously exposed, and orange-rufous instead of yellow;
adult female apparently duller yellow below.
Adult male.—General color uniform deep black; pileum with a
median, partly concealed, patch or stripe of orange-ochraceous; lesser
and middle wing-coverts white, excepting those bordering the carpal
region; axillars and under wing-covert region white, the latter with
a broad black exterior border; bill black, with rami whitish (extend-
ing more than halfway to tip of mandible, the anterior extremity
pointed); tarsi light horn color (in dried sxins), toes darker; length
(skins), 124.5-134.6 (128.8); wing, 66—68.8 (67.6); tail, 58.4-60.2 (59.2);
exposed culmen, 13-14.5 (13.7); depth of bill at base, 6.6-6.9; tarsus,
17.8-19.3 (18.5); middle toe, 10.7.'
Adult female.—Similar to the adult female of 7! ductuosus, but
without gray on sides of head, etc., and throat more buffy; above plain
yellowish olive-green, including pileum and hindneck; sides of head
lighter and duller olive-greenish, the feathers of auricular region with
dull whitish or pale yellowish shaft-streaks; lores and malar region
paler than auricular region and inclining to dull brownish buffy; chin
and throat pale buffy yellowish, the feathers whitish beneath surface;
chest, sides, and flanks dull yellowish olive or olive-yellowish, passing
into yellow on breast and abdomen; under tail-coverts paler and duller
yellow; under wing-coverts dull white, sightly tinged with yellow; bill
as in adult male but more brownish; legs and feet pale brownish (in
dried ae length (skin), 119.4; wing, 63.5; tail, 59.2; exposed cul-
men, 14.5; depth of bill at base, 7.1; tarsus, 18; aaiicacs LOs44
ae ‘agua, Chiriqui, and southwestern Costa Rica (Pirris).
Tachyphonus nitidissimus SALvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 188 (Bugaba,
Chiriqui; coll. Salvin and Godman); Ibis, 1874, 308, in text.—Ripeway,
Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vi, 1884, 412 (Pirris, s. w. Costa Rica; erit.).—SALvin
and GopMANn, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1883, 312, part, pl. 21, figs. 2, 3
(Bugabi and Vivaldi, Chiriqui).—Scuarer, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886,
214, part (Bugabs, Chiriqui).—ZELEpon, Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, i, 1887,
110, part (Pozo Azul de Pirris, Costa Rica).
[ Tachyphonus] nitidissimus SCLATER and Satvin, Nom. Ay. Neotr.,
1873, 23.
TACHYPHONUS DELATRII Lafresnaye.
TAWNY-CRESTED TANAGER.
Adult male.—Uniform sooty black, including under wing-coverts;
median portion of crown and occiput with a patch of bright tawny or
orange-tawny Se yellowish posal, composed of stiffened and
: Three specimens; two from C Rae one from Pies Costa Rica.
?One specimen, from Bugaba, Chiriqui; this, from which the description is taken,
is in rather worn plumage.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 137
elongated narrow feathers, forming a bushy crest when erected; bill
black, the rami and a little beyond dull whitish or pale grayish (in
dried skins); legs and feet dusky horn color (in dried skins); length
(skins), 142.2-149.9 (145.8); wing, 70.9-75.9 (74.2); tail, 63-65.8 (64.5);
exposed culmen, 12.4-13.5 (13); depth of bill at base, 6.6-6.9 (6.6);
tarsus, 19.8-20.6 (20.3); middle toe, 11.9-13 (12.4)."
Adult female.—Head, neck, and chest light bistre brown, darker or
deeper on pileum and hindneck; back, scapulars, and lesser wing-
coverts plain dark bistre brown or sepia, passing into blackish brown
or sooty on rump and upper tail-coverts; wings and tail brownish
black or sooty with paler (bistre brown or olive) edgings; under parts
shading gradually from light bistre (varying to almost raw umber)
anteriorly to sooty brown on under tail-coverts; maxilla blackish, man-
dible blackish or blackish brown, becoming indistinctly paler basally;
legs and feet dusky; length (skins), 154.6-142.2 (138.4); wing, 65-69.6
(66.8); tail, 59.4-60.7 (59.9); exposed culmen, 12.2-13.2 (12.7); depth
of bill at base, 5.8-6.4 (6.1); tarsus, 18.3-19.1 (18.5); middle toe, 11.9-
12.4 (12.2).?
Costa Rica (Talamanca, Pacuare, San Mateo, ete.) and southward to
western Ecuador (Pallatanga, Pasto, etc.).
Tachyphonus delatrii LAFRESNAYE, Rey. Zool., x, Mar., 1847, 72 (San Buenaven-
tura, Colombia).—Scuarter, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1856, 116 (monogr.; San
Buenaventura and Gorgona, n. w. coast Colombia); (?) 1859, 139 (Pallatanga,
w. Ecuador); Synop. Av. Tanagr., 1856, 40; Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 86
(Bogota; Pallatanga’?); Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 215 (Santa Fé and
Santiago, Veragua; Panama; Gorgona I., Remedios, and Bogota, Colombia;
Pallatanga (?) and Pasto, w. Ecuador).—Cassin, Proce. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila.,
1860, 142 (Rio Truando, Colombia); 1865, 171 (Pacuare, Costa Rica).—
Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., vii, 1861, 331 (Lion Hill, Panama R. R.).—
SciaTeR and Satviy, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, 351 (Lion Hill); 1879,
503 (Antioquia, Colombia); Exotic Orn., pt. v, 1868, 67, pl. 34, fig. of male,
not fig. of female.—Satvry, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, 140 (Santa Fé and
Santiago, Veragua).—Franrzivus, Journ. fiir Orn., 1869, 299 (Costa Rica).—
Bovucarp, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, 55 (San Mateo, Costa Rica; habits).—
Satvin and GopMaAn, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1883, 312.—ZrLEpon, Anal.
Mus. Nac., Costa Rica, i, 1887, 110 (Pacuare, Costa Rica).
Tachyphonus delatrei LAwrENcE, Ann. Lyc., N. Y., ix, 1868, 100 (Payua, Costa
Rica) .
[ Tachyphonus] delattrii ScLarER and Satyrin, Nom. Ay. Neotr., 1873, 23.
TL achyphonus] delatrii Gray, Gen. Birds, iii, 1849, App., 17.—Bonaparrr, Consp.
Awe al so0i2ars
Chlorospingus brunneus LAwrRENcR, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., x, March, 1874,
395 (‘‘ Volean de Irazit,”’ i. e., Talamanca,’ Costa Rica; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.;
female; see Salvin, Ibis, 1874, 308).
"Six specimens.
* Three specimens.
* According to José C. Zeledon, collector of the type specimen.
138 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Genus EUCOMETIS Selater.
Eucometis SCLATER, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1856, 117. (Type, Tanagra penicillata
Spix. )
Medium-sized, small-billed, plainly colored Tanagers, with depth of
maxilla in front of nostril more than one-third the distance from nostril
to tip of maxilla, tail equal to length of wing from bend to tips of
secondaries, and occiput with a slight bushy crest; colors yellowish
olive-green above, yellow below, the head gray (paler on throat).
Bill subconical, compressed, much shorter than head; exposed cul-
men less than to more than two-thirds length of tarsus, nearly straight
for basal half or more, decidedly convex terminally, with tip slightly
uncinate; gonys decidedly shorter than distance from nostril to tip of
maxilla, faintly convex; maxillary tomium straight, faintly deflected
basally; mandibular tomium nearly straight to near base, where gradu-
ally but rather strongly deflected; depth of bill at base about equal to
the basal width, and equal to or a little raore than half the length of the
exposed culmen. Nostril exposed, roundish, with narrow superior
membrane. Rictal bristles hardly obvious. Wing rather long (about
three and three-fourths to four times as long as tarsus), rounded (eighth
to fifth quills longest, ninth longer than first, sometimes longer than
second); primaries exceeding secondaries by length of exposed culmen
or more. Tail nearly as long as wing, rounded, its feathers with com-
pact webs and rounded tips. Tarsus decidedly longer than middle toe
with claw; outer claw reaching about to base of middle claw; the inner
claw not reaching quite so far; hind claw decidedly shorter than its
digit. Occiput slightly crested.
Coloration.—Plain bright yellowish olive above, saffron or indian
yellow beneath; head gray, paler (sometimes nearly white) on throat.
Sexes alike in color.
Range.—Y ueatan and Guatemala to Bolivia.
KEY TO THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES OF EUCOMETIS.
a. Chest without streaks or flammulations.
b. Crest more developed, the feathers blended, the color paler than that of loral
and orbital regions. (Veragua to Oc slombia.)—
Eucometis cristata, adults (p. 139)
bb. Crest less developed, the feathers distinctly outlined, the color not paler than
that of loral and orbital regions. (Hucometis spodocephala. )
c. Richer, more golden, olive-green above, deep saffron yellow beneath; throat
deeper gray; bill larger (exposed culmen averaging 13.5). (Costa Rica;
INTCArAO Ua pee eer Eucometis spodocephala spodocephala, adults (p. 139)
cc. Clearer, less golden, olive-green above, lemon or gamboge yellow beneath;
throat paler gray; bill smaller (exposed culmen averaging 12.7) (Yueatan;
Guatemala? ; British Honduras? ; Honduras ?)
Eucometis spodocephala pallida, adults (p. 140)
aa. Chest with streaks or flammulations of olive-green. (Chiriqui. )
Eucometis spodocephala stictothorax, adults (p. 141)
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 139
EUCOMETIS CRISTATA (Du Bus).
GRAY-CRESTED TANAGER,
Adults (sexes alike).—Head and neck gray, paler, and usually
streaked with whitish (sometimes inclining to grayish white) on malar
region, chin, and throat; crest slightly tinged with olive-yellowish;
lores and eyelids dusky gray; rest of upper parts, including lower
hindneck, plain yellowish olive-green; under parts of body saffron
yellow, becoming gradually paler posteriorly, the under tail-coverts
more chrome yellow; bill black or brownish black; legs and feet pale
buffy brownish (in dried skins).
Adult male.—Length (skins), 163.8-181.6 (169.4); wing, 86.9-94.7
(90.4); tail, 75.4-80.5 (78.2); exposed culmen, 13.7-15.7 (14.7); depth
of bill at base, 6.9-7.9 (7.4); tarsus, 21.6-22.9 (22.6); middle toe,
14.7-16.8 (15.5).
Adult female.—Length (skins), 172.2-172.7 (172.5); wing, 88.1-91.9
(89.7); tail, 74.2-84.3 (78.5); exposed culmen, 14.7-16 (15.2); depth of
bill at base, 6.9-7.4 (7.1); tarsus, 21.3-21.6 (21.6); middle toe, 14.7-16
RLDE2).?
Veragua (Chitra) to central Colombia.
Pipilopsis cristata Du Bus, Bull. Ac. Roy. Brux., xxxii, 1855, 154.
Eucometis cristata Scuater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1856, 118, part (monoer.;
Santa Marta and Cartagena, Colombia); Synop. Av. Tanagr., 1856, 42; Cat.
Am. Birds, 1862, 84 (Santa Marta and Bogota, Colombia); Cat. Birds Brit.
Mus., xi, 1886, 218, part (Panama and Paraiso Station, Panama R. R.; Ari-
hueea, Santa Marta, Minea, and Bogota, Colombia).—Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat.
Sci. Phila., 1860, 141 (Rio Truando, n. Colombia).—LawreEnceg, Ann. Lye.
N. Y., vii, 1861, 298 (Lion Hill, Panama R. R.).—Scuater and Satvin, Proce.
Zool. Soe. Lond., 1864, 350 (Lion Hill).—Satvrn and Gopman, Ibis, 1880, 121
(Santa Marta); Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1883, 306, part (Colombian refer-
ences and localities). —Banas, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xii, 1898, 142 (Santa
Marta).—ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., xiii, 1900, 168 (Bonda, ete., prov.
Santa Marta).
[ Eucometis| cristata SctaTer and Satvin, Nom. Ay. Neotr., 1878, 23.
Trichothraupis penicillata (not Tanagra penicillata Spix) ScuaTer, Proc. Zool. Soe.
Lond., 1855, 156 ( Bogota).
EUCOMETIS SPODOCEPHALA SPODOCEPHALA (Bonaparte).
GRAY-HEADED TANAGER.
Similar to #) er7stata, but gray of head and neck much darker; crest
less developed, with feathers distinctly outlined instead of blended;
tail shorter; bill much smaller.
‘Six specimens. * Three specimens.
140 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Adults (serves alike).—Head and neck plain gray, darker on pileum
(dull slate-gray, slightly tinged with olive), paler (smoke gray) on chin
and throat; upper parts (except of head and neck) plain yellowish olive-
green (as in /. er/stata); under parts, posterior to throat, deep saffron
yellow (as in /. cr/stata), deeper on chest, lighter and purer yellow on
abdomen and under tail-coverts, the sides and flanks slightly tinged
with olive; bill black; legs and feet pale buffy brownish (in dried
skins).
Adult mate. (skins), 151.1-160 (156); wing, 87.6—-92.5
(89.9); tail, 74.2-77.7 (75.9); exposed culmen, 12.4-13.2 (12.7);
depth of bill at base, 6.6—-7.4 (6.9); tarsus, 21.8; middle toe, 1
15.2 (S);"
Adult female.—Length (skins), 153.7 (one specimen); wing, 838.1—
84.6 (83.8); tail, 71.6-73.4 (72.4); exposed culmen, 13.7-14.2 (14);
depth of bill at base (one specimen), 6.9; tarsus, 21.8-22.1; middle
toe, 15.7."
Costa Rica (Trojas de Puntarenas; Nicoya; Tempate; Volcan de
Miravalles) and Nicaragua (Sucuyé; Virgin Bay; Hato Viejo).
Chlorospingus spodocephala Bonapartr, Compt. Rend., xxxix, 1854, 922 (Nica-
ragua; coll. Delattre); Notes Orn. Coll. Delattre, 1854, 22e
Chlorospingus spodocephalus ScuaTEeR, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1856, 91 (monogr. ;
Nicaragua) ; Synop. Av, Tanagr., 1856, 29.
Eucometis spodocephala Scuater, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 84 (Nicaragua); Cat. Birds
Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 219, part (Virgin Bay, Lake Nicaragua; Nicoya, Costa
Rica). Tie vin, Ibis, 1872, 316 (Virgin Bay, Lake Nicaragua).—LAWRENCE,
Ann. Lye. N. Y., ix, ‘1868, 100 (Costa Rica).—Franrzius, Journ. fur Orn.,
1869, 299 (Costa Rica).—Bovucarp, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, 445 (Costa
Rica).—Satvin and GopMman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1883, 307, pl. 20,
fig. 2, part (Virgin Bay and Hato Viejo, Nicaragua; Tempate, Costa Rica).—
Nutrina, Proce. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vi, 1884, 382 (Sucuyd, Nicaragua; habits) .—
ZELEDON, Anal. Mus. Nac. Fe. Rica, i, 1887, 110 (Trojas de Puntarenas,
Costa Bic eeenoon: Ibis, 1896, 435 (Volean de Miravalles, Costa
Rica; habits).
[ Fucometis] spodocephala ScLATER and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 23, part.
EUCOMETIS SPODOCEPHALA PALLIDA Berlepsch.
YUCATAN GRAY-HEADED TANAGER.
Similar to 7. s. spodocephala, but lighter colored; gray of chin and
throat decidedly paler; olive-green of upper parts clearer, less
‘golden;” yellow of under parts lighter and clearer, nearer lemon
ey than saffron yellow; length (skins), 153.7-162.6 (158); wing,
81.8-83.3 (82. 6); tail, 71.1-73.4 (72.1); exposed culmen, 12.7-13; ss depth
! Two specimens, from Sucuya, Nicaragua.
BIRDS OF WORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 141
of bill at base (one specimen), 5.6; tarsus, 22.4; middle toe, 13.5-14.2
(GES) sa
Yucatan; Guatemala?; British Honduras?; Honduras?
(?) Eucometis spodocephala (not Chlorospingus spodocephalus Bonaparte) Sayin
and Sciarer, Ibis, 1860, 274 (Guatemala).—Sciarer, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus.,
xi, 1886, 219, part (British Honduras; Coban, Guatemala).
Eucometis spodocephala Boucarp, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, 443 (n. Yuea-
tan).—Satvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1883, 307, part (n.
Yucatan; British Honduras ’?; Guatemala ?; San Pedro, Honduras ?).
Eucometis spodocephala pallida Breruerscu, Auk, vy, Oct., 1888, 451, 452 (Yucatan;
coll. Count von Berlepsch ).
EUCOMETIS SPODOCEPHALA STICTOTHORAX (Berlepsch).
STREAKED-CHESTED TANAGER,
Similar to /. s. spodocephala but greener or less yellowish olive-
green above, and chest streaked or flammulated with olive-green; length
(skins), 165-168 (166.5); wing, 85-89 (87.5); tail, 75-77 (76.2); exposed
culmen, 13-15 (14.4); tarsus, 22-23 (22.2); middle toe, 14-15 (14.7).?
Chiriqui (Bugaba; Boquete); Veragua?*
Eucometis spodocephala (not Chlorospingus spodocephalus Bonaparte) Satvry, Proce.
Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, 139 (Santa Fé, Veragua; crit.); 1870, 188 (Bugabd,
and Mina de Chorcha, Chiriqui).—Satvry and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am.,
Aves, 1, 1883, 307, part (Veraguan references and localities).—Sciarer, Cat.
Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 219, part (Santa Fé, Veragua; Mina de Chorcha
and Bugaba, Chiriqui).
Eucometis spodocephala stictothorar Brerterscu, Auk, vy, Oct., 1888, 451, 452 (Chi-
riqui; coll. Count von Berlepsch).
Genus PHCENICOTHRAUPIS Cabanis.
Phoenicothraupis* CaBants, Mus. Hein., i, 1850, 24. (Type, Saltator rubicu.
Vieillot. )
Medium-sized Tanagers superficially resembling the mere uniformly
' Two specimens, from Temax and Izalam, Yucatan. Two specimens, from Guate-
mala and Belize, British Honduras, respectively, which I refer, at least provision-
ally, to this form, measure as follows:
| oe oe raped
Ex- | Depth ada
Locality. | Wing. | Tail. | posed | of bill | Tarsus. ieee
culmen. | at base. agers
Two specimens (not sexed) from Yucatan........ S2461|) e725" Ze 7 5.6 22.4 13.7
One specimen (not sexed) from Guatemala.....-. 82 | TESS) | SDA eects 22:1 14
One specimen (notsexed) from British Honduras |
QBeIIZC) Rerer ere eis ere reas See seioccisas cee | 85.9 71.6 | Lee Secale 22.9 14
The Guatemala specimen, which is without definite locality, agrees minutely in
coloration with the Yucatan specimens, except that the gray of the throat is very
slightly deeper. That from Belize is intermediate in coloration between the present
form and true E. spodocephala (to which Count von Berlepsch referred it), and per-
haps should be placed with the latter rather than with the Yucatan race. A larger
series may show that instead of being only two forms there are in reality three, the
birds from Guatemala and Honduras constituting an unnamed subspecies.
* Four specimens, from Boquete, Chiriqui.
* Although Count von Berlepsch gives the habitat of this form as Veragua or
“Chiriqui in Veragua,’’ his specimens were all from Chiriqui.
*“Von Pozvié, Purpurroth und Thraupis.”’
142 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
colored species of Piranga, but outermost (ninth) primary shorter than
second (instead of decidedly longer than third); adult males with a
scarlet crown-patch and with more or less red on under parts (some-
times confined to the throat); females and young brown or olive
above, paler below.
Bill as in the more slender-billed species of /%ranga, but narrower
(width at base scarcely if at all exceeding basal depth), the gonys rela-
tively shorter, and distinctly, though slightly, convex, and maxillary
tomium without any indication of a tooth-like projection. Nostrils
narrower. Rictal bristles strong, conspicuous, and frontal bristles
(over nostrils) well developed. Wing about three and three-fourths to
a little more than four times as long as tarsus, much rounded (seventh
to fourth primaries longest, ninth shorter than second); primaries
exceeding secondaries by much less than length of tarsus. Tail shorter
than wing by much less than length of tarsus, sometimes nearly as
long as wing, more or less rounded, the rectrices rather broad, with
‘ather loose webs and somewhat pointed tips. Tarsus decidedly longer
than middle toe with claw; outer claw reaching about to or a little
beyond base of middle claw, the inner claw falling short of the latter;
hind claw shorter than its digit.
Coloration.—Adult males reddish brown, reddish gray, or dusky,
with bright red throat and crown, the feathers of the latter sometimes
developed into a more or less obvious crest; females and young usually
brownish above, paler beneath, with or without a yellowish-bufty or
tawny crown-patch; adult female sometimes similar to the male, but
duller.
Range.—Southern Mexico to southern Brazil, Paraguay, Bolivia,
and western Ecuador.
KEY TO THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES OF PHCENICOTHRAUPIS.
a. General color red. (Adult males.)
b. Scarlet crown-patch margined laterally with a black or blackish brown line;
lores and suborbital region not dusky or sooty; chin and sides of upper throat
not grayish or sooty. (Phenicothraupis rubica. )
c. Darker, the back, ete., liver brownish.
d. Throat conspicuously brighter red than chest. (Eastern Mexico to north-
ern Henduras. )....Phcenicothraupis rubica rubicoides, adult male (p. 144)
dd. Throat nct conspicuously brighter red than chest.
e. Darker above, paler below; smaller (wing averaging 90.8, tail 78.5, tarsus
23.5, midd'e toe 14.7). (Yucatan and Campeche. )
Phenicothraupis rubica nelsoni, adult male (p. 145)
ee. Paler above, darker below; larger (wing averaging 93, tail 83.5, tarsus
24.6, middle toe 16.3). (Costa Rica to Isthmus of Panama. )
Phenicothraupis rubica vinacea, adult male (p. 146)
ce. Paler, the back, ete., reddish light chestnut or dull brick reddish.
d. Under parts dull flesh color, purer flesh color on throat. (Pacific coast of
Oaxaca and Guerrero. )..Phenicothraupis rubica affinis, adult male (p. 147)
sinew pier oso
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 143
dd. Under parts dull vinaceous-pink, clearer pink on throat. (Pacific coast,
territory of Tepic.) ..-Phcenicothraupis rubica roseus, adult male (p. 147)
bb. Scarlet crown-patch not margined laterally with a line of black or blackish
brown; lores and suborbital region dusky or sooty grayish; chin and sides
of upper throat dusky or sooty grayish.
c. Back, ete., reddish dusky; tail not distinctly reddish. (Southeastern Nicaragua
to northeastern Colombia. ).-Phenicothraupis fuscicauda, adult male (p. 152)
cc. Back, ete., brownish red, grayish red, or reddish brown. (Phenicothraupis
salvini, adult male. )
d. Back, ete., brownish red or grayish red; under parts of body but slightly
tinged with gray.
e. Paler; light grayish red above.
f. Paler and more grayish. (Mugeres and Meco islands, Yucatan. )
Phenicothraupis salvini insularis, adult male (p. 152)
Jf. Darker and less grayish. (Peninsula of Yucatan. )
Pheenicothraupis salvini peninsularis, adult male (p. 151)
ee. Darker; deep brownish red above.
jf. Throat poppy red; more purplish red above and below. (Coast plain
of eastern Mexico, from southern Tamaulipas to Tabasco.)
Phenicothraupis salvini littoralis, adult male (p. 149)
ff. Throat vermilion red or scarlet; more brownish red above and below.
- (Southeastern Mexico, except coastal plain, to northern Honduras. )
Phenicothraupis salvini salvini, adult male (p. 148)
dd. Back, ete., reddish brown; under parts of body strongly tinged with
grayish. (Southern Honduras to eastern Nicaragua. )
Phenicothraupis salvini discolor, adult male (p. 150)
aa. General color olive or brownish, the throat yellow or yellowish. (Adult females
and immature males. )
b. Center of crown and occiput distinctly yellowish, ochraceous, or tawny, or else
throat not yellowish or salmon color.
c. Darker; moredecidedly olivaceous below; crown-patch more tawny-ochraceous.
d. Back, chest, ete., ochreous olive; crown-patch ochraceous or tawny.
Phenicothraupis rubica rubicoides, adult female and young male (p. 144)
dd. Back, chest, ete., more greenish olive; crown-patch more yellowish ocher.
e. Darker above, paler below, the abdomen pale buff; smaller (wing aver-
aging 82, tail 69.5).
Phenicothraupis rubica nelsoni, adult female (p. 146)
ee. Paler above, darker below, the abdomen olive-buff or buffy olive; larger
(wing averaging 85.3, tail 77.2).
Phenicothraupis rubica vinacea, adult female (p. 146)
ec. Paler; move ochraceous or buffy below; crown-patch more buffy, less dis-
tinct (sometimes obsolete).
d. Deeper colored; larger (wing 91.9, tail 85.1, exposed culmen 17.0).
Phenicothraupis rubica affinis, adult female and young male (p. 147)
dd. Paler; smaller (wing 81.5-83.8, tail 78.2-80.0, culmen 14.7-15.2).
Phenicothraupis rubrica roseus, adult female and young male (p. 147)
bb. Center of crown and occiput not yellowish, ochraceous, or tawny, but concolor
with rest of pileum, or else tinged with red; throat yellowish or salmon color,
in more or less strong contrast with color of chest.
c. Above brown; chest tawny brown or cinnamon-brownish
d. Throat yellow; chest tawny brown; back darker brown; tail bistre or sepia
brown; occiput not tinged with red.
Phenicothraupis salvini salvini, adult female and young male (p. 148)
Phenicothraupis salvini discolor, adult female and young male (p. 150)
144 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
dd. Throat ochraceous-buff, ochraceous-rufous, or dull salmon color; back
lighter brown; tail light mars brown o» cinnamon-brown; occiput tinged
with red. -
Phenicothraupis salvini littoralis, adult female and young male (p. 149)
cc. Above, olive or deep olive-brown; chest olive or yellowish olive.
Pheenicothraupis fuscicauda, adult female and young male (p. 152)
PHCENICOTHRAUPIS RUBICA RUBICOIDES (Lafresnaye).
MEXICAN ANT TANAGER,
Adult male.—Median portion of crown and occiput scarlet, forming
a bushy erectile crest of elongated narrow feathers, this scarlet patch
or crest bordered laterally by a narrow stripe of black or blackish
brown; forehead, sides of head, and upper parts (except as described)
plain dull brownish red (deep brick red, liver brown, or bay);
under parts reddish, changing gradually from light vermilion or dull
scarlet on throat to dull vinaceous on flanks and dull flesh color on
margins of under tail-coverts, the central portion of which is duller,
more grayish red; maxilla blackish brown; mandible horn brown; iris
brown;' legs and feet horn brown; length (skins), 165.1—184.2 (174.2);
wing, 90.7-98.6 (94.2); tail, 77-86.1 (81.5); exposed culmen, 15-16.8
(15.7); depth of bill at base, 8.4-9.9 (9.4); tarsus, 23.1-26.7 (24.4);
middle toe 14.7—17.3 (16).”
Adult female.—Pileum deep or dark olive anteriorly or laterally,
inclosing a more or less distinct elongated patch of ocher-yellowish,
ochraceous, or tawny, the feathers of this patch more or less tipped
with olive; rest of upper parts plain light olive, olive-brown, or slightly
ochraceous olive; under parts paler ochraceous-olive, still paler and
usually tinged with yellow on throat, the flanks browner or more olive;
bill, legs, and feet as in adult male; length (skins), 167.6-177.8 (172.2);
wing, 83.8-89.4 (86.9); tail, 73.9-79.5 (77.2); exposed culmen, 14.2—
16.5 (15.7); depth of bill at base, 8.1-9.7 (9.1); tarsus, 22.4-95.4 (24.4);
middle toe, 14.2-15.2 (14.7).’
‘ Sumichrast.
? Fourteen specimens.
* Seven specimens.
Average measurements of specimens from different localities are as follows:
Depth
Locality. Wing. | Tail. | CY | of bin | Tarsus.| Middle
* | at base. :
MALES.
|
Six adult males from eastern Mexico (Vera Cruz,
BUCS) ohare tole enim etaron es fold Sere et etaychore inicio ee mioiniaerheeietare 93.5 $1.8 15.7 9.1 25.4 16.5
Five adult males from Guatemala .............-.--. | 95.0] 81.5 16.0 | 9.4 24.4 15.7
Three adult males from Tabasco..............------ 94.2} 80.5 15.7 9.4 24.4 15.5
FEMALES.
Two adult females from eastern Mexico (Puebla) .. 87.4 79.2 16.3 | 8.6 25.1 14.5
| |
Five adult females from Guatemala ..............-. 86.6 76.2} 15.7 | 9.4 23.9 14.7
|
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 145
Immature male.—Similar to the adult female, and not always dis-
tinguishable, but usually more rufescent in coloring; sometimes russet-
brown above, the primaries and rectrices decidedly russet, crown-patch
deep tawny, and under parts strongly tinged with tawny, especially on
throat and chest.
Young (first plumage).—Above plain olive-brown, the crown with-
out any distinct patch, or none, of ochraceous; primaries and rectrices
lighter, more yellowish olive or raw umber brown; under parts plain
buffy olive, the abdomen, under tail-coverts, and throat buffy wood
brown, the last paler.
Southern Mexico, in States of Vera Cruz (Jalapa, Paplanta, Cor-
dova, etc.), Oaxaca (Playa Vicente, Guichicovi, ete.), and southward
through Guatemala to Honduras! (San Pedro; Omoa to Chilomo).
Saltlator] rubicoides LAFRESNAYE, Rey. Zool., vii, 1844, 41 (Mexico).
Ph{[oenicothraupis] rubicoides CABANIS, Mus. Hein., i, 1850, 24 (Mexico).
Phenicothraupis rubicoides Scuater, Ann. & Mag. N. H., 2d ser., xiii, 1854, 25;
Proc. Zool. Soe. Lond., 1856, 120, part (monogr.; Papantla and Jalapa, Vera
Cruz; Guatemala), 303 (Cordova, Vera Cruz); 1859, 364 (Jalapa), 377 (Playa
Vicente, Oaxaca); 1864, 173 (Valley of Mexico); Synop. Ay. Tanagr., 1856,
44; Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 83 (Mexico; Guatemala).—Scuarer and SALvIn,
Ibis, 1859, 15 (Guatemala); Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 8386 (San Pedro,
Honduras ).—Moore, Proc. Zool. Soe. Lond., 1859, 58 (Omoa to Chilomo,
Honduras).—Sanvin and Sciater, Ibis, 1860, 32 (Yzabal, Guatemala).—
Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., v, 1866, 173 (City of Mexico).—Sumr-
cHRAST, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., i, 1869, 549 (tierra caliente, Vera Cruz).—
SALVIN, Cat. Strickland Coll., 1882, 193 (Guatemala).—Satvin and GopMAN,
Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1883, 300 (Yzabal, Choctum, Alotenango, Savana
Grande, Escuintla, Costa Grande, and Retalhuleu, Guatemala; Omoa, Hon-
duras, etc.) —CHApPMAN, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., x, 1898, 27 (Jalapa, Vera
Cruz). :
[ Phenicothraupis | rubicoides SCLATER and Satvin, Nom. Ay. Neotr., 1873, 22, part.
Phaenicothraupis vinacea (not of Lawrence) Boucarp, Liste Ois. Guat., 1878, 35.
Phenicothraupis rubicoides LAwRENcrE, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., no. 4, 1876, 19
(Guichicovi, Oaxaca).
Phenicothraupis rubicoides Boucarn, Liste Ois. Guat., 1878, 33.
Saltator rubicus (not of Vieillot) Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sei. Phila., iv, 1865, 90
(foot of Cofre del Perote, Vera Cruz).
Tanagra ignicapilla LicHTENSTEIN, Preis-Verz. Mex. Vog., 1831, 2 (nomen nudum;
Papantla,? Vera Cruz, Mexico); Journ. fir Orn., 1863, 56.
Plhenicothraupis|] ignicapilla Frxscu, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 581, in text
(Guatemala).
PHCENICOTHRAUPIS RUBICA NELSONI Ridgway.
NELSON’S ANT TANAGER,
Similar to ?. 7. rubicoides but smaller and much duller in color, with
underparts much paler; adult male with back, etc., reddish chestnut
instead of deep brick red, liver brown, or bay, the throat pale coral
'No Honduras specimens have been seen by me.
* According to Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1883, 300.
3654—voL 2—01——10
146 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
red or reddish flesh color instead of light vermilion or scarlet; adult
female with back, etc., more olive, fhe. abdomen very pale buffy.
Adult male.—Length (skins), 167.8-185 (178.2); wing, 88-97 (90.8);
tail, 76-83 (78.5); exposed culmen, 16; tarsus, 22-24 (23.5); middle toe,
14-16 (14.7.)?
Adult female.—Length (skin), 166; wing, 82; tail, 69.5; exposed
culmen, 16; tarsus, 23; middle toe, 15.”
Peninsula of Yucatan (Puerto Morelos) including Campeche
(Apazote).
Pheenicothraupis rubicoides (not Saltator rubicoides Lafresnaye) CHapman, Bull.
Am. Mus. N. H., viii, 1896, 279 (Chichen Itza, Yucatan).
PHCENICOTHRAUPIS RUBICA VINACEA (Lawrence).
VINACEOUS-THROATED ANT TANAGER,
Similar to 2. 7. rubicordes but adult male with under parts duller
reddish, especially on throat, and adult female more greenish olive
above, more yellowish olive below.
Adult male.—Above exactly as in 2. 7. rubicoides but scarlet crest
encroaching more on the forehead, where extending almost to base of
culmen; beneath asin 72. 7. rvbicoides, but throat duller red, obsoletely
streaked with still duller brownish red; length (skins), 170-188
(179.7); wing, 91.9-97 (94.2); tail, 81.5-83 (82.5); exposed culmen,
15-16 (15.7); depth of bill at base, 9.5-10 (9.8); tarsus, 24.4-24.9 (24.5);
middle toe, 16-16.5 (16.1).
Adult female.—Above light ochraceous-olive, more greenish than
in P. rv. rubicoides; sides of pileum darker than back, the median por-
tion dull ochraceous or ochre-yellowish; under parts light ochraceous-
olive on chest. similar but duller on sides and flanks, the throat and
abdomen light wax yellowish (the former indistinctly streaked with
pale grayi on olive); length (skins), 170-175 (173); wing, 82-90 (86.5);
tail, 75.5-79.5 (76.9); cxposed culmen, 15-16.5 (15.7); depth of bill at
base, 8.5-10 (9.4); tarsus, 23-24.5 (23.6); middle toe, 15.’
Costa Rica to Isthmus of Panama.
Phenicothraupis rubicoides (not Saltator rubicoides Latresnaye) Casstx, Proc. Ac.
Nat. Sci. Phila., iv, 1865, 171 (Grecia, Costa Rica).
Phenicothraupus vinacea LAWRENCE, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., xix, 1867, 94
(Panama; coll. G. N. Lawrence); Ann. Lyc. N. Y., ix, 1868, 99 (Guaitil and
Grecia, Costa Rica; descr. female).
Phoenicothraupus vinacea FRAN?zINS, Journ. fiir. Orn., 1869, 299 (Costa Rica).
Pheenicothraupis vinacea SALVIN, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 187 (Volean de
Chiriqui; Calovevora, Veragua).—Satvrn and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am.,
Aves, i, 1883, 301.—ScLarer, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 197.—UNpEr-
woop, Ibis, 1896, 485 (Volean de Miravalles, Costa Rica).
[ Phenicothraupis] vinacea SCLATER and Satvin, Nom. Ay. Neotr., 187:
' Four specimens. Oue specimen.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 147
Phenicothraupis vinacea ZeELEDON, Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, i, 1887, 110
(Tamborde, Alajuela, and Guaitil, Costa Rica).
Phenicothraupis rubwa? (not Saltator rubicus Vieillot) Satvrn, Proe. Zool. Soe.
Lond., 1867, 139 (Santa Fé, Veragua; crit. ).
PHCENICOTHRAUPIS RUBICA AFFINIS (Nelson).
OAXACA ANT TANAGER.
Similar to P. 7. rubicoides, but much paler.
Adult male.—Grayish brick red above, dull flesh color below,
slightly brighter on throat, darker and duller on chest, the sides and
flanks still duller and strongly tinged with brownish gray.
Adult female.—Light olive above (more yellowish on tail and outer
webs of primaries) the crown with an indistinct dusky stripe along
each side and the central portion, indistinctly, light ochraceous; under-
parts nearly uniform brownish buff or clay color, lighter, more decid-
edly buffy on throat, abdomen, and under tail-coverts, darker on flanks.
Adult male.—Length (skin), 190.5; wing, 91.9; tail, 83.3; exposed
culmen, 17; depth of bill at base, 9.9; tarsus, 25.4; middle toe, 15.5.
Adult female.—Length (skin), 185.4; wing, 91.9; tail, 85.1; exposed
culmen, 17; depth of bill at base, 9.9; tarsus, 25.4; middle toe, 15.2.
Pacific slope of Oaxaca (Pinotepa) and Guerrero(?).
Pheenicothraupis rubicoides affinis Netson, Auk, xiv, Jan., 1897, 66 (Pinotepa,
Oaxaca, s. w. Mexico; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus. ).
PHCENICOTHRAUPIS RUBICA ROSEUS (Nelson).
ROSY ANT TANAGER.
Similar in coloration to P. 7. affinis, but still paler, the adult male
more pinkish, the adult female more greenish above and more yel-
lowish below.
Adult male.—Above similar to P. 7. affin’s, but crest poppy red
rather than scarlet, and general color of back, wings, ete., rather
yvarmer reddish; beneath deep vinaceous-pink, clearer and deeper on
throat and chest, paler on abdomen and under tail-coverts, much grayer
on sides and flanks; length (skin), 182.9; wing, 92.7; tail, 85.9;
exposed culmen, 16.5; depth of bill at base, 9.9; tarsus, 24.9; middle
toe. 15.5."
Adult female.—Above light greenish olive, the median portion of
crown indistinctly ochraceous (this sometimes obsolete); beneath vary-
ing from pale dull clay color (more buffy on throat, abdomen, and
under tail-coverts) to pale dull buff-yellowish, tinged on chest, sides,
and flanks with pale grayish olive; length (skins), 175.3-177.8 (176.5);
wing, 81.5-83.8 (82.6); tail, 78.2-80 (79); exposed culmen, 14.7-15.2
(15); depth of bill at base, 8.9-9.9 (9.4); tarsus, 24.1; middle toe,
15-15.2.’
1 One specimen (the type). 2 Two specimens.
YPe, I
148 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Pacific coast district of western Mexico, in Territory of Tepic (San
Sebastian; Arroyo de Juan Sanchez).
Phenicothraupis rubicoides roseus Newtson, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xii, Mar. 24,
1898, 60 (Arroyo de Juan Sanchez, Jalisco, Mexico; coll. U. 8. Nat. Mus.).
PHCENICOTHRAUPIS SALVINI SALVINI Berlepsch.
SALVIN’S ANT TANAGER,
Similar to 2. friseicauda in absence of distinct black lateral border
to the scarlet crest, brown or dusky tips to feathers of the latter, and
conspicuously yellow throat and absence of colored crown-patch in
adult females, but coloration much redder in adult males, much
browner, or less olivaceous in females.
Adult male.—Above plain brick red or liver brown (more purplish
than in 7. rubicoides), the remiges deep grayish brown terminally;
median portion of crown and occiput bright vermilion or scarlet, the
feathers tipped with dark reddish brown; lores, suborbital region, and
anterior portion of malar region dusky, the chin similar but paler
(dull brown or grayish brown); throat clear vermilion red, changing
on under parts of body to brownish red, this changing on flanks to
much duller grayish red or dusky vinaceous; under tail-coverts light
vermilion red, duller (pale grayish red) medially; bill black; legs and
feet light horn brownish; length (skins), 177.8-209.6 (198.1); wing,
93.7-109 (102.1); tail, 85.6-99.6 (94.5); exposed culmen, 14.7-17.5
(16.5); depth of bill at base, 7.9-9.4 (8.6); tarsus, 25.9-28.5 (26.9);
middle toe, 16.3-18.8 (17.5).’
Adult female.—Above, including sides of head, plain deep umber
brown, without lighter or differently colored space in center of
pileum; lores, suborbital region, anterior portion of malar region,
chin, and lateral margin of upper throat brownish gray or dusky;
throat ocher-yellow or dull cadmium yellow, sometimes approaching
orange-ochraceous; chest tawny-olive, russet, or orange-russet, the
sides and flanks similar but duller, the abdomen paler (light tawny-
olive or raw umber, sometimes tinged with yellow); under tail-coverts
cinnamon; bill and feet as in adult male; length (skins), 180.3-190.5
(182.4); wing, 86.9-97 (90.4); tail, 81-87.1 (83.6); exposed culmen,
16-18 (16.8); depth of bill at base, 7.9-9.1 (8.4); tarsus, 25.1-26.9
(25.7); middle toe, 16.3-17.3 (16.8).’
Similar in coloration to the adult female and often
Immature male.
not distinguishable.
Southern Mexico, in States of Vera Cruz (Orizaba; Motzorongo),
Oaxaca (Guichicovi; Santo Domingo; Tuxtepec), and Chiapas (San
! Eleven specimens.
* Six specimens from southern Mexico (Vera Cruz and Oaxaca),
a
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 149
Benito; El Salto), and southward through Guatemala to northern
Honduras.
Phenicothraupis rubicus (not Saltator rubicus Vieillot) Sumtcurast, Mem. Bost.
Soe. N. H., i, 1869, 549 (tierra caliente, Vera Cruz).
Phenicothraupis fuscicauda (not of Cabanis) Lawrence, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus.,
no. 4, 1876, 19 (Guichicoyi, Oaxaca).
(2?) Phenicothraupis fuscicauda (not of Lawrence) Lantz, Trans. Kansas Acad.
Sci., 1896-97 (1899), 223 (Naranjo, Guatemala).
Phenicothraupis salvini Breruerscn, Ibis, 5th ser., i, Oct., 1883, 487, pl. 18 (Guate-
mala; coll. Count von Berlepsch).—Satvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-
Am., Aves, 1, 1883, 303, part (Vera Cruz; Guichicoyi, Oaxaca; Corosal and
Belize, British Honduras; Chisec, Guatemala).—Scuarer, Cat. Birds Brit.
Mus., xi, 1886, 200, part (Tehuantepec, Oaxaca; Belize and Corosal, British
Honduras; Chisec, Guatemala).
Phenicothraupis salvini salvini Ripaway, Proce. Wash. Acad. Sci., i, Apr. 15,
1901, 150, in text.
PHGENICOTHRAUPIS SALVINI LITTORALIS (Nelson).
TABASCO ANT TANAGER,
Similar to P. s. salvind, but adult male much more purplish or rosy
red and adult female and immature male much more reddish, with
throat deep ochraceous-buff or dull orange to ochraceous-rufous tinged
with red instead of yellow, and under parts of body tawny-ochraceous
to cinnamon-rufous, tinged with red medially.
Adult male.—Ahove plain deep brick red; wings grayish brown
(deep hair brown), with brick red edgings, this color occupying whole
outer web of tertials; primaries edged for basal half with pale brick
red, for terminal portion with pale grayish brown; median portion of
crown and occiput poppy red, the feathers with tips extensively dark
reddish brown; lores, suborbital region, anterior portion of malar
region, chin, and sides of upper throat dusky brownish gray or sooty;
throat poppy red; rest of under parts changing from dark or dull
poppy red on chest to paler, more vinaceous, red on abdomen and to
dark vinaceous on flanks; under tail-coverts pale poppy red or deep
flesh-pink, tinged with grayish on median portion of each feather; bill
black, the mandible sometimes more brownish basally; legs light horn
brownish, the toes somewhat darker; length (skins), 205.7-213.1
(208.3); wing, 101.6-106.7 (104.4); tail, 90.4-99.3 (95.5); exposed cul-
men, 17.8-19.8 (19.1); depth of bill at base, 10.2-10.7 (10.4); tarsus,
25.4-28.2 (26.7); middle toe, 16-17.5 (16.8).!
Adult female.—Above deep mars brown, the center of crown and
occiput more or less strongly tinged with brownish red; lores, subor-
bital region, anterior portion of malar region, and chin dull grayish or
brownish gray; throat varying from orange-buff to deep salmon-color
or dull saturn red; chest cinnamon-rufous or deep tawny, fading into
tawny-ochraceous or paler cinnamon-rufous on abdomen, the sides and
1 Six specimens.
150 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAE MUSEUM.
flanks russet; under tail-coverts clear tawny; maxilla blackish, mandi-
ble brownish or blackish, or the former basally, the latter See
legs and feet as in-adult male; length (skins), 179.8-197.1 (187.
wing, 89.4-98 (93.5); tail, 82-87.9 (84.6); exposed culmen, 15. 748
(17.3); depth of bill at base, 9.4-10.4 (9.9); tarsus, 25.1—26.4 (25.7);
tarsus, 25.1-26.4 (25.7); middle toe, 15-16.5 (16).’
Immature male.—Similar to the adult female, but usually(7) more
reddish (throat dull saturn red to pale dull vermilion), under parts
tinged with red, and median portion of crown and occiput dull reddish,
Coast plain of eastern Mexico, from southern Tamaulipas (Alta
Mira; Tampico) to Chiapas (El Salto) and Tabasco (Frontera).
Phenicothraupis fuscicauda salvini Ricumonp, Proce. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xviii, Aug.
12, 1896, 631 (Alta Mira, Tamaulipas).
Phenicothraupis littoralis Nevson, Auk, xviii, Jan., 1891, 48 (Frontera, Tabasco,
s. e. Mexico; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus. ).
PHCENICOTHRAUPIS SALVINI DISCOLOR Ridgway.
NICARAGUAN ANT TANAGER,.
Adult male.—Similar to P. s. salvin7, but upper parts much duller
in color (chocolate instead of purplish brick red or liver brown);
throat paler vermilion or searlet, and under parts of body paler and
much more tinged with gray, the flanks decidedly grayish; length
(skins), 180.8-190.5 (185.9); wing, 92.5-99.1 (96.5); tail, 84.8-90.9
(87.1); exposed culmen, 17.3-19.1 (17.8); depth of bill at base, 8.1-9.7
(8.9); tarsus, 25.4-26.2 (25.7); middle toe, 15.2-17.3 (16.5).”
Adult female.—Not always distinguishable from that of 7. s? sal-
vin’, but sometimes a little more olive in coloring, especially the tail;
length (skins), 170.2-195.6 (181.4); wing, 84.1-92.2 (88.9); tail, 76.2—-
84.3 (81); exposed culmen, 16.3-17 (16.5); depth of billat base, 8.4—9.1
(8.6); tarsus, 24.9-27.7 (25.7); middle toe, 15.7-16.5 (16).*
Young male (first plumage).—Pileum, hindneck, and under parts
brownish vinaceous-cinnamon, darker on the first, the last indistinctly
clouded on chest, breast, ete., with vandyke brown; back and other
upper parts warmer sepia brown, becoming clearer sepia on tail and
primaries, the latter with much paler edges; feathers of back with
paler shaft-streaks; bill horn brownish, paler at tip.*
Southern Honduras (Rio Segovia) and Nicaragua (Rio Escondido;
Los Sabalos; Managua).
(2?) Phenicothraupis fuscicauda (not of Cabanis ?) Sanvix, Ibis, 1872, 315, 516
(Chontales, Nicaragua).—Sciater, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 199,
part (Chontales).
'Six specimens.
> Five specimens.
* Four specimens.
‘Probably not different from the same stage of P. s. salvini, which, however, |
have not seen.
ee ee oe eee
peerage ugtemananerar eee cor een 0 fc
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. Dsl
Phenicothraupis rubicoides (not Saltator rubicoides Latresnaye) Nurrine, Proc.
U.S. Nat. Mus., vi, 1883, 382 (Sucuyd, Nicaragua; habits).
Pheenicothraupis salvini (not of Berlepsch) Ripa@way, Proe. U.S. Nat. Mus., x,
1888, 585 (Segovia R., Honduras).—Ricumonp, Proc.-U. 8. Nat. Mus., xvi,
1893, 490 (Rio Escondido and Greytown, Nicaragua; habits).
Pheenicothraupis salvini discolor. Ripaway, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sei., ii, Apr. 15,
1901, 150 (Rio Escondido, Nicaragua; col. U.S. Nat. Mus.).
PHCENICOTHRAUPIS SALVINI PENINSULARIS Ridgway.
YUCATAN ANT TANAGER,
Adult male.
dull brick red, paier and more tinged with grayish on sides of pileum
and on forehead, especially the latter; wings grayish brown or drab,
tinged with dull reddish, the coverts and secondaries with more decid-
edly reddish edgings, the primaries edged with pale reddish gray; tail
similar in color to back, but lighter (light dull vinaceous-rufous); median
portion of crown and occiput scarlet, the feathers with brownish tips;
lores, suborbital region and anterior portion of malar region sooty
brownish; ehin and lateral margin of upper throat sooty grayish;
throat and chest light vermilion red, becoming gradually duller pos-
Similar £0 that of 7? s. sa/x7n7, but much paler; above
teriorly, when gradually becoming paler and more tinged with gray,
the flanks dull vinaceous; length (skins), 186-200 (193.8); wing, 98—LO+
(101.2); tail, 82-104 (90.4); exposed culmen, 15-17 (16); tarsus, 24-28
(26.4); middle toe, 16-18 (17).!
Immature male.—V ery much paler than the immature male or adult
female of 7. s. sa/v/n7 and much grayer above; upper parts plain light
brown (broccoli brown with a tinge of wood brown), becoming more
ochreous or tawny brown (light raw umber) on rump and upper tail-
coverts; pileum (except laterally) brighter, more ochraceous (ochra-
ceous-cinnamon); throat pale ocher yellow; rest of under parts dull
ochraceous, darker across chest, browner (grayish cinnamon) on sides
and flanks, paler (buff-yellowish) on abdomen.
This form seems to be very close to 7? ¢nsularis, which I have not
seen; but since the deseribers of 7. 7nsu/ar/s compare it with Yucatan
specimens, which they refer to 7. sa/vin7, though the paler color of
Yucatan specimens is alluded to, I can only conclude that the main-
land and island birds are different.
Peninsula of Yucatan (Izalam; Calotmul: Puerto Morelos; La
Veen).
Pheenicothraupis rubicoides (not Saltator rubicoides Lafresnaye) Boucarn, Proce.
Zool. Soe. Lond., 1883, 448 (Izalam, n. Yucatan).
Phenicothraupis salvini BERLEPSCH, Ibis, 1883, 487, part (Izalam, n. Yucatan ).—
Sayin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1883, 303, part (Izalam, n.
Yucatan ).—Scuater, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 200, part (Izalam).
Phenicothraupis salvini peninsularis Rrpaway, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci., ii, Apr.
15, 1901, 150 (Izalam, n. Yucatan; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus. ).
‘Seven specimens. Two adult males from Canasayat, Campeche, average, wing,
104.5; tail, 90.5; exposed culmen, 16.5; tarsus, 25.5; middle toe, 16.5,
152 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
PHCENICOTHRAUPIS SALVINI INSULARIS (Salvin).
ISLAND ANT TANAGER.
Similar to P. s. peninsularis, but still paler and grayer.
Adult male.—Above grayish red, wings and tail more dusky, slightly
edged with olivaceous; vertical crest bright red, without black margin;
beneath pale red, the throat clearer, the breast and flanks tinged with
gray; bill horn color; feet hazel. Total length, 198.1; wing, 101.6;
tail, 91.4; bill to rictus, 21.6; tarsus 25.4. (Free translation of
original description. )
Adult female.—Above cinnamon; throat and median portion of
abdomen fawn color. (Translation of original description. )
According to Salvin this form is near 72. salvin7, but is much paler
and grayer above, and beneath very much paler.
Meco Island and Mugeres Island, off coast of Yucatan.
Phenicothraupis insularis Savin, Ibis, 5th ser., vi, Apr., 1888, 259 (Meco and
Mugeres islands, Yucatan; coll. Salvin and Godman).
Phenicothraupis salvini insularis Ripaway, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sei., iii, Apr. 15,
1901, 150, in text.
PHCENICOTHRAUPIS FUSCICAUDA Cabanis.
DUSKY-TAILED ANT TANAGER.
Adult male.—Upper parts dark chocolate brown, varying to seal
brown; remiges dusky, the secondaries edged with dull chocolate
brown, the primaries with brownish gray; rectrices dusky edged with
dark purplish brown or chocolate; median portion of pileum bright
vermilion or scarlet, the feathers with chocolate-brown tips; sides of
head dark chocolate brown posteriorly, becoming dusky on malar,
suborbital, and loral regions, the chin also dusky, at least laterally;
throat vermilion red or scarlet, forming a more or less triangular
patch; rest of under parts changing from dull or dusky grayish red
on chest to dark reddish gray on flanks, the under tail-coverts dull
grayish red, like chest; bill black, the basal portion of mandible some-
times more grayish; legs and feet dark horn-brownish; length (skins),
180.3-205.7 (191.5); wing, 94.7-108.9 (101.3); tail, 84.8-97.5 (91.4);
exposed culmen, 16-18.3 (17.5); depth of bill at base, 8.1-9.7 (9.1);
tarsus, 25.9-27.2 (26.2); middle toe, 16-17.8 (17.8).’
Adult female.—Above plain deep bistre brown, more olivaceous on
pileum (where sometimes very faintly tinged with yellowish in central
or median portion), and on upper tail-coverts, the wings and tail more
grayish brown or sepia; sides of head like pileum, becoming lighter
or more grayish on malar region; chin and sides of upper throat dull
erayish; throat (except sides of upper portion) ochre-yellow or gall-
stone yellow (varying to pale naples yellow or maize yellow), some-
times very faintly streaked with pale grayish; chest yellowish olive or
‘Twelve specimens.
atti
‘
;
'
7
t
BIRDS OF NORTH AND
MIDDLE AMERICA.
1538
ochraceous-olive, passing into lighter and more grayish olive on abdo-
men and into deep olive-brown on sides, flanks, and under tail-coverts;
bill and feet as in adult male, the former sometimes more brownish;
length (skins), 175.3-190.5 (184.7); wing, 86.6-95.3 (91.7); tail, 78.7—
86.4 (83.1); exposed culmen, 16.3-18.3 (17.5); depth of bill at base,
8.4-10.2 (9.1); tarsus, 24.9-26.9 (25.9); middle toe, 15.7-17.5 (16.5)."
Southern Nicaragua (Greytown; Los Sabalos) to northern Colombia
(Santa Marta). —
Phoenicothraupis fuscicauda CaBants, Journ. fiir Orn., ix, Mar., 1861, 86 (Costa
Rica; coll. Berlin Mus.).—Franvrzivs, Journ. fiir Orn., 1869, 299 (Angostura
and Sarapiqui, Costa Rica).
Phenicothraupis fuscicauda LAawrencr, Ann. Lye. N. Y., vill, 1868, 469 (Lion
Hill, Panama R. R.); vili, 1865, 179 (Greytown, Nicaragua); ix, 1868, 99
(Angostura, Costa Rica).—ScuaTer and Savin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
1864, 350 (Lion Hill; crit.).—Boucarp, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, 55
(San Carlos, Costa Rica).—Satvry and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i,
1883, 302 (Bebedero, Gulf of Nicoya, and San Carlos, w. Costa Rica, ete.).—
Nurtine, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 1884,vi, 400 (Los Sibalos, Nicaragua ).—Ripe-
way, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vi, 1884, 414 (Pacuare, Costa Rica).—ScLaTer,
Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 199, part (Nicoya, Costa Rica; Panama and
Lion Hill, Panama R. R.; Santa Marta, Colombia).
[ Phenicothraupis] fuscicauda ScLaTer and Saryix, Nom. Ay. Neotr., 1873, 22.
Phenicothraupis fuscicauda ZeLtepon, Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, i, 1887, 110
(Panama).—Ricumonp, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus, xvi, 1898, 490 (Rio Frio, Costa
Rica).
Phenicothraupis rubicoides (not Saltator rubicoides Lafresnaye) LAwrencr, Ann.
Lyc. N. Y., vii, 1861, 297 (Lion Hill, Panama R. R.).—Cassin, Proc. Ac.
Nat. Sci. Phila., 1865, 171 (Costa Rica) .
Pheenicothraupis erythrolema Scuater, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 83 (Santa Marta,
Colombia; coll. P. L. Sclater; ex Bonaparte, manuscript).
Phenicothraupis fuscicauda erythrolema Banas, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club, ii
Sept. 20, 1900, 30 (Loma del Leon, Panama R. R.; crit. ).
’
''Ten specimens.
Specimens from different localities average as
follows:
Ex- Depth | ears
Locality. Wing. Tail. posed | of bill | Tarsus. eee
| culmen., | at base. oe
MALES. |
Two adult males from southern Nicaragua........ 97.3 | 88.4 Lisa, 9.1 25.9 17.0
Three adult males from Costa Rica.........-.--.-- 102.4) 90.7 17.8 9.4 26. 2 17.3
Seven adult males from Isthmus of Panama...--. 101.9 | 93.0 17.5 8.9 26.4 17.3
FEMALES.
|
One adult female from southern Nicaragua....-..) 86.6 78.7 17.8 8.4 25.9 16.8
Five adult females from Costa Rica ............--. 91.4] 82.0] 17.5 | 8.9 25.7 16.8
Four adult females from Isthmus of Panama..... 94.2 85.3 | 17.8 9.7 26.2 16.5
Some specimens from the Isthmus of Panama are paler than those from Costa
Rica and Nicaragua, the adult males slightly more reddish above and the females
more olive (less brown); but the difference is so slight and so inconstant (judging by
the small series examined) that it does not seem justifiable to recognize a southern
form.
154 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
Genus CHLOROTHRAUPIS Ridgway.
Chlorothraupis ‘‘ Ridgway, Pr. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1885,’? Satvin and Gopman,
Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, Dec., 1883, 297.—Ripe@way, Proc. U. 8. Nat! Mus.,
vi, no. 26, Apr. 11, 1884, 412. (Type, Phenicothraupis carmioli Lawrence. )
Medium sized, plainly colored Tanagers related to Phwnicothraupis,
but with tail decidedly shorter than wing from bend to tips of second-
aries, and with feathers of crown not elongated; sexes alike in color,
olive-green above, more yellowish below.
Bill strong, with nearly straight outlines but decurved at tip, rather
deeper than broad at base, the basal depth nearly equal to length of
gonys; exposed culmen about five-sixths as long as tarsus, slightly
conyex or nearly straight to near tip, where distinctly decurved and
moderately uncinate; gonys decidedly shorter than distance from nos-
tril to tip of maxilla, slightly convex, ascending terminally; maxillary
tomium slightly notched subterminally, nearly straight, but percep-
tibly convex in middle portion. Nostril exposed, longitudinal, very
small, narrow, with broad superior membrane. Rictal bristles dis-
tinct. Wing about four times as long as tarsus, rounded (seventh to
fifth primaries longest, ninth shorter than third); primaries exceeding
secondaries by much less than length of tarsus. Tail about two-thirds
as long as wing or a little more, slightly rounded, the rectrices rather
narrow, with slightly pointed tips. Tarsus decidedly longer than
middle toe with claw; lateral claws reaching about to base of middle
claw; hind claw decidedly shorter than its digit.
Coloration.—Unitorm dull olive-green above, lighter and more yel-
lowish below.
Range.—Costa Rica to Peru. (Three species.)
This genus comes nearest, apparently, to P/ranga, from which it
differs chiefly in its more rounded wing, shorter, more rounded tail,
and dull coloration of the adult male.
KEY TO THE SPECIES OF CHLOROTHRAUPIS.
a. Supraloral streak and orbital ring yellow. (Isthmus of Panama to Ecuador.)
Chlorothraupis olivacea, adults (p. 154)
aa. No yellow on sides of head. (Costa Rica to Peru.)
Chlorothraupis carmioli, adults (p. 155)
CHLOROTHRAUPIS OLIVACEUS (Cassin).
YELLOW-BROWED TANAGER.
Adults (sewes alike?).—Ahbove plain bright olive-green, becoming
darker on pileum; anterior margin of forehead, supraloral line, and
orbital ring lemon yellow, the sides of head otherwise olive-green,
like hindneck, becoming somewhat dusky toward rictus and dull gray-
ish olive on lores; an indistinct line of olive-yellowish along lower
edge of malar region; chin and throat canary yellow medially, olive-
ro = eee ee SO
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 155
greenish laterally; rest of under parts plain light olive-ereen, becom-
ine slightly more yellowish on abdomen. *
Adult male.—Length (skin), 154.9; wing, 88.9; tail, 60.5; depth of
bill at base, 10.2; tarsus, 22.1; middle toe, 14.7.’
Isthmus of Panama (Rio Truando) and southward through Colom-
bia to Ecuador (Pasto).
Orthogonys olivaceus Casstx, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., xii, 1860, 140 (valley of
the Bio Truando, n. Colombia; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.); 1864, 287, pl 2.—
ScuaTrer and Satvry, Proc. Zool. Soe. Lond., 1879, 502 (Remedios, prov.
Antioquia, Colombia; crit. ).
Chlorothraupis olivacea SAtvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, 1, sig. 38,
Dee., 1883, 298 (valley of Truando; Pasto, Ecuador).—Scuarer, Cat. Birds
Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 195 (Remedios and Nichi, proy. Antioquia, Colombia;
Pasto, Ecuador).
CHLOROTHRAUPIS CARMIOLI (Lawrence).
CARMIOL’S TANAGER.
Adults (sexes alike).—Ahbove plain bright olive-green; beneath yel-
lowish olive-green medially, olive-green (like upper parts) on sides and
danks, the throat yellow or olive-vellow, streaked with pale grayish
olive; maxilla brownish black, mandible paler, more horn colored;
iris brown; legs and feet horn color (in dried skins).
Adult male.—Length (skins) 157.5-176.5 (167.1); wing, 88.9-94
(90.9); tail, 66-67.8 (66.5); exposed culmen, 15. ce (16.8); depth
of bill at base, 9.7-10.2 (9.9); tarsus, 29.4-94.1 (23.1); middle toe, 14—
fo. (Lo).3
Adult female.—Length (skin), 157.5; wing, 85.1; tail, 61.5; exposed
culmen, 17; depth of bill at base, 9.7; eit: 99.4: middle toe, 13.2.
Nicaragua (Chontales), Costa Rica (Angostura; Turrialba; Rio
Sucio; Valsa), and southward to northern Peru (valley of Cosnipata).
Phencothraupis carmioli LAwreNcr, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., ix, Apr., 1868,
100 (Angostura, Costa Rica; coll. U. 8. Nat. Mus.).—Satvin, Ibis, 1869, 313
(erit.).—SciaTer and Satyry, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1875, 186 (valley of
Cosnipata, s. e. Peru).—Ripeway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vi, 1883, 411
(erit.).—Satvin and GopMaAn, Bill Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1883, pl. 20,
fig. 1.—Taczanowski, Orn. du Pérou, ii, 1885, 499.
Phoenicothraupis carmioli Franrzius, Journ. far Orn., 1869, 299 Cees a
[ Phenicothraupis] carmioli ScuareR and Sauvix, Nom. Ay. Neotr., 1873, 22.
Chlorothraupis carmioli Satvrx and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, sig. 38,
Dec., 1883, 299 (Chontales, Nicaragua; Angostura and Volcan de Turrialba,
Costa Rica; Cosnipata, s. e. Peru).—Sciarer, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi,
1886, 194.—ZeLEpoN, Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, i, 1887, 110 (Rio Sucio,
Costa Rica).
1The bill and feet of the single specimen examined are in a condition which does
not permit of their color being described.
2One specimen, the type. This has the tip of the bill broken off.
Three specimens.
*One specimen.
156 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Genus NESOSPINGUS Selater.
Nesospingus ScLATER, Ibis, 5th ser., ii, July, 1885, 273. (Type, Chlorospingus specu-
liferus Lawrence. )
Medium-sized, plainly colored Tanagers with outermost (ninth) pri-
mary shorter than fourth (sometimes shorter than third); coloration
plain olive above with a small white spot at base of primaries; whitish
beneath.
Bill subconical, rather stout; exposed culmen nearly two-thirds as
long as tarsus, nearly straight basally, gradually convex for terminal
half; gonys slightly convex, nearly as long as maxilla from nostril;
depth of bill at base decidedly greater than its width; maxillary
tomium nearly straight, slightly notched subterminally, gradually and
slightly deflected basally; mandibular tomium slightly convex termi-
nally, straight in middle portion, gradually though decidedly convex
and deflected basally. Nostril exposed, small, roundish, in anterior
end of nasal fosse. Rictal bristles very weak, hardly obvious.
Wing about three and four-fifths times as long as tarsus, rounded
(seventh, sixth, and fifth primaries longest, ninth shorter than sixth,
sometimes shorter than seventh), primaries exceeding secondaries by
less than length of tarsus. Tail shorter than wing by about length of
tarsus, very slightly rounded, the rectrices moderately broad, with
firm webs and rounded, though rather narrow, tips. Tarsus decidedly
longer than middle toe with claw; lateral claws reaching about to base
of middle claw; hind claw shorter than its digit, strongly curved.
Coloration.—Above plain grayish brown, with white spot at base of
primaries; beneath white, slightly flecked on breast with grayish.
Range.—Island of Porto Rico, Greater Antilles. (Monotypic.)
NESOSPINGUS SPECULIFERUS (Lawrence).
PORTO RICAN TANAGER,
Adults (sexes alike). —Pileum, hindneck, sides of neck, and sides of head
(down to upper margin of malar region) dusky olive-grayish, the pileum
and hindneck and sides of head less dusky, the first more or less distinctly
streaked with blackish; back, scapulars, rump, upper tail-coverts, and
tail plain olive; wing-coverts and secondaries similar but slightly more
grayish, especially the greater coverts; primaries dusky, edged with
grayish olive or olive-grayish, the sixth, fifth, and fourth with outer
webs white at the base, showing beyond the primary coverts as a small
spot; under parts, including malar region, white, changing to light
grayish olive on sides and flanks; chest more or less flecked with olive-
grayish; under tail-coverts pale fulvous, with central sagittate markings
of dusky olive or brownish; maxilla dark brown or brownish black,
mandible paler horn brownish; legs and feet (in dried skins) grayish
dusky (bluish gray in life 4).
BIRDS OF NORTH AND M:DDLE AMERICA. Loe
Adult male.—Length (skins), 159.3-171.2 (163.3); wing, 81.8-86.1
(85.1); exposed pale: 15.5-17.3 (16.3); depth of bill at base, 9.7-9.9
(9.9); tarsus, 22.6-24.9 (23.4); middle toe, 15-15.7 (15.5).*
Adult female.—Length (skins), 152.1-154.9 (153.7); wing, 77.7-78.2
(78); tail, 60.5-62 (61.2); exposed culmen, 15.5-15.7; depth of bill at
base, 9.4-9.7; tarsus, 23.6—24.1 (23.9); middle toe, 14.7—15.2 (15).”
Island of Porto Rico, Greater Antilles.
-
Chlorospingus? speculiferus LAWRENCE, Ibis, 3d ser., v, July, 1875, 383, pl. 9, fig. 1
(Porto Rico; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus. ).
Chlorospingus speculiferus GUNDLACH, Journ. fir Orn., 1878, 168; 1882, 161 (descr.
nest and eggs); Anal. Soe. Esp. Hist. Nat., vii, 1878, 190.
[ Chlorospingus] speculiferus Cory, List Birds W. I., 1885, 11.
Nesospingus speculiferus Scu. ATER, Ibis, 1885, 273; Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886,
272.—Cory, Auk, iii, 1886, 199 (synonymy and descr.); Birds W. I., 1889,
86 (do.); Cat. W. L Birds 1892, 16, 114, 132.
[ Nesospingus] speculiferus Cory, List Birds W. I., revised ed., 1886, 11.
Genus CHLOROSPINGUS Cabanis.
Chlorospingus® CABANIS, Mus. Hein., i, May, 1851, 139. (Type, C. leucophrys
Cabanis, = Arremon ophthalmicus Du Bus. )
Small, plainly colored Tanagers, with small and not obviously hooked
nor toothed bill, the exposed culmen much less than two-thirds as long
as tarsus; colors plain olive or olive-green above (the pileum and hind-
neck sometimes gray, brown, or sooty), light-colored below, sometimes
with yellow on throat or chest; sometimes with white markings on sides
of head.
Bill much shorter than head, subconical, deeper than broad-at base,
where its width is decidedly less than length of gonys; exposed culmen
about half as long as tarsus or a little more, slightly convex; gonys a
little shorter than maxilla from nostril, less decidedly convex than cul-
men; maxillary tomium straight or faintly concave, slightly deflected
basally; mandibular tomium straight, slightly deflected basally. Nos-
tril exposed, small, longitudinally oval, with rather broad superior
membrane. Rictal bristles minute, hardly obvious. Wing rather
long (a little more than three to about three and one-third times as
long as the rather long tarsus), rounded (eighth to fifth primaries
fenoese, ninth shorter than fourth); primaries exceeding secondaries
by less than length of middle toe with claw. Tail shorter than wing
by less than half the length of the tarsus (C. ol¢vaceus and C. pileatus)
to nearly the length of the tarsus (C. hypopheus). Tarsus much longer
than middle toe with claw; outer claw reaching about to base of middle
claw, the inner slightly shorter; hind claw shorter than its digit—al}
the claws well curved, sharp.
' Five specimens.
2 Two specimens.
3“ Von XAawpds, griinlich, und 6mzyyos, nom. prop.”
158 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Ooloration.—Plain olive or olive-brown above, lighter olive, yellow-
ish, or dull grayish below, with or without yellow on throat: pileum
sometimes grayish or blackish, and sides of head sometimes with white
postocular spot or superciliary stripe.
Range.—Southern Mexico to Bolivia, Peru, and western Ecuador.
I feel obliged to exclude from this genus the species ranged by Dr.
Sclater, in the Catalogue of Birds in the British Museum (XI, p. 235),
under his Section B. (= //emispingus Cabanis), some of which, at least,
including the type of //emispingus, almost certainly belong to the
Mniotiltidee. |
KEY TO THE SPECIES OF CHLOROSPINGUS.
a. Pileum gray, brown, or sooty black, very different from olive-green of back; chest
and sides yellowish olive-green or olive-yellow.
b. Malar region, chin, and throat white or buffy; chest yellowish olive, olive-
yellow or buffy yellow; whitish of abdomen more extended.
c. Postauricular region light gray or brown; pileum brown, grayish, or sooty;
white postocular mark a spot beginning at upper eyelid and extending back-
ward not farther than end of auricular region (usually not so far).
d. Postauricular region (sides of neck) light gray; pileum gray.
e. Pileam and hindneck slate-gray, becoming dusky laterally; auricular
region lighter gray. (Guatemala. ) -...Chlorospingus olivaceus (p. 159)
ee. Pileum and hindneck uniform dusky gray, the forehead and crown some-
times almost grayish black; auricular region darker gray. (Guatemala;
State of Chiapas, southern Mexico.) -.Chlorospingus postocularis (p. 160)
dd. Postauricular region (sides of neck) brown; pileum brown.
e. Postocular white spot large, extending to end of auricular region; malar
region white (sometimes tinged with buff posteriorly); chest pale
yellowish olive.
f. Pileum darker or duller brown; back clearer olive-green; chest and
sides brighter yellowish olive-green. (Southeastern Mexico, States
of Vera Cruz, Puebla, and Oaxaca.)
: Chlorospingus ophthalmicus (p. 160)
ff. Pileum lighter or brighter brown; back more brownish olive-green;
chest paler and duller yellowish olive. (Mt. Azul, Vera Cruz. )
Chlorospingus sumichrasti (p. 162)
ee. Postocular white spot small, not reaching nearly to end of auricular
region; malar region buffy; chest bright yellowish olive, olive-yellow
or buffy yellow.
f. Pileum lighter brown (deep broccoli or drab); forehead and lores dis-
tinctly white anteriorly; throat wholly brownish buff; chest buffy yel-
low or ochre-yellow. (Southwestern Mexico, in State of Guerrero. )
Chlorospingus albifrons (p. 162)
ff. Pileum darker brown (sepia or grayish sepia); forehead and lores
wholly brown; throat white or brownish white, flecked with dusky;
chest bright olive-yellow. (Costa Rica to Venezuela and Bolivia. )
Chlorospingus albitempora (p. 163)
ce. Postauricular region black, like auricular region; pileum black or sooty black;
postocular white mark a broad streak beginning above the eye and con-
tinued backward as far as end of black of neck. (Costa Rica and Chiri-
QUI) oot ee Se os ps eaten Ae ee ee eee Chiorospingus pileatus (p. 165)
iA 1A ep.
"i ab
eth) nl a a A al aly hy al
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. hog
bb. Malar region black, or mostly so; chin and throat yellow flecked with black;
whitish of abdomen more restricted. ( Veragua.)
Chlorospingus punctulatus (p. 166)
aa. Pileum olive-green like back; chest and sides light grayish brown.
b. Throat gray; chest crossed by a band of olive-yellow. (Costa Rica. )
Chlorospingus olivaceiceps (p. 166)
bb. Throat dull yellow; chest light grayish brown or drab. (Veragua. )
Chlorospingus hypopheus (p. 167)
CHLOROSPINGUS OLIV/.CEUS (Bonaparte).
OLIVACEUS CHLOROSPINGUS.
Adults (sexes alike).—Pileum and hindneck slate-gray, becoming
blackish laterally, producing two rather broad but indistinct stripes;
lores rather lighter gray; orbital region dusky, passing into dull
grayish on auricular region; postauricular region (sides of neck) pale
gray; a postocular (supra-auricular) spot of white, involving posterior
half of upper eyelid; rest of upper parts plain, slightly brownish,
olive-green; malar region, chin, and throat grayish white, sometimes
slightly flecked with grayish; chest, sides, and flanks and under tail-
coverts pale yellowish olive or olive-yellowish; breast and abdomen
grayish white; bill black, the mandible sometimes more brownish;
legs and feet light horn color (in dried skins).
Young.—Gray of head much tinged with olive-green, the white
postocular spot tinged with yellow; olive-green of back, ete.,
browner; grayish white of throat and abdomen tinged with olive-
yellow; otherwise like adults. !
Adult male.—Length (skin), 135.9; wing, 71.1-72.6 (71.9); tail,
58.9-59.4 (59.2); exposed culmen, 10.2-10.4; depth of bill at base,
5.3-6.4 (5.8); tarsus, 21.3; middle toe, 11.9-12.9.?
Adult female.—Length (skin), 134.6; wing, 66.3; tail, 60.2; exposed
culmen, 9.7; tarsus, 21.1; middle toe, 10.9. (One specimen, from
Tumbala, Chiapas. )
Highlands of Guatemala (Coban, San Gerénimo, Kamkhal, ete.), and
Chiapas (Tumbala).
Poospiza olivacea Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, July 15, 1850, 473 (‘‘ Brazil;’”’ coll.
Paris Mus.).
Chlorospingus olivaceus SCLATER, Tanagr. Cat. Specif., 1854, 6; Proce. Zool. Soe.
Lond., 1856, 90 (‘‘Central America’’); Synop. Av. Tanagr., 1856, 28.—Sat-
vIN and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1883, 315 (Coban, Kamkhal,
and San Geronimo, Guatemala).—Sciarer, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886,
240.—NeEtson, Auk, xv, 1898, 157 (Tumbala, Chiapas) .
Chlorospingus ophthalmicus (not Arremon ophthalmicus Du Bus) Satvin and
SciaTER, Ibis, 1860, 32 (Coban, Vera Paz, Guatemala).—Scuater, Cat. Am.
Birds, 1862, 88, part (Coban).
'The specimen described is beginning to assume the adult plumage and therefore
imperfectly represents the nestling plumage.
* Two specimens, from Tumbala, Chiapas; none of the Guatemalan specimens are
sexed.
160 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
[ Chlorospingus] ophthalmicus Scuater and Sautvix, Nom. Ay. Neotr., 1873, 24,
part (Guatemala).
“~
Chlorospingus opthalmicus Boucarn, Liste Ois. Guat., 1878, 3:
CHLOROSPINGUS POSTOCULARIS Cabanis.
DUSKY-HEADED CHLOROSPINGUS.
Similar to C. odévaceus, but pileum much darker gray, the forehead
and crown approaching sooty black.
Adults (sexes alike).—Pileum dusky gray or dull slate-blackish,
fading into dusky slate on hindneck, this into slate-gray on sides of
neck; suborbital region and auricular region similar in color to pileum,
the lores rather grayer; a short white postocular streak, involving
posterior half of upper eyelid and extending to about middle of
auricular region; malar region, chin, and throat grayish white, sparsely
and indistinctly flecked with dusky; chest, sides, flanks, and under tail-
coverts light yellowish olive or olive-yellow; bill black; legs and feet
horn color in dried skins,
Adult male.—Length (skins), 130.8-141 (135.9); wing, 68.8—73.7
(71.1); tail, 56-9-63.5 (60.2); exposed culmen, 9.9-11.2 (10.4); depth
of bill at base, 5.8; tarsus, 19.6-21.6 (20.6); middle toe, 12.7—13.’
Adult female.—Length (skins), 142.2; wing, 67.8; tail, 60.2; exposed
culmen, 10.7; depth of bill at base, 6.4; tarsus, 22.6; middle toe, 13.
(One specimen, from Pinabete, Chiapas.)
Highlands of Guatemala (Duenas, Volcan de Agua, Volcan de Fuego,
etc.) and Chiapas (Pinabete, Chicharras, etc.). .
Chlorospingus postocularis CABANts, Journ. fiir Orn., xiv, May, 1866, 163 (Guate-
mala; coll. Berlin Mus.).—Sanvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i,
1883, 314 (Volcan de Fuego, Guatemala, 3,000-8,000 ft.).—Sciarer, Cat.
Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 240 (Duefias, Volean de Fuego, and Volcan de
Agua, Guatemala).—Nertson, Auk, xv, 1898, 157 (Pinabete, Chiapas; crit. ).
Chlorospingus atriceps Newtson, Auk, xiv, Jan., 1897, 65 (Pinabete, Chiapas, s. e.
Mexico; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.).
CHLOROSPINGUS OPHTHALMICUS (Du Bus).
BROWN-HEADED CHLOROSPINGUS,
Similar to €. postocularis, but pileum, hindneck, and sides of neck
grayish brown instead of gray, anterior portion of forehead and lores
distinctly whitish, and white postocular spot rather larger. .
Adults (sexes alike).—Pileum, hindneck, and sides of head and neck
(except malar region) plain grayish brown (deep hair brown), darker
on suborbital region and posterior part of loral region, paler on sides
of neck; anterior portion of lores grayish white, this sometimes
extending across anterior portion of forehead; a large white postocular
spot, involving nearly whole of upper eyelid and posterior portion of
lower eyelid, and extending backward nearly to end of auricular
'Two specimens, from Pinabete, Chiapas. I have not seen a Guatemalan specimen.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 161
region; rest of upper parts clear olive-green; malar region, chin,
thro at, and upper chest dull white, the first usually more or less
tinged with pale brownish buffy, the last sometimes shaded with pale
grayish brown, the middle throat usually minutely though sparsely
and faintly flecked with dusky, most distinct laterally, beneath lower
margin of malar region; lower chest, sides, flanks, and under tail-
coverts light yellowish olive-green; breast and abdomen grayish white
or very pale gray; bill brownish black, the mandible sometimes more
brownish basally; legs and feet horn color (in dried skin).
Young.—Similar to the young of (. olivaceus' but clearer (less
brownish) olive-green above, with pileum lighter and more olivaceous;
anterior portion of lores grayish white, tinged with olive-yellowish.
Adult male.—Length (skins), 129.5-135.9 (131.8); wing, 66.5-73.4
(70.9); tail, 56.6-61 (58.9); exposed culmen, ee (10.9); depth
of bill at base, 5.6-5.8 (5.6); tarsus, 20.3-21.3 (20.8); middle toe,
12.4-13.2 (12.7).’
Adult female.—Length (skins), 121.9-135.9 (128); wing, 65.5-68.1
(66.3); tail, 55.1-58.4 (56.1); exposed culmen, 10.7—10.9 (10.7); depth
of bill at Noses 5.3-5.8 (5.6); tarsus, 19.6-21.6 (20.6); middle toe, 11.9-
12.7 (12.4).?
Southeastern Mexico, in States of Puebla (Huachinango), Vera
Cruz (Jalapa; Mirador; Orizaba; Jico), and Oaxaca (Mount Zempoal-
tepec).
Arremon ophthalmicus Du Bus, Bull. Ac. Roy. Brux., xiv, pt. 2, 1847, 106 (Mex-
ico; coll. Brussels Mus.).—Larresnayr, Rey. mad 1848, 247 (Mexico;
quotes Du Bus’s descr. ).
A[rremon] ophthalmicus Gray, Gen. Birds, ili, 1849, App., p. 16.
[ Pipilopsis] ophthalmicus BoNAPARTE, Consp. Avy., 1, 1850, 485, part.
Chlorospingus ophthalmicus ScuatEr, Proe. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1856, 89, part
(monogr. ), 302 (Jalapa and Cordova, Vera Cruz); 1859, 364 (Jalapa), 377
(Totontepec, Oaxaca); Synop. Av. Tanagr., 1856, 27; Cat. Am. oan 1862,
88, part (Jalapa and Orizaba, Vera Cruz); Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886,
238 (Orizaba; Jalapa; Valley of Mexico).—Caxsants, Journ. fiir oan , 1866,
162 (Mexico).—Sumicnrast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., 1, 1869, 549, 7 a (hot
and temperate regions of Vera Cruz, 2,000-3,700 ft.).—Satvin, Cat, Strick-
land Coll., 1882, 196 (San Pedro, ‘‘ Mexico’’).—Sanvin and Gopman, Biol.
Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1883, 314.—CHapman, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., x, 1898,
27 (Jalapa).
[ Chlorospingus] ophthalmicus ScuarprR and Sauvin, Nom. Ay. Neotr., 1873, 24,
part (Mexico).
Ch{lorospingus] leucophrys CABANIs, Mus. Hein., i, May, 1851, 139 (Jalapa, Vera
Cruz; coll. Berlin Mus.; ex Tanagra leucophrys Lichtenstein, manuscript).
| Pipilopsis] albitemporalis (not Tachyphonus albitempora Latresnaye) BoNAPARTE,
Consp. Ay., 1, 1850, 485, part.
Chlorospingus albitemporalis ScLaTER, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 89, part (Mexico).
Chlorospingus olivaceus (not Poospiza olivacea Bonaparte) Frrrari-PEREz, Proc.
U.S. Nat. Mus., ix, 1886, 140 LAr Vera Cruz).
: The young of C. albitempora not seen = me. A mniye specimens.
38654—VvoL 2—-01——l11
162 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
CHLOROSPINGUS SUMICHRASTI Ridgway.
SUMICHRAST’S CHLOROSPINGUS.
Similar to (. ophthalmicus, but much browner above (the pileum
even slightly browner than in (C. a/bitemporalis); throat distinetly
flecked with dusky; yellowish olive-green of chest, etc., paler and
duller; upper chest pale buffy grayish brown.
Adult male.—Pileum and hindneck plain sepia brown, the sides of
neck paler, more hair brown; posterior portion of lores and sub-
orbital region very dark sooty brown, passing into deep sepia brown
on auricular region; a large, white, elongated postocular spot, involy-
ing whole of upper and posterior half of lower eyelid; anterior por-
tion of lores dull white, continued narrowly and brokenly across
anterior portion of forehead; rest of upper parts plain greenish olive
(much browner than in C. ophthalmicus); malar region, chin, and
throat dull white, the first and last tinged with pale brownish buffy
posteriorly, the buffy tint of lower throat passing into a pale buffy
grayish brown tint on upper chest; middle and lower throat distinctly
flecked with dusky, the flecks largest and most numerous laterally,.
below lower margin of malar region; chest, sides, flanks, and under
tail-coverts light yellowish olive, the first paler and tinged with pale
buffy brownish; breast and abdomen very pale gray, almost white on
center of abdomen; bill blackish; legs and feet horn color (in dried
skins); length (skins), 133.4; wing, 66.5; tail, 56.4; depth of bill at
base, 5.3;1 tarsus, 20.8; middle toe, 11.7.”
State of Vera Cruz, southeastern Mexico (Mount Azul, near
Orizaba).
Chlorospingus ophthalmicus (not Arremon ophthalmicus Du Bus) SumicHrast, Mem.
Bost. Soc. N. H., i, 1869, 549, part (temperate reg. Vera Cruz, part).
Chlorospingus sumichrasti Ripaway, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sei., i, Apr. 15, 1901, 150
(Mount Azul, near Orizaba, Vera Cruz; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus. ).
CHLOROSPINGUS ALBIFRONS Salvin and Godman.
WHITE-FRONTED CHLOROSPINGUS,
Most like ©. swmichrasti, but postocular white spot smaller and
pointed, instead of broad and rounded, posteriorly; malar region,
chin, and throat buff instead of white; chest buffy yellow; pileum,
hindneck, and sides of neck much lighter brown, and back, ete., much
clearer (less brownish) olive-green.
Adult female.—Pileum, hindneck, and sides of neck plain broccoli
brown, deeper on forehead and crown, paler on neck; anterior portion
'Tip of maxilla broken off.
One specimen, the type; No. 37511, U. S. Nat. Mus., Mount Azul, near Orizaba,
Vera Cruz, October, 1864; Prof. F. Sumichrast.
x
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 163
of lores (meeting narrowly across anterior part of forehead), upper
eyelid and angular postocular spot (the two connected) white, the last
with posterior extremity pointed; posterior portion of lores and sub-
orbital region dark brown or blackish brown, passing gradually into
broccoli brown on posterior portion of auricular region; rest of upper
parts clear bright olive-green; malar region, chin, and throat buff, the
posterior portion of the first streaked with blackish brown; chest dull
yellow, strongly tinged with buff laterally and anteriorly; sides and
flanks yellowish olive-green, the under tail-coverts similar but paler
and more yellowish; breast (medially) and abdomen pale gray; bill
black, the mandible pale brownish (in dried skin) at gonydeal angle;
legs and feet dusky horn-color (in dried skin); length (skin), 146.1;
wing, 68.3; tail, 60.7; exposed culmen, 9.9; depth of bill at base, 6.1;
tarsus, 20.8; middle toe, 12.4.!
Southwestern Mexico, in State of Guerrero (Omilteme, Sierra Madre
del Sur, altitude 8,000 feet; mountains near Chilpancingo).
Chlorospingus albifrons SaAuvix and GopMAN, Ibis, 6th ser., 1, Apr., 1889, 237
(Omilteme, ‘‘in Sierra Madre del Sur, Mexico,’ alt. 8,000 ft.; coll. Salvin
and Godman).
CHLOROSPINGUS ALBITEMPORA (Lafresnaye).
CARMIOL’S CHLOROSPINGUS,
Adults (sexes alike).—Pileum, bindneck, and sides of head and neck
(except malar region) plain sepia brown, varying to grayish brown or
dark sooty brown, paler on the neck, sometimes considerably darker
immediately beneath eyes; a postocular spot of white, involving about
the posterior half of upper eyelid, and terminating posteriorly about
halfway between posterior angle of eye and extremity of auricular
region or nearer to the former than to the latter; rest of upper parts
plain olive-green; malar region pale brown or brownish buffy, flecked
with sepia brown; chin and throat dull buffy white or brownish white,
the middle throat more or less flecked with sepia; chest, sides, flanks,
-and under tail-coverts bright olive-yellow (sometimes tinged with
orange-bufly on upper chest), the sides and flanks rather more yellow-
ish olive-green; breast and abdomen white; under wing-coverts and
axillars white tinged with light yellow; bill brownish black, the mandi-
ble usually somewhat more brownish; iris brown,” legs and feet horn
color (in dried skins).
Adult male.—Lenegth (skins), 132.1-139.7 (186.4); wing, 67.3-71.1
(69.3); tail, 56.4-60.5 (58.4); ee oe 10.4-12.2 (11.2); depth
'No. 143615, U. S. Nae Mis: (No. 2454, U.S . Biol. Sury.), Chilpancingo, Guerrero,
Lecember 24, 1894; Nelson and Goldman. The adult male no doubt quite similar in
plumage, but probably slightly larger.
*Carmiol, manuscript.
164 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
of bill at base, 6.4-6.6; tarsus, 21.6-22.4 (22.1); middle toe, 12.7-13.7
(13.2)."
Adult female.—Length (skins), 132.1—-134.6 (183.4); wing, 64.3-64.8
(64.5); tail, 52.1-57.2 (54.6); exposed culmen, 10.9-12.2 (11.4); depth
of bill at base, 6.1-6.4; tarsus, 22.4-22.6; middle toe, 12.4-12.7.°
Costa Rica (Navarro; Dota; Barranca; San José; Turrialba; San
Mateo; Volean de Cartago; Volean de Irazti; Rio Sucio*) and Chiriqui
(Boquete; Volcan de Chiriqui); said also to inhabit Colombia, Venezuela,
Ecuador, and Bolivia.
Tachyphonus albitempora LAFRESNAYE, Rey. Zool., Jan., 1848, 12 (Colombia;
coll. Lafresnaye) .°
TLachyphonus] albitempora Gray, Gen. Birds, ili, 1849, App., p. 17.—BoNnapartE,
Consp. Av., i, 1850, 237.
Chlorospingus albitempora SALvin, Cat. Strickland Coll., 1882, 196 (Brazil ?).—
ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., ii, Mar., 1889, 82 (Bolivia).
Chlorospingus albitemporalis Scua be ee . Zool. Soc. Lond., 1855, 155 ( Bogota,
Colombia) ; 1856, 89, part (monogr.; Bogota; Bolivia); 1858, 293 (e. Peru
or Bolivia; crit.); Synop. Av. Tanagr., 1856, 28; Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 89,
part (Chillanes, Ecuador; Bolivia); Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 239,
part (Volean de Cartago and Irazii distr., Costa Rica; Volean de Chiriqui;
Tilotilo, prov. Yungas, Sorato, and Nairapi, Bolivia).—Cassry, Proc.
Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1865, 171 (San José, Costa Rica).—LAWRENCE,
Ann. Lye. N. Y., ix, 1868, 101 (San José, Turrialba, Barranca, Dota, and
San Mateo, Costa Rica).—Satvry, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 188 (Volcan
de Chiriqui).—Wyarr, Ibis, 1871, 327 (Colombia).—Sc.iarer and Savin,
Proe. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1868, 627, 630 (Cumbre de Valencia, Venezuela;
crit.); 1879, 602 (Bolivia).—Boucarp, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, 55 (La
' Four specimens; three from Costa Ric a, one from C cece
? Two specimens, from Costa Rica.
*Two specimens in the National Museum collection from Rio Sucio are different
from any specimens from other Costa Rican localities with which I have been able
to compare them (eleven in number) in their richer coloration, the upper parts being
a deeper and more brownish olive-green, and the yellowish olive-green or olive-
yellow color of ‘the chest, sides, and flanks more saturated; neither are sexed; both
have the tarsus longer than other specimens (22.9-23.4), while one of them (probably
a male) has the wing 73.2, which also slightly exceeds the same measurement of any
other specimen in the series examined.
A series of twenty-three adults from Chiriqui (Boquete and Volcan de Chiriqui),
kindly submitted to me for examination by Mr. Outram Bangs, shows that specimens
from that district are more brightly colored than those from Costa Rica, the yellow
of the chest, especially, being much clearer and, in many specimens, of a slightly
orange hue next to the dull whitish or buffy color of the throat. The series exhibits
great variation in the color of the pileam, some examples haying the head colored
exactly as in C. punctulatus, except that the sooty blackish color does not extend over
the malar region, and the throat is not yellow. Possible intergradation (or hybrid-
ism ?) between C. albitempora and C. punctulatus is indicated by this series.
*] have not seen a specimen from any South American locality, and strongly doubt —
the subspecific identity of the Costa Rican and South American birds. Doubtless
when a sufficient series has been examined several subspecific forms may be sus-
ceptible of definition.
° Type now in collection of the Boston Society of Natural History.
cele hie, Bithe el
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 165
Laguna, Naranjo, and Navarro, Costa Rica).—Sarvix and Gopman, Biol.
Gentr.-Am., Aves, i, 1883, 315.—BrrLEpscH, Journ. fur. Orn., 1884, 293
(Bucaramanga, Colombia; crit.)—Taczanowskr, Orn. du Pérou, i, 1885,
513.—ZELEDoN, Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, i, 1887, 110 (La Palma de San
José and Naranjo de Cartago, Costa Rica).—Sarvaport, Boll. Mus. Zool.,
ete., Torino, xii, 1897, 6 (San Lorenzo, Argentina).
[ Chlorospingus] albitemporalis ScuavER and Sarvixn, Nom. Ay. Neotr., 1873, 24,
part.
Ch{lorospingus| ophthalmicus (not Arremon ophthalmicus Du Bus) CaBanis, Mus.
Hein., i, 1851, 139, footnote (Colombia).
Pi pilopeis| Stns Bonaparte, Consp. Ay., i, 1850, 485, part (Colombia).
CHLOROSPINGUS PILEATUS Salvin.
SOOTY-CAPPED CHLOROSPINGUS.
Adults (seres alike).—Pileum, hindneck, sides of neck, auricular
region, suborbital region, and lores dark sooty slate-color or very dark
sooty brown; a conspicuous broad white stripe beginning above eye
(but separated from it by a narrow space of dusky) and oxtending
backward to sides of hindneck; rest of upper parts plain olive-
green; malar region, chin, and throat white, or grayish white, the
lower margin of the former marked with a dusky streak, the adjacent
portion of the throat faintly flecked with dusky; rest of under parts
light yellowish olive-green or olive-yellowish, the median portion of
breast and abdomen grayish white; bill black; legs and feet horn
color (in dried skin).
Adult male.—Length (skins), 133-143 (138); wing, 67-72 (69.6);
tail, 58-63.5 (61.1); exposed culmen, 11.5-12 (11.9); cee - be at
base, 6-6.5 (6.2); tarsus, 22-93.5 (22.7); middle toe, 13-13.5 (13.3).’
Adult female.—Lenegth (skins), 130-189 (135); wine, oe
(67.4); tail, 56-64 (59.7); exposed culmen, 11.5-12 (11.8); depth of
bill at base, 6.5; tarsus, 22-23.5 (22.5); middle toe, 12-13 (12.7).”
Young.—Head as in adults, but the dusky color duller and the
white stripe on sides of occiput and nape less purely white and less
sharply defined; back, ete., much duller and grayer olive-green; under
parts mostly pale grayish, the sides and flanks slightly tinged with
light olive-green, the chest very faintly tinged with pale buffy olive
and obsoletely streaked laterally with grayish; throat, cte., as in adults,
but more grayish; mandible wholly light colored (buffy whitish in
dried skins), and maxilla with pale edge, except toward end.
Highlands of Costa Rica (Volean de Cartago; Volcan de Tvazt;
Volean de Pots; Rancho Redondo; Pirris), and Chiriqui (Volcan de
Chiriqui; Boquete).
Chlorospingus pileatus Satvix, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, 581 (Volcan de Car-
tago, Costa Rica; coll. Salvin and Godman).—Lawrence, Ann. Lye. N. Y.,
ix, 1868, 101 (Rancho Redondo, Costa Rica).—Satyin and GopMan, Biol.
1Seven specimens (five from Chiriqui, two from Costa Rica).
? Five specimens from Chiriqui.
166 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1883, 316, pl. 22, fig. 2 (Irazii, Pods, and Rancho Re-
dondo, Costa Rica; Volean de Chiriqui).—Ripa@way, Proce. U. 8. Nat.
Mus., vi, 1884, 412 (Pirris, Costa Rica; descr. young, etc.).—ScLarEr,
Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 241.—Zr.epon, Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica,
i, 1887, 110 (Costa Rica).—CuHeErRrikz, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xiv, 1891, 531
(Volcan de Irazti and Volcan de Pots, Costa Rica; deser. young).
[ Chlorospingus] pileatus SCLATER and Satyix, Nom. Ay. Neotr., 1873, 24.
CHLOROSPINGUS PUNCTULATUS Sclater and Salvin.
YELLOW-BREASTED CHLOROSPINGUS.
Adults (sexes alike).—Head, except throat, very dark sooty brown,
inclining to brownish black on pileum, the hindneck and sides of neck
similar but paler and tinged with brownish olive; an elongated white
postocular spot, involving posterior half or less of upper eyelid; rest of
upper parts yellowish olive-green; chin and throat yellow (the former
much paler and duller), thickly flecked with blackish brown or dusky;
abdomen white or dull yellowish white; rest of under parts grading
from bright wax yellow or dull saffron yellow on upper chest to
lighter and clearer yellow on lower chest, and into yellowish olive-
green or deep olive-yellow on sides, flanks, and under tail-coverts;
maxilla black, mandible more brownish; legs and feet horn color (in
dried skins).
Adult (male?).—Wing, 64; tail, 54.1; exposed culmen, 12.7; depth
of bill at base, 6.9; tarsus, 22.9; middle toe, 13.5."
Adult female. —W ing, 63.5; tail, 53.3; exposed culmen, 12.2; tarsus,
22.4; middle toe, 12.7.” .
Veragua (Cordillera del Chucu) and Panama (Cascajal).
Chlorospingus punctulatus SCLATER and Sanvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1869, 440
(Cordillera del Chucu, Veragua; coll. Salvin and Godman).—Sarvin, Proce.
Zool. Soe. Lond., 1870, 188 (Cordillera del- Chucu).—Satyvi~ and GopMan,
Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1883, 316, pl. 22, fig. 1.—Scuarsr, Cat. Birds Brit.
Mus., xi, 1886, 241.
[ Chlorospingus] punctulatus SCLATER and Satvin, Nom. Ay. Neotr., 1875, 24.
CHLOROSPINGUS OLIVACEICEPS Underwood.
OLIVE-CROWNED CHLOROSPINGUS.
Similar to (. canigularis Lafresnaye,* but distinguished by coe
the pileum olivaceous, concolor with the back. To al length 127,
culmen 11.4, wing 66, tail 52.1, tarsus 19.1. (Translation of oa a
description.)
Eastern Costa Rica (Carrillo, near Volean de Irazt).
Chlorospingus olivaceiceps UNDERWooD, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, no. ly., June 30,
1898, oe lix (Carrillo, Costa Rica; type ay)
' One specimen, cere Casc A province Coclé, Panama; not sexed, but probably a
male.
* One specimen, from Cordillera del Chucu, Veragua.
$ Tachyphonus canigularis Lafresnaye, Rey. Zool., xi, 1848, 11.—Chlorospingus cani-
gularis Cabanis, Mus. Hein., i, 1850, 130; Sclater, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 242.
o>
“I
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 1
CHLOROSPINGUS HY?POPHEUS Sclater and Salvin
DRAB-BREAS''ED CHLOROSPINGUS,
Adults (sexes alike).—Ahbove, including pileum, hindneck, sides of
neck, and auricular region, plain olive-green; lores, suborbital region,
and malar region pale gray; chin very pale grayish buffy; throat, dull
yellow (light ocher yellow or wax yellow): chest, sides, and flanks
pale grayish brown, the first tinged with buffy; under tail-coverts light
olive, margined with paler and slightly tinged with pale yellowish;
rest of under parts pale gray, becoming white on lower abdomen and
anal region; maxilla dusky, mandible pale horn color (in dried skins)
with tip more dusky; legs and feet light horn color (in dried skins).
Adult male.—Length (skins), 130-133 (131); wing, 74.4-80 (77.1);
tail, 50-55.4 (53.1); exposed culmen, 12-13 (12.6) depth of bill at base,
7-7.1; tarsus, 21—-229.9 (21.6); middle toe, 13-15 (14)."
Adult female.—Length (skins), 136-141 (138); wing, 78.5-81.5 (80);
tail, 55-59 (57); exposed culmen, 12-12.5 (12.2); depth of bill at base,
7-7.1; tarsus, 21-22.9 (21.6); middle toe, 13-15 (14).’
Veragua (Calovevora; Chitra; Boquete de Chitra).
Chlorospingus hypopheus ScuaTeR and Sauyiy, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1868, 389
(Calovevora, Veragua; coll. Salvin and Godman).—Satvry, Proc. Zool. Soe.
Lond., 1870, 188 (Calovevora, Chitra, and Boquete de Chitra, Veragua).—
Satvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, 1, 1888, 317, pl. 22, fig. 3.—
Sciaver, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 2453.
[Chlorospingus] hypopheus Scuarer and Sarvrix, Nom. Ay. Neotr., 1873, 24.
Genus MITROSPINGUS Ridgway.
Mitrospingus Ripaway, Auk, xv, no. 3, July, 1898, 225. (Type, Tachyphonus
cassind Lawrence. )
Nearest to Lucometis, but bill much longer (nearly as long as head),
nostril very different, wing more rounded, tarsi relatively longer,
claws stronger, occipital feathers very short (instead of the reverse),
and style of coloration very different. |
Exposed culmen three-fourths as long as tarsus, or more, gently
convex except terminally, where strongly decurved; gonys decidedly
shorter than length of maxilla from nostril, nearly straight; maxillary
tominm slightly concave, decidedly but gradually deflected basally;
slightly notched subterminally; mandibular tomium nearly straight to
near base where gently deflected; depth of bill at base decidedly less
than half the length of exposed culmen, not much greater than basal
width. Nostril exposed, narrow, longitudinal, with very broad supe-
rior membrane. Rictal bristles not obvious. Wing moderate (about
'Four specimens, two from Chiriqui, two from Veragua; one of the latter not
sexed, but, being the larger of the two, doubtless a male.
*Two specimens, from Volcan de Chiriqui (Caribbean slope).
168 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
three and one-third times as long as tarsus), much rounded (seventh to
fifth primaries longest, ninth shorter than second aries); primaries
exceeding secondaries by a little more than half the length of exposed
culmen. Tail nearly as long as wing, rounded, the rectrices moder-
ately broad, with rather pointed tips. Tarsus a little longer than
middle toe with claw; lateral claws reaching about to base of middle
claw; hind claw shorter than its digit. Occipital feathers very short.
Coloration.— Above plain dark grayish brown, beneath, together
with a shield-shaped patch covering crown and occiput, yellowish olive;
rest of head black, paling into grayish on throat.
Range.—Costa Rica to western Ecuador. (Monotypic.)
MITROSPINGUS CASSINI (Lawrence).
CASSIN’S TANAGER,
Adults (sexes alike).—Occiput and median part of crown yellowish
olive-green, forming a triangular patch (with apex on anterior portion
ot crown); forehead, lores, superciliary region, auricular region, part
of malar region, and chin grayish black; throat gray, sometimes tinged
with brownish; hindneck, back, scapulars, rump, upper tail-coverts
and lesser wing-coverts deep grayish olive, the hindneck more grayish,
the back and upper tail-coverts slightly tinged with olive-green; wings
and tail similar but slightly more brownish; under parts of body
bright yellowish olive-green, brightest or most yellowish on chest,
duller and more olive on sides and flanks; under tail-coverts russet-
olive, more or less tinged with tawny; under wing-coverts and axillars
light brownish gray; maxilla brownish black or blackish brown with
paler tomium; mandible wholly light colored; iris brown;' legs and
feet horn color (in dried skins).
Young.—Much duller in color than the adult, with none of the yel-
lowish olive-green on top of the head, which is the same color as the
back, with a very faint tinge of olive on the occiput; breast and sides
merely tinged with olive-green, the middle line of the breast and belly
being dull brownish buff, the under tail-coverts browner; forehead
and lores less black than in the adult. Otherwise the general colora-
tion is similar to that of the adult.
Adult male.—Length (skins), 167.6-172.7 (170.9); wing, 82—-85.1
(83.8); tail, 71.6—74.4 (73.4); exposed culmen, 17—18.5 (17.8); depth of
bill at base, 8.1-8.6 (8.4); tarsus, 24.4-25.1 (24.9); middle toe, 16.5-
17.3) (16-8).*
Adult female.—Length (skins), 162.6-172.7 (169.2); wing, 85.6-88.9
(86.9); tail, 75.2-78.2 (76.5); exposed culmen, 18—18.3; depth of bill
'Heyde, manuscript.
* Three specimens, all from Isthmus of Panama.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 169
at aa 7.9-8.4 (8.1); tarsus, 23.6-27.2 (25.1); middle toe, 16-17.5
(16.5)
Costa Rica (Angostura; Jiménez) and southward through western
Colombia to western Ecuador (Guayaquil).
Tachyphonus, sp., Casstx, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila.. 1860, 142 ‘Rio Truando, n.
Colombia).
Tachyphonus cassiniti LAWRENCE, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., vii, 1861, 297 (Lion
Hill, Panama R. R.; coll. G. N. Lawrence); ix, 1868, 101 (Angostura, Costa
Rica).—Franrzius, Journ. fir Orn., 1869, 299 (Costa Rica).
Eucometis cassinii ScLATER and Satvry, Proce. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, 351, pl. 30
(Lion Hill).—Satvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, 139 (Santiago, Veragua).
Mucometis cassini SCLATER and Savin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, 503 (Neche,
prov. Antioquia, Colombia).—Satvix and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am.,
Aves, i, 1883, 307.—Sciater, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 219.—ZELEDon,
Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, i, 1887, 110 (Costa Rica).—Ripe@way, Proce. U.
S. Nat. Mus., xiv, 1891, 473 (Jiménez, Costa Rica; descr. young).
[ Eucometis] cassini SCLATER and Satyiyn, Nom. Avy. Neotr., 1878, 23.
Mitrospingus cassini BAnes, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club, ii, 1900, 29 (Loma del
Leon, Panama R. R.).
Family ICTERID.
THE TROUPIALS.?
Nine-primaried, conirostral, acutiplantar Oscines without obvious
rictal bristles. *
Bill very variable as to relative length and thickness, but never con-
spicuously longer than the head and always more or less conical and
acute; usually with nearly straight outlines, but sometimes with the
tip rather strongly, but never (except in some Qu/scal7) abruptly,
decurved; its depth at base never equal to distance from nostril to tip
of maxilla, and the gonys always more or less shorter than the same
measurement; culmen usually more or less elevated basally, some-
times expanded or SW mee into a cone > frontal shield”
1Three specimens, all from Tena of Panama. An nie ane from Cane aquil
is smaller than any of the Panama specimens, measuring as follows: Wing, 83.6;
tail, 71.9; exposed culmen, 17.3; depth of bill at base, 8.1; tarsus, 26.2; middle toe,
16.8. I can detect no differences in coloration.
*A satisfactory vernacular name forthis family has hitherto been wanting. The group
has been known by the name of Hang-nests, but only species of certain genera build
pensile nests; as the American Orioles or American Starlings, on account of super-
ficial resemblance of only a very small percentage of its members to the Old World
Orioles (Oriolide) and Starlings (Sturnidee). Other names which have been used,
either for the group as‘a whole or for particular genera, as Grackle, Crow Blackbird,
ete., are equally nondistinctive or of limited pertinence. The name Troupial, which
is here adopted, has more general applicability than any other term, with possibly
the exception of Cacique, but it seems best to restrict the latter to the group to which
it specially belongs.
*These are faintly developed, howeyer, in the oropendolas and caciques (genera
Ocyalus, Clypicterus, Zarhynchus, Gymnostinops, Cacicus, ete. ).
170 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. “~
‘Scasque,” or if not so developed the mesorhinium often distinctly flat-
tened, with its edges sharply defined. Commissure strongly and usually
abruptly deflexed for the basal portion, the maxillary tomium never
notched near tip. Nostrils never concealed, though sometimes (as in
the genus J/olothrus) the feathering of the loral antiz extends beneath
them and covers the membrane immediately behind them; sometimes
(in the oropendolas and caciques) bored directly into the horny rhino-
theca, but usually situated in a more or less well-defined nasal fossa
and overhung by a more or less distinct (sometimes prominent and
corneous) membrane or operculum. Rictal bristles altogether obso-
lete or (in oropendolas and caciques) very faintly developed. Wing very
variable; usually with the tip moderately produced and subtruncate,
in one genus (Cass/dixv) long (several times exceeding length of cul-
men) and the outermost (ninth) primary Jongest—in another (Ambly-
cercus) the longest primaries scarcely extending beyond the secondaries
and the outermost (ninth) primary shorter than the innermost (first);
tertials produced beyond secondaries only in some terrestrial genera
(Sturnella, Trupialis, Leistes, and Dolichonyx); outer webs of two to
five (eighth to seventh or fourth) primaries sinuated; inner webs very
variable, often not obviously sinuated, usually slightly so, sometimes (in
Floloquiscalus and Callothrus) the middle portion expanded (toothed in
Callothrus); \onger primaries sometimes (as in Zarhynchus) attenuated
terminally. ail variable as to relative length, form of tip, and shape
of rectrices; always more than half as long as wing, never conspicu-
ously longer than wing, never forked nor emarginate, usually more or
less rounded, sometimes double-rounded, occasionally (in Quéscalz)
graduated and plicate;’ usually the rectrices (always twelve in num-
ber) are of nearly equal width throughout, but sometimes (in Qudéscali
and Agela‘’) are wider terminally or (in some of the Cacic/, and in
Sturnella) narrower terminally; in one genus (Dolichonyx) they are
abrubtly acuminate and rigid at tips, another genus (Le7stes) show-
ing a slight approach to this character. Acrotarsium always dis-
tinctly scutellate, the divisions six to eight in number (the uppermost
usually short and frequently hidden by overlapping feathers of. the
tibia); length of middle toe and claw usually about equal to or slightly
shorter than the tarsus, never much longer nor conspicuously shorter;
claws of lateral toes usually reaching about to base of middle claw,
sometimes slightly beyond, in one genus (anthocephalus) considera-
bly beyond, sometimes (in Sturnella, Trupialis, Leistes, Xanthopsar
and most of the QYu/sca/7) falling decidedly short; hallux not longer
than lateral toes (except in Sturnel/a), usually a little shorter, frequently
'This form of the tail in the Quiscali is, so far as known, unique among birds; the
two halves of the tail are, at the bird’s control, capable of being folded together so
that the edges are raised above the median line and brought more or less closely
together, a transverse section being V-shaped.
| pe et eh eres Ae
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. a lerel
decidedly so; equal to or slightly exceeding in length the combined
length of basal and middle phalanges of middie toe.
The absence of obvious rictal bristles is the only external character
that I am able to discover which will serve to distinguish the Icterida,
asa group, from the Fringillide. It is true that none of the Icteride
have the bill notched (i. e., the maxillary tomium notched subtermi-
nally), but neither do many genera of Fringillide. With the latter
croup the Icteride agree in the following characters:
(1) The strongly deflexed or angulated rictal portion of the com-
missure (not always found in Fringillide, however).
(2) The abortion of the first primary.
(3) The complete, or nearly complete, separation of the basal pha-
lanx of the middle toe from that of the inner toe (being united to the
outer toe by about half the length of the basal phalanx, as in Coryidee
and other groups).
(4) In having the planta tarsi closely joined along their anterior
edge to the acrotarsium, and with only the extreme lower portion
divided.
In both groups the inner plate of the planta tarsi is depressed con-
spicuously below the level of the acrotarsium, the posterior margin of
which stands out as a prominent ridge (more conspicuously so than in
most Corvide), and those of opposite sides are in close contact along.
their posterior margin, forming a sharp posterior edge to the tarsus.
In both groups the proportionate length of the toes themselves and the
relative development and curvature of the claws varies considerably
and to about the same extent.
From the Sturnide and the Ploceidee, which are undoubtedly, next
to the Fringillidie, the most nearly allied groups, the Icteridee may be
distinguished by the complete abortion of the first primary, both of
those groups being ** ten-primaried.”
From the Corvide, the Icteride may be distinguished by more
numerous characters, among which may be mentioned (1) the posses-
sion of only nine obvious primaries; (2) the absence of obvious rictal
bristles, and (3) the undivided lower portion of the planta tarsi.
Although so nearly allied to the Fringillide that only a single exter-
nal character seems available for its diagnosis, the Icteride neverthe-
less constitute a well-circumscribed group, there being not a single
genus whose proper reference to it can be seriously questioned. At the
same time it is a group presenting most extreme types of teleological
development or adaptive modification, the strictly arboreal oropendolas
and caciques (genera Gymnostinops, Zarhynchus, Clypicterus, Cacicus,
etc.) representing one extreme and the terrestrial meadowlarks
(Sturnella, Trupialis, and Le/stes) the other, peculiar specializations
being manifested in the boat-tailed Q@u/scal7 and spiny-tailed Dod/-
chonyx. With its limited representation in North America it would
Le BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
not be difficult to divide the group into several sharply circumscribed
and easily characterized lesser groups; this has been attempted for
the family as a whole, and the ‘‘subfamilies” Cassicine, Ageleine,
Sturnelline, Icterine, and Quiscaline have long been adopted, even by
the latest authority." A careful comparison of all the forms, however,
will soon convince one that such a subdivision can not be maintained,
the different supposed groups running into one another so gradually
that any subdivision of the family is most likely to be more or less
arbitrary. So far as lam able to discover, only two genera stand out
prominently from all the rest, these being Sturnella and Dolichonyx;
yet each of these is obviously related to other genera—Sturnella to
Trupialis, and this, through Leistes, obviously leading to the Agelaiine
type, the latter through /cterus to Cacicus, and this in turn to the
opposite extreme from Sturnel/a, the larger caciques or oropendolas
(Gymnostinops, Zarhynchus, ete.). The two *‘ lateral offshoots” repre-
sented by Dolichonyx and the typical Quzscalé (genera Quiscalus,
Holoquiscalus, and Megaquiscalus) ave both obviously connected with
the more generalized types, though Dol/chonyx evidently shows points
of relationship to the Sturnelline end of the series.
The following arrangement of the genera is far from satisfactory to
the author, but is the best he has been able to make without a far
greater amount of time than is at his disposal, together with a careful
study of internal characters, not now practicable on account of absence
of the necessary material. While not entirely natural, the key has
been prepared to show as nearly as can be in a linear arrangement,
what appears to be the most natural sequence of the genera, without
obscuring the characters which serve to most readily identify them.
The Icteridee comprise birds of most various habits. Some are
strictly arboreal, and if placed upon the ground are almost incapable of
progression; others are terrestrial (though more or less frequently
alighting on trees and sometimes nesting there), and walk upon the
ground with the grace and dignity of a crow or starling; many inhabit
reedy marshes, and these usually nest in large colonies. The oropendolas
(genera Ocyalus, Clypicterus, Zarhynchus, Gymnostinops, and Osti-
nops) and caciques (genera Cacécus and Cassiculus”) also nest in colonies,
but instead of building an open cup-shaped nest attached to the upright
stems of aquatic plants, attach their long pensile nests to the extremi-
ties of branches of tall forest trees. The ** American Orioles” (genus
[cterus) also build pensile nests, but, usually at least, are not gregarious.
Many species are remarkable either for the fullness and richness or
other remarkable character of their notes, some of them being song-
sters of high merit, while others utter only the most harsh and dis-
cordant sounds. Some genera (Molothrus, Callothrus, and Cassidia)
'p. L. Selater in Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, pp. 308-405.
* The nesting habits of Amblycercus are apparently unknown.
nlm tascam te al Nae lt RD at jd:
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. alte
are parasitic, like the European cuckoo, always laying their eggs in
the nests of other birds. The plumage varies from uniform black
(sometimes with brilliant metallic gloss) or somber brown to the most
showy combinations of yellow, orange, or scarlet, and black.
The group is peculiar to America and is essentially Neotropical.
Nearly one hundred and fifty species are known, belonging to more
than thirty genera, of which by far the larger number are represented
only in South America.
KEY TO THE GENERA OF ICTERID#®.
a. Three to five primaries (the eighth to sixth or fourth inclusive) with outer webs
sinuated; rectrices not acuminate; wing-tip less than twice as long as culmen
(or else mesorhinium very broad, one-fourth as wide as length of culmen);
middle toe with claw little if any longer than tarsus (or else tarsi very stout
and plumage entirely black), usually shorter; middle toe with claw shorter
than its terminal phalanx; hallux with its claw shorter than the digit.
b. Nostrils without superior membrane or operculum, or if with the latter the
operculum completely coalesced with the mesorhinium.
c. Nostrils bored directly into the rhinotheca, the nasal fossze completely oblit-
erated; neck without ruff. (Cacici.)
d. Middle pair of rectrices decidedly shorter than the next pair and different
in color from outer rectrices; rump neither scarlet, orange-red, nor
yellow, and if black the tail partly yellow; nostrils much below lateral
median line of maxilla. (‘‘ Oropendolas.”’ )
e. Frontal shield very broad, its width decidedly greater than distance from
AO Hull OHA Oise pally age ee eS eee Zarhynchus (p. 175)
ce. Frontal shield narrow, its width decidedly less than half the distance
from nostril to tip of maxilla.
jf. Cheeks and sides of throat naked; wing-tip short, less than length of
cGulmen: == 32352 Beal opr ye eae ee ne SRE oe ok Gymnostinops (p. 178)
if. Whole head normally feathered; wing-tip long, much exceeding length
Gineulmeny sees tye ee ec eR ee Coe Ostinops (p. 183)
dd. Middle pair of rectrices not shorter than next pair, or else the tail uni-
colored (black); rump scarlet, orange-red, or yellow, or else whole
plumage black; nostrils not conspicuously below lateral median line of
maxilla. (‘‘ Caciques.”’ )
¢. Particolored (black, with patches of scarlet, orange-red, or yellow); wing
more pointed, the outermost (ninth) primary not shorter than inner-
most (first )—usually much longer.
f. Not conspicuously, if at all, crested; ninth primary shorter than fifth.
Cacicus (p. 186)
Jf. Conspicuously crested; ninth primary longer than fifth ........22..--
Cassiculus (p. 190)
ee. Unicolored (black); wing more rounded, the ninth primary shorter
UNUM iis Poe Sie oR er ey Me ye a Lt eee a Amblycercus (p. 192)
cc. Nostrils in anterior end of well-defined nasal fossxe, but the latter otherwise
completely filled by feathering of the loral antize; neck ruffed. ( Cassidices. )
Cassidix (p. 196)
bb. Nostrils with more or less distinct superior operculum or membrane.
e. Hallux not longer than lateral anterior toes; middle phalanx of middle toe
shorter than terminal phalanx; outer toe (without claw) reaching to or
beyond second (subterminal) joint of middle toe.
174. ‘BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
d. Longest tertials not produced beyond secondaries; outer toe (without claw)
reaching beyond subterminal joint of middle toe.
e. Nostril small, roundish, much encroached upon beneath by feathering of
the loral antize; parasitic. (Molothri. )
f. Neck ruffed laterally and behind (as in Cassidia); inner webs of three
outer primaries abruptly emarginated and angularly toothed; plumage
of neck, breast, etc., peculiar (hair-like) -.--..--- Callothrus (p. 200)
J. Neck not ruffed; inner webs of primaries only slightly sinuated; plumage
of neck, breast, etc., normal (blended) --..-.-- .---Molothrus (p. 205)
ee. Nostril larger, narrower, more or less linear, oblong, or subcuneate, well
forward of the loral antize; nonparasitic.
f. Culmen more or less strongly and abruptly decurved terminally, or else
(1) bill stout and obtuse and ninth primary shorter than second, or
(2) culmen less than one-fifth as long as tail, the latter longer than
wing and much graduated. — ( Quiscali. )
g. Ninth primary not shorter than third, usually longer.
h. Tail plicate' and graduated (distance between tips of lateral and
middle rectrices greater, usually much more, than distance from
nostril to tip of maxilla).
i. Median palatal ridge truncated, angulated, and highest ante-
MEOT TY Pik eae ae he ec ae Sas See eet Quiscalus (p. 212)
ii. Median palatal ridge beveled anteriorly, highest in middle.
j. Graduation of tail less than one-third (about one-fourth) its
length; tail much shorter than wing. ..Holoquiscalus (p. 222)
jj. Graduation of tail more than one-third its length; tail nearly
as long as wing (sometimes longer) -.-Megaquiscalus ( p. 233)
hh. Tail not plicate, slightly rounded or nearly even, the difference
between tips of lateral and middle rectrices less than distance
from nostril to tip of maxilla.
7. Ninth primary equal to sixth or longer; plumage of neck and
chest normal (smooth); bill more slender, its depth at base
decidedly less than length of gonys.....Scolecophagus (p. 244)
ii. Ninth primary shorter than sixth (equal to fifth); plumage of
neck and chest peculiar (hair-like); bill stouter, its depth at
base nearly equal to length of gonys...-.--- -Ptiloxena (p. 251)
gg. Ninth primary shorter than second..-...---..------ Dives (p. 253)
J. Culmen nearly straight, or if obviously decurved terminally the curve
very gradual and the bill slender and acute.
g. Nasal fossee broader and more rounded anteriorly, with nasal opereu-
lum larger; tarsi and toes relatively shorter and stouter; arboreal.
(Hetert\ SS. eee 27 bee Se eee sac oe eae Icterus (p. 255)
gg. Nasal fossee narrower, sometimes obtusely angled, anteriorly, with
nasal operculum smaller; ‘tarsi and toes relatively longer and more
slender; terrestrial and paludicoline. (Agelaii.)
h. Ninth primary not longer than sixth (usually shorter); lateral
claws not reaching beyond base of middle claw.
1Capable of having the lateral halves folded together, the outer edges upward, so
that a transverse section would be V-shaped. This character is very strongly marked
in Quiscalus, Holoquiscalus, and Megaquiscalus, and possibly the group Quiscali should
be restricted to these genera. Unfortunately this character is not evident in dried
skins, and therefore we are as yet ignorant as to whether it exists in Pseudaglus,
Macraglus, and Lampropsar. It certainly does not in Scolecophagus and Ptiloxena,
and probably not in Dives.
}
;
i
4
7
‘
7
ary earn SE
ee ee eee
4
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 175
i. Length of culmen much less than difference between length of
Wn eAcelenaths Ole tall Seer ae a= eo ee Agelaius (p. 319)
ii. Length of culmen much greater than difference between length of
Wine dalenctiy ola tailey sess eee ese Nesopsar (p. 344)
hh. Ninth primary longest or equal to longest; lateral claws reaching
beyond base of middle claw ......----- Xanthocephalus (p. 346)
dd. Longest tertials produced beyond tips of adjacent secondaries; outer toe
(without claw) not reaching beyond subterminal joint of middle toe.
(Gere tGLess| Rosner = ees eo pare ofc Pee Na ey at cuando po Leistes (p. 350)
ec. Hallux much longer than lateral anterior toes; middle phalanx of middle
toe longer than terminal phalanx; outer toe (without claw) not reaching
to second (subterminal) joint of middle toe. (Sturnell.) .Sturnella (p. 353)
aa. Only two primaries (the eighth and seventh) with outer web sinuated; rectrices
conspicuously acuminate; wing-tip more than twice as long as culmen; middle
toe, with claw, much longer than tarsus; claw of middle toe longer than the
terminal phalanx; hallux with its claw longer than the digit. (Dolichony-
CASS) RRs She Bins 2 Sees ea es ae Caen ee ns See Dolichonyx (p. 369)
Genus ZARHYNCHUS Oberholser.
Eucorystes' (not of Bell, 1862) Scuargr, [bis, 5th ser., i, Apr., 1883, 147. (Type,
Cacicus wagleri Gray ).
Zarhynchus? OBERHOLSER, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., June 2, 1899, 215. (For
Eucorystes, preoccupied. )
Large arboreal Icteride: with the bill much longer than the head,
much swollen basally, forming a broad rounded frontal shield; the
primaries long and attenuated terminally; coloration glossy black and
dark chestnut, the tail mostly yellow.
Bill much longer than head, elongate-conical, declinate, acute, much
swollen basally, its depth at base decidedly less than half the length of
culmen, decidedly less than length of gonys, its basal width about one-
third the length of culmen, or a little less; culmen straight or nearly
so in middle portion, gently decurved terminally, more or less arched
and sometimes slightly elevated basally where broadly expanded, form-
ing a rounded frontal shield, the posterior end of which reaches as far
backward as middle of eye, its greatest width equal to about half the
distance from nostril to tip of maxilla; gonys nearly straight, decid-
edly shorter than distance from nostril to tip of maxilla; mandibular
rami much widened and swollen posteriorly, the posterior outline
oblique, slightly convex; commissure nearly straight, but slightly
deecurved both basally and terminally. Nostrils situated much below
the lateral median line of the maxilla, small, broadly oval or roundish,
bored into the horny rhinotheca, beveled off anteriorly, and separated
distinctly from the loral feathering. Wing long (about three and one-
third times length of culmen), with long and pointed tip (much longer
than culmen); outermost (ninth) primary intermediate between fifth and
fourth, the seventh, or seventh and sixth, longest; four outer primaries
1«HY, bené, et Kopv6r?)s, galeatus.’’ * From Ca, valde, and pvyxos, rostrum.
176 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. -
‘attenuated terminally, especially the outermost, which is abi uptly
emarginated on inner web. Tail about two-thirds as long as wing,
rounded or slightly graduated, with the middle pair of rectricesabruptly
shorter than the next (intermediate between second and third from out-
side), the rectrices contracted terminally and obtusely pointed. Tarsus
nearly as long as maxilla from nostril, stout, the upper portion covered
by projecting tibial feathers, the anterior scutella very distinct; middle
toe. with claw, nearly as long as tarsus; outer toe with claw reaching
a little beyond base of middle claw, the inner slightly shorter; hallux
decidedly shorter than lateral toes but much stouter, its claw decidedly
shorter than the digit. A sparse crest of very narrow elongated
feathers springing from middle of crown.
Coloration. —Back, scapulars, wings, middle pair of rectrices, breast,
abdomen, and thighs black, more or less glossy; tail (except middle
pair of rectrices) yellow; rest of plumage dark chestnut; bill light
colored.
Range.—Southern Mexico to Venezuela and northwestern Peru.
(Monotypic. )
ZARHYNCHUS WAGLERI WAGLERI (Gray).
WAGLER’S OROPENDOLA,
Adult male.—Head, neck, and upper chest dark chestnut-brown or
seal brown, somewhat darker on the crown and slender crest-feathers,
the plumage pure white basally; back, scapulars, and wing-coverts
black, the feathers broadly margined with glossy greenish black (more
narrowly on the greater coverts); rest of wings, iyo ctne with upper
chest, breast, and upper abdomen uniform black, more or less strongly
glossed with bluish green; flanks, rump, and upper tail-coverts deep
chestnut or chocolate brown, the lower abdomen similar but rather
lighter; anal region and under tail-coverts light chestnut; thighs dull
black, usually more or less tinged with chestnut; tail clear chrome
yellow, the middle pair of rectrices black, except at extreme base, the
outermost pair with outer web blackish; bill pale greenish yellow
(sometimes drying dusky or olive), usually showing some olive or
dusky on terminal half of mandible; legs and feet (in dried skins)
dusky; leneth (skins), 334-881 (849.5); wing, 188-228.1 (214.1); tail,
121. 4-136.7 (131.6); culmen, 65.5-71.1 (68.1); depth of bill at base,
96.7-29 (27.9); greatest width of frontal shield, 19.8-22.4 (21.3);
tarsus, 38.4—41.1 (39.6); middle toe, 28.5-32.5 (29.7).’
Adult female.—Much smaller than the male; similar in coloration,
but black of breast. etc., less intense, less glossy, blending gradually
into the deep chestnut of adjoining parts; bill darker; length (skins),
951.5-289.6 (267.7); wing, 149.1-156.2 (152.9); tail, 94.7-105.4 (101.6)
1 leven specimens (basal depth of bill measured in only four).
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. Ware
culmen, 48.3-53.3 (51.3); depth of bill at base, 22.6-23.9 (23.1); width
of pond. 15.2-16.5 (15.7); tarsus, 31.5-33.3 (32.8); middle toe,
93.1-25.4 (23.6).
Young.—Similar to adult female, but colors duller and bill light
brownish.
Nicaragua (Chontales; Rio Escondido) to Colombia (Pocune; Ner-
cua; Rio aiteuemda)- Venezuela; western Ecuador (Balzar Mountains;
Foreste del Rio Peripa)?; northwestern Peru (Piura) ?”
Clacicus] wagleri Gray, Gen. Birds, ii, 1847, 342 (neither type locality nor loca-
tion of type given).®
Cacicus waglert Gray, Gen. Birds, ii, 1847, pl. 84
[Ocyalus] wagleri Bonaparts, Consp. Av., 1, 1850, 427 (Venezuela) .—SciaTEer
and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 35, ae
Ocyalus wagleri SCLATER, Proc. Tool: Soc. Lond., 1855, 153 (Bogota).—Cassin,
Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1860, 188 (Rio Truando and Rio Nereua, n. Colom-
bia).—SciaTER and Saxnvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, 353 (Panama
R. R.); 1879, 508, pl. 43, fig. 38 (near Remedios, proy. Antioquia, Colombia).—
CaBanis, Journ. fiir Orn., 1861, 9 (Costa Rica).—Sanvin, Proc. Zool. Soc.
Lond., 1867, 142 (Santa Fé, Veragua); 1870, 190 (Chitra and Calobre, Vera-
gua); fe 1872, 317 (Chontales, Nicaragua).—LawreEnce, Ann. Lyc. N. Y.,
vii, 1861, 297 (Panama R. R.); ix, 1868, 104 (San José, Turrialba, and San
Carlos, Costa Rica).—Frantzius, Journ. fiir Orn., 1869, 302 (Costa Rica).—
30ucARD, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, 58 (Orozi, San Carlos, and Naranjo,
Costa Rica).—Nourtine, Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., v, 1882, 393 (near Punta
Arenas, w. Costa Rica).—Zrtepon, Cat. Aves de Costa Rica, 1882, 9.
Cassicus wagleri Casstx, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1867, 72, part (Central America;
Colombia).
HEucorystes waglert Scuarer, Ibis, Apr., 1883, 147, part (monogr.; Chontales,
Nicaragua; Costa Rica; Veragua; Colombia; Balzar Mts., w. Ecuador);
Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 312, part (Chontales, Nicaragua; Tucurrique,
Costa Rica; Santa Fé and Chitra, Veragua; Chiriqui; Isthmus Panama;
Pocune, Colombia; Balzar Mts., w. Ecuador).—Sanvin and Gopman, Biol.
Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1886, 436, part (localities and references from Nicaragua
southward; w. Ecuador; Piura, n. w. Peru).—Zertepon, An. Mus. Nac. Costa
Rica, i, 1887, 112 ( Alajuela and Cartago, Costa Rica).—Cuerrig, Auk, ix, 1892,
249 (San José, Costa Rica; descr. young).—RicuMmonp, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus.,
xvi, 1893, 4938 (San Juan R., and Rio Frio, Costa Rica; Rio Escondido, Nica-
ragua).—Satvaporr and Fersra, Boll. Mus. Zool., etc., Torino, xv, 1899, 28
(Foreste del Rio Peripa, w. Ecuador).
Zarhynchus wagleri OBERHOLSER, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., June 2, 1899, 215.
Zarhynchus wagleri wagleri Ripaway, Proce. Wash. Acad. Sci., ili, Apr. 15, 1901,
151, in text.
'Seven specimens (basal foo of bill ee a in only non
"I have not seen specimens from Nicaragua nor from any part of northern South
America south of the Panama Railroad. Judging from other species which vary
similarly between southern Mexico and the Isthmus of Panama, Nicaraguan speci-
mens are most likely referable to the southern form. Specimens from western Peru
and Eeuador, on the other hand, may prove on critical comparison to be separable
as a third form, and those from Venezuela should also be carefully compared.
$Judging from the colored plate, Gray’s bird seems to have been the southern
form.
3654—voL 2—O1 12
178 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
ZARHYNCHUS WAGLERI MEXICANUS Ridgway.
MEXICAN OROPENDOLA.
Similar to Z. vw. waglert but averaging slightly smaller, especially
the bill; frontal shield narrower and less arched; chestnut of head
and neck slightly, that of rump and flanks decidedly, darker; black
of breast and abdomen more restricted, duller, less glossy.
Adult male.—Length (skins), 330.2-368.3 (844.4); wing, 207-218.9
(213.6); tail, 124.5-132.6 (127.3); culmen, 6467.3 (65.5); greatest width
of frontal shield, 18.3-20.3 (19.6); tarsus. 37.6-38.6 (38.1); middle toe,
27.4-30 (28.7)."
Adult female.—Length (skin), 243.8; wing, 147.3-154.2 (150.6); tail,
98.8-99.1; culmen, 48-48.3 (48.1); greatest width of frontal shield,
14.5-15.2 (14.7); tarsus, 31.8-32.5 (82); middle toe, 24.1-25.4 (24.6).”
Southern Mexico, in State of Vera Cruz (Motzorongo, Cerro de
Defensa, etc.) to Guatemala; British Honduras ?; Honduras 7%.’
Ocyalus wagleri (not Cacicus wagleri Gray) SCLATER, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1857,
228 (Mexico); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 127 (Guatemala ).—ScuaTer and Satyr,
Ibis, 1859, 19 Cahabon, Guatemala); 1870, 836 (San ‘Pedro, Honduras)—
Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1859, 57, (Chilomo, Honduras).—Satvin,
Ibis, 1861, 141 (Lanquin, Guatemala).
Cassicus waglert Cassty, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1867, 72, part (Mexico).
[ Ocyalus] wagleri ScLarer and Satyin, Nom. Ay. Neotr., 1873, 35, part.
Ocyalus waglerti Sumicurast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., 1, 1869, 553 (hot region,
Vera Cruz).—Bovcarp, Liste Ois. Guat., 1878, 35.
Eucorystes wagleri Scuater, Ibis, Apr., 1883, 147, part (s. Mexico; Guatemala;
Honduras; monogr.); Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 312, part (Coban and
Choctum, Guatemala; s. Mexico).—Satyin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am.,
Aves, 1, 1886, 486, part (Cerro de la Defensa, Vera Cruz; Cahabon, Lanquin,
and Choctum, Guatemala; Chilomo and San Pedro, Honduras).
Zarhynchus wagleri mexicanus Ripaway, Proc. Wash. Aead. Sci., ili, Apr. 15,
1901, 151 (Motzorongo, Vera Cruz, Mexico; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.).
Genus GYMNOSTINOPS Selater.
Gymnostinops* ScuatER, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 309, 312. (Type, Cacicus
montezuma Lesson. )
Very large arboreal Icteridee with bill longer than head, straight,
acute elongate-conical, with basal outline of mandibular rami nearly
vertical, straight or slightly concave, the basal portion of culmen more
or less expanded, forming a somewhat flattened frontal shield; cheeks
and space on sides of throat naked; coloration black and chestnut, or
olive-yellowish, with tail mostly yellow.
' Five specimens.
* Two specimens.
*T have not seen specimens from any portion of the district between Guatemala
and Costa Rica. Judging, however, from the case of other species which vary
between southern Mexico and the Isthmus of Panama, specimens from British Hon-
duras and Honduras are most likely to be referable to the northern form; those from
Nicaragua to the southern one.
*“youuvos naked, 06rE1v 0s bony, @w face.”
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 179
Bill longer than head, elongate-conical, acute, compressed, with
nearly straight outlines, its basal depth decidedly less than distance
from nostril to tip of maxilla, its basal width less than half that dis-
tance; culmen straight, ascending but not conspicuously elevated
basally, forming a broad, nearly flat, frontal shield, with rounded pos-
terior outline, the extreme posterior portion of which extends about
as far as the anterior angle of the eye; gonys straight, decidedly more
than half as long as culmen, but about as much shorter than distance
from nostril to tip of maxilla; mandibular rami widened, but not
swollen, posteriorly, with terminal outline truncate or faintly concave ;
commissure nearly straight. Nostril much below lateral median line
of maxilla, small, broadly oval or nearly circular, bored directly into
the horny rhinotheca, beveled off anteriorly, posteriorly touching the
loral feathering. Wing moderate (more than three times as long as
culmen), short-tipped (primaries exceeding secondaries by less than
length of culmen), rounded; outermost (ninth) primary intermediate
between fifth and fourth; seventh, or seventh and sixth, longest; four
outer primaries broad and rounded at tips (the first slightly contracted
terminally), their inner webs faintly sinuated. Tail about three-
fourths as long as wing, graduated, with middle pair of rectrices
abruptly abbreviated (intermediate in length between outermost and
the next), the rectrices rather narrow, but not obviously contracted
terminally nor pointed. Tarsus about as long as the maxilla from
nostril, or a little longer, stout, its anterior scutella very distinct;
middle toe, with claw, about as long as tarsus; outer toe with claw
reaching about to base of middle claw, the inner slightly shorter;
hallux shorter than lateral toes, but conspicuously stouter, its claw
slightly shorter than the digit; all the claws strongly curved. A
crescentic patch immediately behind frontal shield, rictal and sub-
orbital regions, anterior and middle portion of malar region, and sides
of chin and throat naked, the last separated from the naked cheek-
space by a narrow line of feathering; a sparse crest of narrow elon-
gated feathers springing from middle of crown.
Coloration. —Black and chestnut, or yellowish olive-green, with tail
mostly yellow.
Fange.—Southern Mexico to Bolivia and southern Brazil. (Five
species, only one of them north of the Isthmus of Panama.)
KEY TO THE SPECIES OF GYMNOSTINOPS.
a. Wings, upper tail-coverts, and flanks chestnut.
6. Breast, abdomen, and thighschestnut. (Southern Mexico toIsthmusof Panama. )
Gymnostinops montezuma (p. 180)
bb. Breast, abdomen, and thighs black. (Northern Colombia.)
Gymnostinops cassini (p. 181)
aa. Wings (except a small area next to scapulars), upper tail-coverts, and flanks
black. (Northern Colombia.)........--.-- Gymnostinops guatimozinus (p. 182)
180 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
GYMNOSTINOPS MONTEZUMA (Lesson).
MONTEZUMA OROPENDOLA.
Adult male.—Head, neck, and upper part of chest uniform black;
tail rich lemon yellow, the middle pair of rectrices brownish black;
rest of plumage rich purplish chestnut, or bay, darker on under parts
of the body, especially the thighs, the feathers of breast and abdomen
being black beneath the surface; tips of longer primaries (beyond
emarginations) and whole under surface of wings brownish black;
basal half, or more, of bill black, the terminal portion yellowish (more or
less orange or orange-red in life); naked skin around base of culmen
and bare suborbital and malar spaces flesh color, pale bluish, or rose-
pink in life; iris brown; iets and feet black; length (skins), 450.9-
520.7 (491); wing, 245.1-273.1 (260.9); tail, 185.9-205.2 (197.4); cul-
men, 73.7-78.7 (77); acount width - culmen near base, 13.7-16.3
(14.7); tarsus, 54.6-60.2 (56.6); middle toe, 39.9-44.5 (42.4)."
Adult female.—Similar to the adult male, but much smaller; black
of head and neck duller or browner; middle rectrices blackish brown,
instead of black, and the median under parts and thighs darker, some-
times approaching brownish black; length (skins), 363.2—-406.4 (881.3);
wing, 188—205.7 (196.3); tail, 144.8-159.5 oe +); culmen, 56.4-61
(58.9); width of culmen near base, 10.2-12.4 (11.2); tarsus, 44.5-46.2
(45.2); middle toe, 31.2-33.5 (32.5).”
Young.—Similar to adults, but dark portion of bill not so deep black
and pale terminal portion less distinctly yellowish; the line of demar-
cation between the two areas less distinct.
Southeastern Mexico, in States of Tamaulipas (Alta Mira) and Vere
Cruz (Santa Maria, Orizaba, Cordova, Jalapa, Actopam, Barra de
Santa Ana, Paso de la Milpa, ete.), south through Central America to
Isthmus of Panama (Lion Hill Station, Panama Railroad).
‘Seven specimens.
* Five specimens.
Specimens from different localities average as follows:
Width
arr pe res \ of Middle
Locality. Wing. | Tail. |Culmen. Franca Tarsus. rae!
shield.
MALES. |
Two adult males from southern Mexico.....-.....-- 271.8 | 202.9 75.9 14 54.9 42.2
One adult male from Guatemala..........-....--.-- 264.2 198. 6 76.7 14 56.4 39.9
Three adult males from Nicaragua and Costa Rica..} 253.5 | 191.3 | 77 15.2 56.6 43.4
One‘adnult malevromuPanamee 2 = es -aseeee ete 297.8 193 77 16.3 60. 2 43.9
FEMALES.
Two adult females from southern Mexico.....-..-.- 202. 4 157.2 ist 10.4 | 45.5 aes
Two adult females from Honduras..............---- 194.3 152.7 59.7 LIIGh| 4pe2 32
One adult female from Costa Rica .....-....-......- 188 144.8 | 59.7 10.7 44.5 31.2
{
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA, 181
Cacicus montezuma Lesson, Cent. Zool., 1830, 338, pl. 7 (Mexico).—-GErvats,
Atlas Zool., 1844, pl. 33.
Cacicus montezume Scuater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1856, 3800 (Cordova, Vera
Cruz); 1858, 358 (Comayagua, Honduras), 365 (Jalapa, Vera Cruz).—
ScLtaTER and Savin, Ibis, 1859, 19 (Atlantic coast, Guatemala, and Hon-
duras).—Moors, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1859, 57 (Omoa, Honduras) .—Tay-
tor, Ibis, 1860, 111 (Taulevi, Honduras).
Cassicus montezumex Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1867, 71 (monogr. ).
Ostinops montezumx ScLuaTER, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1859, 380 (Playa Vicente,
Oaxaca); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 128 (Jalapa); Ibis, 1883, 148 (throughout s.
Mexico to Panama).—Casstin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1860, 139, footnote
(Mexico; Nicaragua; descr.).—LawreEnce, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., vii, 1861, 297
(Lion Hill, Panama R. R.); ix, 1868, 104 (San Carlos and Angostura, (oe
Rica).—ScLaTeR and Savin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, 3853 (Lion Hill);
1867, 279 (Blewfields R., Nicaragua); 1870, 836 (San Pedro, Honduras) .—
SALviIn, Ibis, 1865, 195 (not on Pacifie coast of Guatemala).—FRANTzIUs,
Journ. fur Orn., 1869, 302 (San Carlos, Angostura, Serapiqui, Tucurriqui, San
Mateo, Aguacate, and Orosi, Costa Rica).—Boucarp, Proce. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
1878, 58 (San Carlos and Naranjo, Costa Rica; descr. nest, etc. ).—ZELEDON,
Cat. Aves de Costa Rica, 1882, 9.—Nuttine, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vi, 1884,
383 (Sucuyd, Nicaragua; habits, ete.), 401 (Los Sabalos, Nicaragua).
Ostinops montezumae Boucarnb, Liste Ois. Guat., 1878, 35.
Ostinops montezuma SumicHRast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., 1, 1869, 553 (hot region,
Vera Cruz).—FERRARI-PEREZ, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., ix, 1886, 149 (Actopam,
Barra de Santa Ana, and Paso de la Milpa, Vera Cruz).
[Ostinops] montezume ScuiaTeR and Satyiy, Nom. Ay. Neotr., 1873, 35.
Gymnostinops montezume SCLATER, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, a 313.—SALVIN
and GopMANn, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1886, 437.—ZELEpoN, An. Mus. Nace.
Costa Rica, i, 1887, 112 (Jiménez and Cartago, Costa Rica).—Goss, Auk, v,
1888, 27 (breeding habits; descr. nest and eggs).—Ripaway, Proc. U.S. Nat.
Mus., x, 1888, 588 (5 Sais Honduras ).—Ricumonp, Proc. U. 8. Nat Mus.,
xvi, 1893, 494 (Nicaragua; habits, song, etc.); xviii, 1896, 630 (Alta Mira,
Tamaulipas).
C[assicus] bifasciatus (not of Spix) Bonaparte, Consp. Ay., i, 1850, 427, part
(Mexico).
O[stinops] bifasciata CABANIS, Mus. Hein., i, 1851, 187, excl. syn. part (Mexico).
GYMNOSTINOPS CASSINI Richmond.
CASSIN’S OROPENDOLA.
Similar to G. montezuma, but bill longer, much deeper and broader
at base, more attenuated terminally, with light-colored tip occupying
less than terminal third, and with the basal portion of the frontal
**casque” light-colored; under parts (except under tail-coverts),
including thighs, deep black; chestnut of upper parts and under tail-
coverts darker (rich deep bay). Much larger than G. guatimozinus,
with the entire back, scapulars, wings (except terminal portion of
longer primaries), rump, and tail-coverts (upper and lower) entirely
deep chestnut or bay; black of head, neck, and under parts less intense;
basal portion of frontal ‘‘casque” light-colored, and naked skin of
‘cheeks light-colored instead of dusky. Bill black, with about 25.4
182 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
mm. of the terminal portion and about 5.1 mm. of the basal portion of
the frontal shield (extending forward laterally) dull yellowish (orange
in life#); naked skin of forehead and cheeks light-colored (pinkish or
flesh-colored in life’); legs and feet black.
Adult male.—Length (skin), about 533.5; wing, 270.5; tail, 203.2;
culmen, 85.9; greatest width of culmen near base, 21.6; depth of bill
at base, 35.6; tarsus, 61.5; middle toe, 43.7.
Northern Colombia (Rio Truando).
Ostinops quatimozinus (not of Bonaparte) Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1860,
138, 189 (Rio Truando, n. Colombia; descr.; crit. ).
Cassicus guatimozinus Casstn, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1867, 71, part (Rio
Truando).
Gymnostinops guatimozinus SaAtvixn and GopMaN, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1886,
439, part (Rio Truando).
Gymnostinops cassint Ricumonp, Auk, xv, Oct., 1898, 327 (Rio Truando, n. Colom-
bia; coll. U. 8. Nat. Mus.).
GYMNOSTINOPS GUATIMOZINUS (Bonaparte).
BLACK OROPENDOLA,
Adult male.—Head, neck, upper back, and entire under parts,
except under tail-coverts, uniform deep black, with a faint bluish
gloss; wings black, with innermost coverts dark chestnut or bay;
lower back and scapulars dark chestnut or bay, the feathers black
beneath surface; rump and upper tail-coverts black, tinged with dark
chestnut or bay; under tail-coverts similar, but the longer ones uni-
form bay; bill black, with the tip yellowish for about 19.1 mm.; naked
skin on forehead ligbt-colored (apparently pinkish or flesh-colored in
life), but that of cheeks dusky; legs and feet black; length (skin),
about 463.6; wing, 261.6; tail, 207; culmen, 65.5; greatest width of
culmen near base, 13.2; depth of bill at base, 27.9; tarsus, 59.7; middle
toe, 41.1.’
Adult female.—Much smaller than the male; similar in coloration,
but the black rather less intense; length (skin), 400.1; wing, 200.7;
tail, 153.7; culmen, 52.8; greatest width of culmen near tee 11.4;
fon of bill at base, 23.4; tarsus, 44.5; middle toe, 33.”
Northern Colombia (Guaripata; Turbo; lower Magdalena River;
Remedios, Antioquia).
Ostinops guatimozinus BONAPARTE, Compt. Rend., xxxvii, 1853, 833 (Guaripata,
Colombia); Notes Orn. Coll. Delattre, 1853, 10.—Scua‘rER and SALvIn, Proc.
Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, 508 (Remedios, proy. Antioquia, Colombia; descr.
eggs).—Scuater, Ibis, 1888, 149, part (northern parts of Colombia; Guari-
pata; Remedios, Antioquia).
[ Ostinops] guatemozinus ScLATER and Satyvrix, Nom. Ay. Neotr., 1875, 09.
1 No. 128113, U. S. Nat. Mus., Lower Maedalons jeer Colombia, June 28, 1892;
Lieut. Wirt Robinson, U.S. A.
2 No. 17846, U. S. Nat. Mus., Turbo, northern Colombia; Dr. A. Schott.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 183
Cassicus guatimozinus Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1867, 71, part (Turbo, n.
Colombia).
Gymnostinops gquatimozinus SCLATER, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 314 (Reme-
dios).—Satvix and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1886, 439, pl. 32.—
Rogrxson, Flying Trip to Tropics, 1895, 160 (lower Magdalena R., Colombia).
Genus OSTINOPS Cabanis.
Ostinops+ CaBanis, Mus. Hein., i, Sept., 1851, 187. (Type, Oriolus cristatus
Gmelin, = Vanthornus decumanus Pallas. )
Very large arboreal Icteridx with bill longe1 than head, straight,
acute elongate-conical, with basal outline of mandibular rami nearly
vertical, truncate, the basal portion of culmen elevated and expanded,
forming a narrow but prominent frontal shield; head completely
feathered.
Bill slightly longer than head, elongate-conical, acute, compressed,
with nearly straight outlines, its basal depth decidedly less than dis-
tance from nostril to tip of maxilla, its basal width nearly half that
‘measurement; culmen straight, slightly decurved terminally, the basal
portion, slightly elevated, arched, and expanded, forming a narrow
frontal shield, the rounded posterior extremity of which is about on
line with anterior angle of eye; gonys straight, decidedly more than
half as long as culmen but shorter than distance from nostril to tip of
maxilla; commissure straight to behind nostril, where decidedly
detlexed to the rictus; mandibular rami posteriorly widened and
truncate, but not swollen. Nostril much below lateral median line of
maxilla, small, broadly oval or nearly circular, bored directly into the
horny rhinotheca, slightly beveled anteriorly, posteriorly touching
the loral feathering. Wing long (more than four times as long as
culmen ), the tip long (much longer than culmen) and wedge-shaped;
ninth (outermost) primary intermediate between fifth and fourth;
seventh or sixth primary longest; four outer primaries gradually con-
tracted terminally and pointed, their inner web faintly sinuated.
Tail between three-fourths and four-fifths as long as wing, graduated,
with middle pair of rectrices shorter than third pair and differently
colored from the others, the rectrices rather narrow but not contracted
terminally. Tarsus longer than maxilla from nostril, very stout, its
anterior scutella very distinct; middle toe, with claw, decidedly
shorter than tarsus (about equal to maxilla from nostril); outer toe
with claw reaching slightly beyond base of middle claw, the inner
slightly shorter; hallux nearly as long as inner toe, much stouter, its
claw decidedly shorter than the digit. Head completely feathered, a
sparse crest of narrow elongated feathers springing from middle of
crown.
Coloration.—Black and chestnut, or olive-green, olive-brown, or
russet, with the tail mostly yellow.
” oa ” . “AN . .
1 Ostivo6, knochern, und ww, 706, 7) Gesicht, Antlitz.’’
184 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Range.—Isthmus of Panama (Chiriqui) to Bolivia and southern
Brazil. (Eight species, all South American, one of them barely pass-
ing the Isthmus of Panama.)
OSTINOPS DECUMANUS (Pallas).
CRESTED OROPENDOLA,
Adult male.—General color uniform, rather glossy, black, or brown-
ish black (sometimes with a slight purplish reflection in certain lights);
rump and upper tail-coverts dark purplish chestnut or bay, the under
tail-coverts similar but lighter (more burnt sienna); tail rich lemon
yellow, with middle pair of rectrices black; bill pale greenish yellow;
legs and feet black; length (skins), 416.6-463.6 (433.1); wing, 215.9-
250.2 (286); tail, 185.4-221 (202.2); culmen, 55.9-66.5 (62.2); depth of
bill at base, 25.9-30 (28.2); width of maxilla between lores, 10.2-13
(11.7); tarsus, 48.3-55.4 (51.3); middle toe, 34.3-40.6 (37.6).'
Adult female.—Similar in coloration to the adult male but much
smaller, with crest less developed; length (skins), 317.5-355.6 (326.6);
wing, 158.8-186.7 (169.2); tail, 1384.6-177.8 (151.9); culmen, 42.9-50.8
(46.7); depth of bill at base, 20.3-22.9 (21.8); width of culmen between
lores, 7.9-9.9 (9.1); tarsus, 38.6-43.2 (41.1); middle toe, 27.2-80.5
(29.2).? ;
Young.—Similar to adults, but the black duller, the chestnut of
rump, etc., less bright and much less sharply defined, and the bill pale
yellowish brown or dull brownish white instead of pale greenish
' Eleven specimens.
* Ten specimens.
Specimens from eastern Ecuador average larger, those from southern Brazil smaller,
averages being as follows:
Width |
| Depth | of cul- | Middle
Locality. Wing. | Tail. |Culmen.) of bill |men be-/Tarsus. | " ide
| | at base.| tween | | e
lores. |
if = a ee
MALES. | |
Six adult males from Colombia (including |
Panama and /Ghiriqui)is=s2-c.--.asasecese | 226.8 | 19920 62.5 28. 2 1D 25 ole ia 38.4
: = | | }
Three adult males from Rio Napo, eastern
Rosado ats oar eee ee en eee | 252 216.9| 64.8| 27.9] 12.7] 53.3] 36.6
Two adult males from Chapada, Matto-
Grosso, southwestern Brazil ..........---. 239 188 57.7 28.7 11.9 49.8 | 35.8
FEMALES. |
|
Five adult females from Colombia.........- 176.3 | 161.5 49.8 224d B54 | 42.7 | 29.7
One adult female from Rio Napo, eastern |
EE CUACOR 50 coed Soon eee a ere 170.9 | 149.9 45,7 | 22.4 QUT te Asa a0)
Four adult females from Chapada, Matto- |
Grosso, southwestern Brazil .............. 159.8 139.7 | otek 2100 8.6 | 39.1 | QT
Oe ee
eee ee ee ee ee
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 185
yellow. (Some specimens apparently nearly or quite mature have
indistinct brownish margins to posterior scapulars and interscapulars. )
Chiriqui (Bugaba) and Isthmus of Panama (Lion Hill, Chepo, Rio
Lara) to eastern Peru (Pebas, Santa Cruz, Yurimaguas, Rio Ucayali,
Chyavetas, Chamicuros, etc.), Bolivia (Tilotilo), Paraguay (Lambaré),
southern Brazil (Chapada, province of Matto-Grosso; Blumenau, proy-
ince of Santa Catarina; Piquete, province of Sao Paulo; Ypanema;
Bahia, ete.), British Guiana (Bartica Grove), Trinidad, and Tobago.
Xanthornus decumanus PAauuas, Spicil. Zool., fase. vi, 1769, 1 (‘‘ America’’).
Ostinops decumanus SALvin and GopMAN, Ibis, 1879, 200 (San José and Atanques,
prov. Santa Marta, Colombia; crit. nom.); Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1886,
440 (Bugaba, Chiriqui; Lion Hill and Chepo, Isthmus of Panama; Turbo, n.
Colombia; Guiana; Bolivia; s. e. Brazil).—Scuarer and Savin, Proc. Zool.
Soc. Lond., 1879, 508 (Remedios, Antioquia).—Scuiater, Ibis, 1883, 151
(monogr.); Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 315 (Bugaba, Chiriqui; Lion
Hill and Chepo, Isthmus of Panama; Atanques, Bogota, and Antioquia,
Colombia; Sarayacu, e. Ecuador; Pebas and Santa Cruz, e. Peru; Tilotilo,
Bolivia; Barra do Rio Negro, Ypanema, and Bahia, Brazil; Bartica Grove,
British Guiana; Tobago).—TaczanowskI, Orn. du Pérou, ii, 1885, 404.—
Sauvin, Ibis, 1885, 217 ( Bartica Grove, British Guiana ).—BrERLEpscH, Journ.
fir Orn., 1887, 10 (Lambaré, Paraguay), 116 (Paraguay); 1889, 299 ( Yuri-
maguas, n. e. Peru).—ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., 11, 1889, 84 (lower Beni R.,
Bolivia) ; 111, 1891, 376 (Chapada, proy. Matto-Grosso, s. w. Brazil; descr. nest
and eggs, etc. ).—CHapman, Auk, vii, 1890, 269 (Santarem, lower Amazon);
Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., vi, 1894, 35 (Trinidad; habits; notes).—Cory, Auk,
x, 1893, 220 (Tobago).—Rosrinson, Flying Trip to Tropics, 1895, 160 (Magda-
lena R., Colombia).—PuHetps, Auk, xiv, 1897, 364 (Cumanacoa, Venezuela) .—
Banas, Proc. Biol. Soe. Wash., xii, 1898, 177 (Palomina, prov. Santa Marta,
Colombia).—Sronr, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1899, 307 (Honda, Rio Com-
beima, and Nevada del Tolima, centr. Colombia).—Sarvaporr, Boll. Mus.
Zool., etc., Torino, xiv, 1899, 5 (Rio Lara, Isthmus of Panama); xv, no. 378,
1900, 6 (Urucum, prov. Matto-Grosso, s. w. Brazil).—Satvaporrand Festa,
Boll. Mus. Zool., ete., Torino, xv, 1899, 28 (Gualaquiza and Valle del Zamora,
e. Ecuador).—Inrrina, Aves de S. Paulo, 1899, 169 (Piquete, prov. S.
Paulo, s. Brazil).—ALuen, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., xiii, 1900, 163 (Ouaca,
prov. Santa Marta, Colombia).—Rogpinson and Ricumonp, Proc. U. 8. Nat.
Mus., xxiv, 1901, 175 (Cucuruti and San Julian, Venezuela).
(?) Xanthornus maximus PAuuas, Spicil. Zool., fase. vi, 1769, 3 pl. 1 (America).
Oriolus citrius Miuuer, Syst. Nat. Suppl., 1776, 87 (based on Cassique huppé, de
Cayenne Daubenton, Pl. Enl., pl. 344).
Cassicus citreus Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., Apr., 1867, 68 (monogr. ).
Oriolus cristatus Bopparrt, Tabl. Pl. Enl., 1783, 21 (based on Cassique huppé, de
Cayenne Daubenton, Pl. Enl., pl. 344). se
[ Oriolus] cristatus GMELIN, Syst. Nat., i, 1788, 387.—Larnam, Index Orn., i, 1790,
174.
Icterus cristatus TemMMINcK, Cat. Syst., 1807, 46.
Cassicus cristatus ViErLLoT, Nouy. Dict. d’ Hist. Nat., v, 1816, 362; Ene. Méth., ii,
1823, 721.—Maximiuian, Beitr. Naturg. Bras., ii, 1831, 1220.—TscHupt1,
Fauna Peruana, Aves, 1849, 232.—CaBanis, in Schomburgk’s Reis. Brit.
Guiana, ili, 1848, 680.—BurmetstEer, Syst. Ueb. Th. Bras., iii, 1856, 275.—
DescourtiLz, Orn. Brés., 1854-56, pl. 45, fig. (3).—Berruepscn, Journ. fur
Orn., 1873, 248 (Blumenau, proy. Santa Catarina, s. Brazil; localities, ref-
erences, etc. ).
186 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Classicus] cristatus Swarxson, Birds Brazil, etc., 1841, pl. 32.
[ Cassicus] cristalus BONAPARTE, Consp. Ay., 1, 1850, 427 (Guiana; Brazil).
Ps{arocolius] cristatus WAGLER, Syst. Ay., 1827, Psarocolius, Sp. 3.
O[stinops] cristatus CABANIS, Mus. Hein., i, Sept., 1851, 187 (Brazil; Guiana; Vene-
zuela).
Ostinops cristatus SCLATER, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1855, 153 (Bogota); 1858, 455
(Gualaquiza Ecuador); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 127 (Bogota).—Casstn, Proc.
Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1860, 188 (Turbo and Rio Atrato, n. Colombia).—Law-
RENCE, Ann. Lye. N. Y., vii, 1861, 297 (Lion Hill, Panama R. R.).—Rery-
HARD?, Fuglef. Bras. Camp., 1870, 211 (Guache and Japui, Brazil). —Taytor,
Ibis, 1864, 83 (Trinidad) .—Sciarer and Sayin, Proc. Zool. Soe. Lond., 1864,
354 (Panama R. R.); 1866, 182 (Rio Ucayali, e. Peru); 1867, 750 (Rio
Huallaga, e. Peru), 978 (Pebas, upper Amazon); 1873, 265 (Pebas, lower
Ucayali, Chyavetas, Chamicuros, and Santa Cruz, e. Peru) ; 1879, 608 (Proy.
Yungas, Bolivia).—Sanvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 190 (Bugaba,
Chiriqui).—Fryscu, Proce. Zool. Soe. Lond., 1870, 578 (Trinidad).—Wy arr,
Ibis, 1871, 328 (lower mountain dists., Colombia).—PELzeLN, Orn. Bras.,
1871, 191.—ALLEN, Bull. Essex Inst., vili, 1876, 79 (Santarem, lower Amazon).
279 OF
[ Ostinops] cristatus SCLATER and Satyvin, Nom. Avy. Neotr., 1875, 35.
Genus CACICUS Lacépéde.
Cacicus LAcrPEDR, Tableau méthod. des Mammif. et des Oiseaux, 1799, 6. (Type,
“Cacique,” = Cassicus affinis Swainson.’)
Cassicus InuicerR, Prodromus Orn., 1811, 214. (Type, Oriolus hemorrhous Lin-
nzeus. )
(2?) Archiplanus! CaBanis, Mus. Hein., i, Sept., 1851, 186. (Type, Cassicus albi-
rostris Vieillot. )
Medium-sized to rather large arboreal Icteride with bill elongate-
conical, acute, the culmen more or less widened, sometimes decidedly
swollen, basally; nostrils on or below lateral median line of maxilla,
small, bored directly into the horny rhinotheca; tarsus not longer than
culmen, equal to or longer than middle toe, with claw; coloration black,
with scarlet or yellow patch on rump (the tail-coverts, base of tail, and
a patch on wing-coverts sometimes also yellow), the bill whitish or
pale yellowish.
Bill variable as to relative length and thickness, usually about as
long as head (never conspicuously longer nor shorter), elongate-conical
or cuneate, with the acute tip more or less decurved, its basal depth
less than half the length of culmen, its basal width decidedly less than
half (sometimes less than one-third) the length of culmen; culmen
nearly straight (sometimes faintly depressed) in middle, slightly
decurved terminally, more or less elevated and arched (sometimes very
faintly so) basally, broad and rounded, especially the basal portion,
which is sometimes developed into a rather conspicuous ** frontal
shield;” gonys straight or faintly concave terminally, shorter than
maxilla from nostril; commissure nearly straight for most part, slightly
decurved terminally, the basal portion slightly deflexed from behind
, 1“Von a&pxixAavos, 6 nom. prop.”’
i i al
ee Se ee
ee ies
7
Od
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. ]
loral antie to the rictus—the portion immediately beneath the loral
anti sometimes slightly convex. Nostril on lateral median line of max-
illa or below (in typical species decidedly below), narrow, longitudinal,
bored directly into the horny rhinotheca, usually more or less beveled
anteriorly, the posterior end in contact with feathering of the loral
antie. Wing moderate to long (about four to nearly five times as
long as culmen, about four and one-third to five times as long as tarsus),
its tip rather short to long (much less than length of culmen to much
more), rounded; ninth (outermost) primary shorter than fifth (shorter
than third in C. leucorhamphus, equal to firstin C. chrysonotus); eighth
to sixth or (in (. chrysonotus) seventh to fifth longest, the eighth,
seventh, and sixth or (in C. chrysonotus) seventh, sixth, and fifth nearly
equal; in typical species the longer primaries gradually, but not con-
spicuously, narrowed terminally. Tail nearly two-thirds to more than
seven-eighths as long as wing, or (in C. chrysonotus) longer than wing,
subemarginate, double-rounded, or graduated (graduation always less
than length of culmen). Tarsus shorter than culmen to slightly longer,
about one-fifth to two-ninths as long as wing, its anterior scutella dis-
tinct; middie toe, with claw, slightly to decidedly shorter than tarsus;
lateral toes with claws reaching to or slightly beyond base of middle
claw; hallux shorter than lateral toes or (in C. lewcorhamphus and
C. chrysonotus) about as long, but much stouter, its claw decidedly
shorter than the digit; all the claws strongly curved, acute.
Coloration.—Black, with a scarlet or yellow patch on rump; some
of the yellow-rumped species with a yellow patch on wing-coverts,
some with also the tail-coverts and base of tail vellow; sexes alike in
coloration.
Range.—Nicaragua to western Ecuador, Bolivia, Paraguay, and
southern Brazil. (Eleven species, all South American, only two of
them reaching the Isthmus of Panama.)
I have been strongly tempted to subdivide this genus by removing
at least C. ehrysonotus, which differs strikingly in its weak bill, short-
tipped and much-rounded wing, long tail, and apparently different pro-
portionate length of the toes; but the only specimen of this species
that I have been able to examine is a young bird, and I can not be
sure that the peculiarities observed would be equally evident in the
adult. C. deucorhamphus agrees in some characters with C. chrysonotus,
though not to the same degree, and seems, on the whole, to be struc-
turally intermediate between that species and those with the tail-coverts
and base of tail yellow (C. persicus, C. vitellinus, and C. flavicrissus).
Cassicus albirostris Vieillot is also probably not a member of this
genus, and should without much doubt be placed in the genus Archz-
planus Cabanis, of which it is the type and only known species. Of
this species I have seen only the female, which is a very small bird
(less in size than the average J/cterus), with x decidedly wedge-
188 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
shaped bill, definite though slight superior operculum to the rather
large and high nostrils; weak feet, slightly rounded tail, and rounded
wing (ninth primary intermediate between fourth and third). Except
in its very small size it comes rather near the aberrant species (C. /ew-
corhamphus and C. chrysonotus) in structural details, but has the bill
more perfectly wedge-shaped, with the culmen quite straight, instead
of distinctly decurved terminally.
Without better specimens of C. chrysonotus and C. albirostris, how-
ever, I am not able to quite satisfy myself as to the proper limits of
the genus, and therefore for the present leave them as defined by
Dr. Sclater.
KEY TO THE SPECIES OF CACICUS.
a. Rump (also tail-coverts, base of tail, and patch on wing-coyerts), yellow; culmen
31.8 or more. (Colombia, including Isthmus of Panama.) -........----.-----
Cacicus vitellinus (p. 188)
aa. Rump orange-red or scarlet; culmen not more than 30.5. (Isthmus of Panama
to Nicaragua. ).- 5222265 aee oes ase eee Cacicus microrhynchus (p. 189)
CACICUS VITELLINUS Lawrence.
LAWRENCE’S CACIQUE,
Adult male.—General color uniform deep black, with a slight bluish
gloss in certain lights, the plumage of neck and body white at base
(concealed); lower back, rump, upper and under tail-coverts, and small
wedge-shaped patch on inner portion of wing, rich saffron yellow vary-
ing to orange-yellow; basal portion of tail (mostly concealed by the
coverts) paler yellow, the shafts of middle rectrices, within the yellow
portion, nearly or quite white; innermost secondaries abruptly white
at concealed bases; bill pale grayish yellow or greenish yellow, some-
times darker (more olivaceous) basally; legs and feet black; length
(skins), 260.4-294.6 (275.8); wing, 162.6—-180.3 (172.2); tail, 106.7-117.5
(111.8); culmen, 36.5—40.6 (89.1); depth of bill at base, 15.7-L7.5 (16.8);
width of culmen between loral antiw, 7.9-9.7 (8.9); tarsus, 31-35.1
(32.8); middle toe, 21.6—25.4 (23.9).’
Adult female.—Similar to the male but decidedly smaller, and the
black duller, especially on the under parts where usually more or less
tinged with olive on abdomen and flanks; length (skins), 226.1—254
(234.2); wing, 130-136.7 (133.4); tail, 88.4-96.5 (92.2); culmen, 31.8-
33 (82.3); depth of bill at base, cane (14.2); width of culmen between
loral antiz, 7.4-7.9 (7.6); tarsus, 27.4-29.7 (28.5); middle toe, 20.3-20.8
(20.3).”
Immature male.—Similar in coloration to adult female, but larger.
Northern Colombia (lower Magdalena Valley; Remedios, province
of Antioquia; Turbo; Rio Atrato, ete.), including Isthmus of Panama
(Lion Hill, Panama, ete.).
} Five specimens. * Six specimens.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 189
Although united by Sclater and others to C. flavicrissus Sclater,
this bird is nevertheless quite distinct, at least subspecifically. It is
decidedly larger than C. flavicrissus,' especially the bill, which is much
deeper and broader at the base and otherwise different in shape, and
the yellow patch on the wing is conspicuously smaller (much less than
half as large) in both sexes. Whether.the two forms intergrade or not
Tam unable to state, not having been able to examine specimens from
intermediate territory.
Cassicus icteronotus (not of Vieillot) Cassin, Proce. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1860, 13
(Turbo and delta of Rio Atrato, n. Colombia).
Cassiculus icteronotus LAWRENCE, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., vii, 1861, 297 (Lion Hill,
Panama Rk. R.).
Cassiculus chrysonotus? (not Cassicus chrysonotus Lafresnaye and D’Orbigny)
Casstn, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1860, 139 (Turbo).
Cassicus persicus (not Oriolus persicus Linnzeus) SCLATER and Sayin, Proc. Zool.
Soe. Lond., 1864, 107 (Lion Hill).
Cassicus vitellinus LAWRENCE, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., Apr., 1864, 107 (Lion
Hill, Panama R. R.; coll. G. N. Lawrence; also ‘‘ Nicaragua’’).—Cassin,
Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1867, 66 (monogr.; Turbo, Rio Atrato, and
Panama, Colombia; ‘‘ Nicaragua’’; ‘‘ Mexico?’’).
Cassicus flavicrissus (not Cassiculus flavicrissus Selater) Wyarr, Ibis, 1871, 329
(Lake of Paturia, Colombia); 1872, 468 (syn.).—SciaTEr and Satvin, Ibis,
1871, 329 (crit.).—ScLaterR, Ibis, 1883, 158, part (monogr.); Cat. Birds
Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 322, part (Lion Hill and Panama, Panama R. R.;
Remedios, proy. Antioquia, and Magdalena Valley, Colombia).—Satyin and
GopMAN, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1886, 441, part (Lion Hill, Panama R. R.;
Turbo, n. Colombia).—Rosryson, Flying Trip to Tropics, 1895, 160 (Mag-
dalena R., Colombia).
[Cassicus] flavicrissus ScLATER and Sauyvin, Nom. Ay. Neotr., 1873, 35, part
(Colombia; Panama).
CACICUS MICRORHYNCHUS (Sclater and Salvin).
SMALL-BILLED CACIQUE.
Adult male.—Uniform deep black, relieved by a large triangular
patch of flame-scarlet on the rump; bill pale grayish green or dull
greenish white; iris white or pale blue; legs and feet black; length
1 Average measurements of the two are as follows:
| | Width
Depth | of Bes
Locality. Wing. | Tail. |Culmen.| of bill |culmen) Tarsus. idee
; at base.| near ;
| base. |
|
ees eee : | —
MALES. |
Five adult males of (. vitellinus............- 7252 Peles 39:1 | 16.8 | 8.9 | 32.8 23.9
Two adult males of C. flavicrissus -........-- | 156.5 | 101.9 | Sao LOson| Tals|p= S168 22.4
FEMALES.
Six adult females of (. vitellinus .........--- 1834: |) 9222 emeSOn3 14.2 7.6 | 28.5 20.3
One adult female of C. flavicrissus.........-- TAGES | 8323 29.2 12 6.9 27.9 19.8
|
190 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
(skins), 212.1-228.6 (219.7); wing, 129-134.6 (131.6); tail, 88.9-95.3
(91.4); culmen, 28.5-30.5 (30); depth of bill at base, 10.7—12.4 (11.4);
tarsus, 27. 2-28.5 (27.7); middle toe, 18—20.3 (19.1).*
Adult female.—Similar to the adult male, but smaller, with the
orange-red rump patch more restricted and usually rather more orange;
length (skins), 194.3-195.6 (194.8); wing, 109.7-121.4 (115.8); tail,
79.2-81.3 (80.3); culmen, 27.7-30.5 (28.5); depth of bill at base,
10.9-11.4 (11.2); tarsus, 24.9-27.4 (25.9); middle toe, 17.8-20.3 (19.1).?
Nicaragua (Greytown, Rio Escondido, Chontales, ete.), through
Costa Rica, Chiriqui, Veragua, and Isthmus of Panama, to northern
Colombia (Turbo).
Cassicus uropygialis (not of Lafresnaye) Cassry, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1860,
139 (Falls of Rio Truando, n. Colombia).
Cassiculus uropygialis LAwRENcE, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., vil, 1861, 297 (Lion Hill,
Panama R. R.).
Cassiculus microrhynchus SCLATER and SAtyin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, 353
(Lion Hill, Panama R. R., Colombia; coll. P. L. Sclater).—Lawrenceg, Ann.
Lye. N. Y., viii, 1865, 181 (Greytown, Nicaragua).
Cassicus microrhynchus Casstx, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1867, 65 (monogr.).—
Frantzius, Journ. fiir Orn., 1869, 303 (Tucurriqui, Costa Rica).—ZELEDON,
Cat. Aves de Costa Rica, 1882, 9; An. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, i, 1887, 112
(Pozo Azul de Pirris and Pacuare, Costa Rica).—Scuarer, Ibis, 1883, 162
(monogr.); Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 325 (Chontales, Nicaragua; Peje,
Costa Rica; Santiago, Cordillera de Tolé, and Bugaba, Veragua; Lion Hill
and Panama, Panama R. R.).—Satvinand Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves,
i, 1886, 442.—CueErrIg, Expl. Zool. Val. Naranjo, 1893, 15; Expl. Zool. Costa
Rica, 1893, 30 (Lagarto).—Ricumonp, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., xvi, 1893, 495
(Rio Escondido, Nicaragua, and Rio Frio, Costa Rica; habits, nest, song, etc. ).
[ Cassicus] microrhynchus ScLATER and Satvin, Nom. Ay. Neotr., 1878, 36.
Cacicus microrhynchus Satvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, 142 (Conbiem de
Tolé, Santiago, and Santa Fé, eee 1870, 190 (Bueabat Veragua) ; Ibis,
1869, 319 (Peje, Costa Rica); 1872, 313, 317 (Chontales, Nicaragua).
Genus GCASSICULUS Swainson.
Cassiculus Swainson, Zool. Illustr., iii, 1827, 352; Philos. Mag., new ser., i, 1827,
436. (Type, Icterus melanicterus Vieillot. )
Medium-sized or rather large arboreal Icteridee, with head conspicu-
ously crested, bill wedge-shaped, tail nearly as long as wing, graduated;
the plumage black and yellow.
Bill equal to or longer than head, cuneate, acute, with straight out-
lines, its basal depth less than one-third the length of culmen (about
one-half the distance from nostril to tip of maxilla), the basal width
much less than the depth; culmen straight, rounded, not elevated nor
expanded basally, terminating posteriorly in an obtuse point; gonys
straight, shorter than maxilla from nostril; commissure straight to
behind nostril, W here decidedly and rather abruptly. coe to the
1 Six specimens. *Four specimens,
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. TOL
rictus. Nostril slightly below lateral median line of maxilla, broadly
oval, bored directly into the horny rhinotheca, not beveled anteriorly,
the posterior end nearly or quite touching feathers of loral anti.
Wing rather long (nearly four times as long as culmen), the tip rather
long (about as long as culmen), rounded; outermost (ninth) primary
intermediate between fourth and third, the sixth, or seventh and sixth,
longest, the fifth but little shorter; inner webs of three or four outer
primaries rather suddenly narrowed toward tips but not appreciably
sinuated. Tail about six-sevenths as long as wing, much rounded or
graduated (graduation equal to about one-half the length of culmen,
or slightly more), the rectrices rather narrow. ‘Tarsus shorter than
culmen, its anterior scutella very distinct; middle toe, with claw,
decidedly shorter than tarsus, but longer than maxilla from nostril;
outer toe with claw reaching to base of middle claw, the inner decidedly
shorter; hallux nearly as long as inner toe, much stouter, its claw
shorter than the digit. A conspicuous crest of long, rather broad,
soft feathers springing from middle of crown.
Coloration—Black (olive-slaty in female), with whole rump, tail-
coverts, most of tail, and a large patch on wing-coverts bright lemon-
yellow.
Range.—Western Mexico. (Monotypic.)
CASSICULUS MELANICTERUS ( Bonaparte.)
MEXICAN CACIQUE,
Adult male.—General color deep black; rump, upper tail-coverts,
most of the tail,t posterior lesser wing-coverts, middle coverts, inner-
most greater coverts, and under tail-coverts clear lemon yellow; bill
light grayish green or yellowish green (greenish white in life), some-
times drying darker, especially on basal portion; iris brown; legs and
feet blackish; length (skins), 274.3-823.9 (293.9); wing, 149.9-163.1
(155.2); tail, 126.5-137.2 (181.3); culmen, 40.4-43.2 (41.9); depth of
bill at base, 14.7-15 (15); tarsus, 33.5-35.6 (384.8); middle toe, 23.6—
24.1 (23.9).”
Adult female.—Decidedly smaller than the male and with the black
replaced by dark olive-slate above, deep sooty gray below; sides of
forehead usually more or less spotted with yellow; yellow of upper
tail-coverts tinged with olive; all the yellow rectrices more or less
edged with dusky or olive; length (skins), 236.2-261.6 (246.4); wing,
121.9-146.1 (132.3); tail, 106.2-196.5 (113); culmen, 34.8-40.6 (86.8);
'The middle pair of rectrices (except concealed base), and greater part of outer web
of outermost pair, are black; the remainder of the tail is yellow, though some of
the yellow rectrices have more or less dusky near tip of outer webs, the terminal
portion of inner web of outermost rectrices also sometim<s partly dusky next to the
shaft.
* Five specimens,
192 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
~_
depth of bill at base, 12.2-15.2 (13); tarsus, 30.2-84.8 (81.5); middle
toe, 19.8-24.1 (21.6).’
Western Mexico, north to State of Sinaloa (Mazatlan, Rosario, etc.),
south through territory of Tepic and States of Jalisco, Colima, Guer-
rero, and Oaxaca (Barrio, Chihuitan, Tehuantepec City, etc.) to Chiapas
(Tonala).
Tcterus melanicterus BONAPARTE, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., iv, 1825, 389 (Mex-
ico).
C[acicus] melanicterus Gray, Gen. Birds, ii, 1849, 342.
[ Cassiculus |] melanicterus ee APARTE, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 428.—ScLarer and Sa.-
vin, Nom. Ay. Neotr., 1873, 35.
C[assiculus] melanicterus Chee Mus. Hein., i, 1851, 186.
Cassiculus melanicterus SCLATER, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1859, 380 (Rio Grande,
Oaxaca); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 129 (Oaxaca); This 1883, 156 (monogr. );
Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 328 (Tonala, Chiapas; Acapulco, Guerrero;
Presidio and Mazatlan, Sinaloa).—Duaks, La Naturaleza, i, 1869, 139 (Guer-
rero, Mexico).—Finscu, Abh. Nat. Ver. Brem., 1870, 263 (Mazatlan).—
LAWRENCE, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., ii, 1874, 278 B (Masailee: Tepic; Colima;
Rio de Coahuyana; habits; descr. nest and eggs).—LawreENcE, Bull. U.S.
Nat. Mus., no. 4, 1876, 23 (Barrio, Chihuitan, and Tehuantepec City, Oax-
aca).—SaAuvin and GopMAN, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, 1, 1883, 443.—FERRARI-
Perez, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., ix, 1886, 149 (Yanhuitlan?, Oaxaca).
Cassicus melanicterus Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1867, 66 (monogr.; Mazat-
lan; Acapulco).
Ps{arocolius] melanicterus'W AG ER, Isis, 1829, 752 (Mexico).
Icterus diadematus TeEMMINCcK, PI. Col., 1829, pl. 482 a text (Mexico;=female).
Cassiculus coronatus SWAINSON, Philos. ‘Mag: new ser., 1, 1827, 436 (Temascaltepec,
Mexico); Zool. Journ., iii, 1827, 353.
Xanthornus coronatus JARDINE and Sevsy, Illustr. Orn., 1828, pl. 45 (Mexico).
Genus AMBLYCERCUS Cabanis.
Amblycercus*® CABanis, Mus. Hein., i, Sept., 1851, 190. (Type, Cassieus niger-
rimus Spix,=C. solitarius Vieillot.)
Medium-sized or rather small uniformly black Icteridee with short
and excessively rounded wing (outermost primary shorter than inner-
most) and tip of the wedge-shaped, light-colored bill broad and con-
spicuously flattened.
Bill about as long as head or a little shorter, cuneate-conical, com-
pressed, with tip broad and truncate in vertical but acute in lateral
profile, its basal depth a little less than half the culmen, its basal width
a little less than half the distance from nostril to tip of maxilla; cul-
men straight, broad, and flattened, with parallel edges of flattened
surface not ridged, the base not elevated; commissure straight to
beneath nostri, where gradually deflexed to the rictus. Nostril below
lateral median line of maxilla, small, narrowly oval or slit-like,
! Five specimens.
** qufaAvus, stumph, u. KépKos, Schwanz.”’
a Se a A oy ES RT eal NN A on
=e ON
a
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 193
overhung by a convex horny operculum (nearly hiding the nostril in
A. holosericeus); posterior end of nostril touching feathering of loral
antie. Wing short (a little more than three to about four times as
long as culmen), short-tipped (primaries exceeding secondaries by less
than distance from nostril to tip of maxilla'), excessively rounded;
ninth primary shorter than first, the fourth to sixth longest; inner
webs of outer three or four faintly sinuated. Tail nearly as long as
wing, much rounded, the rectrices broad and rounded at ends. Tarsus
longer than culmen, stout, the anterior scutella very distinct; middle
toe, with claw, shorter than tarsus but equal to or slightly longer than
culmen; outer toe with claw reaching to or beyond’ base of middle
claw, the inner slightly shorter; hailux slightly shorter than inner toe
but much stouter, its claw slightly shorter than the digit, strongly
arched.
Coloration.—Uniform black (more slaty black in females), the bill
light colored.
fange.—Southern Mexico to Peru, Argentina, Paraguay, and south-
ern Brazil. (Three species.)
While much alike in general appearance, the two commonly known
species of this genus are really very distinct in certain structural details
and may not be truly congeneric. A.-solitarius has the nostrils much
more open, those of A. holosericeus being nearly closed by the much
more developed convex overhanging horny operculum; A. solitarius
has a well-developed crest of soft, decumbent, elongated feathers,
while in A. holosericeus there is no crest; A. solitarius has the wing-
tip much longer, the primaries exceeding the secondaries by about the
distance from the nostril to the tip of the maxilla, while in A. holoser?-
ceus they project for not more than the basal depth of the bill; in A.
solitarius the outermost (ninth) primary is about equal to the seconda-
ries, the eighth being longer than the third, while in A. holosericeus
the ninth is very much shorter than the shortest secondaries, the
eighth being shorter than the first and about equal to the shorter sec-
ondaries. The remiges and rectrices are also more firmly webbed in
A. solitarius.
A. holosericeus **is a bird of singular habits, suggesting both an
Oriole and a Woodpecker. It hunts along limbs as patiently as ¢
Creeper, tapping here and there or pour.ding vigorously in its efforts
to secure food from cracks and crevices. In short flights it presents
a laughable appearance. It progresses by jerky wing-beats, and at
the end of each stroke the tail is thrown forward over the head.” ®
‘Very slightly exceeding secondaries in A. holosericeus.
*In A. solitarius.
*Chapman, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., viii, 1896, 280.
3654—voL 2—01——13
194 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
AMBLYCERCUS HOLOSERICEUS (Lichtenstein).
PREVOST’S CACIQUE,
Adult male.—Entirely black, most intense anteriorly, duller, and
usually more or less tinged with slate color, on rump, tail-coverts, and
posterior under parts; bill light olive-yellowish (pale yellowish green
to pale sulphur yellow in life), sometimes partly dusky in dried skins;
iris white or light yellow; legs and feet dusky horn color in dried
skins, plumbeous in life; length (skins), 200.7—264.2 (225); wing,
93.5-109.2 (101.6); tail, 91.4-114.3 (100.3); culmen, 28.5-33.3 (31);
depth of billat base, 13.5-17.5 (15); tarsus, 31.8-35.6 (33); middle toe,
19.1-23.4 (21.3).’
Adult female.—Similar to the adult male, but decidedly smaller and
the black rather duller; length (skins), 190.5-233.7 (206.8); wing,
82.6-97 (91.9); tail, 88.9-101.6 (93.2); culmen, 27.9-81.8 (30); depth of
bill at base, 12.7-14 (13.2); tarsus, 20.2-31.8 (30.7); middle toe, 19.8—
21.1 (20.3).”
Southeastern Mexico, in States of Tamaulipas (Alta Mira), Vera Cruz
(hot and temperate zones), Puebla (Metlaltoyuca), Mexico (Valley of
Mexico), Oaxaca (Teotalcingo, Playa Vicente, Santa Efigenia, ete.),
Chiapas (Guichicovi, Huehuetan), and Yucatan, through Central
America to Colombia, Venezuela, and western Ecuador (Babahoyo,
Guayaquil, Foreste del Rio Peripa, etc.).
Sturnus holosericeus LICHTENSTEIN, Preis-Verz. Mex. Vog., 1831, 1 (Mexico);
Journ. ftir Orn., 1863, 55 (reprint).
Cacicus holosericeus SALVIN, Cat. Strickland Coll., 1882, 262 (Guatemala).
1 Kighteen specimens.
2 Seven specimens.
There is a remarkable range of individual variation of dimensions in this species,
and some yariation with locality, but the series is not nearly large enough to show
whether the latter is important or not. Averages of the specimens examined are as
follows:
| Depth :
Locality. | Wing. | Tail. |Culmen.| of bill Tarsus. | Middle
at base.)
MALES.
Four males from Vera Cruz and Puebla, Mexico....! 101.1 103. 6 31.8 15.2 | 33.3 21.3
Threemalesirom, Yucatan.~s-scssc ee soeenes eee ee 107.4 | 107.7 30.5 15 32.8 | 20.6
Three males from Guatemala ...........-..--------- | 98.3 99.1 29.5 13353 82c50\) ee e0s6
Five males from Nicaragua and Costa Rica ......--.) 102.6 94.2] 31.8 15.5 30 22.1
Two males from Veragua and Panama ........-..-- | 97.8 O7Ga0| = Tolco: 15 | 33.8 2201.
One male from Guayaquil, western Ecuador....---. 1a OF 99.6 30 14.7 | 33) 21.6
FEMALES. |
Twodemslessrom Mera OnlZeassess sree eee eee eee| 93 | 98.3 30 13 | 31 20.3
Two females from Chiapas and Guatemala ....... sel SOB S25 O42 30.5 14 | 31 20.3
Two temales from Nicaracus...--72<-seeeee o-oo ee 92.7 88.9 30 1352s eroOse 20.3
Qnefemalerirom! Gusyaquillsss.se---oee ee eeeeee eee 82.6 | 88.9 27.9 LT |e 22952, 19.8
| |
en Fe ee ee
2 ware ena T2
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 195
Cassicus holosericeus ScLATER, Ibis, 1883, 163 (monogr.).—Boucarp, Proc. Zool.
Soe. Lond., 1883, 445 (Yucatan).—Taczanowski, Orn. du Pérou, ii, 1885,
415.—FERRARI-PEREz, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., ix, 1886, 149 (Jalapa, Vera Cruz).
Amblycercus holosericeus SCLATER, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 327 (Jalapa, Vera
Cruz; Tonala, Chiapas; n. Yucatan; Belize, British Honduras; Choctum,
Duefias, and Retalhuleu, Guatemala; Irazu, Costa Rica; Santa Fé and Cal-
ovevora, Veragua; Lion Hill and Paraiso Station, Panama R. R.; Bogota,
Colombia; Babahoyo, w. Ecuador; Aragua, Venezuela).—Satvin and Gop-
MAN, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves., i, 1886, 446 (Valley of Mexico: Teotalcingo,
Playa Vicente, and Santa Efigenia, Oaxaca; Guichicovi, Chiapas; Yzabal and
Peten, Guatemala; Greytown, Sucuya, and Los Sabalos, Nicaragua; San José,
Turrialba, and Tucurriqui, Costa Rica; Calobre, Veragua; etc. ).—ZELEDON,
An. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, i, 1887, 112 (Pozo Azul de Pirris, Las Trojas, Ala-
juela, and Jiménez, Costa Rica).—Ripeway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., x, 1888,
588 (Segovia R., Honduras) .—Cuerrig, Auk, ix, 1892, 249 (Costa Rica, both
sides up to 6,000 ft.); Expl. Zool. Costa Rica, 1893, 30 (Palmar, Boruca, and
Buenos Aires, s. Costa Rica.—Ricumonp, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xvi, 1893,
494 (Rio Escondido, Nicaragua; habits, etc.); xviii, 1896, 680 (Alta Mira,
Tamaulipas ).—CHApPMAN, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., viii, 1896, 280 (Chichen Itza,
Yucatan; habits).
Amblyramphus prevostii Lesson, Cent. Zool., 1830, 159, pl. 54 (Mexico) .—Gerrv ais,
Atlas Zool., 1844, pl. 34.
[ Cassiculus] prevosti BONAPARTE, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 428 (Mexico).
Cassiculus prevosti ScuaTER, Proce. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1856, 301 (Mexico); 365
(Jalapa), 380 (Teotalcingo and Playa Vicente, Oaxaca); 1860, 276 (Babahoyo,
w. Ecuador), 293 (Esmeraldas, w. Ecuador); 1864, 174 (Valley of Mexico);
Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 129 (Babahoyo, w. Ecuador; Colombia; Guatemala).—
ScLaTER and Satvin, Ibis, 1859, 19 (Duefas, Guatemala); 1860, 34 (Duefias
and Ysabal, Guatemala); Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, 353 (Lion Hill,
Panama R. R.); 1870, 836 (San Pedro, Honduras).—Moorg, Proc. Zool. Soe.
Lond., 1859, 57 (Peten, Guatemala).—Lawrencr, Ann. Lye. N. Y., vii,
1861, 297 (Lion Hill); vili, 1865, 181 (Greytown, Nicaragua ).—Sa.vin, Proc.
Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, 142 (Santa Fé, Veragua) ; 1870, 190 (Calovevora and
Calobre, Veragua).—Sumicurast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., i, 1869, 553 (hot
and temp. regions Vera Cruz).
Amblycercus prevosti CABANIS, Journ. fiir Orn., 1861, 10 (Costa Rica) .—LAWRENCE,
Ann. Lye. N. Y., ix, 1868, 104 (San José and Turrialba, Costa Rica) .—
Frantzivus, Journ. fir Orn., 1869, 302 (San José, Turrialba, and Tucurriqui,
Costa Rica).—ZELEDON, Cat. Aves de Costa Rica, 1882, 9.—SaLvapori and
Frsra, Boll. Mus. Zool., etc., Torino, xv, 1899, 29 (Foreste del Rio Peripa,
w. Ecuador).
Amblycercus prevostii Casstn, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1867, 73 (monogr. ).
[ Cassicus] prevosti SCLATER and Satvrin, Nom. Ay. Neotr., 1873, 36.
Cassicus prevosti LAWRENCE, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., no. 4, 1876, 23 (Guichicovi,
Chiapas; Santa Efigenia, Oaxaca).—Taczanowsk1, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
1877, 322 (Tumbez, Peru).—Boucarp, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, 58 (San
José, Costa Rica).—BrrLEpscH and Taczanowsk1, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
1883, 552 (Chimbo, w. Ecuador; crit.).—Nurrre, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vi,
1883, 383; 1884, 402 (Sucuyd and Los Sabalos, Nicaragua).—TaczaNowskI
and Breruepscu, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1885, 86 ( Bafios, Ecuador, 6,200 feet) .
Cassicus, sp. ?, BONAPARTE, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1837, 115 (Guatemala).
Ps[arocolius] nigerrimus (not Cassicus nigerrimus Spix) WaAGLER, Isis, 1829, 752
(Mexico).
A[mblycercus] nigerrimus CaBants, Mus. Hein., i, Sept., 1851, 190, footnote, part.
196 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Genus CASSIDIX Lesson.
Cassidix Lesson, Traité d’Orn., i, 1831, 483. (Type, Corvus ( Cassidix) mexicanus
Lesson. )
(2?) Scaphidurus (not of Swainson, 1827!) Swarnson, Fauna Bor.-Am., ii, 1831,
494. (‘‘Type, Oriolus niger Auct.)’’?
Scaphidura Swainson, Classif. Birds, ii, 1837, 272.
Large, wholly black terrestrial or semiterrestrial (7) Icteride with
long and pointed wing, rather long and rounded tail, stout black bill
with broad and flattened mesorhinium, and feathers of sides of neck
developed into erectile lateral ruffs.
Bill about as long as head, stout, subconical, much more curved
above than below, its basal depth equal to about one-half the culmen,
its basal width decidedly less; culmen decidedly convex from base,
very broad and flattened basally, forming a more or less conspicuous
** frontal shield,” with rounded or obtusely pointed posterior extremity ;
gonys nearly straight, about half as long as culmen, decidedly less
than length of maxilla from nostril; commissure nearly straight or
faintly concave to beneath the nostril, where strongly deflexed, with
a gradual curve, to the rictus. Nostril rather large, broadly oval,
horizontal, in lateral median line of maxilla or slightly below, its upper
margin formed by the overhanging edge of the broad mesorhinium,
posteriorly extending somewhat behind the frontal antiz. Wing long
(more than five times as long as culmen, about four and a half times as
long as tarsus), the tip well produced (more than twice as long as cul-
men), pointed; outermost (ninth) primary longest or at least equal to
eighth, the seventh much shorter; inner webs of outer primaries
gradually narrowed terminally, but not appreciably sinuated. Tail
about three-fourths as long as wing, rounded, the rectrices broad at
ends. Tarsus much longer than culmen (about two-fifths as long as
wing), its anterior scutella distinct; middle toe, with claw, about as
long as tarsus; lateral toes with claws reaching to or slightly beyond
base of middle claw; hallux much shorter than lateral toes, but much
stouter, its claw much shorter than the digit. Feathers of neck greatly
developed laterally and posteriorly, forming a conspicuous ruff (less
conspicuous in female), with a bare or downy space immediately behind
on sides of neck.
Coloration.—Wholly black, more or less strongly glossed with
violet, purple, or bronze.
1— Quiscalus Vieillot.
2 Oriolus niger (Boddaert, 1783) is not a synonym of any form of Cassidix, but is a
Quiscalus; and Swainson’s diagnosis of his genus Scaphidurus certainly fits Quiscalus
in part, the expression ‘‘ tail graduated, boat-shaped’’ being exclusively pertinent.
The description of the bill and wing, however, seem to fit Cassidix better than
Quiscalus.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 19%
PRange.—Southern Mexico to Paraguay and southern Brazil. (Mon-
otypic.’)
Notwithstanding resemblance to the Caciques and Oropendolas in
the broad and flattened basal portion of the culmen, the relationships
of this very strongly characterized genus are evidently much nearer
to Callothrus, with which it agrees in the remarkable neck-ruff (pres-
ent only in these two genera), and its parasitic habits. It differs from
Callothrus, however, in its relatively much longer primaries with their
differently shaped inner webs, longer tail, relatively longer bill, with
broad and flattened mesorhinium, very much larger size, and other
characters.
KEY TO THE SUBSPECIES OF CASSIDIX ORYZIVORA.
a. Plumage strongly glossed with bronze or violet. (Adult males. )
b. Metallic gloss bronzy throughout (inclining to violet only on pileum and under
parts. (Tropical South America, except Colombia. )
Cassidix oryzivora oryzivora (extralimital)?
bb. Metallic gloss chiefly or wholly violet.
c. Back bronzy; violet tips to feathers of under parts narrower; larger (wing
averaging 201.2, tail 152, culmen 37.8). (Colombia, including Isthmus of
Panama; Veragua?; Costa Rica?; Nicaragua’. )
Cassidix oryzivora violea (p. 197)
ce. Back violet, like rest of plumage; violet tips to feathers of under parts
broader; smaller (wing averaging 189, tail 146, culmen 37). (Southern
Mexico to British Honduras. ) -.--.- - Cassidix oryzivora mexicana (p. 199)
aa. Plumage not strongly glossed with bronze or violet. (Adult females and imma-
ture males.* )
CASSIDIX ORYZIVORA VIOLEA Bangs.
COLOMBIAN RICE GRACKLE,
Similar to C. 0. oryzivora,’ but decidedly larger, and plumage of adult
male glossed with violet instead of bronze (bronzy on back or back and
neck-ruffts only).
Adult male.—General color black, but feathers of head, neck, and
body more or less broadly tipped with glossy violet, this uniform on
head, neck, and back (the last inclining decidedly to bronzy), but on
the under parts forming a sharply defined terminal band or margin to
each feather, the basal black conspicuously exposed, these violet tips
becoming narrower posteriorly, and less distinct on rump than on
'The single known species differentiated into three or more geographic forms or
subspecies.
* [Oriolus] oryzivorus Gmelin, Syst. Nat., i, pt. i, 1788, 386 (Cayenne).—C[assidia ]
oryzwora Cabanis, Mus. Hein., i, Sept., 1851, 194.—Cassidix oryzivora oryzivora Bangs,
Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club, ii., June 30, 1900, 11 (in text). This form is introduced
into the key for sake of comparison.
* The series of adult females and immature males is very imperfect, and therefore
Tam unable to distinguish those of the several forms in the key.
198 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
under parts; smaller wing-coverts, tail-coverts, and thighs uniform
black, or with indistinct bluish violet margins; larger wing-coverts,
remiges, and rectrices faintly glossed with bluish; bill, legs, and feet
black; iris yellow or yellowish white; length (skins), 303.5-355.6
(344.2); wing, 179.3-208.3 (201.2); tail, 135.4-159.3 (152.4); culmen,
from base, 36.6-39.9 (387.8); depth of bill at base, 17-18.5 (17.8);
tarsus, 45-48 (44.2); middle toe, 33.5-36.6 (35.6).*
Adult female.—Much smaller and duller colored than adult male.
Black, with tips of the feathers of head, neck, and body indistinctly
tipped with more glossy violaceous-black; bill, legs, and feet black;
length (skins), 275.6-308.6 (284.2); wing, 154.2-161.3 (157.5); tail,
112.5-122.4 (117.3); culmen, from base, 31.2-34 (40.9); depth of bill
at base, 15.2-15.7 (15.5); tarsus, 39.9-40.9 (40.4); middle toe, 27.4—
31.2 (29.5).
Immature male.—Similar in coloration to adult female, but larger,
slightly more glossy, and with neck-ruffs better developed.
Colombia (Bogota; Manuare, Minca, Pueblo Viejo, La Concepcion,
and Palomina, province of Santa Marta; Remedios, province of
Antioquia), north to the Isthmus of Panama (Lion Hill, Panama, ete.*);
Costa Rica ?; Nicaragua ? *
Cassidix oryzivora (not Oriolus oryzivorus Gmelin) ScuaTer, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862,
142, part (Bogota, Colombia); Ibis, 1884, 165, part (monogr.); Cat. Birds
Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 329, part (Lion Hill, Panama R. R.; Minca, Manuare,
Bogota, and Remedios, Colombia).—Sciarer and Savin, Proc. Zool. Soe.
Lond., 1864, 354 (Isthmus of Panama); 1879, 510 (Remedios, Colombia).—
Satyin and Gopman, Ibis, 1879, 201 (Manuare, Proy. Santa Marta, Colom-
bia, 2,700 ft.); 1880, 123 (Santa Marta); Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1886, 444,
part (Lion Hill, Panama R. R.; Colombia).—Banas, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.,
xii, 1898, 159, 178 (Pueblo Viejo, 8,000 ft., and Palomina, proy. Santa Marta,
Colombia).—ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., xiii, 1900, 163 (Valparaiso, proy.
Santa Marta).
1 Twelve specimens.
* Four specimens.
’ Panama specimens are not typical, but incline more or less toward C. 0. mexicana.
Their average measurements, compared with those of specimens from Santa Marta,
Bogota, etc., are as follows:
Culmen,| Depth ;
Locality. Wing. | Tail. | from | of bill | Tarsus. Migere
base. | at base. Ss
MALES.
Ten adult males from Colombia (Santa Marta, Bo-
Ota Teles) is Aete des Savin case esate oo ones see ne ee 201.9 | 153.2 38.1 17.8 43.9 35.6
Two adult males from Isthmus of Panama.........- 198.1 148.3 36.8 18.3 46.2 35.8
: FEMALES.
Two adult females from Santa Marta, Colombia....| 158.8 | 120.4 33.3 15.5 40.4 29,2
Two adult females from Isthmus of Panama....---- 156.2 | 114 S250 15.7 40.1 29.7
*] have not seen specimens from Chiriqui, Veragua, Costa Rica, or Nicaragua.
‘tite te ati
ee
es
—
ite al: aw a et atari ai ti
a estiie
a
il eae mats Mai
> Sate
Late Aes ones te“ te
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 19
[ Cassidix] oryzivora ScLATER and Sauvin, Nom. Ay. Neotr., 1873, 39, part.
Cassidix barita (not Scaphidura barita Swainson) Lawrence, Ann. Lye. N. Y.,
vil, 1861, 296 (Isthmus of Panama).
Cassidix oryzivora violea Banas, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club, ii, June 30, 1900, 11
(La Concepcion, proy. Santa Marta, Colombia, 3,000 ft. alt.; coll. E. A. and
O. Bangs).
The following citations are doubtfully referable to this form, no
specimens from the localities mentioned having been seen by me:
Cassidix eryzivora SCLATER, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1859, 140 (Pallatanga, w.
Ecuador); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 142, part (Pallatanga); Cat. Birds Brit.
Mus., xi, 1886, 329, part (Chitra and Calovevora, Veragua; Jima, Sical, and
Pallatanga, w. Ecuador).—Scuarer and Savin, Proce. Zool. Soe. Lond., 1867,
279 (Blewfields R., Nicaragua).—Saxvry, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 191
(Veragua).—ZELEDON, Cat. Aves de Costa Rica, 1882, 10; Anal. Mus.
Nac. Costa Rica, i, 1887, 112 (Costa Rica).—Taczanowskt and BERLEpscH,
Proce. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1885, 117 (Pallatanga).—RicHMmonp, Proce. U. 8. Nat.
Mus., xvi, 1893, 496 (Rio Escondido, Nicaragua).—Satvaporr and Fesra,
Boll. Mus. Zool., ete., Torino, xy, 1899, 30 (Foreste del Rio Peripa and
Sponde del Rio Daule, w. Ecuador).
Cassidix ater (not Cassicus ater Vieillot?) Taczanowskt, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
1877, 323 (w. Peru).
CASSIDIX ORYZIVORA MEXICANA (Lesson).
MEXICAN RICE GRACKLE,
Similar to C. 0. wiolea but smaller, with more slender bill; adult
male with more glossy and uniformly violet plumage, even the back
being violet (not bronzy), and the violet tips to feathers of under
parts broader, almost (sometimes quite) concealing the black basal
portion of the plumage; iris red.’
Adult male.—Length (skins), 330.2-355.6 (3438.4); wing, 177-202.7
(189); tail, 1383.4-151.6 (145.8); culmen, from base, 35.8-37.6 (37.1);
depth of bill at base, 16.3-17.3 (17); tarsus, 40.6-48.9 (42.9); middle
toe, 31.8-34.5 (33.3).’
Adult female.—Length (skin), 293.4; wing, 160; tail, 118.9; depth
of bill at base, 14.7; tarsus, 38.9; middle toe, 28.7.°
Southern Mexico, in State of Vera Cruz (Chichicaxtla, Santa Maria,
Mata Bejuco, Orizaba, etc.),and south to British Honduras (possibly
to Nicaragua).*
Cassidix oryzivora (not Oriolus oryzivorus Gmelin) Scuarer, Proce. Zool. Soe.
Lond., 1858, 98 (Mexico); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 142, part (Orizaba, Vera
Cruz); Ibis, 1884, 165, part (monogr.); Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 329,
part (Orizaba; Choctum, Guatemala).—Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1859,
'Sumichrast, manuscript.
* Six specimens.
*One specimen.
*No specimen of this genus seen by me from the region between British Honduras
and the Isthmus of Panama.
200 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Ome
57 (Chilomo, Honduras).—Satvrn, Ibis, 1861, 353 (Honduras).—Boucarp,
Liste Ois. Guat., 1878, 36 (Guatemala).
[ Cassidix] oryzivora SCLATER and SAtyin, Nom. Ay. Neotr., 1873, 39, part.
Corvus [Cassidix] mexicanus (not Corvus mexicanus Gmelin) Lesson, Traité
d’Orn., 1831, 483 (ex Corvus mexicanus Gmelin).
Cassidix mexicanus Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sei. Phila., 1866, 416 (Mexico; Central
America; monogr. ).
CLassidix] oryzivora mexicana Banas, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club, ii, June 30,
1900, 11 (in text).
Cassidix oryzivora mexicana Banas, Auk, xviii, 1901, 370 (David, Chiriqui).
Cassidix crassirostris? (not Scaphidura crassirostris Swainson) Moors, Proc. Zool.
Soc. Lond., 1859, 57 (Omoa, Honduras).
Genus CALLODRE RUS sGassimne
Callothrus Casstn, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., Mar., 1866, 18. (Type, Psarocolius
zneus Wagler).
Rather small unicolored terrestrial Icteridee with bill shorter than
head, stout (basal depth more than half the length of culmen), the
maxilla shallower subbasally than the mandible; inner web of prima-
ries conspicuously widened beyond middle portion, the widened por-
tion terminating on second and third quills in a conspicuous tooth-like
point; adult male with a conspicuous erectile ruff on sides of neck.
Bill shorter than head, stout-conical, with upper outline decidedly
though slightly curved, its basal depth decidedly more than half the
length of culmen, its basal width nearly half the length of culmen;
culmen straight in middle, slightly convex terminally and basally, dis-
tinctly but not sharply ridged; gonys straight, decidedly shorter than
maxilla from nostril; commissure straight or nearly so about as far as
beneath nostril, then strongly and rather abruptly deflexed to the
rictus. Nostril small, roundish, partly surrounded posteriorly by
dense feathering of the frontal anti, with membrane visible above
posterior portion only, and this nearly covered by the frontal feathers.
Wing moderate or rather long, more than four times as long as cul-
men, nearly five times as long as tarsus, its tip moderately produced
(about as long as tarsus), pointed or subtruncate; ninth, eighth, and
seventh primaries equal and longest, the sixth but little shorter; inner
webs of longer primaries conspicuously expanded beyond middle, the
widened portion on second and third ending in a distinct tooth-like
point or projection. Tail about two-thirds as long as wing, slightly
rounded, the retrices broadest terminally, with rounded or nearly
truncate tips. Tarsus decidedly longer than culmen, its anterior scu-
tella distinct; middle toe, with claw, equal to or very slightly longer
than tarsus; lateral toes with claws reaching to or slightly beyond
base of middle claw; hallux nearly as long as lateral toes and much
stouter, its claw decidedly shorter than the digit. Feathers of hind-
neck and sides of neck elongated, developed in adult males into a very
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 201
conspicuous erectile ruff with a naked or sparsely downy space (con-
cealed) immediately behind the lateral portions of the ruff.
Coloration.—Adult males bronzy black with a soft, silky luster, the
wings and tail glossy bluish green; adult females dull black or grayish.
Range.—Southern Texas and northwestern Mexico to northern South
America. (Three species.)
KEY TO THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES OF CALLOTHRUS.
a. Wings and tail strongly metallic (bluish or greenish). (Adult males.)
b. Plumage of head, neck, and body dark greenish bronzy.
c. Rump bronzy, like back, ete.; plumage of head, neck, and body roughly
silky; bill more slender. (Southern Texas, through eastern Mexico to
WET AOU Aes rene ce rete ONS oh Palin sah Callothrus robustus, adult male (p. 201)
cc. Rump violet; plumage of head, neck, and body smoothly silky; bill stouter.
d. Larger (wing averaging 119.1, tail 84.8, culmen 23.1). (Northwestern
IME xT COM) ee mete ersten oes Callothrus eneus eneus, adult male (p. 203)
dd. Smaller (wing averaging 108.7, tail 77.5, culmen 21.3). (Southwestern
IMIExT COM) Rui stieasaa teen Callothrus eneus assimilis, adult male (p. 204)
bb. Plumage of head, neck, and body lustrous silky brown. (Caribbean coast of
Colombians) eee ee ee Callothrus armenti, adult male (extralimital )!
aa. Wings and tail not strongly metallic. (Adult females and young.)
b. General color black or very dark sooty.
ce. Wings and tail glossed with bluish green.
Callothrus robustus, adult female (p. 202)
cc. Wings and tail not glossed ........- Callothrus robustus, young male (p. 202)
bb. General color grayish sooty or sooty grayish.
c. Faintly glossed above, the feathers of back, ete., with darker centers.
Callothrus eneus eneus, adult female (p. 204)
cc. Without gloss above, and feathers of back without darker centers.
d. Darker, especially the under parts, which are unstreaked.
Callothrus robustus, young female (p. 202)
dd. Paler, especially the under parts, which are indistinctly streaked with
paler, more yellowish, gray .-.Callothrus eneus eneus, young male (p. 204)
CALLOTHRUS ROBUSTUS (Cabanis).
RED-EYED COWBIRD.
Adult male.—Head, neck, and body dark greenish bronzy, the
plumage soft and silky, but not smooth, presenting the appearance of
having been wet and imperfectly dried; tail-coverts blue-black, the
upper ones glossed with violet; wings glossy dark greenish blue,
brightest on greater coverts and tertials, less bright, as well as more
greenish, on primaries, primary coyerts, and alula; lesser wing-coverts
dark metallic violet, the middle coverts violet-bluish; tail dark metallic
bluish green or greenish blue; bill black; iris red; legs and feet black or
brownish black; length (skins), 196.8—223.5 (206.5); wing, 111.8-120.1
(116.3); tail, 75.7-82.3 (79.2); culmen, from base, 22.3-23.9 (23.1);
' M[olothrus] armenti Cabanis, Mus. Hein., i, Sept., 1851, 192, footnote (Cartagena,
Colombia; coll. Berlin Mus.). This species, which I have not seen, is introduced
into the key for sake of comparison. It is the only known extralimital form.
202 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
depth of bill at base, 11.9-13.2 (12.2); tarsus, 29.7—-32.0 (30.8); middle
toe, 21.1-23.4 (22.6).?
Adult female.—Dull black, the under parts, especially throat, some-
times dark sooty brownish; back and scapulars very faintly, the wings,
upper tail-coverts, and tail strongly, glossed with bluish green; neck
ruffs much less developed than in the male; length (skins), 165.1-205.7
(186.4); wing, 97.5-106.7 (102.9); tail, 64.0-74.7 (73.1); culmen, from
base, 19.8-21.3 (20.6); depth of bill at base, 10.4-11.2 (10.9); tarsus,
26.2-29.7 (27.9); middle toe, 19.8—21.8 (20.8).?
Young male.—Dull sooty black or dark sooty, the feathers of the
under parts of the body with more or less distinct narrow margins of
paler; mandible brownish basally.
Young female.—Paler and grayer than the young male; above sepia
or grayish sepia, beneath paler and grayer, with indistinct paler nar-
row margins to the feathers.
Southern Texas (breeding north to San Antonio), through eastern
Mexico (States of Tamaulipas, Vera Cruz, Puebla, northern Oaxaca,
and Yucatan) and Central America to Veragua (to Isthmus of
Panama‘).
Molothrus xneus (not Psarocolius xneus Wagler) ScuarerR, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
1856, 300 (Cordova, Vera Cruz); 1859, 365 (Jalapa, Vera Cruz); (?) 381
(Oaxaca); Cat. Am. Birds; 1862, 185 (Jalapa); Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi,
1886, 334, part (Orizaba and Jalapa, Vera Cruz; Oaxaca?; n. Yucatan;
Choectum and Duefias, Guatemala; Orosf, Costa Rica; Calobre and Chitra,
Veragua).—Satvin and Scrater, Ibis, 1860, 34 (Duefias, Guatemala) .—
Owen, Ibis, 1861, 61 (San Gerdnimo, Guatemala; descr. eggs).—CABANIS,
Journ. fir Orn., 1861, 81 (San José, Costa Rica).—Cassry, Proc. Ac. Nat.
Sci. Phila., 1866, 18, part (Jalapa; Yucatan; Nicaragua; Costa Rica; Pan-
ama).—LAwkeEnceE, Ann. Lye. N. Y., ix, 1868, 104 (San José, Costa Rica).—
Sumicurast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., i, 1869, 552 (hot and temp. regions,
Vera Cruz).—Satvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 191 (Calobre and Chitra,
Veragua); Cat. Strickland Coll., 1882, 265 (Guatemala).—MerriL1, Bull.
1 Fourteen specimens.
* Fourteen specimens.
Yucatan specimens compare in average measurements with those from other locali-
ties as follows:
| Culmen | Depth :
Locality. Wing. | Tail. from | of bill | Tarsus. Mia
base. .|at base. :
MALES.
Nine adu!t males from southern Texas to Costa Rica
(exceptwwueatan)) ccc Geese. ieee ee cess eee eee |} 116.1 78.7 23 122, 30.5 22.6
Five adult males from Yucatan...............-..-.. 116.8 80.3 23.4 12.9 31.5 22.6
FEMALES.
Nine adult females from southern Texas to Costa |
Rica (except Yucatan). 2 -s25- se ances han eee |e O26 70.1 20.8 10.9 27.4 20,8
Five adult females from Yucatan...............-..- 103.4 71.9 | 20.1 10.9 29 20.8
CARE Ore
eth aes
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 208
Nutt. Orn. Club, i, 1876, 88 (Fort Brown, Texas); 11, 1877, 85 (do.; habits);
Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., i, 1878, 130 (do.).—Boucarp, Liste Ois. Guat., 1878,
36; Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, 59 (San José, Costa Rica); 1888, 445 (n.
Yucatan).—Brewer, Ibis, 1878, 116 (Fort Brown, Texas; descr. eggs).—
Ripeway, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., i, 1878, 130, part (synonymy; diagnosis) ;
ix, 1886, 151 (crit.; Chietla, etc., Puebla; Jalapa); Nom. N. Am. Birds,
1881, no. 259.—Covgs and SEnneEtT, Bull. U. 8. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr.,
iv., 1878, 23 (Brownsville and Hidalgo, Texas; habits, synonymy, diagnosis,
etc. ).—Sennett, Bull. U.S. Geol. and Geog. Sury. Terr., v, 1879, 396 (Lometa,
Texas; habits, measurements, etc.).—ALLEN, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, v, 1880,
90.—Covugs, Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 315.—Nurrine, Proc. U. S. Nat.
Mus., v, 1882, 392 (La Palma, w. Costa Rica).—ZELEpDoN, Cat. Aves de Costa
Rica, 1882, 10.—FERRARI-PEREZ, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., ix, 1886, 151 (Izucar
de Matamoras, Chietla, and Acatlan, Puebla; Jalapa, Vera Cruz) .—Amert-
CAN OrniTHOoLoarsts’ Unton, Check List, 1886, no. 496.—Satvin and GopMAN,
Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1886, 451, part (all localities except Mazatlan,
Presidio, Manzanillo Bay, and mountains of Colima).
[Molothrus] eneus Scuater and Satyrn, Nom. Ay. Neotr., 1873, 37, part.
M{olothrus] «neus Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 403.—Ripaway, Man.
N. Am. Birds, 1887, 367, part.
Agelaius eneus Casstn, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1848, 90 (Puente Nacional,
Vera Cruz).
Icterus bonariensis (not Tanagra bonariensis Gmelin) Bonaparte, Proc. Zool. Soe.
Lond., 1837, 116 (Guatemala).
M[olothrus] robustus CaBanis, Mus. Hein., i, Sept., 1851, 193, footnote (Mexico;
coll. Berlin Mus.?); Journ. fiir Orn., 1861, 81.—Ripa@way, Man. N. Am.
Birds, 2d ed., 1896, 367, part.
C(allothrus] robustus Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 589; 2d ed., 1896, 600.
Callothrus robustus Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 594.—ZeELEpon, An. Mus.
Nac. Costa Rica, i, 1887, 112 (San José, Cartago, Naranjo de Cartago, and
Alajuela, Costa Rica).—Srons, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1890, 208 (Yucatan) ,
212 (Orizaba).—CHeErrig, Auk, vii, 1890, 334 (San José, Costa Rica); ix,
1892, 250 (do.)—AtrwatrrR, Auk, ix, 1892, 237 (San Antonio, Texas, breed-
ing).—RicHmonp, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xvi, 1893, 496 (San Carlos, Nica-
ragua).—BENpIRE, Rep. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1893, 599 (descr., geogr. range,
habits, etc.); Life Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1895, 443, pl. 6, fig. 9.—SrnaLey,
Rep. Geol. Surv. Tex., 1894, 371 (Rio Grande City; Hidalgo).—AmeEriIcaNn
OrnitTHoLoaists’ Unton, Check List, 2d ed., 1895, no. 496.—CHapman, Bull.
Am. Mus. N. H., viii, 1896, 280 (Chichen Itza, Yucatan; habits).—NEHR-
LING, Our Native Birds, ete., ii, 1896, 246.
CALLOTHRUS 4AZNEUS AENEUS (Wagler).
BRONZED COWBIRD.,
Similar to C. robustus, but slightly larger, bill relatively stouter, and
female very different in coloration.
Adult male.—Hardly distinguishable in coloration from the adult
male of C. robustus, but rump violet, like the upper tail-coverts,
instead of bronzy, like the back, and plumage of the head, neck, and
body smoother and more glossy; length (skins), 198.1—228.6 (216.4);
wing, 117.1-121.9 (119.1); tail, 81.8-87.9 (84.8); culmen, from base,
204 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
22.4-23.6 (23.1); depth of bill at base, 13-14 (13.2); tarsus, 27.9-30.2
(29.5); middle toe, 22.1—23.4 (22.9).?
Adult female.—Above dark mouse gray, the feathers with darker
centers, especially on back and scapulars, where slightly glossed with
greenish blue; wings and tail grayish dusky, faintly glossed with
greenish, the feathers with narrow paler grayish margins, most dis-
tinct on smaller wing-coverts; under parts paler mouse gray, some-
times indistinctly streaked with darker, the chin and throat paler; bill,
legs, and feet black; length (skins), 193-210.8 (194.8); wing, 101.3—-LO7.4
(104.6); tail, 69.1-76.2 (73.4); culmen, from base, 19.3-20.3 (19.8);
depth of bill at base, 11.7-12.4 (11.9); tarsus, 25.4-27.9 (27.4); middle
toe, 20.1-21.1 (20.6):'
Young matle.—Similar to the young female of C. robustus but decid-
edly paler, especially below; upper parts deep sooty grayish (similar
to under parts of young female of C. robustus), the wing-coverts with
terminal margins of paler gray; under parts similar but rather paler,
indistinctly streaked with dull olive-yellowish, the abdomen inclining
to the latter color. (Young female not seen.)
Northwestern Mexico, in States of Sonora (Hermosilla) and Sinaloa
(Culiacan, Mazatlan, etc.) and Territory of Tepic (San Blas, Acapo-
neta, etc.).
Psarocolius aeneus WAGLER, Isis, 1829, 758 (‘‘ Mexico’’; ex Icterus aeneus Lichten-
stein, manuscript; coll. Berlin Mus. ).—Bonaparrr, Consp. Ay., i, 1850, 426.
A[gelaius] «neus Gray, Gen. Birds, ii, 1849, 346.
M[{olothrus] «neus CABANIs, Mus. Hein., i, Sept., 1851, 192, footnote (Mexico).—
Rripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 367, part.
Molothrus sneus Casstn, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, 18, part (Mazatlan ).—
Lawrencr, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., ii, 1874, 281, part (Mazatlan; habits).—
Sciater, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 334, part (Presidio, near Mazatlan;
Mazatlan ).—Satyin and GopMan, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1886, 451, part
(Mazatlan; Presidio) .
[ Molothrus] «eneus Scharrer and Sauyin, Nom. Ay. Neotr., 1873, 37, part.
C[allothrus] eneus Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 589, part; 2d ed., 1896,
600, part.
CALLOTHRUS AENEUS ASSIMILIS Nelson.
LESSER BRONZED COWBIRD.
Similar to C. @. @neus, but smaller.
Adult male.—Length (skins), 190.5-200.7 (196.1); wing, 105.2-111.8
(108.7); tail, 74.4-81.5 (77.5); culmen, from base, 20.8-22.6 (21.3);
depth of bill at base, 12.4-13 (12.7); tarsus, 27.9-29.5 (28.5); middle
toe, 20.3-22.1 (21.3).’
(Adult female and young not seen.)
Southwestern Mexico, in States of Jalisco (Barranca Ibarra), Colima
'Six specimens. * Four specimens.
on
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 205
(Manzanillo), Guererro (Acapulco), and Pacific slope of Oaxaca (Ta-
pana, province of Tehuantepec).
Molothrus xeneus (not Psarocolius aeneus Wagler) Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila.,
1866, 18, part (Manzanillo Bay, Colima).—Lawrencr, Mem. Bost. Soc.
N. H., ii, 1874, 281, part (Manzanillo Bay; mountains of Colima); Bull. U.S.
Nat. Mus., no. 4, 1876, 24 (Tapana, proy. Tehuantepec, Oaxaca ).—ScLaTEr,
Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 334, part.—Satvin and GopMAN, Biol. Centr.-
Am., Aves, i, 1886, 451, part (Manzanillo Bay, ete., Colima; Tapana, Oaxaca).
[ Molothrus] xneus ScuaTeR and Savin, Nom. Ay. Neotr., 1873, 37, part.
M[olothrus] xneus Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 367, part.
C[allothrus] zneus Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 589, part; 2d ed., 1896,
600, part.
Callothrus xneus assimilis NEtson, Auk, xvii, July, 1900, 266 (Acapulco, Guerrero,
8. w. Mexico; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.).
Genus MOLOTHRUS Swainson.
Molothrus Swatnson, Fauna Bor.-Am., ii, 1831, 277; App., 1, 494. (Type, Frin-
gilla pecoris Gmelin, = Oriolus ater Boddaert.)
Molobrus (emendation) SrernserG, Journ. fiir Orn., Xvii, 1869, 125.
Hypobletis GLocrr, Hand-u. Hilfsb. d. Nat., 1842, 260. (Type, Fringilla pecoris
Gmelin, = Oriolus ater Boddaert. )
Cyanothrus Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., xviii, Mar., 1866, 19. (Type,
Tanagra bonariensis Gmelin. )
Cyrtotes Reicnensacu, Ay. Syst. Nat., 1850, pl. 73. (Type, Icterus maxillaris
Lafresnaye and D’Orbigny, = Tanagra bonariensis Gmelin. )
(?) Agelaioides Casstn, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., xviii, 1866, 15. (Type, Agelaius
badius Vieillot. )
Small, semiterrestrial, parasitic Icteride with short conical bill,
rather long and pointed wings, and plain or uniform coloration.
Bill much shorter than head, conical, compressed, with straight or
nearly straight outlines, its depth at base about equal to distance from
nostril to tip of maxilla, or a little less, its basal width decidedly less;
culmen straight or very slightly convex, sometimes elevated and
slightly arched posteriorly, more or less flattened, especially between
the nostrils; gonys straight or faintly convex, slightly shorter than
distance from nostril to tip of maxilla; commissure nearly straight to
near base, where deflexed to the rictus, the maxillary tomium some-
times more or less convex in middle portion. Nostril small, roundish,
or oblong, with membrane above and behind, its posterior end touch-
ing feathering of frontal antiw. Wing moderate or rather long (less
than five to nearly seven times as long as culmen, three and a half to
more than four times as long as tarsus), pointed; wing-tip variable in
length, from less than length of culmen (in JZ. badius) to more than
twice as long (in VM. rufo-arillaris); tertials not produced;! ninth (outer-
most) primary longer than fifth, usually longer than sixth, sometimes
'The drawing of generic details is incorrect in showing a projection of the longest
tertial.
206 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
longest; longest primaries may be the ninth, ninth and eighth,
eighth and seventh, or seventh, sixth, and fifth; longer primaries usu-
ally with inner webs not appreciably sinuated, though sometimes the
first and second are faintly so; in one species (J/. atronitens) the inner
webs of first four have minute angular projections, much as in Ca//o-
thrus. Tail from two-thirds to five-sixths as long as wing, even or
slightly rounded. Tarsus much longer than culmen, less than one-
fourth to nearly one-third as long as wing, the anterior scutella dis-
tinct: middle toe, with claw, a little shorter than tarsus; lateral toe
with claws reaching about to base of middle claw; hallux slightly
shorter than lateral toes, much stouter, its claws shorter than the
digit; all the claws acute and strongly curved.
Coloration.—Adult males uniform black, more or less glossy, with
or without brown head and neck; adult females plain grayish or brown-
ish (usually indistinctly streaked below), that of one species uniform
black; young distinctly streaked below. (In two South American
species both sexes are plain brownish gray or light brown, with wings
largely rusty.)
Range.—Temperate and tropical America in general, except West
Indies’ and Central America.
With the exception of three or four species, the members of this
genus agree very well with one another in structural characters, the
differences being slight and immaterial. Of these aberrant species J/.
rufo-axillaris is most different, the wing and tail being proportionally
longer, the latter more rounded, and the bill rather shorter and thicker.
In this species, only, the female is black, like the male.
In I. badius and its near relative, I. fringillarius, the wing is very
short and rounded, exceeding the tail in length by less than the length
of the culmen; the ninth primary is shorter than the fourth, the fifth
being nearly if not quite equal to the longest, and the nostrils linear
instead of rounded. In these two species the coloration is very differ-
ent from that of any other, both sexes being light brown or brown-
ish gray with the wings mostly cinnamon-rufous, and they are said to
be nonparasitic, building their own nest and rearing their young in
the usual fashion.
M. atronitens has the bill relatively longer and narrower than the
other species, and the inner webs of the three outer primaries instead
of being very faintly or not at all sinuated have an angular projection
of the margin, much as in the species of Callothrus, but much less
pronounced, and there seems also to be a slight development of the
neck-ruffs of that genus.
The habits of some species are scarcely, if at all raeai but, while of
the three species of the Argentine Republic two (JZ bonariensis and
14 South American species (M. bonariensis or M. atronitens) is said to have been
introduced into St. Thomas and Vieque.
a
ae? ee howe. ob Sa
~~
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 207
M. rufo-axillaris) always lay their eggs in the nests of other birds, their
habits in this respect being quite the same as those of the typical North
American species (J/. ater), the third (J/. badius) always builds its
own nest and rears its own young in the usual fashion. This fact,
taken in connection with the very different proportions of the prima-
ries and the peculiar coloration, alluded to above, may necessitate the
adoption of the name Ag/azo/des Cassin fora genus containing JZ. badius
and M. fringillarius.
KEY TO THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES OF MOLOTHRUS,
a. General color glossy black.
b. Head and neck brown. (Molothrus ater, adult male. )
c. Larger (wing averaging 110.5, tail 75.2, culmen, from base, 18). (More
southern British provinces to plateau of Mexico.)
Molothrus ater ater, adult male (p. 207)
ce. Smaller (wing averaging 100.3, tail 68.8, culmen, from base, 16.3). (Mexico
and adjacent portion of United States. )
Molothrus ater obscurus, adult male (p. 210)
bb. Head and neck glossy violet-black, like rest of plumage. (Guiana; Venezuela;
Trinidad; Tobago; Grenada and Grenadines. )
Molothrus atronitens, adult male (p. 211)
aa. General color grayish or brownish. (Adult females and young. )
b. Longest primaries exceeding secondaries by much more than length of tarsus.
( Molothrus ater, adult female.)
c. Larger (wing averaging 101.1, culmen 16.)
Molothrus ater ater, adult female (p. 207)
ce. Smaller (wing averaging 90.7, culmen 15.)
Molothrus ater obscurus, adult female (p. 210)
bb. Longest primaries exceeding secondaries by not more than length of tarsus.
Molothrus atronitens, adult female (p. 212)
MOLOTHRUS ATER ATER (Boddaert).
COWBIRD.
Adult male.—Head, neck, and upper chest plain brown (varying
from broccoli brown or drab to warm clove brown); rest of plumage
glossy greenish black, the gloss usually more violet (often distinctly
so) on upper back, next to brown of hindneck; bill, legs, and feet
black; iris brown; length (skins), 167.6-194.3 (179.3); wing, 105.4—
115.8 (110.5); tail, 70.1-80 (75.2); culmen, from base, 17.3-19.6 (18);
depth of bill at base, 11.4-12.7 (12.2); tarsus, 24.1-28.2 (26.7); middle
toe, 16.5-20.8 (18.5).*
Adult female.—Above brownish gray, faintly glossed with greenish,
the feathers with darker centers and blackish shaft-streaks, especially
on back; wings and tail more dusky brownish gray with paler edgings,
these nearly white on longer primaries; under parts paler brownish
gray or hair brown, usually more or less distinctly streaked (nar-
rowly) with darker, the chin and throat much paler (sometimes almost
1Fourteen specimens.
208 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
dull whitish), and, together with the chest, unstreaked; maxilla brown-
ish black or dusky brown; mandible brownish, dusky at tip; iris brown;
length (skins), 154.9-180.3 (165.9); wing, 93.5-104.6 (101.1); tail,
61.7-70.4 (66.8); culmen, from base, 15.2-17 (16); depth of bill at base,
10.2-11.2 (10.9); tarsus, 24.1-26.4 (25.4); middle toe, 15.7-18.8 (17).’
Young male.—Above varying from dark hair brown to sooty gray-
ish brown, the feathers with narrow pale grayish brown and whitish
margins (these usually indistinct and often obsolete on pileum and
hindneck), the wing-coverts and tertials more broadly and conspicu-
ously margined with dull buffy whitish; under parts conspicuously
streaked with sooty grayish brown or hair brown and dull buffy or
whitish, the latter on margins or lateral edges of feathers, the darker
color prevailing anteriorly; maxilla dark brownish, mandible paler;
legs and feet brownish.
Young female.—Similar to the young male but paler, especially the
under parts, which are principally dull light buffy streaked with gray-
ish brown.
Temperate North America in general, except portions of Pacific coast;
north to about 49° in more eastern portions, to 55° 30’ (Little Slave
Lake, etc.) in the interior; west to British Columbia (both sides of Cas-
cade range), Washington, Oregon, Nevada, and southeastern Califor-
nia; south in winter to central and southeastern Mexico (Jalapa and
Orizaba, Vera Cruz; Huexotitla, Puebla; Hacienda San Juan Capis-
trano, Zacatecas; Cozumel Island, Yucatan, etc.); breeding south to
Georgia (Wayne and MelIntosh counties), Louisiana (Petite Anse
Island), and Texas (Harris and Bexar counties).
Oriolus ater Bopparrt, Tabl. Pl. Enl., 1783, 37 (based on Troupiale, dela Caroline,
Daubenton, Pl. Enl., pl. 606, fig. 1).
[ Molothrus] ater Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 36, no. 6507.
Molothrus ater Cours, Check List, 1873, 43, footnote; 2d ed., 1882, no. 3138; Bull.
U. S. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr., iii, 1877, 667 (n. Texas).—Barrp, Orn.
Simpson’s Exp., 1876, 379 (Utah).—Ripeaway, Field and Forest, 1877, 208
(Colorado) ; Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881], no. 258; Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., ix, 1886,
151 (Huexotitla, Puebla; crit.); Orn. Illinois, i, 1889, 310.—Brewsrer, Bull.
Nutt. Orn. Club, iii, 1878, 123 (deser. young).—MerrriL1, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus.,
1 Fifteen specimens.
Eastern specimens and a smaller western series average as follows:
Culmen, Depth :
Locality. | Wing. | Tail. | from | of bill | Tarsus. Middle
| | 5 | = toe.
| | base. jat base.
MALES. |
|
Ten adult males from east of Great Plains........-.-- 109.5 74.7 18 123A 2 26.4 17.8
Four adult males from Great Plains and westward...) 112.8 76.2 18.5 11.9 QT 20.1
FEMALES.
Ten adult females from east of Great Plains......... i, = AG; 66 1527 10.9 24.9 16.5
Five adult females from Great Plains and westward.) 101.3 68.1 16.3 | 10.4 26.2 18
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 209
i, 1878, 130 (Fort Brown, Texas, winter resid. ).—CHAMBERLAIN, Bull. i, N. H.
Soe. N. B., 1882, 41 (New Brunswick, rare summer resid. ).—Spetman, Bull.
Nutt. Orn. Club, viii, 1883, 121 (Belmont, Massachusetts, Jan. 2; 2 specs. ).—
Damon, Auk, ii, 1885, 309 (Lockport, w. New York, winter).—AMERICAN ORNI-
THOLOGISTS’ Unton, Check List, 1886, no. 495.—Srron, Auk, iii, 1886, 321 (w.
Manitoba, summer).—FeErRARI-PEREz, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., ix, 1886, 151
(Huexotitla, Puebla, Nov. ).—Cooxker, Bird Migr. Miss. Val., 1888, 161 (dates,
etc. ). —THompson Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xiii, 1891, 571 (Manitoba).—Arrwa-
TER, Auk, ix, 1892, 237 (San Antonio, Texas; breeding ?).—Benprrg, Rep. U.
8. Nat. Mus., 1893, 590, pls. 1, 2, 3 (deser., syn., range, habits, ete. ); Life Hist.
N. Am. Birds, ii, 1895, 590, pl. 6, figs. 3-6.—Spauutpine, Auk, xii, 1895, 182
(Lancaster, New Hampshire, Jan. 18).—NEHRLING, Our Native Birds, ete., ii,
1896, 240, pl. 17, figs. 2, 3.—Kwyicut, Bull. 3, Univ. Maine, 1897, 86 (Maine,
summer resid.) .—Brooks, Auk, xvii, 1900, 106 (British Columbia, both sides
of Cascades).
Molothrus ater . . . a. ater Ripaway, Orn. 40th Parallel, 1877, 501 (upper Hum-
boldt Valley, Nevada, Aug. 31; Truckee Reservation, Nevada, June; Parleys
Park and Bear River valley, Utah, June).
M[(olothrus] ater Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 402.—Ripaway, Man.
N. Am. Birds, 1887, 367.
[ Fringilla] pecoris GMELIN, Syst. Nat., i, 1788, 910 (=female; based on Fringilla
pecoris Brisson, Orn., iii, 165, etc.).—LatTHAm, Index Orn., ii, 1790, 443.
F[ringilla] pecoris LicntTENSTEIN, Verz. Doubl., 1823, 23.
Emberiza pecoris Witson, Am. Orn., ii, 1810, 145, pl. 18, figs. 1, 2, 3.
Passerina pecoris Vir1tLoT, Nouy. Dict. d’ Hist. Nat., xxv, 1819, 22.
Icterus pecoris Bonaparte, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1824; Ann. Lye. N. Y.,
ii, 1828, 58.—Nurratt, Man. Orn. U.S. and Can., i, 1832, 178.—AupuBon,
Orn. Biog., i, 1831, 493, pl. 99; v., 1839, 233, 400, pl. 424.
Ps[arocolius| pecoris WAGLER, Syst. Av., 1827, Psarocolius, sp. 30, part; Isis,
1831, 527.
(?) Agelaus pecoris Swanson, Philos. Mag., n. s., i, 1827, 436.
Molothrus pecoris Swarnson, Fauna, Bor.-Am., ii, 1831, 277.—Bonaparre, Geog.
and Comp. List, 1838, 29.—AupuBon, Synopsis, 1839, 139; Birds Am., oct. ed.,
iv, 1842, 16, pl. 212.—Bairp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 524; Cat.
N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 400.—SciaTer, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1859, 365
(Jalapa, Vera Cruz); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 134, part; Cat. Birds Brit. Mus.,
xi, 1886, 333, part (Cozumel I., Yucatan; Jalapa, Vera Cruz, ete.).—VERRILL,
Proc. Essex Inst., iii, 1862, 151 (Oxford Co., Maine, breeding).—Cassin,
Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, 17 (monogr.).—Tripprr, Am. Nat., iii, 1869,
291 (biography ).—Cooprr, Orn. Cal., 1870, 257.—Cours, Check List, 1873,
no. 211; Birds N. W., 1874, 180, part.—Barirp, Brewer, and Ripeway, Hist.
N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 154, part, pl. 32, figs. 6, 7.—Grntry, Proc. Ac. Nat.
Sci. Phila., 1874, 96 (habits).—HeEnsHaw, Zool. Exp. W. 100th Merid., 1875,
312, part (Provo, Utah; Denver and Pueblo, Colorado).—Maynarp, Birds
E. N. Am., 1881, 131.—Bickneui, Auk, ii, 1885, 152 (song).—Satvin and
Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1886, 450, part.
[Molothrus] pecoris Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 436.—Cours, Key N. Am.
Birds, 1872, 155.—Scuater and Savin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 37.
M[olothrus] pecoris CaBANts, Mus. Hein., i, 1851, 192.
[Molothrus pecoris] a. pecoris Cours, Birds N. W., 1874, 180 (synonymy).
Molobrus pecoris SUNDEVALL, Meth. Ay. Nat. Disp. Tent., 1872, 22.
(?) [Oriolus] fuscus GMELIN, Syst. Nat., i, 1788, 393 (based on Brown-headed
Oriole Pennant, Arct. Zool., ii, 260).
3654—_voL 2—01——_14
210 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
(2) [Oriolus] minor GMELIN, Syst. Nat., i, 1788, 394 (based on Petit Troupaile noir
Buffon, Hist. Nat. des Ois., iii, 221).
Fringilla ambigua Nurrauy, Man. Orn. U. 8. and Can., i, 1832, 484 (= young).
Icterus emberizoides ‘‘ Bose.’’ Daupin, Traité Orn., ii, 1800, 350 (= Oriolus fuscus
Gmelin).
[ Molothrus pecoris] a. Subsp. typica ScuatEr, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 334,
in list of specimens.
MOLOTHRUS ATER OBSCURUS (Gmelin).
DWARF COWBIRD.
Similar to J/. a. ater in coloration, but decidedly smaller.
Adult male.—Length (skins), 152.4-180.3 (168.6); wing, 96-104.1
(100.3); tail, 61.7-72.9 (68.8); culmen, from base, 15.7-17.8 (16.3);
depth of bill at base, 8.4-10.2 (9.1); tarsus, 22.9-25.4 (24.1); middle
toe, 16.3-18.3 (17.5).?
Adult female.—Length (skins), 142.2-160 (152.4); wing, 85.6-94
(90.7); tail, 57.7-66.5 (62.2); culmen, from base, 14-15.7 (15); depth
of bill at base, 9.1-10.9 (9.9); tarsus, 22.4-23.6 (22.9); middle toe,
15.2-16.8 (16).
Greater part of Mexico, including Lower California, and contiguous
portion of United States; north to southern Texas (Cameron, Lam-
pasas, Harris, Tom Green, and Concho counties) and Arizona (Fort
Whipple, Mogollon Mountains, Tucson, Riverside, etc.); south to
Oaxaca (Cuicatlan, Oaxaca, Tehuantepec City, etc¢.), Colima (Man-
zanilla Bay), Jalisco (Bolafios), ete.
[Sturnus] obscurus GMELIN, Syst. Nat., i, pt. 2, 1788, 804 (based on Sturnus nove-
hispanix Brisson, Orn., ii, 448).
Molothrus obscurus Casstn, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sei. Phila., xviii, 1866, 18 (monogr.;
Miraflores, Lower California; Colima and Manzanillo, w. Mexico) .—Cooperr,
Orn. Cal., 1870, 260 (Cape St. Lucas; s. Arizona; n. w. Mexico).—BREWER,
Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iv, 1879, 123 (Fort Brown, Texas; descr. eggs).
[ Molothrus] obscurus Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 36, no. 6508.
[ Molothrus pecoris.] Var. obscurus Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 155.—HEN-
sHAw, Zool. Exp. W. 100th Merid., 1875, 312 (Gila R., Arizona).
1 Sixteen specimens.
* Fifteen specimens.
Specimens from different areas compare in average measurements as follows:
Culmen,! Depth AT;
Locality. | Wing. | Tail. from of bill | Tarsus. N ae
| | | base. | at base.
MALES. ;
Eight adult males from Arizona................-... | 98.6 | 67.3 16 9.1 23.6 17.5
Two adult males from Lower California.........-- 100.3 69.9 16 8.9 23.6 17.3
Six adult males from southern Texas.............. 102.4 70.6 | 16.8 el 24.9 17.5
FEMALES.
|
Nine adult females from Arizona, Lower Califor- |
nia, and) Sonora .i.5<-- osha ne se ee eee eee ees | 90.2 61.7 14,2 9.4 22.9 16.3
Five adult females from southern Texas ........-.- | 91.2 62.2 15. 2 10.4 22.9 16
.
3
(eae
we AAT Pana Be
a
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. Del:
Molothrus pecoris . . . var. obscurus Cours, Check List, 1873, no. 211a.—HEn-
sHAw, Rep. Orn. Spec. Wheeler’s Surv., 1873 (1874), 160 (s. Arizona). _
Molothrus pecoris var. obscurus Barrp, Brewer, and Ripaway, Hist. N. Am.
Birds, ii, 1874, pl. 32, fig. 8—Lawrence, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., ii, 1874,
280 (Mazatlan; Manzanillo Bay; habits); Bull. U. 8. Nat. Mus., no. 4, 1876,
24 (Tehuantepec City, Oaxaca, Oct. ).
[ Molothrus pecoris] b. obscurus Cours, Birds N. W., 1874, 180 (synonymy).
M[olothrus] ater var. obscurus Cours, Birds N. W., 1874, 180, in text.
Molothrus ater var. obseurus Merrit, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., i, 1879, 130 (Fort
Brown, Texas; summer resid.).
Molothrus ater obscurus Cours and Srennerr, Bull. U. 8. Geol. and Geog. Surv.
Terr., iv, 1878, 22 (Brownsville, Texas; habits).—Srnnert, Bull. U.S. Geol.
and Geog. Sury. Terr., v, 1879, 396 (Lometa, Texas; habits, descr. eggs,
etc.).—Ripa@way, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., iii, 1880, 182, 218, 232; Nom. N.
Am. Birds, 1881, no. 258a.—Covurs, Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 314.—
Brown, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 40 (Boerne, Kendall Co., Texas,
Jan., Feb.).—NEHRLING, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 166 (Houston,
Texas, breeding).—Brewstrr, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 200 (Tucson
and Santa Rita Mts., Arizona).—BE.Lprine, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., v, 1883,
546, 547 (San José del Cabo, Lower California); vi, 1883, 348 (Guaymas,
Sonora ).—AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ Untion, Check List, 1886, no. 495a.—
FERRARI-PEREZ, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., ix, 1886, 151 (Puebla, Nov. ).—Scort,
Auk, iv, 1887, 22 (Riverside, Tucson, Florence, etc., Arizona).—Cooxr,
Bird Migr. Miss. Val., 1888, 162 (Tom Green and Concho counties, Texas,
summer).—Merarns, Auk, vii, 1890, 257 (Mogollon Mts., Arizona, sum-
mer).—AtTrwaTER, Auk, ix, 1892, 237 (San Antonio, Texas).—BENDIRE,
Rep. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1898, 597 (geog. range, habits, etc.); Life Hist. N.
Am. Birds, ii, 1895, 441, pl. 6, figs. 7, 8.
[ Molothrus pecoris.] b. Subsp. obscura Scuater, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886,
334, in list of specimens.
M{olothrus] a{ter] obscurus Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 402.
M[olothrus] ater obscurus Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 367.
(?) Agelaus pecoris (not Fringilla pecoris Gmelin?) Swarnson, Philos. Mag., n. s.,
i, 1827, 436 (near City of Mexico).
(?) Psarocolius pecoris WAGuER, Isis, 1831, 527 (Mexico).
(?) Molothrus pecoris ScuATER, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1857, 213 (Orizaba, Vera
Cruz); 1860, 252 (Orizaba); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 134, part (Jalapa) ; Ibis,
1884, 3, part (monogr. ).
Molothrus pecoris ScLaTER, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 333, part (City of
Mexico; Mazatlan).—HEErRMANN, Rep. Pacific R. R. Sury., x, pt. iv. 1859, 52
(Fort Yuma, New Mexico; Texas).—Batrp, Rep. U.S. and Mex. Bound.
Surv., ii, pt. 1, 1859, 18 (Texas; Nuevo Leon, etc).—Covurs, Proc. Ac. Nat.
Sci. Phila., 1866, 90 (Fort Whipple, Arizona).—Satvrn and Gopman, Biol.
Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1886, 450, part (most Mexican references and localities. )
[Sturnus] junceti LarHam, Index Orn., ii, 1790, 326 (same basis as S. obscurus
Gmelin).
MOLOTHRUS ATRONITENS (Cabanis).
GLOSSY COWBIRD.
Adult male.—Head, neck, back, scapulars, and under partsas far back
as flanks and upper portion of abdomen uniform silky violet-black,
the gloss rather more reddish violet or purple on the breast and sides;
212 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
lesser and middle wing-coverts, rump, upper tail-coverts, lower abdo-
men, and anal region glossy blue- black, the first, also the upper por-
tion of the rump, tinged with violet; wings (except smaller coverts),
tail, and under tail-coverts glossy greenish black; bill, legs, and feet
black; length (skins), 165.1-185.4 (172.7); wing, 93.2-98.3 (95); tail,
69.6—74.9 (71.9); culmen, from base, 17.3-18.5 (17.8); depth of bill at
base, 9.7—-9.9 (9.7); tarsus, 21.3-22.1 (21.6); middle toe, 19.3.'
Adult female.—Pileum dark grayish brown; rest of upper parts
lighter grayish brown, palest (dark smoke gray or brownish mouse
gray) on rump, the scapulars and interscapulars with rather distinct
dusky mesial streaks; wings and tail dusky with grayish brown edg-
ings; under parts light grayish brown (hair brown) medially, darker
hair brown laterally, the chin and upper throat very pale hair brown
or pale buffy grayish; biil, legs, and feet black; length (skin), 150.9;
wing, 87.1; tail, 64.5; culmen, from base, 16.5; depth of bill at base,
8.9; tarsus, 19.1; middle toe, 17.3.*
Northern coast district of South America, in Guiana and Venezueia;
Trinidad; Tobago; Grenadines (Curriacoa), Lesser Antilles; Vieque
(near St. Thomas), Greater Antilles (introduced 4).
Molothrus atronitens CABANIS, in Schomburgk’s Reis. Brit. Guiana, iii, 1848, 682
(British Guiana).—Finscu, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 576 (Trinidad ).—
PELZELN, Orn. Bras., 1871, 200.—(?) Bertepscu, Journ. ftir Orn., 1873, 249
(Proy. Santa Catarina, s. Brazil).—Scuarer, Ibis, 1884, 6 (monogr.); Cat.
Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 337, excl. syn. part (Venezuela; Trinidad; Dem-
erara, British Guiana; Oyapoc, Cayenne; Mexiana I., lower Amazon).—
Strong, Auk, viii, 1891, 346 (monogr.).—Cory, Auk, x, 1898, 220 (Tobago).
Molothrus atro-nitens CHAPMAN, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., vi, 1894, 36 (Trinidad).
M{olothrus] atronitens CaBants, Mus. Hein., i, 1851, 193 (Cayenne ?).
[ Molothrus] atronitens ScLATER and Sayin, Nom. Ay. Neotr., 1873, 37.
M[olothrus] bonariensis (not Tanagra bonariensis Gmelin) CABANIS, Mus. Hein.,
i, 1851, 1938, part (Venezuela).
(2?) Molothrus bonariensis Cory, Revised List Birds W. I., 1886, 35 (St. Thomas;
introduced ?); Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 124 ( Vieque; introduced ?).
Molothrus sericeus (not Icterus sericeus Lichtenstein) ScLaterR, Cat. Am. Birds,
1862, 135, part (Trinidad ).—(?) Newron, Ibis, 1860, 308, in text ( Vieque,
West Indies).
Lampropsar guianensis (not of Cabanis) Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, 22.
(?) Molothrus discolor (not Passerina discolor Vieillot) Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat.
Sci. Phila., 1866, 20, part (Trinidad). ’
Genus QUISCALUS Vieillot.
Quiscalus VietttotT, Analyse, 1816, 36. (Type, @. versicolor Vieillot,=Gracula
quiscula Linnzeus. )
Quiscala LICHTENSTEIN, Verz. Doubl., 1828, 18.
Scaphidurus Swainson, Philos. Mag., new ser., 1, 1827, 437 (substitute for Quiscalus
Vieillot).
Scaphura (emendation) GuLocrer, Hand-u. Hilfsb., 1842, 261 eee
' Three specimens. * One specimen.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. ONS
Medium-sized or rather large semiterrestrial Icteride, with long,
graduated, and plicate’ tail; anteriorly truncated and very prominent
median palatal ridge; bill about as long as head and strongly decurved
at tip; color black, with various and strongly contrasted metallic (green,
blue, violet, and bronze) hues.
Bill about as long as head or a little longer, elongate-conical, but
upper outline decidedly convex terminally and decurved at tip, its
basal depth less than one-half the length of culmen, but equal to or
more than one-half the distance from nostril to tip of maxilla, the basal
width a little less; culmen nearly straight (sometimes faintly depressed)
in middle, convex terminally, with strongly decurved tip, elevated and
usually slightly arched basally, distinctly ridged but the ridge broad
and rounded; gonys straight or nearly so, sometimes faintly concave
terminally, sometimes faintly convex basally, slightly shorter than
maxilla from nostril; maxillary tomium slightly convex in middle,
slightly concave anteriorly and subbasally, strongly deflexed from
beneath nostril to rictus; mandibular tomium convex terminally,
straight or slightly concave in middle, more or less convex and ele-
vated opposite palatal ridge, then slightly deflexed for a short distance,
strongly deflexed from beneath nostril to rictus. Nostril more or less
triangular (obtusely pointed anteriorly), posteriorly in contact with
feathering of loral antiz, overhung by a rather broad membraneous
or subcorneous operculum. Wing moderate (less than four to more
than four times as long as culmen, three and a half to nearly four times
as long as tarsus), the tip moderately produced (about equal in length to
tarsus or intermediate between length of tarsus and length of culmen),
subtruncate; ninth (outermost) primary intermediate between seventh
and sixth, between sixth and fifth, or equal to fifth; eighth and seventh
or eighth, seventh, and sixth primaries longest; inner web of three
outer primaries slightly but distinctly sinuated, but the middle portion
not conspicuously widened. Tail plicate, shorter than wing (the differ-
ence equal to about one-fourth to one-third the length of culmen),
graduated for a little less than length of culmen, the rectrices (except
middle pair) widest terminally and with obliquely subtruncated tips,
the inner web usually a little longer than the outer. Tarsus slightly
longer than culmen, with anterior scutella distinct; middle toe, with
claw, decidedly shorter than tarsus; lateral toes with claws falling
decidedly short of base of middle claw; hallux equal in length to
lateral toes, much stouter, its claw decidedly shorter than the digit;
claws only moderately curved.
1Capable of being folded vertically so that a transverse section is V-shaped, the two
edges being brought near together when flying. On account of this folding and the
graduated form of the tip, the effect, when the bird is flying, is very peculiar, the
tail appearing as if much longer on one side than on the other.
214 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Coloration.—Blackish, with glossy sheen of various strongly con-
trasted metallic hues of green, blue, violet, purple, and bronze; the
female smaller and less brilliant in color than the male.
PRange.—Kastern North America. (Monotypic?)*
KEY TO THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES OF QUISCALUS.
a. Plumage of back, scapulars, ramp, and under parts of body varied with several
metallic hues, dark bronzy green or purplish bronze prevailing; lesser and
middle wing-coverts violet or purple, tipped with metallic blue, green, or bronze.
b. Larger, except bill and feet; wing of adult male averaging 143.8, tail 135.6;
adult female averaging, wing 127.8, tail 112; individual variation in plumage
very great. (Atlantic coast district of United States, from eastern end of
Long Island Sound to South Carolina; eastern Tennessee; occasional in lower
Mississippi Valleys)... 22% 252 Soe ses coe Quiscalus quiscula quiscula (p. 215)
bb. Smaller, except bill and feet; adult male averaging, wing 133.1, tail 121.1;
adult female averaging, wing 119, tail 106.2; individual variation in plum-
age very slight. (Peninsula of Florida and along Gulf coast to Louisiana. )
Quiscalus quiscula agleus (p. 217)
aa. Plumage of back, scapulars, rump, and under parts of body perfectly uniform
bronze or brassy olive; lesser and middle wing-coverts entirely bronzy purple
or purplish bronze. (Whole interior of North America and whole of New
Mngland (except coast of Long Island Sound) and northward; south to Texas,
west to Rocky Mountains; occasional during migration along Atlantic coast. )
Quiscalus quiscula eneus (p. 219)
When the real distinctive characters of Q. g. quiscula and @. q.
wneus ave kept in mind there should not be the slightest difficulty in
recognizing them as very distinct forms. In the first place, it is impor-
tant to know that the color of the head, neck, and chest is not of the
slightest value as a distinctive character, since it varies equally in both
forms, from goiden green to reddish purple. In Q. g. guéscula, how-
ever, the brilliant color of the head, neck, and chest, while often very
sharply defined posteriorly, gives way to a color which varies from
dark bronzy green to violet-purple, but always more or less broken by
other metallic colors, largely in the form of bars of different hues upon
the individual feathers, while the lesser and middle wing-coverts are
tipped with a metallic color (blue passing through green into bronze
or golden terminally) conspicuously different from the violet-purple
of the basal portion. In Q. g. @neus, on the other hand, the brilliant
color of the head, neck, and chest (whether it be violet, blue, green,
or brassy) gives way at once to a golden bronze or brassy hue, which
extends, absolutely unbroken by other hues, over the entire back,
scapulars, rump, and under parts of the body (except chest), while the
smaller wing-coverts are either wholly reddish purple or else tipped
with golden bronze, never with blue nor green.
Y. g. agleus is not distinguishable as to coloration from many exam-
ples of Q. g. quiscula, the differences consisting in its smaller size with
1Tf Q. wneus be considered a subspecies of Q. quiscula, then the genus is monotypic;
otherwise it consists of two species.
ee
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 915
relatively larger bill and feet; but while Q. g. guiscula is so excess-
ively variable in coloration that scarcely two specimens are exactly
alike, Q. g. aglwus is remarkably uniform, and the general color of
the back, scapulars, and under parts is always a dark bronzy green,
this color being rather the exception in Q. g. guéscula, in which more
purplish hues prevail.
On account of the very slight individual variation of color in Q. 4.
agleus and (. q. eneus and the excessive variability of (. g. guiscula,
together with the remarkable geographic distribution of the three
forms, which does not in the least conform to faunal areas,’ Mr.
Chapman has suggested,’ and well-nigh proven, that Q. quéscula and
Q. wneus are distinct species, which interbreed in the district where
their breeding ranges come together, the former being of ** pure blood”
chiefly in the form known as Q. q. aglwus, Q. 9. quiscula being chiefly
a hybrid form. My own opinion in the matter exactly coincides with
Mr. Chapman’s; but since so many forms now ranked as subspecies
are similarly involved I prefer, at present, to leave the question in
abeyance.
QUISCALUS QUISCULA QUISCULA (Linnzus).
PURPLE GRACKLE,
Adult male.—Head, neck, and chest varying in color from metallic
reddish violet to golden green*; prevailing color of back and scapu-
lars varying from bronzy purple or polished bronze to metallic olive-
green or bottle green, but this always more or less broken by bars
(mostly concealed, except on scapulars) of metallic green, blue, bronze,
or purple (or all these tints); rump varying in color from purplish
bronze to violet, the color usually more or less broken by admixture
of other metallic hues; prevailing color of wings violet or purple (the
primaries, primary-coverts, and alula usually more bluish, sometimes
biuish green); the lesser and middle coverts usually banded, more or
less conspicuously, with purple, blue, green, golden, etc.; tail dark
purple, violet, blue, or green, or (in worn or faded plumage) black
glossed with one of these colors; under parts (posterior to chest) me-
tallic purple, violet, blue, green, etc., the color varying in different
parts, sometimes mixed with golden bronze; bill, legs, and feet black;
iris pale yellow or yellowish white; length (skins), 275.6-299.7
1Q. q. eneus breeds from southern Texas to the Saskatchewan and Nova Scotia, and
does not vary in coloration throughout this enormous extent of territory.
2Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., iv, no. 1, 1892, pp. 1-20. This article of Mr. Chap-
man’s is a most excellent one, and discusses the question of the relationship of the
three forms with a detail which is impossible here. It should be carefully read by
those who desire further information on the subject.
’ Whatever the general color of the head, neck, and chest, the anterior portion of
the head is usually more bluish than the posterior portion, but occasionally the neck
and chest are bluer than the head; the color is rarely, if ever, uniform throughout.
916 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
(285.2); wing, 137.7-146.8 (143.8); tail, 129.5-139.7 (135.6); curmen,
from base, 32.5-36.3 (83.8); depth of bill at base, 12.2-13.7 (13); tarsus,
34.3-38.4 (36.6); middle toe, 25.1-26.7 (25.7).!
Adult female.—Decidedly smaller than the male and much duller in
color, the metallic hues more subdued, sometimes very faint; length
(skins), 236.2-256.5 (251.7); wing, 122.4-133.9 (127.8); tail, 101.6—-
122.7 (112); culmen, from base, 27.9-30.2 (29.2); depth of bill at base,
11.9-13 (12.4); tarsus, 32.8-36.1 (34.3); middle toe, 22.1-25.4 (23 4).1
Young.—Uniform sooty, rather paler below, where sometimes
showing indistinct streaks of darker.
Atlantic coast district of United States, east of Alleghenies; north
to lower Hudson Valley and northern shores of Long Island Sound;
breeding south to uplands of Alabama (Greensboro, Anniston, Coosada,
ete.), Georgia, and the Carolinas, to Virginia (7) along the coast; occa-
sional on western side of Alleghenies, in eastern Tennessee (Roane
County, March, April).
[Gracula] quiscula Lixnxus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, i, 1758, 109 (based on Moneaula
purpurea Catesby, Nat. Hist. Carolina, i, 12, ete., ‘“America septentrionale) ;”’
ed. 12, i, 1766, 165.—GMELIN, Syst. Nat., 1, 1788, 397.—LatHam, Index Orn., i,
1790, 191.
Gracula quiscola Witson, Am. Orn., iii, 1811, 44, pl. 21, fig. 4.
Ch{alcophanes] quiscalus CaBANIs, Mus. Hein., i, 1851, 196.
Sturnus quiscala Daupin, Traité d’Orn., ii, 1800, 316.
Q[uiscalus] quiscula JorpAaN, Man. Vert. E. N. Am., 4th ed., 1884, 93.
Quiscalus quiscula AMERICAN OrNITHOLOGISTS’ Unton, Check List, 1886, no. 511.—
Fox, Auk, ili, 1886, 318 (Roane Co., Tennessee, Mar., Apr.—Brewster. Auk,
vii, 1890, 208 (Charleston, South Carolina, 1 spec. Nov. 30).—CHaApMAN, Bull.
Am. Mus. N. H., iv, 1892, 3 (descr.; geog. range; crit.).—BrNpDIRE, Life
Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1895, 497, pl. 7, figs. 21-23.—Youne, Auk, xiii, 1896,
283 (Hazleton, Pottsville, and Nescopeck, Pennsylvania, breeding).
Q[uiscalus] quiscula Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 379.
Quiscalus versicolor ViEttLot, Nouy. Dict. d’ Hist. Nat., xxviii, 1819, 488 (‘‘ North
America’’); Gal. Ois., i, 1834, 171, pl. 108.—Bonaparrs, Am. Orn., i, 1825,
45, pl. 5, fig. 1; Ann. Lye. N. Y., ii, 1828, 54; Geog. and Comp. List, 1838,
28.—Nvurratit, Man. Orn. U. 8. and Canada, i, 1832, 194, part.—AvupDuUBON,
Orn. Biog., i, 1831, 35, part, pl. vii, fig. 1; v, 1839, 481, part; Synopsis, 1839,
146, part; Birds Am., oct. ed., iv, 1842, 58, part, pl. 221.—(?) Swarnson,
Anim. in Menag., 1838, 298.—HaLpEMANN, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., i, 1841,
54.—Batrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Sury., ix, 1858, 555, part (Carlisle, Pennsyl-
vania; Washington, District of Columbia); Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 421,
part.—Scuater, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 140 (e. United States); Ibis, 1884, 154,
part (monogr.); Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 394, part.—Couxrs, Proc.
Bost. Soc. N. H., xii, 1868, 117 (South Carolina).—TuRNBuwLL, Birds E. Penn.
and N. J., 1869, 25 (Mar. to Nov.).
[ Quiscalus] versicolor BONAPARTE, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 424.
Gracula barita (not of Linnzeus) Orp, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., i, 1818, 254.
(2?) Quliscalus] nitens LicutENsTEIN, Verz. Doubl., 1823, 18.
(2?) Quiscalus purpuratus Swainson, Anim. in Menag., 1838, 298 (North America).
1'Ten specimens.
a ee ee ee eee ee) eee
Olt! ye Ps aided eee
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. DAG
Q[uiscalus] purpuratus BoNAPARTE, Consp. Av., 1, 1850, 424.
Quiscalus purpureus (not of Woodhouse, 1853) Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila.,
1866, 403, part (ex Gracula purpurea Bartram, Tray. Florida, 1791, 290,=
nomen nudum).—Ripaway, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1869, 133 (crit.) ;
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., iii, 1880, 183, 278; Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 278.—
Covers, Check List, 1873, no. 225, part; 2d ed., 1882, no. 335; Birds N. W.
1874, 203, part (in synonymy).—Barrp, Brewer, and Rinaway, Hist. N.
Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 214, part, pl. 37, fig. 1—Merriam, Trans. Conn. Acad.,
iv, 1877, 46 (Connecticut, summer resid.).—Maynarp, Birds E. N. Am.,
1881, 148 part.—Warren, Rep. Penn. Board Agric. for 1883, 214-217 (habits,
food, ete. ).
[ Quiscalus] purpureus Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 160, part.
Q[wiscalus] purpureus Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 413.
[Quiscalus purpureus] var. purpureus Rrpaway, in Baird, Brewer, and Ridg-
way’s Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 213.
[Quiscalus purpureus.] Var. purpureus Barrp, Brewer, and Ripaway, Hist. N-
Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 215. j
[Quiscalus purpureus] a. purpureus Cours, Birds, N. W., 1874, 203 (synonymy ).
(?) Quiscalus purpureus var. agleus (not Quiscalus agleus, Baird?) Brown, Bull.
Nutt. Orn. Club, iv, 1879, 10 (Coosada, Alabama, resident).
Q[uiscalus] versicolor typicus Scuater, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 394, in
text.
[Quiscalus versicolor] a. Subsp. typica ScuarEr, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886,
395, in list of specimens (Pennsylvania; Maryland; Virginia).
QUISCALUS QUISCULA AGLUS (Baird).
FLORIDA GRACKLE,
Similar to Q. g. quéscula, but decidedly smaller (except bill and feet),
and coloration far less variable; adult male with color of head, neck,
and chest varying from dark purplish bronze to violet (the head usually
more bluish); back, scapulars, and sides of breast dark olive-green or
dull bottle green, often nearly uniform, but always with at least con-
cealed bars of other metallic hues; rump varying from purplish bronze
to violet, usually more or less spotted with steel blue, bronze, etc. ;
abdomen and under tail-coverts dark violet, sometimes mixed with dark
blue; prevailing color of wings varying from violet-purple to steel blue
(the color most pronounced on greater coverts and secondaries), the
middle and lesser coverts more or less barred with various metallic
hues (as in Y. g. quiscula).
Adult male.—Length (skins), 276.9-297.2 (285.2); wing, 129-135.9
(133.1); tail, 116.1-128.5 (121.2); culmen, from base, 31-35.1 (33.3);
depth of bill at base, 11.7-13.2 (13); tarsus, 35.6-37.3 (36.6); middle
toe, 24.4-26.7 (25.4).?
Adult female.—Length (skins), 233. 7-261.6 (250.2); wing, 116.6-124.5
(119.1); tail, 100.8-111 (106.2); culmen, from base, 29.2-31.2 (30.2);
‘Ten specimens.
218 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
depth of bill at base, 10.7—-13 (11.9); tarsus, 33.3-34.8 (83.8); middle
toe, 21.8-23.6 (22.9).
Peninsula of Florida, along the Gulf coast to Louisiana (Mandeville,
New Orleans, St. James Parish, Jefferson Parish, West Baton Rouge
Parish, etc.), and along the more southern Atlantic coast to South
Carolina (to Virginia ?).”
(?) [Oriolus] ludovicianus GMELIN, Syst. Nat., i, 1788, 387 (based on Cassique, de
la Louisiane, Daubenton, Pl. Enl. pl. 646; = albinotic specimen, probably
of this form).
(?) Ch{alcophanes] purpuratus (not Quiscalus purpuratus Swainson?) CABANis,
Mus. Hein., i, Sept. 1851, 196 (Georgia).
Quiscalus baritus (not Gracula barita Linnzeus) Batrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Sury.,
ix, 1858, 556 (Key Biscayne and Cape Florida, s. Florida), 925 (Indian
Key, s. Florida); ed. 1860 (Birds N. Am.), atlas, pl. 32; Cat. N. Am. Birds,
1859, no. 422.
Quiscalus versicolor (not of Vieillot) AupuBoN, Synopsis, 1839, 146, part.—TayLor,
Ibis, 1862; 129 (Florida).—Scuiarer, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 394,
part.
Quiscalus agleus Barrp, Am. Jour. Sci. and Arts, ser. 2, xli, 1866, 84 (s. Florida;
coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.).—Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, 404
(monogr. ).—Ripeway, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1869, 135 (crit.).—Barrp,
Brewer, and Rrpeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, pl. 37, fig. 2.
[ Quiscalus purpureus.] Var. agleus Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 161.
Quiscalus purpureus . . . var. agleus Cours, Check List, 1878, no. 225a.
[ Quiscalus purpureus] var. agelaius Rrpaway, in Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway’s
Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 203.
[Quiscalus purpureus.] Var. agleus Barrp, Brewer, and Ripe@way, Hist. N.
Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 221.
[ Quiscalus purpureus] c. agleus Cours, Birds N. W., 1874, 203 (synonymy).
Quiscalus purpureus agleus Rrpaway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., iii, Aug. 24, 1880,
183; Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1882, no. 278a.—Covrs, Check List, 2d ed., 1882,
no. 337.
Quiscalus quiscula agleus STEINEGER, Auk, ii, Jan. 1885, 43, footnote. —AMERICAN
OrnitHoLoaists’ Unton, Check List, 1886, no. 51la.—FisHEr, Auk, vy, 1888,
113 (New Orleans, Louisiana, summer).—BrewstEr, Auk, v, 1888, 208
(Charleston, South Carolina, breeding).—Cooxkr, Bird Migr. Miss. Val.,
.
1 Five specimens.
Louisiana specimens are larger than those from Florida, with decidedly longer
bills; but they must either be referred to the same form or recognized as a fourth
subspecies. In coloration they agree very closely with Florida examples. Average
measurements of the two series are as follows:
|Culmen, Depth |
3
Locality. } Wing. | Tail. from of bill |Tarsus. Midtite
base. | at base. |
Ten adult males from Wlonrids, << 25. 2s2se..s---e os 133.1 Le 2 | 33.3 13 36.6 25.4
Twelve adult males from Louisiana...........---- 136.4 | 124.7 34.8 13 SG 25.9
2 Although Virginia is given as the northern limit of the range of this form in the
second edition of the A. O. U. Check List, I do not know upon what authority or
evidence. I haye not seen specimens from farther north than Charleston, South
Carolina.
4
4
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. PG
1888, 174 (New Orleans).—Scorr, Auk, vi, 1889, 321 Agate Springs, Punta
Rassa, upper Caloosahatchie R., and Key West, s. Florida, breeding) .—
CHaApman, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., iv, 1892, 5 nee ee wae NE, Auk,
xii, 1895, 365 (Wacissa R., n. w. Florida, breeding. )—Brnpire, Life Hist.
N. Am. Birds, ii, 1895, 500, pl. 7, figs. 24, 25.—Bryrr, Proc. Louis. Soc. Nat.,
for 1897-99 (1900), 106 (Louisiana, breeding).
Q[wiscalus] quiscula agleus Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 380.
(?) Quiscalus quiscula (not Gracula quiscula Linnzeus?) Cooker, Bird Migr. Miss.
Val., 1888, 174 (West Baton Rouge Parish, Louisiana, breeding ).—BryeEr,
Proc. Louis. Soc. Nat. for 1897-’99 (1900), 106 (breeding in Baton Rouge
and St. Tammany Parishes, Louisiana).
Q[uiscalus] plurpureus] agleus Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 414.
Quiscalus versicolor agleus ScuaTER, Ibis, 5th ser., ii, 1884, 154 (monogr.); Cat.
Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 394, in text.
Quiscalus purpureus (not of Woodhouse, 1853) ALLEN, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., ii
1871, 291, excl. syn. part (e. Florida; crit.).—(?) Lanapon, Journ. Cine.
Soe. N. A., 188], 150 (West Baton Rouge, Louisiana, breeding).—Maynarp,
3irds KE. N. Am. 1881, 148, part.
QUISCALUS QUISCULA A-NEUS Ridgway.
BRONZED GRACKLE,
Differing from both Q. g. guiscula and Q. gq. agleus in the perfectly
uniform bronze color of the entire body (except chest), and wholly
unbarred bronze or purplish bronze wing-coverts; about the size of
the former.
Adult male.—Head, neck, and chest varying in color from greenish
blue to purple, the neck and chest sometimes brassy green; rest of the
plumage perfectly uniform bronze or brassy olive, becoming more
purplish on wings and tail; the lesser wing-coverts uniform brassy olive
or bronze, and neither these nor the middle coverts ever marked with
bars of other metallic tints; length (skins), 276.9-317.5 (297.7); wing,
136.7-153.2 (184.9); culmen, from base, 30.7-33.5 (32.3); depth of bill
at base, 12.7-14 (13); tarsus, 35.6-37.8 (386.8); middle toe, 24.1-26.9
(25.4).*
Adult female.—Similar to the male, but decidedly smaller and much
duller in color; length (skins), 235-269.2 (254.8); wing, 122.7-131.6
(126.5); tail, 105.7-113.3 (110.7); culmen, from Loe 28.7-31.2 (29.7);
depth of bill at base, 11.2-12.7 (11.9); tarsus, 31 8 (33.8); middle
toe, 22.6-23.9 (23.1).”
eer ate North America east of Rocky Mountains, except Atlantic
coast district from shores of Long Island Sound southward and the Gulf
coast from Florida to Louisiana; br eeding from 1 Mi assachusetts, ° New
‘Ten specimens.
* Eight specimens.
* Many, if not all, specimens from the coast of Massachusetts are more or less inter-
mediate between this form and the true Q. quiscula, the breeding range of which
there adjoins that of Q. q. wneus.
220 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
York,' western Pennsylvania, the Ohio Valley (including western West
Virginia and greater portion of Kentucky and Tennessee), central Ala-
bama (7), northern Mississippi and Louisiana, Texas (Bexar, Cook,
Navarro, and Harris (4) counties), northward to New Brunswick, Nova
Scotia, southern Newfoundland, southern Labrador, Great Slave Lake,
and Prince Albert, Northwest Territory; west to base of Rocky Moun-
tains in eastern New Mexico, Colorado, Wyoming (west to Fort
Bridger), Montana, etc. During migrations, an occasional straggler
to the Atlantic coast district from Maryland southward.
Quiscalus versicolor (not of Vieillot) AupuBon, Orn. Biog., i, 1831, 35, part, pl.
7; v, 1839, 481, part; Synopsis, 1839, 146, part; Birds Am., oct. ed., iv,
1842, 58, part, pl. 221.—Swarnson, Fauna Bor.-Am., ii, 1831, 285.—Nur-
TALL, Man. Orn. U.S. and Can., i, 1832, 194, part.—Haymonp, Proc. Ac.
Nat. Sci. Phila., 1856, 291 (Franklin Co., Indiana).—Barrp, Rep. Pacific R.
R. Surv., ix, 1858, 555, part (Iowa; Red R., Manitoba; localities in Nebraska,
Kansas, etc.), 927 (Fort Bridger, Wyoming); Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no.
421, part.—WIuI1s, Smithsonian Rep. for 1858 (1859), 283 (Nova Scotia).—
VERRILL, Proc. Essex Inst., iii, 1862, 151 (Oxford Co., Maine, breeding ).—
Buaxiston, Ibis, 1862, 7 (Forks of Saskatchewan); 1863, 83 (bet. Lake
Winnipeg and Hudson Bay ).—SamueEts, Birds New Engl., 1864, 10.—Coukgs,
Proc. Essex Inst., v, 1868, 285 (Lynn, Massachusetts).—Snow, Birds Kansas,
1873, 8.—Maynarp, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xiv, 1878, 375 (Maine; New
Hampshire; Massachusetts ).—Scuater, Ibis, 1884, 154, part (monogr. ); Cat.
Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 394, part. :
(?) Ch[alcophanes] versicolor CABANIS, Mus. Hein., i, Sept., 1851, 196.
Quiscalus purpureus Woopnousk, in Rep. Sitgreaves’ Expl. Zuni and Col. R.,
1853, 79 (Indian Territory; Texas; New Mexico; ‘‘ California’’).—Cassin,
Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, 403, part (ex Gracula purpurea Bartram, =
nomen nudum).—Covers, Check List, 1873, no. 225, part; Birds N. W., 1874,
203, part.—ALLEN, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., ili, 1872, 128 (e. Kansas), 138
(Fort Hays, w. Kansas); Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xvii, 1874, 61 (Fort Rice,
North Dakota; mouth of Tongue R., Heart R., and Yellowstone R., e. Mon-
tana).—Snow, Birds Kansas, 3d ed., 1875, 8.—LaNnapon, Birds Cincinnati,
1877, 10; rev. ed., 1879, 11.—Brewster, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iii, 1878, 176
(Upton, Maine; descr. young).—McCuesney, Bull. U.S. Geol. and Geog.
Surv. Terr.,v, 1879, 80 (Fort Sisseton, South Dakota, Apr. to Oct.).—RaTHBuN,
Rey. List Birds Centr. N. Y., 1879, 22 (summer resid.).—Scorr, Bull. Nutt.
Orn. Club, iv, 1879, 145 (w. Missouri).—Coverr, Annot. List Birds, ete.,
Washtenaw Co., Michigan, 1881, 182.—Merrram, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club,
vi, 1881, 231 (Fulton Chain, n.e. New York); vii, 1882, 237 (Point du Monts,
proy. Quebec, Canada).—Harcn, Ninth An. Rep. Geol. and N. H. Surv.
Minn., 1881, 396 (Minnesota).—Maynarp, Birds E. N. Am. 1881, 148, part.—
CHAMBERLAIN, Bull. no. 1, Nat. Hist. Soc. N. B., 1882, 42 (New Brunswick,
summer resid.).—Horrman, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xxi, 1882, 400 (Fort
Berthold, North Dakota).—(?) Hay, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 92
(Memphis, Tennessee; Vicksburg, Mississippi).—(?) BeckHam, Bull. Nutt.
Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 162 (Bayou Sara, Louisiana).—Ocr.By, Sci. Proce. Roy.
Dubl. Soc., iii, 1882, 48 (Navarro Co., Texas, breeding; habits).
[ Quiscalus] purpureus Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 160, part.
‘Except the lower Hudson Valley.
t
'
F
4
.
$3
e
. “gers Oe
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. O71
Q[uiscalus] purpureus NELSON, Bull. Essex Inst., ix, 1877, 62 (Union Co., Illinois).
—Borgs, Cat. Birds 8. Mich., 1875, no. 94.
Quiscalus zneus RipGway, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., xxi, June, 1869, 134 (Mount
Carmel, Wabash Co., s. e. Illinois; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.).—Brewer, Proc.
Bost. Soc. N. H., xvii, 1875, 442 (New England ).—Jouy, Field and Forest, ii,
1877, 156 (District Columbia, casual).—CHaApMAN, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., iv,
1892, 3 (deser.; geog. range; crit.).—Brimuey, Auk, xi, 1894, 333 (Raleigh,
North Carolina, 2 specs., Nov. 14).
[Quiscalus purpureus] var. aeneus Barb, Brewer, and Ripaway Hist. N. Am.
Birds, ii, 1874, 208.
[ Quiscalus purpureus.] Var. eneus Barrp, Brewer, and Ripaway, Hist. N. Am.
Birds, ii, 1874, 218.
[ Quiscalus purpureus] b. aneus Cours, Birds N. W., 1874, 208, in synonymy.
Quiscalus purpureus, var. xneus RipGway, Bull. Essex Inst., v, Nov., 1878, 170,
in text (Fort Bridger, Wyoming), 184, 192 (Colorado).
Q[uiscalus] purpureus, var. eneus NELSON, Bull. Essex Inst., viii, 1876, 112 (n. e.
Illinois, summer res. ).
Quiscalus purpureus . . . var. wneus HENSHAW, Rep. Orn. Spec. Wheeler’s Surv.,
1873 (1874), 65 (Denver, Colorado, May 14). Brewster, Ann. Lyc. N. Y.,
xi, 1875, 142 (Ritchie Co., West Virginia, breeding).
Quiscalus purpureus .. . var. aeneus HensHaw, Zool. Exp. W. 100th Merid.,
1875, 324 (Denver).
Quiscalus purpureus zneus Cours, Bull. U. 8. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr., iv,
1878, 606 (Pembina, North Dakota, to Rocky Mts.); Check List., 2d ed.,
1882, no. 336.—Roserts and Benner, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, v, Jan. 1880,
15 (Grant and Traverse counties, Minnesota, breeding).—RipGway, Nom.
N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 278b.—Lanepon, Journ., Cine. Soc. N. H., 1880,
125 (Brookville, Indiana, Dec., Jan., Feb.).—Brewsrer, Bull. Nutt. Orn.
Club, vi, 1881, 181 (carnivorous habits).—BarcHeLperR, Bull. Nutt. Orn.
Club, vii, 1882, 149 (upper St. Johns R., Maine and New Brunswick, breed-
ing).—NeurRuine, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 167 (Houston, Texas,
breeding abundantly).—CHAmBERLAIN, Bull. no. 1, Nat. Hist. Soc. New
Bruns., 1882, 42 (New Brunswick, summer resident).
Q[uiscalus] pLurpureus] eneus Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 413.
Q[uiscalus] versicolor, var. eneus RipGway, Ann. Lye. N. Y., x, Jan., 1874, 375
(IHinois) .
Quiscalus versicolor «eneus RipGway, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., ili, Sept. 4, 1880, 218.—
SciaTER, Ibis, 1884, 154.
Quiscalus quiscula xneus StrEJNEGER, Auk, ii, Jan., 1885, 48, footnote. —AMERICAN
OrnitHoLocists’ Unton, Check List, 1886, no. 511b.—Fox, Auk, iii, 1886,
319 (Roane Co., e. Tennessee).—Lioyp, Auk, iv, 1887, 291 (Tom Green
and Concho counties, Texas, not breeding).—BrckHam, Auk, iv, 1887, 302
(Bayou Sara, Louisiana, Apr.); Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., x, 1888, 672 (San
Antonio and Beeville, Texas, winter).—Loomis, Auk, v, 1888, 113 (Chester
Co., South Carolina, 2 specimens, Noy. ); viii, 1891, 167 (do., Nov. 1 to Feb.).—
Cooks, Bird Migr. Miss. Val., 1888, 174 (wintering regularly n. to s. Illinois,
occasionally to Minnesota; dates, etc.).—Ripa@way, Orn. Illinois, i, 1889,
326.—CiarKk, Auk, vii, 1890, 322 (Fort Churchill, Hudson Bay ).—PALMER
(W.), Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xiii, 1890, 263 (St. Johns, Newfoundland).—
THompson, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xiii, 1891, 582 (Manitoba; habits).—
Arrwater, Auk, ix, 1892, 238 (San Antonio, Texas, breeding).—RHoaps,
Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1892, 109 (San Antonio, breeding).—NutTTING,
Bull. Lab. N. H. Univ. Iowa, ii, 1893, 274 (Grand Rapids and Chemawawin,
222 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
lower Saskatchewan, very abundant).—Dwieut, Auk, x, 1893, 10 (Prince
Edward I., breeding).—Topp, Auk, x, 1893, 39 (Indiana and Clearfield
counties, w. Pennsylvania, breeding).—Brim.try, Auk, x, 1893, 242 (Bun-
combe Co., North Carolina, Mar. 16; Raleigh, Nov. 26).—Deacon, Biol.
Rey. Ontario, i, 1894,-69 (Prince Albert, Northwest Territory, very abt.,
breeding; descr. nest and eggs).—THornr, Auk, xii, 1895, 216 (Fort Keogh,
Montana, breeding ).—Prers, Trans. Nova Scot. Inst. Sci., ser. 2, 1, 1895, 407
(Nova Scotia, rare).—Brnpire, Life Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1895, 501, pl. 7,
figs. 26, 27 (eggs).—Batrty, Auk, xiii, 1896, 294 (Elk Co., w. Pennsylvania,
breeding).—Cooxr, Birds Col., 1897, 95 (Colorado, summer resid. e. of
mts.).—Rives, Auk, xv, 1898, 135 (Spruce belt, West Virginia).—Bryer,
Proce, Louis. Soc. Nat. for 1897-99 (1900), 106 (breeding near Madisonville,
St. Tammany Parish, Louisiana).
Q[uiscalus] quiscula eneus Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 380.
[Quiscalus versicolor] b. Subsp. enea Scirarer, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886,
395, in list of specimens (Pembina, Dakota; Fort Dufferin, and Fort Simp-
son, Brit. America; ‘‘Arctic America’).
Quiscalus quiscula (not Gracula quiscula Linnzeus) Brrrrary and Cox, Auk, v,
1889, 117 (Restigouche Valley, New Brunswick ).—Harcn, Birds Minnesota,
1892, 288.—NernHRLING, Our Native Birds, etc., ii, 1896, 304, part, pl. 17,
fig. 6.
Genus HOLOQUISCALUS Cassin.
(?)Scaphidurus (not of Swainson, 1827) Swainson, Fauna Bor.-Am., ii, 1831,
App. 1, 494. (Type, ‘‘ Oriolus niger Auct.,’’ i. e., of Boddaert ?)!
Holoquiscalus Cassux, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., xviii, Dec., 1866, 404. (Type,
Gracula barita Linneeus, = Sturnus jamaicensis Daudin?)
Medium-sized or rather small semiterrestrial Icteridee with plicate
tail” (decidedly shorter than wing and graduated for much less than
one-third, usually less than one-fourth, its length), and with the median
palatal ridge beveled off anteriorly.
Bill about as long as head, elongate-conical, with tip more or less
decurved, its depth at base much less than one-half the exposed culmen,
little if any more (usually slightly less) than half the distance from
nostril to tip of maxilla, its basal width a little less; culmen nearly
straight to near tip, where more or less strongly decurved, the basal
portion sometimes slightly elevated and arched; the culmen ridged,
the ridge narrow but rounded; gonys nearly straight, slightly but
decidedly shorter than maxilla from nostril; maxillary tomium more
1 The characters given apply only in part to this genus. This citation of Scaphidu-
rus Swainson is placed by Sclater (Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, p. 329) under Cas-
sidix, but while the description of the bill in Swainson’s diagnosis applies well
enough to Cassidia, the phrase ‘‘tail graduated, boat-shaped,’’ certainly does not, but
evidently does to a member of the Quiscaline group.
2In HH. gundlachii, at least, the tail is said to be ‘‘ permanently keeled; that is, is
wedge-shaped even when the bird is at rest. In flying it is expanded vertically, and
measures 4 to 5 inches in depth at the tip. This gives them a most ludicrous appear-
ance, which is heightened by their fluttering, labored flight. Indeed, when on the
wing they resemble miniature flying machines.’’ (Chapman, Bull. Am. Mus., iy,
1892, p. 306.)
oo. Se ee ee Cee ee ee.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMFRICA. 270
or less concave terminally, straight or slightly convex in middle,
slightly but sometimes rather abruptly deflexed for the rictal portion;
mandibular tomium straight in middle portion, more or less decurved
or convex terminally, more or less strongly deflexed basally; median
palatal ridge beveled anteriorly (as in Jlegaquiscalus). Nostril rather
large, broadly ovoid, obtusely pointed anteriorly, posteriorly in con-
tact with feathering of the loral antiw, overhung by a broad and dis-
tinct membranous or subcorneous operculum. Wing moderate (a little
less to a little more than four times as long as culmen, about three and
one-fourth to three and three-fourths times as long as tarsus), its tip
moderately produced (by less than two-thirds to nearly as long as cul-
men), rounded; ninth (outermost) primary intermediate between sixth
and fifth or between fifth and fourth, the eighth and seventh or
seventh and sixth longest; three or four outer primaries with inner
webs distinctly emarginated and very broad anterior to the emargina-
tion. Tail decidedly shorter than wing (about equal to distance from
bend of wing to end of longest secondaries), plicate (as in Quescalus
and Megaquiscalus), moderately graduated (graduation less than length
of culmen and little, if any, more than one-fourth the length of middle
rectrices), the inner webs not longer than the outer. Tarsus decidedly
longer than culmen, its anterior scutella distinct; middle toe, with
claw, equal to or shorter (sometimes decidedly shorter) than tarsus;
lateral toes with claws falling decidedly short of base of middle claw;
hallux equal in length to lateral toes, much stouter, its claw decidedly
shorter than the digit; claws moderately to rather strongly curved,
acute.
Coloration.—Adult males entirely glossy black (the gloss violet or
bluish, more greenish on wings and tail); adult females similar to
males in species of the Greater Antilles, more or less different (more
brownish, often quite pale below) in species of the Lesser Antilles and
northern South America.
Range.—West Indies; northern coast of South America.
This mainly West Indian genus, being definable by structural char-
acters, seems sufficiently distinct from both Quiscalus and Megaquis-
calus to warrant its recognition. From Quzscalus it differs conspicu-
ously in the form of the median palatal ridge, which, instead of being
highest, truncate, and angular anteriorly, is slanted or beveled off
anteriorly and highest in the middle, as in Megaquiscalus, straighter
commissure; inner webs of primaries much broader in middle portion
(except in South American species); the middle toe and claw as long
as the tarsus (in typical species) instead of decidedly shorter; besides
which the adult males are plain blue-black or violet-black, and the
females, in some species, very differently colored from the males. In
respect to the shape of the palatal ridge, the narrower bill with
straighter commissure, and the uniform blue or violet-black coloration
224 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
and (except in some species) very different coloration of the sexes,
there is greater resemblance to JMJegaguiscalus than to Quiscalus, but
the points of difference from the former are sufficiently numerous.
The tail is relatively shorter and far less graduated than in Mega-
quiscalus, the difference in length between lateral and median rectrices
amounting to little, if any, more (usually less) than one-fourth of the
length of the middle rectrices, instead of between one-third and one-
half their length; the tarsus is shorter compared with the middle toe;
the inner webs of the primaries much broader in the middle or just
beyond the middle portion, the eighth, seventh, sixth, and fifth having
their inner webs much broader at that portion immediately preceding
the sinuation.*
On the whole, //ologuéscalus may be considered as a fairly well
characterized genus, in some respects intermediate in structure between
Quiscalus and Megaquiscalus, but much nearer to the latter, and nearly
connected with it by the more or less intermediate southern species of
the two groups (//. dugubris, H. insularis, and M. nicaraguensis).
KEY TO THE SPECIES OF HOLOQUISCALUS.
a. Color uniform black (with or without violet, bluish, or greenish gloss).
»b. Wing more than 109 mm. (or else culmen, from base, more than 27.9).
ec. Wing not less than 147.
d. Head, neck, and body distinctly glossed with violet, the wings and tail
with bluish green; bill strongly decurved at tip.
e. Culmen, from base, 35.6-40.6 (averaging 37.3), the bill more slender;
violet gloss more distinct. (Cuba.)
Holoquiscalus gundlachii, adult male (p. 226)
ee. Culmen, from base, 33-35.6 (averaging 34.5), the bill stouter; violet gloss
less distinct. (Jamaica. ).-Holoquiscalus jamaicensis, adult male (p. 227
dd. Head, neck, and body with very faint or scarcely perceptible violet gloss;
Wings and tail without distinct, if any, greenish gloss; tip of bill very
slightly decurved. (Haiti.)....Holoquiscalus niger, adult male (p. 228)
ce. Wing not more than 134.6.
d. Plumage not distinetly, if at all, glossed.
e. Culmen, from base, 32.5 or more.
Holoquiscalus gundlachii, adult female (p. 226)
ee. Culmen, from base, not more than 30.8.
f. Bill stouter, distinctly decurved at tip.
g. Wing, 127.5-130 =< .- Holoquiscalus jamaicensis, adult female (p. 227)
gg. Wing, 108.7-116.3...Holoquiscalus brachypterus, adult female (p. 227)
J. Bill more slender, very slightly decurved at tip.
Holoquiscalus niger, adult female (p. 228)
dd. Plumage distinetly glossed with violet or bluish (more greenish on wings
and tail).
e. Wings glossed, more or less, with greenish; culmen decidedly decurved
terminally.
‘This character is not entirely diagnostic, a single species of Megaquiscalus (M.
nicaraguensis) having the inner webs of the longer primaries of exactly the same
shape, even to a greater degree, while one species of Holoquiscalus (H. lugubris) has
the inner webs of normal form, as in Quiscalus and typical Megaquiscalus.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 225
Jj. Wing not less than 129.5 (129.5-134.6).
g- Head, neck, and body glossed with violet or purplish violet; wings
very faintly glossed with greenish; tip of bill more decurved.
(Rortophicon)==s-ee- Holoquiscalus brachypterus, adult male (p. 228)
gg. Head, neck, and body glossed with yiolet-bluish; wings strongly
glossed with greenish; tip of bill less decurved. (Grand Cayman. )
Holoquiscalus caymanensis, adult male (p. 229)
Jf. Wing less than 129.5 (117.6-127.5).
g. Culmen, from base, more than 33 (35.6 or more). (Grenada. )
Holoquiscalus luminosus, adult male (p. 232)
gg. Culmen, from base, less than 33.
h. Wing more than 116.8.
i. Larger (wing averaging 126, tail 107, culmen 30.9). (Santa Lucia. )
Holoquiscalus inflexirostris, adult male (p. 230)
vi. Smaller (wing averaging not more than 121.9, tail 98.3, or cul-
men 30.2).
j. Bill relatively thicker, less decurved terminally.
k, Wing averaging 120.7. (Martinique. )
Holoquiscalus martinicensis,' adult male (p. 231)
kk. Wing averaging 121.9. (Guadeloupe. )
Holoquiscalus guadeloupensis, adult male (p 232)
jj. Bill relatively more slender, more decurved terminally. (Mar-
garita Island, Venezuela. )
Holoquiscalus insularis, adult male (extralimital)?
hh. Wing less than 116.8.
i. Wing more than 109.2 (110.2-115.6); bill more slender (depth at
base, 9.6-9.9). (Coast of Venezuela; Guiana; Trinidad; Tobago. )
Holoquiscalus lugubris, adult male (extralimital )*
ui. Wing less than 109.2 (104.4-109); bill stouter (depth at base,
10.9-11.7.) (Barbados. )
Holoquiscalus fortirostris, adult male (p. 229)
ee. Wings (except edges of primaries) glossed with purple or violet; culmen
very slightly decurved at tip. (Habitat unknown.)
Holoquiscalus rectirostris, adult male (p. 233)
aa. Color not uniform black; if approaching black the color sooty and not at all glossed.
b. Sooty black.
c. Wing 91.4-100.6, tail 76-78.7; bill very stout, its depth at base 9.9-11.4.
Holoquiscalus fortirostris, adult female (p. 230)
ce. Wing 99.1, tail 79.7; bill slender, its depth at base 8.6.
Holoquiscalus lugubris, adult female (extralimital )*
bb. Grayish brown above (paler anteriorly); beneath lighter brownish gray.
c. Under parts deep grayish brown, becoming light brownish gray on throat.
d. Smaller, with more slender bill (wing 102.1, tail 80.3, culmen, from base,
27.9, depth of bill at base 6.1)
Holoquiscalus insularis, adult female (extralimital)?
'Although referred by most authors to [7. inflexirostris, the Martinique bird is so
much more like that of Guadeloupe that its separation from the latter may not prove
expedient.
2 Quiscalus insularis Richmond, Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., xviii, Aug. 12, 1896, 675
(Margarita Island, Venezuela; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus. ).—Holoquiscalus insularis Ridg-
way, Proc. Wash. Ac. Sci., iii, Apr. 15, 1901, 151.
3 Quiscalus lugubris Swainson, Anim. in Menag., 1838, 299, fig. 54¢ (‘‘ Brazil’’).—
Holoquiscalus lugubris Ridgway, Proc. Wash. Ac. Sci., iii, Apr. 15, 1901, 151.
38654—VvoL 2—01——15
226 RULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
dd. Larger, with stouter bill (wing 104.1, tail 88.9, culmen, from base, 30.2,
depth of bill at base 9.9) ..-Holoquiscalus luminosus, adult female (p. 232)
cc. Under parts light grayish brown, becoming buffy or whitish on throat.
d, Paler superciliary and malar stripes indistinct; throat pale broccoli brown.
Holoquiscalus inflexirostris, adult female (p. 230)
dd. Paler superciliary and malar stripes very distinct; throat pale grayish buffy
or whitish.
e. Smaller, with larger feet and more slender bill! (wing averaging 105.4,
tarsus 32.3, middle toe, 23.4, depth of bill at base 9.4).
Holoquiscalus martinicensis, adult female (p. 231)
ee. Larger, with smaller feet and stouter bill’ (wing averaging 106.7, tarsus
31.7, middle toe 22.9, depth of bill at base 10.2).
Holoquiscalus guadeloupensis, adult female (p. 232)
HOLOQUISCALUS GUNDLACHII (Cassin).
CUBAN GRACKLE,
Adult male.—Head, neck, body, and smaller wing-coverts uniform
glossy violet-black, the gloss becoming more blue on tail-coverts;
wings and tail black, the larger wing-coverts and secondaries strongly
glossed with bluish green, the primaries and rectrices more faintly
glossed with the same; bill, legs, and feet black; iris brown’; length
(skins), 279.4-288.3 (283.2); wing, 148.6-154.9 (150.6); tail, 124.7-132.6
(129.3); calmen, from base, 35.6—-41.4 (87.3); depth of bill at base,
12.2-12-7 (12.4); tarsus, 38.6-41.4 (89.9); middle toe, 28.5-30 (29. 2).8
Adult female.—Similar to the male, but decidedly smaller, the gloss
to the plumage less pronounced and bluish rather than violet; length
(skins), 231.1-264.2 (252.2); wing, 118.9-133.4 (127); tail, 99.1-116.8
(108.5); culmen, from base, 32.5—-32.8 (82.5); depth of billat base, 10.9-
11.7 (11.4); tarsus, 33.5-36.6 (35.3); middle toe, 22.9-25.1 (24.4).*
Island of Cuba, Greater Antilles, including adjacent islands of Little
Cayman, Cayman Brac, and Isle of Pines.
Quiscalus versicolor (not of Vieillot) Vicors, Zool. Journ., iii, no. xi, 1827, 442
(Cuba).
Quiscalus barytus (not Gracula barita Linnzeus) D’Orpieny, in La Sagra’s Hist.
Nat. Cuba, Ois., 1839, 120, pl. 18.
Quiscalus baritus THIENEMANN, Journ. fir Orn., 1857, 151.
Ch{alcophanes] baritus CaBanis, Mus. Hein., i, Sept., 1851, 197, excl. syn.
(Cuba)
Chalcophanes baritus GuNpLAcH, Journ. fiir Orn., 1856, 15.
Calcophanes baritus BrEwER, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. 8 vii, 1860, 307.
Quiscalus gundlachii Casstn, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phils. xvill, Dec., 1866, 406
(Cuba; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.).—Cory, Auk, iii, 1886, 226; Birds W. L.,
1889, 113.
iGine ‘e these face es of proportions do not appear in measurements of males of
the two forms they probably will prove inconstant in case of females, and therefore
not to be relied on.
2“Trides hazel’’; J. H. Riley, manuscript.
3Five specimens.
‘Three specimens.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. OT
[ Quiscalus] gundlachii Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 38, no. 6527.
Quiscalus gundlachi Scuarer, Ibis, 1884, 159 (monogr.); Cat. Birds Brit. Mus.,
xi, 1886, 898 (San Cristobal, Cuba).—Cory, Auk, vi, 1888, 31 (Cayman Brac);
Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 15, iii, 129, 147 (Cuba; Little Cayman; Cayman
Brac).—CHApMAN, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., iv, 1892, 306 (Cuba; habits; notes).
[Quiscalus] gundlachi Cory, List Birds W. I., 1885, 14.
Chalcophanes gundlachii Gunpuacn, Journ. fiir Orn., 1874, 135.
[ Quiscalus baritus] var. gundlachi Barro, Brewer, and Rrpaway, Hist. N. Am.
Birds, ii, 1874, 213.
Holoquiscalus gundlachii Rrpaway, Proce. Wash. Ac. Sci., ili, Apr. 15, 1901, 151.
HOLOQUISCALUS JAMAICENSIS (Daudin).
JAMAICAN GRACKLE,
Similar in coloration to //. gundlachii, but smaller and with the
bill shorter and relatively much thicker.
Adult male.—Length (skins), 279.4-294.6 (286.3); wing, 147.38-152.4
(149.4); tail, 124.5-129 (126.7); culmen, from base, 33-35.6 (34);
depth of bill at base, 12.7-14.2 (13.2); tarsus, 39.4-41.4 (39.6); middle
toe, 25.9-28.5 (26.9).1
Adult female.—Length (skins), 226.1-274.3 (240.5); wing, 127.5-1380
(128.8); tail, 103.9-113.8 (109.7); culmen, from base, 28.2-30.7 (29.2);
depth of bill at base, 10.9-12.2 (11.4); tarsus, 32-36.1 (84.8); middle
toe, 20.1-24.6 (23.4).!
Island of Jamaica, Greater Antilles.
(?) [Gracula] barita Linn xus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, i, 1758, 109 (‘‘America”’; no refer-
ences); ed. 12, i, 1766, 165 (cites Icterus niger Brisson, Av., ii, p. 103, pl. 10,
fig. 1; Monedula tota nigra Sloane, Jam. ii, 299, pl. 257, fig. 2).—GMELIN, Syst.
Nat., i, 1788, 396.—Latuam, Index Orn., i, 1790, 191.—Wac.ker, Syst. Av.,
1827, Gracula, sp. 4.
Quiscalus baritus VirttLtotT, Nom. Dict. d’ Hist. Nat., xxviii, 1819, 487.—Cassin,
Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, 405 (monogr. ).
[ Quiscalus] baritus BonapartsE, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 425 (Antilles).—Gray, Hand-
list, 11, 1870, 38, no.
[ Quiscalus baritus] var. baritus BAirpD, Brewer, and Ripcway, Hist. N. Am. Birds,
ii, 1874, 218.
Sturnus jamaicensis Daupin, Traité d’ Orn., ii, 1800, 317 (based on Merops niger,
iride subargentea, Brown, Nat. Hist. Jamaica, 476).
Holoquiscalus jamaicensis Ripaway, Proc. Wash. Ae. Sci., iii, Apr. 15, 1901, 151.
Quiscalus crassirostris Swarnson, Anim. in Menag., 1838, 355 (Jamaica; coll. W.
Hooker).—Gossk, Birds Jamaica, 1847, 217; Ilustr. Birds Jam.,1849, pl. 53.—
Sciater, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 359; Ibis, 1884, 159 (monogr.); Cat. Birds
Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 398 (Metcalfe Parish and Spanishtown, Jamaica).—
ABrecut, Journ. fiir Orn., 1862, 197.—Marcn, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila.,
1863, 298.—Cory, Auk, iii, 1886, 225 (synonymy and descr.); Birds W. I.,
1889, 111 (do.); Cat. W. L. Birds, 1892, 15, 111, 130.—Scorr, Auk, x, 1893,
179 (notes, etc. ).—Fretp, Auk, xi, 1894, 126.
[ Quiscalus] crassirosiris BONAPARTE, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 425 (Jamaica ).—ScLATER
and Savin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 38.—Cory, List Birds W. I., 1885, 14.
1 Four specimens.
228 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Q [wiscalus] crassirostris Newton (A. and E.), Handb. Jamaica, 1881, 103.
(?) ScLaphidurus] crassirostris BONAPARTE, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 426 (Jamaica?).
(2) ‘‘ Quiscalus vulgaris TemMinck, Tabl. Méth., 1838, 10.”
HOLOQUISCALUS NIGER (Boddaert).
HAITIAN GRACKLE,
Similar to /Z. gundlachii, but smaller and with the violet gloss to
the plumage much less pronounced, the gloss on greater wing-coverts
and secondaries dull violet-bluish instead of green.
Adult male.—Length (skins), 248.9-281.9 (268.2); wing, 122.4-137.9
(132.1); tail, 106.7-125 (116.8); culmen, from base, 34-35.1 (84.5);
depth of bill at base, 10.7-11.7 (10.9); tarsus, 35.1-37.6 (36.1); middle
toe, 23.4-27.2 (25.9).
Adult female.—Length (skin), 241.3; wing, 118.6; tail, 102.9; cul-
men, from base, 27.4; tarsus, 32.5; middle toe, 24.1.”
Island of Haiti, Greater Antilles.
Oriolus niger Bopparrt, Tabl. Pl. Enl., 1783, 31 (based on Troupiale noir, de St.
Domingue, Daubenton, Pl. Enl., pl. 5384)—Laruam, Index Orn., i, 1790, 185.
Icterus niger TemMrncx, Cat. Syst., 1807, 48.
A[gelaius] niger Viertior, Enc. Méth., ii, 1823, 718.
Quiscalus niger Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, 407 (monogr.; Jeremie,
Haiti).—Scriarer, Ibis, 1884, 159 (monogr.); Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886,
398.—Cory, Birds Haiti and San Dom., 1885, 73, pl. 22, fig. 1; Auk, iii, 1886,
226; Birds W. I., 1889, 113; Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 15, 111, 131.—CHERRIz,
Contr. Orn. St. Domingo, 1896, 17.
[ Quiscalus] niger Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 38, no. 6529.—Cory, List Birds
W. I., 1885, 14.
[Quiscalus baritus] var. niger BAarrp, Brewer, and Ripaway, Hist. N. Am. Birds,
ii, 1874, 213.
Holoquiscalus niger Ripaway, Proc. Wash. Ac. Sei., iii, Apr. 15, 1901, 151.
Quiscalus ater ‘‘Baird’’? Bryant, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xi, 1866, 94 (Santo
Domingo ).—Cory, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vi, 1881, 153 (Haiti).—Trisrram,
Ibis, 1884, 168 (Santo Domingo).
HOLOQUISCALUS BRACHYPTERUS (Cassin).
PORTO RICAN GRACKLE,
Similar in coloration to /Z. niger, but averaging slightly larger and
with the bill shorter and more strongly decurved terminally and
much more compressed; iris bright yellow.*
Adult male.—Length (skins), 261.6-299.7 (272.8); wing, 130-134.6
(182.3); tail, 114.6-120.4 (117.6); culmen, from base, 33-33.5 (33.3);
depth of bill at base, 10.2-11.7 (10.9); tarsus, 35.8-37.8 (36.8); middle
toe, 25.7-27.7 (26.4).!
Adult female.—Length (skins), 2383.5—-259. 1 (242.8); wing, 108.7-116.3
(112.5); tail, 92.7-102.1 (97); culmen, from base, 28.5-31.8 (30.2);
1 Five specimens. ?One specimen. OC, W. Richmond, manuscript.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 929
depth of bill at base, 9.9-10.4 (10.2); tarsus, 33-33.8 (33.3); middle
toe, 23.9-24.9 (24.4).7
Island of Porto Rico, Greater Antilles.
Quiscalus baritus (not Gracula barita Linnzeus ) Taytor, Ibis, 1864, 168, part (Porto
Rico).
Quiscalus crassirostris(not of Swainson) Bryant, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., x, 1866,
188, 254 (Porto Rico).—Gunp.uacu, Journ. fiir Orn., 1866, 188 (Porto Rico).—
Sunpevat, Ofy. K. Vet.-Ak. Férh. Stockh., 1869, 598 (Porto Rico).
Quiscalus brachypterus Casstn, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., xviii, Dec., 1866, 406
(Porto Rico; coll. U.S. Nat. Mus. )—Scrarter, Ibis, 1884, 160 (monogr.); Cat.
Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 399.—Cory, Auk, ili, 1886, 224 (synonymy and
descr. ); Birds W. I., 1889, 111 (do.); Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 15, 111, 132.
[ Quiscalus] brachypterus Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 38, no. 6528.—SciaTer and
Satvin, Nom. Ay. Neotr., 1873, 38.—Cory, List Birds W. I., 1885, 14.
[ Quiscalus baritus] var. brachypterus Barrp, Brewer, and Ripaway, Hist. N. Am.
Birds, 1, 1874, 213.
Chalcophanes brachypterus GuNDLACH, Journ. fiir Orn., 1874, 312; 1878, 177; Anal.
Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat., vii, 1878, 213.
Holoquiscalus brachypterus RipGway, Proc. Wash. Ac. Soe., iii, Apr. 15, 1901, 151.
Chalcophanes lugubris (not Quiscalus lugubris Swainson) Sunprvauy, Ofy. K.
Vet.-Ak. Forh. Stockh., 1869, 598 (Porto Rico).
HOLOQUISCALUS CAYMANENSIS (Cory).
GRAND CAYMAN GRACKLE,
Similar to Q. gundlachii but smaller, and the gloss violet-blue or
blue, instead of violet, on head, neck, body, and smaller wing-coverts,
bluish green, instead of blue, on tail-coverts, and more bronzy green
on greater wing-coverts and secondaries.
Adult male.—Length (skin), 10.50; wing, 5.24; tail, 4.37; culmen,
from base, 1.32; depth of bill at base, 0.46; tarsus, 1.41; middle toe,
0:95."
Island of Grand Cayman, Greater Antilles.
Quiscalus caymanensis Cory, Auk, iii, Oct., 1886, 499, 502 (Grand Cayman L.,
Greater Antilles; coll. C. B. Cory); v, 1888, 158; Birds W. I., 1889, 291;
Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 15, 111, 129, 147.—Ripeway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus.,
x, 1887, 574 (Grand Cayman).
Holoquiscalus caymanensis Rripaway, Proce. Wash. Ac. Sci., tii, Apr. 15, 1901, 151.
HOLOQUISCALUS FORTIROSTRIS (Lawrence).
BARBADOS GRACKLE,
Smallest species of the genus (wing not more than 109.2).
Adult male.—Head, neck, and body uniform violaceous-black, but
slightly glossy; wings and tail greenish black, the bluish green gloss
most perceptible on wings; bill, legs, and feet black; length (skins),
229.3; wing, 104.4-109.2 (107.4); tail, 91.7-92.5 (92.2); culmen, from
———
' Five specimens. 2 One specimen.
230 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
base, 27.2-27.7 (27.4); depth of bill at base, 10.9-11.7 (11.4); tarsus,
31.2-32.8 (82); middle toe, 21.6—-22.6 (22.1).*
Adult female.—Similar to the male, but smaller and duller in color,
very faintly glossed, and with a brownish cast on head, neck, and
chest; length (skins), 205.7; wing, 91.4-938.7 (92.5); tail, 75.7-78.7
(77.7); culmen, from base, 25.1-25.4 (25.4); depth of bill at base, 9.9-
11.4 (10.7); tarsus, 28.7-30 (29.2); middle toe, 18.3-20.3 (19.6). *
Island of Barbados, Lesser Antilles.
Quiscalus fortirostris LAWRENCE, Proce. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1868, 360, 428 (Bar-
bados, Lesser Antilles; coll. G. N. Lawrence).—Sciatrer, Ibis, 1873, 334°
(Barbadoes); 1884, 161 (monogr.); Proc. Zool. Soe. Lond., 1874, 175 (Bar-
badoes); Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 400.—Cory, Auk, iii, 1886, 223
(synonymy and descr.); Birds W. I., 1889, 110 (do.); Cat. W. I. Birds,
1892, 15, 111, 134, 146.
[ Quiscalus] fortirostris Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 88, no. 6532.—Sciarer and Sat-
vin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 38.—Cory, List Birds W. I., 1885, 14.
Holoquiscalus fortirostris RipGway, Proc. Wash. Ac. Sci., ili, Apr. 15, 1901,-151.
HOLOQUISCALUS INFLEXIROSTRIS (Swainson).
SANTA LUCIA GRACKLE.
Adult male.—Quite similar in coloration to HZ. gundlachii, but size
much less; length (skins), 241.3; wing, 121.9-127.8 (126); tail, 103.6-
109.7 (106.7); culmen, from base, 30.5-31.8 (31); depth of bill at base
(one specimen), 9.9; tarsus, 33.8-35.6 (34.5); middle toe, 25.4-27.2
(26.2).”
Adult female.—Very different from the male; pileum and hindneck
deep hair brown or olive, gradually darkening into sepia brown or
olive-sepia on back and scapulars, the rump and upper tail-coverts dark
olive-sepia; wings and tail dusky or sooty blackish with indistinct
margins and edgings of sooty brown; under parts buffy hair brown,
darkening into grayish olive on flanks and under tail-coverts, paler and
more buffy on throat and chin; malar region and an indistinct super-
ciliary stripe similar in color to the throat or but slightly darker;
length (skins), 228.6-241.3; wing, 107.2-110.5 (108.7); tail, 62.2-66.8
(64.5); culmen, from base, 27.7-28.5 (28.2); depth of bill at base 8.9-
9.7 (9.1); tarsus, 31.8-33 (32.3); middle toe, 24.1.”
Island of Santa Lucia, Lesser Antilles; island of St. Vincent?*
Quiscalus inflexirostris Swainson, Anim. in Menag., 1838, 300, fig. 52 (locality
unknown).—Cassrn, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, 407 (monogr. ).—SEMPER,
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1872, 651 (Santa Lucia, Lesser Antilles).—ScLaTEr,
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1874, 175, part (Santa Lucia); 1889, 305 (Santa Lucia) ;
Ibis, 1884, 160, part (Santa Lucia; monogr.); Cat. Birds Brit: Mus., xi, 1886,
'Three specimens.
2 Two specimens.
87 have not been able to examine specimens from St. Vincent, and therefore am
doubtful as to the relationship of the birds of that island.
ett a Nt
i atta hl tt
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 2S
401, part (Santa Lucia).—Cory, Auk, iii, 1886, 224, part (Santa Lucia); Birds
W. I., 1889, 111, part (do.); Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 15, 111, 146, part (Santa
Lucia; St. Vincent ?).—Ripaway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xii, 1890, 130 (Santa
Lucia).
Q[uiscalus] inflexirostris BONAPARTE, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 424.
[Quiscalus] inflexirostris Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 38, no. 6525.—ScLaTER and
Satvix, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 38, part (Santa Lucia).—Cory, List Birds
W. I., 1885, 14, part.
Holoquiscalus inflexirostris Rripaway, Proce. Wash. Ac. Sci., iii, Apr. 15, 1901, 151.
Quiscalus luminosus (not of Lawrence) ALLEN, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, v, 1880,
166 (Santa Lucia).
Quiscalus lugubris (not of Swainson) Sciater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1871, 271
(Santa Lucia).—Semprr, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1872, 650 (Santa Lucia;
habits) .
(?) Quiscalus? LawreNck, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., i, 1878, 191 (St. Vincent).
HOLOQUISCALUS MARTINICENSIS Ridgway.
MARTINIQUE GRACKLE.
Similar to /Z. ¢nflex‘rostris, but smaller and with stouter bill; adult
female with head and under parts paler, the chin and throat nearly
white. (Similar in color to the same sex of //. guadeloupensis.)
Adult male.—Length (skins), 228.6-259.1 (243.8); wing, 119.4—
124 (120.7); tail, 93.2-101.9 (98.3); culmen, from base, 29.2-32
(30.2); depth of billat base, 10.4-11.2 (10.7); tarsus, 31.2-35.1 (33.5);
middle toe, 24.9-25.7 (25.1).’
Adult female.—Length (skins), 205.7-226.1 (215.9); wing, 102.4—
108.5 (105.4); tail, 83.8-85.6 (84.6); culmen, from base, 26.2-27.7
(26.9); depth of bill at base, 8.9-9.4 (9.1); tarsus, 31.2-33.3 (32.3);
middle toe, 22.9-23.9 (23.4.)?
Island of Martinique, Lesser Antilles.
Although hitherto referred to //. inflex‘rostris, this form is far
more closely related to //. guadeloupensis, from which it scarcely dif-
fers except in its slightly shorter wing.
(?) Quiscalus mexicanus Cassix, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., xiii, Dec., 1866, 40°
(‘‘Mexico;’’ coll. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. ).*
1 Four specimens.
*Two specimens.
*]7 have carefully examined and compared the type of Quiscalus mexicanus Cassin,
but am unable to identify it positively with any of the known West Indian forms.
It comes very close, indeed, to the present bird, and probably is the same; but the
uncertainty as to the origin of the specimen (which, however, quite certainly did
not come from Mexico) renders the adoption of the inappropriate and misleading
name mexicanus highly undesirable. The only differences that Iam able to detect
between the type of Quiscalus mexicanus and specimens of H. martinicensis consist in
the somewhat more purplish gloss of the former and very slightly shorter wing (the
other measurements being practically identical), the wing being 3.8 mm. shorter than
in the shortest winged H. martinicensis examined. The slight color difference may
easily have been caused by long exposure to the light, the type of Q. mexicanus
having been for many years mounted.
232 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Quiscalus inflexirostris (not of Swainson) LAwRENcE, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., i, 1879,
355, 487 (Martinique; habits; crit.).—Scuarer, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1874,
175, part (Martinique); Ibis, 1884, 160, part (Martinique); Cat. Birds Brit.
Mus., xi, 1886, 401, part (Martinique).—Cory, Auk, iii, 1886, 224, part
(Martinique); iv, 1887, 96 (Martinique); Birds W. I., 1889, 111, part (do.);
Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 15, 111, 146, part (Martinique).
[ Quiscalus] inflevirostris ScLaTER and Satyix, Nom. Ay. Neotr., 1873, 38, part
(Martinique).—Cory, List Birds W. I., 1885, 14, part.
Holoquiscalus martinicensis Rrpa@way, Proc. Wash. Ac. Sci., ii, Apr. 15, 1901, 151
(Martinique; coll. U. 8. Nat. Mus.).
HOLOQUISCALUS GUADELOUPENSIS (Lawrence).
GUADELOUPE GRACKLE,
Similar to 77. martinicensis, but wing averaging slightly longer.
Adult male.—Length (skins), 238.8-261.6 (250.2); wing, 119.9-124.5
(121.9); tail, 93.7-102.1 (97.5); culmen, from base, 28.5-31.2 (80.2);
depth of bill at base, 10.4-10.9 (10.7); tarsus, 34-35.3 (34.8); middle
toe, 25.4-26.2 (25.7).’
Adult female.—Length (skins), 199.7-241.3 (221.7); wing, 104.4—
109.2 (106.7); tail, 81.5-88.9 (85.9); culmen, from base, 25.9-27.9
(26.9); depth of bill at base, 9.9-10.7 (10.2); tarsus, 31-33 (31.8); mid-
dle toe, 22.6-24.1 (22.9).?
Island of Guadeloupe, Lésser Antilles; island of Marie Galante ¢*
Quiscalus guadeloupensis LAWRENCE, Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., i, Apr. 22, 1879, 457;
(Guadeloupe, Lesser Antilles; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.).—Scuarer, Ibis, 1884,
160 (monogr.); Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 401.—Cory, Auk, iii, 1886,
226 (synonymy and descr. ); vili, 1891, 49 (Guadeloupe); Birds W. I., 1889, 113
(do.); Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 15, 111, 147 (Guadeloupe; Marie Galante?).
[ Quiscalus] guadeloupensis Cory, List Birds W. I., 1885, 14.
Holoquiscalus guadeloupensis Ripaway, Proc. Wash. Ac. Sci., iii, Apr. 15, 1901, 151.
HOLOQUISCALUS LUMINOSUS (Lawrence).
GRENADA GRACKLE,
Adult male.—Similar to that of HZ. inflewirostris, H. martinicensis,
and //. guadeloupensis, but the violet gloss to plumage of the head,
neck, and body rather brighter and the bill much more slender; length
(skins), 246.4-274.3 (260.4); wing, 117.6-123.7 (120.7); tail, 103.4-104.1
(103.6); culmen, from base, 35.6-35.8; depth of bill at base, 10.7;
tarsus, 34.5-36.3 (35.3); middle toe, 23.6—24.9 (24.1).*
Adult female.—Much darker than that of HZ. inflewtrostris or allies; ”
‘Four specimens.
2Six specimens.
* No specimens from Marie Galante seen by me.
* Two specimens.
*The female of this species is decidedly darker than that of any other of the West
Indian forms in which the sexes are conspicuously different in color, more resembling
that of H. insularis of Margarita Island, off the coast of Venezuela. The latter differs
in smaller size and still more slender bill.
0 a peer: 4 td
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 233
head and neck dark grayish brown (without distinct paler superciliary
stripe), fading on chin and throat into brownish gray or grayish hair
brown, and on the back and other upper parts deepening into dark sooty
brown; general color of under parts deep hair brown, becoming more
dusky on flanks and under tail-coverts; length (skin), 235; wing, 104.1;
tail, 88.9; culmen, from base, 30.2; depth of bill at base, 9.9; tarsus,
29.2; middle toe, 22.9."
Island of Grenada, and Grenadines, Lesser Antilles.
Quiscalus lwuminosus LAWRENCE, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., i, July, 1878, 162 (Gre-
nada, Lesser Antilles; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.); Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., i, 1879,
270, 278, 487 (Grenada; Grenadines; habits, ete.); ix, 1886, 615 (Grenada;
habits; descr. nest and eggs).—OBER, Camps in the Caribbees, 1880, 247.—
SciatTer, Ibis, 1884, 161 (monogr.); Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 402 (Gre-
nada; Grenadines).—Cory, Auk, iii, 1886, 225 (synonymy and descr. ); Birds
W. I., 1889, 111 (do.); Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 15.
[ Quiscalus] luminosus Cory, List Birds W. I., 1885, 14.
Holoquiscalus luminosus Rrpaway, Proc. Wash. Ac. Sci., iii, Apr. 15, 1901, 151.
Quiscalus inflexirostris (not of Swainson) Cory, Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 111, 146,
part (Grenada).
HOLOQUISCALUS RECTIROSTRIS (Cassin).
STRAIGHT-BILLED GRACKLE,
Adult male.—Similar to the adult males of the West Indian forms,
but with the bill very slender and almost perfectly straight (maxilla
slightly decurved only at extreme tip), relatively shorter tail, and pur-
plish black wings; color uniform black, glossed with violet, becoming
more purplish on head and neck and changing to greenish on edges of
primaries; length (skin), about 114.3; wing, 114.3; tail, 102.9; exposed
culmen, 27.4; tarsus, 32.”
Habitat unknown.
Quiscalus rectirostris Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., xviii, Dec., 1866, 409
(locality unknown; coll. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. ).
[ Quiscalus] rectirostris GRAY, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 38, no. 6531.
Holoquiscalus rectirostris RipGway, Proc. Wash. Ac. Sci., iii, Apr. 15, 1901, 151.
Genus MEGAQUISCALUS Cassin.
Megaquiscalus Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., xvii, Dec., 1866, 409. (Type,
Quiscalus major Vieillot. )
Large or medium-sized semiterrestrial Icteride, with bill about as
long as or slightly longer than head, narrow, more or less strongly
decurved at tip; tail nearly or quite equal to, sometimes longer than,
‘One specimen.
* For these measurements I am indebted to Mr. Witmer Stone, Conservator of the
Ornithological Section, Academy of Natural Sciences. Mr. Stone has carefully com-
pared the type, in the collection under his charge, with examples of other species of
the genus and pronounces it very distinct.
234 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
wing, plicate,’ graduated for nearly one-third to nearly one-half its
length; sexes very different in size and coloration, the adult males
glossy blue-black or violet-black, the wings and tail more greenish;
adult females conspicuously smaller, brownish above, paler brown,
bufty, or whitish below.
Bill equal to or longer than head, slender, more or less (usually
strongly) decurved at tip, compressed, its basal depth much less than
half the length of exposed culmen, its basal width about one-third as
long as exposed culmen, or less; culmen nearly straight for most of
its length, more or less (usually strongly) decurved terminally, the
middle portion sometimes slightly depressed, rounded, or forming a
rather flattened ridge; gonys nearly or quite straight, the tip usually
more or less decurved, shorter than maxilla from nostril; commissure
nearly straight, but more or less decurved terminally, and rather
abruptly but not strongly deflexed for the rictal portion. Nostril
longitudinal, obtusely pointed anteriorly, with broad superior opercu-
lum, the posterior end touching feathering of frontal anti. Wing
moderate (about three and a half to four times as long as culmen), the
tip moderately produced (by much more than length of culmen and
usually less than length of tarsus, never more), rather pointed; outer-
most (ninth) primary intermediate between sixth and fifth, equal to
sixth, or equal to fifth; seventh and eighth, eighth, seventh, and sixth,
or seventh and sixth primaries longest; three or four outer primaries
very faintly sinuated on inner webs (five more strongly sinuated in
M. tenuirostris and M. nicaraguensis). Tail nearly or quite equal to
wing, sometimes longer, strongly graduated (distance between tips of
lateral and median rectrices between one-third and one-half the length
of the latter), the rectrices broadest terminally, with inner webs decid-
edly longer than the outer (except in JZ. tenurostris). Tarsus long
(more than one-fourth to nearly one-third as long as wing, much longer
than culmen), its anterior scutella distinct (less so in JZ. tenurostris 7);
middle toe, with claw, shorter than tarsus; outer toe with claw falling
decidedly short of base of middle claw, the inner slightly longer, with
its claw reaching nearly or quite to base of middle claw; hallux decid-
edly shorter than lateral toes, but much stouter, its claw shorter than
the digit (nearly as long in M. tenuwirostris).
Coloration.—Adult males glossy blue-black or violaceous-black, the
wings and tail greenish black; adult females conspicuously smaller
than adult males, brownish above, paler brownish, tawny, buffy, or
whitish beneath.
Range.—South Atlantic and Gulf coasts of United States southward
through Mexico and Central America to western Peru.
1 Transverse section of the tail V-shaped, as in Quiscalus and Holoquiscalus.
=e td
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 235
KEY TO THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES OF MEGAQUISCALUS.
a. Plumage glossy purplish black or dark steel blue, becoming violet anteriorly,
more greenish on wings and tail (sometimes on posterior parts of body also).
(Adult males. )
b. Bill larger and stouter (culmen not less than 36.1, depth of bill at base not less
than 12.7); plumage more highly glossed, the gloss violet only on head and
neck, or on head, neck, and anterior portions of body. (Megaquiscalus
major. )
c. Tail much shorter than wing; violet color of anterior portions confined to
head, neck, and chest (wing averaging 182.4, tail 171). (South Atlantic
and Gulf coasts of United States. )
Megaquiscalus major major, adult male (p. 236)
cc. Tail not much shorter than wing, sometimes longer; violet color of anterior
portions extending at least to upper back and upper breast.
d. Tail averaging longer than wing; breast and anterior portion of sides
violet.
e. Larger, with proportionally longer and more slender bill (wing averaging
189, tail 217.2, culmen 44.7, depth of bill at base 14.7). (Southern
Texas and through eastern Mexico and Central America to northern
Colombian) Msoe2s-5-- Megaquiscalus major macrourus, adult male (p. 238)
ee. Smaller, with proportionally shorter and thicker bill (wing averaging
180, tail 188, culmen 41.7, depth of bill at base 14.7). (Coast of south-
western Mexico, from State of Guerrero to Territory of Tepic.)
Megaquiscalus major obscurus, adult male (p. 241)
dd. Tail averaging shorter than wing; breast and sides mostly steel blue.
e. Larger, with shorter and stouter bill (wing averaging 165.9, tail 163.6,
culmen 38.6, depth of bill at base 12.9). (Coast of western Mexico in
state of Sinaloa.) _...Megaquiscalus major graysoni, adult male (p. 241)
ee. Smaller, with longer and more slender bill (wing averaging 164.6, tail
161, culmen 39.6, depth of bill at base 12.9). (Coast of northwestern
Mexico, in State of Sonora. )
Megaquiscalus major nelsoni, adult male (p. 242)
bb. Bill smaller and more slender (culmen not more than 34.3, depth of bill at base
not more than 10.2); plumage with a duller gloss of violet extending over
entire under parts, back, and rump.
c. Wing more than 165, tail 177.8 or more; bill much more slender terminally,
with tip very slightly decurved; inner webs of primaries not conspicuously
widened. (Valley of Mexico. )
Megaquiscalus tenuirostris, adult male (p. 243)
cc. Wing 127; tail not more than 139.7; bill but slightly tapering terminally,
with tip strongly decurved; inner webs of primaries conspicuously widened
beyond middle. (Interior of Nicaragua. )
Megaquiscalus nicaraguensis, adult male (p. 244)
aa. Plumage mainly dusky brown above, paler brown, tawny, buffy, or whitish
below. (Adult females.)
b. Larger (wing more than 127, tail more than 114); under parts brown (grayish
brown, buffy brown, cinnamon-brown, ete. ).
c. Pileum, hindneck, and upper back grayish brown, not conspicuously differ-
ent from color of rump; bill distinctly decurved at tip.
d. Larger, with relatively longer tail (wing averaging more than 143.5, tail
averaging more than 137.2); under parts darker, more grayish brown.
\
236 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
e. Larger, with relatively longer and thinner bill (wing averaging 150, tail
147.8, culmen 37.1, depth of bill at base 12.7); coloration much paler,
under parts approximating hair brown, the chin and throat conspicu-
ously paler and more buffy.
Megaquiscalus major macrourus, adult female (p. 238)
ee. Smaller, with relatively shorter and thicker bill (wing averaging 144,
tail 138.2, culmen 34.5, depth of bill at base 11.9); coloration much
darker, the under parts approximating deep broccoli brown or bistre,
the chin and throat not conspicuously paler (broccoli brown or deep
wood brown) ----- Megaquiscalus major obscurus, adult female (p. 241)
dd. Smaller, with relatively shorter tail (wing averaging less than 143.5, tail
averaging less than 133); under parts paler, more ochraceous or buffy
brown.
e. Larger (wing averaging 142.7, tail 129.5, culmen 37.1, tarsus 42).
Megaquiscalus major major, adult female (p. 237)
ee. Smaller (wing averaging less than 135.9, tail less than 127, culmen less
than 35.6, tarsus less than 40).
jf. Under parts ochraceous-brown; larger, with shorter and stouter bill
(wing averaging 134.9, tail 124.5, culmen 32.8, depth of bill at base
(lil fp) ve Sho hese ee Megaquiscalus major graysoni, adult female (p. 241)
if. Under parts light wood brown; smaller, with longer and thinner bill
(wing averaging 132, tail 122.9, culmen 34.3, depth of bill at base
AZ Pay S ety eee Megaquiscalus major nelsoni, adult female (p. 242)
cc. Pileum, hindneck, and upper back rusty brown, conspicuously different from
color of rump; bill very slightly decurved at tip.
Megaquiscalus tenuirostris, adult female (p. 243)
bb. Smaller (wing 104, tail 101.6); under parts dull whitish.
Megaquiscalus nicaraguensis, adult female (p-. 244)
I have omitted from the key a supposed Colombian form of J/.
major (M. major assimilis'), not having been able to examine a
specimen.
MEGAQUISCALUS MAJOR MAJOR (Vieillot).
BOAT-TAILED GRACKLE,
Adult male.—Head and neck glossy dark violet, passing gradually
into steel blue on the back and breast, this into dark bluish green on
rump, abdomen, and flanks (duller on rump); lesser wing-coverts dark
steel blue, the middle coverts green or bluish green; rest of wings,
together with the tail, black, very faintly glossed with bluish green;
thighs, anal region, and under tail-coverts black; bill, legs, and feet
black; iris brown.
Immature male (jirst year).—Black above, more or less glossed with
bluish green, sooty black below.
1Megaquiscalus major assimilis (Sclater).—Bogota Grackle.
(?) Quiscalus peruvianus Swainson, Anim. in Menag., pt. iii, Jan. 1, 1838, 354
(Peru; coll. W. Swainson).—Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, 412
(crit. ).
(2) Q[wiscalus] peruvianus BoNAPARTE, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 424 (Peru).
Quiscalus assimilis ScLaTEr, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 141 (Bogota, Colombia; coll.
P. L. Sclater); Ibis, 1884, 156, part (Colombia; w. Peru; monogr.); Cat.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMHRICA. Dae
Adult female.—Pileum and hindneck sepia brown or bistre; rest of
upper parts dark sooty brown or blackish brown, faintly glossed with
greenish; a more or less distinct superciliary stripe of lighter buffy
brown or brownish buff; beneath this a more or less distinct postocular
streak of dusky brown; auricular region, sides of neck, chest, and
sides light brownish (varying from broccoli brown to isabella color);
chin, throat, and abdomen similar but paler; flanks, thighs, anal
region, and under tail-coverts dusky brown.
Young.—Similar to adult female, but browner and without gloss
above and more buffy beneath, the abdomen, chin, and throat whitish
or pale buffy, the chest cinnamon-buff.
Adult male.—Length (skins), 365.8-393.7 (381.5); wing, 175.8-189.2
(182.4); tail, 162.1-186.4 (170.7); culmen, from base, 41.7-46 (43.7);
depth of bill at base, 13.2-14.7 (14); tarsus, 49-54.6 (51.1); middle
toe, 33-38.4 (35.3)."
Adult female.—Length (skins), 294.6-307.3 (302.3); wing, 133.4-
146.1 (142.7); tail, 124.5-135.9 (129.5); culmen, from base, 34.8-38.4
(37.1); depth of bill at base, 11.4-12.2 (11.9); tarsus, 40.1-43.7 (42.4);
middle toe, 27.9-30.5 (28.5).”
South Atlantic and Gulf coasts of United States (including whole of
Florida); north to coast of Virginia (islands above Cape Charles), west
to coast of Texas (where grading into JZ. m. macrourus).
Gracula barita (not of Linnzeus) Witson, Am. Orn., vi, 1812, index.
Quiscalus baritus PraBopy, Rep. Orn. Mass., 1839, 285 (Massachusetts ?).—Lins-
LEY, Am. Journ. Sci., xliv, 1848, 260 (Connecticut ?).
Gracula quiscala (not of Linnzeus) Orb, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., i, 1818, 253.
Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 396, part (Bogota).—Casstn, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci.
Phila., 1866, 410 (monogr.; Bogota).—Wyarr, Ibis, 1871, 330 (Cienaga,
Colombia).—Taczanowsk1, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1877, 323, 751 (w. Peru);
Orn. du Pérou, ii, 1885, 431.—Satrvin, Cat. Strickland Coll., 1882, 270 (Colom-
bia.—(?) Roprnson, Flying Trip to Tropics, 1895, 161 (Barranquilla, Colom-
bia).—(?) ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., xiii, 1900, 162 (Cienega, prov.
Santa Marta).
[ Quiscalus] assimilis SCLATER and Satvin, Nom. Ay. Neotr., 1873, 38.
Scaphidurus major assimilis Rrpaway, Proc. Wash. Ac. Sci., iii, Apr. 15, 1901,
152.
Quiscalus macrurus (not of Swainson) SALyry and GopMAN, Biol. Centr.-Am.,
Aves, i, 1887, 482, part (Colombia; w. Peru).
I have not been able to examine a specimen of this supposed form from the type
locality. Messrs. Salvin and Godman refer it to M. m. macrourus; but if the measure-
ments given by Dr. Sclater are correct it can not be the same. Dr. Sclater refers
specimens from Veragua and the Isthmus of Panama to his Quiscalus assimilis, and
restricts the range of Q. macrourus to Mexico, Guatemala, and Honduras; but the
Veraguan and Panama examples which I have seen, also those from Cartagena,
Colombia, are certainly M. m. macrourus. Therefore, if there is such a subspecies as
M. major assimilis, it is probably restricted to central Colombia and southward.
'Kight specimens.
? Nine specimens.
238 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Quiscalus major VrerLLoT, Nouv. Dict. d’ Hist. Nat., xxviii, 1819, 487, part (Loui-
siana; includes M. m. macrourus); Ene. Méth., ii, 1823, 900.—Bonaparts, Am.
Orn., iv, 1825, 35, pl. 4; Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 28.—Nurra.i, Man.
Orn. U. S. and Can., i, 1832, 192.—AupuBon, Orn. Biog., li, 1834, 504; v,
1838, 480, pl. 187; Synopsis, 1839, 146; Birds Am., oct. ed., iv, 1842, 52, pl.
220.—Batrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 555; Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859,
no. 420; (?) Rep. U. S. and Mex. Bound. Surv., ii, pt. ii, 1859, 20 (Browns-
ville, Texas).—Sciarer, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 141, part (‘‘ North America’’);
Ibis, 1884, 155 (monogr.); Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 395.—Dresser,
Ibis, 1865, 494 (Houston and Galveston, Texas, May, June).—Cassrn, Proe.
Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, 409 (monogr. ).—Covrs, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H.,
xii, 1868, 117 (South Carolina); 1871, 25 (Fort Macon, North Carolina; habits,
descr. nest and eggs, ete.); Ibis, 1870, 567 (Fort Macon, North Carolina;
biography); Check List, 1873, no. 224; 2d ed., 1882, no. 334; Birds N. W.,
1874, 204, part (synonymy).—ALLEN, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., ii, 1871,
295 (e. Florida; measurements, etc.).—Barrp, Brewer, and Ripeway,
Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 222, pl. 36, figs. 3, 4.—Purpris, Bull. Nutt. Orn.
Club. ii, 1877, 13 (references, etc., toalleged New England occurrences cited ).—
Maynarp, Birds E. N. Am., 1881, 151.—Rma@way, Nom. N. Am. Birds,
1881, no. 277.—NEHRLING, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 168 (coast s. e.
Texas, breeding); Our Native Birds, ete., ii, 1896, 303.—AMeERICAN ORNI-
THOLOGISTS’ Unron, Check List, 1886, no. 513.—Smirxa (H. M.), Auk, iv, 1887,
346 (breeding on Cobb’s and other islands near Cape Charles, Virginia).—
Cooker, Bird Migr. Miss. Val., 1888, 177 (coast Louisiana and Texas).—CHAp-
MAN, Auk, v, 1888, 273 (Gainesville, Florida).—Scorr, Auk, vi, 1889, 321
(Tarpon Springs, Punta Rassa, and Key West, Florida).—Mortimer, Auk,
vii, 1890, 341 (Orange Co., Florida; food).—Brnpirn, Life Hist. N. Am.
Birds, ii, 1895, 506, pl. 7, figs. 30, 31 (eggs).—Bryer, Proc. Louis. Soc. Nat.
for 1897-99 (1900), 106 (s. Louisiana, resident).
Q[uiscalus] major BoNAPARTE, Consp. Ay., i, 1850, 424.—Cougs, Key N. Am.
Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 412.—Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 381.
[ Quiscalus] major Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 160.
[ Quiscalus major] var. major Baird, BREWER, and Ripaway, Hist. N. Am. Birds,
ii, 1874, 214.
[ Quiscalus major] a. major Cours, Birds N. W., 1874, 204 (synonymy).
Ch{alcophanes| major CaBANIs, Mus. Hein., i, 1851, 196.
Scaphidurus major major RipGway, Proc. Wash. Ac. Sci., iii, Apr. 15, 1901, 152.
Quiscalus corvinus Swatxson, Anim. in Menag., 1838, 300 (North America).
Quiscalus palustris (not of Cassin) Rripaway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., iii, 1880, 218,
part (Louisiana); Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 276, part.
MEGAQUISCALUS MAJOR MACROURUS (Swainson).
GREAT-TAILED GRACKLE,
Similar to IZ. m. major, but larger, with the tail proportionately longer
(in adult male, averaging much longer than wing instead of decidedly
shorter); adult male with the violet gloss of anterior portions extend-
ing farther backward, especially on under parts, where covering the
breast and anterior portion of sides; adult female decidedly darker
both above and below, the under parts of the body grayish brown
(deep hair brown) instead of buffy brown (wood brown or isabella
color), only the chin and throat being tinged with or inclining to buffy.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 239
Adult mate.— Length (skins), 393.7—-457.2 (422.4); wing, 184.2-198.9
(189.2); tail, 195.6-235 (217.2); culmen, from base, 39.6-48 (44.7);
depth of bill at base, 14.2-15.7 (14.7); tarsus, 47-52.8 (51.3); middle
toe, 33.5-38.4 (35.8)."
Adult female.— Length (skins), 284.5-355.6 (322.6); wing, 142.2-158.5
(150.1); tail, 129-165.1 (147.8);.culmen, from base, 33.8-39.4 (87.1);
depth of bill at base, 11.7-14 (12.7); tarsus, 38.4-44.5 (41.1); middle
toe, 25.7—30.7 (29).?
Southern Texas, and southward through eastern and southern Mexico
(including Yucatan and island of Cozumel) and Central America to
northern Colombia (Turbo); westward in southern Mexico to edge of
the plateau in States of Michoacan (Patzcuaro), Jalisco (Etzutlan,
June), and Guadalajara.
Quiscalus major VieruLor, Nouy. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., xxviii, 1819, 487, part
(Mexico).
Quiscalus major (not of Vieillot) Bonaparts, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1837, 110
(Mexico).—McCauti, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1851, 218 (Rio Grande,
Texas ).—Moorz, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1859, 58 (Omoa, Honduras ).—Sat-
VIN, Ibis, 1866, 194 (Half Moon Cay, British Honduras).
Quiscalus macrourus Swainson, Anim. in Menag., 1838, 299 (Real del Monte,
Hidalgo, Mexico).—Barrp, in Stansbury’s Rep., Gt. Salt Lake, 1852, 331
(Texas); Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 554; ed. 1860 (Birds N. Am.),
atlas, pl. 58.—Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1860, 138 (Turbo and Carta-
gena, Colombia); 1866, 410 (monogr. ).—LAwreEncr, Ann Lyc. N. Y., viii,
1865, 180 (Greytown, Nicaragua); ix, 1868, 104 (Costa Rica).—FRANTzIUs,
Journ. fur Orn., 1869, 303 (Costa Rica).—Sumicurast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H..,
i, 1869, 553 (hot, temperate, and alpine regions, Vera Cruz).—Covurs, Check
List, 1873, no. 223.—Batirp, Brewer, and Ripaway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii,
1874, pl. 36, figs. 1, 2.—Ripa@way, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., viii, 1885, 570
(Cozumel I., Yucatan).—FErRRARI-PEREZ, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., ix, 1886, 152
(Izucar de Matamoras, Puebla, Dec.; Plan del Rio, Vera Cruz).—AMERICAN
‘Seventeen specimens.
There seems to be little variation in size with latitude, though Nicaraguan speci-
mens are the largest and Yucatan examples the smallest in the series examined.
Average measurements are as foilows:
| Culmen,| Depth : .
Locality. Wing./| Tail. from of bill | Tarsus. | ee
base. | at base. :
MALES.
Hight adult males from Texas .............2..---- 188.5 | 219.2 143.4 14.5 50 34.3
Seven adult males from Yucatan ................. 187.2 | 206.2 45.7 15 DakS 36.6
Two adult males from Nicaragua ................- 197.4 | 222.8 45.7 15.5 50.5 36.6
One adult male from northern Colombia (Turbo).| 182.4 | 209 47.8 16 49 36. 1
FEMALES.
Eight adult females from Texas...........--.--.-- 149.4 | 151.4 36.1 12.4] 40.4 2707
Six adult females from Yucatan .................- 149.9 | 143 37.8 13 Dlae PAE
Three adult females from Nicaragua........:..... 151.6 | 147.6 | 37.8 13 42.4 30. 2
One adult female from northern Colombia (Turbo) | 146.1 | 148.3 | 36.3 12.7} 41.1 29.5
240 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
OrnitHoLoGcists’ Unron, Check List, 1886, no. 512.—Hancock, Bull. Ridgw.
Orn. Club, no. 2, 1887, 18 (Corpus Christi, Texas; habits; notes).—Cookr,
Bird Migr. Miss. Val., 1888, 177 (San Antonio and lower Rio Grande valley,
Texas).—Brckuam, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., x, 1888, 672 (Corpus Christi, ete. ;
habits).—Srong, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1890, 209 (Yucatan), 212 (Ori-
zaba).—ArTtTwater, Auk, ix, 1892, 238 (San Antonio, Texas, resident) .—RicH-
MOND, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xvi, 1898, 496 (San Carlos and Bluefields,
Nicaragua).—Sinetry, Rep. Geol. Surv. Tex., 1894, 372 (Corpus Christi,
etc.).—Jouy, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xvi, 1894, 781 (Soledad, San Luis
Potosi).—Bernoprre, Life Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1896, 504, pl. 7, figs. 28, 29.—
NEHRLING, Our Native Birds, ete., ii, 1896, 302.
Q[uiscalus] macrourus BoNapartTE, Consp. Ay., i, 1850, 424 (Real del Monte).—
Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 412.—Ripeaway, Man. N. Am. Birds,
1887, 381.
[ Quiscalus] macrourus Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 160.
Quisealus (err. typ.) macrourus LAWRENCE, Ann. Lye. N. Y., v, 1852, 115 (Texas).
Quiscalus macroura Barrp, Rep. U. 8. and Mex. Bound. Sury., ii, pt. 2, 1859,
20, pl. 20 (EHagle Pass, Texas); Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 419.—ButcHEr,
Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1868, 150 (Laredo, Texas, June).
[Quiscalus major] b. macrourus Cours, Birds N. W., 1874, 204 (synonymy).
Quiscalus major, var. macrourus LAWRENCE, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., ii, 1874, 281
(Guadalajara, s. w. Mexico).
Ch{alcophanes] macrourus CaBants, Mus. Hein., i, Sept., 1851, 196 (Mexico).
Chalcophanes macrourus CABANIS, Journ. fur Orn., 1861, 82 (Costa Rica).
Scaphidurus major macrourus Ripa@way, Proc. Wash. Ac. Sci., ili, Apr. 15, 1901,
152.
Quiscalus macrurus SCLATER, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1856, 300 (Cordova, Vera
Cruz); 1858, 358 (Comayagua, Honduras); 1864, 175 (City of Mexico); Cat.
Am. Birds, 1862, 141 (Orizaba; Choctum, Guatemala); Ibis, 1884, 156
(monogr.); Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 396 (Jalapa and Orizaba, Vera
Cruz; Oaxaca; Merida and Cozumel I., Yucatan; Belize and Half Moon
Cay, British Honduras; Choctum and Duefas, Guatemala; Honduras).—
ScuaTerR and Sayin, Ibis, 1859, 20 (Duefias; habits) ; Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond..,
1870, 837 (San Pedro, Honduras).—Taytor, Ibis, 1860, 112 (Comayagua,
Honduras).—Dresser, Ibis, 1865, 493 (Matamoras, Tamaulipas, to Nueces
R., Texas).—Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., ix, 1868, 104 (Costa Rica); Bull.
U.S. Nat. Mus., no. 4, 1876, 24 (Barrio and Juchitan, Oaxaca, Sept., Oct. ).—
Sennett, Bull. U. 8. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr., iv, 1878, 27 (Brownsville
and Corpus Cristi Pass, Texas; habits; measurements); v, 1879, 400 (Lometa,
Texas; measurements).—Merrit1, Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., i, 1879, 135 (Fort
Brown, Texas; habits; descr., nest and eggs).—Rrmpa@way, Nom. N. Am.
Birds, 1881, no. 275.—Cours, Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 333.—ZELEDON,
Cat. Aves de Costa Rica, 1882, 10; An. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, i, 1887, 112
(Puntarenas; Tarcoles).—Nuttine, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vi, 1883, 383, 392,
402 (Sucuyd, Ometepe, and Los Sabalos, Nicaragua).—Boucanrp, Proc. Zool.
Soc. Lond., 1883, 446 (Merida, Yucatan) .—SaAbvin and GopMav, Biol. Centr.-
Am., Aves, i, 1887, 482.—Saxvin, Cat. Strickland Coll., 1882, 270 (Guatemala) ;
Ibis, 1888, 265 (Mugeres and Cozumel islands, Yucatan; Ruatan I., Hon-
duras; crit. ).
[ Quiscalus] macrurus ScLaTeR and Satvin, Nom. Ay. Neotr., 1873, 38.
Quiscalus macrurus? Sauyrn, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1890, 191 (Calobre and
Calovevora, Veragua).
[ Quiscalus major] var. macrurus Bairp, Brewer, and Ripaway, Hist. N. Am.
Birds, ii, 1874, 214.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 241
Quiscalus major, var. macrurus Bairp, Brewrer, and Rrpa@way, Hist. N. Am.
Birds, ii, 1874, 225.
Quiscalus major macrurus GoopE, Bull. U. 8. Nat. Mus., no. 20, 1883, 339.
Quiscalus assimilis (not of Sclater, 1862?) Sciarmr, Ibis, 1884, 156, part (Veragua;
Panama); Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 396, part (Calobre and Calove-
vora, Veragua; Lion Hill, Pariama R. R.).—(?) Sarvaport, Boll. Mus. Zool.,
etc., Torino, xiv, 1899, no. 339, 5 (Punta de Sabana, Isthmus of Panama).
[ Quiscalus] assimilis ScLaTER and Sautvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 38, part ( Vera-
gua; Panama).
MEGAQUISCALUS MAJOR OBSCURUS (Nelson).
COLIMA BOAT-TAIL,
Similar to I. m. macrourus, but much smaller (except feet), with
relatively shorter and much thicker bill; adu/t made identical in color-
ation with that of J/. m. macrourus; adult female decidedly darker
than that of JZ. m. macrourus, the chin and throat broccoli brown or
deep wood brown (instead of buffy), passing into deep broccoli brown,
or almost bister on chest.
Adult male.—Length (skins), 381-388.6 (385.3); wing, 178.3-180.8
(179.8); tail, 184.2-190.5 (188.5); culmen, from base, 41.4-41.9 (41.7);
depth of bill at base, 14.5-15 (14.7); tarsus, 47.8-48.3 (48); middle
toe, 34.3-35.1 (34.5).
Adult female.—Length (skins), 298.5-330.2 (314.5); wing, 139.7-
149.1 (144); tail, 124.5-151.9 (138.2); culmen, from base, 33.5-35.6
(34.5); depth of bill at base, 11.4-12.4 (11.9); tarsus, 38.9-41.1 (40.4);
middle toe, 27.9-31.2 (29.2).’
Coast district of southwestern Mexico, from State of Guerrero (Aca-
pulco) through Colima (Manzanillo; Manzanillo Bay) to Territory of
Tepic (Ixtapa, Tepic, Santiago, San Blas, ete.).
Quiscalus major (not of Vieillot) Cassry, Proce. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, 409, part
(Colima, s.w. Mexico).—LAwrence, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., ii, 1874, 281
(Manzanillo Bay and plains of Colima).
Quiscalus macrourus obscurus NEtson, Auk, xvii, July, 1900, 267 (Acapulco, Guer-
rero, 8. w. Mexico; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus. ).
Scaphidurus major obscurus RripGway, Proc. Wash. Ac. Sci., iii, Apr. 15, 1901, 152.
MEGAQUISCALUS MAJOR GRAYSONI (Sclater).
GRAYSON’S BOAT-TAILED GRACKLE,
Similar to JL. m. obscurus, but decidedly smaller and with relatively
shorter tail (usually decidedly shorter and never much longer than
wing, instead of the reverse); ad@u/t male similar in coloration to JZ m.
obscurus and M. m. macrourus, but less extensively violet anteriorly, the
breast, sides, and back being chiefly steel blue; adult female much paler
than in the before-mentioned forms; scarcely distinguishable as to col-
! Three specimens. * Four specimens.
3654—VoL 2—O1 16
242 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
oration from that of JZ m. major, but decidedly smaller than the last
named in all measurements except depth of bill. .
Adult male.—Length (skins), 332.7-365.8 (842.6); wing, 163.8-168.1
(165.9); tail, 157.5-167.6 (163.6); culmen, from base, 36.1-40.6 (38.6);
depth of bill at base, 18-15.2 (13.7); tarsus, 44.5-47.5 (45.7); middle
toe, 30.5-33 (32).*
Adult female.—Length (skins), 270.5-285.8 (275.8); wing, 131.6—
1389.7 (184.9); tail, 118.1-127.5 (124.5); culmen, from base, 30.5-33.3
(382.8); depth of bill at base, 11.4-12.2 (11.7); tarsus, 36.8-39.4 (88.1);
middle toe, 24.9-28.2 (26.2).”
Coast plain of Sinaloa, northwestern Mexico (Mazatlan, Culiacan,
Escuinapa, ete.).
Quiscalus major (not of Vieillot) Scuarrr, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 141, part
(Mexico).
Quiscalus palustris (not Scaphidurus palustris Swainson ?) Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat.
Sci. Phila., 1866, 411 (monogr.; Mazatlan).
[ Quiscalus major] var. palustris Batrp, Brewer, and Ripa@way, Hist. N. Am.
Birds, ii, 1874, 214.
Quiscalus major var. palustris LAWRENCE, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., ii, 1874, 282
(Mazatlan; habits).
(?) Quiscalus macrourus (not of Swainson) Netson, North Am. Fauna, no. 14,
1898, 52 (Tres Marias; straggler).
Quiscalus graysoni ScLATER, Ibis, 5th ser., ii, Apr., 1884, 157 (Mazatlan, n. w.
Mexico; coll. Salvin and Godman); Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 397.—
SALVIN and GopMAN, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1887, 484.
Q[uiscalus] grayson’ Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 381.
Scaphidurus major graysoni Ripaway, Proc. Wash. Ac. Sci., iii, Apr. 15, 1901, 152.
MEGAQUISCALUS MAJOR NELSONI Ridgway.
SONORAN BOAT-TAILED GRACKLE.
Similar to MZ. m. graysoni, but averaging slightly smaller, with
slightly longer bill; adult female much paler, the under parts (in
winter plumage) light wood brown, passing into brownish cream buff
on throat and chin and into grayish brown on flanks, thighs, and anal
region, the under tail-coverts dark grayish brown; pileum and. hind-
neck light sepia brown, the scapulars and interscapulars margined -
with the same. :
Adult male.—Length (skins), 345.4-353.1 (848); wing, 159.5-167.1
(164.6); tail, 154.9-166.4 (161); culmen, from base, 59.4-40.4 (89.6);
depth of bill at base, 13; tarsus, 41.9-45.5 (43.7); middle toe, 30.7-31.8
(31).°
Adult female.—Length (skins), 279.4; wing, 129.5-134.6 (132.3);
tail, 120.1-124.5 (122.9); culmen, from base, 33.5-35.3 (34.3); depth
of bill at base, 11.4-12.2 (11.7); tarsus, 37.6-40.1 (89.1); middle toe,
25.9-27.9 (26.9).°
' Five specimens. ?Six specimens. * Three specimens.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 243
Coast district of Sonora, northwestern Mexico (Alamos, Camoa,
Guaymas, etc.).
Quiscalus major (not of Vieillot) Gamer, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., ser. 2, i,
1847, 47 (Gulf of California, occasionally to “ Upper California’’); Proe.
Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1847, 203 (do.).
Quiscalus palustris (not Scaphidurus palustris Swainson) Ripaway, Proce. U. 8.
Nat. Mus., iii, 1880, 218 (Gulf of California); Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no.
276, part—Br.pina, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vi, 1883, 343 (Guaymas, Sonora).
Scaphidurus major nelsoni Ripaway Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci., ili, Apr. 15, 1901,
151, 152 (Alamos, Sonora, n. w. Mexico; coll. U. 8. Nat. Mus. ).
MEGAQUISCALUS TENUIROSTRIS (Swainson).
SLENDER-BILLED GRACKLE.
Much smaller than any of the forms of major and with bill much
more slender.
Adult male.—Glossy purplish black, much as in Jf, MAJOY MUACPOUPUS,
but the gloss duller and more reddish violet on head, neck, and breast;
length (skins), about 330.2-368.3: wing, 169.7-170.2 (169.9); tail, 177.8-
189.2 (183.4); exposed culmen, 34.3; depth of bill at base, 10.2; tarsus,
45.7; middle toe, 30.5.!
Adult female.—Pileum, hindneck, and back brown (between burnt
umber and prouts brown), darker on posterior portion of back and
scapulars; rump blackish brown; wings, upper tail-coverts, and tail
brownish black; lores dusky brown: auricular region similar in color
to pileum, and separated from the latter by a rather distinct super-
ciliary stripe of wood brown or cinnamon-buffy; under parts (except
flanks, anal region, and under tail-coverts) tawny brown or cinnamon,
paler and more buffy on throat and abdomen, still paler on chin; flanks,
anal region, and under tail-coverts dusky brown; length (skins), 251.5-
309.9 (279.9); wing, 128.3-134.6 (181.8); tail, 132.1-135.1 (133.6);
exposed culmen, 28.5-30.5 (29.5); depth of bill at base, 8.9-9.7 (9.1);
tarsus, 37.6-38.1 (37.8); middle toe, 25.4-96.7 (26.2).?
Central Mexico (marshes near the City of Mexico).
(?) Scaphidurus palustris Swarxson, Philos. Mag., new ser., i, 1827, 436 (near
City of Mexico).
(?) ScLaphidurus] palustris 30NAPARTE, Consp. Ay., i, 1850, 426 (Mexico).
Quiscalus tenuirostris Swarnson, Anim. in Menag., 1838, 299, fig. 51, b. ec. (near
City of Mexico).—Casstn, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, 411 (monogr.).—
ScLATER, Ibis, 1884, 157, pl. 5 (monogr.); Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886,
397.—SaLvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1887, 485.
Q[wiscalus] tenuirostris BONAPARTE, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 424 (Mexico).—Batrp,
Brewer, and Rinaway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 214.—Ripeway, Man.
N. Am. Birds, 1887, 381.
[Quiscalus] tenuirostris ScLArER and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 38.
Scaphidurus tenuirostris RipGway, Proce. Wash. Ac. Sci., iii, Apr. 15, 1901, 152.
‘Measurements from specimens in Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., and as given by Sclater
in Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, p. 397.
*Three specimens; one in U. S. Nat. Mus. collection, two in collection of Acad,
Nat. Sci. Phila., the latter measured by Mr. Witmer Stone.
244 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
MEGAQUISCALUS NICARAGUENSIS (Salvin and Godman).
NICARAGUAN GRACKLE.
Adult male.—Entire plumage black, the head, neck, body, smaller
wing-coverts, and tail-coverts glossed with violet, the larger wing-
coverts, remiges, and rectrices slightly glossed with greenish; the violet
gloss most pronounced on rump and under parts, inclining to bronzy
on back and chest; bill, legs, and feet black; iris silvery white;' length
(skins), about 279.4-304.8 (292.1);* wing, 1.275” tail, 134.6-139.7
(137.2);? culmen, from base, 34.3;* depth of bill at base, 9.9;° tarsus,
36.6—-38.1 (37.3); middle toe, 29.2.°
Adult female.—‘**Above brown, the back, wings, and tail darker
and tinged with purple; an obsolete superciliary stripe and parotie
region much paler; beneath dirty white, the breast slightly darker,
the flanks and under tail-coverts brown; bill and feet black; length,
241.3; wing, 104.1; tail, middle rectrices, 101.6; lateral rectrices, 63.55
bill to riectus, 29.2; tarsus, 31.8.” (Salvin and Godman, translation
of description. )
Nicaragua (Momotombo and Managua, Lake Managua).
I have not seen the female or young of this species, which, judging
from the description of Messrs: Salvin and Godman, seems to be very
much paler beneath than that of JL tenwirostris. Not having seen the
male of the latter, I am unable to state the differences between it and
the male of the present bird.
Quiscalus nicaraguensis Satvin and Gopman, Ibis, 6th ser., iii, Oct., 1891, 612
(Momotombo, Lake Managua, Nicaragua; coll. Salvin and Godman).—
Ricumonp, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xvi, 1893, 496, in text sub. Q. macrourus
(San Carlos, Nicaragua).
Scaphicurus nicaraguensis Ripaway, Proc. Wash. Ac. Sci., iii, Apr. 15, 1901, 152.
Genus SCOLECOPHAGUS Swainson.
Scolecophagus Swainson, Fauna Bor.-Am., ii, 1831, 286, 494. (Type, Oriolus
ferrugineus Gmelin, = Turdus carolinus Muller. )
Euphagus Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., xviii, Dec., 1866, 413. (Type,
-sarocolius cyanocephalus Wagler. )
Medium-sized or rather small and slender Icteridee, with bill narrow
and shorter than head, wing long and pointed, tail nearly as long as
wing, moderately rounded, not plicate; adult males entirely glossy
black, females and young grayish brown or slaty.
Bill shorter than head, narrowly conoid, slightly decurved at tip,
compressed (especially the terminal half); its basal depth about one-
half the exposed culmen or a little less, its basal width still less; cul-
men decidedly but not strongly decurved at tip, slightly elevated and
1 As noted on label of specimen in U. 8S. Nat. Mus. collection.
2 Two specimens.
°’One specimen,
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 945
arched basally, straight or faintly depressed in middle, rather dis-
tinctly ridged (more flattened in S. cyanocephalus); gonys nearly or
quite straight, slightly shorter than maxilla from nostril; commissure
nearly straight for most of its length, more or less decurved termi-
nally, more or less concave subbasally, then gradually deflexed to the
rictus. Nostril longitudinal, more or less triangular, or slit-like,
overhung by a broad and slightly convex membranous operculum, its
posterior end in contact with feathering of frontal anti. Wing long
(between five and six times as long as culmen), with tip well produced
(projecting one and a half times to nearly twice the length of the cul-
men), pointed; outermost (ninth) primary intermediate between seventh
and sixth or sixth and fifth, the eighth, seventh, or sixth longest (these
three sometimes equal); inner webs of three outer primaries very
faintly sinuated nearends. Tail not plicate, more than three-fourths to
more than four-fifths as long as wing, slightly but decidedly rounded,
the rectrices rather broad and with rounded tips. Tarsus much longer
than culmen, less than one-fourth as long as wing, rather slender, its
anterior scutella distinct on inner side, less so on outer; middle toe,
with claw, shorter than tarsus; claw of outer toe falling short of
base of middle claw, the inner slightly shorter; hallux decidedly
shorter than lateral toes, but much stouter, its claw decidedly shorter
than the digit.
.Coloration.—Adult males entirely black, more or less glossy, the
iris white or pale yellow; adult females and young grayish brown or
dull slaty; one species with both sexes more or less varied with rusty
in autumn and winter, especially younger birds.
Range.—North America. (Two species. )
KEY TO THE SPECIES OF SCOLECOPHAGUS.
a. Plumage black, more or less glossed with green, ete. (Adult males. )
b. Bill slender, itsdepth at base much less than half the lateral length of mandible;
plumage very faintly glossed with green, the head and neck still more faintly
glossed with bluish. (Winter plumage more or less obscured by deep rusty
or chestnut above, cinnamon-buffy beneath.) (Northern and eastern North
PANTO TE Cals) es ae cet ie eos oso oe Scolecophagus carolinus, adult male (p. 246)
bb. Bill stouter, its depth at base nearly equal to half the lateral length of mandible;
plumage strongly glossed with green, changing to violet on head and neck.
(Winter plumage faintly varied with grayish brown above. ) (Western and
southwestern North America. )
Scolecophagus cyanocephalus, adult male (p. 248)
aa. Plumage grayish (sometimes more or less varied with rusty and cinnamon-
buffy). (Adult females and young. )
b. Bill slender, etc.
c. Plumage dull slate color (in winter more or less overspread above by deep
rusty, beneath by cinnamon-buffy).
Scolecophagus carolinus, adult female (p. 246)
cc. Plumage brownish gray (without rusty, etc., in winter).
Scolecophagus carolinus, young (p. 246)
Scolecophagus cyanocephalus, adult female and young (p 249)
246 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
SCOLECOPHAGUS CAROLINUS (Miiller).
RUSTY BLACKBIRD,
Adult male in summer.—Unitorm black, faintly glossed with bluish
green changing to dull violet-bluish on head and neck; under tail-
coverts more or less distinctly margined with whitish; bill, legs, and
feet, black; iris pale yellow or yellowish white.
Adult male in winter.—Similar to the summer piumage, but the black
obscured or overlaid by rusty brown (burnt umber) on pileum, hind-
neck, back, and scapulars, and by cinnamon-buffy on superciliary and
malar regions, chin, throat, chest, and sides.’
Adult female in summer.—Uniform dull slate color, darker and
faintly glossed with bluish green on upper parts; bill, legs, and feet
black; iris pale yellow.
Adult female in winter.—Similar to the summer plumage, but pileum,
hindneck, back, and scapulars more or less washed or overlaid by rusty
brown, tertials and greater wing-coverts more or less margined with
the same, a more or less conspicuous superciliary stripe of buffy, and
feathers of malar region, chin, throat, chest, and sides more or less
broadly tipped with pale wood brown or brownish buffy.
Young.—Above dark sooty brown, more slate-dusky on remiges and
rectrices; tertials and terminal portion of greater and middle wing-
coverts margined with rusty; a more or less distinct superciliary stripe
of light rusty or brownish; under parts brownish gray, more or less
tinged with light buffy brown (wood brown or isabella color) on malar
region, chin, throat, chest, ete.
Adult male.—Length (skins), 209.6-236.2 (219.2); wing, 114.3-116.8
(115.3); tail, 86.1-92.7 (89.9); exposed culmen, 18.3-19.8 (18.8); depth
of bill at- base, 8.1-8.4 (8.1); tarsus, 30-31.8 (80.5); middle toe,
21.1-22.4 (21.8).?
Adult female.—Length (skins), 198.1-210.8 (2038.7); wing, 106.9-
111.5 (108.7); tail, 79-83.8 (81.5); exposed culmen, 17.3-19.1 (18.3);
depth of bill at base, 7.6-8.1 (7.9); tarsus, 29.5-31.2 (30.5); middle
toe, 20.6—22.6 (21.3).
Northern and eastern North America; breeding from Nova Scotia,
New Brunswick, northern Maine, New Hampshire (White Mountains),
Vermont, northern New York (south to Herkimer County), and
'The extent of this rusty and buffy coloring varies exceedingly in different indi-
viduals, probably according to age. In some (doubtless younger birds) the rusty is
nearly uniform on the pileum and hindneck, and forms very broad tips to the scapu-
lars and interscapulars, while the cinnamon-buffy forms a conspicuous broad super-
ciliary stripe and is nearly uniform over the malar region, chin, and throat. Other win-
ter males (probably very old individuals) have scarcely a trace of this rusty and
buffy coloring, being quite like summer specimens, except that the plumage is more
highly glossed.
* Five specimens.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 247
northern Michigan north to Ungava (Fort Chimo), and northwest-
wardly to the Arctic coast and Alaskan shores of Bering Sea; south
in winter to the Gulf coast (Florida to Texas); west, more or less
regularly, to western border of the Great Plains, casually to Lower
California (San Pedro Martir Mountains); accidental in Greenland.
Turdus carolinus MUuuEr, Syst. Nat. Suppl., 1776, 140 (based on Mawvis de la
Caroline Daubenton, Pl. Enl., pl. 556, fig. 2,= female in autumn).
Scolecophagus carolinus Rrpaway, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., viii, sig. 23, Sept. 2, 1885,
356; Orn. Illinois, i, 1889, 322.—AmeErIcAN OrniITHOLOGISTS’ Union, Check
List, 1886, no. 509.—Smira, Auk, iii, 1886, 284 (Denver, Colorado, Dec. 17).—
Turner, Contr. Nat. Hist. Alaska, 1886, 168 (St. Michaels, Yukon R.,
etc.).—NeEtson, Rep. Nat. Hist. Coll. Alaska, 1887, 169 (coast Bering Sea,
etc. ).—Townsenp, Cruise ‘‘Corwin’’ in 1885 (1887), 93 (Kotzebue Sound
and lower Kowak R., Alaska); Auk, iv, 1887, 12 (Kowak R.).—THorNg,
Auk, iv, 1887, 264 (Fort Lyon, e. Colorado).—Cooxs, Bird Migr. Miss.
Val., 1888, 172 (breeding from Manitoba northward, wintering from St.
Louis, Missouri, southward; dates of migr., etc.); Birds Colorado, 1897, 95
(Denver, 2 specs., Dec. 17, 1883; Loveland, 1 spec., Nov. 1889).—THompson,
Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xiii, 1890, 581 (Manitoba, migrant).—Hacrrup, Auk,
viii, 1891, 320 (Greenland ).—MacrarLang, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xiv, 1891,
440 (Fort Anderson, Horton R., ete., breeding).—Goss, Birds Kansas, 1891,
408 (e. Kansas, Oct. to Mar.).—Coomps, Auk, ix, 1892, 205 (Bayou Teche,
Louisiana, abt. fall and spring).—Dwieat, Auk, x, 1893, 10 (Prince Edward
I., breeding).—AnrnHony, Zoe, iv, 1893, 239 (San Pedro Martir Mts., Lower
California, accidental).—Wayner, Auk, xii, 1895, 365 (Wacissa R., n. w.
Florida, winter).—Brnpire, Life Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1895, 489, pl. 7, figs.
14-16.—Nenruine, Our Native Birds, ete., 11, 1896, 298.—Knicut, Bull. no.
3, Univ. Maine, 1897, 88 (breeding in n. counties and Magulloway district,
Maine).—Oscoop, N. Am. Fauna, no. 21, 1901, 77 (Tyonek, Cook Inlet,
Alaska, Sept.; Ft. Kenai, Alaska, May, July).
S[colecophagus] carolinus Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 379.
Turdus brunneus Bopparrt, Tabl. Pl. Enl., 1783, 32, part (based on Mauvis, de
la Caroline Daubenton, Pl. Enl., pl. 556, fig. 2).
[Oriolus] ferrugineus GMELIN, Syst. Nat., i, 1788, 393 (based on Rusty Oriole Pen-
nant, Arctic Zool., ii, 260).—LatrHam, Index Orn., i, 1790, 176.
Gracula ferruginea WiLson, Am. Orn., iii, 1811, 41, pl. 21, fig. 3.
Quiscalus ferrugineus BonAPARTE, Ann. Lye. N. Y., ii, 1828, 55.—Nurrauy, Man.
Orn. U.S. and Can., i, 1832, 129.—AupugBon, Orn. Biog., ii, 1834, 325; v,
1839, 483, pl. 147; Synopsis, 1839, 146, part; Birds Am., oct. ed., iv, 1842,
65, pl. 222.
Q[uiscalus] ferrugineus MAxtmILiran, Journ. fiir Orn., vi, 1858, 204 (descriptions;
food, ete. ).
Scolecophagus ferrugineus SwAINson and RicHarpson, Fauna Bor.-Am., ii, 1831,
286.—BonaPArRTE, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 28.—WoopHousk, Rep.
Sitgreaves’ Expl. Zuniand Col. R., 1853, 78, part (Indian Territory ).—Barrp,
Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 551; Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 417.—
Cours, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1861, 225 (coast Labrador, breeding);
Check List, 1873, no. 221; 2d ed., 1882, no. 331; Birds N. W., 1874, 198;
Bull. U. S. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr., iv, 1878, 605 (Souris R., etc., North
Dakota, Sept.).—Btaxiston, Ibis, 1862, 7 (Forks of Saskatchewan, breed-
ing); 1863, 82.—Scuater, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 140; Ibis, 1884, 150 (monogr. ),
Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 390.—Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866,
412 (monogr.).—Datt and Bannister, Trans. Chicago Ac. Sci., i, 1869, 285
(Nulato, Fort Yukon, ete., Alaska, breeding).—ALLEeN, Bull. Mus. Comp.
248 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Zool., ii, 1871, 291 (e. Florida, winter).—Harrtina, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
1871, 114 (Arctic Am.).—Maywnarp, Proc. Bost. Soc., xiv, 1872, 375 (Lake
Umbagog and McGalloway valley, Maine, and White Mts., New Hamp-
shire, breeding); Birds E. N. Am., 1881, 146.—Snow, Birds Kansas, 1873, 8
(e. Kansas, migr.).—Barrp, Brewer, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii,
1874, 203, pl. 35, fig. 4:—Brewer, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xvii, 1875, 442
(n. New England, breeding).—Brewster, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iii, 1878,
176 (Upton, Maine; descr. young).—Brown, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iv, 1879,
10 (Coosada, Alabama, winter).—Kumuren, Bull. U. 8. Nat. Mus., no. 15,
1879, 78 (off n. coast Newfoundland, Oct.).—Rip@way, Nom. N. Am. Birds,
1881, no. 273.—CHAMBERLAIN, Bull. no. 1, Nat. Hist. Soc. N. B., 1882, 42
(New Brunswick, summer res.).—NeEHRLING, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii,
1882, 167 (Harris Co., Texas, Mar.).—Netson, Cruise ‘‘Corwin”’ in 1881
(1883), 73 (e. shores Bering Sea).—Frinscu, Journ. ftir Orn., 1883, 271
(Portage Bay, Alaska, May 10).—McLeneraan, Cruise ‘‘Corwin,’’ 1884, 116
(Kowak R., ete., Alaska, breeding).—Turner, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., viii,
1885, 241 (Fort Chimo, Ungava, breeding).—Banxs, Auk, ii, 1885, 106 (near
St. Johns, New Brunswick, breeding; descr. nest and eggs).—BICKNELL,
Auk, li, 1885, 252 (song).
[Scolecophagus] ferrugineus Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 160.
S[colecophagus] ferrugineus Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 411.
[Scolecophagus] niger BONAPARTE, Consp. Ay., i, 1850, 423.
Sc[olecophagus] niger CABANIS, Mus. Hein., i, 1851, 195.
[Oriolus] fuscus GMELIN, Syst. Nat., i, 1788, 393 (based on Brown-headed Oriole
Pennant, Arctic Zool., ii, 259).
[ Turdus] hudsonius GMELIN, Syst. Nat., i, 1788, 818 (based on Hudsonian Thrush
Pennant, Arctic Zool., ii, 204, = autumnal female ?).
[Turdus] noveboracensis GMELIN, Syst. Nat., i, 1788, 818 (based on New York
Thrush Pennant, Arctic Zool., ii, 205, autumnal male?).
[ Turdus] labradorius GMELIN, Syst. Nat., i, 1788, 832 (based on Labrador Thrush
Pennant, Arctic Zool., ii, 206,=spring or summer male).—LaTHam, Index
Orn., i, 1790, 342.
[ Oriolus] leucocephalus LatHam, Index Orn., i, 1790, 175.
Gracula quiscula var. LAtHAM, Index Orn., i, 1790, 191.
“Vanthocephalus canthocephalus’’ WARREN (O. B.), Auk, xii, 1895, 191 (n. Mich-
igan; see Warren, Auk, xv, 1898, 193).
Pendulinus ater Vre1tiotT, Nouy. Dict. d’ Hist. Nat., vy, 1816, 320.
Ch{alcophanes] virescens WAGLER, Syst. Ay., 1827, App. Oriolus, sp. 9.
SCOLECOPHAGUS CYANOCEPHALUS (Wagler).
BREWER’S BLACKBIRD.
Adult male in summer.—Entirely black, the head and neck strongly
glossed with violet, the rest of the plumage with bluish green; bill,
legs, and feet black; iris pale yellow or yellowish white.
Adult male in winter.—Similar to the summer plumage, but more
highly glossed. (Some specimens, doubtless younger birds, have the
feathers of the back indistinctly margined terminally with grayish
brown, those of the chest with pale buffy grayish.)
Immature male in first winter.—Similar to the adult male, but
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 249
feathers of head, neck, back, scapulars, chest, and sides narrowly
tipped with grayish brown (paler and more buffy on under parts).
Adult female in summer.—Head, neck, and under parts brownish
slate-color or dark brownish gray, faintly glossed with greenish on
under parts of body and with violet on head and neck, especially on
pileum and hindneck; upper parts darker, especially the wings and
tail, which are more strongly glossed with bluish green; bill, legs, and
feet black; iris ight brown.
Adult female in winter.—Similar to the summer plumage, but color
of head, neck, and anterior under parts paler and more buffy gray (the
superciliary region, malar region, chin, and throat pale hair brown).
Young.—Very similar in coloration to winter females, but texture
of plumage very different and feathers without gloss.
Adult male.—Length (skins), 213.4-247.7 (228.6); oe 120.1-133.9
(128.5); tail, 91.9-107.2 (98.8); exposed culmen, 21.1—23.6 (22.6); depth
of bill at base, 9.1-10.2 (9.7); tarsus, 30.5-33 (82.3); ae toe, 20.3-
22.4 (21.3).!
Adult female.—Length (skins), 198.1-221 (210.8); wing, 115.8-119.6
(117.6); tail, 87.1-92.7 (88.9); exposed culmen, 19.1—20.8 (20.1); depth
of bill at base, 8.4-9.7 (8.9); tarsus, 28.7-32 (80.5); middle toe,
19.8—21.1 (20.3).’
Western United States and British provinces and greater part of
Mexico; north to British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan, and
Manitoba (breeding); east to Minnesota, Nebraska, Kansas, Indian
Territory, and Texas, occasionally, during migrations, to lowa, Wis-
consin, Illinois, Missouri, Louisiana, and even South Carolina; breed-
ing Pratl to Lower Calton (San Pedro Martir range, 8,200 feet;
San Fernando), southern Texas (San Antonio; Houston; Brownsville2):
and northern Tamaulipas (Matamoras)?;° in winter over the whole of
' Hight specimens.
*Nine specimens. California specimens average decidedly smaller than those from
east of the Sierra Nevada, as the following measurements show:
| | Ex- | Depth
Locality. Wing. | Tail. | posed | of bill | Tarsus.
|culmen.| at base.
Middle
toe.
MALES.
Three adult males from California (2) and Ore-
OMS (ese se = ee peas Ses tider oeaaereaeseeess 122.9 94.7 | 21.8 9.4 31.8 21.8
Five adult males from Rocky Mountain plateau..! 131.1 | 101.1 959 32.5 21.1
by
FEMALES.
Five adult females from California ....-........-- 173 88.4 | 20.1 8.9 30.2 20.3
Four adult females from Rocky Mountain plateau.| 118.9 89.9 | 19.8 9.1 31 20.3
’The breeding record for Matamoras is somewhat doubtful. The species undoubt-
edly breeds over the more nothern portions of Mexico, but I have not data which
would enable me to define with greater precision the southern limits of the breeding
range.
250 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Mexico (except Yucatan and parts of the ¢/erra caliente) to northern
Guatemala (Chancol). ;
Ps{arocolius| cyanocephalus WAGuER, Isis, 1829, 758 (Mexico; no locality given).
Sc[olecophagus] cyanocephalus CaBANtIs, Mus. Hein., i, 1851, 195.
Scolecophagus cyanocephalus Barrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Sury., ix, 1858, 552; Cat.
N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 418; Rep. U. 8S. and Mex. Bound. Survy., ii, pt. 2,
1859, 20 (Santa Rosalia, Mexico ).—HErERMANN, Rep. Pacific R. R. Sury., x, pt.
vi, 1859, 53 (California; New Mexico; Texas; habits).—Cooprrand Suck Ley,
Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., xii, pt. 2, 1860, 209 (Washington, Oregon, ete. ).—
Buaxkiston, Ibis, 1862, 7 (Forks of Saskatchewan, breeding).—ScLarer,
Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 140 (California); Ibis, 1884, 151 (monogr.); Cat. Birds
Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 390 (Ciudad Durango; near City of Mexico; Oaxaca;
‘Central America?’’; etc.).—Dresser, Ibis, 1865, 493 (San Antonio, Texas,
breeding; Matamoras, Tamaulipas, July, abundant).—Coves, Proc. Ac. Nat.
Sci. Phila., 1866, 90 (Fort Whipple, Arizona, resident); Check List, 1873,
no. 222; 2d ed., 1882, no. 332; Birds N. W., 1874, 199; Bull. U. 8. Geol. and
Geog. Surv. Terr., iv, 1878, 605 (Pembina, etc., North Dakota, breeding).—
Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, 413 (monogr.).—BurcHeEr, Proc.
Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1868, 150 (Laredo, Texas, Nov. to Feb.).—SumicuHrast,
Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., i, 1869, 553 (Orizaba and plateau of Mexico in
winter).—Cooper, Orn. Cal., 1870, 278.—Snow, Birds Kansas, 1873, 8 (e.
Kansas, common).—LAwrENce, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., ii, 1874, 281
(Mazatlan).—Bartrp, Brewer, and Rrpe@way, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874,
206, pl. 35, fig.3.—HensHaw, Rep. Orn. Spec. Wheeler’s Sury., 1874, 82
(Garland, Colorado; descr. nest and eggs, ete.), 122 (New Mexico and Ari- ~
zona; habits); Zool. Exp. W. 100th Merid., 1875, 321 (localities in Utah, Col-
orado, New Mexico, and Arizona; habits).—Ripe@way, Orn. 40th Parallel,
1877, 510 (Nevada and Utah; habits, etc.); Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no.
274; Orn. Illinois, i, 1889, 323.—Srennerr, Bull. U. 8. Geol. and Geog. Surv.
Terr., iv, 1878, 27 (Brownsville, Texas, breeding); v, 1879, 399 (Lometa, s. e.
Texas; not breeding ?).—MeErrIL1, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., i, 1879, 135 (Fort
Brown, Texas, Oct. to Apr.).—Merarns, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iv, 1879, 166
(Fort Klamath, e. Oregon, resident; habits); Auk, vii, 1890, 258 (Mogollon
and San Francisco Mts., ete., Arizona, breeding in pine belt; habits, etc. ).—
NEHRLING, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 167 (Houston, etc., s. e. Texas,
breeding); Our Native Birds, ete., ii, 1896, 299, pl. 17, fig. 5. —BELDING, Proc.
U. S. Nat. Mus., v, 1883, 546 (San José del Cabo, Lower California, breed-
ing), 547 (Miraflores, Lower California); vi, 1883, 343 (Guaymas, Sonora).—
AcerrsporG, Auk, ii, 1885, 282 (s. e. South Dakota, breeding).—Srron, Auk, ©
iii, 1886, 322 (w. Manitoba, breeding).—AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ UNION,
Check List, 1886, no. 510.—FERRARI-PEREz, Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., ix, 1886,
152 (San Baltazar, Puebla, Nov.; Nativitas, Tlaxcala, Dec.).—BrckHAm,
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., x, 1887, 671 (Texas localities; habits).—Satvrin and
GopMan, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1887, 480.—Loomis, Auk, iv, 1887, 76
(Chester, South Carolina, 3 specimens, Dec. 9); viii, 1891, 167 (do.).—CooxkeE,
Bird Migr. Miss. Val., 1888, 173 (breeding in w. Manitoba, Vermilion, Dakota,
and Caddo, Indian Territory; other localities and dates).—Konn, Auk, vi, -
1889, 190 (New Orleans, Louisiana, small flock, Dee. 23, 1888).—Goss, Birds
Kansas, 1891, 409 (w. Kansas, resident).—Harcn, Birds Minn., 1892, 286
(breeding along Red R. and e. to Crow Wing Co. ).—THompson, Proc. U. 8.
Nat. Mus., xiii, 1891, 581 (Manitoba; breeding at Winnipeg, Ossawa, Car-
berry, ete.; habits).—Fanniy, Check List Birds Brit. Columbia, 1891, 34
(both sides Cascade Mts.).—Nurrine, Bull. Lab. N. H. Uniy. Iowa, ii, no.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 251
3, 1893, 274 (lower Saskatchewan ).—AnrtnHony, Zoe, iv, 1893, 239 (San Pedro
Martir Mts., Lower California, breeding); Auk, xii, 1895, 140 (San Fer-
nando, Lower California, breeding ).—Brnprrp, Life Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii,
1895, 493, pl. 7, figs. 17-20 (eggs).—CHapman, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., x,
1898, 42 (Las Vigas, Vera Cruz, 8,000 ft.).
Sc[olecophagus] cyanocephalus CaBanis, Mus. Hein., i, 1851, 195, footnote
(Mexico).
S[colecophagus] cyanocephalus Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 411.—
Ripeway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 379.
[Scolecophagus] cyanocephalus Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 160.—ScLATER
and Satvrin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 38.
Scoleophagus cyanocephalus Bryer, Proc. Louis. Soc. Nat. for 1897-99 (1900), 105
(Louisiana in winter).
Scolecophagus mexicanus Swainson, Anim. in Menag., 1838, 302 (Mexico).—Barrp,
in Stansbury’s Rep. Gt. Salt Lake, 1852, 331 (Fort Union; California) .—Nerw-
BERRY, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., vi, 1857, 86 (California; Oregon; Fort Van-
couver, Washington).
Sc[olecophagus] mexicanus BoNAPARTE, Consp. Ay., i, 1850, 423 (w. Mexico; N.
Am.)
Quiscalus mexicanus HEERMANN, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci., Phila., ser. 2, ii, 1852, 268
(California). .
Quiscalus breweri AupuBON, Birds Am., oct. ed., vii, 1848, 345, pl. 492 (‘‘ upper
Missouri River and Yellowstone’’ ).
Scolecophagus ferrugineus (not Oriolus ferrugineus Gmelin) AupUBON, Synopsis,
1839, 146, part (Columbia R.).—GamBet, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., ser. 2,
i, 1847, 47.—Woopnouse, Rep. Sitgreaves’ Expl. Zuni and Col. R., 1853, 78,
part (Texas; New Mexico; California).—Ho.prEn, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H.,
xv, 1872, 203 (Sherman, Wyoming, breeding).
Scolcophagus ferrugineus GAMBEL, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1847, 203 (New
Mexico; California).
Quiscalus purpureus (not of Woodhouse) NEwserry, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv.,
x, pt. vi, 1859, 86 (San Francisco, California).
Scolecophagus carolinus (not Turdus carolinus Miller) Srron, Auk, iii, 1886,
322 (Big Plain and Winnipeg, Manitoba, breeding).
Genus PTILOXENA Chapman.
Ptiloxena CHAPMAN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., iv, no. 1, Dec., 1892, 307. (Type,
Quiscalus atroviolaceus D’ Orbigny.)
Medium-sized semi-terrestrial Icteridze with bill shorter than head,
decidedly curved above, about half as deep at the base as length of
culmen; nostrils small, narrow, obliquely vertical, above lateral
median line of -maxilla; wing moderate with tip subtruncate; tail
about four-fifths as long as wing, not plicate, rounded, with rectrices
broad and rounded at ends; middle toe, with claw, slightly shorter
than tarsus, and claws of lateral toes falling short of base of middle
claw; structure of feathers of anterior contour feathers (especially on
chest) peculiar, the barbicels on terminal two-thirds fasciculate and
adherent to the barb; coloration uniform black, slightly glossed (sexes
alike).
Bill shorter than head, conical, but with upper outline decidedly
252 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
convex, its depth at base a little less than half the length of culmen,
its basal width decidedly less than half the length of exposed culmen;
culmen gently convex (the terminal portion more decidedly so), the
middle portion nearly straight, distinctly ridged, but the ridge broad
and rounded; gonys straight, decidedly shorter than maxilla from
nostril; commissure nearly straight or slightly convex in middle,
straight or faintly concave terminally and subbasally, the basal por-
tion strongly but not abruptly deflexed to the rictus. Nostril small,
narrow, oblique (anterior end highest), decidedly above lateral median
line of maxilla, posteriorly in contact with dense feathering of the
frontal antie, the latter filling the greater part of the nasal fosse,
leaving but a small and narrow membrane exposed above and mostly
behind the nostril. Wing moderate (nearly five times as long as cul-
men, nearly four times as long as tarsus), the tip moderately produced
(a little longer than tarsus), slightly rounded or subtruncate; outer-
most (ninth) primary equal to fifth or a little shorter; seventh or
seventh and sixth primaries longest, the eighth but little shorter;
inner webs of three or four outer primaries slightly sinuated beyond
middle. Tail not plicate, about four-fifths as long as wing (about
four times as long as culmen), rounded, the rectrices slightly wider
terminally and with rounded tips. Tarsus much longer than culmen
(a little less than one-third as long as tail), its anterior scutella dis-
tinct; middle toe, with claw, slightly shorter than tarsus; claws of
lateral toes falling short of base of middle claw; hallux about as long
as lateral toes, much stouter, its claw decidedly shorter than the digit.
Plumage of the throat and chest peculiar; ‘‘the barbicels, while
apparently of normal number, are fasciculate, and, except at its basal
third, adhere to the barb; for the terminal half of the feather, there-
fore, the barbs have no connection with one another, and this gives
to the parts in which these feathers grow a finely streaked, hairy
appearance.” !
Coloration.—Entirely black, glossed with violet (bluish green on
wings and tail); sexes alike in color.
Range.—Peculiar to the island of Cuba, Greater Antilles. (Mono-
typic.)
PTILOXENA ATROVIOLACEA (D’Orbigny).
DORBIGNY’S BLACKBIRD.
Adults (sexes alike).—Uniform glossy black, the head, neck, and
chest with a slight bluish reflection, passing into a more violet hue on
back, scapulars, lesser and middle wing-coverts, rump, and under
parts of body, the gloss on margins of greater wing-coverts, remiges,
and rectrices bluish or bluish green; bill, legs, and feet, black; iris
brown.’
1Chapman, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., iv, 1892, pp. 307, 308.
?J. H. Riley, manuscript.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 259
Adult male.—Length (skins), 236.2-254 (239.3); wing, 131.3-141
(136.1); tail, 105.2-112.8 (109); culmen (from base), 24.9-27.7 (25.7);
depth of bill at base, 11.7-13.2 (12.7); tarsus, 32.5-35.6 (83.8); middle
toe, 23.9-27.7 (25.7).7 —
Adult female.—Length (skins) ,217.2-248.8 (228. 3); wing, 122.4-132.6
(128.5); tail, 97.3-105.9 (101.6); culmen (from base), 22.9-24.4 (28.6);
depth of bill at base, 10.9-12.2 ( 11.7); tarsus, 30-32.3 (31); middle toe,
92.6-23.4 (23.1).!
Island of Cuba (including Isle of Pines), Greater Antilles.
Quiscalus atroviolaceus D’ OrBieny, in La Sagra’s Hist. Nat. Cuba, Ois., 1839, 121.—
Cory, Auk, iii, 1886, 227; Birds W. I., 1889, 114.
[ Quiscalus] atroviolaceus Cory, List Birds W. I., 1885, 14.
S{caphidurus] atroviolaceus Gray, Gen. Birds, ii, 1849, 341.
Sc[aphidurus] atroviolaceus BONAPARTE, Consp. Av. 1, 1850, 426.
Sc[olecophagus] atroviolaceus CABANIS, Mus. Hein., i, Sept., 1851, 196.
Scolecophagus atroviolaceus CABANIS, Journ. fiir Orn., iv, 1856, 15 (descr. eggs) .—
Brewer, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., vii, 1860, 307.—Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci.
Phila., 1866, 415 (monogr.).—GuNpDLAcH, Repert. Fisico-Nat. Cuba, 1866,
259; Journ. ftir Orn., 1874, 134.
Dives atroviolaceus ScLatTErR, Ibis, 1884, 152 (monogr.); Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. xi,
1886, 393 (San Cristobal, Cuba).—Cory, Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 15, 111, 129
(Cuba and Isle of Pines).
Ptiloxena atroviolaceus CHAPMAN, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., iv, no. 1, Dec., 1892, 307.
(2) Chaleophanes quiscalus GUNDLACH, Journ. fiir Orn., 1856, 16 (Cuba) ; 1871, 288
(do.).
(?) Scolecophagus equatorialis (not Quiscalus zquatorialis Sclater) Cassin, Proc. Ac.
Nat. Sci. Phila., Dec., 1866, 414 (no locality; crit.)
Genus DIVES Cassin.
Dives Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., xviii, Dec., 1866, 413. (Type, Lampropsar
dives Bonaparte. )
Medium-sized Icteride of uniform black coloration, with bill shorter
than head, wing rather short and rounded, tail nearly as long as
wing, rounded, with very broad rectrices, and stout feet.
Bill slightly to decidedly shorter than head, narrowly conical, com-
pressed, rather obtuse, its basal depth a little less than one-half the length
of culmen, its basal width decidedly less; culmen nearly straight but
slightly convex, broad but not flattened, ridged laterally above nasal
fosse; gonys straight or very faintly convex, slightly shorter than -
distance from nostril to tip of maxilla; commissure nearly straight to
the rictal portion, where strongly detlexed. Nostril small, roundish,
posteriorly touching feathers of frontal antiz, overhung by a convex
membranous operculum. Wing moderate or rather short (about four
anda half times as long as culmen); wing-tip short (about as long
as maxilla from frontal anti), rounded; outermost (ninth) primary
shorter than second, the fifth longest, but eighth, seventh, sixth, and
fourth nearly as long; inner webs of outermost primaries not sinuated.
1 Five specimens.
254 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Tail not plicate (7), nearly as long as wing, rounded, the rectrices broad.
Tarsus much longer than culmen, rather stout, the anterior scutella
very distinct; middle toe, with claw, much shorter than tarsus but
decidedly longer than culmen; lateral toes about equal, rather short,
their claws not reaching to base of middle claw; hallux nearly as long
as lateral toes, much stouter, its claw much shorter than the digit.
Coloration.—Unitorm black, in both sexes.
Range.—Southern Mexico to western Peru. (Three species, two of
them South American. )
DIVES DIVES (Lichtenstein).
SUMICHRAST’S BLACKBIRD,
Adult male.—Entirely uniform deep black, with a slight greenish
blue gloss, especially on head, neck, and anterior under parts; bill,
legs, and feet black; length (skins), 264.2-281.9 (271.8); wing, 123.2-
132.8 (127.3); tail, 114.3-127 (119.1); culmen, from base, 28.5—32
(30.5); depth of bill at base, 13-14.2 (13.5); tarsus, 38.1-40.4 (39.4);
middle toe, 25.4-27.9 (26.2)."
Adult female.—Similar to the male in plumage but smaller and
usually with the black slightly less intense or gtossy; length (skins),
235-255.3 (2438.1); wing, 112.3-116.8 (113); tail, 102.1-114.3 (109); cul-
men, from base, 27.4-29.2 (27.9); depth of bill at base, 12.4-13.2
(12.7); tarsus, 36.8-38.6 (387.6); middle toe, 22.9-24.9 (23.9).”
A series of ten adults from Yucatan, embracing both sexes, but unfortunately none
of them with sex determined, measure as follows: Length (skins), 233.7-—287 (255) ;
wing, 111.3-128.3 (120.4); tail, 97.8-121.9 (111.3); culmen, from base, 27.2-30.5
(28.5); depth of bill at base, 13.2-15.5 (14); tarsus, 35.6-39.1 (37.3); middle toe,
23.4-27.4 (25.1).
Young.—Uniform dull sooty black or very dark sooty brown, rather
lighter on under parts of body; remiges and rectrices as in adults.
Southeastern Mexico, in States of Vera Cruz (Chichicaxtli, Mirador,
Orizaba, Coatzocoaleos, Plan del Rio, etc.), Puebla (Metlaltoyuca),
Mexico (Valley of Mexico), Oaxaca (Tuxtepec, Chiltepec, Playa
Vicente, Tehuantepec, Oaxaca, etc.), Chiapas (Guichicovi), and Yuca-
tan, and southward through eastern and central Guatemala to British
Honduras (Belize) and Honduras (Guaruma).
Icterus dives LICHTENSTEIN, Preis-Verz. Mex. Vég., 1830, 1 (Mexico; see Journ.
fiir Orn., 1863, 56).
[Lampropsar] dives Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 425.—ScLaTER and SALvIN,
Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 38.
L{ampropsar] dives CaBants, Mus. Hein., i, 1851, 194, footnote (Chiltepec; Cos-
amaluapan; Real del Monte).
Lampropsar dives CaABants, Journ. fiir Orn., 1861, 83 (crit. nomencl. ).—Boucarp,
Proc. Zool. Soe. Lond., 1883, 446 (Merida, n. Yucatan).
‘Seven specimens. *Six specimens.
» + tale ou
S., Ee
“7 f, — = ” . —
eee ee
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 255
Scolecophagus dives Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., xviii, Dec., 1866, 413
(monogr. ).
Dives dives FERRARI-PEREZ, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., ix, 1886, 152 (Plan del Rio,
Vera Cruz).—Ripeway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xiv, 1891, 470 (Guaruma,
Honduras).—Srong, Proce. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1890, 209 (int. Yucatan ).—
CHapmMan, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., vili, 18€5, 281 (Chichen Itza, Yucatan;
notes); x, 1898, 30 (Jalapa, Vera Cruz).
Quiscalus ? SctaTerR, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1856, 300 (near Cordova, Vera
Cruz).
Quiscalus sumichrasti Dr SaussurgE, Rey. et Mag. de Zool., 1859, 119, pl. 3, figs.
2-4 (Mexico).—Sciarer, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1859, 365 (Jalapa, Vera
Cruz), 381 (Playa Vicente, Oaxaca); 1864, 175 (Valley of Mexico); Cat. Am.
Birds, 1862, 140 (Orizaba and Jalapa, Vera Cruz).—Satvin and ScLaTEr,
Ibis, 1860, 398 (Coban and Tactic, Vera Paz, Guatemala).—Sumicnrast,
Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., i, 1869, 553 (hot and temperate regions, Vera Cruz).
Quiscalus sumichrastii SumicHRast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., i, 1869, 553 (hot and
temperate zones, Vera Cruz). ;
Dives sumichrasti Scuater, Ibis, 1884, 152 (monogr.); Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi,
1886, 392 (Jalapa and Orizaba, Vera Cruz; Merida, n. Yucatan; Belize, British
Honduras; Choctum and Coban, Vera Paz, Guatemala).—Satvin and Gop-
MAN, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1887, 481 (Chiltepec, Cosamaloapan, etc.,
Mexico; Achil, ete., Guatemala, ete. ).
Quiscalus mexicanus (not of Cassin) Lawrence, Bull. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., No. 4, 1876,
24 (Guichicovi, Tehuantepec, Oaxaca).
Genus ICTERUS Brisson.
Icterus Brisson, Orn., ii, 1760, 85. (Type, by elimination, Oriolus.icterus Linnzeus. )
Xanthornus 3covoxt, Intr. ad, Hist. Nat., 1777, 481. (Type, Oriolus icterus Lin-
neeus. )
Pendulinus Vieitiot, Analyse, 1816, 33. (Type, Oriolus spurius Linneeus. )
Yphantes Vieiiiot, Analyse,1816, 33. (Type, Oriolus baltimore Linnzeus, = Coracias
galbula Linneeus. )
Yphanthes Viettiot, Enc. Méth., ii, 1828, 708.
Hyphantes (emendation) Casanis, Mus. Hein., i, 1851, 183.
Bananivorus BoNAPARTE, Compt. Rend., xxxvii, 1853, 834. (Type, Oriolus bonana
Linneeus. )
Euopsar Casstn, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., xix, Apr., 1867, 47. (Type, Psaro-
colius croconotus Wagler. )
Andriopsar Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., xix, Apr., 1867, 49. (Type,
Psarocolius gularis Wagler. )
Ateleopsar Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., xix, Apr., 1867, 53. (Type,
Psarocolius melanocephalus Wagler.)
Cassiculoides Casstn, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., xix, Apr., 1867, 54. (Type,
Icterus parisorum Bonaparte. )
Poliopsar Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., xix, Apr., 1867, 55. (Type, Icterus
wagleri Sclater. )
Melanopsar Casstn, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., xix, Apr., 1867, 56. (Type,
Oriolus chrysocephalus Linnzus. )
Icterioides Cassin, Proc Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila, xix, Apr., 1867, 60. (Type, Icterus
auricapillus Cassin.)
Aporophantes Casstn, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., xix, Apr., 1867, 63. (Type,
Agelaius pyrrhopterus Vieillot. )
256 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM,
Small or medium-sized arboreal Icteridee with bill elongate-conical,
acute, not longer than head; nasal fossee well defined, broad and rounded
anteriorly, the nostrils overhung by a conspicuous semicorneous oper-
culum; tail more than three-fourths as long as wing (often as long as,
sometimes longer than wing), more or less rounded (sometimes gradu-
ated); tarsi rather short (never very much longer than culmen, some-
times shorter), and middle toe, with claw, never longer than tarsus
(usually shorter); colors usually black and orange or black and yellow,
in large strongly contrasted areas; if without orange or yellow. chest-
nut or orange-brown replacing those colors.
Bill much shorter than head to about as long, elongate-conical, acute,
with straight outlines or with the tip slightly decurved, its depth at
base usually less than half the length of commissure, sometimes (in
I. wanthornus) nearly if not quite equal to length of gonys; culmen
straight or rather strongly (but gradually) decurved terminally, the
mesorhinium usually narrow and distinctly (sometimes almost sharply)
ridged, more rarely broader and rounded, or even somewhat flattened;
gonys straight or slightly decurved terminally; commissure straight to
behind nostril, or slightly arched, the rictal portion strongly and more
or less abruptly deflexed. Nostril longitudinal, narrow (linear or more
or less crescentic), overhung by a very distinct semicorneous operculum,
the anterior end of the nasal fossz broad and rounded. Wing moderate,
its tip moderately produced, rounded or subtruncate; outermost (ninth)
primary always shorter than sixth, sometimes shorter than third, the
eighth to seventh, eighth to fifth, or seventh to fifth longest; inner
webs of longer primaries very faintly or not appreciably sinuated.
Tail decidedly shorter than wing to longer than wing, slightly rounded
to strongly graduated (the graduation sometimes equal to more than
one-fourth the length of middle rectrices). Tarsus usually a little
longer than culmen, sometimes slightly shorter, the acrotarsal scutella
distinct: middle toe, with claw, shorter than tarsus (never conspic-
uously so), rarely (in Z. Zcterus) equal to it; claws of lateral toes reach-
ing about to base of middle claw; hallux about as long as lateral toes,
much stouter, its claw decidedly shorter than the digit; all the claws
strongly curved, acute. -
Coloration.—Usually richly colored with sharply contrasted areas
of black and orange, black and yellow, or black and chestnut; never
entirely black; females (of some species) and young plainer, with olive-
greenish hues prevailing.
Range.—The whole of temperate and tropical America (most devel-
oped in tropical portions). (More than fifty species and subspecies. )
Notwithstanding the very great variation in relative length of wing
and tail, extent of graduation of the latter; relative length and thick-
ness of the bill and its degree of curvature; wing-formula, and all other
external characters, my best efforts to trenchantly subdivide the genus
Ra ads ete
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 257
have resulted in failure, and consequently I am forced, against my
inclination, to include a rather heterogeneous assemblage of species
under one generic heading. Possibly a study of their internal struc-
ture may afford characters for subdivision.
Of all the species /. ¢cfterus seems to differ most structurally, this
alone having a large naked postocular space and the feathers of the
throat elongated and acicular; but that species is evidenly related to
I. jamacait and [. croconotus, both of which are normal in the respects
mentioned (though both, especially the former, have the feathers of
the lower throat distinctly outlined and somewhat lengthened), have
the tail relatively longer and much more graduated, and the tarsus
relatively longer, thus apparently connecting /. écterws with other
types of structure.
KEY TO THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES OF ICTERUS.
a. Tail entirely black (except concealed base'), or else distinctly bicolored (black
and yellow or black and orange in sharply contrasted areas).
b. Tail unicolored (black, except at concealed base’).
c. Feathers of throat elongated, lanceolate or acicular, somewhat stiffened; cul-
men more than 1.25. (Caribbean coast of Colombia and Venezuela; islands
of Trinidad, Jamaica, Porto Rico, and St. Thomas. )
Icterus icterus, adult male and female p. 263)
ec. Feathers of throat normal (short and blended); culmen less than 1.25.
d. Head, all round, uniform black or chestnut.
e. Back and scapulars uniform black.
f Under parts of body and rump neither chestnut nor rufous-tawny.
g. Lesser and middle wing-coverts black, like rest of wing. (Island of
Montserrat, Lesser Antilles. )
Icterus oberi, adult male and female (p. 265)
gg. Lesser and middle wing-coverts yellow or orange.
h. Wings with white markings. (Pacific coast of Guatemala.)
Icterus maculi-alatus, adult male and female (p. 265)
hh. Wings without white markings.
). Breast yellow or orange.
k. Tail-coverts yellow; smaller (wing 92.2-99.1). (Bahamas. )
Icterus northropi, adult male and female (p. 266)
kk. Tail-coverts black; larger (wing 96.5-113.8). (Mexico;
Guatemala. ) Icterus wagleri, adult male and female(p. 267 )
jj. Breast black.
k. Posterior half, or more, of under parts yellow. (Southern
Mexico to Isthmus of Panama. )
. _ icterus prosthemelas, adult male and female (p. 269)
kk. Less than posterior half of under parts yellow (or orange).
1. Rump, lesser and middle wing-coverts, thighs, etc., lemon
yellow; under tail-coverts and flanks partly black.
m. Abdomen and flanks wholly black; under tail-coverts
mostly black. (Island of Cuba, Greater Antilles. )
Icterus hypomelas, adult male and female (p. 271)
mm. Abdomen or flanks partly yellow; under tail-coverts
mostly yellow.
1 There is sometimes a whitish tip or terminal margin, especially to the lateral rec-
trices, these being worn away in summer plumage.
3654—voL 2—01 1G
258
BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
n. Upper rump black; flanks black; lower abdomen yel-
low; upper tail-coverts mostly black. (Island of
Porto Rico, Greater Antilles.
Icterus portoricensis, adult male and female (p. 272)
nn. Whole rump yellow; flanks yellow; lower abdomen
black (the feathers sometimes tipped with yellow);
upper tail-coverts yellow. (Island of Haiti, Greater
Antilles. )
Icterus dominicensis, adult male and female (p. 273)
ll. Rump, lesser and middle wing-coverts, thighs, lower abdo-
men, and under tail-coverts orange or orange-yellow.
(Santa Lucia, Lesser Antilles. )
Icterus laudabilis, adult male and female (p. 274)
Jf. Under parts of body and rump chestnut, ferruginous, or rufous-tawny.
g- Head and neck black; under parts of body, ramp, and smaller wing-
coverts chestnut. (Eastern United States; south in winter to Isth-
mMmius/OMPanama sd). “oe see Icterus spurius, adult male (p. 275)
gg. Head, neck, and chest dark chestnut; under parts of body, rump,
and smaller wing-coverts ferruginous or rufous-tawny. (Island
of Martinique, Lesser Antilles. )
Icterus bonana, adults and young (p. 279)
ce. Back and scapulars yellowish olive-green or olive-yellow.
j. Larger (tarsus more than 25.4); bill stouter, with culmen straight.
(Icterus melanocephalus. )
g. Smaller (wing averaging 96.5 in male, 91.9 in female); wings without
distinct, if any, white edgings. (Southern Mexico.)
Icterus melanocephalus melanocephalus, adult male and female (p. 280)
gg. Larger (wing averaging 100.6 in male, 96 in female); wings with
distinct white edgings. (Northeastern Mexico; southern Texas.)
Icterus melanocephalus audubonii, adult male and female (p. 282)
ff. Smaller (tarsus less than 25.4); bill more slender, with culmen dis-
tinctly curved terminally. (Southern Mexico to Isthmus of Panama. )
Icterus prosthemelas, immature (p. 269)
dd. Head orange, yellow, or olive-green, with black throat and capistrum.
e. Back and scapulars uniform black.
jf. Breast spotted with black (at least laterally). (Icterus pectoralis. )
g. Larger (wing averaging 102.1). (Southern Mexico to Salvador.)
Icterus pectoralis pectoralis, adult male and female (p. 283)
gg. Smaller (wing averaging 97.5). (Western Nicaragua and Costa Rica. )
Icterus pectoralis espinachi, adult male and female (p. 284),
ff. Breast not spotted.
g. Lesser and middle wing-coverts orange or yellow; much larger, with
very stout bill and straight culmen; sexes alike in color. (Icterus:
gularis. )
h. Larger (wing averaging 125 in nmle, 113.8 in female); under
parts of body, etec., more yellowish orange or orange-yellow.
(State of Oaxaca, southern Mexico, to Honduras and Salvador.)
Icterus gularis gularis, adult male and female (p. 284)
hh. Smaller (wing averaging not more than 114.3 in male, 108.2 in
female); under parts of body, ete., more intense orange.
i. Slightly larger (wing averaging 114.3 in male, 108.2 in female;
maxilla relatively deeper, and the orange color averaging less
intense. (States of Vera Cruz, Puebla, San Luis Potosi, and
Tamaulipas, eastern Mexico. )
Icterus gularis tamaulipensis, adult male and female (p. 286)
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 259
vi. Slightly smaller (wing averaging 113 in male, 104 in female);
maxilla relatively shallower, and orange color averaging more
intense. (Yucatan; British Honduras?)
Icterus gularis yucatanensis, adult male and female (p. 287)
gg. Lesser wing-coverts black, middle coverts white; much smaller, with
slender and decurved bill; sexes very different in color. (Jcterus
cucullatus. )
h. Forehead black (at least anteriorly and laterally).
i. Forehead with less black, the orange or orange-yellow touching
base of exposed culmen.
j. Under parts of body, hindneck, etc., decided orange. (South-
ern Mexico, north along eastern edge of the plateau to
Nuevo Leon. )
Icterus cucullatus cueullatus, adult male (p. 287)
jj. Under parts of body, hindneck, ete., orange-yellow. (South-
ern Texas and coast plain of Tamaulipas. )
Icterus cucullatus sennetti, adult male (p. 289)
vi. Forehead with more black, the orange or yellow not touching
base of exposed culmen.
j. Under parts of body, hindneck, ete., rich orange or orange-red;
larger (wing averaging 87.5 or more, tail 92 or more).
k. Larger, with smaller bil! (wing averaging 88, tail 94.5,
exposed culmen 18.2). (Peninsula of Yucatan, including
Campeche. ).-Icterus cucullatus igneus, adult male (p. 291)
kk. Smaller, with larger bill (wing averaging 87.5, tail 92,
exposed culmen 19). (Island of Cozumel. )
Icterus cucullatus cozumele, adult male (p. 292)
jj. Under parts of body, hindneck, ete., chrome or saffron yel-
low; smaller (wing averaging 84, tail 89). (Island of
Mujeres, Yucatan. )
Icterus cucullatus duplexus, adult male (p. 292)
hh. Forehead wholly yellow. (Northwestern Mexico; Lower Cali-
fornia; southern California; southern Arizona. )
Icterus cucullatus nelsoni, adult male (p. 290)
ee. Back and scapulars not uniform black.
J. Forehead and at least anierior part of auricular region black; wing-
coverts without any white.
g. Larger (wing 86.4 to 111.8); general color, including back, orange-
yellow.
h. Crown and occiput orange-yellow. (Southern Mexico to Colom-
bia and Venezueia. )
Icterus giraudii, adult male and female (p. 293)
hh. Crown and occiput black, like forehead. (Gualan, Guatemala. )
Icterus gualanensis, adult male (and female?) (p. 295)
gg- Smaller (wing less than 86.4); general color lemon-yellow or pale
olive-yellow below, more olivaceous on back, ete. (Southern
Mexico to Isthmus of Panama.)
Icterus prosthemelas, young and immature (p. 269)
Jf. Forehead and whole of auricular region orange, yellow or olive-green;
| wing-coverts marked with white.
g. Outer webs of greater wing-coverts only partly white
h. Middle wing-coverts white, or much paler orange or yellow than
lesser coverts, concealed bases of greater coverts white
1. Back distinctly streaked or spotted with black; bill shorter
(exposed culmen not more than 23.1), general color brighter
yellow or orange.
260 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
j. Larger (wing averaging 107.2); back more broadly streaked or
spotted with black (the black sometimes prevailing) ; orange
color less intense, never (?) inclining to scarlet on head.
(State of Oaxaca, southern Mexico, to Nicaragua. )
Icterus sclateri, adult male (p. 297)
jj. Smaller (wing averaging 100.8); back more narrowly streaked
with black; orange color more intense, frequently inclining
to scarlet on head.' | (Southern plateau and Pacific coast
district of Mexico.) ...-Icterus pustulatus, adult male (p. 295)
vi. Back very sparsely and narrowly, or not at all, streaked with black.
j. Larger (wing more than 100, exposed culmen more than 24);
middle wing-coverts pale yellow; general color yellow, never
orange. (Tres Marias islands, n. w. Mexico. )
Icterus graysonii, adult male (p. 298)
jj. Smaller (wing less than 95, exposed culmen less than 20);
middle wing-coverts white; general color rich orange, rarely
orange-yellow. (Yucatan. )
Icterus auratus, adult male (p. 299)
hh. Middle wing-coverts bright lemon-yellow, like lesser coverts; con-
cealed bases of greater coverts black. (Jcterus xanthornus.)
i. Bill much shorter (culmen of male not more than 25.4, averaging
22.3). (Caribbean coast district of Colombia, Venezuela, and
Guiana; Trinidad; Isthmus of Panama?.)
Icterus xanthornus xanthornus, adult male and female (p. 300)
vi. Bill much longer (culmen 25.9-27.9, averaging 26.9). (Island
of Curacao, Caribbean Sea. )
Icterus xanthornus curasoensis, adult male and female (p. 303)
gg. Outer webs of greater wing-coverts entirely white.
h. Pileum, hindneck, back, and rump yellowish olive-green. (Island
of Jamaica, Greater Antilles. )
Icterus leucopteryx, adult male and female (p. 303)
hh. Pileum, hindneck, and rump yellowish.
i. Yellow of pileum, ete., very slightly, if at all, tinged with olive.
(Island of Grand Cayman, Greater Antilles. )
Icterus bairdi, adult male and female (p. 304)
ii. Yellow of pileum, etc., strongly tinged with olive. Island of St.
Andrews, Caribbean Sea. )
Icterus lawrencii, adult male and female (p. 305)
bb. Tail distinctly bicolored (black and yellow or black and orange, in sharply
contrasted areas).
c. Pileum and hindneck yellow. (Jcterus mesomelas. )
d. Longer innermost secondaries conspicuously edged with white; smaller
(wing averaging 90.4 in male, 86.6in female). (Southeastern Mexico to
Honduras. ).-Icterus mesomelas mesomelas, adult male and female (p. 305)
dd. Longer innermost secondaries without any white edgings; larger (wing
averaging 96.3 in male, 92.7 in female). (Nicaragua to Colombia. )
Icterus mesomelas salvinii, adult male and female ‘p. 307)
ce. Pileum (except, sometimes, forehead) and hindneck black.
d. Breast black; exposed culmen 20.8—24.6. (Mexican plateau and adjacent
portions of southwestern United States; Lower California. )
Icterus parisorum, adult male (p. 308)
dd. Breast orange or yellow; exposed culmen less than 20.8.
! Rarely, however. the color decidedly yellow.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERIOA. 261
e. Head entirely black; lateral rectrices orange or yellow with black sub-
basal space; outer webs of greater wing-coverts black basally. (Eastern
North America, south in winter to Colombia )
Icterus galbula, adult male (p. 310)
ee. Head partly yellow or orange; lateral rectrices orange or yellow with
black or dusky terminal space; outer webs of greater wing-coverts
wholly white.
f. Auricular region, rump, sides, and flanks orange or yellow. (Western
United States, south in winter over Mexican plateau. )
Icterus bullockii, adult male (p. 314)
ff. Auricular region, rump, sides, and flanks black. (Southern portion of
Mexican=plateaul)) vsc22 0 ee Icterus abeillei, adult male (p. 318)
aa. Tail neither entirely black nor distinctly bicolored (mostly plain olivaceous or
dusky ).
b. Throat black or dusky.
c. Larger (wing more than 78.7).
d. Wing 101.6 or more.
e. Pileum dull orange; greater wing-coverts narrowly edged with white ter-
malnablyss sce ee oe Icterus gularis and subspecies, immature (p. 284)
ce. Pileum olive-green; greater wing-coverts broadly edged with white for
terminal half or more. (Jamaica.) -Icterus leucopteryx, young (p. 304)
dd. Wing less than 101.6.
e. Under parts mostly orange or yellow.
J. Back without any black.
g. Pileum black or partly black.
h. Back and rump olive-green; rectrices edged with olive-green; pale
margins to greater wing-coverts and remiges narrower.
Icterus melanocephalus melanocephalus, immature (p. 281)
hh. Back and rump grayish (tinged with olive-green); rectrices edged
with grayish; pale margins to greater wing-coverts and remiges
broader ..-Icterus melanocephalus audubonii, immature (p. 282)
gg. Pileum yellowish, olive-greenish, or orange.
h. Scapulars yellowish olive-green.
i. Deeper olive-green aboye, brighter yellow below.
Icterus xanthornus xanthornus, immature (p. 301)
Paler, both above and below.
Icterus xanthornus eurasoensis, immature (p. 303)
hh. Scapulars grayish or dusky.
i. Pileum orange; back dull orange, tinged with olive-green.
Icterus auratus, immature (Addenda)
ii, Pileum olive-greenish; back dusky grayish or grayish olive-
green.
j- Pileum lighter, more yellowish, olive-green; under parts more
saffron yellow; tail longer (about 88.9).
Icterus cucullatus and subspecies, immature male (p. 288)
jj. Pileum darker olive-green; under parts more olive-yellow; tail
shorter (about 67.3) -Ieterus spurius, immature male (p. 275)
ff; Back with more or less of black.
g. Tail more than 78.7.
h. Pileum streaked with black or dusky; sides of head and neck
grayish: emt re Relea ee este Icterus parisorum,
immature male and (sometimes) adult female (p. 309)
hh, Pileum not streaked; sides of head and neck yellow or orange.
i. Wing-edgings white and grayish; middle wing-coverts white, or
mostly so; culmen very slightly curved.
962 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
j. Cheeks cadmium-orange or orange-red; smaller.
Icterus pustulatus, adult female and immature male (p. 296)
jj. Cheeks yellow; larger.
k. Back conspicuously (sometimes very broadly) streaked with
black; exposed culmen not more than 20.3.
Icterus sclateri, adult female and immature male (p. 297)
kk, Back narrowly and sparsely streaked (streaks sometimes
obsolete); exposed culmen about 24.1.
Icterus graysonii, adult female and immature male (p. 299)
vi. Wing-edgings pale yellowish; middle wing-coverts dull yellowish;
culmen strongly curved...-Icterus wagleri, immature (p. 267)
gg. Tail not more than 78.7.
h. Sides, flanks, and upper tail-coverts grayish.
Icterus abeillei, adult female and immature male (p. 318)
~ hh. Sides, flanks, and upper tail-coverts dull orange or yellowish.
i. Pileam without streaks or spots of black; back paler, grayer;
rump pale brownish gray.
Icterus bullockii, adult female (sometimes) and immature
male (p. 315)
vi. Pileum streaked or spotted with black (sometimes uniform black);
back darker, more olivaceous; rump fulvescent.
Icterus galbula, adult female and immature male (p. 311)
bb. Throat not black nor dusky.
c. Wing 78.7 or more.
d. Wing more than 101.6.
e. Breast yellowish, dull orange, or whitish.
f. Wings without white markings.
g. Pileum and back dull saffron yellowish; bill stouter.
Icterus giraudii, young (p. 293)
gg. Pileum and back olive-greenish or dull olive.
h. Pileum and back olive-greenish; under parts canary yellow; bill
straighter. -Icterus melanocephalus melanocephalus, young (p. 281)
hh. Pileum and back dull brownish olive; under parts dull naples yel-
low; bill more curved ......-.-- Icterus wagleri, young (p. 267)
Jf. Wings with distinct whitish markings.
g. Back dark grayish olive; middle wing-coverts dull light yellowish.
Icterus northropi, immature male and female (p. 266)
gg. Back lighter grayish olive, yellowish olive, or yellowish olive-green;
middle wing-coverts white or tipped with white.
h. Tail more than 81.3.
i. Back more or less distinctly streaked with dusky.
j. Sides of head yellowish gray; throat dull sulphur yellow or light
olivesyellow.2..-t2, eee ee Icterus parisorum,
adult female (usually) and immature male (p. 309)
jj. Sides of head and throat orange-yellowish or chrome yellow.
k. Larger, with broader and conspicuous dusky streaks on back.
Icterus sclateri, young (Addenda)
kk. Smaller, with narrower and inconspicuous streaks on black.
Icterus pustulatus, young (p. 296)
uv. Back without dusky streaks.
j. Back and scapulars grayish olive.
k. Breast duller (ochre) yellowish.
Icterus cucullatus cucullatus, adult female (p. 288)
kk. Breast clearer yellow.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 263
i. Breast dull lemon or gamboge yellow.
Icterus cucullatus sennetti, adult female (p. 289)
Icterus cucullatus nelsoni, adult female (p. 290)
Ul. Breast orange-yellow or cadmium yellow.
Icterus cucullatus igneus, adult female (p. 291)
jj. Back and scapulars olive-green.
k. Darker; bill smaller.
Icterus xanthornus xanthornus, young (p. 301)
kk. Paler; bill larger.
Icterus xanthornus curasoensis, young (p. 303)
hh. Tail not more than 81.3.
i. Auricular region dull orange or yellowish (rarely pinkish); an
orange, yellowish, or (rarely) pinkish superciliary stripe;
upper parts paler and grayer................. Icterus bullockii,
adult female (usually) and immature male (p. 315)
wv. Auricular region dull olive or dusky; no orange, yellowish, or
pinkish superciliary stripe; upper parts darker and browner.
Icterus galbula, adult female (sometimes) and immature
male (p. 311).
ee. Breast deep olive-greenish, deep wax-yellowish, or brownish.
jf. Breast brownish.
g. Greater wing-coverts edged with pale yellowish; middle wing-coverts
pale yellow; throat distinctly brownish.
Icterus dominicensis, young (p. 273)
gg. Greater wing-coverts edged with pale brownish; middle wing-coverts
light olive-greenish; throat yellowish.
Icterus portoricensis, young (p. 272)
ff. Breast deep yellowish olive, olive-greenish, or deep wax yellow.
g. Breast deep olive-greenish or yellowish olive; forehead dull brownish;
chin dusky; tail grayish olive ..-Icterus hypomelas, young (p. 271)
gg. Breast deep wax-yellowish, like rest of under parts; forehead similar,
but browner; tail yellowish olive. ..-Icterus oberi, young (p. 265)
ICTERUS ICTERUS (Linnzus).
TROUPIAL.
Adults (sexes alike). —Head, neck (except lower hindneck), chest, back,
seapulars, wings, and tail, black, the wings relieved by a broad white
stripe or longitudinal patch, involving the middle coverts, innermost
greater coverts, and broad edgings to innermost secondaries or tertials;
lesser wing-coverts, broad collar across lower hindneck and upper back,
sides of chest and under parts posterior to chest, rich orange yellow,
varying to lemon yellow or orange; bill black, with basal half of man-
dible bluish gray (pale grayish blue in life); iris light yellow or yel-
lowish white; legs and feet grayish dusky (bluish gray in life?); length
(skins), 228.6-264.2 (246.1); wing, 110.7-117.1 (115.1); tail, 94.5-107.2
(100.8); culmen, from base, 32.5-36.1 (34.5); depth of bill at base, a
12.7 (12.2); tarsus, 31.5-33.5 (32.3); middle toe, 22.4-94.6 (23.6).
Northeastern coast of South America, in Golomoin (Valle ie
‘Seven specimens, only two of them with sex determined.
264 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. '
ete., province Santa Marta), Venezuela (La Guayra; Carupano; Guan-
aguana; Margarita I.), Guiana?, and northeastern Brazil?, together
with outlying islands of Margarita, Trinidad, and Curacao. Intro-
duced into West Indian islands of St. Thomas, Porto Rico, and Jamaica. j
Said to have occurred at Charleston, South Carolina.
[Oriolus] icterus Linnmus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, i, 1766, 161 (based on Le Troupiale 3
vulgaire Daubenton, Pl. Enl., pl. 532).—GmMetin, Syst. Nat., 1, 1788, 384.—
Larxam, Index Orn., i, 1790, 176. |
Icterus icterus Ripaway, Proce. U. 8. Nat. Mus., viii, sig. 23, Sept. 2, 1885, 355.—
AMERICAN OrNiTHOLOGISTS’ Unton, Check List, 1886, no. 502.—Cory, Auk., e
iii, 1886, 219 (synonomy and descr.); Birds W. I., 1889, 106; Cat. W. I. c
Birds, 1892, 110, 146 (Porto Rico, Jamaica, and St. Thomas; said to be
introduced) .—Scorr (W. E. D.), Auk., x, 1898, 178 (apparently not now in
Jamaica).—Harrerr, Ibis, 1893, 297 (Aruba; crit.; song), 317 (Curacao;
crit. ).—Benpire, Life Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1895, 466.—Rosrnson, Flying
Trip to Tropics, 1895, 160 (Magdalena R., Colombia), 165 (Curacao); Proc.
U.S. Nat. Mus., xvili, 1896, 674 (Margarita I., Venezuela).—NEHRLING, Our
Native Birds, etc., ii, 1896, 266.
T{cterus] icterus Rripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 373. |
Icterus vulgaris Dauptn, Traité d’Orn., ii, 1800, 340 (based on Le Troupiale vul- 5 |
gaire Daubenton, Pl. Enl., pl. 532).—Aupuson, Birds Am., oct. ed., vii, 1844,
357, pl. 499 (Charleston, South Carolina).—Barrp, in Stansbury’s Rep. Gt.
Salt Lake, 1852, 332 (South Carolina); Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 542
La Guayra, Venezuela); Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 408).—ScuateEr, Cat.
Am. Birds, 1862, 133 (‘South America’’); Ibis, 1883, 369 (monogr.) ; Cat.
Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 382 (Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, and Valle
Dupar, prov. Santa Marta, Colombia; Cartipano, Venezuela).—Cassin,
Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1867, 46 (monogr.; Venezuela; Guiana; Rio Negro;
n. Brazil; Jamaica; southern U. S.).—ScuatTer and Savin, Proc. Zool. Soe.
Lond., 1868, 167 (Venezuela).—Finscn, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 578
(Trinidad ).—Bartrp, Brewer, and Rrpaway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ui, 1874, . Fy
184.—Gunp.uacu, Anal. Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat., vii, 1878, 209 (Porto Rico).— |
Satvin and Gopman, Ibis, 1879, 200 ( Valle Dupar, prov. Santa Marta, Colom-
bia, 706 ft.).—Ripaway, Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 265; Proc. U. 8. Nat.
Mus., vii, 1884, 172 (St. Thomas, Lesser Antilles).—Couvrs, Check List, 2d
ed., 1882, no. 323.—Hartert, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, no. iii, 1892, p. xii
(Curacao; Aruba).—Bertepscn, Journ. fiir Orn., 1892, 103 (Curacao).—
Puetps, Auk., xiv, 1897, 364 (Guanaguana, Venezuela).
[Icterus] vulgaris BonapartE, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 434.—ScLaTer and SALVIN,
Nom. Ay. Neotr, 1873, 36.—Cory, List Birds W. I., 1885, 13.
I{cterus] vulgaris Newton (A. and E.), Handb. Jamaica, 1881, 104.—Covgs, Key
N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 407.
Coracias xanthornus (not Oriolus xanthornus Linnezeus) Scopoit, Ann. Hist.-Nat.,
i, 1768, 39.
Agelaius longirostris Vre1ttot, Nouy. Dict. d’ Hist. Nat., xxxiv, 1819, 547 (Brazil;
Guiana).
P{endulinus] longirostris Virrutor, Ene. Méth., ii, 18238, 706.
[Icterus] longirostris BONAPARTE, Consp. Ay., 1, 1850, 435.
Icterus longirostris Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1867, 46 (monogr.; Carta-
gena, Colombia).
Icterus vulgaris sabsp.? Perers, Journ. fiir Orn., 1892, 114 (Curagao).
ek Se ytens +
_- wet eore aed
i EY
ee A et
bo
oe
or
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA.
ICTERUS OBERI Lawrence.
MONTSERRAT ORIOLE,
Adult male.—Head, neck, chest, back, scapulars, wings, and tail
uniform black; upper rump lemon yellow, tinged with ochre-yellow
or yellowish russet, the rest of rump ochre-yellow or yellowish russet
superficially, iemon yellow beneath the surface; the upper tail-coverts
deeper, more russet, with concealed bases light lemon or canary yel-
low; under parts (posterior to chest) mixed deep ochraceous, ochre-
yellow and canary yellow, the last on basal portion of the feathers,
but exposed in places, especially on sides; thighs clear yellow; under
wing-coverts light yellow; bill black, with basal portion of mandible
bluish gray (pale grayish blue in life’); legs and feet grayish dusky
(grayish blue in life?); length (skins), 213.4—218.4 (215.9); wing, 89.7-
89.9; tail, 95.8-97 (96.3); culmen, from base, 24.9-25.1; depth of bill
at base, 8.9-9.1; tarsus (one specimen), 25.4; middle toe, 16.3-17.3
(16.8)." .
Adult (?) female.’-—Ahove yellowish olive-green, duller and grayer
on back and scapulars, tinged with saffron yellowish on forehead;
wings grayish dusky with rather broad edgings of light olive; lores
grayish dusky; under parts wax yellow or gallstone yellow, tinged
with olive-green, especially on sides and flanks; length (skin), 199.4;
wing, 82; tail, 87.6; culmen, from base, 22.4; depth of bill at base,
8.6; tarsus, 24.1; middle toe, 15.7.*
Immature male (second year ¢).—Similar to the supposed adult female,
as described above, but back grayer, lores deep black, and wing-edgings
more buffy or cinnamomeous.
Island of Montserrat, Lesser Antilles.
Icterus oberi LAWRENCE, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., iii, sig. 22, Nov. 23, 1880, 351
(Montserrat, Lesser Antilles; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.).—Grispatp, Ibis, 1882,
487, pl. 18.—ScuareEr, Ibis, 1883, 362 (monogr.); Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi,
1886, 372.—Cory, Auk, iii, 1886, 218 (synonymy and description); Birds
W. I., 1889, 105; Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 15, 110, 132.
{Icterus] oberi Cory, List Birds W. I., 1885, 13.
ICTERUS MACULI-ALATUS Cassin.
BAR-WINGED ORIOLE.
Adults (sexes alike).—Head, neck, median portion of upper chest,
back, scapulars, wings (except lesser and middle coverts), and _ tail
black; outer web of greater wing-coverts tipped with white, forming
a band, and terminal half, or more, of longer primaries edged with
white; rest of plumage deep lemon or gamboge yellow, the under
1 Two specimens.
? Possibly the sexes are alike in this species, as in other West Indian forms.
* One specimen.
266 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
parts (especially the breast) and lesser wing-coverts more saffron yel-
low; bill black, with basal portion of mandible bluish gray (pale gray-
ish blue in life’); legs and feet grayish horn color (bluish gray in
life’); length (skin), 198.2; wing, 98.5; tail, 93.5; culmen, from base,
91.8; depth of bill at base, 9.1; tarsus, 23.9; middle toe, 15.7."
Pacific slope of Guatemala (Vera Paz; Aguna; Escuintla; Volcan de
Fuego; Volcan de Agua; San Pedro Marti).
Icterus maculi-alatus Cassrx, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., iii., 1847, 332 (‘‘ Vera
Cruz,”’ i. e., Vera Paz, Guatemala; coll. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.) ; Journ. Ac.
Nat. Sci., Phila., 2d ser., i, pt. ii, 1848, 187, pl. 16, fig. 1.—ScriateEr, Cat.
Am. Birds, 1862, 182 (Aguna and Escuintla, Guatemala); Ibis, 1883, 363
(monogr.) ; Cat. Birds, Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 373 (Volean de Fuego, Volcan
de Agua, San Pedro Martir, Escuintla, and Aguna, Guatemala. )—Satvin
and Scuater, Ibis, 1860, 398 (Volcan de Fuego).—(???) Duaks, La Natu-
raleza, i, 1868, 189 (Guanajuato, Mexico).—Satvix and Goopman, Biol.,
Jentr. Am. Aves, i, 1887, 467.
{Icterus] maculi-alatus SCLATER and Satvrn, Nom. Ay. Neotr, 1875, 36.
[ Pendulinus] maculi-alatus Bonaparts, Consp. Ay., i, 1850, 433 (‘‘ Mexico’’).
Pendulinus maculi-alatus Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 4 Apr., 1867, 56
(monogr.; Vera Paz).
ICTERUS NORTHROPI Allen.
NORTHROP’S ORIOLE,
Adult male.—Head, neck, upper chest, back, and scapulars uniform
deep black; whole rump, upper tail-coverts, lesser and middle wing-
coverts, and under parts, posterior to upper chest, lemon yellow, rather
paler on middle wing-coverts, especially the innermost; wings (except
middle and lesser coverts) and tail black, rather duller than that of
head, neck, ete.; bill black, with basal portion of mandible bluish
gray (pale grayish blue in life); legs and feet grayish dusky (grayish
blue in life?); length (skin), 213.4; wing, 99.1; tail, 89.4; culmen, from
base, 23.4; depth of bill at base, 8.6;. tarsus, 25.1; middle toe, 18.3.”
Adult female.—Similar to the adult male, but coloration rather
duller; the black less intense; interscapulars narrowly margined with
olive-grayish; greater wing-coverts narrowly tipped with pale gray-
ish, and-remiges narrowly edged with the same; yellow of rump tinged
with olive, the longer upper tail-coverts light yellowish olive with
~ dusky mesial streaks; length (skin), 199.7; wing, 92.2; tail, 91.4;
depth of bill at base, 8.6; tarsus, 25.4; middle toe, 18.*
Immature male and female (second year ?).—Pileum and hindneck dull
yellowish olive, more grayish posteriorly; back and scapulars rather
light grayish olive; rump light yellowish olive, the upper tail-coverts
darker and more grayish; lesser wing-coverts light yellowish olive;
middle coverts grayish dusky basally, broadly tipped with pale yel-
'One specimen, with sex undetermined.
?One specimen.
SOne specimen, with tip of maxilla broken off.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 267
lowish; rest of wings, and* tail, deep brownish gray or hair brown,
with paler edgings; under parts lemon yellow, shaded with olive
anteriorly and laterally; lores blackish. Older specimens are variously
intermediate between this plumage and the fully adult livery.
Bahamas (islands of Andros and Abaco.)
Icterus northropi ALLEN, Auk, vii, no. 4, Oct., 1890, 344 (Andros Island, Bahamas;
coll. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.).—NortHrop, Auk, viii, 1891, 71, pl. 1.—Cory,
Auk, viii, 1891, 350 (Abaco I., Bahamas); Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 15, 110, 127,
146 (Andros and Abaco islands).
ICTERUS WAGLERI Sclater.
WAGLER’S ORIOLE,
Adults (sewes alike).—Head, neck, chest, back, scapulars, wings
(except lesser and middle coverts), tail, and upper and under tail-
coverts uniform black; rest of plumage rich saffron or cadmium
yellow, more or less tinged with chestnut next to black of chest, where
the chestnut sometimes forms a distinct band; bill black, with basal
portion of mandible bluish gray (pale grayish blue in life?); iris dark
brown; legs and feet grayish dusky (bluish gray in life 4).*
Inmature (second year ?).—Pileum, hindneck, rump, upper. tail-
coverts, and lesser wing-coverts plain olivaceous saffron yellow; middle
wing-coverts similar at tips, the underlying portion blackish; back
and scapulars yellowish olive-green, narrowly streaked with dusky;
’ greater wing-coverts and secondaries dusky, edged with pale yellowish
gray (more broadly, the edgings more yellowish, on the former);
primaries dusky, narrowly edged with dull whitish; four middle rectrices
dusky; next pair dusky with outer web mostly olive, edged with saffron
yellowish; outermost rectrices dull saffron yellowish, dusky terminally;
lores, greater part of malar region, chin, throat, and median portion
of chest black; rest of under parts and sides of head (except as
described) rich saffron or Indian yellow.
Younger (first winter ?).—Similar, but without black on chest and
throat (which are yellow, like rest of under parts) and upper parts less
yellowish, the back, scapulars, and wing-edgings olive-gray (the two
former narrowly streaked with black), the pileum and_ hindneck
yellowish olive-gray, very indistinctly streaked with darker.
Young (first plumage).—Above plain rather light olive, slightly
browner on back and scapulars, more yellowish olive on head, neck,
lower rump, and upper tail-coverts; wings dusky with rather broad
olive-buffy edgings; six middle tail-feathers dusky, edged with light
yellowish olive, the lateral rectrices light olive on inner webs, their
outer webs yellowish olive; under parts entirely dull light yellow,
faintly shaded with olive across chest and along sides.
“Base of under mandible lead color; tarsi and toes dusky olive.”’? (P. L. Jouy,
manuscript. )
268 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Adult male.—Length (skins), 210.8-229.9 (222.8); wing, 97.8-113.8
(104.9); tail, 101.1-122.2 (108.2); culmen, from base, 23.4—-25.4 (24.6);
depth of bill at base, 8.1-9.1 (8.6); tarsus, 24.1-25.9 (24.9); middle toe,
17.5—20.3 (18.3).*
Adult female.—Length (skins), 194.3-223.5 (207); wing, 96.5-100.1
(98); tail, 79.5-104.4 (93.5); culmen, from base, 22.9-24.4 (23.6); depth
of bill at base, 8.1-8.4: tarsus, 23.4-25.1 (24.4); middle toe, 17.5-
See (18).? "
From northern Mexico, in states of Sonora (Oposura, Alamos),
Chihuahua (near Batopilas), Coahuila (Saltillo), and Nuevo Leon (Dos
Arroyos), southward over nearly the whole of Mexico (except Yucatan)
to Guatemala (Duefas; Calderas; Volcan de Fuego; San Gerénimo;
Hacienda Chancol, etc.).
Ps[arocolius]| flavigaster (not Pendulinus flavigaster Vieillot, 1816) WacuEr, Isis,
1829, 756 (Mexico).
Ieterus dominicensis (not Oriolus dominicensis Linnseus) Swarnson, Philos. Mag.,
n. s., 1, 1827, 486 (Temascaltepec, Mexico).
[ Pendulinus] dominicensis BONAPARTE, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 432.
Icterus wagleri Scuater, Proc. Zool. Soe. Lond., 1857, 7 (Mexico; coll. P. L.
Sclater), 1859, 3881 ( Villa Alta, Oaxaca); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 131 (Mexico),
Ibis, 1883, 362 (monogr.); Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 372 (Oaxaca;
Presidio, near Mazatlan; Duenas, Calderas, and Volcan de Fuego, Guate-
mala).—Bairp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 545 (Saltillo, Coahuila;
Guatemala); ed. 1860 (Birds N. Am.), atlas, pl. 61, fig. 2; Rep. U. S. and
Mex. Bound. Surv., ii, pt. 2, 1859, 19, pl. 19, fig. 2 (Saltillo, Coahuila); Cat.
N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 412.—Sciater and Satvin, Ibis, 1859, 20 (Duefas,
Guatemala).—Satvin, Ibis, 1859, 468 (Volcan de Fuego; descr. nest).—
Finscu, Abh. Nat. Ver. Brem. 1870, 3388 (Mazatlan).—Batrp, Brewer, and
Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 188, footnote, pl. 35, fig. 2.—Law-
RENCE, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., ii, 1874, 279 (Mazatlan; Guadalajara; Tepic;
habits; song).—Ripeway, Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 267.—Satyin, Cat.
Strickland Coll., 1882, 263 (Guatemala).—FERRARI-PEREZ, Proc. U.S. Nat.
Mus., ix, 1886, 150 (Tecali and Huehuetlan, Puebla, Jan., Feb.)—Jouy,
Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., xvi, 1893, 781 (Barranca Ibarra, Jalisco).—SALvin
and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1887, 466.
‘Nineteen specimens from Mexico.
* Four specimens from Mexico.
Specimens from eastern Mexico, western Mexico, and Guatemala average, respec-
rively, as follows:
Ex- Depth | teeny
Locality. Wing. | Tail. posed | of bill Tarsus. Middle
culmen,) at base. | <t
MALES.
Nine adult males from eastern Mexico........---- 106.4 110 24.9 8.4 | 25.4 18.3
Eleven adult males from western Mexico.......-. 103. 6 106.9 24.4 8.9 24.9 18.5
Three adult males from Guatemala............-.. 102.9 105. 2 23. 4 7.9 23.9 17.5
FEMALES.
Two adult females from eastern Mexico.........- 99.1 104.4 7.9 24.6 18
Two adult females from western Mexico........-. 96.8 87.9 23.1 8.1 24.1 17.8
Two adult females from Guatemala............... 92.5 97.5 22.6 8.1 23.9 17
ee see earn pie enna kale Se» tabi hem tapes Ns 92) Bao. epee
~ cds
2 4 are el
ere
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 269
[ Icterus] waglerit ScLaTER and Satvin, Nom. Am. Neotr., 1873, 36.
I[cterus] wagleri Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 375.
Icterus waglerii Sumicurast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., 1, 1869, 552 (hot region,
Vera Cruz).
Pendulinus wagleri Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1867, 55 (monogr.; Coa-
huila; Mazatlan; San Gerdnimo, Guatemala).
[Icterus dominicensis] var. waglero, Barrp, Brewer, and Rrpoaway, Hist. N. Am.
Birds, ii, 1874, 182.
Icterus wagleri castaneopectus Brewster, Auk, vy, Jan., 1888, 91 (Oposura, Sonora;
coll. W. Brewster).
ICTERUS PROSTHEMELAS (Strickland).
LESSON’S ORIOLE,
Similar to /. waglert but much smaller, black of chest extend-
ing over breast, and tail-coverts (both upper and lower) mostly
yellow."
Adults (sexes alike).—Head, neck, chest, upper breast (sometimes
whole breast:), back, scapulars, wings (except lesser and middle
coverts), and tail black; rest of plumage deep lemon yellow, the yel-
low of the breast more or less tinged or mixed with chestnut next to
edge of black pectoral area; longer tail-coverts usually more or less
mixed with black, sometimes wholly black; bill black, with basal por-
tion of mandible bluish gray (pale grayish blue in life’); legs and feet
grayish dusky or dark grayish horn color (bluish gray in life?)
Immature (second year ?).—Similar to adults, but back and scapulars
yellowish olive-green” (some of the feathers with concealed central
areas of black), the lower hindneck more yellowish olive-green, or
olive-yellow (whole hindneck and occiput sometimes of this color).
Young (first plumage).—Forehead (more or less broadly), orbital
region, auricular and malar regions (except sometimes posterior portion
of the former), chin, throat, and median portion of upper chest dull
black; rest of head and neck, together with back, scapulars, rump,
and upper tail-coverts, dull olive-yellow or light yellowish olive-green,
the back and scapulars more or less clouded or blotched with black;
wings and tail dull black, the lesser and middle wing-coverts tipped
with dull olive-yellow or light yellowish olive-green; under parts
(except throat, etc.) light yellow (dull canary yellow or straw yellow).
Adult male.—Length (skins), 180.3-207 (191.3); wing, 78.5-93.5
(86.6); tail, 84.6-100.8 (93.2); culmen, from base, 19.1-21.3 (20.6);
depth of bill at base, 7.1-8.1 (7.6); tarsus, 22.1-23.6 (22.9); middle
toe, 14.7-17.8 (16.3).*
Adult female.—Length (skins), 180.3-195.6 (190.8); wing, 80.3-85.1
(83.1); tail, 84.1-90.7 (87.6); culmen, from base, 19.6-21.6 (20.6);
1The longer coverts sometimes black or partly so, especially the upper coverts.
*Jn this plumage very closely resembling in coloration adults of J, melanocephalus,
3 Twenty-one specimens.
270 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. |
depth of bill at base, 7.9-8.6(8.1); tarsus, 22.1-23.9 (23.1); middle toe,
15.2-17.3 (16.5).}
Southeastern Mexico, in States of Guanajuato(?), Vera Cruz, (Cor-
dova, Jalapa), Oaxaca (Chihuitan, Tehuantepec, Totontepec, Santo
Domingo), and Chiapas, southward through Central America to the
Isthmus of Panama.
Xanthornus prosthemelas SrricKuaNnp, Jardine’s Contr. Orn., 1850, 120, pl. 62
(Guatemala; coll. H. Strickland).
Icterus prosthemelas Scuater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1856, 301 (Cordova, Vera
Cruz); 1857, 7 (crit. ); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 132 (‘‘Central America’’ ); Cat.
Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 373 (Corosaland Belize, British Honduras; Choc-
tum, Vera Paz, and sources Rio de la Pasion, Guatemala; San Pedro, Hon-
duras; Peje and Tucurriqui, Costa Rica).—ScLaTer and Satyr, Ibis, 1859,
20 (Guatemala); Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, 279 (Blewfields R., Nicaragua) ;
1870, 887 (San Pedro, Honduras).—Moorg, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1859, 58
(Comayagua, Honduras).—(?) Ducks La Naturaleza, i, 1868, 139 (Guanajuato,
Mexico).—LawreEncrk, Bull. U. 8. Nat. Mus., no. 4, 1876, 23 (Chihuitan,
Oaxaca).—Boucarp, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, 59 (Naranjo, Costa Rica ).—
ZELEDON, Cat. Aves de Costa Rica, 882, 9; An. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, i, 1887,
112 (Jiménez; Naranjo de Cartago).—Ripeway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., x,
1887, 580 (Truxillo, Honduras); x, 1888, 588 (Segovia R., Honduras).—Sat-
yin and GopMaAn, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, 1, 1887, 466.—Ricumonp, Proc.
U.S. Nat. Mus., xvi, 1893, 495 (Rio Escondido, Nicaragua).
[Icterus] prosthemelas SCLATER and Satvry, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1878, 36.
I | cterus] prosthemelas RipGway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 375.
Icterus dominicensis, var. prosthemelas Bairp, Brewer, and Ripaway, Hist. N.
Am. Birds, 1, 1874, 182.
‘Nine specimens.
Specimens from different localities average as. follows:
| Depth 5
Locality. Wing. | Tail. |Culmen.| of bill | Tarsus. addle
at base. as
MALES.
Two adult males from southeastern Mexico..-...--. 85.9 95 | 20.3 TA ee 16
Four adult males from Guatemala .......-----..-- 86.9 93.5 19.8 | 7.6 22.6 15.5
Seven adult males from Honduras ....-.....-...-- 88.9 96.8 | 20.8 | 7.6 Doak 15.7
Three adult males trom Nicaragua.........-----.-- 87.9 91.4 20.6 8.1 Dail 17.3
Three adult males from Costa Rica .......-.--..-- 84.3 89.7 20.6 7.6 22.9 16.8
Two adult males from Panama ..........--.-.---- Seen eeesond D0 S3i| Sener 23.1 16
FEMALES. |
One adult female from southeastern Mexico....-- 82 87.6 19; Sill ecc es eee 21.8 15.5
Two adult females from Honduras.......-...---- 2 82.3 88. 4 Dol 8.1 23.1 15.7
Three adult females from Nicaragua........-..--- 82 86.4 20.8 8.1 23.6 16.8
Three adult females from Costa Rica --..-- Poe |. 83.8 | 88.1 | 20.1 | 8.1 22.9 16.5.
Asa rule, specimens from Honduras and Nicaragua have more black on the under
parts, that of the anterior portions extending farther backward (sometimes covering
entire breast), the sides and flanks more or less clouded or otherwise marked (some-
times heavily) with black. The series is not complete enough, however, to show
whether there are constant differences.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 271
Pendulinus prosthemelas Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1867, 56 (monogr. ).—
Lawrence, Ann. Lye. N. Y., ix, 1868, 104 (Tucurriqui, Costa Rica).—
Franrzivs, Journ. fiir Orn., 1869, 302 (Costa Rica).
[ Pendulinus] lessoni Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, June 15, 1850, 432 (Mexico; based
on Troupiale noire & ventre jaune Lesson, Traité d’Orn., 1831, no. 7).
Pendulinus lessoni PucHeran, Rey. et Mag. de Zool., 1854, 66 (crit. ).
X [anthornus] lessoni CaBanis, Mus. Hein., i, Aug., 1851, 184 (Jalapa, Vera Cruz).
(2?) Icterus gualanensis UNDERWOOD, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, no. ly, June 30, 1898, p.
lix (Gualan, Guatemala).
ICTERUS HYPOMELAS (Bonaparte).
CUBAN ORIOLE,
Adults (sexes alike).—General color uniform black; lesser and mid-
dle wing-coverts, rump, and thighs, lemon yellow; under wing-coverts
and axillars slightly paler (canary) yellow; shorter under tail-coverts
and tips (more or less extensive) of longer under tail-coverts duller
(gallstone or saffron yellow); bill black, the mandible bluish gray (pale
grayish blue in lite) basally: legs and feet grayish dusky (bluish gray
in life?).
Immature (second year ?).—Head and neck dull olive-green becoming
more or less dusky on fore part of head, especially from lores to chin,
inclusive (whole throat, chin, malar region, and lores sometimes uni-
form black); back and scapulars dull grayish olive-green, the feathers
indistinctly darker centrally: rump more yellowish olive-green, more
yellow on lower portion; lesser wing-coverts yellowish olive-green;
middle coverts more yellowish, with a darker mesial streak; rest of
wings, and tail, grayish dusky with edgings of pale olive-grayish or
grayish buffy; under parts, except chin (and sometimes throat) plain
olive-green, duller anteriorly, brighter or more yellowish posteriorly.
[Older specimens variously intermediate in coloration between this
plumage and the fully adult livery. | :
Adult male.—Length (skins), 186.7-198.1 (190.8); wing, 94.2-96:
(95.3); tail, 84.3-91.9 (88.6); culmen, from base, 20.3-22.4 (21.6);
depth of bill at base, 8.1-9.1 (8.4); tarsus, 23.9-24.4 (24.1); middle:
toe, 15-17.3 (16.8).’
Adult female.—Length (skins), 176.5-198.1 (186.7); wing, 89.4-94.7
(91.9); tail, 81.3-92.7 (86.9); culmen, from base, 21.1-22.1 (21.6);
depth of bill at base, 8.1-8.4 (8.1); tarsus, 22.9-24.4 (23.6); middle
toe, 16-17.5 (16.8).
Island of Cuba, Greater Antilles.
Icterus dominicensis (not Oriolus dominicensis Linneeus) Vicors, Zool. Journ., iii,
1828, 441 (Cuba).—Lawrencr, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., vii, 1860, 268 (Cuba;
crit. ).—ALBRECHT, Journ. ftir Orn., 1861, 212 (Cuba).—Scuarer, Cat. Am.
Birds, 1862, 131, part (Cuba).
‘Seven specimens.
272, BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Xanthornus dominicensis D’OrsiaNy, in La Sagra’s Hist. Nat. Cuba, Ois., 1839,
115, pl. 19 bis.—Gunpuiacn, Journ. Bost. Soc. N. H., vi, 1852, 318 (Cuba).—
CaBaNnis, Journ. fiir Orn., 1856, 10.—Brewer, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., vii,
1860, 307 (Cuba).
Icterus virescens (not of Daudin, 1800) Vicors, Zool. Journ., iii, Dee., 1827, 441
(near Havana, Cuba; coll. Zool. Soc. Lond.) .
(2?) Ps[arocolius] melanopsis WAGLER, Isis, 1829, 759 (no locality).
[ Pendulinus] hypomelas Bonararte, Consp. Ay., i, 1850, 483 (Cuba; ‘‘Mexico;”’
ex Icterus hypomelas Du Bus, manuscript).
Pendulinus hypomelas Casstx, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1867, 59 (monogr.).
Xanthornus hypomelas GuNpLAcH, Repert. Fisico-Nat. Cuba, i, 1866, 287; Journ.
fiir Orn., 1874, 128.
Icterus hypomelas Scuater, Ibis, 1883, 360 (monogr.); Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi,
1886, 370 (San Cristobal, Cuba).—Cory, Auk, iii, 1886, 215 (synonymy and
diagnosis); Birds W. I., 1889, 102; Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 14, 110, 129 (Cuba; Isle
of Pines).—CHapMaN, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., iv, 1892, 305 (habits, ete.; crit. ).
[Icterus] hypomelas SCLATER and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 36.—Cory, List
Birds W. I., 1885, 13.
Icterus dominicensis, var. hypomelas Bryant, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xi, 1866, 254,
footnote (crit. ).—Barrp, Brewer, and Rrpaway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874,
182, footnote.
ICTERUS PORTORICENSIS (Bryant).
PORTO RICAN ORIOLE,
Adults (sexes alike).—Similar to 1. dominicensis, but bill decidedly
larger and relatively stouter, upper rump black, flanks black, and tail-
coverts (especially the upper) partly black; similar also to /. Aypomelas,
but upper rump black, under tail-coverts mostly yellow, and lower part
of abdomen yellow, the bill also much longer, middle toe longer, and
tarsus shorter.
Immature (second year ?).—Very different from corresponding stage
of 1. hypomelas. Head and neck (except pileum and hindneck) gall-
stone or saffron yellow, brightest or clearest on malar region, chin, and
throat, more or less tinged with russet on lower throat, auricular
region, and lores; chest and breast dull gallstone yellow or light raw
sienna, passing into a more buffy olive hue on sides and flanks, the
under tail-coverts light yellowish olive or olive-yellow; pileum and
hindneck cinnamon-brownish, becoming more yellowish on forehead;
back and scapulars uniform light grayish brown; rump and upper tail-
coverts yellowish olive; lesser and middle wing-coverts dull olive-
yellowish or light yellowish olive; rest of wings deep hair brown with
paler edgings; edge of wing clear yellow; tail olive or olive-greenish.
Young (jirst yoar).—Similar to the preceding, but coloration duller
and wing-edgings more buffy.
Adult male.—Length (skins), 194.3-203.2 (197.9); wing, 88.9-96.8
(94); tail, 84.1-89.2 (86.9); culmen, from base, 23.4-25.7 (24.6); depth
of bill at base, 8.9-9.7 (9.1); tarsus, 22.9-23.1 (23.1); middle toe
173218 (17-8):
1 Five specimens.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. WW
Adult female.—Length (skins), 199.7-209.6 (205); wing, 90.2-93.5
(91.7); tail, 79.8-86.4 (83.1); culmen, from base, 24.4-25.1 (24.6);
depth of bill at base (one specimen), 8.1; tarsus, 23.1-23.4; middle toe,
18-19.1 (18.5).?
Island of Porto Rico, Greater Antilles.
Icterus dominicensis (not Oriolus dominicensis Linnzeus) Taytor, Ibis, 1864, 167
(Porto Rico).
Icterus dominicensis var. portoricensis Bryant, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., x, 1866, 254
(Porto Rico).—Sunprvauu, Ofv. k. Vet.-Ak. Forh. Stockh., 1869, 597.—
Bairp, Brewer, and Rirpaway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 182, footnote.
Pendulinus portoricensis Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1867, 58 (monogr. ).
Icterus portoricensis SCLATER, Ibis, 1883, 361 (monogr.); Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi,
1886, 371 (n. side Porto Rico).—Cory, Auk, iii, 1886, 217 (synonymy and
diagnosis); Birds W. I., 1889, 104 (do.); Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 15, 110, 1382
(Porto Rico).
[Icterus] portoricensis ScLaATER and Sautyin, Nom. Avy. Neotr., 1873, 36.—Cory,
List Birds W. I., 1885, 13.
Xanthornus portoricensis GuNpLAcH, Anal. Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat., vii, 1878, 210
(Porto Rico) .
ICTERUS DOMINICENSIS (Linnezus).
HAITIAN ORIOLE,
Adults (sexes alike).—Similar to /. hypomelas, but upper and under
tail-coverts wholly yellow and flanks more or less yellow; bill longer
and more slender.
Young (first plumage).—Head and neck brown, becoming grayer
on chin and throat; back and scapulars more grayish (broccoli) brown;
lower rump light dull buffy yellowish, gradually shading into color of
back; lesser and middle wing-coverts light yellow, the former tinged
with brownish; greater coverts dusky, broadly edged with pale yel-
low; rest of wings grayish dusky with pale edgings, these nearly white
on terminal portion of longer primaries; tail olive with lighter, more
vellowish olive, edgings; under parts canary yellow posteriorly, shading
into wood brownish on breast, ete.
Adult male.—Length (skins), 185.4-207 (196.3); wing, 91.4-99.1
(96.8); tail, 82-90.9 (87.6); culmen, from base, 21.8—24.4 (23.1); depth
of bill at base, 7.6—-8.4 (7. 9); tarsus, 23.4-24.9 (24.1); middle toe, 15.7-
19.3 (17.8).
Adult female.—Length (skin), 194.3; wing, 91.9; tail, 84.1; culmen,
from base, 22.1; tarsus, 24.1; middle toe, 18.3.°
Island of Haiti, Greater Antilles.
[Oriolus] dominicensis Linn.xus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, i, 1766, 163 (based on Carouge
de St. Domingue Daubenton, Pl. Enl., pl. 5, fig. 2).—Gme in, Syst. Nat., i,
pt. i, 1788, 391.—LarHam, Index Orn., i, 1790, 182.
1 Two specimens.
* Five specimens, three of them not sexed, but probably males.
*One specimen.
3654—VoL 2—01 18
274 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Icterus dominicensis Dauvin, Traité d’Orn., 1i, 1800, 335.—Temninck, Cat. Syst. ,1807,
48.—Sauub, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1857, 232 (Santo Domingo).—Sciarer,
Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 131, part (Santo Domingo); Ibis, 1883, 361 (monogr. );
Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 371 (Puerto Plata, Santo Domingo; Haiti) .—
Bryant, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xi, 1866, 94 (Haiti; Santo Domingo).—Cory,
Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vi, 1881, 152 (Haiti); Birds Haiti and San Dom., 1885,
71, pl. (12); Auk, iii, 1886, 216 (synonymy and diagonsis); Birds W. I., 1889,
103 (do.); Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 14, 110, 131 (Haiti; Santo Domingo).—
Tristram, Ibis, 1884, 168 (Samana, Santo Domingod).—CHeErRrm, Contr. Orn.
San Domingo, 1896, 16.
[Icterus] dominicensis SctaTER and Satyiy, Nom. Ay. Neotr., 1873, 36.—Cory,
List Birds W. I., 1885, 13.
Xanthornus dominicensis CABANIS, Journ. fiir Orn., 1856, 10.
[ Pendulinus] dominicensis BONAPARTE, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 432.
Pendulinus dominicensis Cassux, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1867, 58 (monogr.;
Port au Prince, Haiti).
Icterus dominicensis, var. dominicensis BarrD, BrEwErR, and Ripaway, Hist. N. Am.
Birds, ii, 1874, 182, footnote.
Pendulinus flavigaster Virittor Nouy. Dict. d’ Hist. Nat., v. 1816, 317 (= Oriolus
dominicensis Linnzeus).
P[endulinus] flavigaster Vietiuot, Enc. Méth., ti, 1823, 705.
ICTERUS LAUDABILIS Sclater.
SANTA LUCIA ORIOLE.
Adults (sexes alike).—General color uniform deep black; lesser and
middle wing-coverts, whole rump, upper tail-coverts, flanks, lower
abdomen, anal region, and under tail-coverts, cadmium yellow varying
to cadmium orange;' under wing-coverts pale yellow, deepening into
brighter yellow or orange along edge of wing; bill black, with basal
portion of mandible bluish gray (pale grayish blue in life?); legs and
feet dusky gray (grayish blue in life’).
Immature (transition plumage).—Head, neck, breast, back, scapulars,
greater wing-coverts, and a few of the rectrices black, the feathers of
the breast tipped with chestnut, and the hindneck tinged with the
same; rump and upper tail-coverts deep ocher-yellow, tinged with
olive; under parts (posterior to breast) deep ocher-yellowish; lesser and
middle wing-coverts light ocher-yellow blotched with black; remiges
grayish dusky edged with pale grayish brown; most of rectrices olive.
Adult male.—Length (skins), 188-201.9 (194.8); wing, 91.9-100.6
(96.3); tail, 90.9-95 (93); culmen, from base, 23.6-25.9 (24.6); tarsus,
24.9-25.4 (25.1); 16-17.3 (16.5).?
Island of Santa Lucia, Lesser Antilles.
‘Some specimens have a greater or less admixture of chestnut at the line of junc-
tion of the black and yellow (or orange) of under parts.
2 Two specimens, the only ones that are sexed in a series of six. The extreme and
average measurements of this series are as follows: Length (skins), 188—205.7 (197.9) ;
wing, 88.4-102.9 (96.5); tail, 84.3-101.6 (93.5); culmen, from base, 23.6-26.2 (24.6);
depth of bill at base (one specimen), 9.4; tarsus, 24.4-25.9 (25.1); middle toe,
15.7-19.1 (17).
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 25
Icterus laudabilis ScuaTER, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1871, 270, pl. 21 (Santa Lucia,
Lesser Antilles; coll. P. L. Selater); 1872, 649; 1889, 395; Ibis, 1883, 361
(monogr.); Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 372.—ALLEN, Bull. Nutt. Orn.
Club, v, 1880, 166.—Cory, Auk, iii, 1886, 217 (synonymy and diagnosis) ;
Birds W. I.,- 1889, 104; Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 15, 110, 135.—Ripaway,
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xii, 1890, 130.
[Icterus] laudabilis Scrarer and Sarvin, Nom. Ay. Neotr., 1873, 36.—Cory, List
Birds W. I., 1885, 13.
ICTERUS SPURIUS (Linnzus).
ORCHARD ORIOLE,
Adult male in spring and summer.—Head, neck, median portion of
upper chest, back, and scapulars, uniform black; wings (except lesser
and middle coverts) black, with narrow whitish edgings; tail black,
the extreme base abruptly yellowish; rump, upper tail-coverts, lesser
and middle wing-coverts, and under parts of body (including under
wing-coverts) uniform rich chestnut, often deepening into bay on
breast, etc., the rump and upper tail-coverts inclining to burnt sienna;
bill black with basal half of mandible bluish (pale grayish blue or
bluish white in life); iris brown; legs and feet dusky horn color in
dried skins.
Adult male in autumn and winter.—Similar to the spring and sum-
mer plumage, but scapulars and interscapulars (sometimes feathers of
head and neck also) margined with buffy grayish, light olive, or chest-
nut, and those of the chestnut under parts (sometimes) indistinetly
tipped or margined with yellowish.
Adult female in spring and summer.—Above yellowish olive-green,
becoming lighter and more yellowish on upper tail-coverts and tail, the
back duller, with feathers indistinctly darker centrally; under parts
dull canary yellow, tinged with olive on sides and flanks; wings dusky,
all the feathers margined with light olive-grayish (these edgings
approaching white on longer primaries), the middle and greater cov-
erts broadly tipped with dull whitish, forming two bands.
Male in second year.—Similar to adult female, but lores, anterior
portion of malar region, chin, and throat black.?
Young (both sexes) in first plumage.—Similar to the adult female,
but lighter wing-markings tinged with buff.
Adult male.—Length (skins), 147.3-165.1 (157.7); wing, 73.9-82.6
(78.2); tail, 63.5-74.9 (69.1); exposed culmen, 15-17.5 (16.3); depth of
bill at base. 6.6-7.9 (7.6); tarsus, 20.6-22.9 (21.6); middle toe, 13-16.5
(15).? 7
Adult female.—Length (skins), 149.9-160 (154.4); wing, 68.6—77.5
eee st See ee ee TENTS A SS et ee
"Breeds in this plumage. Males more than one year old, but not yet fully adult, are
variously intermediate between this black-throated yellow plumage and the fully
adult livery as described above.
? Thirty specimens.
276 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
(73.2); tail, 63.5-73.7 (66.5); exposed culmen, 15.2-17.3 (15.7); depth
of bill at base, 6.6-7.6 (7.4); tarsus, 20.6-23.1 (21.6); middle toe,
13.2-15.5 (14.5).
Eastern United States and whole of Mexico; breeding from the Gulf
coast (northern Florida to southern Texas) north to Connecticut, south-
ern New York, southern Ontario (Hamilton, London, Dunnville),
southern Michigan (south of 43°), southern Wisconsin, centra! Minne-
gota, and southern North Dakota, but occurring irregularly or casu-
ally as far north as southern New Brunswick, Maine (Androscoggin,
Knox, and Washington counties), and Vermont (Middlebury); west to
across the Great Plains; south in winter over whole of Mexico and
Central America to northern Colombia (Cartagena, Rio Atrato); Cuba.
(Southern limit of breeding range unknown, but probably extending
over part of Mexico, possibly to Guatemala. )’
[Oriolus] spurius Linnxus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, i, 1766, 162 (based on Icterus minor
Catesby, Carolina, i, 49; Icterus minor spurius Brisson) .—GMELIN, Syst. Nat.,
i, pt. i, 1788, 389.—Larnam, Index Orn., i, 1790, 180.
Icterus spurius TeMMINCK, Cat. Syst., 1807, 47.-—BonaParTE, Journ. Ac, Nat. Sci.
Phila., iii, 1823, 368; Ann. Lye. N. Y., ii, 1828, 51; Geog. and Comp. List,
1838, 29.—Nurratt, Man. Or. U. S. and Can., i, 1832, 165.—AUDUBON,
Orn. Biog., i, 1831, 221, pl. 42; v. 1839, 485; Synopsis, 1839, 144; Birds Am.,
oct. ed., iv, 1842, 46, pl. 219.—Griravp, Birds Long I., 1844, 144.—Bairp,
Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 547; Rep. U. S. and Mex. Bound. Surv.,
ii, pt. 2, 1859, 19 (w. Texas); Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 414.—ScLaTEr,
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1856, 301 (Cordova, Vera Cruz); 1859, 365 (Jalapa,
Vera Cruz), 380 (Oaxaca, Mar.); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 130 (Pennsylvania) ;
Ibis, 1883, 357 (monogr.); Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 366 (Jalapa, Vera
1 Nine specimens.
Dividing the collection of breeding birds, or those obtained during the months of
April to first half of August, inclusive, into five series, representing, respectively, the
Atlantic coast States, southern Florida, the Mississippi Valley, southern Texas, and
various parts of Mexico, their average measurements are found to be as follows:
Ex- Depth
Locality. | Wing.| Tail. | posed .} of bill | ‘Tarsus. | Middle
culmen.,| at base. :
MALES.
Seven adult males from Atlantic States.....-.-..- 79.2 68.8 16.3 7.6 21.8 15
Seven adult males from Mississippi Valley-..-...--- ae7ear7 69.9 16.5 7.9 21.8 14.7
Seven adult males from southern Texas ..-.-..----- | 76.2 66.3 15.5 Rodel) eld 15
Seven adult males from Mexico ........---------- | Bey 70.6 15.5 Teel, e2leG 1527
Two adult males from southern Florida ....-.-..- 78.5 70.1 16.8 7.6 aos 15
FEMALES.
Two adult females from Atlantic States....--.----| 75.9 67.3 16.3 7.6 22.6 | 15.2
One adult female from Kansas...--.-------------- | 70.6 | 66.8 15.5 ial 21.6 15.7
Three adult females from southern Texas .-.-.-.--- Tod: 64.8 15.2 WG 20.6 13.7
Three adult females from Mexico...-.----.--------- | 74,2 67.8 15.7 7.4 21.6 | 14.5
|
” Among Mexican specimens in the collection of the Biological Survey are one from
Lagos, Jalisco, taken in June, one from Santa Efigenia, Oaxaca, taken in July, and one
from Catemaco, Vera Cruz, taken in May.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. DG
Cruz; Presidio, near Mazatlan; Belize, British Honduras; Duefias, Cahabon,
Retalhuleu, sources Rio de la Pasion, and Coban, Guatemala; Cozumel I.,
Yucatan; San Pedro, Honduras; Irazi distr., Costa Rica; Lion Hill and
Panama, Panama R. R.).—Lawrence, Ann. Lye. N. Y., vii, 1861, 331 (Lion
Hill, Panama R. R.); viii, 1865, 177 (David, Chiriqui) ; viii, 1866, 289 (vie.
New York City).—KeEnnery, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., x, pt. vi, 1859, 31
(San Antonio, Texas).—VeErRILL, Proc. Essex Inst., iii, 1862, 157 (s. Tt
rare).—SciaTeR and Savin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, 353 (Lion Hill,
Panama R. R.); 1870, 887 (San Pedro, Honduras).—Dresser, Ibis, 1865,
493 (San Antonio, Texas, breeding).—McIiwrarrn, Proc. Essex Inst., v,
1866, 90 (Hamilton, Ontario, casual).—Gunp acu, Repert. Fisico-Nat. Cuba,
i, 1866, 286; Journ. fiir Orn., 1874, 127 (Cuba); Orn. Cub., 1893, 114.—Sat-
vin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, 142 (David, Chiriqui).—Burcuer, Proce.
Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1868, 150 (Laredo, Texas, June, Aug. ).—Sumicurast,
Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., i, 1869, 553 (Vera Cruz).—Trrppr, Proc. Bost. Soc.
N. H., 1872, 239 (lowa, breeding).—AL.En, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., iii, 1872,
138 days (Fort Hays, w. Kansas, breeding), 150 (Denver, Colorado, summer),
178 (Kansas; Colorado); Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xvii, 1874, 60 (second crossing
Heart R., e. Montana, July ).—Covss, Check List, 1873, no. 215; 2d ed., 1882,
no. 324; Birds N. W., 1874, 192; Bull. U.S. Geol. and Geog. Sury. Terr., iv,
1878, 604 (Pembina, North Dakota, 1 spec., June 6).—Ripeway, Bull. Essex
Inst., v, 1873, 184 (Colorado); Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 270; Orn. Illi-
nois, i, 1889, 320.—Snow, Birds Kansas, 1873, 8.—Barrp, Brewer, and Rrpe-
way, Hist. N. Am. Birde: li, 1874, 190, pl. 34, figs. 4, 5, 6.—Maynarp, Amer.
Sportsman, iv, 1874, 155 (Ipswich, Massachusetts, casual; West Meriden,
Connecticut, breeding); Birds E. N. Am., 1881, 144.—Grwnrry, Proc. Ac. Nat.
Sci. Phila., 1874, 99 (habits).—Mernan, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1874, 84
(habits).—Brewer, Proc. Bost. Pete. N. H., xvii, 1875, 442 (s. New England,
breeding).—Brewsrer, Ann. Lye. N. Y., xi, 1875, 141 (Ritchie Co., West
Virginia; habits; song).—Merrrram, ee. Conn. Acad., iv, 1877, 46 (Con-
necticut, breeding ).—McCautry, Bull. U.S. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr., iii,
1877, 668 (n. Texas and Indian Terr., breeding).—Srnnert, Bull. U.S. Geol.
and Geog. Surv. Terr., iv, 1878, 25 (Hidalgo, s. Texas, breeding).—Ratn-
BUN, Rev. List Birds, Centr. N. Y., 1879, 21 (summer resid.).—McCueEsney,
Bull. U. 8. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr., v, 1879, 79 (Fort Sisseton, South
Dakota, breeding).—Grsprs, Bull. U. S. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr., v, 1879,
488 (Michigan, breeding s. of 43°).—Brown (N. C.), Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club,
ll, 1882, 40 (Boerne, Kendall Co., w. Texas, 1 spec., Apr. ).—ZELEDON, Cat.
Aves de Costa Rica, 1882, 10; oe Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, i, 1887, 12 ( Alajuela;
Cartago).—Nurrina, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vi, 1883, 392 (Ometepe, Nicara-
gua).—Knowurton, Auk, i, fue 390 (Middlebury, Vermont, 2 specs., June
1, 1883).—Bicknett, Auk, ii, 1885, 251 (Riverdale, s. e. New York; song).—
AcersporG, Auk, ii, 1885, 282 (s. e. South Dakota, breeding).—Cory, Auk,
li, 1886, 218; Birds W. I., 1889, 105; Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 110 (Cuba) .—
AMERICAN poets ’ Union, Check List, 1886, no. 506.—FERRARI-
Prrez, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., ix, 1886, 150 (Huexotitla and Chietia, Puebla,
eal Bull. Breas Soc. N. H., no. 2, 1886, 29 (Franklin Co.,
Indiana, common summer resid. ).—Satvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am.,
Aves, i, 1887, 464.—Hancocx, Bull. Ridgw. Orn. Club, no. 2, 1887, 18
(Corpus Christi, Texas, breeding).—Broprr, Auk, y, 1888, 211 (Toronto,
Ontario, May 13).—Kryrs and Wiuiams, Trans. Davenp. Ac. Sci., v,
1888 (Des Moines, Iowa, breeding).—Cooxr, Birds Migr. Miss. Val.,
1888, 168-170 (localities, dates, etc.); Birds Colorado, 1897, 94 (Denver, 1
spec. ); Bull. Col. Agric. Coll., no. 44, 1898, 164 (Beaver Creek Valley, Fre-
278 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
mont Co., 3 specs., May, 1875).—Cuerrrie, Auk, vii, 1890, 334 (San José,
Costa Rica, July 31 to Mar. 2); ix, 1892, 250 (do.); Expl. Zool. Costa Rica,
1893, 30 (Buenos Aires, s. w. Costa Rica).—THompson, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus.,
xiii, 1891, 580 (Pembina, North Dakota).—Smirx (R. W.), Journ. Cine. Soc.
N. H., 1891, 119 (Warren Co., s. w. Ohio, breeding).—Goss, Birds Kansas,
1891, 402 (whole State, breeding).—Arrwarer, Auk, ix, 1892, 280 (San
Antonio, Texas, breeding).—Harcu, Birds Minnesota, 1892, 280 (summer
resid.).—McIuwrairu, Birds Ontario, 1892, 285 (London, Dunnville, and
Hamilton, breeding).—RicuMmonp, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., xvi, 1893, 496 (Rio
Escondido, Nicaragua, Aug. 20 to Feb. 23).—Srneauey, Rep. Geol. Sury. Texas,
1894, 372 (Hidaigo; Corpus Christi).—Wayner, Auk, ii, 1895, 365 (Wacissa
R., n. w. Florida, breeding).—Utrey and Wa.uacer, Proc. Indiana Acad.
Sci. 1895, 153 (Wabash, n. Indiana, common summer resid. ).—BrEnpire, Life
Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1895, 479, pl. 7, figs. 3-5 (eggs).—NEHRLING, Our
Native Birds, ete., ii, 1896, 280, pl. 30, fig. 4-—OBrrHotserR, Bull. Ohio
Agric. Exp. Sta., tech. ser., i, no. 4, 1896, 303 (Wayne Co., n. e. Ohio, sum-
mer resid. ).—BurTLer, Birds Indiana, 1897, 898 (whole State).—Knicut,
Bull. Univ. Maine, no. 3, 1897, 88 (Androscoggin, Knox, and Washington
counties, Maine, accidental).—Posson, Auk, xvi, 1899, 195 (Orleans Co.,
New York, several records).—Samuet, Auk, xvii, 1900, 391, 392 (Toronto,
Ontario, breeding).—Bryer, Proc. Louis. Soc. Nat. for 1897-1899 (1900), 105
(Louisiana, breeding).
[ Icterus] spurius Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 158.—ScuaTer and SALvyIn,
Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 36.—Cory, List Birds W. I., 1885, 13.
I [cterus] spurius Netson, Bull. Essex Inst., viii, 1876, 111 (n. e. Illinois, com-
mon summer resid. ).—Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 407.—Ripe-
way, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 376.
[ Yphantes] spurius Bonaparts, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 432.
X [anthornus] spurius CaBants, Mus. Hein., 1, Aug., 1851, 184.
Xanthornus spurius Capants, Journ. fiir Orn., 1861, 8 (Costa Rica).—LAWRENCE,
Ann. Lye. N. Y., ix, 1868, 104 (San José, Costa Rica).—Franrzius, Journ.
fiir Orn., 1869, 303 (Costa Rica).
Pendulinus spurius Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., Apr., 1867, 61 (monogr.).
[ Icterus spurius] a. spurius Cours, Birds N. W., 1874, 192 (in synonymy).
[ Oriolus] varius GMELIN, Syst. Nat., i, 1788, 390 (based on Carouge, de Cayenne,
Daubenton, Pl. Enl., 607, fig. 1).
X[anthornus] varius Gray, Gen. Birds, ii, 1844, 344.
Xanthornus varius Woopnousk, Rep. Sitgreaves’ Expl. Zui and Col. R., 1853,
79 (Indian Territory.).—Haymonp, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1856, 291
(Franklin Co., Indiana).
Icterus varius Daupin, Traité d’Orn., 1800, 334.
Tcterus varius jay., Licurenstern, Preis-Verz. Mex. Vég., 1830, 1 (Mexico) ;
Journ. ftir Orn., 1863, 56.
(?) [Oriolus] capensis GMELIN, Syst. Nat., i, pt. i, 1788, 392 (based on Xanthornus
capitis bone esperance Brisson, Orn., ii, p. 128).
[ Turdus] ater GmEtin, Syst. Nat., i, 1788, 830 (based on Merle a gorge noir, de St.
Domingue, Daubenton, Pl. Enl., pl. 559, = immature male).
[Oriolus] castaneus LatHam, Index Orn., i, 1790, 181 (same basis as O. varius
Gmelin).—SHaw, Gen. Zool., vii, 1809, 427.
Icterus castaneus DAupiIn, Traité d’Orn., 1800, 353.
Ps[arocolius] castaneus WaAGiER, Syst. Avy., 1827, Psarocolius, sp. 18 (= Oriolus
spurius Gmelin, ete.).
[Turdus] jugularis LataHam, Index Orn., i, 1790, 361 (same basis as 7. ater
Gmelin).
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 2
P[endulinus] solitaris VYEILLoT, Ene. Méth., ii, 1823, 705 (based on Bastard Oriole
Catesby, Nat. Hist. Carolina).
Pendulinus viridis Vrettiot, Nouv. Dict. d’ Hist. Nat., v, 1816, 301.
Pendulinus nigricollis Virriuot, Nouv. Dict. d’ Hist. Nat., v, 1816, 318.
Oriolus mutatus Witson, Am. Orn., i, 1808, 64, pl. 4, figs. 1-4.
Xanthornus affinis Lawrence, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., v, 1852, 113 (Rio Grande,
Texas; coll. G. N. Lawrence).—WoopHovsE, Rep. Sitgreaves’ Expl. Zuni
and Col. R., 1853, 79 (Texas).—Barrp, in Stansbury’s Rep. Gt. Salt Lake,
1853, 332 (Rio Grande).—Kennerty, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., iv, pt. vi,
1857, 10 (75 m. w. of Albuquerque, New Mexico).—HEERMANN, Rep. Pacific
R. R. Surv., x, no. 1, 1859, 17 (San Antonio, Texas, breeding ).—CassIn,
Proce. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1860, 140 (Rio Atrato, Colombia).
Teterus afinis Scuarer and Satyrn, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1859, 20 (Guate-
mala).—Saxvin and Scrater, Ibis, 1860, 34 (Duefias and Coban, Guatemala,
July, numerous!).—ScLATER, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 130 (Jalapa) ; Proe. Zool.
Soe. Lond., 1864, 175 (Valley of Mexico).
Bananivorus affinis ScuateR, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1856, 301 (Cordova, Vera
Cruz); 1859, 365 (Jalapa, Vera Cruz).
Pendulinus affinis Casstx, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., Apr., 1867, 61 (monogr. ).
[Icterus spurius] Var. affinis Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 158.
Teterus spurius . . . var. affinis Cours, Check List, 18738, no. 215a.
Tcterus spurius var. affinis Lawrence, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., no. 4, 1876, 24
(Chihuitan, Santa Efigenia, and Tehuantepec City, Oaxaca); Mem. Bost.
Soe. N. H., ii, 1874, 279 (Mazatlan; plains of Colima).—Merritt, Proc. U.S.
Nat. Mus., i, 1879, 135 (Fort Brown, Texas, breeding).
Tcterus spurius affinis Cours and SENNETT, Bull. U. S. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr.,
vy, 1879, 397 (Lometa, Texas, breeding ).—Covrs, Check List, 2d ed., 1882,
no. 325.—NenHRLING, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 167 (s. e. Texas,
breeding; descr. nests).
[Icterus spurius] b. affinis Cours, Birds N. W., 1874, 193 (in synonymy ).
I{cterus] s[ purius] affinis Couns, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 408.
ICTERUS BONANA (Linnzus).
MARTINIQUE ORIOLE.
Adults (sexes alike). —Uead, neck, chest, and upper breast rich very
dark chestnut or bay; back, scapulars, wings (except lesser and middle
coverts), and tail black; lesser and middle wing-coverts, lower rump,
and under parts of body (posterior to upper breast) deep orange-rufous
or rufous-tawny, deepest on lower breast, where sometimes almost
chestnut; upper part of rump, thighs, and under wing-coverts orange-
ochraceous or dull orange-yellow; upper and under tail-coverts
orange-rufous or rufous-tawny, the longer feathers tipped with black;
bill black, the basal portion of mandible pale bluish gray; legs and
feet grayish dusky (bluish gray or grayish blue in life’).
Young.—Similar to adults, but colors duller and plumage of looser
texture.
Adult male.—Length (skin), 182.9; wing, 86.9; tail, 85.8; culmen,
from base, 8.1; tarsus, 22.9; middle toe, 15.5."
Adult female.—Length (skin), 193; wing, 17;
~
tail, 84.6; culmen,
1One specimen. 2 Unreliable measurement (primaries molting) .
280 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
from base (two specimens), 21.8-22.1; depth of bill at base, 8.9;
tarsus (two specimens), 21.8—23.1 (22.4); middle toe, 15.7.1
Island of Martinique, Lesser Antilles; Island of Guadeloupe? ?
[ Oriolus] bonana LINNEvs, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, i, 1766, 162 (based on Icterus minor,
nidum suspendens, Sloane, Jam., ii, 299, pl. 257, fig. 1).—Gmettin, Syst. Nat., i,
1788, 390.—LarHam, Index Orn., i, 1790, 181.
Icterus bonana Daupin, Traité’d’Orn., ii, 1800, 332.—Taytor, Ibis, 1864, 167 (Mar-
tinique).—LAWRENCE, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., i, 1879, 355 (Martinique;
habits).—Cory, Auk, iii, 1886, 215 (synonymy; diagnosis); iv, 1887, 96 (Mar-
tinique); Birds W. I., 1889, 102; Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 15, 110, 133 (Mar-
tinique).—Scuarer, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 368 (Martinique).
[Icterus] bonana SctaTerR and Sarvin, Nom. Ay. Neotr., 1873, 36.—Cory, List
Birds W. I., 1885, 13.
Icterus bonanz Scuater, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 131 (‘‘ Antilles’’).
Pendulinus banana Vrertuot, Nouy. Dict. d’ Hist. Nat., v, 1816, 316.
[ Pendulinus] bonana Bonaparte, Consp. Ay., i, 1850, 432.
Pendulinus bonana Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., Apr., 1867, 54 (monogr).
Psarocolius bonana WAGER, Syst. Av., 1827, Psarocolius, sp. 19.
X[anthornus] bonana CaBants, Mus. Hein, i, 1851, 183 (Martinique).
(?) Pendulinus rufigaster VietLLot, Nouy. Dict. d’ Hist. Nat., v, 1816, 321 (‘ Amér-
ique méridionale ’’ *).—Casstn, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1867, 55 (monogr.;
Guadeloupe).
(?) Plendulinus] rufigaster VirttuoT, Enc. Méth., ii., 1823, 708.
(2?) [Bananivorus] rufigaster BoNapaRTE, Compt. Rend., 1823, 834 (Guadeloupe).
ICTERUS MELANOCEPHALUS MELANOCEPHALUS (Wagler).
BLACK-HEADED ORIOLE.
Adult male.—Head, upper part of neck, median portion of upper
chest, wings (except lesser and part of middle coverts), and tail black,
the tertials usually more or less edged with whitish or pale brownish
gray; lower hindneck, back, scapulars, rump, and upper tail-coverts
dull saffron yellow or wax yellow, more or less tinged with olive-
green, the scapulars partly black; sides of neck, lesser wing-coverts,
and under parts (except as described) deep lemon or gamboge yellow,
sometimes (though rarely) tinged with orange; middle wing-coverts
mostly black; bill black, with basal portion of mandible bluish gray
(pale grayish blue in life?); legs and feet grayish horn-color (bluish
gray in life?); length (skins), 193-213.4 (205.5); wing, 93.5-98.3 (96.5);
tail, 90.2-102.4 (96.5); culmen, from base, 29.4—23.4 (22.9); depth of
bill at base, 10.4-10.9 (10.7); tarsus, 24.9-27.4 (26.2); middle toe,
17-18.5 (17.8).°
1One specimen.
» There isa very material discrepancy between Vieillot’s original description and the
later one by Bonaparte. Vieillot describes his P. rufigaster as having the belly and
posterior parts (‘‘a le ventre et les parties posterieures ’’)-deep russet or rusty (‘‘ roux
ardent’’), the rest of the plumage black. Bonaparte, although apparently describing
Vieillot’s type, gives the color of the head, neck, and breast as chestnut—in short,
describes a bird (said to be from Guadeloupe) very like J. bonana. Possibly ‘‘ partes
posterieures’’ in Vieillot’s description is an error (lapsus penne) for partes anterieures.
$Six specimens.
RIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 281
Adult female.—Similar to adult male, but smaller and slightly duller
in color, the back, ete., inclining more decidedly to olive-green; length
(skins), 198.1—214.6 (204); wing, 89.4—95.8 (91.9); tail, 88.9-99.1 (92.2);
culmen, from base, 22.4-23.6 (23.1); depth of bill at base, 10.2-10.4
(10.4); tarsus, 25.4-26.9 (26.2); middle toe, 17.5-18 (17.8).?
Immature (second year ?).—Similar to adult female, but still more
decidedly olive-green above; wings and tail dusky brownish gray, the
former with pale olive-grayish, the latter with yellowish olive-green
edgings; yellow of under parts shaded laterally with olive-greenish.
Young.—No black on head, neck, or chest, the color being yellow-
ish olive-green above, pale lemon yellow beneath; otherwise as in the
immature stage described above.
Southern portion of the Mexican plateau, in States of San Luis
Potosi (Valles; Toncanhuitz), Vera Cruz (Jalapa; Mirador; Orizaba;
Jico; Papantla), Puebla (Metlaltoyuca), Oaxaca (Pluma; Mount Zem-
poaltepec), Chiapas (Guichicovi), Mexico (Valley of Mexico), and
Jalisco (San Sebastian).
Ps[arocolius| melanocephalus WacuEr, Isis, 1829, 756 (Mexico).
_Icterus melanocephalus Haun, in Kuster’s Vog. aus Asien, Lief vi, 2, pl. 3.—Casstn,
Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1848, 90 (Jalapa, Vera Cruz); 1867, 53 (monogr.;
Jalapa, Mirador, and Orizaba, Vera Cruz); Illustr. Birds Cal., Tex., ete.,
1854, pl. 21 (not description, which = J. m. audubonii).—Scuarer, Proce.
Zool. Soc. Lond., 1856, 301 (Mexico); 1858, 97, part (tierra caliente, Vera
Cruz; crit.); 1859, 365 (Jalapa); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 132 (s. Mexico);
Ibis, 1883, 365 (monogr.); Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 375, part.—Barrp,
Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 543; Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 410.—
Sumicnrast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., i, 1869, 553 (temperate region, Vera
Cruz).—Bairp, Brewer, and Ripeaway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 186.—
Lawrence, Bull. U. 8. Nat. Mus., no. 4, 1876, 23 (Guichicovi, Chiapas,
Sept. ).—Ripeway, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., iii, 1880, 236.—SaLvin and Gop-
MAN, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1887, 468, part.—CHapman, Bull. Am. Mus.
N. H., x, 1898, 30 (Jalapa; song).—Lantz, Trans. Kans. Ac. Sci. for 1896-97
(1899), 222 (S. Tomas, Guatemala).
[Icterus] melanocephalus ScLatER and Satvin, Nom. Ay. Neotr., 1873, 36.
I cterus] melanocephalus CaBants, Mus. Hein., i, 1851, 185 (Jalapa).—Ripeway,
Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 374.
[ Xanthornus] melanocephalus BONAPARTE, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 434, part.
[Icterus melanocephalus] var. melanocephalus BArrp, Brewer, and Ripeway, Hist.
N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 182.
[Icterus melanocephalus] b. Subsp. typica ScuaTer, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886,
375, in list of specimens (Jalapa and Orizaba, Vera Cruz; Oaxaca).
Icterus graduacauda Lesson, Rey. Zool., 1839, 105 (Mexico).
I(cterus] graduacauda Gray, Gen. Birds, ii, 1844, 343.
(?) Icterus audubonii (not of Giraud) Sciater, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 132 (Jalapa
and Orizaba, Vera Cruz).
Icterus audubonii Sumicurast, Mem. Bost. Soe. N. H., i, 1869, 553 (temperate
region, Vera Cruz).—AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ Unron, Check List, 2d ed.,
1895, no. 503, part (Oaxaca).
Icterus auduboni Frrrart-Perez, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., ix, 1886, 150 (Jalapa,
Aug., Sept. ).
1 Three specimens.
282 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
pre virescens (not of Vigors, 1828) Dusors, Bull. Ac. Roy. Belg., sér. 2, xl,
Dec., 1875, 798 (Mexico; coll. Brussels Mus. ).
ICTERUS MELANOCEPHALUS AUDUBONII (Giraud).
AUDUBON’S ORIOLE,
Simuar to /. im. melanocephalus, but much larger and with broad white
edgings to innermost secondaries, the greater wing-coverts also usually
broadly edged with white near tips.
Adult male.—Length (skins), 214.6-233.7 (227.6); wing, 96.3-102.4
(100.6); tail, 102.6-106.2 (104.6); culmen, from base 25.7—28.2 (26.4);
depth of bill at base, 10.7-11.4 (10.9); tarsus, 26.9-27.9 (27.2); middle
toe, 17.5-19.6 (18.5).
Adult female.—Length (skins), 203.2-286.2 (221.5); wing, 94-98
(96); tail, 99.6-105.9 (102.9); culmen, from base, 21.8-26.4 (24.6);
depth of bill at base, 9.9-10.9 (10.4), tarsus, 24.9-27.4 (26.9); middle
foes df 51925 (1825).
Northeastern Mexico, in States of Nuevo Leon (Linares; Rodriguez;
Monterey), Tamaulipas (Matamoras; Chareco Escondido; Victoria),
San Luis Potosi (Hacienda Angostura), and Mexico (Valley of Mexico),
and southern Texas (Ringgold Barracks; Rio Grande City; Hidalgo;
Brownsville; Lometa, etc., occasionally to San Antonio).
Icterus audubonii Grravp, Sixteen Species Texan Birds, 1841, 3 (Texas; type in coll
U.S. Nat. Mus. ).—Barrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Sury., ix, 1858, 542 (Matamoras,
Tamaulipas; Ringgold Barracks, Texas); Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 409;
Rep. U.S. and Mex. Bound. Sury., ii, pt. 2, 1859, 19 (Chareo Escondido and
Matamoras, Tamaulipas; Ringgold Barracks, Texas).—Scuiater, Proc. Zool.
Soc. Lond., 1864, 175 ( Valley of Mexico); Ibis, 1883, 366 (monogr.).—Cass1n,
Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1867, 53 (monogr.; Tamaulipas and Nuevo Leon,
n. e. Mexico; Texas; ‘‘New Mexico’’).—Ripeway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus.,
ili, 1880, ne 233.—AMERICAN OrniTHOLOGISTS’ Unton, Check List, 1886, no.
xr, Auk, viii, 1892, 238 (San Antonio, Texas, Mar. 27 and Feb.
13).—Jouy, Proe. U. S. Nat. Mus., xvi, 1893, 781 (Hacienda Angostura, San
Luis Potosi, Dec. 10, 16).—Sretry, Rep. Geol. Surv. Tex., 1894, 372 (Rio
Grande City; Hidalgo).—Benprre, Life Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1895, 469,
pl. 6, figs. 25-27 (eggs).—NEHRLING, Our Native Birds, etc., ii, 1896, 267
Icterus audubeni Scuater, Proce. Zool. Soe. Lond., 1859, 381 (Juquila).—Barrp,
Brewer, and Rrpeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, li, 1874, pl. 35, fig. 1.—SrmNNETT,
Bull. U.S. Geol. and Geog. Sury. Terr., iv, 1878, 26 (Brownsville and Hidalgo,
Texas; habits, song, etc.); v, 1879, 399 (Lometa, Texas; habits; descr. nest
and eggs; measurements).—MeErRILL, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., i, 1879, 134 (Fort
Brown, Texas; song, etc. ).—Rrpaway, Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 226.
[ Icterus] auduboni ScuaTer and Satyry, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 36.
I{cterus] audubonii Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 374.
[ Icterus] (melanocephalus var.?) audubonii Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 159.
Icterus melanocephalus . . . var. auduboni Cours, Check List, 1873, no. 220.
Icterus melanocephalus, var. auduboni BairD, Brewer, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am.
Birds, ii, 1874, 186. .
Icterus melanocephalus auduboni Cours, Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 330.
I[cterus] m [elanocephalus] awduboni Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 410.
1 Five specimens.
3
4
i
q
j
i
3
4
3
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 983
[ Icterus melanocephalus] a. Subsp. auduboni ScLaTEr, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi,
1886, 375, in list of specimens (Matamoras).
[ Yanthornus] melanocephalus (not Psarocolius melanocephalus Wagler) BONAPARTE,
Consp. Av., i, 1850, 484, part. ;
Icterus melanocephalus Barrp, in Stansbury’s Rep. Gt. Salt Lake, 1852, 332
(Texas).—Casstn, Illustr. Birds Cal., Tex., etc., 1854, 137 (not pl. 21,=true
T. melanocephalus).—Scuater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1858, 97, part (Orizaba,
Very Cruz; crit. ).
ICTERUS PECTORALIS PECTORALIS (Wagler).
SPOTTED-BREASTED ORIOLE.
Adults (sexes alike).—Lores, triangular postocular spot, anterior
portion of malar region, chin, throat, and median portion of chest
deep black; rest of head and neck rich cadmium orange; back and
scapulars uniform deep black; wings (except lesser and middle coverts)
and tail black, the former relieved by broad white edgings to tertials
(producing a conspicuous wedge-shaped stripe in closed wing) and,
usually, by more or less of white at base of second to seventh pri-
maries; lateral rectrices more or less broadly margined terminally
with dull grayish; lesser and middle wing-coverts, whole rump, upper
tail-coverts, and under parts (except chin, throat, and median portion
of chest) rich orange-yellow or orange, the sides of breast and chest
(sometimes median portion of the former also) marked with triangular
spots of black; bill black, with basal portion of mandible bluish gray
(pale grayish blue in life); legs and feet dusky grayish (bluish gray or
grayish blue in life?); length (skins), 199.7—238.8 (217.9); wing, 100.3—
111.3 (104.6); tail, 96.5-109.2 (102.1); culmen, from base, 21.3-24.4
(22.9); depth of bill at base, 9.1-9.7 (9.4); tarsus, 25.7-28.2 (26.9);
middle toe, 18.3-20.3 (18.5).’
Southern Mexico, in States of Oaxaca (Putla, Juchitan, Santa
Efigenia, etc.) and Chiapas (Tonala), Guatemala (Vera Paz, Retal-
huleu, Escuintla, Savana Grande, San Gerénimo, ete.) and Salvador
(Acajutla).
Ps[arocolius] pectoralis WAGER, Isis, 1829, 755 (Mexico).
[Icterus] pectoralis Bonapartr, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 485.—ScLaTEerR and SALvIn,
Nom. Ay. Neotr., 1873, 36, part (Mexico; Guatemala).—DrEs Murs, Icon.
Orn., 1845-46, pl. 10 (Mexico).
Icterus pectoralis SctaTER, Proc. Zool. Soe. Lond., 1857, 205 (Mexico); Ibis, 1883,
372, part (monogr.); Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 385, part (Putla, Oaxaca;
Tonala, Chiapas; Savana Grande, San Gerénimo, and Retalhuleu, Guate-
mala).—ScLaTer and SAxvin, Ibis, 1859, 19 (Vera Paz, Guatemala).—CassIn,
Proc. Ac. Nat. Sei. Phila., 1867, 48, part (monogr.; Coban, Guatemala).—
Lawrence, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., no. 4, 1876, 23 (Juchitan and Santa
Efigenia, Oaxaca).—Satvin, Cat. Strickland Coll., 1882, 264 (Guatemala) .—
Savin and GopMan, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1887, 474, part (Mexican
references and localities; Escuintla, ete., Guatemala; Acajutla, Salvador).—
Lantz, Trans. Kansas Ac. Sci. for 1896-97 (1899), 222 (Palin, Guatemala).
Icterus guttulatus LAFRESNAYE, Mag. de Zool., 2° sér., an. 1844, Ois., pp. 1-4, pl.
~52 (Mexico?).
1 Seven specimens, of which only one is sexed.
284 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
ICTERUS PECTORALIS ESPINACHI Ridgway.
ESPINACH’S ORIOLE,
Similar to /. p. pectoralis, but decidedly smaller (except feet).
Adult male.—Length (skins), 205.7-213.4 (210.8); wing, 95.8-101.1
(99.1); tail, 89.4-97 (94.2); culmen, from base, 21.6-23.4 (22.1); depth
of bill at base, 9.1-10.2 (9.7); tarsus, 27.4-27.9 (27.4); middle toe,
19.3-19.5 (18.3).?
Adult female.—Wing, 91.4; tarsus, 27.9; middle toe, 17.3.”
Nicaragua (Chontales?; Managua; San Juan) and western Costa Rica
(La Palma, Gulf of Nicoya; Liberia).
Icterus pectoralis (not Psarocolius pectoralis Wagler) ScLatTEr, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862,
134, part (Nicaragua); (?) Ibis, 1873, 373 (Chontales, Nicaragua); Ibis, 1883,
372, part (monogr.); (?) Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 385, part (Chon-
tales). —Cass1n, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1867, 48, part (Nicaragua; Costa
Rica).—Lawrence, Ann. Lye. N. Y., ix, 1868, 104 (Costa Rica).—FRANTzIus,
Journ. ftir Orn., 1869, 302 (Costa Rica).—ZrLEpon, Cat. Aves de Costa
Rica, 1882, 9.—Satvrn and GopMaANn, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1887, 474, °
part (Chontales and San Juan, Nicaragua; La Palma, w. Costa Rica).—
Unprrwoop, Ibis, 1896, 487 (Volean de Miravalles, Costa Rica).
[Icterus] pectoralis ScLaTeR and Sayin, Nom. Ay. Neotr., 1873, 36, part (Costa
Rica) .
Tcterus guttulatus (not of Lafresnaye) Cananis, Journ. fiir Orn., 1861, 9 (Costa Rica).
Icterus pectoralis espinachi ‘‘ Nutting (MS.)’’ Rrpaway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., v,
sig. 25, Sept. 5, 1882, 392 (La Palma, Gulf of Nicoya, Costa Rica; coll. U.S.
Nat. Mus.).—Nurtrine, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., v, 1882, 392 (song).—ZELEDON,
An. Mus. Nae. Costa Rica, i, 1887, 112 (Liberia, Costa Rica).
Icterus espinachi ZELEDON, Cat. Aves de Costa Rica, 1882, 9.
ICTERUS GULARIS GULARIS (Wagler).
LICHTENSTEIN’S ORIOLE.
Adults (sewes alike).—Lores, anterior portion of malar region, chin,
throat, and median portion of upper chest uniform black; rest of head
and neck, under parts (except throat, etc.), whole rump, and upper
tail-coverts rich cadmium yellow, most intense on head, neck, and
chest; lesser and middle wing-coverts paler cadmium yellow; back,
scapulars, wings (except lesser and middle coverts), and tail (except
concealed base) black; innermost greater wing-coverts edged with
white, the outer webs of the rest broadly tipped with white; second-
aries edged with white (most broadly on middle quills); second to fifth
or sixth primaries with basal portion of outer webs more or less
extensively white, the terminal portion of all the primaries (except
first) narrowly edged with white; basal portion of tail light yellow
(abruptly) with white shafts; bill black with lower basal portion of
mandible grayish (pale grayish blue in life); iris brown; legs and feet
grayish dusky or grayish horn color (bluish gray in life).
Immature (second year ?).—Head, neck, and under parts as in adults,
but the latter rather paler, or less orange, yellow; back and scapulars
1 Four specimens. 2One specimen.
ee eee
. |
.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 285
yellowish olive; lesser wing-coverts dusky, broadly tipped or margined
with saffron yellowish; middle coverts dusky at base, broadly tipped
with white or yellow; rest of wings dark grayish brown with paler
edgings, these white, or nearly so, on greater coverts; tail yellowish
olive.
Young (first plumage).—Head, neck, and under parts (including
throat, etc.) yellow, the color duller on pileum and hindneck; back
and scapulars olive; rump and upper tail-coverts dull yellow (gallstone
or dull saffron), like pileum and hindneck; wings and tail as in the
immature plumage, described above, but greater coverts broadly
tipped (on outer webs) with dull yellowish white, secondaries broadly
edged with white, primaries more broadly edged with pale gray (pass-
ing into white terminally) and with a white patci: at base.
Adult male.—Length (skins), 228.6-279.4 (247.9); wing, 116.1-142.2
(125); tail, 101.1-117.3 (107.4); culmen, from base, 26.2-30.2 (27.9);
depth of bill at base, 12.2-14.5 (13.2); tarsus, 29.7-32.5 (81.2); middle
toe, 20.3-23.9 (22.4).
Adult female. Se (skins), 218.4-251.5 (238.8); wing, oe, 2
(113.8); tail, 91.7-114.8 (101.1); culmen, from base, 24.6-27.7 (26.4);
depth of bill at is 11.9-13.7 (13); tarsus, 28.5-30.7 (30); middle toe,
17.8-22.4 (21.1).?
Southwestern Mexico, in States of Oaxaca (Putla, Barrio, Chihuitan,
Juchitan, Santa Efigenia, Tehuantepec, Huilotepec, Juchitan, Chima-
lapa, etc.) and Chiapas (Tonala, Huehuetan), and southward through
Guatemala (Vera Paz, San Gerénimo, Retalhuleu, Savana Grande, San
Pedro Martir, Zacapa, ete.), Salvador (Acajutla), and Honduras (Coma-
yagua), to Nicaragua (San Juan); British Honduras (Corosal) /.
Ps{arocolius] gularis WaGuxmr, Isis, 1829, 754 (Tehuantepec, Oaxaca; ex Lichten-
stein, manuscript).
Icterus gularis LicHTENSTEIN, Preis-Verz. Mex. Vog., 1830, 1 (‘‘ Mexico’’); Journ.
fur Orn., 1863, 56.—DrEs Murs, Icon. Orn., 1845-46, pl. 9.—ScLaTEr, Proe.
82
Zool. Soe. Lond., 1858, 358 (Comayagua, Honduras); Ibis, 1883, 371, part
(s. Mexico, Yucatan, British Honduras, Guatemala); Cat. Birds Brit. Mus.,
xi, 1886, 384, part (Tonala, Chiapas; Putla and Tehuantepec, Oaxaca; Seen
Grande and San Pedro Martir, Guatemala; Corosal, British Honduras ?).—
ScLaTeR and Sanvin, Ibis, 1859, 19 (Vera Paz, Guatemala; Comayagua,
Honduras).—Satvin, Ibis, 1859, 468 (Guatemala); 1860, 195 (San Gerénimo,
a a (?) Tayntor, Ibis, 1861, 111 (Honduras).—Owen, Ibis, 1861,
2, pl. 2, fig. 5 a Geronimo, Gnatonaly: deser. and colored fig. of eggs).—
Bk Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1867, 49, part (San Geronimo, Guatemala;
San Salvador; San Juan, Nicaragua).—LAwrence, Bull. U. 8. Nat. Mus.,
no. 4, 1876, 23 (Barrio, Chihuitan, Juchitan, and Santa Efigenia, Oaxaca).—
Satyvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, 1, 1887, 475, part (Putla, Bar-
rio, Chihuitan, Juchitan, and Santa Efigenia, Oaxaca; Tonala, Chiapas;
Corosal, British Honduras?; Vera Paz, San Gerdénimo, Retalhuleu, Savana
Grande, San Pedro Martir, and Zacapa, Guatemala; Acahutla, Salvador;
Comayagua, Honduras; Nicaragua).
‘Ten specimens. “Six specimens.
286 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Ict{erus] gularis BonapartsE, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 435 (‘‘ Mexico’’).
[Icterus] gularis ScLater and Savin, Nom. Ay. Neotr., 1873, 36, part.
Icterus gularis gularis Ripaway, Proc. Wash. Ac. Sci., ili, Apr. 15, 1901, 152, in
text.
(?) Icterus mentalis Lesson, Cent. Zool., 1830, 111, pl. 41 (Mexico; ex ‘‘ Cacicus |
mentalis Wagler, Isis’’).—(?) LAFRESNAYE, Rey. Zool., 1842, 136.—SciarTEr,
Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 184 (San Ger6énimo, Guatemala).
The following references are doubtful, and may belong either to this
form or to /. g. tamaulipensis:
Icterus gularis Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1848, 90 (Mexico).—ScuarTer,
Proc. Zool. Soe. Lond., 1857, 205 (Mexico).
ICTERUS GULARIS TAMAULIPENSIS Ridgway.
ALTA MIRA ORIOLE,
Similar to /. g. gularis, but decidedly smaller and the coloration
more intense, the orange-yellow more decidedly orange (usually rich
cadmium orange); black at anterior extremity of malar region, broader;
bill shorter and deeper through base.
Adult male.—Length (skins), 219.7—242.6 (232.7); wing, 108.2-117.9
(114.3); tail, 97.3-111 (104.1); culmen, from base, 24.9-26.9 (25.7);
depth of bill at base, 13-14.7 (18.7); tarsus, 29.5-31 (80); middle toe,
19.3-21.8 (20.1).’
Adult female. Saieneth (skins), 218.4-238.8 (226.3); wing, 105.2-
110.7 (108.2); tail, 95-103.1 (99.8); culmen, from base, 23.6—25.9
(24.6); depth of bill at base, 12.7-14 (13.2); tarsus, 28.7-30 (29.5);
middle toe, 19.6-22.4 (19.8).”
Eastern Mexico, in States of Vera Cruz (Otatitlan, Papantla, Cate-
maco, San Andreas Tuxtla, ete.), Puebla (Metlaltoyuca, February)
San Luis Potosi (Valles, etc.), and Tamaulipas (Alta Mira, Hidalgo
etc. ).
Icterus mexicanus (not Oriolus mexicanus Leach) Swanson, Philos. Mag., new ser,
i, 1827, 486 (Temascaltepec, Mexico) .*
I(cterus] gularis (not Psarocolius gularis Wagler) CABANIs, Mus. Hein., i, 1851, ise
(Jalapa, Vera Cruz).
Icterus gularis Scuater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1857, 228 (San Andreas Tuxtla,
Vera Cruz); 1859, 365 (Jalapa); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 133 (do) ; Ibis, 1883,
371, part (monogr.); Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 384, part (Jalapa).—
Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1867, 49, part (monogr.; Mirador, Vera
Cruz; City of Mexico).—FrrraArI-PEREz, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., ix, 1886,
150 (Actopam, Vera Cruz).—Satvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves,
i, 1887, 475, part (Temascaltepec; Actopam, San Andreas, Tuxtla, and
Jalapa, Vera Cruz).—Brnpire, Life Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1895, 466
(Hidalgo, Tamaulipas; Louisiana?).—RicumMonp, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus.,
xviii, 1896, 630, (Alta Mira, Tamaulipas).
1 Nine specimens.
* Five specimens.
5Cites Oriolus mexicanus Leach, Zool. Mise., i, 1814, which=TJclerus leucopterya
(Wagler).
‘
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 287
9
[Icterus] gularis ScLaTeR and Satvin, Nom. Ay. Neotr., 1873, 36; part.
Icterus gularis yucatanensis (not of Berlepsch) aoe Auk, x, 1898, 366
(‘‘Avery’s Island, Louisiana’’).—AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ UNION Com-
MITTEE, Auk, xi, 1894, 51; xii, 1895, 169.
(?) Icterus gularis flammeus [nomen nudum!] Lanz, Trans. Kansas Acad. Sci.
for 1896-97 (1899) , 222 (Rinconada, Puebla).
Icterus gularis tamaulipensis Ripaway, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci., ili, Apr. 15, 1901,
152 (Alta Mira, Tamaulipas; coll. U. 8S. Nat. Mus.).
ICTERUS GULARIS YUCATANENSIS Berlepsch.
YUCATAN ORIOLE,
Similar to /. g. tamaulipensis, but still smaller, with coloration still
more intense (adults rich cadmium orange, the head bright orange-
chrome), and maxilla much narrower (in vertical width).
Adult male.—Length (skins), 204.5-243.8 (225.3); wing, 106.9-117.3
(113); tail, 97.8-106.7 (103.1); culmen, for base, 22.9-25.4 (24.1);
depth of bill at base, 11.2-13.2 (12.7); tarsus, 25.9-30 (28.7); middle
toe, 18—20.3 (19.3).?
Adult female. —Length (skins), 215.9-226.1 (221); wing, 99.3-106.7
(104.1); tail, 96.5-103.1 (99.3); culmen, from base, 22.9-23.4 (23.1);
tarsus, 26.4-80.2 (28.5); middle toe, 17.5-19.8 (18.8).”
Yucatan (Chichen-Itza; Temax; Calotmul; Tekanto; Shkolak),
including island of Cozumel.
Icterus gularis (not Psarocolius gularis Wagler) Scuarer, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus.,
x1, 1886, 384, part (Cozumel I., Yucatan).—Sanvin and GopMman, Biol. Centr.-
Am., Aves, i, 1887, 475, part (Yucatan; Cozumel I.)—Sronr, Proc. Ac. Nat.
Sci. Phila., 1890, 208 (int. Yucatan).—CHaAapMmaAN, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H.,
vili, 1896, 281 (Chichen-Itza, Yucatan).
[Icterus] gularis ScLater and Satyin, Nom. Ay. Neotr., 1873, 36, part.
Icterus gularis yucatanensis Bertepscu, Auk, vy, Oct., 1888, 454 (Yueatan; coll.
Count von Berlepsch) .—Ripa@way, Proc. Wash. Ac. Sci., ii, 1901, 152, in text.
ICTERUS CUCULLATUS CUCULLATUS Swainson.
HOODED ORIOLE,
Adult male in summer.—Lores, anterior portion of forehead, orbital
region, anterior half of auricular region, malar region, chin, throat,
and upper chest uniform black, with a rounded posterior outline on
the chest; back, scapulars, and lesser wing-coverts uniform black;
middle wing-coverts white, producing a very broad white band; rest
of wings black, the outer webs of greater coverts tipped with white,
the remiges edged with grayish white; tail black, the lateral rectrices
more or less broadly margined at tips with pale grayish; rest of plu-
mage varying from cadmium yellow to cadmium orange, the color most
intense on head, neck, and chest; bill black, with basal portion of man-
dible bluish gray (pale grayish blue or bluish white in life); legs and
feet grayish dusky (bluish gray in life?).
‘Twelve specimens. * Three specimens.
288 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Adult male in winter-—Similar to the summer plumage, but the
orange or orange-yellow duller, especially on upper parts, where more
or less obscured by a tinge or wash of olivaceous; scapulars and inter-
scapulars margined terminally with light olive or olive-grayish: ter-
tials more broadly margined with white.
Adult female.—Pileum, hindneck, rump, upper tail-coverts, and
tail yellowish olive, the occiput and nape tinged with dull brownish
gray; back and scapulars dull brownish gray; lesser wing-coverts
brownish gray, more dusky centrally; rest of wings dusky, with pale
brownish gray edgings, the middle coverts broadly tipped with white,
and pale edgings to greater coverts becoming white terminally; beneath
dull ochre-yellow, paler on abdomen, strongly washed with grayish
on sides and flanks.
Immature male (second year ?).—Similar to adult female, but lores,
anterior portion of malar region, chin, and throat black.
Adult male.—Length (skins), 180.3-193 (187.2); wing, 83.3-86.1
(84.8); tail, 89.7-98 (94); culmen, from base, 19.6—20.8 (20.1); depth
of bill at base, 7.6-8.1 (7.9); tarsus, 21.8-23.6 (22.6); middle toe,
15.5-16.8 (16).
Adult female.—Length (skins), 185.4-194.3 (189.7); wing, 80.3-81.5
(81); tail, 85.9-90.2 (87.4); culmen, from base, 19.8; depth of bill at
base, 7.4-7.9 (7.6); tarsus, 22.4-23.1 (22.6); middle toe, 15.2-15.7
(liye)
Eastern portion of Mexican plateau and Atlantic lowlands, from
States of Nuevo Leon (Monterey, near Guajuco, Linares, ete.) and
southern Tamaulipas (La Cima, Alta Mira, etc.), southwestward
through States of San Luis Potosi (Valles), Mexico (Temascaltepec,
Amecameca, etc.), Guanajuato (Moro Leon), Morelos (Titela del Vol-
ean) to Jalisco (San Sebastian, March; Barranca Ibarra, April 21;
Zapotlan, December) and Colima (plains of Colima, January).
Icterus cucullatus SWAINson, Philos. Mag., new ser., i, 1827, 436 (Temascaltepec,
Mexico, Mexico).—Sciater, Proce. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1856, 301 (Cordova,
Vera Cruz); (?) 1864, 175 (Valley of Mexico); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 132
(Mexico); Ibis, 1883, 364, part (monogr. ); Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 376,
part.—(?) ScLarer and Satvin, Ibis, 1859, 20 (Belize, British Honduras).—
(?) Satvin, Ibis, 1859, 466 (Belize).—(?) Lawrence, Am. Lyc. N. Y., vii,
1860, 267 (Cuba; crit.).—(?) GunpLacn, Repert. Fisico-Nat. Cuba, i, 1866,
286; Journ. fur Orn., 1874, 127 (Cuba): Orn. Cuba, 1893, 96.—Sumicurast,
Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., i, 1869, 553 (tierra caliente, Vera Cruz).—(?) DuGgs,
La Naturaleza, i, 1868, 189 (Guanajuato).—LawreEncr, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H.,
ii., 1874, 279, part (plains of Colima, Jan.).—Bairp, Brewer, and Ripe-
way, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 193, part.—(?) Cory, List Birds W. I.,
1885, 13; Auk, iii, 1886, 217 (Cuba); Birds W. I., 1889, 104; Cat. W. I.
Birds, 1892, 110 (Cuba).—FrErrRaArRI-Perez, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., ix, 1886,
150 (Chietla and Atlixco, Puebla).—Satvix and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-,
Am., Aves, i, 1887, 471, part.—Jouy, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., xvi, 1893, 781
(Barranca Ibarra, Jalisco).
‘Seven specimens. ? Three specimens.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 289
[Icterus] cucullatus ScLtaTER and Sanvrin, Nom. Ay. Neotr., 1873, 36, part.—(?)
Cory, Dist. Birds W. I., 1885, 13.
[Icterus cucullatus] var. cucullatus BAirp, Brewer, and Rirpaway, Hist. N. Am.
Birds, ii, 1874, 183, part.
I{cterus] cucullatus Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 409, part. —Ripaway
Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 375, part.
[ Pendulinus] cucullatus Bonapartr, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 433.
Pendulinus cucullatus Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1867, 60, part (monogr. ).
Icterus cucullatus cucullatus Ripaway, Proc. Wash. Ac. Sei., ii, Apr. 15, 1901, 152,
in text.
(?) Hyphantes costototl (not Psarocolius coztotot! Wagler?) GuNnpLAcH, Journ. fur
Orn., 1856, 11 (Cuba); 1861, 413 (do.).
(?) Yphantes bullockii (not Xanthornus bullockti Swainson) Brewer, Proc. Bost.
Soc. N. H., vii, 1860, 307 (Cuba).
[ Icterus cucullatus] a. Subsp. typica Scuarer, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 376,
in list of specimens (Mexico).
ICTERUS CUCULLATUS SENNETTI Ridgway.
SENNETT’S ORIOLE,
Similar to 7. c. cucullatus, but lighter in co.or; adult males less
decidedly orange, the color of pileum, chest, etc., deep cadmium
yellow, never cadmium orange; adult females much lighter in color,
the yellow of under parts dull or pale gamboge instead of saffron or
ochreous, the back and scapulars hghter grayish,and light olive-
greenish of pileum, rump, etc.. clearer; wing and tail averaging
decidedly shorter.
Adult male.—Length (skins), 188-199.7 (193); wing, 80.5-85.3
(83.8); tail, 87.9-99.1 (91.7); culmen, from base, 19.8-20.6 (20.3);
depth of bill at base, 7.9-8.4 (8.1); tarsus 21.8-28.1 (22.6); middle toe,
15.2-15.7 (15.5).’
Adult female.—Length (skins), 177.8-190.5 (184.7); wing, 78-81.3
(79.5); tail, 83.8-88.4 (86.4); culmen, from base, 18.3-19.6 (19.1);
depth of bill at base, 7.6-8.1 ‘7.9°> tarsus, 20.8-22.6 (22.1); middle
toe, 15.2-15.7 (15.5).”
Lower Rio Grande Valley, in Texas and Tamaulipas; south in winter
to Morelos (Cuernavaca, Yautepec, etc., January).
Icterus cucullatus (not of Swainson) Lawrence, Ann. Lye. N. Y., v, 1852, 116
(Texas).—Batrp, in Stansbury’s Rep. Gt. Salt Lake, 1852, 332 (Rio Grande,
Texas); Rep. Pacific R. R. Sury., ix, 1858, 546 (Charco Escondido, Tamauli-
- pas); Rep. U. S. and Mex. Bound. Surv., ii, pt. 2, 1859, 19 (do. ); Cat. N. Am.
Birds, 1859, no. 413.—Cassrn, Illustr. Birds Tex., Cal., etc., 1854, 42, pl. 8
(Texas).—Butcuer, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1868, 150 (Laredo, Texas) .—
Cougs, Check List, 1873, no. 218; 2d ed., 1882, no. 328.—Bairp, Brewer, and
Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 193, part, pl. 35, fig. 6.—SENNETT,
Bull. U.S. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr., iv, 1878, 25 (Brownsville and Hidalgo,
Texas; habits, ete.); v, 1879, 398 (Lometa, Texas; habits; descr. nest and
eggs; measurements).—MerriLL, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., i, 1879, 134 (Fort
1Seven specimens. * Five specimens.
3654— VoL 2—O1 19
290 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Brown, Texas; deser. nest and eggs).—Rip@way, Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881,
no. 269, part.—AMERICAN OrnitHoLoGists’ Union, Check List, 1886, no. 505,
part.—Satvrin and GopMaN, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1887, 471, part (Charco
Escondido, Tamaulipas).—SinG.ey, Rep. Geol. Sury. Texas, 1894, 372 (Santa
Maria to Rio Grande City, Texas).—Brnpire, Life Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii,
1895, 475, pl. 6, figs. 30-32 (eggs).—NrEHRLING, Our Native Birds, ete., ii,
1896, 274.
[ Icterus] cucullatus ScLATER and Savin, Nom. Ay. Neotr., 1875, 36, part.
[Icterus cucullatus] var. cucullatus Bairp, Brewer, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am.
Birds, ii, 1874, 183, part.
I{cterus] cucullatus Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 375, part.
Pendulinus cucullatus Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1867, 60, part (monogr. ).
Icterus cucullatus sennetti RiwGway, Proce. Wash. Acad. Sci., iii, Apr. 15, 1901, 152
(Brownsville, Texas; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus. ).
ICTERUS CUCULLATUS NELSONI Ridgway.
NELSON’S ORIOLE.
Similar to /. c. sennett?, but still paler and with forehead wholly
yellow; adult male with the general color clear cadmium or indian
yellow, without any orange tinge; adult female very similar to that of
I. c. sennetti, but averaging slightly lighter in color, the yellow of
under parts usually rather purer; wing averaging decidedly longer,
but tail shorter, and bill longer and more slender.
Adult male.—Length (skins), 175.3-198.1 (188.5); wing, 86.4-90.4
(88.4); tail, 81.8-96 (89.9); culmen, from base, 20.8-22.1 (21.6); depth
of bill at base, 6.9-7.4 (7.1); tarsus, 21.6—-23.4 (22.4); middle toe, 15.5-
16.8 (16)!.
Adult female. —Length (skins), 175.3-185.4 (178.3); wing, 80.8-82.8
(81.8); tail, 80.5-83.3 (82); culmen, from base, 19.8—20.8 (20.3); depth
of bill at base, 6.9-7.4 (7.1); tarsus, 21.6-22.4 (21.8); middle toe, 14.5-
elas).
Coast plain of northwestern Mexico and western portion of Mexican
plateau, in States of Sonora, Chihuahua, and Sinaloa and Territory of
Tepic; north to Arizona and southern California (San Bernardino, San
Diego, and Ventura counties); peninsula of Lower California; breed-
ing southward to Territory of Tepic (Santiago).
Icterus cucullatus (not of Swainson) Barrp, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1859, 301,
304 (Cape St. Lucas, Lower California).—Coorrr, Proc. Cal. Ac. Sci., 1861,
122 (San Bernardino, s. California); Orn. Cal., 1870, 275, part (San Diego,
s. California; Cape St. Lucas).—Covrs, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1868, 84
(Tucson, Arizona); Check List, 1873, no. 218, part; 2d ed., 1882, no. 328, part.—
Barrp, Brewer, and Rrpaway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 193, part; iii,
1874, 517 (Lower California and Arizona; descr. nest and egg8).—LAWRENCE,
Mem. Bost. Soe. N. H., ii, 1874, 279, part (Mazatlan).—HeEnsHaw, Rep. Orn.
Spec. Wheeler’s Sury., 1873 (1874), 160 (Arizona s. of Gila R.); Zool. Exp.
W. 100th Merid., 1875, 319, excl. syn., part (Camps Grant and Bowie,
1 Ten specimens. * Four specimens.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 291
Arizona; habits).—Rirpaway, Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 269, part.—
Brewster, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 200 (s. Arizona; remarks on
plumage ).—Be.prna, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vi, 1883, 343 (Guaymas,-Sonora),
541 (La Paz, Lower California).—Scorr (W. E. D.), Auk, ii, 1885, 159-165
(s. Arizona; breeding habits).—Sciarer, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886,
376, part (Arizona; La Paz, Lower California; California; Mazatlan).
[ Icterus] cucullatus ScLATER and Satvin, Nom. Ay. Neotr., 1873, 36, part.
[Icterus cucullatus] var. cucullatus Barrp, Brewer, and Ripa@way, Hist. N. Am.
Birds, ii, 1874, 183, part.
Pendulinus cucullatus Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1867, 60, part (ower
California).
Icterus cucullatus nelsoni Rripaway, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vili, no. 2, Apr. 20, 1885,
19, in text (Tucson, Arizona; coll. U.S. Nat.Mus.).—AMERICAN ORNITHOLO-
aists’ Unron, Check List, 1886, no. 505a.—EvermMann, Auk, iii, 1886, 181
(Ventura Co., California; n. to Santa Barbara).—Scorr (W. E. D.), Auk, iv,
1887, 23 (Santa Catalina Mts., s. Arizona, 4,000-6,000 ft.).—Morcom, Bull.
Ridgw. Orn. Club, no. 2, 1887, 48 (Banning, San Diego Co., California; Yuma,
Arizona).—EmeErson, Bull. no. 7, Calif. Ac. Sci., 1887, 428 (Poway, San
Diego Co., California).—ANtTHony, Zoe, iv, 1893, 239 (San Pedro Martir
Mts., Lower California, up to 4,500 ft.).—ALLEeN, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., v,
1893, 37 (Bisbee, s. Arizona).—Brnpire, Life Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1895,
476, pl. 7, figs. 1, 2 (eggs).—NEHRLING, Our Native Birds, etc., ii, 1896, 275,
pl. 31, fig. 3.—Merrriam (Florence), Auk, xiii, 1896, 120 (Twin Oaks, San
Diego Co., California, breeding).—GRINNELL, Pub. ii, Pasadena Ac. Sci.,
1898, 33 (Los Angeles Co., in summer, up to 4,000 ft. ).
I [cterus] cucullatus nelsoni Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 376.
[ Icterus cucullatus] a. Subsp. nelsoni ScLatErR, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 376, in
list of specimens (Arizona; California; La Paz, Lower California; Mazatlan).
Icterus nelsoni SALVIN and GopMAN, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1887, 472.
ICTERUS CUCULLATUS IGNEUS Ridgway.
FIERY ORIOLE.
Similar to /. c. eweullatus, but coloration more intense; adult male
with the orange averaging richer and purer (usually pure cadmium
orange), often tinged with or inclining to flame scarlet on chest; adult
female very different from that of /. ¢. cucullatus, the under parts
being rich saffron yellow-or light cadmium yellow, the pileum, hind-
neck, rump, and upper tail-coverts similar but duller; wing averaging
decidedly longer.
Adult male.—Length (skins), 186.7-204.5 (195); wing, 86.4-89.4
(87.1); tail, 92.5-96 (94.5); culmen, from base, 19.6-21.6 (20.6); depth
of bill at base, 7.4-8.1 (7.9); tarsus, 20.8-23.4 (22.4); middle toe,
14.5-17 (15.5).*
Adult female.—Lengt* (skins), 154.7-209.5 (188.2); wing, 76.2-82
(79.2); tail, 78.2-94 (85.1); culmen, from base, 19-20.3 (19.8); depth
of bill at base, 7.9-8.4 (8.1); tarsus, 22.1-22.3 (22.2); middle toe,
15.2-16.3 (15.7).’
1Seven specimens. ? Five specimens.
292 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Yucatan (Silam; Merida; Chichen-Itza; Progreso; La Vega; Puerto
Morelos) and Campeche (Tokaltun); Mugeres Island (accidental ?);
British Honduras (Belize) ?
(2?) Icterus cucullatus (not of Swainson?) SctaTerand Saxvin, Ibis, 1859, 20 ( Belize,
British Honduras).—Satvin, Ibis, 1859, 466 (Belize).
Icterus cucullatus BoucarD, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, 445 (Silam, Yucatan ).—
ScLaTeER, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 376, part.—Satvin and GopMAN, Biol.
Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1887, 471, part (Merida and Silam, Yucatan).
Icterus cucullatus igneus Ripaway, Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., vili, no. 2, Apr. 20, 1885,
19, in text (Yucatan; coll. U.S. Nat. Mus.).—Sronr, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci.
Phila., 1890, 209 (Progreso, Yucatan).
I{cterus] cucullatus igneus Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 376.
[Icterus cucullatus] e. Subsp. ignea SciatTer, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 377,
part, in list of specimens (Belize, British Honduras?; Merida and Silam,
Yucatan).
ICTERUS CUCULLATUS COZUMEL Nelson.
COZUMEL ORIOLE.
Similar to /. c. ¢gneus, but female decidedly smaller, with larger bill
and paler coloration, the back grayer and rump and upper tail-
coverts more olivaceous (less yellowish); adult male slightly smaller
than that of 7. ¢. ¢gneus, but similar in coloration.
Adult male.—Length (skins) 180-190 (185); wing, 85-90 (87.5); tail,
90-94 (92); exposed culmen, 19; tarsus, 21-22 (21.5); middle toe, 17-18
(17.5).3
Adult female.—Length (skins), 169-179 (173.6); wing, 74-79 (76.2);
tail, 75-80 (79.6); exposed culmen, 17-20 (18.8); tarsus, 20-24 (22);
middle toe, 15-17 (16).”
Island of Cozumel, Yucatan.
Icterus cucullatus (not of Swainson) Rrpaway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., viii, 1885, 570
(Cozumel I., Yucatan. )—Sciarer, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 376, part
(Cozumel.)—Satvin and GopMan, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1887, 471, part
(Cozumel I., Yucatan).
[Icterus cucullatus] c. Subsp. ignea Scuater, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 377,
part, in list of specimens (Cozumel I.).
Icterus cucullatus cozumelze NEtson, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xiv, Sept. 25, 1901,
173 (Cozumel Island, Yucatan; coll. U. 8S. Nat. Mus.).
ICTERUS CUCULLATUS DUPLEXUS Nelson.
MUGERES ORIOLE,
Adult male.—Similar in coloration to that of Z. c. nelsonz, but black
of lores extending broadly across anterior half, or more, of forehead,
1 Two specimens. 2 Five specimens.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 293
greater wing-coverts without white edgings (but with abrupt white
tips), and remiges wholly black except a narrow edging of white for
terminal half or less; bill stouter; length (skins), 190-199 (194.3);
wing, 81-86 (84); tail, 89-90 (89.3); exposed culmen, 18-19 (18.3);
tarsus, 21-24 (23); middle toe, 16-17 (16.3).'
Adult female.—Not seen.
Mugeres Island, Yucatan.
Icterus cucullatus (not of Swainson) Satyry and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am.,
Aves, i, 1887, 471, part (Mugeres Island).
Icterus cucullatus duplecus Newtson, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xiv, Sept. 25, 1901,
173 (Mugeres Island, Yucatan; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.).
ICTERUS GIRAUDII Cassin.
GIRAUD’S ORIOLE.
Adults (sexes alike), summer plumage.—¥orehead, lores, orbital,
suborbital, and malar regions, chin, throat, upper chest (except later-
ally), wings (except more anterior lesser coverts), and tail, uniform
black; rest of plumage cadmium yellow; scapulars chiefly black but
mixed with yellow toward interscapular region;” bill black, with basal
portion of mandible bluish gray (pale grayish blue in life?); legs and
feet horn color or grayish dusky (bluish gray in life‘).
Winter (or freshly assumed) plumage.—Similar to summer plumage,
but yellow of upper parts more or less obscured by an olive tinge,
especially on pileum and hindneck.
Immature (second year ?).—Similar to adults but duller in color, the
upper parts yellowish olive or dull olive-yellow, the wings and tail
dusky, the former with narrow and indistinct dull grayish edgings, the
lateral rectrices edged with light olive-greenish.
Young (first plumage).—Pileum, auricular region, hindneck, rump,
and upper tail-coverts ochre-yellowish, more or less tinged with olive,
especially on back; malar region, chin, throat, and chest light saffron
yellow; rest of under parts light chrome yellow; wings dull blackish,
the coverts and secondaries edged with light olive, the primaries more
narrowly edged with dull grayish; tail dull blackish with indistinct
paler edgings, the lateral feathers with whitish shafts.
Adult male.—Length (skins), 189.2-233.7 (210.1); wing, 91.4-111.3
(102.1); tail, 95.8-108.7 (99.3); culmen, from base, 22.9-26.9 (24.4);
depth of bill at base, 9.9-11.7 (10.7); tarsus, 25.9-28.2 (26.9); middle
toe, 17-20.3 (18.8).°
Adult female.—Length (skins), 182.9-195. 6 (188.5); wing, 86.4-90.9
(88.4); tail, 82.6-94 (88.4); culmen, from base, 29.1-23.4 (22.6); depth
' Three specimens.
* Sometimes there is a slight admixture of black on outer side of thighs.
* Highteen specimens.
294 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
of bill at base, 10.2-11.2 (10.7); tarsus, 23.6-26.2 (24.9); midale toe,
17-18.3 (17.3).
Southern Mexico, in States of Vera Cruz (Santecomapan), Chiapas
(San Cristobal), and Yucatan, southward through Central America to
Colombia (Rio Truando; Nercua; Bogota; Ibaque; Medellin, province
Antioquia), and Venezuela (Caracas).
Icterus giraudii Cassrx, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1847, 333 (Bogota, Colombia;
coll. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila.?); 1860, 140 (Rio Truando, Colombia); 1867, 52
(monogr.); Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., ser. 2, i, 1848, 138, pl. 17.—Law-
RENCE, Ann. Lye. N. Y., vii, 1861, 297 (Lion Hill, Panama R. R.).—SciaTer,
Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 133 (Guatemala; Bogota).
Icterus giraudi Scuater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1855, 154 (Bogota; erit.); 1857,
228 (Santecomapan, Vera Cruz; crit.); Ibis, 1873, 373 (Chontales, Nicara-
gua); 1883, 366 (monogr.); Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 379 (n. Yucatan;
Tactic and Volcan de Fuego, Guatemala; Chontales, Nicaragua; Boquete de
Chitra, Chitra, and Santa Fé, Veragua; Chepo, Lion Hill, Paraiso Station,
Panama, and Colon, Panama R. R.; Medellin and Bogota, Colombia; Vene-
zuela).—ScLatTerR and Sanvin, Ibis, 1859, 20 (Guatemala); Proc. Zool. Soe.
Lond., 1864, 3538 (Lion Hill) ; 1868, 167 (Caracas, Venezuela); 1879, 509 ( Envi-
gado, Concordia, and Medellin, proy. Antioquia, Colombia).—Satyin, Proc.
Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, 142 (Santa Fé, Veragua); 1870, 190 (Chitra and Cas-
tillo, Veragua); Cat. Strickland Coll., 1882, 263 (Guatemala).—Wyarr, Ibis,
1871, 330 (Colombia, up to 7,000 ft.).—ZerLEpon, Cat. Aves de Costa Rica,
1882, 9; Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, i, 1887, 112 (Veragua).—Boucarp, Proc.
Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, 445 (Yucatan).—Satvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-
Am., Aves, i, 1887, 469.—Ripa@way, Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., x, 1888, 588 (Sego-
via R., Honduras).—CnHapman, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., viii, 1896, 280 (Chichen-
Itza, Yucatan ).—Srone, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1899, 307 (Ibaque, centr.
Colombia).—Satvaport, Boll. Mus. Zool., ete., Torino, xiv, no. 339, 1899, 5
(Punta de Sabana, Isthmus Panama).
' Four specimens.
Specimens from different localities compare in measurements as follows:
Culm en,|Depth of .
Locality. Wing. | Tail. from | bill at | Tarsus. ees
base. base. .
MALES.
Nine adult males from Guatemala and Chiapas...} 103.6 | 103.6 24.4 10.9 26.7 18.5
Que adult maletirom Yucatan --2-5-2--2-ssss-sce5 97.5: | 102.4 23.6 10.2 27.2 18.3
One adult male from Honduras. .................- 111.3} 108.5 26.9 10.4 28. 2 19.8
Three adult males from Panama.............-...- 98. 6 96.3 23.1 9.9 26.2 17.8
Four adult males from Colombia. .............---- 101.6 | 101.3 24.6 10.9 Dleies 18.8
One adult male from Venezuela .................- 91.4 97.3 24.9 9.9 27.4 18.5
FEMALES.
One adult female from Yucatan................... 88.1 92.2 23.1 eZ, 26.2 17.8
One adult female from Honduras ....--.......---- 90.9 94 23.4 a2 25.7 17.3
Two adult females from Panama...............--- 87.1 83.6 poet 10.2 24,1 17
If there is any geographic variation in this species I am unable to make it out
from the series examined. I have no doubt that a considerable number of determi-
nations of sex are mere guesswork, and many of them erroneous.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 295
[Icterus] giraudi Sctarpr and Saryvin, Nom. Ay. Neotr., 1873, 36.
(?) Xanthornus chrysater Lesson, Oeuvr. Buffon, vii, 1847, 332 (Mexico).—Bona-
PARTE, Consp. Ay., i, 1850, 434 (Mexico).
Icterus melanopterus HAarriuaus, Rey. et Mag. de Zool., 1849, 275 (Caracas, Ven-
ezuela; coll. Bremen Mus.?).—Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1859, 58
(Omoa, Honduras).
[ Xanthornus] melanopterus BONAPARTE, Consp. Ay., i, 1850, 484 (Colombia).
I[{cterus] melanopterus CaBANIS, Mus. Hein., i, 1851, 185 (Colombia; Venezuela).
ICTERUS GUALANENSIS Underwood.
GUALAN ORIOLE,
Similar to 7. g/raudii, but having the black of the head extended to
the occiput. Total length, 215.9; culmen, 25.4; wing, 105.4; tail, 104;
tarsus, 27.9. (Translation of original description.’)
Icterus gualanensis UNpdERWoop, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, no. lv, June 30, 1898, p.
lix (Gualan, Guatemala; location of type not stated).
The above description applies very well to some immature examples
of I. prosthemelas.
ICTERUS PUSTULATUS (Wagler).
SCARLET-HEADED ORIOLE,
Adult male in summer.—Lores, anterior portion of malar region,
chin, and throat, black; rest of head and neck intense orange, some-
times flame scarlet, more rarely yellowish orange, the remaining under
parts paler orange or yellow; back, rump, upper tail-coverts and
lesser wing-coverts orange or yellow, the back streaked with black;
inner webs of scapulars mostly orange or yellow, outer webs black;
middle wing-coverts white, with basal portion of inner webs black,
this increasing in extent on innermost feathers; rest of wing black,
-with innermost greater coverts edged with white, the rest broadly
tipped with white on outer webs; secondaries edged with white, except
on basal portion of outermost five or six; primaries (except the first)
with basal portion of outer webs white, forming a more or less exten-
sive patch, and portion of outer webs from sinuation to tip narrowly
edged with white; tail black, with concealed basal portion of the
rectrices orange or yellow (shafts of this portion white), the outer-
most rectrices broadly tipped with dull whitish or pale brownish
gray; bill black, the basal half of mandible bluish gray; legs and
feet horn color (in dried skins).
Adult male in winter.—Similar to the summer plumage, but white
edgings to wing feathers much broader, often strongly tinged with
gray; orange or yellow of back, rump, etc., more or less tinged with
olive, the back often tinged or suffused with gray.
Adult female in summer.—Pileum, hindneck, back, inner webs of
scapulars, rump, and upper tail-coverts wax yellow or olivaceous
1The measurements converted from inches to millimeters.
296 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
orange-yellow, deeper and more orange on forehead, the back more
or less broadly streaked with black; lores, anterior portion of malar
region, chin, and throat black, as in adult male; space between the
black throat-patch and eyes orange or yellow, gradually becoming
more yellow posteriorly, the under parts being indian yellow or saffron
yellow, faintly tinged on sides and flanks with olive; scapulars gray- .
ish on outer webs, yellowish olive on inner webs, and with more or
less distinct median streaks of dusky; lesser wing-coverts olive-
yellowish, with dusky central spots; middle coverts black at base,
broadly tipped with dull whitish; rest of wings dusky, relieved by
grayish white or pale gray edgings to all the feathers; tail light oliva-
ceous (sometimes partly blackish), with edges more yellowish; color
of bill and feet as in the male.
Adult female in winter.—Similar to the summer plumage, but
upper parts much tinged with gray, especially on back, and grayish
white or light gray wing-edgings broader.
Young.—Similar to the winter female, but without any black on
throat, etc.; streaks on back obsolete, and colors duller.'
Adult male.—Length (skins), 186.7-205.7 (198.1); wing, 98.6-106.2
(100.8); tail, 87.1-97.3 (90.9); exposed culmen, 19.8—22.9 (21.3); depth
of bill at base, 10.7-12.4 (11.7); tarsus, 23.6—-25.4 (24.9); middle toe,
16-17.8 (17.3).?
Adult female.—Length (skins), 185.4-203.2 (192.3); wing, 90.2-
96.3 (93); tail, 80.8-91.4 (87.1); exposed culmen, 18.8-22.9 (20.6);
depth of bill at base, 10.7-12.2 (11.2); tarsus, 24.1-25.4 (24.6); middle
toe, 16-17.8 (17).°
Western and southern Mexico, in States of Chihuahua (near Bato-
pilas), Sonora (Alamos), Sinaloa (Mazatlan; Plumosas; Rosario),
Durango (Chacala), Jalisco (Barrancu Ibarra; Ameca; San Sebastian;
Bolafios; Zacoaleco; Guadalajara), Tepic (San Blas; Tepic; Acaponeta),
Colima (Manzanilla, February; plains of Colima, January), Guerrero
(Acapulco, January), Oaxaca (Putla, Ianhuiatlan), Chiapas (Tonala),
Morelos (Yautepec, January), Puebla (Acatlan), and Vera Cruz (hot
region).*
Ps{arocolius] pustulatus WAGuER, Isis, 1829, 757 (no locality; coll. Berlin Mus. ).
Ictlerus] pustulatus Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 435 (Mexico).
Icterus pustulatus ScLaTER, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1857, 228; 1858, 303 (La Parada,
Oaxaca); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 134 (‘‘Central. Am.’’; Mexico); Ibis, 1883,
373 (monogr.); Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 386 (Mazatlan; Presidio, near
Mazatlan; Acapulco; Puebla; Tonala, Chiapas; Atlixco, Puebla; ‘‘Cape San
1Tmmature males resemble adult females in coloration.
*Ten specimens.
3 Six specimens.
4 According to Sumichrast.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 997
Lucas, Lower California’? ).—SciaTerR and SALvin, Exotic Orn., pt. iv, 1867,
pl. 24.—Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1867, 48 (monogr.; Mazatlan ).—
Sumicurast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., i, 1869, 552 (hot region, Vera Cruz).—
Lawrence, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., li, 1874, 280 (Mazatlan; Tepic; plains
of Colima; Manzanillo Bay; habits, etc). —Saxvin, Cat. Strickland Coll., 1882,
264 (Mexico); Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, 422 (Acapulco).—FErrRRARI-PEREz,
Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., ix, 1886, 150 (Chietla, Puebla; Ianhuiatlan, Oaxaca).—
Ripeway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., ix, 1886, 150 (Chietla, ete., crit. ).—SALvIn
and GopmANn, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1887,.477.—Jouy, Proc. U. 8. Nat.
Mus., xvi, 1898, 781 (Barranca Ibarra, Jalisco).
[ Icterus] pustulatus ScLATER and Satyin, Nom. Ay. Neotr., 1873, 36.
Pendulinus californicus Lesson, Rey Zool., 1844, 436 (‘‘Lower California’’);
Oeuvr. Buff., Suppl., vii, 1831, 333.
[ Pendulinus] calfornicus BoNAPARTE, Consp. Ay., i, 1850, 433.
Pendulinus californicus Barrp, in Stansbury’s Rep. Gt. Salt Lake, 1852, 331 (‘‘Cali-
fornia’’).
Icterus sclateri (not of Cassin) Lanrz, Trans. Kansas Ac. Sci. for 1896-97 (1899),
222 (Altata and Culiacan, Sinaloa).
ICTERUS SCLATERI Cassin.
SCLATER’S ORIOLE,
Similar to 7. pustulatus but larger, with black streaks on back much
broader (the black predominating over the yellow or orange); middle
wing-coverts with less black on basal portion (sometimes none), and
(usually) the general color of head, etc., yellow or orange-yellow
rather than orange; adult female similar to that of /. pustulatus, but
larger; upper parts lighter and more yellow, with black streaks on
back broader; wing-edgings broader and purer white, and color of
under parts, etc., lemon-yellow, rather than orange or saffron yellow.
Adult male.—Length (skins), 193-215.9 (203.7); wing, 101.6-115.1
(107.2); tail, 89.4-104.1 (93.2); exposed culmen, 19.8-23.1 (21.3);
depth of bill at base, 10.7-12.4 (11.7); tarsus, 23.1-26.4 (24.6); middle
toe, 15.5-18.3 (17).*
Adult female.—Length (skins), 186.7-203.2 (194.3); wing, 94-101.3
(97.5); tail, 81.8-88.6 (85.9); exposed culmen, 20.6—21.1 (20.8); depth
of bill at base, 10.7-11.9 (11.2); tarsus, 22.9-24.4 (23.4); middle toe,
O17 58 (16.8).”
Southern Mexico, in States of Oaxaca (Tehuantepec; Cuicatlan;
Santa Efigenia; Oaxaca; Juchitan) and Chiapas (Tonala), south through
Guatemala (San Gerénimo), Salvador, and Honduras to Nicaragua
(Managua; San Juan; Pres Granada); western Costa Rica (Liberia) ?.
' Nine specimens. ” Four specimens.
The series from Nicaragua is much too small to show whether there are constant
differences or not between birds from that portion of the country and those from
southern Mexico. The single Nicaraguan specimen measured shows decided differ-
298 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Icterus mentalis (not of Lesson) Capanis, Mus. Hein., i, 1851, 185, footnote
(according to Sclater).—Sciarer, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 134, excl. syn. (San
Geronimo, Guatemala).—Satyrn and Scuarer, Ibis, 1860, 275 (San Gerén-
imo).—Owen, Ibis, 1861, 62 (deser. eggs).
Icterus sclateri Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., Apr., 1867, 49 (San Juan and
Pres Granada, Nicaragua; San Gerdnimo, Guatemala; type, from Nicaragua,
in coll. Ae. Nat. Sei.).—Sciarer, Ibis, 1883, 371 (monogr.); Cat. Birds Brit.
Mus., xi, 1886, 385 (San Gerénimo, Guatemala; Tonald, Chiapas).—Satvin
and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1887, 476, pl. 33, fig. 1 (San Juan
del Rio, Santa Efigenia, and Juchintan, Oaxaca; Tonalé, Chiapas; San Ger6-
nimo, Guatemala; San Juan, Nicaragua) .
[Icterus] sclateri ScuaTER and Satyrn, Nom. Ay. Neotr., 1873, 36.
Icterus formosus LAWRENCE, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., x, May, 1872, 184
(Juchitan, Oaxaca; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.); Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., no. 4,
1876, 23 (do.).—Sciater, Ibis, 1883, 372 (monogr.).
(?)- Icterus pustulatus (not Psarocolius pusvulatus Wagler) ZeLepon, Anal. Mus.
Nac. Costa Rica, i, 1887, 112 (Liberia, w. Costa Rica).
ICTERUS GRAYSONII Cassin.
GRAYSON’S ORIOLE.
Similar to 7. pustulatus but much larger and lighter colored, and
the back either without black streaks or with only a few very narrow
ones.
Adult male in summer.—General color, except wings and tail (but
including lesser wing-coverts), orange-yellow or saffron yellow (more
orange on anterior portion of head and space surrounding black throat-
stripe), the back sometimes with a few narrow streaks of black; lores,
anterior portion of malar region, chin, and throat black; lesser wing-
coverts rather lighter or clearer yellow; middle coverts still paler yel-
low, sometimes white, tinged with yellow, with part of inner webs
black; rest of wings black, varied by broad white edgings, except on
primary coverts, on basal half of outermost greater coverts and basal
portion of outermost secondaries, that on basal portion of primaries
occupying nearly full width of the outer web; tail black, the concealed
basal portion of the rectrices yellow (shafts white), and two or three
ences, which, if constant, would necessitate the separation of the birds from Honduras
to Oaxaca as a subspecies, Icterus sclateri formosus. Measurements are as follows:
Ex- Depth -
Locality. Wing.} Tail. posed |of bill at) Tarsus. Middle
culmen.| base.
MALES.
One adult male from Managua, Nicaragua .....-- 101.6 90.9 | 20.3 12.2 26.4 17.3
One adult male from coast of Honduras .......--- 111.8 96.5 23.1 12.2 26.4 18.3
One adult male from Guatemala .................- 115.1 104.1 QU Golocs seen 24.9 17.3
Six adult males from Oaxaca (ineluding one from |
Tonala; Chiapas)icsseadecocceme ssenes skeen 106, 2 91.4 Pale t 11.4 24.1 16.8
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 299
lateral pairs broadly tipped with dull whitish; bill black, the basal
portion of mandible bluish; legs and feet (in dried skins), dusky horn
color.
Adult male in winter.—Similar to the summer male, but plumage
softer and white edgings on wings broader.
Adult female in summer.—Above light yellowish olive, becoming
more yellowish on pileum, where inclining to orange-yellow on fore-
head and superciliary region, the back usually with a few narrow
streaks of dusky; lores, anterior portion of malar region, chin, and
throat black; sides of head and under parts (except as described) yel-
low, more orange-yellow anteriorly, the sides and flanks slightly tinged
with olive; wings as in the male but ground color dusky instead of
black and the white edgings tinged with gray.
Adult female in winter.—Similar to the summer female, but plumage
softer and whitish wing-edgings broader.
Adult male.—Length (skins), 203.2-226.1 (211.8); wing, 102.9-105.4
(104.1); tail, 90.2-94 (91.9); exposed culmen, 24.9-26.7 “2 5.7); depth
of bill at base, 12.7-13; tarsus, 25.9-26.7 (26.4); middle toe, 17.8-18.3
(18)."
Adult female.—Length (skins), 193-203.2 (197.9); wing, 94-99.1
(96.8); tail, 83.3-87.1 (85.6); exposed culmen, 22.9-24.9 (24.4); depth
of bill at base, 10.9-12.7 (11.9); tarsus, 25.4-25.9 (25.4); middle toe,
17-17.8 (17.8).*
Tres Marias Islands (islands of Maria Madre and Maria Cleofa),
western Mexico
[cterus graysonti Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., xix, Apr., 1867, 48 (Tres
Marias Islands, w. Mexico; coll. U. 8S. Nat. Mus.).
Icterus graysoni Fixscu, Abh. Nat. Ver. Bremen, 1870, 336 (Tres Marias; full
descriptions ).—GRAYSON, ae Bost. Soc. N. H.,xiv, 1871, 280 (habits, ete. ).—
LawRENCE, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., ii, 1874, 280.—Scnarter, Ibis, 1883, 37
(monogr.); Cat. Birds Brit. Siem ES 1886, 387.—SaLvin and GopMAN,
Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1887, 478.—Nertson, North Am. Fauna, no. 14,
1898, 50 (habits; notes; descr. nest and eggs).
[Icterus] graysoni ScLATER and Satvin, Nom. Ay. Neotr., 1873, 36.
ICTERUS AURATUS Bonaparte.
ORANGE ORIOLE,
Similar to /. cucullatus igneus, but whole back orange or orange-
yellow (sometimes streaked with black in female), lesser wing-coverts
orange, and primaries broadly edged with white basally.
Adult male.—Lores, eyelids, anterior half of cheeks (back to about
middle of eye), chin, and whole throat black; scapulars black, some-
what intermixed with orange or orange-yellow next to interscapular
region; greater wing-coverts and remiges black, more or less edged
4 Fiy ive specimens.
800 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
with white, especially the middle secondaries and longer primaries,
the latter broadly edged with white basally (the white occupying full
width of outer web at base of the primaries); middle wing-coverts
white, producing a broad band; tail black, the lateral rectrices more or
less broadly margined at tips with light grayish; rest of plumage,
including lesser wing-coverts, rich cadmium orange or orange-yellow,
most intense on head, neck, and chest; bill black, with basal portion
of mandible bluish gray (pale grayish blue or bluish white in life’);
legs and feet grayish dusky (bluish gray in life?); length (skins),
184.2-209.6 (192.5); wing, 88.6-94.7 (91.9); tail, 84.6-91.9 (89.4); cul-
men, from base, 19.8—22.1 (20.8); depth of bill at base (one specimen),
8.6; tarsus, 23.9-25.1 (24.4); middle toe, 15.7-17 (16.3).*
Adult female.—Similar to the adult male, and perhaps not always
distinguishable, but usually (?) slightly duller in color, especially on
the back, which is more or less tinged with olive and sometimes
marked with a few black streaks; lesser and middle wing-coverts
partly black; length (skins), 191.8-203.2 (197.6); wing, 87.4-93.2
(91.2); tail, 86.6-91.2 (88.1); culmen, from base, 20.3-20.8 (20.6);
depth of bill at base (one specimen), 8.4; tarsus, 24.6-24.9 (24.9); mid-
dle toe, 15.2-16.8 (16.3).”
Yucatan (Merida; Tekanto; Chichen Itza; Temax; El Campo),
including outlying island of Meco. .
Ict [erus] auratus Bonaparte, Consp. Ay., i, June 20, 1850, 435 (Yucatan; coll.
Brussels Mus.; ex Du Bus, manuscript) .
Icterus auratus Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1867, 50 (‘‘ Mexico”’; monogr. ).—
Lawrence, Ann. Lye. N. Y., ix, 1869, 271 (Merida, n. Yucatan; crit. ).
Boucarb, Proc. Zool. Soe. Lond., 1883, 445.—Sciarer, Ibis, 1883, 369
(monogr.); Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 382 (n. Yucatan).—SaLvin and
GopMAN, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1887, 473, pl. 33, fig. 2.—SaLvin, Ibis,
1888, 264 (Meco I., coast of Yucatan; crit.).—Sronr, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci.
Phila., 1890, 208 (Tekanto, Yucatan).—CHapMan, Bull. Am. Mus., N. H.,
viii, 1896, 281 (Chichen Itza, Yucatan).
ICTERUS XANTHORNUS XANTHORNUS (Gmelin).
YELLOW ORIOLE.
Adults (sexes alike).—Lores, eyelids, anterior margin of malar region,
chin, throat, and median portion of upper chest black; greater wing-
coverts, remiges, and rectrices black, the first tipped with white, pro-
ducing a distinct band, the tertials broadly edged with white (except
toward base of second and third), the remaining remiges narrowly
edged with white toward tips, the longer (second to fifth) primaries
1Seven specimens, but few of them with sex actually determined.
2 Three supposed females, none of them being sexed.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA, 801
more or less edged with white at base,’ the lateral rectrices more or
less broadly margined at tip with whitish; rest of plumage, including
lesser and middle wing-coverts, rich lemon or cadmium yellow, bright-
est and clearest on head, neck, and under parts (sometimes tinged with
orange on head, neck, and chest), the back and scapulars usually slightly
tinged with olive, and occasionally with a few narrow streaks of black;”
bill black with basal portion of mandible bluish gray (pale grayish
blue in life?); legs and feet grayish dusky or horn color (bluish gray
in life 4).
Immature (second year ?).—Similer to adults, but wings grayish dusky
instead of black, with pale grayish edgings; lesser wing-coverts black-
ish centrally, margined with yellowish olive-green or olive-yellow;
middle coverts blackish basally, tipped with light yellow; tail yellow-
ish olive-green or grayish dusky (or the two colors mixed); yellowish of
upper parts more decidedly inclining to olive-green, and that of head,
neck, and under parts less pure or intense than in adults.
Young (first plumage).—Above yellowish olive-green, more yellow-
ish on pileum, hindneck, and lower rump; beneath, including malar
region, chin, and entire throat lemon yellow, more or less tinged with
olive-green, especially on sides and flanks; wings grayish dusky, the
middle coverts broadly tipped with olive-yellow; greater coverts
tipped with white or pale yellowish and edged with olive-gray; remiges
edged with light grayish, most broadly on tertials; tail yellowish
olive-green, the middle rectrices darker.
Adult male.—Length (skins), 191.8-205.7 (196.1); wing, 87.6-94.5
(91.2); tail, 83.8-90.7 (86.4); culmen, from base, 19.8-25.4 (22.4);
depth of bill at base, 10.2-10.4 (10.2); tarsus, 25.1-28.5 (26.4); mid-
dle toe, 17.5-19.6 (18.3).*
Adult female.—Length (skins), 181.6-188 (185.2); wing, 82.6-87.1
(86.1); tail, 76.5-84.3 (81); culmen, from base, 20.6-24.1 (22.1); depth
1This white edging at base of longer primaries is sometimes so much reduced as to
be practically hidden by the primary coverts, this being the case in all specimens
examined from Trinidad (six in number) and in all those seen from Venezuela (except
one), Guiana, and Brazil; again it may form aconspicuous patch, extending for half
an inch or more beyond the tips of the primary coyerts, this being the case in the
three specimens examined from Santa Marta, Colombia. Whether Colombian birds
can be separated by this character can only be determined by examination of a much
larger series of specimens.
“Only three specimens in a series of twenty-five have any streaks on the back;
these are all adults—one of them being from Trinidad, one from Demerara, Brit-
ish Guiana, the third of unknown locality; the last has the lesser and middle wing-
coverts wholly pure yellow, but the other two have these feathers, especially the
middle coverts, black at the base, and thus correspond with J. dubusi (Icterus
xanthornus var. a. dubusi Dubois), which I believe to be merely an individual yaria-
tion of the present species.
3Seven specimens.
302 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
of bill at base, 9.4-11.7 (10.4); tarsus, 24.9-27.7 (26.7); middle toe,
D5 10 veo
Caribbean coast district of northern South America, from Cayenne
to Colombia; Trinidad and Margarita Island; Isthmus of Panama?
[ Coracias] xanthornus Linnmus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, i, 1758, 108 (‘‘America’’;
based on Pica luteo nigro varia Catesby, Nat. Hist. Carolina, iil, p. 5, pl. 5).
[ Oriolus] xanthornus GMELIN, Syst. Nat., i, pt. i, 1788, 391.
Icterus xanthornus Daupin, Traité Orn., ii, 1800, 334, part (includes J. leucop-
teryx).—CABANIS, in Schomburgk’s Reise Brit. Guiana, 111, 1848, 680.—Bur-
MEISTER, Syst. Ueb. Th. Bras., iii, 1856, 269.—Scuarer, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862,
133 (Trinidad; Cayenne; Colombia); Ibis, 1883, 368 (coast Colombia, Vene-
zuela, and Guiana to Rio Brancho; Trinidad); Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi,
1886, 380.—Taytor, Ibis, 1864, 84 (Trinidad ).—Casstn, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci.
Phila., 1867, 50 (monogr.; Venezuela; Cayenne; Trinidad; n. Brazil).—
Scuater and Satnvrn, Proce. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1868, 167 (Venezuela).—
Finscu, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 578 (Trinidad ).—PE.LzELN, Orn. Bras.,
1871, 195.—Wyarr, Ibis, 1871, 329 (Santa Marta, Colombia).—Satvrn and
GopMAN, Ibis, 1880, 123 (Santa Marta).—ALten, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., iv,
1892, 53 (Caripano, Venezuela).—CHAPMAN, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., vi,
1894, 36 (Trinidad; song; descr. nest); Auk, xiv, 1897, 368 (Venezuela;
crit. ).—Rosrnson, Flying Trip to Tropics, 1895, 160 (Baranquilla, Colombia) .—
Ricumonp, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xviii, 1896, 675 (Margarita I., Venezuela;
crit. ).—PuHevps, Auk, xiv, 1897, 364 (Camanacoa and Cumana, Venezuela).—
Banas, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xii, 1898, 138 (Santa Marta).—ALten, Bull.
Am. Mus. N. H., xiii, 1900, 162 (Bonda, etc., prov. Santa Marta).
I(cterus] xanthornus CaBanis, Mus. Hein., i, 1851, 185 (Venezuela; Guiana).
[Icterus xanthornus] a. xanthornus Rip@way, Proce. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vii, July 29,
1884, 176 (in synonymy).
[Icterus] wanthornus ScLATER and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 36.
Agelaius xanthornus Virrttor, Nouy. Dict. d’ Hist. Nat., xxxiyv, 1819, 543.
Ps[arocolius] xanthornis WAG LER, Syst. Av., 1827, Psarocolius, no. 15.
[ Oriolus] wanthorus Laruam, Index Orn., i, 1790, 181.
Icterus xanthorus TEMMINCK, Cat. Syst., 1807, 47.
[Oriolus] mexicanus Linn xus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, i, 1766, 162, no. 13 (not no. 8!),
part (based on NXanthornus mexicanus Brisson, Orn., li, pl. 11, fig. 2, and
Icterus minor nidum suspendens Edwards, Gleanings Nat. Hist., pl. 243, the
latter= TI. leucopteryx).—Boppaerrt, Tabl. Pl. Enl., 1783, 1 (based on Carouge
du Mexique Daubenton, Pl. Enl., pl. 5, fig. 1).
Icterus mexicanus BONAPARTE, Compt. Rend., 1853, 835.—Prrvosr and LEMAIRE,
Ois. Exot., p. 131, pl. 70, upper fig.
Xanthornus nigrogularis Haun, Vog. aus Asien, ete., pt. v, 1820, 1, pl. 1
(‘‘Mexico.’’)—BonapartE, Compt. Rend., 1853, 835.
Icterus nigrogularis LAWRENCE, Ann. Lye. N. Y., 1x, 1869, 271, in text (Trinidad;
Santa Marta; crit. ).
[ Xanthornus] linnei Bonapartrr, Consp. Av., i, June 20, 1850, 434 (Brazil;
Cayenne; ‘‘Antilles’’ ).
[Icterus xanthornus] B. linnei Ripaway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vii, July 29, 1884,
176 (in synonymy).
Icterus auratus (not of Bonaparte) Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1867, 50
(‘‘Mexico’’).
1 Six specimens.
Specimens from Trinidad and Margarita Island, especially the former, have decid-
edly longer bills than those from the mainland.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 303
{Icterus wanthornus.| Var. a. dubusii Dusots, Bull. Ac. Roy. Belg., ser. 2, x1,
Dee., 1875, 16 (Isthmus of Panama; coll. Brussels Mus. ).
Icterus dubusi Scuarer, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 381 (Panama’?).
Icterus wanthornus. Var. £. marginalis Dusors, Bull. Ac. Roy. Belg., ser. 2, x]
J ? d S°) ? ’
Dec., 1875, 17 (Isthmus of Panama; coll. Brussels Mus.).
ICTERUS XANTHORNUS CURASOENSIS (Ridgway).
CURAGAO ORIOLE.
Similar to 7. x. wanthornus, but with much longer bill; young much
paler than that of /. 7. wanthornus.
Adult male.—Length (skins), 188-193 (190.5); wing, 90.2-92.5 (91.2);
tail, 84.6-85.6 (85.1); culmen, from base, 25.9-27.9 (26.9); depth of
bill at base, 10.2-10.7 (10.4); tarsus, 25.1-25.9 (25.4): middle toe
? 9
18-19.8 (18.8).*
Islands of Curacao, Bonaire, and Aruba, southern Caribbean Sea.
Icterus curasoénsis RipGway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vii, no. 11, July 29, 1884,
174 (Curacao Island; coll. U. 8. Nat. Mus.).—Sciarer, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus.,
xi, 1886, 381.
Icterus xanthornus curasoénsis Ropinson, Flying Trip to Tropics, 1895, 142 (in
text), 165, colored plate (facing p. 142).
Icterus xanthornus curacgaoensis BerLEpscn, Journ. fiir Orn., 1892, 82 (Curacao;
crit.).—Harrert, Ibis, July, 1893, 295 (Aruba; crit.; descr. nest and eggs,
song, ete. ), 317 (Curagao), 328 ( Bonaire).
Icterus curacoénsis Pergrs, Journ. fur Orn., 1892, 114 (Curacao).
ICTERUS LEUCOPTERYX (Wagler).
JAMAICAN ORIOLE,
Adults (sexes alike).—Pileum, hindneck, back, scapulars, rump, and
upper tail-coverts plain yellowish olive-green, becoming more decidedly
yellowish posteriorly; lesser wing-coverts light yellowish olive-green
or olive-yellow; middle and greater coverts white, forming a large and
very conspicuous patch on the wing; rest of wing black, the tertials
broadly edged with white; lores,” anterior half of suborbital and malar
regions, chin, throat, and median portions of upper chest uniform black;
rest of under parts indian yellow,clearer or purer (rich lemon or chrome)
yellow on abdomen and under tail-coverts, more tinged with olive later-
ally and anteriorly; sides of head (posterior to black ‘* mask”) similar
in color to breast, etc.; bill black, with basal portion of mandible bluish
gray (pale grayish blue in life?); legs and feet grayish dusky (grayish
blue in life’).
Immature (second year ?).—Similar to adults, but tail yellowish olive-
green; wings grayish dusky with narrow grayish white or pale gray
edgings (broader on tertials), the white patch on middle and greater
coverts more broken, less conspicuous.
1Two specimens.
* Sometimes anterior portion of forehead also.
B04 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Young (first plumage).—Similar to the immature plumage described
above, but yellow of under parts and sides of head much paler (dull
canary yellow); color of upper parts duller and browner; black ‘* mask”
much duller and less sharply defined, and the white on wing-coverts
reduced to two broad bands (across ends of middle and greater coverts,
respectively).
Adult male.—Length (skins), 189.2-191.8 (190.5); wing, 99.6-105.7
(102.9); tail, 81.3-87.6 (84.8); culmen, from base, 23.1-24.4 (23.9);
depth of bill at base, 10.2-10.7 (10.4); tarsus, 23.6-25.1 (24.4); middle
toe, 17-18.3 (17.5).’
Adult female.—Length (skin), 194.3; wing, 101.6; tail, 83.6; culmen,
from base, 22.9-25.1 (23.9); depth of billat base, 10.7;” tarsus, 23.4—
24.9 (24.1); middle toe, 17-18.3 (17.5).”
Island of Jamaica, Greater Antilles.
(?) [Oriolus] nidipendulus GmEutn, Syst. Nat., i, pt. i, 1788, 390 (Jamaica; based
on Hangnest Oriole Latham, Synopsis, i, pt. 2, 437, ete.) —Larnam, Index
Orn., i, 1790, 181.
Ps{arocolius] leucopteryx WAGER, Syst. Av., 1827, Psarocolius, sp. 16.
[ Icterus] leucopteryx Goss, Birds Jamaica, 1847, 226.—ScLaTer, Proc. Zool. Soe.
Lond., 1861, 74; Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 134; Ibis, 1888, 374 (monogr.); Cat.
Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 387 (Moneague, Jamaica).—ALBRECHT, Journ.
fiir Orn., 1862, 197.—Marcu, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1863, 299.—Cory,
Auk, iii, 1886, 218 (synonymy and diagnosis); Birds W. I., 1889, 105 (do.);
Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 15, 110 (Jamaica).—Scorr, Auk, x, 1893, 178 (crit.;
song).—Frie.p, Auk, xi, 1894, 126.
[Icterus] leucopteryx Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 436 (‘‘Mexico’”’).—Gray,
Aland-list, ii, 1870, 32, no. 6453.—ScLarer and Saryin, Nom. Ay. Neotr.,
1873, 36.—Cory, List Birds W. I., 1885, 13.
I[{cterus] leucopteryx Newton (A. and E.), Handb. Jamaica, 1881, 104.
Cterus (typographical error) leucopteryx Cory, Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 130.
Pendulinus leucopteryx Cassrn, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., Apr., 1867, 59 (monogr. ).
Oriolus mexicanus (not of Linnzeus) Leacnu, Zool. Mise., i, 1814, 8 (excl. syn.),
pl. 2 (St. Andrews, Jamaica).
Icterus personatus TEMMINCK, Pl. Col., livr. 80, Sept., 1829, pl. 482.
Ictlerus| personatus BoNAPARTE, Consp. Ay., i, 1850, 485 (Jamaica).
ICTERUS BAIRDI Cory.
BAITD’S ORIOLE.
Similar to Z. lewcopteryx, but under parts brighter and purer yellow,
and upper parts (except wings and tail) dull yellow instead of olive-
green,
‘Front of face and throat black; under parts bright yellow; back
dull yellow, showing a faint trace of olive on the upper back; tail and
wings black; lesser coverts bright yellow, greater secondary wing-
coverts pure white, forming a broad white wing-patch, some of the
inner primaries delicately edged with white, showing more clearly on
the inner secondaries; bill and feet black.
1 Four specimens. > Two specimens.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 305
‘‘Length, 184.2; wing, 95.3; tail, 76.2; tarsus, 21.6; bill, 21.6.”
(Original description, the measurements converted to millimeters.)
Island of Grand Cayman (south of Cuba), Greater Antilles.
IT have not seen a specimen of this form, which, like 7. lawrencii
of St. Andrews Island, is evidently an offshoot of /. lewcopteryx.
Icterus bairdi Cory, Auk, iii, Oct., 1886, 500 (Grand Cayman, Greater Antilles;
coll. C. B. Cory); v, 1888, 158; Birds W. I., 1889, 291; Cat. W. I. Birds,
1892, 15, 110, 129, 146.
ICTERUS LAWRENCII Cory.
ST, ANDREW’S ORIOLE,
Similar to /. deucopteryx, but slightly smaller, bill longer and more
slender, and coloration much lighter; pileum, hindneck, back, scapu-
lars, rump, and upper tail-coverts slightly olivaceous gamboge yellow
or wax yellow (more decidedly tinged with olive on back and scapu-
lars); under parts and sides of head clear lemon yellow, scarcely if at
all tinged with olive. Young similar to that of /. lewcopterya but
paler, with white band across terminal portion of greater wing-
coverts, broader, and the band on middle coverts pale yellow instead
of white.
Adult.—Length (skin), 185.4; wing, 101.3; tail, 83.1; culmen, from
base, 25.4; depth of bill at base, 10.2; tarsus, 24.6; middle toe, 17.’
St. Andrews Island, Caribbean Sea.
Icterus lawrencii Cory, Descr. six new sp. birds from Old Providence and St.
Andrews, May 27, 1887, 2; Auk, iv, July, 1887, 178, 181 (St. Andrews
Island, Caribbean Sea; coll. C. B. Cory).
Icterus lawrencei Stonk, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1899, 301, in text.
ICTERUS MESOMELAS MESOMELAS (Wagler).
YELLOW-TAILED ORIOLE,
Adults (sexes alike).—Lores, eyelids, anterior half of cheeks (back
to or beyond middle of eye), chin, throat, and upper chest (except
laterally), back, scapulars, wings (except lesser and middle coverts and
outer webs of innermost greater coverts), and six middle rectrices,
black; outer webs of longer innermost secondaries edged with white,
producing a more or less conspicuous narrow stripe in the closed wing;
outer webs of longer primaries narrowly edged with white toward
tips; rest of plumage (including lesser and middle wing-coverts, outer
webs of innermost greater coverts, and greater part of three outer-
most rectrices,)” rich lemon yellow, deeper (more saffron or cadmium
'One specimen, sex not determined.
* Base of outermost rectrix black on both webs; second with about basal third of
inner web (less of outer web) black, and third with at least basal half of inner web
black; sometimes the fourth rectrix is partly yellow (toward end), but frequently
it is wholly black.
3654—voL 2Y—O1 20
306 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
yellow) on pileum and hindneck; bill black, with basal half of mandi-
ble bluish gray (pale grayish blue or bluish white in life?); legs and
feet grayish brown or horn color (bluish gray in life?).
Young (jirst plumage).—Pileum and hindneck light yellowish olive-
green, becoming more yellow on forehead; back and scapulars dull
olive; rump and upper tail-coverts light olive-green or dull yellowish
olive-green; wing-coverts dusky olive, the middle series broadly the
greater narrowly tipped with dull yellow; remiges dusky, the tertials
broadly edged with dull yellow or pale yellowish olive, the longer
primaries narrowly edged with whitish; four middle rectrices dusky
olive, edged (especially at ends) with pale yellowish olive; rest of
rectrices paler olive, with pale yellow shafts and margins; under parts
and sides of head canary yellow, the middle of the chest with a
crescentic patch (not very distinct) of olive.
Adult male.—Length (skins), 208.3—233.7 (219.5); wing, 86.9-94.5
(90.4); tail, 99.38-113.3 (104.6); culmen, from base, 20.6-22.9 (22.1);
depth of bill at base, 9.4-10.2 (9.9); tarsus, 27.9-30.5 (29); middle toe,
17-38-19.) (17-8).*
Adult female.—Length (skins), 198.1-207 (202.4); wing, 83.8-89.4
(86.6); tail, 94.7-106.9 (100.8); culmen, from base, 20.3-21.6 (20.8);
depth of bill at base, 10.2-10.7 (10.4); tarsus, 28.2-28.5; middle toe,
17-18 (17.5).’ .
Southeastern Mexico, in States of Vera Cruz (Tlalcotalpam; Motzo-
rongo; Otatitlan; Cordova; Orizaba), Oaxaca (Minatitlan), Chiapas
(Guichicovi), Tabasco, and Yucatan (Calotmul), through Guatemala
(Choctum; Coban; Duefas) and British Honduras (Corosal; Belize) to
Honduras (Omoa; San Pedro).
Ps[arocolius] mesomelas WAGLER, Isis, 1829, 755 (Mexico).
[ Xanthornus] mesomelas BoNAPARTE, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 434 (Tabasco, s. e.
Mexico).
Icterus mesomelas Scuater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1856, 301 (Cordova, Vera
Cruz); 1859, 58 (Omoa, Honduras), 293 (Esmeraldas, w. Ecuador); Cat.
Am. Birds, 1862, 133 (Orizaba, Vera Cruz); Ibis, 1883, 367 (monogr.); Cat.
Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 378 (Orizaba; Yucatan; Choctum, Vera Paz,
Guatemala; Corosal and Belize, British Honduras; San Pedro, Hondurag).—
Sayin and Scuater, Ibis, 1860, 34 (Duenhas and Coban, Guatemala) .—Scra-
TER and SAtvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 837 (San Pedro, Honduras).—
'Ten specimens.
* Two specimens.
Ogi ———=
Culmen,| Depth Middle
Locality. Wing. | Tail. from of bill nt oo
| base. | at base. |
a ——
MALES. |
Seven adult males from southeastern Mexico. .... 89.9 | 103.4 21.8 | 9.9 29 17.8
One adult male from Guatemala.........-....-.--- | 91.4 | 104.1 eo al erate eet 28.5 19.1
22.4 | er: 30.2 18.8
Two adult males from Honduras..........-..--.--- 91.2 109.2
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 307
Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1859, 58 (Omoa, Honduras).—LAwRENCcE,
Bull. U. 8. Nat. Mus., no. 4, 1876, 23 (Guichicovi, Chiapas).—Cassry, Proc.
Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1867, 51 (monogr.; Mexico; Guatemala; Yucatan ).—
Sumicurast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., i, 1869, 553 (tierra caliente, Vera
Sruz).—Bovucarp, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, 445 (Calotmul, Yucatan) .—
Satvrin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1887, 470, part (Cordova
and hot country, Vera Cruz; Guichicovi, Chiapas; Calotmul, Yucatan; Belize
and Corosal, British Honduras; Coban and Choctum, Guatemala; Omoa and
San Pedro, Honduras).
[Icterus] mesomelas SCLATER and Satvin, Nom. Avy. Neotr., 1873, 36, part.
Icterus mesomelas mesomelas Ripaway, Proc. Wash. Ac. Sci., iii, Apr. 15, 1901,
1538, in text.
Icterus atrogularis Lesson, Cent. Zool., 1830, 73, pl. 22 (Mexico).
Oriolus musicus CaBot, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., i, 1848, 155 (Yucatan); Boston
Journ. Nat. Hist., iv, 1844, 465 (do.).
ICTERUS MESOMELAS SALVINII (Cassin).
SALVIN’S ORIOLE,
Similar to /. m. mesomelas, but decidedly larger, without trace of
white edging to secondaries, and with more black on tail (fourth ree-
trix wholly black, and much more than basal half of third rectrix
black).
Adult matle.—Length (skins), 215.9-238.8 (228.9); wing, 87.6-101.6
(96.3); tail, 100.3-114.8 (107.7); culmen, from base, 24.4-26.9 (25.4);
depth of billat base, 9.7-10.7 (10.2); tarsus, 30-32.8 (30.7); middle toe,
18.3-21.8 (20.3).!
Adult female.—Length (skins), 199.7-223.5 (212.3); wing, 86.6-98.3
(92.7); tail, 98.6-108.5 (104.9); culmen, from base, 22.9-24.9 (23.6);
depth of bill at base, 10.2; tarsus, 29.7-30.5 (380); middle toe, 19.8-
20.3 (20.1).?
'Ten specimens.
* Five specimens.
Culmen,| Depth :
Locality. Wing. | Tail. from | of bill | Tarsus. Mies
| base. | at base. c:
MALES.
Three adult males from Nicaragua...............- 98.8 | 111 25.7 10.4 31.2 20.3
Three adult males from Costa Rica .......222--2--- 99.8 | 109 25.9 10.2 30.7 216i:
Three adult males from Panama............-.-... 91.9 | 104.9 24.6 10.2 30.5 19.3
One adult male from Venezuela ...........2...... 91.2 | 101.6 24.9 9.9 30.5 21.6
FEMALES.
Two adult females from Nicaragua .........-..... 91.7 | 103.6 24.4 10.2 29.7 19.8
One adult female from Costa Rica ...........--... O5RSa le 104e dal Rate eee 10.2 30.5 | 20.3
Two adult females from Panama....../.........-- 92.5 | 103.4 2351 10.2 30 20.3
Specimens from Central Colombia (‘‘ Bogota’’) are still smaller than Panama ex-
amples, and occasionally have indistinct white edgings to the secondaries. They are
thus intermediate between J. m. salvinii and I. m. taczanowskii (Ridgway, Proc. Biol.
Soe. Wash., iii, Apr. 15, 1901, 153), of western Ecuador and Peru, though nearer the
former,
308 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Nicaragua (Rio Escondido; Los Sabalos; Greytown) to Colombia
(Bogota; Antioquia; Rio Atrato) and Venezuela.
Icterus mesomelas (not Psarocolius mesomelas Wagler) ScuATER, Proc. Zool. Soc.
Lond., 1855, 154 ( Bogota, Colombia); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 133, part (Bogota);
Ibis, 1883, 367, part (monogr.) ; Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 378, part ( Valza,
Costa Rica; Chepo., Lion Hill, and Panama, Isthmus of Panama).—ScuaTEer
and Sanvin, Proce. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, 354 (Lion Hill, Panama R. R.);
1867, 297 (Blewfields, Nicaragua); 1879, 509 (Antioquia, Colombia).—
Lawrence, Ann. Lye. N. Y., vii, 1861, 297 (Lion Hill); viii, 1865, 181 (Grey-
town, Nicaragua ).—ZELEDON, Cat. Aves de Costa Rica, 1882, 9; An. Mus. Nac.
Costa Rica, i, 1887, 112 (Sipurio and Talamanca, Costa Rica).—Nurrine, Proc.
U.S. Nat. Mus., vi, 1884, 402 (Los Sabalos, Nicaragua).—ALLEN, Bull. Am.
Mus. N. H., xiii, 1900, 162 (Cacagualito, prov. Santa Marta, Colombia).—
Ricumonp, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xvi, 1893, 495 (Rio Escondido, Nicaragua;
habits; song).
[Icterus] mesomelas ScuaterR and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 36, part.
Icterus salvinii Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., Apr., 1867, 51 (Turrialba and San
Carlos, Costa Rica; Greytown, Nicaragua; Rio Atrato and Bogota, Colombia;
Venezuela; type in Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.)
Icterus salvini LAWRENCE, Ann. Lye. N. Y., 1x, 1868, 104 (San Carlos and Turrialba,
Costa Rica).—Franrzius, Journ. fir Orn., 1869, 302 (Costa Rica).—ZELEDON,
Cat. Aves de Costa Rica, 1882, 9. ;
I{cterus] salvini Scuarer and Savin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 838, in text
(Grit):
Icterus mesomelas salvini BANGs, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club, ii, Sept. 20, 1900, 33
(Loma del Leon, Panama R. R.).
Icterus mesomelas salvinii Ripa@way, Proc. Wash. Ac. Sci., 11, 1901, 153, in text.
ICTERUS PARISORUM Bonaparte.
SCOTT’S ORIOLE,
Adult male in summer.—Head, neck, chest, back, and scapulars uni-
form black; lesser wing-coverts, edge of wing, under wing-coverts,
axillars, under parts of body (except chest), thighs, under pales eee
rump, and upper tail-coverts deep lemon yellow, the rump and upper
tail-coverts usually more or less (sometimes strongly) tinged or washed
with olive or olive-grayish; middle wing-coverts usually paler yellow,
often passing into white at tips; rest of wings black, the greater coverts
more or less broadly tipped with white, and some of the remiges (espe-
cially the tertials) with narrow white margins; four middle rectrices
black, with basal portion light lemon yellow; rest of rectrices with
more than the basal half light lemon yellow, the terminal portion
black, more or less margined terminally with white; bill black, with
basal half of mandible light bluish gray; legs and feet (in dried skins)
dusky horn color.
Adult male in winter.—Similar to the summer male but white mark-
ings on wings much broader, feathers of back more or less margined
with light gray, rump and upper tail-coverts more strongly washed
with olive or gray, and flanks more or less tinged with olive.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 309
Adult female.—Above olive-grayish, becoming more yellowish olive
on rump and upper tail-coverts, the feathers of pileum, back, and
scapulars with darker mesial streaks, sometimes black with merely
the margins grayish olive; wings dusky with light grayish edgings,
the middle and greater coverts broadly tipped with white, forming
two distinct bands; tail yellowish olive with four middle rectrices and
terminal portion of the remainder darker, more grayish olive; under
parts plain yellowish olive, passing into clear yellow (gamboge or light
lemon) on median portion of breast and abdomen. (In those speci-
mens having broad black centers to feathers of pileum, back, ete., the
throat more or less spotted or clouded with black; sometimes the
whole chin, throat, and chest uniform black.)
Immature male.—Similar in coloration to adult females, but larger.
Young male and female (first plumage).—Similar to the lighter-
colored adult females, but paler, and with the remiges more broadly
margined with whitish.
Adult male.—Length (skins), 188-210.8 (199.1); wing, 98.6-106.7
(104.4); tail, 79.2-91.9 (88.4); exposed culmen, 20.8-24.6 (22.9); depth
of bill at base, 8.6-9.9 (9.4); tarsus, 22.9-25.4 (23.9); middle toe,
17-19.1 (18).3
Adult female.—Length (skins), 184.2—203.2 (191.5); wing, 94.5-102.
(97.8); tail, 81.3-88.4 (84.3); exposed culmen, 20.3-22.9 (21.3); depth
of bill at base, 8.1-9.7 (8.9); tarsus, 23.4-24.9 (24.1); middle toe,
16.3-19.6 (17.5).?
Southwestern United States, Lower California, and Mexican pla-
teau; north to western Texas (El Paso County; Pecos River), New
Mexico (Sandia Mountains, near Santa Fe; Silver City; Fort Bayard),
Arizona (Chiricahua and Santa Rita mountains; Tucson), southern
Utah (Beaver Dam Mountains), southern Nevada (Charleston, Grape-
vine, White, and Juniper mountains, and Stillwater), and southern
California (San Bernardino, San Diego, Los Angeles, and Inyo
counties); south to Vera Cruz (temperate and alpine zones), Puebla
(San Bartolo; Tehuacan), Mexico (Tlalpam), and Hidalgo (Pachuca).
1Sixteen specimens.
* Ten specimens.
Adult males from different localities average as follows:
‘Culmen,| Depth | Middle
Locality. Wing.} Tail. | from of bill Tarsus. ae
| base. | at base.
a Seite a
MALES. |
Ten adult males from Arizona, New Mexico, west- |
PIMP H Ce ee ete Seen sane | 104.4] 97.6] 28.1 Gaz) Voda aes
Four adult males from Lower California.......... | 104. 6 89.7 | 22.6 9.7 | 23.9 18.5
Two adult males from southern Mexico (Tlalpam |
BU GEGUSITAY UALO) ones se osceae ace ns ces aces cesar | 104.4 88.9 | 22.4 9.1 | 23.6 17.8
|
310 - BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Icterus parisorum BoNAPARTE, Proc. Zool. Soe. Lond., 1837, 110 (Mexico; coll. Paris
brothers).—Sciatrer, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1858, 303 (La Parada, Oaxaca);
1860, 251 (Mexico); 1864, 175 (valley of Mexico); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 132
(n. Mexico; Cape St. Lucas); Ibis, 1883, 365 (monogr.) ; Cat. Birds Brit. Mus.,
xi, 1886, 374 (Cape St. Lucas, Lower California; near City of Mexico; Pecos
R., Texas; Santa Catarina, Nuevo Leon.)—Barrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Sury.,
ix, 1858, 544; ed. 1860 (Birds N. Am.), atlas, pl. 57, fig. 1; Rep. U. 8. and
Mex. Bound. Surv., ii, pt. 2, 1859, 19, pl. 19, fig. 1 (Santa Catarina, and
near Monterey, Nuevo Leon); Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 411; Proce. Ac.
Nat. Sci. Phila., 1859, 301, 304 (Cape St. Lucas).—Casstn, Proc. Ac. Nat.
Sci. Phila., 1867, 54 (monogr.).—SumicnHrast, Mem. Bost. Soc., i, 1869, 553
(temperate and alpine regions, Vera Cruz).—Coorrr, Orn. Cal., 1870, 276
(Cape St. Lucas to Texas; Fort Mojave, California’?).—Covers, Check List,
1873, no. 219.—Barrp, Brewer, and Rrpaway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874,
188, pl. 35, fig. 7—HensHaw, Rep. Orn. Spec. Wheeler’s Surv., 1873
(1874), 160 (Arizona s. of Gila R.).—RipGway, Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881,
no. 268.—Brewster, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vi, 1881, 69 (Chiricahua Mts.,
s. Arizona).—BELDING, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., v, 1882, 54 (La Paz, Lower
California, winter); vi, 1883, 348 (Victoria Mts., Lower California, up to
4,500 ft.).—Scorr, Auk, ii, 1885, 1-7 (Santa Catalina Mts., Arizona; breed-
ing habits, etc.); iv, 1887, 22 (Pima and Gila counties, Arizona; habits,
ete. ).—AMERICAN OrniITHOLOGISTS’ Unton, Check List, 1886, no. 504.—FrEr-
RARI-PerEZ, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., ix, 1886, 150 (San Bartolo, Puebla,
Nov. ).—Satvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1887, 463.—Mor-
com, Bull. Ridgw. Orn. Club, no. 2, 1887, 47 (Chino Canyon and Coahuilla
Valley, San Diego Co., California, Apr.).—Nertson, Auk, vii, 1891, 237 (San-
dia Mts., near Santa Fe, New Mexico, July ).—Browne, Auk, vii, 1891, 238
(San Diego, California, 1 spec., May 16; Silver City, New Mexico).—AnrHony,
Auk, viii, 1892, 364 (s. w. New Mexico, breeding); xi, 1894, 327 (San
Diego Co., California; San Quentin, Lower California); xii, 1895, 140 (San
Fernando, Lower California, resident).—FisHer, North Am. Fauna, no. 7,
1893, 76 (Argus, Inyo, Coso, and Panamint Mts., s. e. California; Charles-
ton, Grapevine, White, and Juniper Mts. and Mt. Magruder, s. Nevada;
Beaver Dam Mts., s. Utah).—Brnprre, Life Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1895,
471, pl. 6, figs. 28, 29 (eggs).—Nernrirnc, Our Native Birds, ete., ii, 1896,
269, pl. 31, fig 2.—Tuurser, Auk, xiii, 1896, 296 (near San Bernardino, Cal-
ifornia, Apr. 1, 1895).—GRINNELL, Pub. ii, Pasadena Acad. Sci., 1898, 33
(Los Angeles, California, Apr. 19, 1895).—Wutson, Auk, xvi, 1899, 189
(Fort Bayard, New Mexico, | spec.).
[Icterus] parisorum ScuavEeR and Sartvin, Nom. Ay. Neotr., 1873, 36. 5
I[cterus] parisorum Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 409.—Ripeway, Man.
N. Am. Birds, 1887, 373.
[ Xanthornus] parisorum Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 434 (Mexico).
Icterus parisiorum Cougs, Check List, 2d ed, 1882, no. 329.—Brewster, Bull. Nutt.
Orn. Club, vii, 1882. 200 (Santa Rita Mts. and Tucson, Arizona; descr. young).
Icterus melanochrysura Lesson, Rey. Zool., 1839, 105 (Mexico).
Icterus scottii Coucn, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., vii, 1854, 66 (Coahuila and Nueyo
Leon, n.e. Mexico; coll. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.?).
ICTERUS GALBULA (Linnzus).
BALTIMORE ORIOLE,
Adult male in summer.—Head, neck, back, and scapulars uniform
black, that of the throat extending posteriorly into median portion of
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. oll
chest; rump, upper tail-coverts, lesser and middle wing-coverts, and
under parts of body (except median portion of upper chest) rich
orange or orange-yellow;' wings (except lesser and middle coverts)
black, the greater coverts broadly tipped with white, the remiges
more or less edged with same; middle pair of rectrices black, except
the concealed basal portion; remainder of tail light orange or orange-
yellow, crossed near the base by a broad band of black; maxilla black,
mandible pale grayish blue (in life), with tip dusky; iris brown; legs
and feet dusky horn color (in dried skins).
Adult male in winter.—Similar to the summer male, but scapulars
and interscapulars margined with dull orange, orange of rump and
upper tail-coverts more or less obscured with olive, and white wing-
edgings broader.
Adult female in summer.—Pileum, hindneck, back, and scapulars
saffron-olive, the ‘ts athers with more or less distinct central spots of
black or dusky; rump, upper tail-coverts, and tail olive-saftron,
brightest (sometimes dull orange) on upper tail-coverts; wings dusky,
the middle coverts broadly, the greater coverts more narrowly, tipped
with white, the remiges edged with gray (sometimes white on longer
primaries); under parts saffron yellow or dull orange-yellow, paler
and duller on abdomen, tinged with olive on sides and flanks, the
throat usually with more or less of black.”
Adult female + ilar to the summer female, but plum-
age softer and back tinged with gray.
Immature male.—Variously intermediate in coloration between the
adult female and fully adult male, according to age.
Young in jirst autumn and winter. ssentially different from
those adult females without black on upper parts or throat.
Young, jirst plumage.—Kssentially similar to the lighter colored
adult females, but upper parts paler and grayer, without dusky centers
to feathers of pileum, back, ete.; under parts dull whitish shading
into pale saffron-olive on chest, sides, and flanks; chin grayish itl
throat pale olive-yellowish, and white wing-markings somewhat tinged
with dull yellowish.
Adult male.—Length (skins), 172.7-188 (181.1); wing, 91.4-102.1
(97); tail, 70.6-80 (75.9); exposed culmen, 17.5-19.8 (18.3); depth of
bill at base, 9.1-10.7 (9.9); tarsus, 22.9-25.4 (23.9); middle toe, 15.2-
6.8 (15.7).3
‘Varying from cadmium yellow to intense orange, or almost flame scarlet, the
average hue being cadmium orange.
*There is a very great amount of individual variation in the adult female. A
majority of specimens show more or less black on the upper parts, some having the
head, neck, and back nearly uniform black and the middle rectrices mostly black,
thus to be distinguished from males in the second or third year only by dissection.
* Twelve specimens,
312 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Adult female.—Length (skins), 157.5-170.2 (166.1); wing, 85.1-
91.9 (88.9); tail, 66-71.9 (68.6); exposed culmen, 16-18 (17.5) depth
of bill at base, 8.4-10.2 (9.4); tarsus, 22.4-24.1 (23.1); middle toe,
14.7-16.5 (15.5).
Eastern temperate North America; breeding from the more south-
ern United States (Texas to the Carolinas), except along the Gulf
coast, northward to Nova Scotia, southern New Brunswick, Ontario,
and Manitoba (to latitude 55°); west to eastern Assiniboia, Montana,
Wyoming, and Colorado, east of the Rocky Mountains; in winter
south through eastern Mexico and Central America to Colombia
(province of Santa Marta) and Venezuela (Caracas?); accidental in
Cuba, at York Factory, and said to have been taken in the Shetland
Islands.
[ Coracias] galbula Linnxus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10,1, 1758, 108 (‘‘America’’; based on
Icterus ex aureo nigroque varius Catesby, Nat. Hist. Carolina, i, pl. 48).
Icterus galbula Cours, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, v, Apr., 1880, 98; Check List, 2d
ed., 1882, no. 326.—Ripa@way, Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 271; Proe. U.S.
Nat. Mus., x, 1887, 580 (Truxillo, Honduras, Sept.); Orn. Illinois, i, 1889,
319.—CHAMBERLAIN, Bull. i, Nat. Hist. Soc. N. B., 1882, 41 (New Brunswick,
rare summer resid. ); Auk, iv, 1887, 256 (near Halifax, Nova Scotia, Sept. ).—
OaiLBy, Sci. Proc. Roy. Dubl. Soc., iii, 1882, 48 (Navarro Co., Texas, 1 spec.,
Aug. 30).—Hay, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 92 (Memphis, Tennessee, and
Jackson, Mississippi, summer ).—BrckHam, Journ. Cine. Soc. N. H., vi, 1883,
143 (Nelson Co., Kentucky, breeding).—Nurrine, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., v,
18838, 500 (San José, Costa Rica); vi, 1883, 392 (Ometepe, Nicaragua).—BrcK-
NELL, Auk, ii, 1885, 251 (song).—AGErsBorG, Auk, ii, 1885, 282 (s. e. South
Dakota, breeding ).—Cooxer, Auk, ii, 1885, 58 (migrations in 1884); Bird Migr.
Miss. Val., 1888, 170 (dates, ete. ); Birds Col., 1897, 95 (rare summer resid. El
Paso Co., ete., e. side of mountains); Bull. no. 44, Col. Agric. Col., 1898, 164
(Golden, Colorado).—Cory, Auk, iii, 1886, 219 (West Indian references);
Birds W. I., 1889, 106; Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 110 (Cuba).—American
OrniTHOLOGISTS’ Union, Check List, 1886, no. 507.—FErrRARI-PrrREz, Proc.
U.S. Nat. Mus., ix, 1886, 149 (Tezuitlan, Puebla, Nov.; Jalapa, Vera Cruz,
Sept. ).—ZELEpon, An. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, i, 1887, 112 (San José, Cartago,
and Alajuela, Costa Rica).—Goss, Birds Kansas, 1891, 403 (whole State,
' Kight specimens.
Specimens from the Mississippi Valley agree very closely with those from the
Atlantic States, both in coloration and measurements; possibly the former average
brighter in coloration, especially adult males, some of which are by far the most
intensely colored examples seen. Average measurements are as follows:
Ex- Depth .
Locality. Wing. | Tail. | posed | of bill | Tarsus, | Middle
culmen. | at base. ;
MALES.
Six adult males from Atlantic States.............. 97 77 18 9.9 23.9 16
Six adult males from Mississippi Valley......-.... 96.8 74.7 18.3 10.2 24.1 15.7
FEMALES,
Four adult females from Atlantic States.......... 88.1 68.6 17.5 9.4 22.9 15.2
Four adult females from Mississippi Valley....-.-. 89.4 68.8 17.3 9.1 23.4 | 165.5
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. oile
summer resid.).—THompson, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., xiii, 1891, 580 (localities
in s. and w. Manitoba; habits, etc.).—CHErrRiz, Auk, viii, 1892, 250 (San
José, Costa Rica, Oct. 5 to Mar. 16); Expl. Zool. Costa Rica, 1893, 30 (Buenos
Aires, s. w. Costa Rica).—RicHMmonp, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xvi, 1898, 496
(Rio Escondido, Nicaragua, Sept. 20 to Feb. 16).—Brnpire, Life Hist. N. Am.
Birds, ii, 1895, 482, pl. 7, figs. 6-9 (eggs).—BraL, Yearbook U. 8. Dep. Agr.
for 1895, 426-430, fig. 111 (food, ete.)—Nernrumne, Our Native Birds, ete.,
ii, 1896, 286, pl. 30, figs. 1, 2.—Banas, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xii, 1898, 139
(Santa Marta, Colombia, winter).—Rospprns, Auk, xvi, 1899, 354 (song).—
Bryer, Proc. Louis. Soc. Nat. for 1897-99 (1900), 105 (breeding in East
Feliciana parish, Louisiana).—FbLemine, Auk, xviii, 1901, 40 (Port Sydney
and Beaumaris, n. Ontario, summer resident ).—Cary, Auk, xviii, 1901, 236
(Edgemont, Black Hills, Wyoming, breeding).
(Icterus] galbula Cory, List Birds W. I., 1885, 13.
I[cterus] galbula Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 408.—Ripeaway, Man. N.
Am. Birds, 1887, 377.
[Oriolus] baltimore Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, i, 1766, 162 (based on IJcterus
minor Brisson, 11, Orn., 109; Icterus ex aureo nigroque varius Catesby Nat.
Hist. Carolina, i, pl. 48).—GmMe in, Syst. Nat., i, pt. i, 1788, 381.—-LarHam,
Index Orn., i, 1790, 180.
Oriolus baltimore Witson, Am. Orn., 1, 1808, 23, pl. 1, fig. 3; vi, 1812, 88, pl. 53,
fig. 4.
Icterus baltimore Daupin, Traité d’Orn., ii, 1800, 348.—TremMinck, Cat. Syst.,
1807, 47.—Bonapartr, Ann. Lye. N. Y., ii, 1828, 51; Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
1837, 116 (Guatemala); Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 29.—LIcHTENSTEIN,
Preis-Verz. Mex. Vog., 1830, 1 (Mexico).—Nurrati, Man. Orn. U. 8. and
Can., i, 1832, 152.—Swarnson and RicnHarpson, Fauna Bor.-Am., ii, 1831,
284.—AubuBON, Orn. Biog., i, 1831, 66, pl. 12; v. 1839, 278, pl. 423; Synopsis,
1839, 143; Birds Am., oct. ed., iv, 1842, 37, pl. 217.—Barrp, Rep. Pacific R. R.
Surv., ix, 1858, 548; Rep. U.S. and Mex. Bound. Surv., ii, pt. 2, 1859, 19 (San
Antonio, Texas); Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 415.—Haypen, Rep. U.S. Geol.
Surv., 1862, 170 (wooded portions of the Missouri Valley).—ScuarEr, Proc.
Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, 175 (Mexico); Ibis, 18838, 354 (monoer.); Cat. Birds
Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 364 (Jalapa, Vera Cruz; British Honduras; Choctum,
Cahabon, Coban, San Pedro Martir, Volean de Fuego, and Escuentla, Gua-
temala; San Pedro. Honduras; Chontales, Nicaragua; Irazui distr. and Bebe-
dero, Costa Rica; Bugaba and Calobre, Veragua; Lion Hill and Paraiso
Station, Panama R. R.; Minca, Colombia; Caracas, Venezuela? ).—LAWRENCE,
Ann. Lye. N. Y., vii, 1861, 331 (Lion Hill, Panama R. R.); viii, 1865, 1777
(David, Chiriqui).—Btaxiston, Ibis, 1862, 7 (Forks of Saskatchewan, June
2).—ScLATER and Satvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, 353 (Lion Hill).—
Dresser, Ibis, 1865, 493 (Matamoras, Tamaulipas, breeding?; Houston,
Texas).—Gunpiacu, Reprt. Fisico-Nat. Cuba, i, 1866, 286; Journ. fiir
Orn., 1874, 127 (Cuba); Orn. Cuba, 1892, 95.—Sumicnrast, Mem. Bost.
Soc. N. H., i, 1869, 553 (Vera Cruz, migrant).—ALLEN, Bull. Mus. Comp.
Zool., iii, 1872, 146 (Cheyenne, Wyoming, Aug.), 150 (e. Colorado, sum-
mer), 178 (Kansas; Wyoming; Colorado; crit.).—SNow, Birds Kansas, 1873,
8 (common); 3d ed., 1875, 8.—Ripaway, Bull. Essex Inst., v, 1873, 183
(Colorado) ; Field and Forest, 1877, 208 (do. ).—Covrs, Check List, 1873, no.
216; Birds N. W., 1874, 198; Bull. U. 8S. Geol. and Geog. Sury. Terr., iv, 1878,
604 (Pembina, North Dakota, breeding; crit.).—Boucarp, Proc. Zool. Soe.
Lond., 1878, 59 (San José, Costa Rica, Mar., Apr.).—Brewsrer, Ann. Lye.
N. Y., xi, 1875, 142 (Ritchie Co., West Virginia, breeding); Bull. Nutt.
Orn. Club, iii, 1878, 176 (descr. young).—Barrp, Brewer, and Ripeway,
t iPr
314 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 195, pl. 35, fig. 5; iii, 1874, 518 (El Paso Co.,
Colorado).—McCautey, Bull. U. 8. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr., iii, 1877, 669
(Wolf Creek, n. Texas, breeding).—McCuesney, Bull. U. S. Geol. and
Geog. Surv., v, 1879, 80 (Fort Sisseton, South Dakota, May 19 to Sept. 1).—
MERRILL, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., i, 1879, 135 (Fort Brown, Texas!).—Satvin,
and Gopman, Ibis, 1880, 123 (Minea, proy. Santa Marta, Colombia, Feb.) ;
Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1887, 460.—S.Lapkg, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vi, 1881,
181 (food).—ZELEpoN, Cat. Aves de Costa Rica, 1882, 10.—Satvin, Cat.
Strickland Coll., 1882, 262 (Guatemala).
[Icterus] baltimore Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 158.—Sciarer and SaLvrn, ‘
Nom. Ay. Neotr., 1873, 36.
I{cterus] baltimore Netson, Bull. Essex Inst., viii, 1876, 112 (n. e. Illinois, May
8 to Sept. ).
Ycterus baltimore LEMBEYE, Aves de la Isla de Cuba, 1850, 63, pl. 9, figs. 1, 2.
tsieheeae;
Ps[arocolius] baltimore WAGLER, Syst. Av., 1827, Psarocolius, sp. 27. ;
Y [phanthes] baltimore Vrettiot, Enc. Méth., ii, 1823, 708. é
Yphantes baltimore Virtitiot, Gal. Ois., i, 1824, 124, pl. 87.—Woopnouse, Rep. i
Sitgreaves’ Expl. Zufi and Col. R., 1853, 79 (Indian Terr.; e. Texas).— :
Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1848, 90 (Mexico).—Haymonp, Proce. Ac. 4
Nat. Sci. Phila., 1856, 291 (Franklin Co., Indiana).—Brewer, Proc. Bost.
Soe. N. H., vii, 1860, 307 (Cuba).
[ Yphantes] baltimore BoNaparrr, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 432. |
H (yphantes] baltimore CaBanis, Mus. Hein., i, 1851, 183. |
Hyphantes baltimore GuNpiacn, Journ. fiir Orn., 1856, 10 (Cuba).—Moore, Proc.
Zool. Soc. Lond., 1859, 57 (Cays, bet. Belize and Omoa, British Honduras).—
CaBaNnis, Journ. ftir Orn., 1861, 7 (San José, Costa Rica).—Cassin, Proe. Ac. |
Nat. Sci. Phila., 1867, 62 (monogr.).—LawreEnceg, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., ix, 1868, |
104 (San José, Costa Rica).—Franrzius, Journ. fir. Orn., 1869, 303 (Costa
Rica).
Yphantes baltimorensis ScLaTER, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1856, 142 (Chiriqui).
Hyphantes baltimorensis SCLATER, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1857, 205 (San Andres
Tuxtla, Vera Cruz); 1859, 57, 365 (Jalapa).
Icterus baltimorensis SCLATER and SALvIN, Ibis, 1859, 20 (Vera Paz, Guatemala) ;
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, 279 ( Blewfields R., Nicaragua); 1870, 836 (San
Pedro, Honduras).—Scuarer, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 130 (Pennsylvania;
Jalapa, Vera Cruz).—Satvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, 142 (David,
Chiriqui) ; 1870, 190 (Calobre, Veragua); Ibis, 1872, 317 (Chontales, Nica-
ragua).—Covurs, Proce. Essex Inst., v, 1868, 37, 285 (Massachusetts); Proce.
Bost. Soc. N. H., xii, 1868, 117 (South Carolina).—Triprr, Proc. Essex :
Inst., vi, 1871, 117 (Minnesota). *
Icterus baltimorus Witson, Am. Orn., vi, 1812, 88, pl. 53, fig. 4 (female).—
McIiwrairnx, Proc. Essex Inst., v, 1866, 90 (Hamilton, Ontario).
Oriolus tricolor MiuurR, Syst. Nat. Suppl., 1776, 87 (based on Le Baltimore bdtard,
du Canada, Daubenton, Pl. Enl., pl. 506, fig. 2; = adult female).
ICTERUS BULLOCKII (Swainson).
BULLOCK’S ORIOLE.
Adult male in summer.—Greater part of pileum, hindneck, back,
scapulars, lores, postocular streak, anterior portion of malar region,
chin, and broad stripe down middle of throat, black; rest of head and
neck (including a broad superciliary stripe and sometimes the whole
1 Discredits alleged breeding at Matamoras.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 315
forehead), orange or orange-yellow,' the under parts similar, but
rather paler or more yellowish orange posteriorly; rump and upper
tail-coverts orange or orange-yellow, more or less (often strongly)
tinged with olive; lesser wing-coverts partly black, partly (next to
bend and anterior border) orange; exposed portion of middle and
greater coverts white, forming a large patch; rest of wings, including
greater portion of inner webs of greater coverts, black, the secondaries
(except at base of five or six outermost) broadly, the primaries more
narrowly, edged with white; middle pair of rectrices black, except at
base; next pair mostly black; remaining rectrices orange-yellow, with
more or less of black or dusky at tips (sometimes also on subbasal por-
tion of inner webs); maxilla black, mandible bluish; iris brown; legs
and feet dusky horn color in dried skins.
Adult male in winter.—Similar to the summer male, but scapulars
and interscapulars margined with grayish, feathers of under parts
faintly margined with whitish, and those of rump and upper tail-coverts
tipped with light grayish.
Adult female.—Pileum and hindneck yellowish olive, becoming
grayer posteriorly; back, scapulars, and rump olive-grayish, the back
sometimes narrowly or indistinctly streaked with dusky; upper tail-
coverts and tail olivaceous saffron yellow, or wax yellow, rather
brighter on edges of the rectrices; sides of head (including superciliary
stripe), sides of neck, and chest (sometimes most of throat also—more
rarely most of under parts) saffron yellowish or dull orange-yellow;
chin and median line of throat more whitish, sometimes blotched with
black (chin and median line of throat rarely solid black ?); rest of under
parts dull buffy whitish, the sides and flanks tinged with pale olive-
grayish, and breast (sometimes abdomen also) tinged with yellow; anal
region and under tail-coverts more yellowish, sometimes distinctly
yellow; wings dusky, the middle coverts broadly tipped with white,
forming a distinct band, the greater coverts and remiges edged with
white or grayish white.
Immature male (second year).—Similar to the adult female, but chin
and median line of throat solid black, the lores also black, and size
slightly larger.
Young male, first plumage.—Similar to adult female, but throat
entirely yellowish, wing-markings more buffy whitish, and plumage in
general more or less suffused with buffy, especially the under parts.
Young female, first plumage.—Similar to the young male, but slightly
paler.
Adult male.—Length (skins), 171.5-193 (180.3); wing, 97—102.4
(99.8); tail, 75.7-81.8 (78.7); exposed culmen, 16.5-20.6 (18.5); depth
1 Varying from almost lemon yellow to deeper than cadmium orange, the average
hue about the ‘‘orange’’ of my ‘‘ Nomenclature of Colors.”
316 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
of bill at base, 9.1-10.2 (9.9); tarsus, 24.1-25.4 (24.9); middle toe, 15.7-
17.8 (16.3).?
Adult female.—Length (skins), 167.6-190.5 (177); wing, 89.4-98.3
(93.7); tail, 69.3-79.2 (74.4); exposed culmen, 17-19.8 (18.3); depth of
bill at base, 8.6-9.7 (9.1); tarsus, 23.4-25.4 (24.6); middle toe, 15.5—-
O7.85(hG6:3)."
Western United States and British provinces and plateau of Mexico;
north to southern British Columbia, southern Alberta, and southern
Assiniboia; east to eastern border of the Great Plains in middle portions
of South Dakota, Nebraska, Kansas (Manhattan), Indian Territory, and
Texas, more sparingly to eastern portion of the sume States; breeding
south at least to States of Sonora and Chihuahua, northern Mexico;
in winter south to States of Colima (Manzanillo), Mexico (Tlalpam,
valley of Mexico), Puebla (Huechuetlan, Huachimango), and Durango
(Chacala, Papasquiaro). Accidental in Maine (Sorrento, Hancock
County, November, 1889).
NXanthornus bullockii Swainson, Philos. Mag., new ser., i, 1827, 486 (tableland of
Mexico).
Agelaius bullockii Ricnarpson, Rep. Brit. Assoc. for 1836 (18387), 176.
Icterus bullockii Bonararre, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 29.—AvupuBon, Orn.
Biog., v, 1839, 9, pls. 388, 433; Synopsis, 1839, 143; Birds Am., oct. ed., iv,
1842, 43, pl. 218.—Newserry, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., vi, 1857, 87 (Sacra-
mento Valley, California).—Batrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Sury., ix, 1858, 549;
Rep. U. 8. and Mex. Bound. Surv., ii, pt. 2, 1859, 20 (Guadalupe Canon and
Eagle Pass, Texas); Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 416.—Xanrus, Proc. Ac.
Nat. Sci. Phila., 1859, 192 (Fort Tejon, California).—Hernry, Proc. Ac. Nat.
Sei. Phila., 1859, 107 (New Mexico).—Coorrr and Sucktey, Rep. Pacific
R. R. Survy., xii, pt. ii, 1860, 209 (Puget Sound, ete.).—SciaTer, Cat. Am.
Birds, 1862, 130 (California; n. Mexico).—Lorp, Proc. Roy. Art. Inst., iv,
1864, 121 (British Columbia).—Covers, Proce. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, 91
(Fort Whipple, Arizona); Check List, 1873, no. 217; Birds N. W., 1874, 195.—
Cooper, Orn. Cal., 1870, 273.—Barrp, Brewer, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am.
1 Twelve specimens.
* Twelve specimens.
Specimens from California are smaller than those from the interior, and apparently
average rather duller in coloration; average measurements of equal series from east
and west of the Sierra Nevada, respectively, are as follows:
: Ex- Depth :
Locality. Wing. | Tail. | posed | of bill | Tarsus. | Middle
/culmen.) at base. a
MALES.
Six adult males from Great Basin and Rocky
MOUNTAINGCIStTIC ho. -ja--ceeese sce eae ee set 101.1 80.5 | 19.1 | 10.2 24.9 16.3
Six adult males from: Californias..:....2.s<sss0cee 98.6 eee 18 | 9.7, 24.9 16.3
FEMALES. |
|
Six adult females from Great Basin and Rocky |
Mountain Gistrict veo. scene sei nwascinaemeniecsese 95.5 76.2 18.5 | 9.4 25.1 16.5
Six adult females from California.............-..-- 91.7 Del 18 | 8.9 24,1 16
om
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. ui
Birds, ii, 1874, pl. 34, fig. 7.—Hrnsnaw, Rep. Orn. Spec. Wheeler’s Sury.,
1874, 65 (Denver, Colorado; measurements).—Snow, Birds Kansas, 3d ed.,
1875, 8 (summer resid. ).—FERRARI-PEREz, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., ix, 1886, 150
(Huehuetlan, Puebla, Jan.).—Ruoaps, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1893, 47
(interior British Columbia) .
Tetlerus] bullockit Maximittan, Journ. fiir Orn., 1858, 259 (descriptions, ete. ).
[ Icterus bullockii] Cours, Am. Nat., v, 1871, 678-682 (biography).
Icterus bullocki Scuarer, Ibis, 1883, 354 (monogr.); Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886,
365.—BurcHer, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1868, 150 (Laredo, Texas, May to
Aug. ).—SciatTer and Sauyin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1869, 362 (valley of
Mexico); Exotic Orn., 1869, 188.—Snow, Birds Kansas, 1873, 8 (Lawrence,
e. Kansas; 5 specs. May, June,1871).—Barrp, Brewer, and ce oa
N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 199, pl. 34, fig. 3—HernsHaw, Zool. Exp. W. 100th
Merid., 1875, 320 (Utah; Colorado; Arizona; habits, ete. eins oe Orn.
40th Parallel, 1877, 508 (Sacramento, California; localities in Nevada and
Utah; habits, ete.); Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 272.—McCautey, Bull.
U. 8. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr., iii, 1877, 669 (Wolf Creek, n. Texas;
rare).—SeEnneETT, Bull. U. 8. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr., iv, 1878, 26
(Hidalgo, Texas, breeding; descr. nest and eggs); v, 1879, 397 (Lometa,
Texas, breeding ).—MerriLL, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., i, 1879, 135 (Fort Brown,
Texas, breeding).—Covurs, Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 327.—AmeERICAN
OrnitHoLoaists’ Unton, Check List, 1886, no. 508.—AGErsBora, Auk, ii,
1885, 282 (s. e. South Dakota, breeding ).—Satvin and GopMANn, Biol. Centr.-
Am., Aves, 1, 1887, 462.—Hancocx, Bull. Ridgw. Orn. Club, no. 2, 1887,
18 (Corpus Christi, Texas, breeding. )—Cooxsr, Bird Migr. Miss. Val., 1888,
171 (s. e. South Dakota, breeding; Manhattan, e. Kansas; etc.; dates).—
Brewster, Auk, y. 1890, 92 (near Bangor,! Maine, 1 spec., Nov., 1889).—
Carman, Bull. Am. Mus. N. A., iii, 1890, 143 (Asheroft, British Colum-
bia).—Fannry, Check List Birds Brit. Col., 1891, 33 (e. side Cascades; rare
sum. resid. ).—Goss, Birds Kansas, 1891, 405 (common in w. Kansas; e. to
Manhattan ).—Ruoans, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sei Phila., 1892, 109 (Corpus Christi,
Texas, breeding).—Arrwarrr, Auk, ix, 1892, 238 (San Antonio, Texas, sum-
mer resid.).—SincLEy, Rep. Geol. Surv. Tex., 1894, 372 (Hidalgo).—Bern-
pirRE, Life Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1895, 486, pl. 7, figs. 10-13 (eggs).—
Newruinc, Our Native Birds, etc., ii, 1896, 293, pl. 31, fig. 1.—Kniaut,
Bull. no. 3, Univ. Maine, 1897, 88 (Sorrento, Hancock Co., Maine, 1 spec.,
Nov., 1889).—Brooks, Auk, xvii, 1900, 106 (British Columbia, abt. on e. side
of Cascade range; Chilliwack on w. side).—Carroii, Auk, xvii, 1901, 345
(Refugio Co., Texas, breeding).—Brunerr, Proc. Neb. Orn. Un., sec. ann.
meet., 1901, 54 (Ft. Robinson and Sioux Co., w. Nebraska, breeding).—
CrawForp, Proc. Neb. Orn. Un., sec. ann. meet., 1901, 77 (Sioux Co., w.
Nebraska, May).—Cary, Auk, xviii, 1901, 236 (Edgemont, Black Hills,
Wyoming, breeding).
[ Yphantes] bullockti Bonapartsr, Consp. Ay., i, 1850, 432.
Yphantes bullockii HEERMANN, Rep. Pacific R. R. Sury., x, pt. vi, 1859, 52 (Sacra-
mento Valley, California; descr. notes and nests and eggs).—Ducks, La
Naturaleza, 1, 1870, 139 (Mexico).
EHyphantes bunocen Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1867, 62.
Icterus (Hyphantes) bullockii Merriam, Ann. Rep. U. 8. Geol. Sury., 1872, 685
(Utah; Idaho).
‘Locality erroneous; should be Sorrento, Hancock County; see Knight, Bull. no.
3, Univ. Maine, 1897, 88.
318 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
[ Icterus bullocki] var. bullocki Batrp, Brewer, and Rrpeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds,
ii, 1874, 184.
[ Icterus] bullocki ScLATER and Satyry, Nom. Ay. Neotr., 1873, 36.
I({cterus| bullocki Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 409.—Ripaway, Man.
N. Am. Birds, 1887, 378.
Psarocolius auricollis Maximruian, Reise Nordam., i, 1839, 367 (Fort Pierre,
South Dakota; type in coll. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., New York City).—Batrrp,
in Stansbury’s Rep. Gt. Salt Lake, 1852, 332 (Missouri R.).
ICTERUS ABEILLEI (Lesson).
ABEILLE’S ORIOLE,
Similar to 7. budlockii, but adult male with rump, upper tail-coverts,
sides, flanks, auricular region, and sides of neck black; adult female
and immature male darker and grayer than those of /. budlockiz, espe-
cially on sides of head.
Adult male.—Above uniform deep black, from forehead to upper
tail-coverts, inclusive; lores, auricular region, anterior portion of
malar region, chin and median portion of throat, sides of neck, sides,
and flanks uniform black; rest of under parts, including malar region
(except extreme anterior portion), and under wing-coverts yellow,
more or less inclining to orange anteriorly; a more or less distinct
supraloral line of orange-yellow; wings black, relieved by a large
white patch covering middle and greater coverts (inner webs of the
latter black) and broad white edgings to innermost secondaries, the
longer primaries more narrowly edged with white or pale gray; tail
yellow, the middle pair of rectrices mostly black and the rest with
more or less of black on terminal portion; maxilla blackish, mandible
bluish with dusky tip; legs and feet (in dried skins) dusky horn color.
Adult female.—Above gray, tinged with olive-yellowish on the
head, the feathers of the back darker centrally; an indistinct dusky
median stripe on chin and throat; sides of throat, malar region, and
chest yellowish; sides, flanks, and under tail-coverts grayish, the latter
tinged with yellow; abdomen and median portion of the breast dull
whitish; wings dusky, the remiges and greater coverts edged with
light gray, the latter (except the innermost) and middle coverts broadly
tipped with white; tail yellowish olive.
Immature male.—Similar to adult female, but yellow of chest, etc.,
brighter, and black throat-stripe usually more distinct.
Adult male.—Length (skins), 177.8-188 (181.9); wing, 102.9-106.7
(104.6); tail, S0-86.4 (88.6); exposed culmen, 17.3-18.8 (17.8); depth of
bill at base, 8.6-10.2 (9.4); tarsus, 23.1-25.4 (24.1); middle toe,
15.5-16.5 (16).
Adult female.—Length (skin), 175.3; wing, 96.5; tail, 79.2; exposed
culmen, 17.8; depth of billat base, 8.9; tarsus, 25.1; middle toe, 15.2.”
1 Five specimens. 2 One specimen.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 319
Southern portion of Mexican plateau, in States of San Luis Potosi
(Jesus Maria), Puebla (Chalchicomula), Mexico (Tlalpam, valley of
Mexico), Morelos (Huitzilac), Jalisco (Hacienda el Molina), Guan-
ajuato (Celaya), and Vera Cruz (Orizaba).
(?)[Oriolus] costototl GMELIN, Syst. Nat., i, pt. i, 1788, 385 (‘‘Nova Hispania’’;
based on Icterus nove hispanix Brisson, Orn., il, p. 95; NXochilol et Costototl
Buffon, Hist. Nat. Ois., iii, p. 210). f
Ps[arocolius] coztototl WAGER, Isis, 1829, 757.
{ Yphantes] coztotot] BoNAPARTE, Consp. Ay., i, 1850, 452 (Mexico).
H(yphantes] costototl CABANIS, Mus. Hein., i, 1851, 183, footnote.
Xanthornus abeillei Lesson, Rey. Zool., 1839, 101 (Mexico; coll. Abeillé).
Icterus abeillii Scuater, Proe. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1860, 252 (Orizaba, Vera Cruz);
1864, 175 (valley of Mexico); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 180 (Mexico); Ibis,
1883, 354 (monogr.); Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 366 (City of Mexico;
“North Mexico”’).—Scuater and SAtvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1869, 362
(City of Mexico) ; Exotic Orn., pt. i, 1869, 187, pl. 94.—Duahs, La Naturaleza,
i, 1868, 139 (Guanajuato).—Satvin, Cat. Strickland Coll., 1882, 262 (Mexico) .
Icterus abeillei SAuviIn and GopMAN, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1887, 462.
[Icterus] abeillei SchaTER and Sautyin, Nom. Ay. Neotr., 18738, 36.
Icterus abeillei Jouy, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xvi, 1894, 781 (Hacienda el Molina,
Jalisco).
I cterus] abeillei Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 378.
[ Pendulinus] abeilii BoNAPARTE, Consp. Ay., i, 1850, 483.
Hyphantes abeillei Casstn, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1867, 62 (monogr. ).
[ Icterus bullocki] var. abeillei Barrp, Brewer, and Rrpaway, Hist. N. Am. Birds,
ii, 1874, 184 (diagnosis) .
Icterus bullocki, var. abeillei Batrp, Brewer, and Rrpaway, Hist. N. Am. Birds,
ii, 1874, 184, footnote (references).
Genus AGELAIUS Vieillot.
Agelaius Vieritor, Analyse, 1816, 33. (Type, Oriolus phoniceus Linnzeus.)
Agelaeus (emendation) CasBanis, Mus. Hein., i, Sept., 1851, 188.
Ageleus (emendation) Scuarer, Proce. Zool. Soe. Lond., 1857, 127.
Agelasticus! CaBanis, Mus. Hein., i, Sept., 1851, 188. (Type, Turdus thilius
Molina.)
Thilius BoNAPARTE, Compt. Rend., xxxvi, 1853, 833. (Type, Turdus thilius
Molina. )
Melanophantes Cassy, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., xix, Apr., 1867, 63. (Type,
Icterus xanthomus Sclater. )
(2?) Chrysomus (not Chrysoma Risso, 1826) Swainson, Classif. Birds, ii, 1837, 274.
(Type, Oriolus icterocephalus Linnzeus. )
(?) Xanthosomus? Capanis, Mus. Hein., i, Sept., 1851, 189. (Type, Oriolus icte-
rocephalus Linnzeus. )
(?) Erythropsar Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. |Phila., xviii, Mar., 1866, 17.
(Type, Agelaius frontalis Vieillot. )
Small or medium-sized semiterrestrial paludicoline Icteridee with
bill shorter than head, conical or cuneate, compressed; rather long and
1“<Von ay elacminos, gesellig, in Heerden lebend.”’
2*“Von av 90s, gelb, und s@ua, Leib. Korper.”’
320 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
pointed wing; tail three-fourths to nearly six-sevenths as long as wing,
more or less rounded; adult males black with red, orange, yellow, or
tawny lesser wing-coverts;' adult females much smaller and conspicu-
ously streaked.”
Bill shorter than head, elongate-conical or cuneate, compressed, with
straight or nearly straight outlines, its basal depth between one-half
and one-third the length of culmen, its basal width much less; culmen
straight or nearly so, usually more or less depressed in middle portion
and elevated and arched basally, more or less flattened, especially the
mesorhinial portion, ending posteriorly in an obtuse point; maxillary
tomium straight or nearly so, usually faintly convex in middle, the
rictal portion strongly deflexed; mandibular tomium straight to near
base, when strongly deflexed, with a gradual curve, the subbasal por-
tion sometimes (in South American species) slightly arched; gonys
straight or nearly so, shorter than maxilla from nostril. Nostril
small, oval or roundish (sometimes more or less pointed anteriorly),
with a narrow but distinct superior operculum, posteriorly in contact
with feathering of frontal anti. Wing moderate or rather long (less
than four to nearly five times as long as culmen, three and a half to
nearly four and a half times as long as tarsus), the tip moderately pro-
duced (slightly less to much more than length of culmen), rounded or
truncate; outermost (ninth) primary intermediate between sixth and
fifth, equal to fifth, slightly shorter than fifth, or (in A. cyanopus),
shorter than fourth; eighth, seventh, or sixth primaries longest, or
these three equal in length; inner webs of two or three outer primaries
very faintly sinuated beyond middle. Tail three-fourths to nearly
seven-eighths as long as wing, more or less rounded (sometimes nearly
even), the rectrices broadest near ends, the inner webs of lateral pair
many times broader than the outer. Tarsus décidedly longer than
culmen, its anterior scutella distinct; middle toe, with claw, as long as
tarsus or slightly shorter; lateral toes with claws reaching to base of
middle claw; hallux much shorter than lateral toes, but much stouter,
its claw decidedly shorter than the digit.
Coloration. — Adult males uniform black, with lesser wing-coverts
red, orange, yellow, or tawny;* adult females conspicuously streaked,
both above and below,’ except in Antillean species.’
Range,—The whole of America, except arctic and antarctic portions,
1 Except in two South American species, which are entirely black.
2 Except in the West Indian species, which are either like the males or (in A.
assimilis) wholly black.
3 Except in two South American species, A. cyanopus and A. forbesi, which are
entirely black.
4In A. cyanopus the under parts yellow, with streaking restricted to sides and
flanks.
5In A. assimilis the adult female is entirely black; in A. humeralisand A. xanthomus
the sexes are alike.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 321
Lesser Antilles, and Galapagos Archipelago. (About twelve species,
not including subspecies.)
The above diagnosis and description of external structural charac-
ters are drawn up from the type species and others which are evi-
dently congeneric, besides two South American species (A. th/ius and
A. cyanopus),' which, though aberrant, seem scarcely different enough
to warrant generic separation. In addition to these typical or nearly
typical speciesof Agelazus, Dr. Sclater includes’ six others. Three of
these coincide so closely with the typical Age/a77 in structural details
that. notwithstanding great difference in their style of coloration, I
am for the present compelied to refer them to the same genus, though
of the opinion that differences may be found which will warrant their
generic separation. One of these species (Ordolus tcterocephalus Lin-
nus) 1s the type of Xanthosomus Cabanis. This species differs from
the typical Ag/azi in having the culmen less elevated basally, the
mesorhinium less flattened, the wing-tip shorter, the toes and claws
more slender, and the plumage of the adult male is uniform deep
black, with the whole head, neck, and chest yellow. The other two
species are closely allied, and one of them (Agelaius rujicapillus V ieillot)
is the type of Arythropsar Cassin. This has the bill quite as in typical
Agelaius, but the feet are much more slender, with the claws rela-
tively longer, and the coloration black, with crown and throat chestnut.
A. forbesi Sclater I have not seen, but believe that it should be
expunged from this genus, since it is said to have the ‘feathers of the
head and neck lanceolate and with shining shafts,” the ‘‘mesorhinium
much flattened,” and the base of the mandible denuded and somewhat
tuberculate—characters which, quite apart from others that may exist,
are certainly not to be found in any species of true Agelazus. A.
imthurmé Sclater is so exceedingly unlike any species of Age/a/us that it
is difficult to understand why it should ever have been placed in that
genus. It seems to me far more nearly related to Quzscalus, and I have
accordingly made it the type of a new genus, Pseudagelwus.* The
remaining species, the Orzolus flavus of Gmelin, has usually been
placed in Yanthosomus by those who accord the latter generic rank;
but it is by no means congeneric with the type of Yanthosomus, nor
apparently with any other species, and having been overlooked hy
Dr. Cabanis, while Mr. Cassin, in his generous distribution of sub-
generic names seems to have forgotten it, I have felt compelled to
make a new one (Xanthopsar)* for this species.
"The first-named of these is the type of Cabanis’s genus Agelasticus (Mus. Hein., i, ‘
September, 1851, 188.)
“Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 339-348.
*Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., iii, Apr. 15, 1901, 155.
3654—voL 2?—01——21
322 BULLETIN 50, UN:TED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
KEY TO THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES OF AGLLAIUS.
a. General color uniform black.
b. Lesser wing-coverts red, orange, yellow, or tawny.
c. Lesser wing-coverts red or orange.
d. Plumage with a strong bluish green gloss; lesser wing-coverts dull crimson;
middle coverts white or (in winter only) light brownish buff. (California
and Oregon, west of Sierra Nevada and Cascade mountains. )
Agelaius tricolor, adult male (p. 324)
dd. Plumage without distinct gloss; lesser wing-coverts scarlet, orange-red, or
orange; middle coverts buff, ochraceous, tawny, or partly (sometimes
wholly) black.
e. Middle wing-coverts mostly black; or else wing 130 or more. (Agelaius
gubernator. )
f. Lesser wing-coverts usually rich vermilion or scarlet; middle coverts
mostly black; culmen, from base, averaging not more than 21.8.
g. Larger, with relatively shorter tail, bill, and toes (wing averaging
136.9, tail 93.2, culmen 21.3, depth of bill at base 12.7, tarsus 32.5,
middle toe 22). (Southwestern portion of Mexican plateau. )
Agelaius gubernator gubernator, adult male (p. 326)
gg. Smaller, with relatively longer tail, bill, and toes (wing averaging
125.2, tail 91.9, culmen, from base, 21.8, depth of bill at base 11.4,
tarsus 30, middle toe 21.8). (California and western Oregon. )
Agelaius gubernator californicus, adult male (p. 327)
ff. Lesser wing-coverts usually orange or orange-red; middle coverts mostly
buff; culmen, from base, averaging 23.1. (Southeastern portion of
Mexican plateau. )..-Agelaius gubernator grandis, adult male (p. 329)
ee. Middle wing-coverts entirely buff, ochraceous or tawny, or if partly
tipped with black the wing less than 130 (usually less than 127).
f. Larger, the wing averaging more than 120.6.
g. Larger (wing averaging 126, culmen, from base, averaging 23.3, depth
of bill at base averaging 13.5). (Interior of British America;
Rocky Mountains, Great Plains, etc., during migration).
Agelaius pheeniceus fortis, adult male (p. 338)
gg. Smaller (wing averaging less than 126, culmen, from base, usually
averaging more than 22.9, depth of pill at base averaging not more
than 12.7).
h. Middle wing-coverts paler buff; bill stouter (depth at base averaging
12.7). (United States and more southern British Provinces east
of Rocky Mountains, except Florida and Gulf coast. )
Agelaius pheniceus pheniceus, adult male (p. 330)
hh. Middle wing-coverts deeper buff, ochraceous or tawny; bill more
slender (depth at base averaging less than 12.7.)
i. Wing and tail longer (wing averaging 125.5, tail 93.5, culmen,
from base, 23.9, depth of bill at base 12.4, tarsus 30.5, middle
toe 21.8.) (Southern Arizona, lower Colorado Valley in Cali-
fornia, southwestern New Mexico, and south through Mexican
States of Sonora and Sinaloa to Tepic. )
Agelaius pheeniceus sonoriensis, adult male (p. 337)
ii. Wing and tail shorter (wing averaging not more than 123.2, tail
not more than 91.7).
+
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 323
j. Bill longer and more slender (culmen, from base, averaging 24.4,
depth of bill at base 11.7). (Northwest coast district, in
Washington and British Columbia; occasionally south to Cali-
fornia in winter.)
Agelaius pheniceus caurinus, adult male (p. 341)
jj. Bill shorter and stouter (culmen, from base, averaging 23.1,
depth of bill at base 12.2). (West slope of Rocky Mountains
to California, northern Lower California, and Western
Texas)....Agelaius pheniceus neutralis, adult male (p. 339)
if. Smaller, the wing averaging not more than 114.3.
g. Wing averaging more than 111.8.
h. Wing averaging less than 113, culmen averaging not more than 24.1.
i. Wing averaging 112.5, tail 87.9, culmen 24.6, depth of bill at base
11.4, tarsus 28.5, middle toe 20.3. (Floridaand along Gulf coast
to Galveston, Texas. )
Agelaius pheniceus floridanus, adult male (p. 333)
vi. Wing averaging 112, tail 82.8, culmen 23.1, depth of bill at
base 11.4, tarsus 27.9, middle toe 20.1. (Southern Texas, low-
lands of eastern Mexico, Yucatan, and south to Nicaragua. )
Agelaius pheniceus richmondi, adult male (p. 335)
hh. Wing averaging 114.3, culmen averaging 25.9. (Bahama islands,
Florida Keys, and southeast coast of Florida. )
Agelaius pheniceus bryanti, adult male (p. 334)
gg. Wing averaging 108.2. (Cuba, including Isle of Pines. )
Agelaius assimilis, adult male (p. 342)
cc, Lesser wing-coverts neither red nor orange.
d. Lesser wing-coverts cinnamon-rufous or tawny. (Cuba.)
Agelaius humeralis, adult male and female (p. 343)
dd. Lesser wing-coverts lemon-yellow. (Porto Rico.)
Agelaius xanthomus, adult male and female (p. 344)
bb. Lesser wing-coverts black, like rest of plumage.
Agelaius assimilis, adult female (p. 342)
aa. General color not black, but more or less streaked, at least on throat.
b. Under parts of body unicolored, or with distinct streaks only on anterior half.
¢. Color more grayish, the plumage with a soft, silky gloss.
Agelaius tricolor, adult female (pp. 324, 325)
ce. Color more sooty, the plumage without distinct, if any, gloss.
d. Larger (wing averaging more than 107.9).
e. Less streaked below, the whole under surface of body usually uniform
dusky or sooty; wing averaging 108.4, tail 71.6, culmen 18.3, depth of
bill at base 10.4, tarsus 27.9, middle toe 19.3.
Agelaius gubernator gubernator, adult female (p. 327)
ee. More streaked beneath, the breast always (?) distinctly streaked; wing
averaging 110.5, tail 77.2, culmen 19.6, depth of bill at base 11.7, tar-
sus 28.2, middle toe 20.3.
Agelaius gubernator grandis, adult female (p. 329)
dd. Smaller (wing averaging 103.9) .
Agelaius gubernator californicus, adult female (p. 328)
_ 6b. Under parts of body conspicuously streaked throughout.
c. Darker, the under parts with dusky and whitish streaks about equally broad
or the former broader, the upper parts with darker colors predominating.
d. Larger, the wing averaging more than 95.2, tail averaging 72.4 or more,
324 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
e. Darker, with streaks of under parts more blackish; upper parts with much
of rusty in winter.
f. Larger, with longer bill (wing averaging 103.1, tail 77.5, culmen 20.8,
tarsus 26.9); streaks on under parts more blackish, and upper parts
with more rusty in winter.
Agelaius pheniceus caurinus, adult female (p. 341)
ff. Smaller, with shorter bill (wing averaging 98.3, tail 74.2, culmen 19.3,
tarsus 25.9); streaks on under parts less blackish, and upper parts
with less rusty in winter.
Agelaius pheniceus pheniceus, adult female (p. 331)
ee. Paler, with streaks of under parts more grayish; upper parts with little
if any rusty in winter.
Agelaius pheniceus neutralis, adult female (p. 339)
dd. Smaller, the wing averaging 93.7, tail averaging 71.1. (Coloration as in
A. p. pheniceus, but averaging slightly darker. )
Agelaius pheniceus floridanus, adult female (p. 333)
cc. Paler, the under parts with dusky or grayish streaks usually narrower than
the whitish ones, the upper parts with paler colors predominating.
d. Larger, with shorter and thicker bill (wing averaging 105.5, tail 78.1, cul-
men 19.1, depth of bill at base 11.8).
‘Agelaius pheniceus fortis, adult female (p. 338)
dd. Smaller, with longer and more slender bill (wing averaging not more than
102.4, tail not more than 73.4, culmen 19.3 or more, depth of bill at base
not more than 10.2).
e. Larger, except bill (wing averaging 102.4, tail 73.4, culmen 19.8, depth
of bill at base 9.9, tarsus 26.7, middle toe 19).
Agelaius pheniceus sonoriensis, adult female (p. 337)
ee. Smaller (wing averaging not more than 92.7, tail 68.6, tarsus not more
than 25.6).
jf. Under parts with ground color duller white, the dusky streaks broader;
white terminal margins to wing-coverts narrower.
Agelaius pheniceus richmondi, adult female (p. 335)
ff. Under parts with ground color purer white, the dusky streaks narrower;
white terminal margins to wing-coverts broader.
Agelaius pheniceus bryanti, adult female (p. 334)
AGELAIUS TRICOLOR (Andubon).
TRICOLORED BLACKBIRD.
Adult male in summer.—Unitform glossy blue-black, the plumage
with a silky luster; lesser wing-coverts brownish carmine or dull
crimson;' middle coverts white, in abrupt and conspicuous contrast;
bill, legs, and feet black; iris brown.
Adult male in winter.—Similar to the summer male, but plumage
still softer and more glossy and middle wing-coverts more or less
tinged with brownish buff.
Adult female in summer.—Above dusky, the plumage with a strong
greenish or bronzy luster in certain lights; pileum narrowly streaked
with brownish gray, most distinctly along the median line, where,
1 Very different from the bright vermilion, scarlet, or orange of A. gubernator and
A. pleniceus and their subspecies.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 325
however, not forming a stripe; scapulars and interscapulars with hght
brownish gray edgings to inner webs; lesser wing-coverts broadly
margined with brownish gray (sometimes tinged with brownish red
toward junction of wing with body); middle coverts abruptly mar-
gined with white or white and gray; greater coverts, secondaries,
innermost primaries, and rectrices narrowly edged with light brown-
ish gray; outermost primaries narrowly edged with white; a distinct
superciliary stripe and a malar stripe of pale brownish gray or dull
buffy whitish, narrowly streaked with dusky; space between these
lighter-colored stripes nearly uniform dark brownish gray; chin and
throat pale grayish buffy or dull whitish, the latter streaked with
dusky, especially along sides; chest streaked with dusky and pale
grayish buffy in about equal amount; rest of under parts dusky, with
more or less distinct paler margins to feathers, these most distinct on
breast; bill blackish, the mandible more or less paler, sometimes horn
color; legs and feet brownish black; iris brown.
Adult female in winter. ilar to the summer female, but plum-
age softer, more glossy, and of a more grayish cast, with pale (light
buffy grayish) margins to feathers of lower parts much broader.
Immature female (in first winter).—Similar to the adult female in
winter, but much browner, the pileum, hindneck, and back strongly
tinged or washed with brown, and the superciliary and malar stripes,
lighter streaks of anterior under parts, and margins of wing-coverts
brownish buffy.
Young (sexes alike).—Much like summer female, but general color
browner and under parts of body narrowly streaked with dull grayish
white; middle and greater wing-coverts margined terminally with dull
buffy whitish, producing two narrow bands; tertials narrowly mar-
gined with dull buffy whitish.
Adult male.—Length (skins), 203.2—229.
(121.2); tail, 84.3-95.3 (88.1); culmen, 2
at base, 10.4-11.7 (11.2); tarsus, 28.7—
23.1 (22.4).*
Adult female).—Length (skins), 180.3-199.4 (188.2); wing, 104.4-
109.7 (106.7); tail, 74.2-80.3 (75.4); culmen, from base, 19.8—21.1 (20.1);
depth of bill at base, 9.7-10.7 (10.2); tarsus, 25.4-26.9 (26.4); middle
toe, 19.1—20.3 (19.8).
Valleys of California, northern Lower California (San Rafael Val-
ley, etc.), and southwestern Oregon (Klamath Lakes; Wapeta Lake
and Beaverton, Washington County).
9 (211.1); wing, 117.6-123.7
ei 24.1 (23.4); depth of bill
).T (29.7); middle toe, 21.3—
Ictevus tricolor ‘‘ Nuttall’? Aupuson, Orn. Biog., v, 1839, 1, pl. 388, fig. 1 (Santa
Barbara, California;* coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.).—Nurrauy, Man. Orn. U. 8. and
Can., 2d ed., i, 1840, 186.
" Nine specimens.
* Ten specimens.
* According to label of type, from Audubon’s collection.
326 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
. Agelaius tricolor BONAPARTE, Geog. and Cee List, 1838,29.—AupuBon, Synopsis,
1839, 141; Birds Am., oct. ed., iv, 1842, 27, pl. 214.—Gampet, Journ. Ac.
Nat. Sci. Phila: 2d an i, 1847, ae (California; notes); Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci.
Phila., 1847, 204 (do.).—HrrRMANN, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 2d ser.,
, 1852, 268 (near Shasta City, n. California; habits); Rep. Pacific R. R.
snen x, pt. iv, 1859, 53 (Suisun Valley, n. California; habits; deser. nest
and eggs).—WoopnouseE, Rep. Sitgreaves’ Expl. Zuni and Col. R., 1853,
80 (San José Valley, California).—Newserry, Rep. Pacific R. R. Sury., vi,
1857, 86 (Klamath Basin, Oregon).—Barrp, Rep. Pacifie R. R. Sury., ix,
1858, 530; Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 408; (?) Rep. U.S. and Mex. Bound.
Surv., ii, pt. 2, 1859, 18 (Colorado R., California, Dec.).—Xanrtus, Proc. Ac.
Nat. bei ts Pivias 1859, 192 (Fort Tejon, California).—Casstn, Proc. Ac. Nat.
Sci. Phila., 1866, 10 (monogr.).—Coorrer, Orn. Cal., 1870, 265.—Barrp,
Brewer, and Ripaway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, li, 1874, 165, pl. 33, figs. 5, 6, 7.—
AMERICAN OrniTHOLoGIsts’ Unton, Check List, 1886, no. 500.—ANTHONY,
Auk, 1886, 167 (Beaverton and Wapita Lake, Washington Co., w. Ore-
seat Saute ae Bull. Ridgw. Orn. Club, no. 2, 1887, 47 (San Gorgonio, San
Bernardino Co., s. California, winter and May 26).—Emmrson, Bull. Cal. Ac.
Sci., no. 7, 1887, 428 ates San Diego Co., s. California).—Benprre, Life
Hist. N. Am. Birds, li, 1895, 456, pl. 6, figs. 18, 19 (eggs). —NEHRLING, Our
Native Birds, ete., 1i, o 257.—GRINNELL, Pub. ii, Pasadena Ae. Sci., 1898,
33 (Los Angeles Co., California, resident).—Ripa@way, Proc. Wash. Ac. Sci.,
ii, 1901, 154 (range).—Bartow, Condor, iii, 1901, 168 (Lake Tahoe, Cali-
fornia, breeding).
Agelxus tricolor Cooper, Proc. Cal. Ac. Sci., 1875, 9 (Saticoy, California; deser.
eges).—Ripaway, Orn. 40th Parallel, 1877, 505 (Sacramento, California);
Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 262.—Cougs, Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 318.—
Hensuaw, Rep. Orn. Spec. Wheeler’s Surv., 1876, 249 (Santa Clara Valley
and Santa Barbara, California; habits).—Brupine, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus.,
, 1879, 421 (Stockton, California, Mar. 22 and Apr. 5).—ScuateEr, Ibis, 1884,
11 (monogr.); Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 342 (Santa Barbara and Stock-
ton, California).
A[gelaius] tricolor BoNAPARTE, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 430.—Ripa@way, Man. N. Am.
Birds, 1887, 371.
A[gelxus] tricolor Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, =. ed., 1884, 404.
[ Agelwus pheniceus. | Var. tricolor Cours, Key N. dan Birds, 1872, 156.
Agelxus phaniceus . . . var. tricolor Cours, ee List, 1873, no. 212 6.
[ Agelxus pheniceus] d. tricolor Cours, Birds N. W., 1874, 186 (synonymy).
AGELAIUS GUBERNATOR GUBERNATOR ( Wagler).
EICOLORED BLACKBIRD,
Similar to A. phaniceus phaniceus, bat adult male with middle wing-
coverts black or with black tips; the adult female with under parts of
body uniform black or sooty and upper parts nearly or quite uniform
dusky; wing and tarsus longer, tail, bill, and middle toe shorter.
Adult male.—Uniform deep black, with a faint bluish green gloss
in certain lights; lesser wing-coverts rich poppy red or vermilion;
middle coverts black, or (if not entirely black) at least broadly tipped
with black, the basal portion tawny-buff or ochraceous; bill, legs, and
feet black; iris brown.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA, S20
Immature male.—Lesser wing-coverts partly black, the red portions
often of an orange-tawny or ochraceous-rufous hue.
Adult female.—Nearly or quite uniform dark sooty brown, the chin
and throat streaked (usually broadly) with whitish, buff, or pinkish,
the superciliary region narrowly streaked with the same, producing a
more or less distinct stripe.
Adult male.—Length (skins), 208.3-233.7 (218.9); wing, 124.5-144.3
(136.9); tail, 85.9-101.6 (93.2); culmen, from base, 20.3-22.9 (21.3);
depth of bill at base, 11.4-13.7 (12.7); tarsus, 30-34.3 (32.5); middle
toe, 19.8-22.9 (21.1).
Adult female.—Length (skins), 167.6-191.5 (176); wing, 104.1-116.3
(108.5); tail, 64.8—80 (71.6); culmen, from base, 17.3-19.3 (18.3); depth
of bill at base, 10.2-10.7 (10.4); tarsus, 26.4-29.2 (27.9); middle toe,
18.5-21.6 (19.3).
Southwestern portion of Mexican plateau, in States of Durango
(Carceria; Ciudad Durango), Zacatecas (Monte Escobedo), Jalisco
(Lagos; Lake Chapala; La Barca; Tonila), Guanajuato, EUs Nessie
(Patzcuaro), and Mexico (valley of Mexico’).
Ps[arocolius| gubernator Waaurr, Isis, iv, 1832, 281 (Mexico).
Agelaius gubernator BoNAPARtTE, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1837, 110 (Mexico).—
(?) GAmBEL, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1847, 204, part (w. Mexico).—Cassin,
Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, 11, part (monogr. )—AMERICAN ORNITHOL-
ogists’ Unton, Check List, 1886, no. 499, par vE, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci.
Phila., 1890, 218 (Lake Patzcuaro, Michoacan).
(?) Agelxus gubernator ScuaTER, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, 175 (valley of Mexico),
Agelxus gubernator ScuaTER, Ibis, 1884 10, part (Mexico); Cat. Birds Brit. Mus.,
, 1886, 341, part.—Satvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1887,
454, part (valley of Mexico).
Algeleus| plheniceus] gubernator Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 404,
part.
Agelaius gubernator gubernator Ripaway, Proc. Wash. Ac. Sci., ili, Apr. 15, 1901,
154 (geog. range).
[ Agelaius] gubernator BoNAPaARTE, Consp. Ay., i, 1850, 480 (Mexico).
[ Ageleus] gubernator ScLaTER and Satyrin, Nom. Ay. Neotr., 1878, 37, part.
A[gelaius] gubernator Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 370, part.
Agelaius pheniceus, var. gubernator Barrp, Brewer, and Ripeaway, Hist. N. Am.
Birds, ii, 1874, 163, part.
AGELAIUS GUBERNATOR CALIFORNICUS Nelson,
CALIFORNIAN BICOLORED BLACKBIRD.
Similar to A. g. gubernator, but wing decidedly shorter, bill longer
and more slender, tarsus shorter, and middle toe longer; adult female
more or less streaked above, at least on pileum and back.
Adult male.—Length (skins), 198.1-218.4 (212.1); wing, 118.4-129.3
(125.2); tail, 81.8-96 (91.9); culmen, from base, 19.8—23.1 (21.8); depth
of bill at base, 10.7-12.2 (11.4); tarsus, 28.2-31 (80); middle toe,
20.8-22.4 (21.8).°
1 Seventeen specimens. * Seven specimens. * Ten specimens.
328 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Adult female.—Length (skins), 175.3-190.5 (183.1); wing, 100.8—
107.4 (103.9); tail, 68.1-76.7 (72.1); culmen, from base, 18.5-19.8
(18.8); depth of bill at base, 9.7-10.2 (9.9); tarsus, 25.7-27.9 (26.7);
middle toe, 18.8—20.1 (19.3).?
Northern and central coast district of California (Mendocino, Sonoma,
Marin, San Francisco, San Joaquin, Santa Clara and San Benito coun-
ties) and northward to coast of Washington (Cape Disappointment);
migrating or straggling eastward to Shasta, Yuba, and Plumas counties,
southward to Los Angeles and Riverside counties.
Agelaius gubernator (not Psarocolius gubernator Wagler) BonaPparTr, Geog. and
Comp. List, 1838, 30.—AupuBoN, Synopsis, 1839, 141; Birds Am., oct. ed.,
iv, 1842, 29, pl. 215.—GamBeEL, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci., Phila., 1847, 204, part
(California).—WoopuHousr, Rep. Sitgreaves’ Expl. Zuni and Col. R., 1853,
* 80 (California).—Nerwsperry, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., vi, 1857, 86 (San
Francisco and Sacramento Valley, California).—Bairp, Rep. Pacific R. R.
Sury., ix, 1858, 530 (Columbia R.; Petaluma, San Francisco, Santa Clara,
Sacramento Valley, and Cocomongo Ranch, California); Cat. N. Am. Birds,
1859, no. 402.—HrERMANN, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., x, pt. vi, 1859, 53
(California; desc. nest and eggs).—KENNERLY, Rep. Pacific R. R. Sury., x,
1859, pt. iv, 1859, 31, part (Cocomongo Ranch, s. California).—Cassin,
Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci., Phila., 1862, 313 (San Francisco, California, Nov.).—
Cooper, Orn. Cal., 1870, 263.—Bairp, Brewer, and Ripa@way, Hist. N. Am.
Birds, li, 1874, pl. 33, figs. 4, 8.—AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGIST’S Unton, Check
List, 1886, no. 499.—AntrHony, Auk, iii, 1886, 167 (Beaverton and Wapita
Lake, Washington Co., w. Oregon).—(?) Emerson, Bull. no. 7, Cal. Ac. Sci.,
1887, 428 (Poway, San Diego Co., California).—(??) Bonp, Auk, vi, 1889,
341 (Cheyenne, Wyoming, 1 spec., Apr. 14).—Lawrencer, (R. H.), Auk,
ix, 1892, 45 (Grays Harbor, Washington ).—Fisner, North Am. Fauna, no. 7,
1893, 75 (s. end Owens Lake, s. California, June 11; Ojai Valley, s. California,
Dec.; etc.)—Brnpire, Life Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1895, 455, pl. 6, figs. 16,
17 (eggs).—NenruinG, Our Native Birds, ete., ii, 1896, 257.
A[gelaius] gubernator Ripaway, Man, N. Am. Birds, 1887, 370.
Agelxus gubernator ScuatErR, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1857, 127 (San José Valley,
California); Ibis, 1884, 10, part (monogr.); Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886,
341, part (San Francisco, California ).—Satvin and GopMAN, Biol, Centr.-Am.,
Aves, i, 1887, 454, part.
[ Agelzeus pheniceus.] Var. gubernator Cours, Key, N. Am. Birds, 1872, 156.
Ageleus pheeniceus . . . var. gubernator Cours, Check List, 1875, no. 212a.—
Hensnaw, Rep. Orn. Spee. Wheeler’s Sury., 1876, 249 (Los Angeles, Cali-
fornia, June; Fort Tejon, Cal., Aug. ).
[ Agelceus pheeniceus] c. gubernator Cours, Birds, N.W., 1874, 136, part (synonymy ).
Agelaius pheniceus, var. gubernator Bairp, Brewer, and Ripaway, Hist. N. Am.
Birds, ii, 1874, 163, part.
Agelaius pheeniceus gubernator Ripaway, Bull. Essex Inst., vi, Oct., 1874, 171 (Sacra-
mento, California).
Agelxus pheniceus, 6. gubernator [Ridgway] Bretprne, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., i,
March 21, 1879, 420 (Stockton, California, resident; Marysville, California,
Feb. ).
Agelieus pheeniceus gubernator Ripaway, Proc.U. 8. Nat. Mus., iii, Aug. 24, 1880, 183;
Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 261a.—Cours, Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 317.
Ten specimens.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 329
A[gelzus] p[heniceus] gubernator Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 404, part.
Icterus gubernator Nurrauy, Man. Orn. U.S. and Can., 2d ed., i, 1840, 187 (Oregon).
Agelaius gubernator californicus Neitson, Auk, xiv, Jan., 1897, 59 (Stockton, Cali-
fornia; coll. U. 8. Nat. Mus.).—AmeErican OrnirHo.oaisr’s Union Commit-
TEE, Auk, xiv, 1897, 128—(??) Cooks, Birds Colorado, 1897, 94 (Cheyenne,
Wyoming, 1 spec., Apr. 14, 1889).—GrINNELL, Pub. ii, Pasadena Ac. Sci.,
1898, 33 (Bixby and El Monte, Los Angeles Co., California, in winter) .—
Koppe, Auk, xvii, 1900, 354 (Cape Disappointment, Washington, breeding,
abundant) .—Maiiiarp, Condor, iii, 1901, 124 (San Benito Co., California,
resident ).—(?) Bartow, Condor, iii, 1901, 168 (Sly Park and Lake Tahoe,
Sierra Nevada, breeding).—Ripa@way,. Proc. Wash. Ae. Sci., iii, 1901, 154
geog. range).
AGELAIUS GUBERNATOR GRANDIS (Nelson).
ATLIXCO RED-WING,
Similar to A. gy. gubernator, but wing, tail, bill, and middle toe
longer, the bill more slender; adult male with lesser wing-coverts
more orange, the middle coverts always (#) more or less buffy or
tawny (usually extensively so, sometimes with black only on tips of
innermost coverts); adult female more extensively streaked beneath,
the chest (sometimes even breast and upper part of abdomen) streaked,
as well as throat.
Adult male.—Length (skins), 213.4-237.5 (221.2); wing, 130-139.2
(136.1); tail, 90.9-105.4 (94.7); culmen, from base, 29.1-25.1 (23.1);
depth of bill at base, 11.4-13.2 (12.2); tarsus, 31.5-33.8 (32.8); middle
toe, 22.1-24.1 (23.6).?
Adult female.—Length (skins), 184.2-190.5(188.5); wing, L0S-113.5
(110.5); tail, 76.5-78.7 (77.2); culmen, from base, 18.8-19.8 (19.6);
depth of bill at base, 11.4-11.9 (11.7); tarsus, 26.9-29 (28.2); middle
toe, 19.8—20.6 (20.3).?
Southeastern portion of Mexican plateau, in States of Puebla
(Atlixco, Chietla, Orizaba,* ete.), Morelos?, Tlaxcala (Laguna del
Rosario; Nativitas)?, and Hidalgo (Real del Monte) ?
(?) Agelaus pheeniceus (not Oriolus pheeniceus Linnzeus) Swarnson, Philos. Mag.,
n. s., i, 1827, 456 (Real del Monte and sides of the Cordillera, Hidalgo,
Mexico).
(?) Agelzeus pheeniceus SctarerR, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 135, part (Orizaba, Vera
Cruz); Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 340, part (in synonomy).—Satvin
and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1887, 453, part (Real del Monte and
sides of Corderilla, Hidalgo; Chietla, Puebla; Orizaba, Vera Cruz).
'Kight specimens.
* Five specimens.
*I doubtfully refer Orizaba specimens to this form. The two specimens examined
differ from the Atlixco examples in having the lesser wing-coverts bright vermilion
red instead of orange-chrome, one of them having the bill decidedly longer and more
slender. In this last respect another Puebla skin (exact locality unknown) is even
more aberrant, while the lesser wing-coverts are still deeper red. It is possible the
birds resident in eastern Puebla may constitute still another form.
830 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
(2) Agelaius phenicius Sumicnrasr, Mem. Bost. Soe. N. H., i, 1869, 553 (Orizaba,
Vera Cruz).
(?) Agelaius phaniceus FERRARI-PEREZ, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xi, 1886, 151 (Chietla,
Puebla).
Ageleus gubernator (not Psarocolius gubernator Wagler) Scuater, Proc. Zool. Soe.
Lond., 1857, 218 (Orizaba, Vera Cruz); 1859, 365 (Jalapa, Vera Cruz); Cat.
Am. Birds, 1862, 135, part (Jalapa); Ibis, 1884, 10, part; Cat. Birds, Brit.
Mus., xi, 1886, 341, part (Jalapa; Orizaba).—Satvin and Gopman, Biol.
Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1887, 454, part (Orizaba; Jalapa; Laguna del Rosario,
Tlaxcala ?).
(?) Agelaius gubernator FERRARI-PEREZ, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., ix, 1886, 152 (Laguna
del Rosario and Nativitas, Tlaxcala).—AMERICAN OrniITHOLOGISTS’ UNION,
Check List, 1886, no. 499, part.
[ Agelzus] gubernator ScLATER and Satyiyn, Nom. Av. Neotr, 1873, 37, part.
A[gelaius] gubernator Rripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 370, part.
Agelaius pheeniceus, var. gubernator BAirpD, BREwrR and Ripa@way, Hist. N. Am.
Birds, li, 1874, 163, part.
Agelaius pheniceus grandis Netson, Auk, xiv, Jan., 1897, 57 (Atlexco, Puebla;
coll. U. 8. Nat. Mus.).
Agelaius gubernator grandis Rripaway, Proc. Wash. Ae. Sci., iii, Apr. 15, 1901, 154,
geog. range).
AGELAIUS PHGENICEUS PHCENICEUS (Linnezus).
RED-WINGED BLACKBIRD.
Adult male in summer.—Uniform deep black, with a very faint
greenish blue gloss in certain lights; lesser wing-coverts bright poppy
red or vermilion (varying to scarlet or even, more rarely, to orange-
chrome); middle coverts wholly buff or ochraceous-buff (paler at tips,
sometimes almost white in midsummer birds); bill, legs, and feet deep
black; iris brown.
Adult male in winter.—Similar to the summer male but buff of
middle wing-coverts deeper (more ochraceous-buff or buffy clay color)
and interscapulars and scapulars narrowly margined with rusty.
Immature male..—Black; scapulars and interscapulars broadly mar-
gined with rusty and light grayish buffy; pileum and hindneck more
or less streaked with the same; innermost greater wing-coverts and
tertials broadly edged with light rusty or buffy, the remaining remiges
(especially secondaries), greater coverts, and rectrices more narrowly
edged with whitish or pale buffy; lesser wing-coverts more or less
intermixed with black (except in older birds) and middle coverts with
more or less of black (mostly black in younger birds), the red of lesser
coverts more orange than in adults; black of under parts more or less
broken by dull whitish or buffy margins to feathers, and superciliary
‘There is great variation among immature birds, doubtless according to age; but
the series examined is not sufficient to enable me to characterize more explicitly the
different stages of transition from young to adult. Winter birds in immature plumage
have the lighter markings more distinct and more pronouncedly rusty and buffy than
spring examples.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. So
region showing a more or less distinct indication of a buffy or dull
whitish stripe.
Adult female in summer.—Above dusky, varied with paler streaks
and edgings; pileum with a more or less distinct median stripe! of
pale buffy grayish, the dusky broad lateral stripes usually more or
less streaked with brown or rusty; hindneck and sides of neck broadly
streaked with pale buffy or grayish; scapulars and interscapulars more
or less edged on inner webs with pale buffy grayish, on outer webs
with rusty; secondaries, innermost primaries, rectrices, and primary
coverts narrowly edged with pale grayish or buffy grayish, the upper
tail-coverts margined with the same; greater coverts and outermost
primaries edged with dull whitish; lesser coverts broadly margined
with brownish gray or red, or both (often extensively red); middle
coverts black, broadly margined terminally with white or pale buffy;
a broad superciliary stripe of white, finely streaked with dusky,
usually becoming buff or salmon color anteriorly (over eyes and
lores); a broad postocular stripe of dusky; malar region and under
parts dull white (the chin, throat, and malar region often buff or
salmon pink), the under parts of the body broadly streaked or striped
with dusky (sometimes almost black), these stripes broadest on flanks;
under tail-coverts dusky, margined with white or pale buffy; chin and
throat sometimes immaculate, but the latter usually marked with
small wedge-shaped or triangular streaks of dusky, the sides of the
throat margined by a more or less distinct dusky submalar stripe;
bill dusky (the mandible usually paler, more or less horn colored);
legs and feet dark horn color or dusky.
Adult female in winter.—Similar to the summer female, but the
lighter markings of upper parts more conspicuous, more pronouncedly
buffy and rusty, and the sides of head and under parts more or less
tinged with buffy (superciliary stripe sometimes clear buff).
Young (sexes alike).—Much like adult female, but superciliary and
malar stripes, chin, and throat yellowish (ocher yellow or buff-yellow),
under parts of body with ground color pale buffy or yellowish, with
the dusky streaks narrower; edgings to remiges distinctly buffy
brown or fulvous.
Adult male.—Length (skins), 205.7-236.2 (216.7); wing, 116.3-125.7
(120.9); tail, 88.6—-96 (91.7); culmen, from base, 22.4-25.4 (23.6); depth
of bill at base, 12.2-13.5 (12.7); tarsus, 29.2-32.8 (30.2); middle toe,
20.6-22.6 (21.6).?
Adult female.—Length (skins), 172.7-189.2 (177.5); wing, 95.3-101.6
(98.3); tail, 70.1-77.5 (74.2); culmen, from base, 17.3-20.3 (19.3); depth
of bill at base, 10.7-11.7 (10.9); tarsus, 25.4-26.4 (25.9); middle toe,
17.3-19.1 (18.3).°
1 Except in much-worn midsummer specimens.
* Fourteen specimens.
®* Ten specimens.
3382 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Eastern United States and more southern British Provinces, except
Florida and Gulf coast; west to eastern base of Rocky Mountains;
north to Nova Scotia, Province of Quebec, Ontario, Manitoba, ete.
[ Oriolus| pheniceus Linn us, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, i, 1766, 161 (based on Sturnus niger,
alis superne rubentis, Catesby, Nat. Hist. Carolina, i, p. 13, pl. 13).—GmeEtiy,
Syst. Nat., i, pt. i, 1788, 886.—Larxam, Index Orn., i, 1790, 178.
Agelaius phoeniceus (not of Swainson, 1827) Swarnson, Fauna Bor. Am., ii, 1831,
280.—BoNnaAPaRTE, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 29.—AupuBoNn, Synopsis,
1839, 141; Birds Am., oct. ed., iv, 1842, 31, part, pl. 216.—Barrp, Rep. Pacific
R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 526, part; Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 401, part.—Cas-
stn, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, 10, part (monogr.).—Barrp, Brewer,
and Ripaway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 159, part, pl. 33, figs. 1, 2, 3.—
Gentry, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1874, 97 (habits).—Hrnsuaw, Rep. Orn.
Spec. Wheeler’s Sury., 1873 (1874), 82 (Fort Garland, Colorado, breeding) .—
AMERICAN OrniTHOLOGISTS’ Unton, Check List, 1886, no. 498, part. —Cooxs,
Bird Migr. Miss. Val., 1888, 163, chiefly (includes A. p. fortis; dates, ete. ).—
Ripeway, Orn. Illinois, i, 1889, 313.—THomrson, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xiii,
1891, 572 (localities in Manitoba, etc.; habits; notes).—Brnprrp, Life Hist. N.
Am. Birds, ii, 1895, 449, part, pl. 6, figs. 13, 14, 15 (eggs).—NenRLING, Our
Native Birds, ete., ii, 1896, 252, pl. 29, fig. 4.
A[gelaius] phoeniceus MAXIMILIAN, Journ. fiir Orn., vi, 1858, 263 (Pennsylvania,
upper Missouri R., ete.).
A[gelaius| pheeniceus Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 369, part.
A[gelaeus] phoeniceus CaBants, Mus. Hein., i, 1850, 188 (South Carolina).
[ Agelaius] phaeniceus BoNAPARTE, Consp. Ay., i, 1850, 430.
Agelxus pheniceus (not of Sclater, 1857) Scuarer, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 135, part
(e. United States); Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 340, part Nova Scotia;
Canada; District Columbia; Illinois).—Cours, Check List, 1873, no. 212,
part; 2d ed., 1882, no. 316, part.—Brewster, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iii, 1878,
175 (deser. young).—Maynarp, Birds E. N. Am., 1881, 134, part.—Merriam,
Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 236 (Point de Monts, prov. Quebec, 1 spec.,
May 22, 1882).—-BicKNELL,:- Auk, ii, 1885, 249 (song).—Satvin and GopMAN,
Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1887, 453, part (in synonymy).
[ Agelxus] pheniceus Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 156, part.
Agelxus ploeniceus HensHaw, Rep. Orn. Spec. Wheeler’s Sury., 1873 (1874), 64
(Denver, Colorado, May, June).
[ Agelaius pheniceus] var. pheniceus Barrp, Brewer, and Ripaway, Hist. N. Am.
Birds, li, 1874, 159, part.
A[gelxus] pheniceus Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 404, part.
[ Ageleus pheniceus] a. phoniceus Cours, Birds N. W., 1874, 146, part (synonymy).
Agelaeus phoeniceus HensHAw, Zool. Exp. 100th Merid., 1875, 313, part (Colorado).
Agelaius pheniceus pheeniceus Ripaway, Proc. Wash. Ac. Sci., Apr. 15, 1901, 153,
in text, 154 (geog. range).
Icterus phoeniceus TEMMINCK, Cat. Syst., 1807, 47.
I[{cterus] phoeniceus LicuTEnstTEIN, Verz. Doubl., 1825, 19.
Icterus pheniceus Bonaparte, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., iv, 1824, 31, in text;
Ann. Lye. N. Y., ii, 1828, 52.—Nurraui, Man. Orn. U. 8. and Can., i, 1832
169.—AvubuBON, Orn. Biog., i, 1831, 348, pl. 67; v, 1839, 487.
Icterus phoniceus AupuBON, Orn. Biog., v, 1839, 5, in text.
Ps{arocolius] phoeniceus WAGLER, Syst. Ay., 1827, Psarocolius, sp. 10.
Sturnus predatorius WiLtson, Am. Orn., iv, 1811, 30, pl. 30, fig. 1.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 333
AGELAIUS PHCENICEUS FLORIDANUS Maynard.
FLORIDA RED-WING,
Similar to A. p. pheniceus, but decidedly smaller, and with Dill
longer and more slender (both relatively and absolutely); adult male
with color of middle wing-coverts rather deeper, at least in winter;
adult female not constantly different in coloration from that of JA. ‘De
Pheniceus, but chin and throat perhaps more often pinkish buff or
salmon color, and this color when present rather deeper and often
extended backward over chest.
Adult male.—Length (skins), 195.6-218.4 (209.3); wing, 109.2-
114.8 (112.5); tail, 84.8-90.2 (87.9); culmen, from base, 22.9-26.7
(24.6); depth of bill at base, 10.9-11.9 (11.4); tarsus, 26.7-30 (28.5);
middle toe, 18.8—22.1 (20.3).!
Adult female.—Leneth (skins), 170.2—185.4 (178.3); wing, 88.9-95.8
(92.7); tail, 67.1-74.9 (70.4); culmen, from base, 19.6-21.6 (20.3);
depth of bill at base, 9.7-10.4 (9.9): tarsus, 24.4-29.5 (26.2); middle
toe, 16.8-19.3.'
Peninsula of Florida (except southeastern coast and keys’), and
along Gulf coast to Galveston, northeastern Texas (breeding).”
Agelxus pheniceus (not Oriolus pheniceus Linneeus) ALLEN, Bull. Mus. Comp.
Zool., ii, 1871, 284, part (Florida; crit.).—Cougs, Key, 1872, 156, part; 2d
ed., 1884, 404, part; Check List, 1873, no. 212, part; 2d ed., 1882, no. 316,
part.—Merriam, Am. Nat., vill, 1874, 87 (Okahumkee, Florida) .-—Ripeway,
Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 261, part.—Maynarp, Birds E. N. Am., 1881,
154, part.
Agelaius pheniceus Casstn, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, 10, part (monogr.).—
AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ Unton, Cheek List, 1886, no. 498, part.—Coomps,
Auk, ix, 1892, 205 (Bayou Teche, St. Marys Parish, Louisiana, breeding ).—
Wayne, Auk, xii, 1895, 365 (Wacissa R., n. w. Florida, breeding ).—Bryrr,
Proc. Louis. Soc. Nat. for 1897-99 (1900), 105 (Louisiana, breeding).
Agelaius pheniceus bryanti (not of Ridgway) Scorr, Auk, vi, 1889, 320, part (Tar-
pon Springs and Punta Rassa, Florida).—AMErIcaAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ UNION
Commirrer, Suppl. to Check List, 1889, 12; Check List, abridged ed., 1889, no.
498b, part; 2d ed., 1895, no. 498, part (coast Louisiana; Florida, part).—
Benvire, Life Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1895, 453, part (coast Louisiana; Florida,
part).
Agelaius pheniceus floridanus Maynarp, Birds Eastern N. Am., 2d ed., pt. 40
[1896], 689.—AmeErican OrniTHOLoGrsts’ UNION Commitrer, Auk, xiv, 1897,
121, no. 498¢.—Ripeway, Proc. Wash. Ac. Sci., iii, 1901, 154 (geog. range).
'Ten specimens.
* Although slightly different in average proportions from Florida examples, breed-
ing birds from the coast of Louisiana (Averys Island) and Texas (Galveston) are so
very close to them that I refer them to J. p. floridanus with little hesitation. The
females examined agree minutely in coloration with those from Florida, as do also
b04 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
AGELAIUS PHCENICEUS BRYANTI Ridgway.
BAHAMA RED-WING,
Similar to A. p. floridanus, but bill still longer; adult female much
paler, with under parts more purely white, the dusky streaks much nar-
rower, and dusky gray or brownish gray instead of nearly black; pileum
brown, narrowly streaked with dusky (instead of the reverse), and
lighter streaks on hindneck, back, and scapulars much broader and
more conspicuous, the darker markings of the same portions less
black, the rump and upper tail-coverts more grayish.
Adult male.—Length (skins), 193-214.6 (205.2); wing, 112.3-120.7
(114.3); tail, 83.8-88.1 (86.1); culmen, from base, 25.7-26.2 (25.9);
depth of bill at base, 11.4-12.2 (11.7); tarsus, 27.9-30.2 (29.2); middle
toe, 19.1-19.8 (19.6)."
Adult female.—Length (skins), 165.1-182.9 (173.2); wing, 89.9-95.8
(92.5): tail, 64.8-71.6 (68.6); culmen, from base, 18.5-20.3 (19.3);
depth of bill at base, 10.2-10.4 (10.2); tarsus; 24.4-25.4 (24.9); middle
toe, 16.5-18 (17.3)."
Bahamas (New Providence; Abaco; Andros; Berry Islands; Bimini;
the males from Louisiana (I have not seen males from Texas), the only apparent
difference being the slightly shorter and thicker bills of the birds from Louisiana
and Texas, in which respect they are intermediate between floridanus and phaniceus,
though nearer the former, as they also are in other measurements.
Average measurements are as follows:
Culmen,| Depth .
Locality, Wing. | Tail. from of bill | Tarsus. iene
base. | at base. s
MALES.
Ten adult males of A. p. floridanus (from Florida).| 112.5 87.9 24.6 11.4 28.5 20.3
Fouradult males from coastof Louisiana (Averys
Island and Timbaline Island)-.................. 113.3 85. 6 23.9 252 28.5 20.8
Ten adult malesof A. p. pheniceus.........--..---- 119.6 91..7 23.4 12.7 30.7 Die
FEMALES,
Tenadult femalesof A. p. foridanus (from Florida).| 92.7 70.4 20.3 9.9 26. 2 17.8
Twoadult females from coast of Louisiana (Averys
ESSt NGL) ns 52 ea ee Sn oe ee ee ee 96.5 73.9 Deel AS 26.4 17.8
Two adult females from Galveston, Texas ........ 96.8 (Pail 21S, 1.2 27.7 17
Ten adult females of A. p. phaniceus.....----.----- 98.3 74.2 19.3 10.9 25.9 18.3
So far as the females from Louisiana and Galveston are concerned (those examined
are all breeding birds), it may be observed that in size they are intermediate between
pheniceus and floridanus; but there being only two specimens from each place it may
reasonably be expected that measurements of a larger series would show different
results.
' Five specimens,
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 335
Great Bahama; Cay Sal), and adjacent coast of Florida (Lake Worth;
Miami; Cocoanut Grove), including Florida Keys to Key West."
(?) Agelaeus phoeniceus (not Oriolus pheeniceus Linnzeus) CaBants, Journ. fir
Orn., 1856, 11 (Cuba).
Agelxus pheniceus Cory, Birds Bahama I., 1880, 98.
[Agelxus] pheniceus Cory, List Birds W. I., 1885, 14.
Agelaius pheniceus Bryant, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., vii, 1859, 119 (New Provi-
dence, Bahamas).—Cory, Auk, iii, 1886, 221; Birds W. I., 1889, 108 (Baha-
mas; Cuba?).
A[gelaius] pheniceus bryanti Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 370 (Bahamas;
coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.).
Agelaius pheniceus bryanti Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 592; 2d ed., 1896,
613; Auk, viil, 1891, 334 (Abaco, Bahamas); Proc. Wash. Ac. Sci., iii, 1901,
154 (geog. range).—AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ UNION CommitTres, Suppl. to
Check List, 1889, 12, part; Check List, abridged ed., 1889, no. 498b, part
(Bahamas; s. Florida, part); 2d ed., 1895, no. 4984, part (do. ).—Norrurop,
Auk, villi, 1891, 71 (Andros J., Bahamas; habits).—Cory, Auk, viii, 1891,
295 (Berry Islands, Bahamas), 296 (Bimini, Bahamas), 350 (Great Bahama
and Abaco, Bahamas), 352 (Cay Sal, Bahamas); Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892,
110, 146 (Great Bahama, Abaco, Biminis, Berry Islands, New Providence,
Andros, and Cay Sal islands, Bahamas; Florida Keys).—Brnprrg, Life Hist.
N. Am. Birds, ii, 1895, 453, part (Bahamas; s. Florida, part).
AGELAIUS PHCENICEUS RICHMONDI Nelson.
VERA CRUZ RED-WING.
Similar to A. p. floridanus, but slightly smaller; adult female much
lighter colored, or about intermediate in coloration between those of
A, p. floridanus and A. p. bryanti’ .
Adult male.—Length (skins), 186.7—215.9 (197.9); wing, 102.6-120.1
(112); tail, 72.1-98.5 (82.8); culmen, from base, 20.8-26.7 (23.1);
depth of bill at base, 10.4-12.7 (11.4); tarsus, 25.9-31.2 (27.9); mid-
dle toe, 18.8-22.4 (20.1).
Adult female.—Length (skins ), 157.5-185.4 (171.2); wing, 87.6-97.5
(91.9); tail, 63-77.5 (68.3); culmen, from base, 18.5-21.1 (19.6); depth
of bill at base, 8.9-10.7 (9.9); tarsus, 24.6-26.4 (25.7); middle toe,
16.8-19.1 (18).*
Coast district and lower Rio Grande Valley of southern Texas (north
'T refer three females from southeastern Florida (Lake Worth, Miami, and Key
West) to this form with some doubt. They differ from the two Bahaman examples
in having the under parts much less purely white. I am inclined to think, however,
that these are individual differences which would disappear in a large series of
specimens.
* The adult female of A. p. richmondi is precisely similar in coloration to that of A.
p- sonoriensis, but is much smaller.
*Thirty-eight specimens.
‘Fourteen specimens. :
Specimens from southern Texas, Tamaulipas (Alta Mira), and Nuevo Leon are larger
than those from farther southward, and haye shorter and thicker bills, but the females
336
. BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
to Velasco’) and southward over the coast plain of Tamaulipas (Mata-
moras, Alta Mira, ete.), Nuevo Leon (Monterey), and Vera Cruz
(Tlaleotalpam, Guiterrez, Zamara, etc.), to Yucatan (including island
of Cozumel), British Honduras (Belize), and eastern Guatemala (Lake
Peten, Duefias?, Coban’); in winter, south to eastern Nicaragua (San
Carlos) and Costa Rica (Rio Frio).
Ageleus pheniceus (not Oriolus pheniceus Linnzeus) Moors, Proc. Zool. Soe.
Lond., 1859, 58 (Belize, British Honduras; Peten, e. Guatemala).—(?) Scna-
TER, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1857, 205 (Tlalcotalpam, Vera Cruz), (?) 1859,
381 (Oaxaca); Ibis, 1884, 10, part; Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 340, part
(n. Yucatan; Cozumel I.; Belize; Lake Peten, Guatemala; Duenas, Guate-
mala?; Bebedero, w. Costa Rica?).—(?) ScLarEer and Satvin, Ibis, 1859, 19
(Duefias, Guatemala).—(?) Franrzius, Journ. fiir Orn., 1869, 303 (Costa
Rica).—Sennerr, Bull. U. 8S. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr., iv, 1878, 24
(Lower Rio Grande, Texas; descr. nest and eggs); v, 1879, 397 (lower Rio
Grande).—Merrit1, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., i, 1879, 133 (Fort Brown, Texas,
breeding).—NeEnHRLING, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 166 (s. e. Texas,
breeding) .—(?) Nurrine, Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus:, v, 1882, 392 (La Palma, w.
Costa Rica).—Boucarp, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, 446 (n. Yucatan).—
Satvin and GopmaN, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1887, 453 (Tlaleotalpam, Vera
Cruz; Oaxaca?; n. Yucatan; Cozumel; Belize; Peten, Coban?, and Duefias?,
Guatemala; La Palma, Bebedero, and Nicoya, w. Costa Rica?).
(?) Ageleus phaeniceus Boucarp, Liste Ois. Guatemala, 1878, 36, part.
Agelaius pheniceus Cassin, Proce. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, 10, part (Yucatan;
crit. ).—LAWwrENCcE, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., ix, 1868, 104 (Bebedero and Nicoya, w.
Costa Rica).—ZerLEpDoN, Cat. Aves de Costa Rica, 1882, 10.—Hancock, Bull.
Ridgw. Orn. Club, no. 2, 1887, 18 (Corpus Christi, Texas).—Srong, Proce.
Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1890, 208 (Progreso, Yucatan).—RuHoaps, Proc. Ac. Nat.
Sci. Phila., 1892, 108 (Nueces Bay, Texas, breeding).—RicuMmonp, Proc. U.S.
Nat. Mus., xvi, 1893, 496 (Rio Frio, e. Costa Rica; San Carlos, Nicaragua ).—
Srnctey, Rep. Geol. Surv. Texas, 1894, 371 (Corpus Christi and Hidalgo,
breeding ).—Carrott, Auk, xvii, 1900, 344 (Refugio Co., Texas breeding).
do not differ materially, if at all,in coloration. Average measurements are as
follows:
Locality. Wing. | Tail. a see ; of bi tt Tarsus. eee
base. | at base. 7
MALES.
Seven adult males from coast of southern Texas.} 115.3 86.9 22.6 11.9 29 21.1
Three adult males from Tamaulipas and Nueyo
COT era sete tare eae ee asec eisie aeeninincee s eeicineleiet 114.3 86.6 24.4 Tey, 29 21.3
Eight adult males from Vera Cruz .....-.......-.- 110.7 84.8 25.4 V7 29.2 21.3
Ten adult males from Yucatan............-......- 111.5 | 84.3 23.6 Ae 28.2 19.8
Eight adult males from Guatemala (breeding
DIES) Crema tees cen seein osiissl cme cease Secon meas 110.7 85.9 24.1 12 28.7 20.8
Two adult males from Nicaragua (San Carlos,
WILE DITAS) ear ce seas scewie aot sw cocoa caeeeenee 107.2 78.2 22.9 TAT 29 20.3
Three adult males from Monte Cristo, Tabasco....| 110.2 81.5 24.1 10.9 2827 Nhaveaes
FEMALES.
Nine adult females from coast of southern Texas.| 93.2 68.6 19.6 10,2 29.7 18.3
One adult female from Vera Cruz (Tlalcotalpam,
breeding bird!) 222252 seecssse wees tase ane eee see 87.6 66.8 20.8 9.4 24.6 16.8
Four adult females from Yucatan..........------- 90.4 66.8 19.8 9.7 25.7 18
92.7 69.1 20.1 0) |S Jacincwess Jacteayeetete
Seven adult females from Monte Cristo, Tabasco. -|
1 All specimens seen by me from Velasco
and southward are of this form.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 3a
[ Ageleus] pheniceus SCLATER and Satvixn, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 37, part.
Agelaius pheniceus bryanti (not of Ridgway) AmericAN OrNrI?THOLOGISTS’ UNION
Commitrer, Check List, 2d ed., 1895, no. 4984, part (Yucatan; Nicaragua).—
Benpire, Life Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1895, 453, part (Yucatan; Nicaragua).
Agelaius pheniceus sonoriensis (not of Ridgway) Brenprre, Life Hist. N. Am.
Birds, ii, 1895, 453, part (lower Rio Grande Valley).
Agelaius pheeniceus richmondi Netson, Auk, xiv, Jan. 1897, 58 (Tlalcotalpam, Vera
Cruz, s. e. Mexico; coll. U. 8. Nat. Mus.).—Ripeway, Proc. Wash. Ac. Sci.,
ill, 1901, 154 (geog. range).
AGELAIUS PHCENICEUS SONORIENSIS Ridgway.
SONORAN RED-WING.
Similar 1n coloration to A. p. richmond7, but much larger.
Adult male.—Length (skins), 207-237.5 (221); wing, 121.9-129.3
(125.5); tail, 85.9-101.1 (93.5); culmen, from base, 22.6-25.4 (23.9);
depth of bill at base, 11.4-13.2 (12.4); tarsus, 29-31.8 (30.5); middle
toe, 21.1-22.9 (21.8).!
Adult female.—Length (skins), 172.7-199.7 (183.6); wing, 98.6—-105.4
(98.8); culmen, from base, 17.8—21.3 (19.8); depth of bill at base, 9.4-+
10.9 (9.9); tarsus, 25.4-27.9 (26.7); middle toe, 17.8-20.3 (19.1).
Lower Colorado Valley, in California and Arizona, southern Ari-
zona in general, and southward over the coast plain of Sonora and
Sinaloa to Territory of Tepic;* Cape St. Lucas, Lower California ?.!
' Thirteen specimens.
* Twenty-four specimens.
*Specimens from Tepic are larger than those from Sinaloa, and may not really
be referable to this form, the matter being rendered the more doubtful because
all the Tepic examples are males. Possibly the thick-billed large subarctic form
(A. p. fortis) may extend farther southward upon the high mountain meadows than
it has yet been traced, even to that portion of the Sierra Madre immediately north
of the Valley of the Rio Grande de Santiago, and there intergrade with the coast
form (A. p. sonoriensis). Should this hypothesis prove correct, then these large Tepic
specimens would be intergrades. Some of these Tepic specimens are large enough to
be referable to A. p. fortis, but their bills are too long, and on the whole they come
decidedly nearer to A. p. sonoriensis.
Comparative average measurements of the two series and of A. p. fortis are as follows:
Locality. Wing. | Tail. |Culmen. cof bil Tarsus. area
at base.
MALES.
Twenty-three adult males of A. p. fortis........... 126 98 23.3 13.5 29.8 22.4
Six adult males of A. p. sonoriensis? from Tepic ..| 126.7 95.8 24.6 | 13. 2 30.7 221.
Six adult males of A. p. sonoriensis from Sinaloa..| 124.5} 92.5 23.4 | 19 30 21.6
One adult male of A. p. sonoriensis from Arizona..} 121.9 85.9 21.6 | IDE? 32.8 20.8
; FEMALES, :
Seventeen adult females of A.p. fortis ..........-- 105, 4 78.1 19.1 | 11.8 26.5 19.1
Eightadult females of A.p. sonoriensisfromSinaloa| 102.9 72.9 20.3 | 959 27.2 18.5
Twoadult females of A. p. sonoriensis from Sonora .| 104.1 | 77.5 18.8 | 9.9 25.9 17.8
Nine adultfemales of A. p. sonoriensisfrom Arizona | 102.1) 72.9 19.3 | 9.9} 26.2 19.1
*The only specimen from the Cape district of Lower California that I have seen is
a female, and seems to be referable to this form. It is without date, and in rather
poor condition.
3654—voL 2—O1 22
338 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Agelaius pheniceus (not Oriolus pheniceus Linnzeus) WoopHouss, Rep. Sitgreaves’
Expl. Zuni and Col. R., 1853, 80.—Bairp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858,
526, part (Espia, Sonora); Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 401, part; Rep. U. S. and
Mex. Bound. Surv., ii, pt. 2, 1859, 18 (Saltillo, Nuevo Leon; Espia, Sonora ).—
(?) Kennerzy, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., x, pt. vi, 1859, 30, part (New Mex-
ico).—Covrs, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, 90 (Fort Whipple, Arizona);
Check List, 1873, no. 212, part.—Cassrn, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, 10,
part (monogr.).—Coorrr, Orn. Cal., 1870, 261, part (lower Colorado Val-
ley ).—LawreEnce, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., ii, 1874, 281 (Mazatlan).—Barrp,
Brewer, and Rrpaway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 159, part.—Rripeway,
Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 261, part.—Brewsrer, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club,
vii, 1882, 200 (Tucson, Arizona, June).—Ber.prne, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus.,
vi, 1883, 350 (La Paz, Lower California, winter).—Sciarer, Ibis, 1884, 10,
part (monogr. ); Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 340, part (in synonymy ).—
AMERICAN OrnitTHOLOGIStTs’ Unton, Check List, 1886, no. 498, part.—SaLvin
and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1887, 453, part (Mazatlan).
[ Agelaius] pheniceus Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 156, part.
Agelxus pheniceus CovEs, Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 316, part.
A[geleus] pheniceus Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 404, part.
Agelaius gubernator (not Psarocolius gubernator Wagler) Barrp, Rep. U.S. and
Mex. Bound. Surv., ii, pt. 2, 1859, 18 (Colorado R., California).—KENNERLY,
Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., x, pt. iv, 1859, 31, part (Bill Williams’ Fork and
Colorado R., Arizona; Mojave R., California).—LAwrRENcE, Mem. Bost. Soc.
N. H., ii, 1874, 281 (Mazatlan; Tepic).—(?) Scorr, Auk, iv, 1887, 22 (Pinal-
Co., Arizona; common resident).
Agelaius pheniceus longirostris (not Agelaius longirostris Salvadori!) Ripeway,
Man. N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1896, 370.—AmeERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ UNION
Commirrer, Auk, xiv, 1897, 128 (Check List, no. 498a).—Price, Bull. Cooper
Orn. Club, 1, 1899, 92 (Yuma, Arizona, winter).
A[gelaius] phoniceus sonoriensis Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 370 (Mazat-
lan, w. Mexico; coll. U. 8S. Nat. Mus.).
Agelaius phoniceus sonoriensis Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 592; Proc.
Wash. Ac. Sci., iii, 1901, 154 (geog. range).—AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’
Unron, Suppl. to Check List, 1889, 11; Check List, 2d ed., 1895, no. 498a.—
Ruoaps, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1892, 120 (Santa Clara Valley, s. Ari-
zona).—Benopire, Life Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1895, 453, part.—NeE.son, Auk,
xvii, 1900, 125 (crit.).—ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., v, 1893, 37 (San
Diego, n. w. Chihuahua; Pachico, n. e. Sonora).
(?) Agelaius Barrp, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1859, 301, 304 (CapeSt. Lucas).
AGELAIUS PHGCENICEUS FORTIS Ridgway.
NORTHERN RED-WING,
Similar to A. p. phaniceus, but decidedly larger” and with the bill
usually relatively much shorter and thicker; adult male and female
in winter plumage, and immature male, similar in coloration to the
same of A. p. sonoricnsis; differing from the latter in larger size and
conspicuously shorter and thicker bill.
' Agelaius longirostris (not of Vieillot, 1819) Salvadori, Atti del Reale Accad. Scienz.
Torino, ix, Apr., 1874, 632 (western Mexico; coll. Count Turati). (See Nelson, Auk,
xvii, 1900, 125.)
? Decidedly the largest of all the forms of A. phwniceus.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 339
Adult male.—Length (skins), 212.1-241.3 (223.1); wing, 123.5-132.3
(126); tail, 88.5—105.4 (98); culmen, from base, 19.8—26.5 (23.3); depth
of bill at base, 12.7-15 (13.5); tarsus, 29-31.5 (29.8); middle toe,
90.1-23.5 (22.4). ?
Adult female.—Length (skins), 172.7-195 (186.2); wing, 101.6-109.2
(105.5); tail, 71.1-83.1 (78.1); culmen, from base, 17-21.2 (19.1); depth
of bill at base, 10.9-12.7 (11.8); tarsus, 24.6-28.2 (26.5); middle toe,
18.3—20.6 (19.1). ?
Breeding range, Mackenzie River, Athabasca, and other interior
districts of British America. During migrations, the Great Plains,
from eastern base of Rocky Mountains to Manitoba (Red River Set-
tlement), Minnesota (Fort Snelling, May 11), Nebraska (Omaha,
March 9), Iowa (Burlington, October), Indian Territory (Beaver Creek,
November), western Illinois (Henderson County, Morgan County,
March), northern Kentucky (Mason County, December), and south-
ward through more southern Rocky Mountains to Arizona (Fort Verde,
December, February; Big Chino Valley, March), and western Texas
(El Paso, February).
Agelaius pheeniceus (not Oriolus pheniceus Linnzeus) Batrp, Rep. Pacific R. R.
Sury., ix, 1858, 526, part (Red River Settlement, Manitoba*); Cat. N. Am.
Birds, 1859, no. 401, part.
Agelus tricolor (not Icterus tricolor Audubon) BuLaxisron, Ibis, 1863, 81 (Mac-
kenzie R., British America).
Agelus gubernator (not Psarocolius gubernator Wagler) BLAKtston, Ibis, 1863, 81
(Mackenzie R.).
Agelaius pheniceus fortis RipGway, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci., ili, Apr. 15, 1901, 153
(Omaha, Nebraska; coll. U. 8. Nat. Mus.), 154 (geogr. range).
AGELAIUS PHCENICEUS NEUTRALIS Ridgway.
SAN DIEGO RED-WING,
Similar to A. p. sonoriensis, but smaller, the adult female darker,
with streaks less strongly contrasted above, those on lower parts rather
broader and grayer, the upper parts with little if any rusty, even in
winter plumage.
Adult male.—Length (skins), 199.4-228.6 (213.1); wing, 116.8-127
(122.9); tail, 85.1-97.8 (90.7); culmen, from base, 21.6-24.9 (23.1);
depth of “bill at base, 10.9-13.2 (12.2); tarsus, 28.7-31 (30.2); middle
toe, 20.6-23.4 (21.6).*
Adult female.—Length (skins), 167.6-193 (181.9); wing, 96.5-104.1
(101.3); tail, 67.1-78.2 (72.4); culmen, from base, 18.5-21.1 (19.6);
depth of bill at base, 10.4-11.4 (10.9); tarsus, 25.4-27.9 (26.9); middle
toe, 16.8-20.6 (19.1).°
1 Twenty-three specimens.
* Seventeen specimens.
* See next to last paragraph on p. 527 of work cited.
*Thirty-two specimens.
°Twenty-seven specimens.
340 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Southern California’ (to the Pacific coast in San Diego and Los Angeles
counties), northern Lower California, Great Basin district, and south-
ern portion of Rocky Mountain plateau; north to eastern British
Columbia (Vernon, etc.); breeding southward to northern Chihuahua
(Pacheco), New Mexico, and western Texas (Ysleta, 30 miles east of
El Paso; Langtry, Valverde County, etc.); in winter, south to southern
Texas (Brownsville, etc.).
Agelaius pheniceus (not Oriolus pheniceus Linnzeus) Barrp, Rep. Pacific R. R.
Surv., ix, 1858, 526, part; Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 401, part.—KENNERLY,
Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., x, pt. vi, 1859, 30 (s. California).—(?) Xanrus, Proc.
Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1859, 192 (Fort Tejon, California).—(?) Cooper and
Suck ey, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., xii, pt. ii, 1860, 207 (Oregon and Washing-
ton).—Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, 10, part (monogr.).—CoopeEr,
Orn. Cal., 1870, 261, part.—Barrp, Brewer, and Ripaway, Hist. N. Am.
Birds, ii, 1874, 159, part.—(?) Hensaaw, Rep. Orn. Spec. Wheeler’s Sury.,
1873 (1874), 121 (Apache, Arizona, Aug. ).—Benprre, Proce. Bost. Soc. N. H.,
1877, 122 (Camp Harney, e. Oregon, breeding ).—AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’
Union, Check List, 1886, no. 498, part.—Morcom, Bull. Ridgw. Orn. Club, no. 2,
1887, 47 (Coahuila and San Bernardino valleys, s. California;. breeding ).—
Fannin, Check List Birds Brit. Col., 1891, 33, part (e. side of Cascade Mts. ).—
Raoaps, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1893, 47, part (Vernon, e. British Colum-
bia).—GRINNELL, Pub. 1i, Pasadena Ac. Sci., 1898, 33 (Los Angeles Co., Cali-
fornia; resident).
Agelxus pheniceus HensHaw, Ann. Rep. Wheeler’s Sury., 1877, 1309 (Carson,
Nevada); Zool. Exp. W. 100th Merid., 1875, 313, part (Utah ).—Couvrs, Check
List, 1873, no. 212, part; 2d ed., 1882, no. 316, part.—(?) Sciarrr, Cat. Birds
Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 340, part.—Satvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am.,
Aves, i, 1887, 453, part (in synonymy).
1Specimens from southern California and northern Lower California seem to be
somewhat different from Great Basin examples, but I do not venture to separate
them, the series of specimens being scarcely satisfactory. In adult males of this form
many specimens show more or less black tipping to the middle wing-coverts, this
being observable in some specimens from the interior (Nevada) as well as in some of
those from the coast (San Diego County, ete.). Average measurements are as follows:
Culmen,| Depth aT,
Locality. Wing. | Tail. from of bill | Tarsus. para
base. |at base. ey
MALES.
Eleven adult males from Los Angeles County and
NOTCMWALG 222 cece ane cece lomee celiete shee ee eores 122.9 88.9 22.6 12.4 30 22.1
Ten adult males from San Diego...........-...--- 123. 2 89.7 23.1 12.2 30. 2 22.1
Six adult males from Seven Wells and Tecate,
ower Califormiatsc..c.s- oc ce4 seme aces own Boece 122.7 89.4 22.4 ee 29.7 21.8
Eleven adult males from Great Basin............. 123.4 91,2 23.9 11.9 30.5 21.1
FEMALES.
Two adult females from Riverside and Red Bluff.| 101.1 72.6 19.1 10.4 25.9 18
Ten adult females from San Diego.........-..-.-- | 101.1 7159) 19.6 10.9 27.2 19.3
One adult female from Tecate Mountains, Lower |
Cahiiornian.%..2<os./csmnaccnane cece one sence aeene 100. 6 73.9 19.1 10.7 26.2 18.8
Seven adult females from Great Basin ........-.-.-- 99.6 Too 19.6 10.7 26.9 18
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 341
[ Ageleus pheeniceus] &. pheniceus Ripaway, Orn. 40th Parallel, 1877, 503 (locali-
ties in Nevada and Utah; measurements, etc. ).
[ Ageleus] pheeniceus Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 156, part.
[ Agelzus pheeniceus] a. phoeniceus Cours, Birds N. W., 1874, 186, part (in syn-
onymy ).
A[gelzus] pheniceus HENSHAW, Orn. Rep. Wheeler’s Exp., 1879, 302 (foot of e.
slope Sierra Nevada, summer resid.; Carson, Nevada, in winter).—CovuEs,
Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 402, part.
A[gelaius] pheniceus . . . var. gubernator Ripaway, Bull. Essex Inst. vii, Jan.,
1875, 37 (Nevada).
Agelaius gubernator Benprre, Proc. Bost. Soc. N, H., 1877, 122 (Camp Harney, e.
Oregon, breeding; descr. eggs).
[ Agelxus pheniceus] f. gubernator Ripaway, Orn. 40th Parallel, 1877, 504, 505,
part (Carson City and Truckee Reservation, Nevada).
Ageleus gubernator (not Psarocolius gubernator Wagler) ScuaTErR, Cat. Birds Brit.
Mus., xi, 1886, 341, part (Reno, Nevada).
Agelzxus pheniceus . . . var. gubernator Hensnaw, Ann. Rep. Wheeler’s Sury.,
1876, 249 (Los Angeles, California, June; Fort Tejon, California, Aug.).
Agelaius pheeniceus var. gubernator HENSHAW, Ann. Rep. Wheeler’s Sury., 1877,
1305 (e. side Sierra Nevada).
A[geleus] pheniceus gubernator HeNsHaw, Orn. Rep. Wheeler’s Sury., 1879, 302
(Camp Harney, e. Oregon; Reno, etc., Nevada; crit. ).
Ageleus pheniceus gubernator MEARNS, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iv, 1879, 165 (Fort
Klamath, e. Oregon, breeding).—ALLEn, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vi, 1881, 128
(Walla Walla, Washington).
(2?) Agelaius pheniceus longirostris (not A. longirostris Salvadori) GRINNELL,
Pub. ii, Pasadena Ac. Sci., 1898, 33 (near Pasadena, Los Angeles Co., Cal-
ifornia, March, Nov. ).
Agelaius pheniceus neutralis Ripaway. Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci., iii, Apr. 15, 1901,
153 (Jacumba, San Diego Co., California; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus. ), 154 (geog.
range).
AGELAIUS PHCENICEUS CAURINUS Ridgway.
NORTHWESTERN RED-WING,
Similar to A. p. phaniceus but wing and bill longer, the latter more
slender; adult male with buff of middle wing-coverts deeper (deep
ochraceous-buff or ochraceous in winter plumage); adult female rather
more heavily streaked with black below and, in winter plumage, with
upper parts much more conspicuously marked with rusty.
Adult male.—Length (skins), 218.4-231.1 (222.8); wing, 116.1-129.5
(123.2); tail, 86.1-97.3 (91.7); culmen, from base, 22.9-25.7 (24.4);
depth of bill at base, 11.4-12.2 (11.7); tarsus, 28.2-31 (29.5); middle
toe, 21.3-22.4 (21.8).
Adult female.—Length (skins) 172.7-198.1 (189); wing, 97.8-107.2
(103.1); tail, 71.1-83.1 (77.5); culmen, from. base, 19.6-21.8 (20.8);
tarsus, 25.4-27.9 (26.9); middle toe, 18.3-19.8 (19.1).
Northwest coast district, from British Columbia (Vancouver Island
and coast of mainland) south through western Washington and Oregon
to northern California (Mendocino County, May 20).
' Nine specimens.
342 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Agelaius pheniceus (not Oriolus pheniceus Linnzeus) Bairp, Rep. Pacific R. R.
Surv., ix, 1858, 526, part (Fort Steilacoom, Washington) ; Cat. N. Am. Birds,
1859, no. 401, part.—Cooperr, Orn. Cal., 1870, 261, part. —Fannrn, Check List
Birds Brit. Columbia, 1891, 33, part (w. side Cascades; Vancouver I., breed-
ing).—Ruwoaps, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1893, 47, part (Victoria and Lulu
Island, British Columbia; Washington ).—Brooxs, Auk, xvii, 1900, 106 (s,
British Columbia; crit.).—Kopspe, Auk, xvil, 1900, 354 (Cape Disappoint-
ment, Washington, breeding).
A[gelaius] phaniceus Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 369, part.
Agelaius pheniceus sonoriensis (not of Ridgway ) Brewster, Auk, x, 1893, 237 (Chil-
liwack, British Columbia, Jan. to Mar.; crit.).
Agelwius pheeniceus caurinus Rripaway, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci., iii, Apr. 15, 1901,
153 (Cedar Hill, Vancouver Island, British Columbia; coll. U. S Nat. Mus.),
154 (geog. range).
The following references to forms of Agela‘us phaniceus I have not
been able to satisfactorily allocate:
Agelxus pheeniceus SCLATER, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 135, part (Orizaba, Vera Cruz;
Guatemala).—Covgs, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, 90 (Fort Whipple,
Arizona, resident).—Brtpina, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., i, 1879, 420 (Stockton
and Marysville, Calfornia, Feb. to Apr.).—OarLBy, Sci. Proc. Roy. Dublin
Soe., iii, 1882 (48), (Navarro Co., Texas, resident; habits).
Agelaius pheniceus FERRARI-PEREZ, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., ix, 1886, 151 (Chietla,
Puebla).—Townsenpb, Proe. U. 8. Nat. Mus., x, 1887, 213 (Red Bluff and n.
of Mount Shasta, California).—BrckHam, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., x, 1888, 670
(San Antonio, Texas, winter).—ArrwaterR, Auk, ix, 1892, 237 (San Antonio,
Texas, breeding).—MurcHe.ti, Auk, xv, 1898, 309 (San Miguel Co., New
Mexico, breeding up to 9,000 ft.).—Merriam, North Am. Fauna, no. 16,
1899, 122 (Shasta Valley, n. California).
Aguelaius gubernator (not Psarocolius gubernator Wagler) KENNERLY, Rep. Pacific
R. R. Surv., iv, pt. vi, 1857, 11 (Pueblo Creek, New Mexico).
Agelaius phenicius (?) Sumicarast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., i, 1869, 553 (Orizaba,
Vera Cruz; migratory ?).
AGELAIUS ASSIMILIS Gundlach.
CUBAN RED-WING,
Adult male.—Similar to adult male of A. phaniceus floridanus or
A. p. bryant’, but smaller, with shorter and thicker bill; length (skin,
one specimen), 198.1; wing, L07.2-109.2 (108.2); tail, 81.8-83.3 (82.6);
culmen, from base, 23.4-24.9 (24.1); depth of bill at base, 11.4-12.4
(11.9); tarsus, 26.7-27.9 (27.2); middle toe, 21.1 (21.3).”
Adult female.—Entirely uniform black, including lesser wing-coverts;
Jength (skins), 172.7-182.9 (177.8); wing, 91.7—95.3 (93); tail, 68.1-74.9
(71.9); culmen, from base, 21.1—-21.6 (21.3); depth of bill at base, 11.4—
11.7 (11.4); tarsus, 25.4-26.7 (25.9); middle toe, 17.3—20.3 (18.5).”
Island of Cuba (including Isle of Pines), Greater Antilles.
Agelaius assimiles ‘‘ Gundlach, MSS.’’ LemBzyr, Aves de la Islade Cuba, 1850, 64
(Cuba).
'Two specimens. * Three specimens.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE ‘AMERICA. 848
Agelaius assimilis LemMBryr, Aves de la Isla de Cuba, 1850, pl. 9, fig. 8. —GuND-
LACH, Journ. fur Orn., iv., 1856, 12; 1861, 332, 413; 1862, 189; 1874, 131;
Repert. Fisico-Nat. Cuba, i, 1866, 288; Boston Journ. N. H., vi, 1857, 316.—
BREWER, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., vii, 1860, 307.—Casstn, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci.
Phila., 1866, 10 (monogr. )—Cory, Auk, iii, 1886, 221; Birds W. I., 1889, 108;
Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 14, 110, 129, 146 (Cuba; Isle of Pines).
[ Agelzus] assimilis Cory, List Birds W. I., 1885, 14.
A[gelaius] assimilis Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 371.
Agelxus assimilis SCLATER, Ibis, 1884, 10 (monogr.); Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi,
1886, 341.
[ Agelaius pheniceus] var. assimilis Barro, BrEeweErR, and Ripe@way, Hist. N. Am.
Birds, ii, 1874, 159.
[Ageleus pheniceus] b. assimilis Cours, Birds N. W., 1874, 186 (synonymy. )
AGELAIUS HUMERALIS (Vigors).
TAWNY-SHOULDERED BLACKBIRD.
Adult male.—Uniform glossy black, with a faint bluish green reflec-
tion in certain lights; lesser wing-coverts uniform cinnamon-rufous or
tawny, the middle coverts similar but paler, especially at tips; bill, legs,
and feet black; iris brown; length (skins), 167.6-188 (176.5); wing,
99.6-107.2 (103.4); tail, 74.2-83.8 (78.7); culmen, from base, 17.8-19.1
(18.3); depth of bill at base, 9.1-10.2 (9.9); tarsus, 23.6-25.4 (24.4);
middle toe, 17.8-19.3 (18.5).?
Adult female.—Similar to adult male but smaller and with the cin-
namon-rufous or tawny wing-patch more restricted, at least the middle
coverts being partly black (sometimes wholly so); length (skins),
160-177.8 (167.4); wing, 92.7-96.5 (94.7); tail, 69.1-74.9 (72.9); culmen,
from base, 16.5-17.3 (17); depth of bill at base, 8.9-10.2 (9.4); tarsus,
22.6-24.1 (23.4); middle toe, 16.5-17.8 (17).’
Island of Cuba, Greater Antilles.
Leistes humeralis Viaors, Zool. Journ., iii, Nov., 1827, 442 (near Havana, Cuba).
Icterus humeralis D’ Orpiany, in La Sagra’s Hist. Nat. Cuba, Ois., 1839, 91, pl. 20.
Agelaius humeralis Gunpuacu, Journ. fiir Orn., 1874, 130; Repert. Fisico-Nat.
Cuba, i, 1866, 288.—Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, 11 (monogr. ).—
PELZELN, Ibis, 1873, 28 (crit. ).—Cory, Auk, iii, 1886, 220; Birds W. I., 1889,
107; Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 14, 110, 129.—CuHapman, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat.
Hist., iv, 1892, 303 (habits).
Agelaeus humeralis GuNpLAcH, Journ. fiir Orn., 1856, 13; 1861, 332.
Agelxus humeralis Scuatrer, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 136; Ibis, 1884, 11 (monogr. };
Cat Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 342 (San Cristobal, Cuba).
[ Agelaius] humeralis BonAPARTE, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 480 (‘‘Antilles’’).—Gray,
Hand-list, ii, 1870, 33, no. 6473.
[Ageleus] humeralis ScLaTER and Satyin, Nom. Ay. Neotr., 1873, 37.—Cory, List
Birds W. I., 1885, 14.
A[gelaius] humeralis Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 371.
1Seven specimens.
344 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
AGELAIUS XANTHOMUS (Sclater).
YELLOW-SHOULDERED BLACKBIRD,
Adult male.—Uniform glossy black, with a faint bluish green reflec-
tion; lesser and m'ddle wing-coverts clear lemon yellow, the latter
sometimes slightly paler (rarely inclining to white at tips); bill, legs,
and feet black; iris brown; length (skin, one specimen), 198.1; wing,
107.2-108; tail, 83.8-86.9 (84.8); culmen, from base, 20.8-22.1; depth
of bill at base, 9.7; tarsus, 24.1-25.4; middle toe, 19.6-19.8."
Adult female.—Similar to the adult male in coloration, but smaller;
length (skins), 172.7-198.1 (185.4); wing, 95-97.3 (96.3); tail, 74.2-78.7
(77); culmen, from base, 19.8—20.3 (20.1); depth of bill at base, 8.1-
8.9 (8.6); tarsus, 24.1-24.9 (24.4); middle toe, 18.3.”
Young.—Uniform dull black, except lesser wing-coverts, which are
light buffy yellow or yellowish buff, the middle coverts partly of the
same color.
/imature.—Similar to adults, but yellow wing-patch more or less
broken posteriorly by spots or blotches of black.
Island of Porto Rico, Greater Antilles. (Island of St. Thomas?)
Agelaius chrysopterus Vinrttor, Nouy. Dict. d’ Hist. Nat., xxxiy, 1819, 539 part
(St. Thomas, W. I.); Ene. Méth., ii, 1823, 718, part.—GuNpLacu, Anal.
Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat., vii, 1878, 211 (Porto Rico); Journ. fiir Orn., 1874, 312
(Porto Rico); 1878, 177 (Porto Rico).
Agelxus chrysopterus SUNDEVALL, Cify. K. Vet.-Akad. Forh., 1869, 597 (Porto Rico).
[ Ageleeus] chrysopterus SCLATER and Sayin, Nom. Ay. Neotr., 1873, 37 (Porto Rico).
Icterus xanthomus Scuatrer, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 131 (‘‘Mexico;’’ coll. P. L.
Sclater).—Taytor, Ibis, 1864, 168 (Porto Rico).—Bryant, Proc. Bost. Soe.
N. H., x, 1866, 254 (Porto Rico).
Hyphantes canthomus Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, 63 (monogr.; Porto
Rico; St. Thomas *).
Ageleus vanthomus SCLATER, Ibis, 1884, 12 (Mmonogr.); Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x1,
1886, 345.
[ Agelxeus| canthomus Cory, List Birds W. I., 1885, 14.
Agelaius vanthomus Cory, Auk, iii, Apr., 1886, 221; Birds W. I., 1889, 108; Cat.
W. I. Birds, 1892 !4, 110, 182 (Porto Rico; accidental on Mona I.).
Genus NESOPSAR Selater.
Nesopsar Scuaver, Ibis, i, Oct., 1859, 457, footnote. (Type, Icterus nigerrimus
Osburn. )
Rather small, uniformly black Icteridee with the bill longer than
the head, narrowly wedge-shaped, the wing about three times as long
as the culmen, rounded, the tail about two-thirds as long as the wing,
even, the tarsus about one-fourth as long as the wing.
Bill longer than head, slender-conical or narrowly wedge-shaped,
compressed, acute, with straight outlines, its basal depth about one-
third the culmen, or less, its basal width less than the depth; culmen
straight, flattened, the flattened surface widening gradually toward
' wo specimens. * Four specimens.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 345
base, where terminating in an obtuse point at a distance posterior to
the nostrils which about equals the basal width of the mandible; com-
missure straight, or nearly so, to beyond nostrils, where deflexed to
the rictus. Nostril on lateral median line of maxilla, nearly circular,
with overhanging membrane (narrower anteriorly), its posterior edge
touching feathering of frontal antiz. Wing moderate or rather short
(more than three times as long as culmen, about four times as long as
tarsus), the tip moderately produced (longest primaries exceeding
secondaries by between one-half and two-thirds the length of culmen);
outermost (ninth) primary equal to fourth or intermediate between fifth
and fourth; seventhand sixth longest, the eighth but little shorter; inner
webs of outer primaries not perceptibly sinuated. ‘Tail a little more
than two-thirds as long as wing, even or very slightly rounded, the
rectrices broad, but not widened terminally as in Age/azus, the lateral
ones with inner web more than three times as wide as the outer. Tarsus
decidedly shorter than culmen, slightly less than one-fourth as long as
wing, its anterior scutella distinct on inner but indistinct on outer
side; middle toe, with claw, slightly longer than tarsus; claws of lateral
toes reaching about to base of middle claw; hallux shorter than lateral
toes but much stouter, its claw shorter than the digit; all the claws
strongly curved, acute.
Coloration.—Uniform black, in both sexes.
Range.—Island of Jamaica, Greater Antilles. (Monotypic.)
NESOPSAR NIGERRIMUS (Osburn).
OSBURN’S BLACKBIRD,
Adults (sexes alike).—Entirely uniform glossy blue-black; bill, lees,
and feet black, the former sometimes brownish basally.
Adult mbes Length (skins), 175.3-185.4 (180.3); wing, 99.6-101.6
(100.6); tail, 73.2-74.2 (73.7); culmen, ce base, 26.7-80.5 (28.5);
depth of bill at base, 9.7; tarsus, 29.6-23.4 (22.9); middle toe,
16.5-17.8 (17).
Adult female.—Length (skins), 158.8-177.8 (171.5); wing, 94.5-97.8
(95.5); tail, 63.5-71.9 (68.8); culmen, from. base, 25.1-26.7 (25.7);
depth of bill at base, 9.7-9.9 (9.9); tarsus, 22.9; middle toe, 17.3.”
Island of Jamaica, Greater Antilles.
[ Icterus ?] nigerrimus OspuRN, Zoologist, 1859, 6661, in text (Jamaica; coll. P. L.
Selater).
Nesopsar nigerrimus Scuater, Ibis, i, Oct., 1859, 457, footnote; Proce. Zool. Soe.
Lond., 1861, 74; Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 189; Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886,
308: BA Journ. fiir Orn., 1862, 197.—Marcn, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci.
Phila., 1863, 299.—Cory, Auk, iii, 1886, 223 (synonymy and deser.); Birds
W. I., 1889, 110 (do); Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 15, 111, 180.—Scorr, Auk, x,
18938, 178.
!' Two specimens. * Three specimens.
346 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
[ Nesopsar] nigerrimus ScLATER and Satvin, Nom. Avy. Neotr., 1873, 38.—Cory,
List Birds W. I., 1885, 14.
N[esopsar] nigerrimus Newton (E. and A.), Handb. Jamaica, 1881, 103.
Agelaius nigerrimus Casstx, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, 12 (monogr.).—
PELZELN, Ibis, 1873, 28.
Ageleeus nigerrimus SCLATER, Ibis, 1884, 14 (monogr.).
Genus XANTHOCEPHALUS Bonaparte.
Xanthocephalus BoNAPARTE, Consp. Av., i, June 15, 1850, 431. (Type, Icterus
icterocephalus Bonaparte, = I. xanthocephalus Bonaparte. )
Medium-sized terrestrial and paludicoline Icteridee, with bill decid-
edly shorter than head; wing long and pointed (nearly seven times
as long as culmen, the ninth or eighth primary longest); tarsus nearly
one-fourth as long as wing; middle toe with claw nearly as long as
tarsus, the lateral toes with their claws reaching beyond base of
middle claw, the claws long and not strongly curved; color black or
dusky, with more or less of yellow on chest (adult male with head and
neck yellow also and with a white patch on wing).
Bill decidedly shorter than head, stout-conical, compressed, with
nearly straight outlines, its basal depth about equal to distance from
nasal fossee to tip of maxilla, its basal width much less; culmen
straight, flattened, the basal end elevated and slightly arched; gonys
straight or very slightly convex, slightly shorter than maxilla from
nostril; commissure nearly straight to behind nostril, where strongly
deflexed to the rictus. Nostril pyriform-oval (obtusely pointed ante-
riorly), overhung by a very broad and prominent horny operculum, its
posterior end in contact with the feathering of the frontal antiz. Wing
long (nearly seven times as long as culmen), long-tipped (primaries
exceeding secondaries by about twice the length of the culmen), pointed;
outermost (ninth) primary usually longest, the eighth and seventh, »
successively, but little shorter, the former sometimes equal to the
ninth, rarely a little longer; inner webs of four outer primaries slightly
sinuated near tips. Tail more than two-thirds as long as wing, slightly
rounded or double-rounded, the rectrices rather hard and stiff; outer
web of lateral rectrix very narrow in middle portion, widening subter-
minally. Tarsus more than twice as long as bill from nostril, nearly
one-fourth as long as wing, rather slender, its anterior scutella distinct;
middle toe, with claw, nearly as long as tarsus; outer toe with claw
reaching beyond base of middle claw, the inner longer, with its claw
reaching to middle of middle claw; hallux nearly as long as outer toe,
decidedly stouter, its claw nearly as long as the digit, rather slender,
and not strongly curved; anterior claws not strongly curved.
Coloration.—Adult male black with head, neck, and chest yellow,
the wing with a white patch; adult female and young dusky with
under parts more or less streaked, the chest with more or less yellow.
Range.—Western and central temperate North America. (Mono-
typic.)
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 347
XANTHOCEPHALUS XANTHOCEPHALUS (Bonaparte).
YELLOW-HEADED BLACKBIRD.
Adult male in summer.—Head, neck, and chest yellow or orange
(varying from canary yellow to almost cadmium orange, rarely to
saturn red); lores, orbital region, anterior portion of malar region,
and chin black; rest of plumage uniform black, relieved by a white
patch on the wing, involving the primary coverts (except their tips
and shafts) and portions of the outermost greater coverts; anal region
yellow or orange; bill, legs, and feet black; iris brown.
Adult male in winter.—Similar to the summer plumage, but yellow
or orange of pileum and hindneck obscured (sometimes almost con-
cealed) by dusky tips to the feathers.
Adult female in summer.—General color dusky grayish brown or
sooty; no white on wings; a more or less distinct superciliary stripe,
. malar region, chin, and throat dull whitish, usually more or less tinged
with yellow, passing into light yellow (naples yellow or buff-vellow)
on chest; breast broadly streaked with white; anal tuft yellowish; bill,
legs, and feet black; iris brown.
Adult female in winter.—Similar to the summer female, but super-
ciliary stripe and cheeks (malar region) dull buff-yellowish; chin and
throat duller whitish; chest deeper yellow (ocher yellow), and white
streaks on breast less distinct; bill dusky brownish, paler on mandible,
especially basally.
Immature male, first winter.—Similar to the winter female, but
larger; general color darker (nearly black on pileum, auriculars, and
orbital region); superciliary stripe deeper ocher yellow; malar region,
chin, and throat chrome yellow, and chest dull cadmium yellow or
orange-ochraceous; no white streaks on breast; primary coverts nar-
rowly tipped with white. (In following spring and summer similar,
but yellow of chest, etc., purer, pileum, etc., blacker, and primary
coverts without white tips.)
Young (first plumage).—Head, neck, and chest pale cinnamon or
dull ochraceous-buff, paler (dull whitish) on chin and throat; pileum
with a median stripe of dusky; rest of plumage mostly dusky, the
feathers (especially wing-coverts and tertials) more or less distinctly
margined with pale cinnamon or dull tawny; breast more or less
streaked with dull whitish; median line of breast and abdomen and
thighs dull whitish.
Nestling.—General color plain cinnamon or cinnamon-buff (varying
to clay color), much paler on under parts of body, where sometimes
inclining to dull whitish; on the back, scapulars, and rump the butly
or cinnamomeous color more or less broken by dusky bases to the
feathers; edge of wing whitish; greater wing-coverts very broadly
tipped with whitish or pale cinnamon-bufty; primary-coverts more
narrowly tipped with whitish; bill brownish; legs and feet light-colored
(flesh color in life?).
348 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Adult male.—Length (skins), 218.4-256.5 (242.3); wing, 135.1-145.5
(141.2); tail, 98-108.5 (102.6); culmen, from base, 21.1-25.1 (22.9);
depth of bill at base, 11.9-13.2 (12.4); tarsus, 33.3-37.1 (35.8); middle
toe, 23.4—26.2 (24.6).?
Adult female.—Length (skins), 190.5—210.8 (204.7); wing, 110-117.9
(113.8); tail, 78.7-87.6 (81.8); culmen, from base, 19.6-21.1 (20.3);
depth of bill at base, 9.9-10.7 (10.4); tarsus, 29.7-31.5 (80.5); middle
toe, 20.3—22.1 (21.1).’
More open districts of western and central North America; north
to southern British Columbia, Assiniboia, Athabasca, Keewatin (to
about 58° 30’), and Manitoba; breeding east to the prairie sloughs of
the upper Mississippi Valley, as far as northeastern Illinois (Cook and
Lake counties), northwestern Indiana (Lake County), southwestern
Michigan (4), southern Wisconsin, ete.; breeding southward to Ari-
zona, New Mexico, and northern Tamaulipas (Matamoras), probably
to northern Mexico in general; in winter southward over the greater
part of Mexico, as far as States of Sinaloa (Culiacan, Mazatlan, Pre-
sidio), Jalisco (Lake Chapala, Mesquitic), Mexico (Valley of Mexico),
Tlaxcala (Laguna del Rosario), and Puebla (Chietla, Huehuetlan, San
Martin Texmelucan). Accidental straggler to Ontario (Toronto,
several records), Quebee (Godbout), Maine (Spruce Head), Massachu-
setts (Watertown), Connecticut (Hartford), Pennsylvania (Allegheny
County, Meadville), West Virginia (Upshur County), Maryland (Anne
Arundel County), District of Columbia, South Carolina (Chester
County), Florida, Cuba, and even to Greenland (Nenortalik, Septem-
ber 2, 1820).
Tcterus xanthocephalus Bonaparte, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., v, 1826, 225 (western
North America, also South America); Ann. Lye. N. Y., il, 1828, 52.—AupuBOoN,
Orn. Biog., v, 1839, 6, pl. 388.
1 Kleven specimens.
* Seven specimens.
Specimens from the Mississippi Valley have, as a rule, the head, neck, and chest
paler yellow (never orange?) than those from west of the Rocky Mountains, though
the series examined is much too small to show whether the difference is constant or
not. Measurements of the two series compare as follows:
Culmen
| o£ », Depth :
Locality. Wing. | Tail. eee of bill Tarsus. alagle
base. | 2t base. 3
MALES.
Five adult males from Mississippi Valley ........- 140 101.1 | Dewi 13 36.3 24.4
Six adult males from Utah, California, ete .......- 142 103.9 | 22.9 12.2} 35.6 24.6
FEMALES.
Two adult females from North Dakota...-......-. 114.8 80 19.6 10. 4 | 30. | 21.1
Five adult females from Utah and southern Cali-
3 |
FOTMIBI aie aac cwneee a Seideceees ce cebe « bomeeeeaes iso 82.3 | 20.6 10.4 | 30.7 20.8
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 349
Agelaius xanthocephalus Swainson and Ricnarpson, Fauna Bor.—Am., ii, 1831,
281 (n. to 58°).—Bonaparte, Geog. and Comp. List., 1838, 29.—AupuBON,
Synopsis, 1839, 140; Birds Am., oct. ed., iv, 1842, 24, pl. 213.—Barrp, in
Stansbury’s Rep. Gt. Salt Lake, 1852, 326 (New Mexico).—Woopnoussg,
Rep. Sitgreaves’ Expl. Zuni and Col. R., 1853, 80.—Nerwserry, Rep. Pacific
R. R. Sury. vi, 1857, 86 (Sacramento Valley, Pitt R., and Klamath lakes,
n. California).—H®EERMANN, Rep. Pacific R. R. Survey., x, pt. vi, 1859, 52
(California; Fort Inge, Texas).—MaxriMiian, Journ. ftir Orn., vi, 1858, 261
(upper Missouri R.).—Cassiy, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, 11 (monogr.;
near Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, several).—TRippr, Proc. Essex Inst., vi,
1871, 117 (Minnesota).
Ageliaus xanthrocephalus GAMBEL, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1847, 204.
X[anthocephalus] xanthocephalus JoRDAN, Man. Vert., ed. 4, 1884, 92.—Ripaway,
Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 368.
Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus Ripaway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., viii, Sept. 2,
1885, 356.—AMERICAN OrniITHOLOGISTS’ Unton, Check List, 1886, no. 497.—
Cory, Auk, iii, 1886, 222 (Cuba; references); Birds W. I., 1889, 109 (Cuba).—
FERRARI-PEREZ, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., ix, 1886, 152 (Chietla, Huehuetlan,
and San Martin Texmelucan, Puebla, Dec., Jan., May; Laguna del Rosario,
Tlaxcala, Jan., Oct.)—Cory, Auk, iii, 1886, 222; Birds W. I., 1889, 109
(Cuba, 1 spec.) —Srron, Auk, iii, 1886, 321 (Assiniboia and Red R. valleys,
Manitoba, summer).—Treat, Auk, iv, 1887, 256 (near Hartford, Connecticut,
1 spec., July).—Ripaway, Auk, iv, 1887, 256 (Spruce Head, Maine, 1 spec.,
Novy. ); Orn. Illinois, i, 1889, 312.—Scorr, Auk, iv, 1887, 22 (Tucson, Florence,
etc., Arizona, fall, winter, and spring).—Cooxn, Bird Migr. Miss. Val., 1888,
162 (localities, dates, etc.).—WaArreEN (H. B.), Birds Pennsylvania, 1890, 212
(near Philadelphia, 1 spec.; Meadville, Crawford Co., 1 pair, Mar. 25, 1890).—
Rives, Birds Virginias, 1890, 70 (near Buckhannon, Upshur Co., West Vir-
ginia, 1 spec., spring 1888).—Merarns, Auk, vii, 1890, 257 (Mogollon Mts.,
Arizona, breeding).—THompson, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xii, 1891, 571 (Mani-
toba localities, habits; notes).—Goss, Birds Kansas, 1891, 396 (summer
resid.).—HaAsprouck, Auk, x, 1893, 92 (District Columbia, 1 spec., Aug. 29,
1892).—Norton, Auk, x, 1893, 302 (Metinac I., Knox Co., Maine, 1 spec.,
Aug. 17, 1882); xi, 1894, 78 (do.)—Nurrine, Bull. Labr. N. H. Univ. Iowa,
ii, no. 3, 1893, 274 (Chemawawin, lower Saskatchewan, abundant).—BENprRE,
Life Hist. N. Am. Birds, 1, 1895, 446, pl. 6, figs. 10-12 (eggs).—NEHRLING,
Our Native Birds, etc., ii, 1896, 248, pl. 29, fig. 3.—Burier, Proc. Ind. Ac.
Sci. for 1891, 165 (Lake Co., Indiana); Birds Indiana, 1897, 892 (Lake
Co., breeding).—Kniaur, Bull. Univ. Maine, no. 3, 1897, 86 (Spruce Head,
Knox Co., Maine, 1 spec., Aug. 17, 1882).—Ruoaps, Auk, xvi, 1899, 312
(Allegheny Co., Pennsylvania, | spec., Apr. 26, 1895).—Brooks, Auk, xvii,
1900, 106 (Chilliwack, British Columbia).—Bryer, Proc. Louis. Soc. Nat.
for 1897-99 (1900), 105 (s. w. Louisiana, winter resid. ).
Xantocephalus xantocephalus Restpr, Proc. Md. Ac. Sci., 1891, 189 (near Curtis
Bay, Anne Arundel Co., Maryland, 1 spec., Sept. 10, 1890).
Icterus icterocephalus (not of Daudin, 1800, ex Oriolus icterocephalus Linnzeus)
Bonaparte, Am. Orn., i, 1835, 27, pl. 3 (Rocky Mts.).—Nurraui, Man. Orn.
U.S. and Can., i, 1832, 170; 2d ed., 1840, 187.
A[gelaius] icterocephalus CABANIS, Mus. Hein., i, 1851, 188.
Xanthocephalus icterocephalus Barrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Serv., ix, 1858, 531; Rep.
U.S. and Mex. Bound. Surv., ii, pt. 2, 1859, 18 (Nuevo Leon; El Paso, Texas);
Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 404.—Sciarer, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 1386; Proc.
Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, 175 (valley of Mexico).—Gunp.acu, Journ, ftir Orn.,
1862, 178 (Cuba, 1 spec.); 1874, 133 (do.); Repert. Fisico-Nat. Cuba, i, 1866,
288.—ALLEN, Am. Nat. iii, 1869, 636 (Watertown, Massachusetts); Bull.
350 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Mus. Comp. Zool., iii, 1872, 178 (Kansas, Utah); Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H.,
i, 1868, 498 (Iowa), 518 (n. Illinois). —Covrs, Am. Nat., v, 1871, 195-200
(biography); Check List, 1875, no. 213; 2d ed., 1882, no. 319; Birds N. W.,
1874, 188.—Cooprrer, Orn. Cal., 1870, 267.—Snow, Birds Kansas, 1873, 8
(e. Kansas, breeding).—Barrp, Brewer, and Rrpeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds,
ii, 1874, 167, pl. 32, fig. 9; pl. 33, fig. 9.—LAwrence, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H.,
ii, 1874, 281 (Mazatlan, Sinaloa).—NEwTon, Man. N. H. Greenland, 1875, 99
(Nenortalik, 1 spec., Sept. 2, 1820).—Brewer, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. Felecia
1875, 442 ( Massachusetts, accidental).—Ripeway, Orn. 40th Parallel, 1877, 502
(Sacramento, California; localities in Nevada and Utah; habits, etc.); Nom.
N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 260.—Sennert, Bull. U. 5. Geol. and Geog. Surv.
Terr., iv, 1878, 24 (Hidalgo, s. Texas, winter resid. ).—Merrit1, Proc. U.S.
Nat. Mus., i, 1879, 133 (Fort Brown, Texas, winter).—Grsps, Bull. U.S. Geol.
and Geog. Surv. Terr., v, 1879, 487 (s. w. Michigan, breeding?).—MErRIAM,
Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vi, 1881, 246 (Godbout, prov. Quebec, 1 spec., Sept.
1878).—Maynarp, Birds KE. N. Am., 1881, 137.—Bepine, Proc. U. 8. Nat.
Mus., v, 1883, 546 (San José del Cabo, Lower California).—Loomis, Auk, ie
1884, 293 (Chester, South Carolina, 1 spec., Apr. 18, 1884); ii, 1885, 192
(do.).—Srron, Auk, ii, 1885, 334 (Toronto, Ontario, several records).—
FEILDEN, Ibis, 1889, 489 (Barbados, Lesser Antilles).—Cory, Cat. Birds
W. I., 1892, 110, 146 (Cuba; Barbados).
[ Xanthocephalus] icterocephalus Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 156.—ScLATER
and Satvrin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 37.—Cory, List Birds W. I., 1885, 14
(Cuba).
X[anthocephalus] icterocephalus NELSON, Bull. Essex Inst., viii, 1876, 111 (n. e.
Illinois, summer resid. ).—Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 404.
Agelaus longipes SWAINSON, Philos. Mag., new ser., i, no. 6, June, 1827, 436 (table-
land of Mexico; coll. Bullock Mus. ).
Xanthocephalus longipes SCLATER, Ibis, 1884, 14 (monogr.; Presidio, near Mazat-
lan, ete.); Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 350.—Satvin and GopMAN, Biol.
Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1887, 455.
Ps[arocolius] perspicillatus WAGLER, Isis, 1829, 753 (ex Icterus perspicillatus Lichten-
stein, manuscript).
[ Xanthocephalus ] perspicillatus BONAPARTE, Consp. Ay., i, 1850, 431.
Agelxus perspicillatus Rernnarpt, Ibis, 1861, 7 (Nenortalik, Greenland; 1 spec.,
Sept. 2, 1820).
Icterus frenatus LICHTENSTEIN, Isis, 1843, 60 (Greenland ).—Batrp, in Stansbury’s
Rep. Gt. Salt Lake, 1852, 332 (Greenland ).—RErNHARDT, Vid. Med. for
1853 (1854), 82 (Greenland).
Genus LEISTES Vigors.
Leistes Vicors, Zool. Journ., ii, no. vi, July, 1825, 191. (Type, Oriolus americanus
Gmelin, = Emberiza militaris Linneus.)
Pedotribes' Capanis, Mus. Hein., i, Sept. 19, 1851, 191. (Type, Oriolus guian-
ensis Linnzeus, = Emberiza militaris Linnzeus. )
Rather small terrestrial Icteridee with short conical bill, short tail,
rather long, pointed wings, and long legs, the under parts with more
or less of red.
Bill much shorter than head, conical, compressed, acute, its depth
at base much more than one-half the length of culmen (nearly equal
to distance from nostril to tip of maxilla), its basal width more than
1&Von @edorpifns, den Erdboden hiutig betretend.”’
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. Soil
one-half the length of culmen; culmen nearly straight but elevated
and decidedly arched basally, faintly depressed in middle portion and
slightly decurved terminally, the top broad and rounded; gonys
straight, shorter than maxilla from nostril; maxillary tomium nearly
straight, but faintly concave anteriorly and convex in middle, the rie-
tal portion very strongly and rather abruptly deflexed; mandibular
tomium nearly straight for terminal half, then arched and strongly
deflexed to the rictus. Nostril rather large, triangular (obtusely
pointed anteriorly), overhung by a prominent and conspicuous con-
vex horny operculum, the posterior end touching feathers of frontal
antie. Wing moderate (nearly five times as long as culmen, more
than three times as long as tarsus), the tip well produced (projecting
for more than length of culmen but less than length of tarsus), pointed;
outermost (ninth) primary longest, the eighth, seventh, and sixth, suc-
cessively, but little shorter; inner webs of two outer primaries slightly
sinuated; longest tertial projecting decidedly beyond secondaries. Tail
short (about five-eighths as long as wing), even, the rectrices rigid, broad,
with extreme tip more or less pointed, with aculeate tips of the shafts
slightly projecting. Tarsus long (more than half as long again as
culmen, nearly one-third as long as wing), slender, the anterior scu-
tella distinct; middle toe, with claw, slightly shorter than tarsus;
outer toe with claw falling far short of base of middle claw, the inner
slightly longer but with claw still falling decidedly short of base of
middle claw; hallux about as long as inner toe (longer than outer),
much stouter, its claw nearly as long as the digit, rather slender,
strongly arched, acute.
Coloration.—Above blackish, or streaked and barred with brown
and dusky; beneath with more or less of red.
Range.—South America, from Argentina and southern Brazil to the
Isthmus of Panama (Chiriqui). (Two species.)
LEISTES MILITARIS (Linnzus).
CAYENNE RED-BREASTED BLACKBIRD.
Adult male in breeding dress.—Uniform black, with traces (more or
less distinct) of grayish brown bars on upper tail-coverts and rectrices
and of lighter edgings on wing-feathers; throat, chest, breast, and upper
portion of abdomen uniform rich vermilion red; bill black; legs and
feet blackish brown.
Adult male after breeding season.—Similar to the above, but the
black portions of the plumage broken by light brown or pale buffy
grayish edgings, these most conspicuous on median line of pileum,
back, scapulars, wings, and under tail-coverts; terminal portion of
tertials, rectrices, and longer upper tail-coverts barred with brownish
gray; bill horn brown, the mandible paler; legs and feet horn brown.
Adult female in breeding dress.—Above black, broken by pale butty
brownish edges to feathers, producing rather broad streaks on back,
352 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
seapulars, and hindneck; pileum with a distinct median stripe of pale
grayish buffy streaks, the black lateral portions narrowly and indis-
tinctly streaked with light olive-brownish; lesser wing-coverts broadly
margined with brownish gray, the margins or edges of other wing-
feathers more brown or buffy; rump grayish olive, broadly but not
distinctly, streaked with dusky; terminal portion of secondaries and
rectrices barred, more or less, with brownish gray; upper tail-coverts
brownish gray narrowly barred with dusky; a broad superciliary stripe
of dull buffy; a blackish postocular streak; auricular region and sides
of neck light buffy grayish brown, the latter streaked with blackish;
chin, throat, chest, breast, and upper part of abdomen plain light wood
brown or dull brownish buff, the breast and abdomen tinged with pink-
ish red; lower abdomen, flanks, and under tail-coverts light buffy olive,
broadly streaked with dusky, the last also narrowly barred with the
same; under wing-coverts uniform sooty black; edge of wing, particu-
larly the carpal region, pinkish red.
Adult female after breeding scason.—Similar to the preceding, but
paler markings of upper parts broader (the blackish streaks corre-
spondingly narrower), and the color more brown; general color of
under parts rather deeper, with dusky streaks on flanks, etc., narrower;
under wing-coverts dusky grayish.
Young.—Somewhat like post-nuptial adult female, but chest and
sides streaked with dusky.
Adult male.—Length (skins), 137.2-194.3 (170.4); wing, 88.9-99.1
(95); tail, 48.8-67.8 (55.4); culmen, from base, 19.8-22.9 (20.3); an
of bill at base, 10-12.7 (11.9); tarsus, 27.9-82.8 (30.5); middle toe,
20.6-23.5 (22.1).
Adult female.-—Length (skins), 165.1-170.2 (167.4); wing, 83.8-89.9
(86.1); tail, 53.3-61 (57.2); culmen, from base, 17.8-19.38 (18.5); depth
of bill at hee (one specimen), 10.4; tarsus, 28.2-30.5 (29); middle toe,
19.6—22.4 (20.6).°
'The single young bird seen by me has partly assumed the adult plumage.
* Eighteen specimens.
* Five specimens.
Adult males from different localities average as follows:
|
Locality. wes | | Tail. {Caine | of bil | Tarsus. cele
7 | base. | at base. Me
Two adult males from Chiriqui and Panama ..... 91.4 56.6 19.8 11.9} 29.7 21.8
One adult male from Bogota, Colombia.-.......... 93.5 68:7 | Reesceee 12.2 27.9 Ze)
Two adult males from eastern Peru and Rio
Madeira secede nese. carcasses chew scan + bee weeme nee 94.2 58.7 21.6 11.2 30.7 22.6
Five adult males from lower Amazon.........---- 98.8 63.8 22; 1. 122. 31.8 22.6
Five adult males from Cayenne and British
Guigng 225 s.cese = ceoee eaee een cat ae awcc esse ses 95 60. 2 | 21.6 i'9 30.5 Deal
Three adult males from Trinidad ................- 91.9| 54.4 | 20.8 11.2 29.2 ‘Aes!
While apendoeenis aierennee in menenmenwines are thus indicated, I am unable
to detect any local variation in plumage, at least among adult males.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. ado
Amazon Valley (Santarem, Para, Mexiana, etc., Brazil; Xeberos,
eastern Peru) and northward through Cayenne, British Guiana
(Roraima; Demerara), Trinidad, Venezuela, Colombia (Bogota), and
Isthmus of Panama (Lion Hill; Panama) to Chiriqui (Mina de Chorcha;
David); western Ecuador (Guayaquil).
[ Emberiza] militaris Linnmus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, 1758, 178 (based on Turdus
ater, pectore coccineo. Mus. Adol. Friderici, i, 1754, 18; ‘‘America’’).
[Tanagra] militaris Lrnnxus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, i, 1766, 316.—GmMeELIn, Syst.
Nat., i, 1788, 895.—LatHam, Index Orn., i, 1790, 431.
Agelaius militaris Vreruiot, Gal. Wis., ii, 1834, 128, pl. 88.
Ps{arocolius| militaris WaGuER, Syst. Av., 1827, Psarocolius, sp. 11.
Leistes militaris Casstn, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., xviii, 1866, 14 (monogr.; Bra-
zil; Guiana; Trinidad).—L6nnperc, K. Svensk. Vet.-Akad. Handl., Bd. 22,
Afd., iv, no. 1, 1896, 29 (crit. nomencl. ).
[Oriolus] guianensis Linnmus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, 1, 1766, 162 (based on Icterus
guianensis Brisson, Orn., ii, 107).—Gme.rin, Syst. Nat., 1, 1788, 388.—
LatHam, Index Orn., i, 1790, 179.
[ Trupialis] guianensis BONAPARTE, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 480 (Guiana; Brazil).—
BurMEIstER, Syst. Ueb. Th. Bras. iii, 1856, 260.
P(edotribes] guianensis CABANIS, Mus. Hein., 1, Sept., 1851, 191 (Guiana).
Leistes guianensis ScuatErR, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1857, 19 (Bogota, Colombia),
265 (Santarem, lower Amazon); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 1388 (Cayenne; Trin-
idad; Bogota); Ibis, 1884, 21 (monogr.); Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886,
348 (Mina de Chorcha, Veragua; Panama; Bogota; Guayaquil, w. Ecuador;
Trinidad; Roraima and Georgetown, British. Guiana; Cayenne; Mexiana I[.,
lower Amazon; Rio Madeira; Cayutaba, Brazil).—Taytor, Ibis., 1864, 84
(Trinidad).—Sciater and Saxtvin, Proce. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, 573 (Para,
lower Amazon), 750 (Xeberos, e. Peru); 1869, 252 (Venezuela); 1873, 267
Xeberos).—Sauvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 176 (Veragua, Panama),
191 (Mina de Chorcha, Veragua); Ibis, 1885, 218 ( British Guiana ).—FINsca,
Proe. Zool. Soe. Lond., 1870, 576 (Trinidad).—Layarp, Ibis, 1873, 381
(Pard).—Taczanowskt, Orn. du Pérou, ii, 1884, 427.—ALLEN, Bull. Essex
Inst., viii, 1876, 79 (Santarem, lower Amazon).—Sanvrn and Gopman,
Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1887, 458 (Mina de Chorcha; Lion Hill, Panama
R. R.).—Rrker and CHapman, Auk, vii, 1890, 269 (Santarem).—CHAPMAN,
Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., vi, 1894, 37 (Trinidad).
[ Leistes] guianensis ScLaTER and Satyvry, Nom. Av. Neotr., 18738, 38.
[ Oriolus] americanus GMELIN, Syst. Nat., i, pt. 1, 1788, 386 (based on Troupiale
de Cayenne Buffon, Hist. Nat. des Ois., 3, 218, ete.) :—LatHam, Index Orn., 1,
1790, 178.
Icterus americanus TEMMINCK, Cat. Syst., 1807, 47.
(2?) Xanthornus rubricollis HAuN, Vogel aus Asien, etec., pt.v, 1819, pl. 2.
Leistes erythrothorax ‘‘ Natterer’’? PeLzetn, Orn. Bras., iii, 1870, 197, 326 (Cuya-
taba, Brazil; coll. Vienna Mus. ).
[ Leistes] erythrothorax ScuaTER and Satvin, Nom. Avy. Neotr. 1873, 38.
Leistes superciliaris (not Trupialis superciliaris Bonaparte) Fores, Ibis, 1881, 339
(Cabo, n. e. Brazil; habits).
Genus STURNELLA Vieillot.
Sturnella Vie1ttot, Analyse, 1816, 34. (Type, Alauda magna Linnezeus. )
Cirulus BrEDow, Wiegmann’s Archiv. fiir Natirg., drit. jahrg., erster band, 1837,
413, in text. (Type, C. pratensis Bredow, = Sturnella meridionalis Sclater. )
Pedopsaris GuoGER, Handbuch, 1842, 292. (Type, Alauda magna Linnezeus. )
3654—voL 2—0Ol 23
B54 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Medium-sized terrestrial Icteridee with long, slender, bill, short tail
with pointed rectrices, and long legs and toes, the plumage much
streaked and barred above, more or less yellow beneath, the lateral
rectrices partly white.
Bill about as long as head (or slightly shorter or longer), narrowly
wedge-shaped, acute and depressed at tip, its basal depth about one-
third the culmen or a little more, its basal depth slightly less; culmen
nearly straight, but faintly convex terminally, straight or slightly
depressed in middle, more or less elevated and arched basally, flat-
tened, especially between the frontal antiz, where distinctly ridged lat-
erally; gonys straight, or slightly concave terminally, slightly shorter
than maxilla from nostril; commissure nearly or quite straight to
much behind nostril, then strongly and rather abruptly deflexed to
the rictus. Nostril ovate, obtusely pointed anteriorly, overhung by
a prominent thick horny operculum, its posterior end in contact with
feathering of the frontal antiz. Wing moderate or rather short
(about three to three and a half times as long as culmen, about two
and a half to nearly three times as long as tarsus), its tip rather
short (less than length of culmen) but pointed; outermost (ninth) pri-
mary equal to or longer than sixth, rarely slightly shorter, sometimes
longest, the ninth to the sixth longest (these nearly equal); inner web
of four outer primaries faintly sinuated; longest tertial projecting
decidedly beyond secondaries. Tail short (between two-thirds and
three-fourths as long as wing), rounded, the rectrices rigid, narrowed
terminally, the two or three middle pairs pointed and more or less
acuminate. Tarsus long (much longer than culmen, nearly or quite
one-third as long as wing), rather stout, its anterior scutella distinct;
middle toe, with claw, decidedly shorter than tarsus; outer toe with
claw falling much short of base of middle claw; the inner toe slightly
longer, but its claw still not reaching to base of middle claw; hallux
longer than lateral toes, slender, its claw decidedly shorter than the
digit; all the claws rather slender, not very strongly curved.
Coloration. —Above brownish, conspicuously streaked and barred
with blackish; under parts with more or less of yellow, the sides,
flanks, and under tail-coverts streaked with dusky; lateral rectrices
partly white; adults with a black shield-shaped or crescentic patch on
chest.
Range.—Temperate and tropical North America; South America
north of Amazon Valley; Cuba. (Three species.)
Examination of a very large series of meadowlarks from that portion
of the United States east of the Great Plains, representing prac-
tically all parts of that extensive region, reveals a very decided varia-
tion in size and coloration according to climatic areas, specimens from
the extreme South being decidedly smaller, in all their measurements,
and darker in color than those from northern localities. The change
is such a gradual one, however, that the satisfactory definition of two
g
3
.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. OED
or more forms becomes a matter of extreme difficulty. The first formal -
separation of a southern form was made by Mr. Outram Bangs, who
named a Florida subspecies Sturnella magna argutula,' all represent-
atives of the species from eastward of the range of S. neglecta, except-
ing those from the peninsula of Florida, being referred to S. magna
magna. Mr. Frank M. Chapman has more recently reviewed the
subject,” and concludes, regarding the status of S. am. argutula, that
‘‘if the application of this name be restricted to the isolated Florida
bird, it may prove a convenient means of expressing the slight differ-
entiation which that form exhibits. If, however, as its proposer sug-
gests, it be applied to the Gulf Coast and Mississippi Valley specimens,
it will only result in the confusion which always follows our attempts
to definitely name differences which do not definitely exist.”
With much the same material as that upon which Mr. Chapman based
his conclusions, and many additional specimens, I find myself unable to
agree with him. In the first place, the Florida birds are not isolated,
the range of the species being quite continuous; in the second, the
breeding birds from the coast district of Louisiana show the characters
of Florida birds carried still farther—that is, they are both smaller and
darker; again, breeding birds from the southern portions of Illinois
and Indiana (within the limits of the Austroriparian or Lower Austral
life-zone) are far more similar in size and coloration to those from the
extreme South than they are to those from New England and the east-
ern Middle States. In short, if the species be subdivided at all within
the eastern or humid division of the Austral life-zone, the questions to
be decided are (1) how many divisions are necessary or desirable, and
(2) where the geographic line or lines separating their breeding ranges
should be drawn. After considering these questions very carefully in
all their bearings I have arrived at the conclusion that to recognize two
forms, corresponding in their breeding ranges with the Transition and
Upper Austral zones on the one hand, and, essentially, the Lower Aus-
tral on the other, would better express the facts. It is true, necessarily,
that within each of these two geographic areas there is considerable local
variation, but this is comparatively insignificant. It is also true that
Florida specimens are not appreciably different within the Lower Aus-
tral and Tropical divisions of the peninsula, respectively, and that
specimens from the extreme western portions of the humid division of
the Lower Austral zone (in southeastern Texas) are so much different
from those of other parts of that faunal area as to merit recognition as
a third form, this also extending southward into the Tropical zone in
northeastern Mexico; consequently the respective ranges of these two
Southern forms do not coincide absolutely with the limits of faunal areas.
1Proc. New England Zool. Club, i, Feb. 28, 1899, 19-21. (The Florida birds had
previously been referred by Mr. Chapman to S. m. mexicana.)
‘A Study of the Genus Sturnella. Bull. Am. Mus. Nat, Hist., xiii, article xxii,
297-320. (Author’s edition published Dec. 31, 1900.)
356 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
The construction of an analytical ‘* key” to the various recognizable
forms of Stfurnel/la isa most difficult matter, the differences being
purely comparative, and therefore not easy to tabulate. The following
attempt is far from satisfactory as a means of certain identification,
but may be of help in the determination of specimens.
KEY TO THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES OF STURNELLA.
a. Breast, etc., bright yellow, relieved by a crescentic or horseshoe-shaped jugular
patch of black. (Adults. )
b. Yellow of throat confined between the maxillze, or if extending over lower
edge of the latter the upper parts dark colored, with broad and conspicuous
black stripes. <
c. Largerand paler; wing averaging 117 or more in males, 106 or more in females.
d. Larger, with upper parts browner and yellow of under parts lighter (lemon
or gamboge); wing averaging 122.4 in male, 107.4 in female. (Transition
and Upper Austral life-zones of eastern North America.)
Sturnella magna magna (p. 357)
dd. Smaller, with upper parts grayer and yellow of under parts deeper (slightly
orange); wing averaging 117.1 in male, 106.4 in female. (Western por-
tion of Lower Austral life-zone, from coast of Texas to southern Arizona
and Northern sonora.) s2s eee eee Sturnella magna hoopesi (p. 361)
cc. Smaller and darker; wing averaging less than 117 in males, less than 100 in
females.
d. Larger; wing averaging more than 110 in males, 98 or more in females.
e. Wing shorter, tail and bill longer; yellow of under parts lighter, more
lemon or gamboge (asin S.m. magna); auricular region grayish, dis-
tinctly streaked; male with wing averaging 111.8, culmen 32.8, tarsus
41.4; female with wing averaging 99.1, culmen 28.7, tarsus 38.3. (Humid
portion of Lower Austral life-zone, from Florida to Louisiana and
Southern imo1sy) pare Sturnella magna argutula (p. 360)
ee. Wing longer, tail and bill shorter; yellow of under parts deeper, more
orange (as in S. m. hoopesi); auricular region buffy white, less streaked;
male with wing averaging 116.1, culmen 30.9, tarsus 40.9; female with
wing averaging 98, culmen 30.5, tarsus 37.1. (Plateau districts of cen-
tral and southern Mexico and Guatemala. )
Sturnella magna mexicana (p. 362)
dd. Smaller; wing averaging 103.6 in male, 94.5 in female. (Coloration as in
S. m. yrevicana, but upper parts browner.) (Coast district of Vera Cruz
and southward to Veragua.)..-.... Sturnella magna inexpectata (p. 364)
bb. Yellow of throat covering more or less of malar region; upper parts paler and
grayer, more barred than striped.
ce. Larger, with broader black jugular shield; male with wing averaging 125,
tail 75.7; female with wing averaging 110.7, tail 65.8. (Western United
States and northern Mexico.) -.....-...-....-2- Sturnella neglecta (p. 365)
ce. Smaller, with narrower black jugular shield; male with wing averaging 102.1,
tail 65.8; female with wing averaging 93.7, tail 60.2. (Cuba.)
Sturnella hippocrepis (p. 368)
aa. Breast, ete., pale yellow, without any black jugular shield, the latter replaced
by dusky spotting. (Young. ')
'The young of but few of the forms are represented among the specimens examined;
consequently a ‘‘ key’’ for their determination is not attempted.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 35
STURNELLA MAGNA MAGNA (Linnezus).
MEADOWLARK,
Adult male in summer.—Pileum with a narrow median stripe of
pale dull buffy or dull butfy white, separating two broad stripes of black,
streaked narrowly with brown or brownish gray, these streaks some-
times obsolete on forehead; a broad superciliary stripe, lemon yellow
from nostril to above eye, the remaining portion dull buffy white;
a narrow postocular stripe of black; lores, malar region, and auricular
region dull grayish white, the last indistinctly streaked with grayish;
sides of neck dull grayish white, usually more or less tinged with
buff, narrowly streaked with black, the hindneck pale brownish buffy
with broader streaks of black; scapulars and interscapulars broadly
black medially, more or less broadly edged and tipped with brown
(wood brown, isabella color, or sometimes almost cinnamon), but this
passing on extreme edges and tip into buffy whitish or pale buff,
producing distinct narrow streaks; rump and upper tail-coverts buffy,
broadly streaked with black, these black streaks broader on upper
rump, those on upper tail-coverts with serrated margins; middle pair
of rectrices black medially, pale brownish gray or grayish brown
laterally, the black median portion more or less deeply serrated on
the margins, rarely forming isolated bars; second and third (sometimes
fourth) rectrices (counting from middle) with outer webs serrated
with pale brownish gray or grayish brown along edge, black next
to shaft, their inner webs chiefly dull black or dusky indistinetly
barred or serrated with paler; three outermost rectrices extensively
white, the outermost (sometimes the one next to it also) almost entirely
white, and sometimes the fourth rectrix (counting from outside) with
more or less of white on inner web; lesser wing-coverts dusky centrally,
broadly margined with gray, those toward bend of wing tinged with
yellow; middle coverts similar, but with the broad gray margin more
brownish; greater coverts light buffy. grayish brown (broccoli brown
or inclining to isabella color), edged with paler, their inner webs
mostly uniform dusky and outer webs barred (but not entirely across)
with the same; secondaries similar in coloration to the greater coverts,
the tertials usually with the black forming a large central irregular
patch, but sometimes broken into regular and widely separated trans-
verse lines or bars; primaries dusky grayish, the outermost broadly
edged with white, the rest with outer webs broadly and more or less ser-
rately edged with light grayish brown or gray; primary coverts similar
in coloration to primaries, but more edged with white; alule black or
dusky margined with pale gray or grayish brown; chin whitish; throat,
breast, and abdomen bright lemon yellow; a broad crescent of black
on chest, the extremities of which are confluent with a black postmalar
spot; sides of breast white broadly streaked with black, the sides and
358 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
,
flanks similar, but more or less tinged with buff and with black streaks
rather narrower; under tail-coverts pale buffy or buffy white, nar-
rowly streaked with black; thighs plain buff or buffy white, sometimes
with a few very narrow streaks of dusky; under wing-coverts white,
becoming yellow along edge of wing; maxilla black or dusky, edged
with paler; mandible grayish in dried skin (pale grayish blue in life)
with tip dusky; iris brown; legs and feet pale brownish in dried skins,
pale pinkish gray in life.
Adult male in winter.—Similar to the summer male, but with less
black and more brown above, the tips of the scapulars and interscapu-
lars broadly tipped with brown, largely covering the black portion of
the feathers; blackish lateral stripes of pileum more broadly streaked
with brown, the median stripe more buffy; flanks, under tail-coverts,
etc., more buffy.
Adult female in summer.—Similar to the male, but much smaller;
lateral stripes of pileum more broadly streaked with brown, the post-
ocular stripe brown streaked with black, instead of uniform black;
sides of head and neck more buffy; black jugular crescent relatively
smaller, the feathers usually more or less tipped with light grayish;
yellow of throat, breast, etc., rather duller.
Adult female in winter.—Similar to the summer female, but browner
above, with the black spots on back and scapulars more concealed,
and the white parts more buffy.
Young.—Above much like adults, but the scapulars, interscapulars,
and tertials margined terminally with whitish or buffy; head-stripes
less sharply defined, the superciliary stripe dull. buffy throughout;
yellow of breast, etc., very pale and dull, changing gradually into
the buffy of sides, flanks, ete., the latter much less distinctly or
sharply streaked; black jugular crescent wanting, but in its place a
cluster of dusky spots or flecks occupying approximately the same area.
Adult male.—Length (skins), 215.9-255 (2385.5); wing, 114.3-129
(122.4); tail, 67.6-86.4 (78.7); culmen, from base, 30.7-36.8 (84.3);
tarsus, 38.9-46.2 (41.9); middle toe, 27.2-82.3 (30.2).’
Adult female.—Length (skins), 190.5-215.9 (202.9); wing, 104.6—
113.8 (107.4); tail, 65.8-73.7 (67.6); culmen, from base, 26.9-31.5 (30);
tarsus, 36.1-40.6 (87.3); middle toe, 25.4-30 (27.2).”
1 Twenty-one specimens, the average according to locality being as follows:
| | |
Culmen :
Locality. | Wing. Tail. | from | Tarsus. Mice
base. |
c. + >» a | | -
Seven adult males from New England States ...........---- | 12322. 80.3 35 41.9 30.5
Fourteen adult males from eastern Middle States.......-.-- teil 29 78 33.8 41.9 | 30.2
Nine adult males from upper Mississippi Valley .......-.-.-- 118.1] 75.2 | 28.5
bo
w
Se
on
_
oS
>
(Nearly all of the above breeding birds. )
* Hight specimens.
- » * Cie
a> EEO PSA weeny eee SE
Cees
Parade
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. B59
[Alauda] magna Lrxnzxus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, i, 1758, 167 (Carolinas; based on
Alauda magna Catesby, Nat. Hist. Carolina, i, p. 33, pl. 33); ed. 12, i, 1766,
289.—GMELIN, Syst. Nat., i, 1788, 801.
Alauda magna Wits0on, Am. Orn., iii, 1811, 20, pl. 19.
Sturnella magna Barrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 535; Cat. N. Am.
Birds, 1859, no. 406.—HaAybDEN, Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc., ser. 2, xii, 1862,
169.—VERRILL, Proc. Essex Jnst., iii, 1862, 157 (s. Maine, summer).—BuaK-
Iston, Ibis., 1862, 7 (Forks of en hew: an, Apr. 15).—ALLEeN, Mem. Bost.
Soc. N. H., i, 1868, 496 (Iowa, etc.).—Triprr, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xi,
1872, 239 Tow a).—Hartinec, Handb. Brit. Birds, 1872, 118 (England,
escaped ).—Snow, Birds Kansas, 1873, 8; ed. 3, 1875, 8 (summer resident ).—
GENTRY, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1874, 98 (habits).—Bairp, Brewer, and
Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 174, pl. 34, fig. 2.—Mrarns, Bull.
Nutt. Orn. Club, iv, 1879, 36 (Fishkill, New York, winter).—Ripeway, Nom.
N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 263; Orn. Illinois, i, 1889, 316, colored plate (frontis-
plece).—CHAMBERLAIN, Bull. Nat. Hist. Soc. New Brunsw., no. 1, 1882, 41
(New Brunswick, rare summer resident).—KNow.ron, Bull. Nutt. Orn.
Club, viii, 1883, 182 (Middlebury, Vermont, Dec. 9).—Lanaitir, Our Birds
in their Haunts, 1884, 84, 85 (habits; song).—BickNneLL, Auk, ii, 1885, 250
(song).—ScuaTer, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 358, part. —AMERICAN
OrnitHoLoaists’ Unton, Check List, 1886, no. 501, part.—THompson, Trans.
Canad. Inst., i, 1890, 3 (Toronto, Ontario, Jan., Feb. ).—Goss, Birds Kansas,
1891, 400 (abundant in e. and middle, rare in w. Kansas).—Braut, Year-
book U. 8. Dept. Agric. for 1895, 420-426, fig. 110 (food, ete. ).—NEHRLING,
Our Native Birds, etc., ii, 1896, 159, pl. 29, fig. 5.—Knieut, Bull. Univ. Maine,
no. 3, 1897, 87 (rare summer resident).—FLemine, Auk, xvili, 1901, 40
(Muskoka and Port Sydney, n. Ontario, summer).—Brewster, Auk, xviii,
1901, 194 (Rangely, Maine, 1 spec., Apr. 21).
S[turnella] magna Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 406.—Ripaway, Man. N.
Am. Birds, 1887, 372
[Sturnella magna] var. magna Baird, Brewer, and Ripaway, Hist. N. Am. Birds,
STAR dhe
[Sturnella magna] a. magna Cours, Birds N. W., 1874, 190 (synonymy ).
Sturnella magna magna Banes, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club, i, Feb. 28, 1899, 20,
in text.
(?) [Sturnus] ludovicianus Linnmus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, i, 1766, 290 (‘‘ Louisiana;’’
based on Sturnus ludovicianus Brisson, Orn., ii, p. 449, pl. 41, fig. 1).—Gmenin,
Syst. Nat., 1, 1788, 802.—LarHam, Index Orn., i, 1790, 323.
Sturnus ludovicianus BONAPARTE, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., iv, 1824, 180.—Nut-
TALL, Man. Orn. U.S. and Can., i, 1832, 147.—AupuBon, Orn. Biog., ii, 1834,
216, part; v, 1839, 492, pl. 136.
Sturnella ludoviciana Swainson, Fauna Bor.-Am., ii, 1831, 282.—AupuBon, Syn-
opsis, 1839, 148, part (includes S. neglecta).—Sciarer, Ibis, 1861, 177 (Suf-
folk, England); Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1861, 30 (do. ); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862,
139.—Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., E66; 23 (monogr. ).—Scorr, Bull.
Nutt. Orn. Club, iv, 1879, 145 (Johnson eee . Missouri).
[Sturnella] ludoviciana Bonaparte, Consp. Ay., i, 1850, 429.
Cacicus alaudarius Daupin, Traité d’ Orn., ii, 1500: 325 (based on Sturnus ludovi-
cianus and Alauda magna Linnzeus).
S{turnella] collaris Vieriior, Ene. Méth., ii, 1823, 633 (cites Sturnus ludovicianus and
Alauda magna Linnezeus, ete. ).
Sturnella collaris Virtwuot, Gal. Ois., 1, 1834, 134.
Sturnus collaris WAGLER, Syst. Av., 1827, Sturnus, sp. 1.
360 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Sturnella colaris Vie1Luot, Gal. Ois., i, 1834, pl. 90.
[Sturnella magna.] a. Subsp. typica Scuarer, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 358,
in list of specimens (District Columbia; New York; Illinois).
STURNELLA MAGNA ARGUTULA Bangs.
SOUTHERN MEADOWLARK.
Similar to S. m. magna, but decidedly smaller and coloration
darker; upper parts with relatively more black (this prevailing on
back in breeding season), the brown markings deeper or more decidedly
brown (varying from raw umber to mummy brown); yellow of under
parts averaging deeper; white on lateral rectrices more restricted.
Adult male.—Length (skins), 205.5-234.7 (219.2); wing, 104.6-118.9
(111.8); tail, 67.6-78.5 (72.9); culmen, from base, 30.5-85.1 (32.8);
tarsus, 39.4-48.9 (41.4); middle toe, 27.4-31.8 (29.2).’
Adult female.—Length (skins), 191.8-199.4 (197.1); wing, 95.3—-
101.6 (99.1); tail, 60.2-67.1 (63); culmen, from base, 27.9-30.2 (28.7);
tarsus, 36.3-40.6 (38.4); middle toe; 25.9-30.2 (27.4).”— -
Lower Austral or Austroriparian life-zone of eastern United States,
from Florida, the Carolinas (7), ete., to Louisiana, and north through
lower Mississippi Valley to southeastern Illinois (Richland, Lawrence,
and! Wabash counties) and southwestern Indiana (Knox County).*
‘Sixteen specimens.
* Eight specimens.
Average measurements according to locality are as follows:
Culmen, °
Locality. Wing. | Tail. from | Tarsus. ae
base. 7
MALES. |
Ten adult males from southern Florida............-.-.----- | 112.5 73.4 32.5 41.7 | ZONE
Seven adult males (breeding) from coast of Louisiana. ----- } 110.5 71.4 S503) edie | 28.5
Eight adult males (breeding) from lower Wabash Valley- . -| . 115.6 72.1 | 32.3 38. 6 27.4
FEMALES. |
k
Five adult females from southern Florida ..........-------- 100.3 63.8 | 29 38.6 QT
Three adult females from Louisiana ...-.-- SLs eos aaieeete 96. 5 62m 28.7 37.6 26.9
Two adult females from lower Wabash Valley.....-..------ ) StO3c1 62.5 29.5 35.8 | 27.2
|
’T feel compelled to refer to this form the meadow-larks breeding in the lower
Wabash Valley, for the reason that they agree far more closely in size and coloration
with Louisiana and Florida birds than they do with those from the upper Missis-
sippi Valley, eastern Middle States, and other portions of the Upper Austral life-zone—
those of the Transition zone being still more different. The measurements given
above will, when compared with those of S.m. magna on page 358, clearly show their
status as based on measurements. Regarding their coloration, it may be said that
no difference worthy of consideration seems to exist when birds taken in the breed-
ing season are compared (winter birds from the lower Mississippi Valley are unfor-
tunately not available), though Florida specimens seem, as a rule, to have the black
jugular crescent slightly narrower than others.
ih te eee Pere
at
¥.
Tie
ME
é
osy
sto
piceeiyd
wit er er
at’
.
.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 361
Sturnella ludoviciana (not Sturnus ludovicianus Linneeus) ALLEN, Buli. Mus. Comp.
Zool., ii, 1871, 288, excl. syn. (e. Florida; crit.).
Sturnella magna (not Alauda magna Linnzeus) Merriam, Am. Nat., viii, 1874,
87 (Okahumkee, Florida).—Maynarp, Birds E. N. Am., 1881, 1389, part
(Florida).—Bryerr, Proc. Louis. Soc. Nat. for 1897-99 (1900), 105 (Louisiana,
breeding). :
Sturnella magna mexicana (not Sturnella mexicana Sclater) CHapman, Auk, v,
1888, 273 (Gainesville, Florida; crit.).—Scorr, Auk, vi, 1889, 320 (Tarpon
Springs, ete., Florida; crit.).—Brnpirn, Life Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1895,
461, part.
Sturnella magna argutula Banas, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Soc., i, Feb. 28, 1899, 20
(Dunedin, Hillsboro Co., Florida; coll. E. A.and O. Bangs).—ALLEN, Auk,
xviii, 1901, 174 (republication of original descr. ).
STURNELLA MAGNA HOOPESI Stone.
TEXAS MEADOWLARK,
Similar to S. m. magna, but yellow of under parts deeper even
than in S. m. argutula, and of a slightly (sometimes decidedly) orange
hue; coloration of upper parts paler, with black bars on tertials and
middle rectrices more frequently isolated, as well as narrower; size of
upper Mississippi Valley specimens of S. 7. magna.
Adult male.—Length (skins), 200.7-230.6 (215.6); wing, 113-126
(117.1); tail, 63.5-79.2 (72.4); culmen, from base, 30.2-35.6 (83.3);
tarsus, 37.8—44.4 (41); middle toe, 24.1-33 (28.7).'
Adult female.—Length (skins), 195.6-205.7 (200.1); wing, 100.3-
109.7 (106.4); tail, 64-73.7 (68.3); culmen, from base, 30.5-33.5
(81.7); tarsus, 36.8-39.4 (87.8); middle toe, 27.4-30.5 (28.7).”
Southeastern Texas and westward through Rio Grande Valley and
southern New Mexico (San Luis Springs, Guadalupe Mountains, etc.)
to southern Arizona (Calabasas, San Bernardino Ranch, Sachill, ete.);
southward into Sonora (San Pedro, Cachuta, Nacory, Santa Cruz River,
etc.), Chihuahua (San Diego), and Tamaulipas (also probably Coahuila
and Nuevo Leon).
'Twenty-seven specimens.
* Nine specimens (all from Texas).
Adult males from different localities average as follows:
Locality. | Wing. | Tail. |Culmen./Tarsus. | Middle
Eight adult males from Corpus Christi, Texas (measured by |
EVAL CLOW AY) eryaeiere mes ote alae alee ieee orion olen toon cee | 116.8 74.9 34.8 42.9 | 30.9
Eight adult males from other parts of Texas (measured by |
Nine adult males from Mexican boundary (New Mexico |
39.9 | 26.7
|
EMR ETROE Ril sy.) Peer et ean a PR on Di rE ene T Cpe hae Ce | 116.6) 73.9 33.8 | 40.6 28.2
|
PING] ZNTEV 05219 See a ee an Oe ea oe] 119.2] 69.6] 32 |
Two adult males from southern Tamaulipas ............-.-- 116.1 72.4 3.7 40.6 | 30.5
Three adult males of S. m. mexicana from Guanajuato, Du- |
TANS OTAN a IMICHOACAN eos. 5s ese. See hee nln ee Se eee seen 115.3 70.1 30.8 | 37.1 25
362 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Sturnella magna (not Alauda magna Linnzeus) Burcner, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila.,
1868, 150 (Laredo, Texas, Dec.).—SEnnerr, Bull. U. 8. Geol. and nae
Surv. Terr., iv, 1878, 24 (Brownsville, Texas).—Merriuu, Proc. U.S. Nat.
Mus., i 1878, 133 (Fort Brown, Texas, winter).—(?) OaiiBy, Sci. Pe Roy.
Dubl. ae. iii, 1882 (45) (Navarro Co., Texas, Oct. to Feb.).—NEHRLING,
Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 166 (Harris Co.,s. e. Texas, resident).—
Hancock, Bull. Ridew. Orn. Club, no. 2, 1887, 18 (Corpus Christi, Texas ).—
RHOADS, Brae, Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1892, 108 (Corpus Christi, Texas ).—Srne-
LEY, Rep. Geol. Sury. Tex., 1894, 371 (Corpus Christi, Rio Grande City, and
Hidalgo, Texas). eee Life Hist. Am. Birds, ii, 1895, 458, part(Texas ).—
Carroti, Auk, xvii, 1900, 345 (Refugio Co., Texas, breeding).
S[turnella] mexicana (not of Sclater) Brewer, ibis, 1878, 487 (Fort Brown,
Texas).
Sturnella mexicana Brewer, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iii, 1878, 152 (Fort Brown,
Texas).
Sturnella magna var. mexicana [Rrpaway and] Merrit, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., i,
1878, 134, excl. syn. (Fort Brown, Texas, summer resident).
[Sturnella magna.] Var. mexicana Oaiiey, Sci. Proe. Roy. Dubl. Soe., ii, 1882
(45) (Navarro Co., Texas, summer resident; habits).
Sturnella magna mexicana ALLEN, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, v, Apr., 1880, 90; Bull.
Am. Mus. N. H., v, 1893, 37 (San Diego, n. w. Chihuahua; San Pedro,
Cachuta, and Nacory, n. e. Sonora).—Rrpeway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., iii, i
1880, 183, 218, 232; Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 263a.—Brewster, Auk, ii,
1885, 198 (Crittenden, Arizona, July).—AMeERIcAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ UNION,
Check List, 1886, no. 50la.—Benprre, Life Hist. N. Am. Birds, 1i, 1895, 461,
part, pl. 6, fig. 22 (Fort Brown, etc., s. Texas; Matamoras, Tamaulipas) .—
Cooxs, Bird Migr. Miss. Val., 1888, 167 (Rio Grande and Eagle Pass, Texas).
S[turnella] imLagna] mexicana Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 406, part.
S[turnella] magna mexicana Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 372, part.
Sturnella magna hoopesi Stonr, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., Mar., 1897, 149
(Brownsville, Texas; coll. J. Hoopes!).—AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ UNION,
Auk, xvi, 1899, 113 (Check List, no. 501a).
STURNELLA MAGNA MEXICANA (Sclater).
MEXICAN MEADOWLARE.
Similar to S. m. hoopes/, but averaging smaller, especially tail and
bill; brown markings of upper parts more decidedly brown, the paler
markings decidedly buffy, especially the median crown-stripe; black
markings of back and rump more solidly black, those of the former
more confluent; black postocular stripe broader; black jugular cres-
cent averaging narrower; yellow of under parts (while equally deep)
decidedly duller, inclining to saffron yellow.
Adult male.—Length (skins), 210.3-243.6 (221); wing, 110.2-121.4
(116.1); tail, 64-72.4 (69.6); culmen, from base, 29.5-33.5 (31); tarsus,
38.1-43.4 (40.9); middle toe, 25.7-31.5 (29.7).” ‘
Adult female.—Length (skin), 186.7; wing, 97.3-99.1 (98); tail (one ;
'Type now in collection of Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia. '
* Kleven specimens.
k-
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. - 363
specimen), 66; culmen, from base, 29.2—-31.8 (80.5); tarsus, 35.8-38.6
(387.1); middle toe, 25.4—28.5 (26.9)."
Southern portion of Mexican plateau, in States of Vera Cruz,
Puebla, Oaxaca (northern and western), Guanajuato, Durango, Jalisco,
etc., and Territory of Tepic; also, highlands of southeastern Oaxaca,
Chiapas, and Guatemala.’
Sturnella magna (not Alauda magna Linnzeus) Swarnson, Philos. Mag., n. s., i,
1827, 436 (Real del Monte, Hidalgo).—Sciaterr, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi,
1886, 358, part.
Stlurnella] hippocrepis (not Sturnus hippocrepis Wagler) BoNAPARTE, Consp. Av., i,
1850, 429, part (Mexico).
Sturnella hippocrepis Scuater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1856, 301 (Cordova, Vera
Cruz); 1859, 365 (Jalapa, Vera Cruz), 381 (Oaxaca).—SciaTErR and Savin,
Ibis, 1859, 19 (Duenas, Guatemala).—Satvin and Scuater, Ibis, 1860, 34
(Duefias).
Sturnella mexicana ScuaTER, Ibis, Ist ser., ili, Apr., 1861, 179 (Jalapa, Cordova, and
Orizaba, Vera Cruz; coll P. L. Sclater?); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 139 (Jalapa).—
Cass1n, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, 24 (Mexico; Guatemala).
[Sturnella magna] var. mexicana Bairp, Brewer, and Ripa@way, Hist. N. Am.
Birds, 11, 1874, 172, part.
Sturnella magna var. mexicana LAWRENCE, Bull. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., no. 4, 1876, 24
(Barrio and Santa Efigenia, Oaxaca).
[Sturnella magna] d. mexicana Cours, Birds N. W., 1874, 190, part (syronymy ).
Sturnella ludoviciana mexicana ScuATER, Ibis, Jan., 1884, 26, part.
Sturnella magna mexicana AMERICAN ORNiTHOLOGISTS’ Unton, Check List, 1886,
no. 501la, part. —FERRARI-PEREZ, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., ix, 1886, 152 (Llano
de Chapulco and Chietla, Puebla).—Satvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am.,
Aves, 1, 1887, 456, part (descr. eggs).
[Sturnella magna.] ¢. Subsp. mexicana ScuaTer, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886,
360, in list of specimens, part (localities in Mexico and Guatemala).
[Sturnella] ludoviciana (not Sturnus ludovicianus Linnzeus) ScLATER and SALVIN,
Nom. Ay. Neotr., 1873, 38, part.
Sturnella ludoviciana Boucarn, Liste Ois. Guat., 1878, 36.
Sturn[ ella] ———? Sumicurast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., 1, 1869, 552, part (plateau
region, Vera Cruz).
(?) Sturnella magna alticola Netson, Auk, xvii, July, 1900, 266 (Ocuilapa, Chiapas;
coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.).
1Two specimens.
Adult males from eastern and western Mexico, respectively, average as follows:
Culmen,| :
Locality. Wing. | Tail. from | Tarsus. Middle
| s toe.
base.
Six adult males from eastern Mexico ...............-------- | 115.6 70.4 30.2 | 40.9 29.2
Five adult males from western Mexico ...............-..--- | 116.3 | 68.6 39S \— 4059 30. 2
Five adults from Guatemala and Chiapas.............:....- 111.8] 68.8 31.5 | 40.9 28.7
* With the same material before me I can not satisfactorily make out Mr. Nelson’s
S.m. alticola (Auk, xvii, July, 1900, 266) as a sufficiently well-characterized subspe-
cies. Mr. Nelson compares it primarily with S.im. magna, but I fail to understand
his reason for doing so, its very close relationship to S. m. mexicana being obvious.
The specimens from the highlands of Guatemala and Chiapas are not, however, in
satisfactory plumage, and possibly I may be in error in uniting the supposed form to
S.m. mexicana.
364 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
STURNELLA MAGNA INEXPECTATA Ridgway.
CENTRAL AMERICAN MEADOWLARK,
Similar to S. m. mexicana, but decidedly smaller; plumage of upper
parts still more decidedly brownish; yellow of under parts ciearer or
purer.
Adult male.—Length (skins), 179.1-235.7 (199.9); wing, 94.7-111
(103.6); tail, 57.9-77.7 (67.8); culmen, from base, 27.4-32.5 (30.2);
tarsus, 37.6-44.2 (38.4); middle toe, 27.9-31.2 (27.4).’
Adult female.—Length (skins), 170.4-216.7 (197.6); wing, 90.2-98.6
(94.5);. tail, 58.9-67.3 (62); culmen, from base, 26.4-30.2 (28.5); tarsus,
35.6-39.1 (37.8); middle toe, 26.9-29.7 (27.9).
Atlantic lowlands of southeastern Mexico, in States of Vera Cruz
(Minatitlan) and Chiapas (Palenque), and southward through eastern
Guatemala and Honduras (Segovia River) to Costa Rica and Veragua.*
Sturnella ludoviciana (not Sturnus ludovicianus Linnzeus) SCLATER, Proc. Zool. Soe.
Lond., 1856, 143 (David, Chiriqui).—Taytor, Ibis, 1860, 317 (Honduras ).—
Sanyvrn, Proce. Zool. Soe. Lond., 1870, 191 (Veragua); 1867, 142 (David, Chiri-
qui).—Lawrence, Ann. Lye. N. Y., ix, 1868, 104 (San José, Costa Rica).—
Bovucarp, Proc. Zool. Soe. Lond., 1878, 59 (Cartago, ete., Costa Rica).
Sturnella hippocrepis (not Sturnus hippocrepis Wagler) Moorr, Proc. Zool. Soc.
Lond., 1859, 58 (near Belize, British Honduras, on pine ridges) .
Sturnella mexicana (not of Sclater) Lawrence, Ann. Lye. N. Y., vili, 1865, 177
(David, Chiriqui).—Satvry, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, 142 (Veragua).—
ZELEDON, Cat. Aves de Costa Rica, 1882, 10.
[Sturnella. magna] var. mexicana Barrp, Brewer, and Ripaway, Hist. N. Am.
Birds, 11, 1874, 172, part.
Sturnella magna mexicana ZeELEDON, Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, i, 1887, 112 (San
José, Alajuela, Cartago, and Santa Ana, Costa Rica).—CueErrirz, Auk, vii,
1890, 334 (San José, Costa Rica); ix, 1892, 250 (San José).
' Seventeen specimens.
* Ten specimens.
Specimens from different localities average as follows:
| |
Locality. Wing. | Tail. Caan Tarsus. aiadie
base. 7
MALES. |
Four adult males from lowlands of Vera Cruz (Minatitlan). 102.6 70. 1 30 40. 4 29. 2
Five adult males from lowlands of Chiapas (Palenque)-... 101.6 | 63.8 | 30.7 41.1 29.2
Two adult males from southern Honduras (Segovia River). 96.5 58.9 |} 28.5 38.6 28.7
Six adult males from Costa Rica ...........20--20-22ee-0e0=- 108.5 | 72.9.) Sk. ol aa 29.7
Qnewmaultimaile from: Verseuas ss. eo) cece ose ccem lye scotia 108-635 vations 81281) s40i 27.7
FEMALES. | | |
Three adult females from Vera Cruz (Minatitlan).......-..- OS) oles 27.4 37.1 27.4
Three adult females from Chiapas (Palenque)......--.----- 94 59.7 | 29 38.4 28.5
One adult female from southern Honduras (Segovia River).| 90.2 |...----- | 26.4 37.1 27.4
Three adult females from Costa Rica..........-.---.-.------ 97.8 64.5 29.5 38.9 28.5
°T am doubtful as to the correctness of referring the birds from Costa Rica and Vera-
gua to this form. They are considerably larger, and apparently more richly colored,
though the series of specimens is not sufficient to show whether the apparent differ-
ences are constant.
tide tine eee aaa
eS pb,
© LO pil alt A ITE IES aie ey AG AE Oe pt he
2) ears 5 <
PaO, EOD ton iy
MA be
Sey = 7 Om n
tev erst x
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERIOA, 365
[Sturnella magna.] c. Subsp. mexicana ScuateEr, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 360,
in list of specimens, part (localities in Costa Rica, Veragua, and Chiriqui)
Sturnella ludoviciana mexicana SciavTErR, Ibis, Jan., 1884, 26, part.
Sturn[ella] ? Sumicurast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. Hi i, 1869, 552, part (hot
region, Vera Cruz).
Sturnella magna inexspectata Ripaway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., x, sig. 37, Aug. 6,
1888, 587 (Segovia River, Honduras; coll. U. 8S. Nat. Mus.).
S[turnella] magna inexpectata Stone, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1897, 152.
Sturnella magna inexpectata Bancs, Auk., xviii, 1901, 370 (David, Chiriqui).
Sturnella magna (not Alauda magna Linneus) Scirarer, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi,
1886, 358, part.—UnpbErwoop, Ibis, 1896, 437 (Volcan de Mirayalles, Costa
Rica).
STURNELLA NEGLECTA Audubon.
WESTERN MEADOWLARK.
Similar to S. magna hoopesi, but different in proportions, the wing
averaging longer, the tail, tarsi, and toes shorter; coloration much
grayer and more “broken” abov e, the broad lateral crown stripes
never uniform black, but always (except in excessively worn plumage)
more or less conspicuously streaked with pale grayish brown; malar
region always largely yellow, usually including both anterior and
extreme posterior portions; blackish streaks on sides and flanks varied
with spots of pale grayish brown, the ground color of these parts
paler buffy (often white, scarcely if at all tinged with buff); black
jugular crescent averaging decidedly narrower.
Adult male. ein (skins), 211.1-257.3 (232.7); wing, 118.4129
(125); tail, 68.3-8 6(7 (5.7); culmen, from base, 29. 7-36.6 (33.3); tarsus,
36.6-41.7 (G8. 9): Sade toe, 25.4-28.5 5 (26. ONE
Adult female.—Length Gane 196.6-228.6 (211.3); wing, 104.6-
116.6 (110.7); tail, 60.7-72.1 (65.8); culmen, from base, 27. 7-82.5 (30.5);
tarsus, 33.5-37.6 6 (36. 3); middle toe, 22.9-26.7 (25.1).?
1Tw aoe econ specimens.
* Fourteen specimens.
Specimens from east and west of Rocky M ountains average, respectively, as follows:
Locality. i Wing. | Tail. OT ed Middle
| base. | Oe
MALES. ! |
Eight adult males from east of Rocky Mountains (Minne- | |
SOLaILOMMEXES) Psonic epee nee ee ee 126 77 32.5] 38.6 | 26.9
Seven adult males from Great Basin and Arizona.........-- | 1Q5 5/7 75.9 | 34 38.6 | 26.7
Six adult males from west of Sierra Nevada and Cascades...) 123.2 74.7 32s 39.4 26.9
One adult male from Vancouver Island..................--- | 198 | 7256 34.8 38.6 Dial
Oneiadult,malefrom! Cape St. Lucas -....--.:-s--<-<-.: 25... 125.5] 73.9 | 33.8 40.4 27.4
FEMALES.
Three adult females from east of Rocky Mountains. ........ 110.2 66.3 2972 36.8 25.9
Six adult females from Great Basin and Arizona...........- | 110.5 64.3 30. 2 36.1 25.1
Hour adultfemales from Califormia\.... 2.2 ...2..2<<2<+-s5--8 | 111.8 67.1 30.5 36.1 24.6
One'adult female from Cape St. Lucas ....:......5:...:....- | 109.5 66.3 30.2 36.6 22.9
I am not able to discern any variation of coloration according to locality, speci-
mens from extreme parts of the range of the species being, apparently, quite identical
in this respect.
366 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Western United States, southwestern British Provinces, and north-
western Mexico; east to prairie districts of Mississippi Valier in Min-
nesota, Lowa, Missouri, Indian Territory, and Texas (occasionally to
Illinois, Wisconsin, and southern Michigan’); north to southern British
Columbia, southern Alberta, southwestern Saskatchewan, and western
Manitoba; south over northern Mexico to States of Tamaulipas (Mata-
moras, etc.), Nuevo Leon, Coahuila, Guanajuato, Durango, Jalisco
(Tonila), and Sinaloa (Mazatlan; Altata).”
Sturnella ludoviciana (not Sturnus ludovicianus Linnzeus?) AupuBon, Synopsis,
1839, 148, part.—ALLEN, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., iii, 1872, 128 (e. Kansas),
157 (South Park, Colorado).
[Sturnella] ludoviciana ScuaTeR and Satyriy, Nom. Ay. Neotr., 1873, 38, part.
Sturnella neglecta Aupuson, Birds Am., oct. ed., vii, 1848, 339, pl. 489 (upper
Missouri R., above Fort Croghan ).—Woopnouss, Rep. Sitgreaves’ Expl. Zuni
and Col. R., 1853, 78 (Indian Territory; Texas; New Mexico).—NEWBERRY,
Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., vi, 1857, 86 (Sacramento Valley, Calitornia).—
Bairp, in Stansbury’s Rep. Gt. Salt Lake, 1852, 331; Rep. Pacific R. R
Surv., ix, 1858, 537; Rep. U. S. and Mex. Bound. Surv., ii, pt. 2, 1859, 19
(Matamoras, Tamaulipas; Coahuila; Espia, Sonora; San Elizario, Texas;
Fort Yuma and San Diego, California); Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 407.—
KEnNERLY, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., x, pt. iv, 1859, 31 (Texas, New Mexico,
etc. ). —HEERMANN, Rep. Pacific R. R. Sury., x, pt. vi, 1859, 54 ( California ).—
Xantus, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1859, 192 (Fort Tejon, California) .—
Henry, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1859, 107 (New Mexico).—Coorrr and
SuckLety, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., xii, pt. ii, 1860, 208 (California; Oregon;
Washington ).—Sciater, Ibis, 1861, 179.—Dresser, Ibis, 1865, 492 (San
Antonio, Texas, chiefly in winter). ig AssIN, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866,
23 (monogr.).—Coves, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Pane 1866, 91 (Fort W fale,
Arizona).—ButcHer, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1868, 150 (Laredo, Texas;
Oct., Nov. ).—Cooprr, Orn. Cal., 1870, 270.—Tripprr, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H.,
1872, 239 (Decatur and Mahaska counties, Lowa, breeding; habits; notes;
crit.).—Snow, Birds Kansas, 1873, 8 (e. Kansas, abundant).—Barrp,
Brewer, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, 11, 1874, pl. 34, fig. 1.—
Ripaway, Orn. 40th Parallel, 1877, 506 (S See California; localities in
Nevada and Utah; habits, song, etc.); Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 264;
Orn. Illinois, i, 1889, 317.—Auten (J. A.), Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iv, 1879,
123 (Ingham oe Mich., Sept. 28 to Oct. 19).—McGerr, Bull. Nutt. Orn.
Club, v, 1880, 53 (Chivieesy: Floyd, and Mitchell counties, n. e. lowa, and
MowerCo., s. e. Minnesota, May; intermediates said to have been observed ).—
ALLEN (C. N.), Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vi, 1881, 145 (song).—OcaiLBy, Sci. Proc.
Roy. Dubl. Soe., ii, 1882, (46), (Navarro Co., Texas, resident).—BELDING,
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., v, 1883, 531 (Cerros I., Lower California); vi, 1883,
351 (La Paz, Lower California).
[Sturnella] neglecta Bonaparte, Consp. Ay., i, 1850, 429.
Siturnella | wiegleca) Couns, ey Wo Aun: Birds, od\ede went aga!
' Accidentally to Massachusetts ( Bristol )?.
“It is difficult, with the material examined (so many specimens being without
dates), to determine how far southward in Mexico this species breeds. It certainly
does breed entirely across the continent, from the coast of Texas (Corpus Christi,
etc.) to the coast of California, in the same localities with S. magna hoopesi, both
forms breeding on both sides of the United States-Mexican boundary line.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 367
Sturnella ludoviciana, var. neglecta ALLEN, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., iii, July, 1872,
138 (Fort Hays, w. Kansas), 146 (Cheyenne, Wyoming), 150 (e. Colorado),
168 (Ogden, Utah), 178 (summary of localities); Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H.,
xvii, 1874, 46, 48, 60 (North Dakota and Montana; descr. eggs).
Sturnella ludoviciana neglecta Scuarer, Ibis, Jan., 1884, 25.
Sturnella magna, var. neglecta BatrD, Brewer, and Ripewa Ay, Hist. N. Am. Birds,
i, 1874, 176.—LawreEncrt, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., ii, 1874, 281 (Mazatlan,
Bo irae a. Bull. Essex Inst., vii, 1875, 37 (Nevada);
S[turnella] magna var. neglecta Nevson, Bull. Essex Inst., viii, 1876, 111, 152
(n. e. Illinois, summer resid.) .
[Sturnella magna.|] Var. oe Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, Oct., 1872, 157.—
Snow, Birds Kansas, 3d ed., 1875, 8.
Sturnella magna... var. Vegiedla Cougs, Check List, 1873, no. 214a.—Rineway,
Bull. Essex Inst., v, Nov. 1873, 183 (Colorado).—HeEnsHaw, Zool. Exp. W.
100th Merid., 1875, 317 (localities in Utah, Colorado, New Mexico, and Ari-
zona; habits).
pee magna] var. neglecta Barrp, Brewer, and Rripaway, Hist. N. Am. Birds,
lSii4s 3:
rStur ip magna) b. neglecta Cours, Birds N. W., 1874, 190 (synonymy).
Sturnella magna neglecta Ripaway, Bull. Hiesex ieee vil, Jan., 1875, 33 (Wah-
satch Mts., Utah).—McCau ey, Bull. U. 8. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr., iii,
1877, 668 (upper Red R. Valley, n. Texas; New Mexico; habits).—Covss,
Bull. U. 8. Geol. and Geog. Sury. Terr., iv, 1878, 603 (Pembina, North
Dakota, westward); Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 322.—McCuHesney, Bull.
U. S. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr., v, 1879, 79 (Fort Sisseton, South Daeotl.
Apr. to Oct. ).—Gipxs, Bull. U. 8. Loe aad Geog. Surv. Terr., v, 1879, 488
(Michigan, rare).—AmerICAN OrniTHoLoaists’ Unton, Check List, 1886, no
501la.—Bryant (W. E.), Bull. Cal. Ac. Sei., no. 7, 1887, 293 (Guadalupe L,
Lower California, 1 spec., Mar. 22.) Hancock, Bull. Ridgw. Orn. Club, no
2, 1887, 18 (Corpus Christi, Texas).—Netson, Rep. Nat. Hist. Coll., Alaska,
1887, 169 (Sitka, Alaska, fide Lord).—Keryrs and Wiiitams, Proce. Davenp.
Ac. Sci., v, 1888, 26 (Floyd Co., Iowa; more numerous than S. magna).—
Brcxuam, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., x, 1888, 671 (Corpus Christi ?, Beeville ?,
and San Antonio, Texas ).—Cookes, Bird Migr. Miss. Val., 1888, 167 (localities,
dates, etc.).—Merarns, Auk, vii, 1890, 257 (Mogollon Mts., Arizona, breed-
ing).—Goss, Birds Kansas, 1891, 401 (common in w. and mid., rare in e.,
Kansas ).—Fannin, Check List Birds Brit. Col., 1891, 33 (both sides Cas-
cade range; winters on Vancouver I.).—THompson, Proce. U. 8. Nat. Mus.,
xiii, 1891, 573 (Manitoba localities; habits; song).—ArrwaTErR, Auk, ix
1892, 237 (San Antonio, Texas, breeding).—LAwreENcE (R. H.), Auk, ix,
1892, 355 (Grays Harbor, Washington).—Jouy, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xvi,
1894, 781 (s. Jalisco).—ANntTHony, Auk, xii, 1895, 140 (San Fernando, Lower
California, winter).—W aARREN (O. B.), Auk, xii, 1895, 192 (Marquette Co.,
Michigan, lspec., May 10).—Mrap, Auk, xii, 1895, 302 (Racine, Wisconsin ).—
Benpire, Life Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1896, 462, pl. 6, figs. 28, 24 (eggs).—
BE.pine, Auk, xiii, 1896, 29 (songs); xv, 1898, 56 (do. ).—GRINNELL, Publ.
i, Pasadena Acad. Sci., 1897, 6 (Santa Barbara I., California), 16 (San
Clemente I.).—(??) Scupper, Auk, xv, 1898, 333 (Bristol Co., Massa-
chusetts, 1 spec., Apr. 9, 1898!).—Lanrz, Trans. Kansas Ac. Sci. for 1896-7
(1899) , 222 (Altata, Sinaloa).—Carro.ti, Auk, xvii, 1900, 345 (Refugio Co.,
Texas, winter resid. ).
[Sturnella magna] var. neglecta ALLEN, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, v, 1880, 52 (east-
ward range, ete. ).
1Extremely doubtful. The specimen was not cen
368 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
S[turnella] magna neglecta Hensuaw, Orn. Rep. Wheeler’s Sury., 1879, 302 (e.
base Sierra Nevada).—Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 372.
Sturnella ludoviciana neglecta SCLATER, Ibis, 1884, 25 (monogr.).
[Sturnella magna] b. Subsp. neglecta Scuater, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 360,
in list of specimens ( Vancouver I., San Juan I., etc. ).
Sturnella hippocrepus (not Sturnus hippocrepis Wagler) HErERMANN, Journ. Ac.
Nat. Sci. Phila., 2d ser., ii, 1852, 269 (Suisun Valley, California).
Sturnella magna (not Alauda magna Linneeus) Sciarer, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus.,
xi, 1886, 358, part.—Satvin and Gopmay, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1887,
456, part (Coahuila; Espia; Mazatlan; Ciudad, Durango? ).
STURNELLA HIPPOCREPIS (Wagler).
CUBAN MEADOWLARK,
Similar to S. neglecta, but decidedly smaller (except bill and feet)
and coloration darker and browner above; malar region less exten-
sively yellow; black jugular crescent narrower; flanks and under
tail-coverts much more strongly buffy; anal region yellow, like abdo-
men, instead of white or very pale buff, like under tail-coverts.
Adult male.—Length (skins), 193.8-219.5 (208); wing, 96.5—-LO7.2
(102.1); tail, 61.2-69.9 (65.8); culmen, from base, 31.5-34 (32.3);
tarsus, 36.8-40.4 (38.6); middle toe, 26.2-28.7 (27.7).*
Adult female.—Length (skins), 186.7-215.1 (198.1); wing, 88.9-
101.1 (93.7); tail, 58.1-67.8 (60.2); culmen, from base, 29.2—32.5 (80.7);
tarsus, 35.1-39.4 (386.1); middle toe, 24.9-28.7 (25.9).”
Island of Cuba (including Isle of Pines), Greater Antilles.
Sturnus hippocrepis WAGuER, Isis, 1832, 281, in text (Cuba).
Sturnella hippocrepis Casants, Journ. fiir Orn., 1856, 14 (critical).—LAWRENCE,
Ann. Lye. N. Y., vii, 1860, 266 (crit.).—Brewer, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H.,
vii, 1860, 307.—Scuiater, Ibis, 1861, 179 (Cuba); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 139
(Cuba).—A.tprecuat, Journ. fiir Orn., 1861, 206.—Gunpuacu, Journ. fiir Orn.,
1861, 332, 413; 1871, 276; 1874, 133.—Casstn, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866,
24 (monogr. ).—Cory, Auk, iii, 1886, 222 (synonymy and descr. ); viii, 1891,
294 (Cuba); Birds W. I., 1889, 109 (do.); Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 14, 110,
129 (Cuba; Isle of Pines).—CHapman, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., iv, 1892, 304
(Trinidad Valley, Cuba; song, ete.; crit.) .
S[turnella] hippocrepis Cory, List Birds W. I., 1885, 14.
S[turnella] hippocrepis BoNAParRTE, Consp. Av., 1, 1850, 429, part (‘‘Antilles’’).
[Sturnella] hippocrepis Cory, List Birds W. I., 1885, 14.
[Sturnella magna] var. hippocrepis Bairp, Brewer, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am.
Birds, ii, 1874, 172.
[Sturnella magna] ec. hippocrepis Cours, Birds N. W., 1874, 190 (synonymy).
Sturnella ludoviciana hippocrepis Scuater, Ibis, Jan., 1884, 25 (monogr. ).
[ Sturnella magna] a. Subsp. hippocrepis ScuatTEr, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886,
360, in list of specimens (San Cristobal, Cuba).
Sturnella ludoviciana (not Sturnus ludovicianus Linnzeus) Vicors, Zool. Journ., ili,
no. xi, 1827, 442 (Cuba).
[Sturnella] ludoviciana SciaTer and Sarvrx, Nom. Ay. Neotr., 1873, 38, part
(Cuba).
} Nine specimens. 2 Five specimens.
I
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 3869
Sturnella magna (not Alauda magna Linneeus) Sciater, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi,
1886, 358 (Cuba).—Sanvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1887,
456, part (Cuba).
Genus DOLICHON YX Swainson.
Dolichonyx Swatnson, Zool. Journ., iii, 1827, 351; Philos. Mag., new ser., i, June,
1827, 485. (Type, Fringilla oryzivora Linneeus. )
Small, semiterrestrial Icteridze with short finch-like bill, acuminate
rectrices, long tarsi, very long middle toe, and long slender claws;
adult male black varied with buff and whitish in spring and summer;
adult male in fall and winter, adult female at all seasons, and young
brownish yellow, conspicuously streaked above.
Bill much shorter than head, conical, compressed, its basal depth
greater than distance from nostril to tip of maxilla, its basal width
nearly the same, or about equal to length of gonys; culmen nearly
straight, but slightly convex terminally, the base elevated and more
or less arched, the middle portion sometimes slightly depressed; gonys
straight or very faintly convex, nearly equal to distance from nostril
to tip of maxilla; maxillary tomium slightly concave terminally and
subbasally, slightly convex in middle, the basal portion decidedly and
rather abruptly deflexed from beneath posterior end of nostril to
rictus; mandibular tomium straight or nearly so to near base where
abruptly deflexed to the rictus. Nostril above lateral median line of
the maxilla, rather large, oval, with distinct superior operculum, the
feathering of the loral antiz extending beneath to about its middle.
Wing long (about six and a half times as long as culmen, more than
three and a half times as long as tarsus), with the tip much produced
(longest primaries exceeding secondaries by more than length of
tarsus), pointed; outermost (ninth) primary nearly or quite equal to
eighth, sometimes longer; ninth, ninth and eighth, or eighth primaries
longest, the seventh but little shorter; ninth and eighth (sometimes also
theseventh) primaries with inner webs very slightly emarginated near
tip, the termination of the broader portion forming, in adults, a more
or less distinct tooth-like projection or point; longest tertial projecting
decidedly beyond secondaries. Tail about two-thirds as long as wing,
rounded, the rectrices rigid and with abruptly acuminate tips. Tarsus
long (about one and three-fourths times as long as culmen), slender,
its anterior scutella distinct; middle toe, with claw, longer than tarsus;
claws of lateral toes falling decidedly short of base of middle claw;
hallux about as long as lateral toes, stouter, its claw nearly or quite
equal in length to the digit; all the claws very slender, acute, not
strongly curved.
Coloration.—Adult male in spring and early summer black varied
by a large buff or buffy whitish nuchal patch, the scapulars, rump, and
upper tail-coverts white tinged with gray; adult male after summer
3654—voL 2—01 24
370 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
molt, adult female at all seasons, and young, brownish above, con-
spicuously streaked with black and buffy, brownish buffy or yellowish
beneath.
Range.—Fastern and central temperate North America; West
Indies and South America in winter. (Monotypic.)
DOLICHONYX ORYZIVORUS (Linnzus).
BOBOLINK.
Adult male in spring.—General color black; hindneck buff; scapu-
lars, rump, and upper tail-coverts white, more or less tinged with gray,
especially the upper rump, which is sometimes uniform gray; inter-
scapulars more or less edged with buff, forming streaks, especially
along the median line; tertials and innermost greater wing-coverts
margined with pale yellowish passing terminally into grayish brown;
longer primaries narrowly edged with pale yellowish; inner webs of
rectrices more or less broadly tipped with grayish; feathers of flanks
and under tail-coverts more or less distinctly margined with buffy or
whitish; thighs with feathers on outer side more broadly margined
with buff; bill black; legs and feet dusky brownish; iris brown.
Adult male in summer.—Similar to the spring plumage, but nape
white, or nearly so, and whitish or buffy margins to flank feathers and
under tail-coverts almost’ absent, from abrasion.
Adult female in spring.—General color above light buffy olive;
pileum with a broad median stripe of pale buffy olive or olive-buff, and
two broad lateral stripes of black, the latter streaked with light buffy
olive; back broadly streaked with black, the edges of some of the
feathers light olive-buff, producing two nearly parallel narrow stripes
when the plumage is properly arranged; rump feathers and upper tail-
coverts with more or less distinct (usually mostly concealed) central
wedge-shaped or sagittate streaks of dusky; wings and tail dusky, with
conspicuous edgings of pale yellowish and light grayish olive; sides
of head (including a broad superciliary stripe), sides of neck, and
under parts light olive-buffy, more decidedly buffy or yellowish across
chest and along sides and flanks, paler and straw yellow or yellowish
white on throat and abdomen: sides, flanks, and under tail-coverts
broadly streaked with dusky; a narrow dusky postocular stripe; bill
brown, paler on mandible, darker on terminal portion of maxilla; iris
brown; legs and feet light brown (in dried skins).
Adult female in summer.—Similar to the spring plumage, but upper
parts with the ground-color paler and grayer and the black streaks
more sharply defined; under parts rather paler.
Adult female in winter.—Similar to the spring plumage, but more
richly colored, especially the under parts.
Adult male in fall and winter.—Similar in coloration to the adult
female, but larger.
ee
ee ee se ee
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. otk
Young, jirst fall and winter.—Similar to (and not with certainty
distinguishable from?) the adult female.
Young, first plumage.—Similar to the adult female, but ‘*‘ entire
plumage, particularly below, of a more buffy color; there is a necklace
of faint dusky spots across the breast, and the flank streaks are almost
indistinguishable.” '
Adult male.—Length (skins), 160-188 (169.2); wing, 93.7-101.6
(97.5); tail, 62.7—68.6 (65.3); culmen, from base, 14.7-17.5 (15.5); depth
of bill at base, 10.4-11.7 (10.9); tarsus, 26.4-98.5 (27.4); middle toe,
20.38-22.4 (21.3) .”
Adult female.—Leneth (skins), 152.4-166.4 (158); wing, 85.1-89.7
(87.4); tail, 58.7-64.5 (61); culmen, from base, 14.5-15.5 (15); depth
of bill at base, 9.7-10.7 (10.2); tarsus, 24.9-27.2 (25.9); middle toe,
18.5-21.1 (20.1).
Eastern and central temperate North America; breeding from Penn-
sylvania, northwestern West Virginia (Fairview), central Ohio, central
Indiana (south to Vigo, Tippecanoe, Clinton, Marion, Madison, Dela-
ware, Wayne, and Union counties), northern Illinois, southern Iowa
(Decatur and Mahaska counties), South Dakota, and Utah, northward
to provinces of Quebec, Ontario, Manitoba, Assiniboia, and British
Columbia (both sides of Cascade range), to about 40° on the Atlantic
coast and 52° in the interior; west to Utah (Salt Lake and Utah val-
leys), northeastern Nevada (Ruby Valley), Idaho (St. Joseph River),
and southeastern British Columbia (Chilliwack); during migration
southward through West Indies (Bahamas, Cuba, Jamaica, Vieque,
Sombrero, Barbados, Grenada), and the Atlantic coast of Central
America (from Yucatan southward) to South America, as far as Para-
guay, southern Brazil, Bolivia, etc.; also to the Galapagos Archipelago
(James, Charles, and Chatham islands), and the Bermudas.
[ Fringilla] oryzivora Lrxnaus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, 1758, 179 (based on Avis
arundinacee Edwards, Gleanings Nat. Hist., 1758, pl. 291, smaller fig. ).
'Chapman, The Auk, vi, 1890, 121. I have not been able to examine a specimen
of the young in first plumage.
“Twenty specimens.
3 Hight specimens.
Eastern and western specimens compare in average measurements as follows:
——— -
| Culmen, Depth of ee -
Locality. Wing. | Tail. from bill at | Tarsus. ieale
base. base. :
ae Zs eh | es
MALES. |
Ten adult males from Atlantic States............. | 96.5 | 66 15.5 | 10.9 27.4 21.3
Ten adult males from west of Mississippi River..., 98.3 | 65.5 15.5 | 10.9 27.4 2153
FEMALES. | | |
Five adult females from Atlantic States .........- leSdbel | 61.5 15 10.2 25.4 | 19.6
Three aduit females from west of Mississippi River.. 87.9) 59.9 15 | 10,4 26.7 20.8
372
BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
[ Emberiza] oryzivora Lixnnxus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, i, 1766, 311.—Gme rin, Syst.
Nat., i, 1788, 880.—LarHam, Index Orn., i, 1790, 408.
Emberiza oryzivora Witson, Am. Orn., ii, 1810, 48, pl. 12, figs. 1, 2.
Dolichonyx oryzivorus Swainson, Zool. Journ., iii, 1827, 351; Philos. Mag. n. s., i,
1827, 4385 (tableland of Mexico).—Swarnson and RicHarpson, Fauna Ber.-
Am., ii, 1831, 278.—Bonaparts, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 29.—AupuBoN,
Birds Am., oct. ed., iv, 1842, 10, pl. 211.—Gou.p, in Darwin’s Zool. Voy.
‘* Beagle,’’ ili, 1841, 106 (James I., Galapagos).—GossE, Birds Jamaica, 1847,
229.—Hurpis, Jardine’s Contr. Orn., 1850, 8 (Bermudas, autumn).—Woop-
HouSsE, in Rep. Sitgreaves’ Expl. Zuniand Col. R., 1853, 81 (Indian Territory;
Texas ).—CaBanis, Journ. fiir Orn., iv, 1856, 11 (Cuba).—Barrp, Rep. Pacific
R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 522, 927 ( Fort Bridger, Wyoming); Cat. N. Am. Birds,
1859, no. 399.—MaxrMiLian, Journ. ftir Orn., 1858, 266 (upper Missouri R. ).—
Sciater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1858, 72 (Rio Napo, e. Ecuador); 1861, 74
(Jamaica); Ibis, 1884, 2 (monogr.); Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 331
(Nevis, Lesser Antilles; Cozumel I.; n. Yucatan; British Honduras; Chepo
and Paraiso Station, Isthmus of Panama; Santa Marta and Bogota, Colombia;
Caracas, Venezuela; Camacusa, British Guiana; Cayenne; Rio Javari, upper
Amazons, etc.).—BRrEWER, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., vii, 1860, 307 (Cuba).—
ALBRECHT, Journ. fur Orn., 1862, 197 (Jamaica).—Lawrencer, Ann. Lyc.
N. Y., viii, 1864, 99 (Sombrero, W.I.); Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., ix, 1886, 616
(Grenada).—Cassrx, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, 15 (monogr.; Rio
Negro; La Plata; Rio Napo, e. Ecuador; Cuba; Jamaica).—Satvrin, Ibis,
1864, 386 (Lighthouse Reef, etc., British Honduras); 1866, 194 ( Belize, British
Honduras); 1885, 191 (Cozumel I.), 218 (British Guiana); Trans. Zool. Soc.
Lond., ix, pt. ix, 1876, 491 (James I., Galapagos).—Coorgrr, Am. Nat., iii,
1869, 78 (Montana); Orn. Cal., 1870, 255 (Ruby Valley, Nevada).—PELzELN,
Orn. Bras., 1871, 199 (Mattogrosso).—SciaTer and Satvin, Proc. Zool. Soc.
Lond., 1870, 781 (Merida, Venezuela) ; 1876, 16 (Paucartambo, Peru); 1879,
509 (Medellin, Colombia).—Triprr, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xv, 1872, 238
(Decatur and Mahaska counties, s. Lowa, breeding; habits). —ALuEn, Bull.
Mus. Comp. Zool., iii, 1872, 168, 178 (Ogden, Utah, breeding ?); Proc. Bost.
Soc. N. H., xvii, 1874, 59 (bet. Missouri and Yellowstone rivers, Montana);
Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., ii, 1889, 84 (Falls of Madeira, Bolivia); iii, 1891, 379
(Corumba, proy. Mattogrosso, s. w. Brazil, Mar. 1); xiii, 1900, 163 (Cienega,
etc., proy. Santa Marta, Colombia, Sept., Oct.) ; Auk, xvii, 1900, 365 (Cienega,
and Bonda, Colombia).—Covgs, Check List, 18738, no. 210; 2d ed., 1882, no.
312; Birds Northwest, 1874, 178; Bull. U. 8. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr., iv,
1878, 599 (Pembina, North Dakota, westward; Rocky Mts., lat. 49°; hab-
its).—Merriam, An. Rep. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr., 1872 (1873), 686 (Ogden,
Utah, June); Trans. Conn. Acad., iv, 1877, 45 (Connecticut, breeding).—
Snow, Birds Kansas, 1873, (breeding); 3d ed., 1875, 7 (do.).—Barrp, BREWER,
and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 149, pl. 32, figs. 4,5.—GuNnpLAcH,
Journ. flr Orn., 1874, 129 (Cuba).—Yarrow and HeEnsHaw, Rep. Orn. Spec.
Wheeler’s Sury., 1871-73 (1874), 19 (Provo, Utah, breeding).—HENsHaw,
Zool. Exp. W. 100th Merid., 1875, 311 (Provo, Utah; Huerfano, Colorado,
May ).—Rtipeway, Bull, Essex Inst., vii, 1875, 23 (Ruby Valley, Nevada), 30
(Salt Lake Valley, Utah); Field and Forest, 1877, 208 (Colorado); Nom. N.
Am. Birds, 1881, no. 257; Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., xix, 1897, 567 (James I., Gala-
pagos); Orn. Illinois, i, 1889, 8307.—NeEtson, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xvii, 1875,
346 (Salt Lake City ).—McCnesney, Bull. U.S. Geol. and Geog. Sury. Terr.,
v, 1879, 78 (Fort Sisseton, South Dakota, May 19 to July 29).—Brewsrter, Bull.
Nutt. Orn. Club, iv, 1879, 42 (descr. young).—Roserts and Benner, Bull.
Nutt. Orn. Club, v, 1880, 15 (Grant and Traverse counties, Minnesota, breed-
ing).—Cory, Birds Bahama I., 1880, 97; Auk, iii, 1886, 220 (West Indian ref-
«
5
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 310
erences); vi, 1889, 31 (LittleCayman) ; viii, 1891, 351,352 (Inagua, Anguilla,
and Cay Sal, Bahamas); Birds W. I., 1889, 107; Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 110
(New Providence, Watlings, Gt. asc Cay Sal, and Anguilla, PHananis;
Cuba, Isle of Pines, Grand Cayman, Little Cayman, Cayman Brac, Jamaica,
and Vieque, Greater Antilles; Grenada and Rarhedoe Lesser Antilles) .—
Maynarp, Birds E. N. Am., 1881, 129.—ALLEN and Brewster, Bull. Nutt.
Orn. Club, viii, 1883, 192 (Colorado Springs, Colorado, May 18-23).—Bicx-
NELL, Auk, ii, 1885, 152 (song).—AGrrspore, Auk, 1885, 282 (s. e. South
Dakota, bre Sei. OrnITHOLOGISTS’ U SNe Check List, 1886,
no. 494.—Taczanowsk1I, Orn. du Pérou, ii, 1885, 421.—Satyvin and GopMan,
Biol. Centr.-Am. Aves, i, 1886, 448.—Berruepscn, Journ. ftir. Orn., 1887, 116
(Paraguay); 1889, 3 Gin tio, proy. Solimoes, n.w. Brazil, May 6).—
Keyes and Wiuitams, Proc. Dayenp. Ac. Nat. sek V; oe 24 (breeding in
centr. and n. lowa).—Cooxer, Bird Migr. Miss. Val., 1888, 160 (dates, ete. );
Birds Colorado, 1897, 93 (summer resid. e. of mountains); Bull. Col. Agric.
Coll., no. 4, 1898, 163 (Denver, June; Colorado Springs, Sept. 5).—CHAPMAN,
Auk, vii, 1890, 39 (winter range and migration routes), 120 (changesof plum-
age) ; x, 1893, 309, pl. 7 (changes of plumage).—Rtvxs, Cat. Birds Virginias,
1890, 69 (Fairview, West Virginia, breeding).—Smirx (R. W.), Journ. Cine.
Soc. N. H., 1891, 118 (Greene Co.,s. w. Ohio, breeding. )— Paprerceaena Srouz-
MANN, Proc. Zool. Soe. Lond., fe 378 (Ica, Peru, Noy., Dec. ).—RicuHmonp,
Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., xvi, 1893, 496 (Rio Escondido, Nicaragua, Aug. to Oct.).—
Scorr, Auk, x, 1893, 178 (Jamaica, Oct. to Apr. ).—SkiLien, Auk, xi, 1894, 180
(changes of plumage ).—Ricumonp and Know tron, Auk, xi, 1894, 305 (Galla-
tin Valley, Montana, Aug., abundant).—U trey and Watuacer, Proc. Ind.
Ac. Sci., 1895, 153 (velosie, Ea Danes breeding).—Brnpire, Life Hist. N.
Am. Birds ii, 1895, 429, pl. 6, figs. 1, 2 (eggs). —Burier, Proc. Ind. Ae. Sci.,
1896, 227 (breeding south hs, Vigo, Boone Marion, and Decatur counties,
Indiana); Birds Indiana, 1897, 886 (breeding south to Vigo, Tippecanoe,
Clinton, Marion, Madison, Delaware, Wayne, and Union counties).—OBEr-
HOLSER, Bull. Ohio Agric. Station, tech. ser., i, no. 4, 1896, 301 (Wayne Co.,
n. e. Ohio, abt. summer resid. ).—Nernriinc, Our Native Birds, etc., ii, 1896,
235, pl. 29, figs. 1, 2.—Hap.ey, Proc. Ind. Ac. Sci., 1897, 188 (Richmond,
Wayne Co., Indiana, breeding).—Merriiti, Auk, xy, 1898, 14 (St. Joseph
R., Idaho, breeding).—Ruoaps, Auk, xvi, 1899, 312 (breeding in s. w. coun-
ties of Pennsylvania).—RoruscuiLp and Harrerr, Novit. Zool., yi, 1890, 171
(James, Charles, and Chatham islands, Galapagos).—FLemine, Auk, xviii,
1901, 40 (Elmsdale and Beaumaris, n. Ontario, May to Aug. ).
[Dolichonyx] oryzivorus Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 155.—Scuarer and
Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 37.—Cory, List Birds W. I., 1885, 14.
D{olichonyx] oryzivorus CaBants, Mus. Hein., i, 1851, 187.—Netson, Bull. Essex
Inst., viii, 1876, 111, 152 (n. e. Hlinois, breeding).—Newron (A. and E.),
Handb. Jamaica, 1881, 104.—Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 400.—
Ripeway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 366.
Dolichonyx orizivorus Jarpine, Contr. Orn., 1848, 83 (Bermudas, autumn).—
Marcu, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1863, 299 (Jamaica).
[ Dolichonyx] oryzivora Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 437.
Dolichonyx oryzivora AupuBon, Synopsis, 1839, 138.—Wixuis, Ann. Rep. Smiths.
Inst. for 1858 (1859), 287 (Bermudas).—Sciater, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 134
(Santa Marta, Colombia; Bolivia).—Scrarer and Saryry, Proc. Zool. Soe.
Lond., 1876, 16 (Paucartambo, high Peru).—ZELEpoN, Cat. Aves de Costa
Rica, 1882, 10.
Dolichonix oryzivora Lempryr, Aves de la Isla de Cuba, 1850, 57
Dolichonyx orizyvora Bryant, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., vii, 1859, 119 (New Provi-
dence, Bahamas, May).
374 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Icterus agripennis BoNApartTE, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., iv, 1825, 48; Ann.
Lyc. N. Y., ii, 1828, 53. sae Man. Orn. U.S. and Can., i, 1832, 185.—
AUDUBON, ‘ak Biog., i, 1831, 283, pl. 54; v, 1839, 486.
Dolichonyx agripennis RicHARDSON, Reo! Brit. Assoc. Ady. Sci., 1837, 176.
Ps[arocolius] caudacutus WAGER, Syst. Av., 1827, 32.
Dolichonyx oryzivorus, var. albinucha Rrpeway, Bull. Essex Inst., vy, Noy., 1873,
192 (‘‘Missouri plains and Rocky Mountains, west to Ruby Valley, Nevada;
Salt Lake Valley’’); v, Dec. 1873, 1981 (Ogden, Utah; coll. U.S. Nat. Mus. ).
[Dolichonyx oryzivorus] var. albinucha Bairp, Brewer, and Ripeway, Hist. N.
Am. Birds, iii, 1874, 517, in text (characters).
Dolichonyx oryzivorus . . . 2. albinuchus Ripaway, Orn. 40th Parallel, 1877, 500
(Ruby Valley, Nevada, Aug.; Salt Lake Valley, Utah, May; ete.).
Dolichonyx oryzivorus albinucha AMERICAN OrNirHoLoaists’ Unton, Check List,
1886, no. 494a.—Seron, Auk, iii, 1886, 321 (w. Manitoba, breeding ).—THomp-
son, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., xiii, 1891, 571 (range in Manitoba; ae
Diahenone| oryzivorus albania Rew Ay, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 36
Dolichonyx oryzivora albinucha Brooks, Auk, xvii, 1900, 106 (British Cee
breeding on both sides of Cascade Rae
Family CAQfREBIDZE.
THE HONEY CREEPERS.
Small slender-, acute-, or hook-billed ‘* nine-primaried” acutiplantar
Oscines with the tongue deeply incised (bifid or trifid) and fringed or
brushy at tip; transpalatine processes much reduced, forming minute
spikes or points; interpalatine spur abortive, or small; palatines pro-
duced backward over pterygoids.”
Bill very variable in shape and relative length; sometimes rather
stout and bent wedge-shaped (i. e., the culmen decidedly convex, but
gonys straight); sometimes slender, slightly decurved terminally, and
as long as or longer than head (C/lorophanes; Cyanerpes); sometimes
very acute at tip and more or less decurved (Careba; Dacnis), or much
compressed, with tip conspicuously hooked and angle of gonys pos-
terior to nostrils (Diglossa; Diglossopis). Nostril exposed, longitudi-
nal (linear or oval) overhung by membrane. Rictal bristles obvious
(Chlorophanes, Diglossa, Glossiptila) or obsolete (other genera).
Wing moderate, rather pointed (eighth to sixth primaries longest,
ninth shorter than seventh but longer than fourth). Tail much shorter
than wing (usually shorter than distance from bend of wing to tip of
secondaries), even, emarginate, slightly double-rounded, or rounded.
Tarsus variable in relative length, distinctly scutellate anteriorly;
middle toe with claw about equal in length to tarsus (sometimes a little
more or less); basal phalanx of middle toe united for most of its length
to lateral toes, especially to the outer; claws of lateral toes reaching
about to base of middle claw; hallux about equal in length to lateral
toes but much stouter, its claw shorter than the digit.
‘The Coorebides » are all of small size; they have typical Oscinine
I Rien vied fron ene srtence.
2See Lucas, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., xvii, 1894, 299-310.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. aD
tarsi, with the posterior face smooth, and with indications of several
scutes more or less obsolete on the anterior face. The wings are of
moderate length, without any indication of the first or external pri-
mary, and with the second, third, and fourth primaries usually nearly
equal and longest. The bill is small and slender and without any notch
at the extremity of the upper mandible, but varies in structure
The tongue is penciled at the extremity.” *
It is at present not possible to give a satisfactory diagnosis of the
Family Coerebide since the internal structure of more than half the
genera remains practically unknown. What little is known of the
anatomical characters of the group pertains to the genera Cyanerpes,
Cereha, and Glossiptila; and since these may be regarded as the cen-
tral or most typical forms of the group, any conclusions based on them
alone would be more or less open to doubt; at least until the internal
structure of such forms as Con/rostrum, Diglossa, Oreomanes, and
Xenodacnis is known, the limits of the group can not be fixed with
precision, nor its relationships satisfactorily determined.
The limits of the family, as defined by Dr. Sclater,’ have already
been restricted by the elimination of the genus Certhidea, which Mr.
Lucas, by examination of its osteology and anatomy, has found to be
certainly not Ceerebine, but probably Mniotiltine;* and it is by no
means improbable that further contraction may ultimately be required.
So far as the typical genera, Careba, Glossiptila, and Cyanerpes are
concerned, Mr. Lucas finds them to represent a well-circumscribed
group, of uncertain affinities, though apparently more nearly related
to the Australasian family Meliphagide (Honey-eaters) than to the
American families Mniotiltide and Tanagridee, usually held to be
the nearest relatives of the Cerebide. The gist of Mr. Lucas’s con-
clusions * is as follows:
(1) ‘* As vroups of birds are constituted the Coerebidee are certainly
sufficiently distinct to stand apart, and the gap between them and the
Mniotiltids: seems widest,’ although this may be due to a tendency on
my part to place considerable weight on the general pattern of the
palate.”
1Sclater, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 1.
2Cat. Birds, Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, xi.
3 Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xvii, 1894, 309, 310.
*Notes on the Anatomy and Affinities of the Ccerebidse and other American Birds,
by Frederic A. Lucas, Curator of the Department of Comparative Anatomy. Proc.
U.S. Nat. Mus., xvii, 1894, 299-312; illustrated by many figures.
°Tt would be interesting to know whether Mr. Lucas’s conclusions on this point
would have been modified by examination of Conirostrum and Ateleodacnis, genera
which have hitherto been referred to the Coerebidze (the latter forming part of the
genus Dacnis) but which I have found it necessary to refer to the Mniotiltidee. Possi-
bly, as in the case of another supposedly Coerebine, but in reality Mniotiltine, genus
( Certhidea), the gap between the two groups would have been emphasized. (See
Lucas: The Anatomy and Affinities of Certhidea, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xvii,
1894, 309, 310.)
376 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
(2) ** That the members of the Coerebidee do not form a homogeneous
group, but contains at least three well-marked types.”
Leaving out the genera Diglossa, Diglossopis, Dacnidea, Ateleodac-
nis, Oreomanes,' and Conirostrum, whose internal structure has not, to
my knowledge, been investigated, it is obvious from Mr. Lucas’s obser-
rations that the remaining Coerebide comprise three quite distinct
groups, whose distinctive characters are as follows:
a. Crop small or absent; tongue bifid; dorsal pteryla broader; feathers shorter, more
compact.
b. Crop present but small; tongue fringed; intestinal convolutions simple.
Chlorophanes, Cyanerpes, Dacnis.
bb. Crop absent; tongue brushy; intestinal convolutions extremely complicated.
Coereba.
aa. Crop well developed; tongue trifid; dorsal pteryla narrower; feathers longer,
WOOSER i Js 2c UM es Sees SEU he ERNE ee eee Glossiptila.
‘*In their tongue,” says Mr. Lucas, ‘‘the Coerebidee are markedly
different from the Mniotiltide, but it is largely a difference of degree
rather than of kind. They differ in toto from the Tanagridee, are
quite distinct from the Drepanidee, and find their nearest relatives in
Acanthorhynchus.”
‘**The relationship with the tanagers is not very close, although such
short-billed forms as Chlorophanes*® and Dacnis, which unfortunately
were not available, might bring the two groups a little closer.
‘In size, form, pterylosis, structure of tongue, and pattern of con-
volutions of alimentary canal, there is a strong resemblance between
Cwreba [i. e., Cyanerpes| and Acanthorhynchus |Meliphagidee], and so
far the two forms exhibit a most interesting case of parallelism. The
palate, too, on superficial examination looks not unlike that of (7os-
siptila. . .
‘*Finally, it must be said that the members of the Coerebidee do not
form a homogeneous group, for the family contains at least three well-
marked types, Careba | Cyanerpes|, Certhiola | Cereba\, and Glossiptila,
and these types differ from one another in a very marked degree.
While Dacnis and Chlorophanes have not been examined by me, the
figures of skulls and tongues of these genera indicate that they belong
near Cwreba | Cyanerpes|. These genera form a well-marked group
containing those species nearest to the Mniotiltide and characterized
by a long, cleft, feathered, but not suctorial tongue, small crop-like
dilatation of the cesophagus, and simply convoluted intestine.
‘* Certhiola| Cwreba|hasa bifid brushy tongue, no crop, extremely com-
plicated intestine, and produced angle to the mandible. The tongue
resembles that of some Meliphagide; and the other characters are like
some found in the Drepanididee. Gloss/ptila, with its loose ptilosis,
1T am inclined to regard Oreomanes as a Mniotiltine type, related to Conirostrum.
The bill of this genus is strongly suggestive of that of Helinaia.
7A member of the Meliphagidee.
3 Chlorophanes, however, is not a short-billed form.—R. R.
.
sho
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. Bk
decided crop, and unique trifid tongue, is equally well characterized, and
certainly should stand apart, seeming to hold with respect to Careba
[| Cyanerpes| much the same position that Chama does with the wrens.” !
Even after removing the genera Conirostrum and Ateleodacnis,” Lam
very doubtful as to the naturalness of the group known as the Ccere-
bide; but until the internal structure of Dzglossa, Diglossopis, Chloro-
phanes, Dacnis, Hemidacnis, and Oreomanes shall have been sufiiciently
investigated, any further change in the limits of the supposed family
would be premature. I have been strongly tempted to separate, as a
distinct family, the genera Diglossa and Diglossopis, on account of the
peculiar and very remarkable modification of the basal portion of the
mandible, these two genera differing from all other Coerebidee in hay-
ing the gonydeal angle decidedly posterior to the nostril—a character
quite unique, so far as I am at present aware, in the Order Passeri-
formes, or at least the Suborder Oscines.
The Honey-Creepers, or Guit-Guits, are peculiar to the forest-clad
regions of tropical America, the family, like so many other Neotrop-
ical groups, being most developed in the basin of the Amazon and
adjacent parts of Colombia and Ecuador. One genus ( Cereba) is most
numerously represented in the West Indies, where almost every island
possesses its peculiar form. One genus (Gloss7pt//a), the representa
tive of a distinct subfamily (Glossiptilinse) is peculiar to Jamaica.
Altogether about seventy-five species and eleven genera are recognized,
of which six genera, but only about twenty-five species, occur within
the geographic field of this work.
KEY TO THE GENERA OF CCREBIDZ.
a. Bill much compressed, with tip of maxilla abruptly hooked or uncinate; mandi-
bular rami very short, the gonydeal angle decidedly posterior to the nostril.
Diglossa (p. 378)
aa. Bill not much compressed; tip of maxilla not abruptly hooked or uncinate;
mandibular rami of normal length, the gonydeal angle anterior to the nostril.
b. Exposed culmen equal to or longer than tarsus; bill more subulate, the tip
obtuse; maxillary tomium more or less obviously notched subterminally.
ec. Outermost (ninth) primary shorter than sixth; wing-tip not longer than tarsus,
the latter longer than middle toe with claw; adult males glossy green with
pileum and sides of head black;* adult females duller in color, without
lackaompeaCa aero teeter et ye apa cterd es epee Chlorophanes (p. 382)
BEroc- Weiss Nate Mus; xvil, 309:
* These two genera, both of which are peculiarly South American, and therefore
extra-limital to the present work, I have been obliged to remove from the Ceerebide
and transfer to the Mniotiltidee, or else, as the only alternative, combine the two
families into one, the birds of these two genera being, so far as external characters are
concerned, quite inseparable from the last-named group. Unfortunately, their ana-
tomical structure has not been investigated; but I believe that when this has been done
it will be found that they too, like another supposedly Ccerebine genus (Certhidea)
possess the Mniotiltine type of tongue and palate. (See Lucas: ‘‘The Anatomy and
Affinities of Certhidea,’’ in Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., xvii, 1894, 309, 310. )
3A South American species (C. purpurascens) is violet-blue with blackish wings
and tail but without black pileum; the adult female unknown.
378 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
ce. Outermost primary longer than sixth; wing-tip nearly twice as long as tarsus,
the latter shorter than middle toe with claw; bill more slender; adult
males rich blue with wings and tail, together with throat or back, black;
adult females plain greenish above, beneath paler and more yellowish,
more: or less streaked with darker 29-55.) ces seen Cyanerpes (p. 384)
bb. Exposed culmen shorter than tarsus; bill more conical (or bent wedge-shaped )
with tip acute.
e. Outermost primary equal to or longer than sixth; tarsus slightly longer than
middle toe with claw; adult males blue and black or yellow and black;
females much duller in color, without black areas. _....-.--- Dacnis (}). 390)
ec. Outermost primary shorter than sixth; tarsus much longer than middle toe
with claw; adult males neither blue and black nor yellow and black.
d. Bill more slender, strongly decurved terminally (the gonys more or less
concave); commissure as long as middle toe with claw; tail rounded;
under parts white and yellow or gray and yellow, or else whole plumage
black (sexes alike incolor) S22 en So es eee Cereba (p. 397)
dd. Bill stouter, not decurved terminally (the gonys straight); commissure
shorter than middle toe with claw; tail even or slightly emarginate;
adult male dull grayish blue with rufous throat-patch; female brownish
above; ypaler (ben eat incest eee Glossiptila (p. 423)
Genus DIGLOSSA Wagler.
Diglossa W AGurr, Isis, 1832, 280. (Type, D. baritula Wagler. )
Agrilorhinus Bonaparte, Nuovi Ann. Sc. Nat. Bologna, i, 1838, 408. (Type,
A, sittaceus Bonaparte, = Diglossa baritula Wagler. )
Ancylorhinus (emendation) ScLarer, Ibis, 1875 204 (ex Agrilorhinus Bonaparte ).
Serrirostrum LAFRESNAYE and D’Orpicny, Mag. de Zool., 1838 (Synopsis Avium,
li, p. 24). (Type, S. carbonarium Lafresnaye and D’Orbigny. )
Uncirostrum LAFRESNAYE, Rey. Zool., 1839, 100. (Type, Serrirostrum carbonarium
Lafresnaye and D’Orbigny. )
Campylops LicutEensteIn, Nomencl. Ay. Mus. Berol., 1854, 56. (Type, C. hamulus
Lichtenstein, = Diglossa baritula Wagler. )
Tephrodiglossa Casstn, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sei. Phila., xvi, Nov., 1864, 273. (Type,
Serrirostrum carbonarium Latresnaye and D’ Orbigny. )
Pyrrhodiglossa Casstnx, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., xvi, Noy., 1864, 274. (Type,
Diglossa mystacalis Latresnaye. )
Cyanodiglossa Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., xvi, Noy., 1864, 274. (Type,
Agrilorhinus personatus Fraser. )
Melanodiglossa Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., xvi, Noy., 1864, 274. (Type,
Uncirostrum lafresnayei Boissoneau. )
Ceerebidee with the bill much compressed and inclined upward ter-
minally,’ the tip of the maxillaabruptly hooked or uncinate; mandible,
recurved, faleate, very acute at tip, with base of gonys decidedly pos-
terior to nostrils.
Bill shorter than head, its lower outline conspicuously longer than
the upper; culmen more or less elevated basally, then straight or
more or less concave, the terminal portion abruptly decurved, the tip
of the maxilla forming a distinct hook or unguis, preceded by a more
'The upward inclination of the bill in this genus is a very striking feature. In
most birds the bill projects on a line with the longitudinal axis of the head, but in
Diglossa it inclines upward ata very decided angle with this axis.
Pe ATO ER ek oh OEY &
nr heatp
Pebeenr sents
~~
BIRDS. OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 379
or less distinct subterminal tomial notch; maxillary tomium, posterior
to the subterminal notch, nearly or quite straight to near the base, where
more or less convex; mandible recurved, faleate, with very acute tip and
very short rami, the gonys strongly convex, its base very broad and
much posterior to the nostrils. Nostrils exposed, narrow, longitudinal,
overhung by broad membrane. Rictal bristles rather long but weak.
Wing moderate, rather rounded (seventh and sixth, or seventh, sixth,
and fifth primaries longest, the ninth shorter than fourth, sometimes
shorter than first). Tail decidedly shorter than wing (sometimes
shorter than distance from bend of wing to tip of secondaries), more
or less rounded or slightly double-rounded. Tarsus rather long
(nearly one-third to more than one-third as long as wing); middle toe
with claw decidedly shorter than tarsus.
Coloration.— Adult males (also adult females of some species) usually
plain bluish or blackish, the under parts sometimes partly rufous or
chestnut; if the general color bluish, the forehead and lores (some-
times auriculars also) black; if the general color black, the lesser wing-
coverts usually bluish gray or white.
Fange.—Southern Mexico to Colombia and thence through moun-
tains of western South America to Peru and Bolivia. (Only two
species north of Panama. )
Not having seen all the species of this genus, Iam not able to form
an opinion respecting its proper limits.’ Judging from the species
that have been examined, however, I am inclined to believe that
it will be necessary either to merge the generally accepted genus
Diglossopis® into Diglossa, or else to recognize one or more addi-
tional genera, to include species which are intermediate in structural
characters or differ in certain respects from both types. In D7g/osso-
pis the modifications of the bill which are so remarkable in typical
Diglossa ave not carried nearly so far; the tip of the maxilla is but
faintly hooked; the general trend of the bill is more nearly on a line
with the longitudinal axis of the head; the exposed culmen is nearly
as long as the lateral length of the mandible (instead of being much
shorter—sometimes less than two-thirds as long), and the inferior out-
line of the mandible is but slightly convex. The nasal foss are also
much more exposed, the latero-frontal feathering encroaching much
more upon the nostrils in D7g/ossa. Some of the species referred to
Diglossa, as, for example, ). personata, are in the particulars men-
tioned almost exactly intermediate between typical Diglossa and
Diglossopis, though there seems to be rather more of a gap between
these intermediate forms and D/glossop/s than between the former and
true Diglossa.
'The species which I have not seenare D. gloriosa, D. pectoralis, D. mystacalis, D.
carbonaria, and D. glauca.
2 Diglossopis Sclater, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 2, xvii, 1856, 467. (Type, D.
cerulescens Sclater. )
380 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
KEY TO THE SPECIES OF DIGLOSSA.
a. Bluish gray above (darker on pileum). (Adult males. )
b. Under parts of body cinnamon or cinnamon-rufous. (Southern Mexico; Guate-
mala: 222. ease eee eee Diglossa baritula, adult male (p. 380)
bb. Under parts of body slate-gray. (Costa Rica; Veragua. )
Diglossa plumbea, adult male (p. 381)
aa. Olive or olive-grayish above. (Adult females and young. )
b. Under parts buffy or cinnamon-buffy (tinged with olive laterally).
Diglossa baritula, adult female and young male (p. 380)
bb. Under parts pale olive, light grayish olive, or olive-grayish.
Diglossa plumbea, adult female and young male (p. 381)
DIGLOSSA BARITULA Wagler.
MEXICAN DIGLOSSA,
Adult male.—Head and neck, except throat, blackish slate or slate-
blackish, darker (nearly black) on forehead and lores, more grayish on
sides of neck; back, scapulars, rump, upper tail-coverts, and lesser
wing-coverts plain slate color anteriorly, passing into slate-gray pos-
teriorly; wings and tail dusky with slate-gray edgings, the middle
wing-coverts broadly margined with slate-gray; lower throat, under
parts of body, under tail-coverts, axillars, and under wing-coverts
plain rufous-cinnamon or russet; maxilla brownish black, mandible
blackish terminally and on terminal half of gonys, otherwise pale
brownish or brownish white (in dried skins); legs and feet horn brown-
ish (in dried skins); length (skins), 100.1-109 (105.2); wing, 55.1-58.7
(57.2); tail, 42.2-46.7 (45); exposed culmen, 9.4-10.7 (9.9); tarsus, 16-18
(17.3); middle toe, 9.9-11.4 (10.9).*
Adult female.—Above, including sides of head and neck, plain olive,
lighter and rather brighter on lower rump and upper tail-coverts;
under parts brownish buffy, strongly tinged on chest, sides, and flanks
with pale olive; remiges and rectrices dusky with light olive edgings,
these broader and approaching dull white on tertials; bill and feet as
in adult male; length (skins), 102.1-112.3 (108.2); wing, 54.9-55.1
(55.1); tail, 48.2-47.5 (45); exposed culmen, 9.7-10.2 (9.9); tarsus,
16.5-17.8 (16.8); middle toe, 10.4-11.4 (10.7).”
Young male.—Similar to the adult female, but duller olive above;
greater wing-covyerts indistinctly tipped with pale brownish and tertials
broadly edged with the same; under parts (sometimes, at least) slightly
tinged with cinnamon.
Immature male.—Variously intermediate in coloration between the
adult male and adult female, according to age.
Southern Mexico, in States of Vera Cruz (Mirador; Jico), Mexico
(Valley of Mexico), Morelos (Tetela del Volean; Huitzilac), Michoacan
' Kight specimens, from Mexico. * Four specimens, from Mexico.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 381
(Patzeuaro), Guerrero (Chilpancingo), and Oaxaca (Mount Zampoal-
tepec); Guatemala.’
Diglossa baritula Waaurr, Isis, 1832, 281 (Mexico; coll. Witirzburg Mus. ).—
Haun, Orn. Atlas, xii, 1834-36, pls. 1, 2,—Hartiaus, Rev. Zool., 1842,
56.—BonaParteE, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 401.—RericHenBacn, Handb., ii, 1853,
233, pl. 554, figs. 3762-3763.—SciatTER, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1856, 286
(Cordova, Vera Cruz); 1859, 364 (Jalapa, Vera Cruz), 376 (Juquila and
Totontepec, Oaxaca); 1864, 173 (valley of Mexico); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862,
48 (Jalapa; Guatemala); Ibis, 1875, 207 (monogr.); Cat. Birds Brit. Mus.,
xi, 1886, 3 (near City of Mexico; Jalapa; Quesaltenango, Calderas, Coban,
and Santa Cruz Mts., Guatemala).—ScLaTer and Satvin, Ibis, 1859, 14
(Guatemala).—Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1864, 273 (monogr. )—
SumicHrast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., i, 1869, 548 (alpine region, Vera Cruz).—
Ducks, La Naturaleza, i, 1869, 140 (Guanajuato, Mexico).—Satvin, Cat.
Strickland Coll., 1882, 174 (Guatemala).—Satvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-
Am., Aves, i, 1883, 242.—FErRARI-PEREz, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., ix, 1886,
140 (San Salvador el Verde and Huejotringo Puebla).
D{iglossa] baritula Gray, Gen. Birds, i, 1846, 157, pl. 42.—Carnanis, Mus. Hein.,
i, 1850, 97 (Mexico).
[Diglossa] baritula Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 118, no. 1474.—Sciarrr and Satyin,
Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 15.
Agrilorhinus sittaceus BoNAPARTE, Nuoy. Ann. Scienz. Nat. Bologna, i, 1838, 408
(Mexico; coll. Florence Mus.).—LArreEsnayr, Rey. Zool., Oct., 1839, 292,
in text.
Uncir[estrum] sittaceum LAFRESNAYE, Rey. Zool., Oct., 1839, 292, in text.
Uncirostrum brelayi LAPRESNAYE, Rey. Zool., 1839, 100 (Mexico; coll. Charles
Brelay ).
Agrilorhinus olivaceus Fraser, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1840, 22 (Mexico? ; type
in Brit. Mus.).
DIGLOSSA PLUMBEA Cabanis.
COSTA RICAN DIGLOSSA.
Adult male.—Ahove plain deep bluish slate color, darker (bluish
slate-black) on pileum, paler (bluish slate-gray or deep plumbeous) on
rump; remiges and rectrices black with bluish slate-gray edgings;
lores black; sides of head otherwise like pileum, but rather darker;
under parts plain slate-gray, paler on abdomen; maxilla brownish
black; mandible light brownish basally, dusky terminally; legs and feet
horn brownish (in dried skins); iris brown; length (skins), 105.4—-110.2
(107.7); wing, 53.8-55.4 (54.9); tail, 39.6-44.5 (42.7); exposed culmen,
9.9-10.7 (10.2); tarsus, 17.5-18.8 (18); middle toe, 11.2-12.2 (11.4).”
Adult female.—Above deep olive-gray or grayish olive, the rump
more grayish; under parts deep olive-grayish, paler and tinged with
' The single Guatemalan specimen, an adult male, differs decidedly from all the
adult males from Mexico (eleven in number) in having the entire throat siate-gray
and the axillars and under wing-coverts pale buffy or rusty whitish instead of being
of the same deep rufous-cinnamon color or russet as the under parts. According to
Dr. Sclater, however, ‘‘Guatemalan specimens have less plumbeous on the throat,
thereby approaching D. sittoides.’”’ Evidently, therefore, Guatemalan specimens
require careful comparison with Mexican examples.
* Four specimens.
382 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
buffy on chin, the abdomen dull buffy whitish; bill and feet as in adult
male; length (skin), 100.6; wing, 52.8; tail, 39.1; exposed culmen,
10.4; tarsus, 17.3; middle toe, 11:4.?
Young (both sexes).—Above plain olive; beneath paler olive.
Highlands of Costa Rica and Chiriqui.
Diglossa plumbea CaBantis, Journ. fiir Orn., viii, Nov., 1860, 411 (Costa Rica; coll.
Berlin Mus. ).—Casstn, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1864, 275 (monogr. ).—
Lawrence, Ann. Lye. N. Y., ix, 1868, 97 (San Juan and Quebrada Honda,
Costa Rica).—Franrzius, Journ. fiir Orn., 1869, 297 (Irazi, San Juan, and
Candelaria, Costa Rica).—Satvry, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 185 ( Volean
de Chiriqui, Chiriqui).—Sciarer, Ibis, 1875, 217 (monogr.); Cat. Birds Brit.
Mus., xi, 1886, 9.—Boucarp, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, 54 (Cartago,
Navarro, Naranjo, Volcan de Irazti, and La Laguna, Costa Rica, 4,000-8,000
ft.).—Satvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1883, 243, pl. 15a,
figs. 1, 2.—ZELEpon, An. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, i, 1887, 108 (Volcan de
Trazti).—CueErrig, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xiv, 1891, 529 (descr. young).
[ Diglossa] plumbea ScuaTerR and Sauvrin, Nom. Avy. Neotr., 1873, 15.
Genus CHLOROPHANES Reichenbaeh.
Chlorophanes® RrtcHENBACH, Handb. d. sp. Orn., i, 1853, 233. (Type, Cereba
atricapilla Vieillot, = Certhia spiza Linneeus. )
Rather large Coerebide with the bill as long as or longer than head,
slightly decurved terminally, the maxillary tomium more or less dis-
tinctly notched subterminally; adult males glossy green, with pileum
and sides of head black; or if violet-blue, the pileum also blue.
Bill about as long as head, or a little longer, narrow, gradually taper-
ing and slightly decurved terminally; culmen straight or nearly so for
about basal half, then gently decurved to the tip; gonys straight or
very slightly concave toward tip; maxillary tomium with a slight sub-
terminal notch. Nostril exposed, longitudinal, narrow, overhung by
broad membrane. Rictal bristles minute, very weak. Wing moder-
ate, rather pointed (eighth, seventh, and sixth primaries longest, ninth
much longer than fifth), the tip about equal to length of tarsus. Tail
much shorter than wing (decidedly shorter than distance from bend of
wing to tip of secondaries), emarginated. Tarsus rather short (about
one-fourth as long as wing or a little less, less than length of commis-
sure), its scutella rather distinct; middle toe with claw shorter than
tarsus.
Coloration.—Plumage very glossy; adult males bright green or
bluish green, with pileum and sides of head black, or else violet-blue
with lores, wings, and tail black; adult females* similar but duller in
color, without black on head.
1One specimen.
2yAwpos viridis, pavds lucidus.
>The female of the blue species, C. purpurascens, is unknown.
i et ee Te le
Rea i i i i Birt i hie hi ta a ek
es
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 383
Fange.—Guatemala to southern Brazil and Bolivia. (Two species.)
This genus contains, so far as known, only two species. One of
these, C. purpurascens Sclater and Salvin, is of very restricted range,
being confined to Venezuela; the other occupies almost the entire ares
of continental tropical America, or from Guatemala to southern Brazil
and Bolivia. In various parts of this extensive range it has become
differentiated into an undetermined number of geographic forms or sub-
species, only one of which, however, occurs within the limits of the
present work. The adult male of C. purpurascens differs from that of
C. spiza (in all its forms) in having the pileum mainly blue instead of
uniform black, and in having the general color purplish blue instead
of green. The female and young are unknown. The Central Ameri-
can form of C. spiza is larger and of a less bluish green color than its
South American representatives.
CHLOROPHANES SPIZA GUATEMALENSIS (Sclater).
NORTHERN GREEN HONEY CREEPER,
Similar to C. s. sprza, but larger (especially the bill), and adult male
with green of under parts less bluish.
Adult male.—Pileum, sides of head (down to and including malar
region), and chin, deep black; rest of plumage very glossy viridian
green, more bluish in some lights; alula, primary-coverts, primaries,
and rectrices dusky, edged with viridian green, the middle rectrices
green with a median streak of black; maxilla black, edged (except
toward tip) with yellowish; mandible yellowish (in dried skins’); legsand
feet horn brown or dusky (in dried skins); length (skins), 122.9-143.8
(150.6); wing, 68.6—76.2 (69.9); tail, 44.2-53.3 (48.5); exposed culmen,
15.5-17.5 (16.5); tarsus, 17-19. 1 (18); middle toe, 10.9-13.7 (12.2).
Adult female.—Ahove plain glossy yellowish grass green, beneath
lighter, more apple green; bill and feet as in adult male, but mandible
usually more or less tinged with ee length (skins), 117.6-141.7
(129.5); wing, 65.3-71.1 (69.6); tail, 42.7-52.6 (47.2); exposed culmen,
15.5-17.8 (16.5); tarsus, 17 tie 3); middle toe, 11.9-12.7 (19.4).8
Young male.-—Similar to the adult female, but duller in color.
Immature male.—Variously intermediate in coloration between the
adult male and female, according to age.
Eastern Guatemala (Choctum, Kampamak, Yaxcamnal, ete., 2,000
to 38,000 feet), to Isthmus of Fenama {to western Ecuador?); Cuba???
z Benine to icinnond (Broc] U.S: Nat. Mus. , Xvi, 1893, 487) the mandible in
life is naples yellow, the iris burnt sienna.
* Twelve specimens.
* Hight specimens,
384 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Chlorophanes guatemalensis ScuatER, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1861, 129 (Guate-
mala; coll. P. L. Seclater); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 52 (Choctum, Guatemaia).—
ScutaTerR and Savin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, 349 (Panama R. R.);
1870, 836 (San Pedro, Honduras).—Satyin, Ibis, 1866, 203 (Guatemala);
1872, 315 (Chontales, Nicaragua); Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, 137 (Boquete
de Chitra and Cordillera del Tole, Veragua); 1870, 185 (Calovevora, Veragua).
Chlorophanes guatemalensis SALvaport, Atti. R. Acad. Sci. Torino, iv, 1868, 172
(Costa Rica).
Chlorophanes spiza var. guatemalensis LAWRENCE, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., ix,
1868, 97 (Juiz and Turrialba, Costa Rica).—FRranrzius, Journ. fiir Orn., 1869,
297 (Costa Rica).—Boucarp, Proc. Zool. Soe. Lond., 1878, 54 (Naranjo, Costa
Rica).
Chlorophanes spiza guatemalensis Rripaway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., x, Aug. 6, 1888.
585 (Segovia R., Honduras).—(?) AtLen, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., ii, 1889,
69 (Ecuador).—Cuerriz, Expl. Zool. Costa Rica, i, Aves, 1893, 17 (Boruca,
s. w. Costa Rica).—Banes, Auk, xviii, 1901, 369 (Divala, Chiriqui).
[ Dacnis] guatemalensis Gray, Hand-list, 1, 1869, 118, no. 1471.
Chlorophanes spiza (not Certhia spiza Linnzeus) LAwRENcE, Ann. Lye. N. Y., viil,
1865, 175 (David, Chiriqui).—Cory, Birds West Indies, 1889, 69 (Cuba? );
Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 123 (do.)—Rricumonp, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., xvi,
1893, 487 (Rio Escondido, Nicaragua; habits).—UNpERwoop, Ibis, 1896, 4385
(Volcan de Miravalles, Costa Rica).
Chlorophanes atricapilla (not Cereba atricapilla Vieillot) ScuaTER and Satyr,
Ibis, 1859, 14 (Guatemala).—Satvin and Scuiater, Ibis, 1860, 32 (Guate-
mala; crit.).—SALvIN, Ibis, 1866, 203 (Guatemala).—LAwreEncg, Ann. Lye.
N. Y., vii, 1862, 319 (Panama R. R.).—Boucarp, Liste Ois. Guat., 1878, 31.—
Cory, Auk, iii, 1886, 55 (Cuba ?).
[ Chlorophanes] atricapilla ScLaTER and Satvrx, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1878, 16, part.
[Dacnis] ceerulescens (not Chlorophanes ceerulescens Cassin) Gray, Hand-list,
i, 1869, 118, no. 1472 (Guatemala; Nicaragua).
(2?) Chlorophanes spiza exsul Beruepscnu, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, 543
(Chimbo, w. Ecuador;! coll. Count von Berlepsch).
Genus CYANERPES Oberholser.
Cereba (not of Vieillot, 1807, nor Vigors, 1825) AuTHors.
Arbelorhina (not of Cabanis, 1847) AurHors.
Cyanerpes? OBERHOLSER, Auk, xvi, no. 1, Jan., 1899, 32. (Type, Certhia cyanea
Linnzeus. )
Small, long-billed, brightly colored Caerebide, with the outermost
(ninth) primary equal to or longer than seventh, and with the tarsus
much shorter than exposed culmen.
Bill longer than head, subulate, slightly decurved terminally, rather
broad and depressed basally, the basal width decidedly greater than
basal depth. Nostril wholly exposed, longitudinally oval, with very
' According to Dr. Sclater (Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 29) birds of this species from
western Ecuador are referable to this form, an opinion in which Messrs. Salvin and
Godman (Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 247) concur. I have not seen a specimen cer-
tainly from that district, but the only Ecuadorean example (without definite locality)
examined by me is an extreme example of the Colombian form (Chlorophanes spiza
cerulescens Selater).
*“ Kvavos = cyaneus, + Epmys.”’
————
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 3885
broad superior membrane. Rictal bristles obsolete or very minute.
Wing long (more than four times as long as tarsus), the tip well
produced (longer than tarsus); ninth, eighth, and seventh primaries
longest, the ninth equal to or longer than seventh. Tail less than two-
thirds as long as wing (decidedly less than distance from bend of wing to
tip of secondaries), emarginate, the rectrices rather narrow. Tarsus
rather short (much shorter than exposed culmen, much less than one-
fourth as long as wing), the acrotarsial scutella rather distinct;
middle toe with claw longer than tarsus; claws of lateral toes reach-
ing about to base of middle claw, the outer slightly longer than the
inner; basal phalanx of middle toe united for its entire length to outer
toe, for about half its length to inner toe; hallux about as long as
lateral toes, but much stouter, its claw much shorter than the digit,
very strongly curved.
Coloration.— Adult males rich blue or violet-blue, with lores, wines,
and tail (also throat or else back) black; females green above, beneath
paler (sometimes yellowish or buffy), more or less streaked.
Range.—Southern Mexico to Bolivia and southern Brazil; Cuba.
KEY TO THE SPECIES OF CYANERPES.
a. General color blue and black. (Adult males. )
6. Chin and throat purplish blue, like rest of under parts; back black; inner webs
of remiges partly yellow. (Southern Mexico to southern Brazil; Cuba.)
Cyanerpes cyaneus, adult male (p. 386)
6b. Chin and throat black; back purplish blue; inner webs of remiges without
yellow.
c. Black of throat not extending beyond, truncated posteriorly; general color
violet-blue (smalt or hyacinth). (Colombia to Bolivia and eastern Peru.)
Cyanerpes ceruleus, adult male (extralimital‘)
cc. Black of throat extending over chest, rounded or convex posteriorly; general
color ultramarine or french blue.
d. Larger (wing 52.1-60.4, exposed culmen 15.5-19.6); blue color duller.
(Isthmus of Panama to Guatemala. )
Cyanerpes lucidus, adult male (p. 389)
1 CYANERPES C#RULEUS (Linnzeus).
[Certhia] czrulea Linneus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, i, 1758, 118; ed. 12, i, 1766, 185.
CLzreba] cxrulea VretLtuot, Enc. Méth., ii, 1823, 610.
Cereba cxrulea SCLATER, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 33.
A[rbelorhina] coerulea CABANIS, in Schomburgk’s Reise Brit. Guiana, iii, 1848, 675.
Cyanerpes czeruleus OBERHOLSER, Auk, xvi, Jan., 1899, 34 (synonymy; geog. range).
[Certhia] ochrochlora GMELIN, Syst. Nat., i, pt. i, 1788, 472 (based on Yellow-
cheeked Creeper Latham, Gen. Synopsis, i, pt. 2, p. 734; Surinam).
[Certhia] surinamensis LarHam, Index Orn., i, 1790, 295 (based on Certhia
ochrochlora GMELIN, Yellow-cheeked Creeper Latham, Synopsis, ii, p. 734).
A[rbelorhina] brevirostris CABANIS, Mus. Hein., i, 1850, 96 (Puerto Cabello, Vene-
zuela; coll. Heine Mus.).
Cereba brevirostris ScLatER, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 53 (Bogota, Colombia).
Coereba coerulea microrhyncha Brrterscu, Journ. fiir Orn., xxxii, Oct., 1884, 287
( Bucaramanga and Bogota, Colombia; coll. Count yon Berlepsch).
3654—voL 2—0O1 Diy
386 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
dd. Smaller (wing 48.3; exposed culmen 12.7); blue color brighter. (Colom-
bia to upper Amazon Valley.)
Cyanerpes nitidus, adult male (extralimital ')
aa. General color dull green above, paler beneath, the chest sometimes streaked.
(Adult females and young. )
b. Under wing-coverts and part of inner webs of secondaries yellow; chest without
distinct streaks; throat not buffy.
Cyanerpes cyaneus, adult female and young (p. 386)
bb. Under wing-coverts white, or yellowish white; inner webs of secondaries
without any yellow; chest distinctly streaked; throat buffy.
c. Lores buffy, like throat; chest streaked with dark green; sides and flanks
green streaked with white.
Cyanerpes ceruleus, adult female and young (extralimital)
cc. Lores dusky; chest streaked with blue; sides and flanks plain green.
Cyanerpes lucidus, adult female and young (p. 390)
CYANERPES CYANEUS (Linnzus).
BLUE HONEY CREEPER,
Adult male.—Lores, orbits (terminating in an obtuse angle behind
eye), hindneck, back, wings, and tail deep black; crown light turquoise
or nile blue; inner webs of secondaries, except terminal portion, part
of inner webs of primaries, and part of under wing-coverts canary
yellow; rest of plumage uniform smalt blue; bill black; legs and feet
vermilion red in life, fading to pale brownish or yellowish in dried
skins; length (skins), 105.4-120.9 (116.8); wing, 58.2-68.6 (63.2);
tail, 34.3-39.1 (36.6): exposed culmen, 15-18.5 (16.5); tarsus, 13-15.2
(14.2); middle toe, 9.7-11.9 (10.7).
Adult female.—Above plain dull green or olive-green, the wings and
tail dusky with green or olive-green edgings; greater portion of inner
webs of secondaries, part of inner webs of primaries, axillars, and
under wing-coverts canary yellow; under parts pale olive-greenish,
the throat, median portion of abdomen, and tips of under tail-coverts
Arbelorhina cxrulea microrhyncha Banes, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xii, 1898, 143
(Santa Marta, Colombia).
A[rbelorhina] longirostristris (err. typ.) CABANtIs, Mus. Hein., i, 1850, 96 (Caracas,
Venezuela; coll. Heine Mus. ).
Cereba longirostris ScLaTER, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 53 (upper Amazon).—Fryscu,
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 561 (Trinidad).
Cyanerpes ceruleus longirostris OBERHOLSER, Auk, xvi, Jan., 1899, 34 (synonymy,
crit., etc. ).
This species doubtless divisible into two or more geographic forms or subspecies.
'CyYANERPES NitTIDUs (Hartlaub).
Cereba nitida Harriaus, Rey. Zool., 1847, 84 (n. Peru; coll. Bremen Mus. ).—
Scuater Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 53 (Bogota, Colombia); Cat. Birds Brit.
Mus., xi, 1886, 35.
A[rbelorhina] nitida CaBantis, Mus. Hein., i, 1850, 96, footnote.
Cyanerpes nitidus OBERHOLSER, Auk, xvi, Jan., 1899, 35 (synonymy; range).
* Twenty-two specimens, from Middle America.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 387
pale olive-yellowish or whitish; chest indistinctly streaked with pale
olive-greenish and pale olive-yellowish or whitish; bill blackish; legs
and feet dull red in life, brownish in dried skins; length (skins), 99.8—
119.4 (113); wing, 59.4-64.5 (61.7); tail, 32.5-37.8 (35.1); exposed
culmen, 15-18.5 (17); tarsus, 13-15.5 (14.7); middle toe, 9.7-11.7
GhO./F).+
1 Nineteen specimens, from Middle America.
After careful comparison of all the material available I am unable to discover any
appreciable or constant difference between South American and Middle American
examples of this species, except that specimens from the coast of northern South
America (Venezuela to Santa Marta, Colombia) have very long bills, and may consti-
tute a fairly well-marked subspecies C. c. brevipes (Cabanis). It is possible that a
satisfactory division may be made based upon females, as claimed by Mr. Oberholser
( Auk, xvi, 1899, 33), but after careful examination of specimens which, however,
are very inadequate, I am compelled for the present to forego any attempt at
such division. If any form is to be separated it seems to me that the Cuban birds
should be thus distinguished, for the few females from that island which I have
seen appear to be considerably paler and more uniform in color beneath than any
others.
Average measurements according to locality are as follows:
Locality. Wing. | Tail. aoe Tarsus. Middle
culmen. of
ese alata anne ee ES et a
MALES. |
Twomoultimales trom) Cubaa.c---- sas asccece ss saicc csc Jas 64.5} 38.1 17.8 15. 2 | 10.9
Six adult males from southern Mexico ................-..--- 6453 ested 1537 14.5 | 10.7
Cworadultimales trom! Guatemal ay 9 o520 22s... 2. ete ce [Pe Gleg ia ao sel: 16.3 14 10.9
Four adult males from Honduras (Truxillo)...-......-..--- 62.5 35.6 iia Fle rty ls: 10.2
Dwoadulbmalestrom Nicaragua 7.55.5. 0.5- 2s cmesee- sce. | 61.5] 35.3 17.8 14.7 10.7
Six adult males from Isthmus of Panama........-..-.--..-- 63.2 | 37.6 16.5 14.5 10.9
Four adult males trom Santa Marta, Colombia.............. imeGOaS 39.9 18.5 14.5 | 10.4
One adult male from Caracas, Venezuela .....---..-----.--- | 65.8 38.9 Doral 14.7 10.2
Four adult males from Margarita Island, Venezuela........ | 65.8 38.9 21.1 14.7 | 10.4
Houradultimales trom Drini dads 3.3.5 Sselecss seties sos asi | 65.3 38.1 16.8 14.5 10.2
mhreeadultjmatles trom) Tobago: o25-..5-=2- ee <2 oe 2 cis cee 69.1 41.7 18.3 15 10.7
Two adult males from British Guiana..........--...----..-- 64 37.3 TUNE) Ecce aaa Pe ce ease
Two adult males from lower Amazon (Pard)........-..----- 61.2 38.1 152 14,2 9.4
Three adult males from eastern Brazil (Bahia).-.....--..-- 63.8 BY fall 15.7 14,2 10.2
Three adult males from southwestern Brazil (Chapada).... 66.3 39.6 14.5 15.5 10.4
FEMALES.
Oneadult-temaletrom' Cubase. s225.2--2225--==-5- 2 eens 59.9 | 32.5 lige e788 15.2 11.4
Five adult females from southern Mexico .........---..---- 62.5 | 39.1 | 16.5 14.5 10.9
Five adult females from Guatemala-.............-.--------- RY eas 17 14.7 10.9
Three adult females from Honduras ................-------- 617) 38.8 16.83/15 9.9
Two adult females from Nicaragua:.....-.......-:-.---+----- 60.5 | 35.1 | 18 14 10.7
Three adult females from Isthmus of Panama ............-- 60.5] 35.6 | 17.8 14.7 IED
Oneladult female fromVienezuelasacmceeses see es = se 2's 66.5 39.6|° 18.3 15.2 11.4
Two adult females from Margarita Island............-...... 63.5 36.8 | 19.3 14.7 10.2
Three adult females from Trinidad ..............--.-.-----. 63 37.6 | 18.8 14.5 10.2
Dwoadultfemales from Tobago..-2-2.-2-4-2<0 - Moses ec- se ae. 6 | 39.1 | 19.8 15.2 10.9
ahreeadult females from) Bahia. s22s2---<-.2-ss2-s see seca - 62 | 36.8 | 18.5 14.2 10.2
Oneadult female trom Chapada .--./5--25---- 2-22 -22--22 2 66.5 | 40.6 | 15.5 14.7 9.9
388 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Young male.—Similar to the adult female. .
Immature male.—Variously intermediate in coloration between the
adult male and female, according to age. (The black wings and tail
are assumed before the blue appears.)
Continental tropical America in general, from southern Mexico
(States of Vera Cruz, Oaxaca, etc.') to southeastern Brazil and
Bolivia; but in South America only east of the Andes; Cuba; Jamaica
(accidental).
(2) [Certhia] cayana Linnaus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, 1, 1766, 186 (based on Brisson,
Orn., iii, p. 636, pl. 23. fig. 2).—GmeELin, Syst. Nat., i, pt. i, 1788, 475.—
LatHamM, Index Orn., i, 1790, 293.
[Certhia] cyanea Linn xvs, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, i, 1766, 188 (based on Certhia nigro
ceruleoque varia Edwards, Nat. Hist., ii, p. 114, pl. 264, fig. 1; Certhia bra-
siliensis cerulea Brisson, Orn., iii, 628, pl. 31, fig. 5, ete.).—Gme.in, Syst.
Nat., i, pt. i, 1788, 483.—LarHam, Index Orn., i, 1790, 291.
Cereba cyanea Vietior, Nouv. Dict. d’ Hist. Nat., xiv, 1817, 44; Ene. Méth., 1823,
610; Gal. Ois., i, 1834, 288, pl. 176.—Maximruian, Beitr. Naturg. Bras., iii,
1831, 761.—D’OrsieNy and Larresnayk, Mag. de Zool. 1839 (Synop. Ay, p.
24).—Burmetster, Syst. Ueb. Th. Bras., 1ij, 1856, 150.—ScuiarEr, Proc. Zool.
Soc. Lond., 1856, 140, 286 (David, Chiriqui); 1857, 263 (Ega, upper Ama-
zons); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 52 (Cayenne; Brazil; Amazons); Cat. Birds
Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 32 (s. Mexico to s. e. Brazil and Bolivia; Cuba).—
Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1864, 266 (monogr.).—Tayuor, Ibis,
1864, 81 (Trinidad); 1870, 886 (San Pedro, Honduras); 1873, 260 (Sarayacu,
etc., e. Peru); 1879, 597.—Sciater and Satvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1866,
179 (Sarayacu, e. Ecuador); 1867, 570 (Para, lower Amazons), 749 (Rio
Huallaga, e. Peru); 1868, 166, 627 (Venezuela).—LawreEnce, Ann. Lye.
N. Y., ix, 1868, 97 (Costa Rica).—Finscu, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 561
(Trinidad ).—Pr.LzELn, Orn. Bras., 1871, 25.—Satvin, Ibis, 1872, 315 (Chon-
tales, Nicaragua); 1885, 207 (British Guiana); Cat. Strickland Coll., 1882, 177
(Brazil; Trinidad; Guatemala).—-Layarp, Ibis, 1873, 378.—Bovucarp, Liste
Ois-Guat., 1878, 31.—Satyvrn and Gopman, Ibis, 1879, 199 (Manaure, proy.
Santa Marta, Colombia, 2,700 ft.) ; 1880, 119 (Santa Marta); Biol. Centr.-Am.,
Aves, i, 1886, 248.—ForBks, Ibis, 1881, 330 (Estancia, n. e. Brazil).—Tacza-
Nowskl, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1882, 9 (Huambo, n. e. Peru); Orn. du
Pérou, i, 1884, 4386.—Nutrtina, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vi, 1883, 382 (Sucuy4,
Nicaragua).—Cory, Auk, iii, 1886, 53 (Cuba); Birds West Indies, 1889, 67
(do.).—Scorr, Auk, x, 1893, 339 (near Kingston, Jamaica, 1 spec., May 17,
1890).—Unprrwoop, Ibis, 1896, 435 (Volcan de Miravalles, Costa Rica).
[ Cereba] cyanea SciatTeR and Saryin, Nom. Ay. Neotr., 1873, 16.
N[ectarinia] cyanea Swarnson, Birds Western Africa, ii, 1838, 141.
A[rbelorhina] cyanea Capants, Mus. Hein., i, 1850, 96 (Brazil).
Arbelorhina cyanea CABANIs, in Schomburgk’s Reis. Brit. Guiana, ili, 1848, 675.—
GuNDLACH, Repert. Fisico-Nat. Cuba, i, 1866, 290; Orn. Cuba, 1893, 105.—
Ripeway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., x, 1887, 579 (Truxillo, Honduras ).—ZELE-
pon, Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, i, 1887, 108 (Las Trojas de Puntarenas, San
José, Alajuela, Pozo Azul de Pirris and Monte Redondo de San José).—
Ber.epscH, Journ. fiir. Orn., 1889, 295 (Yurimaguas, e. Peru).—ALLEN, Bull.
1Among Mexican localities cited appears the Valley of Mexico; but since the species
is a bird of the tierra caliente, or true tropical districts, there is doubtless an error in
this case.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 389
Am. Mus. N. H., iii, 1891, 347 (Chapada, prov. Matto Grosso, s. w. Brazil;
crit.; descr. eggs).—CHAPMAN, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., iv, 1892, 310 (San
Pablo, s. Cuba); vi, 1894, 26 (Trinidad ).—Cory, Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 117,
155 (Cuba).—Ricumonp, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xvi, 1893, 487 (Rio Escon-
dido and San Carlos, Nicaragua).—CHeErRI£, Expl. Zool. Costa Rica, i, Aves,
1893, 17 (Lagarto, Boruca, Térraba, and Buenos Aires, s. w. Costa Rica).
Cyanerpes cyaneus OBERHOLSER, Auk, xvi, Jan., 1891, 32 (synonymy; geog.
range, etc.).—Banas, Auk, xviii, 1891, 31 (San Miguel I., Bay of Panama).
(2) [Certhia] cyanogastra LatHam, Index Orn., i, 1790, 295 (based on Blue-throated
Creeper Latham, Synopsis, li, 734).
(2)[Certhia] flavipes GMELIN, Syst. Nat., i, 1788, 472 (based on Blue-throated
Creeper Latham, Synopsis, ii, 734).
Cereba carneipes SCLATER, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1859, 376 (Playa Vicente,
Oaxaca, s. Mexico; coll. P. L. Sclater); 1864, 173 (‘ ‘valley of Mexico’’); Cat.
Am. Birds, 1862, 52 (Oaxaca).—Scuiarer and Satyvin, Ibis, 1860, 32 (Duefias,
Guatemala); Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, 349 (Panama R. R.).—LAWRENCE,
Ann. Lyc. N. Y., vii, 1861, 291, 317 (Panama R. R.); vili, 1865, 175 (David,
Chiriqui).—Sauvin, Proc. Zool. Soe. Lond., 1867, 187; (Cordillera de Tolé,
Santiago, and Santa Fé, Veragua; David, Chiriqui); 1870, 185 (Bugaba,
Volean de Chiriqui, Chitra, Castillo, Cordillera del Chucu, and Calovevora,
Veragua).—-Sumicurast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., i, 1869, 548 (hot district,
Vera Cruz).
Coeereba cyanea var. carneipes Boucarp, Cat. Ay., 1876, 239, no. 7444 (Mexico).
Cyanerpes cyaneus carneipes OBERHOLSER, Auk, xvi, Jan., 1899, 33 (erit.; s. Mexico
to Panama).
A[rbelorhina] brevipes CABANIS, Mus. Hein., i, 1850, 96 (Puerto Cabello, Vene-
zuela; coll. Heine Mus. ).
Cereba brevipes REICHENBACH, Handb. Spec. Orn,, 1851, 237.
Cyanerpes cyaneus brevipes OBERHOLSER, Auk, xvi, Jan., 1899, 33 (synonymy;
crit. ).
A[rbelorhina] eximia CaBants, Mus. Hein., i, 1850, 96 (Puerto Cabello, Vene-
zuela; coll. Heine Mus. ).
Cereba cyanea eximia BrritepscH, Journ. fiir Orn., 1884, 287 (Bucaramanga,
Colombia).
Arbelorhina cyanea eximia Rrcumonp, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xviii, Aug. 12,
1896, 679, (Margarita I., Venezuela).—Rosinson, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., xviil,
1896, 679 (habits).—Banes, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xii, 1898, 1438 (Santa
Marta, Colombia).
Cyanerpes cyanea eximea ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., xviii, Aug. 25, 1900, 173
(Bonda, ete., proy. Santa Marta, Colombia).
CYANERPES LUCIDUS (Sclater and Salvin).
SHINING HONEY CREEPER.
Adult male.—Lores, chin, throat, and upper median portion of chest
uniform deep black; wings, tail, and thighs black; rest of plumage
plain dull ultramarine or french blue, lighter more azure blue on
head; bill black; legs and feet canary yellow in life,’ dull yellowish in
dried skins; length (skins), 91.4-109.7 (100.6); wing, 52.1-60.5 (57.4);
tail, 26.4-32.3 (29.5); exposed culmen, 15.5-19.6 (18); tarsus, 14-16.3
(14.7); middle toe, 9.7-11.4 (10.7).?
‘Richmond, Proce. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., xvi, 1893, 488. “Ten specimens.
390 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Adult female.—Pileum and hindneck dull grayish blue or greenish,
the forehead (sometimes crown also) usually narrowly streaked with
whitish; rest of upper parts plain dull grass green or parrot green;
‘lores brownish dusky; malar region blue or partly blue; chin and
throat buff; median under parts dull whitish, the chest streaked with
blue; sides and flanks plain grayish green; bill black; legs and feet
sage green in life,’ brownish in dried skins; length (skins), 98.5-105.1
(98.6); wing, 50.8-57.4 (54.6); tail, 25.4-30.5 (27.9); exposed culmen,
18.5-19.6 (19.1), tarsus, 14.7-15.7 (15); middle toe, 9.4-10.7 (10.4).”
Young male. —Similar in Sistas to the adult female.
Immature male.—Variously intermediate in color between adult
male and female, according to age.
Central America, from Guatemala (chorion) to the Isthmus of
Panama (line of Panam Railroad).
Cereba cerulea (not Certhia cerulea Linnzeus) Sctater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
1856, 140 ( Veragua).
Cereba lucida ScLATER and SaLvin, Ibis, Ist ser., i, Jan., 1859, 14 (Guatemala) ;
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, 349 (Panama R. R.).—Moorg, Proc. Zool.
Soe. Lond., 1859, 53 (Honduras).—Lawrence, Ann. Lye. N. Y., vii, 1861, 291,
318 (Panama R. R.).—Scuater, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 53 (Choctum, Vera
Paz, Guatemala); Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 35 (Choctum, Guatemala;
Bugaba, Veragua; Lion Hill, Panama R. R.).—Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat.
Sci. Phila., 1864, 267 (monogr. ).—Sanviy, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, 137
(David, Chiriqui); 1870, 185 (Bugaba, Veragua).—Boucarp, Tate Ois.
Guat., 1878, 32,—Sa.vin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1883, 249.
[Cereba] lucida Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 117, no, 1453.—ScLaTER and SALvIN,
Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 16.
Arbelorhina lucida Herne and RetcHenow, Nom. Mus. Hein., Orn., 1882, 60.—
ZELEDON, An. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, i, 1887, 108 (San José, Puerto Limon,
and Pozo Azul de Pirris).—CuHeErriz, Auk, ix, 1892 23 (San José, Costa
Rica); Expl. Zool. Costa Rica, i, Aves, 1893, 17 (Boruca and Térraba, s. w.
Costa Rica; crit.).—RicHmonp, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xvi, 1893, 488 (Rio
Escondido, Nicaragua; habits; color of unfeathered parts, etc.).
Cyanerpes lucidus OBERHOLSER, Auk, xvi, Jan., 1899, 34 (synonymy; range).
Genus DACNIS Cuvier.
Dacnis Cuvier, Régne Anim., i, 1817, 395. (Type, Motacilla cayana Linnzvs. )
Cyanodacnis Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., xvi, Nov., 1864, 268. (Type,
Motacilla cayana Linnezeus. )
Polidacnis Casstx, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., xvi, Nov., 1864, 269. (Type, Dacnis
angelica De Filippi. )
Eudaenis Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., xvi, Nov., 1864, 270. (Type, Daenis
flaviventris Lafresnaye and D’Orbigny. )
Coerebide with the bill shorter than the head, acute-conical or wedge-
shaped, very shghtly decurved terminally (at least the maxilla), and tip
acute; tarsus not longer than middle toe with claw; adult males blue
1Richmond, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xvi, 1893, 488.
* Four specimens.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 391
and black (sometimes with white or yellow abdomen or scarlet thighs),
or else yellow and black with greenish pileum.
Bill shorter than head, narrowly conical or wedge-shaped, usually
very shghtly decurved terminally, with tip acute; culmen nearly
straight for basal half or more, thence slightly and gradually
decurved to the acute tip of the maxilla; gonys straight or some-
times faintly concave terminally. Nostrils exposed, longitudinally
oval, overhung by rather broad membrane. Rictal bristles very
minute or obsolete. Wing moderate, rather pointed (ninth, eighth,
and seventh primaries longest, the ninth longer than sixth, sometimes
equal to longest); wing-tip equal to or longer than tarsus (usually
decidedly longer). Tail much shorter than wing (decidedly shorter
than distance from bend of wing to tip of secondaries), even or very
slightly rounded. Tarsus about as long as commissure or a little
longer, distinctly scutellate; middle toe with claw about equal to
tarsus or slightly shorter.
Coloration.—Adult males bright bluish green to violet-blue, varied
with black, some species with the abdomen, etc., white or yellow,
or with scarlet thighs; or else the plumage yellow and black, with
greenish pileum; adult females much duller in color; greenish, olive,
or brownish above, pale: below, the head sometimes bluish, with
grayish throat.
Range.—Nicaragua to Peru, Bolivia, and southern Brazil.
This genus has hitherto included some half dozen species which cer-
tainly do not belong to it. These are 2). pulcherrima Sclater, which
I have made the type of a new genus, /ridophanes,' and referred,
provisionally at least, to the Tanagride,’ and the last six species given
by Dr. Selater (except possibly 2. salmonz, which I have not seen),
these latter, according to my views, constituting a distinct genus
(Ateleodacnis Cassin *) and belonging to the Mniotiltide. Of the spe-
cies left in Dacnis the most aberrant is D). flaviventris.* This has the
bill straighter than any other species (almost perfectly straight, in
fact), and has the tarsus much longer than middle toe with claw; the
coloration is very different from that of other species, clear lemon
yellow replacing blue, but the pattern is essentially the same.
KEY TO THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES OF DACNIS.
a: Lores and at least part of back black; under parts (except throat, in some species)
bright blue or green, or else greenish black with scarlet thighs. (Adult males. )
b. Under parts of body blue, thighs blue or bluish gray; wings with conspicuous
blue edgings.
1 Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., ili, 1891, 150.
2See page 2, this volume.
3 Ateleodacnis Cassin, Proc. Ac Nat. Sci. Phila., 1864, 270. (Type, Dacnis leucogenys
Lafresnaye. )
* Dacnis flaviventris Lafresnaye and D’Orbigny, Mag. de Zool., 1859, Synop. Ay., 21.
392 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
c. Throat black; under wing-coverts gray. (Daenis cayana. )
d. General color bright cerulean or turquoise blue, changing to bluish green;
throat deeper black. (Colombia to southern Braziland Bolivia; Chiriqui?)
Dacnis cayana cayana, adult male (p. 392)
dd. General color bright ultramarine or cobalt blue, changing to greenish blue;
throat dull greenish black. (Isthmus of Panama to Nicaragua. )
Dacnis cayana ultramarina, adult male (p. 394)
ec. Throat bluish green; under wing-coverts white. (Isthmus of Panama. )
Dacnis viguieri, adult male (p. 396)
bb. Under parts of body greenish black; thighs scarlet; wings entirely black.
(Costa Rica to Colombia.) 2_---- =. -=-- Dacnis venusta, adult male (p. 396)
aa. No black on lores nor back; under parts of body yellowish green, or light buffy
grayish anteriorly passing into buffy or buffy yellowish posteriorly. (Adult
females and young. )
b. Under parts yellowish green, the throat bluish gray; pileum greenish blue;
wing-coverts, remiges, and rectrices edged with bright yellowish green.
c. More yellowish green, with head lighter and more greenish blue.
Dacnis cayana cayana, adult female and young male (p. 392)
cc. Clearer green, with head deeper and less greenish blue.
Dacnis cayana ultramarina, adult female and young male (p. 395)
bb. Under parts light buffy grayish anteriorly, passing into buffy posteriorly (the
abdomen more yellowish); wing-coverts plain greenish gray or olive, the
remiges and rectrices edged with same.
Dacnis venusta, adult female and young male (p. 397)
DACNIS CAYANA CAYANA (Linnezus).
CAYENNE DACNIS.
Adult male.—Lores, postocular streak (of variable extent), chin,
throat, and back, uniform black; wings and tail black; middle wing-
coverts tipped with bright greenish blue, greater coverts and tertials
broadly, secondaries and primaries (in part) narrowly, edged with the
same; rest of plumage bright cerulean or turquoise blue viewed toward
the light, changing to bluish green when viewed from the light; bill
brownish black, the mandible more brownish (fleshy in life) basally;
iris reddish brown;' legs and feet brownish in dried skins, fleshy* or
bluish® in life; length (skins), 99.6-133.6 (115.1); wing, 61.2-68.6 (65);
tail, 41.748 (44.2); exposed culmen, 11.9-14 (13.2); tarsus, 15.7-16.8
(16.3); middle toe, 10.2—-11.4 (10.7).°
Adult female.—Y ellowish grass green, orighter on rump and upper
tail-coverts, rather lighter (approaching apple green) on under parts;
head dull greenish blue or bluish green (nile blue or beryl green), the
throat paler and grayer; lesser wing-coverts darker and duller green-
ish blue; bill and feet as in the male, but the former rather browner;
length (skins), 103.1-130.3 (116.6); wing, 57.2-68.6 (63); tail, 39.6-47
; ponese ie. 1881, 330.
?D’Orbigny, Voy. Am. Mérid., Ois., 1839, 221.
* Fourteen specimens.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 393
(43.7); exposed culmen, 11.7-14.7 (13.2); tarsus, 15.2-17.5 (16.5); mid-
dle toe, 9.7-12.2 (10.7).’
Eastern tropical South America, from southern Brazil, and Bolivia
to Guiana, Venezuela, and Colombia; Chiriqui?’”
2? [Motacilla] cayana*® Lixnzxus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, i, 1766, 336 (based on Blue
Manakin Edwards, moe Hist. Birds, pl. 263, lower fig.; Sylvia cayanensis
cerulea Brisson, Orn., iii, 534, pl. 28, fig. 1).—Gmetrn, Syst. Nat., i, pt. ii,
1788, 990.
D{acnis] cayanus D’OrpIGNyY and LAFRESNAYE, Mag. de Zool., 1839 (Synop. Av.,
p. 20) (Yuracares, proy. Chiquitos, Bolivia).
D{acnis] cayana Capanis, Mus. Hein., i, 1850, 95 (Cayenne).
[Dacnis] cayana Bonaparte, Consp. Ay., i, 1850, 400.—ScLaTerR and Satyvin,
Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 16.
Dacnis cayana StricKLAND, Contr. Orn., 1851, 15 (crit.; synonymy ).—ScuaTEr,
Jardine’s Contr. Orn., 1851, 106 (monogr.); Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1854,
110 (Pallatanga, e. Ecuador), 252 (Trinidad; Guiana; Cayenne; Brazil;
e. Peru; Bolivia); 1855, 137 (Bogota, Colombia); 1857, 263 (Ega, upper
Amazons); 1858, 452 (Gualaquiza, e. Ecuador); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 50
(Bogota, Colombia; Trinidad; Cayenne); Ibis, 1863, 313 (monogr.); Cat.
Birds Brit. Mus., viii, 1886, 19, part (Volcan de Chiriqui and Bugaba, Chir-
iqui; South American localities).—Casstn, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1864,
268 (monogr. ).—Taytor, Ibis, 1864, 81 (Trinidad).—ScuaTer and SaLvIn,
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1866, 179 (Rio Ucayali, e. Peru); 1867, 570 (Para,
1 Nine specimens.
The specimens measured average as follows, according to locality:
ee rs -, |Exposed Middle
Locality. Wing. | Tail. animeny Tarsus. ton
MALES.
Four adult males from Colombia (‘‘ Bogota’’) .......-.------ 67.1 44,2 13.2 16 10.4
Ivo adult malestrom Trinidad! 22.22. = -2sce-6- c= siee- sees e | 62.2 42.4 12.7 15.7 10.4
One‘aduit male from British Guiana. ..--2....--.-2--2:----: | 62 42.9 DSiaz= |e eetore| Sasso
Five adult males from eastern Brazil .........-.--.--.------ | 64.5 44,2 13.2 16.5 10.7
Two adult males from southwestern Brazil (Chapada)...... Wea 46.5 13.7 16.3 11.2
FEMALES.
One adult female from Colombia (‘‘ Bogota’’) ....-..------- Odo 47 13.5 16 10.7
Mhreeadulttemalesfrom TLrinidad -.22.-...2--..tc+--2-25-6- | 62.2 43.9 14.2 16.5 10.9
One adult female from British Guiana.......-.....--------- eet 7a2 39.6 LE 16.5 10.2
One adult female from lower Amazon (Santarem)......--..- 60.5 43.4 1232 15.2 9.7
Two adult females from southwestern Brazil (Chapada) -. | 66.8 | 44.7 13.7 17.5 9.7
|
Oneadulttemaletrom*Boliviaie..- sss 2sccc-cs5ce-0c- cece! 62.2 43.7 1232 16 9.9
The South American birds will probably require subdivision into two or more
geographic subspecies. Specimens from Colombia are, as a rule, more decidedly
blue than those from other parts of South America, especially those from southern
Brazil, which, besides being larger, are decidedly greenish and have the black duller,
especially that on the throat. (See Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., iii, 1891, p.
347, where average measurements of 20 adult males from Chapada, Matto Grosso, are
given as follows: Wing, 68.8; tail, 45.5; exposed culmen, 13. )
2 Although Chiriqui examples have, at least generally, the light blue color of true
D. cayana, | am exceedingly doubtful whether they should be referred to that form.
Lack of adequate material, however, prevents me from reaching a satisfactory con-
clusion in the matter.
$See Berlepsch, Journ. fiir Orn., 1873, 235.
394 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
lower Amazon), 749 (Rio Huallaga, e. Peru), 977 (Amazonia); 1878, 259
(lower Ucayali, Xeberos, Chamicuros, Pebas, and Ega, e. Peru); 1875, 237
(province of Tachira, Venezuela); 1879, 496 (Remedios, proy. Antioquia,
Colombia), 597 (Rio Tanapaya, etc., Bolivia).—Lktoraup, Ois. Trinidad,
1866, 124.—Satvaport, Atti. R. Ac. Sci. Torino, ii, 1868, 261 (crit.; synon-
ymy).—PELZzELN, Orn. Bras., 1871, 25.—Layarp, Ibis, 1873, 378 (Pard).—
TaczaNnowskI, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1874, 510 (Monterico, centr. Peru);
1882, 9 (Huambo, n. e. Peru); Orn. du Pérou, i, 1884, 428.—ALLEN, Bull.
Essex Inst., viii, 1876, 78 (Santarem, lower Amazon); Bull. Am. Mus.
N. H., ii, 1889, 80 (Mapiri and Falls of Madeira, Bolivia); iii, 1891, 347
(Chapada, prov. Matto Grosso, s. w. Brazil; crit.).—ForsBers, Ibis, 1881, 330
(Caxanga, Recife, etc., n. e. Brazil). —Satvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am.,
Aves, 1, 1883, 244, part (South American localities). —Satvin, Ibis, 1885, 207
(British Guiana ).—CnHapman, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., vi, 1894, 26 (Trinidad ).—
InerinG, Aves d. Est. S. Paulo, 1899, 141 (Iguape).
[ Fringilla] cyanomelas GMELIN, Syst. Nat., i, 1788, 924 (based on Fringilla cerulea,
mento, gula, elc., nigris Koelreuter, Noy. Comm. Petrop., xi, 454, pl. 15, fig. 6).
' D{aenis] cyanomelas CaBants, Mus. Hein., i, 1850, 95 (Brazil).
Dacnis cyanomelas REIcHENBACH, Handb., ii, 1853, 227.—BurmMeEtster, Syst. Ueb.
Th. Bras., iii, 1856, 153.—Brrierscn, Journ. fiir Orn., 1873, 235 (Santa Cat-
arina, s. Brazil; synonomy, crit., ete. ); 1889, 294 (Tarapoto, upper Amazons;
_crit.).—Boucarp and BrerierscH, The Humming Bird, ii, 1892, 43 (Porto
Real, Brazil).
[Motacilla] cyanocephala Gmewrx, Syst. Nat., i, 1788, 990 (= female; based on
Sylvia viridis Brisson, Orn., iii, 531, pl. 28, fig. 4; Blue-headed Warbler Latham,
Synopsis, ii, pt. 2, 503,,etc.; Cayenne).
Nectarinia cyanocephala Swainson, Zool. Ilustr., ser. i, vol. ii, 1822, pl. 117.
D{aenis] cyanocephala Gray, Gen. Birds, i, 1846, 102 (not pl. 34, fig. 2).—CaBanis, —
in Schomburgk’s Reis. Brit. Guiana, iii, 1848, 675.
Dacnis cyanocephalus D’Orsiany, Voy. Amer. Mérid., Ois., 1839, 221 (Paraguay;
Bolivia).
(?) N[ectarinia] ceruliocephala Swarnson, Birds West Africa, ii, 183-, 141.
Nectarinia bicolor (not Sylvia bicolor Vieillot, 1807) BeckLemicHew, Nouy. Mém.
Soc. Mosce., 1, 1829, 378, pl. 23.
D{acnis] bicolor Gray, Gen. Birds, i, 1846, 102.
Coereba caerulea (not of Vieillot) Maxrmruran, Beitr. Naturg. Bras., iii, 1831, 766.
Dacnis cyanater Lesson, Traité d’Orn., 1831, 458.—LarresnayE and D’Orsieny,
Synopsis Avium, i (Mag. de Zool., 1837), 21 (Yuracares, prov. Chiquitos,
Bolivia).—PucnHERAN, Rev. et Mag. Zool., vi (2), 1854, 70 (crit.).
Dacnis nigripes (not of Pelzeln) Casstx, Proce. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1864, 269
(monogr. ).
[ Dacnis cayana.] b. Subsp. typica Scuarer, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 20, in
list of specimens.
DACNIS CAYANA ULTRAMARINA (Lawrence).
ULTRAMARINE DACNIS.
Similar to LD. ¢. cayana, but adult male usually with the blue of a
much deeper and less greenish hue, the color changing from bright
ultramarine or cobalt blue when viewed toward the light to greenish
blue viewed from the light; chin and throat decidedly duller black,’ or
The throat is similarly dull colored in examples of so-called D. cayana from
southwestern Brazil (Chapada), but the birds from that district should undoubtedly
be separated as a distinct subspecies from true D. cayana, being much larger as well
as greener than the typical form from the lower Amazon Valley, Cayenne, ete.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 395
dull grayish black washed with dull blue; adult female less yellowish
green than that of 7). c. cayana, with blue of head deeper and less
greenish.
Adult male.—Lores, short triangular postocular streak, and back
black, the last sometimes slightly glossed or overlaid with dull bluish;
chin and throat dull grayish black or blackish gray, tinged or glossed
with dull blue; wings and tail black, the middle wing-coverts broadly
tipped with bright blue, the greater coverts and tertials broadly, the
secondaries and primaries in part (sometimes also median rectrices),
narrowly, edged with the same; rest of plumage bright blue, usually
cobalt or ultramarine when viewed toward the light,’ changing to more
greenish blue when viewed from the light; concealed portion of wpper
tail-coverts black, the plumage of under parts grayish beneath the sur-
face; bill brownish black terminally, more brownish basally, especially
on mandible; legs and feet brownish (in dried skins); length (skins),
102.9-119.9 (110.7); wing, 60.2-66.3 (63); tail, 41.1—44.7 (42.7); exposed
culmen, 12.4-13.7 (18); tarsus, 15.2-17 (16); middle toe, 10.2-10.9
(HORT).
Adult female.—Y ellowish grass green, brighter on rump and upper
tail-coverts, rather lighter (approaching apple green) on under parts;
head greenish blue, the throat light bluish gray; lesser wing-coverts
darker greenish blue than head, the centers of feathers (like those of
pileum) darker; bill and feet as in the adult male, but the former more
distinctly and extensively brownish basally; length (skins), 105.4-117.3
(113); wing, 62-64.3 (63.5); tail, 40.9-44.5 (42.7); exposed culmen, 13-
14 (13.5); tarsus, 15.5-16.5 (16); middle toe, 10.9-11.4 (11.2).°
Isthmus of Panama (Panama Railroad) to eastern Nicaragua (Grey-
town; Rio Escondido; Chontales, ete.).
Dacnis cerebicolor (not of Sclater) Lawrencr, Ann. Lye. N. Y., vii, 1861, 219
(Panama R. R.).
Dacnis ultramarina LAWRENCE, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., xvi, 1864, 106 (Panama
R. R.; coll. G. N. Lawrence?); Ann. Lyc. N. Y., viii, 1865, 180 (Greytown,
Nicaragua); ix, 1868, 97 (Angostura, Costa Rica).—ScuaTer and Satvin,
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, 348 (Panama R. R.).—Casstn, Proc. Ac. Nat.
Sci. Phila., 1864, 269 (monogr.).—Satvin, Proce. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 185
(Chepo, Isthmusof Panama).—Berr.epscu, Journ. fiir Orn., 1873, 236( crit. ).—
Satyvin and Gopman, Biol. Cent.-Am., Aves, i, 1883, 244.—ZELEpDoN, Anal.
Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, i, 1887, 108 (Las Trojas de Puntarenas).—RicHMmonp,
Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., xvi, 1893, 487 (Rio Escondido, Nicaragua).—CHERRIE,
Expl. Zool. Costa Rica, i, Aves, 1898, 17 (Terrdba, s. w. Costa Rica).
[ Dacnis] ultramarina ScLaTeR and Satvin, Nom. Ay. Neotr., 1873, 16.
[Daenis cayana.] a. Subsp. wtramarina Scuater, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886,
20, in list of specimens.
1The color of D. c. cayana in the same position is cerulean or turquoise blue,
changing to bluish green.
* Seven specimens.
3 Five specimens.
396 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
(2?) Daenis cayana (not Motacilla cayana Linneeus) SALvin, Ibis, 1870, 185 (Mina de
Chorcha, Veragua); 1872, 318, 314 (Chontales, Nicaragua).—Scuater, Cat.
Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 19, part (Chontales, Nicaragua; Chepo, Veragua;
Lion Hill and Panama, Panama R. R.).
(?) Daenis cayana glaucogularis BErRLEpscH and StotzMann, Proc. Zool. Soe.
Lond., Aug. 1, 1896, 336 (La Gloria and La Merced, centr. Peru; coll.
Branicki Mus. ).!
DACNIS VIGUIERI Oustalet.
VIGUIER’S DACNIS.
Adult male.—Bluish green, the lores, back, and tail black; primaries
black, with inner webs edged with white; distal secondaries blackish,
edged with green, proximal secondaries (tertials) broadly edged with
yellowish green, their inner webs blackish; bill and feet black; length,
119.9; tail, 50; tarsus, 15; exposed culmen, 9.9.
‘** Head, throat, breast, abdomen, and under tail-coverts bright green
glossed with blue, corresponding with the color called in France
cendre-vert; lores, back, and tail deep black; remiges black, their
inner webs edged with white; innermost secondaries black margined
with clear green, the remaining secondaries for the greater part green
with an inner margin of black; lesser (4) coverts glossy yellowish or
golden green, the other coverts brilliant green glossed with blue, but
the concealed portions black; bill and feet uniform black. Iris golden
yellow (according to M. Viguier).””
Isthmus of Panama (coast of Gulf of Darien).
A very distinct species, which I have not seen.
Dacnis viguieri OusTALET, in Salvin and Godman’s Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, Nov.,
1883, 246 (Isthmus of Panama; coll. Paris Mus. ).
Dacnis vigueri SALYIN and GopMAN, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1883, pl. 15a, fig. 3.
DACNIS VENUSTA Lawrence.
SCARLET-THIGHED DACNIS,
Adult male.—Forehead, lores, orbits, triangular postocular mark,
anterior portion of malar region, chin, throat, and rest of under parts
(except thighs) greenish black or dark ‘‘invisible” green; thighs
bright scarlet; head and neck, except as described, scapulars, median
portion of back, rump, and part of upper tail-coverts rich turquoise
blue; wings, tail, and longer upper tail-coverts black; under wing-
coverts partly white; bill black; legs and feet brownish (in dried
skins); length (skins), 114.8-124 (119.1); wing, 63.5-71.4 (68.8); tail,
' Typical specimens (received from the Branicki Museum) are undistinguishable
from a light-colored example of D. c. ultramarina from Chiriqui. All Peruvian
specimens examined agree with the Central American form in the color of the
throat (as distinguished from that of D. c. cayana), but none of them exhibit the
deep blue color characteristic of most specimens of D. ¢. ultramarina, being in this
respect like true D. cayana.
2 Free translation of Oustalet’s original description, in Biologia Centrali-Americana,
Aves, i, 246.
‘
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 397
41.7-43.2 (42.4); exposed culmen, 12.2-13 (12.4); tarsus, 15.2-16.5
(15.7); middle toe, 10.4-11.2 (10.9).*
Adult female.—Pileum and hindneck dull or dusky greenish olive,
the feathers narrowly and indistinctly tipped or margined with
brighter greenish; sides of head and neck glaucous-green; back olive,
tinged or washed with dull greenish; scapulars, rump, and upper tail-
coverts glaucous-green, the last brighter, inclining to nile blue; wings
and tail olive, with indistinct paler edgings, except the middle and
greater wing-coverts which, respectively, are tipped and edged distinctly
with light olive; chin, throat, and chest light buffy grayish, changing
posteriorly to buffy yellowish on abdomen and buff on anal region and
under tail-coverts, the thighs tinged with red; bill and feet as in adult
male; length (skins), 111.3-122.9 (118.4); wing, 61.7-69.1 (66); tail,
40.6-42.9 (41.4); exposed culmen, 11.9-13.2 (12.7); tarsus, 14.7-15.7
(ales 5): middle toe, 10.7-11.7 (11. 2),
Immature male.—Forehead, lores, postocular space, anterior part
of malar region, chin, and throat uniform black, as in the adult male;
rest of head bright cerulean or turquoise blue, becoming dusky olive
on occiput; otherwise like the adult female.
Young male.—Similar to the adult female, but duller and grayer
above, the sides of head and neck gray instead of blue; no blue on
scapulars; middle and greater wing-coverts indistinctly tipped with
pale grayish.
Highlands of Costa Rica (Dota mountains, Tucurriqui, Turrialba,
Naranjo de Cartago, Pozo Azul de Pirris, Candelaria, ete. ) to Colom-
bia (Remedios, province of Antioquia).*
Dacnis sp. LAWRENCE, Ann. Lye. N. Y., vii, 1861, 319 (Panama R. R.).
Dacnis venusta (not Sylvia venusta Descourtilz, 1856+) Lawrence, Ann. Lye. Nat.
Hist., N. Y., vii, 1862, 464 (Panama R. R.); ix, 1868, 97 (Dota Mts., Costa
Rica).—ScuarTer, Ibis, 1863, 315, pl. 7 (monogr.); Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x1,
1886, 24 (Tucurriqui, Costa Rica; Volcan de Chiriqui, Chiriqui, and Bugaba,
Veragua; Panama; Remedios, Colombia).—SciaTer and Savin, Proe. Zool.
Soc. Lond., 1864, 348 (Panama R. R.); 1879, 497 (Remedios, prov. Antio-
quia, Colombia): —Casstn, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1864, 269 (monogr. ).—
Satvaport, Atti Ac. Sci. Torino, iv, 1868, 172 (Costa Rica).—Satvrn, Proc.
Zool. Soe. Lond., 1870, 185 (Bugaba, Veragua).—Boucarp, Proce. Zool. Soe.
Lond., 1878, 54 (Candelaria, Costa Rica).—Satvrn and GopMAN, Biol. Centr.-
Am., nee i, 1883, 245.—ZeELEpon, Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, i, 1887, 108
ae de Cartago; Pozo Azul de Pirris; Turrialba). een Proc.
U.S. Nat. Mus., xiv, 1891, 529 (descr. young); Expl. Zool. Costa Rica, i,
hee es, 1893, 17 (Boruca, s. w. Costa Rica).
[ Daenis] venusta Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 117, no. 1461.—ScLaTER and Satvin,
Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 160
‘Six specimens.
* Five specimens.
>IT have not seen Colombian specimens. These should be carefully compared with
those from Costa Rica.
* Sylvia venusta Descourtilz, Orn. du Brésil, 1854-56, 37, pl. 42, fig. 3; = Dacnis
[ Ateleodacnis] analis D’Orbigny and Lafresnaye.
398 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Genus CCEREBA Vieillot.
Cereba Vintuiot, Ois. Am. Sept., i, 1807, 70. (Type, Certhia flaveola Linneeus. )
Certhiola SuNDEVALL, CEfy. Vet.-Ak. Handl. Stockholm, 1835, 99. (Type, Certhia
flaveola Linnzeus.)
Arbelorhina! CaBanis, Wiegmann’s Archiv. fiir Naturg., 1847, 325. (Substitute
for Cereba Vieillot).?
Rather small Ccerebidee with very acute decurved bill, long tarsus
(nearly one-third as long as wing) and rounded tail, witk very broad
rectrices; plumage varied with dusky or grayish and yellow, white, or
grayish, or else entirely black.
Bill about as long as head or a little shorter, strongly decurved ter-
minally, with tip very acute; culmen distinctly ridged, gradually curved
downward from the base; commissure distinctly arched, most strongly
so toward base, the rictal portion fleshy or tumid; gonys slightly con-
cave, its base forming a slight but decided angle; depth of bill at base
equal to about one-third exposed culmen or slightly less, the basal
width decidedly less than the depth. Nostril exposed, longitudinal,
occupying about the lower half of nasal fossa. Rictal bristles obsolete.
Wing rather long, rather pointed (eighth, seventh and sixth primaries
longest, ninth intermediate between fifth and fourth); wing-tip slightly
shorter than commissure, much shorter than tarsus. Tail much shorter
than wing (decidedly shorter than distance from bend of wing to tip of
secondaries), rounded, the rectrices very broad. Tarsus long (nearly
one-third as long as wing), its scutella rather distinct; middle toe, with
claw, much shorter than tarsus; basal phalanx of middle toe almost
entirely free from inner toe, but united for more than half its length
to outer toe.
Coloration (sexes alike).—Above grayish, olive, or blackish, usually
with a yellow patch on rump and a white spot at base of primaries; a
white, gray, or yellowish superciliary stripe; under parts whitish or
grayish, the breast (sometimes abdomen also) yellow; lateral rectrices
tipped with white. (Two species, or possibly representing a color
phase of normally colored species, entirely black.)
Range.—Neotropical Region in general, but wanting in Cuba, the
Galapagos Archipelago, and on Pacific coast of South America from
Peru southward.
KEY TO THE SPECIES OF CCEREBA.
a. Plumage parti-colored (blackish or grayish, yellow, white, ete. ).
b. A conspicuous and sharply defined superciliary stripe of white or yellow.
ce. Superciliary stripe white. (Adults. )
d. Throat unicolored (white, gray, or dark slaty); malar region and whole
throat same color, abruptly different from blackish of pileum.
e. Throat grayish white or very pale gray (not darker than gray no. 9%).
1” Ap Bndos, Kneif; Atv, Nase.’’
*See Oberholser, Auk, xvi, Jan., 1899, 32.
3’Ridgway’s Nomenclature of Colors, pl. ii, fig. 9.
weg
ee ee &
i co
i
—_———————— EE
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 399
f. Flanks pale gray, very slightly if at all tinged with yellow; lower abdo-
men and anal region white or yellowish white. (Bahama Islands.)
Ceereba bahamensis, adults (p. 401)
J Flanks yellowish gray or olive, strongly tinged with yellow; lower
abdomen and anal region yellow.
g- Black on lores and beneath eyes broader (as in C. bahamensis); white
superciliary stripe much narrower; white spots at tip of lateral
rectrices much smaller. (Island of Cozumel, Yucatan. )
Ceereba caboti, adults (p. 404)
gg. Black on lores and beneath eyes narrower;ewhite superciliary stripe
broader (as in C. bahamensis); white spots at tip of lateral rec-
trices much larger.
h. Smaller, with larger bill (male averaging wing 61.2, tail 41.9,
exposed culmen 15); yellow of rump tinged with olive.
(Islands of Grand Cayman and Cayman Brac, Greater Antilles. )
Coreba sharpei, adults (p. 404)
hh. Larger, with smaller bill (male averaging wing 65.8, tail 46.2,
exposed culmen 14); yellow of rump purer. (Island of Old
Providence, Caribbean Sea. )..-.-Ccereba tricolor, adults (p. 405)
ee. Throat distinctly gray (not paler than gray no. 7).
f. Throat paler gray (no. 6 or no.7).
g. Back, etc., sooty blackish; white wing-spot large and conspicuous;
breast, etc., brighter yellow.
h. Throat deeper gray (no.6); rump pure lemon or canary yellow;
breast, etc., deeper yellow. (Caribbean coast of Colombia and
Venezuela; islands of Trinidad, Tobago, and Grenada. )
Cereba luteola, adults (p. 406)
hh. Throat paler gray (no. 7); rump olive-yellow; breast, ete., lighter
yellow. (Island of San Miguel, Bay of Panama. )
Cereba cerinoclunis, adults (p. 408)
gg. Back, ete., olive, grayish olive, or brownish gray; white wing-spot
(if present) small, rarely conspicuous; breast, ete., paler and
duller yellow.
h. White wing-spot usually distinct (sometimes obsolete); smaller
(wing not more than 59.9). (Southern Mexico to Colombia;
Hcuador seer hese see Ceereba mexicana, adults (p. 409)
hh. White wing-spot obsolete (entirely concealed by primary coverts);
larger (wing 62.2). (Coast district of Guiana and Brazil. )
Coreba chloropyga, adults (extralimital’).
i. Throat darker gray (slate-gray, or darker).
g. Throat slate-gray.
h. Smaller, especially the bill (exposed culmen 11.7-12.2); back and
wings browner or more sooty. (Island of Haiti, Greater Antil-
TES %) Wratten te aie ek et gE Ae Ne Coereba bananivora, adults (p. 411)
1 Ca@:REBA CHLOROPYGA (Cabanis).
Clerthiola] chloropyga CaBanis, Mus. Hein., i, 1850, 97 (Bahia, e. Brazil; coll.
Heine Mus. ).
Certhiola chloropyga ScuarEr, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862,53; Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi,
1886, 44.
Cereba chloropyga ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., iii, 1891, 348 (Abrilonga,
Cuyaba, and Chapada, s. w. Brazil; crit.)
(2?) CLerthiola] guianensis CaBanis, Mus. Hein., i, 1850, 97 (Gr'ana; coll. Heine
Mus. ).
Certhiola guianensis ScLatER, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 53 (Cayenne).
(?) Certhiola majuscula CABANIS, Journ. fiir Orn., 1865, 413.
400 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
hh. Larger, especially the bill (exposed culmen 13.2-15.2); back and
wings darker, more blackish. (Islands of Porto Rico, Vieques,
St. Thomas, St. Johns, Culebra (?), Anegada (?) and Tortola (?),
Greater Antilles.)......--- Cereba portoricensis, adults (p. 412)
gg. Throat blackish slate.
h. White wing-spot not truncated posteriorly, but following edges of
primaries more or less beyond it; rump-patch clear yellow, larger
and sharply defined; breast darker and duller yellow (wax yel-
low). (Island of Jamaica, Greater Antilles.)
. Ceereba flaveola, adults (p. 414)
hh. White wing-spot (if present) truncated posteriorly; rump-patch
decidedly olivaceous or olive-yellowish, smaller and less sharply
defined; breast lighter and clearer yellow.
i. White wing-spot larger; breast tinged with ochraceous. (Island
of St. Croix, Greater Antilles. )..Ccereba newtoni, adults (p. 416)
vi. White wing-spot smaller, sometimes obsolete or altogether want-
ing; breast clear yellow like abdomen.
j. White superciliary stripe broader; white wing-spot larger;
smaller (wing of female 56.1-56.6, tail 34.3-34.8). (Islands
of St. Vincent and Grenada, Lesser Antilles. )
Ceereba saccharina, adults (p. 415)
jj). White superciliary stripe narrower; white wing-spot (if pres-
ent) much smaller; larger (wing of female 56.9-58.4, tail
39.4-40.1).
k. No white at base of primaries (except concealed by primary
coverts); smaller (wing of male averaging 58.2, tail 40.4,
exposed culmen 14). (Islands of Dominica, Guadeloupe,
St. Christopher, Nevis, Barbuda and Antigua, Lesser
Amntilless) eee aes Cereba dominicana, adults (p. 417)
kk. A white spot at base of primaries; larger (wing of male
averaging 58.9, tail 41.1, exposed culmen 14.2). (Islands
of St. Bartholomew, Saba, and St. Eustatius, Lesser
Amt eS!) pee ee Cereba bartolemica, adults (p. 419)
dd. Throat bicolored (black and white—at least the lower portion being the
latter color); malar region and sides of throat black, like pileum.
e. Throat blackish anteriorly as well as laterally; a gray rictal streak.
jf. White superciliary stripe shorter, terminating above end of auricular
region; whitish space on lower throat much smaller; gray rictal streak
more distinct; olive-yellowish band across lower rump indistinct.
(Island of Barbados, Lesser Antilles. ) .
Ccereba barbadensis, adults (p. 420)
jf. White superciliary stripe longer, terminating behind auricular region;
whitish space on lower throat much larger; gray rictal streak less
distinct; olive-yellowish band across lower rump much more distinct.
(Island of Curacao, Caribbean Sea.)
Cereba uropygialis, adults (p. 420)
ee. Throat blackish only laterally; no gray rictal streak. (Islands of Mar-
tinique and Santa Lucia, Lesser Antilles.)
Cereba martinicana, adults (p. 421)
ec. Superciliary stripe bright yellow.
Cereba martinicana and C. uropygialis, young! (p. 421)
'T have not seen a specimen of C. martinicana in first plumage; but in that species
younger birds retain the yellow superciliary stripe, at least in part, after the other-
wise fully adult plumage has been acquired.
i
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 401
bb. Without a conspicuous or sharply defined superciliary stripe of white or yel-
low. (Young.)
ec. Throat pale dull grayish, or if tinged with yellow the back paler grayish
brown and wing more than 57.
d. Back, ete., grayish brown or brownish gray; white wing-spot large, con-
spicuous; wing 57.1-61 or more.
e. Paler, with less yellow below (only on the breast).
Coereba bahamensis, young (p. 401)
ee. Darker, with more yellow (mostly yellow) below.
Cereba tricolor, young (p. 405)
dd. Back, ete., light olive; white wing-spot obsolete; wing 53.3.
Cereba chloropyga, young (extralimital).
ec. Throat yellow or yellow and dusky; wing not more than 55.9.
d. A distinct white spot at base of primaries.
e. Under parts mostly yellow.
f. Sides of throat mostly dusky; white wing-spot larger, the primaries
edged with white for some distance beyond it.
Cereba flaveola, young (Addenda)
Jf. Sides of throat with little ifany dusky; white wing-spot smaller, nearly
trumented ie See tee = Notes Aes eS Cereba portoricensis, young (p. 412)
ee. Under parts light olive, tinged with yellow on breast.
Coereba bananivora, young (p. 411)
dd. No distinct white spot at base of primaries.
Cwmigeombnroatidusky .2.-25225--+s<--2 Cereba barbadensis, young (p. 420)
ee. Whole throat yellowish .-------------- Coereba mexicana, young (p. 410)
aa. Plumage unicolored (plain blackish).
b. Larger (wing of male 64, tail 42.7, exposed culmen 16, tarsus 19.6, middle toe
12.7). (island of St. Vincent, Lesser Antilles. )
Cereba atrata, adults (p. 422
bb. Smaller (male averaging 59.7, tail 36.3, exposed culmen 14.2, tarsus 18.8,
middle toe 11.9). (Island of Grenada, Lesser Antilles. )
Cereba wellsi, adults (p. 423)
CCGEREBA BAHAMENSIS (Reichenbach).
BAHAMA BANANAQUIT.
Adults (sexes alike).—Above plain sooty blackish slate, the back,
scapulars, wings, and tail usually somewhat lighter than the pileum,
sometimes inclining to brownish gray; a large white spot or patch at
base of six to seven outermost primaries; remiges and rectrices more
or less distinctly edged with pale grayish, the tertials, in fresh plumage,
rather broadly margined at tips with the same or grayish white;
tail narrowly tipped with whitish (except in worn plumage), the three
outermost rectrices with a large terminal spot of white, about 11.4-14
in extent on lateral rectrix; rump lemon or canary yellow; a broad
white superciliary stripe, extending from nostril to occiput; loral and
auricular regions and sides of neck sooty blackish slate, like pileum,
the loral and auricular areas narrowly connected beneath eye; malar
region (except anterior point), chin, throat, and upper chest white, or
grayish white; lower chest, breast, and median portion of upper belly
lemon yellow; rest of under parts white, the flanks tinged with: yel-
lowish gray, the lower abdomen sometimes faintly tinged with yellow;,
3654—voL 2—Ol1 26
-
402 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
bill black, the tumid rictal portion pale brownish (flesh color in life 7);
legs and feet dusky horn color (in dried skins).
Young.—Above brownish gray or deep drab-gray, the primaries
and rectrices marked with white and (together with secondaries) edged
with paler gray as in adults; lower rump olive-yellow, much less dis-
tinct and more restricted than the pure yellow patch of adults; sides of
head brownish gray, without any white superciliary stripe or else with
this merely indicated; malar region paler grayish or dull grayish
white, faintly tinged with yellow; chin, throat, and upper chest dull
yellowish white; rest of under parts similar, the lower chest, breast,
and upper abdomen more distinctly yellowish, the sides and flanks
strongly tinged with brownish gray; bill and feet as in adults, but the
former rather more brownish.
Adult male.—Length (skins), 109.7-127.8 (117.6); wing, 61.2-68.3
(65); tail, 39.1-48.8 (45); exposed culmen, 14.5-16.8 (15.2); tarsus,
18.5-20.8 (20.1); middle toe, 11.4-13.2 (12.4)."
Adult female.—Length (skins), 93-120.4 (108.2); wing, 56.6-62
(59.7); tail, 37.6-43.2 (40.1); exposed culmen, 13-15 (13.7); tarsus,
17.5-20.3 (18.8); middle toe, 11.2-13 (11.9).’
Twenty specimens.
*Twelve specimens.
Average measurements of specimens from different islands are as follows:
Locality, Weise | wean neces eS
culmen. :
MALES.
Two adult males from New Providence..........----------- 65 45.7 15.2 20.3 12.4
Two adult males from Concepcion Island....-......-------- 64.3 46.2 15.2 19.8 LD
Two adult males from Eleuthera Island .................... 63.8 41.4 15.2 19.3 1:
Three adult males from Watlings Island..............-.-... 66.5 46.7 Eid 20.3 13
Hive aduiliimeles trom um Caiyeseqscssee se eee enol 65.8 46.2 15.2 20.3 1
wor acdultemalestirome ADCO = see a= see naa ieee 62.5 43.2 | 15 19.8 12.4
Two adult males from Green-Cay ...-......---...------------ 64 43.7 15.2 20.3 11.9
One‘adultimale from Cat Island: oses-ceecsscese- eee eee eee 67.1 47.8 15.2 20.3 12.4
One'aduli;mealetromaingeus 2.2. -ee ese) sne eae ea ee 64.5 44.2 15 19.6 12.2
FEMALES. |
Two adult females from New Providence ....-..-.- atiemeye Sa eee 58. 4 39.9 Tone 18.5 IES
One adult female from Concepcion Island ........---.------ 60.7 42.7 13.7 19.3 12,2
One adult female from Eleuthera Island...........----...--- 61 39.4 | 13.7 19.1 U2
One adult female from Watlings Island............-...-...- 60.5 42,2 14 19.1 11.4
Twomdult females from ‘RumMnCay 2 - cecsen ses cece ces econ 61.5 40.6 14.5 20.3 13
Three adult females from Abaco ...-.....2:..2-------:-+----- 58. 2 38.4 14 18 nO Gy;
One adult female from Green Cay ...........---....-...--- 60.5 41.7 14.7 19.8 1A,
One-adultfemale from Inspusa:..:..c..- --eceeaes seams cee none 59. 2 39.4 1352 18.3 11.7
In addition to these specimens with sex determined many unsexed examples have
been examined. Nevertheless, the different islands are much too inadequately repre-
sented to show conclusively whether there are constant local differences or not. The
specimens from Highburna Key and New Providence seem to be lighter and duller
colored above than others, but to what extent this is due to difference of season I am
unable to determine.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 4038
Bahama Islands (Great Bahama, Abaco, Bimini, Berry Islands,’
Eleuthera, New Providence, Andros, San Salvador, Exuma Keys,
Great Exuma, Concepcion, Watlings, Rum Cay, Long Island, Green
Cay, Maraguna, Grand Caicos, East Caicos, Little Inagua, Great
Inagua,and Highburna Key); Florida Keys (Indian Key—accidental ‘).
[Certhia flaveola] 6. Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, i, 1766, 187, part (citation of
Certhia bahamensis Catesby, Nat. Hist. Carolina, i, pl. 59; Brisson, Orn.,
ili, 620).
[Certhia flaveola] var. y. GMELIN, Syst. Nat., i, 1788, 479, excl. syn. part.
[Certhia flaveola] var. B. Laruam, Index Orn., i, 1790, 297.—Brcusrein, Lath.
Ueb., iv, pt. i, 1811, 188.
C[erthiola] flaveola (not Certhia flaveola Linnzeus) Gray, Gen. Birds, i, 1846,
102, part.—Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 402, part.
Certhiola flaveola Barrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Sury., ix, 1858, 924 (Indian Key,
Florida) ; ed. 1860 (‘‘ Birds N. Am.’’), atlas, pl. 83, fig. 3; Cat. N. Am. Birds,
1859, no. 301.—Bryant, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., vii, 1859, 116 (New Provi-
dence, Bahamas); 1861, 117 (Inagua, Bahamas).—A.srecut, Journ. fur
Orn., 1861, 54.—Cougs, Check List, 1878, no. 106.
Certhiola bahamensis ReicHENBACH, Handb., i, 1853, 253 (based on Certhia baha-
mensis Catesby, Nat. Hist. Carolina, i, pl. 59).—Casstn, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci.
Phila., 1864, 271 (monogr. ).—CaBants, Journ. ftir Orn., 1865, 412.—Bryanrt,
Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xi, 1866, 66 (Inagua).—Barrp, Journ. fir Orn., 1866,
264.—SuNDEVALL, (Biv. K. Vet.-Ak. Férh. Stockh., 1869, 624 (monogr. ).—
Finscu, Verh. k. k. Gesellsch. Wien, 1871, 751, 752 (monogr.).—Barrp,
Brewer, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am: Birds, i, 1874, 428, pl. 19, fig. 5.—
Satvin, Ibis, 1874, 327.—Covrs, Birds Col. Val., 1878, 197, footnote
(synonymy); Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 153.—Cory, Birds Bahama I.,
1880, 76; Auk, iii, 1886, 47; Birds W. I., 1889, 61.—Ripa@way, Nom. N. Am.
Birds, 1881, no. 159; Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., viii, 1885, 27, 29 (diagnosis;
synonymy ).—Sciater, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 37 (Inagua and New
Providence, Bahamas).—AMERICAN OrniTHoLoaists’ Union, Check List,
1886, no. 635.
[ Certhiola] bahamensis ScLater and Satyiy, Nom. Ay. Neotr., 1873, 16.—Barrp,
Am. Nat., vii, 1873, 611.—Batirp, Brewer, and Rripaway, Hist. N. Am. Birds,
i, 1874, 427.—Cory, List Birds W. I., 1885, 9.
Clerthiola] bahamensis Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 317.—Ripeway,
Proce. U. S. Nat. Mus., viii, 1885, 27 (diagnosis); Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 480.
Cereba bahamensis AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ Unton, Suppl. to Code and Check
List, 1889, 23; Check List, 2d ed., 1895, no. 635.—Cory, Auk, viii, 1891,
37 (synonymy), 294 (New Providence), 295 (Berry Islands), 296 (Bimini),
297 (Caicas; Inagua), 298 (Abaco), 350 (Gt. Bahama, Abaco), 351 (Eleu-
thera, Inagua); ix, 1892, 48 (Maraguna; Watlings I.), 49 (Inagua); Cat.
W. I. Birds, 1892, 17, 116, 127 (Great Bahama, Abaco, Bimini, Berry, Eleu-
thera, New Providence, Andros, San Salvador, Exuma Keys, Great Exuma,
Concepcion, Watlings, Rum Cay, Long, Green Cay, Maraguna, N. Caicos,
Grand Caicos, E. Caicos, Little Inagua and Great Inagua islands, Bahamas) .—
Norturop, Auk, viii, 1891, 70 (Andros I.).—Ripaway, Auk, viii, 1891, 334
(Abaco), 335 (New Providence), 336 (Eleuthera; San Salvador), 337 (Wat-
lings I.), 888 (Rum Cay; Green Cay), 339 (Concepcion).
CLereba] bahamensis Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1896, 480.
Certhiola bairdii CaBANts, Journ fiir Orn., xiii, Noy., 1865 (pub. Jan., 1866), 412
(Indian Key, Florida; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.).—SunprEva.i, Céfy. K. Vet.
Ak. Forh. Stockh., 1869, 621 (monogr. ).
[ Certhiola] bairdi Gray, Hand-list, 1, 1869, 120, no. 1506.
404 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
CGEREBA CABOTI (Baird).
COZUMEL BANANAQUIT.
Similar to C. bahamensis, but black loral streak broader (at least as
wide as the white above it) and continued backward broadly beneath
eye; white superciliary streak much narrower; white of throat extended
over only upper part of chest; yellow of breast continued backward
over flanks, and even tinging anal region and lower tail-coverts; yel-
low of rump tinged with olive, upper parts in general averaging some-
what darker, and white tips to lateral rectrices much smaller (that on
outermost rectrix not more than 7.6 long, usually much less) and mostly
confined to inner web.
Adult male.—Length (skins), 108-121.9 (113.8); wing, 60. 7-63 (61.7);
tail, 40.6-42.4 (41.4); exposed culmen, 13.7-14.7 (14.5); tarsus, 17.8—
18.5 (18.3); middle toe, 11.4-12.4 (11.9).?
Adult female.—Length (skins), 105.2-112 (108.7); wing, 55.9-58.7
(57.7); tail, 35.1-88.6 (86.8); exposed culmen, 13.7-14.2 (14); tarsus,
17.5-18.3 (17.8); middle toe, 11.4-11.9 (11.7).”
Island of Cozumel, Yucatan.
Certhiola caboti ‘‘ Baird (MS.)’’ Fryscu, Vehr. k. k. Gesellsch. Wien, 1871, 790,
note (nomen nudwm).—Barrp, Am. Nat., vii, Oct., 18738, 612 (Cozumel
Island, Yucatan; coll. Dr. S. Cabot); in Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 427;
iii, 1874, 508.—Satvin, Ibis, 1874, 327 (crit.).—Satvin and Gopman, Biol.
Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1883, 251, pl. 15a, fig. 4.—Ripa@way, Proc. U. 8. Nat.
Mus., viii, 1885, 29 (synonymy), 564 (crit.).—Sciarer, Cat. Birds Brit.
Mus., xi, 1886, 38.
[Certhiola] caboti Barrp, Am. Nat., vii, Oct., 1873, 611 (Cozumel Island, Yuca-
tan; coll. Dr. S. Cabot, jr.).
C[erthiola] caboti Ripaway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., viii, 1885, 27 (diagnosis) ;
Man. N. Am. Birds, 1886, 480.
CLereba] caboti Cory, Auk, viii, 1891, 41.—Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 2d ed.,
1896, 480.
CGEREBA SHARPEI Cory.
SHARPE’S BANANAQUIT,
Similar to C. cabotc, but smaller, with larger bill and longer toes;
superciliary stripe, malar region, chin, and throat pale smoke gray
instead of grayish white, the first much broader and the color of the
last extending over the upper chest; yellow of rump more restricted
and decidedly more tinged with olive; white tips to lateral rectrices
much larger (10.2-12.7 in extent on outermost rectrix) and involving
both webs.
Adult male.—Length (skins), 109.5-117.9 (112.5); wing, 57.9-64.3
(61.2); tail, 88.9-44.5 (41.9); exposed culmen, 14.5-15.5 (15); tarsus, -
17.8-19.8 (19.1); middle toe, 11.4-12.4 (12.2).* (No females seen.)
‘Seven specimens. * Five specimens, *Six specimens,
*
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 405
Islands of Grand Cayman, Little Cayman, and Cayman Brac,'
Greater Antilles (south of Cuba).
Certhiola sharpei Cory, Auk, iii, Oct., 1886, 497 (Grand Cayman, Greater Antilles;
coll. C. B. Cory), 501 (do.); v, 1888, 157 (do.); vi, 1889, 31 (Little Cayman;
Cayman Brac); Birds West Indies, 1889, 288.—Rripaway, Proc. U. 8. Nat.
Mus., x, 1887, 574 (Grand Cayman).
Cereba sharpei Cory, Auk, viii, Jan., 1891, 37 (Grand Cayman; Little Cayman;
Cayman Brac); Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 17, 116, 129, 154 (do.).
CCEREBA TRICOLOR (Ridgway).
OLD PROVIDENCE BANANAQUIT,
Similar to C. cabot?, but larger (except bill and toes), white at base
of primaries more extended, white tips to lateral rectrices much
larger (about 12.7 long on outermost rectrix) and including both
webs, black on lores and beneath eyes much narrower, and white
superciliary stripe much broader; in the last two characters agreeing
with C. bahamensis.
Adult male.— Above dull black, including the whole of the exposed
portion of the tertials and secondaries; a broad and very distinct
superciliary stripe of pure white, extending from the nostrils to the
occiput; primaries with a large basal spot of white, extending for
about 10.2 mm. beyond the ends of the coverts; basal half of inner web
of all the secondaries pure white; three outermost rectrices broadly
tipped with white; lower half of rump lemon yellow; broad band on
side of head, involving lores and auriculars, and passing beneath but
not above the eye, black, this band much narrower anteriorly, and
gradually widening posteriorly, where confluent with the black of the
nape; a small black line along the lower edge of the rictus; chin,
throat, chest and cheeks uniform grayish white; whole breast and
upper part of abdomen lemon yellow, changing to olive-gray on the
flanks and dull yellowish white on anal region and under tail-coverts;
under wing-coverts pure white, the bend bright yellow; bill deep
black; feet dusky. Length (skin), 115.6; wing, 65.5-65.8; tail, 45.2-
47; culmen, 13.7-14.2; depth of bill at base, 5.1; tarsus, 19.6; middle
Boe. 117,"
Young.—Above dull grayish brown, the back indistinctly clouded
with dusky, the forehead mostly dull black (new feathers); rump,
dingy olive-yellow; an indistinct superciliary stripe of pale dingy
yellow, becoming nearly white anteriorly; a narrow loral stripe of
'The single specimen examined from Cayman Brae is obviously different in colora-
tion from the five Grand Cayman examples, being much browner (deep hair brown)
above, and the yellow of breast and rump inclining more to chrome; but to what
extent these differences are due to difference of season (the Cayman Brac specimen
was collected in March, those from Grand Cayman in May and July) it is of course
impossible to tell without a sufficient series.
“Two specimens.
406 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
dusky passing beneath the eye, but changing to dull grayish brown,
and continuing, broadly, over the auriculars to the nape; lower parts
dingy olive-yellow, brighter on the breast and upper part of abdomen;
anal region and under tail-coverts pale buffy yellowish; lining of wing
pure white, changing to yellow along the edge of the wing; wing
speculum smaller than in the adult, but still very conspicuous.
Island of Old Providence (and St. Andrews?), Caribbean Sea.
erthiola tricolor Rrpaway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vii, July 29, 1884, 178 (island
of Old Providence, Caribbean Sea; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.); viii, 1885, 29
(synonymy ).—Sc.Larer, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 38.—Cory, Auk, iv,
1887, 180 (Old Providence).
C[erthiola] tricolor Ripaway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., viii, 1885, 27 (diagnosis).
(?) Certhiola tricolor Cory, Auk, iv, 1889, 181 (St. Andrews I., Caribbean Sea).
CLereba] tricolor Cory, Auk, viii, Jan., 1891, 40.
CG@EREBA LUTEOLA (Cabanis).
TOBAGO BANANAQUIT.
Adults (sexes alike).—Upper parts plain sooty black, relieved by a
white superciliary stripe (extending from nostril to occiput), a white
spot (of variable extent) at base of six or seven outermost primaries
(except the outermost), and a large patch of clear lemon yellow cover-
ing rump; primaries narrowly edged with light grayish; inner webs of
two lateral rectrices broadly tipped with white (about 7.6 long on
outermost); loral, suborbital, and auricular regions and sides of neck
sooty black, like upper parts; malar region, chin, and throat uniform
gray (no. 6, or between no. 5 and no. 6'); rest of under parts lemon
yellow (sometimes tinged with or inclining to saffron yellow on chest),
becoming paler on abdomen and passing on flanks into yellowish gray
or olive, the under tail-coverts white; bill black; legs and feet dusky
(in dried skins); length (skins), 84.6-115.1 (100.8); wing, 52.8-62.7
(57.2); tail, 29-41.1 (383.8); exposed culmen, 11.9-14 (13); tarsus,
16.3-17.8 (17); middle toe, 10.7—-11.4 (10.9).?
‘See Ridgway’s Nomenclature of Colors, pl. 2.
* Twelve specimens, mostly males. Specimens from different localities average as
follows:
Locality. Wing. | Tail. | ea Tarsus. Miede
culmen. ;
Onevadultirom:- Bogota, Colombia ~.--5...--.2.2-5-42 4-2 eae | 54.9] 33.8 Lae | ace toe ose
Two adult males from Santa Marta, Colombia --.........-... | 7.7 38.4 12.4 Az 10.9
Two adults (one male) from Venezuela..............------- 56.6 | 36.6 13.2 17.3 10.9
One adult male from Margarita Island, Venezuela .......-. 52.8 | 29 11.9 16.3 10.7
Three'adultstrom Trinidad... ...---.-- 2. eee once see aoe 57.2 36.1 13.2 | 17 10.7
Two:adult: males from “Tobago =-2-2. soe oe sae alse seen ee cee 59.4 Sie 13.7 Litas 11.4
One adult female from Tobago.........--------------------- 56.9 | 32.8 {Siena 10.7
The specimen from Bogota is exactly intermediate in coloration between C. luteola
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA 407
Caribbean coast district of Colombia and Venezuela; Trinidad;
Tobago; Grenada.'
Cereba flaveola (not Certhia flaveola Linnzeus) VierLiot, Enc. Méth., ii, 1823, 611,
part (description; see Finsch, Verh. k. k. zool.-bot. Gesellsch. Wien, 1871,
767).
Certhiola flaveola HaArtLAvs, Isis, 1847, 612 (Trinidad )—SciarTer, Cat. Am. Birds,
1862, 54, part (Tobago).—Lkroraun, Ois. Trinidad, 1866, 126.
C[erthiola] luteola CaBants, Mus. Hein., i, 1850, 96 (Puerto Cabello and Cumana,
Venezuela; Catagena, Colombia; coll. Berlin Mus.; ex Nectarinia luteola
Lichtenstein, manuscript).—Rercuensacn, Handb., ii, 1853, 251, pl. 561,
fig. 8822.—LicuTenstErn, Nom. Av. Mus. Berol., 1854, 56.
Certhiola luteola Bonapartrr, Compt. Rend., xxxviii, 1854, 259.—Scuarer, Cat.
Am. Birds, 1862, 53, part (Trinidad); Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 40
(Santa Marta and Valle Dupar, Colombia; Carupano, Venezuela; Trini-
dad).—Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1864, 271.—Taytor, Ibis, 1864,
81 (Trinidad ).—SciarEer and Sanvin, Proc. Zool. Soe. Lond., 1866, 179;
1868, 167 (Venezuela).—SunpEVALL, C#fy. k. Vet.-Ak. Foérh. Stockh., 1869,
621 (monogr. ).—Finscn, Proc. Zool. Soe. Lond., 1870, 561 (Trinidad); Verh.
k. k. zool.-bot. Gesellsch. Wien, 1871, 767 (monogr.).—Wyart, Ibis, 1871,
324.—Satyin and Gopman, Ibis, 1880, 119 (Santa Marta, Colombia).—Berr-
LEPSCH, Ibis, 1884, 432 (Angostura, Venezuela).—Ripa@way, Proc. U.S. Nat.
Mus., vili, 1885, 29 (synonymy).
[ Certhiola] luteola ScuateR and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 16.—Bairp, Am.
Nat:, vii, 1873, 611 (monogr.); in Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 427.
C[erthiola] luteola Ripaway, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., viii, 1885, 28 (diagnosis).
Cereba luteola Cory, Auk, viii, Jan., 1891, 38 (Grenada, Lesser Antilles; Tobago;
Trinidad; Venezuela; n. coast Colombia); Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 116, 154.—
CuapMaN, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., vi, 1894, 25 (Trinidad; habits; deser.
nest ).—Roprinson, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xviii, 1896, 685 (La Guayra, Ven-
ezuela).—RicHMmonD, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., xviii, 1896, 679 (Margarita I.,
Venezuela).—Banes, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xii, 1898, 143 (Santa Marta,
Colombia).—Srone, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1899, 313 (near Cartagena,
Colombia).
and C. mexicana. It probably represents the form described by Salvadori and Festa,
under the name Certhiola intermedia, the synonymy of which is as follows:
Certhiola luteola (not of Cabanis) Scuater, Proc. Zool. Soe. Lond., 1858, 452
(Zamora and Gualaquiza, e. Ecuador); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 53, part (do.).
Certhiola mexicana (not of Sclater, 1856) Sciarer, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi,
1886, 38, part (Zamora and Gualaquiza, e. Ecuador).
(?) Certhiola peruviana CaBants, Journ. fiir Orn., 1865, 413.
[ Certhiola] peruviana Batrp, Am. Nat., vii, 1873, 613; in Hist. N. Am. Birds, i,
1874, 428.
Certhiola intermedia Satvaport and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool., ete., Torino, xv, no.
307, Aug., 1899, 13 (Valle del Zamora and Gualaquiza, e. Ecuador; coll. Turin
Mus.?).
‘I give Grenada for the species on the authority of Mr. Cory. The only example
of Cereba from that island in the National Museum collection, except the uniformly
black C. wellsi Cory, is apparently C. saccharina; at lea-t it agrees fairly well with
our single example of that form, and is conspicuously different from C. luteola in its
very dark (blackish slate) throat, yellowish olive (instead of clear yellow) rump,
and brownish slaty (instead of sooty black) back. I have referred it, provisionally,
to C. saccharina.
408 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
(?) CLerthiola] major Casanis, Mus. Hein., i, 1851, 97, footnote! (‘‘Guiana;’’
location of type not mentioned).—RerrcHEenBacn, Handb., ii, 1853, 282
(Guiana).—-BoNAPARTE, Seger Rend., xxxvili, 1854, 259.—BuRMEISTER,
Syst. Ueb. Th. Bras., iii, 1856, 156.—SunpEvaLi, Géfy. k. Vet.-Ak. Forh.
Stockh., 1869, 622 see ie
(?) [ Certhiola] major GRAY, Hand-list, i, 1869, 120, no. 1502.
(?) [Certhiola] minor eaten Compt. Rend., xxxviii, 1854, 259 (locality not
given; coll. Paris Mus.); Notes Orn. Coll. Delattre, 1854, 51.—SuNDEvVALL,
(Efv. k. Vet.-Ak. Férh. Stockh., 1869, 622 (monogr.).—Frnscu, Verh. k.
k. zool.-bot. Gesellsch. Wien, 1871, 790, footnote.
Certhiola godmani Cory, Auk, vi, July, 1889, 219 (Grenada, Lesser Antilles;
coll. C. B. Cory).
CCEREBA CERINOCLUNIS Bangs.
SAN MIGUEL BANANAQUIT.
Similar to C. Juteola, but throat paler gray (much as in C. mexicana),
rump less purely yellow and white tips to lateral rectrices much
smaller; similar to C. mexicana in color of throat, but upper parts
sooty black (as in C. uteola), white wing-spot large and conspicuous
(as in C. luteola), lower rump brighter yellowish, and under parts
brighter yellow.
Adults (sexes alike).—Above plain sooty black, the rump olive-
yellow becoming purer yellow below; a large and conspicuous spot of
white at base of four or five primaries next to the outermost; inner
webs of lateral rectrices tipped with white for about 2.5-5.1 in males,
much less (sometimes a mere edging) in females; a broad white super-
ciliary stripe, extending from nostril to end of auricular region, or
beyond; loral, suborbital, and auricular regions and sides of neck
sooty black; malar region, chin, and throat gray (about the same tone
as in C. mexicana);* rest of under parts bright lemon yellow (rather
lighter than in C. duteola, but brighter than in C. mexicana), slightly
tinged with olive laterally, especially on flanks; under tail-coverts
whitish with basal (concealed) portion gray; bill black; legs and feet
dusky (in dried skin).
1 This seems to be an intermediate between C. /uteola and C. chloropyga, but nearer
the former. Another step toward the latter, apparently, is Cabanis’s C[erthiola]
guianensis (Mus. Hein., i, 1851, 97). Should these really be intermediates, as sug-
gested, then intergradation between C. mexicana, C. luteola, and C. chloropyga may be
considered as proven, thus reducing these three to the rank of subspecies, whose
names would be as follows: Cereba chloropyga chloropyga (Lichtenstein), Coreba
chloropyga luteola (Cabanis), and Cereba chloropyga mexicana (Selater). Should it
be considered advisable to recognize by name intermediate or connecting forms,
these should stand as Cwreba chloropyga guianensis (Cabanis), Cereba chloropyga
major (Cabanis), Cereba chloropyga intermedia (Salvadori and Festa), and Cereba
chloropyga peruviana (Cabanis)—the last intermediate between C. chloropyga chloro-
pyga and C. chloropyga mexicana. Whether a Cereba chloropyga magnirostris (Tacza-
nowski) should be recognized remains to be determined (Certhiola magnirostris
Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1880, 193; Orn. du Pérou, i, 1884, 441).
* Gray no. 6 or no. 7 of Ridgway’s Nomenclature of Colors.
flee
i at li lk Ne i i il Bl Ba el eee,
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 409
Adult male.—Length (skins), 99.1; wing, 58.9-59.7 (59.2); tail,
35.6-88. 1 (86.8); exposed culmen (one specimen), 12.2; tarsus, 16.3-16.5;
middle toe, 10.4-10.9 (10.7)."
Adult female.—Length (skin), 91.4; wing, 52.6; tail, 31; exposed
culmen, 12.4; tarsus, 15.2; middle toe, 9.7.”
Island of San Maouel Bay of Panama, Colombia.
Cereba mexicana columbiana (not Certhiola columbiana Cabanis) Banas, Auk, xviii,
Jan., 1901, 30 (San Miguel I., Bay of Panama).
Cereba cerinoclunis Banas, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club, ii, Feb. 8, 1901, 52 (San
Miguel I., Bay of Panama; coll. E. A. and O. Bangs).
CGZEREBA MEXICANA (Sclater).
MEXICAN BANANAQUIT,
Adults (sexes alike).—Pileum uniform sooty blackish, margined on
each side by a superciliary stripe of white, extending from nostril to
occiput; hindneck, back, scapulars, and upper tail-coverts plain gray-
ish olive, the wings and tail similar but slightly darker, with grayish
olive edgings; outer webs of four or five outermost primaries white at
base, usually showing as a spot, sometimes of considerable extent,
beyond tips of primary-coverts, sometimes wholly concealed by the
latter; inner webs of lateral rectrices tipped with white, forming on the
outermost a spot of variable size; rump olive-yellow, or light yellow-
ish olive-green; loral and auricular regions dusky or sooty, forming a
broad stripe on sides of head; malar region, chin, and throat uniform
light gray (no. 6 or no. 7);* rest of under parts lemon yellow, more
or less tinged with olive, especially on sides, the flanks light yellowish
olive, the under tail-coverts dull whitish with pale grayish concealed
bases; under wing-coverts white, the edge of wing pale yellow; bill
blackish, the amelilc usually more or less brownish basally; legs and
feet ae horn color (in dried skins); length (skins), 79.2-98.3 (90.4);
wing, 51.3-59.9 (55.1); tail, 25.1-36.1 (31.8); eee culmen, 11.7-14
(13.2); tarsus, 15.7-17.3 (16.3); miadle toe, 10.4-11.7 (10.9).*
1Two specimens.
2 One specimen.
3 Ridgway’s Nomenclature of Colors, pl. 2.
+ Twenty-three specimens. Unfortunately so few of these have the sex determined
that I am not able to give measurements of the sexes separately.
Average measurements according to locality are as follows:
| | |
| | |
Locality. Wing. | Tail. | suaea Tarsus. ee
| ic ulmen. | | ‘
HOUTA Its rome Mex COmss cee cae cnimieme aeisere rs slelviaselemte siecle 55.6 33.5 | 12.4 | 16.3 10.7
Sixca@ultssromi Gu aterm sd) Mercer eeecsreeercrceeiselces saci ili-le 54.9 31.8 Bao | 16.3 10.7
Eight adults from Nicaragua, Costa Rica, and Panama..... 54.1 30.7 DSH 16.3 11.4
Five adults from Colombia (Bogota)..-.........---.--.----- 56.1 32.5 12.7 16.8 10.9
410 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Young.—Above plain olive, darker on pileum, paler posteriorly, the
lower rump pale yellowish olive-green or olive-yellowish; an indis-
tinct superciliary stripe of pale yellowish olive; under parts, including
throat, olive-yellow, paler on lower abdomen and under tail-coverts, the
latter inclining to pale buffy.
Southern Mexico (States of Vera Cruz, Oaxaca, ete.) through Cen-
tral America and Pacific coast of northern South America to Ecuador. *
Certhiola mexicana SCLATER, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1856, 286 (s. Mexico )?; 1859,
364 (Jalapa, Vera Cruz), 376 (Playa Vicente, Oaxaca); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862,
54 (Jalapa; Choctum, Guatemala); Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 58, part
(Jalapa; Choctum; Turrialba, Costa Rica; Bugaba and Cordillera del Chucu,
Veragua; Lion Hill and Paraiso Station, Panama R. R.; Gorgona I., Bogota
and Medellin, Colombia; Quito, Intaj, and Esmeraldas, w. Ecuador).—
Savin, Ibis, 1861, 352 (Choctum, Guatemala); (?) Novit. Zool., ii, 1895, 4
(Cajamaica, ete., Peru, 5,500-9,200 ft.).—Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila.,
1864, 271 (monogr.).—ScLatTer and Sarvyin, Proce. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864,
349 (Panama R. R.); 1879, 497 (Antioquia, Colombia).—LawreEncr, Ann.
Lye. N. Y., ix, 1868, 98 (Turrialba and Atenas, Costa Rica).—FRANTZzIUs,
Journ. ftir Orn., 1869, 297 (Costa Rica).—SuNDEVALL, (£fy. K. Vet.-Ak. Forh.
Stockholm, 1869, 622, 623 (monogr. ).—Fryscu, Verh. K. zool.-bot. Gesellsch.
Wien, 1871, 772 (monogr.)—Satvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves,
i, 1888, 250, part.—Brruepscu and TaczaNnowsk1, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
1883, 543 (Chimbo, w. Ecuador; crit. ).—BrrvEpscu, Journ. fiir Orn., 1884,
288 (Bucaramanga, Colombia).
[ Certhiola] mevicana Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 120, no. 1500.—ScLarerR and
Satvin, Nom. Ay. Neotr., 1873, 17.—Batrp, in Baird, Brewer, and Ridg-
way’s Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 428.
C[erthiola] mexicana Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 480.
[ Certhiola mexicana] a. mexicana Ripaway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., viii, 1885, 27,
28 (diagnosis; synonymy).
Cereba mexicana ZELEDON, An. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, i, 1887, 108 (Naranjo de
Cartago; Volcan de Barba).—RicHMmonp, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xvi, 1893,
488 (Greytown, Nicaragua; Rio Frio, Costa Rica).—Banes, Proc. New Engl.
Zool. Club, ii, 1900, 28 (Loma del Leon, Panama R. R.).
CLereba] mexicana Cory, Auk, viii, Jan., 1891, 41.—Rmeway, Man. N. Am.
Birds, 2d ed., 1896, 480.
Certhiola luteola (not of Cabanis) Sciater, Proce. Zool. Soe. Lond., 1855, 38
(Bogota, Colombia); 1858, 452 (Ecuador); 1860, 83, 292 (do.); Cat. Am.
Birds, 1862, 53, part (Nanegal and Esmeraldas, w. Ecuador; Bogota, Colom-
bia).—LawreEncg, Ann. Lye. N. Y., vii, 1862, 291 (Panama R. R.); viii, 1865,
175 (David, Chiriqui).—Satvin, Proc. Zool. Soe. Lond., 1867, 137 (David,
Chiriqui); 1870, 185 (Bugaba and Cordillera del Chuca, Veragua).—(?) Scia-
TER and Savin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1873, 260 (upper and lower Ucayali;
e. Peru).
[ Certhiola] luteola Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 120, no. 1499 (Ecuador).
'T have not seen specimens from western Ecuador, but several authorities agree in
considering them not separable from true C. mexicana. I have not been able to
substantiate, by recent careful comparison, alleged differences between Colombian
examples and those from southern Mexico, Guatemala, ete.
2Type locality probably Cordova, Vera Cruz.
ee i
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. Ai]
Certhiola columbiana CABANts, Journ. fiir Orn., xiii, Noy., 1865 (pub. Jan., 1866),
412 (Bogota, Colombia; coll. Berlin Mus.).—Sunpevaui, (fy. k. Vet.-Ak.
Forh. Stockh., 1869, 622 (monogr.)—Satvaporrand Frsra, Boll- Mus. Zool.,
ete., Torino, xv, no. 357, 1899, 13 (Gualea, Foreste del Peripa, ete., w. Ecua-
dor; crit.).
[Certhiola] columbiana Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 120, no. 1507.
Certhiola mexicana columbiana Brrierscn, Journ. flr Orn., xxxii, April, 1884,
276 (Bucaramanga, Colombia).
[ Certhiola mexicana] . columbiana Rrpaway, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., viii, Apr. 20,
1885, 27, 29 (diagnosis: synonymy).
Clereba] mexicana columbiana Cory, Auk, viii, Jan., 1891, 41.
CQZREBA BANANIVORA (Gmelin).
HAITIAN BANANAQUIT,
Similar te C. mexicana, but throat decidedly darker, rump clear yel-
low (abruptly defined anteriorly), white wing-spot much larger, and
bill much smaller.
Adult (sexes alike).—Pileum dark sooty brown (clove brown or very
dark sepia); rest of upper parts (except rump) similar but more or
less distinctly paler; lower rump canary yellow, forming an abruptly
defined broad band or transverse patch; a white patch at base of four
or five primaries next to the outermost; inner webs of lateral rectrices
more or less broadly tipped with white (this sometimes 6.3 in extent
on outermost rectrix); a white superciliary stripe, extending from
nostril to end of auricular region; loral, suborbital, and auricular
regions dark sooty brown, like pileum; malar region, chin, and throat
uniform mouse gray or brownish slate-gray; chest, breast, and upper
abdomen lemon or gamboge yellow, changing on flanks into yellowish
olive-gray and on lower abdomen into pale yellow, the under tail-
coverts white or yellowish white, with basal (concealed) portions
brownish gray; bill blackish; legs and feet (in dried skins) dusky horn
color.
Young.—Above plain brownish olive, including pileum and rump,
the latter scarcely, if at all, tinged with yellow; superciliary stripe
narrow and indistinct, pale dirty yellowish instead of white; under
parts, including throat, pale dull yellowish, more or less tinged with
olive, especially on chest, sides, and flanks, deepest on the first; breast
and abdomen more or less tinged or mixed with brighter yellow.
Adult male.—Length (skin), 95.5; wing, 57.2; tail, 36.3; exposed
culmen, 12.2; tarsus, 16.5; middle toe, 10.2.'
Adult female.—WLength (skins), 92.7-96.5 (94.7); wing, 53.6-56.4
(55.1); tail, 31.5-35.6 (33.5); exposed culmen, 11.9; tarsus, 15.2-16.8
(16); middle toe, 10.2-11.2 (10.7).”
Island of Haiti, Greater Antilles.
1One specimen. 2 Two specimens.
412 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
[ Motacilla] bananivora GMELIN, Syst. Nat. i, pt. ii, 1788, 951 (St. Domingo; based
on Bananiste Buffon, Hist. Nat. Ois., v, 332; Banana Warbler Latham, Synop.
Birds, ii, pt. ii, 498). :
Certhiola bananivora Bry ant, Proc. Bost. Soe. N. H., xi, 1865, 95 (Santo Domingo ).—
Ripaway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., viii, 1885, 30 (synonymy).—Cory, Birds
Haiti and San Dom., 1885, 41, pl. [21] fig. 1; List Birds W. I., 1885, 9; Auk,
ili, 1886, 49; Birds W. I., 1889, 63.—Scuiater, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886,
40 (Samana, Santo Domingo).
[ Certhiola] bananivora Barry, Am. Nat., vii, 1873, 611 (monogr.); in Baird, Brewer,
and Ridgway’s Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 427.
Clerthiola] bananivora Ripaway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., viii, 1885, 28 (diagnosis).
Cereba bananivora Cory, Auk, viii, Jan., 1891, 38; Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 17, 116,
131.—CHeEeERIg, Contr. Orn. San Dom., 1896, 12.
Certhiola clusie HartitAus, Naumannia, li, Heft. 2, 1852, 56 (nomen nudum;
ex Herz von Wurtemburg, manuscript).—Fryscn, Verh. k. k. zool.-bot.
Gesellsch. Wien, xxi, 1871, 771 (monogr. ).
[ Certhiola] clusiw ScuaTeR and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 17.
Certhiola clucie Cory, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vi, 1881, 151.
Certhia luteola var. B. Brcustrern, Lath. Ueb., i, 1793, 602 (based on Bananiste
Buffon, Hist. Nat. Ois., v, 332).
Certhiola ? SciaTER, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1857, 233 (Haiti).
CCGEREBA PORTORICENSIS (Bryant).
PORTO RICAN BANANAQUIT,
Similar to C. banandvora, but larger; upper parts darker and less
brownish; throat clearer slate-gray; white tips to inner webs of lateral
rectrices much larger, and white wing-patch more truncated posteriorly.
Adults (sexes alike).—Above plain sooty blackish or very dark sooty
olive, the rump (abruptly) canary yellow, sometimes tinged with olive;
a white patch at base of four or five primaries next to the outermost;
inner webs of lateral rectrices broadly tipped with white, this 7.6-11.4
in extent on outermost rectrix (on which the white sometimes involves
the corresponding part of.outer web also); a conspicuous white super-
ciliary stripe, extending from near nostril to end of auricular region;
Joral, suborbital, and auricular regions sooty blackish, like pileum,
etc.; malar region (except anterior point, which is blackish), chin and
throat uniform clear slate-gray; chest, breast, and upper abdomen
lemon yellow, fading into pale yellow on lower abdomen, the under
tail-coverts white, or yellowish white, with basal (concealed) portion
slate-gray; flanks yellowish gray, or light grayish olive tinged with
yellow; bill black, the basal portion of mandible sometimes brownish;
legs and feet dusky or grayish black (in dried skins).
Young.—Above plain olive, the rump paler and tinged with brownish
yellow; primaries and rectrices marked with white as in adults; super-
ciliary stripe indistinct, mixed yellowish and light olive; malar region,
chin, and throat olive-yellowish indistinctly flecked with olive; rest of
under parts olive-yellow, brightest on chest, paler and more olivaceous
posteriorly, the under tail-coverts pale yellowish with basal (concealed)
portion deep brownish gray.
ee i ee a
ew edie iretietihh
tei ®
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA.
Adult mate.
413
Length (skins), 99.6-124.7 (107.2); wing, 54.4-61.5
(58.9); tail, 35.8-41.9 (39.1); exposed culmen, 13.2-15 (14); tarsus,
15.7-17.8 (17); middle toe, 10.7-11.7 (11.2).*
Adult female.—Length (skins), 96.3-105.2 (100.3); wing, 53.6-55.9
(54.9); tail, 35.1-387.6 (36.1); exposed culmen, 13.2-15 (14); tarsus,
16-17.5 (16.8); middle toe, 9.7-11.2 (10.4).”
Islands of Porto Rico, Vieques, Culebra, Anegada, Tortola, Virgin
Gorda, St. Thomas, and St. Johns, Greater Antilles.*
Cereba flaveola (not Certhia flaveola Linnzeus) VierLuot, Enc. Méth., ii, 1823, 611,
part (Porto Rico).
Nectarinia flaveola Moritz, Wiegmann’s Archiv. fir Naturg., ii, 1856, 387.
Certhiola flaveola ScuatTER, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 54, part (St. Thomas).—Cassrn,
Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1864, 271 (St. Thomas).—Taytor, Ibis, 1864, 166
(Porto Rico).
Certhiola (from St. Thomas) Nrewron, Ibis, 1859, 68.
Certhiola flaveola. Var. portoricensis BRYANT, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., x, Jan.,
1866, 252 (Porto Rico; coll. U.S. Nat. Mus.); Journ. fur Orn., 1866, 185.—
Newton, Zool. Rec., 1866, 88.
Certhiola portoricensis SUNDEVALL, CBfy. k. Vet.-Ak. Forh. Stockh., 1869, 598, 622
(monogr.).—Finscu, Verh. k. k. zool.-bot. Gesellsch. Wien, 1871, 760
(monogr.).—Gunp.acu, Journ. fiir. Orn., 1874, 312 (Porto Rico); 1878, 179
(do:); Anal. Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat., vii, 1878, 216 (do.).—Ripe@way, Proc.
U. S. Nat. Mus., vii, 1884, 172 (St. Thomas); viii, 1885, 29 (synonymy).
Cory, Auk, iii, 1886, 48 (Porto Rico; St. Thomas); Birds W. I., 1889, 62
(do. ).—Sciater, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 41 (Porto Rico).
[ Certhiola] portoricensis SCLATER and Satvin, Nom. Avy. Neotr., 1875, 16 (Porto
Rico; St. Thomas).—Barrp, Am. Nat., vii, 1873, 611 (Porto Rico; St.
Thomas); in Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 427 (do.).—Cory, List Birds W. I.,
1885, 9 (Porto Rico; St. Thomas).
Clerthiola] portoricensis Ripaway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., viii, 1885, 28 (diagnosis).
Cereba portoricensis Cory, Auk, vii, Oct., 1890, 347 (St. Thomas), 375 (Tortola;
Virgin Gorda); viii, 1891, 38 (Porto Rico; Culebra; Anegada; Tortola; Vir-
gin Gorda; St. Thomas; St. John); Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 116 (do.).
' Twelve specimens.
* Fight specimens.
Specimens from different islands average as follows:
: : ai] |Exposed
Locality. Wing. | Tail. enlanant Tarsus.
MALES.
Sixcadmlismalestromu POLO RICO aac a. ss eens eres aoe ese | 59,4 38.1 14.2 17.5
SiXeA CUM ales frOU VACQUES src anc isieietes coe meses \anisicie)=isieine Oca 40.1 14 16.8
One wmdnltanaledtromi StsJONNS}tsa- eens cece cence ciciacinne 59.4 40.1 14 18
FEMALES.
Sixeagult females! from: Porto RiCO:- 2. s2-.+cceces seecece-s= 55.1 36.1 14.2 16.8
Mwowcuittemales:! from! ViCQUes <. He sees jelnaclesieleiaininceinie ee 55.1 36.1 13.2 16.3
Onemadultitemalefirom StsJonNS) 22-252. -2-sereseee cance cee 52.8 33.8 13.7 16.5
SEX UNDETERMINED. |
57.4 38.9 14.2 16.8
Miveramlbs roms Sts MOM aSces ceric seeeesecatoe ssc meee. = |
Middle
toe.
11,2
11.2
11.9
10.4
10.4
11.2
10.9
% Only specimens from Porto Rico, Vieques, St. Thomas, and St. Johns seen by me.
414 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Certhiola sti. thomae SuNDEVALL, CEfv. k. Vet.-Ak. Forh. Stockh., 1869, 621 (St.
Thomas).
Certhiola sancti-thome Rrpaway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., viii, Apr. 20, 1885, 28
(St. Thomas, Greater Antilles; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.).—Scuarer, Cat. Am.
Birds, xi, 1886, 42.—Cory, Auk, ili, 1886, 48; Birds W. I., 1889, 62.
CCQEREBA FLAVEOLA (Linnzus).
JAMAICAN BANANAQUIT,
Similar to C. portoricensis, but throat much darker, white wing-patch
much larger and continued along edges of primaries, breast duller
(more brownish) yellow, and color of back, ete., still blacker.
Adults (sexes alike).—Upper parts (except rump) black or sooty
black; rump (abruptly) clear lemon yellow; a large white patch at base
of five or six outermost primaries, the white extending for a consider-
able distance along edges of the quills; lateral ae very broadly
tipped with white (on both webs), the white 7.6-12.7 in extent on out-
ermost rectrix; a broad superciliary stripe of ee extending from
nostril to end of auricular region; loral, suborbital and auricular
regions black; malar region, chin, throat, and upper chest blackish
slate; breast brownish yellow or wax yellow, the rest of under parts
lemon yellow, becoming paler posteriorly, the under tail-coverts white
or yellowish white, with basal (concealed) portion slaty; bill black,
usually becoming somewhat horn colored basally; legs and feet dusky
(in dried skins).
Adult male.—Length (skins), 93-99.3 (95.8); wing, 54.4-57.4 (56.1);
tail, 33.3-37.8 (35.8); exposed culmen, 11.9-13.5 (12.4); tarsus, 16-16.5
(16.3); middle toe, 9.7-10.9 (10.4)."
Adult female.—Length (skin), 100.6; wing, 59.9; tail, 38.1; exposed
culmen, 12.7; tarsus, 16.5; middle toe, 9.9.’
Island of Jamaica, Greater Antilles.
[Certhia] flaveola Linnxvs, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, i, 1758, 119 (based on Lwuscinia s.
Philomela e fusco et luteo varia Sloane, Nat. Hist. Jamaica, 307, pl. 259, fig. 3;
Edwards, Nat. Hist. Birds, iii, pl. 122, up. fig.; Black and Yellow Creeper
Edwards, Gleanings, pl. 362, fig. 3); ed. 12, i, 1766, 187 (excl. var. 6) .—
GMELIN, Syst. Nat., i, 1788, 479 (excl. vars. 6, »).—Lataam, Index Orn.,
i, 1790, 297 (excl. var.).—Brcustern, Lath. Uebers., iv, 1793, 188 (excl.
var. ).
[ Certhia flaveola| 2 GmeEuin, Syst. Nat., i, 1788, 479, part.
[ Certhia] flaveola LarnHam, Index Orn., i, 1790, 297, part; Gen. Hist. Birds, iv,
1822, 283 (excl. vars. 6, vy, and 0).
Certhia flaveola Denny, Proce. Zool. Soe. London, 1847, 39.
Coereba flaveola VixILiot, Ois. Am. Sept., ii, 1807, 70; Ene. Méth., ii, 1823, 611,
(excl. var., part).—Cory, Auk, vili, Jan., 1891, 38.—Scort, ae es eae 339
(crit. ).
Cleiaeta peo Gray, Gen. Birds, i, 1846, 102, part.
! Four specimens. ?One specimen.
dade,
—
PRP yr ee
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. A
Certhiola flaveola Gossk, Birds Jamaica, 1847, 84; Illustr. Birds Jam., 1849, pl.
16.—Bonaparte, Compt. Rend., xxxvili, 1854, 259.—ReicnEenspacn, Handb.,
ii, 1853, 250, pl. 561, fig. 3823.—BurmetstErR, Syst. Ueb. Th. Bras., iii, 1856,
156.—ScuLaTER, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1861, 73; Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 54,
part (Jamaica); Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 43.—ALBrecut, Journ. fiir.
Orn., 1862, 196.—Makcu, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1863, 296.—Cassin,
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1864, 271.—NerwtTon, Zool. Record, 1864, 76.—
CaBanis, Journ. fur. Orn., 1865, 412.—SuNpDEVALL, CEfv. k. Vet.-Ak. Férh.
Stockh., 1869, 621 (monogr.).—Frinscn, Verh. k. k. zool.-bot. Gessellsch.
Wien, 1871, 756 (monogr.).—Ripaway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., viii, 1885, 30
(synonymy ).—Cory, Auk, ili, 1886, 50; Birds W. J., 1889, 64.
[Certhiola] flaveola BONAPARTE, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 402, part.—Gray, Hand-list,
i, 1869, 120, no. 1497.—ScuaTER and Saxvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 16.—
Batrp, Am. Nat., vii, 1873, 610; in Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 427.—Cory,
List Birds W. I., 1885, 9. f
Clerthiola] flaveola Newton (A. and E.), Handb. Jamaica, 1881, 103—Rineway,
Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., viii, 1885, 28 (diagnosis).
Cereba flaviola Cory, Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 17, 116, 130.
CCGEREBA SACCHARINA (Lawrence).
ST, VINCENT BANANAQUIT,
Similar to C. duteola but back, ete., dusky brownish slate instead of
black, rump light yellowish olive or olive-yellowish instead of clear
lemon yellow, white superciliary stripe much broader (especially
anteriorly), and throat dark slate or blackish slate instead of slate-
gray.
Adult (sexes alike).—Pileum uniform sooty black, margined on each
side by a broad superciliary stripe of pure white, extending from
nostril to sides of occiput; rest of upper parts plain dusky brownish
slate, the rump light yellowish olive or olive-yellowish (as in C. chloro-
pyga); a white spot at base of longer primaries; inner webs of three
outermost rectrices broadly tipped with white (about 5.8—7.1 in extent
on lateral rectrix); loral, suborbital, and auricular regions and sides of
neck sooty black, like pileum; malar region, chin, and throat uniform
dark slate or blackish slate; rest of under parts lemon yellow, more or
less tinged with olive, especially on sides, the flanks yellowish olive-
gray, the under tail-coverts dull white; axillars and under wing-coverts
dull white; bill black; legs and feet dusky brownish (in dried skins).
Adult female.—Length (skins), 102.1-115.3 (108.7); wing, 55.6-56.6
(56.1); tail, 34.3-34.8 (84.5); exposed culmen, 12.2-13.5 (12.7); tarsus,
17.8; middle toe, 10.9-11.2. }
Islands of St. Vincent and Grenada,? Lesser Antilles.
'Two specimens; one from St. Vincent, the other from Grenada.
* With only a single specimen each from St. Vincent and Grenada, Iam not able
to judge whether the birds from the two islands really differ or not. Both specimens
are marked ‘‘?,’’ but that from St. Vincent with an interrogation point. The
416 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Certhiola saccharina Lawrencr, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., i, June, 1878, 151 (St. Vin-
cent, Lesser Antilles; coll. U.S. Nat. Mus.); Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., i, 1878,
190, 487 (St. Vincent).—Ripeway, Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., viii, 1885, 30,
(synonymy; St. Vincent; ‘‘Grenada’’).—Cory, Auk, iii, 1886, 50 (St. Vin-
cent; ‘‘Grenada’’); Birds W. I., 1889, 64 (do.).—ScuarEr, Cat. Birds Brit.
Mus., xi, 1886, 42 (St. Vincent; ‘‘Grenada’’).—WELLs, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus.,
ix, 1886, 613 (not in Grenada, but on islands immediately northward—lIle de
Rhonde, Carriacou, ete. ).
C[erthiola] saccharina Ripaway, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., viii, 1885, 28 (diagnosis),
[ Certhiola] saccharina Cory, List Birds W. I., 1885, 9.
Cereba saccharina Cory, Auk, viii, Jan., 1891, 39 (St. Vincent); Cat. W. I. Birds,
1892, 17, 116, 134 (do.).
CCEREBA NEWTONI (Baird).
ST, CROIX BANANAQUIT.
Similar to C. flaveola, but white wing-patch truncated posteriorly,
yellow of rump tinged with olive, and tarsus longer and stouter.
This form I have not seen. According to a manuscript description
of Professor Baird’s, it ‘‘ has a tinge of ochraceous in the yellow of
the breast, as in the Jamaican bird [ C. flaveola], and like it the throat,
though rather lighter, is so dark as not to present any contrast with
the black of the cheeks. The rump is more olivaceous-green, not
yellow. The white patch at base of primaries is quadrate, as in the
St. Thomas bird [ C. portoricensis|, without involving the outer webs.’
The legs are stouter than in either, the tarsus decidedly longer (17.8 in
six specimens). In one specimen the white of superciliary stripe is
confluent across the forehead, but not in the others. Young specimens
have this stripe yellow, white behind, the throat feathers edged with
olivaceous-green.”
Professor Baird gives the measurements of No. 39380, male adult
(no longer to be found in the National Museum collection), as follows:
Length (skin), 109.2; wing, 63.5; tail, 44.5;” exposed culmen, 16.8;
tarsus, 17.8; middle toe, 9.9.
measurements differ somewhat, as may be seen below, though not more than do
specimens of one form, in other cases, from the same island. In coloration they are
closely alike except the back and wings, which in the St. Vincent specimen are
blacker and less brown than in the Grenada example. The latter is clearly not C.
luteola, the only yellow-breasted species accredited to Grenada by Mr. Cory, and if
not C. saccharina is unquestionably most nearly related to the latter form.
The two specimens compare in measurements as follows:
Ex- .
Locality. Wing.| Tail. | posed | Tarsus. mide
culmen. 3
Adult female (2?) fromuSt; Vincentss-scceccaseeaeetee ce mares 55.6 34.3 13.5 17.8 11.2
Adult. female-from: Grenada a-s2- 2 sete nsec ssa wioeiee eens 56.6 34.8 12.2 17.8 10.9
‘Doubtless the edges of the outer webs are meant.
* Probably measured from base of coceyx.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 417
Island of St. Croix, Greater Antilles.
Certhiola flaveola (not Certhia flaveola Linnzeus) Newron (A.and E.), Ibis, 1859, 67,
pl. 12, fig. 3, egg (St. Croix).—Sciater, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 54, part (St.
Croix). —SUNDEVALL, Céfv. k. Vet.-Ak. Forh. Stockh., 1869, 623, part (St.
Croix).
[ Certhiola] newtoni Barro, Am. Nat., vii, Oct., 1873, 611 (St. Croix, Greater Antil-
les; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.); in Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 427.—Cory, List
Birds West Indies, 1885, 9.
Certhiola newtont Baird, BrEewer,and Ripaway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, iii, 1874,
508.—Ripaway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vill, 1885, 30 (synonymy ).—ScLaTEr,
Cat. Birds Br.t. Mus., xi, 1886, 43.—Cory, Auk, iii, 1886, 51; Birds W. I
1889, 65.
C[erthiola] newton Ripaway, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., viii, 1885, 28 (diagnosis).
Cereba newtoni Cory, Auk, vili, Jan., 1891, 39, 48; Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 17,
LAGE 1322
Certhiola bartolemica (not Certhia bartolemica Sparrmann) Frxscu, Verh. k. k.
z0ol.-bot. Gesellsch. Wien, 1871, 7638, part (St. Croix ).
[ Certhiola] bartolemica ScLaTer and Sarvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 16, part (St.
Croix).
[ Certhiola] bartholemica Cory, List Birds W. I., 1885, 9, part (St. Croix).
“9,
CGEREBA DOMINICANA (Taylor).
DOMINICAN BANANAQUIT.
Similar to C. portoricensis, but throat much darker (much as in (
flaveola); yellow rump-patch absent, the lower rump being merely
tinged with yellowish olive-green or olive-yellawish; white wing-spot
obsolete or altogether wanting; general color of upper parts not so
dark (on average), and white superciliary stripe narrower.
Adults (sewes alike). —Upper parts plain sooty olive, nearly black on
pileum, the back, etc., sometimes inclining to sooty slate, the lower
rump more or less strongly tinged with yellowish olive-green or olive-
yellowish, but without a well-defined patch of this color; base of
primaries without any white patch, or with a very minute one, the
white barely showing beyond tips of primary coverts; inner webs of
lateral rectrices broadly tipped with white, this 6.3-10.2 long on outer-
most rectrix; a rather narrow superciliary stripe of white (partly
yellow in younger birds) extending from sides of forehead to end of
auricular region, the forehead also sometimes white or grayish;* loral,
suborbital, and auricular regions sooty blackish; malar region, chin,
and throat uniform slate color; rest of under parts lemon yellow,
becoming paler and duller posteriorly, the under tail-coverts whitish,
the flanks light olive-grayish tinged with yellow; bill black; legs and
feet dusky horn color (in dried skins).
Adult male.—Length (skins), 103.6-121.4 (113.8); wing, 55.4-63.2
(58.9); tail, 38.1-42.7 (40.1); exposed culmen, 13-15 (14); tarsus,
17.3-19.8 (18.3); middle toe, 10.4-12.2 (11.4).’
1The superciliary stripe sometimes becomes obsolete anteriorly.
2 Nine specimens.
8654—VvoL 2—01—27
418 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Adult female.—Length (skins), 105.4-121.9 (112); wing, 53.8-58.4
(56.9); tail, 38.1-40.1 (39.4); exposed culmen, 13.2-14 (13.5); tarsus,
16.8-18.3 (17); middle toe, 10.7-12.4 (11.4).'
Jslands of Dominica, Guadeloupe, Nevis, Barbuda, and Antigua
(also Anguilla, Marie Galante, Desirade, St. Christopher, and Mont-
serrat?”), Lesser Antilles.
Certhiolu dominicana Taytor, Ibis, lst ser., vi, Apr., 1864, 167 (Dominica, Lesser
Antilles; coll. P. L. Sclater).—Newron, Zool. Rec., 1864, 76.—SuNDEVALL,
(ify. K. Vet.-Ak. Forh. Stockh., 1869, 623 (monogr. ).—Fixscn, Verh. k. k.
zool.-bot. Gesellsch. Wien, 1871, 787 (monogr.).—LAWRENCE, Proc. U.S.
Nat. Mus., 1, 1878, 56 (Dominica; descr. nest and eggs), 233 (Antigua), 239
(Barbuda); i, 1879, 455 (Guadeloupe; crit.).—Sciarer, Proe. Zool. Soe.
Lond., 1879, 765 (Montserrat); 1889, 326 (Dominica) ; Cat. Birds Brit. Mus.,
x1, 1886, 44, pl. 5, fig. 2 (Dominica; Montserrat; Antigua; Barbuda).—Gnris-
DALE, Ibis, 1882, 486 (Montserrat ).—Ripaway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., viii,
1885, 30 (synonymy).—Cory, Auk, iii, 1886, 51; Birds W. I., 1889, 65.
ean vy, Hand-list, i, 1869, 120, no. 1505. —ScLarerand Savin,
Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 17.—Bairp, Am. Nat., vil, 1873, 612 (monogr.); in
Hist. N. Am. oe i, 1874, 428.—Cory, List Bins West Indies, 1885, 9
CLerthiola] dominicana Ripaway, Proc. U os Nat. Mus., vili, 1885, 28 (diagno
Cereba dominicana Cory, Auk, vii, Oct., 1890, 374 (Anegada); vill, 1891, 39, part
(Dominica; Marie Galante; Desirade; Barbuda; St. Christopher; Saba), 47
(Antigua), 48 (St. Christopher), 49 (Guadeloupe).
CLewreba] dominicana BertepscH, Journ. fir Orn., 1892, 78, 79, 80, in text.
[Certhiola] froutalis Barrp, Am. Nat., vii, eck 1873, 612 (Antigua, Lesser
Antilles; coll. U. §. Nat. Mus.); in Hist. AGH Birds, 1, 1874, 428.
Certhiola frontalis Barrp, Brewer, and ee Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 508.
Certhiola sundevalli Ripaway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vill, Apr. 20, 1885, 26 (Gua-
deloupe, Lesser Antilles; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.).—Scuiarer, Cat. Birds Brit.
Mus., xi, 1886, 44 (Dominica; Guadeloupe).
Ceereba bartolemica (not Certhia bartolemica Sparrmann) Cory, Cat. W. I. Birds,
1892, 17, 154, part.
1 Four specimens.
*Mr. Cory (Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 155) names these islands as inhabited by what
he calls C. bartolemica, but since he considers CL dominicana a synonym of that form
T can not, in the absence of specimens, be sure as to which they should be referred.
Average measurements of specimens from different islands are as follows:
Xo Hn :
Locality. | Wing. | Tail. posed | Tarsus.) ee
culmen.| oe
MALES.
BiveaAauit males trom Dominica seco. 2 secretin = see 58.2 40.4 Door 18.5 11.4
Two adult males from Guadeloupe. ..--.:.-2222-c---ase---u- 58.7 38.4 13.5 17.8 ere
Oneadaltmaletrom Nevis. .2s2 ase sa. ss eee ee eee eee = 61 42.7 | 15 18.5 11.4
Oneadultmule from Barbuda -2ses--28 225 ee; eeceeeoeecses 60.2 38.6 4 1s 1132
FEMALES.
Three adult females from Dominica .......................- 97.9 39.6 | 13.5 17.3 11:7
One‘ adult female from: Barbuds <2s.222. 220 eee ee 53.8 38.1 | T3s2 16.8 10.7
|
SEX NOT DETERMINED. |
Four adults (one female) from Antigua.............-- Zanes os. 4 38.9 13.7 17.8 Mie
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 419
Cereba bartholemica Cory, Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 116, part (St. Christopher;
Nevis; Barbuda; Antigua; Guadeloupe; Dominica).
CGQZEREBA BARTOLEMICA (Sparrmann).
ST. BARTHOLOMEW BANANAQUIT,
Similar to C. doménicana, but white wing-spot always (7) present
and distinct, white superciliary stripe not extending anterior to eye,
and size averaging larger.
Adult mate. angth (skins), 105.7-122.9 (114.8); wing, 56.1-61.5
(59.2); tail, 38.4-44.2 (41.4); exposed culmen, 13.7-15 (14.2); tarsus,
17.8-18.5 (18); middle toe, 11.4-12.2 (11.7).’
Adult female.— Length (skin), 101.1; wing, 51.6; tail, 36.3; tarsus,
17.3; middle toe, 11.4.”
Islands of St. Bartholomew, St. Eustatius, Anguilla and Saba, Lesser
Antilles.
Certhia bartolemica SPARRMANN, Mus. Carls., fase. iii, 1788, pl. 57 (St. Bartholo-
mew, Lesser Antilles; coll. Carlson Nii eeuereny: Lath. Uebers., i,
1793, 611.
Certhiola bartolemica RetcHENBACH, Handb., 11, 1853, 2538.—SuNDEVALL, Krit.
Fram. K. Vet:-Ak. Handl., Bd. 2, no. 3, 1857, 10; Gtiv. K. Vet.-Ak. Foérh.
Stockh., 1869, 622 (monogr.).—Fryscu, Verh. k. k. zool.-bot. Gesellsch.
Wien, 1871, 763 (monogr.).—SciaTerR, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1892, 499
(Anguilla).
Certhiola bartholemica Ripaway, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vill, 1885, 30 (references ).—
Cory, Auk, iii, 1886, 50; Birds W.I., 1889, 64.—ScLatTEr, Cat. Birds Brit.
Mus., xi, 1886, 42. :
[ Certhiola] bartolemica SCLATER and Satyvin, Nom. Avy. Neotr., 1873, 16.
Cereba bartolemica Cory, Auk, vill, Jan., 1891, 39, 46 (Anguilla); Cat. W. I. Birds,
1892, 17, 154, part (St. Bartholomew ).
[ Certhiola] bartholemica Batrp, Am. Nat., vii, 1873, 611; in Hist. N. Am. Birds,
i, 1874, 428.—Cory, List Birds West Indies, 1885, 9.
CLerthiola] bartholemica Ripaway, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vili, 1885, 28 (diagnosis).
Cereba bartholemica Cory, Cat. W. IL. Birds, 1892, 116, part (St. Bartholomew).
CLlerthia] flaveola Becustern, Lath. Uebers., iv, 1811, 188, part (variety ¢).
[Certhia faveola] var. C. LArHAM, Gen. Hist. Birds, iv, 1824, 284.
Cereba flaveola (not Certhia flaveola Linnzeus) ViettLtor, Ene. Méth., ii, 1823, 611,
part (St. Bartholomew ).
Clerthiola| flaveola Gray, Gen. Birds, i, 1846, 102, part.—Bonaparte, Consp. Av
i, 1850, 402, part.
=o:
' Four specimens.
? One specimen.
Specimens from different islands average in measurements as follows:
Ex |
Locality. Wing. | Tail. posed | Tarsus. ele
culmen. | ;
One adult male from St. Bartholomew ............-- Sab eee 59.9 44.2 13.7 17.8 12.2
Onemdultimaletirom St: Hustativs= 2. - 22.222 scechse.s. le. 61.5 a OR eee ee 18 11.4
OueradultimalertromSabalece.-snccseen os sae pes cee ieee Nee 56.1 38.4 15 18.5 11.4
420 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
CCEREBA BARBADENSIS (Baird).
BARBADOS BANANAQUIT.
Adults (sexes alike).—Above dark sooty slate color, darkest on
pileum, the back more brownish slate; lower rump light yellowish-
olive or olive-yellowish; secondaries narrowly margined at ends with
pale grayish or dull grayish white; no white spotat base of primaries;
lateral rectrices broadly tipped with white on both webs, the white
on outermost rectrix about 7.6-8.9 in extent; a white or pale yellow
superciliary stripe, broadest anteriorly (on sides of forehead); sides of
head below this stripe, sides of neck, chin, upper throat, and sides of
lower throat sooty blackish, like pileum; an indistinct rictal streak
of grayish; median portion of lower throat white or yellowish white;
rest of under parts lemon or gamboge yellow, becoming paler and
duller posteriorly, the flanks pale yellowish gray or olive, the lower
abdomen, anal region, and under tail-coverts white or yellowish white;
bill blackish with tumid rictus pale brownish (flesh color in life?);
legs and feet dusky (in dried skins); length (skins), 95-96 (94.2); wing,
55.6-59.4 (57.7); tail, 36.6-40.4 (88.6); exposed culmen, 12.2-12.7
(12.4); tarsus, 17.8-18.3 (18); middle toe, 10.7-11.7 (11.2).*
Young. —Above plain grayish brown, including pileum and sides of
head and neck, the middle and greater wing-coverts indistinctly tipped
with paler; superciliary stripe narrow, mostly yellow; sides of throat
dusky; rest of under parts, including median portion of throat, light
olive-yellow or dull canary yellow, becoming paler posteriorly, the
flanks tinged with light brownish olive.
Island of Barbados, Lesser Antilles.
[Certhiola] barbadensis Batrp, Am. Nat., vii, Oct., 1873, 612 (Barbados, Lesser
Antilles: coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.); in Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 428; in,
1874, 508.—Cory, List Birds West Indies, 1885, 9.
Certhioladbarbadensis BARD, RREwER, and Ripaway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ili, 1874,
508.—Ripaway, Proce. U. S. Nat. Mus., vill, 1885, 50 (synonymy ).—ScLATER,
Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 46:—Cory, Auk, iii, 1886, 52; Birds West
Indies, 1889, 66.
C[erthiola] barbadensis Ripaway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., viii, 1885, 28 (diagnosis).
Cereba barbadensis Cory, Auk, viii, Jan., 1891, 40; Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 17,
116, 154.
CLlereba] barbadensis Beruepscn, Journ. fiir Orn., 1892, 78, 79, in text.
Certhiola martinicana (not of Reichenbach) Sciater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
1874, 174 (Barbados).
CGZEREBA UROPYGIALIS Eerlepsch.
CURACAO BANANAQUIT.
Similar to C. barbadensis, but white throat-patch much larger,
extending to median portion of upper throat or sometimes even to
chin, and without yellowish tinge; -superciliary stripe pure white,
longer (terminating beyond or behind auricular region), equally broad
‘Three specimens, with sex undetermined.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 491
throughout; lower rump more extensively and abruptly light yellow-
ish olive or olive-yellowish: gray rictal streak less distinct, and sides
of throat, and chin, dark slate color instead of sooty black.
Young.—Above plain brownish gray, the rump tinged with light
yellowish olive, the middle and greater wing-coverts tipped with pale
buffy grayish; superciliary stripe bright yellow, paler posteriorly:
sides of head and neck otherwise plain brownish gray, darker on lores,
paler and tinged with yellowish from rictus backward; sides of throat
dusky; rest of under parts, including a median throat-stripe extend-
ing nearly to chin, canary yellow, faintly tinged with pale olive later-
ally, fading into buffy white or pale buffy yellow on anal region and
under tail-coverts.
Adult male.—Length (skins), 99.6-104.6 (102.1); wing, 60.7—61 (60.8);
tail, 40.1-40.9 (40.6); exposed culmen, 12.4—-14.2 (13.5); tarsus, 18.3-18.5
(18.4); middle toe, 11.7-11.9 (11.: a
Island of Curagao, Caribbean Se:
Coereba uropygialis Beriepscn, Journ. fir Orn., xxxx, Jan., 1892, 77 (Island of
Curacao, Caribbean Sea; coll. E. Peters).—Roprxson, Flying Trip to Tropics,
1895, 165 (Curacao).
CLereba] uropygialis Berterscn, Journ. fir Orn., 1892, 79, 81, in text.
Certhiola species? Prrers, Journ. fir Orn., 1892, 116 (Curacao).
CCEREBA MARTINICANA (Reichenbach).
MARTINIQUE BANANAQUIT.
Similar to C. wropyqialis, but white throat-patch much more sharply
defined, superciliary stripe shorter (scarcely reaching to end of auricu-
lar region), malar region and sides of throat uniform sooty black, like
auricular region, pileum, etc.; no gray rictal streak, and with less of
olive-yellow on rump.
Adults (sexes alike).—Above dark sooty slate, sometimes inclining
to sooty blackish, especially on pileum, which is always perceptibly
darker than back; lower rump more or less tinged with light yellowish
olive or olive-yellowish, but without a distinct patch or band of that
color; wing-coverts usually slightly tipped with pale grayish; no white
at base of primaries, but their outer webs narrowly edged with grayish;
inner webs of lateral rectrices broadly tipped with white, this on outer-
most rectrix about 6.3-8.9 in extent; a superciliary stripe of white
or (in younger specimens?) yellow, extending from nostril to about
end of auricular region, but becoming narrower posteriorly; sides of
head, otherwise, and sides of neck, including sides of throat, uniform
sooty black, like pileum; median portion of throat white or grayish
white, forming a broad, somewhat wedge-shaped, stripe; rest of under
parts lemon yellow: Pe aler ne Sonely, tinged with olive on flanks, the
‘Two specimens.
492 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
anal region and under tail-coverts whitish; bill black, with tumid
rictus pale brownish (flesh color in life’); legs and feet, dusky horn
color (in dried skins). .
Adult male.—Length (skins), 99.8-125 (117.1); wing, 57.2-62.2
(59.4); tail, 87.8-44.5 (40.9); exposed culmen, 13-14.7 Cnn bie
17.5-18.8 (18.3); middle toe, 11.2—11.7 (11.4).
Adult female.—Length (skins), 104.9-L07.7 (106.4); wing, 56.1—-57.4
(56.9); tail, 37.6-40.1 (88.9); exposed culmen, 12.7-13.2 (13); tarsus,
17.3-18 (17.8); middle toe, 11.4-11.7.” .
Islands of Martinique and Santa Lucia, Lesser Antilles.
[Certhia flaveola] 8. Lixnnxus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, i, 1766, 187, part (citation of
Certhia martinicana sive saccharivora Brisson, Orn., iii, 611, pl. 34, fig. 5).—
GMELIN, Syst. Nat., 1, 1788, 479.
Nectarinia flaveola, var. Swatnson, Zool. Ilustr., iii, 1822-23, pl. 142 (excel. syn.).
Certhiola martinicana RetcHENBACH, Handb. d. spec. Orn., 1, 1858, 252, pl. 561,
fig. 3824 (ex Brisson).—Casstn, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1864, 271
(monogr.).—CaBanis, Journ. fir Orn., 1865, 412.—Sunpevaui, C#fv. k.
Vet.-Ak. Forh. Stockh., 1869, 624 (monogr.).—Frinscu, Verh. k. k. zool.-
bot. Gesellsch. Wien, 1871, 788 (monogr. ).—Scuarer, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
1871, 269 (Santa Lucia); 1889, 395 (Santa Lucia); Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x1,
1886, 46 (Martinique; Santa Lucia).—Semprer, Proc. Zool. Soe. Lond., 1872,
649 (Santa Lucia).—Lawrencer, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., i, 1878, 354 (Mar-
tinique; habits).—AL Len, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, v, 1880, 166 (Santa Lucia ).—
Rrpaway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., viii, 1885, 30 (synonymy ).—Cory, Auk, iii,
1886, 52; iv, 1887, 95 (Martinique); Birds W. I., 1889, 66.
[.Certhiola] martinicana ScuaTeR and SAtvin, Nom. Avy. Neotr., 1875, 17.—Batrp,
Am. Nat., vil, 1873, 612; in Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 428.—Cory, List
Birds West Indies, 1885, 9.
Clerthiola] martinicana Ripaway, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., viii, 1885, 28 (diagnosis).
Cereba martinicana Ripaway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xii, Feb. 5, 1890, 129 (Santa
Lucia; crit.).—Cory, Auk, viii, 1891, 40; Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 17, 116
(Martinique; Santa Lucia).
CL ereba]| martinicana Beriepscn, Journ. fir Orn., 1892, 78, 79, 80, in text.
Certhiola martinicensis SCLATER, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x1, 1886, pleOnetionle
[ Certhiola] martinica Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 120, no. 1504.
Certhiola albigula BoNAPARTE, Compt. Rend., xxxviil, 1854, 259 (Martinique);
Notes Orn. Coll. Delattre, 1854, 57.—Taynor, Ibis, 1864, 167 (Martinique).—
Newton, Zool. Record, 1864, 76.—SunprEvaALL, Cify. k. Vet.-Ak. Forh.
Stockh., 1869, 624 (monogr.).
Certhiola flaveola? (not Certhia flaveola Linnzeus) Newron, Ibis, 1862, 288 (Mar-
tinique).
Certhiola finschi Ripaway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vill, Apr. 20, 1885, 25, 28
(Dominica?, Lesser Antilles; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.).—Sciarrer, Cat. Birds
Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 47.
CCEREBA ATRATA (Lawrence).
BLACK BANANAQUIT.
Adult male.—Entirely plain sooty black, the under parts slightly
tinged with olive; bill black, the mandible more grayish basally, the
tumid rictus pale brow wnish (flesh color in life 4); legs and feet dusky
aie specimens. * Two specimens.
a ii i i i i
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 493
erayish (in dried skins); length (skin), 127.5; wing, 64; tail, 42.7;
exposed culmen, 16; tarsus, 19.6; middle to, 12.7."
Adult female.—Similar to the male, but smaller and more slaty
blackish, with under parts more strongly glossed with olive; length
(skin), 106.9; wing, 56.4; tail, 33.5; exposed culmen, 14.5; tarsus, 15.8
middle toe, 10.9.°
Island of St. Vincent, Lesser Antilles.
(2) Diczeum aterrimum Lesson, Traité d’Orn., i, 1831, 303 (locality unknown).—
Pucueran, Rev. Zool., 1846, 1384 (‘‘St. Thomas;’’ crit.).—Harriavp, Isis,
1847, 611; Journ. fiir Orn., 1855, 418.—Rercnenspacn, Handb., ii, 1853, 243
(see Frxscn, Verh. k. k. zool.-bot. Gesellsch. Wien, 1871, 762).
Certhiola atrata LAwrencr, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., i, no. 5, June, 1878, 150 (St.
Vincent, Lesser Antilles; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.); Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., i,
1878, 190 (St. Vincent; habits).—Lisrer, Ibis, 1880, 40 (St. Vincent) .—Sat-
vin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1883, 251, in text.—Ripaway,
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., viii, 1885, 30, part (synonymy).—Cory, Auk, iii,
1886, 53, part (do.); Birds W. I., 1889, 67, part (do.).—Sciarer, Cat. Birds
Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 47, part (St. Vincent).
C[erthiola] atrata Ripaway, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., viii, 1885, 28, part (diagnosis) .
Cereba atrata Cory, Auk, viii, Jan., 1891, 40; Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 17, 116, 134
(St. Vincent).
’
CCZEREBA WELLSI Cory.
WELLS’ BANANAQUIT.
Similar to C. atrata, but smaller, and oo male not so deep black.
Adult male.—Length (skins), 104.6-112. 8 (108.7); wing, 58.9-60.5
(59.7); tail, 36.1-86.6 (36.3); exposed caine, 14-14.5 (14.2); tarsus,
18.8; middle toe, 11.9.”
Adult female.—Length (before skinning), 114.3; wing, 53.3; tail,
33.5; exposed culmen, 14; tarsus, 18; middle toe, 11.9.'
Island of Grenada, Lesser Antilles.
Certhiola atrata (not of Lawrence, 1878) LawreENcE, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., i, 1879,
269 (Grenada).—Ripaway, Proe. S. Nat. Mus., viii, 1885, 30, part
(Grenada).—Cory, List Birds W. I., 1885, 9, part (Grenada); Auk, in,
1886, 53, part (do.); Birds W. I., 1889, 67, part (do.).—ScuaTEr, Cat.
3irds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 47, part (Grenada).—WeEL.Ls, Proc. U. S. Nat.
Mus., ix, 1886, 612 (Grenada; habits; desc. nest and eggs).
C[erthiola] atrata Ripaway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vill, 1885, 28, part.
Certhiola wellsi Cory, Auk, vi, July, 1889, 219 (Grenada, Lesser Antilles; coll.
C. B. Cory).
Cereba wellsi Cory, Auk, viii, Jan., 1891, 40; Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 17, 116, 134.
Genus GLOSSIPTILA Sclater.
Neornis (not of Hodgson, 1844) Harriavus, Nachtr. z. Verz. Mus. Brem., 1846, 8.
(Type, N. exrulea Hartlaub, = Tanagra ruficollis Gmelin. )
Glossiptila SctatER, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1856, 269. (Type, Tanagra ruficoilis
Gmelin. )
Euneornis Frrzincer, Sitz. ver. Wien Ak. Mett. Nat., xxi, Abth. 2, 1856, 316.
(Type, ae mihi ollis Gmelin. )
s One specimen. 2 Two specimens.
494 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Rather stoutly built Ccerebidee, with elongate-conical, slightly de-
curved bill, rather long tarsus (much longer than commissure, about
one-fourth as long as wing) and plain coloration, the latter with neither
bright blue, green, yellow, nor black (except on lores, etc.).
Bill much shorter than head, elongate-conoid, with upper outline
distinctly convex, but lower outline nearly straight; culmen straight
and rather elevated basally, but decidedly and regularly decurved from
in front of nostrils; commissure slightly concaye, though nearly
straight in middle portion; tip of maxilla acute; gonys straight,
slightly ascending terminally, its base forming a slight angle; depth
of bill at base equal to about half length of exposed culmen, the basal
width decidedly less; nostril mostly exposed, obliquely longitudinal
(posterior end higher than anterior) in median portion of nasal fossee,
with rather broud membrane both above and below. Rictal bristles
minute, very weak. Wing rather long, rather pointed (eighth, seventh,
and sixth primaries longest, ninth about equal to fifth); wing-tip about
equal to commissure, decidedly shorter than tarsus. Tail much shorter
than wing (decidedly shorter than distance from bend of wing to tip
of secondaries), even or very slightly emarginated. Tarsus much
longer than commissure, about one-fourth as long as wing, its scutella
rather distinct; middle toe with claw slightly shorter than tarsus; basal
phalanx of middle toe with at least half its length free from inner toe.
Coloration.—Adult male uniform dull grayish blue, with rufous
throat-patch; adult females and young olive-brownish above (the
wings and tail more decidedly brown), under parts paler.
Range.— Island of Jamaica, Greater Antilles. _(Monotypic.)
GLOSSIPTILA RUFICOLLIS (Gmelin).
ORANGEQUIT,
Adult male.—Throat deep cinnamon-rufous; lores and anterior por-
tion of malar region and chin, black; rest of plumage, including lower
part of chin and extreme upper part of throat, plain dull grayish blue;
bill black; legs and feet horn brownish (in dried skins); length (skins),
127-139.7 (182.8); wing, 70.6-71.9 (71.1); tail, 48.8-51.1 (50.5); exposed
culmen, 13.2-14 (13.7); tarsus, 17-18.3 (17.5); middle toe, 11.9-13.2
(12.4).?
Adult female.—Pileum and hindneck plain olivaceous slate-gray or
grayish olive; rest of upper parts plain clive, becoming browner on
wings and tail; under parts pale buffy grayish or olive-gray, very
faintly streaked on throat and abdomen with pale buffy; bill brownish
black or dusky; legs and feet horn brownish (in dried skins);- length
(skins), 124.5-128 (126.2); wing, 65.5-67.1 (66.3); tail, 46.5-46.7;
o >
exposed culmen, 13-13.2; tarsus, 18.3; middle toe, 13.2.”
' Four specimens. * Two specimens.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 495
Young matle.—Similar to adult female, but texture of plumage dif-
ferent (much looser); color of head more olive, and sides and. flanks
more brownish.
Island of Jamaica, Greater Antilles.
(?) [Motacilla] campestris LrxNus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, i, 1766, 329 (based on
American Hedge Sparrow Edwards, Nat. Hist., iii, pl. 122, fig. 2).
Glossoptila campestris Lucas, Proe. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xvii, Nov. 15, 1894, 301, in
LEX
[ Tanagra] ruficollis GMELIN, Syst. Nat., i, pt. ii, 1788, 894 (based on Rufous-
throated Tanager Latham, Gen. Synop. Birds, ii, pt. i, 241).
Tanagrella ruficollis Gossr, Birds Jamaica, 1847, 236; Hlustr. Birds Jam., 1849,
pl. 58.
TL anagrella] ruficollis Gray, Gen. Birds, App., 1849, 17.—Bonaparrer, Consp. Av.,
i, 1850, 236.
[ Pyrrhulagra] ruficollis Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 493, exel. syn.
Glossiptila ruficollis ScuATER, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1856, 269 (monoer. ); 1861,
73; Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 54; Cat. Birds. Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 48.—ALBRECHT,
Journ. fir Orn., 1862, 196.—Marcn, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1863, 296.—
Barrp, ‘Review Am. Birds, 1864, 163, fig. 1 (fig. of tongue).—Cory, Auk,
ili, 1886, 54; Birds W. I., 1889, 68; Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 17, 117, 130.
[ Glossiptila] ruficollis ScLATER and Satyin, Nom. Ay. Neotr., 1873, 17.—Cory,
List Birds W. I., 1885, 9.
G[lossiptila] ruficollis Newton (A. and E.), Handb. Jamaica, 1881, 104.
{ Certhiola] ruficollis Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 120, no. 1510.
Tachyphonus rufo-gularis LAFRESNAYE, Rey. Zool., ix, Sept., 1846, 320.
Neornis caerulea Hartuaus, Nachtr. z. Verz. Mus. Brem., 1846, 8 (nomen nudum).
Family MNIOTILTID®.
THE WOOD WARBLERS.
Slender-billed or flat-billed ** nine-primaried” acutiplantar Ose/nes,
with neither the tertials nor hind claw elongated’ nor the tongue
deeply cleft nor laciniate at tip.’
Bill usually slender-conoidal, sometimes rather stout, rarely short-
subulate; if slender-cuneate with acute tip, not strongly, if at all,
decurved terminally, and tail not longer than distance from bend of
wing to tips of secondaries;* if depressed, with triangular vertical
profile, the rictal bristles strongly developed (reaching more than
halfway to tip of bill), and tail rounded; if comparatively stout,
decidedly compressed with culmen decidedly convex, the tip of maxilla
not uncinate and without distinct subterminal tomial notch.* Tongue
moderately slender, with tip but slightly bifid or fimbriate. Skull
with interpalatine process well developed; trans-palatine process short,
5
bluntly angular; palatines not produced backward over pterygoids.
'To exclude Motacillide.
“To exclude Ccerebidee.
*This last character to exclude species of Conirostrum, usually referred to the
Ceerebidee, but not improbably belonging to the Mniotiltidse. (See under Ccerebidee,
on page 377.)
*To exclude the ‘‘nine-primaried’’ Vireonide.
°>See Lueas, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xvii, 1894, 299-310.
426 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
In addition to the forms which are usually referred to the Mniotil-
tide! 1f seems best to place here the following genera, withdrawn
from other groups: Certhidea and Ateleodacnis” (probably also Con7-
yostrum), from the Coerebidee; //emispingus,’ from Tanagridee, and
Rhodinocichla, from Mimide. This transfer seems to be necessary in
order to render possible anything like a satisfactory diagnosis of the
Mniotiltide, Coerebidee, and Tanagridi, as separate groups. The
only one of these regarding which there can be reasonable doubt is
Rhodinocichla, This has hitherto been placed in either the Troglody-
tide or the Mimidie; but since it is a ‘*nine-primaried” bird it can not
belong to either of these groups; and among the nine-primaried Osc/nes
there is no other group than the present one where it would not be
conspicuously out of place. With this single exception the group is
quite as natural as any other Oscine family (excepting, of course, the
Hirundinide), although Certhidea is also to a degree aberrant; and,
so far as Iam able to see, is in no need of ‘‘readjustment” so far as
the forms which have usually been referred to it are concerned,
Nevertheless, Dr. Sharpe, in forecasting a ‘*readjustment of the
family, which must inevitably take place some day,” suggests that
* Setophaga and its allies will probably be considered to be Flycatchers
| Muscicapidee| rather than Warblers, //elminthophaga and [Telmin-
thotherus will very probably prove to be Wrens |Troglodytide |, /cteria
to be an aberrant Vireonine form, while Granatedlus will be placed
with the Tanagers.” It is true that some of the genera mentioned
represent very diverse types (though less differentiated than the aber-
rant genera Rhodinocichla and Certhidea), but that they are unquestion- °
ably all true Mniotiltidee is perfectly evident from a careful examination
of all the genera, which shows that Setophaga, [Helininthophila, and
Icteria, representing three extremes of divergence, are so completely
connected by intermediate forms that it is difficult to diagnose even sec-
tions or minor groups to include the forms most closely related to the
genera in question. The position of /cter/a in the Mniotiltidee has
more than once been questioned; indeed it had not been referred to
this family at all until 1858, when Professor Baird formally placed it
here‘ as sole representative of a group or section /cteriew. That he
was fully justified in doing so is quite certain, for, however unlike
other North American Mniotiltidee /cter7a may seem, the extralimital
genera Chamethlypis and Granatellus distinctly connect it with more
'See Sharpe, in Catalogue of the Birds in the British Museum, x, 1885, 225-439,
638-653, pls. 9-12.
7A section of the genus Dacnis as given by Dr. Seclater in Catalogue of the Birds in
the British Museum, x1, 1886, 18-27 (species 10-14).
%A section of the genus: Chlorospingus, as given by Dr. Sclater, Catalogue of the
Birds in the British Museum, x, 1886, 257-251 (species 16-32).
*Rep. Pacific R. R. Sury., ix, 1858, 248.
.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 497
typical forms, the former being, indeed, a very near relative, its close
relationship being shown even in the coloration.
~The Mniotiltide are essentially—most of them strietly—insectivo-
rous birds, of active habits. Most of them are arboreal, nesting and
feeding among the trees and rarely descending to the ground; some are
terrestrial, living much upon or near the ground, where they walk in the
graceful ** mincing” manner of a Wagtail o: Pipit, meanwhile tilting
the body, as if upon a pivot, and oscillating the tail in the same char-
acteristic manner. Most of them are expert ‘* flycatchers,” the Sefo-
phage notably so. Others creep about the trunks and branches of
trees as nimbly as a Nuthatch. The majority of them combine, in
various degrees, these several habits.
Asa rule the Mniotiltide are birds of beautiful plumage, though
their attractiveness in this respect consists in the tasteful arrangement
or ‘“‘ pattern” of the colors rather than their brilliancy. Yellow is the
most common and characteristic hue, though this is usually relieved
by. markings or areas of black, gray, olive-green, or white, usually by
two or more of these colors; red is not unfrequent, grayish blue less
common, while pure blue, green, or purple are never present, and the
plumage never glossy as it is In many Coerebide and Tanagride.
While few Mniotiltide are songsters of the first class,' many of
them have attractive songs; but perhaps the majority, at least among
the North American species, are songsters of very ordinary or inferior
merit. Some of them” possess two songs of utterly different char-
acter: a plain, monotonous repetition of sharp notes as the ordinary
song, and a rich, exuberant warble, uttered on special occasions,
sometimes entirely replacing the former during the evening hours.*
The group is peculiar to America, where it represents the Sylyiidee
and Muscicapidee of the Kastern Hemisphere. The latest authority on
the family * recognizes 158 species and subspecies belonging to 21
genera; but if to these be added 32 species and 4 genera transferred
from the Coerebide, Tanagridse, and Mimidse, as before noted, and
'This distinction ean, perhaps, be claimed for only one genus. Rhodimocichla schis-
tacea is said to be one of the sweetest songsters of western Mexico, its ‘‘ voluptuous
and melodious notes’’ being, according to the late Colonel Grayson, fully equal to
those of any species of Thrush.
2 Seirus aurocapillus and Protonotaria citrea, for example.
* For further information concerning general characteristics of the Mnictiltidze see
Coues, Birds of the Colorado Valley (1878), 199-202, and Ridgway, The Ornithology
of Illinois, i (1889), 113, 114.
*Catalogue | of the | Passeriformes, | or | Perching Birds, | in the | Collection | of
the | British Museum. | —— | Fringilliformes. Part I. | containing the families |
Diceeidee, Hirundinidie, Ampelidee, | Mniotiltidee, and Motacillidee. | By | R. Bowdler
Sharpe. | London: | Printed by order of the Trustees. | 1885. |
Pp. {i]-xin, 1-682, pls. 1-xii. (Mniotiltidee on pp. 225-439, 638-653, pls. ix—xii.
Constituting vol. x of the Catalogue of the Birds in the British Museum. )
498 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL’ MUSEUM.
allowing for forms subsequently described and additional genera which
it seems desirable to recognize, 200 species and subspecies and 30
genera may be considered a fair estimate.
The Mniotiltide contain a larger proportion of monotypic genera
than most Oscine families, nearly one-half of the genera being rep-
resented by a single known species. '
KEY TO THE GENERA OF MNIOTILTIDA.
a. Outermost (ninth) primary, but little, if any, shorter than secondaries (usually
much longer); eighth primary much longer than first (equal to or longer than
third); nostril longitudinal, with distinct superior membranous operculum.
b. Tarsus less than half as long as tail, very much less than twice as long as mid-
dle toe without claw. ( Mniotiltine.)
c. Hallux longer than inner toe with claw, about equal to frontal length of tar-
SUS ce Mat Bees) ee ook es Ae Bi at ys reo eee ee Mniotilta (p. 431)
cc. Hallux much shorter than inner toe with claw (about equal to inner toe
without claw), much shorter than frontal length of tarsus.
d. Rictal bristles inconspicuous, sometimes obsolete; if distinct, much less
than half as long as exposed culmen, and biil not depressed, its basal
depth equal to or greater than its basal width.
e. Tail not longer than wing (usually much shorter); bill slender, its basal
depth not more than half the distance from nostril to tip of maxilla.
jf. Bill narrowly cuneate, with tip very acute and not distinctly, if at all,
decurved, and without distinct, if any, tomial notch. (//elinaizx.)
g. Rictal bristles obsolete.
h. Larger (wing more than 63.5).
i. Inner webs of rectrices without white; wings and tail plain olive or
brown; no pronounced yellow; no subterminal notch to maxillary
tomium; basal phalanx of middle toe united to outer toe for
much less than its entire length, to inner toe for not more than
half its length.
j. Bill much compressed, with culmen straight and conspicuously
ridged and elevated between nostrils; pileum plain brown.
Helinaia (p. 436)
jj. Bill moderately compressed, with culmen not conspicuously
ridged nor elevated between nostrils; pileum 5-striped (3 buff
ande2; black-sinipes) sass seaman aeee Helmitheros (p. 438)
uv. Inner webs of rectrices largely white; wings and tail bluish gray;
under parts (whole head in adult male) yellow; maxillary
tomium with slight subterminal notch; basal phalanx of middle
toe united for nearly entire length to outer toe, for more than
half its length to inner toe.......-..-.-- Protonotaria (p. 442)
hh. Smaller (wing less than 63.5—usually much less).
i. Tail relatively shorter (difference between length of tail and
length of wing nearly, if not quite, equal to one-fourth the length
of the latter); throat not orange nor back black; if back olive- |
green, no white superciliary stripe nor chestnut spot on breast.
Helminthophila (p.445)
'The monotypic genera belonging to North and Middle America are the following:
.
Mniotilta, Helinaia, Helinitheros, Protonotaria, Peucedramus, Catharopeza, Leucopeza, |
Microligea, Icteria, Cardellina, and Euthlypis. |
‘
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 429
ii. Tail relatively longer (difference between length of tail and
| length of wing decidedly less than one-fourth the length of the
latter); throat orange and back black, or else back olive-green,
a conspicuous white superciliary stripe, and a chestnut spot in
center otryellow breast: 2-22 eas 0-2 S22 = Oreothlypis (p.475)
gg. Rictal bristles distinct, or at least obvious. - --- Compsothlypis (p.478)
ff. Bill not narrowly wedge-shaped with very acute tip, but slender-co-
| noidal or subulate, with tip of maxilla obviously decurved; if approx-
imately narrowly wedge-shaped with very acute tip, the maxillary
tomium with distinct subterminal notch, and rictal bristles obvious.
g. Rictal bristles distinct; wing-tip longer than exposed culmen. — (Den-
droice. )
h. Bill subulate, of nearly uniform depth for most of its length; tail
deeply emarginate; a white spot at base of primaries together
with two white wing-bands...........---- Peucedramus (p. 493)
hh. Bill slender-conoidal, tapering gradually to the tip; tail but slightly,
if at all, emarginate; no white spot at base of primaries, or else
no white wing-bands.
i. Tail more than two and a half timesas long as tarsus; inner webs
of rectrices partly yellow or white, or else wing with white bars
Orupper parts streaked 22.252. 22520) =.= Dendroica (p. 496)
j. Tail not more than two and a half times as long as tarsus
(usually much less); inner webs of rectrices without yellow
or white (or if partly white the under parts dark slaty with
white on abdomen and lower throat).
k. Outermost (ninth) primary shorter than fifth; wing-tip
shorter than coinmissure; upper parts plain sooty blackish,
under parts slate-color with white on lower throat and
abdomen; inner webs of lateral rectrices with a white ter-
IMMA UIE SOO Le tect (acne ericte attr Catharopeza (p. 619)
kk. Outermost (ninth) primary longer than fifth; wing-tip
equal to or longer than commissure; upper parts plain
olive-green, olive, or olive-grayish, the head sometimes
gray or gray and black; under parts of body yellow, or
conspicuously streaked with dusky on a white or very
pale yellow ground; inner webs of lateral rectrices with-
out white terminal spot.
1. Tail rounded; under parts yellow, without streaks, the
throat and chest sometimes gray or gray and black.
Oporornis (p. 621)
i. Tail even or slightly emarginate; under parts whitish or
very pale yellow, conspicuously streaked with dusky.
Seiurus (p. 654)
gg. Rictal bristles obsolete; wing-tip shorter than exposed culmen.
( Geothlypex. )
h. Commissure equal to or longer than middle toe with claw.
i. Maxilla strongly curved; ninth primary shorter than first; tail
slightly double-rounded or nearly even, the rectrices narrow,
firm, with broad and rounded tip; under parts partly yellow.
Teretistris (p. 654)
ii. Maxilla straight; ninth primary longer than first; tail much
rounded, the rectrices broad and rather soft, with tips sub-
acumunate:snozyellow <2 -<--5--ss-+--22=< Leucopeza (p. 690)
hh. Commissure shorter than middle toe with claw.
\
430 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
i. Middle toe, without claw, decidedly shorter than commissure;
basal phalanx of middle toe united for nearly its entire length
to outer toe; under parts gray, becoming whitish medially; no
blackionvheadses sce ae See eee oe Microligea (p. 651)
ii. Middle toe, without claw, equal to or longer than commissure;
basal phalanx of middle toe united for much less than its
entire length to outer toe; under parts yellow; forehead and
sides of head (at least partly) black in adult males.
Geothlypis (p. 653)
ee. Tail longer than wing, or else (Granatellus, part) bill stout, with culmen
arched; bill stout, its basal depth equal to more than half the distance
from nostril to tip of maxilla, the culmen strongly convex. (Icterizx.)
f. Outermost (ninth) primary longer than third; basal phalanx of middle
toe united for only half its length to outer toe; mandible not deeper
than maxilla; under parts partly yellow, without any red; upper
parts olive-greenish, without pure gray or bluish gray (except some-
times on crown).
g. Smaller (wing not more than 63.5); tarsus much more than one-third
as long as wing; tail much rounded or graduated, with rectrices
acuminate or subacuminate at tips; maxillary tomium with distinct
Subtermimalsmotehiee- ee eee eee Chamethlypis (p. 686)
gg. Larger (wing more than 69.8); tarsus not more than one-third as long
as wing: tail slightly rounded, with rectrices obtuse or rounded at
tips; maxillary tomium without subterminal notch - -Ieteria (p. 691)
ff Outermost (ninth) primary shorter than third; basal phalanx of mid-
dle toe united for nearly its entire length to outer toe; mandible
deeper than maxilla; under parts partly red, without any yellow;
upper parts bluish gray or brownish........--.- Granatellus (p. 697)
dd. Rictal bristles conspicuous, half as long as exposed culmen (usually much
more); bill depressed, its basal width exceeding its basal depth, or else
very short (exposed culmen not longer than middle toe without claw).
( Setophage. )
e. Outermost (ninth) primary longer than fifth, the eighth equal to or longer
than sixth.
Jf. Wing less than four times as long as tarsus; tail even or slightly emar-
ginate or double-rounded; bill much narrower basally (width at nos-
trils not more than half the distance from nostril to tip of maxilla),
less depressed; plumage without red or orange, or else this only on
forehead, throat, and sides of neck; under parts of body wholly white
or yellow.
g. Tarsus more than one-third as long as tail; bill more slender, broader
than deep at nostrils; under parts of body yellow, the throat yellow
or black, the forehead yellow, olive-green, or gray; rump olive-greeu
Or gray, dike back 2 sche Sek oe eee anes Wilsonia (p. 703)
gg. Tarsus less than one-third as long as tail; bill thicker, deeper than
broad at nostrils; under parts of body white, the throat and fore-
head red; rump white......-- SoA ee Cardellina (p. 719)
jf. Wing more than four times as long as tarsus; tail much rounded; bill
much broader basally (width at nostrils decidedly more than half
the distance from nostril to tip of maxilla), more depressed; plumage
with red or orange, but this not on throat or forehead, or if without,
the lateral rectrices with basal half pale yellow; under parts black,
with red on middle of breast or with orange on sides of breast and
the belly white; or if without black on under parts the sides of breast
yellows 2s= seer eeeee satstorele ete See ee eee Setophaga (p. 722)
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 431
ee. Outermost (ninth) primary shorter than fifth, the eighth shorter than
sixth.
f. Bill larger, broader at base (wider than deep at nostrils), its width at
nostrils equal to at least half the distance from nostril to tip of
maxilla; if small and relatively narrow the plumage without any red.
g. Bill much depressed, broadly wedge-shaped or triangular in vertical
profile, its width at base nearly if not quite equal to distance from
nostril to tip of maxilla, the exposed culmen much less than half
as long as tarsus; rictal bristles greatly developed, nearly if not
quite as long as bill; lateral rectrices mostly white, or if less than
half white the under parts of body red or orange; pileum not
striped, nor upper tail-coverts nor basal half of tail buffy or
OCHMTACE OUS ee, rele eee we ey eye A eh Myioborus (p. 730)
gg. Bill moderately or slightly depressed, more narrowly wedge-shaped
in vertical profile, its width at base much less than distance from
nostril to tip of maxilla or else exposed culmen more than half
as long as tarsus; rictal bristles less developed, much shorter than
bill; lateral rectrices without any white, or else with merely a
white terminal spot; pileum 3-striped, or black with a central
spot of yellow, or else upper tail-coverts and basal half of tail
buffy or ochraceous.
h. Larger (wing more than 72.4); lateral rectrices with a white ter-
minal spot; pileum black with a central spot of yellow.
Euthlypis (p. 735)
hh. Smaller (wing not more than 72.4, usually much less); lateral
rectrices without any white; pileum not black with a central
yellow spot, but 3-striped, or else uniform dark olive-brown
and the upper tail-coverts and basal half of tail buffy or
OChra CCOUSE sem eae eee arene eset Basileuterus (p. 7358)
J. Bill smaller, narrower at base (deeper than wide at nostrils), its width
at nostrils less than half the distance from nostril to tip of maxilla;
plumMaceumMOs tye neds es soe eet ee atseier Ergaticus (p. 758)
bb. Tarsus more than half as long as tail, more than twice as long as middle toe
WAN OUtnG lenwejenl (Certiiiderne.) = se secs eee ee = eel eee Certhidea (p. 761)
aa. Outermost (ninth) primary conspicuously shorter than secondaries; eighth pri-
mary shorter than first; nostril circular, without distinct superior opercu-
dimtnatss (MOA INOCIChlinah) (xo cei loh ws hoo cee <se seelot S oe Rhodinocichla (p. 769)
Genus MNIOTILTA Vieillot.
Mniotilta Vir1ttor, Analyse, 1816, 45. (Type, Motacilla varia Linneeus. )
ORM
Oxyglossus Swarnson, Zool. Journ., ili, 1827,357. (Type, O. maculatus Swainson, =
Motacilla varia Linneeus. )
Small scansorial Mniotiltidee with the hallux (without claw) longer
than inner toe with claw.
Bill shorter than head, very slender, the maxilla slighty decurved
terminally and with distinct subterminal tomial notch. Riectal bristles
minute, weak. Wing long, pointed (ninth, eighth, and seventh prima-
ries longest and about equal); wing-tip equal to or longer than tarsus.
Tail slightly shorter than distance from bend of wing to tips of see-
ondaries, even or very slightly emarginate, the rectrices rather narrow.
Tarsus about one-fourth as long as wing or slightly less, its scutella
432 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
rather indistinct; middle toe with claw about equal to tarsus; inner
toe with claw falling much short of base of middle claw, the outer
longer, reaching nearly to base of middle claw; hallux (without claw)
decidedly longer than inner toe with claw, equal to outer toe and about
half the claw; basal phalanx of middle toe united for nearly its whole
length to outer toe, for more than half its length to inner toe.
Coloration.—Conspicuously streaked above with black and white,
beneath white, streaked with black or dusky at least on sides and
flanks; wings and tail black, the former with two white bands, the lat-
ter with inner webs of lateral rectrices extensively white terminally;
primaries and rectrices edged with gray.
Nidification. ‘Terrestrial.
Range.—Kastern North America, south in winter to Greater Antilles
and through Mexico and Central America to northern South America.
(Monotypic.)
MNIOTILTA VARIA (Linnzus).
BLACK AND WHITE WARBLER,
Adult male.— Pileum with a broad median stripe of white and two
still broader lateral stripes of black, slightly glossed with blue; rest of
upper parts (except remiges and rectrices) slightly glossy blue-black,
the back and scapulars streaked with white, middle and greater wing-
coverts broadly tipped with white (forming two conspicuous bands),
and tertials broadly edged with white; secondaries and primaries
grayish black, narrowly edged with gray; middle rectrices black
medially, gray laterally, the gray broader and usually with serrated
margin on inner web; other rectrices grayish black narrowly edged
with gray, the two outermost with a large terminal space of white on
inner web, and all with inner webs edged with white; orbital ring and
a broad superciliary stripe white; below this an elongated patch of
slightly glossy blue-black covering loral, suborbital, and auricular
regions; a broad white malar stripe; under parts mainly white, but
throat usually more or less extensively black;' sides, from chest to
flanks, inclusive, broadly streaked or striped with blue-black; under
tail-coverts black centrally, broadly margined with white; bill black;
iris brown; legs and feet dusky horn-color, the toes paler and (in life)
more or less tinged with yellowish; length (skins), 109.2-120.6
(115.3); wing, 66.5-70.9 (68.6); tail, 42.7-51 (48.5); exposed cul-
men, 10.2-12.9 (11.4); tarsus, 16.5-17.8 (17).’
‘Usually the whole throat is black, but this more or less broken by white streaks;
rarely the black of the throat is uniform, more rarely still the throat is white or
with only a few black streaks; as a rule the chin is white, but sometimes the black
ot the throat covers the chin also.
* Kighteen specimens.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 433
Immature male.'—Similar to the adult male, as described, but throat
entirely white.
Adult female.—Similar to the immature male, as described, but
smaller and much duller in color, the white everywhere more or less
tinged with buffy brownish, the lores wholly pale grayish or grayish
white, the auricular region pale buffy grayish margined above by a
narrow postocular streak of black; streaks of sides much less distinct,
becoming grayish on sides of chest, and flanks strongly tinged with
brownish buff; mandible light-colored, dusky at tip; length (skins),
109.2-118.1 (113.8); wing, 65-67.6 (66); tail, 45.5-48.5 (46.5); exposed
culmen, 10.2-12.2 (11.4); tarsus, 16.3-17.5 (16.8).?
' Young.—Similar in coloration to adult female, but stripes of pileum
less sharply defined, the lateral ones duller black; back more strongly
tinged with buffy brown; anterior under parts dull light grayish,
indistinctly mottled with darker, the sides without streaks.
Eastern North America, north to upper Mackenzie Valley (Fort
Simpson), Hudson Bay (Moose Fort), ete., breeding southward to
Virginia, Tennessee, Louisiana (St. Tammany and Tangipahoa parishes),
Texas (Medina River), etc. (probably to upper sections of other Gulf
States); wintering from the Gulf States southward throughout the
West Indies, Mexico (both coasts), and Central America to Colombia
and Venezuela; accidental in California (Farallone Islands, May 28,
1887; Point Lobos, Monterey County, September 9, 1891; Pasadena,
October, 1895), and in the Bermudas.
[ Motacilla] varia Linnmus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, 1, 1766, 333 (based on The Small
Black and White Creeper Sloane, Nat. Hist. Jamaica, ii, 309, pl. 265, fig. 1;
Le Figuier varié de S. Domingue Brisson, Orn., ili, 529, pl. 27, fig. 5).—GMELIN,
Syst. Nat., i, 1788, 979.
[Sylvia] varia Latuam, Index Orn., ii, 1790, 539.
Sylvia varia Bonaparts, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., ii, 1826, 81.—Nurrauy, Man. Orn.
W.S.-and!Can., 1, 18 aes 384.
SE oeoly also the ane male in w ae
* Eight specimens.
Specimens for the Atlantic coast district have, as a rule, decidedly longer bills than
those from the Mississippi Valley, but I am unable to discover any other differences.
Average measurements are as follows:
Ex-
Locality. | Wing. Tail. | posed | Tarsus.
culmen.|
= | Bei i Red ESR Se
MALES.
Renadult males trom Atlantic Coast) <2. c.---+- es csse-- ce ccesseoes | 68.8 18.8 12.2 | 17.3
Eight adult males from Mississippi Valley ...............-..--....-- 68.3 48.5 10. 7 | 17
FEMALES.
Five adult males from Atlantic coast. .........2...2.0.--ccsc05e---- 66 AG Salis LIE 16.8
Three adult males from Mississippi Valley -.-.....-.-.--:----------- lee 6655)\|1 o 4645 10.7 | 17
3654—VOL 2
BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Certhia varia VietLLot, Ois. Am. Sept., ii, 1807, 69.—AupuBon, Orn. Biog., i,
1831, 452, pl. 90.—Wixuis, Ann. Rep. Smithson. Inst. for 1858 (1859), 282
(Nova Scotia).
Mniotilta varia Vrettuot, Nouy. Dict. d’ Hist. Nat., xxi, 1818, 230.—BonaParrte,
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1837, 118 (Guatemala); Geog. and Comp. List, 1838,
11.—AupuBon, Synopsis, 1839, 71; Birds Am., oct. ed., ii, 1841, 105, pl.
114.—Nvrratt, Man. Orn. U. 8. and Can., 2d ed., i, 1840, 702.—Gossr, Birds
Jamaica, 1847, 134.—LempBeyeg, Avesde la Isla de Cuba, 1850, 68, pl. 10, fig. 1.—
Hurpis, Jardine’s Contr. Orn., 1850, 35 (Bermuda, Oct. 9).—WoopnHousE,
Sitgreaves’ Rep. Zuni and Colorado R., 1853, 69 (common in Texas and
Indian Territory).—ScLatrer, Proce. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1855, 143 (Bogota,
Colombia); 1856, 140 (Chiriqui, Veragua), 291 (Cordova, Vera Cruz); 1859,
363 (Jalapa, Vera Cruz), 373 (Juquila and Totontepec, Oaxaca); 1861, 70
(Jamaica); 1864, 172 (Valley of Mexico); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 25 ( Bogota;
Jamaica).—GuNDLACH, Journ. fiir Orn., 1855, 475 (Cuba); 1861, 326 (do.);
Repert. Fisico-Nat. Cuba, i, 1865, 232; Anal. Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat., vii, 1878,
177 (Porto Rico).—Bry ant, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., vi, 1857, 116 (Nova Scotia) ,
vii, 1859, 110 (Bahamas).—Barrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 235; Cat.
N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 167; Review Am. Birds, 1865, 167.—MAarreEns, Journ.
fir Orn., 1859, 213 (Bermudas).—Buanp, Ann. Rep. Smithson. Inst. for 1858:
(1859) , 287 (Bermudas).—Newron (A. and E.), [bis, 1859, 148 (St. Croix ).—
CaBanis, Journ. fiir Orn., 1860, 328 (Costa Rica).—Lawrence, Ann. Lye. N.Y.,
vii, 1861, 322 (Panama R. R.); viii, 1865, 175 (David, Chiriqui); viii, 1866, 283
(near New York City); ix, 1868, 93 (Barranca, Juiz, and San José, Costa
Rica); Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., ii, 1869, 369 (Mazatlan; Colima, Dec., Apr. );
Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., viii, 1885, 621 (Guadeloupe, West Indies).—ALBRECHT,
Journ. fiir Orn., 1861, 52 (Bahamas); 1862, 198 (Jamaica).—Haypen, Trans.
Amer. Philos. Soc., xii, 1862, 159 (Dakota).—Marcu, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci.
Phila., xv, 1863, 293 (Jamaica).—Dresser, Ibis, 1865, 476 (Medina R., Texas,
breeding) .—McIiwrairTn, Proc. Essex Inst.,v, 1866, 85 ( Hamilton, Ontario) .—
Satvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, 1385 (Santa Fé, Veragua); 1870, 182
(Chiriqui; Cordillera del Chucu, and Calovevora, Veragua).—SumIcHRrast,
Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., i, 1869, 546 (Vera Cruz in winter).—Couvgs, Check
List, 1873, no. 57; 2d ed., 1882, no. 91; Birds N. W., 2874, 45; Birds Col.
Val., 1878, 204, footnote. —Franrzius, Journ. fiir Orn., 1869, 292 (San Juan
and Candelaria Mts., Costa Rica).—ScLatrer and Satvin, Proe. Zool. Soe.
Lond., 1864, 347 (Panama R. R.); 1870, 780 (Merida, Venezuela).—Wyart,
Tbis, 1871, 322 (Herradura, Colombia).—ALLen, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., ii,
1871, 267 (e. Florida, winter); Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xvii, 1874, 52 (Dakota);
Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., xiii, 1900, 178 ( Bonda, etc., Proy. Santa Marta, Colom-
bia, Aug. 21 to Jan. 4).—Snow, Birds Kansas, 1873, 4.—Herrick, Bull.
Essex Inst., v, 1873, 30 (Grand Menan, New Brunswick).—Bairp, Brewer,
and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 180, pl. 10, fig. 6—LawrEnce,
Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., no. 4, 1876, 15 (Guichicovi, Chiapas, Sept. ).—Bovu-
cARD, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, 52 (San Carlos, Costa Rica, Feb.).—
Brewster, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iii, 1878, 22 (descr. young); Proc. Bost.
Soc. N. H., xxii, 1884, 369 (Anticosti I., July).—Munor, Bull. Nutt. Orn.
Club, v, 1880, 226 (Boulder, Colorado, June).—Cory, Birds Bahama I., 1880,
54; Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vi, 1881, 151 (Haiti in winter); Birds Haitiand San.
Dom., 1885, 23; Auk, iii, 1886, 26 (West Indies references), 501 (Grand Cay-
man ); iv, 1887, 181 (St. Andrews I., Caribbean Sea); viii, 1891, 47 (St. Eustatius,
West Indies), 48 (St. Croix); ix, 1892,48 (Watlings 1., Bahamas); Birds W.
I., 1889, 40; Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 117 (Great Bahama, Abaco, Biminis, Berry
Islands, Eleuthera, New Providence, Andros, Watlings I., Rum Cay, and
es de
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 435
Green Cay, Bahamas; Cuba, Isle of Pines, Grand Cayman, Jamaica, Haiti,
Mona, Porto Rico, and St. Croix, Greater Antilles; Anguilla and St. Eustatius,
Lesser Antilles).—Satvin and Gopman, Ibis, 1880, 117 (Minea, Colombia,
2,000 ft. alt.); Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1880, 110.—Ripaway, Nom. N.
Am. Birds, 1881, no. 74; Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., viii, 1885, 563 (Cozumel I. );
x, 1888, 575 (Swan I.), 578 (Ruatan I.); Orn. Illinois, i, 1889, 117.—Brown
(N.C.), Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 36 ( Boerne, s. w. Texas).—BICKNELL,
Auk, 1, 1884, 210 (song).—SHaArpPE, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 251, 641.—
Turner, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., viii, 1885, 236 (Moose Factory, Hudson
Bay ).—AmMerIcan OrnitHo.ocists’ Unton, Check List, 1886, no. 636.—FEr-
RARI-PEREZ, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., ix, 1886, (Puebla, Mexico).—Luioyp, Auk,
iv, 1887, 295 (Tom Green and Concho counties, w. Texas, in migration ).—
Cooke, Bird Migr. Miss. Val., 1888, 237 (Mississippi Valley localities and
dates).—Bryant (W. E.), Bull. Cal. Ac. Sci., 2d ser., i, 1888, 48 (Farallone
Islands, California, 1 spec., May 28, 1887).—Scorr, Auk, vii, 1890, 16 (Tar-
pon Springs, Florida, last of Mar. to early in May; Punta Rassaand Key West,
July 13 to May 2).—Cnerrig, Auk, vii, 1890, 335 (San José, Costa Rica, Aug.,
Sept., Nov., and Feb.).—THompson, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xiii, 1890, 616
(Manitoba, breeding).—Nurtine, Bull. Lab. N. H. State Univ. Iowa, ii,
1893, 277 (Grand Rapids, Saskatchewan).—NerHRLING, Our Native Birds,
ete., 1, 1893, 168, pl. 11, fig. 3.—CHeErriz, Contr. Orn. San Dom., 1896, 11
(Jan. to Apr.).—Gaytorp, Auk, xili, 1896, 260 (Pasadena, California, 1
spec., Oct. 8, 1895).—Banas, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xii, 1898, 148 (Santa
Marta, Colombia ).—GrINNELL, Pub. ii, Pasadena Ac. Sci., 1898, 44 (Arroyo
Seco, Los Angeles Co., California, 1 spec., Oct. 2, 1895).—Bryerr, Proc.
Louis. Soe. Nat. for 1897-99 (1900), 111 (Louisiana, breeding in St. Tam-
many and Tangipahoa parishes).—EmeErson, Condor, iii, 1901, 145 (Point
Lobos, Monterey Co., California, 1 spec., Sept. 9, 1901).
[Mniotilta] varia Bonaparte, Consp. Ay., i, 1850, 311.—Cours, Key N. Am.
Birds, 1872, 92.—Sc tater and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 8.—Cory,
List Birds.W. I., 1885, 9
M([niotilta] varia CaBants, Mus. Hein., i, 1850, 20 (Mexico).—Nerwron (A. and
f.), Handb. Jamaica, 1881, 105.—Covrs, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884,
290.—Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 484.
Mniotilla (err. typ.] varia Lesson, Traité d’Orn., 1831, 318.—VrierLior, Gal. Ois.,
, 1834, 276, pl. 169.—Scuater, Proce. Zool. Soe. Lond., 1858, 298 (La Parada,
Oaxaca).
Minotilta (err. typ.) varia Satvin and Scrater, Ibis, 1859, 10 (Belize, British
Honduras, and highlands of Guatemala, in winter).
Miniotilta vara (err. typ.) GREGG, Proc. Elmira Acad., 1870.
[Mniotilta varia] a. varia Rrpaway, Orn. Illinois, i, 1889, 117.
Sylvicola varia JARDINE, ed. Wilson’s Am. Orn., i, 1832, 314, pl. 19, fig. 3.—
Ricwarpson, Rep. Brit. Assoc. for 1836 (1837), 172.—Bryanrt, Proc. Bost. Soe.
N. H., xi, 1866, 91 (Santo Domingo).
Nectarinia varia HAHN and Kisrer, Orn. Atl., Lief. viii, 1834, pl. 4.
Certhia maculata Witson, Am. Orn., iii, 1811, 22, pl. 19, fig. 3.—BoNnaparTE,
Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., iv, 1824, 27.—Dernny, Proc. Zool. Soe. Lond.,
1847, 39 (Jamaica; Cuba).
Oxyglossus maculatus Swatnson, Zool. Journ., iii, 1827, 357.
Mniotilta borealis NurraLyt, Man. Orn. U. S. and Can., 2d ed., i,
Pond, near Medford, Massachusetts, May 8).
Mniotilta varia borealis Ripaway, Proce. U.S. Nat. Mus., iii, Aug. 24, 1880, 171,
215; Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 74a; Man, N. Am. Birds, 1887, 484, foot-
note.—Couvugs, Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 92.
1840, 705 (Spot
436 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
M{niotilta] v[aria] borealis Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 290.
[Mniotilta varia] b. borealis Ripaway, Orn. Illinois, i, 1889, 117.
[Mniotilta varia.] Var. longirostris Barrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, p.
xxxi, no. 167, in text (Cape Florida; see p. 236, in text).
Var. Mniotilta longirostris Barrp, Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 167a.
Genus HELINAIA Audubon.
Helinaia! Avpvuson, Synopsis Birds Am., 1839, 67. (Type, by elimination, Sylvia
swainsonii Audubon. )
Helonaea (emendation) AGasstz, Nom. Zool., Ind. Univ., 1846, 175, 176.
Helonxa (emendation) Newron, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, 552.
Rather small, plainly colored Mniotilide, with the bill nearly as long
as head, straight, compressed, and with the culmen distinctly elevated
and ridged between nostrils; coloration plain brownish above, whitish
or pale dull yellowish beneath.
Bill nearly as long as head, narrowly wedge-shaped, compressed;
culmen straight from base to tip, narrowed and distinctly ridged and
elevated between nostrils; maxillary tomium without subterminal
notch; gonys very faintly convex basally, shorter than distance from
nostril to tipof maxilla. Nasal fosse large and broad, chiefly occupied
by the broad operculum overhanging the longitudinally oval or sub-
cuneate nostril. Rictal bristles obsolete. Wing moderate, rather
pointed (ninth, eighth, and seventh primaries longest and nearly equal,
but ninth slighty shorter than seventh); wing-tip slightly shorter than
tarsus. Tail shorter than distance from bend of wing to tips of sec-
ondaries, slightly emarginate or double-rounded, the rectrices very
broad, with tips subacuminate. Tarsus decidedly longer than com-
missure, more than one-fourth as long as wing, its scutella rather dis-
tinct; middle toe with claw about equal to tarsus; basal phalanx of
middle toe united for more than half its length to outer toe, for about
half its length to inner toe.
Coloration.—Ahbove plain brown, more olive on back, scapulars, and
rump; beneath, white or very pale yellowish, shaded laterally with
olive-grayish; a white or pale yellowish superciliary stripe anda dusky
spot in front of eye.
Nidification—Sub-arboreal.
Range.—Humid division of Lower Austral life-zone (Austroriparian
Province), south in winter to Jamaica. (Monotypic.)
HELINAIA SWAINSONII Audubon.
SWAINSON’S WARBLER,
Adults (sexes alike).—Pileum plain brown (varying from deep hair
brown or olive-brown to mummy brown), sometimes with an indistinct
median streak of paler, or indication of one; back, scapulars, rump,
‘Name from éAos, a swamp, and vaz@, to inhabit.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. AST
upper tail-coverts and wing-coverts plain olive; tertials warmer brown
(inclining to mummy or prouts brown); secondaries and primaries
dusky, edged with light brown or olive; tail plain olive-brown; a nar-
row superciliary stripe of light vellowish buff or buffy whitish; a tri-
angular spot of dusky in front of eye; a postocular streak of brownish;
sides of head otherwise pale buffy brownish; under parts pale dull yel-
lowish or yellowish white, shaded with olive or olive-grayish laterally;
bill light brownish, the mandible usually paler; iris brown; legs and
feet pale flesh color in life, pale brownish in dried skins.
Young.—Head, neck, back, rump, upper tail-coverts, chest, sides,
and flanks plain brown (varying from broccoli to bister); rest of under
parts whitish or dull pale yellowish, more or less clouded with brown;
middle and greater wing-coverts indistinctly tipped with cinnamon-
brown; otherwise like adults, but no trace of lighter superciliary nor
darker postocular stripes.
Adult male.—Length (skins), 124.5-129.5 (126.5);’ wing, 67.3-72.1
(69.6); tail, 46.5-49.8 (48.3); exposed culmen, 14.7—-16 (15.5); tarsus,
17.5-18.3 (18).
Adult female.—Length (skins), 125.7-129.5 (128.3); wing, 69.3-70.6
(70.1); tail, 47.7—50.5 (49.5); exposed culmen, 15-15.7 (15.5); tarsus, 18.°
Austroriparian district (humid division of Lower Austral life-zone)
of eastern United States, breeding from Georgia and the Gulf coast
(northwestern Florida to Louisiana) north to southeastern Virginia
(Dismal Swamp), western Kentucky (Fulton County), southwestern
Indiana (Knox County), and southeastern Missouri (Dunklin County);
west to eastern Texas {Navarro County); south in winter to Bahamas
(Bimini islands), Cuba, and Jamaica.
Sylvia swainsonii AupuBon, Orn. Biog., ii, 1834, 563, pl. 198 (near Charleston,
South Carolina; type in coll. U. 8. Nat. Mus.).
Sylvicola swainsonii RicHarpson, Rep. Brit. Assoc. Ady. Sci. for 1836 (1837), 171.
Helinaia swainsonti AtbuBon, Synopsis, 1839, 66; Birds Am., oct. ed., ii, 1841,
83, pl. 104.—AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ Unton, Check List, 1886, no. 638.—
Loomis, Auk, iy, 1887, 347 (Chester, South Carolina); vill, 1891, 169 (same
occurrence).—Scotrr, Auk, v, 1888, 187 (Key West, Florida, migrant); vil,
1890, 16 (Punta Rassa and Key West, migr.), 313 (Garden Key, Dry Tor-
tugas, Mar. 25 and Apr. 6); ix, 1892, 213 (Caloosahatchie R., Florida,
migratory); x, 1898, 340 (Jamaica).—Cooxr, Bird Migr. Miss. Val., 1888,
239.—Pinpar, Auk, vi, 1889, 315 (Fulton Co., Kentucky ).—Brewsrer and
CuHapMAN, Auk, viii, 1891, 137, 138 (Suwanee R., Florida, Mar. 22).—
Wayne, Auk, x, 1893, 338 (lower Suwanee R., breeding); xii, 1895, 365,
367 (Wacissa R., Florida, breeding).—Nernriina, Our Native Birds, ete., i,
1898, 175.—Ruoaps, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1895, 492 (Raleigh, Tennes-
see, breeding).—BryeEr, Proc. Louis. Soc. Nat. for 1897-99 (1900), 111
(Louisiana, summer resid. ).—Danigt, Auk, xix, 1902, 18 (Dismal Swamp,
Virginia, breeding; rare).
' Length before skinning, 139.7-165.1; extent of wing, 218.4-228.6 (Brewster).
* Five specimens. * Three specimens.
4388 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
FHelinaia swainsoni Ripaway, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club., i, 1878, 163 (Knox Co.,
Indiana); Orn. Illinois, 1, 1889, 121.—Nerwron, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879,
552 (Jamaica).—Brewster, Auk, ii, 1885, 76 [65-80] (monographic), 346-
348 (descr. nests and eggs).—Merriam, Auk, ii, 1885, 377 (Jamaican ree-
ords).—LawrEnce, Auk, iv, 1887, 37, 263 (Lake Pontchartrain, Louisiana) .—
BreckHam, Auk, iv, 1887, 305 (Bayou Sara, Louisiana; descr. habits and
song).—GaALBraAItH, Auk, v, 1888, 323 (Lake Pontchartrain).—Cory, Auk,
viii, 1891, 296 (Bimini islands, Bahamas); Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 117 (Cuba;
Jamaica ).—FisHer, Auk, xii, 1895, 307 (Dismal Swamp, Virginia).
Helonxa swainsoni Rripaway, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., iii, Mar. 27, 1880, 2; Aug. 24,
1880, 171; Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 76; Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vi, 1881,
54 (Navarro Co., Texas).—OaiLBy, Sci. Proc. Roy. Dublin Soe., iii, 1882,
(18) (Rice, Navarro Co., Texas, Aug. 24).—Merriam, Auk, ii, 1885, 104
(Sombrero Key, Florida, Sept. 14-21).
Vermivora swainsoni BoNAPARTE, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 21.
M[niotilta] swainsont Gray, Gen. Birds, i, 1848, 196.
[ Mniotilta] swainsoni Gray, Hand-list, 1, 1869, 239, no. 3464.
H(elmitheros| swainsoni CABANIS, Mus. Hein., i, 1850, 20, footnote.
[ Helmitheros] swainsoni BoNAPArRTE, Consp. Ay., i, 1850, 314.
Helmitherus swainsonii Barro, Rep. Pacific R. R. Sury., ix, 1858, 252; Cat. N.
Am. Birds, 1859, no. 179.
Helmitherus swainsoni Bairp, Review Am. Birds, 1865, 180.—GuNp.LaAcH, Repert.
Fisico.-Nat. Cuba, i, 1865, 232; Journ. fiir Orn., 1872, 412 (Cuba).—Covugs,
Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xii, 1868, 109 (South Carolina); Check List, 1873, no.
61.—ALLEN, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., ii, 1871, 269 (St. Augustine, Florida,
Apr.).—Maynarp, Birds Florida, 1873, 47.—Bairp, Brewer, and Ripaway,
Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 190, pl. 10, fig. 9; ili, 1874, 504 (Florida).—Brown,
Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iii, 1878, 172 (Coosa and Tallapoosa rivers, Alabama;
habits and song).—Cory, Auk, ili, 1886, 27; Birds W. I., 1889, 41 (Cuba;
Jamaica).
{ Helmitherus] swainsoni Cory, List Birds W. I., 1885, 7.
[| Helmitherus] swainsonii Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 93.
Helmintherus swainsoni Cours, Birds Col. Val., 1878, 212, footnote; Check List,
2d ed., 1882, no. 97.
H{elmintherus] swainsoni Coves, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 292.
H{elminthotherus] swainsoni SALVIN and GopMaAN, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, sig.
14, Aug., 1880, 112.—Nerwron (A. and E.), Handb. Jamaica, 1881, 105.
Helminthotherus swainsoni SHARPE, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 232 (Jamaica).
Helminthophaga swainsonii ALLEN, Am. Nat., ii, 1869, 513.
Genus HELMITHEROS Rafinesque.
Helmitheros RAFINESQUE, Journ. de Phys., Ixxxviii, 1819, 418. (Type, H. migra-
torius Rafinesque, = Motacilla vermivora Gmelin. )
Helmitherus Bairp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Sury., ix, 1858, 250.
Helmintherus (emendation) Satyrn, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. , 1867, 135.
Helmithera (emendation) SuNDEVALL, Tent. Meth. Ay. Disp., 1872, 28.
Helminthotherus (emendation) SaLyin and GopMAN, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, sig.
14, Aug., 1880, 112.
Similar to /7e/inaza, but with the bill shorter, less compressed, with
culmen slightly curved and not conspicuously ridged, nor elevated
between nostrils; ninth primary longer than seventh (instead of
shorter); head conspicuously striped (four black inclosing three butt
stripes).
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 439
Bill decidedly shorter than head, wedge-shaped, but with culmen
obviously (though slightly) curved, moderately compressed, with cul-
men not sharply ridged nor conspicuously elevated between nostrils;
maxillary tomium without subterminal notch; tip of both maxilla and
mandible acute; gonys slightly shorter than distance from nostril to
tip of maxilla. Nasal fosse broad but rather short, chiefly occupied by
the broad operculum overhanging the longitudinally oval or subcuneate
nostril. Rictal bristles obsolete. Wing rather long, pointed (ninth,
eighth, and seventh primaries longest and nearly equal, the ninth
longer than seventh, sometimes longest); wing-tip slightly longer than
tarsus. Tail slightly shorter than distance from bend of wing to tip
of secondaries, even or very slightly rounded, the rectrices moderately
broad. Tarsus decidedly longer than commissure (about one-fourth
as long as wing or slightly more), its scutella rather indistinct; middle
toe with claw slightly shorter than tarsus; basal phalanx of middle toe
united for more than half its length to outer toe, for about basal half
to inner toe.
Coloration.—Head and under parts buffy, the former with four black
stripes; rest of upper parts plain olive-greenish; sexes alike.
Nidification.—Terrestrial.
Range.—Kastern United States (humid division of Upper and Lower
Austral zones); south in winter to Cuba, Jamaica, and Central America
asfaras Panama. (Monotypic.)
HELMITHEROS VERMIVORUS (Gmelin).
WORM-EATING WARBLER,
Adults (seres alike).—Pileum with two broad lateral stripes of black
and a median one of olive-buff; rest of upper parts plain grayish olive-
green; a broad superciliary stripe of pale buff or cream-buff, margined
beneath by a rather broad postocular streak of black and a more or less
distinct triangular spot of the same, or dusky grayish, in front of eye;
sides of head below this black line, with entire under parts pale dull
buffy, deepest on chest, paler on throat and abdomen (the latter some-
times nearly white), tinged with grayish olive on flanks; under tail-
coverts pale olive-grayish, edged and broadly tipped with pale yellowish
buff; maxilla brown, usually darker on culmen; mandible paler (pale
flesh color in life?); iris brown; legs and feet pale yellowish brown in
dried skins (more fleshy in life).
Adults in winter are more richly colored, the sides of head, chest,
etc., deeper buff, the abdomen buffy yellowish, and the olive-green of
upper parts less grayish.
Young.—Head, neck, and under parts buff, the pileum with two
broad, but not strongly contrasted, lateral stripes of wood brown or
isabella color; a postocular streak of the same color; back, scapulars,
rump, and upper tail-coverts wood brown or isabella color; wing-
440 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
coverts light buffy olive, the middle and greater broadly but not sharply
tipped with cinnamon-buff; remiges and rectrices grayish olive-green,
as in adults.
Adult male.—ULength (skins), 118.1-127 (121.1); wing, 66.3-72.9
(69.3); tail, 47.7-51 (49.3); exposed culmen, 12.9-14.5 (13.7); tarsus,
17.3-18.3 (18).’
Adult femiile.—Length (skins), 110.5-127 (117.3); wing, 64.8-67.1
(65.8); tail, 44.7-47.7 (46.5); exposed culmen, 12.7-13.7 (18.2); tarsus,
17.8-19.3 (18.3).?
Eastern United States, breeding northward to southern Connecticut
(Saybrook; Gales Ferry; near New Haven), southeastern New York
(lower Hudson Valley), Pennsylvania (Beaver, Butler, Armstrong,
and Delaware counties), southern Wisconsin (vicinity of Racine), ete.;
occasional in Massachusetts (Cambridge; Easthampton); in winter
- south to Bahamas (New Providence; Great Inagua; Cay Lobos), Cuba,
Jamaica, Cayman Brac (near Cuba), and through eastern Mexico and
Central America to Veragua (Santa Fé).
[ Motacilla] vermivora GMELIN, Syst. Nat., 1, 1788, 951 (based on The Worm-eater,
Vermivora Edwards, Gleanings Nat. Hist., ii, 200, pl. 305).
[Sylvia] vermivora Laraam, Index Orn., ii, 1790, 544
Sylvia vermivora Witson, Am. Orn., iii, 1811, 74, pl. 24, fig. 4.—VreEILiot, Nouy.
Dict. d’ Hist. Nat., 2d.ed., xi, 1817, 278; Ene. Méth., 11, 1823, 480. Norra Te
Man. Orn. U. S. and Can, i, 1832, 409.—AupuBON, our Brogs a. leak litre
v, 1839, 460.
Dacnis vermivora AupuBpon, Birds Am., fol. ed., pl. 34.
Sylvicola vermivora RicHARDSON, Rep. Brit. Soc. Adv. Sci. for 1836 (1837). 171.
Telinaia vermivora AupuBON, Synopsis, 1839, 66; Birds Am., oct. ed., ii, 1841, 86,
pl. 105.—Lemperys, Aves de la Isla de Cuba, 1850, 35, pl. 6, fig. 4. Brewer,
Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., vii, 1860, 307 (Cuba).
M{[niotilta] vermivora Gray, Gen. Birds, i, 1848, 196.
[ Mniotilta] vermivora Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 289, no. 3463.
Hylophilus vermivorus TemmrncK, Pl. Col., i, 1831 (?) (Tableau Méthodique,
p. 36).
[ Helmitheros] vermivora Bonaparte, Consp. Ay., i, Apr. 20, 1850, 314.
H{elmitheros] vermivorus CaBpants, Mus. Hein., i, 1850, 20, footnote; Journ. fir
Orn., 1860, 328 (Costa Rica).
Helmitheros vermivorus Gunpuacn, Journ. fiir Orn., 1855, 476 (Cuba); 1861, 326,
409 (Cuba).—Sciarer, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1859, 363 (Jalapa, Vera Cruz ).—
Ripaway, Orn. Illinois, i, 1889, 124.
Helmitherus vermivorus Batrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Sury., ix, 1858, 252; Cat. N.
Am. Birds, 1859, no. 178; Review Am. Birds, 1865, 179.—Sciarer and SaLvin,
Ibis, 1959, 11 (Guatemala).—Sciarer, Cat. Am. Birds, 1865, 28 (Guatemala;
Jamaica).—GuNDLACH, Repert. Fisico-Nat. Cuba, i, 1865, 232; Journ. fir
Orn., 1872, 412 (Cuba); Orn. Cuba, 1876, 63.—Lawrencer, Ann. Lyc. N. Y.,
ix, 1868, 94 (San José, Costa Rica); 1869, 200 (Merida, Yucatan ).—Sumi-
cHrast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., i, 1869, 546 (mountains near Orizaba, Vera
Cruz, in winter).—Greaa, Proc. Elmira Acad., 1870, — (Chemung Co., New
York ).—ALLEN, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., ii, 1871, 269 (St. Augustine, Florida,
Apr.).; Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., i, 1886, 255 (Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1
spec., Sept. 19, 1881).—Cours, Check List, 1873, no. 60; Birds N. W., 1874,
! Hight specimens. * Five specimens.
I
;
4
&
Z
3
NN a et ary
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 441
48.—Maynarp, Birds Florida, 1873, 45 (wintering).—Barirp, Brewer, and
Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 187, pl. 10, fig. 10; ili, 1874, 504 (Law-
rence, Kansas, May) —Ripaway, Field and Forest, i, 1875, 10 (nesting hab-
its).—Brewer, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xvii, 1875, 489 (Saybrook, Connecticut,
breeding ).—Purpre, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, ii, 1877, 21 (Suffield, Connecticut,
1 spec. ).—Merrtam, Trans. Conn. Acad., iv, 1877, 12 (Connecticut ).—Brew-
ster, Ann. Lye. N. Y., xi, 1875, 134 (Ritchie Co., West Virginia, breeding;
habits; song); Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iii, 1878, 23 (descr. young ).—BiIcKNELL,
Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iii, 1878, 129 (Riverdale, New York, breeding ).—Cory,
Birds Bahama Is., 1880, 56; Auk, iii, 1886, 27; vi, 1889, 31 (Cayman Brac. );
ix, 1892, 49 (Inagua, Bahamas); Birds W. I., 1889, 41; Cat. W. I. Birds,
1892, 117 (New Providence and Great Inagua, Bahamas; Cuba; Jamaica).—
Wootrsey, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, v, 1880, 116 (near New Haven, Connecticut,
breeding).—Spretman, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vi, 1881, 246 (Cambridge and
Easthampton, Massachusetts, accidental) .—Rrves, Auk, ii, 1885, 103 ( Albe-
marle Co., Virginia; deser. nest and eggs).—Saacn, Auk, ii, 1885, 305 (New
Haven, Connecticut, breeding).—AMERICAN OrNITHOLOGISTS’ Unton, Check
List, 1886, no. 639.—BurLer, Bull. Brookv. Soc. N. H., no. 2, 1886, 3
(Franklin Co., Indiana, very common summer resid. ).—Cooxe, Bird Migr.
Miss. Val., 1888, 239.—Scorr, Auk, vii, 1890, 16 (Punta Rassa, Florida,
migrant; Tarpon Springs, Mar. 25 to late in Apr.; Key West, Apr. and Aug.
30 to Oct. 1).—Goss, Birds Kansas, 1891, 5389 (summer resid. in e. Kan-
sas).—Topp, Auk, viii, 1891, 397 (Beaver, Butler, and Armstrong counties,
Pennsylvania, breeding).—NEHRLING, Our Native Birds, ete., i, 1895, 182,
pl. 11, fig. 5.—Hower, Auk, xvii, 1900, 389 (Gales Ferry, Connecticut, June
24).—Bryer, Proc. Louis. Soc. Nat. for 1897-99 (1900), 111 (Louisiana,
breeding ).—Dantet, Auk, xix, 1902, 18 (Dismal Swamp, Virginia, breeding. )
[ Helmitherus] verinivorus Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 93.—ScuaTer and SALvIn,
Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 8.
H[elmitherus] vermivorus NEvson, Bull. Essex Inst., viii, 1876, 98 (Waukegan, n. e.
Illinois, 1 spec.).—RipG@way, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 485.
Helmintherus vermivorus Sauvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, 135 (Santa Fé,
Veragua).—Frantztus, Journ. fiir Orn., 1869, 293 (San José, Costa Rica).—
Couss, Birds Col. Val., 1878, 211; Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 96.—WooL-
sey, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, v, 1880, 116 (near New Haven, Connecticut,
breeding ).—Ruoaps, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 55 ( Delaware Co., Penn-
sylvania and Camden, New Jersey, breeding).
H{elmintherus] vermivorus Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 291.
{ Helmintherus] vermivorus SCLATER and Satyrn, Nom. Ay. Neotr., 1873, 8.
Helminthotherus vermivorus SAtvin and GopMAN, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, sig.
14, Aug., 1880, 112.—Ripaway, Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 77.—BIcKNELL,
Auk, i, 1884, 210 (song).—Saae, Auk, ii, 1885, 305 (New Haven, Connecti-
cut, breeding).—SHarpPg, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 230, 638.—Bonnore,
Auk, xviii, 1901, 146 (Cay Lobos, Bahamas, Apr. 5).
H{elminthotherus] vermivorus Newton (A. and E.), Handb. Jamaica, 1881, 105.
Helmitheros migratorius RAFINESQUE, Journ. Phys., |xxxvili, 1819, 418 (see Hart-
laub, Rev. Zool., viii, 1845, 343).
Vermivora pennsylvanica Swainson, Philos. Mag., 2d ser., i, 1827, 484.—JARDINE,
ed. Wilson’s Am. Orn., i, 1832, 363.—Bonapartr, Geog. and Comp. List,
1838, 20.—Gossx, Birds Jamaica, 1847, 150.—Hoy, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila.,
1853, 212 (near Racine, Wisconsin; afew nest.) ; Ann. Rep. Smithson. Inst. for
1864 (1865), 438 (Missouri).—ALBrecHt, Journ. fiir Orn., 1862, 194, 201
(Jamaica).—Marcn, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1863, 293 (Jamaica).
[ Vermivora] fulvicapilla Swatnson, Classif. Birds, ii, 1837, 245 (based on Wilson,
Am. Orn., pl. 24, fig. 4).
449 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Genus PROTONOTARIA Baird.
Protonotaria Batrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Sury., ix, 1858, 239. (Type, Motacilla
citrea Boddaert. )
Medium sized Mniotiltide with form essentially similar to that of
Helmitheros, bat wing-tip longer (decidedly exceeding tarsus) and feet
weaker, and coloration very different (vellow, with olive-green back,
gray wings and tail, and white under tail-coverts, the inner webs of
rectrices mostly white).
Bill decidedly shorter than head, wedge-shaped but with culmen
obviously curved, compressed (conspicuously so for terminal half), the
maxillary tomium with subterminal notch present but indistinct or
obsolete; culmen distinctly ridged but not elevated basally; gonys
slightly shorter than distance from nostril to tip of maxilla. Nasal
fosse broad but mostly covered by latero-frontal feathers, partly con-
cealing both the longitudinally oval nostrils and their narrow superior
operculum. Rictal bristles obsolete. Wing rather long, rather
pointed (ninth, eighth, and seventh primaries longest, the ninth slightly
shorter than seventh); wing-tip long, much exceeding length of tarsus.
Tail slightly shorter than distance from bend of wing to tips of second-
aries, slightly rounded. Tarsus decidedly longer than commissure,
its scutella indistinct (sometimes fused on outer side); middle toe with
claw much shorter than tarsus; lateral toes with claws falling short of
base of middle claw; basal phalanx of middle toe united for most of
its length to outer toe, for more than half its length to inner toe.
Coloration.—Y ellow, with under tail-coverts and greater part of
inner webs of rectrices white, back and scapulars (also pileum and
hindneck in females) olive-green, wing-edgings, rump, upper tail-
coverts, and edges of rectrices gray.
Nidification.—In holes of stumps or trees.
Range.—Humid division of Upper and Lower Austral life-zones,
in swamps and wet bottom lands; in winter south through Mexico
and Central America to northern South America and to Cuba.
(Monotypic. )
PROTONOTARIA CITREA (Boddaert).
PROTHONOTARY WARBLER.
Adult male in summer.—Head, neck, and under parts (except under
tail-coverts) rich yellow (varying from lemon to cadmium, usually
nearer the latter), the head sometimes tinged or flecked with cadmium
orange; back and scapulars plain yellowish olive-green, this sometimes
extending anteriorly over hindneck and occiput;' rump, upper tail-
‘Frequently the entire hindneck and occiput are pure yellow, abruptly defined
against the olive-green of the back; more often there is more or less of a patch of
yellowish olive-green on the occiput, the hindneck being yellow.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 443
coverts, wing-coverts, and tertials plain gray or slate-gray; secondaries,
primaries, and rectrices black, edged with slate-gray, the inner webs
of rectrices (except middle pair) white tipped with blackish; under
tail-coverts white; under wing-coverts and axillars white, tinged with
yellow; inner webs of remiges edged with white; bill black; iris
brown; legs and feet dusky (in dried skins), the claws paler.
Adult male in winter.—Similar to the summer male, but maxilla
brownish, darker terminally, and mandible mostly very pale brownish
or brownish white.
Adult female.—Similar to the male, but smaller and much duller in
color; olive-green of back extended anteriorly over hindneck and
pileum; yellow of under parts less intense, more or less tinged with
olive, and becoming much paler on abdomen and flanks, the latter
strongly tinged with olive; bill dusky in summer, light-colored (as in
winter male) in winter.
Young.—Pileum, hindneck, back, and scapulars dull olive-greenish;
wing-coverts, tertials, rump, and upper tail-coverts slate-gray, tinged
with olive, the middle and greater wing-coverts narrowly tipped with
light olive-greenish, producing two very indistinct bands; secondaries,
primaries, and rectrices as in adults; sides of head pale yellowish olive;
chin, throat, and chest dull light grayish olive, darkest on chest; rest
of under parts dull white, passing on sides and flanks into olive-
grayish.
Adult male.—Length (skins), 118.1-130.8 (128.7); wing, 71.1-74.2
(72.9); tail, 46.2-49.8 (48); exposed culmen, 12.9-1 a (13.2); tarsus,
-18.3-19.8 (19).
Adult female.—Length (skins), 116.8-125.5 (120. e wing, 65.5-69. 1
(67.3); tail, 42.9-48.5 (45); exposed ane 12.9-13.5 (13.2); tarsus,
18.5-19.6 (19.3).!
More southern portions of eastern United States, breeding from
Gulf States (northern Florida to eastern Texas), north to Virginia
(lower districts), southern Ohio, Indiana (nearly whole State), southern
Michigan, northeastern Illinois (Cook County), Iowa (Muscatine),
southeastern Minnesota, eastern Nebraska (Omaha; Nebraska City),
ete.; occasional northward to Massachusetts (several records), south-
sastern New York (Yonkers), Ontario (Hamilton), and Wisconsin,
casually to Maine (Calais) and New Brunswick; south in winter to
Cuba and through eastern Mexico and Central America to Colombia,
Venezuela, and Trinidad.
Motacilla citrea Bopparrt, Tabl. Pl. Enl., 1783, 44 (based on Figuier @ ventre et
téte jaunes de la Louisiana Daubenton, Pl. Enl., pl. 704, fig. 2).
M([niotilta] citrea Gray, Gen. Birds, i, 1848, ae
[ Mniotilta] citrea Gray, Hand-list, i “18609, 2 239, no. 3454.
d Fi ive specimens.
—
444 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Protonotaria citrea BAtrD, Rep. Pacific R. R. Sury., ix, 1858, 239; Cat. N. Am. Birds,
1859, no. 169; Review Am. Birds, 1865, 173.—GuNpbLacu, Journ. fiir Orn.,
1861, 324 (Cuba); 1862, 178; 1872, 411; Repert. Fisico-Nat. Cuba, i, 1865,
231.—Sciater, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 26 (Santa Marta, Colombia).—VeErRRILL,
Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 1x, 1863, 233 (Maine, accidental ).—LAwrenceg, Ann.
Lyc. N. Y., ix, 1868, 94 (Punta Arenas, w. Costa Rica); ix, 1869, 200 (Merida,
Yucatan).—Franrzius, Journ. fiir Orn., 1869, 292 (Costa Rica).—ScLaTEer
and Sautvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1870, 780 (Merida, Venezuela) ; 1879,
494 (Colombia).—Snow, Birds Kansas, 1873, 4 (Neosho Falls, Kansas,
breeding).—Barrp, Brewer, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 184,
pl. 10, fig. 8.—Brewer, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xvii, 1875, 439 (Calais, Maine;
New Brunswick).—Pacr, Nat. and Fancier, 1877, 33 (Muscatine, Iowa,
breeding ).—Covrs, Birds Col. Val., 1878, 210, footnote (synonymy); Check
List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 95.—Brewster, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iii, 1878, 22
(deser. young), 153-162 (near Mount Carmel, Illinois; habits, ete.); Auk,
ili, 1886, 410 (Concord, Massachusetts, 1 spec. ), 487 (do., 2 more).—Brown,
Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iii, 1878, 172 (Coosada, Alabama, Apr. ).—TRorrer,
Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iv, 1879, 235 (Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 2 spec. );
v, 1880, 115 (do.).—Satvrn and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1880,
111.—Ripeway, Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 75; Orn. Illinois, i, 1889,
119.—NeHRiine, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 9 (Fort Bend Co., etc.,
s. e. Texas, breeding).—OaiLBy, Sci. Proc. Roy. Dublin Soce., iii, 1882, 18
(Navarro Co., Texas, breeding).—Grunpvie, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, viii,
1883, 68 (Shioctin, Wisconsin, May 4, 1 spec.).—Hazarp, Auk, i, 1884, 290
(s. e. Rhode Island, 1 spec.).—Cory, Auk, iii, 1886, 27 (Cuba); Birds W. I., t
1889, 41; Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 117 (Cuba).—Snarpr, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus.,
x, 1885, 249, 641 (Santa Marta, Antioquia and Valle Dupar, Colombia; Vera-
gua, ete.).—Cooxer, Auk, ii, 1885, 32 (mouth of Root R., s. w. Wisconsin, :
Aug., 1 spec.); Bird Migr. Miss. Val., 1888, 258 (Mississippi Valley locali-
ties and dates). —AMERICAN OrnITHOLOGISTS’ Unton, Check List, 1886, no.
637.—Purpre, Auk, iii, 1886, 488 (Plymouth Co., Massachusetts) .—Sacr, Auk,
iv, 1887, 164 (Northampton, Massachusetts, 1 spec., May, 1883).—DurcHer,
Auk, v, 1888, 182 (Montauk Point, Long Island, Aug. 26).—Moorr, Auk,
vy, 1888, 210 (near Arcola, Montgomery Co., Pennsylvania, May 15).—
McIiwrairn, Auk, v, 1888, 322 (Hamilton, Ontario, May 23); Birds Ontario,
1894, 355 (do.).—EverMANN, Auk, vi, 1889, 26 (Carroll Co., Indiana, breed-
ing).—Scorr, Auk, vii, 1890, 16 (Punta Rassa, Tarpon Springs, and Key
West, Florida, during migration); 313 (Garden Key, Tortugas, Apr. 6).—
Goss, Birds Kansas, 1891, 537, (e. and mid. Kansas, summer resid. ).—NEHR-
LING, Our Native Birds, ete., i, 1893, 170, pl. 10.—Briuey, Auk, x, 1893, 244
(Bertie Co., North Carolina, July to Sept.).—Ricnmonp, Proc. U. S. Nat.
Mus., xvi, 1893, 483 (Rio Escondido, Nicaragua, Sept. 2 and in winter).—
Cuapman, Bull. Am. Mus., vi, 1894, 24 (Trinidad).—Loucks, Bull. Ill. State
Labr. N. H., iv, 1894, 10-35, with map (life hist. and distr. in Illinois).—
Frazar, Auk, xii, 1895, 84 (Mattapan Station, Massachusetts, Sept. 15).—
31CKNELL, Auk, xii, 1895, 306 (Yonkers, New York, June 2).—Waywne, Auk,
xii, 1895, 365 (Wacissa and Aucilla rivers, n. w. Florida, breeding ).—Dunn,
Auk, xii, 1895, 395 (Riverdale, n. e. Illinois, May 25).—Banas, Proc. Biol.
Soe. Wash., xii, 1898, 148 (Santa Marta, Colombia).—Roserts, Auk, xvi,
1899, 236-246, figs. 1-6 (Mississippi bottoms, s. e. Minnesota, breeding abun-
dantly).—AL.LeEn, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., xiii, 1900, 178 (Bonda, prov. Santa
Marta, Colombia, Oct. 8 to Jan. 30).—Bryerr, Proc. Louis. Soc. Nat. for
1897-99 (1900), 111 (Louisiana, breeding).—Bruner, Proc. Nebr. Orn. Un.,
2d an. meet., 1901, 57 (Omaha and Nebraska City, Nebraska, breeding).—
Daniet, Auk, xix, 1892, 17 (Dismal Swamp, Virginia, breeding).
COPPER AOA yr
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 445
[ Protonotaria] citrea ScLaTeR and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 8.—Cory, List
Birds W.I., 1885, 7 (Cuba).
P{rotonotaria] citrea Newson, Bull. Essex Inst., viii, 1876, 98 (n.e. Illinois, rare
summer visit.).—Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 291.—Ripeway,
Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 484.
[ Protonotaria] citrea Cours, Key, 1872, 95.
Protonotaria citrea Cours, Check List, 1873, no. 59; Birds N. W., 1874, 47.
P[rotonotaria] citrea Nerson, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, i, 1876, 42 (near Chicago, 2
specs., summer).
Helminthophaga citrea CaBants, Journ. fir Orn., ix, Mar., 1861, 85 (Costa Rica).
[ Motacilla] protonotarius GMELIN, Syst. Nat., 1, 1788, 972 (based on Figuier Protono-
taire Buffon, Hist. Nat. Ois., v, 316; Prothonotary Warbler Latham, Gen.
Synop:, li, pt. 2, 494).
[Sylvia] protonotarius LatHAM, Index Orn., ii, 1790, 542.
Sylvia protonotarius Visttuor, Ois. Am. Sept., ii, 1807, 27, pl. 83.—WItson, Am.
Orne iii (Si 7 2pl. BS fig. 3. Sa Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila.,
1824, 195; Ann. Lyc. N. Y., ii, 1826, 86. ee ee Man. Orn. U.S. and Cee
i, 1832, 410.—AvDUBON, ae Biog., i, 1831, 22; v, 1839, 460.
Sylvia protonotaria VreitLor, Nouy. Dict. v Hist. Nat., xi, 1817, 200 -pl 22; figs:
Sylvicola protonotaria Ricuarpson, Rep. Brit. Assoc. for 1836 (1837), 171.
Vermivora protonotarius JARDINE, ed. Wilson’s Am. Orn., i, 1832, 362, pl. 24, fig.
—BonaPaRrtTeE, Geog. oe Comp. List, 1838, 21.—WoopnHousr, Sitgreaves’
Doped: Zuni and Col., 1853, 72 (Indian Territory; Texas).—Hoy, Ann. Rep.
Smithson. Inst. for 1864 (1865), 488 (Missouri).
Helinaia protonotarius AupuBon, Synopsis, 1839, 67; Birds Am., oct. ed., ii, 1841,
89, pl. 106.
Daenis protonotaria AupuBon, Birds Am., fol. ed., pl. 5
[ Heimitheros] protonotarius BONAPARTE, Consp. Ay., 1, 1850, 314.
H{elminthophaga] protonotarius CaBants, Mus. Hein., i, 1850, 20, footnote.
[ Motacilla] auricollis GME.tn, Syst. Nat., 1, 1788, 984 (based on Le Grand Figuier
de Canada Brisson, Orn., iii, 508, pl. 26, fig. 1, ete.).
[Sylvia] auricollis Laruam, Index Orn., ii, 1790, 536.
Sylvia auricollis VirrLor, Ene. Méth., ii, 1823, 447.—Nurraui, Man. Orn. U. 5
and Can., i, 1832, 380.
Sylvicola auricollis Nurratt, Man. Orn, U. 8. and Can., 2d ed., i, 1840, 431.
M[niotilta] auricollis Gray, Gen. Birds, i, 1848, 196.
Genus HELMINTHOPHILA Ridgway.
Helminthophaga! (not of Bechstein, 1802) CaBanis, Mus. Hein., i, 1850, 20.
(Type, Motacilla chrysoptera Linnzeus. )
Helminthophila Ripaway, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, Jan. 1882, 53. (Type, Sylvia
rubricapilla Wilson.) -
Small Mniotiltide: (wing less than 63.5 mm.) with the bill much
shorter than head, narrowly wedge-shaped, very acute at tip, without
subterminal tomial notch; rictal bristles obsolete; difference in length
between wing and tail nearly if not quite equal to one-fourth the length
of the former.
Bill much shorter than head, narrowly wedge-shaped, with tip very
acute; culmen straight or with terminal portion very faintly decurved;
maxillary tomium without es notch. _Sesca longitudinally
Ite Von’ Ae wurm, ae ea. fressen.’
446 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
oval or subacuminate, with rather broad superior operculum or mem-
brane. Rictal bristles obsolete. Wing moderate or rather long, with
three to four outermost primaries abruptly longest (ninth usually
equal to or longer than sixth’); wing-tip usually shorter than tarsus.”
Tail equal to or longer than distance from bend of wing to tips of
secondaries (except in //. peregrina), even, slightly emarginate, or
double-rounded, the rectrices rather narrow. Tarsus much longer than
commissure, nearly-one third as long as wing (except in //. peregrina),
its scutella indistinct; middle toe, with claw, decidedly shorter than
tarsus; basal phalanx of middle toe united for more than half, some-
times most of, its length to outer toe, for about the basal half, or
slightly more, to inner toe.
Coloration.—Very variable, but never with the throat orange nor
back black; if with a white superciliary stripe (extending above auric-
ulars) the forehead yellow and a yellow patch on middle and greater
wing-coverts.
Nidification.—Terrestrial, or (in //. /uciw) the nest placed in holes
or behind bark of stumps or tree trunks.
Range. North America in general, including highlands of Mexico;
Central America and northern South America and Cuba in winter.
(Ten species.)
There is considerable variation in details of external structure in
this genus. //. peregrina stands alone in having the wing-tip much
longer than the tarsus, the tail shorter than distance from bend of
wing to tip of secondaries and decidedly emarginate, and is besides the
only species without yellow on under parts and at the same time with-.
out chestnut or tawny-ochraceous on crown. = /Z. rubricapilla is unique
in the short ninth primary, which is shorter than the sixth instead of
equal toit or longer. //. bachmanz has the bill decidedly more slender
than other species, and with a perceptible downward trend at the tip.
It also has the frontal feathering more deeply cleft by the sharply ridged
culmen, the latero-frontal antie forming an acute angle in the poste-
rior portion of the more narrow nostrils. //. chrysoptera, IT. pinus,
and //. /uciw have the anterior toes more united basally, the basal
phalanx of the middle toe being joined for most of its length to the
outer toe and for more than half its length to the middle toe.
KEY TO THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES OF HELMINTHOPHILA.®
a. Wings bicolored (tips of middle and greater coverts more or less extensively yellow
or white).
b. Throat and auricular region black (adult males) or gray or olive-green (adult
females).
' Shorter than sixth only in HZ. rubricapilla.
* Equal to tarsus in H. pinus and H chrysoptera, longer in H. peregrina.
3 HT. cincinnatiensis (Langdon) is not introduced into the ‘‘key’’ for the reason
that it is obviously a hybrid between H. pinus and Oporornis formosa. (See Ridg-
7
q
dd a
Sheree
aa
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 447
c. Back, ete., gray; malar stripe and under parts of body white. (Eastern
North America, south in winter to Colombia. )
Helminthophila chrysoptera (pp. 448)
cc. Back, etc., olive-green; malar stripe and under parts of body yellow. (East-
erneUinited!Statess)2 se. ss. ss ese = Helminthophila lawrencii (p. 452)
bb. Throat and auricular region white or yellow.
Back, ete., gray; under parts white, or white and yellow. (Eastern United
SLES) reser steep ree seek er ete Helminthophila leucobronchialis (p. 453)
cc. Back, etc., olive-green; under parts yellow. (Eastern United States, south
WAIMIGe PALOMNT CATA gas) see 2b = ee ee Helminthophila pinus (p. 455)
aa. Wings unicolored, or without distinct if any white or yellow tips to middle and
greater coverts.
Rump and upper tail-coverts concolor with back.
way, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, v, 1880, 237.) Its characters and synonymy are as
follows:
Adult male.—(Type, no. 1394, coll. Frank W. Langdon, Madisonville, Hamilton
County, Ohio, May 1, 1880): Forehead, anterior portion of crown, and superciliary
region, back to about 2.54 mm. behind the eye, gamboge yellow, soiled by indis-
tinct olive-greenish tips to the feathers; rest of upper parts uniform olive-green, the
wings more grayish, but still with olive-green prevailing; the middle and greater
coverts passing into lighter or clearer olive-green at tips (abruptly so on middle
coverts), forming two indistinct bands across the wing; tail dull olive-green, the hid-
den portion of the feathers (including inner webs) dull brownish slate, the exterior
rectrix with a white margin near the tip, and showing an ill-defined lighter space
extending obliquely from this white margin to the shaft; upper half of the frontal
antize blackish; lores solid black; auriculars blackish, but this much broken by olive-
green tips to the feathers; a suborbital yellow spot, nearly as large as the eye itself,
this on one side of the head connected with the yellow below but on the other side,
cut off from it by the interposition of a blackish line connecting the dusky of the
auriculars with the black of the lores. On each side the crown, a black line, com-
mencing over about the middle of the eye and extending backward for about 7.11
mm., but mostly concealed by the overlying olive-green tips to the feathers; under
Sorte: including the malar region and under tail-coverts, continuous gamboge yellow,
decidedly paler and duller on the tail-coverts; sides of breast, sides, and flanks,
strongly shaded with olive-green; under wing-coverts grayish white, tinged with yel-
low; axillars light gamboge; ‘‘bill, in the flesh, black, excepting extreme tip and
base of lower mandible, which are bluish horn-color;”’ ‘‘eyes dark brown; tarsi and
toes pale brownish; claws paler;’’ total length (fresh specimen), 120.6; wing (skin),
64.8; tail, 50.8; culmen, 14; bill from nostril, 8.1; depth of bill at base, 4.1; tarsus,
19; middle toe, 10.7. (Wing measured by placing it flat against rule; tail measured
from base of coccyx.)
Helminthophaga cincinnatiensis LANGDON, Journ. Cine. Soe. N. H., iii, July, 1880,
119, 120, pl. 6 (Madisonville, Hamilton Co., Ohio; coll. F. W. Langdon),
Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, v, 1880, 208, pl. 4.—Ripaway, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club,
1880, 237 (crit.; suggests hybrid origin; Helminthophila pinus + Oporornis
formosa); Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 1s". —Couges, Check List, 2d ed.,
1882, no. 101.—Maynarp, Birds Eastern U. 8., 1882, 519.
H{elminthophila] cinecinnatiensis Cours, Key N. ee Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 293.—
Ripeway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 487.
Helminthophila cincinnatiensis Ripaway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., viii, Sept. 2, 1885,
354.—SHarpr, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 234, footnote. —AMERICAN
OrnitHoLoaists’ Union, Check List, 1886, 356 (Hypothetical List, no. 22).
6,
448 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
c. Inner web of outermost rectrix with a white patch in middle or subterminal
portion; forehead yellow (male) or light yellowish-olive, different from
color (gray) of crown (female); chest black (male) or grayish (female).
(Humid division of Lower Austral life-zone. )
Helminthophila bachmani (p. 458)
cc. Inner web of outermost rectrix without white patch; forehead not yellow,
if yellowish olive the crown also of that color; chest neither black nor
grayish.
d. Under tail-coverts and abdomen white. (Eastern North America, south
in winter to Colombia and Venezuela. ).Helminthophila peregrina (p. 460)
dd. Under tail-coverts and abdomen yellow.
e. Head not gray; no white orbital ring; adult male with crown-spot orange-
rufous or ochraceous. (Helminthophila celata.)
f. Upper parts grayish olive-green, under parts pale olive-yellowish.
(Central and eastern North America, south in winter to Gulf States
and eastern Mexico.)..-.------- Helminthophila celata celata (p. 462)
jf. Upper parts bright olive-green, under parts bright olive-yellow or
canary yellow.
g. Tail shorter (averaging 47 in male, 46.2 in female); bill smaller
(exposed culmen averaging 9.4 in male, 10.2 in female). (Pacific
coast, from Alaska to Guatemala. )
Helminthophila celata lutescens (p. 466)
gg. Tail longer (averaging 49.8 in male, 49.5 in female); bill larger
(exposed culmen averaging 11.4 in male, 10.4in female). (Santa
Barbara islands, California. )
Helminthophila celata sordida (p. 467)
ee. Head (except on and throat) gray; a white orbital ring; adult male
with crown-spot chestnut. (Helminthophila rubricapilla. )
f. Duller in color. (Eastern North America, south in winter to Guate-
Malas) een se ee ee Helminthophila rubricapilla rubricapilla (p. 468)
ff. Brighter in color. (Western United States, south in winter to western
Mexicon)iss--eneeee se Helminthophila rubricapilla gutturalis (p. 470)
bb. Rump and upper tail-coverts different in color from back.
ce. Rump and upper tail-coverts yellowish olive-green; under tail-coverts yellow
or yellowish chestnut.
d. Back gray; under tail-coverts yellow. (Western United States. )
Helminthophila virginie (p. 471)
dd. Back brown; under tail-coverts yellowish chestnut. (Southwestern
Mexico.) if 222u eo fase aaa eee sees Helminthophila crissalis (p. 473)
cc. Rump and upper tail-coverts chestnut (adults) or pinkish buffy (young);
under tail-coverts white. (Southwestern United States and northwestern
Nexico.ieos oes oe cee ce ete one Helminthophila lucie (p. 473)
HELMINTHOPHILA CHRYSOPTERA (Linnezus).
GOLDEN-WINGED WARBLER,
Wing with a large patch of yellow, covering larger part of middle
and greater coverts; back, ete., gray, or merely tinged with olive-
green; breast and abdomen white, or merely tinged with yellow;
entire auricular region and throat black (male) or gray (female).
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 449
Adult male in spring and summer.—F¥orehead and crown yellow
(lemon or gamboge); supra-auricular region, more or less extensively,
white (sometimes this carried forward over eyes or even to along sides
of forehead); rest of upper parts, including middle pair of rectrices,
plain gray;' exposed portion of middle and greater wing-coverts mostly
light lemon or gamboge yellow, forming a large and conspicuous patch
on the wing; remiges and rectrices (except middle pair of latter) slate-
blackish, edged with gray, the secondaries usually slightly tinged with
olive-green; inner webs of three outermost rectrices extensively white
terminally, this occupying the terminal half, more or less, on the
exterior rectrix; lores, suborbital region, auricular region, and throat
(sometimes chin also) uniform black; a broad malar stripe and under
parts of body white, the latter shaded with gray laterally; bill black;
iris brown; legs and feet dark brownish in dried skins.
Adult male in winter.—Similar to the spring and summer plumage,
but yellow of crown and gray of back, etc., more or less obscured by
olive-green tips to feathers, and the bill brownish with paler mandible.
(In younger specimens the feathers of the black throat-patch narrowly
margined with white.)
Adult female.—Similar to adult male but duller in color, with black
of throat and sides of head replaced by gray; yellow of forehead and
crown less distinct, sometimes (in younger individuals ¢) replaced by
olive-green; gray of upper parts and of sides usually more or less tinged
with olive-green; white of breast andabdomen duller, often tinged with
olive-yellow, especially in winter.
Young.—Above plain dull grayish olive, becoming brighter, more
yellowish olive-green, on rump, upper tail-coverts, and edges of rec-
trices and remiges; middle and greater wing-coverts tipped with pale
yellowish or dull yellowish white, producing two narrow bands; sides
of head light grayish olive, the lores, orbits, malar region, and chin
dull whitish or dull pale yellowish; throat and chest dull light grayish
olive; rest of under parts dull pale yellow.
Adult mate.—Length (skins), 106.7-114.3 (109.5); wing, 59.7-65
(62.2); tail, 48.2-47.5 (46.2); exposed culmen, 10.4-11.4 (10.7); tarsus,
17-18 (17.5).’
Adult female.—Length (skins), 104.1-109.2 (107.4); wing, 57.7-63.5
2?
‘Slightly bluish slate-gray. * Nine specimens.
3654—VOL 2—O1 29
450 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
(59.9); tail, 44.248 (45.5); exposed culmen, 10.7—-11.4 (10.9); tarsus,
17/5-1893°(17-8)
Eastern United States north regularly to Massachusetts, New York,
southwestern Ontario (Hamilton), northern Michigan (Mackinac Island),
southern Minnesota, ete., casually (4) to Manitoba (near Winnipeg);
breeding southward to northern New Jersey, Pennsylvania, northern
Indiana, northern and central Illinois (south to Richland County /) ete.,
and southward along Allegheny Mountains to South Carolina (Pickens
County, 2,500 feet and upward), and eastern Tennessee (Sawyers
Springs); south in winter to Cuba and through eastern Mexico and
Central America to Colombia.
[ Motacilla] chrysoptera LINN®us, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, i, 1766, 333 (based on The
Golden-winged Flycatcher, Muscicapa alis aureus Edwards, Gleanings Nat.
Hist., ii, 189, pl. 299).—GmeE in, Syst. Nat., i, 1788, 971.
[Sylvia] chrysoptera LaraaM, Index Orn., ii, 1790, 541.
Sylvia chrysoptera. Vre1uLor, Ois. Am., Sept., ii, 37, pl. 97; Ene. Méth., ii, 1825,
438.—Witson, Am. Orn., ii, 1810, 113, pl. 15, fig. 5 (fig. ‘‘6”’ in text).—
Bonaparte, Am. Orn., i, 1825, 12, pl. 1, fig. 83—NurraLty, Man. Orn. U. §.
and Can., i, 1832, 411.—AupuBon, Orn. Biog., v, 1839, 154, pl. 414.
Vermivora chrysoptera JARDINE, ed. Wilson’s Am. Orn., i, 1832, 259.—BoNAPARTE,
Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 21.
Sylvicola chrysoptera RicHArpson,‘Rep. Brit. Assoc., 1836 (1837), 171.
Helinaia chrysoptera AupuBon, Synopsis, 1839, 67; Birds Am., oct. ed., ii, 1841,
91, pl. 107.—Brewer, Proc. Bost. Soe. N. H., vii, 1860, 307 (Cuba).
M{niotilta] chrysoptera Gray, Gen. Birds, i, 1848, 196.
[ Mniotilta] chrysoptera Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 259, no. 3459.
[ Helmitheros] chrysoptera BoNAPARTE, Consp. Av., 1, 1850, 315.
Helmitheros chrysoptera ScuatTer, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1865, 143 (Bogota,
Colombia).
H{(elminthophaga] chrysoptera CaBanis, Mus. Hein., i, 1850, 20, footnote.
Felminthophaga chrysoptera Barrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Sury., ix, 1858, 255; Cat. N.
Am. Birds, 1859, no. 181; Review Am. Birds, 1864, 175.—Henry, Proc. Ac.
Nat. Sci. Phila., 1859, 106 (New Mexico).—Satvin and Scuater, Ibis, 1860,
397 (Choctum, Guatemala).—Lawrence, Ann. Lye. N. Y., vii, 1861, 293
(Lion Hill, Isth. Panama); viii, 1866, 284 (near New York City); ix, 1868,
94 (Barranca, Costa Rica).—Gunpuacu, Journ. fir Orn., i861, 326 (Cuba);
'Three specimens.
Specimens from opposite sides of Allegheny Mountains average, respectively, as
follows:
Ex-
Locality. Wing. | Tail. posed | Tarsus.
culmen.
MALES.
Five adult males from Massachusetts to District of Columbia. ..---- 63.5 47 10.7 17.8
Four adult males from Mississippi Valley.....--- Rene hoy aten eee oe 60. 2 45.2 10.9 17
FEMALES.
One adult female from Massachusetts......................--------- 63.5 48 11.4 18.3
Two;adultdiemales trom dndianassss.2-- 2 ese eee eee eee 58. 2 44.2 10.7 | 17.5
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 451
1862, 177 (do. ); 1872, 411 (do.); Repert. Fisico-Nat. Cuba, i, 1865, 232 (do. ).—
ScuaTEer, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 28 (Bogota).—Sciatrer and Savin, Proc.
Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, 347 (Lion Hill, Isth. Panama) ; 1879, 494 (Antioquia,
Colombia).—Dresser, Ibis, 1865, 477 (San Antonio, Texas).—McIiwraira,
Proc. Essex Inst., v, 1866, 85 (Hamilton, Ontario).—Satyin, Proc. Zool.
Soe. Lond., 1867, 135 (Santa Fé, Veragua); 1870, 182 (Calovevora, Veragua ).—
Franrzivs, Journ. fiir Orn., 1869, 293 (Candelaria Mts., Costa Rica).—Covsks,
Check List, 1873, no. 63; 2d ed., 1882, no. 102; Birds N. W., 1874, 49; Birds
Col. Val., 1878, 216, footnote.-—Snow, Birds Kansas, 1873, 4.—Batirp,
Brewer, and Ripaway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 192, pl. 11, fig. 2.—
Ripaway, Ibis, 1876, 170; Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 81.—Warren, Bull.
Nutt. Orn. Club, i, 1876, 6-8 (e. Massachusetts; nesting habits, ete. ).—
Brewster, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iii, 1878, 56 (descr. young).—BIcKNELL,
Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, ii, 1878, 130 (Riverdale, New York, May 11).—Sa1-
vin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1880, 114; Ibis, 1880, 117
(Minea, Colombia, 2,000 ft. alt.).
[ Helminthophaga] chrysoptera Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 94.—Sciaver and
Satvin, Nom. Avy. Neotr., 1873, 8.—Cory, List Birds W. I., 1885, 7.
H{elminthophaga] chrysoptera Nevson, Bull. Essex Inst., villi, 1876, 98, 152 (n. e.
Illinois; breeding).—Ripaway, Ibis, 1876, 168 (diagnosis).
Helminthopaga chrysoptera CaBants, Journ. fiir Orn., 1860, 328 (Costa Rica).
Helminthophila chrysoptera Ripaway, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, Jan., 1882, 53;
Orn. Illinois, i, 1889, 127 (breeding in Richland Co. ?).—Suarpsr, Cat. Birds
Brit. Mus. x, 1885, 235, 689.—Hoy, Auk, ii, 1885, 102 (MonroeCo., Michigan;
descr. nest and eggs).—Brewster, Auk, iii, 1886, 173 (Jackson and Macon
counties, North Carolina, breeding at 2,000-4,100 ft.).—Cory, Auk, iii,
1886, 28 (Cuba); Birds W. I., 1889, 42; Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 117 (Cuba).—
AMERICAN OrnITHOLOGISTS’ Unton, Check List, 1886, no. 642.—Cooxk, Bird
Migr. Miss. Val., 1888, 240 (Mississippi Valley records, dates, ete.) .—
Bisnor, Auk, vi, 1889, 1938 (Seymour and Portland, Connecticut).—Scort,
Auk, vii, 1890, 17 (Key West, Florida, 1 spec., Aug. 25).—CHerrrRI£, Auk,
vii, 1890, 335 (San José, Costa Rica, Sept. 15, abundant); viii, 1891, 271
(San José, Oct. 2).—BatrcneLper, Auk, vii, 1890, 404 (near Winnipeg,
Manitoba, May 24).—Loomris, Auk, vii, 1890, 127 (Pickens Co., South Caro-
olina, breeding at 2,500 ft.); viii, 1891, 331 (Ceesars Head, South Carolina,
breeding); x, 1893, 154 (Czesars Head ).—Topp, Auk, viii, 1891, 397 (breeding in
Butler, Beaver, and Armstrong counties, Pennsylvania); x, 1893, 40 (breed-
ing in Indiana Co., Pennsylvania).—Sacr, Auk, x, 1898, 208 (Portland,
Connecticut, com. summer resid.; habits).—Wuuirr, Auk, x, 1893, 227
(Mackinac I., Michigan).—RicHmMonp, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xvi, 1893,
483 (Escondido R., Nicaragua, Nov. 5).—Ruoaps, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila.,
1895, 494 (Sawyers Springs, e. Tennessee, breeding); Auk, xvi, 1899, 312
(Beaver, Allegheny, and Westmoreland counties, w. Pennsylvania, breed-
ing. )—Banes, Proc. Biol. Soe. Wash., xii, 1898, 160 (Pueblo Viejo, prov.
Santa Marta, Colombia, Mar. 20).—ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., xiii,
1900, 178 (Bonda, ete., prov. Santa Marta, Sept. to Dec.).—Woop (J. C.),
Auk, xvii, 1900, 391 (Detroit, Michigan, breeding).
H[elminthophila] chrysoptera Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 294.—Rine-
way, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 486.
Helmintophila chrysoptera NEHRING, Our Native Birds, ete., i, 1893, 184, pl. 11,
fig. 4.
[ Motacilia] flavifrons GMELIN, Syst. Nat., i, 1788, 976 (based on Yellow-fronted
Warbler Latham, Gen. Synop., ii, pt. 2, 461; Pennant, Arctic Zool., ii, 404).
[Sylvia] flavifrons LatHAmM, Index, Orn., ii, 1790, 541.
Sylvicola inornata Swainson, Philos. Mag., new ser., i, 1827, 434 (Mexico).
452 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
HELMINTHOPHILA LAWRENCII (Herrick).
LAWRENCE'S WARBLER.
Pattern of coloration the same as in //. chrysoptera (except, some-
times, as to wing-markings), but back, ete., yellowish olive-green and
the malar stripe and under parts (except throat) pure gamboge yellow,
as in (7. pinus; wing-bands usually (7) separated and whitish, as in
IT. pinus.
Adult male in spring.—Forehead and anterior half of crown intense —
gamboge yellow, verging to orange; chin, wide malar stripe, and
entire lower parts of body (except under tail-coverts) rich gamboge
yellow; lores, suborbital region, and auriculars, deep black; upper
eyelid yellow, the lower black; a gular and jugular patch of deep
black, of triangular form, pointed anteriorly, greatly widened on the
chest, where its posterior outline is convex; thighs dull white, stained
with yellow; under tail-coverts white, the tips of the feathers faintly
stained with yellow; occiput, hindneck, back, rump, and upper tail-
coverts bright olive-green; wings and tail bluish gray, the middle and
greater wing-coverts tipped with white, forming two wide and tolera-_
bly distinct bands, the greater coverts and tertials narrowly edged
with olive-green; inner webs of four outer rectrices with more or less
white, amounting to only an elongated speck on the fourth, but on
the first occupying nearly the whole web; wing, 59.7; tail, 53.3; cul-
men, 11.4; tarsus, 17.8." (Description from the type in collection of
Harold Herrick, New York City.)
Immature mate \second year).—Similar to the fully adult plumage,
but colors duller and all the markings less sharply defined; black throat-
patch broken by narrow yellow margins to the feathers, especially for
the anterior half; black postocular patch less extensive than in the
adult male, and less deeply black; yellow of head and lower parts
less pure, as well as less intense; wing, 63.5; tail, 54.6; culmen, 12.7;
tarsus, 17.8; middle toe, 10.2... (From specimen in the Lawrence
collection, from Hoboken, New Jersey; spring of 1876.)
[This bird, the status of which has not yet been fully determined, is
essentially a //. chrysoptera with olive-green replacing the gray of that
species and bright yellow replacing the white, but with white wing-
bands, as in typical //. pinus.” It is also essentially a //. pinus with
‘Wing measured with primaries pressed flat against the rule, and tail measured to
base of the coccyx.
*The character of the wing-markings is, however, not strictly diagnostic in the
case of either H. chrysoptera or H. pinus. Sometimes the yellow wing-pfatch of the
former is distinctly separated into two bands by the extensively dark basal portion
of the greater coyerts, while occasionally the color of these bands, or even of the
larger patch itself, may be nearer white than yellow. On the other hand, H. pinus
sometimes has the two bands so nearly confluent as to form quite as large and con-
tinuous a patch as in /7. chrysoptera (sometimes the anterior band is wanting alto-
gether and the posterior one obsolete), while frequently the band or patch is more
or less strongly tinged with yellow.
—
se ee
oa ell ati af
al ae hl ti
ee at Sa he Fee Ss a
Sa ————— ee
ay
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 45
the black throat-patch and broad black band on side of head of /7/.
chrysoptera. |
New Jersey (Passaic River; Hoboken; Morristown); New York
(Westchester County); Connecticut (Portland; New Haven; Stam-
ford; Fairfield County).
Helminthophaga lawrenciti Herrick, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1874, 220, pl. 15
(Passaic R., New Jersey; coll. H. Herrick).—Ripaway, Ibis, 1876, 170.—
Cougs, Birds Col. Val., 1878, 214, footnote; Check ‘List, 2d ed., 1882, no.
99.—ALLEN, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, v, 1880, 209, footnote.
H(elminthophaga] lawrencii Ribaway, Ibis, 1876, 168, 169 (diagnosis; crit. ).
Helminthophaga lawrencei Herrick, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, ii, 1877, 19 (Hoboken,
New Jersey).—Lanapon, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, v, 1880, 209, footnote.—
Ripaway, Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 80.—Brewster, Bull. Nutt. Orn.
Club, vi, 1881, 218-225, in text (crit.).—Maynarp, Birds E. U. S., 1882, 509.
H{elminthophila] lawrencei Rrpaway, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, Jan. 1882, 53;
Auk, ii, 1885, 359, 361, 363, in text; Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 486.—Brewster,
Auk, iii, 1886, 411 (Morristown, New Jersey; hybrid with H. pinus).—
Eames, Auk, vi, 1889, 395, 306, 307, 309, in text (Connecticut; habits, ete.) .—
Sace, Auk, x, 1893, 209, in text (Portland, Connecticut, 1 spec., May 14,
1887).
Helminthophila lawrencei AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ UNnton, Check List, 1886,
no. 20.—VoorHEES, Auk, v, 1888, 427 (Westchester Co., New York).—
BisHop, Auk, vi, 1889, 198 (New Haven and Stamford, Connecticut).
H{[elminthophila] lawrencii? Couns, Key-N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 293.
Helminthophila lawrenciti SHarre, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 233, footnote.
H[elminthophila] lawrencti Voorners, Auk, xi, 1894, 259, in text (Fairfield
Co., Connecticut).
HELMINTHOPHILA LEUCOBRONCHIALIS (Brewster).
BREWSTER’S WARBLER,
Similar in pattern of coloration (except, sometimes, as to wing-mark-
ings) to //. prnus, but the back, ete., bluish gray instead of olive-green,
and the under parts partly (sometimes wholly) white, instead of yellow;
wing-bands usually (4) coalesced and yellow (as in //. chrysoptera), some-
times separated and white (as in //. pins).
Adult male.—Forehead and anterior portion of crown gamboge yel-
low, becoming white laterally, immediately above the black line through
eye; occiput, hindneck, back, scapulars, rump, upper tail-coverts, and
tail plain bluish gray (between slate-gray and plumbeous); exposed
portion of middle and greater wing-coverts mostly yellow (canary or
sulphur), forming a large and conspicuous patch; rest of wings dusky
with bluish gray edgings, these more or less tinged with olive-green
on tertials; inner webs of three outer rectrices extensively white ter-
minally, this occupying more than terminal half on outermost rectrix;
lower half of lores and a postocular streak black; suborbital region,
greater part of auricular region, malar region, and entire under parts
white, the sides and tianks pale gray, the breast sometimes tinged with
yellow; maxilla black, mandible more grayish; iris brown; legs and feet
454 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
dusky horn color (in dried skins); length (skins), 115.6-120.6 (118.1);
wing, 61.5-63 (62.2); tail, 46.2-47.5 (46.7); exposed culmen, 11.2-11.7
(11.4); tarsus, 17.8-18.3 (18).*
Adult female.—Similar to the adult male, but duller in color; yellow
of forehead and crown more or less obscured by olive-green tips to
feathers; gray of upper parts more or less tinged with olive-green,
and white of under parts more or less tinged with yellow, especially
on breast; black line on lores and behind eye duller, more dusky
grayish; length (skin), 121.9; wing, 61.5; tail, 47.5; exposed culmen,
10:9; tarsus; 17.3.*
[In its typical form, as described above, this bird is essentially a
H. chrysoptera, without the black (male) or gray (female) throat-patch
of that species and with the black or gray band on side of head reduced
to a narrow streak, as in //. pinus. It is also essentially a //. pinus
with the wing of //. chrysoptera, the olive-green of upper parts replaced
by gray and the yellow of sides of head and under parts replaced by
white. Variations tend more toward //. pinus than toward /7/. chrysop-
tera; for, while the under parts are often considerably tinged with
yellow (sometimes extensively yellow, the whole breast being frequently
bright yellow) and the upper parts tinged with olive-green, there
is seldom, if ever, an indication of the black or gray throat-patch of
IT. chrysoptera. The black postocular streak, however, is sometimes
greatly extended, both as to length and width, specimens thus marked
approaching //. chrysoptera in this respect. It is altogether probable,
both in the case of this form and //. dawrenc?7, that dichromatism as
well as hybridism enters into the question of their origin; in other
words, while //. pznus apparently exhibits, rarely, a white and gray
(instead of yellow and olive-green) phase, and //. chrysoptera, as rarely,
a yellow and olive-green, instead of white and gray, phase, the two
species interbreed to such an extent, not only with one another, but
ach with FZ. leucobronchialis and H. lawrence? (the hybrids being
fertile 7nter se) that the problem is a very complicated one, and there-
fore most difficult to work out satisfactorily.*
Eastern United States: Massachusetts (Newtonville; Hudson); Con-
necticut (Wauregan; Sufheld; Deep River; Portland; Saybrook; Sey-
mour; New Haven; North Haven); New York (Rockland County;
Sing Sing; Croton Point; Parkville, Long Island); Pennsylvania
(Delaware County; Chester County); New Jersey (Maplewood;
Englewood; Morristown); Maryland (Riverdale); Virginia (Alex-
andria County); Louisiana (Mandeville); Michigan (Ottawa County).
' Two specimens.
*One specimen.
’See Brewster, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vi, 1881, 218; Auk, iii, 1886, 411; and Ridg-
way, Auk, ii, 1885, 359.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 455
Helminthophaga leucobronchialis BrewsrEr, American Sportsman (newspaper), v,
Oct. 17, 1874, 33, in text (Newtonville, Massachusetts; coll. W. Brewster);
Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, i, Jan., 1876, 1, pl. 1; iii, 1878, 99 (Wauregan, Con-
necticut), 199 (Suffield, Connecticut); vi, 1881, 218 (crit.; considered as
hybrid between H. chrysoptera and H. pinus); Auk, i, 1884, 91 (Deep R.,
Connecticut; crit.).—Cours, Birds N. W., 1874, 760, in index; Birds Col.
Val., 1878, 218; Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 100.—Brewer, Proc. Bost. Soe.
N. H., xvii, 1875, 439.—Ripeway, Ibis, Apr., 1876, 170; Nom. N. Am. Birds,
1881, no. 82.—Maynarp, Birds Eastern U. 8., 1882, 509.—Munot, Birds New
Eng., 1877, 92.—Trorrer, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, ii, 1877, 79 (Delaware Co.,
Pennsylvania) ; iii, 1878, 44; iv, 1879, 59 (Rockland Co., New York); Proce.
Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1877, 59 (do.).—FisHer, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iv,
1879, 234 (Sing Sing, New York); vi, 1881, 245 (Sing Sing and Croton Point,
New York).—Purpre, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iv, 1879, 185 (Hudson, Massa-
chusetts; Portland and Saybrook, Connecticut; Ottawa Co., Michigan ).—
ALLEN, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, v, 1880, 89.—Lanapon, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club,
v, 1880, 209, footnote.—Sacr, Auk, i, 1884, 91 (Deep R., Connecticut).
H [elminthophaga] leucobronchialis Ripaway, Ibis, 1876, 168, 169 (diagnosis; crit. ).
HH [elminthophila] leucobronchialis Ripaway, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, Jan., 1882,
53; Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 486.—Brewsrer, Auk, iii, 1886, 411 (concern-
ing supposed hybrid origin).
Helminthophila leucobronchialis PAtmMrr, Auk, ii, 1885, 304 (Alexandria Co., Vir-
ginia).—Sag@x, Auk, ii, 1885, 304 (New Haven, Connecticut); vi, 1889, 279
(Portland, Connecticut); x, 1893, 208 (do.; regular summer resident); xii,
1895, 207 (do.; interbreeding with H. chrysoptera).—Ripaway, Auk, 11, 1885,
359-363 (crit.).—Rriker, Auk, ii, 1885, 378 (Maplewood, New Jersey).—
FisHer, Auk, li, 1885, 378 (Sing Sing, New York, 2 specs.), 379 (inter-
breeding with H. pinus).—Suarre, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 285, foot-
note.—AMERICAN ORNrITHOLOGISTS’ Unton, Check List, 1886, 355 (Hypothet-
ical List, no. 21).—THurBer, Auk, ili, 1886, 411 (near Morristown, New
Jersey ).—Cuapman, Auk, iv, 1887, 349 (Morristown, New Jersey) ; vi, 1889,
304 (Englewood, New Jersey); vii, 1890, 291 (do.; song); vill, 1891, 318
(Mandeville, Louisiana).—Eames, Auk, v, 1888, 427 (Seymour, Connecticut,
6 specs.; breeding); vi, 1889, 305-310 (s. Connecticut; habits, ete.).—
Stone, Auk, v, 1888, 115 (Chester Co., Pennsylvania).—BisHop, Auk, vi,
1889, 193 (New Haven, Saybrook, and Portland, Connecticut); xi, 1894, 79
(North Haven, Connecticut; breeding).—HoweE tt, Auk, ix, 1892, 306 (Park-
ville, Long Island).—Ricumonp, Auk, xii, 1895, 307 (Riverdale, Maryland).
H{elminthophila} leucobronchialis? Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1882, 293.
Helminthophaga gunnii Gipss, Daily Democrat (newspaper, Grand Rapids, Mich-
igan), June 1, 1879 (Ottawa Co., Michigan).—Rripa@way, Bull. Nutt. Orn.
Club, iv, 1879, 233 (crit.; referred to H. leucobronchialis) .
HELMINTHOPHILA PINUS (Linnzus).
BLUE-WINGED WARBLER.
Throat usually entirely pure yellow, like rest of under parts, the
forehead and sides of head (mostly) also yellow; a narrow black streak
before and behind eye.
Adult male.—¥orehead and crown bright yellow (lemon or gam-
boge); occiput, hindneck, back, scapulars, rump, and upper tail-coverts
bright olive-green, more yellowish on rump, the upper tail-coverts
tinged with gray; wing-coverts and tertials gray, the middle and
456 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
greater coverts usually more or less broadly tipped with white, form-
ing two bands;' secondaries and primaries dusky edged with gray,
their inner webs broadly edged with white; tail gray, the three outer-
most rectrices with inner webs extensively white, the fourth, some-
times even the fifth, occasionally showing a terminal white spot; lower
half of lores and a pointed postocular streak black; sides of head below
this black streak, with entire lower parts (except under tail-coverts),
clear lemon-yellow,” the sides and flanks slightly tinged with olive-
green; under tail-coverts and under wing-coverts white; bill black in
summer, brownish, with paler mandible, in winter; iris brown; legs
and feet horn brownish in dried skins; length (skins), 101.6-115.6
(108.2); wing, 57.7-63.2 (60.2); tail, 48.4-48.3 (46); exposed culmen,
10.4-11.4 (10.7); tarsus, 17-18 (17.3).°
Adult female.—Similar to the male but duller in color; olive-green
of upper parts covering crown, sometimes the forehead also; loral and
postocular mark dusky grayish instead of black; gray of wing-coverts
and tertials usually tinged with olive-green; white wing-bars averag-
ing much less distinct; yellow of under parts less bright and pure;
length (skins), 109.2-112.5 (111.2); wing, 56.1-59.2 (57.7); tail, 45-46.5
(45.7); exposed culmen, 10.4-11.4 (10.9); tarsus, 16.8-18.3 (17.3).*
Eastern United States, breeding northward to southern Connecticut
(New Haven; Saybrook; Portland), southeastern New York (lower
Hudson Valley), Pennsylvania (Chester and Delaware counties), north-
ern Ohio (Wayne and Warren counties), northern Indiana (Carroll and
Wabash counties), northern Illinois, southern Iowa (Decatur and
Mahaska counties), eastern Nebraska (near Omaha), ete.; occasional
strageler to Massachusetts (Dedham; West Roxbury; near Boston),
Michigan (Mackinac Island), and Minnesota (Fillmore County; near
Minneapolis); southward in winter through eastern Mexico (including
Yucatan) to Guatemala (Choctum; Teleman), Nicaragua (Greytown
and Rio Escondido), and Colombia (Chirua, province of Santa Marta).
(No Central American records except Guatemala and Nicaragua, nor
West Indian records except Abaco Island, Bahamas.)
[Certhia] pinus Linnmus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, i, 1766, 187 (based essentially on
Pine Creeper, Certhia pinus Edwards, Gleanings Nat. Hist., vi, 139, pl. 277,-
upper fig. ).—GMELIN, Syst. Nat., i, 1788, 470.
[Sylvia] pinus Laraam, Index Orn., i, 1790, 537.
'The extent of these white wing-markings varies greatly. Sometimes they are
confluent, forming a large patch, as in H. chrysoptera (in which the color is yellow
instead of white, however); again they may be so nearly obsolete that only a few of
the greater coverts have indistinct white tips; occasionally the color is distinctly
yellow instead of white. (See footnote on p. 452.)
Some specimens, tending toward H. leucobronchialis, show white patches of greater
or less extent on the under parts, usually on the throat.
$Ten specimens.
‘Four specimens.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 457
Sylvia pinus Vrettiot, Ois. Am. Sept., ii, 1807, 44.
[ Motacilla] pinus Turron, Syst. Nat., i., 1800, 606.
Helminthophaga pinus Bairp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 254; Cat. N. Am.
Birds, 1859, no. 180; Review Am. Birds, 1864, 174.—SciaTeR and SALvin,
Ibis, 1859, 11 (Guatemala).—Sciarer, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 28 (Guatemala ).—
Cougs, Check List, 1873, no. 62; 2d ed., 1882, no. 98; Birds N. W., 1874, 49;
Birds Col. Val., 1878, 214, footnote; Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iii, 1878, 194
(West Chester, Pennsylvania; descr. nest and eggs).—ALLEN, Bull. Mus.
Comp. Zool., iii, 1872, 124, 175 (Kansas).—Trippe, Proc. Essex Inst., xv, 1873,
234 (Decatur and Makaska counties, s. lowa; breeding).—Amers, Bull. Minn.
Acad. Sci., i, 1874, 56 (Minnesota).—Barrp, Brewer, and Ripaway, Hist.
N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 195, pl. 11, fig. 1.—Brewer, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H.,
xvii, 1875, 439 (Saybrook, Connecticut, breeding) ; xx, 1879, 265 (Dedham,
Massachusetts; West Roxbury, Massachusetts, 1 spec., May 17, 1878);
Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vy, 1880, 48 (New Haven, Connecticut, breeding ).—
Ripeway, Ibis, 1876, 170; Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 79.—Deane, Bull.
Nutt. Orn. Club, iii, 1878, 188 (West Roxbury, Massachusetts, May).—
Lanepon, Birds Cincinnati, 1877, 5 (Hamilton Co., Ohio, breeding ).—Brck-
NELL, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iii, 1878, 130 (Riverdale, New York, breed-
ing).—Merriti, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., i, 1878, 123 (Hidalgo, Texas, May,
1 spec. ).—Ruoaps, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iv, 1879, 234 (Chester and Dela-
ware counties, Pennsylvania, breeding).—Rarupun, Revised List Birds
Centr. N. Y., 1879, 10 (Pen Yan, New York, 1 spec.).—Satvin and Gop-
man Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1880, 115 (Choctum and Teleman, Guatemala,
etc. ).—Boucarp, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, 440 (Yucatan).
[Helminthophaga] pinus Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 94.—ScuaTer and Sat-
vin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 8.
H[elminthophaga] pinus Ripaway, Ibis, 1876, 168 (diagnosis) .
[ Mniotilta] pinus Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 259, no. 3455.
Helminthophila pinus Ripaway, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, Jan., 1882, 53; Orn.
Illinois, i, 1889, 126; Auk, viii, 1891, 334 (Abaco f., Bahamas, Apr. 9, 1
spec. ).—BicKNELL, Auk, i, 1884, 210 (song).—Swarper, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus.,
x, 1885, 237, 639.—AmeERICAN OrniTHoLoaIsts’ Unron, Check List, 1886, no.
641.—But er, Bull. Brookv. Soc. N. H., no. 2, 1886, 34 (Franklin Co.,
Indiana, common summer resid.).—ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., i, 1886,
256 (Dedham, Massachusetts, 1 spec., West Roxbury, Massachusetts, 1
spec., May 17, 1878).—Cooks, Bird Migr. Miss. Val., 1888, 240 (Missis-
sippi Valley localities and dates).—BrsHop, Auk, vi, 1889, 192 (coast of Con-
necticut, common).—EverMANN, Auk, vi, 1889, 27 (Carroll Co., Indiana,
breeding ).—Scorr, Auk, vii, 1890, 17 (Key West, Florida, Aug. 30, 1 spec.),
313 (Garden Key, Tortugas, Mar. 23-25).—Roserrs, Auk, vii, 1890, 214
(near Minneapolis, Minnesota, May 17; Fillmore Co., Minnesota, Aug. 28).—
Topp, Auk, viii, 1891, 397 (Beaver Co., Pennsylvania, May 2, 1 spec.).—
Goss, Birds Kansas, 1891, 540 (e. Kansas, summer resid. ).—Smirx (Rk. W.),
Journ. Cine. Soc. N. H., 1891, 123 (Warren Co., Ohio, breeding).—Cory,
Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 117, 155 (Abaco I., Bahamas).—RicuMmonp, Proc.
U.S. Nat. Mus., xvi, 1893, 483 (Greytown and Rio Escondido, Nicaragua,
Jan., Feb.).—Sacr, Auk, x, 1893, 208 (Portland, Connecticut, rare sum.
resid. ).—(?) Wairr, Auk, x, 1893, 227 (Mackinac I., Michigan, July 1).—
Unrey and Wattace, Proc. Ind. Ac. Sci., 1895, 156 (Wabash Co., Indiana,
breeding ).—Osrrnorser, Bull. Ohio Agric. Ex. Sta., tech. ser., i, 1896, 323
(Wayne Co., n. e. Ohio, rare summer resid. ).—Hapvry, Proce. Ind. Ac. Sci.,
1897, 190 (Wayne Co., Indiana, migrant).—Bracxerr, Auk, xv, 1898, 59
458 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
(near Boston, Massachusetts, 1 spec., May 15).—Ruoaps, Auk, xvi, 1899, 312
(Beaver, Laurel Ridge, ete., w.’ Pennsylvania).—Banes, Proc. Biol. Soe.
Wash., ae 1899, 105 (Chirua, prov. Santa Marta, Colombia, Mar. 21).—Brv-
NER, Proc. Nebr. Orn. Un., 2d an. meet., 1901, 57 (near Omaha, Nebraska,
breeding ).
H{elminthophila] pinus Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 293.—Ripaway,
Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 486.
Helminthopaga pinus GREGG, Proc. Elmira Acad. Sei., 1870 (p. 8 of reprint).
Helminthophaga pina Cours, Proc. Essex Inst., v, 1868, 271 (s. New England).
Helmintophila pinus Neurvinec, Our Native Birds, ete., 1, 1893, 183, pl. 11, fig. 2.
Sylvia solitaria Wrtson, Am. Orn., ii, 1810, 109, pl. 15, fig. 4 (e. Pennsylvania;
coll. Peale Mus. ).—Vreriior, Ene. Méth., ii, 1823, 450.—Bonaparrr, Journ.
Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., iv, 1824, 189; Ann. eet N. Y., ii, 1826, 87.—NutTrat1,
Man. Orn. U.S. one Cana , 1832, 410.—AvuDuUBON, ‘ome Biog., 1, 1831, 102,
pl. 20.
Vermivora solitaria Swarnson, Philos. Mag., new ser., i, 1827, 484 (Vera Cruz,
Mexico).—JArRpIN&, ed. Wilson’s Am. Orn., i; 1832, be: —BonaParte, Geog.
and Comp. List, 1838, 21.—Woopnousg, Rep. Sitgreaves’ Exped. Zuni and
Colorado R., 1853, 72 (Indian Territory, common, breeding).
Sylvicola solitaria RicHaRDSON, Rep. Brit. Assoc. for 1856 (1837), 171.
Helinaia solitaria Aupupon, Synopsis, 1839, 69; Birds Am., oct. ed., ii, 1841, 98
pleat
M{niotilta] solitaria Gray, Gen. Brrps, i, 1848, 196.
[| Helmitheros] solitaria BONAPARTE, Consp. Ay., 1, 1850, 315.
Helmitheros solitarius Scuarer, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1856, 291 (Cordova, Vera
Cruz).
H(elminthophaga] solitaria C: ABANIS, Mus. Hein., i, 1850, 20, footnote.
HELMINTHOPHILA BACHMANI (Audubon).
BACHMAN’S WARBLER,
Adult male.—F¥orehead, orbital ring, malar region, chin (sometimes
upper throat also), breast, and abdomen yellow (gamboge); anterior
portion of crown black, the feathers (except sometimes the more
anterior ones) margined with gray; posterior portion of crown, occi-
put, and hindneck plain mouse gray; back, scapulars, and rump plain
olive-green, the last more yellowish; upper tail-coverts grayish olive-
green; anterior portion of lesser wing-covert area clear gamboge
yellow, the posterior portion, together with middle coverts, plain olive-
green (concealed portion of feathers darker); greater coverts and ter-
tials grayish olive-green; secondaries and primaries dusky grayish
edged with grayish olive-green, the longer primaries edged with pale
gray; tail dull gray, usually tinged with olive-green, the three to four
outer rectrices with a large subterminal patch of white on inner web;
auricular region olive-green, more or less tinged with gray posteriorly ;
chest, together with more or less of throat, black, this sometimes
broken with yellow tips to feathers; flanks pale smoky grayish; longer
under tail-coverts white, the shorter ones pale yellow; maxilla brown-
ish black, the mandible slightly paler (decidedly so in winter); iris
brown; legs and feet dusky horn color (in dried skins); length (skins),
&
— aa Se
i i>
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 459
106.7-116.8 (110.7); wing, 56.6-61.5 (58.9); tail, 42.7-46.7 (44.2);
exposed culmen, I. 2-19.2 (11.4); tarsus, 17-17.5 (17.3).'
Immature male in n first autumn.—Similar to the adult male, but
crown entirely gray.
Adult female.—Much duller than the male, and without black on
crown, throat, or chest; yellow of forehead indistinct, not sharply
separated from gray of crown; olive-green of back, etc., more grayish;
chest and sides of breast strongly shaded with gray; length (skins),
106. 7-110.5 (109.2); wing, 57.9-59.7 (58.7); tail, 48.745 (44.4); exposed
culmen, 10.9-11.9 (11.4); tarsus, 17-17.3 (17.3).’?
Austroriparian district (humid division of Lower Austral life-zone)
of eastern United States; north to southeastern Virginia (Ayletts,
King William County), southern Indiana (Knox and Decatur coun-
ties—accidental in last?), and southeastern Missouri (Dunklin County);
Cuba in winter.
Sylvia bachmant AupuBon, Orn. Biog., 11, 1834, 483, pl. 188 (Charleston, South
Carolina; type in coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.).
Sylvicola bachmani RicHarpson, Rep. Brit. Assoc. for 1836 (1837), 172.
Vermivora bachmani BoNAPaRtTE, Geog. and Comp. List., 1838, 21.
Helinaia bachmanii AubDuBON, Synopsis, 1839, 68; Birds rate oct. ed., li, 1841, 93,
pl. 108.—Brewer, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., vii, 1860, 307 (Cuba).—Lremsrye,
Aves de la Isla de Cuba, 1850, 36, pl. 6, fig. 1.
M [niotilta] bachmani Gray, Gen. Birds, i, 1848, 196.
| Mniotilta] bachmani Gray, Hand-list, 1, 1869, 289, no. 3460.
[ Helmitheros] bachmani Bonapartsr, Consp. Ay., i, 1850, 315.
Helminthophaga bachmani Gunpiacu, Journ. fiir Orn., 1855, 475 (Cuba); 1861,
326, 409 (do. ); 1874, 411 (do.); Repert. Fisico-Nat. C nee i, 1865, 322 (do.).—
Barrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 255; Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no.
182; Review Am. Birds, 1864, 175. ck a 1873, no. 64; 2d ed.,
1882, no. 103; Birds Col. Val., 1878, 214, footnote.-—Batrp, Brewer, and
tipaway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 194, pl. 11, fig. 3.—Rrmeway, Ibis,
1876, 170; Nom. N. Am. ea 1881, no. 78.—Cory, List Birds W. I., 1885,
7.—Maynarp, Birds FE. N. Am., 1882, 510.
| Helminthophaga] bachmanii ae ES, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 94.
H{elminthophaga] bachmani Ripaway, Ibis, 1876, 168 (diagnosis).
Helminthophila bachmani Ripaway, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, Jan., 1882, 53.—
Baiiey, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, viii, 1883, 38 (South Carolina; deser. sup-
posed eggs).—Cory, Auk, iii, 1886, 28 (Cuba); Birds W. I., 1889, 42; Cat.
Wel Birds! 18925 17" (Cuba). AMERICAN OrniTHoLOGIsts’ Unton, Check
List, 1886, no. 640.—LawreEnce, Auk, 1887, 35-37 (Lake Pontchartrain,
Louisiana), 262 (do. ).—Brewster, ee LV, 1887, 165 (spec. of unknown
locality in Lafresnaye coll.); viii, 1891, 149-157 (Suwanee R., Florida;
habits, variations of plumage, etc.).—Merrriam, Auk, iy, 1887, 262 (Som-
brero Key, Florida, Mar. 21).—Scort, Auk, iv, 1887, 348 (Key West, Flor-
ida); v, 1888, 428 (do., July 26); vii, 1890, 313 (Garden Key, Tortugas,
Florida, Mar. 26 and Apr. 9)..-Gaupraira, Auk, v, 1888, 323 (Lake Pont-
chartrain, Mar.).—CHapman, Auk, vi, 1889, 278 (Oak Lodge, Brevard Co.,
Florida, Mar. 21).—Paumer (W.), Auk, xi, 1894, 333 (Ayletts, King William
Co., Virginia, Aug.).—Wayne, Auk, xii, 1895, 367 (Wacissa R., n. w. Florida,
! Right specimens. * Three specimens.
460 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
migrant).—WrpMANN, Auk, xiii, 1896, 264 (Greene Co., Arkansas, May
7-9).—Beryer, Proc. Louis. Soc. Nat. for 1897-99 (1900), 111 (Louisiana).—
3UTLER, Proc. Ind. Ac. Sei., 1899 (1900), 151 (near Greensburg, Decatur Co..,
Indiana, 1 spec., May 2, 1899).
H{elminthophila] bachmani Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 294.—RipG-
way, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 487.
Helminthophila bachmanii Ripaway, Auk, xiv, 1897, 309 (Dunklin Co., s. e. Mis-
souri; descr. nest and eggs).—Wayne, Auk, xviii, 1901, 274 (Mount Pleas-
ant, South Carolina, May 15).
Helminthophila bachmanni Suarrer, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 239.
HELMINTHOPHILA PEREGRINA (Wilson).
TENNESSEE WARBLER,
Adult male.—Pileum and hindneck plain gray (intermediate between
mouse gray and slate-gray); rest of upper parts plain olive-green,
brightest on rump; remiges dusky, the secondaries edged with olive-
green, the primaries with pale gray (edge of outermost primary white);
tail dull gray, the outer webs of rectrices edged with olive-green, the
inner webs edged with white, that of outermost rectrix usually with a
white terminal spot of greater or less extent; lores and short super-
ciliary streak white, the former with a dusky wedge-shaped streak in
front of eye; a more or less distinct, but small, postocular streak of
dusky; auricular region grayish; suborbital region, malar region, and
under parts white, the sides and flanks shaded with gray; under wing-
coverts and axillars white; maxilla brownish black, mandible slightly
paler; iris brown; legs and feet horn color (in dried skins); length
(skins), 102.9-119.4 (112.5); wing, 62.5-67.8 (64.5); tail, 41-46 (42.4);
exposed culmen, 9.4-9.9 (9.6); tarsus, 15.5-17.8 (16.8)."
| Adult males in winter do not differ essentially from breeding birds,
but have the gray of pileum, hindneck, sides, and flanks slightly tinged
with olive-green, white of under parts slightly tinged with yellow, and
basal half of mandible distinctly ight colored. Some spring males
(probably younger birds), however, are like winter specimens in all
these respects. |
Adult female.—Similar to the adult male in coloration, but with
gray of pileum and hindneck never so pure, being usually more or less
tinged with olive-green, and with superciliary streak and under parts
more or less tinged with yellow; length (skins), 106.7—-119.4 (109.7);
wing, 58.4-61 (59.4); tail, 39.1-42.4 (41.1); exposed culmen, 9.4-10.2
(9.6); tarsus, 15.7—17.3 (16.3).*
Young male in first autumn.—Above plain olive-green, including
pileum and hindneck; superciliary streak, eyelids, sides of head, chin,
throat, chest, sides, and flanks pale yellowish olive-green; abdomen,
anal region, under tail-coverts and under wing-coverts white.
Young female in jirst autumn.—Similar to the young autumnal
1 Five specimens.
1 A GR Cacti EB 2 oh Rca
a phn¥
—_ *. ea
» ee
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 461
male, but superciliary stre: alc sides of head, throat, chest, sides, and
flanks bright olive-yellow.
Eastern North America, breeding from northeastern New York
(Lewis County), Massachusetts (Graylock Mountain, at 3,000 feet;
Springtield), Province of Quebec (Point de Monts), western Ontario
(north shore of Lake Superior), Manitoba, eastern Colorado (Colorado
Springs), etc., northward to Slave Lake district (Fort Rae; Fort Simp-
son; Fort Resolution), Alaska (Caribou Crossing), and eastern British
Columbia (Caribou); southward in winter over more southern United
States (east of Rocky Mountains) to Cuba and Grand Cayman (Baha-
mas also’), and through eastern Mexico and Central America to Colom-
bia and Venezuela; accidental in southern California (Pasadena, Los
Angeles County, September).
Sylvia peregrina Witson, Am. Orn., iv, 1811, 83, pl. 25, fig. 2,—BonaParreE, Journ.
Ae: Nat. Sei. Phila... iv; 1824, 196; Ann. Dyes N: Y.,.i1, 1826, 87, 439:—
Nurraui, Man. Orn. U.S. and Can., i, 1832, 412.—AupuBon, Orn. Biog.,
1834, 307, pl. 154.
Sylvicola ( Vermivora) peregrina SWAINson and RicHarpson, Fauna Bor.-Am., ii,
1831, 221.
Vermivora peregrina SWANsoNn and RicHarpson, Fauna Bor.-Am., 11, 1831, pl. 42,
lower fig.—JarpINE, ed. Wilson’s Am. Orn., i, 1832, 379, SSH g tN
Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 21.—Nurraui, Man. Orn. U. 8. and Can., 2d
ed., i, 1840, 469,
Sylvicola peregrina RicHarpson, Rep. Brit. Assoc. for 1836 (1837), 171.
Helinaia peregrina AuDuUBON, Synopsis, 1839, 68; Birds Am., oct. ed., ii, 1841, 96
pl. 110.—Brewer, Proce. Bost. Soc. N. H., vii, 1860, 307 (Cuba).
M{[niotilta] peregrina Gray, Gen. Birds, i, 1848, 196.
[ Mniotilta] peregrina Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 239, no. 3456.
[ Helinitheros] peregrina BONAPARTE, Consp. Ay., 1, 1850, 315.
H{elininthophaga] peregrina CaBanis, Mus. Hein., i, 1850, 20; Journ. fir Orn.,
1861, 85 (Costa Rica).—Rinaway, Ibis, 1876, 169 (diagnosis).
Helminthophaga peregrina Bairp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Sury., ix, 1858, 258; Cat. N.
Am. Birds, 1859, no. 185; Review Am. Birds, 1865, 178.—Scuarer, Proce.
Zool. Soc. Lond., 1859, 373 (Oaxaca); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 29 (Jalapa, Vera
Cruz; Lanquin, Vera Paz, Guatemala).—Satvin and Scuater, Ibis, 1860, 31
(Coban, Guatemala).—Sciater and Sarviy, Proce. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864,
347 (Lion Hill, Panama R. R.); 1870, 886 (San Pedro, Honduras) ; 1879, 494
(Concordia, proy. Antioquia, Colombia).—Gunp.acu, Journ. ftir Orn., 1861,
326 (Cuba); 1862, 177 (do.) ; 1872, 412; Repert. Fisico-Nat. Cuba, i, 1865, 239
(Cuba).—Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., vii, 1861, 322 (Lion Hill, Panama
R. R.); viii, 1865, 174 (David, Chiriqui) ; ix, 1868, 94 (San José and Grecia,
Costa Rica).—Buakiston, Ibis, 1862, 4 (S Sakate hewan); 1863, 62 (interior
British North America).—Satviy, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, 135 (David,
Chiriqui); 1870, 182 (Calovevora, Veragua, and Volean de Chiriqui), 836
( Honduras )—FRanvrzivs, Journ. fiir Orn., 1869, 293 (Dota mts., Costa Rica).—
Wyatt, Ibis, 1871, 322 (Herradura, Colombia ).—Covrs, Check List, 1873, no.
69; 2d ed., 1882, a 109; Birds fe W., 1874, 538; Birds Col. Val., 1878, 230.—
Herrick, Bull. Essex Inst., 1873, 30 (Grand Menan).—Rimeway, Bull.
Essex Inst., v, 1873, 180 (El E Pao Co., Colorado); Ibis, 1876, 171; Nom. N.
Am. Birds, 1881, no. 87.—Barrp, Brewer, and Rrpaway, Hist. N. Am.
Birds, i, 1874, 205, pl. 11, figs. 10, 11; iii, 1874, 504 (1 Paso Co., Colorado,
1,
462 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Sept. ).—Brewer, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xvii, 1875, 489 (n. New England,
breeding).—Lawrence, Bull. U. 8. Nat. Mus., no. 4, 1876, 15 (Santa Efi-
genia, Oaxaca, Dec., Jan.).—Boucarp, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, 52
San José, Costa Rica, Jan., Mar.).—Merriam, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iii
1878, 53 (Lewis Co., New York, May); vi, 1881, 227 (Lewis Co., New York,
breeding) ; vii, 1882, 234 (Point de Monts, prov. Quebec, Bicsdan oe —Mrnot,
Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, v, 1880, 226 (Boulder, Colorado, May 31).—Sanvin
and GopMAN, Ibis, 1880, a7 (Minea, Colombia, 2,000 feet alt. ); Biol. Centr.-
Am., Aves, i, 1880, 117.
[ Helminthophaga] peregrina Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 95.—ScLaTer and
Satvin, Nom. Ay. Neotr., 1873, 8.—Cory, List Birds W. I., 1885, 7 (Cuba).
Helminthophila peregrina Ripaway, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, Jan., 1882, 54; Orn.
Illinois, i, 1889, 130.—BrewsteEr, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xxii, 1883, 370 ( Anti-
costi I., July 1).—Turner, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., viii, 1885, 237 (Fort Bay,
Labrador ).—Suarper, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 239, 639 (Bogota, Mineca,
and Concordia, Colombia; Caracas, Venezuela, Fort Simpson, Arctic eas
etc.).—Cory, Auk, ili, 1886, 28 (Cuba; Bahamas ?); Birds W. I., 1889, 42;
Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 117 (Cuba; Grand Cayman). AN ORNITHOL-
oaists’ Union, Check List, 1886, no. 647.—Lioyp, Auk, iv, 1887, 296 (Tom
Green Co., Texas, fall migr.).—Cookr, Bird Migr. Miss. Val., 1888, 243
(GsseaoD: Valley localities and dates); Bull. 44, Col. Agr. € ‘oll., 1898, 168
(Colorado Springs, Colorado, breeding).—Faxon, Auk, vi, 1889, 102 (Gray-
lock Mt., Massachussetts, breeding at 3,000 ft.).—DurcHerr, Auk, vi, 1889,
138 (Long I., New York, Sept.).—Scorr, Auk, vii, 1890, 18 (Punta Rassa,
Tarpon Springs, and Key West, Florida, migr.). qi Auk, vii, 1890,
335 (San José, Costa Rica, Sept. to Mar.); viil, 1891, 278 (do.).—THompson,
Proc, U. 8. Nat. Mus., xiii, 1890, 617 (Manitoba, breeding).—Nurrine, Bull.
Labr. N. H. State ome . Lowa, 1, 1893, 277 (Grand Rapids, Saskatchewan,
ns Pe arerore Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xvi, 1898, 484 (Rio Escon-
dido, Nicaragua, Oct. 24-29 ).—NrnRLING, Our Native Birds, ete., i, 1893, 191.—
Banas, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xii, 1898, 143 (Santa Marta, Colombia) .—
GRINNELL, Pub. ii, Pasadena Ac. Sci., 1898, 45 (Pasadena, Los Angeles Co.,
California, 1 spec., Sept. 27, 1897).—AttEn, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., xiii,
1900, 178 (Bonda, ete., proy. Santa Marta, Colombia, Noy. 3 to Apr. 4).—
Bisnop, N. Am. Fauna, no. 19, 1900, 89 (Caribou Crossing, Alaska, June
25, 27).—Norris, Auk, xix, 1902, 88 (Carpenter Mt., Caribou, British Colum-
bia, breeding; descr. nest and eggs).
H{elminthophila] peregrina Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 295.—Ruipe-
way, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 488.
Sylvia tenenssvi BONNATERRE and ViErLtuot, Ene. Méth., ii, 18238, 452.
S[ylvicola] missuriensis Maximinian, Journ. fir Orn., vi, Marck: 1858, 117
(Missouri).
?
HELMINTHOPHILA CELATA CELATA (Say).
ORANGE-CROWNED WARBLER,
Adult male.—Ahbove plain grayish olive-green, becoming brighter,
more yellowish olive-green, on rump and upper tail-coverts; crown
tawny or tawny-ochraceous, this color mostly concealed (except in
worn midsummer plumage) by grayish olive tips to the feathers; a:
narrow superciliary stripe, eyelids, and general color of under parts
pale olive-yellowish, becoming paler (sometimes whitish) on lower
sgt ola a mare ma an
ana ndomatiennees
af
enrkey x
hae tig ea
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 4638
portion of abdomen; auricular region, sides of neck, and sides of breast
light grayish olive-green, the chest (sometimes throat also) indistinctly
streaked with the same; an indistinct triangular spot or streak of dusky
in front of eye and a still less distinct short postocular streak; under
tail-coverts, axillars, and under wing-coverts pale yellow (intermediate
between straw yellow and sulphur yellow); maxilla dusky horn color,
mandible paler, more grayish; iris brown; legs and feet brownish horn
color (in dried skins); length (skins), 107.9-121.9 (117.3); wing,
60. 7—-63.2 (62.2); tail, 48.8-52.6 (50); exposed culmen, 9.4-10.4 (9.6);
tarsus, 17.3-18.5 (17.8).' (In fall and winter the plumage softer, the
tawny-ochraceous crown-patch quite concealed, and the sides of head
more tinged with gray.)
Adult female.—Similar to the adult male in coloration, and not
always distinguishable (4); but usually the colors slightly duller, with
the tawny-ochraceous crown-patch more restricted, sometimes obso-
lete; length (skins), 110.5-118.1 (114.3); wing, 57.4-59.2 (58.4); tail,
45.2-49.3 (47.7); exposed culmen, 9.4-10.7 (10.2); tarsus, 17.5-18.5
(i 8)
Young, first plumage.—Above dull olive, or grayish olive, becom-
ing more olive-greenish or russet-olive, on rump and upper tail-coverts;
middle and greater wing-coverts tipped, more or less distinetly, with
paler olive or dull buffy; throat, chest, sides of breast, sides and flanks
pale brownish gray, tinged with dull buffy, especially on chest; abdo-
men white; otherwise like adults, but without trace of tawny-ochra-
ceous on crown.
[Some autumnal specimens, perhaps younger birds, have the head
and neck much tinged with gray, the superciliary streak and eyelids
1 Seven specimens.
» Five specimens.
Specimens from the Atlantic coast district of the United States apparently average
rather larger than those from the Mississippi Valley and Rocky Mountain district,
though the series measured are much too small to show whether such difference really
exists or not. There certainly are no color differences, that I can find, between the
two series (embracing seven specimens from the Atlantic States and many times that
number from western and northern localities). Unfortunately absence of sex deter-
mination reduces very much the number of specimens available for measurement.
The averages of those measured are as follows:
‘ Ex-
Locality. Wing.| Tail. posed Tarsus.
| culmen.
|
MALES, |
Six adult males from Alaska, Rocky Mountain district, ete ...--. Goa 19.5 9.6 | 17.5
Onewadultinale tromeblonida ssaces=seecme esas ae Je cncinee ero - enee eanGSe2e erp 26 10.4 18.5
FEMALES, | | |
Two adult females from Alaska and Arizona........-...--------- 58. 2 | 46. | 9.4 | 175
Three adult females from Florida and South Carolina ......-.---- | .58.7] 48.8 10.4 18.
464 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
being white instead of yellowish. More rarely there is very little of
yellow tinge on under parts or of olive-green on upper parts, the
coloration being olive-grayish above and dull grayish white, obsoletely
streaked with pale gray anteriorly, below. |
Alaska (except coast district from Kadiak eastward and southward)
and throughout Rocky Mountain district of British America and
United States, breeding southward to Manitoba and high mountains
of New Mexico; during migration, southward to eastern and central
Mexico (as far as States of Vera Cruz, San Luis Potosi, Guanajuato,
ete.), and eastward over Mississippi Valley and Gulf States to South
Carolina, Georgia, and Florida; occasional during migration in New
England and Middle Atlantic States (numerous records), and in south-
ern California (Los Angeles County, September and October).
Sylvia celata Say, Long’s Exped. Rocky Mts., i, 1828, 169 (Council Bluffs, lowa).—
Bonaparte, Amer. Orn., i, 1825, 45, pl. 5, fig. 2; Ann. Lye. N. Y., ii,
1826, 88.—NutraLi, Man. Orn. U. 8. and Can., i, 1832, 413.—AupDuBoN,
Orn. Biog., ii, 1834, 449, pl. 178.—Prasopy, Rep. Orn. Mass., 1839, 13
(Massachusetts).—Townsenp, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., viii, 1839, 153,
part (Columbia R.).
Sylvicola celata Richarpson, Rep. Brit. Assoc. for 1836 (1837), 171.
Vermivora celata JARDINE, ed. Wilson’s Am. Orn., ili, 1832, 332.—BoNAPARTE,
Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 21.—Nurraui, Man. Orn. U.S. and Can., 2d ed.,
i, 1840,473.—Hoy, Proc: Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., vi, 1853, 312 (Wisconsin).
Helinaia celata AupuBON, Synopsis, 1839, 69; Birds Am., oct. ed., ii, 1841, 100, pl.
112.—Prartren, Trans. Ills. Agric. Soe., i, 1855, 602 (Illinois).
M [niotilta] celata Gray, Gen. Birds, i, 1848, 196.
[ Mniotilta] celata Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 259, no. 3457.
[ Helmitheros] celata BONAPARTE, Consp, Ay., i, 1850, 315.
Helmitheros celatus ScuatEr, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1857, 212 (Orizaba, Vera
Cruz).
Helminthophaga celata Barrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Sury., ix, 1858, 257, part;
Rep. U. S. and Mex. Bound. Surv., ii, pt. 2, 1859, 10 (Brownsville, Texas;
Tamaulipas); Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 184, part; Review Am. Birds,
1865, 163, 176, part (Fort Yukon; Fort Resolution; Fort Simpson; Georgia,
ete. ).—SciaTer, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 29 (Orizaba).—Buaxiston, Ibis,
1862, 4 (Saskatchewan); v, 1863, 62 (interior British North America).—ALLEN,
Proc. Essex Inst., iv, 1864, 60 (Massachusetts) ; Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 1i,
1871, 268 (e. Florida, winter); iii, 1872, 175 (Kansas; Utah) .—Covgs, Proce.
Bost. Soc. N. H., xii, 1868, 108 (South Carolina); Check List, 1873, no. 68;
2d ed. 1882, no. 107.—SumicHRast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., i, 1869, 546
(Orizaba, winter). —Daxt and Bannister, Trans. Chicago Acad. Sci., i, 1869,
278 (Fort Yukon, etc., Alaska, breeding) .—Cooprr, Orn. Cal., 1870, 83, part.——
Maynarp, Birds Florida, 1873, 61.—Rrpeway, Bull. Essex Inst., vii, 1875, 32
(Wahsatch Mts., Utah, breeding); Ibis, 1876, 170; Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no.
86.—Brewster, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, i, 1876, 94 (Concord, Massachusetts, Oct.
2).—Purpre, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, ii, 1877, 21 (Cranston, Rhode Island,
Dec. ).—Mearns, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iii, 1878, 46 (West Point, New York,
May 13).—Brown, Bull Nutt. Orn. Club, iii, 1878, 173 (Coosada, Alabama,
Feb. 12 and Apr. 15).—Brewer, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xix, 1878, 302
(Hollis, New Hampshire; Concord, Massachusetts, Oct. 2, 1876).—BicKNELL,
Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iv, 1879, 61 (Riverdale, New York, Oct. ).—TRorrer,
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 465
Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iv, 1879, 235 (Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Mar. ).—
Savin and GopMAN, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, 1, 1880, 116, part (Cinco Sefiores,
Mexico, etc. ).—Netson, Cruise ‘‘Corwin,’’ 1881 (1883), 63 (Norton Sound
and interior n. Alaska); Rep. Nat. Hist. Coll. Alaska, 1887, 200.—McLENE-
GAN, Cruise ‘‘ Corwin,”’ 1884, 114 (Kowak R., Alaska, breeding).
[ Helminthophaga] celata Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 95.—ScLaTerand SALvIN,
Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 8.
Helminthophaga celata, var. celata BAatrp, BrEewErR, and Rrpe@way, Hist. N. Am.
Birds, i, 1874, 202.
Helminthophaga celata . . . var. BarrD, Brewer, and Ripaway, Hist. N. Am.
Birds, i, 1874, pl. 11, figs. 5, 6.
[ Helminthophaga celata] a. celata Cours, Birds N.W., 1874, 52; Birds Col. Val.,
1878, 226.
[ Helminthophaga celata.] «. celata Ripaway, Ibis, 1876, 169, 170; Orn. 40th Par-
allel, 1877, 429 (upper Humboldt Valley, Nevada, Sept.; Parleys Park, Utah,
breeding. )
Helminthophaga celata celata Goovr, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., no. 20, 1883, 323.
Helminthophila celata Ripaway, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, Jan., 1882, 54; Proce.
U.S. Nat. Mus., v, 1883, 535 (La Paz, Lower California, 1 spec., Jan.); Orn.
Illinois, i, 1889, 129.—Ruoaps, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, viii, 1883, 179 (Had-
donfield, New Jersey, 1 spec., Mar. 22).—Snarper, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x,
1885, 244.—AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ Unton, Check List, 1886, no. 646.—
Wayne, Auk, iii, 1886, 139 (coast of South Carolina, Nov. to Mar.); xii,
1895, 365 (Wacissa and Aucilla rivers, n. w. Florida).—Brewsrer, Auk, iii,
1886, 278 (Belmont, Massachusetts ).—ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., i, 1886,
256 (Springfield, Massachusetts, May 15, 1883; Lynn, Jan. 1, 1875; Concord,
Oct. 2, 1876).—GreEEN, Auk, iv, 1887, 350 (Syracuse, New York, Oct. 2).—
CuapmMan, Auk, y, 1888, 275 (Gainesville, Florida, winter).—Treat, Auk,
v, 1888, 323 (East Hartford, Connecticut, May 8).—Cooxr, Bird Migr. Miss.
Val., 1888, 242 (Mississippi Valley localities and dates).—Scorr, Auk, vii,
1890, 18 (Key West, Florida, common Sept. 8 to Oct. 5).—FisHEr, Auk. vii,
1890, 96 (Washington, D. C., Oct. 18).—Wunrie, Auk, vii, 1890, 290 (Mon-
treal, Canada, May 21).—TxHompson, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xiii, 1890, 616
(Manitoba, breeding).—MAcFARLANE, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xiv, 1891, 444
(Anderson R., Arctic Am., breeding).—McCormick, Auk, ix, 1892, 397
(Oberlin, Ohio, May 11).—Howe tt, Auk, x, 1893, 90 (Flatbush, Long
Island, Oct. 12).—Loomis, Auk, x, 1898, 154 (South Carolina).—Jouy, Proce.
U.S. Nat. Mus., xvi, 1893, 777 (Soledad, San Luis Potosi).—McIiwrairn,
Birds Ontario, 1894, 357 (Hamilton, May 11, 1886; London; Milton).—
Bryer, Proc. Louis. Soc. Nat. for 1897-99 (1900), 112 (Louisiana, common
winter resid.).—Swarrn, Condor, ili, 1901, 145 (Los Angeles, California,
Sept. 28 and Oct. 14, 1891).
H{elminthophila] celata Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 295.
Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 488.
Helmintophila celata Neuruinc, Our Native Birds, etc., i, 1893, 191.
[ Helminthophaga celata.] var. obscura Ripaway, in Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway’s
Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 192, pl. 11, fig. 6 (Enterprise, Florida; coll. U.S.
Nat. Mus.).
Helminthophila celata obscura Brewster, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, viii, July, 1883,
157 (Georgia and Florida in winter; crit.).
[Helminthophila celata.] Subsp. a. Helminthophila obscura SHarpx, Cat. Birds
Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 246.
3654— VoL 2—01—
Ripaway,
BO
466 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
HELMINTHOPHILA CELATA LUTESCENS Ridgway.
_LUTESCENT WARBLER.
Similar to //. c. celata, but much more brightly colored, the upper
parts bright olive-green, the under parts distinctly yellow (bright
olive-yellow to nearly gamboge); young very different from that of
H. ¢. celata.
Young in jirst plumage.—Above plain olive-green, the middle and
greater wing-coverts more or less distinctly tipped with paler or with
buffy; under parts buffy olive-yellow or straw yellow, more or less
strongly shaded with olive on chest, sides, and flanks (often on throat
also).
Adult male.—Length (skins), 106.7-113 (109.7); wing, 58.2-61.2
(59.9); tail, 44.7-49 (47); exposed culmen, 9.4-9.6 (9.4); tarsus, 17.5-
18.3 (18).*
Adult female.—Length (skins), 101.6-111.8 (108.4); wing, 56.9-61
(58.9); tail, 45.7-47 (46.2); exposed culmen, 9.9-10.2 (10); tarsus,
17.3-17.8 (17.5).
Breeding in Pacifie coast district, from mountains of southern Cali-
fornia (Los Angeles Co.) to island of Kadiak and shores of Cook Inlet,
Alaska, and eastward to Ruby Mountains, Nevada; eastward and south-
ward during migration to Montana (Columbia Falls), Wyoming (Fort
Bridger), Colorado, Arizona, and Cape St. Lucas, and through western
Mexico to Guatemala (Chimay).
Sylvia celata (not of Say, 1823) Townsenp, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., viii, 1839,
153, part (Columbia R. ).
Sylvicola celata (not of Richardson, 1837) Frxscu, Abh. Nat. Bremen, iii, 1872,
36 (Sitka, Alaska).
Vermivora celata (not of Bonaparte, 1838) GAmBEL, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., iii,
1846, 155 (California); Journ. Ac. Nat. Sei. Phila., i, 1847, 17 (California).
Felinaia celata (not of Audubon) HrrrMann, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., ii, 1853,
263 (California, abundant).
Helminthophaga celata Bairp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Sury., ix, 1858, 257, part (speci-
mens from Oregon and California); Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 184, part;
Review Am. Birds, 1865, 176, part (San José, Lower California).—ScnaTeEr,
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1858, 298 (La Parada, Oaxaca); 1859, 235 ( Vancouver
I.); 373 (Oaxaca); 1862, 19 (La Parada).—Xantus, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci.
Phila., xi, 1859, 191 (Fort Tejon, California).—Cooprr and Sucktey, Rep.
Pacific R. R. Sury., xii, pt. li, 1860, 178 (Fort Steilacoom and Dalles, Ore-
gon ).—Lorp, Proc. Roy. Art. Inst. Woolw., iv, 1864, 115 (British Columbia ).—
Browy, Ibis, 1868, 420 (Vancouver I.).—Cooprr, Orn. Cal., 1870, 83, part.—
Satvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1880, 116, part (Chimay,
Guatemala).
Helminthophaga celata . . . var. Barro, Brewer, and Ripaway, Hist. N. Am.
Birds, i, 1874, pl. 11, fig. 4 (Cape St. Lucas).
Helminthophila celata SHARPE, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 640, part (Van-
couver I.; San Francisco and Nicasio, California; Mazatlan and Presidio,
Sinaloa, and La Parada, Oaxaca; Chimay, Guatemala).
1 Six specimens. * Three specimens.
Yager Pine
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 467
Helminthophaga celata var. lutescens RipGway, Am. Journ. Sci. and Arts., 3d ser.,
iv, Dec., 1872, 457 (type from Kadiak, Alaska; coll. U. 8S. Nat. Mus.); Am,
Nat., vii, Oct., 1873, 5 (description; Kadiak, Alaska; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.).—
Barrp, Brewer, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 204, pl. 11, fig.
4.—BeEnprrg, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 1877, 118 (descr. eggs).
[ Helminthophaga celata] b. lutescens Cours, Birds N. W., 1874, 52; Birds Col. Val.,
1878, 227.
Helminthophaga celata . . . var. lutescens Cours, Check List, 1873, 125 (Appen-
dix), no. 68a.
Helminthophaga celata lutescens Rripaway, Bull. Essex Inst., vii, Jan., 1875, 19
(West Humboldt Mts., Nevada), 22 (East Humboldt Mts.); Nom. N. Am.
Birds, 1881, no. 86a.—Brewstrer, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iv, 1879, 34 (deser.
young ).—CoveEs, Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 108.—Netson, Rep. Nat. Hist.
Coll. Alaska, 1887, 201.
Fifelminthophaga] celata lutescens Ripaway, Bull. Essex Inst., vii, 1875, 22 (East
Humboldt Mts., Nevada, Sept. ).
[ Helminthophaga celata.] 3. lutescens Ripaway, Ibis, Apr., 1876, 169, 171; Orn.
40th Parallel, 1877, 429 (West Humboldt Mts., Nevada, Sept.; East Hum-
boldt Mts., Sept. ).
Helminthophaga celata, 8. lutescens Rrpaway, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iii, Apr.,
1878, 65 (Calaveras Co., California, resident); Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., i, 1879,
404 (centr. California).
Helminthophila celata lutescens Brewster, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, Apr., 1882,
85 (Tucson, Arizona, Apr. 26).—Betpine, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vi, 1883,
347 ( Victoria Mts., Lower California) , 526 (La Paz, Lower California); Land
Birds Pacific Distr., 1890, 206, part (breeding at Santa Cruz and Orema,
Santa Cruz Co., California; also at Oakland, Berkeley, Alameda Springs,
Haywards, and Sebastopol).—Antnony, Auk, iii, 1886, 170 (Washington Co.,
Oregon, breeding; habits). —AMERICAN OrNITHOLOGISTS’ Unron, Check List,
1886, no. 646a.—Scorr, Auk, v, 1888, 34 (Catalina Mts., Arizona, fall
migrant ).—Townsenp, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xiii,1890, 137 (Cape St. Lucas,
Lower California, Apr. 7).—LAwRENcE (R. H.), Auk, ix, 1892, 46 (Grays
Harbor, Washington, breeding).—ANTHony, Auk, xii, 1895, 142 (San Fer-
nando, Lower California, Apr. and early May).—GrinNneuLL, Auk, xv, 1898,
129 (Sitka, Alaska, breeding); Pub., ii, Pasadena Ac. Sci., 1898, 44 (Los
Angeles Co., California, breeding in mountains up to 6,000 ft.).—MeErRILL,
Auk, xv, 1898, 18 (Fort Sherman, Idaho, May ).—Kossk&, Auk, xvii, 1900, 356
(Cape Disappointment, Washington, breeding).—Oscoop, N. Am. Fauna,
no. 21, 1901, 79 (Fort Kenai, Alaska, May).—Mai.uarp, Condor, iii, 1901,
126 (San Benito Co., California, breeding).
H [elminthophila] celata lutescens RipGway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 489.
H(elminthophila] c{elata] lutescens Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 295.
Helminthophila lutescens Rrpaway, Proe. U.S. Nat. Mus., i, Mar. 20, 1879, 391
(Calaveras Co., California).—SHarpr, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 246.
HELMINTHOPHILA CELATA SORDIDA Townsend.
DUSKY WARBLER.
Similar to /Z. celata lutescens, but decidedly darker; bill and feet
larger, wing shorter, and tail longer.
Adult male.—Length (skins), 110.5-119.4 (116.8); wing, 57.7-59.9
(59.2); tail, 49.3-50 (49.8); exposed culmen, 10.6-11.9 (11.4); tarsus,
18-18.8 (18.3).!
' Five specimens.
468 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Adult female.—Length (skins), 116.8-119.4 (118.1); wing, 56.6—
57.4 (56.9); tail, 49-50 (49.5); exposed culmen, 10.4; tarsus, 18.5-18.8."
Santa Barbara Islands, California (San Clemente, Santa Cruz, Santa
Rosa, and Santa Catalina islands); occasional on mainland (Pasadena,
Los Angeles County, February and August).
Helminthophila celata lutescens (not of Ridgway) Buaxr, Auk, iv, 1887, 330 (Santa
Cruz I., California).—Brtpine, Land Birds Pacific Distr., 1890, 206, part
(Santa Cruz I., breeding).
SiN bed celata sordida TowNsEND, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., xiii, no. 799, Sept.
9, 1890, 139 (San Clemente I., California; coll. U. 8. Nat. Mus.), 141 (Santa
Cruz and Santa Rosa islands).—AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ Unton, Check -
List, 2d ed., 1895, no. 6466.—Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1896, 607.—
GRINNELL, Rep. Birds Santa Barbara Is., ete., 1897, 20 (San Clemente I.) ;
Pub., ii, Pasadena Ac. Sci., 1898, 44 (Pasadena, Los Angeles Co., California,
middle of July to Feb. 29) Auk, xv, 1898, 236 (Santa Catalina I., Dec.).
HELMINTHOPHILA RUBRICAPILLA RUBRICAPILLA (Wilson).
NASHVILLE WARBLER,
Adult male.—Pileum, hindneck, auricular region and sides of neck
plain gray; crown chestnut, the feathers tipped with gray; rest of
upper parts plain olive-green, brightest on rump and upper tail-coverts;
lores pale grayish or grayish white; a conspicuous white orbital ring;
malar region and under parts bright gamboge yellow, becoming white
on lower abdomen and anal region, tinged with olive on sides and flanks,
especially the latter; maxilla brownish black, mandible paler, more
grayish brown (in dried skins); iris brown; legs and feet horn color (in
dried skins); length (skins), 102.9-116.8 (106.9); wing, 56.4-61 (59.2);
tail, 41.7-45.7 (43.9); exposed culmen, 9.4-9.6 (9.5); tarsus, 16.8-17.3
(17).
Adult female.—Similar to the adult male, but duller in color, and
with little, if any, chestnut on crown; length (skins), 97.8—105.4 (102.9);
wing, 54.6—58.9 (56.6); tail, 40.1-42.7 (41.4); exposed culmen, 9.1—9.6
(9.4); tarsus, 16.8-17.8 (73). 3
Young in first autumn.—Much duller in color than adults; gray of
head and neck replaced by brownish gray or grayish brown; olive-
green of back duller; yellow of under parts duller, becoming brownish
white on chin and malar region.
Eastern North America, breeding from re husetts, Connecticut,
northern New Jersey (Englewood), Pennsylvania (Dingmans Ferry,
Pike County), northern Illinois, Nebraska (Nebraska City), ete., north-
ward to Grand Menan and the Great Slave Lake district; southward in
migration over more southern United States (east of Rocky Moun-
tains) through eastern. Mexico to Guatemala; accidental in southern
Greenland (two records: Gothaab, about 1835, and Fiskenzsset, Aug.
31, 1840). .
‘Two specimens, * Ten specimens. * Six specimens,
Poet az
nin
Dt te ee
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. .- 469
Sylvia ruficapilla (not of Latham, 1790) Wrison, Am. Orn., iii, 1811, 120, pl. 27,
fig. 3.—Bonapartp, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sei. Phila., iv, 1824, 197.—AupuBon,
Orn. Biog., i, 1831, 450, pl. 89.
M{[niotilta] ruficapilla Gray, Gen. Birds, i, 1848, 196.
[Mniotilta] ruficapilla Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 239, no. 3456.
Helminthophaga ruficapilla Barrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 256; Cat.
N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 183, part; Review Am. Birds, 1865, 175, part.—
(?)ScuaterR, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1858, 298 (La Parada, Oaxaca); 1859,
373 (Oaxaca, Feb.); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 29.—Buaxisron, Ibis, 1863, 62
(Great Slave Lake).—AL.en, Proc. Essex Inst., iv, 1864, 59 (Massachusetts,
breeding); Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., ii, 1871, 269 (e. Florida, Mar.); iii, 1872,
175, part (Kansas).—(?)Dresser, Ibis, 1865, 477 (San Antonio, Texas).—
McIiwrairn, Proc. Essex Inst., v, 1866, 85 (Hamilton, Ontario).—Sumr1-
cHrAst, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., i, 1869, 546 (Orizaba, Vera Cruz, winter).—
Cougs, Check List, 1873, no. 67, part; 2d ed., 1882, no. 106, part; Birds
N. W., 1874, 50, part; Birds Col. Val., 1878, 224, part.—Herricx, Bull,
Essex Inst., v, 1878, 30 (Grand Menan).—Barrp, Brewer, and Rrpeway,
Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 196, part, pl. 11, fig. 7.—Brewer, Proc. Bost. Soe.
N. H., xvii, 1875, 489 (New England, summer resid. ).—Nerwron, Man. N.
H. Greenland, 1875, 99 (Gothaab, 1835, and Fiskenzesset, Aug. 31, 1840).—
(?) Lawrence, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., no. 4, 1876, 15 (Santa Efigenia, Oaxaca,
Dec., Jan. ).—Ripaway, Ibis, 1876, 170, part; Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no.
85, part.—Sennerr, Bull. U. S. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr., iv, 1878, 12
(near Hidalgo, Texas); v, 1879, 386 (Lometa, Texas, Apr. 11 to 26).—
MErRILL, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., i, 1878, 123 (Fort Brown, Texas, Apr. ).—
Brewster, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iii, 187 8, 57 (deser. young).— Satvin and
GopmaAN, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1880, 115, part. —(?)Sanvin, Cat. Strick-
land Coll., 1882, 89 (Guatemala).
| Helminthophaga] ruficapilla Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 95.—Scrarer and
Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 8.
H[elminthophaga] ruficapilla Ripaway, Ibis, 1876, 168 (diagnosis).
[ Helminthophaga ruficapilla] var. ruficapilla Batrpd, Brewer, and Rrpaway, Hist.
N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 191, in text.
Helminthophila ruficapilla Rrpaway, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, Jan., 1882, 54; Orn.
Illinois, i, 1889, 128.—Brewster, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xxii, 1883, 370 (Gaspé
Bay, Gulf St. Lawrence, July 15).—Brckne.i, Auk, i, 1884, 211 (song).—
SHarpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 242, 640, part.—Rawpn, Trans. Oneida
Hist. Soc., iii, 1886, 137 (Oneida Co., New York, breeding ).—AMERICAN ORNI-
THOLOGISTS’ Union, Check List, 1886, no. 645.—Cooxr, Bird Migr. Miss. Val.,
1888, 241 (Mississippi Valley localities and dates; breeding from n. Illinois
and Nebraska northward ).—Cuapman, Auk, vi, 1889, 198, 304 (Englewood,
New Jersey, breeding).—THompson, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xiii, 1890, 616
(Manitoba, breeding).—Wurrr, Auk, x, 1893, 227 (Mackinac I., Michigan,
rare summer resid. ).—Conapon, Auk, xii, 1895, 190 (Dingmans Ferry, Pike
Co., Pennsylvania, breeding).—Bruner, Proc. Nebr. Orn. Un., 2d an. meet.,
1901, 57 (Nebraska City, Nebraska, breeding).
H (elminthophila ruficapilla] Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 294.—Ripe-
way, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 489.
Helmintophila ruficapilla Neurune, Our Native Birds, ete., i, 1893, 189.
Sylvia rubricapilla Witson, Am. Orn., vi, 1812, 15 (index).—Bonaparrr, Journ.
Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., iv, 1824, 197; Ann. Lye. N. Y., ii, 1826, 7.—AupDuUBoN,
Orn. Biog., i, 1831, 450, pl. 89.—Nurraut, Man. Orn. U. 8S. and Can., i,
1832, 412.
Sylvia ( Vermivora) rubricapilla Swainson and RicHarpson, Fauna Bor.-Am., ii,
1831, 220.
470 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Vermivora rubricapilla Swarnson and Ricwarpson, Fauna Bor.-Am., ii, 1831, pl.
42, upper fig.—Jarping, ed. Wilson’s Am. Orn., i, 1832, 407.—BoNnaApartE,
Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 21.—Nurratt, Man. Orn. U. S. and Can., 2d
ed., i, 1840, 472.—Rernuarpt, Vid. Med. Nat. Forh., 1854, 82 (Green-
land).—Brewer, Proc. Bost., Soc., vi, 1856, 4 (descr. nest and eggs).
Sylvicola rubricapilla RrcHarpson, Rep. Brit. Assoc. for 1836 (1837), 171.
Helinaia rubricapilla AupuBON, Synopsis, 1839, 70; Birds Am., oct. ed., ii, 1841,
103, pl. 113.
[ Helmitheros] rubricapilla Bonapartsr, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 315.
Helmitheros rubricapillus Scuater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1856, 291 (Cordova,
Vera Cruz).
H{elminthophaga] rubricapilla CaBantis, Mus. Hein., i, 1850, 20.—SciatTer, Proc.
Zool. Soe. Lond., 1859, 363 (Jalapa, Vera Cruz).
Mniotilta rubricapilla Retrnarpt, Ibis, 1861, 6 (Gotthaab and Fiskenzesset,
Greenland, 2 specimens).
Helminthophila rubricapilla Faxon, Auk, xiii, July 1896, 263.—AmERICAN ORNI-
THOLOGISTS’ UNToN Commitrrrr, Auk, xiv, 1897, 130.
Sylvia leucogastra StEPHENS, Shaw’s Gen. Zool., x, 1817, 622 (based on Sylvia
ruficapilla Wilson).
Sylvia nashvillei BONNATERRE and VIEILLOT, Ene. Méth., ii, 1823, 451.
[ Helminthophaga ruficapilla.] var. ocularis Ripaway, in Baird, Brewer, and Ridg-
way’s Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 191 (Chicago, Illinois; coll. U. 8S. Nat.
Mus. ).
HELMINTHOPHILA RUBRICAPILLA GUTTURALIS (Ridgway).
CALAVERAS WARBLER,
Similar to /Z. v. rubricapilla, but olive-green of rump and upper
tail-coverts brighter, more yellowish, yellow of under parts brighter,
lower abdomen more extensively whitish, and greater wing-coverts
lighter, more yellowish olive-green.*
Adult male.—Length (skins), 102.9-120.6 (113.3); wing, 58.9-62.5
(60.2); tail, 438.2-47.7 (45.5); exposed culmen, 9.4-10.2 (9.6); tarsus,
16.5-17.3 (16.8).
Adult female.—Length (skins), 97.8-104.1 (102.1); -wing, 53.8-55.6
(54.6); tail, 38.9-41.1 (40.4); exposed culmen, 8.6—9.6 (9.1); tarsus,
16.3-17 (16.5).°
Western United States, breeding on high mountains, from the
Sierra Nevada (Calaveras Co., California) to British Columbia (Vernon,
Nelson, Okanogan district, etc.), eastward to-‘eastern Oregon (Fort
Klamath), northern Idaho (Fort Sherman), etc.; southward during
migration to extremity of Lower California, and over western and
northern Mexico, and southeastward to Texas (San Antonio; Tom
Green County; Concho County).
1TIn many specimens one or more of the characters given above fail of verification,
but in no case, so far as the material examined indicates, do they all fail.
*Six specimens.
’Three specimens.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. Av1
Helminthophaga ruficapilla (not Sylvia ruficapilla Wilson) Batrp, Rep. Pacific
R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 923 (Fort Tejon, California); Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859,
no. 183, part; Review Am. Birds, 1865, 175, part.—Xanrus, Proc. Ac. Nat.
Sci. Phila., 1859, 141 (Fort Tejon).—(?) Sciarer, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
1858, 298 (La Parada, Oaxaca); 1859, 373 (Oaxaca); Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1862,
29.—(?) Dresser, Ibis, 1865, 477 (San Antonio, Texas).—Cooprr, Orn Cal.,
1870, 82.—ALLEN, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., iii, 1872, 175, part (Utah) .—
Cours, Check List, 1873, no. 67, part; 2d ed., 1882, no. 106, part; Birds N.W.,
1874, 50, part; Birds Col. Val., 1878, 224, part.—Ripaway, Bull. Essex Inst.,
v, 1873, 177 (Colorado; Utah; Nevada); vii, 1875, 21 (e. Humboldt Mts.,
Nevada); Ibis, 1876, 170, part; Orn. 40th Parallel, 1877, 427 (East Hum-
boldt Mts., Sept.); Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, ili, 1878, 65 (Calaveras Co., Cali-
fornia, breeding); Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 85 part.—Barrp, BREWER,
and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 191, part, pl. 11, fig. 8.—Hensnaw,
Rep. Orn. Spec. Wheeler’s Sury., 1874, 41; Zool. Exp. W. 100th Merid., 1875,
188 (Camp Crittenden, Arizona, Aug. 27 to Sept. 1).—Netson, Proc. Bost.
Soc. N. H., xvii, 1875, 489 (California).—(?) Lawrence, Bull. U. 8. Nat.
Mus., no. 4, 1876, 15 (Santa Efigenia, Oaxaca, Dec., Jan.).—BrLpING, Proc.
U.S. Nat. Mus., i, 1879, 404 (Calaveras Co., California, breeding).—Satvin
and GopMAN, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1880, 115, part.
[ Helminthophaga] ruficapilla Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 95, part. —ScLATER
and Sautvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 8, part.
H{[elminthophaga] ruficapilla Ripaway, Ibis, 1876, 168, part.
Helminthophila ruficapilla SHarpr, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 242, 640, part
(Presidio, near Mazatlan; Ciudad Durango).
_ Helminthophaga ruficapilla . . . var. BAtrp, Brewer, and Rrpaway, Hist.N. Am.
Birds, i, 1874, pl. 11, fig. 8 (California).
[ Helminthophaga ruficapilla.] var. gutturalis Rrpaway, in Baird, Brewer, and
Ridgway’s Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 191, in text (Kast Humboldt Mts.,
Nevada; coll. U. 8S. Nat. Mus. ).
Helminthophila ruficapilla gutturalis Rripaway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., viii, Sept. 2,
1885, 352.—AMERICAN OrNITHOLOGISTS’ Unton, Check List, 1886, no. 645a.—
TowNsEND, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., x, 1887, 223 (Baird and Castle Lake,
n. California, breeding ).—Lioyp, Auk, iv, 1887, 295 (Tom Green and Concho
counties, w. Texas, migr.).—Scorr, Auk, v, 1888, 33 (Catalina Mts., Arizona,
Sept. ).—Merritt, Auk, v, 1888, 360 (Fort Klamath, e. Oregon, breeding ).—
Arrwater, Auk, ix, 1892, 340 (San Antonio, Texas, migr. ).—RuHoaps, Proc.
Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1893, 54 (Nelson and Vernon, e. British Columbia).
Helminthophila rubricapilla gutturalis Faxon, Auk, xiii, July, 1896, 264, in text.—
AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ UNION CommiTTEg, Auk, xiv, 1897, 181.—Mezr-
RILL, Auk, xv, 1898, 18 (Fort Sherman, Idaho, breeding).—Brooxs, Auk,
xvii, 1900, 107 (Okanogan district, British Columbia).
HELMINTHOPHILA VIRGINIZ (Baird).
VIRGINIA’S WARBLER,
Adult male in spring and summer.—Upper parts plain smoke gray,
the rump and upper tail-coverts bright yellowish olive-green or olive-
yellow; crown chestnut, the feathers tipped with gray (except in worn
plumage); a conspicuous white orbital ring; sides of head rather paler
gray than upper parts, fading into grayish white on malar region and
lores; chest and (usually) throat clear lemon yellow (usually paler
472 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
anteriorly); under tail-coverts lemon yellow; under wing-coverts and
axillars dull white; rest of under parts dull white medially shading
into pale smoke gray laterally; maxilla dusky horn color with paler
tomia; mandible paler horn color (more bluish in life); iris brown;
legs and feet dusky horn color in dried skins.
Adult male in autumn and winter.—Similar to the summer male
but strongly tinged with brown above and on flanks, yellow of chest
duller, and chestnut crown-patch concealed by very broad brownish
gray tips to the feathers.
Adult female in spring and summer.—Similar in coloration to the
adult male but colors duller, especially the yellowish olive-green of
rump and upper tail-coverts; chestnut crown-patch usually more
restricted, sometimes nearly obsolete; gray of back, ete., browner;
yellow of chest paler and never(?) extended over throat; that of the
under tail-coverts also paler.
Young (4) female in first autumn.'—Similar to the adult female, but
under parts pale buffy or buffy whitish medially, the chest only very
faintly, if at all, tinged with yellow.
Young in first plumage.—Middle and greater wing-coverts tipped
with pale dull buffy, forming two rather distinct bars; chin, throat,
chest, and sides of breast pale brownish-gray, the sides and flanks sim-
ilar, but still paler; median portion of breast and abdomen white;
otherwise like autumnal adults or young in first autumn.
Adult male.—Length (skins), 103.6-109.2 (106.4); wing, 61-61.5
(61.2); exposed culmen, 8.9-9.9 (9.4); tarsus, 16-17.8 (17).”
Adult female.—Length (skins), 101.6; wing, 57.4-60.4 (58.9); tail,
45.5-46.7 (46); exposed culmen, 9.4; tarsus, 17.3.°
Rocky Mountain district of United States, from Colorado and
Wyoming to Nevada, southward through central and western Mexico
to States of Guanajuato and Jalisco (Bolafios); breeding in higher
mountains. (Southern limit of breeding range unknown.)
Helminthophaga virginie Barrp, Cat. N. A. Birds, 1859, no. 183a (nomen nudum) ;
Birds N. Amer., 1860, Atlas, p. xi, footnote, pl. 79, fig. 1 (Fort Burgwyn, New
Mexico; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.); Review Am. Birds, 1865, 177.—Covuzs, Proc.
Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., xviii, 1866, 70 (Fort Whipple, Arizona); Check List,
1873, no. 66; 2d ed. 1882, no. 105; Birds N. W., 1874, 51; Birds Col. Val., 1878,
222.—Coorrr, Orn. Cal., 1870, 85 (Prescott, Arizona; Fort Burgwyn, New
Mexico) .—AIKEN, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xv, 1872, 196 ( El Paso Co., Colorado;
descr. nest and eggs).—Ripe@way, Bull. Essex Inst., v, 1873, 172 (Salt Lake
City, Utah, breeding), 180 (Colorado); vii, 1875, 20 (East Humboldt Mts.,
Nevada), 32 (Wahsatch Mts., Utah); Ibis, 1876, 170; Orn. 40th Parallel, 1877,
428; Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 84.—Barirp, Brewer, and Ripeaway, Hist.
N. Amer. Birds, i, 1874, 199, pl. 11, fig. 12; ili, 1874, 504.—Hernsnaw, Zool.
1This plumage may in reality represent that of the adult female in autumn.
* Four specimens.
Two specimens.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 473
Exped. W. 100th Merid., 1875, 189 (White Mts., Arizona, Aug. 11; Tierra
Amarilla, New Mexico, Sept. 15; Navajo Creek, Colorado, Sept. 11).—Mrnor,
Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vy, 1880, 226 (Manitou, Colorado; deser. song).
[ Helminthophaga] virginiex Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 94.
A elminthophaga] virginie Ripaway, Ibis, 1876, 168 (diagnosis).
[ Mniotilta] virginie GiEBEL, Thesaurus Orn., ii, 1875, 189.
Helminthophila virginix Ripaway, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, Jan., 1882, 54.—
Brewster, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, viii, 1883, 155 (Colorado Springs, Colorado;
remarks on plumage).—SuHarpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 247, 641.—
AMERICAN OrRNITHOLOGISTS’ Unton, Check List, 1886, no. 644.—Scorr, Auk,
v, 1888, 33 (Catalina Mts., Arizona, above 3,500 ft.; breeding?).
H(elminthophila] virginie Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 294.—Ripaway,
Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 490.
Helmintophila virgin NEARLING, Our Native Birds, ete., i, 1893, 188.
HELMINTHOPHILA CRISSALIS Salvin and Godman.
COLIMA WARBLER.
Similar to /Z. wrginie, but upper parts brown instead of gray, rump
‘* oleagineous” instead of olive-yellow, under tail-coverts oleagineous
chestnut instead of yellow, and under parts gray (without any yellow
on chest?).
Adult female.—Ahbove oleagineous brown, the lower back and rump
clear oleagineous; crown with a partly concealed patch of chestnut;
wings and tail fuscous; orbital ring and lores white; beneath dull ash
gray, the flanks more brownish, the middle of abdomen whitish, the
under tail-coverts clear oleagineous chestnut; under wing-coverts
white; bill and feet dusky hazel, the mandible paler basally; length,
127; wing, 63.5; tail, 53.6; bill; from point to rictus, 14; tarsus, 19.
(Free translation of original description.)
Southwestern Mexico, in State of Colima (Sierra Nevada.)
Helminthophila crissalis SALVIN and GopMAN, Ibis, 6th ser., i, July, 1889, 380
(Sierra Nevada, Colima, Mexico; cell. Salvin and Godman).
HELMINTHOPHILA LUCIZ (Cooper). :
LUCY’S WARBLER.
Adult male in spring and summer.—Above plain mouse gray; crown
chestnut, the feathers more or less extensively tipped (except in worn
plumage) with gray; upper tail-coverts bright chestnut; lores, orbital
ring, and entire under parts white, tinged with pale brownish gray lat-
erally, and also tinged more or less strongly with buff, especially on
chest; maxilla dusky horn color with paler tomia; mandible paler,
more grayish; iris brown; legs and feet dusky (in dried skins).
Adult male in autumn and winter.—Similar to the spring and summer
plumage, but above tinged with brown, the chestnut crown-patch con-
cealed by very broad brownish gray tips to the feathers; under parts
pale brownish buff, becoming white, or nearly so, on abdomen.
474 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Adult female in spring and summer.—Similar to the male of corre-
sponding season, and not always distinguishable, but usually with the
chestnut crown-patch more restricted (rarely obsolete) and chestnut of
both crown-patch and upper tail-coverts lighter or less intense.
Young, jirst plumage.—Essentially like adults, but much clearer
white beneath; no trace of chestnut on crown; upper tail-coverts
ochraceous-buff instead of chestnut; middle and greater wing-coverts
tipped with whitish or pale buffy, producing two rather distinct bars.
Adult male.—Length (skins), 91.4-102.9 (98.3);* wing, 55.1-58.2
(56.9); tail, 41.1-43.9 (42.9); exposed culmen, 8.4-8.9 (8.4); tarsus,
16-16.5 (16.3).
Adult female.—Length (skins), 91.9-95.2 (93.5);° wing, 51.6-52.8
(52.1); tail, 37.3-39.9 (38.6); exposed culmen, 7.6-8.9 (8.4); tarsus,
15.5-15.7 (15.5).!
Arizona, southwestern Utah (lower Santa Clara Valley), and south-
ward through Sonora and other States of western Mexico to Jalisco
(Bolafios; Santana).
Helminthophaga lucie Cooper, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., July, 1862, 120 (Fort Mojave,
Arizona; coll. U. 8. Nat. Mus.); Amer. Nat., iii, 1869, 476, 479; Orn. Cal.,
1870, 84.—Barrp, Review Am. Birds, 1865, 178.—Covsgs, Ibis, 1866, 260 (Fort
Whipple, Arizona); Am. Nat., vi, 1872, 493 (Tucson, Arizona; descr. sup-
posed nest and eggs); Check List, 1873, no. 65; 2d ed. 1882, no. 104; Birds
Col. Val., 1878, 219.—Etuiort, Illustr. New and Unfig. N. Am. Birds, i, 1869,
pl. 5.—Brewer, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xvii, 1873, 107 (descr. supposed nest
and eggs).—Batrp, Brewer, and Rrpaway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 200,
pl. 11, fig. 9; iii, 1874, 504 (Tucson, Arizona, breeding).—HEnsHaw, Zool.
Exped. W. 100th Merid., 1875, 190 (Camp Lowell, Arizona).—Ripeway,
Ibis, 1876, 170; Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 83.
[ Helminthophaga] lucie Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 94.
H{elminthophaga] lucie Ripaway, Ibis, 1876, 168 (diagnosis).
[ Mniotilta] lucie Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 239, no. 3426.—GreBEL, Thesaurus Orn.,
ii, 1875, 603.
Helminthophila lucie Ripaway, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, Jan., 1882, 54.—Brew-
ster, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 82 (Cienega Station, etc., Arizona; hab-
its, nest and eggs, deser. young, etc.)—SHarps, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x,
1885, 248, 641.—AmERICAN OrNITHOLOGISTS’ Unton, Check List, 1886, no.
643.—FisHer, N. Am. Fauna, no. 7, 1893, 117 (lower Santa Clara Valley, s. w.
Utah, breeding).
H{elminthophila] lucie Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 294.—Rimeway,
Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 490.
Helmintophila lucie Nearurne, Our Native Birds, etc., i, 1893, 188.
1 Length before skinning, 109.2-114.3 (111); extremes and average of twelve speci-
mens; see Brewster, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 84, 85.
> Five specimens.
’ Length before skinning, 104.1-114.3 (108.7); extremes and average of thirteen
specimens; see Brewster, as cited above.
*Three specimens.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERIOA. 475
Genus OREOTHLYPIS Ridgway.
Oreothlypis Ripaway, Auk, i, Apr., 1884, 169, in text. (Type, Compsothlypis gut-
turalis Cabanis. )
Similar to Helminthophila but tail relatively longer (difference
between length of tail and length of wing decidedly less than length
of tarsus), and style of coloration very different.
Bill much shorter than head, narrowly wedge-shaped, very acute,
with straight culmen and gonys; moderately compressed, the maxil-
lary tomium without subterminal notch. Nostril longitudinally oval
or subcuneate, with broad superior operculum or membrane. Rictal
bristles obsolete. Wing rather long, with tip rather rounded (ninth
primary shorter than sixth, the eighth, seventh, and sixth longest and
nearly equal; wing-tip about equal to tarsus (in QO. superciliosa) or
shorter (in O. gutturalis). Tail equal to distance from bend of wing
to tips of secondaries and slightly rounded (in O. gutturalis) or decid-
edly longer and emarginate (OQ. superciliosa), the rectrices rather
narrow. Tarsus much longer than commissure, a little more than
one-fourth as long as wing, its scutella indistinct (sometimes fused on
outer side); middle toe, with claw, decidedly shorter than tarsus; basal
phalanx of middle toe united for more than half its length to both
outer and inner toes (to the outer toe for most of its length in 0.
superciliosa).
Coloration.—Gray above, with black patch on back, the throat and
chest orange; or gray and olive-green above with broad and conspic-
uous white superciliary stripe, the throat, chest, and breast yellow,
with a spot of chestnut on center of chest.
Nidification unknown.
Range.—Highlands of Mexico, Guatemala, Costa Rica, and Chiriqui.
(Two species. )
This genus is very distinct from Compsothlypis, to which the slight
resemblance, chiefly of coloration in one species, is purely superficial.
Structurally, in the absence of rictal bristles and less amount of adhe-
sion between basal portion of middle and outer toes, and in the longer
tail, it comes much nearer to Helminthophila, from which it is to be
distinguished chiefly by the relatively longer tail and different style of
coloration.
The two species referred to Orcothlypis differ conspicuously in their
coloration and to a considerable extent in structural details, and may
possibly be wrongly associated. O. swperciliosa has the anterior toes
considerably more united at the base, the basal phalanx of the middle
toe being joined for most of its length to the outer toe and for more
than half its length to the inner, while in O. gutturalis the fusion
extends for about half the distance of the phalanx on each side.
476 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
KEY TO THE SPECIES OF OREOTHLYPIS.
a. Above bluish gray, with a triangular patch of black on back; chin, throat, chest,
and upper breast cadmium orange; no white on side of head. (Highlands of
Costa, Rica and "Chiniqui:) 2222" s--e nce nee oe Oreothlypis gutturalis (p. 476)
aa. Above olive-green, with pileum, hindneck, wings, and tail gray; chin, throat,
chest, and upper breast canary yellow, the chest with a central spot of chest-
nut; a broad whitesuperciliary stripe. (Highlands of Mexico and Guatemala. )
Oreothlypis superciliosa (p. 477)
OREOTHLYPIS GUTTURALIS (Cabanis).
IRAZU WARBLER.
Adults (sexes alike). — Above plain slate-gray, the back with a large
triangular patch of black; lores, suborbital region, and anterior por-
tion of malar region black, fading gradually into the slate-gray of the
malar region; chin, throat, and chest rich orange or cadmium orange
(varying to indian yellow or cadmium yellow, sometimes almost flame
scarlet); median portion of breast, abdomen, and under tail-coverts
white; sides and flanks light gray (no. 7 or no. 8); bill blackish, with
lower basal portion light colored; iris brown; legs and feet (in dried
skins) dusky horn color.
Young jfemale.'—Above dull plumbeous-gray, with a triangular
patch of black on the back, as in the adult; chin, throat, and chest
pale dingy buff, the feathers grayish white beneath the surface, their
bases deeper grayish; rest of under parts whitish medially, grayish
laterally.
Adult male.—Length (skins), 106-122 (116); wing, 64-67 (65.5);
tail, 48-50 (48.7); exposed culmen, 10-12 (10.7); tarsus, 15-19 (17);
middle toe, 10-12 (10.7).*
Adult female.—Length (skins), 100-123 (111); wing, 59-64 (61.5);
tail, 42-48 (45), exposed culmen, 10-12 (11); tarsus, 18-19 (18.5);
middle toe, 11-12 (11.5).°
High mountains of Costa Rica (Volean de Irazti; Rancho Redondo)
and Chiriqui (Volean de Chiriqui). ;
Compsothlypis gutturalis CaBanis, Journ. fiir Orn., Sept., 1860, 329 (Irazu, Costa
Rica; coll. Berlin Mus. ).
Parula gutturalis Barrp, Review Am. Birds, 1865, 169, 172 (Rancho Redondo,
Costa Rica).—Lawrence, Ann. Lye. N. Y., ix, 1868, 93 (Irazti, Costa Rica. )—
Franrzius, Journ. fir Orn., 1869, 292 (Irazi, Costa Rica).—Satvin, Proe.
Zool. Soe. Lond., 1870, 182 (Volean de Chiriqui, Chiriqui).—Boucarp, Proce.
Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, 52 (Volean de Irazti, alt. 6,000 ft.).—Sanvin and
GopMaN, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1880, 123, pl. 8, fig. 3.—Nurrrne, Proe.
U.S. Nat. Mus., v, 1882, 494 (Volean de Iraztii).—SHarpr, Cat. Birds Brit.
Mus., x, 1885, 263, 643.
[Parula] gutturalis ScLaTeR and Satvry, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 8.
1Described from a specimen (no. 2116) in the Costa Rica National Museum, from
Anchiote, Costa Riéa.
* Four specimens.
*’'Two specimens.
eS —————
—
i a ed gt ae go
ov
= sr.
an te se ie
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 47
“Plarula]”’ gutturalis Barrp, BrewEr, and Ripaway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874,
208, in text.
[ Mniotilta] gutturalis Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 258, no, 3452.
Oreothlypis gutturalis Rrpaway, Auk, i, Apr., 1884, 169; Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus.,
xiv, 1891, 473 (descr. young female).—ZELEDOoN, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., viii,
1885, 105; Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, i, 1887, 106 (Irazti).—CHERRIB, Proc.
U.S. Nat. Mus., xiv, 1891, 524 (descr. young).
OREOTHLYPIS SUPERCILIOSA (Hartlaub).
HARTLAUB’S WARBLER,
Adult male.—Pileum, hindneck, sides of head, and auricular region
plain deep slate-gray or slate color, changing to darker slate or dull
blackish on orbital region and lores; a conspicuous superciliary stripe
of white extending from base of maxilla to behind auriculars; back,
scapulars, and rump plain bright olive-green; wings, upper tail-cov-
erts, and tail slate-gray, the inner webs of rectrices edged with white,
most broadly on outer pair; malar region, chin, throat, chest, and
breast bright yellow (lemon or gamboge), the upper chest marked
with a transverse (usually crescentic) spot or patch of rich chestnut;
abdomen and under tail-coverts white; sides and flanks light olive-
grayish; maxilla brownish black or dusky; mandible pale horn color
(in dried skins); legs and feet horn color (in dried skins); length (skins),
106.7-116.8 (111.2); wing, 61.5-65.3 (63); tail, 45-49.3 (48); exposed
culmen, 10.2-11.9 (10.7); tarsus, 13.5-16 (15.7); middle toe, 9.4-10.4
(SED)ee
Adult female.—Similar to the adult male and sometimes not distin-
euishable, but usually slightly duller in color, with the chestnut jugular
spot smaller, paler, often obsolete, sometimes wanting; yellow of throat,
etc., rather paler; length (skins), 104.1-114.3 (109.5); wing, 58.4-60.4
(59.9); tail, 48.4-46.7 (45.5); exposed culmen, 10.2-10.9 (10.7); tarsus,
15.5-16.8 (16.3); middle toe, 9.6—-10.4 (10.2).?
Young, first plumage.—Similar to duller-colored adult females, but
plumage of looser texture, gray parts tinged with olive, and the mid-
dle and greater wing-coverts tipped with dull whitish or buffy, pro-
ducing two narrow bars.*
Highlands of Mexico, in States of Chihuahua (Jesus Maria), Durango
(Ciudad Durango; El Salto), Jalisco (Sierra Nevada; San Sebastian),
Michoacan (Patzcuaro), Puebla (Huachinango), Vera Cruz (Orizaba;
Mirador; Las Vigas), Hidalgo (Real del Monte; El Chico), Guerrero
(mountains near Chilpancingo), Oaxaca (La Parada; Talea; Cerro San
Felipe), and Chiapas (San Cristobal); highlands of Guatemala (Coban
to Chisec; Quezaltenango; Volcan de Fuego; Santa Barbara; Calderas).
' Ten specimens.
* Four specimens.
*The two specimens from which the above description was taken are full-grown
and only partly in first plumage, the yellow of anterior lower parts having already
been acquired,
478 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Conirostrum superciliosum HArtLAus, Rey. Zool., 1844, 215.
Parula superciliosa SCLATER, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1858, 299 (La Parada, Oaxaca) ;
1859, 373 (Talea, Oaxaca); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 26 (La Parada).—SciaTer
and Saxvin, Ibis, 1859, 10 (Guatemala).—Barrp, Review Am. Birds, 1865,
169, 171 (Orizaba, Vera Cruz; alpine reg.).—Sumicnrast, Mem. Bost. Soc.
N. H., i, 1869, 545 (alpine region, Vera Cruz).—Satvin and Gopman, Biol.
Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1880, 122, pl. 8, fig. 2 (Quezaltenango, Volcan de Fuego,
ridge above Chuacus, and Santa Barbara, Guatemala, etc. ).—SHarpr, Cat.
Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 255, 642 (near City of Mexico; Ciudad Durango;
Oaxaca; Calderas, Guatemala, etc. ).
[ Parula] superciliosa ScLaTER and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 8.
“Plarula]’’ superciliosa Barrp, Brewer, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i,
1874, 208, in text.
[ Mniotilta] superciliosa Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 238, no. 3450.
Oreothlypis superciliosa Ripaway, Auk, i, April, 1884, 169; Man. N. Am. Birds,
1887, 481, footnote, in text.
CLompsothlypis] mexicana CaBants, Mus. Hein., i, 1850, 21 (Mexico; coll. Berlin
Mus.; ex Sylvia mexicana Lichtenstein, manuscript).
[Parula] mexicana Bonaparte, Consp. Avy., i, 1850, 310.—Barrp, Rep. Pacific
R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 237, footnote. é
Hypothymis mexicana LicutENstern, Journ. fiir Orn., Jan., 1863, 58.
Genus COMPSOTHLYPIS Cabanis.
Chloris (not of Cuvier, 1799) Born, Isis, 1826, 972. (Type, Parus americanus
Linneus. )
Sylvicola (not of Harris, 1782,'nor of Humphrey, 1797) Swarnson, Zool. Journ.,
iii, July, 1827, 160. (Type, Parus americanus Linneeus. )
Parula (not Parulus Spix, 1824) Bonaparte, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 20.
(Type, Parus americanus Linneeus. )
Compsothlypis! CaBanis, Mus. Hein., i, 1850, 20. (Type, Parus americanus
Linnezeus. )
Small arboreal Mniotiltidee with narrowly wedge-shaped acute bill,
distinct rictal bristles, and basal phalanx of middle toe united for
greater part of its length to outer toe.
Bill much shorter than head, narrowly wedge-shaped and acute, but
with culmen perceptibly curved, at least toward tip; maxillary tomium
without subterminal notch. Nostril longitudinally oval or subcuneate,
overhung by rather broad operculum. Rictal bristles distinct. Wing
moderate or rather long, rather pointed (four outermost primaries
abruptly longest and nearly equal, but varying in relative length);
wing-tip decidedly shorter than tarsus. Tail shorter than distance
from bend of wing to tip of secondaries, emarginate. Tarsus much
longer than commissure, decidedly less than one-third as long as wing,
'From Gr. Kosywos and GAvmis. Kouwos=cared for, adorned, elegant, from
koméo, I take care of (cfr. L. comptus and como), and kindred with Kou (L. coma),
the hair considered as an ornament for the head. OdAvzis, a name of a bird said to
be found in some codices of Aristoteles (VIII, 5. 4) where others have §pavuzis, or
§oanis, a thistle-eating bird, not determinable (from §9av@, I break, with which is
kindred 6A da, of the same signification, and 9AzG@, lrub. 9pavzis, 6panis, (Aanis,
6Avnis?).—Com-pso-thly’-pis. (Stejneger, Auk, i, 1884, 168, footnote. )
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 479
its scutella indistinct (more or less fused on outer side); middle toe
with claw much shorter than tarsus; basal phalanx of middle toe united
for more than half its length to outer toe, for about half its length,
or slightly more, to inner toe.
Coloration.—Bluish gray or grayish blue above, with an olive-green
patch on interscapular region; beneath with more or less of yellow;
wings usually with white bands.
Nidification (so far as known).—Nest concealed within pendant tufts
of arboreal lichens or filiform epiphytes.
PRange.—Eastern United States and tropical America in general;
West Indies in winter. (Three species.)
KEY TO THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES OF COMPSOTHLYPIS.
a. Throat and breast yellow; back olive-green. (Adults. )
b. Posterior half, or more, of under parts white, or at least not distinctly yellow;
a white spot on each eyelid; malar region gray or bluish. (Compsothlypis
americana. )
ec. Brighter in color; general hue of upper parts grayish blue; throat and breast
bright yellow, the chest with more or less of orange-tawny, chestnut, or
dusky, or with all these colors. (Adult males. )
d. Duiler in color, usually without any distinct dusky band or conspic-
uous intermixture of chestnut across chest; bill larger (exposed cul-
men averaging 10.6). (South Atlantic States, north to coast of Virginia,
occasionally farther northward and westward. )
Compsothlypis americana americana, adult male (7p. 481)
dd. Brighter in color, usually with a distinct, often very conspicuous, dusky
band and intermixture of chestnut on chest; bill smaller (exposed culmen
averaging less than 10).
e. Larger (wing averaging 60.6, tail 42.5). (Northeastern United States,
breeding from interior districts of Maryland anu Virginia northward.)
Compsothlypis americana usnex, adult male (p. 484)
ee. Smaller (wing averaging 57.4, tail 40.9). (Mississippi Valley, breeding
from Mississippi, Louisiana, and Texas to Minnesota and Michigan.)
Compsothlypis americana ramaline, adult male (p. 486)
cc. Duller in color; general hue of upper parts gray or bluish gray; throat and
breast pale Pelion: the chest similar, or with but little and inconspicuous,
if any, admixture of orange-tawny or dusky. (Adult females.)
d. Wing averaging more than 54, tail averaging more than 39.
e. Smaller, with larger bill (wing averaging 54.7, tail 39.6, exposed culmen
TORU ee Hae es Compsothlypis americana americana, adult female (p. 481)
ee. Larger, with smaller bill (wing averaging 56.9, tail 40.1, exposed culmen
O80) eect aney esters ee Compsothlypis americana usnee, adult female (p. 484)
dd. Wing averaging 50.2, tail 38.5.
Compsothlypis americana ramaline, adult female (p. 486)
bb. Less than posterior half of under parts white; no white on eyelids; malar
region yellow.
e Lores and suborbital region black or dusky; subterminal white spot on inner
web of lateral rectrices large and sharply defined; posterior under parts
largely white; colors much brighter, the adult males distinctly bluish gray
or grayish blue above, and with yellow of under parts deepening into tawny-
yellow or orange-ochraceous on chest. (Compsothlypis pitiayumi. )
480 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
d. Middle wing-coverts without distinct, if any, white tips; flanks yellow.
e. Darker and more richly colored; pileum, hindneck, rump, ete., dull
indigo blue; throat and chest rich orange-ochraceous or orange-tawny ;
white tips to greater wing-coverts more distinct. (Nicaragua to Isthmus
of Panama.) 2 o--< sees Compsothlypis pitiayumi speciosa, adults (p. 487)
ee. Paler; pileum, hindneck, rump, etc., bluish slate-color; throat and chest
gamboge yellow, sometimes slightly tinged with orange-ochraceous;
white tips to greater wing-coverts less distinct, sometimes obsolete.
(Guatemala; State of Chiapas, southern Mexico. )
Compsothlypis pitiayumi inornata, adults (p. 488)
dd. Middle wing-coverts broadly tipped with white’; flanks not yellow.
e. Tail not more than 43.9, tarsus not more than 16; wing averaging not
more than 54.6 in male, nor more than 51.8 in female; flanks dull
whitish, slightly if at all tinged with either grayish or rusty brownish.
f. Smaller (wing averaging 51.6 in male, 47 in female; tafl averaging 39.9
in male, 35.3 in female); less white on wing-coverts, that on greater
coverts occupying less than exposed terminal half; flanks paler, dull
white, slightly if at all tinged with gray or rusty. (Eastern Mexico
and southern Texas. ) . .Compsothlypis pitiayumi nigrilora, adults (p. 490)
ff. Larger (wing averaging 54.6 in male, 51.8 in female; tail averaging 40.9
. in male, 39.6 in female); more white on wing-coverts, that on greater
coyerts extending nearly to tips of middle coverts; flanks darker, more
or less tinged with gray or rusty, or both. (Western Mexico. )
Compsothlypis pitiayumi pulchra, adults (p. 491)
ee. Tail not less than 46.5, tarsus not less than 18.5; wing averaging 57.4 in
male, 54.6 in female; flanks deep grayish, strongly tinged with rusty
brownish. (Tres Marias Islands, western Mexico. )
Compsothlypis pitiayumi insularis, adults (p. 492)
c. Lores and suborbital region grayish, flecked with whitish or pale yellowish;
white subterminal spot on inner webs of lateral rectrices smaller, not sharply
defined, sometimes obsolete; posterior under parts pale yellowish, the flanks
shaded with olive; colors much duller, the adult male dull gray (often
tinged with olive) above, and with yellow of under parts not deeper on
chest. (Socorro Island, northwestern Mexico. )
Compsothlypis graysoni, adults (p. 492)
aa. Throat and breast whitish or pale grayish; back brownish gray or grayish olive.
(Young. )
b. Wing with two white bands.
c. Chest and sides of breast distinctly gray.
Compsothlypis americana americana, young (p. 482)
ce. Chest and sides of breast not distinctly gray (scarcely different in color from
other lower parts) ------ - Compsothlypis pitiayumi pulchra, young’ (p. 490)
bb. Wing without any white bands.
Compsothlypis pitiayumi inornata, young” (p. 488)
1In this character agreeing with the South American C. p. pitiaywmi, in which,
however, the flanks are yellow, as in the two Central American forms, C. p. speciosa
and (©. p. inornata. Specimens from the Isthmus of Tehuantepec (Atlantic side) are
of intermediate character, in fact are intergrades betweenC. p. inornata and C. p.
nigrilora.
2 Young of ©. p. nigrilora, C. p. insularis, C. p. speciosa, and C. graysoni not seen,
Ee
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 481
COMPSOTHLYPIS AMERICANA AMERICANA (Linnzus).
PARULA WARBLER.
Adult male.—Head and neck, except chin, throat, lores, and eyelids,
dull grayish blue or bluish gray; lores darker, usually blackish; a
small white spot or streak on posterior portion of upper eyelid, and a
larger spot of white on lower eyelid; interscapular region yellowish
olive-green, forming a triangular patch; scapulars, lesser wing-coverts,
rump, upper tail-coverts, and middle rectrices plain bluish gray, rather
lighter than color of head; middle and greater wing-coverts, remiges,
and rectrices (except middle pair) blackish or dusky, edged with bluish
gray, the middle and greater wing-coverts broadly tipped with white,
forming two conspicuous bands, the anterior of which is broadest;
inner webs of three outermost rectrices with a large subterminal spot.
of white, of which that on the exterior rectrix is much the largest;
chin, throat, and breast gamboge yellow; chest varying from plain
yellowish tawny to deep tawny (the feathers margined with yellow)
usually with more or less of dusky across the upper portion, sometimes
forming a rather distinct narrow band, the yellow of the throat also
sometimes tinged with tawny; sides of breast bluish gray, sometimes
tinged with pale chestnut posteriorly; rest of under parts white, the
sides and flanks tinged with grayish; maxilla black, mandible yellowish
(bright yellow in life); iris brown; legs and feet brownish (in dried
skins); length (skins), 95-LOT (101.6); wing, 55.5-61 (58.5); tail,
40.5-45 (42.5); exposed culmen, 10-11.5 (10.6); tarsus, 15.5-17.5
(16.7).?
Adult female.—Similar to the adult male, but much duller in color,
especially the under parts; gray of upper parts less bluish; yellow of
throat, chest, and breast paler and duller, the chest only faintly, if at
all, tinged with tawny, never with a distinct (usually without any)
dusky band across upper portion; length (skins), 96—L08 (99.7); wing,
59-58.5 (54.7); tail, 37.5-42 (39.6); exposed culmen, 10-11 (10.1);
tarsus, 15.5-17 (16.1).
‘Twenty-one specimens.
? Eleven specimens.
Breeding specimens from the coast of Virginia compare in measurements with
those from South Carolina and Georgia, as follows:
| 1X- ‘
Locality. Wing. | Tail. oe | Tarsus.
;culmen.
| a
MALES. | |
Twelve adult males from South Carolina and Georgia ......--..---- | 58.8 42.7 | 10.6 | 16.7
Ninelaqultimales irom: coast of Varpinianss- see scence ]- eee ss eens) 58.3 42.2 10.6 | 16.6
FEMALES. |
Seven adult females from South Carolina, Georgia, and Florida... .. | 5d,1 38.9 10.2 | 16, 2
Four adult females from coast of Virginia (Dismal Swamp)-....--..-- | 54.1 39.4 10.1 | 15.9
The two series are practically identical in coloration,
3654—VvoL 2—01—— 31
482 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Young male in first autumn.—KEssentially like the adult male, but
the bluish gray of upper parts more or less strongly tinged with olive-
green, especially on head and neck; sides and flanks tinged with brown-
ish buffy; yellow of throat and breast duller, the darker jugular area
more or less obscured by yellowish tips or margins to the feathers; a
whitish supraloral mark. (Adult males in winter differ from spring
and summer specimens mainly, if not wholly, in having a slight tinge
of olive-green to the bluish gray of head, neck, and rump and a slight
olivaceous tinge to sides and flanks.)
Young female in first autumn.—Differing from the adult female in
the same characters which distinguish the young male in same plumage.
Young, first plumage.—Above plain slate-gray, slightly tinged with
olive-green; middle and greater wing-coverts narrowly tipped with
white; chin and upper throat pale yellowish; lower throat, chest, sides,
and flanks plain light gray (intermediate between mouse gray and gray
no. 6); abdomen, anal region, and under tail-coverts white; remiges
and rectrices as in adults.
More southern portions of Atlantic and eastern Gulf coast districts
of United States, breeding from Florida, Georgia, and Alabama (vicin-
ity of Mobile) at least to coast of Virginia (Cape Charles, Eastville,
Dismal Swamp, ete.), probably to Delaware and southern New Jersey;
occasional farther northward (District of Columbia and vicinity; Car-
lisle, Pennsylvania; Sing Sing and Shelter Island, New York; Cape
Cod, Massachusetts);’ also occasional in more southern portions of
the interior (Rockwood, Tennessee, April 24; Mount Carmel, Llinois,
April 19); apparently wintering mainly in Florida.”
[ Parus] americanus Linn xus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, i, 1758, 190 (Carolina; based on
Parus fringillaris Catesby, Nat. Hit: Carolina, i, 64, pl. 64); ed. 12, i, 1766,
341.—GmMELIN, Syst. Nat., i, 1788, 1007.—LarHam, Index Orn., 11, 1790, 571.
[ Motacilla] americana GMELIN, Syst. Nat., 1, 1788, 960.
[Sylvia] americana LatHAm, Index Orn., ii, 1790, 520.
Sylvia americana Bonaparte, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., ii, 1826, 83, ee
Orn. Biog., i, 1832, 78, part, pl. 15.
Sylvicola americana RicHarpson, Rep. Brit. Assoc. Adv. Sci. for 1836 (1837), 171.—
AupuBon, Synopsis, 1839, 59, part; Birds Am., oct. ed., ii, 1841, 57, part, pl. 91.
Parula americana BoNAPArtTE, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 20, part.—Batrp,
Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 238, part; Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no.
168, part; Review Am. Birds, 1865, 169, part. eee Proc. Bost. Soc. N.
H., xii, 1868, 108 (South Carolina); Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1871, 20
(Bort Macon, North Cee) Check List, 1873, no. 58, gas 2d ae , 1882,
oo Peierls number of specimens oon oe northern localities I am quite
unable to distinguish from southern examples; in fact, if taken in Georgia or South
Carolina, they would be considered very typical, some of them extreme, examples
of the subspecies, as restricted.
*}xtralimital specimens are so few in number and in such condition of plumage
that Iam not able to make out satisfactorily the winter ranges of the three forms of
this species.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 483
no. 93, part; Birds N. W., 1874, 46, part; Birds Col. Val., 1878, 208, part.—
Merriam, Am. Nat., viii, 1874, 86 (Ocklawaha R., Florida).—Batrp, Brewer,
and Ripaway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 208, part.—Brewsrer, Bull.
Nutt. Orn. Club, v, 1880, 48 (Camden Co., Georgia, breeding ).—Loomts,
Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iv, 1879, 211 (Chester Co., South Carolina, breed-
ing).—Ripeway, Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 88, part.
[ Parula] americana Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 93, part.—ScuaTer and SAL-
vin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 8, part.
P{arula] americana Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 290, part.
M{[niotilta] americana Gray, Gen. Birds, i, 1848, 196, part.
[ Mniotilta] americana Gray, Hand-list, 1, 1869, 238, no. 3448, part.
CLompsothlypis] americana CaBants, Mus. Hein., i, 1850, 20, part (in synonymy ).—
Ripeway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 491, part.
Compsothlypis americana SUNDEVALL, Ofv. k. Vet.-Ak. Férh. Stockh., xxvi, 1870,
596 (Porto Rico).—SrresnecER, Auk, i, 1884, 170, part.—AmerIcAN ORNI-
THoLOGIstTS’ Unton, Check List, 1886, no. 648, part.—NEHRLING, Our Native
Birds, etc., i, 1898, 193, part.—Wayne, Auk, xii, 1895, 365 (Wacissa R.,
Florida, breeding).—Brewster, Auk, xiii, 1896, 45 (diagnosis; crit. ).
C[hloris] americana Jorpan, Man. Vertebr. E. U. 8., 4th ed., 1884, 60, part.
Motacilla eques Bopparrt, Tabl. Pl. Enl., 1783, 46 (based on Figuier cendré, de la
Caroline, Daubenton, Pl. Enl. 731, fig. 1).
(?) [Motacilla] ludoviciana GME.in, Syst. Nat., i, 1788, 983 (Louisiana; based «n
Ficedula ludoviciana Brisson, Orn., ii, 500, pl. 26, fig. 4) .1
(?) Motacilla ludoviciana Lesson, Traité d’Orn., 1831, 418.
(2) [Sylvia] ludoviciana Larnam, Index Orn., ii, 1790, 535.—SrepHeEns, Shaw’s
Gen. Zool., x, 1817, 713.
Sylvia torquata Visrtior, Ois. Am. Sept., ii, 1807, 38, pl. 99 (based on Parus
americanus Linneeus and Motacilla ludoviciana Gmelin); Ene. Méth., ii,
1828, 438.
Thriothurus torquatus SrppHens, Shaw’s Gen. Zool., xiv, 1826, 194.
Sylvia pusilla (not of Latham, 1790) Witson, Am. Orn., iv, 1811, 17, pl. 28, fig. 3.
Sylvicola pusilla Swainson, Zool. Journ., iii, 1827, 169.
S[ylvicola] pusilla Swarnson, Classif. Birds, ii, 1837, 245.
The following references I am unable, chiefly from lack of satisfac-
tory material, to allocate:
Sylvia americana D’Orpieny, in La Sagra’s Hist. Nat. Cuba, Ois., 1839, 62.
Sylvicola americana Jones, Naturalist in Bermuda, 1839, 59.—DeEnny, Proe. Zool.
Soe. Lond., 1847, 38 (Cuba; Jamaica).—JArpINzE, Contr. Orn., 1848, 82 (Ber-
mudas, Jan.).—Hurpis, Jardine’s Contr. Orn., 1850, 35 (Bermudas, Apr.
21).—Martens, Journ. ftir Orn., 1859, 213 (Bermudas).—Buanp, Ann. Rep.
Smithson. Inst. for 1858 (1859), 287 (Bermudas).—Brewenr, Proc. Bost. Soc.
N. H., vii, 1860, 307 (Cuba).—Bryant, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., x, 1866, 67
(Bahamas), 184 (Porto Rico), 250 (Porto Rico).
Parula americana Newton (A. and E.), Ibis, 1859, 143 (St. Croix).—Cassrn, Proe.
Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1860, 376 (St. Thomas).—Scuater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
1861, 70 (Jamaica); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 26 (Jamaica).—GuNbLAcu, Journ.
fiir Orn., 1861, 326 (Cuba); 1873, 411 (Cuba); Anal. Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat., vii,
1878, 176 (Porto Rico).—A.srecnt, Journ. fir Orn., 1862, 192 (Jamaica).—
Marcu, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1863, 293 (Jamaica).—McItwrairn, Proc.
‘Very doubtfully a Compsothlypis, and if referable to the present species can only
be applied, notwithstanding the locality, to the present form. Santo Domingo is
also given as part of the range.
484 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Essex Inst., v. 1866, 85 (Ontario).—ALLEN, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., ii, 1871,
267 (Florida, winter).—Corr, Am. Nat., iv, 1870, 395, 396, 397 (s. Alle-
ghenies).—Scorr, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xv, 1872, 221 (West Virginia, breed-
ing ).—Brewsrter, Ann. Lye. N. Y., i, 1875, 134 ( Virginia, breeding).—Cory,
Birds Bahama Is., 1880, 55; Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vi, 1881, 151 (Santo
Domingo); Birds Haiti and San Dom., 1885, 24.
Compsothlypis americana CAaBANIs, Journ. fiir Orn., iii, 1855, 476 (Cuba).—Cory,
Auk, ili, 1886, 26 (West Indian references and localities); viii, 1891, 48 (St.
Croix; St. Christopher); Birds W. I., 1889, 40; Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 117,
155 (St. Bartholomew).—Scorr, Auk, vii, 1890, 18 (Punta Rassa, Florida,
migr.; Key West, Florida, winter).—CHerrrig, Contr. Orn. San Dom., 1896,
11 (winter, till Apr. 2).—Wrupr, Auk, xiv, 1897, 289 (Cape May, New Jersey;
nesting habits, ete. ).—Danrex, Auk, xix, 1902, 18 (Dismal Swamp, Virginia,
breeding).
COMPSOTHLYPIS AMERICANA USNE# Brewster.
NORTHERN PARULA WARBLER.
Similar to C. a. americana, but slightly larger, with smaller bill and
darker, richer coloration; adult male with blue of upper parts deeper,
and black of lores more intense; lower throat or upper chest (some-
times both) blackish or dusky (the feathers sometimes tipped with
chestnut), forming a more or less distinct, often very conspicuous,
band; lower chest orange-tawny, tawny, or chestnut (the feathers
usually margined with yellow), forming usually a distinct and often
abruptly defined patch; sides usually more or less tinged or spotted
with chestnut.
Adult male.—Length (skins), 97-113 (104.7); wing, 57-63 (60.6);
tail, 39.5-45 (42.5); exposed culmen, 9-11 (9.7); tarsus, 15.5-18 (16.8).?
Adult female.—Lenegth (skins), 93-105 (99.7); wing, 54-59.5 (56.9);
tail, 38.5-42 (40.1); exposed culmen, 9-10.5 (9.9); tarsus, 16-17 (16.5).?
' Thirty-four specimens.
* Nine specimens.
Specimens from different localities average as follows:
Ex-
Locality. Wing. | Tail. | posed | Tarsus.
culmen.
MALES. |
| |
Twenty adult males from Massachusetts and Connecticut......._.- Glo aan 9.9. 16.7
Fourteen adult males from New York and Pennsylvania.........-- 60.6 42.5 9.7 16.8
Sixteen adult males from District of Columbia and vicinity........ 59.4 | 42.2 10.1 16.6
FEMALES.
Six adult females from Massachusetts and Connecticut.....-.....-- 56.9 39.7 9.7 16.5
Three adult females from New York and Pennsylvania .-...-.--.--- 56.8 40.7 10.3 16.5
Eight adult females from District of Columbia and vicinity ........ 54.9 39.9 10.1 16.3
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 485
Eastern United States and British Provinces, breeding from the
interior districts of Virginia and Maryland’ aerate to Maine, Anti-
costi Island, New Brunswick, and northern Ontario(?); casual in south-
ern Greenland; in winter throughout West Indies.”
¢
Sylvia americana (not Parus americanus Linnzeus) Bonapartr, Ann. Lye. N. Y.,
, 1826, 83, part.—AupuBon, Orn. Biog., i, 1832, 78, part.—PEABopy, Rep.
Orn. Mass., 1839, 11.—THompson, Nat. Hist. Vermont, App., 1853, p. 24.
Sylvicola americana AuDUBON, Synopsis, 1839, 59, part; Birds Am., oct. ed., ii,
1841, 57, part.—Purnam, Proc. Essex Inst., 1, 1856, 207 (Essex Co., Massa-
chusetts).—Wutuis, Ann. Rep. Smithson. eee for 1858 (1859), 252 (Nova
Scotia).
S[ylvicola] americana MAxii1i1aAn, Journ. ftir Orn., 1858, 116, part (Pennsylvania) .
Parula americana BoNapartr, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 20, part.—Bairp,
Rep. Pacific R. R. Sury., ix, 1858, 238, part; Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no.
168, part; Review Am. Birds, 1865, 169, part.—VeERRILL, Proc. Bost. Soc.
N. H., ix, 1863, 233 (Oxford Co., Maine).—ALLEn, Proc. Essex Inst., iv
1864, 59 (Springfield, Massachusetts).—Lawrence, Ann. Lye. N. Y., viii,
1868, 283 (vic. New York City).—Brewer, Am. Nat., i, 1867, 117 (nesting
habits); xvii, 1875, 489 (New England).—Triprr, Am. Nat., ii, 1868, 177
(habits, ete.).—Cours, Proc. Essex. Inst., v, 1868, 269 (Essex Co., Massa-
chusetts); Check List, 1873, no. 58, part; 2d ed., 1882, no. 93, part; Birds
N. W., 1874, 46, part; Birds Col. Val., 1878, 208, pare cinnrurne Birds E
Penn. and N. J., 1869, 23. Phila. ed., 16.—MaAynarp, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H.,
xiv, 1872, 361 (Upton, Maine, etc. ).—Herrick, Bull. Essex Inst., v, 1873, 30
(New Brunswick ).—Packarp, Am. Nat., viii, 1874, 271 (eats cankerworm ).—
Barrp, Brewer, and Ripaway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 208, part, pl.
10, fig. 7.—Nrwton (A.), Man. Nat. Hist. Greenland, 1875, 98 (Southern
Inspectorate, 1 spec., 1857).—Brewster, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., aL 1884,
370 (Anticosti I., June, July); Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iii, 1878, 2 22 (descr.
young).—Miunot, Birds New England, 1877, 99.—Ripaway, Nom. N. Am.
Birds, 1881, no. 88, part.
[ Parula] americana Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 93, part. —ScLarer and Sa.-
vin, Nom. Ay. Neotr., 1873, 8, ete
P{arula] americana Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 290, part.
M{niotilta] americana Gray, Gen. Birds, i, 1848, 196, part. :
Mniotilta americana ReinuHarpt, Ibis, 1861, 6 (s. Greenland, 1 spec., 1857).
[ Mniotilta] americana Gray, Hand-list, 1, 1869, 258, no. 5448, part.
(2?) C[Lompsothlypis] americana CaBants, Mus. Hein., i, 1850, 20, part (North
America).—Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 491, part.
Compsothlypis americana STEJNEGER, Auk, i, 1884, 170, part.—BicKNELL, Auk, 1,
1884, 212 (song).—AMERICAN OrNITHOLOGIsSTS’ Unton, Check List, 1886, no
648, part.—Topp, Auk, viii, 1891, 398 (Beaver, Butler, and Armstrong coun-
oa Pennsylvania, breeding).—NeEurRLING, Our Native Birds, etc., 1, 1893,
93 epart, pl. 11 figs i
1Specimens from me Tice of Columbia and adjacent parts of Maryland and Vir-
ginia are mainly referable to this form, though averaging slightly less in length of
wing and tail but more in length of bill; many are intermediate in coloration between
the present form and C. a. americana, while occasional specimens can not be distin-
guished from the latter.
2Some West Indian (winter) specimens are undoubtedly of this form; but the
differences between (. a. usnee and C. a. americana in winter plumage are so much
obscured that it is difficult to distinguish them at that season.
486 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
C{hloris] americana Jorpan, Man. Vertebr. E. U. S., 4th ed., 1884, 60, part.
Compsothlypis americana usnee Brewster, Auk, xiii, Jan., 1896, 44 (Lake Umba-
gog, Maine; coll. W. Brewster).—AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ UNION Com-
miItrer, Auk, xiv, 1897, 123.—(?)FLemine, Auk, xviii, 1901, 43 (Muskoka,
etc., n. Ontario, breeding).
COMPSOTHLYPIS AMERICANA RAMALINZE:! Ridgway.
WESTERN PARULA WARBLER.
Similar in coloration to C. a. usnew, but smaller even than (. a.
americana.
Adult male.—Length (skins), 92-105 (94.8); wing, 54.5-61.5 (57.5);
tail, 89-45 (40.9); exposed culmen, 8-11 (9.9); tarsus, 16-17 (16.5).®
Adult female.—Length (skins), 97-101 (98.3); wing, 52.5-54 (53.5);
tail, 37.5-40 (88.5); exposed culmen, 9-10.5 (9.8); tarsus, 14.5-16.5
(15.8).°
Sylvia americana (not Parus americanus Linnzeus) AupuBON, Orn. Biog., i, 1832,
78, part.
Sylvicola americana AupuBon, Synopsis, 1839, 59, part; Birds Am., oct. ed., ii,
1841, 57, part.—Woopnouss, Rep. Sitgreaves’ Expl. Zufii and Col. R., 1853,
71.—Hoy, Proce. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., vi, 1853, 311 (Wisconsin).—ReEap, Proce.
Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., vi., 1853, 399 (n. Ohio).—Prarren, Trans. Ills. Agric.
Soe., 1855, 602 (Illinois). —Sciater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1857, 202 (Tlac-
otalpam, Vera Cruz).—Trippr, Proc. Essex Inst., vi, 1871, 114 (Minnesota).
Parula americana Bonaparte, Geog. and Comp. List. 1838, 20, part.—Barirp,
Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 238, part; Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no.
168, part; Review Am. Birds, 1865, 169, part.—ScLarer and Sayin, Ibis,
1859, 10 (Guatemala).—Dresser, Ibis, 1865, 476 (San Antonio, Texas).—
Lawrence, Ann. Lye. N. Y., ix, 1869, 200 (Yucatan); Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus.,
1From Ramalina, a genus of lichens, species of which are very abundant in
bottom-land forests of the lower Mississippi Valley, where in many localities fre-
quented by the present bird it is much more abundant than Usnea, if not altogether
replacing the latter.
2 Twenty-six specimens.
’ Three specimens.
Average measurements for different localities are as follows:
Ex-
Locality. Wing. | Tail. posed | Tarsus.
culmen. .
MALES.
Seven adult males from Michigan (6) and Minnesota (1) ...-...----- 58.6 41.6 9.2 16.4
Six adult males from southern Illinois and Indiana ...........-.-.--- 58.4 41.6 10.1 16.6
Four adult males from Louisiana and Mississippi ........-.---.----- 56.7 40.6 10.4 | 16.5
Nine adult males from Texas) << 2.222 6e2- ais 5 atesice nw deeecs access =e 56.1 | 40.1 10.1 16.7
FEMALES.
One adult female from southern Indiana (Knox Co.) .....-.-.----- 54 38 9 14.5
One adult female from Louisiana (New Orleans) ........-.--------- 52.5 37.5 9.8 16.5
One adult female from Texas (San Antonio) ..............--..----- 54 40 10.5 16.5
The coloration is very uniform throughout the extensive area inhabited by this
form, breeding males from Louisiana and Texas being as richly colored and with as
conspicuous a dusky chest-band as those from Minnesota and Michigan.
Be LS at
2 whe
pI L® vies
3g ob AMG Ae co
>. a Se
lias Slane, ite
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 487
no. 4, 1876, 15 (Santa Efigenia and Tehuantepec, Oaxaca, Oct., Jan.).—
Sumicurast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., i, 1869, 546 (Orizaba, Vera Cruz, win-
ter).—ALLEN, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., iii, 1872, 124, 175 (Kansas, etc. ); Am.
Nat., vi, 1872, 265 (Leaevnworth, Kansas).—ArkeEn, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H.,
xv, 1872, 196 (Colorado, 1 spec., May 11.)—Covrs, Check List, 1873, no.
58, part, 2d ed., 1882, no. 93, part; Birds N. W., 1874, 46, part; Birds Col.
Val., 1878, 208, part.—Scorr, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iv, 1879, 141 (w. Missouri,
breeding).—AIKEN, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xv, 1872, 196 (Colorado) .—
Snow, Birds Kansas, 1873, 4 (Leavenworth ).—Rinaway, Bull. Essex Inst.,
v, 1875, 180 (Colorado); Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 88, part.—Ames, Bull.
Minn. Ac. Sci., 1874, 55 (Minnesota).—Bairp, Brewer, and Rrnaway, Hist.
N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 208, part; iii, .1874, 504 (El Paso Co., Colorado).—
NEHRLING, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 8 (s. e. Texas, breeding).—Hay,
Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 90 (Memphis, Tennessee, and Vicksburg
and Jackson, Mississippi, breeding).—Merriam, Auk, ii, 1885, 377 (St.
Louis, Missouri, breeding; descr. nest).
[Parula] americana Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 93, part.—ScLarer and
Satvin, Nom. Ay. Neotr., 1873, 8, part.
P(arula] americana Ripaway, Ann. Lye. N. Y., x, 1874, 368 (Illinois, breed-
ing).—Borrs, Cat. Birds s. Mich., 1875, no. 22 (breeding).—NeEtson, Bull.
Essex Inst., viii, 1876, 98 (n. e. Illinois, breeding ).—Covrs, Key N. Am. Birds,
2d ed., 1884, 290, part.
M(niotilta] americana Gray, Gen. Birds, i, 1848, 196, part.
M(niotilta] americana Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 238, no. 3448, part.
Compsothlypis americana SvEGNEGER, Auk, i, 1884, 170, part.—AmeErIcAN ORNI-
THOLOGISTS’ Unton, Check List, 1886, no. 648, part. —Ripe@way, Orn. Illinois,
i, 1889, 131.—Goss, Birds Kansas, 1891, 547 (e. Kansas, breeding).—NEHRLING,
Our Native Birds, etc., i, 1893, 193, part.—RicHmonp, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus.,
xvi, 1893, 484 (Rio Escondido, Nicaragua, 1 spec., Oct. 26).—Bryerr, Proce.
Louisiana Soc. Nat. for 1897-99 (1900), 112 (Louisiana, breeding).
CLompsothlypis] americana Rrpaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 491, part.
C[hloris americana] Jorpan, Man. Vertebr. E. U. S., 4th ed., 1884, 60, part.
COMPSOTHLYPIS PITIAYUMI SPECIOSA Ridgway.
CHIRIQUI PARULA WARBLER,
Similar to C. p. pitiayumi,' but darker and bluer above, throat and
chest deeper orange-ochraceous, and middle wing-coverts without
white tips; similar in last-mentioned character to P. p. ‘nornata, but
much more richly colored.
Adult male.—Above dull indigo blue, relieved by a triangular patch
of olive-green occupying the interscapular region; lores, suborbital
region, and anterior margin of forehead black; outermost greater
wing-coverts broadly tipped with white, but no white tips to middle
'Compsothlypis pitiayumi pitiayumi (Vieillot).
Sylvia pitiayumi Vieillot, Nouv. Dict. d’ Hist. Nat., ii, 1816, 276; Compsothlypis
pitiayumi Cabanis, Mus. Hein., i, 1851, 21; C[ompsothlypis] p[itiayumi]
pitiayumi Ripaway, Auk, xix, Jan., 1902, 69 in text.—Sylvia venusta Tem-
minck, P]. Col., livr. 49, 1824, pl. 293, fig. 1.—Sylvia plumbea Swainson, Zool.
Illustr., ii, 1821-22, pl. 1389.—Parula brasiliana Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i,
1850, 310.
488 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
coverts; inner webs of two outermost rectrices with a large, subter-
minal subquadrate patch of white, the third rectrix sometimes with a
small white subterminal spot; malar region, chin, breast, sides, flanks,
and abdomen rich lemon yellow; throat and chest deep orange-ochra-
ceous; anal region, under tail-coverts, and under wing-coverts white;
maxilla black, mandible pale colored (yellowish in life); iris brown;
legs and feet horn brownish (in dried skins); length (skins), 83.5—LO4
(94.9); wing, 47.5-55 (52.5); tail, 35.3-41 (39.1); exposed culmen,
9.1-10 (9.7); tarsus, 15.7-18 (16.1); middle toe, 9.9-10.4 (10.1).*
Adult female.—Similar to the adult male, but usually slightly duller
in color, with white tips to outermost greater wing-coverts less dis-
tinct, and the throat and chest less deeply orange-ochraceous, or yel-
low slightly tinged with that color; length (skins), 92.7—LO4.1 (98.9);
wing, 47.5-51.8 (49.6); tail, 35.3-38.6 (86.9); exposed culmen (one
specimen), 9.1; tarsus, 15.2-15.5 (15.3); middle toe, 9.6—-9.9 (9.7).”
Nicaragua (Ometepe) to Chiriqui (Boquete de Chitra; Volcan de
Chiriqui) and Veragua (Calobre).
Parula inornata Barro, Review Am. Birds, 1865, 171, part (Angostura and Dota,
Costa Rica).—LAwreEncer, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., ix, 1868, 93 (Barranca, Angos-
tura, and Dota Mts., Costa Rica).—Satvaport, Atti. Roy. Ac. Sci. Torino,
iv, 1868, 172 (Costa Rica).—Franrzius, Journ. fiir Orn., 1869, 292 (Costa
Riea).—Sarvin, Proce. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 182, part (Volean de Chiriqui
and Boquete de Chitra, Chiriqui; Calobre, Veragua).—Satvrin and GopMAN,
Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1880, 120, part (Barranca, Angostura, and Dota
Mts., Costa Rica; Volean de Chiriqui and Boquete de Chitra, Chiriqui; Calo-
bre, Veragua).—Nurrinc, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vi, 1883, 391 (Ometepe,
Nicaragua).—SHarpre, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 643, part (Turrialba,
Costa Rica; Volean de Chiriqui; Boquete de Chitra) .
[ Parula] inornata ScuaTeR and Sartyry, Nom. Ay. Neotr., 1873, 8, part.
[Parula pitiayumi] var. inornata Barro, Brewer, and Ripaway, Hist. N. Am.
Birds, i, 1874, 208, part (Costa Rica). |
[ Parula pitiayumi.] Subsp. e. Parula inornata SHarrr, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x,
1885, 260, part (Costa Rica; Chiriqui).
Clompsothlypis] inornata Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 492, part.
Compsothlypis inornata Zetepon, Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, i, 1887, 106
(Naranjo de Cartago; Dota).
Compsothlypis pitiayumi speciosa Ripaway, Auk, xix, Jan., 1902, 69 (Boquete,
Chiriqui; coll. U S. Nat. Mus.).
COMPSOTHLYPIS PITIAYUMI INORNATA (Baird).
GUATEMALAN PARULA WARBLER.
Similar to C. p. speciosa, but much duller in color (bluish slate-
gray instead of dull indigo blue above, the chest but slightly tinged
with orange-ochraceous). Similar also to C. p. nigrilora, but with
the flanks and abdomen (except extreme lower portion) yellow, without
white tips to middle wing-coverts (or else with these very indistinct,
and with only the outermost (if any) greater coverts tipped with white.
' Eleven specimens. > Two specimens.
9 .ecO
— = 2
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 489
‘
Adult male.—Above plain bluish slate color or dark plumbeous,
relieved by a triangular patch of olive-green occupying the interscap-
ular region; lores, anterior portion of forehead, and suborbital region
blackish; outermost middle and greater wing-coverts sometimes with
indistinct white or pale grayish terminal spots; inner webs of two to
three outermost rectrices with a subterminal spot of white, largest on
outermost rectrix; under parts yellow (gamboge or lemon), becoming
yellowish white on lower abdomen and anal region, the chest slightly
tinged with orange-ochraceous, the flanks tinged with olive; under tail-
eoverts and under wing-coverts white; maxilla black, mandible pale
colored (yellowish in life?); legs and feet dark horn brownish (in dried
skins); length (skins), 92.7-97.8 (95.2); wing, 50-51.6 (51); tail, 37.3-
40 (38.9); exposed culmen, 9-9.4 (9.1); tarsus, 15.2-16.8 (16); middle
toe, 9.4-9.6 (9.5).*
Adult female.—Similar to the adult male, but slightly paler and
duller in color; length (skin), 91.4; wing, 47.5; tail, 36.6; exposed
culmen, 9; tarsus, 14.5; middle toe, 8.4.”
Young, first plumage.— Above plain grayish olive, inclining to olive-
green on back; middle and greater wing-coverts indistinctly tipped
with pale grayish; under parts dull white, the chest and sides of breast
shaded with pale olive-grayish.
Highlands of Guatemala (Choctum) and Chiapas (Ocuilapa; near
Tuxtla Gutierrez).
Parula brasiliana (not Sylvia brasiliana Lichtenstein) SaLvin and Scuarer, Ibis,
1860, 397 (Guatemala).
[Purula] inornata Barrp, Review Am. Birds, Nov., 1864, 169.—ScuaTer and
Satyin, Nom. Ay. Neotr., 1873, 8, part.
Parula inornata Barrp, Review Am. Birds, Nov., 1864, 171, part (type from
Choctum, Vera Paz, Guatemala; coll. O. Salvin).—Satvin, Proc. Zool. Soc.
Lond., 1870, 182, part (Choctum).—SaLvin and GopMan, Biol. Centr.-Am.,
Aves, i, 1880, 120, part, pl. 8, fig. 1 (Choctum).—SHaArPE, Cat. Birds Brit.
Mus., x, 1885, 6438, part (Choctum).
[ Mniotilta] inornata GRAY, Hand-list, 1, 1869, 238, no. 3451.
[Parula pitiaywmi] var. nornata Barrn, Brewer, and Ripaway, Hist. N. Am.
Birds, i, 1874, 208, part (Gvuatemala).
Compsothlypis pitiayumi inornata STEINEGER, Auk, i, Apr., 1884, 170.
[ Parula pitiayumi.] Subsp. & Parula inornata SHarper, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x,
1885, 260, part (Guatemala).
CLompsothlypis] inornata Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 492, part (Guatemala).
Compsothlypis inornatus Netson, Auk, Xv, 1898, 159 (near Tuxtla Gutierrez, e.
Chiapas).
Clompsothlypis] pLitiayumi] inornata Ripaway, Auk, xix, Jan., 1902, 69, in text.
1 Three specimens. 2 One specimen, from Ocuilapa, Chiapas.
490 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
COMPSOTHLYPIS PITIAYUMI NIGRILORA (Coues).
SENNETT’S PARULA WARBLER.
Similar to C. p. énornata, but with two distinct white wing-bands and
without yellow on flanks; differing from C. Pp. pulchra in smaller size,
much narrower white wing-bands (the second occupying less than
terminal exposed half of greater coverts), and white subterminal spot
on inner web of lateral rectrices much smaller, rarely indicated on
third rectrix.
Adult male.—Head and neck (except chin and throat), scapulars,
lesser wing-coverts, rump, and upper tail-coverts plain, slightly bluish,
slate-gray, the lores and suborbital region distinctly darker, inclining
to black, especially the former; innermost middle wing-coyerts also
slate-gray, the outermost ones broadly tipped with white, forming a
distinct spot or short bar; greater coverts with inner webs blackish,
outer webs slate-gray, broadly tipped with white (except on innermost
feathers), the white occupying less than the terminal exposed half;
remiges dusky with slate-gray edgings, the outer webs of tertials
mostly gray; rectrices dusky edged with bluish slate-gray, the inner
webs of two or three outermost with a subterminal spot of white; back
yellowish olive-green, forming a triangular patch; malar region, chin,
throat, breast, and upper part of abdomen yellow (lemon or gamboge),
deepening on chest into saffron or ochraceous yellow; lower abdomen,
anal region, under tail-coverts, and under wing-coyerts white; sides
and flanks dull whitish, slightly tinged with grayish, rarely slightly
tinged with rusty or pale chestnut; maxilla black, mandible pale yel-
lowish brown (yellow in life?); iris brown; legs and feet brownish in
dried skins; length (skins), 94-105.4 (99.3); wing, 49-53.8 (51.6); tail,
37.6-42.7 (39.9); exposed culmen, 9.1-10.4 (9.6); tarsus, 15.2-16 (15.7);
middle toe, 9.6-10.2 (9.6).!
Adult female.—Similar to the male but slightly smaller and duller
in color; length (skins), 90.2-97.8 (94); wing, 45.2-49 (47); tail, 33-37.6
(35.3); exposed culmen, 9.9; tarsus, 15.2-16.8 (16); middle toe, 9.4.2
Eastern Mexico, in States of Tamaulipas (Alta Mira; Tampico),
Nuevo Leon (Montemorelos), and San Luis Potosi (Valles); north to
southern Texas.
Parula pitiayumi (not Sylvia pitiayumi Vieillot) Brewer, Ibis, 1878, 116 (Fort
Brown, Texas).
Parula nigrilora Cours, Bull. U. 8. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr., iv, no. 1, Feb. 5,
1878, 11 (Hidalgo, Texas; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus. ); Birds Col. Val., 1878, 207;
Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 94.—Sennett, Bull. U. S. Geol. and Geog. Sury.
Terr., iv, 1878, 12 (Hidalgo, Texas, habits); v, 1878, 384 (Lomita, Texas;
habits; descr. nests and eggs; measurements).—Merrrityt, Proce. U. 8. Nat.
Mus., i, 1878, 123 (Fort Brown, Texas ).—Brewer, Ibis, 1878, 204.—ALuEn,
‘Ten specimens. * Two specimens.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 49]
Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, v, 1880, 89.—Satvrn and GopMAN, Biol. Centr.-Am.,
Aves, i, 1880, 121; Ibis, 1889, 236 (Tampico, Tamaulipas; Nuevo Leon; Valles,
San Luis Potosi).
[ Parula] pitiayumi var. nigrilora Cours, Birds Col. Val., 1878, 208, footnote, in text.
Parula pitiayumi nigrilora Ripaway, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., iii, Aug. 24, 1880, 171;
Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 89a.
[Parula pitiayumi.] Subsp. @. Parula nigrilora Suarpr, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus.,
x. 1885, 261), ple 11) figs 2:
P{arula] nigrilora Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 291.
Compsothlypis nigrilora StEINEGER, Auk, i, Apr., 1884, 170.—AMERICAN ORNI-
THOLOGISTS’ Unton, Check List, 1886, no. 649.—Cooxr, Bird Migr. Miss. Val.,
1888, 244 (Fort Brown, Texas).—Neuruine, Our Native Birds, etc., i, 1893,
195.
Clompsothlypis] nigrilora Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 491.
COMPSOTHLYPIS PITIAYUMI PULCHRA (Brewster).
BEAUTIFUL PARULA WARBLER.
Similar to C. p. nigrilora, bat larger and with much more white on
wing-coverts, that on greater coverts occupying more than exposed
half (sometimes extending quite to tips of middle coverts) in adult
male; flanks more often and more strongly tinged with rusty or pale
chestnut. Similar also to C. p. insularis but smaller; flanks paler and
less strongly tinged with chestnut; white on wing-coverts much more
extended; white subterminal spot on inner webs of lateral rectrices
much larger, always distinct on second, sometimes present on third;
adult male with lores and orbits distinctly blackish.
Young, first plumage.—Above plain brownish gray, the back slightly
tinged with olive; beneath dull white, the sides of breast slightly tinged
with gray, the upper throat and center of breast faintly tinged with
pale yellow; white wing-bands much narrower than in adults.
Adult male.—Length (skins), 99.1-101.6 (99.8); wing, 53.3-56.9
(54.6); tail, 39.1-48.9 (41); exposed culmen, 9.6-9.9 (9.7); tarsus,
15.5-16 (15.7); middle toe, 9.6—-10 (9.9).*
Adult female.—Length (skin), 96.5; wing, 51.8; tail, 39.6; tarsus,
15.7; middle toe, 9.6.”
Western Mexico, in States of Chihuahua (Hacienda San Rafael),
Sinaloa (Presidio; Plomosas), and Jalisco (Barranea Ibarra).
Parula nigrilora (not of Coues) SHarps, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 643
(Presidio, near Mazatlan, w. Mexico).
Compsothlypis pulchra Brewster, Descr. Supposed New Birds from W. North
Am. and Mex., Jan. 31, 1889, 93; Auk, vi, Apr., 1889, 93 (Hacienda de San
Rafael, Chihuahua, n. w. Mexico; coll. W. Brewster).
1 Three specimens. * One specimen.
4992 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
COMPSOTHLYPIS PITIAYUMI INSULARIS (Lawrence).
TRES MARIAS PARULA WARBLER.
Similar C. p. pulchra, but larger; flanks darker, much tinged with
grayish and more or less strongly tinged with chestnut; white on
wing-coverts more restricted (as in C. p. nigrilora); subterminal
white spots on inner web of lateral rectrices smalier, present on only
one or two, instead of two or three; adult male with lores and orbits
not distinctly darker than pileum and auricular region, or at least not
approaching black.
Adult male.—Length (skins), 106.7-115.6 (113); wing, 54.1-59.2
(57.4); tail, 45.7-52.6 (48.8); exposed culmen, 9.4-10.4 (9.9); tarsus,
18.5-19.8 (19); middle toe, 9.9-10.4 (10.2).!
Adult female.—Length (skins), 106.7-109.2 (108.4); wing, 53.3-55.4
(54.6); tail, 46-49 (47.2); exposed culmen, 9.6-10.2 (9.9); tarsus,
18-18.5 (18.3); middle toe, 9.6-10.4 (9.9).”
Tres Marias Islands, western Mexico.
Paruwla pitiayumi (not Sylvia pitiayumi Vieillot) Barrp, Review Am. Birds, 1865,
266 (Tres Marias Islands, w. Mexico).
Parula insularis Lawrence, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., x, Feb., 1871, 4 (Tres
Marias Islands, w. Mexico; coll. U. 8. Nat. Mus.); Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H.,
xiv, 1871, 278 (Tres Marias); Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., ii, 1874, 269, part (Tres
Marias).—Satyin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1880, 121, part
(Tres Marias).—Suarpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 643, part (Tres
Marias).
[Parula pitiayumi] var. insularis Batrp, Brewer, and Ripaway, Hist. N. Am.
Birds, i, 1874, 207 (Tres Marias).
[Parula pitiayumi.] Subsp. v. Parula insularis Suarpr, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., ees
1885, 263, excl. syn. part and locality ‘‘ Socorro.”
Compsothlypis insularis SrrJNEGER, Auk, i, Apr., 1884, 170, excl. syn. part. —NEL-
son, N. Am. Fauna, no. 14, 1899, 55° (habits, ete.; crit.)
CLompsothlypis] insularis Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 492.
COMPSOTHLYPIS GRAYSONI Ridgway.
SOCORRO WARBLER.
Adults (sexes alike).—Above plain dull gray, sometimes strongly
tinged with greenish olive, the interscapulars olive-green, forming a
triangular patch; middle and greater wing-coverts rather broadly
tipped with white, passing into brownish gray on innermost feathers;
inner webs of lateral rectrices edged with white, but without any well
defined white subterminal spot; loral and suborbital regions dull
grayish, flecked with whitish or pale yellowish; sides of head and neck
grayish, like pileum, etc., but somewhat paler; malar region, chin,
throat, chest, and whole breast rather light dull gamboge or canary
yellow, scarcely, if at all, deepening in color on chest; abdomen and
anal region very pale yellowish; under tail-coverts yellowish white;
' Twelve specimens. *Six specimens.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 493
flanks pale yellowish olive; under wing-coverts white; maxilla black;
mandible very pale brownish (yellowish in life‘), usually dusky at tip;
iris brown; lees and feet deep horn brown (in dried skins).
Adult male.—Length (skins), 107.9-111.8 (109.7); wing, 52.1-53.3
(52.6); tail, 46.7-48.3 (47.2); exposed culmen, 9.6-10.2 (9.9); tarsus,
17.8-19 (18.5); middle toe, 10.7-10.9 (10.8).*
Adult female.—Length (skins), 110.5-114.3 (112.3); wing, 52.1-53.3
(52.8); tail, 46.2-47 (46.7); exposed culmen, 9.9-10.2 (10.1); tarsus,
19-19.3 (19.1); middle toe, 9.9-10.7 (10.2).”
Socorro Island, Revillagigedo group, northwestern Mexico.
Parula insularis Lawrence, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., x, 1871, 4, part (Socorro
Island, n. w. Mexico); Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xiv, 1871, 300 (Socorro);
Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., i, 1874, 269, part (Socorro ).—SALvin and GopMAN,
Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1880, 121, part (Socorro).—SHARPE, Cat. Birds
Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 645, part (Socorro).
[Parula pitiayumi] var. insularis Barrp, Brewer, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am.
Birds, i, 1874, 207, part (Socorro).
Parula pitiayumi insularis RipGway, Proc. U. §. Nat. Mus., iii, Aug. 24, 1880,
171, 215 (Socorro); Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 89.
[Parula pitiayumi.] Subsp. y. Parula insularis SHARPE, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x,
1885, 263, part (not description) .
Compsothlypis insularis STEINEGER, Auk, i, 1884, 170, part.
CLompsothlypis] graysoni: Ripaway. Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 492 (Socorro
Island, Revillagigedo Group, n. w. Mexico; coll. U. 8. Nat. Mus.).
Compsothlypis graysoni RipGway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 592; 2d ed., 1896,
614. —TownsEnD, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., xiii, 1890, 135 (Socorro).—ANTHONY,
Auk, xv, 1898, 317 (Socorro).
Genus PEUCEDRAMUS Coues.
Peucedramus Covrs, in Henshaw’s Zool. Exped. W. 100th Merid., 1875, 201.
(Type, Sylvia olivacea Giraud. )
Peucedrorus (emendation) Savin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, 1,
1881, 142.
Similar to Dendroica, but bill weaker, more subulate; tail more
deeply emarginate; a white spot at base of primaries in connection
with two white wing-bands.
Bill much shorter than head, short-subulate, of uniform depth for
most of its length, depressed basally, compressed terminally; subter-
minal notch of maxillary tomium indistinct or obsolete. Rictal bristles
weak and few (only three distinct). Wing long, pointed; eighth,
seventh, and sixth primaries longest, the ninth but little shorter, equal
to or longer than fifth; wing-tip very long (longer than tarsus). Tail
equal to distance from bend of wing to tips of secondaries, deeply
emarginate, the rectrices rather narrow. Tarsus about one-fourth as
long as wing, very slender, its scutella indistinct (fused on outer side);
middle toe, with claw, much shorter than tarsus; basal phalanx of
1 Four specimens. 2 Three specimens.
494 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
middle toe united for more than half its length to outer toe, for about
half its length to middle toe.
Coloration.—Head, neck, and chest tawny, orange-rufous, or deep
ochraceous (adult male), or buffy yellowish (female), with a black
band covering loral, suborbital and auricular regions (adult male), or
a dusky patch on auricular region (female); two white wing-bands, a
white spot at base of longer primaries, and much white on inner webs
of lateral rectrices.
Nidification.—Arboreal.
Range.—Highlands of Mexico and Guatemala, and high mountains
of southern and central Arizona. (Monotypic.)
PEUCEDRAMUS OLIVACEUS (Giraud).
OLIVE WARBLER,
Adult male in summer.—Head, neck, and chest plain ochraceous,
the sides of head with a broad band of black, involving the lores,
orbits, and auricular region; lower hindneck and extreme upper back
yellowish olive-green, this sometimes extending over whole hindneck
to, and including, the occiput; back, scapulars, rump, and upper tail-
coverts plain mouse gray; wings and tail dull blackish: middle and
greater wing-coverts broadly tipped with white, forming two con-
spicuous bands, of which the anterior one is the broader; innermost
greater coverts edged with light grayish olive-green; secondaries edged
with more yellowish olive-green; primaries narrowly edged with whit-
ish, the seventh to the third white at base, forming a conspicuous spot;
rectrices narrowly edged with pale grayish, usually becoming more
olive-greenish basally; inner webs of two outermost rectrices largely
white, this occupying much the greater part on exterior rectrix, the
outer web of which is also largely white; median portion of breast
and abdomen dull white, shading on sides and flanks into light olive-
grayish; under tail-coverts white, with part of concealed portion dull
grayish; bill blackish, with part of the mandible (usually basal half or
more) light brownish; iris brown; legs and feet dusky.
Adult male in winter.—Similar to the summer male, but color of
head, neck, and chest duller, more clay color; sides and flanks more
brownish; back, etc., more olivaceous.
Adult female in summer. —Pileum and hindneck olive-greenish (vary-
ing from yellowish olive-green to dull greenish olive); supra-auricular
region, sides of neck, throat, and chest yellowish (varying from dull
lemon yellow or light gamboge to dull sulphur yellow, the chin and
throat sometimes nearly white); auricular region dusky, at least in
part; lores dull grayish; suborbital region mixed dusky grayish and
dull whitish; rest of plumage as in adult male, but white wing-bars
narrower, and white spot at base of middle primaries smaller, some-
times obsolete.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA, 495
Adult female in winter. —Similar to the summer female, but plumage
of softer texture and posterior wing-band more or less tinged with
yellowish.
Immature male (second year).—Identical in coloration with adult
female.
Young male, jirst plumage.—Pileum, hindneck, back, scapulars,
rump, and upper tail-coverts plain dull olive or brownish olive; supra-
auricular region and sides of neck dull yellowish buffy, the latter
tinged with olive; chin, throat, and chest dull yellowish buffy; other-
wise like adult female.
Young female, first plumage.—Similar to the young male but paler
and grayer above; supra-auricular and post-auricular regions pale
brownish buffy; chin, throat, and chest still paler buffy, the chin and
upper throat dull buffy whitish.
Adult male.—Length (skins), 113-129 (120);’ wing, 72-78 (74.8);
tail, 50-56 (53.6); exposed culmen, 9.1-12 (10.7); tarsus, 17-20 (18.2);
middle toe, 10.5-13 (11.2).”
Adult female.—Length (skins), 110-125 (117);* wing, 67-73 (69.9);
tail, 47.2-53 (49.4); exposed culmen, 9-12 (10.5); tarsus, 17-20 (18.2);
middle toe, 10.4-12 (11.5).!
Highlands (coniferous belt) of Mexico, Guatemala, and southwestern
United States; north to central Arizona (Huachuca, Chiricahua, Santa
or
‘Length before skinning of six Arizona specimens, 127-137.2 (134.2). (Brewster,
Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 137.)
*Sixteen specimens.
$Length before skinning of five Arizona specimens, 127-132.1 (129.5). (Brewster,
Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 137.)
4Thirteen specimens.
Specimens from different geographic areas average in measurements as follows:
Ex-
Locality. Wing. | Tail. | posed | Tarsus. N vadle
culmen. *
MALES.
Nine adult males from Arizona and south to Jaliseo...-.... 1522 52.8 LONON e e729 10.8
Four adult males from southeastern Mexico...........--.--- eat75s16 54, 2 10.6 18.8 IS
Three adult males from Guatemala (2) and Chiapas (1).-.-. 72.5 51.5 10.4 18.4 11.9
FEMALES.
Four adult females from Arizona (3) and Chihuahua (1)-...| 70.5 49.9 10.7 17.7 10.9
Eight adult females from southeastern Mexico ..........--. 70.2 50. 2 10.6 18.5 11.4
One adult female from Guatemala .......................--- 65.6 41.2 9.2 18 12
There is an appreciable difference in size and coloration between specimens from
Arizona and northwestern Mexico on the one hand and those from Guatemala on
the other, the latter being smaller and brighter colored; but specimens from southern
Mexico, while nearer the Guatemalan examples in coloration, are larger even than
the Arizona birds. On the whole, I am unable to make out satisfactorily two, or
more, geographic forms, and therefore reduce P. 0. awrantiacus to a synonym of P.
olivaceus.
496 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Catalina, Graham, Mogollon, and White Mountains), south to Choetum
and Chilasco, Guatemala.
Sylvia olivacea Giraup, Sixteen Species Texan Birds, 1841, 29; PICO lig. 72
(‘‘Texas;”’ type in coll. U.S. Nat. Mus. ).—Scuarer, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
L855, 66.
Sylvicola olivacea Barrp, in Rep. Stansbury’s Sury. Gt. Salt Lake, 1852, 328
(‘‘ Texas’’).—Cassiy, Illustr. Birds Cal., Tex., etc., 1855, 283, pl. 48.
Rhimamphus olivaceus Scuaver, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1856, 291 (Cordova, Vera
Cruz).
Dendroica olivacea Bairp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Sury., ix, 1858, 305; Review Am.
Birds, 1865, 205 (Choctum, Guatemala; Popocatapetl, Mexico; Orizaba, Vera
Cruz).—Scuater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1858, 298 (La Parada, Oaxaca) .—
Sumicurast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., i, 1869, 546 (alpine region Vera Cruz,
5,000 to 10,000 ft.).—Bairp, Brewer, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds,
i, 1874, 258, pl. 14, fig. 4: Hensnaw, Am. Sportsman, v, Feb. 20, 1875,
328 (Mount Graham, Arizona).—AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ Union, Check
List, 1886, no. 651.—Mrarns, Auk, vii, 1890, 261 (Mogollon Mts., Arizona,
breeding in pine belt).—Nenruine, Our Native Birds, ete., 1, 1893, 197.—
Price, Auk, xii, 1895, 17-19 (nesting habits, ete.).—Cox, Auk, xii, 1895, 358
(Mount Orizaba, 11,000 ft.).—CHapman, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., x, 1898, 40
(Las Vigas, Vera Cruz, 8,000 ft., in pines; notes).
D[endroica] olivacea Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 494.
Dendreeca olivacea Scuarer, Proc. Zool. Soe. Lond., 1859, 363 (J alapa, Vera Cruz);
Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 31 (Jalapa; Popocatapetl).—Satviy, Ibis, 1866, 191
(Guatemala).
[Dendreca] olivacea Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 99.—Scuarer and SALVIN,
Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 9.
Dendroeca olivacea SunpEvati, Ofv. K. Vet.-Ak. Forh. Stockh., xxvi, 1870, 610
(monogr).
Peucedramus olivaceus Hensnaw, Zool. Expl. W. 100th Merid., 1875, 202 (Mount
Graham, Arizona; habits, etc.).—ALLEN, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, v, 1880, 89.—
Ripeway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., iii, 1880, 172, 216, 232: Nom. N. Am.
Birds, 1881, no. 92.—Brewsrer, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 135 (Chi-
ricahua and Santa Catalina Mts., s. Arizona; habits).—Covrs, Birds Col.
Val., 1878, 233; Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 110.—Scorr, Auk, ii, 1885, 352
Santa Catalina Mts., s. Arizona).
Pleucedramus] olivaceus Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 296.
Peucedromus olivaceus Satviw and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Ayes, i, 1881, 142.
[ Mniotilta] olivacea Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 240, no. 3479.
Sylvia teniata Du Bus, Bull. Ac. Roy. Belg., xiv, ii, 1847, 104 (Mexico; coll.
Brussels Mus. ); Rey. Zool., 1848, 245.
[Sylvicola] teniata Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 309.
M[niotilta] teniata Gray, Gen. Birds, i, 1844, 196.
Peucedramus olivaceus aurantiacus Ripaway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. ‘Mus., no. 1074,
May 21, 1896, 441 (Chilasco, Vera Paz, Guatemala; coll. U.S. Nat. Mus. )
Genus DENDROICA Gray.
(?) Rhimamphus Rarinesque, Journ. de Phys., 1819, 417. (Type, R. citrinus
Rafinesque, = avis fictita?) (See Baird, Pacific R. R. Rep., ix, 1858, 264;
Hartlaub, Rev. Zool., 1845, 342.)
Rhimanphus (emendation) CaBanis, Mus. Hein., i, 1851, 19.
Sylvicola (not of Humphrey, 1797, nor Hiibner, 1810, nor Swainson, 1827, nor
Jardine, 1837) Gray, List Gen. Birds, 1841 32. (Type, Motacilla coronata
Linnzeus. )
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 497
Dendroica Gray, List Gen. Birds, App., 1842, 8. (Type, Motacilla coronata Lin-
neeus. )
Dendroeca (emendation) AGasstz, Nomencl. Zoolog. Index Univ., 1846, 119.
Perissoglossa Barrp, Review Am. Birds, Apr., 1865, 180. (Type, Motacilla tigrina
Gmelin.)
Small or medium-sized arboreal or subarboreal Mniotiltide, with
the bill slender-conoidal, its basal width not greater than its basal
depth, gradually tapering toward the tip, the tip of maxilla percepti-
bly decurved, the maxillary tomium with obvious notch; rictal bristles
obvious, but not strongly developed; the tail more than two and a half
times as long as tarsus, and inner webs of lateral retrices partly white
or yellow.
Bill shorter than head (usually much shorter), slender-conoidal,
tapering gradually to the tip; tip not acute or else (D. tigrina) the
maxilla appreciably decurved terminally and with subterminal tomial
notch (the latter always present). Nostril longitudinal, linear, nar-
rowly oval or subcuneate, overhung by broad membraneous opercu-
lum. Rictal bristles obvious, but never very distinct. Wing moderate
or rather long, rather pointed (four outermost primaries abruptly
longest, the ninth always longer than fifth, frequently longer than
fourth, sometimes longest); or, in the distinctively Antillean types,'
rounded, with the ninth primary shorter than the fifth, sometimes
shorter than fourth; wing-tip usually equal to or longer than tarsus
(decidedly shorter in D. maculosa, D. discolor, and D. palimarum).
Tail about equal to distance from bend of wing to tips of secondaries
(sometimes a little longer or shorter), emarginate, even, double-
rounded or slightly rounded. Tarsus one-fourth” to one-third® as
long as wing, its scutella indistinct, often obsolete or fused on outer
side; middle toe, with claw, shorter than tarsus (nearly as long nae),
dominica); basal phalanx of middle toe united for more than half
(sometimes nearly the whole) its length to outer toe, for at least half
its length to inner toe.
Coloration. Extremely variable, but inner webs of lateral rectrices
always with more or less of white or yellow.
Nidification.—Mostly arboreal, sometimes terrestrial or subterres-
trial.
Range. —Whole of North and Middle America, and more northern
and western portions of South America; Galapagos Islands. (Many
species. )
There is much variation in details of form among the many species
of this beautiful genus, and their habits vary correspondingly. Some
1D. plumbea, D. pharetra, D. adelaide, and D. delicata.
2In D. coronata, D. vigorsii, and D. castanea.
3In D. plumbea, D. adelaidx, and D. delicata; nearly one-third as long in D. pal-
marum, D. discolor, and D. maculosa.
3654—voL 2—01 32
498 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
(for example, 2. e/gorsii and DP). dominica) are expert creepers, recalling
in their movements along the branches of trees the genus Mniotilta;
others (as 2). palmarum) keep much upon the ground, where they
walk in the graceful manner of a Pipit, accompanying their movements
by the same wagging of the tail and tilting or ‘‘ teetering” motion of
the body; some of them combine these characteristics to a greater or
less degree, while others possess none of them to a pronounced extent.
All are expert ‘‘ flycatchers,” when the occasion demands, but this is
a trait shared by many groups of birds.
The bill of D. tégrina is peculiar in the decided attenuation and
acuteness, as well as slight but very obvious downward curvature, of
the tip, but I can not discover any other character wherein this
species differs from other members of the genus. This species was
separated by Professor Baird as the type of anew genus, Perissoglossa,
through an error, the tongue of a Ceerebine bird (probably a species
of Cyanerpes) having been examined, described, and figured as that of
D. tigrina. This matter has been quite fully discussed by Mr. Lucas,
who finds ** that while the tongues of the various species [of Dendroica]
are constructed on the same plan, . . . there is great specific varia-
tion inthe execution of details, the extremes, so far as I have examined,
being marked by Dendroica maculosa and DPD. tigrina, and that while
these extremes are widely separated, yet the gap between them is
bridged over by other species which show intermediate stages.”
D. maculosa, D. discolor, and D. palmarum are the only continental
species in which the wing-tip is decidedly shorter than the tarsus, all
the other species having the wing-tip at least as long as the tarsus.
The first named (2. maculosa) is unique in having the ninth primary
decidedly shorter than the sixth instead of equal to it or longer, and is
peculiar, so far as coloration is concerned, in the position and pattern
of the white spots on inner webs of the rectrices. D. dominica is the
only species in which the bill is nearly as long as the head, or in which
the tarsus is but slightly longer than the middle toe with claw.
With the exception of those allied to D. wstiva, D. pityophila, and
the Bahaman representatives of D. vigorsii (D. v. achrustera and D. v.
abacoensis), the peculiarly West Indian species (D. plumbea, D. pha-
retra, D. adelaide, and DP, delicata) have the wing much more rounded,
the ninth primary being shorter than the fifth (shorter than the fourth
in D. pheretra), and the wing not more than three times as long as the
tarsus. Otherwise they-are not, collectively, different from the more
normal species, and probably should not be separated from them,
‘The Tongue of the Cape May Warbler. By Frederic A. Lucas. The Auk, xi,
1894, 141-144, figs. 1-5,
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 499
KEY TO THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES OF DENDROICA.
a. Inner webs of rectrices (except middle pair) partly yellow. (‘‘ Golden Warblers.’”')
b, No orange, rufous, or chestnut on sides of head or throat, or else the pileum also
rufous or chestnut and chest and sides streaked with the same.
c. Under parts bright yellow, the chest and sides streaked with chestnut or
rufous. (Adult males.)
d. Chin, throat, and sides of head yellow.
e. Wing more pointed, the outermost (ninth) primary equal to or longer
than sixth, often longest; tarsus shorter, never more than 20, averaging
about 18.8; tail relatively shorter, averaging less than 48.5, or else wing
averaging 68; continental. (Dendroica estiva. )
g. Larger (wing averaging more than 62, tail averaging more than 44)
2 and brighter colored; pileum, in fully adult plumage, decidedly
yellowish, often pure yellow, sometimes tinged with tawny orange;
wing-coverts and tertials broadiy edged with yellow; back, etc.,
lighter, more yellowish. olive-green.
h. Back, etec., more decidedly olive-green, the upper tail-coverts with
less yellow; chestnut streaks on chest and sides much broader.?
(United States in general, except southern border from western
Texas to Arizona; more southern British Provinces. )
Dendroica estiva estiva, adult male (p. 508)
hh. Back, ete., more yellowish olive-green, the upper tail-coverts
with more yellow; chestnut streaks on chest and flank much
narrower.
'The so-called ‘*‘ Golden Warblers’’ (see Baird, Review of American Birds, p. 193)
embrace numerous forms which at first sight seem to be easily arrangeable into three
groups according to the color of the head in adult males: (1) Those without a sharply
defined orange, rufous, or chestnut patch on the crown; (2) those with a sharply
defined crown-patch of rufous or chestnut, and (3) those with the whole head,
including the throat, rufous or chestnut. A careful examination, however, shows
that no sharp line can be drawn between supposed groups 1 and 2, one form
(D. aureola, of the Galapagos Archipelago and Cocos Island) being so clearly inter-
mediate that different specimens would fall inte either group. In short, there is, in
various West Indian forms, including that from the island of Cozumel, every inter-
mediate condition between the yellow or olive-green crown of D. xstiva (in which,
itself, the crown is sometimes slightly tinged with orange) and the very sharply
defined dark chestnut cap of D. capitalis. Furthermore, I fail to find other color
characters which will serve to segregate the various forms into smaller groups, not
a single one of those which have hitherto been used for that purpose and which at
first sight give promise of utility in that way standing the test of careful examina-
tion of even a moderately large series of specimens. With adult females the case is
still more difficult, there being in that sex a far greater range of individual variation
and the color characters altogether less pronounced. The preparation of an infallible
‘‘key’’ to the various forms of these ‘Golden Warblers”’ the author therefore acknowl-
edges to be beyond his ability, and he wishes it to be understood that the one here
given, while rendering identification easy in the case of most specimens, may fail with
others.
It is clearly evident that all these ‘‘Golden Warblers,’ with the exception, per-
haps, of the little-known D. eoa, are of common origin, and that many of them rep-
resent merely local forms or slightly differentiated subspecies; but where to draw the
line between those which seem to be now specifically distinct and those which do not
isa very difficult matter, regarding which probably no two authors would entirely agree.
* Except in some western specimens, which otherwise are like eastern ones.
500 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
i. Smaller (wing averaging 63.3, tail 47.8). (Southwestern border
of United States, from western Texas to Arizona, and south-
ward into northwestern Mexico. )
Dendroica estiva sonorana, adult male (p. 512)
ii. Larger (wing averaging 68, tail 53). (Central Mexico. )
Dendroica estiva dugesi, adult male (p. 513)
gg. Smaller (wing averaging less than 62, tail averaging less than 40)
and duller colored; pileum always olive-green, like back, rarely
becoming yellowish on forehead; wing-coverts and tertials nar-
rowly edged with yellowish olive-gveen or olive-yellow; back, etc.,
darker olive-green. (Vancouver Island to Alaska in summer, south
to southern California, central Texas, and Nicaragua in winter. )
Dendroica estiva rubiginosa, adult male (p. 514)
ee. Wing more rounded, the outermost (ninth) primary decidedly shorter
than sixth; tarsus longer, very rarely less than 20, averaging 20.9;
tail relatively longer, averaging about 48.5; West Indian.'
f. Larger (wing of adult male usually more than 60, averaging more than
61); pileum without a distinct patch of tawny, chestnut-tawny, or
chestnut, or else wing 62 or more, averaging 65.4. (Dendroica
petechia. )
g. Pileum without a distinct patch of orange-ochraceous or tawny, or
if pronouncedly thus colored the color not sharply defined nor
strongly contrasted laterally against the yellow of the superciliary
region; wing averaging not more than 65, usually much less.
h. Lighter, brighter, more yellowish olive-green above; the pileum
usually more or less tinged with yellow, ochraceous, or tawny,
sometimes mostly thus colored; yellowish wing-markings more
distinet, more decidedly yellow; yellow of under parts deeper.
i. Yellow of under parts less intense and chestnut streaks on chest
and sides narrower or fewer.
j. Wing longer (averaging 65) and bill smaller (exposed culmen
averaging 10.6). (Island of Jamaica; Haiti?).
Dendroica petechia petechia, adult male (p. 515)
jj. Wing shorter (averaging 61.4) and bill larger (exposed culmen
averaging 11.1). (Island of Grand Cayman.)
Dendroica petechia auricapilla, adult male (p. 517)
ii. Yellow of under parts more intense, and chestnut streaks on
chest and sides heavier or more numerous.
j. Smaller (wing averaging 61, tail 47.9, exposed culmen 11, tarsus
20.5); chestnut streaks on chest and sides averaging narrower;
erown more rarely tinged with ochraceous or tawny. (Baha-
MASS) eae Dendroica petechia flaviceps, adult male (p. 517)
jj. Larger (wing averaging 62.3, tail 49.1, exposed culmen 11.3,
tarsus 21.3); chestnut streaks on chest and sides averaging
heavier; crown more often tinged with ochraceous or tawny.
(Islands of Porto Rico, Vieques, St. Thomas, Virgin Gorda,
Anegada, St. Croix, Anguilla, St. Bartholomew, St. Eustatius,
St. Christopher?, Barbuda, and Antigua. )
Dendroica petechia bartholemica, adult male (p. 518)
hh. Darker and duller olive-green above, the pileum usually concolor
with back, or nearly so (rarely distinctly tinged with yellow,
' Except one form on Cozumel Island, Yucatan, and one from the Galapagos Archi-
pelago, Cocos Island, and contiguous coast of South America.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 5O1
ochraceous, or tawny); yellowish wing-markings less distinct,
more greenish; yellow of under parts paler. (Island of Cuba. )
Dendroica petechia gundlachi, adult male (p. 520)
gg. Pileum with a distinct patch of tawny or rufous-chestnut, this sharply
defined and very strongly contrasted laterally against the yellow
of thesuperciliary region.’ (Galapagos Archipelago; Cocos Island;
coast of Ecuador and Peru?.)
Dendroica petechia aureola, adult male (p. 521)
ff. Smaller (wing of adult male usually much less than 60, averaging less
than 59); pileum with a very distinct patch of tawny, rufous-chest-
nut, or chestnut. (Dendroica ruficapilla. )
g. Pileum tawny-ochraceous to deep tawny, the area thus colored not so
sharply defined.
h. Chest and sides more narrowly streaked with chestnut. (Islands
of Guadeloupe and Dominica. ) ®
Dendroica ruficapilla ruficapilla, adult male (p. 523)
hh. Chest and sides much more heavily streaked with chestnut.
i. Tawny of pileum deeper, covering forehead. (Island of Cozumel,
Yucatan.) .-Dendroica ruficapilla rufivertex, adult male (p. 524)
ii. Tawny of pileum paler, becoming more yellowish or changing to
yellow on forehead. (Island of St. Andrews, Caribbean Sea. )
Dendroica ruficapilla flavida, adult male (p. 524)
gg. Pileum chestnut, the area thus colored sharply defined laterally and
posteriorly.
h. Pileum clear chestnut or rufous-chestnut; streaks on chest and sides
paler chestnut. (Island of Curacao, southern Caribbean Sea. )
Dendroica ruficapilla rufopileata, adult male (p. 525)
hh. Pileum dark chestnut or bay; streaks on chest and sides darker
chestnut. (Island of Barbados. )
Dendroica ruficapilla capitalis, adult male (p. 526)
dd. Chin, throat, and sides of head, as well as pileum, chestnut or tawny.
e. Back, ete., darker olive-green; wing, tail, and tarsus shorter, bill longer
(wing 55.5-57, tail 40-43, tarsus 17-19, exposed culmen 11.5-12). (Island
of Martinique, Lesser Antilles. ) - _Dendroica rufigula, adult male (p. 526)
ee. Back, etc., lighter, more yellowish, olive-green; wing, tail, and tarsus
longer, bill shorter (wing not less than 60, tail not less than 45, tarsus
averaging 20 or more, exposed culmen 11).
f. Chest and sides heavily streaked with rufous-chestnut, the color of
throat not sharply defined posteriorly. (Isthmus of Panama and
Caribbean coast of Colombia; Veragua ?)
Dendroica erithachorides, adult male (p. 527)
ff. Chest and sides very narrowly, if at all, streaked with darker chest-
nut, the rufous-chestnut color of throat sharply defined posteriorly.
(Dendroica bryant. )
g. Head slightly lighter chestnut; chest and sides usually with more
numerous or broader streaks; wing averaging 65.5, tail 50. (Atlan-
tic coast of Central America, from Yucatan to Costa Rica. )
Dendroica bryanti bryanti, adult male (p. 529)
gy. Head slightly darker chestnut; chest and sides with fewer or nar-
rower streaks; wing averaging 63.2, tail 46.6. (Pacific coast of
1Males not in fully mature plumage have less of this color on the pileum, and are
consequently not easily to be distinguished from those fully adult males of the pre-
ceding West Indian forms haying the crown most highly colored.
502 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Mexico and Central America, from Lower California and Sinaloa
to Costa Rica. ).. Dendroica bryanti castaneiceps, adult male (p. 530)
cc. Under parts duller yellow, usually without streaks, very rarely distinctly
streaked. (Adult females and young.')
4), Sides of head, alone, or together with chin, throat, and chest, orange-tawny,
the pileum olive-greenish or dusky grayish; chest and sides without streaks.
(Jandiaica..,) 3 22ts eee Saeed Dendroica eoa, adults (p. 531)
aa. Inner webs of rectrices without any yellow.
b. Inner webs of lateral rectrices with a distinct patch or spot of white.
c. White on inner webs of rectrices on middle portion, present and of nearly
equal extent on all but middle pair. (astern United States and British
Provinces. )
Dendroica maculosa (p. 532)
cc. White on inner webs of rectrices on terminal or subterminal portion (or else
occupying greater part of the web), present on not more than three or
four (very rarely five) rectrices and greatly decreasing in extent from the
outermost.
d. Bill with tip acute, decurved; sides of neck yellow, or else rump yellowish
olive or olive-yellowish, much brighter than the plain grayish olive back.
(Eastern North America; West Indies in winter. )
Dendroica tigrina (p. 537)
dd. Bill with its tip not acute nor decurved; sides of neck not yellow; rump
not yellowish olive or olive-yellowish, different from color of back, or
else the latter streaked with darker.
e. Wing without light colored bands or edgings, but (usually) with a white
spot at base of primaries. (Dendroica cxrulescens. )
jf. Upper parts dark grayish blue; sides of head, throat, and sides black;
rest of under parts white.
gy. Back dark grayish blue, like rest of upper parts (rarely with slight
admixture of black). (Eastern North America, breeding from
mountains of Pennsylvania northward. )
Dendroica cerulescens cerulescens, adult male (p. 541)
gg. Back mostly black or spotted or clouded with black. (Mountains
of North Carolina to southern Pennsylvania. )
Dendroica cerulescens cairnsi, adult male (p. 545)
jf. Above plain olive; under parts pale buffy or yellowish, shaded with
olive laterally.
g. Lighter and brighter olive above, more yellowish beneath.
Dendroica cerulescens cerulescens, adult female (p. 541)
g. Darker and duller olive above, less yellowish beneath.
Dendroica cerulescens cairnsi, adult female (p. 545)
ee. \Ving with more or less distinct light-colored bands or edgings, or both,
but without a white spot at base of primaries.
J. White on inner web of lateral rectricesan extensive and well-defined
terminal or subterminal area, extending to shaft, this white spot dis-
tinct on at least two lateral rectrices; plumage more or less streaked,
either above or below, or else? tail emarginate.
g. A yellow spot on rump and one on each side of breast.
h. Throat white (sometimes tinged with brownish); twoto three lateral
rectrices with a subterminal white spot on inner web. (North
1 Owing to the very great range of individual variation in adult females and imma-
ture birds I find myself unable to devise a key to the different species and subspecies.
* In D. vigorsii and its subspecies.
ia Ao Nt
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 5O3
America in general, chiefly eastward and northward; West Indies
DT yale Te) eee lara eye Dendroica coronata (p. 546)
hh. Throat yellow (rarely white or but faintly tinged with yellow in
immature females) ; four to five lateral rectrices with a white
subterminal spot on inner web. (Dendroica auduboni )
i. Smaller (wing averaging 77.3 in male, 75.4 in female, tail 58.5 in
male, 56.7 in female); adult male with forehead, sides of head
Is and back mostly gray, and black on chest and sides of breast
less extensive, more or less broken by whitish margins to
feathers; adult female less heavily streaked with black on upper
parts, sides, and flanks. (Western North America, south
into Mexico in winter.) ..Dendroica auduboni auduboni (p. 551)
ii. Larger (wing averaging more than 80 in males, more than 76 in
females); adult male with forehead and sides of head black,
back mostly black, and black on chest and sides of head more
extensive, unbroken; adult females more heavily streaked on
upper parts, sides, and flanks.
j. Smaller (wing averaging 80.5, tail 62, in male); sides of occiput,
sides of neck, and hindneck gray streaked with black; white
nuchal spot and white spot on sides of lower throat smaller
or wanting. (Southern Arizona and northwestern Mexico. )
Dendroica auduboni nigrifrons, adult male (p. 555)
jj. Larger (wing 82.8, tail 66.3, in male); sides of occiput, sides
of neck, and hindneck uniform black; white nuchal spot and
white spots on sides of lower throat larger. (Highlands of
Guatemala. ).Dendroica auduboni goldmani, adult male (p. 556)
gg. No yellow spot on rump nor sides of breast.
; h. Throat and chest black or partly black.
i. Whole auricular region black, gray, or olive.
j. Back and rump gray; superciliary and malar stripes and breast
white.
k. Pileum, auricular and malar regions, throat, and chest black.
( Western United States. )
Dendroica nigrescens, adult male (p. 556)
kk. Pileum streaked gray and black; auricular region gray;
throat and chest only partly black (otherwise white).
Dendroica nigrescens, adult female (p. 557)
jj. Back and rump olive-green; superciliary and malar stripes and
breast yellow.
k. Pileum, auricular region, throat, and chest black. (Western
North America, south to Guatemala in winter. )
Dendroica townsendi, adult male (p. 559)
kk. Pileum streaked black and olive-green; auricular region
olive-green; throat and chest only partly black (other-
wise yellow).-.-Dendroica townsendi, adult female (p. 560)
ii. Auricular region mostly yellow.
j. A black, dusky, or olive postocular streak, back and rump black
or olive-green; black of chest extended laterally over sides of
breast; pileum plain oliye-green, plain black, or streaked
olive-green and black.
k. Pileum and back plain olive-green; breast and abdomen yel-
lowish white or pale yellow.
. Throat and chest uniform black.
Dendroica virens, adult male (p. 562)
504. BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
//. Throat and chest only partly black.
Dendroica virens, adult female (p. 562)
kk. Pileam and back plain black or streaked olive-green and
black; breast and abdomen pure white.
/. Pileum and back uniform black; throat and chest uniform
black. (Texas to Guatemala. )
Dendroica chrysoparia, adult male (p. 565)
ll. Pileum and back streaked olive-green and black; throat
and chest (usually) only partly black.
Dendroica chrysoparia, adult female
and immature male (p. 566)
jj. No black, dusky, or olive postocular streak, the sides of head
entirely yellow; back and rump gray, the former streaked
or spotted with black; black of chest with convex posterior
outline; pileum at least partly yellow. (Western United
States and British Columbia, south to Guatemala in winter. )
Dendroica occidentalis, adult male (p. 567)
hh. Throat without any black.
i. Wing with two distinct bands (across tips of middle and greater
coverts, respectively) of white, yellowish, or pale gray—or else
with these coalesced into a single large patch.
j. Upper parts light grayish blue. (Eastern United States; south
in winter to northern South America. )
Dendroica rara, adult male (p. 570)
jj. Upper parts not light grayish blue.
k. A superciliary stripe of white, yellow, or buff.
/. Throat white or pale olive-yellowish; sides of head without
yellow.!
m. Back and auricular region greenish or bluish; no yellow
supraloral spot.
Dendroica rara, adult female and
immature male (p. 570)
mm. Back and auricular region brownish gray or grayish
brown; a small yellow supraloral spot.
Dendroica nigrescens, immature female (p. 557)
ll. Throat yellow, orange, or buff, or else sides of head mostly
yellow.
m. Sides of head mostly yellow; throat not wholly yellow,
orange, or buff.
n. Back olive-green; feathers of pileum dusky basally.
Dendroica virens, immature female (p. 562)
nn. Back grayish; feathers of pileum yellow basally.
Dendroica occidentalis, immature female (p. 568)
mm. Sides.of head not mostly yellow; throat wholly yel-
low, orange, or buff.
n. Back neither gray nor plain grayish brown.
o. Back olive-green.
Dendroica townsendi, immature female (p. 560)
oo. Back not olive-green.
p. Back black with a whitish or yellowish stripe along
each side; throat orange.
Dendroica blackburnie, adult male (p. 574)
pp. Back not black; throat not orange.
1 Except, in D. nigrescens, a small supraloral spot.
BIRDS
OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 5O5
gy. Back streaked with black, pale yellowish (or
dull whitish) and olive; throat and chest yel-
low or pale orange.
Dendroica blackburnie, adult female
and immature male (p. 575)
qq. Back light olive-brownish indistinctly streaked
with dusky; throat and chest pale yellowish
hs wiih Dendroica blackburnie, immature
female (p. 575)
nn. Back gray (with or without black streaks) or plain
grayish brown.
o. Superciliary stripe white, extending to end of auric-
ular region; sides of neck white; auricular region
mostly black. (Dendroica dominica. )
p. Bill larger (exposed culmen averaging 13.8 in
male, 12.9 in female); superciliary stripe usually
yellow anteriorly. (Atlantic coast of United
States, chiefly south of New Jersey; Florida and
West Indies in winter. )
Dendroica dominica dominica, adults (p. 978)
pp. Bill smaller (exposed culmen averaging 11.9
in male, 11.7 in female); superciliary stripe
usually entirely white. (Mississippi Valley;
south in winter through Mexico to Nicaragua. )
Dendroica dominica albilora, adults (p. 582)
oo. Superciliary stripe yellow, extending but little, if
any, beyond eye; sides of neck and auricular
region gray.
p. Yellow of under parts extending no farther back-
ward than upper breast. (Dendroica graciz. )
g. Larger (wing averaging 65.1 in male, 61 in
female); superciliary stripe whitish at poste-
rior extremity; yellow of chest not invading
breast. (Northwestern Mexico to Arizona
and Colorado. )
Dendroica gracie gracie, adults (p. 954)
qq. Smaller (wing averaging 97 in male); super-
ciliary stripe shorter, wholly yellow; yellow
of chest invading breast. (Southern Mexico
to southern Honduras. )
Dendroica gracie decora, adults (p. 586 )
pp. Yellow of under parts extending over breast and
abdomen.
gq. Wing and tail shorter (averaging 54 and 42.3,
respectively, in male) ; superciliary stripe nar-
rower anteriorly, not encroaching on forehead ;
less black on sides of crown; colors less in-
tense. (Porto Rico, Greater Antilles. )
Dendroica adelaide, adults (p. 587)
qq. Wing and tail longer (averaging 56 and 51,
respectively, in male) ; superciliary stripe
broader anteriorly, occupying sides of fore-
head; more black on sides of crown; gray of
back, ete., clearer, and yellow of under parts,
506 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
etc., more intense. (Santa Lucia, Lesser
Antilles. )..Dendroica delicata, adults (p. 588)
kk. No superciliary stripe of white, yellow, or buff.!
/. Back more or less streaked (the streaks sometimes con-
cealed); wing-bands white or pale yellow.
m. Sides of crown (at least behind eyes) black.
n. Sides chestnut; pileum not wholly black.
vo. Crown olive-yellow; auricular region, throat, and
chest white. (Kastern North America, south in
winter to Bahamas and Isthmus of Panama.)
Dendroica pensylvanica, adults (p. 589)
oo. Crown chestnut; auricular region black; throat and
chest chestnut. (Eastern North America, south
in winter to Colombia. )
Dendroica castanea, adult male (p. 592)
nn. Sides white, streaked with black; pileum wholly
black. (Northern and eastern North America,
south over most of South America in winter. )
Dendroica striata, adult male (p. 595)
mm. Sides of crown not black.
un. Under tail-coverts white.
v. Sides of head, sides, and flanks plain pale ash gray
(the flanks sometimes tinged with chestnut).
Dendroica pensylvanica, immature (p. 589)
oo, Sides of head, sides, and flanks light olive or else
distinctly streaked.
Dendroica striata, immature (p. 596)
nn. Under tail-co7erts pale buff.
Dendroica castanea, adult female and immature (p. 592)
ll. Back plain olive-green, olive, or grayish olive; wing-bands
pale gray or dull grayish white. (Dendroica vigorsii. )
m. Under parts with at least the anterior half yellow; a
yellow supraloral streak; upper parts olive-green.
n. Wing longer (averaging 72.9), bill and feet smaller
(exposed culmen averaging 10.9, tarsus 18.5, mid-
dle toe 12.7); yellow of under parts usually extended
over abdomen. (Eastern United States and more
southern British Provinces. )
Dendroica vigorsii vigorsii, adult male (p. 599)
nn. Wing shorter (averaging not more than 70), bill and
feet larger (exposed culmen averaging 12 or more,
tarsus 18.9 or more, middle toe 13.4 or more); yel-
low of under parts confined to anterior half.
o. Smaller (wing averaging 65.9, tail 54.2, exposed cul-
men 12, tarsus 18.9), and duller in color. (Island
of New Providence, Bahamas. )
Dendroica vigorsii achrustera, adult male (p. 602)
oo. Larger (wing 70, tail 57, exposed culmen 13.5, tar-
sus 20), and brighter colored. (Island of Abaco,
Bahamas. )
Dendroica vigorsii abacoensis, adult male (p. 603)
mm. Under parts dull pale grayish, usually tinged with
‘Sometimes (in D. vigorsii and its subspecies) there is a rather distinct yellow
supraloral line.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 507
yellow on chest (rarely with anterior half pale yel-
low); no yellow supraloral line; upper parts dull
olive or grayish olive.
n. Wing longer (averaging 68.4), bill and feet smaller
(exposed culmen averaging 10.6, tarsus 18.2, middle
toe 12.4). =
Dendroica vigorsii vigorsii, adult female (p. 599)
nn. Wing shorter (averaging 62.5), bill and feet larger
(exposed culmen averaging 12.2, tarsus 19.2, mid-
dle toe 13.2).
Dendroica vigorsii achrustera, adult female (p. 602)
ii. Wings with not more than one distinct band, this (if present)
across tips of middle coyerts, and yellowish.
j. Back streaked with black; a whitish orbital ring (interrupted
anteriorly); tarsus 21 to 23. (Eastern United States; Baha-
MAG WM WwANNbeT)) ert s2= = Dendroica kirtlandii, adults (p. 603)
jj. Back not streaked with black; no whitish orbital ring; tarsus
less than 21.
k. Upper parts plain gray, becoming olive-green on forehead
and crown; under parts, except throat and chest, grayish
white. (Dendroica pityophila.)
i. Gray of upper parts lighter; forehead and crown yellowish
olive-green. (Cuba. )
Dendroica pityophila pityophila, adults (p. 605)
ll. Gray of upper parts darker; forehead and crown “
ish-yellow, showing light yellow at base of upper mandi-
ble.” (Abaco and Great Bahama islands, Bahamas. )
Dendroica pityophila bahamensis, adults (p. 606)
kk. Upper parts not gray; under parts not grayish white.
1. Middle wing-coverts tipped with yellow or pale yellowish
gray, forming a distinct band; pileum plain olive-green.
im. Sides and flanks streaked with black or dusky.
n. Back spotted with chestnut; sides of head with black
markings; under parts rich yellow, with broad
black streaks on sides. (Eastern United States;
West Indies in winter.)
Dendroica discolor, adult male (p. 607)
nn. Back plain dull olive-green, or with only faint indi-
cations of chestnut; sides of head with indistinct
grayish or dusky markings; under parts dull or
pale yellow, with grayish streaks on sides.
Dendroica discolor, adult female (p. 607)
mm. Sides and flanks not streaked.
n. Above plain bright olive-green, beneath rich yellow.
(Islands of Grand Cayman and Swan Island, Carib-
bean Sea.) ------ Dendroica vitellina, adults (p. 610)
nn. Above dull olive-green (sometimes partly gray),
beneath pale yellow.
Dendroica vitellina, immature (p. 611)
ll. Middle wing-coverts not tipped with yellow or pale yel-
lowish gray;! pileum not plain olive green. (1 Jendroica
palmarui. )
green-
1The middle wing-coverts have a more or less distinct terminal margin of grayish,
but there is no approximation to a distinct bar.
508 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
m. Crown chestnut.
n. Under parts of body partly whitish; smaller (wing
averaging 64.5 in male, 60.7 in female). (Missis-
sippi Valley and interior British Provinces; through
Gulf States to West Indies in winter. )
Dendroica palmarum palmarum, adults (p. 612)
mn. Under parts entirely yellow; larger (wing averaging
67.1 in male, 64.1 in female). (Atlantic States
and eastern British Provinces, south in winter to
northern Florida and through Gulf States to
Louisiana. )
Dendroica palmarum hypochrysea, adults (p. 615)
mm. Crown olive-grayish, streaked with dusky.
n. Under parts mostly dull whitish; smaller.
Dendroica palmarum palmarum, immature (p. 612)
nn. Under parts entirely yellow; larger.
Dendroica palmarum hypochrysea, immature (p.615)
ff. White spot on inner web of lateral rectrices small, not extending to
shaft.
y. Above plain slate, relieved by a white superciliary streak and two
white wing-bars; beneath white medially, slate-gray laterally.
(Islands of Dominica and Guadeloupe, Lesser Antiles. )
Dendroica plumbea, adults (p. 617)
yg. Above plain olive, with superciliary streak and Wing-bars pale olive-
yellowish or yellowish white; beneath pale olive-yellowish medi-
ally, pale olive laterally....Dendroica plumbea, immature (p. 617)
6b. Inner webs of lateral rectrices without white spots.!
ec. Pileum and back streaked with black and whitish; beneath white marked
(except on abdomen and under tail-coverts) with wedge-shaped streaks of
blaek:— (Wiamialcas\iane. tah. See Dendroica pharetra, adults (p. 618)
ce. Pileum and back plain olive; beneath pale olive-yellowish, obsoletely
streaked, anteriorly and laterally, with pale olive.
Dendroica pharetra, immature (p. 618)
DENDROICA ASTIVA AESTIVA (Gmelin).
YELLOW WARBLER.
Adult male.—General color above clear yellowish olive-green, the
pileum more yellowish, usually clear yellow on forehead and at least
anterior portion of crown, often tinged with orange-tawny; upper
tail-coverts edged with yellow; back sometimes streaked with chest-
nut; wings and tail dusky, the middle wing-coverts broadly tipped
with yellow, the greater wing-coverts and tertials broadly edged with
the same; remiges (except tertials) more narrowly edged with yellow-
ish olive-green; inner webs of rectrices yellow, tipped with dusky;
sides of head and under parts clear rich yellow, the chest, sides, and
flanks streaked with chestnut; bill blackish (in dried skins) with paler
tomia; iris brown; legs and feet light brownish (in dried skins); length
(skins), L00-125 (111.5); wing, 60-71 (62.5); tail, 49-53 (44.4); exposed
culmen, 10-11 (10.1); tarsus, 17-20 (18.6); middle toe, 10-12 (11).?
"There is a more or less distinct white terminal margin, but no approach to the
form of a spot.
* Thirty-two specimens.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 5O9
Adult female.—Above plain yellowish olive-green (usually darker
than in adult male), the pileum concolor with the back, or at least not
distinctly more yellowish; wings and tail as in adult male, but tips of
middle wing-coverts and broad edgings of greater coverts and second-
aries less purely yellow, usually yellowish olive-green; under parts
paler and duller yellow than in adult male, usually without streaks,
but sometimes with a few, usually indistinct, chestnut streaks on chest
and sides; length (skins), 102-115 (108.7); wing, 57-68 (59.6); tail,
39-45 (42.2); exposed culmen, 10-11 (10); tarsus, 17-20 (18.6); middle
toe, 10-12 (10.8).!
Young male in first autumn.—Very similar in coloration to adult
females.
Young female in first autumn.—Similar to duller colored adult
females. but duller olive-green above and with under parts dull olive-
whitish, slightly tinged with yellow, the under tail-coverts pale yellow.
Young (nestling).—Above brownish gray or pale grayish brown;
wings dusky, the middle and greater coverts broadly tipped with pale
yellowish, forming two distinct bands, the greater and primary coverts
edged with light olive, the remiges more narrowly and sharply edged
with yellowish white; orbital ring, chin, throat, chest, and anterior
portion of sides pale buffy grayish, the remaining under parts white,
tinged on flanks with pale buff.
North America in general, except Alaska and north Pacific coast from
Vancouver Island northward, and southwestern United States (western
Texas to Arizona); migrating southward in winter through eastern Mex-
ico and Central America to Colombia (Turbo, Santa Marta, Ocana,
Bogota, etc.), Ecuador (Esme ‘aldas, La Concepcion, Valle del Chota,
etc.), Venezuela (Carfpano, Lake of Valencia, etc.), northern Brazil
1Seventeen specimens.
Iam not able to make out satisfactorily a western form (D. «. morcomi Coale).
Western specimens seem, as a rule, to have shorter wings and longer tail than eastern
examples, and adult males are often much less heavily streaked beneath; but the
differences appear much too inconstant to justify recognition of a western subspecies.
Average measurements are as follows:
| Ex- .
Locality. | Wing. Tail. | posed Tarsus. Middle
| culmen. Es
2 eee Ee eS = sea
MALES.
Nine adult males from Atlantic States........-.------------ 63 | 45.4 | 10.2| 18.6 pie!
Seven adult males from Mississippi Valley.-.....------------ | 63.2 | 44.2 LOL Za 1820 11
Eight adult males from Rocky Mountain district.......---- S622 46.4 10 18.8 11
Eight adult males from California ......-------------------- 1 36261! 46 10.1] 18 10.8
FEMALES. | |
Fight adult females from Atlantic States ..-...------------- | 058.7 41.2 10 | 18.5 10.8
Three adult females from Mississippi Valley. ..------------- | 62.3 ADK \| 10 18 10.6
Four adult females from Rocky Mountain district.....----- 59.7 44,2 10.2 19.6 | 11
Two adult females from California........------------------ Hoes |) 143 10 19 10.5
|
510 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
(Forte do 8. Joaquim, Rio Tacutu, ete.), Trinidad, and Grenada (one
specimen, November 14, 1882, in U. S. National Museum collection).
No certain record from West Indies, except Grenada, but doubtfully
credited to Bahamas and Cuba.
Motacilla canadensis (not of Linnzeus) Boppagrt, Tabl. Pl. Enl., 1783, 4 (based
on Figuier de Canada Daubenton, Pl. Enl., pl. 58, fig. 2).
[ Motacilla] «xstiva GMELIN, Syst. Nat., i, pt. ii, 1788, 996 (based on Figuier de
Canada Daubenton, Pl. Enl., pl. 58, fig. 2).—Lesson, Traité d’Orn. 1831, 418.
[Sylvia] exstiva LATHAM, Index Orn., ii, 1790, 551.
Sylvia xstiva Vieruior, Ois. Am. Sept., li, 1807, 35, pl. 95; Nouv. Dict. d’ Hist.
Nat., xi, 1817, 225; Ene. Méth., ii, 1823, 429.—SrrerHens, Shaw’s Gen. Zool.,
x, 1817, 750.—Bonapartr, Ann. Lye. N. Y., 1, 1826, 83.—AupuBon, Orn.
Biog., i, 1831, 476, pl. 95.—Nurratt, Man. Orn. U. S. and Canada, i, 1832,
370.—LEMBEYE, Aves de la Isla de Cuba, 1850, pl. 6, fig. 3 (not the text,
which = D. gundlachi Baird).
Sylvia cestiva TOWNSEND, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., viii, 1839, 153 (Columbia R.).
Sylvicola xstiva Swarnson and RicHarpson, Fauna Bor.-Am., ui, 1831, 211.—
JARDINE, ed. Wilson’s Am. Orn., i, 1832, 258.—BoNnaApartTr, Geog. and
Comp. List, 1838, 23.—AupuBoN, Synopsis, 1839, 57, 58; Birds Am., oct. ed.,
ii, 1841, 50, pl. 88.—Nurratt, Man. Orn. U. S. and Can., 2d ed. i, 1840,
417.—WoopHouwse, Rep. Sitgreaves’ Exp. Zuni and Colorado R., 1853, 70
(Texas and Indian Territory.) —Maximi.ian, Journ. fiir Orn., vi, 1858, 114
(upper Missouri R.).—Fryscn, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 564 (Trinidad).
M[niotilta] «wstiva Gray, Gen. Birds, i, 1848, 196.
[ Mniotilta] estiva Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 240, no. 3475.
Mniotilta xstiva Lkoraup, Ois. Trinidad, 1866, 176.
R{himanphus] aestivus Capants, Mus. Hein., i, 1850, 19 (Venezuela; North Am.).
[ Rhimamphus] xstiva BONAPARTE, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 311.
Rhimamphus estivus SCLATER, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1855, 143 (Bogota, Colom-
hia); 1856, 141 (David, Chiriqui); 1857, 202 (Jalapa and San Andres Tuxtla,
Vera Cruz).—Casanis, Journ. fur Orn. 1860, 326 (Costa Rica).
Dendroica xstiva Barrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 282, part; Cat. N. Am.
Birds, 1859, no. 203, part; Review Am. Birds, 1865, 195, part.—HrERMANN,
Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., x, 1859, 40 (California).—Xantus, Proce. Ac. Nat. Sci.
Phila., xi, 1859, 191 (Fort Tejon, California).—Brerwer, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H.,
vii, 1859, 21 (descr. nests) .—SaLvin and ScuaTer, Ibis, 1859, 11 (Guatemala).—
Cooper and Sucktey, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., xii, pt. 2, 1860, 181 (Wash-
ington and Oregon).—Cassrn, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., xii, 1860, 191, 192
(Turbo, n. Colombia).—Buaxiston, Ibis, 1862, 4 (Forks of Saskatchewan ).—
Lawrenceg, Ann. Lye. N. Y., viii, 1865, 175 (David, Chiriqui), 180 (Grey-
town, Nicaragua); vill, 1866, 284 (New York City).—Franrzius, Journ. fur
Orn., 1869, 298 (San José, Costa Rica).—SumicHrast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N.
H., i, 1869, 547 (Orizaba, etc., winter).—HoLpEn, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xv,
1872, 197 (Wyoming ).—Rrpaway, Bull. Essex Inst., v., 1873, 180 (Colorado);
Orn. Illinois, 1, 1889, 137.—MeErriam, Rep. U. 8. Geol, Sury. Terr, for 1872
(1873), 675, 705, 713 (Ogden, etce., Utah).—Barrp, Brewer, and Ripaway,
Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 222, part, pl. 14, fig. 1.—Yarrow and HEnsHaw,
Rep. Orn. Spee. Wheeler’s Sury., 1874, 10 (Provo, Utah).—HEnsHaw, Rep.
Orn. Spec. Wheeler’s Sury., 1874, 41 (Utah), 58 (Denver, Colorado, May),
74 (Fort Garland, Colorado; descr. nests), 102 (New Mexico); Zool. Exp.
W. 100th Merid., 1875, 192 (Nevada; Utah; Colorado).—TuRNerr, Proce.
U. S. Nat. Mus., vili, 1885, 237 (Fort George, Hudson Bay).—AmERICAN
OrnirHoLogists’ Unton, Check List, 1886, no. 652, part.—Cory, Auk, iii,
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. Blt
1886, 29 (Cuba ?; Bahamas ?); Birds W. I., 1889, 43; Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892,
123.—FERRARI-PEREZ, Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., ix, 1886, 1387 (Chietla, Puebla,
Dec.).—Cooxker, Bird Migr. Miss. Val., 1888, 244 (dates of migr., ete.).—
Scorr, Auk, vii, 1890, 18 (Tarpon Springs, Florida, breeding).—CHeErrin,
Auk, vii, 1890, 335 (San José, Costa Rica, winter, and until May 11); vii,
1891, 279, part only ? (Costa Rica; remarks on plumage).—PA.LmeErR (W.),
Prod: U.S. Nat. Mus., xiii, 1890, 265 (St. Johns, Newfoundland ).—MeErrriam,
N. Am. Fauna, no. 5, 1891, 105 (Idaho) .—(?) Macraruang, Proc. U.S. Nat.
Mus., xiv, 1891, 444, part re wooded region of Arctic North America ).—
ALLEN, Bull. ‘Aen Mus. N. H.,iv, 1892, 51 (Cartpano, Venezuela, Nov.); xili,
1900, 177 (Bonda, Proy. ane nen Cones Aug. 27 to Jan. 31); Auk,
Xvii, et 366 (do.).—RicuMmonp, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., xvi, 1893, 484, part
(Rio Escondido, Nicaragua, Aug. 9 to late in Feb.).—NrnRiING, Our Native
Birds, ete., i, 18938, 198, pl. 15, fig. 1.—CHapman, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., vi,
1894, 24 (Trinidad).—Banes, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xii, 1898, 143 (Santa
Marta, Colombia).—GrINNELL, Pub. ii, Pasadena Ac. Sci., 1898, 45 (Los
Angeles Co., California, summer resid. ).—Merrityi, Auk, xv, 1898, 18 (Fort
Sherman, Idaho).—Bryrr, Proc. Louis. Soc. Nat., 1897-99 (1900), 112
(Louisiana, breeding).
Dendreca xstiva SCLATER, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1859, 363 (Jalapa, Vera Cruz);
1864, 172 (near City of Mexico); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 32 (Esmeraldas, w.
Ecuador; Cayenne; Trinidad; Colombia).—Lawrencr, Am. Lye. N. Y., vii,
1861, 322 (Panama R. R.); ix, 1868, 94 (San José, Costa Rica); ix, 1869, 200
(Merida, Yucatan).—BLakiston, Ibis, 1863, 63 (interior British America).—
ScLaTER and Savin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, 347 (Panama R. R.); 1869,
251 (Lake Valencia, Venezuela); 1870, 836 (San Pedro, Honduras); 1879,
494.—Taytor, Ibis, 1864, 81 (Trinidad ).—Cours, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sei. Phila.,
1866, 69 (Fort Whipple, Arizona); Check List, 1873, no. 70, part; 2d ed.,
1882, no. 111, part; Birds N. W., 1874, 54, part, 232 (Colorado, up to 6,500
ft.); Birds Col. Val., 1878, 252 are —Satvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867,
136 (Bugabd, Cordillera del Ghue u, Chitra, Calobre, Caloveyora, and Santa
Fé, Veragua); 1870, 183 (Veragua); Ibis, 1888, 247 (Holbox and Mugeres
islands, Yucatan; Ruatan I., Honduras).—Cooprr, Orn. Cal., 1870, 87.—
WYATT, aes 1871, 322 (Ocann, Colombia ).—PELZELN, Orn. Bras., 1871, 71
(Forte do 8. Joaquim, Rio Tacutu, n. Brazil). ee Am. Nat., vi, 1872,
265, 345, in text (near Denver, Colorado), 396, in text (Salt Lake Valley,
Utah); Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., iii, 1872, 175 (e. Kansas; Denver, ete.,
Colorado; Cheyenne, Wyoming; Ogden, Utah); Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H.,
xvii, 1874, 52 (Upper Missouri and Yellowstone rivers).—Lawrence, Bull.
U. S. Nat. Mus., no 4, 1876, 15 (Barrio, Chihuitan, and Santa Efigenia,
Oaxaca; Guichicovi, Chiapas).—Rrpa@way, Orn. 40th Parallel, 1877, 431
(Sacramento, California; localities in Nevada and Utah); Nom. N. Am.
Birds, 1881, no. 93, part.—Boucarp, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, 52 (San
José, Costa Rica, Jan., Mar.).—Br.pine, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., i, 1879,
404 (Calaveras Co., California).—Cory, Birds Bahama Is., 1880, 56 (Baha-
mas?).—SaLvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1880, 124, part;
Ibis, 1880, 117 (Minca, Colombia, 2,000 ft. alt.).—Nurrine, Proc. U. S. Nat.
Mus., v, 1883, 499 (San José, Costa Rica, Mar.).—BickneLi, Auk, i, 1884,
212 (song).—SHarpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 273, 644, part.
[ Dendreca] xstiva Cours, Key N. Am. birds, 1872, 97, part.—SciaTrer and Sat-
vin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 9, part.
D{endraca] xstiva Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 298, part.
Dendroeca wstiva SuNDEVALL, Oty. k. Vet.-Ak. Forh. Stockh., xxvi, 1870, 606
(monogr.).
512 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
[Sylvia] carolinensis LatHAM, Index Orn., ii, 1790, 551 (= young; based on Figuier
de la Caroline Daubenton, Pl. Enl., pl. 58, fig. 1).
[ Motacilla] carolinensis Turton, Syst. Nat., i, 1806, 615.
Mniotilta 2 carolinensis Gray, Gen. Birds, i, 1848, 196.
Sylvia flava VirtLiot, Ois. Am. Sept., ii, 1807, 31, pl. 89 (—=female; U. 8. during
migrations); Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., xi, 1817, 195; Enc. Méth., ii, 1823,
455.—Lesson, Traité d’Orn., 1831, 418.
Sylvia citrinella Witson, Am. Orn., ii, 1810, 111, pl. 15, fig. 6 (‘‘ fig. 5’? in text;
e. Pennsylvania; coll. Peale Mus.).—Bonaparrs, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila.,
iv, 1824, 190.
(?) Rhimamphus citrinus RAFINESQUE, Journ. de Phys., 1xxxviii, 1819, 417 (Ken-
tucky).
Sylvia childrenii Aupuson, Orn. Biog., i, 1831, 180, pl. 35 (near Jackson, Louisi-
ana).
Sylvia childreni Nurraut, Man. Orn. U. 8. and Canada, i, 1832, 370.
Sylvia rathbonia AupuBON, Orn. Biog., i, 1831, 333, pl. 65 (Mississippi ?).
Sylvicola rathbonia RicHarpson, Rep. Brit. Assoc. for 1836 (1837), 172.—Bona-
PARTE, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 23.—Nurratt, Man. Orn. U. S. and
Can., 2d ed., i, 1840, 447.
Sylvicola rathbonii AupuBON, Synopsis, 1839, 58; Birds Am., oct. ed., ii, 1841, 53,
pl. 89.
M{[niotilta] rathbonia Gray, Gen. Birds, i, 1848, 196.
[ Rhimamphus] rathbonia Bonararte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 311.
** Rhimamphus chryseolus Bp. ‘ Bull. Soc. Linn. Caen., ii, 1831, 52 (Cayenne).’”’
Sylvia trochilus (not of Scopoli, 1769, ex Motacilla trochilus Linneeus) Nurrat,
Man. Orn. U.S. and Can., i, 1832, 406.
Dendroica sstiva morcomi CoaLE, Bull. Ridgway Orn. Club, no. 2, Apr., 1887, 82
(Fort Bridger, Wyoming; coll. U. 8. Nat. Mus.).—RipeGway, Man. N. Am.
3irds, 1887, 593, part.—Merriit, Auk, v, 1888, 361 (Fort Klamath, Oregon).
D{endroica] «estiva morcomi Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 494, part.
(2) Dendroeca marcomi Satvavort and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool., etc., Torino, xv,
1899, 8 (La Concepcion and Valle del Chota, centr. Ecuador, Apr. ).
Dendroica petechia (not Motacilla petechia Linnzeus) WELLS, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus.,
ix, 1886, 611 (Grenada).
DENDROICA ASTIVA SONORANA Brewster.
SONORAN YELLOW WARBLER.
Similar to D. w. estiva, but much paler; adult male lighter and
much more yellowish olive-green above, the back frequently (usually 4)
streaked with chestnut, pileum usually wholly clear yellow, lower
rump and upper tail-coverts yellow, faintly streaked with olive-green-
ish; wing-edgings all yellow; under parts lighter yellow than in 2. «.
estiva, and with chest and sides much more narrowly (often faintly)
streaked with chestnut; adult female conspicuously paler than in
D. e. westiva, the upper parts often largely pale grayish, the under parts
usually very pale buffy yellow.
Adult male.—Length (skins), 107-121 (113.3); wing, 59-66 (63.3);
tail, 45-56 (47.9); exposed culmen, 10-11 (10.3); tarsus, 18-20 (19.1);
middle toe, 10-12 (10.9).'
1 Thirteen specimens.
ies
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 513
Adult female.—Length (skins), 110-116 (113.2); wing, 57-61 (58.6);
tail, 42-45 (48.2); exposed culmen, 10; tarsus, 18.5-19 (19); middle
toe, 9.5-10.5 (10).
Western Texas (Frontera, Fort Hancock, etc.), southern New Mex-
ico, southern Arizona, and southward into Chihuahua, Sonora, and
other parts of northwestern Mexico; in winter, southward to Guate-
mals (Naranjo), Nicaragua (Greytown), ete.
(?) Sylvicola exstiva (not Motacilla xstiva Gmelin?) Henry, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci.
Phila., vii, 1855, 809 (New Mexico).
Dendroica xstiva (not Motacilla xstiva Gmelin) Batrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv.,
ix, 1858, 282, part (Frontera, Texas); Rep. U.S. and Mex. Bound. Surv., ii,
pt. ii, 1859, 10 (Frontera) ; Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 203, part; Review Am.
Birds, 1865, 195, part (Mazatlan; Colima).—(?) Henry, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci.
Phila., xi, 1859, 106 (New Mexico).—(?) Burcusr, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila.,
xx, 1868, 149 (Laredo, Texas).—Batrp, Brewer, and Ripaway, Hist. N. Am.
Birds, 1, 1874, 222, part.—LawreENcr, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., ii, 1874, 269
(Mazatlan; Colima).—Brewster, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 137
(Chiricahua Mts., Arizona).—AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ Unton, Check List,
1886, no. 652, part.—RicuMmonp, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xvi, 1893, 484, part
(Rio Escondido, Nicaragua, winter) . :
[Dendroeca] xstiva Cours, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1868, 83 (Camp Grant,
Arizona).
[ Dendreca] xstiva Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 97, part.
Dendreca xstiva Cougs, Ibis, 1865, 159, in text (Los Pinos, New Mexico); Check
List, 1873, no. 70, part; 2d ed., 1882, no. 111, part; Birds N. W., 1874, 54,
part; Birds Col. Val., 1878, 252, part.—Ripaway, Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881,
no. 93, part.—LAWRENCE, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., ii, 1874, 269 (Mazatlan;
Colima).—Satvi1n and Gopman, Biol. Centr. Am., Aves, i, 1880, 124, part.—
Ripaway, Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 93, part.—(?) SHarpr, Cat. Birds
Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 644, part (Presidio, near Mazatlan, Mexico).
D{(endreca] xstiva Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 298, part.
Dendroica] xstiva morcomi (not of Coale) Rripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887,
494, part.
Dendroica xstiva [morcomi . . . | Scorr, Auk, v, 1888, 34 (Catalina Mts., s. Ari-
zona, breeding up to 4,500 ft.).—ALLen, Auk, v, 1888, 34 (Catalina Mts.;
crit. ).
Dendroica xstiva morcomi Newtson, N. Am. Fauna, no. 14, 1899, 56 (Tres Marias
Islands, May).
Dendroica xstiva sonorana Brewster, Auk, vy, Apr., 1888, 137 (Oposura, Sonora,
Mexico; coll. W. Brewster).—Jouy, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xvi, 1893, 777
(Cuernavaca, Morelos, Aug. 19).—AMeERICAN OrNiTHOLOGISTS’ Unton, Check
List, 2d ed., 1895, no. 652a.—Ripe@way, Man. N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1896,
608.—ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., v, 1893, 40 (Bisbee, s. e. Arizona; San
Diego, Chihuahua).
A DENDROICA ASTIVA DUGESI (Coale).
DUGES’ YELLOW WARBLER.
Similar to D. w. sonorana, but decidedly larger; adult male without
streaks on back” and adult female duller, more grayish in color.
‘Nine specimens.
“Only three specimens having been examined, this character may prove inconstant.
3654—VoL 2—01——33
514 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Adult male.—Length (skins), 119-137 (128); wing, 66-71 (68); tail,
50-56 (53); exposed culmen, 9-11 (10); tarsus, 20; middle toe, 11-12
Gais3)2
Adult female.—Length (skins), 111-117 (114.6); wing, 62-66 (64.3);
tail, 48-50 (48.6); exposed culmen, 10; tarsus, 20; middle toe, 11.!
Central Mexico, in States of Guanajuato (Moro Leon), Tlaxcala
(Apixaco), Michoacan (Patzcuaro), and Morelos (Cuernavaca).
Dendroica dugesi CoaLK, Bull. Ridgway Orn. Club, no. 2, Apr., 1887, 83 (Moro
Leon, Guanajuato, Mexico; coll. U.S. Nat. Mus. ).
Dendroica] dugesi Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 495.
DENDROICA AESTIVA RUBIGINOSA (Pallas).
ALASKAN YELLOW WARBLER,
Similar to 2. w. wstiva, but slightly smaller and much duller in
color. Adult male darker and duller olive-green above, the pileum
concolor with the back or else becoming slightly more yellowish on
forehead (very rarely distinctly yellowish on forehead and fore part
of crown); wing-edgings less conspicuous, mostly yellowish olive-green,
sometimes inclining to yellow on greater coverts. Adult female darker
and duller olive-greenish above, duller yellow below.
Adult male.—Length (skins), 102-113 (108.6); wing, 61-63 (61.9);
tail, 40-46 (43.1); exposed culmen, 10; tarsus, 17-19 (18); middle toe,
Pile?
Adult female.—Length (skins), 99-110 (106); wing, 57-62 (59.2); tail,
41-44 (43.2); exposed culmen, 10; tarsus, 17-19 (18); middle toe, 10-11
(10.8).°
Alaska in general, both along the coast and throughout interior, and
southward to Vancouver Island; migrating southward to southern
California, central Texas, and Nicaragua.
Motacilla rubiginosa Pauuas, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat., i, 1826, 496 (Kadiak Island,
Alaska).
Dendroica xstiva rubiginosa OBERHOLSER, Auk, xiv, Jan., 1897, 76 (synonymy;
deser.; crit. ).—AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ UNton Commitres, Auk, xiv, 1897,
123.—GRINNELL, Auk, xv, 1898, 129 (Sitka).—NeEtson, N. Am. Fauna, no.
14, 1899, 56 (Tres Marias Islands, May).—BisHop, N. Am. Fauna, no. 19,
1900, 89 (Bennett, Caribou Crossing, ete., Alaska).—Oscoop, N. Am. Fauna,
no. 21, 1901, 49 (Queen Charlotte Islands, British Columbia).
Dendroica xstiva (not Motacila estiva Gmelin) DAaLLt and Bannister, Trans. Chi-
cago Ac. Sei., 1, 1869, 278 (Fort Yukon, St. Michaels, etce., Alaska).—Dauu,
Am. Nat., iv, 1870, 600.—Bairp, Brewer, and Ripaway, Hist. N. Am. Birds,
i, 1874, 222, part (Kadiak; Fort Yukon).—Turner, Contr. Nat. Hist. Alaska,
1886, 178.—TowNsENp, Cruise ‘‘Corwin”’ in 1885 (1887), 94 (Kowak R.,
Alaska); Auk, iv, 1887, 14 (Kowak R.).—Netson, Rep. Nat. Hist. Coll.
Alaska, 1887, 201.—(?) Ruoaps, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1893, 54, part
(coast British Columbia).—Ripa@way, Proce. U. S. Nat. Mus., xvi, 1893, 664
(Middleton I., Alaska).
‘Three specimens. * Ten specimens, * Five specimens.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. as
D{[endroica] xstiva Rinaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 494, part (Alaska).
Dendreca xstiva Brown, Ibis, 1868, 420 (Vancouver I.).—Nertson, Cruise ‘‘ Cor-
win’’ in 1881 (1883), 63 (Norton and Kotzebue sounds, Alaska).—Bran,
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., v, 1882, 147 (Kadiak).—Br.tpine, Proc. U. S. Nat.
Mus., v, 1883, 5386 (La Paz, Lower California, winter ).—McLENEGAN, Cruise
‘“Corwin,’’ 1884, 114 (Kowak R. and Hotham Inlet, Alaska, breeding).
DENDROICA PETECHIA PETECHIA (Linnzus).
JAMAICAN YELLOW WARBLER.
Similar to D. wstiva westiva, but larger, especially the bill and feet;
wing more rounded, the outermost (ninth) primary decidedly shorter
than sixth, instead of longer; lateral rectrices with more of dusky at
tips and along outer side of shaft; yellow of under parts averaging
deeper or richer.
Adult male.—-Above bright yellowish olive-green (about the same as
in D. wstiva wstiva), the forehead and crown more yellowish or (usu-
ally?) more or less tinged (often strongly so) with orange-ochraceous,
but never with a sharply defined patch of this color; rump slightly
more yellowish than back; greater wing-coverts and remiges dull
slate-blackish, edged with yellowish olive-green, these edgings broader
and decidedly yellow on greater coverts and tertials; middle wing-coy-
erts broadly tipped with yellow; middle pair of rectrices and outer
webs of other rectrices dusky olive, the outermost narrowly edged
with yellow; inner webs of three outer rectrices yellow to the shaft,
the next yellow very nearly to the shaft, the fifth with marginal half
or more yellow— those with most yellow having a wedge-shaped termi-
nal space of dusky; sides of head (including lores and superciliary
region) and entire under parts rich lemon or gamboge yellow, the chest
and sides streaked with cinnamon-rufous or light reddish chestnut;
maxilla dusky with paler tomia; mandible more grayish (pale bluish
gray in life’); iris brown; legs and feet brownish (in dried skins);
length (skins), 110-127 (118.5); wing, 64-66 (65); tail, 48-53 (50.3);
exposed culmen, 9-11 (10.6); tarsus, 20-22 (20.5); middle toe, 11-12
(11.1).!
Adult female.—Above (including pileum) dull yellowish olive-
green, more or less tinged with gray, especially on back and scapu-
lars; greater wing-coverts and remiges grayish dusky with light
yellowish olive-green or yellowish gray edgings, these broadest on
greater coverts and tertials, narrower on secondaries and primaries;
'Six specimens, from Jamaica. A single adult male from Haiti measures as fol-
lows: Wing, 63; tail, 46; exposed culmen, 11; tarsus,21; middle toe, 12. In colora-
tion this Haitian specimen agrees in the main very closely with Jamaican examples,
but has the forehead and crown olive-yellow with a mere trace of orange-ochraceous,
and the dusky color of the remiges and middle rectrices is not so dark. It is possible
that a series from Haiti might show constant differences, thus requiring separation
of the birds from that island from those of Jamaica.
516 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
middle wing-coverts broadly tipped with dull yellowish olive-green;
tail as in adult male, but yellow of inner webs of rectrices paler and
more restricted; sides of head (including lores and orbital ring) and
under parts pale yellow (straw yellow or naples yellow), tinged on sides
with olive-green, the lower abdomen paler, sometimes nearly white;
bill and feet as in adult male, but mandible paler and more brownish;
length (skins), 112-130 (119.7); wing, 59-62 (60.4); tail, 47-50 (48.4);
exposed culmen, 10.5-11 (10.9); tarsus, 20-229 (21.2); middle toe, 11-
Bie).
[Many adult females of this form have the yellow of under parts
partly replaced by white, and the olive-green of upper parts partly
replaced by gray, especially on sides of head and neck, hindneck, and
scapulars. There is nothing to indicate that these are younger birds,
and | believe that the variation is simply an individual one. |
Island of Jamaica, Greater Antilles; island of Haiti?
[ Motacilla] petechia Linn xus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, 1766, 334 (based on The Yellow
Red-poll, Avicula lutea vertice rubro, Edwards, Gleanings Nat. Hist., v, 99, pl.
256, fig. 1).—GmeLin, Syst. Nat., i, 1788, 983.
Motacilla petechia Lesson, Traité d’Orn., i, 1831, 418.
[Sylvia] petechia LarHam, Index Orn., ii, 1790, 535.
Sylvia petechia Vrertior, Ois. Am. Sept., ii, 1807, 32, pl. 91; Nouv. Dict. d’ Hist.
Nat. xi, 1817, 228; Enc. Méth. ii, 1823, 443.
M{niotilta| petechia Gray, Gen. Birds, i, 1848, 196.
[ Mniotilta] petechia Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 241, no. 3496.
Dendreca petechia Scuater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1861, 71 (Jamaica); Cat. Am.
Birds, 1862, 32, part (Jamaica).—Cougs, Birds Col. Val., 1878, 255, footnote
(synonymy ).—Cory, Birds Bahama I., 1880, 57.—SHarpr, Cat. Birds Brit.
Mus., x, 1885, 277, 644 (excl. loc. Bahamas).
[ Dendreeca] petechia ScLaTER and Satvrn, Nom. Ay. Neotr., 1873, 9, part.—Cory,
List Birds W. I., 1885, 8.
D{endreca] petechia Newton (A. and E.), Handb. Jamaica, 1881, 106.
Dendroica petechia Marcu, Proce. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1863, 292 (Jamaica).—
Barirp, Review Am. Birds, 1865, 199 (Jamaica).—Cory, Auk, iii, 1886, 29,
part (Jamaica); Birds W. I., 1889, 43, part; Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 17, 118,
part (Jamaica).
D{endroica] petechia Rripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 495, part (Jamaica).
[ Dendroica petechia] var. petechia Bairp, Brewer, and Ripaway, Hist. N. Am.
Birds, 1, 1874, 217, part (Jamaica; Haiti?).
{| Dendroica petechia] a. petechia Ripaway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., viii, 1885, 349.
Sylvicola estiva (not Motacilla «xstiva Gmelin) Gossr, Birds Jamaica, 1847, 157.
[ Dendroeca petechia] e. jamaicensis SUNDEVALL, Ofv. k. Vet.-Akad. Forh. Stockh.,
xxvi, 1870, 608 (monogr. ).
(2) [Motacilla] albicollis GmME.in, Syst. Nat., i, pt. 11, 1788, 983 (Santo Domingo;
based on Le Figuier de S. Domingue, Ficedula dominicensis Brisson, Orn., iii,
494, pl. 26, fig. 5).
(2?) [Sylvia] albicollis LarnAm, Index Orn., ii, 1790, 535.
(2?) Sylvia albicolis Virrttor, Nouv. Dict. d’ Hist. Nat., xi, 1817, 221.
1 Six specimens, from Jamaica.
~~
.
| BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. let
(?) [Motacilla] chloroleuca GMELIN, Syst. Nat., i, pt. ii, 1788, 984 (Santo Domingo;
based on Petit Figuier de S. Domingue, Ficedula dominicensis minor Brisson,
Orn., ili, 496, pl. 26, fig. 2).
(2?) [Sylvia] chloroleuca Latuam, Index Orn., ii, 1790, 984.
(?) Sylvia chloroleuca STEPHENS, Shaw’s Gen. Zool., x, 1817, 704.—Vretiiot, Nouv.
Dict. d’ Hist. Nat., xi, 1817, 195.
DENDROICA PETECHIA AURICAPILLA Ridgway.
GRAND CAYMAN YELLOW WARBLER.
Similar to D. p. petechia, but with decidedly shorter wing and larger
bill and feet. (Adult female sometimes partly gray above and whitish
below, as in J. p. petechia.)
Adult male.—Length (skins), 109-126 (119.9); wing, 58-64 (61.4);
tail, 48.5-51 (49.6); exposed culmen, 11-11.5 (11.1); tarsus, 20-22 (21);
middle toe, 11-12 (11.4)."
Adult female.—Length (skins), 110-120 (116.6); wing, 59-61 (60);
tail, 46-49 (47); exposed culmen, 11; tarsus, 20-21 (20.6); middle toe,
11-12 (11.8).’
Island of Grand Cayman, Caribbean Sea (south of Cuba).
Dendroica petechia gundlachi (not Dendroica gundlachi Baird) Cory, Auk, iii
1886, 501 (Grand Cayman).
Dendroica auricapilla Ripaway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., x, sig. 36, Aug. 6, 1888,
572 (Grand Cayman, Greater Antilles; coll. U. 8. Nat. Mus.; ex Townsend,
manuscript).
Dendroica aurocapilla Cory, Auk, vi, 1889, 31 (Grand Cayman); Birds W. I.,
1889, 287 (Grand Cayman); Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 18, 118, 129, 155 (Grand
Cayman).
’
DENDROICA PETECHIA FLAVICEPS Chapman.
BAHAMA YELLOW WARBLER.
Similar to D. p. petechia, but yellow of under parts more intense,
and chestnut streaks on chest and sides heavier or more numerous;
crown more rarely tinged with ochraceous or tawny. (Intermediate
in coloration between LD. p. petechia and DPD. p. bartholemica, but
much nearer the latter, from which some specimens are hardly distin-
guishable. The adult female is sometimes partly gray above and
whitish below, as in the former.)
Adult male.—Length (skins), 112-123 (118.7); wing, 60-64 (61);
tail, 44-50 (47.9); exposed culmen, 11-12 (11); tarsus, 20-22 (20.5);
middle toe, 11-13 (11.8).*
1 Nine specimens. * Three specimens. ’Twenty specimens.
518 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Adult female.—Length (skins), 108-119 (114.9); wing, 55— Sy (57.6);
tail, 48-47 (45.3); exposed culmen, 10-12 (11); tarsus, 19-22 (21);
middle toe, 10-12 (11).’
Bahama Islands.
(?) Sylvicola estiva (not Motacilla estiva Gmelin) Bryant, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H.,
vii, 1866, 67 (Bahamas).
Sylvicola vee (not Motacilla petechia Linnzeus) Bryant, Proc. Boston Soc.
N. H., xi, 1867, 67 (Bahamas).
Dendroica La (not Dendraca petechia Sclater ) Rane Man. N. Am. Birds,
1887, 495, part (Bahamas).
[ Dendroica petechia| var. gundlachi (not Dendroica gundlachi Baird) Barrp,
Brewer, and Ripaway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 216, part (Bahamas).
Dendreca petechia gundlachi Cours, Birds Col. Val., 1878, 255, part (Bahamas).
Dendreca petechia var. gundlachi Cory, Birds Bahama I., 1880, 58.
[ Dendroica petechia] (3. gundlachi Ripaway, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. viii, 1885, 349,
part (Bahamas).
[ Dendreeca] petechia gundlachi Cory, List. Birds W. I., 1885, 8, part (Bahamas).
Dendroica petechia gundlachi Cory, Auk, ili, 1886, 30, part (Bahamas); Birds
W.1., 1889, 44; Auk, vili, 1891, 297 (Caicos Islands; Inagua), 298 (Abaco), 350
(Great Bahama), 351 (Inagua); ix, 1892, 48 (Mariguana), 49 (Watlings L.;
Inagua); Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 17, 118 (Great Bahama, Abaco, Eleuthera,
New Providence, Exuma Keys, Concepcion I., Watlings I., Rum Cay, Long
I., Acklin I., Mariguana, North Caicos, East Caicos, and Great Inagua).—
Norturop, Auk, viii, 1891, 68 (Andros I.).—Rtipaway, Auk, viii, 1891, 335
(New Providence), 336 (Eleuthera), 337 (Watlings I.), 338 (Rum Cay),
339 (Concepcion I. ).
D{[endroica] petechia gundlachi Rroaway, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., x, 1888, 573, in
text, part (Bahamas).
Dendroica petechia flaviceps CHAPMAN, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H.,iv, no. 1, Dee. 29,
1892, 310 (Rum Cay; coll. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.).
DENDROICA PETECHIA BARTHOLEMICA Sundevall.
PORTO RICAN YELLOW WARBLER,
Similar to ). p. petechia, but wing and tail shorter, bill and tarsus
longer (the former also stouter), and coloration more intense; the adult
'Ten specimens.
Specimens from different islands average as follows:
Ex- .
Locality. Wing. | Tail. | posed | Tarsus.| wea
| culmen. je
MALES. |
Four adult males from Watlings Island..................--- 60.7 48.2 11 21 11
Nine adulizmales trom Rumi Cay. s-se-s seaecee eee eeeee 61 49 1l 20 12
Oneadultmatesrom Cat sland=-=--- 22 n2- ee eee eee ee 60 47 11 200°" | 12
One adult male from Eleuthera Island................-....-- 60 44 11 21 12
Four adult males from Concepcion Island ..........-.-.---- 62.2 48 iby 21 12
One adult male from New Proyidence Island.............-- 62 47 11 22 12
FEMALES.
Three adult females from Watlings Island .................. 56 44.6 10.6 21 10.3
Fourjadult females trom) RumiCa ys ase. -- n= seme e eens 8.5 46 11 21 2
Three adult females from Concepcion Island ...........-.-. a8 45 11.3 21 11.3
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. Dig
male with yellow of under parts richer, chestnut streaks on chest and
sides much heavier, yellow tips and margins to middle and greater
wing coverts more conspicuous, as well as purer yellow, and dusky
portions of remiges darker, more nearly black; adult female much
more richly colored than that of D. p. petechia, nearly always,’ in per-
fect plumage, entirely bright yellow beneath, and with the chest and
sides usually more or less streaked with pale chestnut.
Young.—Above plain olive-gray; remiges and rectrices as in the
adult female; middle wing-coverts broadly tipped with dull grayish
white or pale buffy gray, the greater coverts more narrowly tipped
with the same; sides of head pale brownish gray, relieved by an
orbital ring of dull white; chin, throat, chest, and sides of breast very
pale buffy grayish; rest of under parts white.
Adult male.—ULength (skins), 117-133 (124.1); wing, 59-64 (62.3);
tail, 47-56 (49.1); exposed culmen, 11-13 (11.3); tarsus, 21—22 (21.3);
middle toe, 11-13 (11.8).’
Adult female.—Length (skins), 117-123 (120.3); wing, 56-64 (60);
tail, 46-51 (48.6); exposed culmen, 11; tarsus, 20-22 (21); middle toe,
11-12 (11.1).°
Islands of Porto Rico, Vieques, St. Thomas, Virgin Gorda, Anegada,
and St. Croix, Greater Antilles; islands of Anguilla, St. Bartholomew,
St. Eustatius, St. Christopher, Barbuda, and Antigua, Lesser Antilles.’
[ Dendroica petechia} var. ruficapilla (not Motacilla ruficapilla Gmelin) Barr,
Brewer, and Ripaway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 217 (Porto Rico, St.
Thomas, St. Croix, and St. Bartholomew).
1 Among a series of twenty-seven adult females none show any admixture of gray on
the upper parts and only one a very slight admixture of whitish on the under parts.
* Nineteen specimens.
3 Seventeen specimens.
Specimens from different islands average, according to the series measured, as follows:
Ex- | :
Locality. Wing.| Tail. | posed | Tarsus. sale
|culmen. | Oe:
MALES. |
Sevenadult malesifrom Porto Rico 22.0 .2.2 22522. 20..2 5.0.52 aekGuley 49.5 Vere 21 12
Hiveyadultimail essiromyVAequesse a. oe..ace ce a= sens Jace cee ene 62.2 49.6 LSD 21.8 12
threeadultmalestromcSt: Mhomas=<...-22--0-...sec----c2-- 63 52.3 LS Te QIK, 11.6
OneaduliimealestromeAmtiguae 5. o22-scc--cessecees sacs e see 61 48 11 21 11
One adult male from St. Bartholomew .........-......-...-- | 63 47 11 | 21 12
One adult male from St. Christopher.........---. Saray a 60 47 11 21 12
OnejadultamaleiromiSt) Rustatims: 222... -cq-2-<2s een ee en! 65 5] L220 li
FEMALES. | |
pevenladult females from Porto Ricoy. 222. se eG? 49.1 | 11 | 21 Pe
Sixcaduilit temalesfrom! Vieques !<.nicceoe aa oe secs sce co aoe | 59 47.6 11 | 21.3 11.8
Two adult females from St. Thomas..........-.....--------- | 59.5 46.5 11 | 21 11
One adult female from St. Bartholomew ................-.-. 59 47 11 | 21 12
One adult female from St. Eustatius. .<3..5..2-.5.......-... | 60 SO Mae ee eee 20 11
*I have seen satisfactory series of specimens only from Porto Rico, Vieques, and
St. Thomas, and none at all from Virgin Gorda, St. Croix, Anguilla, and Barbuda.
520 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Dendreca petechia var. ruficapilla LAWRENCE, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., i, 1878, 486
(Barbuda; Antigua).
Dendreca petechia ruficapilla Cours, Birds Col. Val., 1878, 255, footnote.
[ Dendreca] petechia ruficapilla Cory, List. Birds W. I., 1885, 8.
Dendroica petechia ruficapilla Cory, Auk, iii, 1886,31 (Barbuda, Antigua; Porto
Rico; St. Thomas); vii, 1890, 374 (Anegada), 375 ( Virgin Gorda); viii, 1891,
47 (Anguilla; St. Eustatius); Birds W. I., 1889, 45; Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892,
17, 118 (Porto Rico; St. Thomas; Virgin Gorda; Anegada; St. Croix;
Anguilla; St. Bartholomew; St. Eustatius; St. Christopher; Barbuda;
Antigua).
[Dendroica petechia] y. ruficapilla Ripaway, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., viii, 1885, 349.
Dendroica ruficapilla Cory, Auk, viii, 1891, 48 (St. Croix; St. Christopher); Cat.
W. I. Birds, 1892, 155 (St. Bartholomew).
Dendreca ruficapilla SHarpr, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 275, 644.—ScuarTeEr,
Proc. Zool. Soe. Lond., 1892, 499 (Anguilla).
Dendroica petechia (not Motacilla petechia Linnzeus) Casstx, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci.
Phila., 1860, 192, 376 (St. Thomas).—Ripeway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vii,
1884, 172 (St. Thomas).
Dendreca petechia ScuatErR, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 32, part (St. Croix ).—Taytor,
Ibis, 1864, 166, part (Porto Rico).—LAawreEncE, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., i, 1878,
233 (Antigua), 239 (Barbuda).
D{endreca] zstiva Newton (A. and E.), Ibis, 1859, 143 (St. Croix).
Dendroica [no specific name] Barrp, Review Am. Birds, 1865, 201 (St. Croix;
St. Thomas).
[ Mniotilta] ? Baird, Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 241, no. 3497.
Dendroeca petechia portoricensis SUNDEV ALL, Ofv. k. Vet.-Ak. Forh. Stockh., xxvi,
1870, 596 (nomen nudum).
Dendroeca petechia, stirps barthelemica SuNDEVALL, Ofy. k. Vet.-Ak. Forh. Stockh.,
xxvi, 1870, 582 (St. Bartholomew; descr. eggs; nomen nudum/).
[ Dendroeca petechia] a. bartholemica SuNDEVALL, Ofv. k. Vet.-Akad. Foérh. Stockh.,
xxvi, 1870, 607 (St. Bartholomew; coll. Stockholm Mus.).
[Dendroeca petechia] b. cruciana SunpEvALL, Ofy. k. Vet.-Akad. Forh. Stockh.,
xxvi, 1870, 608 (St. Croix).
DENDROICA PETECHIA GUNDLACHI (Baird).
CUBAN YELLOW WARBLER.
Similar to D. p. petechia, but duller in color; adult male with upper
parts much darker olive-green, the pileum usually concolor with the
back, sometimes slightly more yellowish, very rarely tinged with
orange-ochraceous, and wing-edgings less purely yellow; adult female
usually duller in color than in D. p. petechia, often grayish olive-
green, or even largely gray, above, and dull whitish, merely tinged
here and there with yellow, beneath.*
Adult male.—Length (skins), 115-125 (119.1); wing, 60-66.5 (62.1);
tail, 46-52 (49.3); exposed culmen, 11; tarsus, 19.5-21.5 (20.5); middie
toe, 11-13 (11.9).’
'The specimens examined are nearly all in worn plumage, and the differences
observed in these may possibly not be observable in good plumaged examples; never-
theless, this series of Cuban birds when compared with an equal series in same stage
of plumage from the island of Grand Cayman (D. p. auricapilla Ridgway, and one of
D. petechia petechia) shows very conspicuous and uniform differences.
*Ten specimens.
a
i
all ete i tt heed be | ees ple 0 lel ee
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 921
Adult female.—Length (skins), 112-125 (119.7); wing, 56-62 (58.7);
tail, 44-48 (46.4); exposed culmen, 10-11 (10.8); tarsus, 20-22 (21);
middle toe, 11."
Island of Cuba, Greater Antilles.
Sylvia exstiva (not Motacilla xstiva Gmelin) Lempryr, Aves de la Isla de Cuba,
1850, 31 (not pl. 6, fig. 3).
Rhimamphus zxstivus CaBANis, Journ. fiir Orn., 1855, 472 (Cuba); 1860, 326
(do.).—Gunpuacu, Journ. fiir Orn., 1861, 407 (Cuba).
Dendroica albicollis (not Motacilla albicollis Gmelin) Cassry, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sei.
Phila., 1860, 192 (Cuba).—Lawrence, Ann. Lye. N. Y., vii, 1860, 264 (Cuba;
crit.).—GuNpb.acH, Journ. fir Orn., 1861, 326 (Cuba).—ALBrecur, Journ.
fur Orn., 1861, 205 (Cuba).
Sylvicola petechia (not Motacilla petechia Linnzeus) Brewer, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat.
Hist., vii, 1860, 307 (Cuba).
Dendroica petechia CHapmMaNn, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., iv, 1892, 310 (Casilda, s.
Cuba; crit. ).
Dendroica gundlachi Barrp, Review Am. Birds, Apr., 1865, 197 (Cuba; coll.
U.S. Nat. Mus. ).—Gunpbuacnu, Journ. ftir Orn., 1872, 414 (Cuba).
Dendreeca gundlachi GUNDLACH, Repert. Fisico—Nat. Cuba, 1, 1865, 234.—SHarpr,
Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 278, part (Cuba).
[ Mniotilta] gundlachti Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 241, no. 3495.
[ Dendroica petechia] var. gundlachi Batrp, Brewer, and RipGway, Hist. N. Am.
Birds, i, 1874, 216, part (Cuba).
Dendraca petechia gundlachi Cours, Birds Col. Val., 1878, 255, footnote, part (Cuba).
[ Dendreca] petechia gundlachi Cory, List Birds W. I., 1885, 8, part (Cuba).
Dendroica petechia gundlachi Cory, Auk, iii, 1886, 30, part (Cuba); Birds W. L.,
1889, 44; Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 17, 118, part (Cuba; Isle of Pines).
[Dendroica petechia] f. gundlachi Ripaway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., viii, 1885,
349, part (Cuba). :
D{endroica] petechia gundlachi Ripaway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., x, Aug. 6, 1888,
573, in text, part (Cuba).
[Dendroica vetechia] d. cubana SunpEvaut, Ofv. k. Vet.-Akad. Foérh. Stockh.,
xxvi, 1870, 608 (monogr. ).
DENDROICA PETECHIA AUREOLA (Gould).
GALAPAGOS YELLOW WARBLER.
Similar to D. p. petechia, but olive-green of upper parts much
darker, and adult male with pileum always rufous-chestnut, forming a
well-defined cap, sharply defined laterally against the yellow of the
superciliary region.
Adult male.—Pileum uniform chestnut-rufous, sharply defined lat-
erally; rest of upper parts plain deep yellowish olive-green, very
slightly, if at all, more yellowish on rump, the upper tail-coverts even
darker than back; wings (except lesser coverts) dusky, the middle coverts
broadly tipped with yellow, the greater coverts and remiges edged with
yellow, these edgings broader and clearer yellow on greater coverts
and tertials, narrower and more or less tinged with olive-green on
secondaries and primaries; tail dusky, the four middle rectrices inclin-
ing to dark olive-green, the rest with inner webs yellow, except at
'Kight specimens.
5292 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
tips; sides of head (including superciliary stripe), and entire under
parts rich lemon or gamboge yellow, the chest and sides streaked with
pale chestnut or cinnamon-rufous; maxilla black, with paler tomia;
mandible dusky grayish (bluish gray in life’); legs and feet horn
brownish (in dried skins); length (skins), 117-132 (123.7); wing, 62-67
(65.4); tail 47-56 (50.3); exposed culmen, 11-13 (11.7); tarsus, 21-22
(21.5); middle toe, 12.7
Adult female.—Above plain olive-green, including pileum; wings
and tail as in adult male but yellowish edgings much less distinct;
superciliary stripe and under parts plain gamboge yellow, paler and
duller than in adult male; length (skins), 125-129 (127); wing, 60-64
(61.3); tail, 45-49 (47); exposed culmen, 11-12 (11.3); tarsus, 18-20
(19); middle toe, 14.”
Immature male.—Similar to adult female but chest and sides faintly
streaked with pale chestnut, hindneck and sides of neck gray, chin and
throat whitish, and yellowish wing-edgings more distinct.
Younger (4) male.—Pileum, hindneck, and sides of neck gray, the
crown tinged with olive-green; rest of upper parts as in plumage last
described above, but yellowish wing-edgings less distinct; under
parts dull white, tinged with pale yellow on flanks, lower abdomen,
and under tail-coverts, and with pale gray on sides of chest.
Galapagos Archipelago (Albemarle, Duncan, Charles, Hood, Chat-
ham, Barrington, Indefatigable, Jervis, James, Tower, Bindloe, and
Abingdon islands); Cocos Island, off Bay of Panama; Gorgona Island,
Bay of Panama?;* coast of Ecuador (Guayaquil) ?;* coast of Peru
(Santa Lucia; Tumbez) #°
Sylvicola aureola GouLp, Zool. Voy. Beagle, iii, Birds, 1841, 86, pl. 28 (Galapagos
Archipelago).—Bonaparter, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 309.
Dendroica aureola Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1860, 192.—Barrp, Review,
1865, 194, footnote.—Ripaway, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., xii, 1889, 105, 119, 121,
122, 123, 124, 125, 126 (Indefatigable, Charles, James, and Chatham islands ).—
TownsEnD, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., xxvii, 1895, 122 (Cocos Island ).—Rorns-
cHILD and Harrert, Novit. Zool., vi, 1899, 147 (Culpepper, Wenman,
Abingdon, Bindloe, Tower, Albemarle, Narborough, James, Jervis, Duncan,
Indefatigable, Chatham, Charles, Gardner, and Hood islands).
Dendreca aureola SCLATER and Satvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1870, 323 (Indefatigable,
Bindloe, and Abingdon islands).—Satvin, Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond., ix, pt.
ix, 1876, 473 (Indefatigable, Bindloe, and Abingdon islands); Proc. Zool.
Soe. Lond., 1883, 420 (Charles Island).—SHarpr, Proe. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
1877, 66 (Charles Island); Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 282 (Inde-
fatigable, Charles, and Abingdon islands; Gorgona Island, Panama Bay;
Ecuador; Peru).—Covurs, Birds Col. Val., 1878, 256, footnote (synonymy ).—
Taczanowsk!I, Orn. du Pérou, i, 1884, 467 (Santa Lucia and Tumbez, w.
Peru).—Satvaporr and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool., ete., Torino, xv, 1899, 8
(Savana de Guayaquil, Estero Carnero, Puntillo, and Santa Elena, w.
Ecuador; crit.).
'Ten specimens.
* Three specimens.
* No specimens seen by me from these localities.
+s - "et ted 2000
a ae
atte ee ile
cr
bo
Geo
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA.
[ Dendreca] aureola ScuaTeR and Satvix, Nom. Ay. Neotr., 1875, 9.
D{endroica] aureola Baird, BreweEr, and Rrpaway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874
? ? ’ ’ ’ >
ZT.
[ Dendroica petechia] &. aureola Ripaway, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., viii, 1885, 350.
Dendroica petechia . . . var. SUNDEVALL, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1871, 124
(Chatham, Charles, and James islands).
[ Dendroeca petechia] {. gallapagensis SUNDEVALL, Ofy. k. Vet.-Ak. Férh. Stockh.,
xxvi, 1870, 608 (monogr. ).
(2) [Dendroeca petechia] g. peruviana SuNpEVALL, Ofy. k. Vet.-Ak. Forh. Stockh.,
xxvi, 1870, 609 (Callao, w. Peru; coll. Stockholm Mus.; also, Guayaquil,
w. Ecuador).
(?) [Dendroeca petechia] h. xquatorialis SuNDEVALL, Ofv. k. Vet.-Ak. Forh.
Stockh., xxvi, 1870, 609 (Guayaquil, w. Ecuador; coll. Stockholm Mus.;
also, Callao, w. Peru).
DENDROICA RUFICAPILLA RUFICAPILLA (Gmelin).
GUADELOUPE YELLOW WARBLER.
Similar to D. petechia bartholemica, but much smaller; adult male (in
full plumage) with crown much deeper and more extensively orange-
rufous or rufous-chestnut (whole pileum sometimes almost continuously
of this color, fading on forehead to a more orange-ochraceous hue); back,
ete., darker olive-green; adult female much smaller than that of
D. petechia bartholemica, but very similar in coloration, except that the
forehead and crown are usually tinged (often strongly so) with orange-
ochraceous. Still more similar in coloration to D. p. rufivertex, and
about the same size, but adult male with chestnut streaks on chest and
sides much narrower and adult female with forehead and crown more
or less strongly tinged with yellow and orange-ochraceous.
Adult male.—Length (skins), 109-125 (115.1); wing, 56-60 (58.4);
tail, 48-48 (45.5); exposed culmen, 9.5-11 (10.4); tarsus, 18-20 (19.1);
middle toe, 11-12 (11.6)."
Adult female.—Length (skins), 110-129 (117.2); wing, 53-58 (55.3);
tail, 42-45 (43.6); exposed culmen, 10-11 (10.2); tarsus, 18-20 (19.4);
middle toe, 11.”
‘Hight specimens.
?Eleven specimens.
Specimens from the island of Dominica average larger than those from Guadeloupe,
averages of the series measured being as follows:
|
| Ex- +
Locality. Wing. | Tail. | posed | Tarsus. Boge
;culmen. ae
MALES. |
Four adult males from Guadeloupe. 2... 22. .2...066.2-----0< 57.4 43.7 | LOST Sh 7 11.3
Four adult males from Dominica ....................-.--.-. 59.4 47,2 | 10.6 19.4 7
FEMALES.
|
Seven adult females from Guadeloupe .........-..-.-.------ 54.5 43.8 | 10.1 LOR 11
Four adult females from Dominica ................----..--- | 56.6 43.4 | 10.4 18.9 11
524 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Islands of Guadeloupe and Dominica, Lesser Antilles.
[ Motacilla] ruficapilla GMELIN, Syst. Nat., i, pt. ii, 1788, 971 (based on Figuier de
la Martinique, Ficedula martinicana, Brisson, Orn., iii, 490, pl. 22, fig. 4).
[Sylvia] ruficapilla Larnam, Index Orn., i, 1790, 540.
Dendraca petechia (not Motacilla petechia Linnzeus) Taytor, Ibis, 1864, 166, part
(Dominica).—LawrENcE, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., i, 1878, 54 (Dominica;
descr. nest and eggs).
Dendreca petechia var. melanoptera LAWRENCE, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., i, Apr. 22,
1879, 453 (Guadeloupe, Lesser Antilles; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus. ).
[Dendroica petechia] 6. melanoptera Ripaway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., viii, 1885,
350 (Guadeloupe; Dominica).
[ Dendreeca] petechia melanoptera Cory, List Birds W. I., 1885, 8.
Dendroica petechia melanoptera Cory, Auk, iii, 1886, 31; viii, 1891, 49 (Guade-
loupe); Birds W. I., 1889, 45; Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 18, 118 (Guadeloupe;
Dominica).
Dendreca melanoptera SHARPE, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 279, 644 (Dominica;
Guadeloupe ).—Sciater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1889, 326 (Dominica).
DENDROICA RUFICAPILLA RUFIVERTEX Ridgway.
COZUMEL YELLOW WARBLER.
Similar to D. 7. ruficapilla, but adult male with chest and sides much
more broadly streaked with chestnut; adult female with forehead and
crown uniform yellowish olive-green, concolor with back, ete.
Adult male.—Length (skins), LO7-120 (114.5); wing, 56-60 (58.2):
tail, 44-48 (46.6); exposed ‘culmen, 10-11 (10.8); tarsus, 19-21 (20);
middle toe, 10.5-11 (10.9)."
Adult female.—Length (skins), 106-118 (110); wing, 55-56 (55.6);
tail, 45-47 (45.8); exposed culmen, 10-11 (10.5); tarsus, 18-21 (20);
middle toe, 11.”
Island of Cozumel, Yucatan.
Dendroica petechia rufiverter RipGway, Descr. New Species Birds from Cozumel,
Feb. 26, 1885, 1; Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., iii, 1885, 21 (Cozumel I., Yucatan;
coll. U.S. Nat. Mus.); Proe. U. 8. Nat. Mus., viii, 1885, 348 (full descr. ), 563.
[ Dendroica petechia] &. rufiverler Ripaway, Proce. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., viii, Sept. 2,
1885, 350.
DENDROICA RUFICAPILLA FLAVIDA (Cory).
ST. ANDREWS YELLOW WARBLER.
**Resembles Dendroica rufiverter, bat has the orange brown on the
head [crown] more restricted and paler; throat unspotted, or very
nearly so; underparts, including sides and flanks, heavily striped with
rufous brown.
Adult male.—** Top of the head orange brown showing yellow in
front of the eye; nape, back, and upper tail-coverts yellowish olive;
throat bright pale yellow, touched with one or two indistinct pencil-
ings of DEOW rest of underparts yellow, heay Ly streaked with rufous
a Fight specimens. 2 Six specimens.
tie<teae cco tee
ae. ase ee
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 525
brown; wings dark brown, edged with yellow; tail-feathers brown,
heavily marked with yellow on the i inner webs and faintly edged with
it on the outer.
‘‘Length, 120.6; wing, 59.7: tail, 50.8: tarsus, 20.3; bill, 7.6.”
(Cory.)
St. Andrews Island, Caribbean Sea.
Dendroica flavida Cory, Descr. Six New Sp. Birds from Old Providence and St.
Andrews, May 27, 1887, 3; Auk, iv, July, 1887, 179 (St. Andrews Island,
Caribbean Sea; coll. C. B. Cory).
DENDROICA RUFICAPILLA RUFOPILEATA Ridgway.
CURACAO YELLOW WARBLER.
Similar to D. r. ruficapilla, but forehead and crown uniform chest-
nut, forming a sharply defined oval patch, the adult female with under
parts paler yellow.
Adult male.—¥ orehead and crown uniform rufous-chestnut, forming
a sharply defined oval patch; rest of upper parts plain yellow ish olive-
green, becoming decidedly yellowish on lower rump, the longer upper
fail coverts darker olive-green, with yellowish edges; wings (except
lesser coverts) dusky, the middle coverts broadly tipped with yellow, the
greater coverts and tertials broadly edged with yellow, the secondaries
and primaries more narrowly edged w ith yellowish olive-green; rectrices
dusky, edged with yellowish olive-green, the inner webs of four outer-
most chiefly yellow; sides of head (including superciliary stripe) and
under parts rich, pure gamboge or lemon yellow, the chest broadly
streaked with chestnut-rufous, the sides and flanks sometimes more
narrowly streaked with the same; maxilla black, with paler tomia;
mandible grayish dusky (bluish gray in life); iris brown; legs and
feet horn brownish (in dried skins); length (skins), 112-115 (114.2);
wing, 56-60 (57.5); tail, 44-47 (45.2); exposed culmen, 9-11 (10.5);
tarsus, 18-19 (18.5); middle toe, 10-12 (11).”
Adult female. —Ahove plain yellowish olive-green, including pileum,
the wings and tail as in adult male; sides of head and under parts
yellow, paler and duller than in adult male, and without streaks or
else with mere traces of them on chest; length (skins), 102-112 (108.7);
wing, 53-57 (54.6); tail, 41-47 (43); exposed culmen, 9-11 (10); tarsus,
16-19 (18); middle toe, 10.°
Island of Curacao, southern Caribbean Sea.
Dendroica rufopileata Ripaway, Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., vii, July 29, 1884, 173
(Curacao, Dutch West Indies; coll. U. 8. Nat. Mus.).—Bertepscu, Journ.
fur Orn., 1892, 76 (Caracas) ete Journ. fiir Orn., 1892, 116 (Cur ao).
UM Cae ons converted from ine ehes and tenths.
2 Four specimens.
’ Three specimens.
526 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
D{endroica] rufo-pileata Ripaway, Proce. U. 8. Nat. Mus., viii, 1885, 350 (‘‘Old
Providence;’’ error for Curac¢ao).
Dendreca rufopileata SHARPE, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 281.
Dendroica rufo-pileata Rosinson, Flying Trip to Tropics, 1895, 165 (Curacao).
D[endroica] capitalis rufopileata Brrterscn, Journ. fiir Orn., Jan., 1892, 76
(Curacao).
DENDROICA RUFICAPILLA CAPITALIS (Lawrence).
BARBADOS YELLOW WARBLER.
Similar to D. r. rufopileata, but wing and tail shorter; adult male
with chestnut crown-patch much darker (rich dark chestnut or bay)
and chestnut streaks on chest and sides darker chestnut and much
narrower.
Adult male.—Length (skins), 100-106 (102); wing, 55-58 (56.6); tail,
43-45 (44); exposed culmen, 9-11 (10); tarsus, 19; middle toe, 10."
Adult female.—Length (skin), 115; wing, 54; tail 42; exposed cul-
men, 11; tarsus, 19; middle toe, 12.”
Island of Barbados, Lesser Antilles.
Dendrwca capitalis Lawrence, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., xx, Dec., 1868, 359%
(Barbados, Lesser Antilles; coll. G. N. Lawrence). oe Ibis, 1874, 306
(crit.).—Covrs, Birds Col. Val., 1878, 256, footnote (synonymy ).—SHARPE,
Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 280, 645.
[ Dendreeca] capitalis Cory, List Birds W. I., 1885, 8.
D{endroica] capitalis ao BREWER, and ee AY, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874,
271.—Ripeway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., viii, 1885, 350.
Dendroica capitalis Cory, Auk, iii, 1886, 31; Birds W. I., 1889, 45; Cat. W. I.
Birds, 1892, 18, 118, 134 es
[ Mniotilta] capitalis Gray, Hand-list, iii, 1871, 202 (in index).
[ Dendroeca petechia] c. Vereen oars ALL, Ofv. k. Vet.-Akad. Férh. Stockh.,
xxvi, 1870, 608 (monogr. ).
Dendreca petechia (not Motacilla petechia Linneeus) ScraTer, Proc. Zool. Soc.
Lona., 1874, 174 ( Barbados).
DENDROICA RUFIGULA Baird.
MARTINIQUE YELLOW WARBLER.
Adult male.—Entire pileum, including occiput, uniform rufous-
chestnut; rest of head, including whole throat and upper median portion
of chest, similar but paler (between orange-rufous and cinnamon-
rufous), the feathers yellowish beneath the surface; sides of neck and
under parts (except as described) rich lemon or gamboge yellow, the
chest and sides narrowly streaked with the color of ane throat, or darker
'Three specimens.
2 One specimen.
* First mentioned and characterized, but not named, by Professor Baird in Review
Am. Birds, 1865, 202, in text under Dendroica [ruficapilla].
« gab, at te
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. mG
chestnut; upper parts (except pileum, wings, and tail) plain deep
olive-green,' slightly more yellowish on rump, the upper tail-coverts
sometimes indistinctly edged with yellowish; wings (except lesser
coverts) dull black, the middle and greater coverts rather narrowly
tipped with yellow, the greater coverts and remiges edged with yellow
or yellowish olive-green; middle pair of rectrices dusky, edged on
outer web with olive-green, on inner with pale yellow; remaining
rectrices with inner webs mostly yellow; maxilla blackish, mandible
grayish dusky (bluish gray in life’); legs and feet pale eroenen (in
dried skins); length (skins), 112-120 (116); wing, 56-57 (56.5); tail,
40.5-43 (41.7); exposed culmen, 11-12 (11.5); tarsus, 17-19 (18); middle
toe, 11.’
Young (female ?), first plumage.—Above plain, rather dark olive-
green; wings dusky, with dull olive- green edgings to greater coverts
and remiges, the middle coverts tipped with the same; under parts
pale dull yellow, shaded laterally with olive, the chest indistinctly but
broadly streaked with pale rusty.
Island of Martinique, Lesser Antilles.
Sylvia ruficapilla (not Motacilla ruficapilla Gmelin) Virtttor, Nouv. Dict. d’ Hist.
Nat., xi, 1817, 228; Ene. Méth., ii, 1823, 442, not of p. 440 (Martinique).
Dendroica rufiguia Barrp, Review Am. Birds, Ee 1865, 204 (locality unknown;
coll. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. ).—Cory, Auk, 1886, 32 (Martinique); 1887,
95 (do.); Birds W. I., 1889, 46; Cat. We L Birds, 1892, 18, 118; 133.—
Ripaway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., viii, 1885, 350 (Martinique).
Dendreca rufiguia LAWRENCE, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., i, 1879, 353 (Martinique;
crit. ).—Cory, List Birds W. I., 1885, 8.—SHarpr, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x,
1885, 285, 645, excl. syn. part (Martinique).
Dendreca vieiloti rufigula (not Dendroica vieilloti var. rufiguia Barrp, Brewer,
and Ripaway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 217) Cours, Birds Col. Val.,
1878, 256, footnote, part.
[Mniotilta] rufigula Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 241, no. 3498 (Martinique).
Dendreca vieilloti (not of Cassin) Sarvi~ and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i,
1880, 125, part (in synonymy ).
DENDROICA ERITHACHORIDES Baird.
PANAMA YELLOW WARBLER,
Similar to ). rafigula, but decidedly larger, with smaller bill; much
lighter and more yellowish olive-green above, and under parts much
more broadty streaked with ficiane rufous.
Adult male.—Pileum uniform rich rufous-chestnut (exactly as in
PD. rufigula); vest of head similar but slightly paler (intermediate
between orange-rufous and cinnamon-rufous); under parts, posterior
to throat, rich gamboge or lemon yellow, conspicuously streaked
except on abdomen, anal region, and under tail-coverts, with the color
of the throat, the streaks broadest on chest where confluent with the
1 Much dare: iiaaa in D. ee fea Fined Ronan forma.
* Two specimens,
528 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
uniform color of throat; upper parts (except pileum, wings, and tail)
plain yellowish olive-green, slightly paler or more yellowish on lower
rump and upper tail-coverts; wings (except lesser coverts) dusky, the
middle coverts broadly tipped with yellow, the greater coverts and ter-
tials broadly edged with yellow, the secondaries and primaries more
narrowly edged with yellowish olive-green; rectrices dusky, edged
with yellowish olive-green, the inner webs of all except middle pair
mostly yellow; maxilla blackish, with paler tomia; mandible grayish
dusky (bluish gray in life?); legs and feet pale brownish (in dried
skins); length (skins), 112-120 (115.3); wing, 61-70 (66); tail, 47-52
(49.5); exposed culmen, 11; tarsus, 18-22 (20); middle toe, 12-14 (13).?
Adult (2) female.—Above plain olive-green, duller anteriorly (espe-
cially on pileum), brighter posteriorly (on rump and upper tail-coverts) ;
wings dusky, with light olive-greenish edgings, these inclining to pale
yellow on greater coverts and tertials; tailas in adult male, but with
much less yellow on inner webs of rectrices, even the outermost having
more dusky than yellow on inner web; sides of head paler olive-greenish
than pileum, the eyelids pale yellowish; under parts dull lemon or
gamboge yellow, shaded laterally with pale olive-greenish; wing, 63;
tail, 47; exposed culmen, 11; tarsus, 21; middle toe, 13.”
Similar to the supposed adult female, but chest
and sides indistinctly streaked with pale rufous-chestnut, forehead and
crown tinged with the same, and the lores, chin, and throat dull orange-
vellow.
Young (female?).—Above dull pale olive, or light brownish gray
tinged with olive-green; beneath pale dull butfy.*
Caribbean coast district of northern Colombia (Cartagena, ete.) and
Isthmus of Panama (Buenaventura; Panama City); San Miguel Island,
Bay of Panama; Veragua /
Immature male.
Sylvia ruficapilla (not Motacilla ruficapilla Gmelin) Virm.or, Nouv. Dict. d’ Hist.
Nat., xi, 1817, 228; Gal. Ois., i, 1834, pl. 164.
Dendroica erihtachorides (typographical error) Barrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv.
ix, 1858, 283, in text (South America;® ex Chloris erithachorides Feuillée
Journ. Obseryations Physiques, ili, 1725, 413).
Dendroica vieilloti Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., May, 1860, 192 (Cartagena,
Colombia; coll. U. 8. Nat. Mus.).—Barrp, Review Am. Birds, 1865, 203,
part (Cartagena) .
1 Five specimens.
* One specimen.
’ From a very poor skin, not admitting of detailed description.
* No specimens seen by me from Veragua.
5Actually based on specimens (now in the U. S. National Museum collection)
from Cartagena, Colombia, collected by Dr. A. Schott, of Lieutenant Michler’s expe-
dition, the very same specimens being the types of Dendroica vieilloti Cassin,
described two years later. Feuillée being a pre-Linnzean author, it matters not
whether his Sylvia erithachorides is the same bird as Baird’s Dendroica erihtachorides;
and the latter name being accompanied by a sufficiently good diagnosis of the form
must, on account of its priority, supersede the name Dendroica vieilloti Cassin.
|
atti ~~
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 529
Dendroica vieillotii BANGs, Auk, xviii, 1901, 80 (San Miguel I., Bay of Panama).
Dendreca vieilloti Scuatpr, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 32, part (Colombia) .—Cougs,
Birds Col. Val., 1878, 256, footnote (synonymy ).
[ Dendroica vieilloti] var. vieilloti Barrp, Brewer, and Ripaway, Hist. N. Am.
Birds, i, 1874, 217, (Cartagena, Colombia).
[ Dendreca] vieilloti ScLATER and SAtvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 9, part.
[ Dendroeca petechia] i. panamensis SuNDEVALL, Ofy. k. Vet.-Ak. Forh., Stockh.,
xxvi, 1870, 609 (=D. vieilloti Cassin).
[Dendroica vieilloti] var. rufigula (not Dendroica rufigula Baird, 1865) Barrp,
Brewer, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 217 (Isthmus Panama).
DENDROICA BRYANTI BRYANTI Ridgway.
BRYANT’S YELLOW WARBLER,
Similar to 2. er’thachorides, but adult male with chest and sides much
less heavily streaked (sometimes almost without streaks), the chestnut-
rufous of the throat abruptly defined posteriorly.
Adult male.—Pileum varying from rufous-tawny to nearly chestnut,
the rest of the head, including usually the whole throat, similar but
very slightly paler; hindneck,’ back, scapulars, lesser wing-coverts,
rump, and upper tail-coverts, plain yellowish olive-green, the back
sometimes indistinctly streaked with dark chestnut or dusky; wings
(except lesser coverts) dusky, the middle coverts broadly tipped with
yellow, the greater coverts and tertials broadly edged with yellow, the
secondaries and primaries more narrowly edged with yellowish olive-
green; tail dusky, the rectrices edged with yellowish olive-green and
with inner webs of al! except middle pair mostly yellow; under parts,
except throat,’ rich lemon or gamboge yellow, the chest and sides usu-
ally narrowly streaked with chestnut, rarely almost immaculate; maxilla
black, with paler tomia; mandible dusky grayish (bluish gray in life);
iris brown; legs and feet horn color or light brownish (in dried skins);
length (skins), 120-134 (124.7); wing, 62-70 (65.7); tail, 46-56 (50);
exposed culmen, 11; tarsus, 20-22 (20.9); middle toe, 11-13 (12.4).*
Adult female.—Exceedingly variable in coloration. Above varying
from entirely plain yellowish olive-green to mostly dull ash gray;
beneath, from wholly yellow, tinged with olive-green laterally, to
white, tinged with gray laterally; chest sometimes very narrowly
streaked with chestnut, and head sometimes with scattered feathers of
that color; length (skins), 110-121 (116); wing, 58-62 (60.4); tail, 45-46
‘Sometimes, apparently, the rufous-tawny color of the pileum descends over the
upper hindneck.
? Usually the entire throat is uniform rufous-tawny or light chestnut-rufous, but
this color never invades the chest; sometimes only the upper half (more or less)
of the throat is of this color, the lower throat being yellow, like the chest and other
under parts. In all cases the color is abruptly defined, all round.
3 Kleven specimens.
3654—voL 2—01——34
530 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
(45.8): exposed culmen, 11; tarsus, 20.5-21 (20.8); middle toe, 11-12
(11.4)."
Immature male.—Variously intermediate in coloration between the
adult male and adult female.
Gulf coast of Mexico and Caribbean coast of Central America, from
Tamaulipas (Tampico) to Costa Rica (Puerto Limon).
(2?) Dendreca vieilloti (not of Cassin) Scuarer, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 32, part
(Mexico).
Dendreca vieilloti SALVIN, Ibis, 1864, 380 (Half Moon Cay, British Honduras) ; 1866,
192 (do.).—Batrp, Review Am. Birds, 1865, 203, part (Caucun, Yucatan) .—
(?) Franrzius, Journ. fur Orn., 1869, 293 (San José, Costa Rica).—Sa.Lvin
and GopMAN, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1880, 125, part (Caucun, Sisal,
Progreso, and Celestin, Yucatan; Belize and Half Moon Cay, British Hon-
duras).—Bovucarp, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, 441 (Silam and Rio Lagartos,
Yucatan).—SHArPE, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 645, part (Progreso,
Yucatan; Half Moon Cay and Belize, British Honduras) .
[ Dendreca] vieillott ScuaTER and Sarvin, Nom. Ay. Neotr., 1873, 9, part.
Dendroica vieillottii var. bryanti Ripaway, Amer. Nat., vii, Oct., 18738, 605 (Belize,
3ritish Honduras; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.).
[ Dendroica vieilloti] var. bryanti Barrp, Brewer, and Ripaway, Hist. N. Am.
Birds, i, 1874, 218, part (Honduras; Yucatan); iii, 1874, 504.
Dendreca vieilloti bryanti Cours, Birds Col. Val., 1878, 256, footnote.
[ Dendreca vieilloti.] Subsp. a. Dendreca bryanti Suarre, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x,
1885, 284 (Nicaragua).
Dendroica vieilloti bryanti Cuerrin, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xiv, 1891, 521, 524
(Puerto Limon, e. Costa Rica; crit. ).
[ Dendroica bryanti] a. bryanti Rrpaway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., viii, 1885, 350.
D{endroica] bryanti Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 495.
Dendroica bryanti Stone, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1890, 210 (Progreso, Yucatan).
Dendreca bryanti Suarre, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 645, part.
DENDROICA BRYANTI CASTANEICEPS Ridgway.
MANGROVE WARBLER.
Similar to D. 4. bryanti, but averaging slightly darker above and
decidedly smaller.
' Five specimens.
The most southern specimens (from Puerto Limon, Costa Rica) do not show the
slightest approach in coloration to D. erithachorides, but there appears to be a gradual
increase in size southward, average measurements, according to locality, being as
follows:
——
Ex- . a
Locality. Wing.| Tail. | posed | Tarsus. Midis
culmen. °
3
MALES. |
Kiveadultimales from: Yucatan. =o 5-2 52. sees esses ae elae 63.8 47.8 | 11 21 12
Three adult males from British Honduras (Belize) .....-...-- 65: Gulee DOr | 11 20.5 13
Three adult males from Costa Rica (Puerto Limon) .....-... 69 | 55 | ah 21 12.5
FEMALES.
Three adult females from Yucatan (one from Cozumel Island. 59.3 46 11 20.6 11
One adult female from British Honduras (Belize) .......-.-- 62 45 11 21 12
One adult female from Costa Rica (Puerto Limon) ......-..-. 62 46 11 21 12
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. Hom
Adult male.—Length (skins), 112-120 (116.2); wing, 53-66 (60);
tail, 45-49 (46.7); exposed culmen, 11; tarsus, 20-21 (20.1); middle
toe, 10-12 (11.8).!
Adult female.—Lenegth (skins), 111-123 (115.7); wing, 56-61 (59.1);
tail, 45-47.5 (46.6); exposed culmen, 11; tarsus, 17-22 (20.1); middle
toe, 10-12 (11.1).”
Pacific coast of Mexico and Central America, from Lower California
(La Paz) and Sinaloa (Mazatlan) to Costa Rica (Punta Arenas).
(?) Dendreca vieilloti (not of Cassin) Scuarer, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 32, part
(Mexico).
Dendreca vieilloti SALVIN, Ibis, 1866, 192, part (Tempate, Gulf of Nicoya, w. Costa
Rica); 1869, 313 (do.).—Bairp, Review Am. Birds, 1865, 203, part (Mazat-
lan, w. Mexico).—Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., ix, 1868, 94 (Costa Rica);
Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., ii, 1874, 270 (Mazatlan and Guadalajara, w. Mexico),
Apr. to Sept. ).—Boucarp, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, 52 (Puntas Arenas,
w. Costa Rica).
[ Dendreca] vieilloti ScLaTER and Sauyin, Nom. Ay. Neotr., 1878, 9, part.
Sylvicola vieiloti Finscn, Abh. Nat. Ver. Brem., ii, 1870, 329 (Mazatlan).
Dendroica vieillottii, var. bryanti Ripaway, Amer. Nat., vii., Oct., 1873, 605, part
(Mazatlan).
[ Dendroica vieilloti] var. bryanti Bairp, Brewer, and Ripaway, Hist. N. Am.
Birds, 1, 1874, 218, part (Mazatlan).
Dendreca vieilloti bryanti Ripaway, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., iv, Apr. 24, 1882, 414
(La Paz, Lower California); Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 257.—BrELp-
ING, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., v, 1883, 5386 (La Paz).
D[endreca] vieilloti bryanti Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 298.
Dendreca bryanti SHARPE, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 645, part (Tempate,
Gulf of Nicoya, w. Costa Rica).
Dendroica bryanti castaneiceps Ripaway, Proce. U. S. Nat. Mus., viii, Sept. 2, 1885,
350, footnote (La Paz, Lower California; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus. ).—AmERICAN
OrnITHOLOGISTS’ Unton, Check List, 1886, no. 653.—ZErLEpon, Anal. Mus.
Nac. Costa Rica, i, 1887, 106 (Punta Arenas, Costa Rica).
D{endroica] bryanti castaneiceps Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 495.
[ Dendroica bryanti] 2. castaneiceps Rripaway, Proce. U. 8. Nat. Mus., viii, 1885, 350
(Mazatlan; Cape St. Lucas).
Dendroica vieilloti castaneiceps CHERRIE, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xiv, 1891, 525
(Punta Arenas, w. Costa Rica; crit.); Expl. Zool. Costa Rica, i, Aves, 1893,
13 (Punta Mala, delta del Diquis, s. w. Costa Rica).
DENDROICA EOA (Gosse).
AURORA WARBLER.
With yellow inner webs to rectrices, like other *‘ golden warblers,”
but adult male apparently without streaks on under parts, and with
sides of head, throat, and chest rufous-tawny.
‘*Length 5 inches, expanse 7.6, flexure 2.7, tail 1.9, rictus 0.6
(nearly), tarsus 0.9, middle toe 0.5. Lrides dark hazel, feet horn-color,
beak pale horn, culmen and tip darker. Male: Upper parts olive,
approaching to yellow on the rump; sides of head marked with a band
of orange, extending from the ear to the beak, and meeting both on
1Six specimens. * Four specimens.
532 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
the forehead and on the chin. Wing quills and coverts blackish with
yellowish edges. Tail blackish olive, with yellow edges; the outer-
most two feathers on each side have the greatest portion of the inner
webs pale yellow. Under parts pale yellow. The crown, rump,
tertials, belly, and under tail-coverts are sparsely marked with unde-
fined patches of pale orange. Female: Nearly as the male, but the
deep orange is spread over the whole cheeks, chin, throat, and breast.
The head and neck are dusky gray, tinged with olive, and patched
with the fulvous much more largely, but irregularly, and as if laid
upon the darker hue.” (Original description, the measurements con-
verted from inches to millimeters.')
Island of Jamaica, Greater Antilles.
Sylvicola eoa Gosse, Birds Jamaica, 1847, 158 (Jamaica; types in coll. Brit. Mus. );
Illustr. Birds Jamaica, 1849, pl. 34.—Bonaparrer, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 309.—
ALBRECHT, Journ. fiir Orn., 1862, 201.
M[niotilta] eoa Gray, Gen. Birds, i, 1848, 196.
[ Mniotilta] eoa Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 240, no. 3480.
Dendroica eoa Batrp, Review Am. Birds, 1865, 195, footnote.—Cory, Auk, iii,
1896, 32; Birds W. I., 1889, 46; Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 18, 118, 130.
D{endroica] coa Barrp, Brewer, and Ripaway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 218.
Dendreca ecoa ScuaTER, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1861, 71.—Cousrs, Birds Col. Val.,
1878, 256, footnote (synonymy ).—SuHarps, Cat. Birds, Brit. Mus., x, 1885,
266, footnote.
D{endreca] eoa Newton (A. and E.), Handb. Jamaica, 1881, 106.
[ Dendreca] eoa Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 297, in text.—Cory, List
3irds W. I., 1885, 8.
Dendroeca cow Sunpevauy, Ofv. k. Vet.-Ak. Foérh. Stockh., xxvi, 1870, 609
(monogr. ).
DENDROICA MACULOSA (Gmelin).
MAGNOLIA WARBLER,
Inner webs of rectrices (except middle pair) with a broad band of
white across middle portion.
'This bird continues to be known only from the two original specimens, now in
the collection of the British Museum. Regarding these Dr. Sharpe (in Catalogue of
the British Museum, x, 266, 267) remarks as follows:
The two typical specimens are in the British Museum, but from long exposure to
the light in the gallery have become discolored and faded. They have been care-
fully dismounted, like all other typical specimens, and placed in the series of skins;
but the coloration is now so different to that described by Mr. Gosse that I have
preferred to reproduce his original descriptions. I can scarcely believe that the male
bird ever exhibited the rufous color of the throat and chest to the extent shown by
Mr. Gosse in his plate of D. eoa, wherein also, by representing the tail in a closed
position, the affinities of the bird are hidden. The yellow on the outer tail-feathers
isa character of the Dendraca exstiva group, but the color of the throat is only matched
by D. blackburnix; and I have no doubt that D. eoa isa hybrid between the last-named
bird and D. exstiva or D. petechia.
To the above I will only add that in my opinion the supposed hybrid nature of
D. eoa is extremely improbable, and that the bird is a hybrid between D. blackburniz
and D. petechia impossible, for the reason that the proximate limits of the breeding
ranges of these two species are at least 700 miles apart.
ee eee a ee a,
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 583
Adult mate in spring and summer.—Pileum and hindneck uniform
bluish slate-gray or plumbeous, margined laterally by a white supra-
auricular streak beginning on upper eyelid; a white spot on lower
eyelid; frontlet, lores, suborbital region, auricular region, sides of
neck, back, and scapulars uniform deep black, the last sometimes mar-
gined with olive-grayish; rump clear lemon-yellow, the upper portion
streaked with black and sometimes partly olive-greenish; upper tail-
coverts black; tail black, the outer webs of rectrices edged with gray,
their inner webs (except middle pair) crossed in middle portion by a
broad band of white, about 10-12 wide; wines black, the middle and
greater coverts broadly margined and tipped with white, forming a
large and conspicuous patch, the remiges and primary coverts nar-
rowly edged with gray; under parts, except under taii-coverts, rich
lemon or gamboge yellow, the chest, sides, and flanks very broadly
streaked with black—these black markings sometimes confluent on the
chest; under taii-coverts, under wing-coverts, and axillars white; bill
black; iris brown; legs and feet dusky brown.
Adult female in spring and summer.—Much duller in color than the
male; gray of pileum and hindneck duller, passing into dull olive-
greenish on back, where usually more or less blotched or spotted with
black, rarely mostly black; lower rump crossed by a band of olive-
yellow; upper tail-covets black centrally, more or less broadly mar-
gined with slate-gray; tail as in male but duller in black; wines duller
black than in male, with less of white on middle and greater coverts;
sides of head sometimes as in aduit male, usually duller in color, some-
times with olive-grayish replacing black; under parts paler and duller
vellow than in male, with chest and sides less heavily marked with
black (sides and flanks rarely almost without black streaks or spots and
spots or streaks on chest few and small).
Adult (¢) male in autumn and winter. —Pileum, hindneck, and sides
of neck duil brownish gray; back and scapulars olive-green, the feath-
ers with large, mostly conceaied, central spots of black; rump, upper
tail-coverts, tail, and wings as in the summer male but the last with two
narrow bands, instead of a large patch, of white, the greater coverts
being edged with gay, like remiges; sides of head grayish, somewhat
mottled with black on rictal region, and relieved by a whitish orbital
ling; under parts as in the summer male, but chest without black
streaks or spots, the black markings conspicuous only on flanks and
there more or less concealed.
Young male in first autumn and winter.—Similar to the supposed
adult male of corresponding season, but chest crossed by a broad band
of dull whitish or grayish white, and without trace of black on cheeks.
Young female in frst autumn and winter.—Similar to the young
male of same season, but smaller and much duller in color, the pileum,
etc., decidedly more brownish, the back without distinct concealed
534 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
black markings, white tail-spots smaller, and flanks indistinctly streaked
with dusky.
Young male in nestling plumage.—Above dull brownish olive, the
back very faintly clouded or spotted with dusky; a very narrow pale
dull yelkowish indistinct bar across rump; upper tail-coverts dusky,
margined with light olive; middle and greater wing-coverts broadly
tipped with pale yellowish buff, producing two bands, the greater cov-
erts edged with light brownish olive; remiges edged with gray; under
parts pale straw yellow, or primrose yellow, thickly streaked on
breast, sides, and flanks with dusky olive, the chest so strongly suffused
with olive-brownish as to nearly conceal the yellow.
Young female in nestling plumage.—* Remiges and rectrices shghtly
paler than in adult; greater and middle wing-coverts just tipped with
fulvous, forming two narrow wing-bands; rest of upper parts, sides of
head, including orbital region and eyelids, and breast, dark ashy,
somewhat lighter on rump. Abdomen, anal region, and crissum pale
sulphur-yellow, blotched somewhat indistinctly anteriorly with ashy.
Throat pale ashy, with a few yellow feathers intermixed. From a
specimen in my collection shot at Upton, Maine, August 10, 1874.
This bird was very young, indeed barely able to fly. Several speci-
mens a little further advanced show an increased amount of yellow
on the throat and abdomen, but are otherwise similar.” !
Adult male.—Length (skins), 105-118 (113.6); wing, 57-64 (60.1);
tail, 47.2-51.8 (48.7); exposed culmen, 8.6—-9.8 (9); tarsus, 17—-18.4
(17.8); middle toe, 10-11.2 (10.6).”
Adult female.—Length (skins), 108-112 (109.8); wing, 54.4-57 8
(56-9); tail, 46-48.4 (47.3); exposed culmen, 8.8—9 (8.9); tarsus, 17.2-18
(17.5); middle toe, 10.2-11 (10.5).*
Eastern North America, north to Anticosti Island, Magdalen
Islands, southern shores of Hudson Bay (Moose Factory, Albany
River, etc.), and in the interior to the Great Slave Lake District (Fort
1 Brewster, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iti, 1878, 78.
* Ten specimens.
° Five specimens.
Specimens from opposite sides of the Allegheny Mountains average, respectively,
in measurements as follows:
Ex- ; é
Locality. | Wing. | Tail. posed | Tarsus. Me
| culmen. 5
MALES. | |
Five adult males from Maryland and District of Columbia -| 60.6 | 49.2 9.3 17.8 10.6
Five adult males from Indiana and Illinois........--------- | 59.5 | 48.2 8.8 5F O17 10.6
FEMALES. | |
Four adult females from Maryland and District of Columbia.) 57.5 | 47.9 | 8.9 17.4 10.5
One adult female from Indiana ) =<... -- - 2. t55- coon. senens | 54.4 46.4 8.8 | 17.8 10.2
| |
+. hk seeneds
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 585
Simpson, Fort Resolution, ete.); breeding southward to northern and
western Massachusetts (Winchenden, Worcester County, and moun-
tains of Berkshire County), mountains of Pennsylvania (Armstrong,
Butler, Clearfield, Indiana, Luzerne, and Pike counties), northern
Michigan (Mackinac Island), Manitoba, ete. ; west to eastern base of
Rocky Mountains, casually to California (Los Angeles, October 21,
1897, and Santa Barbara Island, May 15), and British Columbia; south-
ward in migration through more southern United States east of Rocky
Mountains; in winter, Bahamas (Eleuthera, Watlings, and New Proy-
idence islands), Cuba, Haiti, and Porto Rico, and through eastern
Mexico and Central America to the Isthmus of Panama (Lion Hill
Station, Panama Railroad); accidental in Greenland.
[ Motacilla] maculosa GMELIN, Syst. Nat., i, pt. ii, 1788, 984 (based on Le Figuier
tachete de Pensilvanie, Ficedula pensilvanica neevia, Brisson, Orn., iii, 502; The
Yellow-rumped Flycatcher, Musicapa uropygio luteo, Edwards, Gleanings Nat.
Hist., v, 97, pl. 255).
[Sylvia] maculosa LATHAM, Index Orn., ii, 1790, 536.
Sylvia maculosa V VEILLOT, Ois. Am. Sept., ii, 1807, 33, pl. 93; Nouv. Dict. d’ Hist.
Nat., xi, 1817, 223; Enc. Méth., ii, 1823, 427._SrerHENs, Shaw’s Gen. Zool.,
x, 1817, 715.—BoNAPARTE, Ann. Lye. N. Y., ii, 1826, 78.—AUDUBON, Orn.
Biog., i, 1831, 260, pl. 50; ii, 1834, 145; v, 1839, 458, pl. 123.—NutTTaLu, Man.
Orn. U. S. and Canada, i, 1832, 370.—D’ Orpiany, in La Sagra’s Hist. Nat.
Cuba, Ois., 1839, 72.
Sylvicola maculosa Sw AINSON and RicHarpson, Fauna Bor.-Am., ii, 1831, 218, pl.
40.—JARDINE, ed. Wilson’s Am. Orn., i, 1852, 353, pl. 28, fig. 2.—Bona-
PARTE, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 22. AupUBON, Synopsis, 1839, 61; Birds
Am., oct. ed., ii, 1841, 65, pl. 96.—Denny, Proce. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1847, 38
(Jamaica; Cuba).—Bryanr, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., vii, 1859, 110 (Baha-
mas).—Brewer, Proc. Bost. Soe. N. H., vii, 1860, 307 (Cuba).—ALBRECHT,
Journ. fiir Orn., 1861, 53 (Bahamas).
[Sylvicola] maculosa BONAPARTE, Consp. Av., 1, 1850, 307.
M{[niotilta] maculosa GRAY, Gen. Birds, i, 1848, 196.
[ Mniotilta] maculosa GRAY, Hand-list, i, 1869, 240, no. 3476.
R[ himanphus] maculosus CABANIS, Mus. Hein., i, 1850, 20.
thimamphus maculosus GUNDLACH, Journ. fiir Orn., 1855, 474 (Cuba).
Dendroica maculosa Barrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 284; Cat. N. Am.
Birds, 1859, no. 204; Renew Am. Birds, 1865, 206 (Moose Factory; Fort
Simpson; Fort Resolution, etc. ). Savin and ScuaTER, Ibis, 1859, 11 (Gua-
temala).—Sciarer, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1859, 374 (Playa Vicente, Oaxaca,
s. Mexico).—Gunpiacs, Journ. fur Orn., 1861, 326; 1872, 415; Repert.
Fisico-Nat. Cuba, i, 1865, 234 (Cuba); Anal. Soe. Esp. Hist. Nat., vii, 1878,
29 (Porto Rico).—VERRILL, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., ix, 1862, 147 (Anticosti
I., Gulf St. Lawrence).—Bairp, BREWER, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds,
i, 1874, 232, pl. 14, fig. 2.— HENSHAW, Rep. Orn. Spec. Wheeler’s Surv., 1874,
58 (Denver, Colorado, May 17); Zool. Exp. W. 100th Merid., 1875, 196
(do. ).—Brewer, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xvii, 1875, 439 (n. New England,
breeding).—TurNER, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., viii, 1885, 237 (Moose Factory,
Hudson Bay).—Ripeway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., viii, 1885, 564 (Cozumel T.,
Yucatan); Orn. Ilinois, i, 1889, 142.—Ra.pn, Trans. Oneida Hist. Soc., ii,
1886, 139 (Oneida Co., New York, breeding; descr. nest and eges).—Cory,
Auk, iii, 1886, 34 (West Indian references); ix, 1892, 49 (Watlings I.,
536 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Bahamas); Birds W. I., 1889, 48; Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 118 (Eleuthera,
New Providence, and Watlings islands, Bahamas; Cuba; Haiti; Porto
Rico).—AMERICAN OrniTHOLOGISTS’ Unton, Check List, 1886, no. 657.—
Brewster, Auk, v, 1888, 391 (Winchenden, Massachusetts, breeding) .—
Cooker, Bird Migr. Miss. Val., 1888, 248 (Mississippi Valley localities and
dates); Bull. 44, Colorado Agric. Coll., 1898, 168 (near Denver, 1 spec.,
May 17, 1888).—Scorr, Auk, vii, 1890, 19 (Key West, Florida, Apr. 27 and
May 17).—THompson, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xiii, 1890, 618 (Manitoba,
breeding ).—Topp, Auk, vill, 1891, 116 (Butler and Armstrong counties, w.
Pennsylvania, breeding); x, 1893, 40, 45 (Indiana and Clearfield counties,
Pennsylvania, breeding).—HaGerup, Auk, viii, 1891, 320 (Greenland).- -
Stone, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1891, 437 (Luzerne Co., Pennsylvania,
breeding) .—NEHRLING, Our Native Birds, ete., i, 1893, 208, pl. 12, fig. 2.—
Nurrine, Bull. Labr. N. H. State Univ. Iowa, ii, 1893, 278 (Chemawawin,
Saskatchewan ).—Ruoaps, Proc. Ac, Nat. Sci. Phila., 1893, 54 (Field and
Vernon, e. British Columbia).—Watrr, Auk, x, 1893, 228 (Mackinac I., Michi-
gan, breeding; descr. song).—Ricuamonp Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xvi, 1893,
484 (Rio Escondido, Nicaragua, Oct. 27 to Feb. 5).—ALuen, Auk, xii, 1895,
89 (Berkshire Co., Massachusetts, breeding ).—Conapon, Auk, xii, 1895, 190
(Dingmans Ferry, Pike Co., Pennsylvania, breeding).—Youna, Auk, xiii,
1896, 284 (Pottsville, Pennsylvania, breeding).—Baity, Auk, xiii, 1896, 295
(n. Elk Co., Pennsylvania, breeding ).—GrINNELL, Rep. Birds Santa Barbara,
etc., 1897, 7 (Santa Barbara I., California, 1 spec., May 15); Pub. ii, Pasadena
Ac. Sci., 1898, 45 (Los Angeles, California, 1 speec., Oct. 21, 1897).—RrvEs,
Auk, xv, 1898, 136 (West Virginia, breeding in spruce belt).—FLeEmina, Auk,
xviii, 1901, 48 (Muskoka, ete., n. Ontario, abundant summer resid. ).—
SwarrH, Condor, iii, 1901, 145 (Los Angeles, California, 1 spec., Oct. 5,
1901).
Dendreca maculosa Scuater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1859, 363 (Jalapa, Vera
Cruz); 1862, 19 (Cosamaloapam, Vera Cruz) ; Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 32 (Coban,
Guatemala).—Lawrence, Ann. Lye. N. Y., vii, 1861, 322 (Lion Hili, Panama
R. R.).—Buaxkiston, Ibis, 18638, 63 (interior of British North America) .—
SciaTErR and Savin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, 347 (Lion Hill, Panama
R. R.).—Covrs, Check List, 1873, no. 84; 2d ed., 1882, no. 125; Birds N. W.,
1874, 62 (mouth of Vermilion R., Nebraska, ete.) ; Birds Col. Val., 1878, 290.—
LAWRENCE, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 4, 1876, 16 (Santa Efigenia, Oaxaca,
Dec., Mar.)—Brewsrer, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, ii, 1877, 1-7 (full biog- ‘
raphy); iii, 1878, 59 (descr. young); Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xxii, 1883,
371 (Anticosti and Magdalen islands, breeding).—Brown, Bull. Nutt. Orn.
Club, iv, 1879, 106 (Portland, Me., breeding).—Cory, Birds Bahama I.,
1880, 62; Birds Haiti and San Dom., 1885, 29.—Ripaway, Nom. N. Am.
Birds, 1881, no. 97.—Satvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1881,
129 (Izalam, Yucatan; Belize, British Honduras; Retalhuleu, Coban, and
Choctum, Guatemala, ete.).—SHArpr, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 309,
648 (49th parallel; Fort Simpson; Albany R.., ete. ).
[ Dendreca] maculosa Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 102.—ScuaTer and Savi,
Nom. Ay. Neotr , 1873, 9.—Cory, List Birds W.I., 1885, 8.
D{endreca] maculosa Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 304.
Dendroeca maculosa SunpEVALL, Ofy. k. Vet.-Ak. Foérh. Stockh., xxvi, 1870, 615
(monogr.). 4
Sylvia magnolia Witson, Am. Orn., iii, 1811, 63, pl. 23 (= young in autumn).—
SrePpHENs, Shaw’s Gen. Zool., x, 1817, 604.—Bonaparter, Journ. Ac. Nat.
Sci. Phila., iv, 1824, 194.
ein cin. hk tet cell AN a ie, a Oe he
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 587
DENDROICA TIGRINA (Gmelin).
CAPE MAY WARBLER,
Adult male in spring and summer.— Pileam black, sometimes (espe-
cially in midsummer) uniformly so, usually with the feathers, at least
those of the occiput, margined more or less distinctly with olive (some-
times with rusty); sometimes a spot of rusty on center of crown; back,
scapulars, lesser wing-coverts, and upper rump olive-green, the feath-
ers with a central spot of black; lower rump varying from yellowish
olive-green to clear canary yellow; upper tail-coverts blackish, broadly
margined with olive-green; middle wing-coverts white or pale yellow,
only theirextreme base dusky; rest of wings dusky, the greater coverts
more or less broadly edged with white, pale yellow, pale gray, or pale
olive, the remiges narrowly edged with light olive-green, these edgings
broader and paler on tertials; tail dusky, with olive-green or grayish
edgings, the three outermost rectrices with a large subterminal patch
of white on inner web, decreasing rapidly in size from the first to the
third; superciliary stripe rufous-chestnut, at least posteriorly (the
anterior portion sometimes yellow); a blackish loral and postocular
streak; suborbital and auricular regions plain cinnamon-rufous or
rufous-chestnut; sides of neck and under parts yellow, becoming much
paler (sometimes white) on flanks, lower abdomen, and under tail-
coverts; chest and sides more or less broadly (usually heavily) streaked
with black, the throat also sometimes streaked, and often tinged with
cinnamon or cinnamon-rutfous; bill black, the mandible sometimes
brownish basally; iris brown; legs and feet dusky brownish (in dried
skins). .
Adult male in autumn and winter.—Much like the spring or summer
male but black of pileum obscured by broad margins of olive or grayish
to the feathers, the black showing as central triangular spots; black
spots of back and scapulars nearly concealed; cinnamon-rufous of sides
of head largely replaced by yellow; bill paler, the mandible distinctly
brownish.
Young male in first autumn.—Much like the adult male in autumn,
but colors duller; greater wing-coverts edged with pale olive-grayish,
instead of whitish; upper parts showing scarcely any black spotting
or streaking and much tinged with grayish; sides of head with scarcely
a trace of cinnamon-rufous, yellow of under parts paler, and black
streaks of chest and sides narrower and less sharply defined.
Adult female in spring and summer.—Above olive, becoming more
yellowish on lower rump, where the feathers are sometimes bright
olive-yellow with darker mesial streaks, the pileum more or less
streaked or spotted with black; wings dusky with light olive edgings,
the middle coverts tipped or margined terminally with white, the
greater coverts sometimes edged with pale grayish; tail as in adult
538 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
male; a rather indistinct superciliary streak of dull yellowish or whit-
ish; under parts dull whitish, usually more or less tinged with yellow,
especially on breast, chest, and sides of neck, the chest and sides more
or less distinctly streaked with dusky grayish or blackish; bill, ete.,
as in adult male.
Adult female in autumn and winter.—Similar to the female in
spring or summer, but olive of upper parts more or less tinged with
gray anteriorly, pileum without black streaks or spots, paler super-
ciliary streak obsolete, and streaks on under parts much less distinct,
more grayish.
Adult male.—Length (skins), 107.9-119.4 (113.9); wing, 64-70.1
(66.3); tail, 44.9-49.5 (47.2); exposed culmen, 9.4-10.2 (9.8); tarsus,
16.3-18.8 (17.8); middle toe, 11.9-12.9 (12.3).’
Adult female.—Length (skins), 109.2-119.4 (113.3); wing, 61-65.8
(63.6); tail, 48.4-47.5 (45.7); exposed culmen, 9.4-10.4 (9.7); tarsus,
17.5-18.3 (17.8); middle toe, 11.2-12.4 (11.9).?
Eastern North America, north to New Brunswick, Nova Scotia,
southern shores of Hudson Bay (Moose Factory, etc.), and Manitoba,
breeding southward to ‘‘northern New England;” during migration
southward through more southern United States east of the Great
Plains, wintering inthe West Indies (Bahamas; Cuba; Jamaica; Haiti;
Porto Rico; St. Croix; Guadeloupe), Yucatan (one record only), and
Tobago. Resident in Jamaica, and said to breed on high mountains
of that island!
[| Motacilla] tigrina GME in, Syst. Nat., 1, 1788, 985 (based on Spotted Yellow Fly-
catcher, Muscicapa lutea maculata, Edwards, Gleanings Nat. Hist., vi, 101, pl.
257, lower fig.).
[Sylvia] tigrina Larnam, Index Orn., li, 1790, 537.
Sylvia tigrina Vrewor, Ois. Am. Sept., ii, 1807, 34, pl. 44, fig. 2; Nouy. Dict. d’ Hist.
Nat., xi, 1817, 228; Ene. Méth., ii, 1823, 428.—SrEpHEns, Shaw’s Gen. Zool.,
xe Sos:
M [niotilta] tigrina Gray, Gen. Birds, i, 1848, 196.
[ Mniotilta] tigrina Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 239, no. 3465.
[Sylvicola] tigrina (not of Richardson, 1837) Bonaparte, Consp. Av., 1, 1850, 308.
' Fifteen specimens.
*Six specimens.
Specimens from opposite sides of the Alleghenies average, respectively, as follows:
Ex-
Depth [
Locality. Wing. | Tail. | posed | of bill | Tarsus. Micdic
culmen. | at base. | ;
ogee — — - = —— ta — —
MALES. |
|
Six adult males from Atlantic States................ 66.3 | 46.8 9.8 302 17.8 12
Nine adult males from Mississippi Valley........-.-- 66. 4 47.5 9.8 3.3 17.9 12.4
FEMALES. |
|
Four adult females from Atlantie States..... ....-- 64.1 45.5 | 9.8 Sole eal 12.2
}
Two adult females from Mississippi Valley .......-- | 62.6 46 | 9.9 Bem, |e nd 11
|
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 539
Sylvicola tigrina BRYANT, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xi, 1867, 91 (Santo Domingo).
Dendroica tigrina Barrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 286; Cat. N. Am.
Birds, 1859, no. 206.—Barnarp, Ann. Rep. Smithson. Inst. for 1860 (1861), 486
(Chester Co. , Pennsylvania) _—Gunpacu, Journ fiir Orn., 1861, 326 (Cuba).—
BoarpMan, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., ix, 1863, 125 (near Calais, Maine,
Bay of Fundy ).—Marcn, Proce. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., xv, 1863, 293 (Jamaica).—
American OrnirHotoaists’ Unton, Check List, 1886, no. 650.—Cory, Auk,
iii, 1886, 28 (West Indian references); ix, 1892, 49 (Watlings I., Bahamas) ;
Birds W. I., 1889, 42; Cat. W. I., 1892, 117 (Abaco, Biminis, Berry Is.,
Eleuthera, New Providence, Andros, Watlings I., Rum Cay, Green Cay,
and Great Inagua, Bahamas; Cuba; Grand Cayman; Jamaica; Haiti; Porto
Rico; St. Croix).—Knryrs, Auk, vy, 1888, 211 (Iowa City, Iowa, Noy. 27).—
Cooke, Bird Migr. Miss. Val., 1888, 244 (w. Manitoba, Minnesota, Nebraska,
Missouri, etc.; dates).—Ripeway, Orn. Illinois, i, 1889, 183.—Scorr, Auk,
vii, 1890, 18 (Tarpon Springs, Punta Rassa, and Key West, Florida; migr. ).—
Trompson, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xiii, 1890, 617 (Manitoba, breeding) .—
Cory, Auk, viii, 1891, 48 (St. Croix).—NEHRLING, Our Native Birds, ete., 1,
1893, 196.—Crerrig, Contr. Orn. San Dom., 1896, 11 (winter, till Apr. 6).
D{endroica] tigrina Rrpaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 493.
Dendreca tigrina Newton (A. and E.), Ibis, 1859, 144 (St. Croix ).—ScLATER,
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1861, 71 (Jamaica); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 33 ( Racine,
Wisconsin ).—A.srecut, Journ. fiir Orn., 1862, 193 (Jamaica).—McILwraltH,
Proc. Essex Inst., v, 1866, 86 (Hamilton, Ontario).—Covers, Check List,
1873, no. 85; 2d ed., 1882, no. 126; Birds Col. Val., 1878, 245 (synonymy ).—
Cory, Birds Bahama I., 1880, 63; Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vi, 1881, 151 (Haiti);
Birds Haiti and San Dom., 1885, 25.—CHAMBERLAIN, Auk, ii, 1885, 33
(Edmundston, New Brunswick; breeding habits).
[Dendreca] tigrina Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 105.
D{endreea] tigrina Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 305.
Dendroeca tigrina SUNDEVALL, Ofv. k. Vet.-Ak. Forh. Stockh., xxvi, 1870, 616
(monogr. ).
Perissoglossa tigrina Batrp, Review Am. Birds, Apr., 1865, 181.—GUNDLACH,
Repert. Fisico-Nat. Cuba, i, 1865, 233; Journ. fiir. Orn., 1872, 412 (Cuba);
Anal. Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat., vii, 1878, 178 (Porto Rico).—Batrp, BREWER, and
Riweway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 212, pl. 12, figs. 1, 2.—BREWSTER, Bull.
Nutt. Orn. Club, iii, 1878, 60 (deser. young).—Rripeway, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus.
i, 1880, 172; Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 90.—BoucarD, Proce. Zool. Soc.
Lond., 1883, 440 (Yucatan ).—Cookg, Orn. and Ool., ix, 1884, 117 (migrations) ;
Auk, ii, 1885, 32 (Alda, Nebraska, May 12).—Turner, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus.,
viii, 1885, 237 (Moose Factory, Hudson Bay).—Lawrence, Proc. U.S. Nat.
Mus., viii, 1885, 621 (Guadeloupe, Lesser Antilles).—Suarpe, Cat. Birds
Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 335, 651 (Tobago; etc. ).
[ Perissoglossa] tigrina SCLATER and Satvin, Nom. Avy. Neotr. 1873, 9.
P[erissoglossa] tigrina NELSON, Bull. Essex Inst., viii, 1876, 99 (n. e. Illinois; very
com. migr.).
Sylvia maritima Witson, Am. Orn., vi, 1812, 99, pl. 54, fig. 3 (Cape May Co.,
New Jersey; type now in mus. Vassar College; see Orton, Am. Nat., iv, 1871,
714).—SrepHeEns, Shaw’s Gen. Zool., Xx, 1817, 739.—BoNaPaRTE, Journ, Ac.
Nat. Sci. Phila., iv, 1824, 200; Am. Orn., i, 1820, 32, pl. 3, fig 3; Ann. Lye.
N. Y., ii, 1826, 79.—Avpugon, Orn. Biog., v, 1839, 156, pl. 414.—NoTTrALL,
Man. Orn. U. 8. and Canada, i, 1832, 371.—D’OrsiGNy, in LaSagra’s Hist.
Nat. Cuba, Ois., 1839, 70, pl. 10. 3
Sylvicola maritima JARDINE, ed. Wilson’s Am. Orn., ii, 1832, 301; iii, 1832, 291.—
Bonaparte, Geog. and Comp. List., 1888, 22, AUDUBON, Synopsis, 1839, 96,
540 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Birds Am., oct. ed., ii, 1841, 44, pl. 85.—Nurrauy, Man. Orn. U. S. and
Canada, 2d ed., i, 1840, 424.—Hoy, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., vi, 1853, 311
(Wisconsin ).—Wituis, Ann. Rep. Smithson. Inst. for 1858 (1859), 282 (Nova
Scotia ).—Bry anv, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., vii, 1859, 110 (Bahamas ).—BreEweEnr,
Proc. Bost. Soe. N. H., vii, 1860, 307 (Cuba).—ALsrecut, Journ. fiir Orn.,
1861, 53 (Bahamas).
[Sylvicola] maritima Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 307.
Certhiola maritina GossE, Birds Jamaica, 1847, 87; Hlustr. Birds Jam., 1849,
pl. 17.
M{niotilta] maritima Gray, Gen. Birds, i, 1848, 196.
Mniotilta maritima Casot, Naumannia, ii, Heft. iii, 1852, 66 (Lake Superior).
Rhimamphus maritimus GuNDLACH, Journ. fiir Orn., 1855, 474 (Cuba); 1861, 409
(do. ).
DENDROICA CARBONATA (Audubon).
CARBONATED WARBLER.
Apparently resembling 2). t/grina, but differing in having no cin-
namon-rufous on sides of head, no white spots on inner webs of lateral
rectrices(?), and in having the greater wing-coverts tipped with yellow
instead of edged with whitish.
** Young male.—Bill of ordinary length, nearly straight, subulato-
conical, acute, nearly as deep as broad at the base, the edges acute, the
gap line slightly deflected at the base. Nostrils basal, lateral, ellip-
tical, half-closed by a membrane. Head rather small. Neck short.
Body slender. Feet of ordinary length, slender; tarsus longer than
the middle toe, covered anteriorly by a few scutella, acutely edged
behind; toes scutellate above, the inner free, the hind toe of moderate
size; claws slender, compressed, acute, arched. Plumage soft, blended,
tufty. Wings of ordinary length, acute, the second quill longest.
Tail short, notched.
‘“Carbonated Warbler, Sylvia carbonata, Aud. Orn. Biog., vol. 1,
p. 308.
‘** Bill brownish-black above, light blue beneath. Iris hazel. Feet
light flesh-color. Upper part of the head black. Fore part of the
back, lesser wing-coverts, and sides dusky, spotted with black. Lower
back dull yellowish-green, as is the tail, of which the outer web of
the outer feather is whitish. Tips of the second row of coverts white,
of the first row yellow; quills dusky, their outer webs tinged with
yellow. A line from the lore over the eye, sides of the neck, and the
throat bright yellow. A dusky line behind the eye. The rest of the
under parts dull yellow, excepting the sides.
‘Length, 43 inches; bill along the ridge five-twelfths, along the
gap seven-twelfths; tarsus three-fourths.” ?
Kentucky (Henderson, May, 1811).
This bird continues to be known only from Audubon’s description
and coiored plate.
1 Audubon, Birds of America, oct. ed., ii, 1841, 95.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 541
Sylvia carbonata AupuBon, Orn. Biog., i, 1831, 308, pl. 60 (near Henderson, Ken-
tucky; type not preserved).—Nutratt, Man. Orn. U. 8. and Canada, i,
1832, 405.
Syvicola carbonata RicHarpson, Rep. Brit. Assoc. for 1836 (1837), 172.
Vermivora carbonata BoNapartE, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 21.
Helinaia carbonata AupuBon, Synopsis, 1839, 68; Birds Am., oct. ed., ii, 1841, 95,
pl. 109.
M[niotilta] carbonata Gray, Gen. Birds, i, 1848, 196.
[ Mniotilta] carbonata Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 241, no. 3493.
[| Helmitheros] carbonata BoNApartr, Consp. Ay., 1, 1850, 315.
Dendroica carbonata Batrp, Rep. Pacifie R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 287; Cat. N. Am.
Birds, 1859, no. 207; Review Am. Birds, 1865, 207.
D{endroica] carbonata Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 493.
Dendroeea carbonata Sunvevaty, Ofy. k. Vet.-Akad. Férh. Stockh., xxvi, 1870,
618 (monogr.).
Dendreca carbonata Maynarp, Birds Eastern U. 8., 1882, 521.—SnHarpr, Cat.
Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 264, footnote.
Dendroica (Perissoglossa ?) carbonata AMERICAN ORNITHOL@GISTS’ UNnron, Check
List, 1886, 356 (‘‘ Hypothetical List,’’ no. 23).
Perissoglossa carbonata BatRD, Brewer, and Ripaway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874,
214, pl. 12, fig. 3—Ripaway, Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 91.
Helminthophaga (?) carbonata Cours, Birds Col. Val., 1878, 237, footnote.
DENDROICA CAZSRULESCENS CA®RULESCENS (Gmelin).
BLACK-THROATED BLUE WARBLER.
Adult male in spring and summer.— Above plain dull grayish indigo
blue, the back sometimes more or less spotted or clouded with black;
wings, except lesser coverts, black, the middle coverts broadly mar-
gined, the greater coverts broadly edged, the remiges narrowly edged,
with dull grayish indigo blue, the tertials chiefly of the latter color;
primaries (except outermost) extensively white basally, forming a con-
spicuous patch; all the remiges with inner webs extensively white
basally and edged with white; rectrices black, narrowly edged with dull
grayish indigo blue, the three outermost with a large subterminal pateh
of white on inner webs; sides of head (including lores, orbits, auricular
region, and malar region), chin, throat, sides of chest, sides, and flanks
uniform deep black, that along sides and flanks somewhat broken by
white streaking; rest of under parts, together with axillars and under
wing-coverts, white; bill black; iris brown; legs and feet dusky brown
(in dried skins).
Adult male in autumn and winter.—Exactly like the spring and
summer plumage, but white portion of flanks very faintly tinged with
brownish buff, and mandible brownish instead of black.
Young male in first fall and winter.— Similar to the adult male of
corresponding season, but white of under parts more or less tinged
with yellowish, bluish gray of upper parts tinged with olive-green,
and black feathers of throat, etc., more or less distinctly margined
with whitish.
Adult female in spring and summer.—Above plain olive, relieved
542 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
by a white or whitish spot, of greater or less extent,’ at base of longer
primaries; rectrices darker and more grayish olive, edged with light
bluish or greenish gray, the inner web of outermost rectrix some-
times with an indistinct paler, rarely whitish, subterminal spot; a
whitish streak on upper and lower eyelids, the former continued back-
ward for a greater or less distance over auriculars; under parts, includ-
ing malar region, pale, dull olive-yellowish, shaded with olive laterally;
bill blackish; iris brown; legs and feet dusky horn color (in dried
skins).
Adult female in autumn and winter.—Similar to the spring and
summer plumage, but color of upper parts brighter, more greenish
olive, under parts more decidedly yellowish, bill browner, and legs
and feet paler brown.
Kirst plumage, male.—Remiges and rectrices as in autumnal males,
the former slightly paler in color. Rest of upper parts, including the
wing-coverts, dark olive-brown; sides of head very dark brown; lores
black; throat, jugulum, lower eyelid, and a very conspicuous supra-
orbital line, pale buff; breast and sides ashy, tinged with olive.
Abdomen, anal region, and crissum strong sulphur-yellow. White
spot on base of primaries fully developed.
Kirst plumage, jfemale.—Remiges and rectrices as in autumnal
female. Rest of upper parts, including wing-coverts and sides of
head, light olive-brown. Lores dull black. Superciliary line, both
eyelids, throat, Jugulum, abdominal and anal regions, with crissum,
light buff. Breast and sides olive, tinged with buff. Spot on base of
primaries dirty white.” ”
Adult male.—Length (skins), 110-120 (114.3); wing, 62-67 (65.2);
tail, 49-54 (51.1); exposed culmen, 8.5—10 (9.4); tarsus, 17.5-19.5 (i8.7).°
Adult female.—Length (skins), 110-121 (114); wing, 60-63 (61.1);
tail, 47.5-51 (48.5); exposed culmen, 9-9.5 (9.2); tarsus, 18-19 (18.6).*
Eastern North America, breeding from northeastern Connecticut
(Eastford), mountains of Pennsylvania (Bedford, Cambria, Clinton,
Fayette, Huntingdon, Mifflin, Somerset, and Warren counties), north-
ern Ontario (Muskoka, ete.), and southern Michigan (vicinity of
' This spot often very small, sometimes obsolete.
* Brewster, Bull. Nuttall Orn. Club, ili, 1878, 57, 58.
* Seventeen specimens.
*Ten specimens.
New England specimens compare in average measurements with those from Michi-
gan as follows:
Ex-
Locality. Wing] Tail. | posed | Tarsus.
/culmen.
Twelve adult males from New England (including one from Long
Tigland)), 3. Soest CR eos k teee creeie ae Cae Cee ee eee eee eee 65.1 50.9 9.3 18.6
Hiveadultmales trommMichipaneossa.ccsess ee saeco eee ee eee sane 65.4 51.7 9.7 19
{
qj
}
q
3
;
7
j
|
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 543
Detroit) northward to Labrador and shores of Hudson Bay; westward,
during migration, to base of Rocky Mountains, in Colorado and New
Mexico (Rio Mimbres and Rio Grande), accidentally to California
(Farallone Islands, one specimen, November 17, 1886); southward in
winter to West Indies (Bahamas, Cuba, Isle of Pines, Jamaica, Haiti,
Porto Rico), Swan Island (Caribbean Sea), Cozumel Island, Yucatan,
Guatemala (Coban), and northern South America (Colombia to central
Peru). No Mexican record, except Cozumel Island, Yucatan; nor Cen-
tral American, except Coban, Guatemala.
[ Motacilla] canadensis (not of Linneeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, i, 1766, 334) Linn xus,
Syst. Nat., i, 1766, 336 (based on Le Petit Figuier cendré de Canada, Ficedula
canadensis cinerea minor, Brisson, Orn., iii, 527, pl. 27, fig. 6, and Blue
Flycatcher, Muscicapa cerulea, Edwards, Gleanings Nat. Hist., v, 91, pl. 252,
fig. 1).—GmeELIn, Syst. Nat., i, 1788, 991.
Motacilla canadensis Bopparrt, Tabl. Pl. Enl., 1783, 43 (based on Pl. Enl., pl.
685, fig. 2).
[Sylvia] canadensis Laruam, Index Orn., ii, 1790, 539.
Sylvia canadensis WiLson, Am. Orn., ii, 1810, 115, pl. 15, fig. 7.—BoNnaPaARTE,
Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., iv, 1824, 191; Ann. Lyc. N. Y., 11, 1826, 84.—
Nurratt, Man. Orn. U. 8. and Can., i, 1832, 398.—AupuBon, Orn. Biog.,
ii, 1834, 309, pls. 148, 155.
Phyllopneuste canadensis Born, Isis, 1828, 321.
Sylvicola canadensis Ricuarpson, Rep. Brit. Assoc. for 1836 (1837), 172.—Bona-
PARTE, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 23.—AupuBon, Synopsis, 1839, 61; Birds
Am., oct. ed., ii, 1841, 63, pl. 95.—Gossx, Birds Jamaica, 1847, 38.—Woop-
HousE, Rep. Sitgreaves’ Expl. Zuni and Col., 1853, 71 (Texas; Indian Terri-
tory ).—Henry, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., vii, 1855, 309 (Rio Mimbres and
Rio Grande, New Mexico) .—Sauuk, Proc. Zool. Soe. Lond., 1857, 231 (Santo
Domingo).—Wi.uis, Ann. Rep. Smithson. Inst. for 1858 (1859), 282 (Nova
Scotia). —Bryant, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., vii, 1859, 110 (Bahamas); xi, 1867,
91 (Santo Domingo). —Brewer, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., vii, 1860, 307 (Cuba) .—
Arprecut, Journ. fiir Orn., 1861, 53 (Bahamas).
[Sylvicola] canadensis Bonapartr, Consp. Av., 1, 1850, 308.
M{[niotilta] canadensis Gray, Gen. Birds, i, 1848, 196.
[ Mniotilta] canadensis Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 240, no. 3471.
Rhimamphus canadensis Gunptacn, Journ. fir Orn., 1855, 473 (Cuba); 1861,
408 (do.).
Dendroica canadensis Bairp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 271; Cat. N. Am.
Birds, 1859, no. 193.—GuNnpLacn, Journ. fiir Orn., 1861, 326 (Cuba).—
Marcu, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., xv, 1863, 293 (Jamaica).
Dendreca canadensis ScuaTER, Proc. Zool. Soe. Lond., 1861, 70 (Jamaica).—
ALBRECHT, Journ. fiir Orn., 1862, 193 (Jamaica).—Dresser, Ibis., 1865, 478
(Texas).—Taczanowsk1, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1874, 508 (centr. Peru);
1879, 223 (Tambillo, n. Peru).
[ Dendreca] canadensis ScLaTeR and Satvriy, Nom. Ay. Neotr., 1873, 9.
[ Motacilla] cxrulescens GmEtin, Syst. Nat., i, 1788, 960 (based on La Fauvette
bleudtre de S. Domingue Buffon, Hist. Nat. Ois., v, 164; Blue-gray Warbler
Latham, Gen. Synop. Birds, ii, pt. 2, 440).
Motacilla cerulescens Lesson, Traité d’Orn., i, 1831, 419.
[Sylvia] cerulescens LATHAM, Index Orn., ii, 1790, 520.
544 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Sylvia cerulescens Vreitior, Ois. Am. Sept., ii, 1807, 25, pl. 80; Nouv. Dict. d’ Hist.
Nat., xi, 1817, 168; Ene. Méth., ii, 1823, 432.—STEPHENS, Shaw’s Gen. Zool.,
x, 1817, 651.—D’Orsieny, in La Sagra’s Hist. Nat. Cuba, Ois., 1839, 63.
Dendroica cexrulescens Baird, Review Am. Birds, Apr., 1865, 186.—GuNDLACH,
Repert. Fisico-Nat. Cuba, i, 1865, 186; Journ. fiir Orn., 1872, 413 (Cuba);
Anal. Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat., vii, 1878, 179 (Porto Rico).—Barrp, Brewer,
and Ripaway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 254, pl. 12, figs. 10, 11.—Brewer,
Proc. Bost. Soe. N. H., xvii, 1875, 439 (n. New England, breeding) ; xix,
1878, 303 (Eastford, n. e. Connecticut, breeding).—Ripaway, Proc. U. 8.
Nat. Mus., viii, 1885, 564 (Cozumel I., Yucatan); x, 1888, 575 (Swan I.,
Caribbean Sea); Orn. Illinois, i, 1889, 139.—AmERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’
Union, Check List, 1886, no. 654.—Cory, Auk, iii, 1886, 33 (West Indian
localities and references) ; vi, 1889, 31 (Little Cayman); Birds W.I., 1889,
47; Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 118 (New Providence, Andros, Concepcion,
Watlings I., Great Inagua, and Anguilla, Bahamas; Cuba; Isle of Pines;
Jamaica; Haiti; Porto Rico).—Rawpn, Trans. Oneida Hist. Soc., iii, 1886,
138 (Oneida Co., New York, breeding; descr. nest and eggs) .—BrYANT
(W.E.), Bull. Cal. Ac. Sci., 2d ser., i, 1888, 48 (Farallone Islands, Cali-
fornia, 1 spec., Noy. 17, 1886).—Cooxr, Bird Migr. Miss. Val., 1888, 246
(dates, etc.); Auk, xi, 1894, 183 (Colorado Springs, Colorado, 1 spec.).—
Scorr, Auk, vii, 1890, 18 (Tarpon Springs, Punta Rassa, and Key West,
Florida, rare migrant).—Waynp, Auk, vii, 1890, 410 (Pinopolis, South Caro-
lina, Dec. 6).—Nenrurnc, Our Native Birds, etc., i, 1893, 201, pl. 14, fig. 2.—
Ke.tioce, Auk, xi, 1894, 260 (Finney Co., w. Kansas, Oct. 17).—ALLEN,
Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., xiii, 1900, 177 (Las Nubes, Santa Marta, Colombia,
Dec.); Auk, xvii, 1900, 367 (Las Nubes).—F.iemine, Auk, xviii, 1901, 43
(Muskoka, ete., n. Ontario, breeding).—Woop (J.C.), Auk, xvii, 1900, 391
(Detroit, Michigan, breeding).—Srons, Auk, xviii, 1901, 110 (sequence of
plumages).
D[endroica] cxerulescens Rrpaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 496.
Dendroica caerulescens Cuerriz, Contr. Orn. San Dom., 1896, 11 (Santo Domingo,
abundant in winter).
[ Dendreeca] cerulescens Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 99.—ScuaTER and SaLvin,
Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 9.—Snow, Birds Kansas, 1873, 5.—Cory, List Birds
W. I., 1885, 8.
Dendraca czerulescens Cours, Check List, 1873, no. 76.—Jones, Bull. Nutt. Orn.
Club, i, 1876, 11-13 (n. e. Connecticut; breeding habits); Orn. and Ool., vi,
1881, 49 (Connecticut, breeding); ix, 1884, 30 (Eastford, Connecticut, breed-
ing).—GuNpLAcH, Orn. Cuba, 1876, 64.—Brewster, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club,
lili, 1878, 57 (descr. young).—Baae, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, v, 1880, 238
(Hamilton Co., New York, breeding; deser. nest and eggs).—Cory, Birds
Bahama Is., 1880, 58; Auk, vi, 1881, 151 (Haiti); Birds Haiti and San Dom.,
1885, 26.—Satvin and Gopmay, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1880, 126 (Coban,
Guatemala).—Ripaway, Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 94.—Tristram, Ibis,
1884, 168 (Santo Domingo).—BickNe.1, Auk, i, 1884, 213 (song).—SHARPE,
Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 329, 651 (Jamaica; Haiti; Vera Paz, Guate-
mala, ete. ).
Dendroeca cxrulescens SuNDEV ALL Ofy. k. Vet.-Ak. Forh. Stockh., xxvi, 1870, 610
(monogr. ). < 5
Dendroica cerulescens TURNBULL, Birds E. Penn. and N. J., 1869, 24; Phila. ed., 17.
Dendreca ccerulescens Cours, Birds N. W., 1874, 55; Birds Col. Val., 1878, 241
footnote (synonymy); Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 117.
D{endreca] ceerulescens Newton (A. and E.), Handb. Jamaica, 1881, 106.—CovEs,
Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 300.
[Mniotilta] coerulescens GIEBEL, Thesaurus Orn., ii, 1875, 602.
. oe i i ti etl”
it Be i iit i i i hl oo) ee
ee Pe. oe
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 545
Sylvia pusilla (not of Wilson, 1811) Witson, Am. Orn., v, 1812, 100, pl. 43, fig. 4
(Pennsylvania; not of vol. iv, 1811, 17, pl. 28, = Compsothlypis americana. )—
Bonaparte, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., iv, 1824, 197.
Sylvicola pusilla Denny, Proc. Zool. Soe. Lond., 1847, 38 (Jamaica; Cuba).
Sylvia leucoptera Witson, ‘‘ Index, and 2d ed. (Hall’s ed.), ii, 390.’? (Coues. )
[Substitute for S. pusilla Wilson, preoccupied, }
Sylvia palustris SteEPHENS, Shaw’s Gen. Zool., x, 1817, 722 (substitute for S. pusilla
Wilson).
Sylvia macropos Vieittot, Ene. Méth., ii, 1823, 451 (substitute for S. pusilla
Wilson).
M [niotilta] macropus Gray, Gen. Birds, i, 1848, 196.
Sylvia sphagnosa Bonaparte, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., iv, 1824, 199 (substitute
for S. pusilla Wilson); Ann. Lyc. N. Y., ii, 1826, 85.—Nurraui, Man. Orn
U.S. and Can., i, 1832, 406.—AupuBon, Orn. Biog., ii, 1834, 279.
Vireo sphagnosa JARDINE, ed. Wilson’s Am. Orn., ii, 1832, 193.—Brewer, ed.
Wilson’s Am. Orn., 1840, 393.
Sylvicola pannosa GossE, Birds Jamaica, 1847, 162 (Jamaica; = female); Ilustr.
Birds Jam., 1849, pl. 37.
M[niotilta] pannosa Gray, Gen. Birds, i, 1848, 196.
Dendreca pannosa Scuater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1861, 71 (Jamaica) .—
AuBRecHtT, Journ. fiir Orn., 1862, 193 (Jamaica).
DENDROICA CAFRULESCENS CAIRNSI Coues.
CAIRNS’ WARBLER,
Similar to D. ¢. caerulescens, but adult male darker above, especially
the pileum, which is not lighter blue than the back, the latter usually
more or less spotted or clouded with black, sometimes chiefly black,
the pileum sometimes streaked with black; adult female darker and
duller olive above and less yellowish beneath, with the olive of flanks
darker and more strongly contrasted with the pale olive-yellowish of
abdomen.
Adult malz.—-Length (skins), 107-122 (115.1); wing, 60.5-68 (65.5);
tail, 48.5-54.5 (51.6); exposed culmen, 8.5-9.5 (9.3); tarsus, 18-19.5
(18.8)."
Adult jfemale.—Length (skins), 108-120 (111.6); wing, 58.5-63
(61.5); tail, 45.5-51 (49.3); exposed culmen, 9-9.5 (9.3); tarsus, 18-19.5
(18.8).?
Twenty-five specimens.
* Ten specimens.
Average measurements of breeding males from mountains of Virginia (Mountain
Lake), Maryland (Garrett County), and Pennsylvania (Somerset, Mifflin, Clarion,
Fayette, Bedford, and Centre counties), respectively, are as follows:
Ex-
Locality. Wing. | Tail. posed | Tarsus.
culmen.
Thirteen breeding males from Virginia........-...............--.--- | 69.5 51.8 9.3 18.7
Hive breeding males from Maryland --:---..--3-.2.--2-----=---+--=- | 64,2 50.5 9.2 18.9
Seven breeding males from Pennsylvania ..--.................----- | 66.3 52.1 9.4 18.8
3654—voL 2—01——35
546 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Breeding in mountain districts of Pennsylvania’ and southward
along higher Alleghenies to the Cowee and Black mountains in west-
ern North Carolina; Cumberland Island, Georgia, during migration
(one specimen, April 9), and Cuba in winter (Matanzas, one specimen,
February 14, 1900).
Dendroica cxrulescens (not Motacilla cerulescens Gmelin) Brewster, Auk, iii, 1886,
174 (Cowee Mts. and Black Mts., w. North Carolina, breeding at 3,200 to 4,500
ft.).—Loomis, Auk, x, 1893, 154 (Chester Co., South Carolina; notice of
specimens with black on back and crown).—Srone, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci.
Phila , 1891, 437 (Luzerne Co., Pennsylvania, breeding); Auk, xi, 1894, 182
(Pocono Mts., Pennsylvania, breeding).—Topp, Auk, x, 1893, 40, 45 (Indi-
ana and Clearfield counties, Pennsylvania, breeding).—BatLy, Auk, xiii,
1896, 295 (n. Elk Co., Pennsylvania, breeding).—Rives, Auk, xv, 1898, 136
(West Virginia, breeding in spruce belt).
Dendreca cerulescens cairnsi Cours, Papers World’s Congress Orn., 1896, 138,
footnote (nomen nudum /).
Dendroica cxrulescens cairnsi Cours, Auk, xiv, Jan., 1897, 96 (mountains of w.
North Carolina; coll. W. Brewster; here first characterized ).—AMERICAN
ORNITHOLOGISTS’ Unton Committer, Auk, xiv, 1897, 123.—Banes, Auk, xv,
1895, 192 (Cumberland I., Georgia, 1 spec., Apr. 9; crit.).
DENDROICA CORONATA (Linnzus).
MYRTLE WARBLER,
Adult male in spring and summer. — Above bluish slate-gray, streaked
(except sometimes on hindneck) with black, the streaks broadest on
back and scapulars;-crown with a large, partly concealed, elongated
patch of bright lemon yellow, the lower rump with a triangular patch
of paler yellow; wings black with gray edgings, the middle and greater
coverts rather broadly tipped with white, producing two distinct bands;
upper tail-coverts black margined with slate-gray; tail black with gray’
edgings, the three outermost rectrices with a large subterminal patch
of white on inner web, decreasing in size from the outermost to the
'T am unable to define with any degree of accuracy the respective breeding ranges
of this form and of D. ¢. cwrulescens in Pennsylvania. Among a large series of spec-
imens obtained during the breeding season, belonging to the collection of the Biolog-
ical Survey, are some which I can not distinguish from typical D. ¢. cairnsi (some of
them apparently extreme examples, even, of that form) from Cambria, Clarion, Elk,
Fayette, Forest, Franklin, Indiana, McKean, Somerset, and Westmoreland counties,
four of these counties, namely, Cambria, Clarion, Fayette, and Somerset, being repre-
sented by specimens which I am unable to distinguish from typical D. c. cxerulescens.
Breeding specimens from Garrett County, Maryland, vary in much the same way.
On the whole, the form is not a very satisfactory one, one of the two characters on
which it was based (smaller size) failing altogether (D. ¢. cairnsi averaging slightly
larger, in fact, than D. c. cerulescens), and the other only partially so, since many
specimens of D. ¢. cairnsi have little if any black on the back, while many of D. ¢.
cerulescens have quite as much as the average amount shown in D. c. cairnst.
:
ht he i a
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 5AT
third; a supraloral spot or streak, and a narrow spot on each eyelid,
white, that on upper eyelid sometimes extended backward above auricu-
lar region, sometimes confluent with the white supraloral spot; sides
of head, including entire loral, suborbital, and auricular regions, uni-
form black; malar region, chin, and throat white, the lower portion of
the last sometimes partly black; chest more or less heavily spotted or
clouded with black, this color sometimes nearly uniform; a large patch
of light lemon or canary yellow on each side of breast; median line of
breast, together with abdomen and under tail-coverts, white; between
the yellow lateral patches and the white median area of the breast an
elongated patch of black, confluent with jugular area, and extending
backward to the flanks, where broken into broad streaks; bill black;
iris brown; legs and feet dark brown.
Adult male in autumn and winter.—V ery different from the summer
plumage; above grayish brown,with the black streaks concealed, except
on back and scapulars, where much less conspicuous than in summer
plumage; yellow crown-patch concealed by brown tips to the feathers;
sides of head brown, like pileum, varied by the same white markings
as in summer plumage, but these less distinct; chin, throat, and chest
brownish white or pale buffy brown, the last more or less streaked
with black; lateral yellow pectoral patches less distinct than in summer,
usually tinged with brownish and flecked with dusky; black sublateral
pectoral areas broken by broad white margins to feathers; wings and
tail as in summer, but white bands across former more or less brownish.
Adult female in spring and summer.—Similar to the summer male,
but smaller and duller in color; the upper parts tinged (sometimes
strongly) with brown; yellow crown-patch smaller; wing-bands nar-
rower; sides of head brown or dusky brownish gray, instead of black;
less of black on chest and sides of breast, and yellow lateral pectoral
patches smaller and paler yellow.
Adult female in autumn and winter.—Similar to the winter male,
but smaller; upper parts more decidedly brown, with streaks obsolete,
except on back; yellow crown-patch more restricted (sometimes nearly
obsolete); wing-bands, eyelids, etc., pale brown; under parts pale buffy
brown anteriorly and laterally, the median portion of breast, abdomen,
and under tail-coverts dull yellowish white; yellow patches on sides of
breast indistinct, sometimes obsolete.
Young, first plumage.—Above distinctly streaked with grayish
dusky and white; beneath grayish white, streaked with dusky; wings
and tail much as in adults.
Adult male.—Length (skins), 120-140 (129); wing, 70-78 (74.1);
tail, 50-60 (56.2); exposed culmen, 9-11 (10); tarsus, 18-21 (19.6);
middle toe, 10.5-13 (12)."
' Twenty-five specimens,
548 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Adult female.—Length (skins), 118-140 (130); wing, 67-75 (70.5);
tail, 51.4-59 (56.1); exposed culmen, 8.2-10.4 (9.2); tarsus, 18-19.6
(18.7); middle toe, 11.2-12.8 (12).’
North America in general, chiefly east and north of Rocky Moun-
tains; breeding from mountains of western Massachusetts (Berkshire
Co.), northeastern New York (Adirondacks), northern Michigan (Macki-
nac Island), Manitoba, ete., to limit of tree-erowth (Labrador to west-
ern Alaska); wintering from United States (except extreme northern
portions) southward to West Indies (Bahamas, Cuba, Jamaica, Haiti,
and Porto Rico), island of Old Providence (Caribbean Sea), and through
Mexico (both coasts) and Central America to Isthmus of Panama; acci-
dental in Greenland (three records), eastern Siberia (Tschuktschi
Peninsula, May); occasional in Bahamas. Said to breed in Jamaica!
[ Motacilla] coronata Linn mus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, i, 1766, 333 (based on Golden-
crowned Flycatcher, Muscicapa aureo vertice, Edwards, Gleanings Nat. Hist.
187, pl. 298, fig. 1).—Gwmetin, Syst. Nat., i, 1788, 974.
Motacilla coronata Boppagrt, Tabl. Pl. Enl., 1783, 44.
[Sylvia] coronata Latrnam, Index Orn., ii, 1790, 538.—Vreriiot, Ois. Am. Sept.,
ii, 1807, 24, pls. 78,79; Nouv. Dict. d’ Hist. Nat., xi, 1817, 178; Ene. Méth.,
ii, 1823, 426.—Witson, Am. Orn., ii, 1810, 138, pl. 17, fig. 4; ii, 356, pl. 45,
fig. 8. —SrepHeNs, Shaw’s Gen. Zool., x, 1817, 636.—Bonaparts, Journ. Ac.
Nat. Sci. Phila., iv, 1824, 192; Ann. Lye. N. Y., ii, 1826, 77.—Lesson, Traité
d@’Orn., 1831, 418.—LicHTensreIn, Preis-Verz. Mex. Vog., 1831, 2 (Alvarado
and Temascaltepec); see Journ. fiir Orn., 1863, 57.—Nurraut, Man. Orn.
U.S. and Can., i, 1832, 361.—AvpuBon, Orn. Biog., ii, 1834, 3038, pl. 153.—
D’OrsiGny, in La Sagra’s Hist. Nat. Cuba, Ois., 1839, 60.—Wetz, Proc. Bost.
Soc. N. H., x, 1866, 267 (Labrador).
Sylvicola coronata SwaArnson and RicwHarpson, Fauna Bor.-Am., ii, 1831, 216.—
Bonaparte, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 22.—AupuBON, Synopsis, 1839, 51;
Birds Am., oct. ed., 11, 1841, 23, pl. 76.—Gossr, Birds Jamaica, 1847, 155.—
Denny, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1847, 38 (Jamaica and Cuba).—JARDINE,
Contr. Orn., 1848, 82 (Bermudas, Sept. to Dec. 17).—Hurpis, Jardine’s
' Twenty-one specimens.
Western specimens average slightly larger, but the difference is too inconstant to
justify separation, especially in the absence of any difference in color. Average
measurements are as follows:
} Ex- .
Locality. Wing. Tail. | posed | Tarsus.| Middle
culmen. X
MALES. |
Seven adult males from Atlantic States..............:....-- 72.8 54.8 9.8 19.4 12
Five adult males from Mississippi Valley .....--.-----..---- 74 56.2 957 20 11.8
Four adult males from Rocky Mountains .............------ 75 56 9.8 19.2 11.3
Ten adult males from Pacific coast (including Alaska) ..... 74.9 | 657.2 10.2 19.6 12.2
FEMALES.
Seven adult females from Atlantic States ................... 69.1 54.3 8.6 18.4 11.9
Three adult females from Mississippi Valley ..........-..--- 72.6 57.9 9.6 18.8 12.4
Four adult females from Rocky Mountains ...........-..--- 69.8 55.8 9.1 18.8 11.9
Seven adult females from Pacific coast (including Alaska) - 71.5 57.4 9.7 18.9 12.2
lie
|
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 549
Contr. Orn., 1850, 7 (Bermudas, Oct. 30 to Jan. 24).—Marrtens, Journ. fur
Orn., 1850, 213 (Bermudas).—REINHARDT, Journ. fiir Orn., 1854, 489 (Green-
land).—Henry, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sei. Phila., vii, 1855, 309 (New Mexico).—
Bryant, Proce. Bost. Soe. N. H., 1855, 142 (Massachusetts, Jan.); vil, 1859,
110 (Bahamas); x, 1866, 251 (Porto Rico); xi, 1867, 91 (Santo Domingo) ;
Journ. fair Orn., 1866, 184 (Porto Rico).—Sau.e, Proc. Zool. Soe. Lond ,
1857, 231 (Santo Domingo).—Buanp, Ann. Rep. Smithson Inst. for 1859
(1860), 287 (Bermudas) .—Brewer, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., vii, 1860, 307
(Cuba.) —Axsrecut, Journ. far Orn., 1861, 52 (Bahamas); 1862, 194, 201
(Jamaica).
[Sylvicola] coronata BONAPARTE, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 307.
M{niotilta] coronata Gray, Gen. Birds, i, 1848, 196.
[ Mniotilta] coronata GRAY, Hand-list, i, 1869, 240, no. 3466.
Mniotilta varia Rersuarnt, Ibis, 1861, 5 (s. Greenland; 3 instances).
R{himanphus] coronata CaBants, Mus. Hein., i, 1850, 19.
Rhimamphus coronata GUNDLACH, Journ. fir Orn., 1855, 473 (Cuba); 1861, 408
(do).—Scrarer, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1856, 291 (Cordova, Vera Cruz).
Dendroica coronata Gray, List Gen. Birds, App., 1842, 8.—Bairp, Rep. Pacific R.
R. Surv., ix, 1858, 272; Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 194; Review Am. Birds,
1865,187 (Mirador and Orizaba, Vera Craz; Coban and Duefias, Guatemala;
Jamaica; Porto Rico; ‘‘Panama’’).—Scuarer, Proc. Zool. Soe. Lond., 1858,
295 (Cordova).—ScuaTer and Savin, Tbis, 1859, 11 (Guatemala).—HENry,
Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., xi, 1859, 106 (New Mexico) .—CooPEr and SuCKLEY,
Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., xii, pt. 11, 1860, 180 (Whidbey I., Washington, Apr.,
2 specs. ).—BoarpMan, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., ix, 1862, 125 (Maine, breed-
ing).—Marcu, Proce. Ac. Nat. Sei. Phila., xv, 1863, 292 (Jamaica, breeding ).—
Gunpiacu, Repert. Fisico.— Nat. Cuba, i, 1869, 233 (Cuba); Journ. fur Orn.,
1872, 413 (Cuba); Anal. Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat., vii, 1878, 180 (Porto Rico).—
Burcuer, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., xx, 1868, 149 (Laredo, Texas, Dec.,
Jan. ).—Dar and Bannister, Trans. Chicago Ac. Nat. Sci., i, 1869, 278 (Nuk-
lukahyet and Nulato, Alaska).—SumicHRast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., i, 1869,
547 (Orizaba, Vera Cruz, winter).—FRANTZIUS, Journ. fiir Orn., 1869, 293
(Costa Rica).—ArKen, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xv, 1872, 196 (El Paso Co.,
Colorado).—Bairp, Brewer, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 227,
pl. 12, figs. 9, 12.—Hensnaw, Rep. Orn. Spee. Wheeler’s Sury., 1874, 58 (Den-
ver, Colorado, May 7-17); Zool. Exped. W. 100th Merid., 1875, 198 (do. ).—
Brewer, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xvii, 1875, 439(n. New England, breeding ).—
AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ Unton, Check List, 1886, no. 655.—Cory, Auk,
iii, 1886, 34; iv, 1887, 180 (Old Providence I., Caribbean Sea); Birds W. I., 1889,
48; Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 118 (Great Bahama, Abaco, Biminis, Berry Islands,
Eleuthera, New Providence, Rum Cay, North Caicos, Grand Caicos, East
Caicos, and Great Inagua, Bahamas; Cuba; Jamaica; Haiti; Porto Rico).—
Rapu, Trans. Oneida Hist. Soc., ili, 1886, 138 (Adirondacks, New York,
breeding):—Netson, Rep. Nat. Hist. Coll. Alaska, 1887, 202.—TowNsEND
Auk, iv, 1887, 13 (Kowak R., n.w. Alaska); Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., x, 1887, 223
(Red Bluff, May, and Humboldt Bay, fall, n. California; ‘‘plentiful’’).—
Ripeway, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., x, 1888, 575 (Swan I., Caribbean Sea); Orn.
Illinois, i, 1889, 140.—Scorr, Auk, v, 1888, 34 (Catalina Mts., etc., Arizona
regular migrant); 430 (Key West, Florida, July 28).—Cooxer, Bird Migr.
Miss. Val., 1888, 246-248 (dates, ete.; breeding from n. Minnesota north-
ward).—Be.pine, Land Birds Pacific Distr., 1890, 209 (Pacific coast rec-
ords).—Cuerrik, Auk, vii, 1890, 336 (San José, Costa Rica, Jan. 19 and Feb.
15).—Tuomrson, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xiii, 1890, 618 (Manitoba, breed-
ing).—Macrartang, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xiv, 1891, 444 (Anderson R.,
550
BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Arctic Am., breeding).—Rricumonp, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xvi, 1898, 484
(Greytown and Rio Escondido, Nicaragua, Nov. 28 and Feb. 16).—Wnirs,
Auk, x, 1893, 227 (Mackinac I., Michigan, breeding).—Nurrine, Bull. Lab.
N. H. State Univ. Iowa, ii, 1893, 277 (Chemawawin, Saskatchewan, breed-
ing).—NEHRLING, Our Native Birds, ete., i, 1893, 204, pl. 13, fig. 5.—Rnoaps,
Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1893, 54 (Vancouver I. and Washington during
migration ).—ALLEN (F. H.), Auk, xii, 1895, 89 (Berkshire Co., Massachu-
setts, breeding).—THorne, Auk, xii, 1895, 218 (Fort Keogh, Montana, com-
mon in spring).—CHERRIE, Contr. Orn. San Dom., 1896, 11 (winter, till March
27 ).—ALLEN (G. M.), Auk, xiv, 1897, 326 (Mount Wachusett, Massachusetts,
1 spec., July 29).—GRINNELL, Rep. Birds Santa Barbara, etc., 1897, 7 (Santa
Barbara I., California, 1 spec., May 15); Pub. ii, Pasadena Ac. Sci., 1898, 45
(Los Angeles Co., California, common winter visitant).—Dwicnt, Auk, xvi,
1899, 217, pl. 3, upper fig. (sequence of plumages).—Srone, Proc. Ac. Nat.
Sci. Phila., 1900, 33 (Point Tangent, Alaska, June 3).—Oscoop, N. Am.
Fauna, no. 21, 1901, 79 (Fort Kenai, Alaska).—Mariiarp, Condor, ili, 1901,
126 (San Benito Co., California, winter resident).—Hows.i, Auk, xviii,
1901, 344 (Mt. Mansfield, Vermont, breeding).—BriGcELow, Auk, xix, 1902, 30
(coast s. Labrador, breeding).
[ Dendroica coronata] var. coronata Batrp, Brewer, and Rrpaway, Hist. N. Am.
Birds, i, 1874, 219.
Dendroica coronatus GuNDLACH, Journ. fiir Orn., 1861, 326 (Cuba).
Dendreca coronata ScuaTER, Proc. Zool. Soe. Lond., 1859, 363 (Jalapa, Vera
Cruz); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 30 (Jamaica).—LawreEncg, Ann. Lye. N. Y.,
viii, 1863, 484 (Panama R. R.); ix, 1868, 94 (Angostura, Costa Rica); Bull.
U.S. Nat. Mus., no. 4, 1876, 15 (Santa Efigenia, Oaxaca, Dec., Jan. ).—Se€LATER
and Sanvin, Proe. Zool. Soe. Lond., 1864, 347 (Panama R. R.); 1870, 836 (San
Pedro, Honduras).—Brown, Ibis, 1868, 420 (Vancouver I.).—Ducks, La
Naturaleza, i, 1870, 140 (Guanajuato).—Coorer, Orn. Cal., 1870, 89 (Califor-
nia; Straits of Fuca and Puget Sound, Washington).—NeEwrton (A.), Man.
Nat. Hist. Greenland, 1875, 97 (3 specs. ).—Covrs, Check List, 1873, no. 78;
2d ed. 1882, no. 119; Birds N. W., 1874, 57, 232 (Colorado, abundant);
3irds Col. Val., 1878, 278.—GunpLacn, Orn. Cuba, 1876, 65.—BREWSTER,
Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iii, 1878, 58 (descr. young); (?) vii, 1882, 137
(Chiricahua Mts., Arizona, Mar.; crit.).—Rrpaway, Proc. U. 8. Nat.
Mus., iii, 1878, 65 (Calaveras Co., Nicasio, and Haywards, California);
Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 95.—Mearns, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iv, 1879,
34 (wintering in lower Hudson Valley ).—Kumuien, Bull. U. 8. Nat. Mus.,
no. 15, 1879, 74 (Godhavn, Greenland, 1 spec., July 31, 1878); Bull. Nutt.
Orn. Club, v, 1880, 182 (e. Maryland, breeding ??).—Satvry and GopMAN,
Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1880, 127 (Belize, British Honduras; Escuintla,
Duefas, San Geronimo, Coban, and Cahabon, Guatemala; Volcan de Chiri-
qui, Veragua; ete. ).—Jerrries, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iv, 1879, 118 (winter-
ing at Swampscott, Massachusetts).—Brtpine, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., i,
1879, 405 (Marysville and Murphys, California, Dec. to Feb., abundant ).—
Cory, Birds Bahama I., 1880, 59; Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vi, 1881, 151
(Haiti); Birds Haiti and San Dom., 1885, 30.—ALLEN and Brewster, Bull.
Nutt. Orn. Club, viii, 1883, 158 (Colorado Springs, Colorado, Apr., com-
mon).—HarrtiLaus, Journ. fiir Orn., 1883, 267 (Portage Bay, Alaska).—
NeELson, Cruise ‘‘Corwin,’’ 1881(1883), 64 (Norton Sound, Alaska).—Boucarp,
Proc. Zool. Soc., Lond., 1883, 440 (Izamal, Yucatan).—Fox, Auk, i, 1884,
192 (Hollis, New Hampshire, June 25).—McLenecan, Cruise ‘‘Corwin,”’
1884, 114 (Kowak R., Alaska).—Goopate, Auk, ii, 1885, 216 (Pine Point,
tad
oe lia el te te Ms
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 551
Maine, Jan. 1; 6 specimens ).—SHARPE, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 311,
649 (Repulse Bay and Fort Simpson, arctic Am.; Ciudad Durango, July
27 !: Mazatlan; Progreso, Yucatan; ete. ). :
[ Dendreca] coronata Scuarer and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 9.—Cory,
List Birds W. I., 1885, 8.
D{endreca] coronata Newton (A. and E.), Handb. Jamaica, 1881, 106.—CovEs,
Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 301.
Dendroeca coronata SUNDEVALL, Otv. k. Vet.-Ak. Forh. Stockh., xxvi, 1870, 596
(Porto Rico), 618 (monogr. ).-PatmENn, Vega-Exp., 1887, 276 (Tschuktschi
Peninsula, Siberia, May 25, 1879).
[ Motacilla] canadensis LINN-EUS, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, i, 1766, 35 (based on Figuier
cendré de Canada, Ficedula canadensis cinerea, Brisson, Orn., iii, 524, pl. 27,
fie 1).
[ Parus] virginianus Linnavs, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, i, 1766, 342 (based on Mésange
de Virginie, Parus virgimanus, Brisson, Orn., iii, 575; Yellow-rump, Parus
uropygeo Luteo, Catesby, Carolina, i, 58, pl. 58).+LatTHam, Index Orn., ii,
1790, 567.
Parus virginianus STEPHENS, Shaw’s Gen. Zool., x, 1817, 50.
[ Motacilla] cincta GMELIN, Syst. Nat., i, 1788, 980 (based on Belted Warbler Pen-
nant, Arctic Zool., ii, 408; Latham, Gen. Synop., ii, pt. 2, 487, etc.) —
Lariam, Index Orn., ii, 1790, 539.
[ Motacilla] wumbria GMELIN, Syst. Nat., i, 1788, 959 (based on Fauvette ombrée de
la Louisiane Buffon, Hist. Nat. Ois., v, 162, and Fauvette tachetée de la Low-
siane Daubenton, Pl. Enl., pl. 709, fig. 1).
[Sylvia] wnbria LATHAM, Index Orn., ii, 1790, 518.
[ Motacilla] pinguis GMELIN, Syst. Nat., 1, 1788, 973 (based on Grasset Warbler Pen-
nant, Arct. Zool., ii, 1785, 411).
[Sylvia] pinguis LatHaM, Index Orn., ii, 1790, 543.
[Sylvia] flavopygia V1BILLoT, Ois. Am. Sept., ii, 1807, 47 (same basis as Parus vir-
ginianus Linnzeus ).
Sylvia xanthorhoa V1BILLOT, Nouv. Dict. d’ Hist. Nat. xi, 1817, 180 (based on
Yellow-rump, Parus wropygeo luteo, Catesby, Carolina, i, 58, pl. 58).
Sylvia xanthoroa VVEILLOT, Ene. Méth., ii, 1823, 444.
Dendroica coronata hooveri MCGREGOR, Bull. Cooper Orn. Club, i, no. 2, Mar.-—
Apr. (pub. Mar. 15), 1899, 32 (Lalo Alto, California, Apr. 16; coll; R=G:
McGregor ).—BisHop, N.- Am. Fauna, no. 19, 1900, 90 (Skagway, Glacier, Log
Cabin, Caribou Crossing, ete., Alaska; crit. ).
DENDROICA AUDUBONI AUDUBONI (Townsend).
AUDUBON’S WARBLER.
Similar to D. coronata, but throat yellow (in adults’) instead of white,
and with more white on inner webs of rectrices; adult male with auric-
ular region bluish gray instead of black, with a large and conspicuous
1 In some young females in their first aufumn or winter there is absolutely no trace
of yellow on the throat. Such specimens can be distinguished from immature
females of D. coronata only by the decidedly greater amount of white on the inner
webs of the outermost rectrices, D. auduboni having four to five thus marked, while
in D. coronata there are only two to three. As a rule; immature specimens of D.
auduboni are very slightly grayer brown, and less distinctly streaked, above, but the
difference is by no means constant.
552 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
white patch covering middle and greater wing-coverts, and with a
white subterminal patch on inner webs of four to five outermost rec-
trices; females and young also with a white subterminal patch or spot
on inner web of four to five outermost rectrices.
Adult male in spring and summer.—Above bluish slate-gray,
streaked, except sometimes on supra-auricular region, occiput, and
hindneck, with black, the streaks broadest on back, scapulars, and
upper tail-coverts, where partaking more of the character of triangular
or wedge-shaped central spots; crown with a large central elongated
patch of rich lemon or gamboge yellow; lower rump with a triangular
patch of lighter lemon or canary yellow; wings black, the middle and
greater coverts very broadly tipped with white, the latter also broadly
edged with white, forming a large and conspicuous wing-patch, the
remiges narrowly edged with gray (broader on tertials); tail black with
bluish gray edging’s (becoming white on outermost rectrix); inner webs
of four to five outermost rectrices with a large subterminal patch of
white, decreasing in size inwardly; sides of head bluish slate-gray,
like general color of upper parts, darkening (sometimes into nearly
black) on suborbital region and lores, and relieved by a white spot on
upper eyelid (sometimes small and restricted to posterior portion) and
a larger one on lower eyelid; chin and throat bright lemon or gamboge
yellow; chest black, or mixed black and gray; median portion of
breast, together with abdomen and under tail-coverts, white; sides of
breast, next to median white space, black, forming a large patch, con-
fluent anteriorly with the black or partly black jugular area, and con-
tinued posteriorly over sides and flanks in broad streaks; a large patch
of yellow on each side of breast outside the black area; bill black; iris
brown; legs and feet dark brown or brownish black.
Adult male in autumn or winter.—Much duller and browner than
the summer male, and showing much less of black, that of chest and
sides mostly overlaid by broad tips or margins to the feathers of
brownish white; gray of upper parts much obscured by a wash of
brown, and white wing-markings tinged with brown.
Adult female in spring and summer.—Essentially like the summer
male in coloration, but much duller and with less of black on under
parts; gray of upper parts duller, usually more or less tinged with
brown; yellow crown-patch smaller, more or less broken by brown or
brownish gray tips to feathers; middle and greater wing-coverts more
narrowly tipped with duller white or pale brownish gray, the latter
not edged with white; yellow of throat paler, usually passing into
white on chin; chest and sides of breast white or pale grayish, more or
less heavily spotted or clouded with black; lateral pectoral patches
smaller and paler yellow.
Adult female in autumn and winter.—Similar to the winter male,
but smaller and still duller in color, the back without sharply defined
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 5538
streaks of black, yellow of throat and lateral pectoral patches paler
and more restricted, and chest and sides of breast without sharply
defined partly concealed black spots.
Young male in first autumn and winter.—Similar to the winter
female and not with certainty distinguishable (4), but with throat very
slightly tinged with yellow, sometimes without a trace of this color.’
Young, firs e thickly streaked with dusky on a
pale brownish gray ground color, the latter here and there inclining
to grayish white, the streaks broader and more blackish on back and
scapulars; lower rump grayish white, narrowly streaked with dusky;
under parts grayish white, everywhere streaked with dusky.
Adult male.—Length (skins), 122-137 (130); wing, 75-81 (77.3); tail,
538-61.5 (58.3); exposed culmen, 10-11 (10.5); tarsus, 18-22 (20.5);
middle toe, 11.5—14 (12.5).”
Adult female.—Length (skins), 122-129 (126.1); wing, 73-78 (75.4);
tail, 54-59 (56.7); Ea culmen, 10-11 (10.3); tarsus, 19-21 (20.1);
middle toe, 11.5-13.5 (12.3).°
Western North America, north to Br itish Columbia, east to western
border of the Great Plains: breeding southward (in coniferous woods
on high mountains) to southern California (Los Angeles and San Ber-
nardino counties), northern Arizona, and New Mexico, eastward to
western Nebraska (Sioux County), Wyoming (Black Hills, ete.) and
Colorado; wintering from western United States (in lower valleys)
southward over whole of Mexico (including Lower California) to high-
lands of Guatemala (Totonicapam; San Gerdnimo), eastward to western
Texas (Concho and Tom Green counties, Ft. Davis, ete.), western
Kansas, etc.; accidental in Massachusetts (Cambridge, 1 spec., Nov.
15, 1876) and Pennsylvania.
Sylvia auduboni Townsend, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sei. Phila., vii, 1837, 191 (‘‘forests
of the Columbia River;’”’ type in coll. U. 8. Nat. Mus.); viii, 1839, 153.
Sylvia audubonii AupuBpon, Orn. Biog., v, 1839, 52, pl. 395.
Sylvicola auduboni BoNAPARTE, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 21. — AUDUBON, Syn-
opsis, 1839, 52.—Nutrauu, Man. Orn. U. 8. and Can., 2d ed., i, 1840, 414.—
GAMBEL, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sei. Phila.,.iii, 1846, 155; Journ. Ac. a Sci. Phila.,
i, 1847, 37.
Sylvicola audubonii AupuBon, Birds Am., oct. ed., ii, 1841, 26, pl. 77.—Woop-
HOUSE, in Sitgreaves’ Rep. Zuni and Col. R., 1853, 71.
M{niotilta] auduboni Gray, Gen. Birds, i, 1848, 196.
[ Mniotilta] auduboni Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 240, no. 3467.
Dendroica auduboni ScuatTEr, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1858, 295, 298 (La Parada,
Oaxaco, s. Mexico).—Batrp, Brewer, and Ripaway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i,
1874, 299), pl. 13, fig. 1.—Ripeway, Bull. Essex Inst., vii, 1875, 12, 17 (Car-
son City and Truckee Valley, Nevada, winter).—HernsHaw, Zool. Exp. W.
‘In this stage to be distinguished from the corresponding stage of D. coronata by
having white subterminal spots on four to five, instead of two to three, outermost
rectrices.
* Twelve specimens. ’ Eight specimens.
554 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
100th Merid., 1875, 194 (localities in Utah, Colorado, New Mexico, and
Arizona; habits).—Brewer, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xix, 1878, 303 (Cam-
bridge, Massachusetts, 1 spec., Nov. 15, 1876).—AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’
Un.vN, Check List, 1886, no. 656.—FERRARI-PEREZ, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus..
ix, 1886, 137 (Puebla, Mexico, Dec.).—ALuLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., i,
1886, 257 (Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1 spee., Nov. 15, 1876).—Bryant, Bull.
Cal. Ac. Sei., ii, 1887, 307 (Guadalupe I., Lower California, 2 spees., Dec.,
Jan.).—Cooxker, Bird Migr. Miss. Val., 1888, 248 (w. Kansas; San Angelo,
Texas, May 3 and Oct. 1; Tom Green and Concho counties, Texas, in fall;
Fort Davis, Texas, Nov. 3).—BruprnG, Land Birds Pacific Distr., 1890, 210
(breeding in San Bernardino Mts., ete., California. —Merarns, Auk, vii, 1890,
261 (Mogollon Mts., Arizona, breeding).—Goss, Birds Kansas, 1891, 553
(w. Kansas during migration).—Pa.tmer (T.8.), Auk, ix, 1892, 310 (Stevens
Prairie, Grays Harbor, Washington, Apr. 22, 1 spec.; Aberdeen, abt. Aug.
14).— Jovy, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xvi, 1893, 777 (Guadalajara, Mexico,
“common all winter’’).—NeEnrRiLING, Our Native Birds, ete., i, 1893, 207.—
Ruoaps, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1893, 54 ( British Columbia).—GRINNELL,
Pub. ii, Pasadena Ac. Sci., 1898, 45 (Los Angeles County, California, summer
resid. in higher mountains).—Merriut, Auk, xv, 1898, 18 (Ft. Sherman,
n. w. Idaho, breeding; descr. nest and eggs).—Netson, N. Am. Fauna, no. 14,
1899, 56 (Tres Marias Islands, May).—Cary, Auk, xviii, 1901, 287 (Black
Hills, Wyoming, breeding).—Bartow, Condor, iii, 1901, 177 (high Sierra
Nevada, breeding; descr. nest and eggs).—Bruner, Proc. Nebr. Orn., Un.,
2d. ann. meet., 1901, 57 (Sioux County, w. Nebraska, breeding ).—CrawFrorD.
Proc. Nebr. Orn. Un., 2d. ann. meet., 1901, 78 (Sioux County, w. Nebraska,
breeding).
Dendroica audubonii Barrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 273; Cat. N. Am.
Birds, 1859, no. 195; Rep. U. 8. and Mex. Bound. Survy., ii, pt. ii, 1859, 10
(Janos and Boca Grande, Mexico; San Bernardino, California); Review Am.
Birds, 1865, 188 (Mazatlan; Tonila, Jalisco).—Cooprr and Suck.ey, Rep.
Pacific R. R. Sury., xii, pt. ii, 1860, 181 (Straits of Fuca, Fort Steilacoom,
ete., Washington ).—Sumicnrast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., i, 1869, 547 (Teca-
maluca, near Orizaba, Vera Cruz, in winter).—HENsHaw, Rep. Orn. Spec.
Wheeler’s Sury., 1874, 58 (Denver, Colorado, May 7-17), 75 (near Fort Gar-
land, Colorado, June), 102 (Apache, Arizona, Sept. 1, and Gila R., New
Mexico, Oct. 11).
Dendreca auduboni Scuater, Proc. Zool. Soe. Lond., 1860, 250 (Orizaba, Vera
Cruz); 1864, 172 (City of Mexico); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 30 (Mexico).—
Satvin and Sciarer, Ibis, 1860, 273 (near Totonicapam and San Gerénimo,
Guatemala, Nov.).—Brown, Ibis, 1868, 420 (Vancouver I. ).—Cours, Check
List, 1873, no. 79; 2d ed., 1882, no. 120; Birds Col. Val., 1878, 271.—TRIpPE,
in Couey’ Birds N. W., 1874, 232 (Colorado, breeding from 9,500 ft. to tim-
ber line; habits; notes). —Lawrencr, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., ii, 1874, 269
(Tepic; Mazatlan; Tonila, Jalisco).—RipGway, Orn. 40th Parallel, 1877, 433
(localities in Nevada and Utah; breeding in pine belt on mountains, winter-
ing in valleys).—Frazar, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, ii, 1877, 27 (Cambridge,
Mass., 1 spec., Nov. ).—Scorr, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iv, 1879, 92 (Lake Co.,
Colorado; descr. nest and eggs).—Munor, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, v, 1880, 220
(Seven Lakes, Colorado; deser. nest and eggs).—Satvin and GopMAN, Biol.
Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1880, 128.—Ripaway, Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no.
96.—MerriL1, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vi, 1881, 205 (Big Horn Mts., Montana;
descr. nest and eggs).—Brupina, Proce. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vi, 1883, 347 (Vic-
toria Mts., Lower California, winter), 537 (a Paz).—Goss, Bull. Nutt.
it Sees
it Si Ae
Or
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 55
Orn. Club, viii, 1883, 187 (Fort Wallace, w. Kansas, 2 specs., May 27); Auk,
i, 1884, 100 (Wallace, w. Kansas, several in Oct. ).—SHarpr, Cat. Birds Brit.
Mus., x, 1885, 315, 650 (La Parada, Oaxaca, Ciudad Durango; Presidio,
near Mazatlan; Totonicapam and San Gerénimo, Guatemala, ete. Ne
[Dendreca] auduboni ScLaTeR and Savin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 9.
D[endreca] auduboni Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 302.
Dendrecca audubonii Cours, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., xv, 1866, 69 (Fort Whip-
ple, Arizona); Birds N. W., 1874, 58.—Coorrr, Orn. Cal., 1870, 88.—Ripe-
way, Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 96.
[Dendreca] audubonii Cougs, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 100.
Dendreca audubonii Scuater, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 30 (California, Mexico).
Dendroica audubonis Barrp, Ives’ Rep. Col. R., pt. vi, 1861, 5.
Dendroeca audubont SUNDEVALL, Ofy. k. Vet.-Ak. Forh. Stockh., xxvi, 1870, 613
(monogr. ).
Dendroica coronata . . . var. auduboni Ripeway, Bull. Essex Inst., v, Nov., 1873,
180 (Colorado).
[Dendroica coronata] var. auduboni Barrn, Brewer, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am.
Birds, i, 1874, 219.
(?) Dendreca coronata (not Motacilla coronata Gmelin?) Brewster, Bull. Nutt.
Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 137 (Chiricahua Mts., Arizona, Mar.; crit. ).
DENDROICA AUDUBONI NIGRIFRONS'! (Brewster).
BLACK-FRONTED WARBLER.
Similar to D. a. auduboni, but larger and much darker in color.
Adult male in spring and summer with forehead, sides of crown, and
auricular region black, instead of bluish slate-gray; back black, with
feathers narrowly margined with bluish gray; foreneck, chest, whole
breast (except lower median portion and lateral yellow patches) uniform
black. Winter male with less black on upper parts, the forehead
merely streaked with black, but differing from the same stage of D. a.
auduboni in having the bluish gray of upper parts-very little, if any,
stained with brown, and the black of under parts merely broken by
rather narrow whitish tips to the feathers. Adult female more heavily
streaked with black above on a darker ground color. Young (in first
plumage) much more heavily streaked with dusky, both above and
below.
Adult. male.—Length (skins), 127-141 (137.7); wing, 77.5-84.1
(80.5);2 tail, 57.9-64.3 (62); exposed culmen, 9.4—-9.6 (9.5); tarsus,
19-19.6 (19.3); middle toe, 12.4-12.9 (12.7).°
14 breeding male from mountains near head of Pecos River, New Mexico, is
exactly intermediate between D. auduboni and D. nigrifrons, thus proving intergrada-
tion between the two forms.
“Four of the specimens measured are in worn midsummer plumage with tips of
primaries abraded; specimens in good plumage would show considerably greater
average length of wing.
3 Five specimens.
556 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Adult female.
(76.2); tail, 57.4-59.7 (60.7); exposed culmen, 8.9-9.6 (9.4); tarsus,
18.5-19 (18.8); middle toe, 11.9-13.2 (12.7).'
Dendroica nigrifrons Brewster, Descr. Sup. New Species Birds from Western N.
Am. and Mexico, Jan. 31, 1889, 94; Auk, vi, no. 2, Apr., 1889, 94 (Pinos
Altos, Chihuahua, Mexico; coll. W. Brewster); Auk, ix, 1892, pl. 1.—[ ALLEN],
Auk, ix, 1892, 207.—Loomis, Auk, xvili, 1901, 109 (Chiricahua and Huachuca
Mts., s. Arizona, June).
Mountains of southern Arizona (Chiricahua and Huachuco ranges)
and southward through mountains of Chihuahua to Durango (El Salto,
July; Cerro Prieto, Sept.).
DENDROICA AUDUBONI GOLDMANI (Nelson).
GOLDMAN’S WARBLER,
Similar to ). a. nigrifrons, but still darker. Adult male in winter
plumage with entire head (except yellow crown patch, chin, and throat)
uniform deep black; yellow crown-patch passing posteriorly into a
white occipital spot; chin and a large spot at postero-lateral portion of
throat also white.
Adult male.—Length (skin), 139.7; wing, 82.8; tail, 66.3; exposed
culmen, 10.2; tarsus, 19.8; middle toe, 14.”
Highlands of western Guatemala (Hacienda Chancol, January 4).
Dendroico goldmani Netson, Auk, xiv, Jan., 1897, 66 (Hacienda Chancol, Guate-
mala; coll. U.S. Nat. Mus. ).
DENDROICA NIGRESCENS (Townsend).
BLACK-THROATED GRAY WARBLER.
Throat black, or whitish with bases of feathers grayish dusky; sides
of head striped with white and black or white and grayish, the first as
a broad supra-auricular stripe and malar stripe (the former extending
anteriorly to above eyes, the latter extending to sides of neck); a
small yellow supraloral spot; under parts of body white, streaked
laterally with black or dusky; upper parts gray, with or without black
streaks on back; wing with two white bands.
Adult male in spring and summer.—Head uniform black, relieved
by a broad supra-auricwar stripe of white (extending anteriorly to
above middle of eye), a small supraloral spot of yellow, and a broad
1 Four specimens.
2 Measurements of the type specimen, the only one seen.
Length (skins), 127-129.5 (128.3); wing, 75.4-77.2.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. Dit
malar stripe of white, extending from base of mandible to sides of
neck, anteriorly confluent on chin; whole throat and chest uniform
black; rest of under parts white, broadly streaked laterally with black;
hindneck, back, scapulars, rump, and upper tail-coverts slate-gray or
plumbeous, more or less streaked (except on hindneck, and sometimes
on rump) with black; wings and tail black or dusky with gray edgings,
the middle and greater wing-coverts broadly tipped with white, form-
ing two conspicuous wing-bands; inner webs of two outermost rectrices
mostly (semetimes entirely) white, the third rectrix with terminal half
or more white, the fourth also with more or less white on terminal
portion; bill black; iris brown; legs and feet dusky brown, sometimes
nearly black.
Adult male in autumn and winter.—Similar to the spring and sum-
mer plumage, but gray of upper parts tinged with brown, and with
black streaks apparent only on back and upper tail-coverts, where more
or less concealed.
Adult female in spring and summer.—Sometimes scarcely different
from the adult male, having the pileum and whole throat uniform
black, as in that sex, but with gray of upper parts duller; usually,
however, with the pileum gray (except laterally), streaked with biack;
the throat mostly white (the feathers dusky or grayish beneath the
surface) with more or less of a black or dusky patch on each side of
lower throat; white of under parts less pure, with streaks on sides and
flanks narrower and less deeply black (grayish dusky); gray of upper
parts duller, with dusky streaks on back and upper tail-coverts much
narrower, sometimes nearly obsolete.
Adult female in fall and winter.
plumage much softer, and dusky streaks on back and upper tail-coverts
Similar to the summer dress but
obsolete or entirely wanting.
Young male in first autumn-and winter.—Similar to the adult male
of corresponding season, but gray of upper parts more strongly
washed with brown, pileum brownish gray except laterally and ante-
riorly, streaks on back and upper tail-coverts obsolete or concealed,
black of throat broken by whitish tips to the feathers, and white of
under parts tinged with yellowish.
Young female in first autumn and winter.—Above plain brownish
gray (mouse gray), including pileum, the latter margined laterally
with dusky; otherwise as in adult female of corresponding season, but
general dull white of under parts strongly tinged with brown, espe-
cially on sides and flanks, where the dusky streaks are less distinct.
Adult male.—Length (skins), 105-118 (112.5); wing, 59.6—-66.6
(62.2); tail, 48.8-55 (50.5); exposed culmen, 8.2-9.6 (9.2); tarsus,
16.8-18.8 (17.7); middle toe, 9.8-11.2 (10.3).”
‘Ten specimens,
558 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Adult female.—Length (skins), LO7-122 (111.9); wing, 54.2-62.8
(59.1); tail, 47-51 (48.9); exposed culmen, 8.4-9.6 (9.1); tarsus,
16.6-17.6 (17.3); middle toe, 9.6—10.8 (10.1).?
Western United States, north to Colorado (El Paso County; Fort
Garland), Utah (Unitah Mountains), Nevada (East Humboldt Moun-
tains), and Vancouver Island; breeding southward to southern Cal-
ifornia (mountains of Los Angeles and San Bernardino counties),
Lower California (San Pedro Martir Mountains), and southern Ari-
zona (Santa Catalina and Santa Rita mountains); in winter southward
through Mexico to States of Oaxaca and Vera Cruz.
Sylvia nigrescens TowNsEND, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., vii, 1837, 191 (‘‘forests
of the Columbia River;’’ type now in coll. U. 8. Nat. Mus.); Narrative,
1839, 341.—AupuBon, Orn. Biog., v, 1839, 57, pl. 395; Synopsis, 1839, 60.
Vermivora nigrescens Bee APARTE, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 21.—NurTTa.u,
Man. Orn. U.S. and Can., 2d ed., i, 1840, 471.
Sylvicola nigrescens AupuBon, Birds ee oct. ed., ii, 1841, 62, pl. 94.—Duaxks,
La Naturaleza, i, 1869, 141 (Guanajuato, Mexico).
[Sylvicola] nigrescens BONAPARTE, Consp. Ay., i, 1850, 308.
M(niotilta] nigrescens GRAY, Gen. Birds, i, 1848, 196.
[ Mniotilta] nigrescens Gray, Hand-list, 1, 1869, 240, no. 3470.
Rlhimanphus] nigrescens CABANIS, Mus. Hein., i, 1850, 20 (Mexico).
Dendroica nigrescens Barro, Rep. Pacific R. R. Sury., ix, 1858, 270; Cat. N. Am.
Birds, 1859, no. 192; Review Am. Birds, 1865, 186.—ScuaTEer, Proc. Zool.
Soc. Lond., 1858, 298 (La Parada, Oaxaca); 1859, 374 (Oaxaca, Mar.).—
Henry, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sei. Phila., xi, 1859, 106 (New Mexico).—HEEr-
MANN, Rep. Pacific R. R. Sury., x, 1859, 40 (localities in California).—
Xantus, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1859, 191 (Fort Tejon, California.—
Cooper and Suck ey, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., xii, pt. ii, 1860, 180 (Puget
Sound and Fort Steilacoom, Washington).—Sumicurast, Mem. Bost. Soe.
N. H., i, 1869, 547 (Orizaba, Vera Cruz, winter).—ArIKEN, Proc. Bost. Soe.
Nae 1872, 197 (El Paso Co., Colorado).—Rineaway, Bull. Essex Inst.,
v, 1873 ain (Colorado); vii, 1875, 20 (e. Humboldt Mts., Nevada, breeding),
32 Sein Mts., Utah, pei —B AIRD, Brewer, and Rrpaway, Hist.
N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 258, pl. 12, fig. 8; ili, 1874, 506 (El Paso Co., Colo-
rado).—HEnsHaAw, Rep. Orn. Spec. Wheeler's Sury., 1873 (1874), 75 (Fort
Garland, Colorado, June 25), 103 (Apache and White Mts., Arizona, Aug.,
Sept.); Zool. Exp. W. 100th Merid., 1875, 198 (Santa Fe, New Mexico, Aug.
' Kight specimens.
Specimens from the Pacific coast district average slightly smaller than those from
the Rocky Mountain plateau, averages of two series being as follows:
Locality. Wing.| Tail. | posed | Tarsus. Middle
/culmen. -
MALES. |
Five adult males from California and Oregon .........-..-- 61.9 49.4 9.3 17.4 10.4
Kive adult males from-Arizonas. 2252... ec ne ee eanaseeee 62.6 51.8 9.1 17.9 10.3
FEMALES.
Three adult females from California and Lower California | 57.7 49 9.5 17.5 10.6
Hive adult females fromvArizona- se <2... encicewececcese 59.9 49.3 8.9 ee 9.8
— so
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 559
16; Camp Apache, Camp Crittenden, Bowie Agency, and White Mts.,
Arizona, Aug.).—Anrnony, Auk, iii, 1886, 170 (Washington Co., Oregon,
breeding); Zoe, iv, 1893, 244 (San Pedro Martir Mts., Lower California,
breeding in pine belt).—American OrnirHotocists’ Union, Check List, 1886,
no. 665.—TownsEND, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., x, 1887, 223 (n. California;
descr. nest and eggs).—Scorr, Auk, vy, 1888, 35 (Catalina Mts., s. Arizona,
breeding).-—Betpinea, Land Birds Pacific Distr., 1890, 212 (breeding in San
Bernardino Mts., California).—Neuruinc, Our Native Birds, ete., 1, 1893,
225.—Ruoaps, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1893, 54 (Vancouver I.).—Grin-
NELL (J.), Pub. ii, Pasadena Ac. Sci., 1898, 45 (Los Angeles Co., California,
summer resid. on mts. up to 6,000 ft. ).
D{[endroica] nigrescens Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 507.
Dendreca nigrescens ScuaTeR, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 30 (Oaxaca) .—CovEs, Ibis,
1865, 163 (Arizona); Proce. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., xviii, 1866, 69 (Fort, Whipple,
Arizona); Check List, 1873, no. 75; 2d ed., 1882, no. 116; Birds N. W., 1874,
55, 232: Birds Col. Val., 1878, 263.—Coorrr, Orn. Cal. 1870, 90.—Ripeway,
Orn. 40th Parallel, 1877, 433 (e. Humboldt and Ruby Mts., Nevada, and
Uintah Mts., Utah; breeding); Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 105.—Sanvrn
and GopMAN, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1881, 156.—Brewsrer, Auk, Ui,
1885, 197 (Santa Rita Mts., Arizona; descr. young female).—SHaARpE, Cat.
Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 29,1, 646 (Puebla, Mazatlan, Presidio, etc., Mexico,
etc. ).
Dendroeca nigrescens SUNDEVALL, Oty. k. Vet.-Akad. Férh. Stockh., xxvi, 1870,
610 (monogr.).
[ Dendraca] nigrescens Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 98.—SciaTer and Savin,
Nom. Ay. Neotr., 1873, 9.
D{[endreca] nigrescens Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 300.
Sylvicola tristis Nurravt, Man. Orn. U. 8. and Can., 2d ed., i, 1840, 472 (mouth
of Wilamette River, Oregon).
Sylvia halseti Giraup, Sixteen Species Texas Birds, 1841, fol. 11, pl. 3, fig. 1
(=autumnal female; type now in coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.).
Sylvicola nigricans (lapsus for vigrescens) Henry, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., vii,
1855, 309 (New Mexico).
DENDROICA TOWNSENDI (Townsend).
TOWNSEND’S WARBLER.
Adult male in spring and summer.—Pileum, hindneck, iorai and
auricular regions, chin, throat, and upper chest uniform black; a broad
superciliary stripe, broad malar stripe (curving upward behind auric-
ular region, and confluent with posterior extremity of the superciliary
stripe), a suborbital spot, lower chest, and breast clear lemon yellow;
abdomen, flanks, and under tail-coverts white; sides and flanks heavily
streaked with black, the more anterior streaks confluent with the black
throat-patch at its latero-posterior angles; under tail-coverts with a
median streak of blackish; back, scapulars, rump, and shorter upper
tail-coverts yellowish olive-green, each feather with a central, more or
less wedge-shaped or sagittate spot of black, these markings more or
less concealed on rump; longer upper tail-coverts black centrally,
broadly margined with slate-gray; wings and tail blackish with light-
560 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
gray edgings, the middle and greater wing-coverts broadly tipped with
white, forming two conspicuous bars across wing; inner webs of three
lateral rectrices extensively white terminally, this occupying the ter-
minal half or more of the outermost rectrix; bill blackish, with paler
tomia; iris brown; legs and feet dark horn brownish (in dried skins).
Adult male in autumn and winter.—Similar to the spring and sum-
mer plumage, but all the black areas much broken or obscured; that
of pileum and hindneck by broad olive-green margins to the feathers,
the black forming mesial or central streaks, that of the auricular patch
overlaid by olive-green tips to the feathers, and that of the throat
replaced by nearly uniform lemon yellow, with black appearing as
spots or blotches on sides of chest; black streaks of back, etc., more or
less concealed.
Young male in first autumn and winter.—Similar to the adult male
of corresponding season, but black streaks on pileum, back, etc., obso-
lete, and yellow of throat paler.
Adult female in spring and summer.—Very similar in coloration to
the autumn and winter adult male, but black streaks on upper parts
much narrower (sometimes nearly obsolete, usually mere shaft-lines),
the streaks on sides also usually narrower, sometimes indistinct; pileum
sometimes blackish, and throat often blotched with black, occasionally
extensively so.
Adult female in autumn and winter.—Similar to the spring and
summer plumage, but upper parts slightly browner olive-green, with
the streaks obsolete, or nearly so; sides and flanks tinged with brownish.
Young female in first autumn and winter.—Similar to the adult
female of corresponding season, but the yellow paler and the markings
in general less distinct.
Adult male.—Length (skins), 107-122 (114.4); wing, 65-69 (67.2)
tail, 48-51 (50); exposed culmen, 8-9 (8.6); tarsus, 18-19 (18.8); mid
dle toe, 10-12 (11)."
Adult female.—Length (skins), 108-125 (116.2); wing, 63-66 (64.5);
tail, 49-50 (49.5); exposed culmen, 8-10 (9.2); tarsus, 18-19 (18.7);
middle toe, 9-11 (10).”
Western North America; breeding from mountains of southern Cal-
ifornia to Alaska (Skagway, Glacier, west shore of Lake Lebarge,
south end of Lake Marsh, etc.), eastward to eastern Oregon (Camp
Harney), northwestern Idaho (Fort Sherman), ete.; during migration
eastward to Rocky Mountains (Colorado, etc.), western Texas (Tom
Green and San Angelo counties), and southward over western and
and central Mexico to highlands of Guatemala (Duefias), Tres Marias
Islands, and extremity of Lower California. Accidental near Phila-
delphia, Pennsylvania (one specimen, spring of 1868).
9
1 Five specimens, ? Four specimens.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 561
Sylvia townsendi ‘(Nuttall)’? Townsenp, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., vii, pt. ii,
1837, 191 (‘‘forests of the Columbia River’’); viii, 1839, 153.—AupuBon,
Orn. Biog., v, 1839, 36, pl. 393, fig. 1.
Sylvicola townsendi BoNapartr, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 23.—AupuBoN,
Synopsis, 1839, 59; Birds Am., oct. ed., ii, 1841, 59, pl. 92.—Nurra.i, Man.
Orn. U. 8S. and Can., 2d ed., 1840, 446.
[Sylvicola] townsendi BoNAParRTE, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 308.
M{niotilta] townsendii Gray, Gen. Birds, i, 1848, 196.
[ Mniotilta] townsendii Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 240, no. 3469.
Sylvicola townsendii Finscu, Abh. nat. Ver. Brem., iii, 1872, 35 (Alaska).
Dendroica townsendii Barrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 269; Ce‘. N. Am.
Birds, 1859, no. 191; Review Am. Birds, 1865, 185.—ScLaTrer and SALvIn,
Ibis, 1859, 11 (Duefas, Guatemala, winter).—Cooprr and Sucktiey, Rep.
Pacific R. R. Sury., xii, pt. 1i, 1860, 179 (Shoalwater Bay, Washington; Cali-
fornia).—TuRNBULL, Birds E. Pennsylvania and New Jersey, 1869, 53 (near
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, accidental).—Netson, N. Am. Fauna, no. 14,
1899, 56 (Tres Marias Islands, May).
Dendrioca townsendi Scuater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1858, 295, 298 (highlands
of Oaxaca in winter); 1859, 374 (Totontepec, Oaxaca, Jan.).—Barrp,
Brewer, and Rrpaway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 265, pl. 12, fig. 7; iii,
1874, 506 (Cuyamaca Mts., s. California, Apr.).—HeEnsHaw, Zool. Exp. W.
100th Merid., 1875, 200 (Conejos and mouth of Navajo Creek, Colorado, Aug.,
Sept,; Mount Graham, Arizona, Sept. 24-29).—Ripeway, Bull. Essex Inst.,
vii, 1875, 22 (e. Humboldt Mts., Nevada, Sept. 8), 24 (Thousand Spring
Valley, Nevada, Sept. 24).—BrnprrE, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 1877, 114
(Camp Harney, e. Oregon, breeding; descr. nest and eggs).—AMERICAN
OrnitHoLoaists’ Unton, Check List, 1886, no. 668.—Luioyp, Auk, iv, 1887,
296 (Tom Green Co., Texas, breeding?).—NEtson, Rep. Nat. Hist Coll.
Alaska, 1897, 203 (upper Dejah Valley and Sitka, Alaska).—Scorr, Auk, v,
1888, 35 (Pinal and Catalina Mts., Arizona, Sept., Nov. ).—Cooxe, Bird Migr.
Miss. Val., 1888, 254 (San Angelo and Tom Green Co., Texas).—NEHRLING,
Our Native Birds, ete., i, 1893, 230.—ANnTHoNy, Zoe, iv, 1893, 244 (San
Pedro Martir Mts., Lower California, Apr. 23; Valledares, May 3); Auk,
xii, 1895, 142 (San Fernando, Lower California, 1 spec., May 7).—GRINNELL,
Rep. Birds Santa Barbara, ete., 1897, 7 (Santa Barbara I., California, May
16); Auk, xv, 1898, 129 (Sitka, Alaska, 3 specs., Aug. 14).—MeErriL1, Auk,
xv, 1898, 19 (Fort Sherman, n. w. Idaho, May, June).—Bisnop, N. Am.
Fauna, no. 19, 1900, 90 (Skagway, Alaska, May 31; Glacier, s. end Lake
Marsh, and w. shore Lake Lebarge, Alaska).—Oscoop, N. Am. Fauna,
no. 21, 1901, 49 (Queen Charlotte Islands, Apr., July).
D{[endroica] townsendi Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 512.
Dendreca townsendi Cours, Ibis, 1865, 163 (Arizona); Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iv,
1879, 117 (Santa Cruz, California, Nov. 3 to Jan. 1); Check List, 2d ed., 1882,
no. 114; Birds Col. Val., 1878, 260.—SciatER, Ibis, 1865, 89 (crit.).—
Ripeway, Orn. 40th Parallel, 1877, 482 (Nevada); Nom. N. Am. Birds,
1881, no. 108.—Satvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1881, 141
(Volean de Fuego and Coban, Guatemala, etc.).—Brewstrer, Bull. Nutt.
Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 138 (Tucson and Santa Rita Mts., Arizona, Apr.,
May).—Betpine, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., v. 1883, 545 (Miraflores, Lower
California).—Hensnaw, Auk, ii, 1885, 331 (upper Pecos R., New Mexico,
fall migr.).—SHarpE, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 299, 647.
Dendreca townsendii ScLaTER, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 29 (Oaxaca; Duefias, Guate-
mala).—Cooprer, Orn. Cal., 1870, 91.—Covrs, Check List, 1873, no. 73.
3654—VvoL 2—01——36
562 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Dendroeca townsendi SUNDEVALL, Ofy. k. Vet.-Ak. Férh. Stockh., xxvi, 1870, 610
(monogr. ).
[ Dendreca] townsendii Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 98.
[ Dendreca] townsendi ScuaTER and Satvrx, Nom. Ay. Neotr., 1873, 9.
[ Dendreca] townsendi Cougs, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 299.
DENDROICA VIRENS (Gmelin).
BLACK-THROATED GREEN WARBLER.
Adult male in spring and summer.—Pileum, hindneck, back, seapu-
lars, and rump plain yellowish olive-green, the back sometimes (more |
rarely the pileum and rump also) narrowly streaked with black, and
the forehead sometimes with an elongated or oval median spot of yel-
lowish; sides of head and neck, including whole malar region and a
broad superciliary stripe, clear lemon-yellow, relieved by a more or
less broad postocular streak of olive-green, this sometimes involving
greater part of the auricular region; chin, throat, and chest (some-
times sides of breast also) uniform black, the first sometimes partly
yellow; rest of under parts white or yellowish white, the breast usu-
ally tinged (sometimes strongly) with yellow; sides and flanks heavily
streaked with black, the more anterior of these streaks usually con-
fluent with the black throat-patch at its postero-lateral portions; wings
and tail dusky with slate-gray edgings, the middle and greater wing-
coverts broadly tipped with white, forming two conspicuous bars
across wing; inner webs of two lateral rectrices mostly white, that of
the third with a large white terminai spot, the two outermost with
outer webs extensively white; bill blackish; iris brown; legs and feet
dark horn brown (in dried skins).
Adult male in autumn and winter.—Similar to the spring and sum-
mer plumage, but with feathers of the black throat-patch narrowly
tipped, or margined terminally, with whitish."
Adult female in spring and summer.—Similar to the adult male of
corresponding season, but chin and more or less of throat usually
whitish or pale yellowish, the black of lower throat (if present there)
and chest more or less broken (sometimes almost hidden) by whitish
tips or terminal margins to the feathers; sides of breast never (7?) unt-
form black.
Young male in firs y similar in coloration
to the adult female, but olive-green of upper parts and yellow on sides
of head brighter, and under parts more strongly tinged with yellow.
Adult (?) female in autumn and winter.—Similar to the spring and
summer plumage, but throat pale dull yellowish, more or less spotted
or blotched laterally : and posteriorly with dusky olive, yellow on sides
of head paler, and duekcy stre us on sides and flanks less distinct.
.These en nna margins sometimes eee until April, but ene disap-
pear before then.
th lS lll aaa
Slntets darn tt.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 563
Young male, first plumage.—** Remiges and rectrices as in adult;
greater and median wing-coverts just tipped with soiled white, forming
two very narrow, indistinct wing-bands. Rest of upper parts dark
slaty-brown, each feather of the back edged with bright greenish.
Superciliary stripes (just meeting in a narrow line on the forehead),
eyelids, maxillary line, and chin, bright yellow. Sides of head dark
slate; under parts soiled white, each feather on the breast and sides
with a terminal spot of black; on the throat and jugulum these spots
become large blotches of dark slate, the feathers being just tipped and
edged with light yellow. From a specimen in my collection shot at
Cambridge, Massachusetts, July 30,1875. Like most of the previously
described young warblers, this bird has a narrow central line of yellow
feathers extending down the throat and jugulum to the breast.” !
Adult male.—Length (skins), 110-120 (113.6); wing, 61-64 (63.8);
tail, 45-49 (47.8); exposed culmen, 9-10 (9.9); tarsus, 16-18 (17.3);
middle toe, 9-11 (10.2).”
Adult Pee —Length (skins), 104-115 (108.9); wing, 58-61 (60);
tail, 45-47 (46); exposed culmen, 9-10 (9.7); tarsus, 16-19 (17.7); mid-
dle toe, 9-11 (10.1).’
Eastern North America; north to Nova Scotia, shores and islands of
Gulf of St. Lawrence, Newfoundland, southern shores of Hudson
Bay, etc.; breeding southward to mountains of Connecticut, New
York, and Pennsylvania, northeastern Illinois (4), and along higher
Alleghenies to eastern Tennessee (Roan Mountain, ete., 4,000 feet),
western North Carolina (Black Mountains, above 5,000 feet), and
northwestern South Carolina (Pickens County); west to edge of the
Great Plains; in winter south to West Indies (Bahamas, Cuba, Isle
of Pines, Jamaica, Dominica, Guadeloupe) and through eastern
Mexico (ineluding island of Cozumel) and Central America to Isthmus
of Panama (Lion Hill Station, Panama Railroad). Accidental in
southern Greenland (Julianshaab, one specimen, 1853) and Heligoland
(October 1, 1858).
[ Motacilla] virens GMELIN, Syst. Nat.,1, pt. ii, 1788, 985 (based on The Black-throated
Green Warbler, Muscicapa viridis gutture nigro Edwards, Gleanings Nat. Hist.,
ii, 190, pl. 300, up. fig. ).
[Sylvia] virens LatuHam, Index Orn., ii, 1790, 537.—Vteruor, Ois. Am. Sept., ii,
1807, 33, pl. 92; Nouv. Dict. d’ Hist. Nat., xi, 1817, 179; Enc. Méth., ii, 1823,
440.—Witson, Am. Orn., ii, 1810, 127, pl. 17, fig. 3.—SrerpHens, Shaw’s Gen.
Zool., x, 1817, 740. —Bon APARTE, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., iv, 1824, 192;
Ann. ie. ., N. Y., 11, 1826, 80.—Nutrranu, Man. Orn. U. S. and Can., i, 1832,
376.—AUDUBON, gue Biog., iv, 1838, 70, pl. 399.—GATKE, NER AAA 1858,
423 (Heligoland); Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1860, 108 (do. ).
Sylvicola virens JARDINE, ed. Wilson’s Am. Orn., i, 1832, 279.—RicHarpson, Rep.
Brit. Assoc. for 1836 (1837), 172.—Bonapartsr, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838,
22.—AuDUBON, Synopsis, 1839, 55; Birds Am., oct. ed., ii, 1841, Pye pl. 84.—
1 Brewster, Bull. Nuttall Orn. Club, ili, 1878, p. 57
” Nine specimens. ’ Seven specimens.
564 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Woopnovsse, Rep. Sitgreaves’ Exp. Zufi and Col. R., 1853, 70 (Indian Terri.
tory and Texas).—Retnuarpt, Journ. fiir Orn., 1854, 426 (Greenland ).—
Bryant, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., vi, 1857, 116 (Nova Scotia). —Brewer, Proc.
Bost. Soc. N. H., vii, 1860, 307 (Cuba).
[Sylvicola] virens Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 307.
M{niotilta] virens Gray, Gen. Birds, i, 1848, 196.
Mniotilta virens Rernuarnt, Ibis, 1861, 5 (Julianshaab, Greenland).
[ Mniotilta] virens Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 240, no. 3482.
R[himanphus] virens CaBants, Mus. Hein., i, 1850, 19 (Mexico).
Rhimamphus virens GUNDLACH, Journ. fiir Orn., 1855, 474 (Cuba).—SciaTer, Proc.
Zool. Soc. Lond., 1856, 291 (Mexico).
Dendroica virens Barrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Sury., ix, 1858, 267; Cat. N. Am. Birds,
1859, no. 189; Rep. U. S. and Mex. Bound. Surv., ii, pt. 2, 1859, 10 (China, ;
Tamaulipas); Review Am. Birds, 1865, 182 (Mirador, Vera Cruz; Tactic and
Coban, Guatemala).—Sciater, Proc. Zool. Soe. Lond., 1858, 295 (Cordova,
Vera Cruz); 1859, 373 (Talea and Playa Vicente, Oaxaca).—ScLaTER and
Sauviy, Ibis, 1859, 11 (Duefias, Guatemala ).—Gunp.iacn, Journ. fur Orn.,
1861, 326 (Cuba); 1872, 413; Repert. Fisico-Nat. Cuba, i, 1865, 233.—Law-
RENCE, Ann. Lye. N. Y., vii, 1861, 293 (Lion Hill, Panama R. R.).—Sumi-
cHrast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., i, 1869, 546 (Vera Cruz, winter).—FRant-
zius, Journ. fiir Orn., 1869, 293 (Candelaria Mts., Costa Rica).—Barrp, {
Brewer, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 261, pl. 12, fig. 4.— |
Brewer, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xvii, 1875, 489 (New England, breeding ).—
Rrpaway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., viii, 1885, 564 (Cozumel I., Yucatan); Orn.
Tlls., i, 1889, 151.—Rawpu, Trans. Oneida Hist. Soc., ii, 1886, 140 (Oneida
Co., New York, breeding; descr. nest and eggs).—Brewsrer, Auk, iii, 1886,
174 (Black Mts., North Carolina, breeding above 5,000 ft. ).—Cory, Auk, iii,
1886, 37; ix, 1892, 49 (Watlings I., Bahamas); Birds W. I., 1889, 57; Cat.
W. I. Birds, 1892, 118 (Watlings I., Bahamas; Cuba; Isle of Pines; Jamaica;
Dominica ).—AMERICAN OrNITHOLOGISTS’ Union, Check List, 1886, no. 667.—
FERRARI-PEREZ, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., ix, 1886, 137 (Tezuitlan, Puebla,
Nov.).—Cooxr, Bird Migr. Miss. Val., 1888, 253 (Mississippi Valley localities
and dates).—Patmer (W.), Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xiii, 1890, 265 (Mingan
Islands).—Scort, Auk, vii, 1890, 20 (Tarpon Springs and Key West, Fiorida,
rare migr. ).—Loomis, Auk, vii, 1890, 128 (Pickens Co., South Carolina, breed-
ing); viii, 1891, 331 (Czesars Head, South Carolina, breeding).—CHERRIE,
Auk, vii, 1890, 336 (San Jose, Costa Rica 1 spec., Nov.); viii, 1891, 278 (Costa
Rica).—Srong, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phil., 1891, 437 (Luzerne Co., Pennsyl-
vania, breeding).—Topp, Auk, viii, 1891, 398 (Butler and Armstrong coun-
ties, Pennsylvania, breeding); x, 1893, 41, 45 (Indiana and Clearfield
counties, Pennsylvania, breeding).—Wutrr, Auk, x, 1893, 228 (Mackinac I.,
Michigan, abundant summer resid. ).—Jouy, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xvi, 1893,
777 (Cuernavaca, Morelos, common, Sept. ).—NEHRLING, Our Native Birds,
etc., 1, 1893, 228, pl. 12, fig. 6.—Ruoaps, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1895, 496
(Roan Mt., up to 4,000 ft., and Sawyers Springs, Tennessee, breeding).—
Youne, Auk, xiii, 1896, 284 (Pottsville, etc., Pennsylvania, breediag).—Batxy,
Auk, xiii, 1896, 296 (n. Elk Co., Pennsylvania, breeding).—Rives, Auk, xv,
1898, 136 (West Virginia, breeding in spruce belt).—FLemine, Auk, xviii,
1901, 44 (Muskoka, ete., n. Ontario, common summer resid. ).
D{endroica] virens Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 510.
Dendreca virens ScuatER, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1859, 363 (Jalapa, Vera Cruz);
Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 29 (Guatemala); Ibis, 1865, 89 (crit.).—ScLaTER and
Satvry, Proe. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, 347 (Lion Hill, Panama R. R.).—
Dresser, Ibis, 1865, 477 (San Antonio, Texas).—Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. N. Y.,
fe Naas Lela a Nile iN eli 5
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 565
ix, 1868, 94 (Grecia, Barranca, and Rancho Redondo, Costa Rica); Proce.
U. S. Nat. Mus., i, 1878, 54,486 (Dominiea, Lesser Antilles) ; viii, 1885, 622
(Guadeloupe, Lesser Antilles).—Satvry, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 182
(Volean de Chiriqui, Veragua).—ALLEN, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., ii, 1871,
269 (e. Florida, Mar.).—Couvrs, Check List, 1873, no. 71; 2d ed., 1882, no.
112; Birds N. W., 1874, 54; Birds Col. Val., 1878, 240.—NeEwron, Man. Nat.
Hist. Greenl., 1875, 97 (Julianshaab, 1 spec., 1853) .—Corpgaux, Ibis, 1875, 180
(Heligoland, Oct. 1, 1858).—Lawrence, Bull. U. 8. Nat. Mus., no. 4, 1876,
15 (Santa Efigenia, Oaxaca, Dec., Jan.).—GuNpLACcH, Orn. Cuba, 1876,
64.—Brewster, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iii, 1878, 57 (deser. young); Proc. Bost.
Soc. N. H., xxii, 1883, 371 (Anticosti I. and Cape Breton, Nova Scotia,
summer ).—NeEwrton, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, 552 (Jamaica).—Ripaway,
Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 107.—Satvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am.,
Aves, i, 1881, 187 (San Gerénimo, Tactic, and Coban, Guatemala, ete. ).—
Nourrina, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., v, 1882, 494 (Volcan de Irazti, Costa Rica).—
Brown (N. C.), Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 36 (Boerne, s. w. Texas,
Mar.).—SHARPE, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 297, 647 (n. Yucatan;
Trazii district, Costa Rica, ete. ).
Dendroeca virens SunpEvALL, Ofy. k. Vet.-Ak. Forh. Stockh., xxvi, 1870, 611
(monogr. ).
[ Dendreca] virens Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, Ss —ScLaTER and Savin,
Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 9.—Cory, List Birds W. I., 1885, 8.
D{endreca] virens Newtson, Bull. Essex Inst., viii, oe 100, 152 (n. e. Illinois, a
few breeding).—Nerwton (A. and E.), Handb. Jamaica, 1881, 106.—Covugs,
Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 298.
DENDROICA CHRYSOPARIA Sclater and Salvin.
GOLDEN-CHEEKED WARBLER,
Adult male in spring and summer.—Pileum, hindneck, back, seapu-
lars, rump, and upper tail-coverts uniform black, usually slightly
intermixed on rump with olive-green or gray, sometimes (in younger
individuals?) the rump mostly or even wholly olive-green and the
scapulars and interscapulars margined with olive-green;’ center of
forehead usually with a yellow spot or streak; sides of head and neck,
including whole malar region, auricular region (except upper margin),
and a broad superciliary stripe, clear rich lemon yeliow, relieved by a
postocular streak of black (widening into a spot behind auricular
region) and a spot or line of black immediately in front of eye; chin,
throat, upper chest, and sides of breast uniform black; rest of under
parts white (without yellow tinge), the sides and flanks heavily streaked
with black; wings and tail black, with narrow light gray edgings, the
middle and greater wing-coverts broadly tipped with white, forming
two distinct bands across wing; three outermost rectrices with inner
webs mostly white, the fourth with a white spot near tip, the three
outermost with outer webs edged with white toward base.
1Some spring males (perhaps birds of the preceding year) have the pileum uniform
black only laterally, the feathers of the median portion being more or less broadly
edged or margined with olive-green.
566 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Adult male in autumn and winter.—Similar to the spring and sum-
mer plumage, but feathers of black throat-patch narrowly margined
with white or pale yellowish.
Young male in first autumn and winter.—Similar to the adult male
of corresponding season, but pileum, hindneck, back, scapulars, and
rump streaked with olive-green and black; upper tail-coverts margined
with olive-green and gray; general color of wings and tail duller black,
and white tips of middle wing-coverts with a narrow shaft-streak of
black.
Adult female in spring and summer.—Pileum, hindneck, back, scap-
ulars, rump, and upper tail-coverts olive-green, more or less distinctly
streaked with black; chin and more or less of throat yellow,' the lower
throat whitish or pale yellow, more or less blotched with black, the
upper chest sometimes similar, usually with more black, occasionally
uniform black; otherwise similar to the male, but general color of
wings and tail grayish dusky instead of black, white wing-bands nar-
rower (that across middle coverts with blackish shaft-streaks), and
black streaks on sides and flanks narrower.
Young female in first autumn and winter.—Similar to the adult
female but pileum, hindneck, back, scapulars, rump, and upper tail-
coverts plain olive-green, or with very indistinct narrow streaks of
dusky on pileum and back; throat and chest pale grayish (the feathers
dusky beneath surface), the former tinged with yellow anteriorly; sides
and flanks indistinctly streaked with dusky.
Young, first plumage.’—Pileum, hindneck, back, scapulars, rump, and
upper tail-coverts plain grayish brown or brownish gray; sides of head,
chin, throat, chest, and sides pale brownish gray; rest of under part
white, the breast very indistinctly streaked with pale gray; wings and
tail essentially as in adults, but middle coverts with a mesial wedge-
shaped mark of dusky.
Adult male.—Length (skins), 117-123 (120); wing, 62.2-65.6 (64);
tail, 51.8-54.6 (53.1); exposed culmen, 9.2-10.2 (9.8); tarsus, 17.4-18.6
(18.4); middie toe, 10.4-11.2 (10.8).*
Adult female.—Length (skins), 116-125 (120); wing, 58-61.6 (60.4);
tail, 47.6-52.2 (50.8); exposed culmen, 9.6-10.6 (10); tarsus, 17.6-18.8
(18.4); middie toe, 10.2-11 (10.5).*
Western, central, and southern Texas (north to Tom Green, Concho,
and Bosque counties, east to Comal, Bexar, and Medina counties), and
southward through eastern Mexico to highlands of Guatemala (Tactic,
Vera Paz). Southern limits of breeding range unknown.
Dendreca chrysoparia ScuaTEeR and Satvin, Proc. Zool. Soe. Lond., 1860, 298
(Tactic, Vera Paz, Guatemala; coll. Salvin and Godman).—Satvin and
!More rarely the chin and throat are black, but with the feathers more or less
broadly tipped with pale yellowish or white.
* Sex undetermined. * Five specimens.
$5 eee thal ok!
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 567
SciaTER, Ibis, 1860, 273 (Tactic). —Sciarer, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 358, part, in
synonymy; Ibis, 1865, 89 (crit.), 237 (San Antonio, Texas).—Dressrr, Ibis,
1865, 477, (Medina R., Texas).—Satvin, in Rowley’s Orn. Misc., i, 1876, 181,
pl. 23, 3 figs. —Courgs, Birds Col. Val., 1878, 241, footnote; Check List, 2d ed.,
1882, no. 115.—Purpre, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iv, 1879, 60 (Bosque Co.,
Texas).—Brewster, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iv, 1879, 77 (Comal Co., Texas;
habits).—Rrpaway, Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 106.—Satyry and GopMAN,
Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1881, 139.—Brown, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 36
(Boerne, s. w. Texas; habits, etc.).—SHarper, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885,
295, 647.—NEHRLING, Our Native Birds, ete., i, 1893, 225.
Dendroica chrysoparia FERRARI-PEREzZ, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., ix, 1886, 137 (Tezui-
tlan, Puebla, Dec. ).—AmMerIcAN OrNITHOLOGISTS’ Union, Check List, 1886,
no. 666.—Ltioyp, Auk, iv, 1887, 296 (Tom Green Co., Texas, Apr., 1 spec. ).—
Cooke, Bird Migr. Miss. Val., 1888, 253 (Texas localities). —BrckHam, Proe.
U. S. Nat. Mus., x, 1888, 686 (Leon Springs, Texas).—Arrwater, Auk, ix,
1892, 341 (20 milesn. w. of San Antonio, Texas; also Medina, Bandera, Kerr,
Kendall, and Comal counties; habits).
D{[endroica] chrysoparia Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 509; 2d ed., 1896,
509, 608.
Dendroica chrysopareia Barrp, Review Am. Birds, 1865, 183, 267.—Barrp,
Brewer, and Rinaway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 260, pl. 12, fig. 6.
Dendroeca chrysopareia SUNDEV ALL, Ofv. k. Vet.-Ak. Férh. Stockh., xxvi, 1870,
610 (monogr. ).
Dendreca chrysopareia CoorEr, Orn. Cal., 1870, 93 (San Antonio, Texas) .—CovuEs,
Check List, 1873, no. 74.
[ Dendreca] chrysopareia Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 98.
[ Dendreca] chrysoparia ScLATER and Satvin, Nom. Ay. Neotr., 1873, 9.
D[endreca] chrysoparia Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed, 1884, 300.
[ Mniotilta] chrysopareia Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 241, no. 3494.
DENDROICA OCCIDENTALIS (Townsend).
HERMIT WARBLER.
Adult male in spring and summer.—¥orehead, crown, and whole
side of head, down to and including malar region and sides of neck,
clear lemon or canary yellow, the crown usually more or less spotted
or flecked with black; occiput black,’ or mainly black, the feathers
yellow basally; hindneck streaked with black and grayish olive-green,
in varying relative proportion (sometimes nearly uniform black); back,
scapulars, rump, and upper tail-coverts gray, usually more or less
tinged with olive-green, more or less broadly streaked with black (the
black streaks narrower, sometimes obsolete, on rump); wings and tail
black with light gray edgings, the middle and greater wing-coverts
broadly tipped with white, forming two distinct bars across wing;
inner webs of two outermost rectrices extensively white, this occupy-
ing most of the web on the first and about the terminal half on the
second, the third rectrix usually with a white longitudinal spot or
1 Occasionally the yellow of the crown extends over the occiput, in which case the
hindneck is black.
568 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
streak near tip, and the first with outer web largely white; chin,
throat, and upper chest uniform black, this black area with a convex
or truncated posterior outline;' rest of under parts white, usually
faintly shaded laterally with gray and sometimes narrowly and indis-
tinctly streaked on sides with dusky; bill blackish; iris brown; legs
and feet dark horn brown, sometimes blackish (in dried skins).
Adult male in autumn and winter.—Similar to the spring and sum-
mer plumage, but yellow of crown and occiput more or less obscured
by olive or olive-green tips to feathers, black streaks on back, ete.,
more or less concealed by broader grayish margins to feathers, and
feathers of black throat-patch more or less tipped or margined with
whitish.
Young male in first autumn and winter.—Above similar to the adult
male of corresponding season, but black streaks on back, etc., narrower,
more concealed, sometimes obsolete; whole pileum suffused or over-
laid with a wash of olive or olive-green, and back more strongly tinged
with olive; yellow on sides of head paler, less pure, the auricular region
much tinged with olive; chin, throat, and upper chest dull whitish or
pale yellowish, the feathers abruptly black or dusky beneath surface;
rest of under parts soiled white, the sides and flanks strongly tinged
with pale olive-brownish.
Adult female in spring and summer.—Above similar to the immature
male above described, but forehead and crown largely (often mostly)
yellow, and dusky streaks on back, etc., still narrower, often obsolete;
under parts also similar, but body portions iess tinged with brownish,
the chest often with a dusky patch (its feathers tipped with whitish)
extending more or less over throat, sometimes covering whole throat.
Adult female in autumn and winter.—Above plain grayish olive,
the pileum showing more or less of yellow anteriorly and laterally, all
the feathers yellow beneath the surface; the back, etc., unstreaked, or
with streaks concealed; beneath brownish white, more strongly tinged
with brownish laterally, the feathers of throat and upper chest dusky
beneath the surface, showing wherever the feathers are disturbed.
Young (4) female in first autumn and winter.—Similar to the adult
female of corresponding season, but more decidedly olive or olive-
brownish above, and throat more yellowish.
Adult male.—Length (skins), 112-122 (118); wing 63-69 (66.1); tail,
49-52 (50.5); exposed culmen, 9.5-11 (10.1); tarsus, 18-21 (19.4);
middle toe, 11-12 (11.3).”
Adult female.—Length (skins), 111-120 (114.5); wing, 62-63 (62.3);
tail, 46.5-51 (48.3); exposed culmen, 9-10 (9.7); tarsus, 16.5—20 (18.3);
middle toe, 10-12.5 (11.3).°
1 Not extending farther backward laterally than medially, as in D. townsendi, D.
virens, D. chrysoparia, and D. nigrescens.
? Seven specimens. * Four specimens.
We 5d eas
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 569
Pacific coast district of United States; breeding on higher mountains
of California (El Dorado, Calaveras, Alpine, Placer, and Butte coun-
ties, ete.) and northward to British Columbia (chiefly west of the
Cascade range); in winter south into Lower California and through
Arizona over Mexican plateau to highlands of Guatemala (Volcan de
Fuego; San Geronimo; Alotepeque).
Sylvia occidentalis Townsend, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., vii, 1837, 190 (‘‘forests
of the Columbia River;’’ type now in coll. U.S. Nat. Mus.); viii, 1839, 538.—
AupDuBON, Orn. Biog., v, 1839, 55, pl. 395, figs. 3, 4.
Sylvicola occidentalis BonaPpartE, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 23.—AupuBoN,
Synopsis, 1839, 60; Birds Am., oct. ed., ii, 1841, 60, pl. 983.—Nurratt, Man.
Orn. U.S. and Can., 2d ed., i, 1840, 445.
[Sylvicola] occidentalis BoNAPARTE, Consp. Av., 1, 1850, 308.
M{[niotilta] occidentalis Gray, Gen. Birds, i, 1848, 196.
[ Mniotilia] occidentalis Gray, Hand-list, 1, 1869, 240, no. 3468.
Dendroica occidentalis Batrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Sury., ix, 1858, 268; Cat. N. Am.
Birds, 1859, no. 190; Review Am. Birds, 1865, 183 (Mexico; Volean de
Fuego, Guatemala).—Cooprer and Suck ey, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., xii,
pt. 11, 1860, 178 (Fort Steilacoom, Washington, June).—SumicHurast, Mem.
Bost. Soc. N. H., i, 1869, 546 (Moyoapam, Vera Cruz, alt. 8,333 feet, winter ).—
Batrp, Brewer, and Rrpaway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 266, pl. 12, fig.
5; ii, 1874, 506 (Cuyamaca Mts., s. California, May ).—Ripeaway, Bull. Essex
Inst., vii, 1875, 22 (e. Humboldt Mts., Nevada, Sept.).—HENsHaAw, Zool.
Exped. W. 100th Merid., 1875, 201 (Camp Crittenden and Mount Graham,
Arizona, Aug. 30 to Sept. 22); Rep. Orn. Spec. Wheeler’s Surv., 1876, 234
(head of Tule R., s. California, Oct. 9).—AMeErRICcAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ UNION,
Check List, 1886, no. 669.—Brewstrer, Auk, iv, 1887, 166 (Blue Canon,
California, breeding; descr. nest and eggs).—Merritit, Auk, v, 1888, 361
(Fort Klamath, Oregon, May ).—Brupine, Land Birds Pacific Distr., 1890,
215 (breeding in Calaveras, Alpine, Placer, and Butte counties} California) .—
NEHRLING, Our Native Birds, etc., i, 1893, 231.—AnrHony, Auk, xii, 1895,
142 (San Fernando, Lower California, May 16, 1 spec.).—GRINNELL, Rep.
Birds Santa Barbara Is., etc., 1897, 7 (Santa Barbara I., California, May
14).—Bartow, Auk, xvi, 1899, 156-161 (1 Dorado Co., California; nesting
habits; descr. nest and eggs); Condor, ii, 1901, 179 (high Sierra Nevada;
habits; song; descr. nests and eggs).
D{endroica] occidentalis Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 513.
Dendreca occidentalis Scuater, Ibis, 1865, 89 (erit.).—Cours, Ibis, 1865, 163
(Arizona); Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, 69 (Fort Whipple, Arizona);
Check List, 1873, no. 72; 2d ed., 1882, no. 113; Birds Col. Val., 1878, 258.—
SALVIN, Ibis, 1866, 191 (Volcan de Fuego, San Gerdnimo, and Alotepeque,
Guatemala ).—Coorer, Orn. Cal., 1870, 92.—Ripeway, Orn. 40th Parallel,
1877, 482 (e. Humboldt Mts., Nevada, Aug. 29, 1 spec.); Bull. Nutt. Orn.
Club, iii, 1878, 65 (Calaveras Co., California, May); Nom. N. Am. Birds,
1881, no. 109.—Be.pine, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., i, 1879, 405 (Calaveras Big
Trees, May, July; Soda Springs, autumn; Stockton, May; habits).—Satvin,
and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1881, 138.—SHarps, Cat. Birds
Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 294, 647 (La Parada, Oaxaca, near City of Mexico, ete. ).
| Dendreca] occidentalis Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 98.—Sciarer and Sat-
vin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 9. °
D{endreca] occidentalis Cours, Key, N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 299.
Dendroeca occidentalis SuNDEVaui, Ofy. k. Vet.-Ak. Forh. Stockh., xxvi, 1870,
611 (monogr. ).
>
—
.
570 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Dendreeca peridentalis (typographical error) Cooprr, Am. Nat., iii, Nov., 1869,
480, footnote (Colorado Valley, California, May 27). ~
Dendreca chrysoparia (not of Sclater and Salvin, 1860) Scuarrr, Proc. Zool. Soe.
Lond., 1862, 19 (La Parada, Oaxaca); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 358 (do.).
Dendreca niveiventris, SALvin, Proe. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1863, 187, pl. 24, fig. 2
(San Gerdnimo, Guatemala; coll. Salvin and Godman).
DENDROICA RARA (Wilson).
CERULEAN WARBLER,
Wing less than 69; crown blue or greenish blue; auricular region
blue or olive.
Adult male (all seasons).—Above grayish blue, brighter on the
pileum, where approaching cerulean or azure; sides of hinder crown
and occiput streaked with black, sometimes suffused into lateral
patches; back and scapulars more or less broadly streaked with black;
upper tail-coverts black, margined with grayish blue or bluish gray;
wings and tail black with grayish blue edgings, the middle and greater
coverts broadly tipped with white, forming two conspicuous bands;
the inner webs of rectrices with a subterminal patch of white, largest
on outermost; sides of head grayish blue, relieved by a more or less
distinct postocular streak of dusky, this often margined above by a
more or less distinct (sometimes conspicuous) supra-auricular streak
of white; malar region and under parts white, the sides and flanks |
broadly streaked with dusky (more or less suffused, especially on sides
of breast, with grayish blue), the chest usually crossed by a narrow
band of blackish, more or less suffused with grayish blue, this band
often interrupted in the middle, sometimes wanting; maxilla black,
mandible grayish dusky (grayish blue in life); iris brown; legs and
feet brownish dusky in dried skins; length (skins), 102.9-115.6 (110.5);
wing, 62-67.6 (65.5); tail, 43.2-47.7 (45); exposed culmen, 9.4-10.2
(9.9); tarsus, 15.7-17 (16.5); middle toe, 9.9-10.4 (10.2).*
Adult female (all seasons).—Above varying from light bluish gray
to grayish olive-green, the pileum brighter (grayish glaucous-blue to
sage green), entirely unstreaked; wings and tail as in adult male, but
edgings light greenish or olive-grayish instead of bluish; a more or
less distinct whitish or pale yellowish superciliary stripe; auricular
region grayish or grayish olive-green, darker along upper margin,
somewhat streaked with whitish or pale yellowish anteriorly; under
parts dull white, usually more or less suffused with pale yellow (some-
times strongly so), especially on sides of neck and across chest; length
(skins), 104-110.5 (107.7); wing, 58.2-62.7 (61.2); tail, 41.1-42.7 (42.4);
exposed culmen, 9.9-10.4 (10.2); tarsus, 15.5-17 (16.3); middle toe,
9.4-10.4 (9.9).
1 Seven specimens.
se whe ta: 2
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. wel
Young male, nestling plumage.—Above uniform brownish gray
(deep drab-gray), the pileum divided longitudinally by a broad median
stripe of grayish white; sides of head (including a broad superciliary
stripe) and entire under parts white; a narrow postocular stripe of deep
drab-gray; wings as in adults, but edgings greenish rather than bluish.
{Autumnal and winter adults do not differ from spring and summer
specimens except in being more highly colored. ‘This is more evident
in females, in which the superciliary stripe and under parts are often
entirely pale sulphur or primrose yellow. I have not seen specimens
which I am able to identify as young, of either sex, in first autumn or
winter; possibly some of the yellower supposed adult females are in
reality immature birds. |
Eastern United States, chiefly west of the Alleghenies; breeding
northward to eastern Nebraska (Omaha), Minnesota, Wisconsin, Michi-
gan (as far as Mackinac Island), Ontario (Drummondville, etc.), western
and central New York (Niagara, Oneida, and Monroe counties), east-
ward to eastern Maryland (Baltimore County) and western Virginia
(Natural Bridge), southward to Tennessee, Louisiana (Franklin and
St. Tammany parishes), etc.; casually or irregularly northward to
Connecticut (Suffield; Seymour), Rhode Island (Providence; Paw-
tucket), Long Island (Crow Hill), and New Jersey (Morris County);
west regularly to edge of the Great Plains, occasionally to Rocky
Mountains (Denver, Colorado; Rio Mimbres, New Mexico). In winter
south to Cuba and Grand Cayman, and through eastern Mexico, Central
America, and western South America (chiefly east of the Andes) to
central Peru and Bolivia (Naipiri).
Sylvia cerulea (not Sylvia cxerlea Latham, 1790) Witson, Am. Orn., ii, 1810, 141,
pl. 17, fig. 5 (e. Pennsylvania; coll. Peale Mus. ).
Sylvia cerulea Bonaparte, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., iv, 1824, 193.—Licur-
ENSTEIN, Preis-Verz. Mex. Vog., 1830, 2 (see Cabanis, Journ. fiir Orn., 1863,
37).—Tuompson, Nat. Hist. Vermont, 1853, 82.
Sylvicola cerulea JARDINE, ed. Wilson’s Am. Orn., i, 1832, 283; ili, 387.—Bona-
PARTE, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 23.—Hoy, Ann. Rep. Smithson. Inst. for
1864 (1865), 438 (Missouri).
[Sylvicola] cerulea Bonapartr, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 308.
Sylvicola cerulea Ricnarpson, Rep. Brit. Assoc. for 1836 (1837), 172.—AupuBON,
Synopsis, 1839, 56; Birds Am., oct. ed., ii, 1841, 45, pl. 86.—WoopnHousr,
Rep. Sitgreaves’ Expl. Zuni and Col. R., 1853, 70 (common in Texas and
Creek and Cherokee countries).—Hoy, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., vi, 1853,
311-(Wisconsin).—Henry, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., vii, 1855, 309 (Rio
Mimbres, New Mexico.).—Wtuuis, Ann. Rep. Smithson. Inst. for 1858
(1859), 282 (‘‘ Nova Scotia.’’ )
Rhimamphus ceruleus ScuatEr, Proc. Zool. Soe. Lond., 1857, 18 (Bogota, Colom-
bia); 1858, 64 (Rio Napo, e. Ecuador).—Gunputacu, Journ. fiir Orn., 1862,
177 (Cuba).
Dendroica cxrulea Batrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 280; Cat. N. Am.
Birds, 1859, no. 201; Review Am. Birds, 1865, 191 (Coban, Guatemala;
29
Bogota, Colombia, etc.).—GunpbiacH, Journ. fiir Orn., 1861, 326 (Cuba);
5
2
BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
1872, 414 (do.); Repert. Fisico-Nat. Cuba, i, 1865, 234.—Barrp, Brewer, and
Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 235, pl. 13, figs. 10, 11; iii, 1874, 505
(Drummondville, Ontario, breeding; deser. nest and eggs).—HENsHAw,
Zool. Exp. W.-100th Merid., 1875, 196 (do.).—BrewsreEr, Ann. Lye. N. Y.,
1875, 134 (Ritchie Co., West Virginia, breeding; habits; descr. nest and
eggs).—Brewer, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xix, 1878, 303 (Suffield, Connec-
ticut, 1 spec.).—BuTLer, Bull. Brooky. Soc. N. H., ii, 1886, 35 (Franklin
Co., Indiana, common summer resid. ).—AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ UNION,
Check List, 1886, no. 658.—Cory, Auk, iii, 1886, 35 (West Indian references),
501 (Grand Cayman); Birds W. I., 1889, 49; Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 118
(Cuba; Grand Cayman).—Luoyp, Auk, iv, 1887, 296 (Tom Green Co., Texas,
Oct. ).—Hasprouck, Auk, v, 1888, 323 (District Columbia, May 5, 1888) ; vii,
1890, 291 (same occurrence).—Scorr, Auk, y, 1888, 315 (Garden Key,
Tortugas, 1 spec., Mar. 23); vii, 1890, 19 (Key West, Florida, Apr. 16 and
29).—Davison, Auk, v, 1888, 430 (Niagara Co., New York, breeding).—
Eames, Auk, v, 1888, 431 (Seymour, Connecticut, 1 spec., May 10).—
Cooxr, Bird Migr. Miss. Val., 1888, 249 (Minnesota; e. Kansas; e. Nebraska;
w. Texas, etc.; dates of migr. ).—Rip@way, Orn. Illinois, i, 1889, 142.—Goss,
Birds Kansas, 1891, 556 (summer resid., common in e. rare in w. Kansas).—
Smira (R. W.), Journ. Cine. Soc. N. H., 1891, 123 (Warren Co., n. e. Ohio,
breeding ).—Loomis, Auk, viii, 1891, 170 (Chester Co., South Carolina, Apr.
15 to May 3 and Oct. 4 to 26).—Topp, Auk, viii, pee 238 (Beaver Co., w.
Pennsylvania, breeding) ; x, 1898, 41 (Indiana cn vy. Pennsylvania, breed-
ing).~CuHerrif, Auk, ix, oe 92, 21 (San Jose, oe Rica, Aug. 24 to Oct.
24).—Wonuire, Auk, x, 1893, 227( Mackinac I., Michigan, raresummerresid. ).—
Britey, Auk, x, 1893, 244 (Raleigh, North Carolina, 1 spec., May 8, 1893).—
Durcuer, Auk, x, 1893, 277 (Crow Hill, Long Island, 1 spec. ).—NEHRLING,
Our Native inde ete., 1, 1893, 212, pl. 13, fig. 6—McIiwrairs, Birds
Ontario, 1894, 365 (s. Ontario, summer resid.).—Uirey and WALLACE,
Proc. Indiana Ac. Sci., 1895, 156 (Wabash, Indiana, migratory ).—RuHoaps,
Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila, 1895, 495 (Samburg, Raleigh, and Bellevue, Ten-
nessee, breeding); Auk, xvi, 1899, 313 (lowlands of Westmoreland Co.,
Pennsylvania, numerous, breeding ).—P.LEasants, Auk, x, 1893, 372 (Towson
a Maryland, 1 spec., July 7); Johns Hopkins Univ. Circular, no. iii, 1894
(3) (Baltimore Co., Maryland, breeding).—Torrey, Auk, xiii, 1896, 179
(Natural Bridge, Virginia, common).—Bace, Auk, xvii, 1900, 178 (Oneida
Co., New York, breeding).—Saunpers, Auk, xvii, 1900, 358-362 (w. Ontario;
nesting habits; descr. nest and eggs).—Woop (J. C.), Auk, xvii, 1900, 391
(Detroit, Michigan, breeding).—Bruner, Proc. Nebr. Orn. Union, 2d an.
meet., 1901, 57 (near Omaha, Nebraska, breeding).—KirKkwoop, Auk., xviii,
1901, 137 (ealoes Co., Maryland, breeding; descr. nest and eggs).
D{endroica] cxrulea Borges, Cat. Birds 8. Mich., 1875, no. 40 (transient) .—Rine-
way, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 499.
Dendreca cerulea ScLATER, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 31 (Bogota).—ScLaTer and Sat-
vin, Proe. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, 347 (Lion Hill, Panama R. R.); 1870, 836
(San Pedro, Honduras); 1879, 494 (Antioquia, Colombia), 594 (Naipiri,
Bolivia).—SAtvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 183 (Calovevora, Veragua).—
ALLEN, Ball. Mus. Comp. Zool., iii, 1872, 124 (Leavenworth, Kansas, com-
mon); Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iv, 1879, 25-27 (Munroe Co., New York; Drum-
mondville, Ontario; Mt. Carmel, Illinois; breeding; descr. nests and eggs).—
Cougs, Check List, 1873, no. 77.—Snow, Birds Kansas, 1873, 5 (Leavenworth,
e. Kansas).—TaczanowskI, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1874, 508 (centr. Peru);
1882, 6 (Huambo, n. e. Peru); Orn. du Pérou, i, 1884, 465.—GUNDLACH,
Orn. Cuba, 1876, 65.—Purpie, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, ii, 1877, 21 (Suffield,
Connecticut, 1 spee.).—Mearns, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iii, 1878, 46 (West
2
:
F
;
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 578
Point, New York, 1 spec., May 17).—Rarusun, Revised List Birds Centr.
N. Y., 1879, 11 (common summer resid.).—Drane, Bull. Nutt. Orn.
Club, iv, 1879, 185 (Providence, Rhode Island, 1 spec., May).—Ripaway,
Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 98.—Satvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am.,
Aves, i, 1881, 130 (Mexico; Coban, Guatemala; Irazii, Costa Rica; Ecuador;
Peru; Bolivia, etc.).—Wessrer, Ornith. and Oolog., ix, 1884, 28 (Pawtucket,
Rhode Island, 1 spec., May 22).—Burtier, Ornith. and Oolog., ix, 1884, 25
(habits, etc.).—AGrrspora, Auk, li, 1885, 278 (s. e. South Dakota).—Tac-
ZANOWSKI and Berruepscn, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1885, 74 (Machay and
Mapoto, Ecuador, Feb.).—SHarps, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 327, 651
(Guatemala; Panama; Calovevora, Veragua; Bogota and Antioquia, Colom-
bia; Sarayacu, e. Ecuador; Naipiri, Bolivia, etc.).
Dendroeca cxrulea SuNDEVALL, Ofv. k. Vet.-Ak. Férh. Stockh., xxvi, 1870, 614
(monogr. ).
Dendreca cerulea Cours, Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 118.
Dendroica cerulea Henry, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., xi, 1859, 106 (New Mexico).—
Hensuaw, Rep. Orn. Spec. Wheeler’s Survey, 1874, 58 (Denver, Colorado,
May 17).
Dendreca cerulea LAWRENCE, Ann. Lye. N. Y., vii, 1861, 322 (Lion Hill, Panama
R. R. ); 1x, 1869, 200 (Merida, Yucatan).—McItwrarra, Proc. Essex Inst.,
yv, 1866, 86 (Hamilton, Ontario).—Cours, Birds N. W., 1874, 56, 233; Birds
‘Col. Val., 1878, 267.—Jouy, Field and Forest, ili, 1877, 51 ( District Columbia,
1 spec. ).
[ Dendreca] cxrulea Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 99.—Cory, List Birds W. L.,
1885, 8.
D{endreca] cxrulea Netson, Bull. Essex Inst., viii, 1876, 99, 152 (n. e. Illinois,
rare sum. resid. ).
[ Dendreca] cerulea ScuatTER and Satvix, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 9.
D{endreca] cerulea Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 301.
[| Mniotilta] cerulea Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 240, no. 3473.
[ Mniotilta] cerulea GreBEL, Thesaurus Orn., ii, 1875, 601.
Dendreca cerula Trippr, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xv, 1872, 235 (Decatur and
Mahaska counties, s. lowa, breeding).
Sylvia rara Wiuson, Am. Orn., iii, 1811, 119, pl. 27, fig.2.—STEPHENs, Shaw’s
Gen. Zool., x, 1817, 657.—Vixe1Luot, Enc. Méth., 1i, 1823, 448.—Bonaparre,
Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., iv, 1824, 197; Ann. Lyc. N. Y., ii, 1826, 82.—
Nurrau., Man. Orn. U. 8. and Can., i, 1832, 393.—AvupuBon, Orn. Biog.,
i, 1831, 258, pl. 49.
Phyllopneuste rara Bots, Isis, 1828, 321.
Vermivora rara JARDINE, ed. Wilson’s Am. Orn., 1, 1832, 406.
M{niotilta] rara Gray, Gen. Birds, i, 1848, 196.
Dendroica rara Ripaway, Auk, xiv, Jan., 1897, 97.—AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’
Union Committers, Auk, xiv, 1897, 131.—Jupp, Auk, xiv, 1897, 326 (Boon-
ton, Morris Co., New Jersey, Sept., 1887).—Bryer, Proc. Louisiana Soc.
Nat., 1897-99 (1900), 118 (Louisiana, breeding in Franklin and St. Tammany
parishes).
Sylvia azurea STEPHENS, Shaw’s Gen. Zool., x, 1817, 653 (based on Sylvia cerulea
Wilson).—Bonaparte, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., ii, 1826, 85; Am. Orn., ii, 1828, 27,
pl. 11, fig. 2.—Nurraui, Man. Orn. U. 8. and Can., i, 1832, 407.—AupuBon,
Orn. Biog., i, 1831, 255, pl. 48.—(?) TownsEenp, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila.,
vili, 1839, 153 (‘‘Oregon’’).
Hypothimis azurea Bots, Isis, 1828, 318.
Sylvia bifasciata Say, Long’s Exp. Rocky Mts., i, 1823, 170 (Council Bluffs, Iowa).
Sylvia populorum Vretwot, Enc, Méth., ii, 1823, 449 (based on Sylvia cerulea
Wilson).
574 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
DENDROICA BLACKBURNIZ (Gmelin).
BLACKBURNIAN WARBLER.
Adult male in spring and summer.—Pileum and hindneck black,
relieved by an oval patch or broad stripe of cadmium yellow or orange
on middle of crown; a broad superciliary stripe of cadmium yellow or
orange, confluent posteriorly with a large patch of the same on side of
neck; a spot of rather paler orange-yellow immediately beneath eye,
including lower eyelid; loral streak and auricular region black, the two
connected by a narrow rictal streak; malar region, chin, throat, and
chest rich orange or cadmium orange; remaining under parts pale yel-
lowish or yellowish white (more decidedly vellowish on breast), the
under tail-coverts white; sides and flanks streaked with black, these
black streaks commencing at lower posterior extremity of auricular
region; general color of upper parts black, the back streaked with
whitish, especially the exterior row of interscapulars, which have
most of their outer web whitish, forming, when feathers are properly
arranged, two stripes along each side of back; feathers of rump and
upper tail-coverts more or less distinctly edged with whitish; two to
three outermost rectrices white, with black shafts and with a terminal
euttate or cuneate mark of black; fourth rectrix also with much white
on subterminal portion of inner web, and fifth sometimes with more
or less of a white edging to subterminal portion of inner web; exposed
portion of middle wing-coverts and innermost greater coverts white,
forming a conspicuous patch on wing, the outermost greater coverts
black, broadly tipped with white and narrowly edged with grayish;
remiges black or dusky, narrowly edged with olive-grayish, these
edgings broader and paler (sometimes white) on tertials; maxilla
brownish black, mandible horn color (in dried skins), paler basally;
iris brown; legs and feet dusky brown (in dried skins); length (skins),
111.8-119.4 (114.8); wing, 65.3-69.3 (67.8); tail, 46.5-49.3 (48.3);
exposed culmen, 9.4-10.4 (9.9); tarsus, 17-17.8 (17.5); middle toe,
10.7-11.7 (10.9).*
Adult female in spring and summer.—Ahbove grayish olive or hair
brownish tinged with olive; pileum more or less streaked or flecked
with black, the crown with more or less of a central spot of naples, or
pale maize, yellow; back broadly streaked with black, the exterior
row of interscapulars with outer webs mostly very pale buffy grayish
or grayish buffy, forming two broad stripes when feathers are properly
arranged; upper tail-coverts black, margined with brownish gray;
wings and tail as in adult male, but general color much duller blackish,
the lateral rectrices less extensively white and the white on greater
wing-coverts usually not confluent with that on middle coverts, the
white thus usually forming two broad bars instead of a single large
1 Five specimens.
3
4
;
this Are
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. Dito
patch; broad superciliary stripe, confluent with a patch on side of neck,
pale naples or maize yellow; auricular region and lores grayish olive
or hair brown; malar region, chin, throat, and chest deep chrome yel-
low; rest of under parts dull yellowish white, more strongly tinged
with yellowish on breast, the under tail-coverts more nearly white,
the longest sometimes with a narrow mesial streak of dusky; sides and
flanks streaked with dusky; bill, iris, etc., as in adult male; length
(skins), 107.9-116.8 (114); wing, 63-65.5 (64.3); tail, 46.2-47.5 (46.7);
exposed culmen, 9.6; tarsus, 17.3-17.8 (17.5); middle toe, 10.9-11.9
(UL)
Adult (4) male in autumn and winter.—Similar to the summer
female, but upper parts darker, becoming uniform black on ramp and
upper tail-coverts, the latter margined with whitish; under parts of
body more yellowish, with streaks on sides and flanks much broader
as well as blacker.
Young male in first autumn and winter.—Similar to the summer
female in coloration of upper parts, but without yellowish spot in cen-
ter of crown; yellow of throat and chest much less orange (dull lemon
chrome instead of deep chrome or pale cadmium).
Adult female in autumn and winter.—Similar to the spring and
summer plumage, but whole under parts (except under tail-coverts)
yellowish, not conspicuously deeper on throat and chest.
Young femalein first autumn and winter.—Similar to the adult female
of corresponding season, but above browner, with streaks on back,
ete., much less distinct, sometimes nearly obsolete; white wing-bands
narrower; less white on lateral rectrices, the inner web of the outer-
most rectrix extensively dusky basally; under parts pale yellowish buff,
deepest on chest, paler posteriorly, the sides and flanks indistinctly
streaked with grayish brown.
Young, first plumage.—Above deep hair brown, relieved by an
indistinct paler longitudinal space in middle of crown and indistinet
darker streaks on back and rump; broad superciliary stripe, sides of
neck, malar region, chin, and throat very pale grayish buffy; chest
similar but rather darker and more grayish, faintly spotted with a
slightly darker shade; rest of under parts white, the sides and flanks
spotted with hair brown; wings as in autumn or winter specimens,
but white tips to greater and middle coverts tinged with brownish
buff.
Eastern United States and more southern British Provinces; north-
ward to Nova Scotia, Maine, northern Ontario (Muskoka, ete.), Mani-
toba (Trout Lake), and southern shores of Hudson Bay (Severn House);
west to edge of Great Plains, casually to western Texas (Kendall
County, March 31), New Mexico (Fort Bayard, May), and Utah
(Ogden, September); breeding southward to Connecticut, New York
' Five specimens.
576 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
(Lewis and Oneida counties), Pennsylvania (Butler, Indiana, Clearfield,
Pike, Luzerne, and Elk counties), Michigan, and northern Minnesota,
and along Allegheny Mountains to western North Carolina (above
8,000 feet), South Carolina (Pickens County) and eastern Tennessee
(Roan Mountain, 4,000 feet, and Chilhowee, Mountains, 2,000-4,000
feet). In winter southward through eastern Mexico (States of Vera
Cruz and Oaxaca) and Central America to Colombia, Ecuador (numer-
ous localities and records), Peru, and Venezuela, and to Bahama Islands
(Watlings Island; New Providence). Accidental in southern Green-
land (Frederickshaab, October, 1845) ?
(2?) Motacilla fusca MbLuER, Syst. Nat. Suppl., 1776, 175 (based on Figuier etranger
Daubenton, Pl. Enl., pl. 58, fig. 3; Guiana; Le Figuier orangé Buffon, Hist.
Nat. Ois., v, 313).
(?) Motacilla aurantia Boppagrt, Tabl. Pl. Enl., 1783, 4 (based on Figuier etranger
Daubenton, Pl. Enl., pl. 58, fig. 8; Guiana; Le Figuier orangé Buffon, Hist.
Nat. Ois., v, 313).
(?) M[niotilta] aurantia Gray, Gen. Birds, i, 1848, 196.
(?) [Motacilla] chrysocephala Gme.in, Syst. Nat., i, 1788, 971 (based on Figuier
etranger Daubenton, Pl. Enl., pl. 58, fig. 3; Guiana; Le Figuier orangé Buffon,
Hist. Nat. Ois., v, 313).
(?) Sylvia chrysocephala Lata am, Index Orn., ii, 1790, 541.—Vrer1ot, Nouv. Dict.
’ d’ Hist. Nat., xi, 1817, 206; Enc. Méth., ii, 18238, 459.—SrrepHEns, Shaw’s
Gen. Zool., x, 1817, 700.
(2) [Sylvicola] chrysocephala BoNAPartE, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 309.
(?) [Motacilla] incana Guenin, Syst. Nat., i, pt. ii, 1788, 976 (New York; based on
Greypoll Warbler LatHam, Gen. Synop. Birds, ii, pt. 2, 1783, 461).
(?) [Sylvia] incana Laruam, Index Orn., ii, 1790, 527.
(?) Sylvia incana Vietiiot, Nouv. Dict. d’ Hist. Nat., xi, 1817, 224; Enc. Méth.,
li, 1823, 442.—SrePHeEns, Shaw’s Gen. Zool., x, 1817, 628.
(?) M[niotilta] incana Gray, Gen. Birds, i, 1848, 196.
[ Motacilla] blackburniz GMELIN, Syst. Nat., 1, pt. ii, 1788, 977 (based on Black-
burnian Warbler Latham, Gen. Synop. Birds, ii, pt. 2, 461).
[Sylvia] blackburnie Laraam, Index Orn., ii, 1790, 527. j
Sylvia blackburnix VeiL10T, Ois. Am. Sept., ii, 1807, 36, pl. 96; Enc. Méth., ii, 1828,
432.—Witson, Am. Orn., ili, 1811, 64, pl. 23, fig. 3.—SrEpHENs, Shaw’s Gen.
Zool., x, 1817, 627..-Bonaparte, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., iv, 1824, 195;
Ann. Lyc. N. Y., ii, 1826, 80.—Nurratu, Man. Orn. U.S. and Can., i, 1832,
379.—AubDUuUBON, Orn. Biog., ii, 1834, 208; v, 1839, 73, pls. 185, 399.
Sylvicola blackburniz Swarnson, Philos. Mag., n. s., i, 1827, 484 (Vera Cruz,
Mexico).—JArpINgE, ed. Wilson’s Am. Orn., i, 1832, 354.—RricHarpson, Rep.
Brit. Assoc. for 1836 (1837), 172.—Bonaparts, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838,
22.—AupuBoNn, Synopsis, 1839, 57; Birds Am., oct. ed., li, 1841, 48, pl. 87.—
Sciarer, Proce. Zool. Soe. Lond., 1854, 111 (Quijos, Eeuador).—Bryant, Proce.
Bost. Soc. N. H., vii, 1859, 110 (Bahamas).—ALprecuat, Journ. fir Orn., 1861,
52 (Bahamas). .
[Sylvicola] blackburniz BONAPARTE, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 307.
M{niotilta] blackburnix Gray, Gen. Birds, i, 1848, 196.
[ Mniotilta] blackburnix Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 240, no. 3472.
R{himanphus] blackburnizx CaBanis, Mus. Hein., i, 1850, 19.
Rhimamphus blackburnix ScuateER, Proc. Zool. Soe. Lond., 1855, 143 (Bogota,
Coiombia); 1858, 64 (Rio Napo, Ecuador). te
7 a ates
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 577
Dendroica blackburnix Barrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 274; Cat. N. Am.
Birds, 1859, no. 196; Review Am. Birds, 1865, 189 (Coban, Guatemala; San
Jose, Costa Rica).—Scuarer and Satvin, Ibis, 1859, 11 (Guatemala).—
SciaTerR, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1860, 64 (Pallatanga, Ecuador); 1860, 84
(do).—Franrztus, Journ. fir Orn., 1869, 293( Costa Rica).—SumicHrast, Mem.
Bost. Soc. N. H., i, 1869, 547 (Orizaba, Vera Cruz).—Bartrp, Brewer, and
Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 237, pl. 13, figs. 2, 3; iii, 1874, 505
(Ogden, Utah, 1 spec., Sept., 1871).—Brewer, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xix,
1878, 303 (breeding from Connecticut northward).—Brewster, Auk, iii,
1886, 174 (Jackson and Macon counties, North Carolina, breeding above
3,000 ft.).—AMERICAN OrniTHOLOGISTS’ Unton, Check List, 1886, no. 602.—
Raupu, Trans. Oneida Hist. Soc., iii, 1886, 140 (Oneida Co., New York,
breeding) .—Cory, Auk, ili, 1886, 36; ix, 1892, 49 (Watlings I., Bahamas);
Birds W. I., 1889, 50; Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 118 (New Providence and
Watlings Islands, Bahamas).—Rripeway, Orn. Illinois, i, 1889, 148.—ALLEN,
Bull. Am. Mus. N. H.; ii, 1889, 69 (Quito, Ecuador); xiii, 1900, 178 (Las
Nubes, ete., province Santa Marta, Colombia, Dec., Mar.); Auk, xii, 1895, 89
(Berkshire Co., Massachusetts, breeding).—Cooxr, Bird Migr. Miss. Val.,
1888, 252 (breeding from n. Minnesota northward ).—Scorr, Auk, vii, 1890,
20 (Tarpon Springs and Key West, Florida, rare migrant).—Loomis, Auk,
vii, 1890, 127 (Pickens Co., South Carolina, breeding).—RatpxH and Baaa,
Auk, vii, 1890, 231 (Oneida Co., New York, breeding).—CueErriz, Auk,
vii, 1890, 336 (San Jose, Costa Rica, Sept. to Feb.); viii, 1891, 278 (San
José, Costa Rica; remarks on plumage).—Tuompson, Proc. U. 8. Nat.
Mus., xiii, 1890, 619 (Manitoba, breeding).—Sronr, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci.
Phila., 1891, 437 (Luzerne Co., Pennsylvania, breeding).—Topp, Auk,
vill, 1891, 398 (Butler Co., Pennsylvania, breeding?); x, 1893, 41, 45
(Indiana and Clearfield counties, Pennsylvania, breeding).—Wutrtr, Auk,
x, 1893, 228 (Mackinac I., Michigan, migrant).—NeraRLING, Our Native
Birds, etc., i, 1893, 218, pl. 12, fig. 1.—Ruoaps, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila.,
1895, 496 (Roan Mt., 4,000 ft., and Chilhowee Mts., 2,000-4,000 ft., Tennes-
see, breeding).—Conapon, Auk, xii, 1895, 190 (Dingmans Ferry, Pike Co.,
Pennsylvania, breeding).—Bairy, Auk, xiii, 1896, 296 (n. Elk Co., Pennsyl-
vania, breeding).—F.ieminea, Auk, xvii, 1901, 44 (Muskoka, ete., n. Ontario,
common summer resid. ).
Dendreca blackburnizw ScuaTeR, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1859, 363 (Jalapa, Vera
Cruz); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 30 (Pallatanga and Nanegal, e. Ecuador; Bogota,
Colombia).—Casanis, Journ. fur Orn., 1860, 328 (Costa Rica).—LAWRENCE,
Ann. Lye. N. Y., vii, 1862, 468 (Panama R. R.); ix, 1868, 94 (San José,
Atiro, and Barranca, Costa Rica).—BuLakiston, Ibis, 1863, 62 (Severn House,
Trout Lake, British Columbia).—Satvin, Proce. Zool. Soe. Lond., 1867, 136
(Santa Fé, Veragua); 1870, 183 (Calovevora, Chitra, Calobre, Cordillera del
Chucu, and Volcan de Chiriqui, Veragua); Ibis, 1872, 314 (Chontales, Nica-
ragua).—ScLaTerR and Savin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 780 (Merida,
Venezuela); 1879, 494 (Antioquia, Colombia).—Wyartt, Ibis, 1871, 322
(Alto, Colombia).—ALLen, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., iii, 1872, 124, 166, 175
(Kansas; Ogden, Utah).—Cours, Check List, 1873, no. 80; 2d ed., 1882, no.
121; Birds N. W., 1874, 59; Birds Col. Val., 1878, 284.—TaczanowskI, Proc.
Zool. Soc. Lond., 1874, 508 (centr. Peru); 1879, 223 (n. Peru); 1882, 6
(Huambo, n. Peru); Orn. du Pérou, i, 1884, 464.—Lawrence, Bull. U.S.
Nat. Mus., no. 4, 1876, 15 (Tehuantepec).—Boucarp, Proce. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
1878, 52 (Naranjo, Costa Rica, Apr.).—Brewster, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iii,
1878, 58 (deser. young).—SrepHeEns, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iii, 1878, 93 (Fort
3654—VvoL 2—01——37%
578 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Bayard, New Mexico, May, 1 spec.).—Brown (N. C.), Bull. Nutt. Orn.
Club, iv, 1879, 106 (Portland, Maine, breeding); vii, 1882, 36 (Boerne, Ken-
dall Co.,s. w. Texas, 1 spec., Mar. 31).—Cory, Birds Bahama I., 1880, 60.—
Ripeway, Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 102.—Satvin and Gopmav, Biol.
Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1881, 183.—BrrLEepscH and TaczaNnowskI, Proc. Zool.
Soc. Lond., 1884, 286 (Cayandeled, w. Ecuador, Feb.).—Merrram, Auk, ii,
1885, 103 (Lewis Co., New York, breeding; descr. nest and eggs).—SHARPE,
Cat. Birds, Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 288, 646 (Quito, Pasto, and Intaj, Ecuador;
Medellin and Bogota, Colombia; Coban, Choctum, and Duefias, Guatemala,
etc. ).—TaczANnowskI and Berruepscu, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1885, 74
(Machay, Mapoto, and Bafios, Ecuador, Jan. ).
Dendroeca blackburnix SuNDEVALL, Ofy. k. Vet.-Ak. Foérh. Stockh., xxvi, 1870,
611 (mongr. ).—Satvapori and Frsra, Boll. Mus. Zool., etc., Torino, no. 357,
1899, 8 (Pun, e. Ecuador, Feb.).
Sylvia blackburni Vreritor, Nouv. Dict. d’ Hist. Nat., xi, 1817, 168.
[ Dendreca] blackburnix Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 100.—ScuaTErR and
Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 9.—Cory, List Birds W. I., 1885, 8.
Dendreca blackburnix ? Newron, Man. Nat. Hist. Greenland, 1875, 98 (Fred-
erickshaab, 1 spec., Oct., 1845).
Dendreca blackburnze Cours, Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 121.
D[endreca] blackburne Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 302.
Sylvia parus Witson, Am. Orn., v, 1812, 114, pl. 44, fig. 3.—Srernens, Shaw’s
Gen. Zool., x, 1817, 727.—Vte1Liot, Enc. Méth., ii, 1823, 449.—BoNnaPaRrTE,
Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., iv, 1824, 200; Ann. Lyc. N. Y., ii, 1826, 82.—
Nurratt, Man. Orn. U. 8. and Can., i, 1832, 392.—AupuBon, Orn. Biog., ii,
1834, 205, pl. 134.
Sylvicola parus JARDINE, ed. Wilson’s Am. Orn., li, 1832, 209.—BonaparteE, Geog.
and Comp. List, 1838, 22.—AupuBon, Synopsis, 1839, 55; Birds Am., oct. ed.,
ii, 1841, 40, pl. 88.—Wruuts, Ann. Rep. Smithson. Inst. for 1858 (1859), 282
(Nova Scotia).
M{niotilta] parus Gray, Gen. Birds, i, 1848, 196.
Mniotilta parus RerwHarpt, Ibis, 1861, 6 (Frederickshaab, Greenland, Oct. 16,
1845).
[ Rhimamphus] parus Bonaparte, Consp. Ay., i, 1850, 311.
Sylvia melanorrhoa Vietttot, Nouv. Dict. d’ Hist. Nat., xi, 1817, 180 (‘‘ Marti-
nique’”’); Ene. Méth., ii, 1823, 444.
M{niotilta] melanorrhoa Gray, Gen. Birds, i, 1848, 197.
DENDROICA DOMINICA DOMINICA (Linnzus).
YELLOW-THROATED WARBLER.
|
|
|
;
|
|
|
|
|
|
Adult male.—Forehead (sometimes crown also, especially lateral
portions), lores, suborbital region, and greater part of auricular region,
black; occiput, hindneck, back, scapulars, rump, and upper tail-coverts
plain slate-gray,' the crown also sometimes gray (except laterally), i
more or less streaked with black; wings and tail black, with slate-gray
edgings, the middle and greater wing-coverts broadly tipped with |
white, forming two conspicuous bands across wing; two to three outer-
most rectrices with inner web extensively white terminally, this on
lateral rectrix occupying approximately the terminal half; a broad
dn we os
1 Very rarely the back is spotted with black; see Wayne, Auk, vii, 1890, 97.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 579
white superciliary stripe, usually becoming yellow anteriorly (over
lores); a crescentic suborbital spot and patch on side of neck (invading
median posterior portion of auricular region), white; throat and chest
lemon or gamboge yellow, the chin usually more or less white; rest of
under parts white, broadly streaked laterally with black, the broad black
streaks on sides of chest confluent with a narrow stripe connecting
them with the triangular black patch on side of head; bill black; iris
brown; legs and feet dusky horn color (in dried skins); length (skins),
114.3-127.2 (121.9); wing, 64.5-68.6 (66.9); tail, 49-53.6 (50.7); exposed
culmen, 12.7—15 (13.8); tarsus, 17-18 (17.4); middle toe, 12-13 (12.4).'
Adult female.—Similar to the adult male and often not distinguish-
able, but usually with less black on forehead, which is more often
gray, streaked with black, medially, and yellow of throat and chest
averaging slightly paler; length (skins) 118-125.7 (121); wing, 63.2-65.3
(64.6); tail, 46-53 (50); exposed culmen, 12.4-14 (12.9); tarsus, 16.3-
17.5 (16.9); middle toe, 11.5-12.7 (12.2).’
Young male in first autumn.—Similar to the adult male, but gray
of upper parts and white of under parts, especially the flanks, tinged
with. brown.
Young female in first autumn.—Similar to the young male in autumn,
but more strongly tinged with brown, both above and below, and
streaks on sides and flanks (especially the latter) less distinct, some-
times obsolete.
Young, jirst plumage.—Ahbove, including entire pileum, plain light
grayish brown or deep drab-gray; wings dusky, with light grayish
brown edgings (broad and conspicuous on tertials, narrow and grayer
on primaries), the middle and greater coverts broadly tipped with
brownish white; a rather broad supra-auricular stripe, a narrow sub-
orbital streak, and space on side of neck brownish white; loral and
auricular regions plain deep drab-gray, the latter with a whitish ter-
minal or subterminal spot; chin and throat pale drab-gray; chest and
1 Kighteen specimens.
? Hight specimens.
A series of twelve specimens collected during the breeding season at and near Cape
Charles, Virginia, have on the average longer bills than a series of fourteen taken at
various localities east of the Alleghenies (some of them on the coast), the average
measurements of the two series being as follows:
| a
| Ex- :
Locality. | Wing. | Tail. | posed | Tarsus. | Middle
| | /culmen. | Oe:
MALES. |
Ten adult males from near Cape Charles, Virginia.......... 66.5 50.1 TAS) coe’? 12
Eightadult malesfrom various localities (eastof Alleghenies)! 67.4 51.6 13 17.4 | 12.4
FEMALES. |
Two adult females from near Cape Charles, Virginia. ....-- 65 49.5 | 13.5 16.5 11.7
Six adult females from various localities -...--...........-- 64.4 50.1 12.6 17.1 12.3
580 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
sides of breast deeper drab-gray, the latter obsoletely streaked with
dull white; rest of under parts dull white.
Atlantic coast district of United States; north to lower Maryland
and eastern shore of Virginia, casually to New York (Long Island),
Connecticut (New Haven; Hartford), and Massachusetts (Charles
River; Dedham); breeding southward to Florida; in winter to Bahamas
(Maranagua, Watlings, Great Bahama, Great Inagua, Abaco, and Berry
islands), Cuba (including - ‘Isle of Pines), Grand Caan Jamuica,
Haiti, and Porto Rico.
[ Motacilla] dominica Lixnxvs, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, i, 1766, 334 (based on Le Figuier
cendré de S. Domingue, Ficedula dominicensis cinerea, Brisson, Orn., iii, 1760,
520, pl. 27, fig. 3).—Gme.in, Syst. ee i, 1788, 980.
[Sylvia] dominica Larnam, Index Orn., , 1790, 538.
Sylvia dominica Virittot, Nouy. Dict. a eee Nat., xi, 1817, 223.—SrEPHEns,
Shaw’s Gen. Zool., x, 1817, 612.
[MJniotilta dominica Gray, Gen. Birds, i, 1848, 197.
[ Mniotilta] dominica Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 240, no. 3478.
Dendroica dominica Batrp, Review Am. Birds, Apr., 1865, 209, part.—GuNDLACH,
Repert. Fisico-Nat. Cuba, i, 1865, 235; Journ. fur Orn., 1872, 415 (Cuba);
Anal. Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat., vii, 1878, 184 (Porto Rico).—Barrp, Brewer, and
Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 240, part, pl. 14, fig. 6; ili, 1874, 505
(Wilmington, North Carolina, breeding; descr. nest and eggs).—BrEWwERr,
Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xix, 1878, 303 (near New Haven and Hartford, Con-
necticut, accidental) ; xx, 1879, 265 (Charles R., Massachusetts, accidental ).—
AMERICAN OrNITHOLOGIstTS’ Union, Check List, 1886, no. 663.—ALLEN, Bull.
Am. Mus. N. H., i, 1886, 257 (Dedham, Massachusetts, 1 spec.).—Cory,
Auk, iii, 1886, se (West Indian references), 501 (Grand Cayman); ix, 1892,
48 (Bahamas), 49 (Watlings I., Bahamas); Birds W. I., 1889, 50; Cat. W.
I. Birds, 1892, 118, 155 (Great Bahama, Abaco, Biminis, Berry Islands,
New Providence, Watlings I., Maraguna, and Great Inagua, Bahamas; Cuba,
Isle of Pines, Grand Cayman, Jamaica, Haiti, and Porto Rico).—RicuMmonp,
Auk, vi, 1889, 339 (near Washington, D. C., July 28 to Sept. 7).—Scorr, Auk,
vii, 1890, 20 (Tarpon Springs and Punta Rassa, Florida, breeding; Key West,
after July 25), 313 (Garden Key, Tortugas, Mar. 23 to 29 and Apr. 8;
3 spec. ).—Britey, Auk, vii, 1890, 323 (Raleigh, North Carolina; nesting
habits; deser. nest and eggs).—Wayne, Auk, vii, 1890, 97 (black-backed
specimen described); xii, 1895, 365 (Wacissa and Aucilla rivers, n. w.
Florida, breeding).—Durcrmr, Auk, x, 1893, 277 (Crow Hill, Long Island,
1 spec.).—NEHRLING, Our Native Birds, etc., i, 1893, 222, pl. 13, fig. 1.—
Pautmer (W.), Auk, xiii, 1896, 343 (near Mount Vernon, Virginia, breeding).
D{endroica] dominica Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 504.
Dendreca dominica Cours, Proc. Essex Inst., v, 1868, 270; Check List, 1873, no. 88;
2d ed., 1882, no. 129; Birds N. W., 1874, 66, part.—ALLeEn, Bull. Mus. Comp.
Zool., li, 1871, 268 (e. Florida, meee —Maynarp, Birds Florida, 1873, 60.—
Gouin: Orn. Cuba, 1876, 67.—BrewstEr, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, ii,
1877, 102 (Georgia and n. Florida; nesting habits, ete.); ili, 1878, 43.—
Merriam, Trans. Conn. Acad. Sci., iv, 1877, 17 (Connecticut, several
records).—Purpre, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iii, 1878, 146 (Dedham, Massa-
chusetts, 1 spec. ).—Cory, Birds Bahama I., 1880, 65; Birds Haiti and San
Dom., 1885, 27.—Ripaway, Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 103; Bull. Nutt.
Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 253 (Arlington, Virginia, Sept.).—SHarper, Cat. Birds
Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 301, part (Florida; Jamaica).
|
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 581
[ Dendreca] dominica Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 104.—Cory, List Birds
W. I., 1885, 8.
D{endreca] dominica Newton (A. and E.), Handb. Jamaica, 1881, 106.—Cours,
Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 306.
[ Dendroica dominica] var. dominica Ripaway, Am. Nat., vii, Oct., 18 oy 606.—
Barrp, Brewer, and Ripaway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 290, 2 24
[Dendreca dominica . . .] a. dominica Cours, Birds Col. Val., 1878, ee excl.
syn. part.
[ Dendreca dominica.] 8. D. dominica Suarre, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 304,
648, in list of specimens.
Dendroeca dominica SuNDEVALL, Ofv. k. Vet.-Akad. Forh. Stockh., xxvi, 1870, 596
(Porto Rico), 611 (monogr. ).
Motacilla superciliosa BoppaErt, Tabl. Pl. Enl., 1783, 43 (based on la Gorge-iaune
de St. Domingue Daubenton, Pl. Eni., pl. 686, fig. 1).
M [niotilta] superciliosa Gray, Gen. Birds, i, 1848, 196.
Dendroica superciliosa Baird, Rep. Pacific R. R. Sury., ix, 1858, 289, part; Cat.
N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 209, part.—Gunp acu, Journ. ftir. Orn., 1861, 326
(Cuba).—Marcn, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., xv, 1863,-293 (Jamaica).
Dendreca superciliosa Scuater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1861 (Jamaica); Cat.
Am. Birds, 1862, 33, part (Jamaica).
[Dendreca] superciliosa ScuateR and Satvix, Nom. Ay. Neotr., 1873, 9, part
(Antilles).
[ Motacilla] pensilis GMELIN, Syst. Nat., 1, 1788, 960 vee on la Gorge-jaune de
St. Domingue Daubenton, Pl. Enl., pl. 686, fig. 1; Pensile Warbler Latham,
Gen. Synop., 11, pt. 2, 1783, 441).
Motacilla pensilis Lesson, Traité d’Orn., 1831, 418.
[Sylvia] pensilis LarHam, Index Orn., ii, 1790, 520.
Sylvia pensilis VrettLor, Ois. Am. ea li, 1807, 11, pl. 72; Nouv. Dict. d’ Hist.
Nat., xi, 1817, 177; Enc. Méth., i 1823 3, 427.—S?rEPHENS, Shaw’s Gen. Zool.,
x, 1817, 629.—BoNnaAPaARTE, cee con N. Y., ii, 1826, 79.—Nurrautu, Man.
Orn. U. S. and Can., i, 18: 2 374.—AvupuBoN, Orn. Biog., i, 1831, 434, part,
pl. 85.—D’Orpieny, in La Sagra’s Hist. Nat. Cuba, Ois, 1839, 65.
Sylvicola pensilis RICHARDSON, Rep. Brit. Assoc. for 1836 (1837), 172.—BoNnAPaARTE,
Geog. and Comp. List. 1838, 22.—AupuBon, Synopsis, 1839, 53, part; Birds
Am., oct. ed., ii, 1841, 32, part, pl. 79.—Gossr, Birds Jamaica, 1847, 156;
Ilustr. Birds Jam., 1849, pl. 32.—Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., vi, 1853, 8
(Long Island, New York).—Sauuk, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1857, 231 (Santo
Domingo).—BREWER, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., vii, 1860, 307 (Cuba).—
ALBRECHT, Journ. fur Orn., 1862, 201 (Jamaica).—Bryanrt, Proc. Bost. Soe.
N. H., xi, 1866, 91 (Santo Domingo).
[Sylvicola] pensilis BoNAPARTE, Consp. Ay., i, 1850, 307.
Rl himanphus] pensilis CABANIS, Mus. Hein., i, 1850, 19.
Rhimamphus pensilis GuNDLACH, Journ. fiir Orn., 1855, 474 (Cuba); 1861, 408 (do).
{ Motacilla] flavicollis GmEuin, Syst. Nat., i, 1788, 959 (based on Yellow-throated
Creeper, Parus americanus gutture luteo, Catesby, Nat. Hist. Carolina, 62, pi.
2; Yellow-throated Warbler Latham, Gen. Synop., ii, pt. 2, 437, ete. ).
[Sylvia] flavicollis LatHam, Index Orn., ii, 1790, 518.
Sylvia flavicollis Vierituor, Ois. Am. Sept., ii, 1807, 45; Nouv. Dict. d’ Hist. Nat.,
xi, 1817, 191; Ene. Méth., ii, 1828, 453.—Wutson, Am. Orn., ii, 1810, 64,
pl. 12, fig. 6.—SrepHens, Shaw’s Gen. Zool., x, 1817, 679.—BoNaAParreE,
Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., iv, 1824, 188.
Sylvicola flavicollis JARpiNn, ed. Wilson’s Am. Orn., i, 1832, 213.
(2?) Dendroica dominica albilora (not of Ridgway ?) Scorr, Auk, x, 1893, 340, 341
(Jamaica). .
582 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
DENDROICA DOMINICA ALBILORA Ridgway.
SYCAMORE WARBLER.
Similar to 2). d. dominica, bat with much smaller bill, the supercil-
iary stripe more rarely yellow anteriorly, and with white areas on
inner webs of lateral rectrices averaging decidedly larger.
Adult male.—Length (skins), 114.3-123.2 (116.8); wing, 63.5-69.6
(66.5); tail, 48.8-52.6 (50.8); exposed culmen, 11.4-12.7 (11.9); tarsus,
16-17.2 (16.8); middle toe, 11.4-12.4 (11.9).?
Adult female.—Length (skins), 106.7-120.6 (115.1); wing, 63-65.5
(63.7); tail, 46.5-49.5 (48); exposed culmen, 10.9-12.2 (11.7); tarsus,
16.3-17 (16.7); middle toe, 11.7-12.2 (11.9).’
Mississippi Valley; north, regularly, to eastern Kansas (Neosho
Falls), central Illinois, Indiana (north to Carroll County), Ohio
(Columbus), and West Virginia (Kanawha County), irregularly to
southern Wisconsin, southern Michigan (Detroit), and northern Ohio
(Cleveland; Rockport); breeding southward to Louisiana and eastern
Texas. In winter southward through Mexico (both coasts) to Yucatan
(including Cozumel, Mugeres, and Holbox islands), British Honduras
(Belize), Honduras (Truxillo; Ruatan Island), and eastern Nicaragua
(Greytown). Occasional during migration in South Carolina (also in
Georgia and Florida‘).
Sylvia flavicollis (not Motacilla flavicollis Gmelin) Swarnson, Philos. Mag., n. s., 1,
1827, 484 (Vera Cruz, Mexico).
Sylvicola flavicollis Hoy, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., vi, 1853, 310 (Wisconsin).
Sylvicola pensilis (not Motacilla pensilis Gmelin) Reap, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila.,
vi, 18538, 398 (Ohio).
Sylvia pensilis (not of Latham) AupusBon, Orn. Biog., i, 1831, 434, part.—Hay-
MOND, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., viii, 1856, 200 (Franklin Co., Indiana).
Rhimamphus pensilis (not of Gundlach) SciarEer, Proe. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1856,
291 (Mexico).
Sylvicola pensilis AupuBoN, Synopsis, 1839, 53 part; Birds Am., oct. ed., ii, 1841,
32, part.
Sylvicola pensillis PRatren, Trans. Ill. Agric. Soc., i, 1855, 601 (Illinois).
Dendroica pensilis ScLaATER, Proce. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1858, 295 (Cordova, Vera Cruz).
Dendroica superciliosa (not Motacilla superciliosa Boddaert) Barrp, Rep. Pacific
R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 289, part (Rockport, Ohio; Union Co., Illinois;
Tamaulipas, Mexico); Rep. U. 8S. and Mex. Bound. Surv., ii, pt. 2, 1859, 10
(Tamaulipas); Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 209, part. —Scuarter, Proce. Zool.
Soe. Lond., 1859, 374 (Oaxaca, Mexico).—Haymonp, Geol. Surv. Indiana,
1869, 217 (Indiana, common).—Snow, Birds Kansas, 1873, 5 (Neosho Falls,
s. e. Kansas, breeding).
Dendreca superciliosa ScuatEr, Proc. Zool. Soe. Lond., 1859, 363 (Jalapa, Vera
Cruz); 1862, 368 (Jalapa) ; Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 33, part (Rockport, Ohio).—
ScuaTer and Satyr, Ibis, 1860, 274 (Duefias, Guatemala, Sept.).—DREssER,
Ibis, 1865, 478 (Brownsville, Texas, Dec.; San Antonio, migr.).
[Dendreca] superciliosa SctateR and Satyin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 9, part
(Mexico; Guatemala).
1 Ten specimens. 2 Seven specimens.
Hee Aa
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 583
Dendroica dominica (not Motacilla dominica Linnzeus) Batrp, Review Am. Birds,
1865, 209, part (Cleveland, Ohio; Cairo, Illinois; Tamaulipas and near
Colima, Mexico; Duenas, Guatemala).—Sumicurast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H.,
i, 1869, 547 (Orizaba, Vera Cruz, after Aug. 10).—Jorpan, Am. Nat., ix,
1875, 313 (Indiana).—(?) Currrig, Auk, ix, 1892, 21 (San Jose, Costa Rica,
Oct. 4, 18911).
Dendreca dominica LAwRENcE, Ann. Lye. N. Y., ix, 1869, 200 (Merida, Yuca-
tan); Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., ii, 1874, 270 (Tepic, Colima, and Rio de la
Coahuayana, w. Mexico).—Scorr, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xv, 1872, 222
(Kanawha Co., West Virginia).—Covrs, Birds N. W., 1874, 66, part, 233
(Columbus, Ohio, common).—Lanepon, Birds Cine., 1877, 6 (near Cincin-
nati, Ohio, common Apr. 15 to 30).—Sarvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am.,
Aves, i, 1881, 154, part (Totonicapam and Choctum, Guatemala; Valladolid,
Yucatan; Belize, British Honduras, etc.).—SHarpr, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x,
1885, 301, part.—Saxvin, Ibis, 1888, 250 (Holbox, Mugeres, and Cozumel
islands, coast of Yucatan; Ruatan Island, Honduras; crit.).
[ Dendreca] dominica Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 103, part.
Dendroica dominica, var. albilora Baird, Rrpaway, Am. Nat., vii, Oct., 1873, 605
(Belize, British Honduras; coll. U.S. Nat. Mus.); Ann. Lye. N. Y., x, 1874, 368
(Illinois).—Barrp, Brewer, and Ripaway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874,
pl. 14, fig. 7; iii, 1874, 505.
Dendreeca dominica . . . var. albilora Cours, Check List, 1873, 125, no. 88a.
Dendreca dominica var. albilora LAWRENCE, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., no. 4, 1876, 16
(Gineta Mts., Chiapas, Jan.).—Lanapon, Birds Cine., 1877, 6 (near Cincin-
nati, Ohio).
[ Dendroica dominica] var. albilora Baird, Brewer, and Ripaway, Hist. N. Am.
Birds, i, 1874, 220, 241, in text.
D{endreca| dominica var. albilora Netson, Bull. Essex Inst., viii, 1876, 99 (n. e.
Illinois; Indianapolis, Indiana; Detroit, Michigan); ix, 1877, 35 (Mount
Carmel, Illinois, very abundant Aug. 30 to Sept. 2).
Dendreca dominica albilora Ripaway, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iii, Oct., 1878, 163
(Mount Carmel, Illinois); Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., iii, 1880, 172, 216; Nom. N.
Am. Birds, 1881, 103a.—Sennerr, Bull. U.S. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr.,
iv, 1878, 13 (Brownsville, Texas, Mar. 26).—Brown, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club,
vii, 1882, 36 (Boerne, s. w. Texas).—Covrs, Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no.
130.—NEuHRLING, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 9 (s. e. Texas, breeding).
D{endreca] d[ominica] albilora Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 306.
[ Dendreca dominica] b. albilora Cours, Birds Col. Val., 1878, 248.
Dendroica dominica albilora Ripaway, Proce. U. S. Nat. Mus., viii, 1885, 564
(Cozumel I., Yucatan; erit.); x, 1888, 579 (Truxillo, Honduras); Bull. Nutt.
Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 19 (Knox Co., Indiana); Orn. Illinois, i, 1889, 150.—
AMERICAN OrNITHOLOGISTS’ Unton, Check List, 1886, no. 663a.—Loomis, Auk,
iii, 1886, 139 (Chester Co., South Carolina, 1 spee., May 7); vii, 1890, 127
(Pickens Co., South Carolina, breeding); viii, 1891, 171 (Chester Co., South
Carolina, com. migr.).—Burtier, Bull. Brookville Soc. N. H., no. 2, 1886, 35
(Franklin Co., Indiana, common summer resid. ).—Cooxr, Bird Migr. Miss.
Val., 1888, 252 (Mississippi Valley localities and dates).—Evermann, Auk,
vi, 1889, 27 (Carroll Co., Indiana, breeding).—Scorr, Auk, vii, 1890, 20
(Key West, Florida, 1 spec., Mar. 27), 313 (Garden Key, Tortugas, 6 spec. );
(?) x, 1893, 340, 341 (Jamaica?).—Goss, Birds Kansas, 1891, 564 (e. Kansas,
summer resid. ).—Smira (R.W.), Journ. Cine. Soc. N. H., 1891, 123 (War-
ren Co., Ohio, common in Apr.).—RicuMmonp, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xvi,
1893, 484 (Greytown, Nicaragua, Feb. 12).—Jouy, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus.,
‘Specimen merely seen, and may have been D. graciz decora. ? Doubtful.
584 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
xvi, 1894, 777 (Cuernavaca, Morelos, Sept. 4).—U trey and Wauuacer, Proc.
Ind. Ac. Soe., 1895, 157 (Wabash, Indiana, migratory).—Bryer, Proc. Loui-
siana Soc. Nat. for 1897-99 (1900), 113 (Louisiana, breeding).
D{endroica] dominica albilora Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 504.—Woop
(J.C.), Auk, xvii, 1900, 391 (Detroit, Michigan, breeding).
[ Dendreca dominica] a. D. albilora SHarpr, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 304,
648 (Mazatlan; Progreso, n. Yucatan; Belize, British Honduras, etc.).
DENDRIOCA GRACIZ GRACIZ Baird.
GRACE’S WARBLER.
Resembling ). dominica, but much smaller, with superciliary stripe
mostly yellow, sides of neck gray instead of white, no black patch on
side of head, and back streaked with black.
Adult male in spring and summer.—Ahove slate-gray, the crown
and back streaked with black (sides of crown sometimes uniformly
black); wings and tail dusky with slate-gray edgings, the middle
wing-coverts broadly, the greater coverts more narrowly, tipped with
white, forming two distinct wing-bands; two outermost rectrices with
inner webs extensively white terminally (the white occupying more
than terminal half on outermost rectrix, which also has the outer web
largely white), the third rectrix also usually with a white terminal or
subterminal elongated patch; a superciliary stripe of yellow, passing
into white beyond eye; a broad dusky loral streak and a narrow dusky
rictal streak; auricular region and sides of neck plain slate-gray; sub-
orbital spot, malar region, chin, throat, and chest lemon yellow; remain-
ing under parts white, with sides of chest and breast, sides, and flanks
streaked with black; bill black, the mandible more brownish basally;
iris brown; legs and feet dusky brown (in dried skins).
Adult(?) male in autumn and winter.—Similar to the spring and
summer plumage, but gray of upper parts slightly tinged with brown,
especially on back, where the black streaks are more or less concealed;
white of under parts tinged with pale brownish buffy, especially on
flanks.
Young male in first autumn and winter.—Similar to the supposed
adult male of corresponding season, but upper parts more strongly
tinged with brown, with black streaks on back entirely concealed, and
flanks more strongly tinged with brownish buff.
Adult female in spring and summer.—Similar to the adult male of
corresponding season, but duller inolor; gray of upper parts strongly
tinged with brown, the black streaks on back indistinct (sometimes
obsolete); white wing-bands narrower; yellow of superciliary stripe,
throat, etc., paler; white of under parts rather duller, and blackish
streaks on sides, etc., less distinct.
Adult (?) female in autumn and winter.—Gray of upper parts over-
laid by a wash of olive-brownish, the black streaks on back very nar-
*
a
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 585
row and concealed, or obsolete; white of under parts strongly buffy,
the sides and flanks strongly tinged with buffy brown; white wing-
bands tinged with brownish buff.
Young female in first autumn and winter.—Similar to the supposed
adult female of corresponding season, but still duller colored; darker
streaks on forehead and crown very indistinct, those on back obsolete;
yellow of throat, etc., duiler, and streaks on sides and flanks obsolete.
Young male, first plumage.—Above plain grayish hair brown or
drab-gray, the feathers ash gray beneath the surface; sides of head
similar but rather paler; malar region, chin, and throat pale brownish
gray, minutely and sparsely flecked with darker, the chest similar, but
with rather large roundish spots of dusky; rest of under parts dull
white streaked or spotted with dusky gray medially, dull grayish
laterally.
Adult male.—Length (skins), 110-117 (113.2); wing, 64-66 (65.1);
tail, 47-50 (48.4); exposed culmen, 9-10 (9.5); tarsus, 17-18 (17.2);
middle toe, 10-12 (10.5).'
Adult female.—Length (skins), 113-115 (114); wing, 60-62 (61); tail,
46-47 (46.7); exposed culmen, 10; tarsus, 17; middle toe, 9-12 (10.7).”
Southwestern United States and adjacent parts of northwestern
Mexico; northward through mountains of New Mexico and Arizona
to southern Colorado (San Juan County); breeding southward to Chi-
huahua (Colonia Garcia) and Sonora (30 miles poith of Nogales); dur-
ing migration south to Tepic (Santa Teresa, August 11) and Jalisco
(Bolafios, September 17); casual in southern California (Santa Paula,
Ventura County, one specimen, May 3).
Dendroica gracix Bairpd, Review Am. Birds, Apr., 1865, 210 (Fort Whipple, Ari-
zona; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.; ex ‘‘Coues MSS.’’).—Cooprr, Orn. Cal., 1870,
563 (Fort Whipple).—Batirp, Brewer, and Ripaway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i,
1874, 243, pl. 14, fig. 10.—Hernsuaw, Zool. Exp. W. 100th Merid., 1875, 197
(Inscription Rock, New Mexico; White Mts. and Camp Apache, Arizona).—
AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ Union, Check List, 1886, no. 664.—EVERMANN,
Auk, ili, 1886, 185 (Santa Paula, Ventura Co., California, 1 spec., May 3,
1881).—Scorr, Auk, v, 1888, 34 (Santa Catalina Mts., Arizona, breeding).—
Mearns, Auk, vii, 1890, 261 (Clarks Valley, Arizona, in pine belt).—Lapp,
Auk, viii, 1891, 315 (Yavapai Co., Arizona; descr. nest and eggs).—Jouy,
Proc US: Nat Mus., xvi, 1893, 777 (32 miles s. of Nogales, Sonora, June
17).—NerHRLING, Our Nano Birds, ete., i, 1893, 224.—MircHeti, Auk, xv,
1898, 310 (San Miguel Co., New Mexico, breeding at 8,500 ft. ).
D{endroica] gracie Ripaway, Man. N. Am Birds, 1887, 506.
[Dendroica gracie] var. gracie Ripaway, Am. Nat., vii, 1873, 608.—Barrp,
BREWER, and Ripa@way, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 220, 244.
Dendreeca gracize Cours, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., xviii, 1866, 67 (Fort Whipple);
Check List, 1873, no. 87; 2d ed., 1882. no. 128; Birds Col. Val., 1878, 292
(excl. syn. under ‘‘b. decora’’).—(7) Lawrencer, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., no. 4,
1876, 16 (Zapotitlan, Oaxaca, Jan.)—Brewster, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club,
v, 1880, 72 (Caste ah Mts., han a —Drew, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vi,
1 Seven specimens. 2 Four specimens.
586 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
1881, 142 (San Juan Co., Colorado, in pines up to 7,500 ft.).—Ripaway, Nom.
N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 104.—Hensnaw, Auk, ii, 1885, 331 (upper Pecos R.,
New Mexico, fall migrant).—SHarpr, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 304,
648.
[ Dendreca] gracie Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 103.—Sciarer and Savin,
Nom. Ay. Neotr., 1873, 9.
D{[endreca] gracie Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 306.
Dendrxca gracie Exxior, Ilustr. Unfig Birds N. Am., i, 1869, pl. 6.
Dendroeca gracie SUNDEVALL, Ofy. k. Vet.-Akad. Férh. Stockh., xxvi, 1870, 611
(monogr. ).
[ Mniotilta] gracie Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 241, no. 3489.—GiEBEL, Thesaurus
Orn., 1875, 603.
[ Dendreca gracix] a. gracie Cours, Birds Col. Val., 1878, 292.
DENDROICA GRACIA DECORA Ridgway.
DECORATED WARBLER,
Similar to D. g. gracte, but smaller; yellow superciliary stripe
shorter, without whitish posterior extremity; yellow ot throat and
chest extending further backward, covering upper chest.’
Adult male.—Length (skins), 106-117 (111.5); wing, 55-62 (57);
tail, 48-47 (45); exposed culmen, 9-10 (9.7); tarsus, 16-18 (17); middle
toe, 10.”
State of Oaxaca* (Zapotitlan; mountains near Santo Domingo, June
18) and Chiapas* (mountains near Tonala, August 15) southern Mexico;
Guatemala (Toyabai-Guitché, May 19); British Honduras (Belize);
Honduras (Rio Segovia, July 17).
Dendreca gracie (not of Baird) Satvin, Ibis, 1873, 428 (Guatemala).
[ Dendreca] gracie ScLATER and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 9 (Honduras).
Dendroica gracix, var. decora Ripaway, Am. Nat., vii, Oct., 1873, 608 (Belize,
British Honduras; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.).—Batrp, Brewer, and Ripaway,
Hist. N. Am. Birds, ili, 1874, 505.
[ Dendroica gracix] var. decora BatrD, Brewer, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds,
i, 1874, 220, 244.
[ Dendreca gracix] b. decora Coves, Birds Col. Val., 1878, 292.
1 Except in specimens, doubtfully referred to this form, from States of Oaxaca and
Chiapas, southern Mexico.
* Three specimens, one of them (from Oaxaca) not sexed and possibly not a male.
These three specimens measure, respectively, as follows:
Locality. Wing. | Tail. ee a. Midge
culmen.
One adult male (type) from Belize, British Honduras ....-. 59 43 10 17 10
One adult male from Guatemala (Toyabai-Guitché).......- 62 47 9 18 10
One adult (male?) from Oaxaca (mountains near Santo
Domingo) jo. -s ance eee ce eee tes ast ae eas aeises eee 55 46 10 16 10
*J am doubtful whether or not specimens from Oaxaca and Chiapas are properly
referred to this form, the two specimens examined having the yellow of under parts
restricted to the throat and chest, as in D. g. graciz.
eS
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 587
Dendreca decora Satvrn, Cat. Strickland Coll., 1882, 92 (Guatemala).—SaLvin
and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1881, 136, pl. 10, fig. 1.—SHaRps,
Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 305.
Dendroica graciz decora Goopr, Bull. U. 8. Nat. Mus., no. 20, 1883, 318.
D{endroica] decora Rrpaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 506.
Dendroica decora Rripaway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., x, 1888, 585 (Segovia R.,
Honduras) .—NeE.son, Auk, xv, 1898, 159 (Tonala, Chiapas; Santo Domingo,
Oaxaca).
DENDROICA ADELAID£ Baird.
ADELAIDE’S WARBLER,
Much like D. graciw decora, but back and sides without black streaks
and yellow of under parts extending over abdomen to anal region;
wing and tail shorter.
Adult male.—Above plain slate-gray, the forehead and crown nar-
rowly streaked with black and margined along each side by a narrow
black stripe; wings and tail dull black or dusky with slate-gray edg-
ings (paler on remiges, where nearly white terminally); middle and
greater wing-coverts broadly tipped with white, forming two distinct
bands, of which the posterior one is narrower, the white confined to
outer webs, and not extending to the innermost coverts; inner webs of
three outermost rectrices extensively white terminally, the white occu-
pying about the terminal half on lateral rectrix; a broad superciliary
stripe of yellow, scarcely extending beyond eye, the posterior extremity
narrow and whitish; a yellow suborbital spot, separated from the yel-
low supraloral stripe by a loral streak of black or dusky gray: auricu-
lar region and sides of neck plain gray; a spot of black on sides of neck
(between gray of sides of neck and yellow of lower throat), with an
indistinct whitish space immediately in front of it; malar region, chin,
throat, chest, and breast lemon yellow, passing into paler yellow on
abdomen and this into white on under tail-coverts, the sides and flanks
tinged with olive, but not streaked; under wing-coverts white; bill
blackish, with paler tomia; legs and feet light brownish (in dried
skins); length (skins), 97-100 (98.3); wing, 49-51 (50); tail, 41-44
(42.3); exposed culmen, 10; tarsus 17-19 (18.6); middle toe, 9-10 (9.6).”
Young, first plumage.—Above plain brownish gray, strongly washed
with brown on back; no black on forehead nor crown; a narrow super-
ciliary streak (scarcely passing beyond eye), suborbital spot, chin,
throat, and chest pale primrose yellow or yellowish white, the remain-
ing under parts yellowish white; chest and sides of breast spotted with
grayish dusky; wings and tail as in adult, but edgings more brownish or
olive-gray and wing-bands narrower and less purely white.
Island of Porto Rico, Greater Antilles.
1Dated 1882, but cited in the Biologia Centrali-Americana, 1881, as above.
? Three specimens.
588 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Dendroica adelaide Batrp, Review Am. Birds, Apr., 1865, 212 (Porto Rico; coll.
U.S. Nat. Mus. ).—Cory, Auk, ii, 1886, 37; Birds W.I., 1889, 51; Cat. W. I.
Birds, 1892, 18, 118, 132.
Dendroeca adelaide SuNpEVALL, Ofy. k. Vet.-Akad. Forh. Stoeckh., xxvi, 1870, 596
(Porto Rico), 615 (monogr. ).
[ Dendreca] adelaide ScuaTeR and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 9, part.—CovEs,
Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 297, in text.
Dendreca adelaide GunpuiacH, Anal. Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat., vii, 1878, 185 (Porto
Rico).—Covugs, Birds Col. Val., 1878, 293, footnote. —Cory, Birds W. I., 1885,
8.—SHARPE, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 306.
D{endreca] adelaide Rripaway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., v, 1888, 526 (diagnosis).
[ Dendroica graciz] var. adelaide Ripaway, Am. Nat., vii, Oct., 1873, 608; in Hist.
N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 220.
Sylvicola adelaide Bryant, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., x, 1866, 250 (Porto Rico).
DENDROICA DELICATA Ridgway.
SANTA LUCIA WARBLER.
Adult male.—Similar to ). adelaide, but wing and tail much longer;
yellow superciliary stripe much broader, occupying whole forehead
except a median line of black; sides of crown more broadly black;
gray of upper parts deeper, more plumbeous; yellow of superciliary
stripe and under parts much deeper (rich lemon, scarcely if at all paler
on abdomen); white on inner webs of lateral rectrices relatively less
extended, that on lateral rectrix occupying less than terminal half;
length (skins), 105-120 (114.2); wing, 54-57 (56); tail, 49-54 (51);
exposed culmen, 10-11 (10.1); tarsus, 17-20 (18.2); middle toe, 10."
Adult female.—Similar to the adult male, but coloration not quite
so deep, especially the yellow, which is exactly as in the adult male of
D. adelaide, though much brighter on the abdomen than in that species;
black on sides of crown much narrower; white wing-bands narrower,
especially that across tips of greater coverts; length (skin), 113; wing,
55; tail, 48; exposed culmen, 10; tarsus, 18; middle toe, 10.”
Young, after jirst molt.—Essentially like adults, but the gray of
upper parts strongly washed with brown, without any black on sides of
crown or center of forehead, and yellow of under parts, etc., less pure.
Island of Santa Lucia, Lesser Antilles.
Dendreca adelaide (not of Baird) Sciarer, Proc. Zool., 1871, 269 (Santa Lucia;
crit.).—SempPer, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1872, 649 (Santa Lucia.).—ALLEN,
Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, v, 1880, 166 (Santa Lucia).
[ Dendreca] adelaide ScuateR and Saty1n, Nom. Ay. Neotr., 1873, 9, part.
Dendreca adelaide delicata Rripaway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., v, Mar. 21, 1883,
525 (Santa Lucia, Lesser Antilles; coll. U. 8. Nat. Mus.).
[ Dendroica] adelaide delicata Cory, List Birds W. I., 1885, 8.
Dendroica adelaide delicata Cory, Auk, iii, 1886, 37; Birds W. I., 1889, 51; Cat.
W. I. Birds, 1892, 18, 118, 155.
D{endreca] delicata Ripaway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., v, 1883, 526.
Dendroica delicata Rripaway, Proce. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xii, 1889, 129.
Dendreca delicata SHARPE, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 306.—Sciaver, Proc.
Zool. Soc. Lond., 1889, 395.
Five specimens. * One specimen.
ee
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 589
DENDROICA PENSYLVANICA (Linnzus).
CHESTNUT-SIDED WARBLER,
Adult male.:—Forehead and crown olive-yellow, the former becom-
ing whitish anteriorly, both sometimes flecked with dusky; lores, sub-
orbital region, malar region, postocular stripe, occiput, and hindneck
black, the last two streaked with white, grayish, or yellowish, the occi-
put usually with a central spot of white or yellowish; auricular region,
sides of neck, chin, throat, and under parts white, relieved by a broad
lateral stripe of rich chestnut, extending from posterior extremity of
black malar stripe along the sides, usually to the flanks, but sometimes
not beyond sides of breast; back and scapulars broadly streaked with
black on a white, grayish, and olive-yellow ground, the last-mentioned
color usually prevailing; rump usually yellowish olive-green, some-
times grayish, with or without black streaks; upper tail-coverts black,
broadly margined with light gray (sometimes tinged with yellowish
_ olive-green); tail black with narrow olive-grayish edgings, the three
outermost rectrices with inner webs extensively white terminally, that
on the exterior rectrix occupying the terminal half, or more; wings
black with yellowish olive-green edgings (becoming grayish on prima-
ries and primary coverts), the middle and greater coverts broadly
tipped, the latter also edged, with sulphur yellow; lesser coverts mar-
gined with gray or olive-gray; bill blackish, the mandible inclining to
dusky horn color, especially basally; iris brown; legs and feet dusky
brown; length (skins), 111.8-121.9 (115.7); wing, 61.2-67.1 (63.3);
tail, 48.5-52.6 (50.1); exposed culmen, 9.4-9.9 (9.6); tarsus, 17—-18.3
(17.8); middle toe, 10.2-10.9 (10.6).”
Adult female.—Similar to adult male, but duller in color, the fore-
head and crown light olive-green rather than olive-yellow, the black
areas on sides of head less deep black, often much broken by grayish
streaking or mottling, sometimes replaced by grayish and much more
restricted; chestnut of sides averaging less extensive; greater wing-
coverts without yellow edgings;’ length (skins), 106.7—-116.8 (111.8);
wing, 57.9-61.5 (59.3); tail, 45-48.5 (46.7); exposed culmen, 9.1-9.9
(9.5); tarsus, 17-18 (17.6); middle toe, 9.6—-10.4 (10.3).*
Young in first autumn and winter.—Above plain bright olive-green,
the back and rump with concealed, or mostly concealed, black or
1 Judging from the scant material from Central America, the plumage appears to be
the same in winter as in spring and summer; specimens examined are without dates,
however.
* Seven specimens.
*The adult female varies so much, individually, in coloration that a satisfactory
diagnosis is difficult. The brighter colored females are scarcely, if at all, distin-
guishable from duller colored males; the average, however, are decidedly duller, while
some have the crown olive-green, the black head markings obsolete, and the chest-
nut of sides limited to a few isolated touches.
590 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
dusky streaks; sides of head and neck plain cinereous or plumbeous,
relieved by a white orbital ring; under parts white medially passing
into light olive-gray laterally, the flanks sometimes touched with
chestnut; wings, tail, and upper tail-coverts as in adults.
Young in first plumage.—Above plain light olive, the wings and
tail essentially as in adults; an indistinct whitish orbital ring; sides of
head and neck, chin, throat, chest, and sides of breast plain pale buffy
grayish or drab; rest of under parts white, the sides and flanks tinged
with pale grayish brown.
Eastern United States and more southern British Provinces; north
to Nova Scotia, northern Ontario, and Manitoba; west to edge of the
Great Plains, casually to eastern Wyoming (Cheyenne); breeding south-
ward to Connecticut, northern New Jersey, Pennsylvania (Butler,
_ Armstrong, Indiana, Clearfield, Elk, and Luzerne counties), northern
Ohio, central Illinois, Missouri (St. Louis County), and eastern Nebraska
(near Omaha), and along Allegheny Mountains to western North Caro-
lina (2,000 to 4,000 feet), northwestern South Carolina (Pickens County,
etc.), and eastern Tennessee (Roan Mountain, 3,500 to 4,000 feet). In |
winter south through eastern Mexico and Central America to Isthmus —
of Panama (Lion Hill Station, Panama Railroad) and to Bahamas
(island of New Providence). Accidental in Greenland.
[ Motacilla] pensylvanica Linn xus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, 1, 1766, 333 (based on The
Red-throated Flycatcher, Muscicapa gutture rubro, Edwards, Gleanings Nat.
PUstslel 9S epee s010):
[Sylvia] pensylvanica LatHam, Index Orn., ii, 1790, 540.
Dendroica pensyluanica PARKER, Am. Nat., vy, 1871, 168.—SrarK, Am. Nat., viii,
1874, 756 (West Virginia, breeding).—AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ UNton,
Check List, 1886, no. 659.—Ra.pn, Trans. Oneida Hist. Soc., iii, 1886, 139
(Oneida Co., New York, breeding).—Brewsrrer, Auk, ili, 1886, 174 (moun-
tains w. North Carolina, breeding at 2,000 to 4,000 ft.).—Cooxs, Bird Migr.
Miss. Val., 1888, 249 (breeding south to Iowa and central Illinois; dates of
migration, etc.).—Bonp, Auk, vi, 1889, 34 (Cheyenne, Wyoming, 1 spec.,
May 23).—Loomis, Auk, vii, 1890, 127 (Pickens Co., South Carolina, breed-
ing); vill, 1891, 381 (Caesars Head, South Carolina, breeding).—CHERRIE,
Auk, vii, 1890, 336 (San Jose, Costa Rica, Sept. 28 to Apr. 24.)—THompson,
Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., xiii, 1890, 619 (Manitoba, breeding ).—Hacrrup, Auk,
vili, 1891, 320 (Greenland).—Topp, Auk, viii, 1891, 398 (Butler and Arm-
strong counties, Pennsylvania, breeding); x, 1893, 41, 45 (Indiana and Clear-
field counties, Pennsylvania, breeding).—Gautt, Auk, ix, 1892, 396 (near
St. Louis, Missouri, breeding).—Cory, Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 118 (New
Providence, Bahamas).—Wuitr, Auk, x, 1893, 228 (Mackinac I., Michigan,
breeding ).—NeEnHRLING, Our Native Birds, ete., i, 1893, 213, pl. 12, fig. 5.—
Ricumonp, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., xvi, 1893, 484 (Rio Escondido, Nicaragua,
Sept. 29 to Feb. 16).—Sronrn, Auk, xi, 1894, 182 (Pocono Mts., Pennsyl-
vania, breeding).—McItwrairn, Birds Ontario, 1894, 366 (common summer
resid. ).—Ruoaps, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1895, 495 (Roan Mt., e. Ten-
nessee, breeding at 3,500 to 4,000 ft.).—OBrRHoLsER, Bull. Ohio Agric.
Ex. Sta., tech. ser., i, 1896, 326 (Wayne Co., n. e. Ohio, July 9 to 16.—
Youne, Auk, xiii, 1896, 284 (Delano, Harveys Lake, ete., Pennsylvania,
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 591
breeding).—Batry, Auk, xiii, 1896, 296 (n. Elk Co., Pennsylvania, breed-
ing).—Coxvin, Auk, xv, 1898, 59 (near Osawatomie, e. Kansas, Oct. 12).—
Rives, Auk, xv, 1898, 136 (West Virginia, breeding in spruce belt).—FLEem-
rng, Auk, xviii, 1901, 43 (Muskoka, etc., n. Ontario, abundant summer
resid. ).
D{endroica] pensylvanica Rrpaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1896, 500.
Dendreca pensylvanica Rripaway, Am. Nat., vii, 1878, 199 (Fox Prairie, Richland
Co., Illinois, June).—Bovucarp, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, 52 (San Carlos,
Costa Rica, Feb.).
[ Motacilla] pensilvanica GMELIN, Syst. Nat., i, pt. ii, 1788, 971.
Sylvia pennsylvanica Witson, Am. Orn., ii, 1810, 99, pl. 14, fig. 5.—BoNAPARTE,
Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., iv, 1824, 189.
M[niotilta] pennsylvanica Gray, Gen. Birds, i, 1848, 196.
[ Mniotilia] pennsylvanica Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 241, no. 3485.
Dendroica pennsylvanica Barry, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 279; Cat. N.
Am. Birds, 1859, no. 200; Review Am. Birds, 1865, 191 (Teleman, Vera Paz,
Guatemala).—Haypen, Rep. Trans. Am. Philos. Soc., xii, 1862, 161 (Platte
R., Nebraska).—FRanrztus, Journ. fiir Orn., 1869, 293 (Costa Rica).—TripPE,
Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xv, 1872, 235 (Mahaska Co., s. lowa, breeding ).—Batrp,
Brewer, and Ripeaway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 245, pl. 13, figs. 7, 8.
Brewer, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xvii, 1875, 489 (New England, summer
resid. ).—Puatt, Trans. Meriden Sci. Assoc., ii, 1885-86, 49 (Meriden, Con-
necticut, rare summer resid. ).—Cory, Auk, iii, 1886, 35 (Bahamas, winter) ;
Birds W. I., 1889, 49 (W. I. references).—Ripaway, Orn. Illinois, i, 1889,
145.—Cuerrig, Auk, viii, 1891, 278 (San José, Costa Rica; remarks on plum-
age).—Stone&, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1891, 437 (Luzerne Co., Pennsyl-
vania, biéeding).—Bruner, Proc. Nebraska Orn. Union, 2d. an. meet., 1901,
57 (breeding near Omaha, Nebraska).
D{[endroica] pennsylvanica Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 500.
Dendreca pennsylvanica Savin and Scuiarer, Ibis, 1860, 273 (Coban, Guate-
mala).—Sc LATER and Satvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, 347 (Lion Hill,
Panama, R. R.); 1870, 836 (coast Honduras).—Lawrence, Ann. Lye. N. Y.,
vii, 1861, 322 (Lion Hill, Panama, R. R.); ix, 1868, 94 (Grecia and Bar-
ranca, Costa Rica); ix, 1869, 200 (Merida, Yucatan).—Sciarer, Cat. Am.
Birds, 1862, 31.—Satvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, 136 (Santa Fe, Vera-
gua); 1870, 182 (Chitra and Calovevora, Veragua; Volcan de Chiriqui).—
Au.eN, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., ii, 1871, 269 (e. Florida, Mar.); iii, 1872,
124 (Kansas).—Cougs, Check List, 1873, no. 83; 2d ed., 1882, no. 124; Birds
N. W., 1874, 62; Birds Col. Val., 1878, 244.—Brewster, Bull. Nutt. Orn.
Club, iii, 1878, 59 (deser. young).—Bovucarp, Proe. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, .
52 (Costa Rica).—Rarusun, Rev. List Birds Centr. New York, 1879, 12
(common summer resid. ).—Cory, Birds Bahama I., 1880, 62.—SaLvrin and
GopMaN, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1881, 131.—-Ripaway, Nom. N. Am.
Birds, 1881, no. 99.—SHarpr, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 285, 645
(Panama; Veragua; Jalapa; Coban, Choctum, and Duefias, Guatemala;
Angostura and Irazu district, Costa Rica, ete. ).
[ Dendreca] pennsylvanica Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 102.—ScuatTer and SAt-
vin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 9.—Cory, List Birds W. I., 1885, 8.
D{endreca] pennsylvanica Newson, Bull. Essex Inst., viii, 1876, 99, 152 (n. e. Illi-
nois, breeding) .—Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 304.
[ Motacilla] icterocephala Lrxn mus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, i, 1766, 334 (based on Figuier
a@ teste jaune de Canada, Ficedula canadensis icterocephalos, Brisson, Orn., iii,
517, pl. 27, fig. 2).—GmMELIn, Syst. Nat., i, 1788, 980.
[Sylvia] icterocephala LatHam, Index Orn., ii, 1790, 538.
592 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Sylvia icterocephala Viniio0t, Ois. Am. Sept., ii, 1807, 31, pl. 90; Nouv. Dict. d’ Hist.
Nat., xi, 1817, 228; Ene. Méth., ii, 1823, 441.—SrepHeEns, Shaw’s Gen. Zool., x,
1817, 622.—BonaPaRrteE, Ann. ine c. N. Y., ii, 1826, 80.—Aupugon, Orn. Biog., i,
1832, 306, pl. 59.—Nurratt, Man. Orn. U.S. and Can., i, 1832, 380.
Sylvicola icterocephala J ARDINE, he Wilson’s Am. Orn., i, 1832, 248.—RIcHARDSON,
Rep. Brit. Assoc. for 1836 (1837), 172.—Bonaparte. Geog. and Comp. List 1838
22.—AuDUBON, Synopsis, oe 54; Birds Am., oct. ed., ii, 1841, 35, pl 81 —
Bryant, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., vi, 1857, 116 (Nova Scotia); vii, 1859 110
(Bahamas ).—ALBRECHT, Journ. fur Orn., 1861, 153 (Bahamas).
[Sylvicola] icterocephala BONAPARTE, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 308.
Dendreca icterocephala ScuaTEr, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1859, 363 (Jalapa).—CaBa-
Nis, Journ. fiir Orn., 1860, 328 (Costa Rica) .
Dendroeca icterocephala SuNDEVALL, Ofv.k. Vet.-Akad. Férh. Stockh., xxvi, 1870,
612 (monogr. ).
Dendroica icterocephala ScuaTER, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1859, 374 (Oaxaca, Apr. ).
[ Mniotilta] icterocephala GieBEL, Thesaurus Orn., ii, 1875, 603.
DENDROICA CASTANEA (Wilson).
BAY-BREASTED WARBLER,
Adult male (summer and winter).—Forehead, sides of crown and
occiput, auricular region, suborbital region, lores, and malar region
black, the auricular region usually more or less streaked with whitish
or pale buffy; crown and occiput (except laterally) rich chestnut; sides
of neck plain buff; back and scapulars gray, usually more or less
tinged (sometimes strongly) with buffy olive, and broadly streaked
with black; rump similar, but with streaks obsolete or concealed;
upper tail-coverts gray, ae more or less distinct mesial streaks of
blackish; tail grayish black or dusky with light-gray edgings, the inner
webs of two or three outermost rectrices with a terminal patch of
white, that on exterior rectrix occupying the terminal third or more;
wings grayish black or dusky with light olive-gray or olive edgings,
the quale and greater coverts broadly tipped with white, forming
two conspicuous bands across wing; throat (sometimes chin also’ )
chest, sides, and flanks plain light chestnut; rest of under parts plain
pale buff or buffy white, the under tail-coverts more decidedly buffy;
maxilla dark brown or brownish black, mandible more brownish; iris
brown; legs and feet dusky ee (in dried skins); length (skins),
119.4-130.8 (125); wing, 71.6—-76.2 (73.4); tail, 51.8-56.4 (538.1); exposed
culmen, 9.9-10.9 (10.4); ae 17.5-20.3 (18.3); middle toe, 10.4-11.9
Gaga)
Adult female (summer and winter). —Essentially similar to the male
except in extent of the chestnut, which is often almost entirely absent,
and never so strongly marked; whole pileum usually distinctly streaked
with black on a gray, olive, or olive-green ground, the crown and
1The chin, or at least its anterior margin, is usually dusky, sometimes whitish.
* Eight specimens.
ee
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 598
occiput usually more or less intermixed with chestnut, sometimes with
a considerable patch of that color; chestnut of under parts sometimes
wholly absent, but usually the area so colored in the male more or less
distinctly indicated, especially across chest and along sides; forehead
und sides of head never (4) black;' length (skins), 113-123.2 (118.9);
wing, 67.8-73.9 (69.6); tail, 48-52.8 (50); exposed culmen, 9.4-9.9
(9.6); tarsus, 17.8-19.3 (18.3); middle toe, 10.4-11.7 (10.9).”
Young in first autumn and winter.—Pileum, hindneck, back, and
scapulars dull yellowish olive-green,- usually indistinctly (rarely dis-
tinctly) streaked with black, often without streaks; rump and upper
tail-coverts more grayish than back, with or without streaks; wings
and tail as in adults, but white wing-bands usually tinged, more or
less, with olive-yellowish; sides of head and neck mostly yellowish
olive or dull olive-vellow, relieved by a dusky grayish loral and post-
ocular streak, the eyelids white or pale yellowish; under parts pale
buff or buffy whitish, more decidedly whitish on throat and abdomen,
more strongly buff on flanks and under tail-coverts, the former usually
tinged (sometimes strongly) with chestnut.
Young female, first plumage.—**Remiges, rectrices, primary coverts,
and alule as in adult. Pileum, nape, and rump dull brown; back dull
olive-green; upper tail-coverts slaty-black. Entire under parts
creamy-white, with the slightest possible tinge of clay-color, varying
to ashy on the breast No trace of chestnut on the flanks. Sides of
head buff, strongly tinged with greenish on the auriculars and maxil-
lary line. Each feather of the body, both above and beneath, with a
large terminal spot of black; the posterior half of abdomen, anal
region, and crissum are, however, immaculate. In my collection,
from Upton, Me., August 9, 1873.”°
Eastern United States and British Provinces; north to Hudson Bay
(Moose Factory, Hamilton Inlet, ete.) and Manitoba (Portage la
1 Usually the adult female has the back more narrowly streaked than the adult
male; sometimes the streaks, both on back and pileum, are nearly obsolete.
2 Hight specimens.
3 Brewster, Bull. Nuttall Orn. Club, iii, 1878, 58-59. Mr. Brewster adds that ‘‘a
very complete suite of specimens, taken late in August and early in September,
illustrates well the development of the plumage of the young of this species. The
spotted feathers of the under parts, with the exception of a narrow line down the
center of the breast, are the first to disappear, and simultaneously with their removal,
the chestnut flank-patches become apparent. Next the pileum and nape take on
the autumnal green, and last of all the feathers of the back and central line beneath
are changed. Adults of this species in fall dress are indistinguishable from the young,
except by the more pronounced chestnut on the sides.’? While admitting the possi-
bility that adults assume a different plumage in winter, I would say that adult males
in the National Museum collection from Guatemala and Colombia (Bogota), pre-
sumably taken in winter, are in coloration exactly like spring and summer speci-
mens from the United States.
3654—voL 2—01
-38
594 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Prairie); west to edge the Great Plains; breeding southward to north-
ern Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, New York, and northern Michi-
gan (Mackinac Island). In winter southward through eastern Mexico
and Central America! to Colombia (numerous localities and records).
No West Indian record.
Sylvia castanea Witson, Am. Orn., ii, 1810, 97, pl. 14, fig. 4 (e. Pennsylvania; coll.
Peale Museum ).—SrrepHENs, Shaw’s Gen. Zool., x, 1817, 714.—Vu1e1L1o7,
onc. Méth., ii, 1823} 452.—Bonaparte, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., iv, 1824,
189; Ann. Lye. N. Y., ii, 1826, 80.—Nurtratt, Man. Orn. U.S. and Can., i, 1832,
382.—AupuBON, Orn. Biog., i, 1831, 358, pl. 69.
Sylvicola castanea RicHarpson, Rep. Brit. Assoc. for 1836 (1837), 172.—BoNnaPaRTE,
Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 22.—AupuBon, Synopsis, 1839, 53; Birds Am.,
oct. ed., ii, 1841, 34, pl. 80.—Hoy, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., vi, 1853, 311
(Wisconsin); Ann. Rep. Smithson. Inst. for 1864 (1865), 488 (Missouri).
[Sylvicola] castanea BONAPARTE, Consp. Ay., 1, 1850, 308.
M{niotilta] castanea Gray, Gen. Birds, i, 1848, 196.
[ Mniotilta] castanea Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 241, no. 3483.
R{himanphus] castaneus CaBants, Mus. Hein., i, 1850, 19 (Mexico).
Dendroica castanea Barrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 276; Cat. N. Am.
3irds, 1859, no. 197; Review Am. Birds, 1865, 189 (Turbo, Rio Truando, and
Panama, Colombia).—Scriarer and Sarvry, Ibis, 1859, 11 (Guatemala).—
Casstn, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., xii, 1860, 193 (Rio Truando and Turbo,
Colombia).—BreEwer, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xv, 1872, 192 (remarkable
abundance in e. Massachusetts and s. Wisconsin in spring of 1872); xvii,
1875, 4389 (n. New England, breeding).—Bairp, Brewer, and Rrpaway,
Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 251, pl. 13, figs. 4, 5.—Turner, Proc. U. 8. Nat.
Mus., viii, 1885, 237 (Moose Factory and Hamilton Inlet, Hudson Bay).—
AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ Unrton, Check List, 1886, no. 660.—Cooxker, Bird
Migr. Miss. Val., 1888, 250 (Nebraska, etc.; breeding at Portage la Prairie,
Manitoba; dates, ete.).—Ripaway, Orn. Illinois, i, 1889, 146.—THompson,
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xiii, 1890, 619 (Manitoba, breeding).—Loomis, Auk,
x, 1893, 155 (remarks on coloration).—Wuutrs, Auk, x, 1893, 228 (Mackinac
I., Michigan, rare sum. resid. ),—Nrnrirxa, Our Native Birds, ete., 1, 1893,
215, pl. 12, fig. 4. —McItwrarrn, Birds Ontario, 1894, 367 (Listowell, Ontario,
breeding).—ALLEN, Auk, xvii, 1900, 367 (Bonda, Santa Marta, Colombia,
Oct-27):
D{endroica] castanea Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 501.
Dendreca castanea LAWRENCE, Ann. Lye. N. Y., vii, 1861, 322 (Panama R. R.).—
Sciater, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 31.—Sciarer and Savin, Proc. Zool. Soe.
Lond., 1864, 347 (Panama R. R.); 1879, 494 (Remedios, Antioquia, Colom-
bia).—Wyarr, Ibis, 1871, 322 (Naranjo, Colombia).—Maynarp, Proc. Bost.
Soe. N. H., xiv, 1871, 10 (breeding habits). —Brewen, Ibis, 1872, 334 (migra-
tions).—Coves, Check List, 1873, no. 82; 2d ed., 1882, no. 123; Birds N. W.,
1874, 61; Birds Col. Val., 1878, 243.—Lawrence, Bull. U. 8. Nat. Mus., no.
4, 1876, 15 (Tehuantepec City, Oct. ).—Brewsrer, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iii,
1878, 58 (descr. young).—Ripeway, Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 100.—
Satvry and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1881, 132.—Nenrine, Bull.
1 Mexican and Central American records for this species are singularly few, only
the State of Oaxaca (Tehuantepec City) and Guatemala being represented, so far as I
have been able to discover. Its line of migration would therefore appear to be chiefly
across the Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean Sea to Colombia.
“i
. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 595
Nutt. Orn. Club, viii, 1882, 9 (s. e. Texas).—-SHArpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus.,
x, 1885, 320, 650 (Bucaramanga, Remedios, and Medellin, Colombia; Panama
and Chepo, Isthmus of Panama; Veragua).
Denes castanea Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 101.—Scuarer and SAtvin,
Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 9.
D{endreca] castanea Cours, Key Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 304.
Dendroeca castanea SUNDEVALL, a k.. Vet.-Ak. Forh. Stockh., xxvi, 1870,
614 (monogr. ).
Sylvia autumnalis Witson, Am. Orn., ili, 1811, 65, pl. 28, fig. 3.—STEPHENS,
Shaw’s Gen. Zool., x, 1817, 632. eon Ene. Méth., ii, 1823, 448.—
Bonaparte, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., iv, 1824, 195; Ann. Lyc. N. Y., 11
1826, 84.—Nutraui, Man. Orn. U. Sand Can., i, 1832, 390.—AvupDUBON, Orn.
Biog., i, 1831, 447, pl. 88.
DENDROICA STRIATA (Forster).
BLACK-POLL WARBLER.
Adult male in spring and summer.—Entire pileum uniform black;
hindneck streaked with black and white, in varying relative propor-
tion; back and scapulars broadly streaked with black on a gray, pale
olive, or (more rarely) wooa brown ground; rump and upper tail-
coverts similar but less distinctly streaked, often (especially the rump)
without streaks; tail dusky, with light gray edgings, the inner webs of
two or three outermost rectrices with a subterminal patch of white
(largest on the lateral rectrix); wings dusky with light olive edgings
(more yellowish olive on primaries), the middle and greater coverts
broadly tipped with white, forming two conspicuous bands; sides of
head white, including lower eyelid, suborbital region, auricular region,
and malar region; sides of neck streaked with black and white; under
parts white, broadly streaked laterally with black, the black streaks
on sides of throat coalesced into two stripes converging and usually
united on chin, forming a conspicuous V-shaped mark; under tail-
coverts immaculate pure white; maxilla dusky with paler tomia;
mandible horn brownish, paler basally; iris brown; legs and feet pale
yellowish brown in dried skins (yellowish in life?); length (skins), 118-
140 (125.8); wing, 71.4-77.6 (74.2); tail, 48.6-54 (51.3); tarsus, 18.4-
20.4 (19.1); middle toe, 10.8-13 (12).*
Adult female in spring and summer.—Above varying from olive-
green to gray, streaked, more or less broadly, with blackish, the
streaks Geely more or less obsolete on rump; wings and tail as in
adult male, but white wing-bands tinged with yellow (except in speci-
mens haying a gray upper surface); under parts varying from white
to pale olive-yellow (with all intermediate conditions—the under tail-
coverts always white), more or less distinctly streaked laterally with
black or dusky, the streaks usually most distinct on sides of throat
' Twenty-five specimens,
596 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
and breast; length (skins), 115-127 (120.1); wing, 69-75 (71.5); tail,
45-51 (48.4); exposed culmen, 9-11 (10); tarsus, 18-20 (19.1); middle
toe, 10.5-12 (11.5).’
Adult male in autumn and winter.’ VN ery different from the summer
plumage. Above dull olive-green, passing gradually into dull gray
on upper tail-coverts; back and scapulars (sometimes also pileum,
rump, or upper tail-coverts) narrowly streaked with black; wings and
tail as in summer plumage, but white wing-bands usually tinged with
yellow; a narrow and indistinct superciliary streak of pale olive-
yellowish, the upper eyelid whitish; auricular region and sides of neck
olive or dull olive-greenish, like general color of upper parts; malar
region, chin, throat, chest, breast, and sides pale olive-yellow or straw
yellow, the sides and flanks indistinctly streaked with dusky; abdomen,
anal region, and under tail-coverts white.
Young in jirst autumn and winter.,—Similar to the adult male at
same seasons, but under parts more extensively yellowish (only the
under tail-coverts white), upper tail-coverts dull olive-greenish, like
back, ete., instead of grayish, and back usually less distinctly streaked.
Young, first plumage.—Pileum, back, and scapulars light grayish
brown streaked with black, the streaks more or less wedge-shaped,
especially on back; rump very pale grayish brown or light buffy gray,
transversely mottled or barred with black; upper tail-coverts grayish
brown with indistinct paler tips and dusky shaft-streaks; under parts
whitish, tinged with olive-yellow anteriorly, everywhere, except on
under tail-coverts and lower abdomen, transversely mottled with dusky;
wings and tail as in winter plumage.
Eastern and northern North America, north to the limit of tree-
growth; breeding from Ungava (Fort Chimo) and shores of Hudson
1 Seventeen specimens.
Western specimens average larger than eastern, measurements being as follows:
| Ex-
|
| NTS
Locality. Wing. | Tail. | posed | Tarsus. ee
| | culmen, 5
J | Sh ee
MALES. |
|
Eleven adult males from Atlantic coast district ..........-.. | 73.5 50.9 10.1 19.1 11.8
Four adult males from Mississippi Valley.......-.---------- | 73.7 | “50.8 9.9 19. 12.3
Four adult males from Rocky Mountains ..........-.--:--.-- Pe meron: | 52.2 10. 18.8 12.
SixcadulGmalesitromrAlaskai.- 25 sc... eeencoe ease reer 79.5 51.9 9.6 19.4 12.
FEMALES. |
Nine adult females from Atlantic coast district..........--- 70.6 47.7 9.8 | 19. ri
Five adult females from Mississippi Valley ..........------- PB y2 49.6 LOT hoh2 11.6
Three adult females from Alaska ...:--:...2.....---22-..22.- oO ads | 10. 19.5 11.6
\ !
*This species in winter plumage closely resembles inmature specimens of D.
castanea, but may at once be distinguished by the pure white, instead of buff, under
tail-coverts, and pale yellowish brown, instead of dusky, feet, independent of other
differences,
.
4
;
1
|
7
-
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 597
Bay to northern and western Alaska (Kowak River, Hotham Inlet,
Nulato, ete ), southward to Gulf of St. Lawrence (Magdalen Islands,
Anticosti Island), northern New England (mountains of Vermont, etc.),
northeastern New York (Adirondack and Catskill Mountains), northern
Michigan (Mackinac Island), Manitoba (4), and Colorado (Seven Lakes);
west (during migration) to New Mexico, Colorado, and Montana. In
winter southward through West Indies (Bahamas, Cuba, Grand Cay-
man, Jamaica, Porto Rico, Santa Lucia, Guadeloupe, Barbados, ete.)
to Tobago, Trinidad, and continent of South America (Guiana, Vene-
zuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Brazil, and Chili). No Mexican nor Central
American record. Accidental in southern Greenland (Godthaab, in
1853).
Muscicapa . . . striata Forsrer, Philos. Trans., |xii, 1772, 406 (Severn River).
Muscicapa striata Forster, Philos. Trans., lxii, 1772, 428 (Hudson Bay).
[ Muscicapa] striata GMELIN, Syst. Nat., i, 1788, 980.—LaruHam, Index Orn., il,
1790, 481.—STEPHENS, Shaw’s Gen. Zool., x, 1817, 370.
[ Motacilla] striata GMELIN, Syst. Nat., 1, pt. 1, 1788, 976 (based on Black-poll
Warbler Latham, Gen. Synop. Birds, ii, 460; Pennant, Arct. Zool., ii, 401).
[Sylvia] striata Laruam, Index Orn., ii, 1790, 527.
Sylvia striata Virituot, Ois. Am. Sept., ii, 1807, 22, pls. 75, 76; Nouv. Dict.
d’ Hist. Nat., xi, 1817, 219, 222; Enc. Méth., ii, 1823, 441, 464.—Wiutson, Am.
Orn., iv, 1811, 40, pl. 30, fig. 3; vi, 1812, 101, pl. 54, fig. 4 (female).—
STEPHENS, Shaw’s Gen. Zool., x, 1817, 645.—Bonaparrer, Journ. Ac. Nat.
Sci. Phila., iv, 1824, 199; Ann. Lye. N. Y., ii, 1826, 81.—Nurrauy, Man.
Orn. U.S. and Can., i, 1832, 383.—AupuBoN, Orn. Biog., ii, 1834, 201, pl.
133.—LEMBEYE, Aves de la Isla de Cuba, 1850, 33.
Sylvicola striata SwarNson and Ricnarpson, Fauna Bor.-Am., ii, 1831, 218.—Bona-
PARTE, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 22.—AupuBon, Synopsis, 1839, 52; Birds
Am., oct. ed., 11, 1841, 28, pl. 78.—RemnHARDT, Journ. flr Orn., 1854, 427
(Greenland).—HeEnry, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sei. Phila., vii, 1855, 309 (Rio Mim-
bres, New Mexico).—Bryant, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., vi, 1857, 116 (Nova
Scotia); vii, 1859, 110 (Bahamas).—Brewer, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., vii,
1860, 807 (Cuba).—ALBrecut, Journ. ftir Orn., 1861, 52 (Bahamas).
[Sylvicola] striata BoNAPARTE, Consp. Ay., 1, 1850, 308.
M{[niotilta] striata Gray, Gen. Birds, i, 1848, 196.
[ Mniotilta] striata Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 240, no. 3474.
Mniotilta striata RernHarpt, Ibis, 1861, 6 (Godthaab, Greenland).
R{himanphus] striatus CaBants, Mus. Hein., i, 1850, 20.
Rhimamphus striatus GuNDLAcH, Journ. fiir Orn., 1855, 475 (Cuba); 1861, 409
(do. ).—Scriater, Proce. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1855, 143 ( Bogota, Colombia).
Dendroica striata Barrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Sury., ix, 1858, 280; Cat. N. Am. Birds,
1859, no. 202; Review Am. Birds, 1865, 163, 192.—Hernry, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci.
Phila., xi, 1859, 106 ( New Mexico).—Cougs, Proce. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1861,
220 (Labrador) .—Buakisron, Ibis, 1862, 4 (Saskatchewan ).—Dati and Ban-
NISTER, Trans. Chicago Ac. Sci., i, 1869, 278 (Nulato, Alaska).—Datt,
Am. Nat., iv, 1870, 600 (Yukon R., Alaska).—GuNnptacu, Repert. Fisico-Nat.
Cuba, i, 1865, 234; Journ. fiir Orn., 1872, 414 (Cuba); Anal. Soc. Esp. Hist.
Nat., vii, 1878, 181 (Porto Rico).—Barrp, Brewer, and Rripeway, Hist. N. Am.
Birds, i, 1874, 248, pl. 13, figs. 9, 12.—Brewer, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 1875,
439 (n. New England, breeding).—Hernsnaw, Rep. Orn. Spec. Wheeler’s
Surv., 1874, 59 (Denver, Colorado, May 17); Zool. Exp. W. 100th Merid.,
598 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
1875, 198 (do. ).—Turner, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., viii, 1885, 237 (Fort Chimo,
Ungava, breeding).—AMeRICAN OrnitHoLoaists’ Unton, Check List, 1886,
no. 661.—Cory, Auk, iii, 1886, 35 (West Indian references); ix, 1892, 49
(Watlings I., Bahamas); Birds W. I., 1889, 49; Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 118
(New Providence, Watlings I., Great Inagua, and Arguilla, Bahamas; Cuba;
Grand Cayman; Jamaica; Porto Rico; Barbados).—Townsenp, Auk, iv, 1887,
13 (Kowak R., n. w. Alaska).—NeEtson, Rep. Nat. Hist. Coll. Alaska, 1887,
202.—Cooker, Bird Migr. Miss. Val., 1888, 251 (dates of migr., etc. ).—Ripe-
way, Orn. Illinois, i, 1889, 147.—THompson, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., xiii, 1890,
619 (Manitoba; breeding?).—MacrarLane, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xiv,
1891, 444 (Anderson R., arctic Am., breeding).—NerHRLING, Our Native
Birds, etc., i, 1893, 217, pl. 12, fig. 3.—Wuiurts, Auk, x, 1893, 228 (Mackinac L.,
Michigan, rare sum. resid.).—THorne, Auk, xii, 1895, 218 (Fort Keogh,
Montana, common in May).—Brisnop, N. Am. Fauna, no. 19, 1900, 90
(Log Cabin, Lake Marsh, and Caribou Crossing, Alaska).—ALLEN, Bull.
Am. Mus. N. H., xiii, 1900, 177 (Bonda, province Santa Marta, Colombia, Oct.,
Noy. ).—Osaoop, N. Am. Fauna, no. 21, 1901, 79 (Fort Kenai, Alaska).—
Howe tt, Auk, xviii, 1901, 344 (Mount Mansfield, Vermont, breeding ).—B1ar-
Low, Auk, xix, 1902, 30 (Labrador, breeding north to limit of tree growth).
Dendroica striatus GuNpLacn, Journ. fiir Orn., 1861, 326 (Cuba).
Dendreca striata ScLATER, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 31 (Jamaica; Tobago; Bogota).—
Buiakiston, Ibis, 1863, 62 (interior British America).—ScLuaTer and SALvIn,
Proce. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 780 (Merida, Venezuela).—Couers, Check List,
1873, no. 81; 2d ed., 1882, no. 122; Birds N. W., 1874, 60; Birds Col. Val.,
1878, 288.—NrwrTon, Man. Nat. Hist. Greenland, 1875, 97 (Godthaab, 1
spec., 1853).—ALLEN, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, v, 1880, 166 (Santa Lucia,
Lesser Antilles).—Munot, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, v, 1880, 227 (Seven Lakes,
Colorado, summer resident; Denver, May ).—Cory, Birds Bahama I., 1880,
61.—Ripeway, Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 101.—ALLEN and Brewster,
Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, viii, 1883, 158 (Austins Bluffs, Colorado, May 8, 9).—
Brewster, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xxii, 1883, 371 (Magdalen Islands and
Anticosti I., breeding).—LawreEncr, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., viii, 1885, 622
(Guadeloupe, Lesser Antilles). —McLrEnreGan, Cruise ‘‘ Corwin,” 1884, 114
(Kowak R. and Hotham Inlet, Alaska).—SnHarps, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x,
1885, 325, 650 (Roraima, British Guiana; Oyapoc, French Guiana; Rio Negro;
Sarayacu, e. Ecuador; etc.).—JAmeEs, New List Chilian Birds, 1892, 2.
[ Dendreca] striata Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 101.—ScLarer and Satyr,
Nom. Ay. Neotr., 1873, 9.
D{endreca] striata Newron (A. and E.), Handb.’ Jamaica, 1881, 106.—Coukrs,
Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 303.
Dendroeca striata SuNDEVALL, Ofv. k. Vet.-Ak. Foérh. Stockh., xxvi, 1870, 614
(monogr. ).
Dendroica pinus (error) Cours, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1861, 220 (Labrador).
Dendreca atricapilla LANpBECK, Archiy. fur Naturg., 1864, 56 (Chile).
Anthus breviunguis Sp1x, Av. Bras., i, 1824, 75, pl. 76, fig. 1 (Brazil).—BuRMEIsTER,
Syst. Ueb. Th. Bras., iii, 1856, 120.—Sciarer, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 24
(Trinidad ).—PELzELN, Orn. Bras., 1871, 69, 463.
[ Anthus] breviunguis Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 250, no. 3631.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. ‘599
DENDROICA VIGORSII VIGORSII (Audubon).
PINE WARBLER.
Largest species of the genus (wing 67.5-76 in male, 66.5—-70 in
female); upper parts (except wings and tail) unicolored (plain olive.
green, grayish olive, or olive-brownish); wing-bands dull white or
grayish.
Adult male in spring and summer.—Above plain bright olive-green,
usually becoming more grayish on scapulars; wings and tail dusky
with dull gray edgings, the middle and greater wing-coverts broadly
tipped with dull white or pale gray, producing two distinct bands;
inner webs of two outermost rectrices extensively white terminally,
the white on lateral rectrix occupying nearly the terminal half, the
outer web more or less broadly edged with white; sides of head and
neck olive-green, the former relieved by a narrow, usually indistinct,
superciliary streak and a crescentic suborbital spot of yellow, the
lores usually darker olive-green, often becoming dusky at anterior
angle of eye; malar region, chin, throat, chest, and breast—usually
upper portion of abdomen also—yellow (intermediate between gamboge
and canary yellow), the sides of chest and breast usually streaked,
more or less, with olive-greenish, sometimes distinctly streaked with
dusky; posterior under parts dull whitish, the under tail-coverts gray
basally; bill brownish black, the mandible more brownish basally;
iris brown; legs and feet dusky brown.
Adult male in autumn and winter.-—Similar to the spring and summer
dress, but plumage softer and colors purer, especially the yellow of
under parts, which is nearly clear lemon yellow; bill more brownish,
the basal portion of mandible decidedly paler.
Adult female in spring and summer.—Smaller and much duller in
color than the male; above plain olive, or dull olive-greenish, inclining
to gray on hindneck and scapulars, sometimes almost wholly dull gray;
beneath pale olive-yellowish anteriorly and dull whitish posteriorly,
sometimes wholly dull grayish white, faintly tinged with yellow on
chest, the sides and flanks more strongly tinged with olive or grayish,
and sometimes obsoletely streaked with darker, especially on sides of
chest; wings and tail as in the male.
Adult female in autumn and winter.—Similar to the spring and
summer dress, but plumage softer, the upper parts tinged with brown
and under parts tinged with buff.
Young male in first autumn and winter ?—Similar to the adult male
ot corresponding season, but upper parts tinged with brown, the lower
parts with buff.
Young female in first autumn and winter.—Similar to the adult
female of corresponding season, but more decidedly brown above and
more strongly tinged with buff below.
600 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Young male, first plumage.—Above plain broccoli brown, the wings
and tail as in the adult, but wing-bands narrower, more or less strongly
buffy; beneath dull whitish, strongly shaded across chest and along
sides and flanks with pale broccoli brown.
Young female, first plumage.—Similar to the young male, but upper
parts rather less decidedly brown.
Adult male. s), 118-136 (125.2); wing, 67.5-76 (72.9);
tail, 51.5-58 (54.4); exposed culmen, 10-12 (10.9); depth of bill at
nostrils, 4-4.5 (4.2); tarsus, 17.5 -19.5 (18.5); middle toe, 12-13.5
(12.7)."
Adult female.—Length (skins), 115-128 (120.2); wing, 66.5-70.5
(68.4); tail, 50.5-53.5 (52.2); exposed culmen, 9.8-11 (10.6); depth of
bill at nostrils, 4; tarsus, 17-19 (18.2); middle toe, 12-13.5 (12.4).”
Eastern United States and more southern British Provinces, north
to Minnesota, Manitoba (to Lake Winnipeg), Ontario (Lake Muskoka,
Hamilton, etc.), New York. southern Maine, and New Brunswick;
breeding southward to southern Florida and Gulf States, wintering in
Southern States (Florida to Texas) and northward to coast district of
Virginia, southern Illinois, etc., occasionally to Massachusetts; occa-
sional in Bermudas.
Sylvia pinus (not of Latham, 1790) Wrison, Am. Orn., iii, 1811, 25, pl. 19, fig. 4.—
STEPHENS, Shaw’s Gen. Zool., x, 1817, 737, part. eae Enc. Méth.,
1823, 464.—Bonaparre, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sei. Phila., 1824, 194; Ann. ae
N. Y., ui, 1826, 81.—Nurratit, Man. Orn. U. S. ae Can., i, 1832, 387.—
AvpbuBoN, Orn. Biog., ii, 1834, 1382, pl. 111.
Th[riothurus] ? pinus SrepHENS, Shaw’s Gen. Zool., xiv, 1826, 194, part.
Sylvicola pinus JARDINE, ed. Wilson’s Am. Orn., i, 1832, 316, pl., 19, fig. 4. —RicH-
ARDSON, ep: Brit. Assoc. for 1836 (1837), 172.—Bonapartr, Geog. and
' Twenty-seven specimens.
* Nine specimens.
Specimens from different localities (mostly taken during breeding season) average
as follows:
| Depth
ci 7s . of bill | , a1. | Middle
Locality. Wing.| Tail. Series Tarsus. | aes
| trils. |
| ene
MALES. | | |
Nine adult males from Pennsylvania to Massa- | |
CNGRehtale se ce cee aceon tee ores eee eee eee 71.2] 53.9 LOT Ay) aed PSE 7 ey sleee
Five adult males from lower Maryland and coast |
OL VATEIMIA ees 5: SIRS as cee e lin eee eae 74.1 DAO} en ald Se Aro 18.6 | 12.6
Six adult males from South Carolinaand Alabama.| 74.3 54.8 10.8 | 4.3 18.4 | 12.8
Four adult males from Florida...................- Tlie 54 | 11.6 | 4.2 18.4 | 13
Three adult males from Mississippi Valley........ 75 54.3 | 10.5 | 4 18.3 | Po,
FEMALES. | |
| |
One adult female from District of Columbia ..._.. 69.5 53 | LON) 4.5 19 | 13
Five adult females from South Carolina to Florida.| 68.4 52.6 10.9 | 4 a | 12.2
Three adult females from Mississippi Valley... -. 68.2 52 10.2 1 18.3 12.5
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 601
Comp. List, 1838, 22.—AupuBon, Synopsis, 1839, 54; Birds Am., oct. ed., 1i,
1841, 37, pl. 82.—Hurpts, Jardine’s Contr. Orn., 1850, 35 (Bermudas, Oct. ).—
Woopuousk, Rep. Sitgreaves’ Exp. Zuni and Col. R., 1853, 70 (Texas).—
Hoy, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sei. Phila., -vi, 1853, 311 (Wisconsin ).—KENNIcorT?,
Trans. Ills. Agric. Soe., 1855, 583 (Illinois). —Marrens, Journ. fur Orn., 1859,
312 (Bermudas).—BLanp, Ann. Rep. Smithson. Inst. for 1859 (1860), 287
(Bermudas).—Trippe, Proc. Essex Inst., vi, 1871, 114 (Minnesota ?).
[ Vermivora] pinus Swatnson Classif. Birds, ii, 1837, 245.
Mniotilta pinus Swainson, Birds W. Africa, i, Mar., 1837, 275, in text.
M[niotilta] pinus Gray, Gen. Birds, i, 1848, 196.
[ Mniotilta] pinus Gray, Hand-list, 1, 1869, 241, no. 5484.
[ Rhimamphus] pinus BoNAPARTE, Consp. Avy., 1, 1850, 311.
Dendroica pinus Batrp, Rep. Pacifie R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 277; Cat. N. Am. Birds,
1859, no. 198; Review Am. Birds, 1865, 190.—VerRRILL, Proc. ase Instat
1862, 156 (Maine).—Barrp, Brewer, and Ripaway, Hist. Am. Birds, ;
1874, 268, pl. 13, fig. 6.—Brewer, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xvii, i 439 (s. New
England, breeding).
D[endroica] pinus Ripaway, Ann. Lye. N. Y., x, 1874, 368 (Illinois, breeding) .
Dendreca pinus ' Sc wee Cat. Am. B irda, 1862, 31 (Pennsylvania).—McItwrairn,
Proce. Essex Inst., v, 1866, 86 (Hamilton, Ontario).—ALLEN, Bull. Mus. Comp.
Zool., ii, 1871, ae Florida, abt. winter).—Cougs, Check List, 18738, no. 91,
2d as 1882, no. 134; Birds N. W., 1874, 69; Birds Col. Val., 1878, 251.—
Brown (N. C.), Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iv, 1879, 107 (s. Maine, breeding ).—
Roperts and Benner, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, v, 1880, 13 (Herman, Minne-
sota).—Ripaway, Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 111.—NenruinG, Bull. Nutt.
Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 9 (Harris Co., s. e. Texas, winter).—Browne, Bull. Nutt.
Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 119 (Framingham, Massachusetts, Dec. 5; 4 specs. ).—
Merriam, Bull. Nut. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 128 (Adirondacks, New York, 1
spec., May).—Grunptvic, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vili, 1888, 71 (Shiocton,
Wisconsin, Apr. 31 to May 12).—Brewster, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, viii, 1883,
120 (Duxbury, Massachusetts, Dec. 27).—SHarpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x,
1885, 323, 650.—AGrERsBORG, Auk, li, 1885, 278 (s.e. South Dakota).
[ Dendreca] pinus Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 105.
D[endreca] pinus NEtson, Bull. Essex Inst., vill, 1876, 100, 152 (n. e. Illinois, breed-
ing).—Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 307.
Dendroeca pinus Sunpgvauy, Ofy. k. Vet.-Ak. Foérh. Stockh., xxvi, "1870, 612
(monogr. ).
Dendreca pina Covers, Proc. Essex Inst., v, 1868, 272.—Maynarp, Birds Florida,
1873, 48.
Sylvia vigorsii AuDuBON, Orn. Biog., 1, 1831, 153, pl. 30 (Perkioming Creek, e. Penn-
sylvania) .
Vireo vigorsii NurTaLt, Man. Orn. U. S. and Can., i, 1832, 318.
Dendroica vigorsii’ Ripaway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., viii, Sept. 2, 1885, 356; Orn.
Tllinois, i, 1889, 152.—Srrsecer, Auk, ii, Oct., 1885, 348. — AMERICAN one
THoLoGists’ Unron, Check List, 1886, no. 671. Os Auk, iii, 1886, 326
'The ono ing West late citations fie am not able, in the peers of specimens,
to correctly place:
Dendreca pinus Cory, Birds Haiti and San Dom., 1885, 33.
Dendroica vigorsti Cory, Auk, vill, 1891, 352 (Cay Sal, Bahamas); Cat. W. I.
Birds, 1892, 118, part (Great Balan, Andros, and Cay Sal islands, Baha-
mas; Haiti).
They are more likely to refer to D. v. achrustera or D. v. abacoensis—or some unnamed
insular form or forms—than to true D. vigorsii.
602 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
(Lake Winnipeg).—Cooxs, Bird Migr. Miss. Val., 1888, 254 (Mississippi
Valley localities, etec.; winters north to s. Illinois).—THompson, Proc. U. 8.
Nat. Mus., xiii, 1890, 620 (Manitoba, breeding). —Scorr, Auk, vii, 1890, 20
(Tarpon Springs, Florida, breeding).—Ra.pu and Baae, Auk, vii, 1890, 282
(OneidaCo., New York, breeding ).—Goss, Birds Kansas, 1891, 567 (migrant ).—
Brimuey, Auk, vili, 1891, 199 (Raleigh, North Carolina; breeding habits ).—
Arrwater, Auk, ix, 1892, 341 (San Antonio, Texas; rare migr.).—WHITE,
Auk, x, 1893, 228 (Mackinac I., Michigan; rare sum. resid. ).—NEHRLING,
Our Native Birds, ete., i, 1893, 232.—McI.wrairn, Birds Ontario, 1894,
371 (Hamilton, Ontario, breeding)—ALLEN, Auk, xii, 1895, 89 (Berkshire
Co., Massachusetts, breeding).—Wayne, Auk, xii, 1895, 365 (Wacissa and
Aucilla rivers, n. w. Florida, breeding).—HENNINGER, Auk, xv, 1898, 331
(Waverly, Ohio, breeding).—Bryer, Proc. Louis. Soc. Nat. for 1897-99
(1900), 114 (Louisiana, breeding).—FLemine, Auk, xviii, 1901, 44 (Lake
Muskoka, Ontario, 1 spec., Apr. 30, 1898).
Dendroica] vfligorsii] vigorsii Ripaway, Auk, xix, Jan., 1902, 69, in text.
DENDROICA VIGORSII ACHRUSTERA (Bangs).
NASSAU PINE WARBLER.
Similar to). v. vigorsi/, but wing much shorter, tail relatively longer,
and bill and feet larger; yellow of under parts averaging paler, not
extending to flanks or lower abdomen; yellow supraloral line averag-
ing broader, more distinct; white on inner webs of lateral rectrices
more restricted. Young (in first plumage) with upper parts much
browner (cinnamon-brown or nearly prouts brown).
Adult male.—Length (skins), 117-130 (128.2); wing, 64-69 (65.9);
tail, 54-56 (54.2); exposed culmen, 11.5-12.5 (12); depth of bill at
nostrils, 44.5 (4.1); tarsus, 18.5-19 (18.9); middle toe, 13-13.5 (13.4).’
Adult female.—Length (skins), 120-123 (121.5); wing, 62-63 (62.5);
tail, 51.5-52 (51.7); exposed culmen, 12-12.5 (12.2); depth of bill at
nostrils, 4; tarsus, 19-19.5 (19.2); middle toe, 13-13.5 (13.2).”
Island of New Providence, Bahamas.
This is clearly an insular form of D. wigorsi7, differing only in its
shorter wing, larger bill and feet, and relatively longer tail. Every
character of coloration in adult birds I find in occasional specimens of
true D. vigors’i, which is exceedingly variable in respect to extent of
the yellow on the under parts, and other color characters.
Sylvicola ay ey Sylvia pinus Wilson, nor of Latham) Bryant, Proc. Bost.
Soc: N. EL, 1867, 67 (Bahamas).*
Dendreeca eee C oer Birds Bahama Is., 1880, 69, part.
*[ Dendreca] pinus Cory, List Birds, W. I., 1885, 8, part.
‘Four specimens.
2 Two specimens.
3 No particular island is mentioned, but a specimen from the Bryant collection in
the U. S. National Museum collection agrees closely with the examples from New
Providence, and is probably from that island.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 603
Dendroica vigorsii (not Sylvia vigorsii Audubon) Cory, Auk, iii, 1886, 39, part
(Bahamas, part); Birds W.I., 1889, 53, part (do.); Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 118
part (New Providence I., Bahamas).—Ripa@way, Auk, vill, 1891, 335 (New
Providence, Apr. 17, 19).
Dendroica bahamensis (not D. pityophila bahamensis Cory, 1891) Maynarp, App.
to Cat. of Birds of the W. I., Nov. 29, 1899, 33 (New Providence I., Baha-
mas; coll. C. J. Maynard).!
Dendroica achrustera Banas, Auk, xvii, July, 1900, 292 (Nassau, New Proy-
idence I., Bahamas; coll. E. A. and O. Bangs).
D{endroica] vigorsii achrustera Rripaway, Auk, xix, Jan., 1902, 69, in text.
DENDROICA VIGORSII ABACOENSIS Ridgway.
ABACO PINE WARBLER.
Similar to D. v. vigorsiz, but decidedly larger, with relatively shorter
wing and with under parts more extensively whitish posteriorly; simi-
lar to D. v. achrustera, but larger and with yellow of under parts
brighter and with flanks much less strongly tinged with brown.
Adult male.—Length (skin), 183; wing, 70; tail, 57; exposed cul-
men, 13.5; depth of bill at nostrils, 5; tarsus, 20; middle toe, 13.5.”
Island of Abaco, Bahamas.
(?) Dendreca pinus (not Sylvia pinus Wilson, nor of Latham) Cory, Birds Bahama
Is., 1880, 69, part.
(?) Dendroica vigorsti (not Sylvia vigorsii Audubon) Cory, Auk, iii, 1886, 39,
part (Bahamas, part); Birds W. I., 1889, 53, part (do. ).
Dendroica vigorsti Ripaway, Auk, viii, 1891, 334 (Abaco I., Bahamas, Apr. 1).—
Cory, Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 118, part (Abaco I.).
Dendroica vigorsii abacoensis Ripaway, Auk, xix, Jan., 1902, 69 (Abaco Island,
Bahamas; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.).
DENDROICA KIRTLANDII Baird.
KIRTLAND’S WARBLER.
Adult male in spring.—Pileum, hindneck, sides of neck, and auricu-
lar region bluish slate-gray or dull plumbeous, the first usually more
or less streaked with black; anterior portion of forehead, lores, and
space between lower eyelid and malar region black, gradually blending
posteriorly into the gray of the auricular region; a white crescentic
spot or bar on lower eyelid, and a smaller, narrower mark of white on
upper eyelid; back and scapulars brownish gray or hair brown, broadly
streaked with black; rump and upper tail-coverts slate-gray, narrowly
(sometimes obsoletely) streaked with black; wings and tail dusky with
pale brownish gray or grayish brown edgings, the middle and greater
wing-coverts margined terminally with paler brownish gray or grayish
'Type now in the collection of E. A. and O. Bee Bocca, Nene meee
* One specimen, the only one seen.
604 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
brown, sometimes approaching dull white; inner webs of two outer-
most rectrices with a terminal white spot, this about 18-22 long on the
lateral rectrix; malar region, chin, throat, and rest of under parts
pale lemon, canary, or primrose yellow, fading into white on under
tail-coverts; sides and flanks grayish, streaked with dusky, the pro-
nounced gray area on each side of breast separated from the yellow of
the median portion by a series of broad black streaks; chest usually
with a few small flecks of dusky, sometimes immaculate yellow; maxilla
blackish with pale brownish tomia; mandible horn brownish, darker
terminally, paler basally; iris brown; legs and feet dark horn brown-
ish; length (skins), 125-150 (134.6); wing, 70-72 (71.4); tail, 57-65
(58.8); exposed culmen, 11-13 (11.9); tarsus, 21.5-23 (22.3); middle
toe, 12-13 (12.6).’
Adult female in ( ilar to the adult male, but duller in
color; the bluish slate-gray of pileum, hindneck, and rump replaced
with brownish gray; black streaks of back and scapulars rather nar-
rower; yellow of under parts averaging slightly paler, and chest more
frequently as well as more extensively speckled or flecked with dusky;
length (skins) 126-138 (182.1); wing, 64-71 (66.7); tail, 53-58 (56.4);
exposed culmen, 11-13 (11.9); tarsus, 21-22 (21.3); middle toe, 12-13
(12.3).2
Eastern United States and more southern British Provinees, chiefly
west of the Alleghenies; very irregularly distributed and breeding
‘ange unknown; has been taken in the following States: Ohio (Cleve-
land; Rockport; Hamilton County); Indiana (Wabash); Illinois (Win-
nebago and Cook counties); Missouri (St. Louis County); Minnesota
(Minneapolis); Wisconsin (Racine); Michigan (Ann Arbor; Straits of
Mackinac); Virginia (Fort Myer); South Carolina (Chester); also in
Ontario (Toronto). Winters in the Bahamas (Watlings, Green Cay,
Berry, Abaco, Eleuthera, New Providence, Andros, North Caicos, East
Caicos, and Grand Caicos islands).
Sylvicola kirtlandii Barrp, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., v, 1852, 217, pl. 6 (Cleve-
land, Ohio; type in coll. U.S. Nat. Mus. acre Journ. fur Orn., 1854,
395.—Cassin, Illustr. Birds Cal., Tex., ete., 1855, 278, pl. 47.
Dendroica kirtlandii Barry, Rep. Pacific R. R. Sury., ix, 1858, 286; Cat. N. Am.
Birds, 1859, no. 205; Review Am. Birds, 1865, 206 (at sea, bet. Abaco, Baha-
mas, and Cuba; 2 naditionAll specs. from Cleveland, Ohio).—WueEatTon, Ohio
Agric. Rep. for 1860 (1861), 374 (Cleveland, Ohio; Racine, Wisconsin ).—
Strong, Auk, xv, 1898, 331 (no valid record for Pennsylvania).
Dendroica kirtlandi Batrp, Brewer, and Rrpaway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874,
272, pl. 14, fig. 5.—AmerRtcAN OrNITHOLOGISTS’ Unton, Check List, 1886,
no. 670.—Ripeway, Auk, viii, 1891, 337 (Watlings I., Bahamas, Mar. 4 to9),
338 (Green Cay, Bahamas, Apr. 12).—Cory, Auk, iii, 1886, 38; viii, 1891,
295 (Berry Islands, Bahamas), 297 (Caicos Islands, Bahamas, Jan. or Feb.),
298 (Abaco I., Bahamas, Mar.); Birds W. I., 1889, 52; Cat. W. I. Birds,
1892, 118, 155 (Abaco, Berry Islands, Eleuthera, New Providence, Andros, Wat-
' Five specimens. * Seven specimens.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 605
lings I., Green Cay, North Caicos, Grand Caicos, and East Caicos, Baha-
mas).—Cookk, Bird Migr. Miss. Val., 1888, 254 (St. Louis, Missouri, May 8) .—
Smiru and Paumer, Auk, v, 1888, 148 (Fort Myer, Virginia, Sept. 25).—
Wasupurn, Auk, vi, 1889, 280 (Ann Arbor, Michigan, May 1).—Loomis,
Auk, viii, 1891, 171 (Chester Co., South Carclina, Oct. 11).—GuiLrorp, Auk,
x, 1891, 86 (Minneapolis, Minnesota, May 13).—Nenruina, Our Native Birds,
etc., i, 1893, 231.—Gautr, Auk, xi, 1894, 258 (Glen Ellyn, n. e. Illinois, May
7).—U.rey, Proce. Ind. Ac. Sci. , 1895, 147 (Wabash, Indiana, May, 1895) .—
Unrey and Wauuace, Proc. Ind. Ae. Sci., 1895, 157 (Wabash, Indiana, May
4, 1892).—Burier, Proce. Ind. Ac. Sci., 1895, 168 (Wabash, Indiana, May 7,
1895).—CnHapmMan, Auk, xv, 1898, 289, pl. 4 (historical, etc.); xvi, 1899, 81
(Winnebago Co., Illinois, May 25, 1894).—Biackwe.prer, Auk, xvi, 1899,
359 (Morgan Park, Chicago, Illinois, May 21, 1899).—Banas, Auk, xvii, 1900,
292 (New Providence I., Bahamas, Mar. 4 and Apr. 5).—Samuet, Auk, xvii,
1900, 391 (Toronto, Ontario, May 16, 1900).
D{endroica] kirtlandi Ripeway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 514.
Dendroeca kirtlandi SunpEvatt, Ofv. k. Vet.-Akad. Férh. Stockh., xxvi, 1870,
617 (monogr. ).
[ Dendreca] kirtlandii Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 104.
Dendreca kirtlandi Cours, Check List, 1878, no. 89; 2d ed., 1884, no. 131° Birds
Col. Val., 1878, 249; Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, v, 1880, 49 (Ann Arbor, Michi-
gan, May 16; descr. adult female).—Lanepon, Cat. Birds Cincinnati, 1877,
6 (Avondale, Hamilton Co., Ohio).—Cory, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iv, 1879,
118 (Andros I., Bahamas, Jan. 9; descr. adult female); Birds Bahamas L.,
1880, 66.—Purprie, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iv, 1879, 185 (Ann Arbor, Michi-
gan, May 16; list of known specimens).—WuHeEaTon, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club,
iv, 1879, 58 (Rockport, Cuyahoga Co., Ohio, 2 or 3 spees., spring of 1878).—
Ripaway, Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 110.—Merriam, Auk, ii, 1885, 376
(Straits of Mackinac, Michigan, May 21, 1885).—Wuipmann, Auk, ii, 1885, 382
(near St. Louis, Missouri, May 8, 1885).—Suarpr, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x,
1885, 322.
[ Dendreca] kirtlandi Cory, List Birds W. I., 1885, 8.
D{endreca] kirtlandi Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed. 1884, 306.
[ Mniotilta] kirtlandii Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 241, no 3492.
[ Mniotilta] kirtlandi Girpe., Thesaurus Orn., ii, 1875, 603.
DENDROICA PITYOPHILA PITYOPHILA (Gundlach).
CUBAN WARBLER.
Adult in spring and summer.—Forehead and crown yellowish olive-
green, obsoletely streaked with darker; rest of upper parts, including
sides of head and neck, plain slate-gray, the lores and suborbital
region more dusky; wings and tail dusky with light brownish gray
edgings, the middle and greater wing-coverts tipped with pale brownish
eray, producing two indistinct bars across wing; inner webs of two
lateral rectrices with a large white terminal wedge-shaped spot; chin,
throat, median portion of chest, and part of malar region light lemon
or canary yellow; rest of under parts dull white medially, pale brown-
ish gray laterally, the flanks more tinged with brown; between the
yellow on lower throat and median portion of breast and the gray on
606 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
sides of neck and chest a series of broad black streaks or spots, these
sometimes extending beyond the yellow over sides of breast, where
the gray on each side encroaches more upon the white of the median
portion; bill black; legs and feet dark horn brown; length (skins),
111.8-114.3 (113); wing, 56-60.4 (58.9); tail, 48.2-50.3 (49.4); exposed
culmen, 10-10.4 (10.3); tarsus, 16-16.7 (16.4); middle toe, 10.6-11
(10.8).!
Adult (4) male in winter.°—Similar to the spring and summer plum-
age but general color of upper parts smoke gray, iess strongly con-
trasted with olive-green of crown and forehead; sides and flanks more
strongly tinged with pale brown; black streaks along iateral margin of
yellow chest-patch less distinct, and bill light horn brownish instead
of black.
Adult female in spring and summer.—Similar to the adult male of
corresponding season and not always distinguishable, but usually very
slightly duller in color, or with the black streaks along lateral margia
of yellow chest-patch smaller or less distinct; length (skins), 109.2-115.6
(111.8); wing, 55.9-57.7 (57); tail, 47.5-48.3 (48.5); exposed culmen,
10.2-10.7 (10.4); tarsus, 16.3-16.8 (16.5); middle toe, 10.7—-11.4 (11).°
Island of Cuba, Greater Antilles (in pine woods).
Sylvicola pityophila Gunpuacu, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., vi, 1855, 160 (Cuba).—
Brewer, Proc. Bost. Soe. N. H., vil, 1860, 307.
Rhimamphus pityophilus GuNpiLacu, Journ. fir Orn., 1857, 240.
Dendroica pityophila Barrp, Review Am. Birds, Apr., 1865, 208.—Cory, Auk, 1ii,
1886, 38; Birds W. I., 1889, 52; Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 18, 118, 129.
D{endroica] pityophila Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 515.
D[endroica] pityophila Barrp, Brewer, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i,
1874, 221.
Dendreca pityophila Gunpuacn, Repert. Fisico-Nat. Cuba, i, 1865, 284.—Couks,
Birds Col. Val., 1878, 296 (synonymy).—Cory, Birds W. I., 1889, 38
(Cuba).—Suarpeg, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 322.
[Dendreca] pityophila Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 297, in text.—
Cory, List Birds W. I., 1885, 8.
Dendroeca pityophila SuNDEVALL, Ofv. k. Vet.-Akad Forh. Stockh., xxvi, 1870,
612 (monogr. ).
[ Mniotilta] pityophila Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 241, no. 3499.—GreBEL, Thesaurus
Orn., ii, 1875, 606.
DENDROICA PITYOPHILA BAHAMENSIS Cory.
BAHAMA WARBLER.
Adult male.—‘* Upper parts, including sides of the head and neck,
plumbeous gray, not light ash gray as in Dendroica pityophila Gund-
lach. Forehead and crown greenish yellow, showing light yellow at
the base of the upper mandible; throat and upper breast yellow, bor-
dered on the breast by a few feathers marked unevenly with black.
1 Five specimens. 2 Possibly young male in first winter. °Three specimens.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 607
Belly dull white shading into gray on the sides and flanks. A faint
indication of wing bands, showing very faintly in some specimens.
Tail dark brown, the two outer feathers showing an arrow-shaped
-white mark on the terminal portion of the inner webs, variable in dif-
ferent specimens; most of the feathers of the wings and tail showing
very narrow grayish edging on the outer webs. Bill and feet dark
brown. Closely allied to Dendroica pityophila of Cuba. Length,
4.50; wing, 2.30; tail, 2.00; tarsus 0.60; bill, 0.45.
**The female resembles the male, but the colors are shghtly paler,
and it is perhaps somewhat smaller.
** Habitat.—Abaco and Great Bahama islands, Bahamas.”
Dendroica pityophila bahamensis Cory, Auk, viii, Oct., 1891, 348 (Abaco I., Baha-
mas; coll. C. B. Cory), 350 (Great Bahama and Abaco islands); Cat. W. I.
Birds, 1892, 18, 118, 127, 155 (Abaco and Great Bahama islands).
1
DENDROICA DISCOLOR (Vieillot).
PRAIRIE WARBLER.
Adult male in spring and summer.— Above yellowish olive-green,
brightest on pileum and hindneck, slightly tinged or intermixed with
grayish on upper tail-coverts; interscapulars chestnut centrally, more or
less broadly margined or edged with olive-green; wings and tail dusky,
with pale grayish olive edgings, the middle wing-coverts broadly
tipped with pale yellow or light olive-yellow, the outer webs of greater
coverts sometimes yellowish terminally; inner webs of three outer-
most rectrices extensively white terminally, this occupying approxi-
mately one-half the web on lateral rectrix, successively smaller on
the next two; superciliary stripe (broadest anteriorly), large subor-
bital crescentic spot, malar region and under parts clear gamboge or
lemon yellow, paler posteriorly (under tail-coverts primrose yellow);
a loral and short postocular streak, a broad curved streak or crescentic
patch immediately beneath the yellow suborbital spot, and a series of
broad black streaks beginning on sides of lower throat and continued
along sides to flanks, black; bill dark brown (the maxilla nearly black),
paler on tomia; iris brown; legs and feet dusky brown.
Adult male in autumn and winter.—Similar to the spring and sum-
mer plumage, but chestnut spots on back more or less concealed (often
quite so) by broader olive-green margins to the feathers.
Adult female in spring and summer.—Similar to the male and some-
times hardly distinguishable, but usually much duller in color, with
the chestnut spots on back indistinct (often obso.ete); the black mark-
ings on sides of head replaced by dull grayish, and the black streaks
along sides less distinct, especially on flanks, where grayish, or obsolete;
olive-green of upper parts sometimes partly replaced by grayish, and
yellow of lower parts by dull whitish.
1Cory, Auk, viii, Oct., 1891, 348.
av. ? ’ ’
608 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Adult female in autumn and winter.—Similar to the spring and sum-
mer plumage, but plumage softer and colors more blended.
Tinmature male in first autumn and winter.—Similar to the adult male
of corresponding season, but concealed chestnut spots on back smaller;
tips of middle wing-coverts duller pale yellowish olive; olive-green of
head more or less tinged with gray; black markings on sides of head
much less distinet; black streaks on sides and flanks narrower, and
mandible pale brownish (dull flesh color in life’), with darker tip.
Immature female in first autumn and winter.—Similar to the adult
female of corresponding season, but duller olive-green above; pattern
of sides of head indistinct or obsolete, and streaks along sides and flanks
still less distinct, sometimes obsolete.
Young female, first plumage.—Above plain hair brown or grayish
broccoli brown; remiges and rectrices dusky, with pale yellowish gray
edgings; middle and greater wing-coverts tipped with pale buffy, pro-
ducing two narrow bars across wing; sides of head plain pale hair
brown, relieved by a small and narrow spot of dull yellowish white on
each eyelid; chin, throat, and chest pale hair brown; rest of under
parts dull yellowish white, or pale dull primrose yellow, the breast
narrowly streaked with hair brown.
Adult male.—Length (skins), 105-117 (111); wing, 55.5-59 (57.6);
tail, 45-50 (47.8); exposed culmen, 8.8-10 (9.4); tarsus, 17.5-19.5 (18.3).?
Adult Jemale.—Length (skins), 100-111 (105); wing, 51-57 (54.1);
tail, 41-50 oe a) exper Le 9-10 he) tarsus, 17.5-19 (18).?
Ten specimens, from oleate coast aieeceae of United oe
? Hight specimens, from Atlantic coast district of United States.
The specimens measured from the Atlantic States compare in average measurements
with those from the Mississippi Valley and others from the Bahamas (the latter
evidently resident birds), as follows:
Ex-
Locality. Wing. | Tail. posed | Tarsus.
| culmen,
MALES. | .
Ten adult males, Virginia to Massachusetts ......------------------ IP byeGuleazeS 9.4 18.3
Three adult males from Tennessee and Kentucky-......----.------ 53.6 43.6 2 18
Four adult males from Abaco, Green Cay, and Rum Cay, Bahamas. . 57.6 47.1 10.2 18
FEMALES.
Fight adult females from Maryland to Florida ....-.......-.-..--.-- 54.1 44.3 9.2 18
Three adult females from Abaco and New Providence, Bahamas. .. 53\, |) | 46521) Oi Sea 138.1
eS cemens from the is a : Abaco, New oe aene e, a Ginn 1 Cay, and part
of those from Rum Cay, Bahamas, evidently represent resident birds, since they dif-
fer from ail examples from the United States in decidedly larger bill and much
broader yellow superciliary stripe, the latter encroaching anteriorly on the sides of
the forehead. Specimens from other Bahama islands, including most of those exam-
ined from Rum Cay, are not distinguishable from United States examples, and with-
out much doubt are winter visitors from the latter country. Until more is known
of the Bahama resident birds, however, I do not venture to separate them sub-
specifically.
ee
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 609
Eastern United States. breeding north to Massachusetts, southern
Ontario (Toronto), southern Michigan, southern Wisconsin (7), ete.,
south to Florida, Bahamas (islands of Abaco, New Providence, and
Green Cay’), and probably to the Gulf States in general; occurring
irregularly north to northern Michigan (Mackinac Island); west to
edge of the Great Plains, in eastern Nebraska, eastern Kansas, ete.; in
winter south nearly throughout West Indies (Bahamas, Cuba, Grand
Cayman, Cayman Brac, Jamaica, Haiti, Porto Rico, Mona, Culebra,
St. Thomas, Tortola, Virgin Gorda, and St. Croix, Greater Antilles;
St. Eustatius, St. Christopher, and Martinique, Lesser Antilles), island
of Cozumel, Yucatan (January), and Swan Island, Caribbean Sea (1
specimen, February 12); Bermudas (October).
Or
Sylvia discolor Vrettiot, Ois. Am. Sept., ii, 1807, 37, pl. 98 (United States and
Greater Antilles); Nouv. Dict. d’ Hist. Nat., xi, 1817, 181; Ene. Méth , ii,
1823, 445.—SrepHeEns, Shaw’s Gen. Zool., x, 1817, 716.—BoNnapartr, Ann
Lye. N. Y., ii, 1826, 82.—Lesson, Traité d’Orn., 1831, 418.—Nurrau, Man.
Orn. U. S. and Can., i, 1832, ‘‘294,”’ i. e. 394.—AupuBon, Orn. Biog., i, 1831,
76, pl. 14.—Brewer, Journ. Bost. Soc. N. H., i, 1827, 436 (Massachusetts) .—
LempBeye, Aves de la Isla de Cuba, 1850, 32, pl. 6, fig. 2.
Sylvicola discolor JArprxk, ed. Wilson’s Am. Orn., 1832, 375.—RicHArpson, Rep.
Brit. Assoc. for 1836 (1837), 172.—Bonaparte, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838,
23.—AupuUBON, Synopsis, 1839, 62; Birds Am., oct. ed., ii, 1841, 68, pl. 97.—
Gossk, Birds Jamaica, 1847, 159.—Jarpinr, Contr. Orn., 1848, 82 (Bermu-
das, aut. visit.).—Hurpts, Jardine’s Contr. Orn., 1850, 7 (Bermudas, Oct. ).—
Hoy, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., vi, 1853, 311 (Wisconsin ).—Prarren, Trans.
Tils. Agric. Soc., i, 1855, 602 (Illinois).—Bryant, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., vii,
1859, 110 (Bahamas, breeding); xi, 1867, 91 (Santo Domingo), 250 (Porto
Rico); Journ. fir Orn., 1866. 184 (do.).—Brewer, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H.,
vii, 1860, 307 (Cuba).
[Sylvicola] discolor Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 508.
M{niotilta] discolor Gray, Gen. Birds, i, 1848, 196.
[ Mniotilta] discolor Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 241, no. 5486.
Rhimamphus discolor Gunpuacn, Journ. fiir Orn., 1855, 474 (Cuba).
Dendroica discolor Barry, Rep. Pacific R. R. Sury., ix, 1858 290; Cat. N. Am. Birds,
1859, 210; Review Am. Birds, 1865, 213, part (Jamaica; Porto Rico; St.
Thomas; St. Croix).—Gunpvuacn, Journ. fiir Orn., 1861, 326 (Cuba); 1872,
416 (do.); Repert. Fisico-Nat Cuba, i, 1865, 235; Anal. Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat.,
vii, 1878, 186 (Porto Rico).—Marcn, Proce. Ac. Nat. Sei. Phila., xv, 1863,
293 (Jamaica).—Barirp, Brewer, and Ripaway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874,
276, pl. 14, fig. 9.—Brewer, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xvii, 1875, 439 (Massa-
chusetts, Rhode Island, and Connecticut, breeding).—Ripaway, Proc. U.S.
Nat. Mus., viii, 1885, 564 (Cozumel I., Yucatan, winter); x, 1888, 576 (Swan
I., Caribbean Sea); Orn. Illinois, i, 1889, 155.—Cory, Auk, iii, 1886, 39
(West Indian references); vi, 1889, 31 (Little Cayman and Cayman Brace) ; vii,
1890, 375 (Tortola and Virgin Gorda) ; viii, 1891, 47 (St. Eustatius), 48 (St.
Croix; St. Christopher); ix, 1892, 48 49 (Maraguna and Watlings I., Bahamas);
Birds W. I., 1889, 53; Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 118 (Great Bahama, Abaco, Bir-
1Perhaps also Rum Cay and other islands of the group. These resident Bahama
birds are recognizably different from birds breeding in the United States, as explained
on p. 608 (footnote), and may require subspecitic separation.
3654—voL 2—01 39
610 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
minis, Berry islands, Eleuthera, New Providence, Andros, San Salvador,
Exuma Keys, Concepcion, Watlings I., Rum Cay, Green Cay, Maraguna,
North Caicos, East Caicos, and Great Inagua, Bahamas; Cuba, Isle of Pines,
Jamaica, Haiti, Mona, Porto Rico, Tortola, Virgin Gorda, and St. Croix,
Greater Antilles; St. Eustatius and St. Christopher, Lesser Antilles).—AMErI-
CAN OrniITHOLOGISTS’ Union, Check List, 1886, no. 673.—Covurs (FE. B.),
Auk, v, 1888, 405-408 (Washington, District of Columbia; nesting habits,
etc.).—Cooxer, Bird Migr. Miss. Val., 1888, 255 (e. Kansas; e. Nebraska;
West Liberty, Iowa; Pierce City, Missouri).—Scorr, Auk, vii, 1890, 21 (Tar-
pon Springs and Punta Rassa, Florida, breeding ).—Goss, Birds Kansas, 1891,
570 (summer resid. in e. Kansas).—NrnHrRuinc, Our Native Birds, etc., 1,
1893, 236, pl. 13, fig. 2.—(?) Wurre, Auk, x, 1893, 228 (Mackinac I., Michi-
gan, migr.).—Uxbrey and Watuacr, Proc. Ind. Ac. Sci., 1895, 157 (Wabash,
Indiana, May 2).—Samuer, Auk, xvii, 1900, 391 (Toronto, Ontario,
May 11).—Ames, Auk, xviii, 1901, 106 (Toronto, May 11).
D{endroica] discolor Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 516.
Dendreca discolor Newron (A. and E.), Ibis, 1859, 144 (St. Croix).—Sciater,
Proc. Zool. Soe. Lond., 1861, 71 (Jamaica); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 33 (do.).—
ALBRECHT, Journ. fiir Orn., 1862, 194 (Jamaica).—ALLEN, Bull. Mus.
Comp. Zool., iii, 1872, 125 (e. Kansas, common in May).—Covugs, Check
List, 1873, no. 86; 2d ed., 1882, no. 127; Birds N. W., 1874, 63; Birds Col.
Val., 1878, 246.—Brewsrer, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iii, 1878, 59 (deser.
young).—GunN, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iv, 1879, 186 (Ottawa Co., Michigan,
1 spec., May 21).—Cory, Birds Bahama I., 1880, 64; Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club,
vi, 1881, 151 (Haiti) Birds Haiti and San Dom., 1885, 31.—Ripaway, Nom.
N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 114.—Satvin and GopMAN, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves,
i, 1881, 142 (at sea near Swan I., Caribbean Sea).—AGeErsBora, Auk, ii, 1885,
278 (s. e. Dakota).—SuHaArpr, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 307, 648.—Howe,
Contr. N. Am. Orn., ii, 1902, 20 (Uxbridge, Vermont, 1 spec., ‘‘ Dec. 4,
1884’).
[ Dendreeca] discolor Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 103.—ScuaTer and SALVIN,
Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 9.—Cory, List Birds W. I., 1885, 8.
D{endreca] discolor NELSON, Bult. Essex Inst., viii, 1876, 100 (n. e. Illinois; breed-
ing?).—Newron (A. and E.), Handb. Jamaica, 1881, 106.—Covugs, Key N.
Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 305.
Dendroeca discolor SunpEvAtL, Ofv. k. Vet.-Ak. Férh. Stockh., xxvi, 1870, 596
(Porto Rico), 615 (monogr.).
Sylvia minuta Witson, Am. Orn., iii, 1811, 87, pl. 25, fig. 4.—BonaparTE, Ann.
loves Noes 1 826586:
Phyllopneuste minuta Born, Isis, 1828, 321.
Sylvicola minuta Denny, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1847, 38 (Jamaica; Cuba).
DENDROICA VITELLINA Cory.
VITELLINE WARBLER,
Similar to J. déscolor, but much larger; under tail-coverts yellow,
back never spotted with chestnut, and sides of breast without black or
dusky streaks.
Adult male.—Ahbove uniform yellowish olive-green; wings and tail
dusky with yellowish olive-green edgings (these more grayish on pri-
mary coverts and terminal portion of remiges), the middle wing-coverts
broadly tipped with canary yellow, the outer webs of greater coverts
Pe
oe eS PA
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 611!
passing terminally into pale dull olive-yellow; inner webs of two outer-
most rectrices with a large terminal or subterminal spot of white; sides
of head, including a narrow superciliary stripe (becoming indistinct or
obsolete beyond eye), a large crescentic suborbital space, greater part
of auricular region, whole malar region, and entire under parts clear
lemon yellow, the sides and flanks very indistinctly streaked with olive-
greenish (these streaks more distinct on sides of breast); a postocular
and a rictal streak of olive-greenish; maxélla brownish black, with paler
tomia; mandible horn brownish, paler basally; legs and feet horn
brownish (in dried skins); length (skins), 115-119 (117); wing, 55-59
(56.8); tail, 51; exposed culmen, 10.5-11.5 (11); tarsus, 19-21 (19.8).?
Adult female.—Similar to the adult male and not always distinguish-
able, but usually (7) slightly duller in color; length, 105-115 (110.5);
wing, 53-56 (54.5); tail, 47-49 (47.4); exposed culmen, 11-12 (11.2);
tarsus, 19-20 (19.5).”
Young, first plumage.—Above plain light grayish brown, somewhat
darker on back; middle and greater wing coverts edged with lighter
brownish and indistinctly tipped with dull light buffy; remiges and
rectrices dusky, edged with light olive, these edgings on tertials broader
and paler; lower parts entirely dull whitish, faintly tinged with yel-
low posteriorly, strongly tinged with grayish brown on sides of breast.
(Described from No. 111,258, coll. U. S. Nat. Mus., Swan Island,
Caribbean Sea, February 3, 1887; C. H. Townsend.)
[Some apparently adult specimens, of both sexes, possibly younger
birds, are duller in color than those from which the above descriptions
of the adult male and female are taken, while several which are other-
wise as bright colored have the olive-green of the upper parts, espe-
cially on the hindneck and part of the pileum, replaced by clear ash
gray, and the yellow of the throat by a much paler tint, almost yel-
lowish white.
Having only one specimen, an adult female, from the island of
Grand Cayman (the type locality) for comparison with the Swan Island
series, [ can not be sure that the birds of the two islands are really
identical. |
Islands of Grand Cayman and Swan Island, Caribbean Sea.
Dendroica vitellina Cory, Auk, ili, Oct., 1886, 497, 501 (Grand Cayman, “‘aribbean
Sea; coll. C. B. Cory); iv, 1887, 181 (St. Andrews I., Caribbean Sea); v,
1888, 157 (Grand Cayman); vi, 1889, 31 (Little Cayman; Cayman Brac);
‘Birds W.. 1.,-1889; 2863 (Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 18; 119; 129, 155. (Grand
Cayman).—Ripaway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., x, 1888, 574 (Grand Cayman),
576 (Swan I., Caribbean Sea; descr. young).
'Five specimens, from Swan Island, Caribbean Sea.
* Four specimens, from Swan Island, Caribbean Sea. <A single female from Grand
Cayman (the type locality) measures: Length (skin), 112; wing, 52; tail, 45; exposed
culmen, 12; tarsus, 20.
612 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
DENDROICA PALMARUM PALMARUM (Gmelin).
PALM WARBLER.
Wings dusky with light grayish brown or brownish gray edgings,
but without any distinct bands; a yellow or whitish superciliary stripe;
under parts with at least the under tail-coverts yellow; spring and
summer adults with a chestnut pileum. -
Adults (seves alike’) in spring and summer.—Forehead and crown
uniform bright chestnut, the former sometimes blackish anteriorly,
where divided by a short and narrow median line of whitish or pale
yellowish; rest of upper parts grayish olive or hair brown, narrowly
and indistinctly streaked with darker, especially on back and secap-
ulars; lower rump and upper tail-coverts light yellowish olive or
olive-greenish, the larger coverts more brownish, with indistinct mesial
streaks of darker; wings and tails dusky with light grayish brown or
brownish gray edgings, these most distinct on the terminal portion of
middle and greater wing-coverts; inner web of two outermost rectrices
with a large terminal spot of white, the third sometimes with a small
terminal spot of the same; a narrow superciliary stripe of pale yellow;
a triangular spot of dusky at anterior angle of eye, and a similar but
smaller postocular spot; auricular region grayish brown, sometimes
finely streaked anteriorly with dull brownish white; an indistinct sub-
orbital space of dull brownish white; malar region dull whitish, some-
times tinged with yellow; chin, throat, chest, and under taii-coverts
canary yellow, the intervening under parts (breast and abdomen) dull
whitish, usually more or less tinged with yellow; chest (at least lat-
erally) streaked with brown or chestnut, the sides and flanks less dis-
tinctly streaked; sometimes a series of brown or chestnut streaks
along each side of throat; bill brownish black with paler tomia; iris
brown; legs and feet dusky brown (in dried skins).
Adults in winter.—Forehead and crown grayish brown, streaked
with dusky, sometimes with a slight admixture of chestnut, mostly con-
cealed; superciliary stripe, chin, throat, and chest dull white instead
of yellow; otherwise like the spring and summer plumage, but back,
etc., rather browner, and with darker streaks less distinct (sometimes
obsolete), and streaks on chest, sides, etce., never (4) chestnut.
Similar to fall and winter adults,
but much browner (olive-brown) above, superciliary stripe less distinct,
and markings of under parts more suffused.
Young in first plumage not seen.
Adult male.—Length (skins), 114.3-127 (122.4); wing, 62-67. 1 (64.5);
tail, 50.5-53.6 (52.6); exposed culmen, 9.1-10.2 (9.9); tarsus, 19.6—
20.8 (20.1); middle toe, 11.9-12.9 (12.4).
Young in first autumn and winter.
‘Many adult females are absolutely indistinguishable in plumage from the bright-
est colored males; possibly, however, this sex may aver’ ge a little duller in color.
* Nine specimens.
eS ee eS ee
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 613
Adult female.—Length (skins), 114.3-123.2 (117.6); wing, 59.9-
62.7 (60.7); tail, 47.7-51.6 (49); exposed culmen, 9.6-10.2 (10); tarsus,
19-19.8 (19.6); middle toe, 11.4-12.7 (11.9).*
Eastern North America, chiefly west of the Alleghenies; breeding
in the interior of British America (Fort Resolution and Fort Simp-
son, province of Mackenzie); in winter, southern Florida, Bahamas,
Greater Antilles (Cuba, Grand Cayman, Little Cayman, Cayman
Brac, Jamaica, Haiti, Porto Rico), Cozumel Island, Yucatan (Progreso)
and Swan Island, and island of Old Providence, Caribbean Sea; occa-
sional, during migration, in Atlantic States (numerous records), and
at eastern base of Rocky Mountains (Denver, Colorado, one specimen,
June 20).
[ Motacilla] palmarum Gwe.in, Syst. Nat., i, pt. ii, 1788, 951 (Santo Domingo;
based on Le Bimbele ou fausse Linotte Buffon, Hist. Nat. Ois., v. 330, and
Palm Warbler Latham, Gen. Synop., ii, pt. 2, 498).
Motacilla palmarum Lesson, Traité d’Orn., 1831, 418.
[Sylvia] palmarum Latuam, Index Orn., 1, 1790, 544.
Sylvia palmarum Virtuo, Ois. Am. Sept., ii, 1807, 21, pl. 73; Nouv. Dict. d’ Hist.
' Nat., xi, 1817, 168; Ene. Méth., ii, 1823, 431.—SrepPHENSs, Shaw’s Gen. Zool.,
x, 1817, 607.—Bonapartr, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., iv, 1825, 29 (Florida);
Ann. Lye. N. Y., ii, 1826, 78; Am. Orn., ii, 1828, 12, pl. 10, fig. 2.—D’ Orsiany,
in La Sagra’s Hist. Nat. Cuba, Ois., 1839, 61, pl. 8.
Sylvicola palmarum JARDINE, ed. Wilson’s Am. Orn., i, 1832, 373.—RIcHARDSON,
Rep. Brit. Assoc. for 1836 (1837), 172.—Sa uh, Proc. Zool. Soe. Lond., 1857, 231
(Santo Domingo ).—Bryant, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., vii, 1859, 110 (Bahamas,
winter; habits); xi, 1867, 91 (Santo Domingo).—A.precut, Journ., fur Orn.,
1861, 53 (Bahamas).
M{[niotilta] palmarum Gray, Gen. Birds, i, 1848, 196.
[ Mniotilta] palmarum Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 240, no. 3477.
Dendroica palmarum Batrv, Rep. Pacific R. R. Sury., ix, 1858, 288, part (Ohio,
Illinois, Wisconsin, Red R. Settlement, and Florida); Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859,
no. 208, part; Review Am. Birds, 1865, 207, part (Fort Simpson; Fort
Resolution; Cuba).—Gunpiacu, Journ. fiir Orn., 1861, 326 (Cuba); 1872,
415 (do.); Repert. Fisico-Nat. Cuba, i, 1865, 234; Anal. Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat.,
vii, 1878, 183 (Porto Rico).—Barrp, Brewer, and Rrpaway, Hist. N. Am.
Birds, i, 1874, 273, part.—Ripaway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., viii, 1885, 564
(Cozumel I., Yucatan); x, 1888, 575 (Swan I., Caribbean Sea); Orn. Illinois,
i, 1889, 154.—AmerICAN OrnITHOLOGISTS’ Unton, Check List, 1886, no. 672.—
ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., i, 1886, 258 (Massachusetts records; 4
specs).—Cory, Auk. iii, 1886, 39 (West Indian references); iv, 1887, 180
(Old Providence I., Caribbean Sea); vi, 1889, 31 (Little Cayman and Cay-
man Brac); ix, 1892, 49 (Watlings I., Bahamas); Birds W. I., 1889, 53; Cat.
W. I. Birds, 1892, 118 (Great Bahama, Abaco, Biminis, Berry Islands., Eleu-
thera, New Providence, Andros, San Salvador, Exuma Keys, Concepcion,
Watlings I., Rum Cay, Fortune I., Green Cay, North Caicos, Grand Caicos,
East Caicos, and Great Inagua, Bahamas; Cuba; Isle of Pines; Grand Cay-
man; Jamaica; Haiti; Porto Rico).—Cooxer, Bird Migr. Miss. Val., 1888,
254 (Mississippi Valley dates, etc. ); Bull. 44, Colo. Agr. Coll., 1898, 168 (Den-
ver, Colorado, 1 spec., June 20, 1891).—DurcHer, Auk., v, 1888, 182 (Fire I.,
New York, Sept. 23, 1 spec. ).—Dwiaurt, Auk. v, 1888, 324 (Montauk Point,
1 Hight specimens.
614 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Long Island, Sept. 7, 1 spec.).—THompson, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xiii, 1890,
620 (Manitoba, migrant).—Srone, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1890, 211
(Progreso, Yucatan) .—Scorr, Auk. vii, 1890, 20 (Punta Rassa and Key West,
Florida, winter; Tarpon Springs, Sept. 22, to April 18) ,314 (Garden Key, Tor-
tugas).—Miuter, Auk, vii, 1890, 229 (Cape Cod, Massachusetts, Sept. 23 and
24, 2 specs. ).—Cuarkk, Auk, vii, 1890, 322 (Fort Churchill, Hudson Bay) .—
Goss, Birds Kansas, 1891, 568 (whole State, during migrations).—Loomtis,
Auk, vill, 1891, 171 (Chester Co., South Carolina, in migration).—Morris,
Auk, ii, 1894, 181 (Windsor, Connecticut, Sept. 4, 1 spec. ).—OBERHOLSER,
Auk, xii, 1895, 185 (Redbank, New Jersey, Sept. 18.)—NeEnHrureG, Our
Native Birds, ete., i, 1896, 233, part.—CHapman, Auk, xiii, 1896, 343 (New
York City, 1 spec., Sept. 2).—Posson, Auk, xvi, 1899, 195 (Holly, Orleans
Co., New York, 1 spec., May 12).
D{endroica] palmarum Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 517.
Dendreca palmarum Scuarer, Proc. Zool. Soe. Lond., 1861, 71 (Jamaica).—
ALBRECHT, Journ. fur Orn., 1862, 193 (Jamaica).—BLakisTon, Ibis, 1863, 63
(interior British America).—McItwraira, Proc. Essex Inst., v, 1866, 86
(Hamilton, Ontario ).—Covsrs, Check List, 1873, no. 90, part; 2d ed., 1882, no.
132; Birds N. W., 1874, 67, part; Birds Col. Val., 1878, 249, part.—Cory, Birds
Bahama I., 1880, 68; Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vi, 1881, 151 (Haiti); Birds Haiti
and San Dom., 1885, 32.—Rinaway, Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 113.—
SpetmMan, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 54 (Brookline, Massachusetts,
Oct., 1 spec. ).—Boucarp, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, 441 (Progreso, Yuca-
tan).—Fisuer, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 249 (Sing Sing, New York,
Apr. 29, 1 spec.).—SHARPE, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 317, 650, part.
Dendroeca palmarum SunveEy Au, Ofv. k. Vet.-Ak. Forh. Stockh., xxvi, 1870, 616,
part (monogr.).
[ Dendreca] palmarum Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 104, part. —ScuaTER and
SaLvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 9.
D{endreca) palmarum Newton (A. and E.), Handb. Jamaica, 1881, 106.—CovEs,
Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 307.
Dendreca palmarum. Subspecies palmarum Ripaway, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, i,
Nov., 1876, 84 (crit. ).
[ Dendreca palmarum.] a. palmarum Covers, Birds Col. Val., 1878, 249, part.
Dendroica] palmarum var. palmarum Deane, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iv, 1879,
186 (Brookline, Massachusetts, Oct. ).
Dendreca palmarum palmarum BicKNEti, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, v, 1880, 182
(Riverdale, New York, spring; 2 specs.) Lamp, Journ. Bost. Zool. Soce., ii,
1883, 55 (Belmont, Massachusetts, Sept. 29; 2 specs. ).—CHADBOURNE, Auk,
ii, 1885, 104 (Shelburne, New Hampshire, Sept. 16).
Dendroica palmarum palmarum Patmér, Auk, ii, 1894, 333 (District of Columbia
and vicinity; ‘‘regular though rare migrant’’).
Dendreca palmarum hypochrysea (not of Ridgway) DEANE, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club,
iv, 1879, 60 (Brookline, Massachusetts, Oct.; error corrected on p. 186).
Sylvicola petechia (not Motacilla petechia Linnzeus) SwAInson and RICHARDSON,
Fauna Bor.-Am., ii, 1831, 215, pl. 41.—AupuBon, Synopsis, 1839, 58, part.—
Hoy, Proce. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1853, 310 (Wisconsin); Ann. Rep. Smithson.
Inst. for 1864 (1865), 487 (Missouri).—Bryanv, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 1866,
67 (Bahamas).
Sylvicola petechia Pratren, Trans. Ills. Agric. Soe., i, 1855, 602 (Illinois).
[Sylvicola] ruficapilla (not Motacilla ruficapilla Gmelin) BonaParts, Consp. Av.,
i, 1850, 307.
Rhimamphus ruficapillus GuNDLAcH, Journ. fiir Orn., 1855, 473 (Cuba); 1861, 408
(do. ).
j
|
3
:
ee
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 615
(?) Dendreca ignota Maynarp, Contributions to Science, i, Apr., 1889, 30, pl. 3,
fig. 1 (Homestead, St. Andrews, Jamaica, Apr. 4, 1879; coll. Kingston, Jamaica,
Museum).
(?) Dendroica ignota Cory, Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 123 (crit. ).
DENDROICA PALMARUM HYPOCHRYSEA Ridgway.
YELLOW PALM WARBLER,
Similar to D. p. palmarum, but decidedly larger, and with the under
parts entirely yellow, even in winter and immature plumages; sides of
chest more often streaked with chestnut, the streaks broader; color of
back, ete., more olive, often inclining to olive-green.
Young (first plumage).-—Above grayish brown, the pileum streaked
with dusky, the back and scapulars with T-shaped markings of the
same; lower rump and upper tail-coverts russet; wings and tail as in
adults, but tertials passing into russet along edges, the middle and
greater wing-coverts with small terminal spots of pale russet or rusty
buff; under parts whitish, tinged with yellow, everywhere, except on
chin, abdomen and under tail-coverts (the latter entirely yellow)
heavily streaked with dusky.
Adult male.—Length (skins), 118.1-124.5 (122.2); wing, 64.3-70.6
(67.1); tail, 51.8-56.9 (54.6); exposed culmen, 9.6-10.2 (9.9); tarsus,
19.3-20.6 (20.1); middle toe, 11.9-12.9 (12.4).?
Adult female.—Length (skins), 114.3-119.4 (116.6); wing, 62-65.8
(64.1); tail, 51.8-53.1 (52.3); exposed culmen, 9.6-10.2 (9.9); tarsus,
19.3-20.3 (19.6); middle toe, 11.9-12.4 (12.2).
Atlantic coast district of United States and British Provinces; breed-
ing from eastern Maine (vicinity of Calais), New Brunswick, and Nov:
Scotia northward, probably to Newfoundland, southern Labrador, and
province of Quebec;* in winter, North Carolina (?), South Carolina (4),
northern and western Florida (Tarpon Springs, Punta Rassa,: ete.),
Key West, Tortugas (Garden Key, March), and along Gulf coast to
Louisiana; accidental in Cuba and Jamaica (Kingston, 1 specimen,
December 20, 1890) and m northern Ohio (Oberlin, 1 specimen, April
16, 1892). Occasional in Bermudas in winter? *
Sylvia petechia (not Motacilla petechia Linnzeus) Vreriiot, Ois. Am. Sept., ii, 1807,
32, part (Pennsylvania).—WIxson, Am. Orn., vi, 1812, 19, pl. 28, fig. 4. —Bona-
PARTE, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., iv,.1824, 198; Ann. Lyc. N. Y., ii, 1826,
83.—NurraLty, Man. Orn. U. S. and Can., i, 1832, 364.—AupuBoN, Orn.
Biog., ii, 1834, 259, 360, pls. 163, 164.—PraBopy, Rep. Orn. Mass., 1839, 307.—
McCuutocn, Journ. Bost. Soc. N. H., iv, 1844, 406 (habits).—THompson,
Nat. Hist. Vermont, 1853, 80.
Sylvicola petechia AupuBoN, Synopsis, 1839, 58, part; Birds Am., oct. ed., ii, 1841,
55, pl. 90.—(?) Jarping, Contr. Orn., 1848, 82 (Bermudas, Dec. 17, 1847).—
1 Nine specimens. * Hight specimens.
57 can find no record of its breeding in Newfoundland, Labrador, or Quebec, but
the species has been recorded from the first and last mentioned. (See synonymy. )
* Possibly the Bermuda records pertain to D. p. palmarum.
616 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
(2?) Hurpis, Jardine’s Contr. Orn., 1850,7 (Bermudas, Nov., Dec.).—PuTnam,
Proc. Essex Inst., i, 1856, 207 (Massachusetts).—Wuuuis, Ann. Rep. Smith-
son. Inst. for 1858 (1859), 282 (Nova Scotia).—(?) Buanp, Ann. Rep. Smith-
son. Inst. for 1859 (1860), 287 (Bermudas).
Phyllopneuste. petechia Bots, Isis, 1828, 321.
M{niotilta] petechia Gray, Gen. Birds, i, 1848, 196, part.
Sylvicola ruficapilla (not Motacilla ruficapilla Gmelin) Bonaparte, Geog. and
Comp. List, 1838, 22.
[Sylvicola] ruficapilla Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 307. 7 4
Dendroica palmarum (not Motacilla palmarum Gmelin) Barrp, Rep. Pacific R. R.
Sury., ix, 1858, 288, part (Carlisle, Pennsylvania, and Washington, District
Columbia); Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 208, part; Review Am. Birds,
1865, 211, part (Nova Scotia). —Barnarp, Ann. Rep. Smithson. Inst. for 1860
(1861), 486 (Chester Co., Pennsylvania).—Coves and Prentiss, Ann. Rep.
Smithson. Inst. for 1861 (1862), 408 (District Columbia).—BoarpMAN, Proc.
Bost. Soc. N. H., ix, 1862, 125 (Calais, Maine).—VerriILu, Proc. Essex Inst.,
iii, 1862, 147 (Oxford Co., Maine).—AL.En, Proc. Essex Inst., iv, 1864, 63
(Springfield, Massachusetts).—Lawrencr, Ann. Lye. N. Y., viii, 1866, 284
(vic. New York City).—Turnsui, Birds E. Penn. and New Jers., 1869, 25
(Phila. ed., p. 18).—Barrp, Brewer, and Rinaway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i,
1874, 273, part, pl. 14, fig. 8.—Brewer, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xvii, 1875,
439 (n. New England, breeding).—Nernr.ine, Our Native Birds, etc., 1, 1893,
233, part, pl. 13, fig. 3.
Dendreca palmarum ScuaTer, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 53 (Washington, District
Solumbia; Pennsylvania).—Coves, Proc. Essex Inst., v, 1868, 274 (New
England); Birds N. W., 1874, 67, part; Birds Col. Val., 1878, 250, part.—
Maynarp, Nat. Guide, 1870, 104 (Massachusetts); Proc. Bost. Soe. N. H.,
xiv, 1872, 308 (New Hampshire and Maine); Birds Florida, 18738, 52, part
(Massachusetts, etc.).—Gerntry, Life-Hist. Birds E. Penn., i, 1876, 1382. —
Minot, Birds New Engl., 1877, 122.—Merriam, Trans. Conn. Ac. Sci., iv,
1877, 18 (Connecticut).—SHarpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 317, 650,
|
|
|
part (Pennsylvania; District Columbia; Maryland; Massachusetts). 7
(?) Dendreca palmarum Coves, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xii, 1868, 109, part (South
1
Carolina in winter); Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., xxiii, 1871, 21 (Fort Macon,
« North Carolina, in winter).—ALLEN, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., ii, 1871, 208,
part (e. Florida in winter). ;
[ Dendreca] palmarum Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 104, part. .
Dendroeca palmarum SuNDEVALL, Ofy. k. Vet.-Ak. Férh. Stockh., xxvi, 1870, 616,
part (monogr. ). 7
[Dendreca palmarum.] Subspecies hypochrysea Ripaway, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club,
i, Nov., 1876, 85, 87 (Cambridge, Massachusetts; coll. U. 8. Nat. Mus.).
Dendreca palmarum hypochrysea Rrpaway, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, i, Nov., 1876, .
85, in text; Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 113a.—ALLeNn, Bull. Nutt. Orn. 4
Club, v, 1880, 89.—Covers, Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 133.—MErr1AM, Auk,
ii, 1885, 315 (Godbout, prov. Quebec, May 21). |
D[endreca] plalmarum] hypochrysea? Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, .
307.
[ Dendreca palmarum] b. hypochrysea Cougs, Birds Col. Val., 1878, 250. |
(?) Dendroica palmarum hypochrysea TurNER, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vili, 1885,
237 (Moose Factory, Hudson Bay’).
1 Locality wrong; in the museum catalogue the specimen, which apparently is no
longer in the U. 8. National Museum collection, is entered as having been taken
“*five days from Montreal.’’
hii teat,
=
‘
:
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 617
Dendroica palmarum hypochrysea AMERICAN OrniTHOLOGISTS’ Unton, Check List,
1886, no. 672a.—Scorr, Auk, vii, 1890, 20 (Tarpon Springs, Punta Rassa,
and Key West, Florida, rare in late Mar. and early Apr.), 314 (Garden Key,
Tortugas, Mar. 22 and 31, 2 specs.) ; x, 1893, 341 (Kingston, Jamaica, 1 spec.,
Dec. 20, 1890).—ALLEN (F. H.), Auk, viii, 1891, 165 (Cape Breton, Nova
Scotia).—Wintte, Auk, viii, 1891, 396 (Montreal, Canada, 1 spec., May 7,
1891).—McCormick, Auk, ix, 1892, 397 (Oberlin, Ohio, 1 spec., Apr. 16,
1892).—Cory, Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 118, 155 (Cuba, Jan., Feb. ).—Porter,
Auk, xvii, 1900, 72 (Newfoundland, abundant Sept. 8 and after).
D{[endroica] palmarum hypochrysea Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 517.
-DENDROICA PLUMBEA Lawrence.
PLUMBEOUS WARBLER, -
Adults (sexes alike).—Above uniform slate color, relieved by a nar-
row superciliary line of white and two white wing-bars, produced by
tips of middle and greater coverts; inner webs of two or three outer-
most rectrices with a small terminal space of white, occupying on the
outermost not more than inner half of the web, on the others much
less; sides of head, sides of neck, and thence backward to and includ-
ing flanks plain slate-gray, the first relieved by a white suborbital spot;
median under parts grayish white, the feathers gray beneath surface;
maxilla dark brown, mandible much paler; legs and feet horn brownish
(in dried skins).
Immature (both sexes).—With exactly the same pattern of coloration
as adults, but with the slate color of upper parts replaced by deep *
olive, the slate-gray of sides, ete., by lighter, more greenish, olive,
and the white of head markings and median under parts by pale olive-
yellow.
Adult male.—Length (skins), 120-127 (124.5)'; wing, 58-66 (61.9);
tail, 50-59 (54.1); exposed culmen, 11; tarsus, 20-21 (20.3); middle
toe, 11-12 (11.3).”
Adult female.—W ing, 56-61 (57.9); tail, 50-54 (51.4); exposed cul-
men, 11-12 (11.1); tarsus, 19-21 (20.6); middle toe, 10-12 (11.1).°
Islands of Dominica and Guadeloupe, Lesser Antilles. +
' Four specimens. *Ten specimens. * Seven specimens.
‘Specimens from Guadeloupe have, as a rule, decidedly shorter wings and tail than
those from Dominica, but I am not able to discover any difference in coloration.
Average measurements are as follows:
| Ex
Locality. | Wing.) Tail. | posed | Tarsus. Middle
| culmen. RE:
MALES. | |
| |
Four adult males from Dominica .....................-....- | 164 56 | 11 20.7 Lea
Six adult males from Guadeloupe......:-........:----.----- | 60.5 52.7 11 20 11
FEMALES. |
Four adult females from Dominica ....................-...- 58.7 52.2 11 21 IE
Three adult females from Guadeloupe ....................-- | 56. 6 50.3 11.3 20 10.6
’
618 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Dendreeca plumbea LAWRENCE, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., i, Oct. 1, 1878, 47 (Dominica,
Lesser Antilles; coll. U. 8S. Nat. Mus.); Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., i, 1878-79, 55
(Dominica) , 454 (Guadeloupe), 486.—SHarpr, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885,
333, 651 (Dominica; Guadeloupe).—Scuiater, Proce. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1889,
326 (Dominica).
[ Dendreca] plumbea Cory, List Birds W. I., 1885, 8.
Dendroica plumbea Cory, Auk, iii, 1886, 40; viii, 1891, 49 (Guadeloupe); Birds
W. I., 1889, 54; Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 18, 119.
DENDROICA PHARETRA (Gosse).
STREAKED WARBLER,
Adults (sewes alike).—Pileum and back streaked with black and white,
the black streaks much broader on the back, the white streaks slightly
tinged with olive; scapulars gray with broad mesial streaks of black;
hindneck light olive-gray narrowly streaked in black; rump and upper
tail-coverts plain grayish olive; wings dusky or dull black with light
olive-gray edgings (these broader and more olive on tertials), the middle
coverts and outer webs of greater coverts broadly margined on tip
with white, forming two narrow bands across wing; tail dusky, the
outer webs of rectrices broadly edged with olive, the inner webs of the
two or three outermost broadly edged terminally with white; under
parts white, the throat flecked or streaked, the chest, breast, upper
abdomen, sides, and flanks marked with triangular (cuneate or sagittate)
streaks of black; under tail-coverts pale brownish buff, with a large
central (mostly concealed) sagittate spot of pale olive; under wing-
coverts and axillars immaculate white; maxilla black, with pale horn-
colored tomia; mandible grayish horn color (in dried skins); legs and
feet horn color (in dried skins).
Immature (both sexes). —Ahove plain greenish olive, tinged with russet
on rump and upper tail-coverts; outer webs of rectrices russet-olive,
inner webs dusky, the two or three outermost narrowly edged with
whitish terminally; wings dusky with light greenish olive edgings
(these broader and more russet on tertials), the middle coverts and
outer webs of greater coverts margined terminally with pale olive-
yellow or yellowish white; under parts dull whitish, more or less
strongly tinged or washed with pale yellowish, the sides and flanks
strongly tinged with pale russet-olive; under tale-coverts yellowish
buff with a central (mostly concealed) sagittate spot of pale olive; under
wing-coverts and axillars white tinged with pale olive-yellow.
Adult male.—Length (skins), 106-116.8 (111); wing, 61.7-64 (62.8);
tail, 49.38-52.3 (51.1); exposed culmen, 10.6-12 (11.3); tarsus, 18-19
(18.8); middle toe, 10.4-11 (10.6).*
Adult female.—Length (skins), 113-116.8 (114.9); wing, 61-63.5
(62.2); tail, 58-53.3 (53.1); exposed culmen, 10.6-11 (10.8); tarsus,
18.3-19 (18.6); middle toe, 10.”
1 Four specimens. * Two specimens.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 619
Tsland of Jamaica, Greater Antilles.
Sylvicola pharetra Gossr, Birds Jamaica, 1847, 163; Illustr. Birds Jam., 1849
pl. 38.—Bonaparre, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 309.—OsBurN, Zoologist, xvii, 1859,
6660, in text (habits).
M[niotilta] pharetra Gray, Gen. Birds, i, 1848, 196.
[ Mniotilta] pharetra Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 241, no. 3487.
Dendreca pharetra ScuaterR, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1861, 71; Cat. Am. Birds,
1862, 358.—ALprecuat, Journ. fiir Orn., 1862, 193.—Cours, Birds Col. Val.,
1878, 296 (synonymy ).—SHarpPes, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 332, 651.
[ Dendreca] pharetra ScuaterR and Sarvin, Nom. Ay. Neotr., 1873, 9.—Cours,
Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 297, in text.—Cory, List Birds W. I., 1885, 8.
D{endreca| pharetra Newron (A. and E.), Handb. Jamaica, 1881, 106.
Dendroeca pharetra SunpEvAuL, Ofy. k. Vet.-Ak. Forh. Stockh., xxvi, 1870, 617
(monogr. ).
Dendroica pharetra Batrp, Review Am. Birds, 1865, 192.—Cory, Auk, iii, 1886,
35; Birds W. I., 1889 49, Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 18, 118, 130 (Jamaica).
D{[endroica] pharetra Batrp, Brewer, and Rrpaway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i,
1874, 220.
Genus CATHAROPEZA Sclater.
Catharopeza’ Scuater, Ibis, 4th ser., iv, Jan., 1880, 40, footnote; 74, in text.
(Type, Leucopeza bishopi Lawrence. )
Rather large terrestrial or semiterrestrial Mniotiltide with the outer-
most (ninth) primary shorter than fifth; tail much less than two and a
half times as long as tarsus; color plain sooty blackish,’ with white
patch on lower throat, another on breast, and under tail-coverts white.
Bill much shorter than head, shaped much as in Oporornis and spe-
cies of Dendroica. Rictal bristles distinct. Wing moderate, rather
pointed (eighth, seventh, and sixth primaries longest, ninth slightly
shorter than fifth); wing-tip about as long as commissure. Tail about
equal to distance from bend of wing to tips of secondaries, rounded,
the rectrices narrow and with subacuminate tips. Tarsus nearly half as
long as tail, its scutella indistinct (almost fused on outer side); middle
toe with claw much shorter than tarsus; basal phalanx of middle toe
united for decidedly more than half its length to outer toe, separated
for most of its length from inner toe.
Coloration.—Sooty blackish, or olive, with orbital ring, lower throat,
patch on breast, under tail-coverts, and small spot at tip of inner web
of lateral rectrices, white; sexes essentially alike.
Nidification.—Unknown.
Range.—Island of St. Vincent, Lesser Antilles. (Monotypic.)
This genus is very distinct from Zewcopeza, the form of the bill, feet,
wings, and tail being conspicuously different. It is nearly related to
Dendroica, from which it differs chiefly in the relatively shorter tail, and
perhaps should not be separated from that genus.
1 “Kabapos, clarus, et 7éCa, pes.”’
* Olive, instead of blackish, in young.
620 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
CATHAROPEZA BISHOPI (Lawrence).
BISHOP’S WARBLER,
Adult male.-—Pileum, sides of head, hindneck, and rest of upper
parts black, becoming gradualiy less intense posteriorly, the rump,
tail, ete., being slate-black; a broad orbital ring of white; a supraloral
spot or streak of grayish white; malar apex, chin, and lower throat
white, or grayish white, the feathers slate color or slate-gray beneath
the surface; feathers on median line of upper throat tipped with white;
chest dusky slate or slate-blackish; sides and flanks brownish slate-
eray or mouse gray, separated from the darker broad chest-band by a
narrow band of white; median portion of breast and abdomen white,
the feathers slate-gray beneath the surface; under tail-coverts with
basal half slate-gray, terminal half white; under wing-coverts plain
slate-gray; inner webs of three outermost rectrices with a small ter-
minal triangular spot of white, largest on the exterior rectrix; bill
black; legs and feet pale yellowish brown (flesh color in life‘); length
(skin), 187.2;' wing, 70.1; tail, 53.8; exposed culmen, 13.2; tarsus, 23.1."
Adult female.—Scarcely distinguishable from the adult male, but
upper parts of body, wings, and tail more sooty (nearly deep clove
brown), and terminal spots of under tail-coverts tinged with brownish
buff; length (skin), 148.6;* wing, 66.8; tail, 52.6; exposed culmen, 12.7;
tarsus, 22.6.”
Immature (sexes alike).—Above plain deep olive, the remiges and
rectrices more dusky, inclining to clove brown; a lighter supraloral
spot; two lateral rectrices with small terminal white spots, as in
adults; an incomplete whitish orbital ring; sides of throat olive, the
median portion of throat mixed olive and whitish; lower throat dull
brownish buff or pale’ wood brownish; chest, sides, and flanks light
olive; median portion of breast, abdomen, and under tail-coverts dull
brownish buff or wood brown; bill and feet as in adults.
Island of St. Vincent, Lesser Antilles. 7
Leucopeza bishopi Lawrence, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., i, no. 5, June, 1878, 151 (St.
Vincent, W. I.; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.); Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., i, 1878, 189
(notes, ete.), 486.—SHarps, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 228, 638.
Catharopeza bishopi ScuatER, Ibis, 4th ser., iv, Jan., 1880, 73, pl. 1.—Lisrer, Ibis,
1880, 40.—Cory, Auk, iii, 1886, 41; Birds W. I., 1889, 55; Cat. W. I. Birds,
1892, 18, 119, 134.
[ Catharopeza] bishopi Cory, List Birds W. I., 1885, 8.
1 Length before skinning, 146; extent of wings, 215.9. (Ober. )
2 One specimen.
3 Length before skinning, 139.7; extent of wings, 203.2. (Ober. )
<tr eee
in! ee
Or Oe seen oe Gee be tebe ie".
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 621
Genus OPORORNIS Baird.
Oporornis Barrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Sury., ix, 1858, 246. (Type, Sylvia agilis
Wilson. )
Medium-sized or rather small terrestrial Mniotiltidee with the tail
not more than two and a half times as long as tarsus, the inner webs
of the rectrices without white or yellow, and the under parts of the
body (sometimes throat also) yellow, the under parts without streaks.
Bill much shorter than head, shaped quite as in Dendroica, the sub-
terminal notch of maxillary tomium similarly developed. Nostrils as
in Dendroica. Rictal bristles weak, sometimes almost obsolete. Wing
long, pointed (three to four outermost primaries abruptly longest, the
ninth equal to or longer than sixth, sometimes equal to seventh); wine-
tip shorter than tarsus (nearly as long in O. ag7/7s). Tail much shorver
than wing (shorter than distance from bend of wing to tips of sec-
ondaries in O. agilis and O. formosa, longer in O. philadelphia and
O. tolmiet), slightly rounded (more decidedly so in QO. philadelphia
and QO. tolmie?), the rectrices narrowing terminally, with tips sub-
acuminate. ‘Tarsus nearly one-third as long as wing (more than one-
third as long in QO. folie), its scutella indistinct (obsolete or more or
less fused on outer side); middle toe, with claw, much shorter than
tarsus; basal phalanx of middle toe united for more than half (some-
times most of) its length to outer toe, for not more (usually less) than
half its length to inner toe.
Coloration. —Above plain olive-green, becoming more or less gray
on pileum and hindneck in adults, or else with black on forehead and
crown; beneath plain yellow with throat and chest gray or gray and
black, or if throat also yellow a black patch on sides of head.
Nidification.—Terrestrial.
Range.—Temperate North America, chiefly eastern; in winter south
through Mexico and Central America to Colombia. (Four species.)
The two smaller species, O. philadelphia and O. tolimie?, hav > usu-
ally been placed in Geothlypis, but I am convinced that they are
decidedly more nearly related to the type species of Oporornis (0.
agilis), their relationship to which is not only indicated by the close
similarity of their coloration, but also by their structure. It is true
they have relatively shorter wings and longer and more rounded tails
than O. agilis; but nevertheless they have the same pointed wing,
with the outermost (ninth) primary even longer (almost, sometimes
quite, the longest), whereas all the species of Geothlypis have the
ninth primary shorter than the fifth (often shorter than the fourth,
sometimes even shorter than the first), while in all the latter the wing-
tip is shorter than the exposed culmen, instead of much longer.
O. formosa, besides differing conspicuously in the pattern of color-
ation of the head, neck, and chest, has the anterior toes more united
622 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
basally, the basal phalanx of the middle toe being joined for most of
its length to the outer toe and for about half its length to the inner toe,
while in all the others the fusion extends for much less than the entire
length of the phalanx on the outer and for less than half its length
or the inner side.
KEY TO THE SPECIES OF OPORORNIS.
a. Tail not longer than distance from bend of wing to tips of secondaries, nearly
even; outermost (ninth) primary not longer than sixth; bill more slender.
b. Throat and chest yellow; top and sides of head with more or less of black, and
with a yellow line extending from nostril to above, behind, and beneath eye.
(Eastern United States; south in winter to Cuba and through Mexico and
Central Americas to Colombia.) 22283 -.2452- 222 aece Oporornis formosa (p. 622)
bb. Throat and chest not yellow; top and sides of head without any black; no yel-
low on sides of head; a whitish orbital ring. (Eastern United States and
more southern British provinces; Bahamas and northern South America in
winter.) (Oporornis agilis. )
c. Chin, throat, and chest gray, darker on chest.
Oporornis agilis, adult male (p. 625)
ce. Chin and throat pale brownish or brownish white; chest deeper brownish.
Oporornis agilis, adult female and immature birds (p. 626)
aa. Tail longer than distance from bend of wing to tips of secondaries, decidedly
rounded; outermost (ninth) primary longer than sixth; bill stouter,
b. Head and neck slate-gray, with more or less of black on throat and chest.
(Adult males. )
c. No white on eyelids; more black on chest, but less on lores. (Eastern North
America; south in winter through Central America to Colombia. )
Oporornis philadelphia, adult maie (p. 628)
ce, A white mark on each eyelid; less black on chest, but more on lores. (West-
ern North America; south in winter through Mexico and Central America
to; Colomibiay) == ean esa ee es eee Oporornis tolmiei, adult male (p. 631)
bb. Chin and throat pale gray, grayish white, or pale yellowish, without any black;
lores grayish. (Adult females and immature birds. )
c. Chin and throat pale gray or grayish white.
d. No white on eyelids; tail averaging 46.7.
Oporornis philadelphia, adult female (p. 628)
dd. A white mark on each eyelid; tail averaging 52.1.
Oporornis tolmiei, adult female (p. 631)
cc. Chin and throat pale yellowish.
d.: Vaalshorter. Sa. ce sce oe Oporornis philadelphia, immature female (p. 628)
dds; Bail longer: S22. 2t See wees Oporornis tolmiei, immature female (p. 631)
OPORORNIS FORMOSA (Wilson).
KENTUCKY WARBLER.
Adult male (whole year').—Pileum black, the feathers of crown and
occiput (especially the latter) tipped with slate-gray; rest of upper
parts, including sides of neck, plain olive-green; outer web of outer-
1. am unable to discover the slightest difference between midwinter (January)
specimens and those taken in summer, except that the plumage, being more recently
acquired, is softer, and the slate-gray tips to the feathers of crown and occiput are
rather broader, these being sometimes quite worn away in midsummer specimens.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA 623
most primary white; a superciliary stripe of lemon yellow, extending
from nostrils to just behind the eye, where curving downward and
including the posterior half, or more, of lower eyelid; lores, subor-
bital region (except the yellow on under eyelid), and greater part of
auricular region uniform black, this black extended more or less along
edge of lower throat and forming a triangular patch; terminal portion
of auricular region olive-green; under parts clear lemon yellow,
changing on sides and flanks to olive-green; bill dark brownish, the
maxiila sometimes nearly black, the mandible paler basally on under
side; iris brown; legs and feet pale yellowish brown or brown'‘sh
vellow in dried skins, pale flesh color in life; length (skins), 121.9-
130.8 (126.7); wing, 65—74.7 (70.1); tail, 49-52.3 (51); exposed culmen,
11.4-12.7 (11.9); tarsus, 20.8-23.4 (22.3); middle toe, 13.2-14.7 (14).}
Adult female.—Similar to the adult male and not always distin-
guishable, but usually with the gray tips to feathers of crown broader
(even those of the forehead being thus marked) and more brownish
gray. and the black patch on sides of head more restricted and less
sharply defined; in some (probably younger) specimens the black of
the pileum is entirely concealed, and still more rarely there is no black,
the whole pileum being uniform brownish gray; length (skins), 116.8—
123.9 (119.4); wing, 62.7-66.8 (65); tail, 45.5-49.8 (47.2); exposed
culmen, 11.2-13 (11.7); tarsus, 20.6-22.9 (21.8); middle toe, 12.7-14.2
(13.5).
Young, first plumage.—Ahbove uniform light sepia brown; wings
and tail as in adults, but lesser and middle coverts brown, like back,
etc., and greater coverts tipped with light brown or strongly tinged
with that color; lores dusky; sides of head otherwise similar in color
to upper parts, but rather paler, fading gradually into pale buffy brown
or brownish buff on chin and throat, this gradually deepening into light
broccoli brown on chest, sides, and flanks; abdomen and under tail-
coverts pale buffy yellow.
Eastern United States; breeding from Alabama, Louisiana, and Texas
(Harris, Montgomery, Navarro, and Bexar counties) north to southeast-
ern New York (Sing Sing), New Jersey, eastern Pennsylvania (Chester
and Delaware counties), western Pennsylvania (Beaver County), Ohio,
southern Michigan, southern Wisconsin, Iowa (Burlington), and east-
ern Nebraska (Omaha; Peru), west to border of Great Plains (Texas
to Nebraska); occurring north (but not breeding 4) to southern Connec-
ticut (Suffield; Lyme) and Long Island; south in winter to Cuba
(accidental), Florida Keys (occasional), and through southern Mexico
(Playa Vicente, Oaxaca; Guichicovi, Chiapas), and Central America
to northern Colombia (province of Santa Marta).
1 Kight specimens. ? Seven specimens.
624 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Sylvia formosa Witson, Am. Orn., iii, 1811, 85, pl. 25, fig. 3 (Kentucky ).—
SrePHens, Shaw’s Gen. Zool., x, 1817, 688.—VrieILior, Enc. Méth., ii, 1823,
450.—Bonapartk, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., iv, 1824, 197; Ann. Lye. N. Y.,
ii, 1826, 84.—AupuBon, Orn. Biog., i, 1831, 196, pl. 38.—NurraLL, Man.
Orn. U. 8. and Can., i, 1832, 399.
Sylvicola formosa JARDINE, ed. Wilson’s Am. Orn., i, 1832, 373.—RiIcHARDSON,
Rep. Brit. Assoc. for 1836 (1837), 172.—BonapartE, Geog. and Comp. List,
1838, 23.—Hoy, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., vi, 1853, 311 (Wisconsin).
S[ylvicola] formosa Maximiut1an, Journ. fiir Orn., 1858, 113 (lower Missouri R. ).
M{niotilia] formosa Gray, Gen. Birds, i, 1848, 196.
Myiodioctes formosus AupuBON, Synopsis, 1839, 50; Birds Am., oct. ed., li, 1841,
19, pl. 74.—LemBeyr, Aves de la Isla de Cuba, 1850, 37.—GunpLacu, Journ.
fiir Orn., 1861, 326 (Cuba).
[ Myiodioctes] formosa BoNAPARTE, Consp. Ay., i, 1850, 315.
Myodioctes formosa Pratren, Trans. Ills. Agric. Soc., 1855, 601.
Sylvania formosa Woopuouse, Rep. Sitgreaves’ Expl. Zuni and Col. R., 1853, 70
(Indian Territory and Texas).
Myioctonus formosus GUNDLACH, Journ. fiir Orn., 1855, 472 (Cuba).
Trichas (Sylvicola) formosa Hoy, Ann. Rep. Smithson. Inst. for 1864 (1865), 438
(Missouri).
Setophaga formosa BREWER, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., vii, 1860, 307 (Cuba).
Oporornis formosus BArrD, Rep. Pacific R. R. Sury., ix, 1858, 247; Cat. N. Am.
Birds, 1859, no. 175; Review Am. Birds, 1865, 218 (Choctum, Guatemala,
ete.).—WHEATON, Ohio Agric. Rep. for 1860 (1861), 363 (Ohio).—Barnarp,
Ann. Rep. Smithson. Inst. for 1860 (1861), 485 (Pennsylvania ).—Covers and
Prentiss, Ann. Rep. Smithson. Inst. for 1861 (1862), 406 (District of Colum-
bia, breeding).—Lawrence, Ann. Lye. N. Y., vii, 1862, 468 (Lion Hill,
Panama R. R.); viii, 1866, 284 (vicinity of New York City); ix, 1868, 94
(Dota, Costa Rica); Bull. U. 8. Nat. Mus., no. 4, 1876, 16 (Guichicovi,
Chiapas).—Scuiatrr, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 28 (Pennsylvania).—DRreEsskEr,
Ibis, 1865, 477 (Texas).—GunpLacu, Repert. Fisico-Nat. Cuba, i, 1865, 236;
Journ. fiir Orn., 1872, 417; Orn. Cuba, 1873, 68.—Sanvin, Proc. Zool. Soe.
Lond., 1867, 186 (Santa Fé, Veragua).—Covrs, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xii,
1868, 110 (South Carolina); Check List, 1878, no. 96; Birds N. W., 1874, 73.—
|
}
Franrzius, Journ. fiir Orn., 1869, 293 (Costa Rica).—TurnsButt, Birds E.
Penn. and N. J., 1869, 23 (Phila. ed., p. 16).—Scorr, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H.,
xv, 1872, 222 (West Virginia, breeding).—ALLENn, Ain. Nat., vi, 1872, 265
(Leavenworth, e. Kansas); Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., iii, 1872, 125, 175 (do. ).—
Snow, Birds Kansas, 1873, 4.—Barirp, Brewsr, and Ripaway, Hist. N. Am.
Birds, i, 1874, 298.—Brewsrer, Ann. Lye. N. Y., xi., 1875, 187 (Ritchie Co.,
West Virginia; habits; song).—FisHer (A. K.), Am. Nat., x, 1875, 573 i
(Sing Sing, s. e. New York, breeding); Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iii, 1878, 191
(do.).—Gentry, Life Hist. Birds, i, 1876, 149.—Merriam, Trans. Conn. Ac. |
Sci, iv, 1877, 22 (Suffield, Connecticut, 1 spec., Aug. 16, 1876; Lyme, Con- .
necticut, 1 spec., date not recorded).—Brrwer, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xvi, |
1875, 451 (no valid New England record); xix, 1878, 303 (Suffield and Lyme,
Connecticut).—BrekNneti, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iii, 1878, 1380 (Riverdale,
s. e. New York, 1 spec., May 30; Fort Lee, New Jersey, breeding).—Brown
(N. C.), Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iii, 1878, 174 (Coosada, Alabama, Apr. ).
| Oporornis] formosus Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 107.—Sciarer and Savin,
Nom. Ay. Neotr., 1873, 9. .
Oporornis formosas Baird, BREWER, and Rrpaway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874,
pl. 15, fig. 3.
O[porornis] formosus Netson, Bull. Essex Inst., viii, 1876, 101 (n. e. Illinois, rare
summer resid.).
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 625
Oporornis formosa SCLATER and SALVIN, Ibis, 1859, 10 (Guatemala); Proc. Zool.
Soe. Lond., 1864, 347 (Lion Hill, Panama R. R.).—Scuarer, Proce. Zool. Soc.
Lond., 1862, 19 (Playa Vicente, Oaxaca).—Satuvry, Proce. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
1867, 136 (Chiriqui; Santa Fé, Veragua).—Cours, Proc. Essex Inst., v, 1868,
269 (occurrence in s. New England probable); Birds Col. Val., 1878, 309,
footnote (synonymy); Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. doe eR mew Ay, Bull.
Nutt. Orn. Club, iii, 1878, 60 (descr. young); Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881,
no. 119.—Lanepon, Buil. Nutt. Orn. Club, iv, 1879, 236 (Hamilton Co., Ohio,
breeding; descr. nest and eggs).—RuHoanps, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iv, 1879,
234 (Chester and Delaware counties, Pennsylvania, breeding ).—OaI.By, Sci.
Proc. Roy. Dubl. Soc., iii, 1882, (21) (Navarro Co., Texas, breeding).—
Satvin and GoopMAN, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1881, 148 (Duefias, Calderas,
Coban, and Choctum, Guatemala; Chepo, Isthmus of Panama; etc. ).—Nrnr-
LING, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 10 (Harris and Montgomery counties,
s. e. Texas, breeding).—SHARPkE, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 348, 653.—
Hancock, Auk, v, 1888, 210 (near Grand Crossing and Plano, n. e. Illinois,
May 23).—Cuerrif, Auk, ix, 1892, 21 (San José, Costa Rica, 1 spec., Oct. 7);
Expl. Zool. Costa Rica, i, ves, 1893, 14 (Boruca, Costa Rica, Oct. 7).—
Banas, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club, iii, 1902, 62 (Volcan de Chiriqui, Feb.
22 to. Mar. 3).
O[porornis| formosa Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 310.
S[eiurus] formosus Ripaway, Ann. Lye. N. Y., x, Jan., 1874, 36? (Ilhnois).
Geothlypis formosa Ripaway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus. Saat Sept. 2, 1888, 354; Orn.
Illinois, i, 1889, 166.—Cory, Auk, iil, 1886, 43 (( duban records); Birds W. L.,
1889, 57; Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 119 (Cuba).—AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’
Union, Check List, 1886, no. 677.—Butter, Bull. Brookv. Soc. N. H., no. 2,
1886, 36 (Franklin Co., Indiana, summer resid. ); Proc. Ind. Ac. Sci. for 1891,
166 (Gibson Station, n. w. Indiana, May, several).—Cooxn, Bird Mier.
Miss. Val., 1888, 257 (Gainesville and Bonham, Texas; Manhattan, Kansas;
Burlington, Lowa, ete.).—Durcner, Auk, v, 1888, 139 (Raynor South, Long
Island, May 18; Fire I. Light, Aug. 19); x, 1893, 277 (Flatlands, Long Island,
1 spec. ).—CHapman, Auk, vi, 1889, 304 (Englewood, New Jersey, breed-
ing).—Scorr, Auk, vii, 1890, 21 (Tarpon Springs, Florida, 1 spec., Apr. 6),
314 (Garden Key, Tortugas, 1 spec., Mar. 29).—CHerrigz, Auk, vii, 1890,
336 (San José, Costa Rica).—Goss, Hist. Birds Kansas, 1891, 578 (e. Kansas,
summer resid.).—Topp, Auk, viii, 1891, 398 (Beaver Co., Pennsylvania,
breeding ).—Arrwater, Auk, ix, 1892, 342 (San Antonio, Texas, breeding).—
Ricumonp, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., xvi, 1893, 484 (Rio Escondido, Nicaragua,
after Sept. 22).—Neruriinc, Our Native Birds, etc., i, 1893, 248, pl. 14, fig.
3.—Banes, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xii, 1898, 144 (Santa Marta, Colombia) .—
ALLEN, Auk, xvii, 1900, 366 (Bonda, proy. Santa Marta, Colombia, Oct. 7 to
Nov. 24); Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., xiii, 1900, 177 (do. ).—Bryer, Proc. Louis.
Soc. Nat. for 1897-99 (1900), 114 (Louisiana, breeding).—Bruner, Proc. Nebr.
Orn. Un., 2d ann. meet., 1901, 57 (Omaha and Peru, Nebraska, breeding).
G[eothlypis] formosa Rripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 520.
Sylvia equinoctialis (not Motacilla «quinoctialis Gmelin) VrerLior, Ois. Am. Sept.,
li, 1807, 26, pl. 81 (Pennsylvania).
OPORORNIS AGILIS (Wilson).
CONNECTICUT WARBLER.
Adult male in spring and summer.—Forehead, crown, and sides of
head uniform slate color, relieved by a conspicuous and uninterrupted
orbital ring of white; chin, throat, and chest plain slate-gray, paler on
3654—voL 2—01——40
626 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
chin and upper throat, deeper (sometimes almost slate color) on chest;
rest of under parts pale yellow (intermediate between canary yellow
and straw yellow, the sides and flanks light olive-green; upper parts
(except forehead and crown) plain olive-green, the outer web of outer-
most primary edged with whitish; maxilla dark brownish, with paler
tomia; mandible pale brownish (in dried skins), darker terminally; iris
brown; legs and feet pale yellowish brown in dried skins (pale flesh
color in life).
Adult male in autumn and winter.—Similar to the spring and sum-
mer plumage, but gray of forehead and crown tinged with brown, and
feathers of throat and chest indistinetly tipped with paler gray.
Adult female in spring and summer.—Similar to the adult male, but
slate color of head replaced by grayish olive, olive, or brownish olive,
that of chin and throat by pale brownish buffy or dull brownish white,
that of chest by a deeper shade of the same color as chin and throat.
Young male in first autumn and winter.—Similar to the adult female,
but with color of pileum browner than in most examples of that sex
(brownish olive) and color of chest darker, more olivaceous.
Young female in first autumn and winter.—Similar to the young
male of corresponding season, but smaller and with the throat and
chest more strongly tinged with brownish buffy.
Adult male.—Length (skins), 127-137.7 (133.1); wing, 70.9-75.4
(73.1); tail, 46.7-52.8 (49.8); exposed culmen, 11.4-12.4 (11.9); tarsus,
20.6-23.1 (21. 3); middle toe, 13.2-14.7 (14.2).’
Adult female.—Length okane 121.9-147.3 (184.4); wing, 67.3-71.9
(69.3); tail, 46.7-49.3 (48); exposed culmen, 11.7-11.9 (11.8); tarsus,
19-21.8 (20.8); middle toe, 13.5-14 (13.9).”
Eastern United States and British Provinces; north to Maine (Saco),
New Hampshire (Shelburne), Vermont (Pittsford), Ontario, Michigan,
and Manitoba; west to Minnesota and (casually) Colorado (Lincoln
County, May 24); breeding in Ontario(?), Minnesota (Aitkin County) 4,
and Manitoba (Duck Mountain); in winter, south to Bahamas (Cay Sal,
May 7), Colombia (Bonda, province of Santa Marta, October 22), and
upper Amazon Valley (Tonantins, April 9). (No other extralimital
records ¢)
Sylvia agilis Witson, Am. Orn., v, 1812, 64, pl. 39, fig. 4 (Connecticut; Pennsyl-
vania near Philadelphia).—SrerHens, Shaw’s Gen. Zool., x, 1817, 732 —
Bae Ene. Méth., ii, 1823, 448. —BonaparteE, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila.,
, 1824, 199; Ann. Lye. N. Y., ii, 1826, 84.—AupuBon, Orn. Biog., ii, 1834,
091, pl. 1388.
Silvia agilis Casor, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., ii, 1845, 63 (Brookline, Massachu-
setts. )
Trichas agilis Nurrautt, Man. Orn. U. S. and Can., 2d ed., i, 1840, 463.—Hoy,
Proce. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., vi, 1853, 312 (Wisconsin).—Reap, Proc. Ac. Nat.
Sci. Phila., vi, 1853, 399 (Ohio).—Kewnnicort, Trans. Ils. Agric. Soc., i, 1855,
583 (Illinois).
1 Seven specimens. * Five specimens.
OR
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 627
Sylvicola agilis JARDINE, ed. Wilson’s Am. Orn., i, 1832, 159.—Ricnarpson, Rep.
Brit. Assoc. for 1836 (1837), 172.—AupuBon, Synopsis, 1839, 63; Birds Am.,
oct. ed., ii, 1841, 71, pl. 99.—Purnam, Proc. Essex Inst., i, 1856, 226 (Massa-
chusetts).
Oporornis agilis Barrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Sury., ix, 1858, 246; ed. 1860 (Birds
N. Am.), pl. 79, fig. 2; Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 174; Review Am. Birds,
1865, 218.—WueEatTon, Ohio Agric. Rep. for 1860 (1861), 363 (Ohio).—
Barnarp, Ann. Rep. Smithson. Inst. for 1860 (1861), 435 (Pennsylvania ).—
Cougs and Prentiss, Ann. Rep. Smithson. Inst. for 1861 (1862), 406 (District
of Columbia).—ALLEN, Proc. Essex Inst., iv, 1864, 82 (Massachusetts); Am.
Nat., ili, 1869, 574 (Newton and Newton Center, Massachusetts, Sept. ).—
Lawrence, Ann. Lye. N. Y., vili, 1866, 283 (vicinity of New York City).—
Cours, Proc. Essex Inst., v, 1868, 269 (Lynn, Massachusetts, Sept.); Proce.
Bost. Soc. N. H., xii, 1868, 110 (South Carolina); Check List, 1873, no. 95;
2d ed., 1882, 139; Birds Col. Val., 1878, 308, footnote.—TurnBuLL, Birds E.
Penn. and N. J., 1869, 23 (Phila. ed., p. 16).—Brewer, Proc. Bost. Soe.
N. H., xv, 1872, 3 (near Cambridge, Massachusetts, Sept. 7 to Oct. 5); xvii,
1875, 440 (New England).—Purpiz, Am. Nat., vii, 1873, 693 (Saybrook,
Connecticut, Sept. ).—Bairp, Brewer, and Ripaway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i,
1874, 290, pl. 15, figs. 1, 2.—Ames, Bull. Minn. Ac. Sci., 1, 1874, 55 (Minne-
sota).—Netson, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, i, 1876, 42° (n. e. Illinois, spring and
autumn) .—Gentry, Life Hist. Birds, i, 1876, 147.—Mrvor, Birds New Engl.,
1877, 88.—Lanepon, Birds Cincinnati, 1877, 6 (near Cincinnati, Ohio,
spring).—Merriam, Trans. Conn. Ac. Sci., iv, 1877, 21 (New Haven, Con-
necticut, Oct. 2).—Fisuer (A. K.), Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iv, 1879, 61 (Sing
Sing, New York, Sept. ).—Gunn, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iv, 1879, 186 (Ingham
Co., and Ottawa, Michigan, May).—Cotuins, Auk, v, 1880, 50 (near Phila-
delphia, Pennsylvania, fall; habits).—Rrpaway, Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881,
no. 118.—Srron, Auk, i, 1884, 192 (Carberry, Manitoba, breeding; descr.
nest and eggs).—CHappourne, Auk, ii, 1885, 104 (Shelburne, New Hamp-
shire, Sept. 14).—Suarpr, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 347, 653 (St. Louis
Co., Missouri, etc. ).—Goopa.gz, Auk, iv, 1887, 77 (Saco, Maine, Sept. 8, 15,
3 specs).—BeER.LEpscH, Journ. fiir Orn., 1889, 2 (Tonantins, upper Amazon,
Apr. 9).
[ Oporornis] agilis Coves, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 106.
O[porornis] agilis Newson, Bull. Essex Inst., viii, 1876, 100 (n. e. Tlinois, May
15-27, Sept. 1 to Oct. 1).—Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 309.
Geothlypis agilis GreaGc, Proc. Elmira Ac. Sci., 1870 (reprint, p. 7).—AMERICAN
OrniTHOLoGists’ Unton, Check List, 1886, no. 678.—Dutcnerr, Auk, v, 1888,
187 (South Anclote Key, Florida, 1 spec., May 24).—Cookr, Bird Migr. Miss.
Val., 1888, 258.—Huircncock, Auk, vi, 1889, 193 (near Pittsford, Vermont,
Sept. 20).—Ripaway, Orn. Illinois, i, 1889, 164.—THompson, Proc. U.S. Nat.
Mus., xiii, 1890, 621 (Manitoba, breeding ).—Scorr, Auk, vii, 1890, 21 (Anclote
Keys, Florida, May 24, 1 spec.).—Cory, Auk, viii, 1891, 352 (Cay Sal, Baha-
mas, May 7); Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 156 (Cay Sal).—Wooprurr, Auk, ix,
1892, 202 (Litchfield, Connecticut, Sept. 18 to Oct. 5).—NeEnHRLING, Our
Native Birds, etc., i, 1893, 250.—Gautr, Auk, xiv, 1897, 222 (Aitkin Co.,
Minnesota; breeding ?).—Ruoaps, Auk, xvi, 1899, 313 (Allegheny Co.,
Pennsylvania, May 24, June 4).—ArKen, Auk, xvii, 1900, 298 (Lincoln
Co., Colorado, 1 spec., May 24, 1899).—Atien, Auk, xvii, 1900, 366 (Bonda,
prov. Santa Marta, Colombia, Oct. 22); Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., xiii, 1900,
177 (do.).—Worrurneton, Auk, xix, 1902, 89 (Shelter I., New York, Sept.
12,18).
SLeiurus] agilis Ripaway, Ann. Lye. N. Y., x, Jan., 1874, 369 (Illinois).
628 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
G[eothlypis] agilis Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 521. ee
(?) Trichas tephrocotis Nurrautt, Man. Orn. U. 8. and Can., 2d ed., 1840, 462
(Chester Co., Pennsylvania).
(?) Geothlypis tephrocotis BARNARD, Ann. Rep. Smithson. Inst. for 1860 (1861), 435
(Chester Co., Pennsylvania).
(2?) Oporornis varius BuaKiston, Ibis, 1863, 61 (Mackenzie R.).
OPORORNIS PHILADELPHIA (Wilson).
MOURNING WARBLER,
Adult male in spring and summer.—Head and neck plain slate-gray
deepening into slate color on pileum and hindneck, and into almost
black on lores; chin, throat, and chest black, the feathers with more
or less distinct terminal margins of slate-gray, these sometimes so broad
anteriorly and laterally that the black is mainly concealed, except on
chest; rest of under parts clear canary yellow, changing to olive-green
on sides and flanks; upper parts, except pileum and hindneck, uniform
olive-green, the outermost primary edged with whitish; maxilla brown -
ish black with paler tomia; mandible pale brown or horn color (in
dried skins); iris brown; legs and feet pale yellowish brown in dried
skins (pale flesh color in life’).
Adult male in autumn and winter.—Similar to the spring and sum-
mer plumage, but (always?) with gray tips to feathers of throat and
chest broader, the black appearing only as a broken patch on the chest.
Adult female in spring and summer.—Similar to the adult male, but
without any black on chin, throat, or chest, which are smoke gray,
much paler (sometimes brownish white) on chin and part of throat;
slate color of pileum and hindneck duller, tinged more or less with
olive; yellow of under parts slightly paler.
Young female in first autumn.—Simnilar to the adult female, but with-
out any gray on head, neck, or chest; pileum and hindneck olive-brown-
ish; sides of head and neck similar but paler, the eyelids dull pale
yellow; an indistinct supraloral streak of yellowish; chin, throat, and
chest yellowish (duller or paler than under parts of body), tinged
laterally with olive or grayish.
Young female, first plumage.—* Remiges, rectrices, etc., as in adult.
Rest of upper parts, with wing-coverts and sides of head, dull reddish-
brown, becoming almost cinnamon on the back, and tinged strongly
with ashy on the pileum. Entire under parts light reddish-brown,
most pronounced on the abdominal and anal regions, becoming lighter
on the throat, and darker, with a strong olive suffusion, on the breast
and sides. No appreciable maxillary or supraorbital stripes. From
a specimen in my collection shot at Upton, Maine, August 11, 1876.
This bird was very young; in fact, barely able to fly. A slight doubt
exists in my mindas to its identity, for 1 did not actually see the parent
birds feed it, though both were in the immediate vicinity and exhibited
much solicitude. This specimen is separable from the corresponding
ae Oe ee ee ee ee a ee ee ee ee
A ns i i ks ii
ee OO st
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 629
stage of G. trichas by the on, cast of the pieuia and the absence
of oe on the sides.”
Adult male.—Length (skins), 118.1-125 (121); wing, 58.4-65 (61.5);
tail, 46.2-52.3 (49); ee pesed culmen, 10.7-12.2 (1d) ae 20.3-21.8
(20. 8); middle toe, 12.7-14 (13.7).”
Adult female.—Length (skins), 111.5-133.8 (120.9); wing, 54.6-61.7
(58.9); tail, 42.7-49.8 (46.7); exposed culmen, 10.4-11.9 (11.2); tarsus,
20.6-21.3 (20.8); middle toe, 12.4—-13.2 (12.7).°
Eastern United States and British Provinces; breeding from moun-
tains of West Virginia (spruce belt) and Pennsylvania (Westmoreland
County), New York (Delaware, Greene, Oneida, Niagara, and Ontario
counties), higher districts of New England, Michigan, eastern
Nebraska (7), and Minnesota (Carlton and St. Louis counties), north-
ward at least to northwestern Ontario (Parry Sound and Muskoka) and
Manitoba (Winnipeg, Selkirk Settlement, Carberry, Duck Mountain,
Waterhen River, Swan Lake, etec.);*+ during migration southward
through eastern United States in general (as far west as central Texas),
and in winter south to Nicaragua (Greytown), Costa Rica, Chiriqui,
Colombia (numerous records), and Ecuador (Mapoto; Machay); no West
Indian nor valid Mexican record. Accidental in southern Greenland
(two records).
Sylvia philadelphia Witson, Am. Orn., ii, 1810, 101, pl. 14, fig. 6 (near Philadel-
phia, Pennsylvania, June).—Vre1LLot, Enc. Méth., ii, 1823, 449.—Bona-
PARTE, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., ii, 1824, 189; Ann. Lye. N. Y., ii, 1826,
85.—Nurrati, Man. Orn. U.S. and Can., i, 1832, 404.—AupuBon, Onn Biog.,
v, 1839, 78.
Trichas philadelphia JARDINE, ed. Wilson’s Am. Orn., i, 1852, 249.—RIcHARDSON,
Rep. Brit. Assoc. for 1836 (1837), 172.—Bonapartr, Geog. and Comp. List,
1838, 20, part (includes Oporornis agilis)—AvupuBon, Synopsis, 1839, 64;
Birds Am., oct. ed., ii, 1841, 76, pl. 101.—Nurratt, Man. Orn. U. S. and
Can., 2d Bie 1840 eo eo anor Naumannia, ii, Heft. ili, 1852, 66 (Lake
ee Prom Ae. Nat. Sci. Phila., vi, 1853, 312 (Wisconsin).—
Reinnarpt, Ved. Med. for 1853, 1854, 73 (Greenland); Ibis, 1861, 6 (Fisk-
enzsset, Greenland, 1846; Julianshaab, Greenland, 1853; 2 specs).
T[richas] philadelphia Gray, Gen. Birds, i, 1848, 197.
[ Trichas] philadelphia Bonaparte, Consp. Ay., i, 1850, 310.—Gray, Hand-list, i,
1869, 242, no. 3509.
Trichas philadelphica Witu1s, Ann. Rep. Smithson. Inst. for 1858 (1859), 282
(Nova Scotia).—Hoy, Ann. Rep. Smithson. Inst. for 1864 (1865), 438
(Missouri).
zeothlypis philadelphia Batrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 243; ed. 1860
(Birds N. Am.), atlas, pl. 79, fig. 3; Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 172;
Review Am. Birds, 1865, 226.—Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., vii, 1861, 322
(Panama R. R.); ix, 1868, 94 (Angostura and Dota, Costa Rica).—DreEssrr,
1 Brewster, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iii, 1878, 61.
* Hight specimens. ° Four specimens.
4 The breeding range of this species is very imperfectly known, both as to its north-
ern and southern limits.
630
BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Ibis, 1865, 476 (San Antonio, Texas).—McIuwrarra, Proc. Essex Inst., v,
1866, 85 (Hamilton, Ontario).—Burcuer, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1868,
149 (Laredo, Texas, Sept.).—Franrzius, Journ. fir Orn., 1869, 294 (San
José, Costa Rica).—Wyarr, Ibis, 1871, 322 (Ocafia, Magdalena Valley,
Colombia).—Maynarp, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xiv, 1872, 362 (New Hamp-
shire; Maine).—ALuen, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., ili, 1872, 126 (e. Kansas) ;
Auk, xvii, 1900, 366 (Chirua and La Concepcion, proy. Santa Marta, Colom-
bia, Feb. 12 to Mar. 25).—Satvin, Ibis, 1872, 149 (monogr.).—Covrs, Check
List, 1873, no. 98; 2d ed., 1882, no. 142; Birds N. W., 1874, 75, part; Birds
Col. Val., 1878, 313, footnote (synonymy).—Snow, Birds Kansas, 1873, 4
(Topeka, e. Kansas, 1 spec.).—Bairp, Brewer, and Rrpaway, Hist. N. Am.
Birds, i, 1874, 301, pl. 15, figs. 6, 9.—Brewer, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xvii,
1875, 440 (n. New England, breeding).—Nrwron, Man. Nat. Hist. Green-
land, 1875, 98 (Fiskenzesset, 1846; Julianshaab, 1853).—Brewster, Bull. Nutt.
Orn. Club, iii, 1878, 61 (deser. young).—Me8arns, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iii,
1878, 69 (remarks on plumage).—Merri.1, Proc. U. 8. Nat.. Mus., i, 1878,
124 (Fort Brown, Texas, Sept. 7).—Scuatrer and Savin, Proc. Zool. Soe.
Lond., 1879, 494 (Cauca Valley, Colombia).—Ratrnupun, Rey. List Birds
Centr. New York, 1879, 13 (rare summer resid.).—Harca, Rep. Geol. and
Nat. Hist. Surv. Minnesota for 1879 (1880), 158 (breeding in Carlton and
St. Louis counties; habits, song, etc.).—RipGway, Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881,
no. 120; Orn. Illinois, i, 1889, 169.—Sartvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am.,
Aves, i, 1881, 154.—SHarpr, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 366 (Chiriqui;
Bogota, Medellin, and Antioquia, Colombia, etc.).—Taczanowsk1 and Brr-
LEepscH, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1885, 74 (Mapoto, Ecuador, Jan.).—AGERs-
Bora, Auk, ii, 1885, 278 (s. e. South Dakota).—AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’
Unton, Check List, 1886, no. 679.—Raupn, Trans. Oneida Hist. Soc., iii, 1886,
141 (Oneida Co., New York, breeding).—Luioyp, Auk, iv, 1887, 296 (Concho
Co., Texas, fall migrant).—Cooxr, Bird Migr. Miss. Val., 1888, 258 (w.
Manitoba; breeding in Minnesota, e. Nebraska, and n. Illinois).—THompson,
Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., xiii, 1890, 622 (Manitoba, summer resid.; localities;
habits; song).—BarcHEeLper, Auk, vii, 1890, 295 (Overlook Mt., Catskills,
breeding).—Cuerrig, Auk, vii, 1890, 336 (San José, Costa Rica, Sept. 1 to
Apr. 27); ix, 1892, 22 (do.).—Davison, Auk, viii, 1891, 396 (Niagara Co.,
New York, breeding).—Bownpisn, Auk, viii, 1891, 396 (Ontario Co., New
York, breeding).—Goss, Birds Kansas, 1891, 579 (migrant).—ATrwaTER,
Auk, ix, 1892, 342 (San Antonio, Texas, rare migrant).—NEHRLING, Our
Native Birds, ete, i, 1893, 251, pl. 13, fig. 7—Ricumonp, Proc. U. 8. Nat.
Mus., xvi, 1893, 484 (Greytown, Nicaragua, | spec., Feb. 4).—HoweE tt, Auk,
xvi, 1899, 85 (near Brooklyn, Long Island, 1 spec., June, 1862).—Rives,
Auk, xv, 1898, 186 (West Virginia, breeding in spruce belt).—Ruoans, Auk,
xvi, 1899, 313 (Westmoreland Co., w. Pennsylvania, breeding).—Bangs,
Proc. Biol. Soe. Wash., xiii, 1899, 105 (Chirua and La Concepcion, prov.
Santa Marta, Colombia, Feb., Mar.); Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club, iii, 1902,
61 (Boquete, Chiriqui, Mar. 17 to Apr. 7).—FLemrine, Auk, xviil, 1901, 44
(Parry Sound and Muskoka, n. w. Ontario, summer resid.).
[ Geothlypis] philadelphia Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 107.—Sciarer and
Satvin, Nom. Ay. Neotr., 1873, 10.
G[eothlypis] philadelphia Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 311.—Taczan-
owskr and Berierscn, Proc. Zool. Soe. Lond., 1885, 68 (Machay and Mapoto,
Ecuador) .—Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 521.
[Geothlypis philadelphia] co. philadelphia Ripaway, Am. Journ. Sci., iv, Dee.,
1872, 459.
Geothlypis philadelphia var. philadelphia Ripaway, Am. Journ. Sci., iv, Dec., 1872,
459.
|
|
|
—_—— — oo lO
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 631
[ Geothlypis philadelphia] var. philadelphia Barro, Brewer, and Rrpaway, Hist.
N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 297.
[Geothlypis philadelphia] a. philadelphia Cours, Birds N.W., 1874, 75 (synonymy).
S[eiurus] philadelphia Ripaway, Ann. Lye. N. Y., x, Jan., 1874, 369 (Illinois).
Oporornis agilis (not Sylvia agilis Wilson) Wootsry, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, v,
1880, 117 (New Haven, Connecticut, May 12; see Allen, Bull. Nutt. Orn.
Club, vi, 1881, 114).—Merrixz, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 190 (Ebeme
Lake, Maine, Aug.; see Merrill, Auk, iii, 1886, 413).
OPORORNIS TOLMIEI (Townsend).
MACGILLIVRAY’S WARBLER.
Similar to O. philadelphia, but tail decidedly longer, and with a
white bar on each eyelid (in both sexes).
Adult mate in spring and summer.—Head and neck slate color, deep-
ening into black on lores and rictal region; a conspicuous spot of
white on each eyelid, smaller and more posterior on the upper; chin
sometimes white (more or less extensively); throat and chest darker
slate or slate-blackish, but the feathers more or less distinctly mar-
gined with pale gray or grayish white, never forming a ‘‘solid” black
patch on chest as in O. philadelphia; upper parts (except pileum and
hindneck) plain olive-green, duller (sometimes slightly tinged with
gray) on back and scapulars; outer web of outermost primary edged
with white; under parts of body clear lemon yellow, becoming yellow-
ish olive-green on sides and flanks; maxilla dusky brown or brownish
black with paler tomia; mandible pale brownish (in dried skins); iris
brown; legs and feet ight brownish (in dried skins).
Adult male in autumn and winter.—Similar to the spring and sum-
mer plumage, but feathers of pileum and hindneck (especially the lat-
ter) indistinctly tipped with brown, and pale gray or grayish white
margins of feathers of throat and chest broader, sometimes almost
concealing the blackish centers.
Young (4) male in jirst autumn.—Similar to the adult male of corre-
sponding season, but pileum and hindneck duller and more brownish
slate or slate-gray, lores light gray (dusky only next to eye), and throat
and chest pale gray or dull grayish white, the feathers with concealed
central spots of dark slate color.
Adult female in spring and summer.—Pileum, hindneck, and sides
of head and neck mouse gray, fading into pale gray or dull grayish
white on chin, throat, and chest; a distinct white mark on each eyelid,
as in the adult male; rest of plumage as in adult male.
Adult female in autumn and winter.—Similar to the spring and
summer livery, but plumage softer, and sides of throat and chest more
orayish.
Young female in first autumn.—Similar to the adult female of cor-
responding season, but pileum and hindneck nearly concolor with
back, etc., instead of grayish; chin, throat, and chest yellowish instead
632 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
of pale gray or grayish white; marks on evelids dull pale yellowish,
and an indistinct pale dull yellowish supraloral streak.
Adult male.—Length (skins), 118.6-138.2 (125.7); wing, 59.4-65
(62.2); tail, 52.8-63 (55.6); exposed culmen, 10.9-11.7 (11.4); tarsus,
20.6-22.9 (21.6); middle toe, 12.7-13.7 (13.2).’ '
Adult female.—Length (skins), 117.6-128 (123.2); wing, 54.6-59.9
(56.9); tail, 48.5-57.9 (52.1); exposed culmen, 10.7-12.2 (11.2); tarsus,
20.1-21.3 (20.6); middle toe, 12.2-12.9 (12.7).”
Western United States and British Columbia; breeding in mountains
from Pacific coast ranges to Rocky Mountains, north to British Colum-
bia (including Vancouver Island), south at least to Arizona (Fort
Whipple), New Mexico, and western Texas (‘*Castle Hill to Pecos
River”); during migrations east to western Nebraska (Sioux County),
central Texas (Gainesville; San Antonio), etc.; south in winter to Cape
St. Lucas and over whole of Mexico and Central America to Colombia
(Bogota; Santa Elena).
Sylvia tolmiei TowNsEND (J. K.), Narrative, Apr., 1839, 343 (Columbia R.; type
in coll. U. S. Nat. Mus. ).*
Sylvia tolmei TownsEND, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., viii, 1839, (pub. 1840), 149,
153, 159.
Trichas tolmxi Nurrauy, Man. Orn. U. 8. and Can., 2d ed., 1, 1840, 460.
Trichas tolmci HEERMANN, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., ii, 1853, 263 (California).
Trichas tolmieiti HEERMANN, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., x, 1859, 40 (California).
Geothlypis tolmiei Stronn, Auk, xvi, Jan., 1899, 82, in text.—AMERICAN ORNITHOLO-
cists’ Unton Committers, Auk, xvi, 1899, 122.—Crawrorp, Proc. Nebr. Orn.
Union, 2d ann. meet., 1901, 78 (Sioux Co., w. Nebraska, 1 spec., May 22).—
Banas, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club, iii, 1902, 61 (Boquete, Chiriqui, Jan. 20).
Sylvia macgillivrayi AupuBon, Orn. Biog., v, 1839, 75 [pl. 399, figs. 4, 5] (Colum-
bia R.; type in coll. U. S. Nat. Mus. ).
Trichas macgillivrayi AUDUBON, Synopsis, 1839, 64; Birds Am., oct. ed., ii, 1841,
74, pl. 100.
T(richas] macgillivrayi Gray, Gen. Birds, i, 1848, 197.
[ Trichas| macgillivrayi BoNAPARTE, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 310.—Gray, Handl-list, i,
1869, 242, no. 3505.
S[ylvicola] macgillivrayi Maximiutan, Journ. fiir Orn., vi, 1858, 118 (upper Mis-
souri).
Geothlypis macgillivrayi Batrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Sury., ix, 1858, 244; ed. 1860
(Birds N. Am.), pl. 99, fig. 4; Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 173; Rep. U.S. and
Mex. Bound. Sury., ii, pt. 2, 1859, 10 (Monterey, Nuevo Leon, May);
Review Am. Birds, 1865, 227 (Orizaba, Vera Cruz; Coban and Duefas,
Guatemala).—Xanrtus, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., xi, 1859, i191 (Fort Tejon,
California).—Henry, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., xi, 1859, 106 (New Mexico ).—
Cooprr and Suckuey, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., xii, pt. ii, 1860, 177 (Puget
Sound, etc., Washington; Fort Laramie, Wyoming).—Casanis, Journ. fur
Orn., 1861, 84 (Costa Rica).—SciarTer, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 27 (Jalapa, Vera
Cruz; Guatemala).—Covgs, Ibis, 1865, 163 (Arizona); Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci.
Phila., xviii, 1866, 70 (Fort Whipple, Arizona, breeding); Check List, 1873,
no. 99; 2d ed., 1882, no. 143; Birds Col. Val., 1878, 512.—Brown, Ibis, 1868,
' Nine specimens. ? Six specimens.
*The same specimen afterwards became the type of Sylvia macgillivray: Audubon!
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 6338
420 (Vancouver I.).—Lawrence, Ann. Lye. N. Y., ix, 1868, 94 (Barranca,
Costa Rica).—Franrztus, Journ. fiir Orn., 1869, 294 (San José, Costa Rica).—
Jooper, Orn. Cal., 1870, 96.—Satvry, Ibis, 1872, 149 (monogr. ), 152 (Central
American range).—Trippr, in Coues’ Birds N. W., 1874, 232 (Colorado,
breeding to above 9,000 ft.).—Barrp, Brewer, and Ripaway, Hist. N. Am.
Birds, i, 1874, 303, pl. 15, figs. 4, 5.—Hensnaw, Rep. Orn. Spec. Wheeler’s
Surv., 1873 (1874), 59 (Denver, Colorado, May 14 to 18), 75 (Fort Garland,
Colorado, May 25, 28), 103 (Bowie, White Mts., and Apache, Arizona,
Aug. 11 to Oct. 7); Zool. Exp. W. 100th Merid., 1875, 205.—Rripeway,
Orn. 40th Parallel, 1877, 425 (breeding in w. and e. Humboldt Mts., Nevada,
and Wahsatch and Uintah mountains, Utah); Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no.
121.—Brewster, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iii, 1878, 62 (descr. young).—MInort,
Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, v, 1880, 227 (Boulder and Manitou, Colorado, breed-
ing; descr. nest and eggs; habits).—Satvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am.,
Aves, i, 1881, 155.—Bertpine, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., v, 1883, 526 (mountains
near La Paz, Lower California, winter).—SnHarpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus.,
x, 1885, 364 (49th Parallel British America; Orizaba and Jalapa, Vera Cruz;
Presidio, near Mazatlan; Duefias, Guatemala; Chiriqui; Bogota and Santa
Elena, Colombia).—AmeERIcAN OrnitHoLocists’ Unton, Check List, 1886,
no. 680.—Luioyp, Auk, iv, 1887, 296 (Tom Green and Concho counties,
Texas).—Merritu, Auk, v, 1888, 362 (Fort Klamath, Oregon, breeding;
song).—Cooxr, Bird Migr. Miss. Val., 1888, 258 (Gainesville, Texas, May 16
and Sept. 3; ‘‘Castle Hill to Pecos River,’’ Texas, ‘‘ probably breeds’’ ).—
Cuerrig, Auk, vii, 1890, 336 (San José, Costa Rica, 1 spec., Sept. 28); ix, 1892,
22 (do.)—Artwater, Auk, ix, 1892, 342 (San Antonio, Texas, rare migr. ).—
NEHRLING, Our Native Birds, ete., i, 1893, 253.
[Geothlypis] macgillivrayi Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 108.—ScuaTer and Sat-
vin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 10.
G[eothlypis] macgillivrayi Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 311.—Ripeway,
Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 522.
Geothlypis macgillivrayti ScLaTER and Satyr, Ibis, 1859, 10 (Guatemala) .—AIKEN,
Proe. Bost. Soc. N. H., xv, 1872, 197 (Black Hills, Wyoming).
Geothlypis macgillivraii ScuatEr, Proc. Zool. Soe. Lond., 1859, 363 (Jalapa, Vera
Cruz), 373 (Oaxaca).
Geothlypis megillivrayi Cooper, Am. Nat., ili, 1872, 477.
Geothlypis philadelphia, var. macgillivrayi ALLEN, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., iii, July,
1872, 166 (Ogden, Utah), 175 (Colorado); Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xvii, 1874, 52
(Musselshell R., North Dakota).—Ripeway, Am. Journ. Sci., iv, Dee., 1872,
459.—NeExson, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xvii, 1875, 339 (Fort Bridger, Wyo-
ming).—LAWRENCE, Bull. U. 8. Nat. Mus., no. 4, 1876, 17 (Chihuitan and
Tehuantepec City, Oaxaca).
[ Geothlypis philadelphia] 6. macgillivrayi Rrpaway, Am. Journ. Sci., iv, Dec., 1872,
459.
Geothlypis philadelphia . . . var. macgillivrayi RipGway, Bull. Essex Inst., v, 1873,
180 (Colorado).
[ Geothlypis philadelphia] b. macgillivrayi Cours, Birds N. W., 1874, 75 (synon-
omy ).
Geothlypis philadelphia macgillivrayi Mearns, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iv, July, 1879,
164 (Fort Klamath, e. Oregon).
[ Geothlypis philadelphia] var. macgillivrayi Bairp, Brewer, and Ripaway, Hist.
N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 297.
Geothlypis philadelphia, var. macgilivrayi LAWRENCE, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., ii, 1874,
269 (Mazatlan, Sept. to Apr. ).
[Trichas] vegata Bonaparts, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 310 (Mexico; ex Sylvia vegata
Lichtenstein, manuscript).
634 | BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Sylvia philadelphia (not of Wilson) AupuBoN, Orn. Biog., v, 1839, pl. 399.
Geothlypis philadelphia Scuater, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 27 (Orizaba, Vera Cruz).
Geothlypis [undetermined] Barrp, Review Am. Birds, 1865, 227 (Duefias, Guate-
mala).
Geothlypis
gillwrayi).
? Satvry, Ibis, 1874, 307 (Duefias specimen identified as G. mac-
Genus SEIURUS Swainson.
Seiurus Swarnson, Philos. Mag., new ser., i, May, 1827, 369. (Type, Motacilla
aurocapilla Linnezeus. )
Siurus (emendation) SrricKLAND, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., vi, 1841, 422.
Enicocichla Gray, List Gen. Birds, 1840, 22. (Type, Motacilla aurocapilla
Linneus. )
Henicocichla (emendation) CaBanis, Mus. Hein., i, 1850, 15.
Exochocichla (emendation?) Van per Horven, Handb. der Zool., ii, 1852-56, 537.
Similar in form to Oporornis, but tail even or slightly emarginate
(instead of rounded), and coloration very different, the under parts
conspicuously streaked with dusky ona white or pale yellowish ground.
Bill shorter than head (nearly as long in S. motacilla), not essentially
different in form from that of Dendroica, but with middle portion of
culmen sometimes faintly depressed and with the lower outline of the
mandible more prominent or *‘ bulging” at gonydeal angle. Nostril
and rictal bristles as in Dendroica and Oporornis. Wing long, pointed;
three to four outermost primaries abruptly longest, the ninth usually
longer than sixth (usually longer than seventh, except in S. aurocapil-
lus), sometimes longest; wing-tip longer than tarsus (except in S. auro-
capillus, in which it is shorter). Tarsus less than one-third as long as
wing (much less in S. noveboracensis), its scutella indistinct (obsolete
or fused on outer side); middle toe with claw much shorter than tar-
sus; basal phalanx of middle toe united for more than half its length
to outer toe, separated nearly to base from inner toe.
Coloration.—Above plain olive, greenish olive, grayish brown, or
sooty, the pileum sometimes (in one species) three-striped; beneath
white or pale yellowish, conspicuously streaked with grayish brown
or blackish.
Nidification.—Terrestrial.
Range.—North America; Mexico, Central America, West Indies
and northern South America in winter. (Three species.)
KEY TO THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES OF SEIURUS.
a. Pileum with two black stripes inclosing a broad median stripe of orange-rufous
ochraceous, or tawny; a whitish orbital ring; no dusky loral nor postocular
streak, nor white or yellowish superciliary stripe. (Eastern North America,
south in winter to West Indies and through Mexico and Central America to
Giri quis) ae ae eres eee enemies ee eerie Seiurus aurocapillus (p. 635)
aa. Pileum unicolored (olive or sooty brown); no white orbital ring; a dusky loral
and postocular streak, and a white or yellowish superciliary stripe.
a
fia
wae
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 635
b. Under tail-coverts buffy whitish or pale buff, without grayish brown or olive
base; superciliary stripe white, broader, and more sharply defined posteriorly;
under parts more sparsely streaked on a white or buffy white ground, the
streaks grayish brown. (Eastern United States, south in winter to West
Indies and through Mexico and Central America to Colombia. )
Seiurus motacilla (p. 639)
bb. Under tail-coverts yellowish white or pale yellow, with concealed portion
grayish brown or olive; superciliary stripe yellowish, narrower, and less
sharply defined posteriorly; under parts more thickly streaked on a yellow-
ish white or pale yellow ground, the streaks dark sooty brown or blackish.
(Seiurus noveboracensis. )
ce. Smaller (averaging wing 76.9, exposed culmen 12.7, in adult male; wing 72.6,
culmen 12.7, in adult female); color of upper parts browner or more oliva-
ceous; under parts more decidedly yellowish. (Eastern North America,
chiefly toward Atlantic coast; south in winter to West Indies and along
Atlantic coast of Central America to Colombia, Venezuela, ete. )
Seiurus noveboracensis noveboracensis (p. 642)
ec. Larger (averaging wing 77.3, exposed culmen 13.6, in adult male; wing 75.7,
exposed culmen 13.2, in adult female); color of upper parts darker and
more sooty, under parts less pronouncedly yellowish. (Western North
America, chiefly the interior; occasional in Atlantic States during migra-
tion; south in winter to Cape St. Lucas and through Mexico and Central
America to Colombia) -.---------- Seiurus noveboracensis notabilis (p. 645)
SEIURUS AUROCAPILLUS (Linnzus).
OVENBIRD.
Adults (seres alike).—Pileum with two narrow lateral stripes of black
inclosing a much broader median stripe of ochraceous, tawny-
ochraceous, or ochraceous-buff, the feathers of the latter more or less
tipped with pale olive, especially on occiput, which is sometimes uni-
form light olive or grayish olive; superciliary region (broadly) light
grayish olive, fading into a lighter hue of the same on auricular region;
rest of upper parts plain dull olive-green or greenish olive, the inner
webs of remiges and rectrices grayish brown (hair brown); a whitish
orbital ring; lores grayish white or dull whitish; malar region and
under parts white, the chest and sides heavily streaked with black, the
flanks more narrowly and less distinctly streaked; a dusky submalar
streak; axillars and under wing-coverts pale olive-yellow or dull sul-
phur yellow; maxilla dark brown, mandible much paler; iris brown;
legs and feet pale brown in dried skins, pale flesh color in life.
(In winter similar to the spring and summer plumage but colors rather
brighter, and white of malar stripe and flanks sometimes tinged with
buff, though the latter may characterize young birds in their first year. )
Young, first plumage.—Pileum, hindneck, back, scapulars, rump,
and upper tail-coverts dull wood brown or isabella color, the first with
faint indications of two darker stripes, the back and scapuiars with
indistinct darker streaks; wings and tail as in adults, but middle and
greater wing-coverts tipped or margined terminally with pale wood
636 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
brown or cinnamon-buff; malar stripe, chin, and throat plain dull buff;
chest and sides similar but duller buffy or grayish buff, indistinctly
streaked with darker; abdomen white; under tail-coverts pale butt.
Adult male.—Length (skins), 127-148.5 (182.8); wing, 70.9-79
(72.6); tail, 52.1-57.9 (51.8); exposed culmen, 11.2-12.4 (11.7); tarsus,
20.6-22.9 (21.3); middle toe, 11.9-14.5 (13.2).*
Adult female.—Length (skins), 124.5-138.4 (131.1); wing, 69.8-79
(72.6); tail, 49.8-58.4 (51.8); exposed culmen, 11.4-11.9 (11.7); tarsus,
20.3-22.3 (21.3); middle toe, 12.7-14.2 (13.2).
Eastern North America; north to Nova Scotia, Anticosti Island,
Labrador?, southern and western shores of Hudson Bay, and the Yukon
Valley in Alaska (Nulato, Fort Yukon, etc.); west to eastern base of
Rocky Mountains, in Colorado (Denver, Boulder, Nederland, etc.) and
Montana (Fort Keogh), accidentally to British Columbia (Esquimault);
breeding southward at least to Virginia, the Ohio Valley, and Kansas,
probably much farther, and in Bahamas (islands of Abaco, New Prov-
idence, Rum Cay, Green Cay, and Eleuthera); in winter, Gulf coast
of United States, Bahamas, Greater Antilles (Cuba, Grand Cayman,
Jamaica, Haiti, Porto Rico, and St. Croix), Swan Island and Old Prov-
idence Island, Caribbean Sea, and through Mexico (both coasts) and
Central America as far as Chiriqui.
1 Thirteen specimens.
? Nine specimens.
Specimens from opposite sides of the Alleghenies and from the Bahama Islands
average, respectively, as follows:
Ex- | Middle
Locality. Wing. | Tail. posed | Tarsus. | fe
culmen. ria
MALES.
Eight adult males, Virginia to Connecticut............-.--- 79.4 54.4 11.39 2200 13.7
Five adult males from Mississippi Valley ..............----- 75.2 54.6 11.4 Ane 1259
Four adult males from Bahamas (Abaco, New Providence,
Run Cay, ands Green Cayislands))ss.. cue. scecr cm oh oes = cee 78.9 57.2 12.2 22.4 14.6
FEMALES.
Five adult females from Virginia, District of Columbia, and
Mary lands ss ncce mice oe acehes aetenit erent orem eeemearee 71.9 51 19 21.3 13.2
Four adult females from Mississippi Valley.........-------- 73.7 52.8 11.4 21.3 13.5
Three adult females from Bahamas (Abaco, Green Cay, and
Mleutheraislands))<.<2- sce >=s2 soos eecee nee eee eee T453,|| OAD el De 2a aos 14
|
Dr. Allen has already called attention (Auk, viii, 1891, 68), to the larger bill of
specimens from Andros Island, which he considers to ‘‘ probably represent a local
resident form, differing slightly from the North American stock in having the bili
rather larger, the crown patch deeper orange, and the black line bordering it and the
black streaks below slightly heavier.’’ I have not seen any specimens from Andros
Island, but the color-characters mentioned above do not apply, at least not constantly,
to specimens examined from the islands of Abaco, New Providence, Rum Cay, Green
Cay, and Eleuthera.
Pots,
Wo ieee peer
oft Ln | ihe eh leas steel’ 4
Ve Tae ee ee ew me a ee) eS
ee eee eee ee ee er
'
eee ee
“4+ y ee
: BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 637
[ Motacilla] aurocapilla Lrxn xus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, i, 1766, 334 (based on The Golden-
crowned Thrush, Turtus vertice aureo, Edwards, Gleanings Nat. Hist., v, 91,
pl. 253, lower fig.; Le Figuier a teste dor de Pensilvanie, Ficedula pensilvanica
auro-capilla, Brisson, Orn., iii, 504).—GMELIN, Syst. Nat., i, 1788, 982.
[ Turdus] aurocapillus LarHAM, Index Orn., ii, 1790, 328.
Turdus aurocapilla Wttson, Am. Orn., iii, 1810, 88, pl. 14, fig 2.—SrePHENs, Shaw’s
Gen. Zool., x, 1817, 199.—Vreituort, Enc. Méth., 1, 1823, Salo eae
Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., iv, 1824, 35.—Nurrauy, Man. Orn. U. 8. and Can.,
1832, 355; 2d ed., i, 1840, 404.—AvpuBoN, Orn. Biog., 11, 1834, 253; v, “Res
447, pl. 143.—Townsenp, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., viii, 1839, 153 (n. w.
United States).—Wiunuis, Ann. Rep. Smithson. Inst. for 1858 (1859), 281
(Nova Scotia).
Sylvia aurocapilla BoNAPARTE, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., ii, 1826, 77.
Seiurus aurocapillus SwAatnson, Zool. Journ., iii, ot Ehiiee Mag., n.s.,i, 1827,
369 (Mexico); Isis, 1830, 1154.—Swarnson and RicHarpson, Fauna Bor.-Am.,
ii, 1831, 227.—Jarpine, ed. Wilson’s Am. Orn., i, 1832, 238.—BoNAPARTE,
Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 21.—AupuBon, Synopsis, 1839, 93: Birds Am.,
oct. ed., ili, 1841, 2 pl. 148.—Gossr. Birds Jamaica, 1847, 152.—Sauus, Proc.
Zool. Soc. Lond., 1857, 231 (Santo Domingo).—Bairp, Rep. Pacific R. R.
Surv., 1x, 1858, a Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 186; Review Am. Birds,
1865, 214, 266 —Marcu, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1863, 294 (Jamaica).—
GuNDLACH, Repert. Fisico-Nat. Cuba, 1, 1865, 325 (C uba); Journ. fur Orn.,
1872, 416 (Cuba); Orn. Cuba, 1873, 68; Anal. Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat., vii, 1878,
175 (Porto Rico).—Bryant, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xi, 1867, 68 (Baha-
mas), 91 (Santo Domingo).—LawreEnce, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., ix, 1868, 94 (Bar-
ranca, Costa Rica); Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., ii, 1874, 269 (Mazatlan, Nov. to
Apr.).—Franvrzius, Journ. fur Orn., 1869, oe (San José. Costa Rica).—
SumicHrast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., 1, 1869, 547 (Orizaba, etc., Vera Cruz,
winter).—Dauu and Bannister, Trans. Chicago Ae. Sci., i, 1869, 268 (Fort
Yukon, etc., Alaska, breeding).—AL.En, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., ii, 1871, 269
(e. Florida, Feb.); iii, 1872, 175 (Kansas); Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xvii,
1874, 52 (Fort Rice, Heart R., etc., North Dakota).—Cougs, Birds N. W., 1874,
70.—Maynarp, Birds Fonda: 1872, 12.—Bairp, Brewer, and Ripaway,
Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 280, pl. 14, fig. 11.—Boucarp, Proc. Zool. Soe.
Lond., 1878, 51 (San José, Costa Rica, Jan., Mar.).—Cocry, Birds Bahama [.,
1880, 70; Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vi, 1881, 151 (Haiti); Birds Haiti and San
Dom., 1885, 34; Auk, iii, 1886, 42 (West Indian references): iv, 1887, 180
(Old Providence L., Canbbean Sea); vi, 1889, 31 (Cayman Brac, Bahamas);
ix, 1892, 49 (Watlings I., Bahamas); Birds W. 1., 1889, 56; Cat. W. I. Birds,
1892, 119 (Great Bahama, Abaco, Biminis, Berry isiands, Eieuthera, New
Providence, Andros, Cat I, Watlings I., Rum Cay, Long I., Green Cay,
N. Caicos, Grand Caicos, E. Caicos, and Great Inagua, Bahamas; Cuba;
Grand Cayman; Jamaica; Haiti; Porto Rico; St. Croix).—AMERICAN ORNI-
THOLOGISTS’ Unrton, Check List, 1886, no. 674 —NELson, Rep. Nat. Hist. Coll.
Alaska, 1887, 203 (Fort Yukon, Nulato, etc.).—Rrpeway, Proc. U. 8. Nat.
Mus., x, 1888, 576 (Swan I., Caribbean Sea, Feb. 24); Orn. Iliinois, i, 1889,
158.—Cooke, Bird Migr. Miss. Val., 1888, 255 (dates of migr., ete. ). —CHERRIE,
Auk, vii, 1890, 336 (San José, Costa Rica, 1 spec , Oct. 27), Contr. Orn. San
Dom., 1896, 11.—NorrHrop, Auk, viii, 1891, 68 (Andros and New Providence
islands, Bahamas).—Ricumonp, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus. xvi, 1893, 484 (Rio
Escondido, Nicaragua, Nov. 7 to May 6).—NEHRLING, Our Native Birds, ete., i,
1893, 238, pi. 14, fig. 6.—Tnorne, Auk, xii, 1895, 218 (Fort Keogh, Montana,
1 spec., July 23).—Bryer, Proc. Louis. Soe Nat. for 1897-98 (1900), 114 (s. and
s. w. Louisiana, winter resid.).—-Banas, Proc. New Engl Zool Ctub, iii, 1902,
62 (Volcan de Chiriqui and Boquete, Chiriqui, Feb. 20 to Apr. 15).
638 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
[Seiurus] aurocapillus Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 106.
S[eiurus] aurocapillus Ringway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 518. 4
Sciurus aurocapillus D’ Orpiany, in La Sagra’s Hist. Nat. Cuba, Ois., 1839, 55.
Siurus aurocapillus ScuareR and Saryin, Ibis, 1859, 9 (Guatemala).—NEwTon
(A. & E.), Ibis, 1859, 142 (St. Croix).
a
E[nicocichla] aurocapiiia Gray, List Gen. Birds, 1841, 31. r
[ Enicocichla] aurocapilla Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 249, no. 3612. *
Enicocichla aurocapillus Brewer, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., vii, 1860, 306 (Cuba).
H[enicocichla] aurocapilla CaBants, Mus. Hein., i, 1850, 15 (Mexico).
Henicocichla aurocapilla Gunpuacnu, Journ. ftir Orn., 1855, 471 (Cuba); 1861, 326,
407 (Cuba).—Capants, Journ. fiir Orn., 1861, 84 (Costa Rica).—SciaTer, Cat.
Am. Birds, 1862, 25 (Orizaba, Vera Cruz; Jamaica).—LAwreEnce, Ann. Lye.
N. Y., viii, 1865, 180 (Greytown, Nicaragua).—Satviy, Proc. Zool. Soe.
Lond., 1870, 183 (Volean de Chiriqui).
Henicocichla auricapilla SUNDEV ALL, Ofv. k. Vet.-Ak. Foérh. Stockh., xxvi, 1870,
596 (Porto Rico).
Turdus auricapillus LICHTENSTEIN, Preis-Verz. Mex. Vog., 1830, 2 (see Journ. fur
Orn., 1863, 57).
Accentor auricapillus Ricuarpson, Rep. Brit. Assoc. for 1836 (1837), 172.
Seiurus auricapillus Swainson, Classif. Birds, ii, 1837, 247.—Lawrencr, Ann. Lyc.
N. Y., ix, 1869, 200 (Yucatan); Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., no. 4, 1876, 14 (Guichi-
covi, Chiapas, Sept. ).
[Seiurus] auricapillus BONAPARTE, Consp. Ay., 1, 1850, 306.
Siurus auricapillus ScuaTeR and Savin, This 1859, 9 (Duefas, Guatemala,
Feb.).—Moore, Proc. Zool. Soe. Lond., 1859, 55 (Omoa, Honduras ).—CoueEs,
Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, ii, 1877, 31; Birds Col. Val., 1878, 297; Check List,
2d ed., 1882, no. 135.—Ripeway, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iii, 1878, 60 (descr.
young); Nom N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 115.—Mryor, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club,
y, 1880, 227 (Boulder, Nederland, and Denver, Colorado, May).—Satyin
and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am , Aves, i, 1881, 144.—Brewster, Proc. Bost.
Soc. N. H., xxii, 1883, 371 (Anticosti I., 1 pair, July 24).—BickNeE.L, Auk,
i, 1884, 213 (song).—SHarpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 339, 652 (Esqui-
mault, British Columbia; Cozumel I., Yucatan, ete.).—Srearns, Proc. U.S.
Nat. Mus., vi, 1886, 116 (int. Labrador, breeding).
Henicocichla auricapilla Scuarer, Proce. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1856, 293 (Mexico);
1861, 70 (Jamaica).—Atsrecut, Journ. fiir Orn., 1862, 192 (Jamaica).—
ScLaTeR and Satvin, Proc. Zool, Soe. Lond., 1870, 836 (San Pedro, Hon-
duras).
S[iurus] auricapilla Newton (A. and E.), Handb. Jamaica, 1881, 105.
[Siurus] auricapillus ScLarer and Saryin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 8.
S[iurus] auricapillus Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 308.
Seiurus aureocapiilus Bonnorr, Auk, xviii, 1901, 147 (Cay Lobos, Bahamas, May
O17).
Turdus citreus MituEr, Syst. Nat. Suppl., 1776, 141 (based on Petit Grive de St.
Domingue Daubenton, Pl. Enl., pl. 398, fig. 2).
Motacilla canadensis (not of Linnzeus) Bopparrt, Tabl Pl. Enl., 1783, 84, part
(includes also Dendrowa coronata).
Turdus coronatus Virtior, Ois. Am. Sept.,’ii, 1807, 8, pl. 64 (cites Motacilla
auricapula Linneeus).—Lesson, Traité d’Orn., 1831, 418.
Anthus coronatus GERHARDT, Naumannia, lil, 1853, 58.
Seiurus ludovicianus (not Turdus ludovicianus Audubon) Hamu, Tenth Ann. Rep.
Maine Board Agric. for 1865 (Waterville, Maine; see Chadbourne, Auk, iii,
1886, 278, 279).
BIRDS OF NORTH ANI MIDDLE AMERICA. 639
SEIURUS MOTACILLA (Vieillot).
LOUISIANA WATER THRUSH.
Adults (sexes alike).'—Ahbove plain grayish olive, sightly darker on
pileum; a conspicuous superciliary stripe of white, extending from
nostril to beyond end of auricular region; a triangular loral spot and
broad postocular stripe of dark grayish olive, the latter sometimes
involving greater part of the auricular region, the lower portion of
which, however, is always paler and more or less streaked with duil
whitish; a crescentic mark of white on lower eyelid; malar region
white, usually more or !ess flecked with grayish olive; under parts
white or buffv white, becoming pronouncedly buffy (usually clear pale
buff or cream buff) on flanks and under tail-coverts, all the under parts
of the body sometimes strongly tinged with buff; chin and throat
immaculate or with only a few minute flecks; chest, sides, and flanks
broadly streaked with grayish olive (similar to color of upper parts,
but somewhat darker), the streaks on anterior portion of chest smaller,
more distinctly triangular or wedge-shaped; axillars and under wing-
coverts brownish gray or hair brown; maxilla horn brownish basally,
becoming darker terminally; mandible similar in color to maxilla but
paler brownish basally; iris brown; legs and feet pale yellowish brown
in dried skins (pale flesh color in life).
Young, first plumage.—Similar to adults, but upper parts more
sooty brown, the rump and upper tail-coverts sometimes tinged with
or inclining to more rusty brown; middle and greater wing-coverts nar-
rowly margined at tips with paler brown; streaks on under parts much
less distinct than in adults, decidedly paler in color than upper parts.
Adult male.—Length (skins), 127-139.7 (133.8); wing, 75.7-84.3
(80.8); tail, 49.5-55.4 (51.8); exposed culmen, 12.4-13.5 (13.2); tarsus,
21.6-22.9 (22.3); middle toe, 14-15.2 (14.2).
Adult female.—Length (skins), 129.5-142.2 (135.1); wing, 75.9-81
78.7); tail, 49.5-52.6 (50.8); exposed culmen, 12.9-14.2 (13.5); tarsus,
21.6-28.4 (22.9); middle toe, 14-15 (14.5).°
1 After careful examination of a large series of specimens, I can not find that there
is any difference in plumage according to season, some birds taken in April and May
being quite as strongiy colored as any autumnal or winter specimens.
* Kleven specimens.
> Kive specimens.
Specimens from the Atlantic coast district and those from the este es Valley
average, poepeay ely, as follows:
Locality. Wing. | Tail. | sone Tarsus. ‘Middle
‘culmen | toe.
MALES. | |
Six adult males from Atlantic coast district -....-........-- nSZ 52.6 12.9 22.3 14.5
Five adult males from Mississippi Valley ..................- 78.7 | 50.8 | Ast 22 | 14.2
FEMALES. |
Two adult females from District of Columbia .............-. | 80 52 1 13.2 22.3 14.5
TIM, BOSSE Wh IBe Th |i 285 la de
Three adult females from Illinois and Texas .. ........-- |
640 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Eastern United States and southern Ontario; breeding from the Gulf
States north to Connecticut (Norwich, etc.), eastern Rhode Island
(Johnson), southwestern Massachusetts (Berkshire County), southeast-
ern New York (lower Hudson Valley), lower districts of Pennsylvania,
northeastern Ohio (Wayne County), southern Ontario (near Hamilton),
southern Michigan, northern Illinois, and southeastern Minnesota
(Mississippi bottoms as far as Red Wing), west to eastern Nebraska
(Omaha, Peru, etc.), eastern Kansas, and Texas (Navarro County);
occurring irregularly north to northeastern New York (Lake George);
in winter, south to West Indies (Bahamas, Cuba, Grand Cayman,
Jamaica, Haiti, Porto Rico, Antigua), island of Old Providence,
Caribbean Sea, and through Mexico (both coasts) and Central America
to Colombia (province of Santa Marta).
Turdus motacilla VitaLLot, Ois. Am. Sept., i, 1807,.9, pl. 65 (Kentucky); Nouy.
Dict. d’ Hist. Nat., xx, 1818, 234; Ene. Méth., ii, 1823, 643.—SrerHens, Shaw’s
Gen. Zool., x, 1817, 197.
[Seiurus] motacilla BONAPARTE, Consp. Av., 1, 1850, 306.—Cory, List Birds W. L.,
1885, 35.
Seiurus motacilla Cory, Birds Haiti and San Dom., 1885, 35; Auk, 1886, 48
(West Indian references), 501,(Grand Cayman; iv, 1887, 180 (ola Pryde
I., Caribbean Sea); Birds W. I., 1889, 57; Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 119 ( Bimi-
nis and Berry islands, Bahamas, Cuba; Jamaica; Haiti; Antigua).—FEr-
RARI-PEREZ, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., ix, 1886, 136 (Jalapa, Vera Cruz ).—AMeEr-
ICAN OrNITHOLOGISTS’ Union, Check List, 1886, no. 676.—Ripa@way, Orn.
Illinois, i, 1889, 160.—Burier, Bull. Brooky. Soc. N. H., no. 2, 1886, 36
(Franklin Co., Indiana, summer resid. ).—Cooxke, Bird Migr. Miss. Val., 1888,
257 (Mississippi Valley localities and dates) .-—EvERMANN, Auk, vi, 1889, 28
(Carroll Co., Indiana, breeding).—Scorr, Auk, vii, 1890, 21 (Key West, Flor-
ida, rare migr., July 16 and Apr. 6, 2 specs.).—CHeErRRIE, Auk, vii, 1890,
336 (San José, C fosta Rica, 1 spec., Mar. 9); Contr. Orn. San Dom., 1896, 11
(1 spee., Jan. 22).—Goss, Hist. Birds Kansas, 1891, 576 (e. ae summer
resid. ). —ArrwaAtTeEr, Auk, 1x, 1892, 342 (s. w. of San Antonio, Texas, Apr. 9).—
Ricumonp, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xvi, 1898, 484 (Beco R., Nicaragua,
after Oct. 23).—NEHRLING, Our Native Birds, etc., !, 1893, 245, pl. 15, fig. 6.—
McIuwrairn, Birds, Ontario, 1894, 375 (s. Ontario, iresdine ee Ubrey and
WaALuAck, Proc. tnd. Ac. Sei., 1895, 157 (Wabash, Indiana, common sum-
mer resid. ).—OBERHOLSER, Bull. Ohio Agric. Exp. Sta., tech. ser., i, 1896,
326 (Wayne Co., n. e. Ohio, rare summer resid. ).-—Morris, Auk, xiii, 1896,
86 (Springfield, Massachusetts, July 28, 1895, 1 spec.).—Youne, Auk, xiii,
1896, 284 (Hamburg, Pennsylvania, breeding).—Faxon, Auk, xiii, 1896, 343
(Berkshire Co., Massachusetts, breeding).—Banes, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.,
xii, 1898, 143 (Santa Marta, Colombia).—Roperts, Auk, xvi, 1899, 241, in
text (Mississippi bottoms, s S. e. oe as far as Red Wing). ia
Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., xiii, 1900, 177 (Bonda, proy. Santa Marta, Calon
Noy. 8); Auk, xvii, 1900, 366 ae eae Proce. Louis. Soc. Nat. for 1897-
9 (1900), 144 (Louisiana, breeding).—Brunerr, Proc. Nebr. Orn. Union, 2d
ann. meet., 1901, 57 (breeding at Omaha and Peru, Nebraska).
S[eiurus] motacilla Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 519.
Siurus motacilla Cougs, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, ii, 1877, 33; Birds Col. Val., 1878,
299; Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 138.—LaNnepon, Birds Cincinnati, 1877,
6, (com. summer resid. ).—LAwrRENcE, Proce. U. 8. Nat. Mus., i, 1878, 233,
486 (Antigua, Lesser Antilles)—Mrarns, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iii, 1878, 72
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 641
(remarks on plumage).—Brewster, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iii, 1878, 133
(deser. nest and eggs).—Derane, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, v, 1880, 116 (John-
son, e. Rhode island, Onegai —LAwRENCE (R.), Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club. v,
1880, 116 (Long Island ).—Frsner (A. K.), Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, v, 1880, 117
(Lake George, New York, 2 specs., May); vi, 1881, 245 (do., 1 spec., May
16).—MereraM, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vi, 1881, 229 (Lake George).—Rme-
way, Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 117.—Satvin and Gopan, Biol. Centr.-
Am., Aves, i, 1881, 147.—OaiLpy, Sci. Proc. Roy. Dubl. Soe., iii, 1882, (21)
(Navarro Co., Texas, breeding).—Brown (N.C.), Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club,
vii, 1882, 36 (Boerne, s. w. Texas, 1 spec., Mar.).—Bickneuu, Auk, i, 1884,
215 (song).—SHArRPE, Cat. Birds Brit. Imus., x, 1885, 342.
S({iurus] motacilla Newron (A. and E.), Handb. Jamaica, 1881, 105.—Covugs,
Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 309.
H{enicocichla] motacilla CaBants, Mus. Hein., i, 1850, 16, footnote.
Henicocichla motacilla CaBants, Journ. fir Orn., 1857, 240 (Cuba).—Gunp.acn,
Journ. fiir Orn., 1861, 326 (Cuba).
Turdus ludovicianus AupuBon, Orn. Biog., i, 1831, 99, pl. 19 (lowlands of Lou-
isiana and Mississippi).
Seiurus ludovicianus Bonaparte, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 21.—Barrp, Rep.
Pacific R. R. Sury., ix, 1858, 262; ed. 1860 (Birds N. Am.), atlas, pl. 80,
fig. 2; Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 188; Rep. U. S. and Mex. Bound. Surv.,
ii, pt. 2, 1859, 10 (Tamaulipas, Mar.); Review Am. Birds, 1865, 217.—Bar-
NARD, Ann. Rep. Smithson. Inst. for 1860 (1861), 435 (Chester Co., Penn-
sylvania).—GunpbLacH, Repert. Fisico-Nat. Cuba, i, 1865, 236; Jour: fiir
Orn., 1872, 417 (Cuba); Orn. Cuba, 1893, 68.—Lawrence, Ann. Lye. N. Y.,
vill, 1866, 284 (vicinity of New York City); ix, 1868, 94 (Barranca, Costa
Rica); Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., ii, 1874, 269 (Mazatlan; oe Madre de
Colima, Dec.; coast ranges of w. Mexico, Jan., Apr.); Bull. U. 8. Nat. Mus.,
no. 4, 1876, 15 (Barrio and Santa Efigenia, Oaxaca, Sept., TanseCone!
Check List, 1873, no. 94; Birds N. W., 1874, 72.—Snow, Birds Kansas, 1873,
eck Brewer, and Ripaway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 287, pl. 14, fig.
13; 1874, 506 (Norwich, Cannecnedt breeding; fo nest and eggs).—
ee Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xvii, 1875, 440 (Massachusetts, occasional;
Connecticut, rec diae eberpsaee Ann. Lye. N. Y., xi, 1875, 136 (Ritchie
Co., West Virginia; habits; song).
[Seiurus] ludovicianus Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 106.
Sturus ludovicianus Scuarer, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1859, 363 (Jalapa, Vera
Cruz), 373 (Totontepec, Oaxaca).—Satvin and Sciarer, Ibis, 1860, 273
(Alotenango, Volcan de Fuego, and Coban, Guatemala, Sept. to Nov.).—
Netson, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, i, 1876, 42 (n. e. Illinois, breeding ).—Covert,
Oologist, iv, 1878, 10 (descr. nest and eggs).—Cory, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club,
, 1881, 151 ( Haiti).—Boucarp, Proc. Zool. Soe. Lond., 1883, 440.
[Siurus] ludovicianus ScLaTeR and Sauyin, Nom. Ay. Neotr., 1873, 8
S[iurus] ludovicianus Nevson, Bull. Essex Inst., viii, 1876, 100, 152 (n. e. Hlinois,
common summer resid. ).
Sciurus ludovicianus Trippr, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xv, 1872, 234 (Decatur and
Mahaska counties, s. Iowa, breeding).
Henicocichla ludoviciana Scuarer, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1861, 70 (Jamaica);
Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 25 (Orizaba, Vera Cruz; Jamaica).—ALBRECHT, Journ.
fur Orn., 1862, 192 (Jamaica).—Satvin, Proe. Zool. Soe. Lond., 1870, 183
(Bugabi, Veragua).
[ Enicocichla] ludoviciana Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 249, no. 3613.
H{enicocichla] major CaBants, Mus. Hein., i., 1850, 16 (Jalapa, Vera Cruz,
Mexico; coll. Berlin Mus. ).
3654—VvOL 2—01——-4]
642 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Fenicocichla major CABANIs, Journ. fiir Orn., 1857, 240 (Cuba).
Enicocichla major BrEwErR, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., vii, 1860, 306 (Cuba).
Seiurus noveboracensis (not Motacilla noveboracensis Gmelin) AupuBON, Synopsis,
1839, 93, part.
(2) Siurus noveboracensis Dresser, Ibis, 1865, 477, part (Medina R., Texas, ‘‘all
the summer,’’ fide Heermann).
(?) Seiwrus colombianus Lesson, Deser. Mam. et Ois., 1847, 294 (Colombia) .
SEIURUS NOVEBORACENSIS NOVEBORACENSIS (Gmelin).
WATER-THRUSH.
Adults (sexes alike).—Above plain olive; a broad superciliary stripe
of buff, extending from nostril.to sides of nape; a triangular spot of
dusky olive in front of eye, and a broad postocular streak of the same;
a crescentic mark of light buffy on lower eyelid; suborbital and auric-
ular regions streaked with olive and yellowish or pale buffy; broad
malar stripe and under parts pale yellow (primrose yellow to straw
yellow)—rarely nearly white—the chest, sides, and flanks more or less
broadly streaked with dark sooty olive (sometimes nearly black), the
lower throat with shorter triangular or wedge-shaped marks, the upper
throat usually with small triangular spots or flecks, of the same; under
tail-coverts with concealed portion extensively olive or grayish olive;
bill dusky brown, the mandible paler, especially in winter; iris brown;
legs and feet clear brown (in dried skins).
Young, first plumage.—Above olive, the feathers with a subter-
minal bar of dusky and a terminal bar of buff, producing a conspicu-
ous transversely mottled appearance; wings and tail as in adults, but
middle and greater wing-coverts tipped with buff, forming two nar-
row bands across wing; superciliary stripe less distinct than in adult,
finely streaked with dusky; whole throat, chest, and sides of breast
heavily streaked with dusky or dark sooty, on a pale buff-yellowish
ground, the streaks much less sharply defined than in adults; rest of
under parts pale straw or primrose yellow, the sides and flanks mottled
or clouded with dusky.
Adult male.—Length (skins), 125.5-142.7 (135.1); wing, 75.4—-80
(76.7); tail, 45-53.6 (51.3); exposed culmen, 11.9-14 (12.7); tarsus,
19.8—22.3 (21.3); middle toe, 12.9-14 (13.5).?
Adult female.—Length (skins), 118.4-188.7 (130.5); wing, 68.3-75.7
(72.6); tail, 45-52.1 (49.5); exposed culmen, 10.9-14.7 (12.7); tarsus,
20.3-21.6 (21.1); middle toe, 12.4-13.7 (13.2).’
Eastern North America; north to Davis Inlet, Newfoundland, and
shores of Hudson Bay;* breeding southward to northern New England,
mountains of Pennsylvania (Clearfield, Elk, Cambria, and Lycoming
' Nine specimens.
* Hight specimens.
’ Breeding birds from the western side of Hudson Bay are intermediate between
this form and S. n. notabilis.
eof ee 2
DP ee et ed
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 643
ounties) and West Virginia (spruce belt), southern Michigan (7), north-
‘astern Hlinois (2), etc.; in winter southward throughout West Indies
and along eastern coast districts of Central America to Colombia,
Venezuela, British Guiana, Brazil (4), Trinidad, and Tobago, and to
Swan Island and Old Providence Island, Caribbean Sea.’ Occasional
in Bermudas; accidental in southern Greenland (two records).
Motacilla nevia (not of Boddaert, Tabl. Pl. Enl., 1783, 35?) Bopparrt, Tabl.
Pl. Enl., 1783, 47 (based on Fawvettee tacheté, de la Louisiane, Daubenton, PI.
Enl., pl. 752, fig. 1).
Siurus nevius Cours, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, ii, Apr., 1877, 32; Birds Col. Val.,
1878, 299; Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 136.—LAwrReENckE, Proc. U. 8S. Nat.
Mus., i, 1878, 54 (Dominica), i, 1879, 233 (Antigua), 453 (Guadeloupe), 486.—
Kumuien, Bull. U. 8. Nat. Mus., no. 15, 1879, 74 (Straits of Belle Isle, Aug.
18).—Ripa@way, Nom. N. Am. Birds: 1881, no. 116.—A.Luen, Bull. Nutt. Orn.
Club, vi, 1881, 128 (Santa Lucia).—Brewstrer, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vi,
1881, 239 (New England breeding range confined to Canadian fauna).—
Srearns, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vi, 1883, 117 (int. Labrador, breeding) .—(?)
Boucarp, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, 440 (Yucatan ).—Daxue.eisn, Bull.
Nutt. Orn. Club, viii, 1883, 179 (N janortalik. Greenland; 1 spec., May, 1882).—
BIcKNELL, Auk, i, 1884, 214 (song).—SHarPEk, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885,
344, 652, part (Tobago; Paraiso Station, Panama R. R.; Medellin, Bogota,
and Minca, Colombia; Bartica Grove and Roraima, British Guiana, ete. ).
SLiurus] nevius Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 309.
Seiurus nevius TurRNER, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., viii, 1885, 2388 (Davis Inlet;
Moose Factory, Hudson Bay).—We tts, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., ix, 1886, 611
(Grenada, Lesser Antilles).
[ Motacilla] noveboracensis GMELIN, Syst. Nat., 1, pt. 2, 1788, 958 (based on Fawvette
tacheteé, de la Lowisiane, Daubenton, Pl. Enl., pl. 752, fig. 1).—Larxam,
Index Orn., i, 1790, 362.
[Sylvia] ine boreicen ais LatHam, Index Orn., ii, 1790, 518.
Sylvia noveboracensis ViEtLLor, Ois. Am., Sept., ii, 1807, 26, pl. 82. STEPHENS,
Shaw’s Gen. Zool., x, 1817, 681.—Bonaparrs, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., ii, 1826, 77
Turdus (Seiurus) noveboracensis (not Turdus noveboracensis Gaon 5 NUTTALL,
Man. Orn. U.S. and Can., i, 1832, 353, part.
[ Curruca] eae eee Traité d’Orn., 1831, 418.
Turdus noveboracensis (not of Gmelin) PEaBopy, Rep. Orn. Mass., 1839, 306.
Seiurus noveboracensis BONAPARTE, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, pe aeicas Birds
Jamaica, 1847, 151; Illustr. Birds Jam., 1849, pl. 28).—Jarpine, Contr.
Orn., 1848, 82 (Bermudas, winter resid. ).—Hurprs, Jardine’s Contr. Orn.,
1850, 8 (Bermudas).—Hartiaus, Naumannia, 1852, 53 (Cuba).—Barrp,
Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 261; ed. 1860 (Birds N. Am.), pl. 80, fig.
'In the absence of specimens from various localities cited in the synonymy it is
very difficult to make out with greater exactness the range of this form, the difficulty
heing rendered still greater from the fact that both it and S. n. notabilis often occur
together during migration. Nearly every one of the West Indian islands (including
the Bahama group) is represented among the specimens examined, together with the
following Central American localities: Guatemala Mabel, January); Nicaragua (San
Juan del Sur, January 10; Sucuyd, February 12; Greytown, February 5); Costa
Rica (San José). The only Mexican specimen seen is one from the island of Cozumel,
Yucatan (January 29). The most western United States example examined is one
from Edinburgh, Texas (May).
2— Locustella nexvia (Boddaert).
$—Scolecophagus carolinus (Muller).
644
BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
1; Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 187, part; Review Am. Birds, 1865, 215,
part.—Marrtens, Journ. fiir Orn., 1859, 213 (Bermudas).—BLanp, Ann.
Rep. Smithson. Inst. for 1858 (1859), 287 (Bermudas).—Cassin, Proc.
Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., xii, 1860, 191 (Cartagena, Colombia).—(?) LAwRENCE,
Ann. Lye. N. Y., vii, 1861, 322 (Panama R. R.); ix, 1868, 94 (San José
and Angostura, Costa Rica); ix, 1869, 200 (Merida, Yucatan).—Marcu,
Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., xv, 1863, 294 (Jamaica).—Bryant, Proc. Bost.
Soe. N. H., xi, 1867, 68 (Bahamas), 91 (Santo Domingo).—(?) FRANTz1us,
Journ. fiir Orn., 1869, 293 (San José and Angostura, Costa Rica).—(?) Sumi-
cHrast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., i, 1869, 547 (Orizaba, etc., Vera Cruz).—
Gunp.acn, Repert. Fisico-Nat. Cuba, i, 1865, 235; Journ. fur Orn., 1872,
416 (Cuba); Orn. Cuba, 1873, 68; Anal. Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat., vil, 1878, 175
(Porto Rico).—ALLEN, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., ii, 1871, 269 (e. Florida,
Feb.); Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., xiii, 1900, 177 (Bonda and Cienega, Santa
Maria, Colombia, Sept. 8 to Nov. 5).—Cougrs, Check List, 1873, no. 93,
part; Birds N. W., 1874, 71, part.—Barrp, Brewer, and Ripaway, Hist. N.
Am. Birds, i, 1874, 283, part, pl. 14, fig. 12.—Brewer, Proc. Bost. Soc. N.
H., xvii, 1875, 440 (n. New England, breeding).—-Cory, Birds Bahama I.,
1880, 71; Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vi, 1881, 151 (Haiti); Auk, ili, 1886, 42
(West Indian references); iv, 1887, 95 (Martinique), 180 (Old Providence
I., Caribbean Sea), 181 (St. Andrews I., Caribbean Sea); vi, 1889, 31 (Cay-
man Brac, Bahamas); viii, 1891, 48 (St. Croix), 49 (Guadeloupe), 352 (Cay
Sal, Bahamas, May); Birds W. I., 1889, 56; Cat. W..I. Birds, 1892, 119
(Gt. Bahama, Abaco, Biminis, Eleuthera, New Providence, Watlings I.,
Great Inagua, and Cay Sal, Bahamas; Cuba, Isle of Pines, Jamaica, Mona,
Porto Rico, and St. Croix, Greater Antilles; Antigua, Guadeloupe, Dominica,
Grenada, and Barbados, Lesser Antilles).—AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’
Union, Check List, 1886, no. 675.—Rimaway, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., x, 1888,
576 (Swan I., Caribbean Sea); Orn. Llinois, i, 1889, 161.—Scorr, Auk, vii,
1890, 21 (Punta Rassa, Tarpon Springs, and Key West, Florida; migrant),
314 (Garden Key, Tortugas, Florida, Apr. 25 to May 2).—HaGerup, Auk,
viii, 1891, 320 (Greenland).—Dwient, Auk, ix, 1892, 189 (Cresson and
North Mt., Pennsylvania, breeding).—Topp, Auk, x, 1893, 45 (Clearfield
Co., Pennsylvania, breeding).—NeEnHRLING, Our Native Birds, etc., i, 1893,
242.—Cuapman, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., vi, 1894, 24 (Trinidad).—CnHeErrip,
Contr. Orn. San Dom., 1896, 11 (2 specs., Feb. 24, Mar. 16).—Batry, Auk,
xiii, 1896, 296 (n. Elk Co., Pennsylvania, breeding).—Rives, Auk, xv, 1898,
136 (West Virginia, breeding in spruce belt).—Banas, Proc. Biol. Soe.
Wash., xiii, 1899, 105 (La Concepcion and Chirua, Santa Marta, Colombia,
Feb., Mar.); Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club, ii, 1902, 62 (Boquete, Chiriqui,
Mar. 27).—BicELow, Auk, xix, 1902, 30 (coast of Labrador, breeding north
to Aillik).
[Seiurus] noveboracensis BoNAPARTE, Consp. Ay., i, 1850, 306.—CouEs, Key N.
Am. Birds, 1872, 106, part.—Cory, List Birds W. I., 1885, 8.
S[eiurus) noveboracensis MAxrtMILtan, Journ. fiir Orn., 1858, 124, part (Ohio,
etc. ).—Borks, Cat. Birds South. Mich., 1875, no. 42 (breeding).—Ripe@way,
Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 519.
Siurus noveboracensis SCLATER and SA.Lvin, Ibis, 1859, 10 (Belize, British Hondu-
ras).—NerwtTon (A. and E.), Ibis, 1859, 142 (St. Croix).—(?) SctaTEr, Proc.
Zool. Soc. Lond., 1859, 363 (Jalapa, Vera Cruz).—Satvin and GopMAN,
Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1881, 145, part.
(?) S[eiurus] noveboracensis Netson, Bull. Essex Inst., viii, 1876, 100, 152 (n. e.
Illinois, a few breeding).
[Siurus] noveboracensis SCLATER and Satvin, Nom. Ay. Neotr., 1873, 8, part.
Sciurus noveboracensis GENTRY, Life-Hist. Birds E, Penn., 1876, 142,
ere ho 5
Sete ash alt 5 BOS bw hed t,he
ee ee LT a ae ee” ee a
Fe * Ve
Vib Rem hg
+ band Miele tal ol AE ity Math AIS” ag ey
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 645
Enicocichla noveboracensis KNEELAND, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., vi, 1857, 233.—
Brewer, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., vii, 1860, 306 (Cuba).
[ Enicocichla] noveboracensis Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 249, no. 3611.
Henicocichla noveboracensis CABANIS, in Schomburgk’s Reis. Brit. Guiana, iii,
1848, 666; (?) Journ. fiir Orn., 1860, 324 (Cosra Rica).—GuNDLACH,
Journ. fiir Orn., 1855 471 (Cuba); 1861, 326, 407 (do.).—SciareR, Proc.
Zool. Soe. Lond., 1861, 70 (Jamaica); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 25, part
(Jamaica; Tobago). Atprecut, Journ. fiir Orn., 1862, 192 (Jamaica).—
Scuarer and Satvrx, Proce. Zoo. Soc. Lond., 1864, 346 (Lion Hill,
Panama R. R.); 1868, 627 (Venezuela); 1869, 251 (Maruaria, n. of Lake
Valencia, Venezuela); 1870, 836 (San Pedro, Honduras).—Satvin, Proc.
Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 183 (Calovevora, Veragua).—SuNDEVALL, Ofv. k.
Vet.-Ak. Férh. Stockh., xxvi, 1870, 583 (St. Bartholomew).
H{enicocichla] noveboracensis CaBants, Mus. Hein., i, 1850, 16 (Venezuela).
[ Motacilla] noveboracensis Turton, Syst. Nat., 1, 1800, 589.
Turdus (Seiurus) noveboracensis Nurratt, Man. Orn. U. 8. and Can., 2d ed., i,
1840, 402, part.
Seiurus noveboracensis AUDUBON, Synopsis, 1839, 93, part; Birds Am., oct. ed., 111,
1841, 37, pl. 49, part.
Sciurus noveboracensis Putnam, Proc. Essex Inst., i, 1856, 209.
[ Motacilla tigrina] f. Guerin, Syst. Nat., i, pt. 2, 1788, 985 (based on Figuier
brun de S. Domingue, Ficedwla dominicensis fusca, Brisson, Orn., ili, 513, pl.
28, fig. 5).
[ Motacilla tigrina] 2. Turron, Syst. Nat., i, 1800, 606.
[Sylvia tigrina] ®. Larnam, Index Orn., ii, 1790, 537.
Turdus aquaticus Witson, Am. Orn., iii, 1811, 66, pl. 23, fig. 5. STEPHENS, Shaw’s
Gen. Zool., x, 1817, 1838.—AupuBon, Orn. Biog., v, 1839, 284, pl. 433, fig. 7.
(?) Seiurus aquaticus Swarnson and Ricwarpson, Fauna Bor.-Am., ii, 1831, 229,
part 2—(?) Swainson, Classif. Birds, ii, 1857, 247, part.
Turdus aquatius Bonaparte, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., iv, 1824, 34.
Sylvia anthoides Vieitior, Nouv. Dict. d’ Hist. Nat., x, 1817, 208; Ene. Méth., ii,
1823, 421.
[ Curruca] anthoides Lesson, Traité @’Orn., 1851, 418.
Turdus motacilla (not of Vieillot) Bonaparte, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., iv,
1824, 35.
Sciurus sulfurascens D’Orpiany, in La Sagra’s Hist. Nat. Cuba, Ois., 1839, 57, pl.
6 (Cuba).
[ Seiurus] sulfurascens Lesson, Descr. Mam. et Ois., 1847, 295, in text.
Seiurus sulphurascens BONAPARTE, Consp. Ay., 1, 1850, 306.
E[nicocichla] sulphurascens Gray, Gen. Birds, i, 1848, 188.
Henicocichla sulphurascens Gunpuacn, Journ. fiir Orn., 1855, 471 (Cuba* 1861
407 (do.).
Anthus V herminieri Lesson, Rev. Zool., ii, Apr., 1839, 101 (Colombia?; coll. Mus
Rupifortensis).
Seiurus Vherminieri Lesson, Deser. Mam. et Ois., 1847, 295 (‘‘Mexique’’).
Anthus herminieri BONAPARTE, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 249 (Colombia).
Seiurus gossii BONAPARTE, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 306 (Jamaica).
(2) [Seiurus] guadelupensis Lesson, Deser. Mam. et Ois., 1847, 295, in text (nomen
nudum!) .
SEIURUS NOVEBORACENSIS NOTABILIS Ridgway.
GRINNELL’S WATER-THRUSH.
Similar to S. 2. noveboracensis, but larger, especially the bill; color-
ation of upper parts less olive (more grayish sooty), that of under
646 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
parts less yellowish, usually white, with little if any yellow tinge.
Young much darker above than that of S. n. noveboracensis, the
feathers entirely dusky (except the buffy tip), instead of olive with a
subterminal bar of dusky.’
Adult male.—Length (skins), 130.8-148.3 (139.6); wing, 73.6-81.3
(77.8); tail, 50.8-57.1 (53.4); exposed culmen, 12.4—16 (13.6); tarsus,
20-22.3 (21.6); middle toe, 12.7-14.2 (13.7).”
Adult female.—Length (skins), 127.2-152.1 (139.2); wing, 73.1—79
(75.7); tail, 48.8-57.9 (53.3); exposed culmen, 12.2-14.2 (13.2); tarsus,
21.1-22.3 (21.8); middle toe, 12.4-138.7 (18.2).
Western North America; breeding from Minnesota (north of Red
Wing), western Nebraska (Sioux County), and probably the more
northern Rocky Mountain districts of the United States to Alaska
(whole of wooded districts), and East Cape, Siberia; southward dur-
ing migration throughout western United States (including Mississippi
Valley), more rarely through Atlantic coast States (New Jersey, Dis-
trict of Columbia, Virginia, South Carolina, Florida, etc.), to the
Bahamas (New Providence Island, February), Cuba (Santiago, Novem-
ber 18), island of Old Providence, Caribbean Sea, Cozumel Island,
Yucatan, through Mexico and Central America‘ to Colombia (Chirua,
province of Santa Marta, February), and to Cape St. Lucas.
(?) Seiurus tenuirostris Swainson, Philos. Mag., n. s., 1, 1827, 360 (Mexico).
Sciurus tenuirostris GAMBEL, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., i, 1843, 261 (Colorado R.).
Seiurus noveboracensis Barrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 261, part (Ver-
milion R.); Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 187, part; Review Am. Birds, 1865,
215, part( Yukon R.; Fort Norman, Fort Peels R., Fort Simpson, and Fort
Rae, aretic Am.; Hellgate, Idaho; Camp Moogie, Washington ).—HayDEn,
Trans. Am. Philos Soc., xii, 1862, 160 (upper Missouri R.).—Buakrston, Ibis,
1862, 4 (Saskatchewan); 1863, 62 (Fort Carlton, British North America).—
Datu and Bannister, Trans. Chicago Ac. Sci., i, 1869, 278 (Fort Yukon,
1 With only one specimen of the young of each form I can not be sure that the
differences, as stated above, are constant.
* Thirteen specimens.
* Nine specimens.
Mississippi Valley specimens average smaller than those from the Rocky Moun-
tains and westward, and are reaily intermediate in size between S. n. notabilis and
S. n. noveboracensis. Average measurements are as follows:
|
Ex- : 3
Locality. Wing. | Tail. | posed | Tarsus. Modis
culmen.
Six adult males from Rocky Mountains, ete-....-..-.-...--- 79.3 55.7 13.9 21 13.9
Seven adult males from Mississippi Valley........----.----- 75.7 SLD 13.3 21.8 13.6
* Mexican and Central American localities represented among the specimens exam-
ined are the following: Oaxaca (Tapana, April 15); British Honduras (Belize, Decem-
ber 14); Nicaragua (Greytown, February 5); Veragua (Calovevora). Although
occurring in winter at the Cape district of Lower California (San Pedro, March 14;
La Paz, February 24), I have no record of its occurrence in California.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 647
Alaska, breeding).—(?) Sumicnrast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., i, 1869, 547
(Orizaba, ete., Vera Cruz, winter).—Covrs, Check List, 1873, no. 93, part;
Birds N. W., 1874, 71, chiefly—Barrp, Brewer, and Rrpeway, Hist. N.
Am. Birds, i,1874, 283. —ALLEN, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xvii, 1874, 52 (North
Dakota).—Hensuaw, Zool. Exped. W. 100th Merid., 1875, 204 (Denver,
Colorado, May 12; near Camp Crittenden, Arizona, Aug.).—(?) LAWRENCE,
Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., no. 4, 1876, 14 (Tapana, Oaxaca, Apr.).—NELSON,
Rep. Nat. Hist. Coll. Alaska, 1887, 204 (Yukon Valley, to mouths of
Yukon).—Townsenp, Auk, iv, 1887, 138 (Kowak R., n. w. Alaska).—
(?) Cooxr, Bird Migr. Miss. Val., 1888, 256 (Illinois).
S[eiurus] noveboracensis MAXIMILIAN, Journ. fiir Orn., 1858, 124, part (Columbia
R., ete. ).
[Seiurus] noveboracensis Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 106, part.
(?) Siurus noveboracensis SCLATER and Savi, Ibis, 1859, 10 (Belize, British Hon-
duras).—Scuater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1859, 363 (Jalapa, Vera Cruz).—
BoucarD, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, 51 (San José, Costa Rica).
Siurus noveboracencis Dresser, Ibis, 1865, 477, part (San Antonio, Texas, Dec. ).—
Satyvrn and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1881, 145, part.
[Siwrus] noveboracensis SCLATER and Satvin, Nom. Ay. Neotr., 1873, 8, part.
Seinrus (typographical error) noveboracensis HENSHAW, Rep. Orn. Spec. Wheeler’s
Surv., 1873, 1874, 59 (Denver, Colorado, May 12).
(?) Henicocichla noveboracensis ScLATER, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 25, part (Guate-
mala).—SciaTer and Satvry, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 836 (San Pedro,
Honduras).—Patmen, Vega-Exp., 1887, 274 (Tschutpa, East Cape, Siberia,
June 14, 1879).
Seiurus noveboracensis Cours, Proce. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., xviii, 1866, 71 (Fort
Whipple, Arizona).
Seiurus aquaticus (not Turdus aquaticus W1tson) Swarnson, Fauna Bor.-Am., ii,
1831, 229, part, pl. 43 (Carlton House, British America).
Siurus nevius (not Motacilla nevia Boddaert) Cours, Birds Col. Val., 1878, 299,
part; Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 137, part.—Mrnor, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club,
v, 1880, 227 (Boulder, Nederland, ete., Colorado, May).—Brewster, Bull.
Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 138 (Tucson, Arizona, May 4; crit. ).
Siurus nevius notabilis Ripaway, Proce. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., iii, March 27, 1880, 12
(Black Hills, Wyoming; coll. G. B. Grinnell; ex ‘Grinnell, MS.’’); Nom.
N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 116a.—Covess, Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 187.—
BELpDING, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., v, 1883, 536 (La Paz, Lower California,
winter, 2 specs. ).
S[iurus] n[evius] notabilis? Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 309.
Seiurus noveboracensis notabilis Ripaway, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vili, Sept. 2, 1885,
354; 564 (Cozumel I., Yucatan); Orn. Illinois, i, 1889, 162.—AmeEricaNn
OrniTHoLoaists’ Unton, Check List, 1886, no. 675a.—Cory, Auk, iv, 1887,
180 (Old Providence I., Caribbean Sea); Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 119 (New
Providence, Bahamas).—Scorr, Auk, y, 1888, 35 (Catalina Mts., Arizona,
Sept.); vii, 1890, 314(Garden Key, Tortugas, Florida, 2 specs., Mar. 26, 28).—
Loomis, Auk, v, 1888, 324 (near Chester, South Carolina, Apr. 28, 1888); viii,
1891, 71 (Chester Co., South Carolina, Apr. 28 to May 28; Sept. 1-29.)—
Smirn and Pater, Auk, vy, 1888, 148 (Virginia, near Washington, District
of Columbia, 2 specs., May).—Cooxker, Bird Migr. Miss. Val., 1888, 256 (dates
of migr. )—Goss, Hist. Birds Kansas, 1891, 574 (rare migrant ).—SouTHwIck,
Auk, ix, 1892, 303 (Raritan, New Jersey, 1 spec., May 30).—RicHMonp,
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xvi, 1893, 484 (Rio Escondido, Nicaragua, Sept. to
May ).—FisHer (A. K.), N. Am. Fauna, no. 7, 1893, 122 (lower Santa Clara
Valley, Utah, May 11).—Tnorng, Auk, xii, 1895, 218 (Fort Keogh, Montana,
648 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
1 spec., Sept. 12).—Roperts, Auk, xvi, 1899, 241, in text (Minnesota, from
Red Wing northward, in summer).—Banes, Proce. Biol. Soc. Wash., xiii,
1899, 105 (Chirua, Santa Marta, Columbia, Feb. 7).—Bisnop, N. Am. Fauna,
no. 19, 1900, 91 (Sixtymile Creek, etc., Alaska).—Bruner, Proc. Nebr.
Orn. Un., 2d ann. meet., 1901, 57 (Sioux Co., w. Nebraska, breeding).
S[eiurus] noveboracensis notabilis Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 519.
Genus TERETISTRIS Cabanis.
Teretistris' CABANIS, Journ. fiir Orn., iii, Nov., 1855, 476, in text. (Type, Ana-
bates fernandine Lembeye. )
Teretristis BAtRD, Review Am. Birds, Apr., 1865, 233,
Rather small terrestrial Mniotiltidee with rictal bristles obsolete,
wing-tip shorter than exposed culmen, commissure equal to or longer
than middle toe with claw, maxilla strongly decurved, and the ninth
primary shorter than the first; the plumage plain gray above (pileum
and hindneck olive-green in one species), the under parts piain yellow,
or whitish with yellow throat.
Bill nearly as long as head, the maxilla strongly decurved terminally,
‘rather acute at tip, without subterminal tomial notch; mandibular
tomium slightly convex, more decidedly arched subbasally, the rictal
portion of the commissure decidedly and rather abruptly deflexed;
gonys nearly straight, decidedly shorter than distance from nostril to
tip of maxilla. Nostril wholly exposed, longitudinal, narrowly oval,
with broad superior membrane. Rictal bristles obvious but very
weak. Wing moderate, very much rounded (seventh and sixth prima-
ries longest, ninth shorter than first, and eighth shorter than fifth);
wing-tip shorter than exposed culmen. Tail slightly shorter than
distance from bend of wing to tips of secondaries, slightly to decidedly
rounded, the rectrices rather narrow, with obtusely rounded tips.
Tarsus about one-third as long as wing, its scutella obsolete or fused
on outer side; middle toe with claw much shorter than tarsus; basal
phalanx of. middle toe united to outer toe for more than half its length,
to inner toe for rather less.
Coloration.—Above plain gray, the pileum and hindneck olive-green
in one species; beneath mostly plain yellow, or whitish medially and
gray laterally, with chin and throat yellow.
Nidification.—Arboreal.
Lange.—Ilsland of Cuba, Greater Antilles. (Two species.)
KEY TC THE SPECIES OF TERETISTRIS.
a. Pileum and hindneck olive-green; breast grayish or grayish white, very faintly,
if at all, tinged with yellow. (Western Cuba. )
Teretistris fernandine, adults (p. 649)
ac. Pileum and hindneck gray, like rest of upper parts; breast yellow, like throat.
(Eastern: Cuba.) 20a Sree Bo eae eee Teretistris fornsi, adults (p. 649)
1“Von regeril@, zwitschern.”’
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 649
TERETISTRIS FERNANDIN& (Lembeye).
FERNANDINA’S WARBLER.
Adults (sexes alike). —Pileum and hindneck uniform yellowish olive-
green; lores (except lower portion), orbital ring, malar region, chin,
and throat, clear yellow (between lemon and canary), the auricular
region and suborbital region, similar but tinged with olive-green;
back, scapulars, wing-coverts, tertials, rump, and upper tail-coyerts
plain gray (between slate-gray and mouse gray), the remiges (except
tertials) and rectrices darker, with lighter gray edgings; breast pale
gray or grayish white, shading into more pronounced gray on sides
and flanks; abdomen and anal region yellowish white; under tail-
coverts pale grayish; axillars pale gray or grayish white; under wing-
ceverts white, those along edge of wing tinged with yellow; maxilla
dusky with paler tomia; mandible paler (light bluish gray in life); iris
brown; legs and feet grayish black in dried skins, light grayish blue
in life."
Adult male.—Length (skins), 120.4-125.5 (122.2
(58.2); tail, 48.3-51.6 (50.4); exposed culmen, 12.7-
18.3-19.3 (19); middle toe, 11.2-11.9 (11.7).?
Adult femule.—Length (skins), 108.2-119.9 (116.1); wing, 53.8-55.4
(54.9); tail, 48-51.6 (49.8); exposed culmen, 11.7-12.7 (12.4); tarsus,
18.3-19.3 (18.8); middle toe, 10.9-11.4 (11.2).
Western Cuba, including Isle of Pines.
); wing, 54.1-60.4
3.2 (12.9); tarsus,
Anabates fernandine LremBryk, Aves de la Isla de Cuba, 1850, 66, pl. 5, fig. 2.—
GUNDLACH, Journ. Bost. Soc. N. H., vi, 1853, 317 (descr. eggs).
Teretistris fernandine CaBants, Journ. fiir Orn., iii, Nov., 1855, 475.—Brewer, Proc.
Bost. Soc. N. H_, vii, 1860, 307.—Gunp.acu, Journ. fiir Orn., 1861, 326; -1872,
418; Repert. Fisico-Nat. Cuba, i, 1865, 236.—Cory, Auk, iil, 1886, 45; Birds
W. I., 1889, 59; Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 18, 119, 129 (Cuba; Isle of Pines).—
SHARPE, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 368, pl. 12, fig. 1 (San Cristobal, Cuba).
[ Teretistris] fernandine Cory, List Birds W. I., 1885, 9.
Teretristis fernandine Batrp, Review Am. Birds, 1865, 234 (Fermina, w. Cuba).
[ Teretristis] fernandine ScuaTerR and Satyrn, Nom. Av. Neotr. 1873, 11.
[ Icteria] fernandine Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 384, no. 5825.
Helmitherus blanda (not of Lichtenstein, fide Cabanis) Bonaparrr, Consp. Ay., 1,
Apr., 1850, 314 (Cuba).
[ Geothlypis] fernandine PALMER (W.), Auk, xvii, July, 1900, 217.
TERETISTRIS FORNSI Gundlach.
FORNS’ WARBLER.
Adults (sexes alike).—Upper parts, including pileum and hindneck,
plain gray,‘ becoming more brownish gray or smoke gray on rump and
upper tail-coverts; sides of head, chin, throat, chest, breast, and ante-
‘According to J. H. Riley. 3 Four specimens.
* Five specimens. * Between mouse gray and gray no. 6.
650 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
rior portion of sides, clear canary or light lemon yellow, the auricular
region slighty tinged with olive-green; a distinct orbital ring of rather
lighter yellow; abdomen white or yellowish white, the flanks and pos-
terior portion of sides olive-grayish; under tail-coverts light grayish;
axillars and under wing-coverts white, tinged with yellow; maxilla
dusky with paler tomia, mandible paler (light grayish blue in life?);
iris brown?; legs and feet grayish dusky (light grayish blue in life?).
Adult male.—Length (skins), 118-125 (120.7); wing, 55-59.5 (56.5);
tail, 52-55 (53.2); exposed culmen, 12-12.5 (12.4); tarsus, 18-20 (19);
middle toe, 12."
Adult female.—Length (skins), 112-118 (115); wing, 56-58 (57); tail,
52-55 (53.5); exposed culmen, 12; tarsus, 18-19.5 (18.7); middle toe,
11-11.5 (11.2).?
Eastern Cuba.
Teretistris fornsi GuNpLAcH, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., vi, 1858, 274 (eastern
portion of Cuba); Journ. fiir Orn., 1861, 326; 1862, 177; 1872, 418; Repert.
Fisico-Nat. Cuba, i, 1865, 236.—ALBrecut Journ. fiir Orn., 1861, 211.—
Cory, Auk, iii, 1886, 45; Birds W. I., 1889, 59; Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 18,
119 (e. Cuba).—Suarper, Cat. Birds Brit Mus. x, 1885, 368, pl. 12, fig. 2
(Monte Verde, Cuba).
[ Teretistris] fornsi Cory, List Birds W. I., 1885, 9.
Teretistris fornsii Cory, Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 129.
Teretristis fornsii Barrp, Review Am. Birds, 1865, 235 (Monte Verde, e. Cuba).
[ Teretristis] fornsi ScLaTER and Savin, Nom. Av. Neotr. 1873 11.
[Icteria] fornsii Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 384, no. 5826.
[ Geothlypis] fornsi PALMER (W.), Auk, xvii, July, 1900, 217.
Genus LEUCOPEZA Selater.
Leucopeza Scuater, Proce. Zool. Soc. Lond., Jan. 4, 1876, 14. (Type, L. semperi
Sclater. )
Terrestrial or subterrestrial Mniotiltidee with bill nearly as long as
head; tarsus more than one-third as long as wing; tail much shorter
than wing, much rounded; coloration very plain—brownish gray
above, pale gray or grayish white beneath.
Bill nearly as long as head, moderately slender, gradually tapering
both laterally and vertically, the culmen straight to near tip where
gradually and slightly decurved; maxillary tomium with subterminal
notch rather distinct. Rictal bristles obsolete. Wing moderate;
eighth, seventh, and sixth primaries longest, ninth longer than third;
wing-tip about equal to distance from nostril to tip of maxilla. Tail
shorter than distance from bend of wing to tips of secondaries, much
rounded (graduation less than length of gonys), the rectrices broad
and rather soft. Tarsus more than one-third as long as wing, much
longer than middle toe with claw; basal phalanx of middle toe united
for slightly more than half its length to outer toe, for slightly less
than half to inner toe.
1 Four specimens.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 651
Coloration.—Plain brownish gray above, grayish white beneath,
shading into light brownish gray laterally; sexes alike.
Nidification.—Unknown.
Range.—Island of Santa Lucia, Lesser Antilles. (Monotypic.)
LEUCOPEZA SEMPERI Sclater.
SEMPER’S WARBLER.
Adults (sexes alike). —Above uniform blackish slate, gradually fading
into pale gray (no. 7 to no. 9) on chin, throat, and chest, the breast
and abdomen still paler, or dull whitish, tinged with buff; sides and
flanks slate-gray; under tail-coverts mouse gray or smoke gray, more
or less tinged with brownish buffy; maxilla brownish black or dusky
brown, with paler tomia; mandible similar, but paler or browner;
iris brown; legsand feet pale yellowish brown in dried skins (whitish
in life)." ,
Jnmature.— Similar to adults, but more or less tinged or washed
with olive-brown on upper parts (at least on rump, upper tail-coverts,
and tail) and with brownish buff on lower parts.
Adult male.—Length (skins), 135-140 (187.5); wing, 67-71 (69); tail,
52; exposed culmen, 16; tarsus, 22-25 (23.5); middle toe, 13-16 (14.5).?
Adult female.—Length (skins), 125-142 (136); wing, 62-67 (64.3);
tail, 49-53 (51.3); exposed culmen, 15-16 (15.3); tarsus, 22-93 (22.3);
middle toe, 14.°
Island of Santa Lucia, Lesser Antilles.
Leucopeza semperi Scuaver, Proc. Zool. Soe. Lond., 1876, 14, pl. 2 (Santa Lucia,
W.1.; coll. P. L. Sclater); 1889, 395.—Lawrence, Ann. N. Y. Acad. ee
1878, 151.—Axuen, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, v, 1880, 166.—Cory, Auk.,
1886, 40; Birds W. I., 1889, 54; Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 18, 119, 183.—SnHarpe
Cat. Birds Brit. Nis. x, 1885, 228, 638.—Ripeaway, Proc: U.S. Nat. ie
1, 1889, 129 (Port Castries, Santa Lucia) .
[ Leucopeza] senperi Cory, List Birds W. I., 1885, 8.
Genus MICROLIGEA Cory.
Ligea (not of Dybowski, 1876) Cory, Auk, i, Jan., 1884, 1. (Type, LZ. palustris
Cory.)
Ligia (emendation; not of Fabricius, 1798, nor Dupré, 1829) SHarper, Cat. Birds
Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 349.
Microligea* Cory, Auk, i, July, 1884, 290. (Type, Ligea palustris Cory.)
Medium sized terrestrial Mniotiltidee with the commissure shorter
than middle toe with claw but longer than middle toe without claw;
coloration very plain, the upper parts olive-green, becoming: slate-
¢ray on pileum and hindneck, under parts pale gray laterally, whitish
medially.
1H. Selwyn Branch, manuscript.
* Two specimens.
* Three specimens, two of them doubtfully determined.
4“Mikpos, Ary eia, in the sense of little wood-nymph.”’
652 BULLETIN 50. UNLTED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Bill much shorter than head, slender-conoidal, gradually tapering to
the tip, the maxillary tomium with rather distinct subterminal notch.
Nostril small, in lower anterior portion of nasal fosse, narrowly oval
or subcuneate, overhung by broad membranous operculum. Rictal
bristles obvious but very weak and inconspicuous. Wing rather
short, much rounded (sixth primary longest, seventh and fifth but
little shorter, the ninth shorter than second); wing-tip about equal to
exposed culmen. Tail about as long as wing, decidedly rounded, the
rectrices narrow, with tips subacuminate. Tarsus more than one-
third as long as wing, its scutella rather distinct; middle toe with claw
decidedly shorter than tarsus; basal phalanx of middle toe united for
nearly its entire length to outer toe, for less than half its length to
inner toe.
Coloration.—Plain olive-green above, the adult male with head and
neck slate-gray; beneath pale gray, becoming whitish medially.
Nidification. —Unknown.
Range.—Island of Haiti, Greater Antilles. (Monotypic.)
This genus comes nearest Geothlypis, from which it differs decidedly
in the relatively weaker feet (with middle toe, without claw, decidedly
shorter than the commissure instead of equal to it or longer), obvious
rictal bristles, and very dissimilar style of coloration.
MICROLIGEA PALUSTRIS Cory.
HAITIAN GROUND WARBLER.
Adult male.—Pileum, hindneck, and extreme upper portion of back
plain slate-gray, the first rather darker and more bluish; rest of upper
parts plain bright olive-green; sides of head and under parts plain
light gray, deepest on auricular region, paler on throat (the chin
whitish), becoming white or grayish white on abdomen, the flanks
olive-gray or smoke gray; eyelids partly white; maxilla black, mandi-
ble paler (bluish gray or grayish blue in life?); legs and feet dusky
grayish or grayish horn color (in dried skins); length (skins) 145-143.5
(143.2); wing, 63.5-66 (64.7); tail, 60-62.2 (61.1); exposed culmen, 13;
tarsus, 21.9-23 (22.4); middle toe, 12.9-13."
Adult female.—‘*In general appearance like the male, but differs
from it by under parts being tinged with olive, mixing with the gray,
and top of head green, showing the slate color faintly.” (Cory.)
Ligea palustris Cory, Auk, i, Jan., 1884, 1, pl. 1 (Santo Domingo; coll. C. B.
Cory); Birds Haiti and San Dom., 1885, 38, pl. (4).
Ligia palustris SHarpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 549.
Microligea palustris Cory, Auk, i, July, 1884, 290, in text; iii, 1886, 44; Birds W.I.,
1889, 58; Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 18, 119, 131, 156.—CHeErris£, Contr. Orn. San
Dom., 1896, 15 (Santo Domingo City and Honduras, Santo Domingo).
[ Microligea] palustris Cory, List Birds W. I., 1885, 9.
[ Geothlypis] palustris PALMER (W.), Auk, xvii, July, 1900, 217.
Two specimens.
BIRDS. OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 6538
Genus GEOTHLYPIS Cabanis.
Trichas (not of Gloger, 1827) Swainson, Zool. Journ., iii, 1827, 167. (Type,
T. personatus Swainson,=Turdus trichas Linneus. )
Geothlypis! CaBants, Wiegmann’s Archiy. fur Naturg., 1847, 1, 316, 349. (Type,
Turdus trichas Linneeus. )
Rather small terrestrial Mniotiltide: with the middle toe, without
claw, equal to or longer than the commissure, the rictal bristles obso-
lete, wing-tip shorter than exposed culmen, ninth primary shorter than
sixth, the under parts at least partly yellow, upper parts olive-green,
and the fore-head and sides of head, in part at least, black in adult
males.
Bill decidedly (usually much) shorter than head, narrowly conoidal,
gradually tapering to the tip, the maxillary tomium with subterminal
notch present but indistinct; culmen straight, or nearly so, to near tip,
where very slightly decurved. Nostril small, in lower anterior portion
of nasal fossee, longitudinally oval or subcuneate, overhung by a rather
broad membranous operculum. —Rictal bristles obsolete. Wing rather
short, much rounded (seventh to fifth primaries longest, ninth shorter
than sixth, sometimes shorter than first); wing-tip shorter than exposed
culmen. Tail variable in relative length, never conspicuously shorter
than wing, usually nearly the same length, rarely (in G. nelsonz only)
decidedly longer; much rounded (sometimes almost graduated), the
rectrices subacuminate at tips. Tarsus decidedly more than one-third
as long as wing, its scutella distinct; middle toe with claw shorter
than tarsus; basal phalanx of middle toe united for most of its length
to outer toe, separated for most of its length from inner toe.
Coloration.—Above olive-greenish, beneath at least partly, some-
times wholly, yellow; adult males with forehead and at least part of
sides of head black.
Nidification .—Terrestrial.
Range.—The whole of temperate North America and continental
tropical America; Bahamas, and (in winter) Cuba, Porto Rico, Haiti,
and Jamaica.
In only one species, G. ne/son7, is the tail much longer than the wing;
in all the others it is either shorter (often decidedly so) or of about equal
length. G. semiflava, G. speciosa, and G. nelsoni have the outermost
(ninth) primary shorter, or at least not longer than the first; in all the
others it is longer, usually longer than the third. The adult males of
all the North and Middle American forms, as well as the South Amer-
ican (Ecuadorean) form of G. sem7zflava, have the malar region black,
thus forming part of the black ‘‘mask;” in the two exclusively South
American species (4. velata and G. wquinoctialis) the malar region is
yellow, like the under parts; they further differ from all the others in
1“<Déa, Erde; 6Avmis, nom. prop.”’
654 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
having the black on the forehead very narrow and that of the auricular
region more restricted. Both of these species, however, have the
outermost primary longer than the second (sometimes longer than the
fourth), and the tail shorter than the wing, though longer than the lat-
ter from the bend to the tips of the secondaries.
The geographic variations in G. ¢richas are difficult to understand
satisfactorily, largely from lack of necessary material. Most of the
specimens contained in collections were taken during the seasons of
migration, and therefore it is in many cases impossible to determine
whether certain specimens would have remained to breed in the locali-
ties where they were secured, specimens which would undoubtedly pass
farther northward to their summer home often lingering in a more
southern locality until the birds there resident have commenced to
‘breed. The chief difficulty is with the birds of this species in the
Pacific coast district, where four subspecies have been supposed to
occur, three of which I have been able to verify, but in the case of one
only have been able to determine with any degree of accuracy the
breeding range. Some of the geographic forms of the species are
very strongly marked subspecies, while others are very slightly differ-
entiated; in fact they might more properly be termed ‘‘subraces” than
subspecies, and would, in the case of two of them at least, hardly be
worth recognizing by name were not their respective ranges separated
by many hundreds of miles, the intervening territory being occupied
by a form which, instead of being intermediate in its character, is more
different from either of the forms on opposite sides than these are
from one another. With the exception of these extreme western
forms, of which only two are strongly characterized, the extent and
character of geographic variation is very evident when a sufficient
series of specimens representing all parts of the very extensive area
inhabited by the species is examined, especially when those taken dur-
ing migration are eliminated. Altogether I have been able to diag:
nose, more or less satisfactorily, eight forms, whose principal charac-
ters and ranges, so far as the material examined enables me to deter-
mine them, are as follows:
(1) G@. trichas trichas. (Type locality, Maryland.)—Characterized
by smallest size (with one exception among the Pacific coast forms’),
the adult male nearly always with the under parts of the body exten-
sively pale buffy or buffy whitish, the yellow being confined to the
throat, chest, breast, aad under tail-coverts, and the upper parts of a
duller, more grayish, olive-green. The breeding range of this form
comprises the States of Virginia (except the southern coast district)
and Maryland, the more southern portions of Pennsylvania, and the
District of Columbia; probably also Delaware and southern New Jer-
sey, and the upland districts of the Carolinas. The only extralimital
1G. t. sinuosa, confined to the salt marshes skirting San Francisco Bay.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 655
specimens that I have seen which seem without doubt referable to this
form are from certain islands of the Bahama group.
(2) Geothlypis trichas ignota.—This is the southern coast form, whose
breeding range extends from the Dismal Swamp, in southeastern Vir-
ginia, to Cape Florida, and westward along the Gulf coast at least to
Louisiana, probably to eastern Texas. This is much the darkest of all,
has the wing more rounded, and is the only one in which the length of
the tail is nearly (sometimes quite) equal to that of the wing.
(3) Geothlypis trichas brachidactyla.—The northern and_ trans-
Alleghenian form, somewhat intermediate in coloration between G. ¢.
trichas and G. t. tgnota, but clearly distinct from either. With about
the same sizeas G. t. ¢gnota, but with the tail relatively much shorter,
it is otherwise more like @. ¢. tréchas, but has the under parts mostly
yellow and the upper parts a more decided olive-green. The alleged
difference in the wing-formula between this subspecies’ and G. ¢.
frichas | have not been able to verify. This form is first met with as
a probable or possible summer resident in northern New Jersey and
on Long Island, whence it extends northward, to the exclusion of G.
t. trichas, and from the New England States and maritime British
Provinces westward to eastern North Dakota, and thence southward
throughout the Mississippi Valley, east of the Great Plains, breeding
over the whole of this extensive area, and migrating southward through
eastern Mexico and Central America as far as Costa Rica, as well as
through the exclusive summer habitat of G. ¢. trichas, along the Atlan-
tic. seaboard, to certain of the West Indies and other islands of the
Caribbean Sea.
(4) Geothlypis trichas occidentalis.—The arid region form, which
agrees in size, brighter olive-green of upper parts, and greater exten-
sion of yellow on the under surface with G. ¢. brachidactyla, but differs
from that, as well as from the other two eastern forms, in having the
post-facial band white instead of light gray, and the yellow of the under
parts of a warmer or more orange hue. The range of this well-marked
subspecies begins at the western limit of that of G. ¢. brachidactyla
(somewhere about the middle of the Great Plains) and extends west-
ward to the Pacific coast in southern California and northern Lower
California, and from the northern boundary of the United States to
northern Mexico. Jam unable to trace it farther southward in winter
than Cape St. Lucas and the State of Sinaloa in western Mexico.
(5) Geothlypis trichas arizela.—The Pacific coast form, replacing
G. t. occidentalis trom Los Angeles County, California, to British
Columbia. Very similar to G. ¢. occidentalis in coloration, but with
the bill much smaller (exposed culmen very rarely 11 mm., the mini-
mum length in G. ¢. occidentalis), the whitish post-facial band averag-
ing narrower, and the general coloration less intensified. This form
TSee William Palmer, Auk, xvii, 1900, 226, 227.
656 BULLETIN 50. UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
extends in winter to Cape St. Lucas, but is mainly resident, at least
in the more southern parts of its range.
(6) Geothlypis trichas sinuosa.—A small form (slightly smaller even
than G@. ¢. trichas), apparently confined to the salt marshes about San
Francisco Bay. The coloration is essentially identical with that of
G. t. arizela, but slightly darker, especially on the upper parts and
flanks.
(7) Geothlypis trichas modesta.—The resident form of western Mex-
ico (States of Sinaloa, Jalisco, and Colima and Territory of Tepic’).
This form is practically identical with G. ¢. arizela in coloration and
general dimensions, but has the bill much larger (about the same size
as in G. t. occidentalis), and would hardly be recognized by name were
it not for the fact that it has a definite range far removed from that
of G. t. arizela, the much more brightly colored G. ¢. occtdentalis com-
ing between the two.
(8) Geothlypis trichas melanops.—This is the subspecies of eastern
Mexico, and is evidently an offshoot from G. ¢. occidentalis, from which
it differs in larger size, in having the under parts entirely rich yellow,
and the white post-facial band broader and somewhat tinged with yel-
low on its lateral branches. Some specimens from Chihuahua, north
ern Mexico, are clearly intermediate between this very strongly marked
subspecies and G. ¢. occidentalis.
Geothlypis belding/, of the Cape St. Lucas district, and the several
forms peculiar to the Bahama Islands are evidently derived from the
same ‘original stock” as the forms of G. trichas, but being no longer
connected by intermediates may be considered specifically distinct.
All these are much larger than any of the G. trichas group. G@. beldingt
has the post-facial band entirely yellow, a character shared by a much
smaller species of eastern Mexico (G@. flavovelata), two of the Bahama
forms (@. cory/ and G. flavida) having this marking also yellow except
across the crown, being thus intermediate so far as this character is
concerned, the other Bahama forms having the post-facial band gray
or grayish white, as in the G. trichas group.
The Bahaman insular forms present a puzzling problem, which can
not be solved until many more specimens have been secured, especially
from the islands of Great Bahama,” Abaco, Andros, and Eleuthera.
Three easily recognizable forms unquestionably inhabit the small
island of New Providence, while two are certainly inhabitants of
Abaco; therefore they can not be subspecies of one form. One of
the three New Providence forms (@. rostrata) is very different from
ay inhabiting the other islands; the other two* resemble, respectively :
1A specimen ( saiaia) oon 7c Pueblo, is ennai oe = to the same
form; also one from Ortiz, Sonora.
21 have not been able to examine a specimen from the island of Great Bahama.
’ These second and third New Providence forms are G. flavida, representing G. coryi,
and G. maynardi, representing G. tanneri.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 657
that found on Eleuthera-(@. cory?) and one of those found on Abaco
(G. tanner’), but are nevertheless recognizably different. That found
on Andros (4G. exigua) resembles the second Abaco form ((. ¢ncompta),
but is smaller.
Were each of these seven insular forms peculiar to a separate island
they might easily be considered local subspecies of one specific type;
but the fact that three of them inhabit a single small island and are
said to have very distinct habitats and notes, while two others inhabit
another island, renders such a view of their relationship untenable.
For the present, or until we know more about these puzzling Bahama
forms, probably the safest course would be to consider them all as
distinct species; at the same time their characters suggest that their
status might perhaps be more correctly indicated by the following
nomenclature:
1. Geothlypis rostrata. New Providence.
2. Geothlypis tannert tanneri. Abaco.
3. Geothlypis tannert maynardi. New Providence.
4. Geothlypis incompta incompta. Abaco.
5. Geothlypis incompta exigua. Andros.
6. Geothlypis coryt coryi. Eleuthera.
7. Geothlypis coryi flavida. New Providence.
Whatever the facts may be, however, the case is an excellent illustra-
tion of the difficulties in the way of determining the rank of insular
forms, and should be carefully considered by those who would apply
the same criteria to insular as to continental forms.
KEY TO THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES OF GEOTHLYPIS.
a. Forehead and sides of head (loral, orbital, auricular, and malar regions!) black.
(Adult males. )
}. Tail not much, if any, longer than wing (usually decidedly shorter).
c. A distinct light gray, whitish, or yellow space immediately behind the black
‘nask;’? outermost (ninth) primary longer than first.
d. Band across crown (immediately behind black frontal patch) gray or white,
sometimes tinged with yellow, but never clear yellow; feathers of crown
and occiput gray beneath surface.
e. Smaller (wing not exceeding 60, usually much less, or else culmen less
than 12). (Continental forms: Geothlypis trichas. )
f. Post-facial space gray. (Eastern forms. )
g. Coloration paler, the back, ete., light grayish olive-green, the crown,
(except anteriorly) and occiput grayish brown or olive, the flanks
light buffy grayish or brownish; wing more pointed, the outer-
most (ninth) primary usually equal to or longer than fourth; tail
relatively shorter, usually decidedly shorter than wing.
1In the two exclusively South American species, G. velata and G. «xquinoctialis, the
malar region is yellow, like the under parts.
42
3654—VoL 2— O01
658 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
h. Smaller (wing averaging 52.9, tail 49.3, exposed culmen 10.5) ;
paler, with yellow of under parts usually confined to throat, chest,
breast and under tail-coverts, the back, etc., more grayish. (Mid-
dle portion of Atlantic coast district; Bahamas in winter. )
Geothlypis trichas trichas, adult male (p. 661)
hh. Larger (wing averaging 55.1, tail 49.2, exposed culmen 11.4);
deeper colored, the yellow of under parts usually covering most
of the under surface, the back, etc., more decided olive-green.
(Northern New Jersey, Long Island, New England States and
maritime British Provinces westward to eastern North Dakota
and Manitoba, and southward through Mississippi Valley, east
of the Great Plains; in winter to Bahamas, Cuba, Jamaica,
Porto Rico, and Swan Island, and through eastern Mexico and
Central America to Costa Rica. )
Geothlypis trichas brachidactyla, adult male (p. 664)
gg. Coloration darker, the back, etc., deep olive-green, the crown
(except anteriorly) and occiput olive-brown, the flanks deep buffy
olive; wing more rounded, the outermost (ninth) primary usually
shorter than second; tail relatively longer, nearly (sometimes
quite) equal in length to wing. (Southern coast district of eastern
United States, from southeastern Virginia to Florida and eastern
WREXAS\) Pf See aoe Geothlypis trichas ignota, adult male (p. 667)
ff. Post-facial band white or grayish white. (Western forms. )
g. Under parts of body partly buffy whitish, at least the lower abdo-
men; smaller (wing and tail averaging less than 60).
h. Larger (wing averaging more than 55, tail more than 50); color of
upper parts and flanks paler.
i. Larger (wing averaging 57.5, tail 55.8); coloration brighter, with
yellow of under parts usually more orange. (Western United
States, from western portion of Great Plains to southern Cali-
fornia, northern Lower California, and northern Mexico. )
Geothlypis trichas occidentalis, adult male (p. 668)
ii, Smaller (wing averaging not more than 55.8, tail 52.6 or less);
coloration duller, with yellow of under parts usually less
orange.
jj. Bill much smaller (exposed culmen rarely 11, averaging 10.3).
(Pacific coast district, from southern California to British
Columbia. ) ....Geothlypis trichas arizela, adult male (p. 670)
j. Bill much larger (exposed culmen more than 11, averaging
11.4). (Western Mexico. )
Geothlypis trichas modesta, adult male (p. 672)
hh. Smaller (wing averaging 52.6, tail 48.3); color of upper parts and
flanks darker. (Salt marshes of San Francisco Bay. )
Geothlypis trichas sinuosa, adult male (p. 672)
gg. Under parts entirely bright yellow; larger (wing averaging 61.2,
tail 60.2). (Southeastern and central Mexico.)
Geothlypis trichas melanops, adult male (p. 673)
ee. Larger (wing exceeding 60, exposed culmen not less than 14). (Bahama
forms: Geothlypis rostrata and allies. )
f. Post-facial band pale gray or grayish white; back, ete., duller, more
grayish, olive-green; crown more extensively gray; yellow of under
parts paler and duller.
g. Larger (wing averaging 62.4, tail 58.2, tarsus 22.8); crown more
extensively and clearly gray. (New Providence Island, Bahamas. )
Geothlypis rostrata, adult male (p. 674)
a ee
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 659
gg. Smaller (wing averaging less than 62, tail 56, tarsus less than 22);
gray of crown duller and more restricted.
h. Wing larger (averaging 61), bill larger (exposed culmen averaging
15.7); yellow of under parts duller, the back, ete., more grayish
olive-green. (Abaco Island, Bahamas. )
Geothlypis incompta, adult male (p. 677)
hh. Wing shorter (59), bill smaller (exposed culmen 15); yellow of
under parts brighter, the back, etc., more decided olive-green.
(Andros Island, Bahamas. )
Geothlypis exigua, adult male (p. 677)
Jf. Post-facial band yellow (except across crown) or tinged with yellow;
back, etc., brighter olive-green; crown with gray more restricted or
else tinged with yellow or olive-green; yellow of under parts deeper
and brighter.
g. Band across crown gray, without yellow tinge; supra-auricular region
more faintly yellow.
h. Band across crown darker or duller gray; back darker olive-green;
yellow of under parts less intense; wing and tail longer ( wing 67.3,
tail 61). (Abaco island, Bahamas; Great Bahama island?)
Geothlypis tanneri, adult male (p. 676)
hh. Band across forehead paler or purer gray; back more yellowish
olive-green; yellow of under parts more intense; wing and tail
shorter (wing averaging 64.8, tail 59.7). (New Providence
island, Bahamas. )----- Geothlypis maynardi, adult male (p. 676)
gg- Band across crown yellowish gray; supra-auricular region clear
yellow.
hh. Smaller, with larger bill (wing averaging 62.5, tail 58.7, exposed
culmen 16.2); black of forehead narrower; back, etc., clearer
olive-green. (Eleuthera island, Bahamas.
Geothlypis coryi, adult male (p. 677)
h. Larger, with smaller bill (wing averaging 66.1, tail 61.2, exposed
culmen 14.7); black of forehead broader, and color of back, ete.,
more golden olive-green. (New Providence island, Bahamas. )
Geothlypis flavida, adult male (p. 678)
dd. Band across crown (immediately behind black frontal patch) clear yel-
, low; feathers of crown and occiput yellowish beneath surface (crown
and occiput wholly yellow in one species. )
e. Larger (wing and tail more than 61, tarsus 22.9 or more). (Cape St.
Lucas district, Lower California.) .Geothlypis beldingi, adult male (p.679)
ee. Smaller (wing less than 56, tail less than 55, tarsus less than 22).
jf. Hinder crown, occiput, and hindneck brownish olive; bill smaller
(exposed culmen 12). (Southern Tamaulipas, eastern Mexico. )
Geothlypis flavovelata, adult male (p. 680)
if. Whole crown and occiput yellow; bill larger (exposed culmen 14).
(Southern Tamaulipas, eastern Mexico. )
Geothlypis flaviceps, adult male (p. 680)
ce. No gray, white, nor yellow behind the black ‘‘mask;’’ outermost (ninth)
primary not longer than first (except in G. chiriquensis?")
d. Black of forehead not extending to crown; crown and occiput gray. (Chi-
PICU 1s) ese nS ee Geothlypis chiriquensis, adult male (p. 681)
dd. Black of forehead extending at least to middle of crown; hinder crown
and occiput olive-green or black.
‘This species I have not been able to examine.
660 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
e. Hinder crown and occiput olive-green; back, ete., bright yellowish olive-
green; beneath bright lemon yellow, the sides and flanks olive-green;
tail less than 50; bill stouter, the exposed culmen 13-14. (Southern
Honduras to Costa Rica.)
Geothlypis semiflava bairdi, adult male (p. 682)
ee. Whole pileum black; back, ete., brownish olive-green; beneath saffron
yellow, the sides and flanks brownish; tail more than 55; bill more
slender, the exposed culmen 12-12.7. (Southeastern Mexico.)
Geothlypis speciosa, adult male (p. 683)
bb. Tail much longer than wing.
c. Post-facial region more or less gray; bill larger (exposed culmen 11-11.5).
(States of Vera Cruz and Puebla, southeastern Mexico. )
Geothlypis nelsoni nelsoni, adult male (p. 685)
cc. Post-facial region olive-green, like rest of upper parts, or but sightly tinged
with gray; bill smaller (exposed culmen 10). (State of Hidalgo, south-
eastern Mexico. ).-.---- Geothlypis nelsoni microrhyncha, adult male (p. 685)
aa. No black on head. (Adult females and young. )
b. Tail not longer than wing (usually decidedly shorter).
c. Back, ete., clear olive-green, yellowish olive-green, or grayish olive-green;
sides and fianks not reddish brown; yellow of under parts not of a fulycus
or ochraceous hue.
d. Sides and flanks not olive-green.
e. Forehead and superciliary region not yellow; if tinged with yellow the
color not strongly nor abruptly contrasted with the olive, olive-
greenish, or brownish of crown and occiput; under parts not saffron
yellow.
f. Smaller (wing less than 57 or else exposed culmen less than 12.9—
usually less than 55 and 12, respectively ).
g. Under part partly buffy whitish; smaller (wing and tail less than 55).
h. Smaller (wing averaging less than 50, exposed culmen averaging
not more than 10).
Paler; wing averaging 49.7, tail 46.9, exposed culmen 9.7, tarsus
Oi ee eee an eae Geothlypis trichas trichas, adult female (p. 662)
vi. Darker; wing 48, tail 48, exposed culmen 10, tarsus 19.
Geothlypis trichas sinuosa, adult female (p. 672)
hh. Larger (wing averaging more than 51, exposed culmen more
than 10).
i. Darker olive above and on flanks; tail relatively longer and bill
larger; wing averaging 52.3, tail 50.5, exposed culmen 11.
Geothlypis trichas ignota, adult female (p. 667)
vi. Paler olive or olive-greenish above and on flanks; tail relatively
shorter and bill smaller.
j. More decidedly olive-greenish above.
k. Smaller (averaging wing 51.7, tail 46.8, exposed culmen 10.7,
tarsus 19.9).
Geothlypis trichas brachidactyla, adult female (p. 664)
kk. Larger (averaging wing 53.4, tail 50.8, exposed culmen 10.9,
tarsus 20.3).
Geothlypis trichas occidentalis, adult female (p. 669)
jj). Duller, more grayish, olive-green above.
k. Wing averaging 51.9, tail 48.9, exposed culmen 10, tarsus
20 eet we Geothlypis trichas arizela, adult female (p. 670)
kk. Wing averaging 52, tail 48.2, exposed culmen 10.3, tarsus
Ovoneeae Geothlypis trichas modesta, adult female (p. 672)
5 yt el ee re ee ee
st i i i a a tt lh i tl
=e
~~
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 661
gg. Under parts entirely yellow; larger (wing and tail more than 55).
Geothlypis trichas melanops, adult female (p. 673)
jf. Larger (wing more than 57, exposed culmen not less than 12.9, usually
much more).
g. Bill smaller (exposed culmen 12.9-13.7).
Geothlypis beldingi, adult female (p. 679)
gg. Bill larger (exposed culmen 14.5-15.5).
fh. Under parts with more or less of whitish on abdominal region; fore-
head and superciliary region very slightly if at all tinged with
yellow.
i. Throat and chest pale dull yellow, or pale dull buffy tinged
with yellow; back, ete., olive-gray.
Geothlypis rostrata, adult female (p. 675)
vu. Throat and chest bright yellow; back, ete., grayish olive-green.
j. Wing and tail longer, bill smaller (wing averaging 61.5, tail
56.9, exposed culmen 14.5); upper parts lighter olive-green,
the forehead and superciliary stripe grayish, not tinged with
yellow. Geothlypis maynardi, adult female (p. 676)
jj. Wing and tail shorter, bill larger (wing 58.9, tail 55.9, ex-
posed culmen 15.2); upper parts darker olive-green, the
forehead and superciliary region tinged with yellow.
Geothlypis tanneri, adult female (p. 676)
hh. Under parts entirely yellow; forehead and superciliary region
strongly tinged with yellow.
Geothlypis coryi, adult female (p, 678)
ee. Forehead and superciliary region dull yellow, strongly and abruptly con-
tracted with olive of crown and occiput; under parts saffron yellow.
Geothlypis flaviceps, adult female (p. 681)
dd. Sides and flanks deep olive-green, like upper parts.
Geothlypis semiflava bairdi, adult female (p. 683)
ce. Back, ete., brownish olive-green; sides and flanks reddish brown; under
parts ochraceous- or fulyous- yellow.
Geothlypis speciosa, adult female! (p. 684)
bb. Tail decidedly Jonger than wing.
Geothlypis nelsoni nelsoni, adult female! (p. 685)
Geothlypis nelsoni microrhyncha, adult female.!
GEOTHLYPIS TRICHAS TRICHAS (Linnezus).
MARYLAND YELLOW-THROAT,
Adult male in spring and summer.—Forehead (broadly, or to and
sometimes including anterior portion of crown) with loral, orbital,
suborbital, malar, and auricular regions uniform black, forming a con-
spicuous “* mask,” this margined posteriorly by a band of light ash gray
of variable width, sometimes narrow and abruptly defined posteriorly,
sometimes covering whole of crown: rest of upper parts plain dull
grayish olive-green, the occiput and hinder part of crown more or less
strongly tinged with brown; chin, throat, and chest (sometimes breast
aiso) lemon or canary yellow; under tail-coverts paler yellow; rest of
under parts pale buffy or dull buffy whitish, becoming light buffy
‘Adult females of G. speciosa, G. nelsoni (both subspecies), G. trichas melanops,
G. flavovelata, G. incompta, G. exigua, and G. flavida not seen by me.
662 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
grayish brown on sides and flanks; edge of wing yellow; bill black;
iris brown; legs and feet light brown (in dried skins).
Adult male in autumn and winter.—Similar in coloration to spring
or summer specimens, but hinder crown and occiput decidedly brown,
olive-green of back, etc., clearer (less grayish), and bill much lighter
in color, the mandible pale brownish (flesh colored or lilaceous in life 4),
darker terminally, the maxilla dark brown or dusky with paler tomia.
Adult female in spring and summer.—Head without any black or
gray; pileum grayish olive, the forehead or anterior portion of crown
(sometimes both) more or less strongly tinged with cinnamon-brown;
sides of head similar in color to pileum, but paler, especially on super-
ciliary and orbital regions; otherwise similar in coloration to the adult
male, but yellow of under parts paler and duller, sometimes distinct
only on under tail-coverts.
Adult female in autumn and winter.—Similar to spring and summer
specimens, but plumage softer and colors slightly deeper.
Young male in first autumn and winter.—Similar to the adult male
of corresponding season, but black ‘** mask” only partially developed.
the pileum entirely olive-brown (or with admixture of black feathers
on forehead), no gray on head, and colors generally duiler, more
suffused.
Young female in first autumn and winter.—Similar to the adult
female of corresponding ‘season, but under parts pale dull buffy. or
pale maize yellow (without any clear yellow), becoming brownish on
sides and flanks.
Young, jirst plumage (sexes alike).—Above plain brownish olive,
becoming more olive-greenish on remiges and rectrices; middle and
ereater wing-coverts indistinctly tipped with pale buffy brown er
cinnamon; throat, chest, sides, and flanks pale buffy olive, the last
tinged with cinnamon; rest of under parts pale buffy yellowish.
Adult male.—Length (skins), 104-120 (111); wing, 49-56.5 (52.9);
tail, 45-52.5 (49.3);-exposed culmen, 9.5-12 (10.5); tarsus, 19.5-21
(20.1); middle toe, 12.5-14 (12.9).*
Adult female.—Length (skins), 102-112 (108.6); wing, 46-53.5 (49.7);
tail, 42-50 (46.9); exposed culmen, 9-10 (9.7); tarsus, 19-20.5 (19.7);
middle toe, 12-13 (12.5).”
At'antic coast district of United States; breeding in Virginia, Dis-
trict of Columbia, Maryland, and southern Pennsylvania (Carlisle)—
probably also in Delaware and southern New Jersey and in upland
portions of the Carolinas and Georgia;* accidental in southwestern
Indiana (Wheatland, Knox County, one specimen, May 5, 1885); south
in winter to Bahamas (Eleuthera, Abaco, New Providence, Watlings,
Concepcion, Rum Cay, Green Cay, and Cat islands).
' Forty-two specimens.
2 Nine specimens, from District of Columbia.
’ Southern limit of breeding range not determined.
—_s oo oe
—-
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 6638
[ Turdus] trichas Linnus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, 1, 1766, 293 (Maryland; based on
Maryland Yellow-throat, Muscioapa Marilandica, gutture luteo, Edwards, Glean-
ings Nat. Hist., v, 56, pl. 237; Figuier de Mariland, Ficedula marilandica,
Brisson, Orn., iii, ee Syst. Nat., 1, 1788, 811.
Turdus trichas Lesson, Traité d’Orn., 1831, 418.
[Sylvia] trichas Latnam, Index Orn., ii, 1790, 519.
Sylvia trichas Vretttot, Ois. Am. Sept., 11, 1807, 28, pls. 85, 86; Nouv. Dict.
d’ Hist. Nat., xi, 1817, 229; Ene. Méth., ii, 1823, 443.—SrerHEns, Shaw’s
Gen. Zool., x, 1817, 682.—BonaParTE, Ammeilaye: Ne Woy, 1826: 84.—Nur-
TALL, Man. Orn. U.S. and Can., i, 1832, 401.—AupuBon, Om: Biog., i, 1831,
IPA ple 23% V,01839, 463:
Geothlypis] trichas CaBants, Mus. Hein., 1, 1850, 16.—Couns, Key N. Am. Birds,
2d ed., 1884, 310.
Geothlypis trichas Bairp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 241, part; Cat. N.
Am. Birds, 1859, no. 170, part; Review Am. Birds, 1865, 220, part.—Sa vin,
Ibis, 1872, 149, part (monogr. ).—Covegs, Check List, 1873, no. 97, part; 2d
ed., 1882, no. 141, part; Birds N. W., 1874, 74, part; Birds Col. Val., 1878,
309, part.—Batrp, Brewer, and Ripaway, Hist. N Am. Birds, i, 1874, 297,
part, pl. 15, figs. 7, 8.—Cory, Birds Bahama Is., 1880, 72, part; Auk, iii,
1886, 44, part (West Indian references); Birds W. I., 1889, 58, part (do.);
Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 119, part (Eleuthera, Abaco, New Providence, San
Salvador, Concepcion, Watlings, Rum Cay, and Green Cay islands, Baha-
mas).—Ripeway, Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 122, part; Orn. Illinois, i,
1889, 167, part (in synonymy).—SuHarpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885,
351, part, pl. 9, fig. 1—Brcknam, Auk, iii, 1886, 279-281 (plumages).—
AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ Unron, Check List, 1886, no. 681, part.—Nernr-
LING, ®ur Native Birds, ete., i, 1893, 254, part.
[ Geothlypis] trichas Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 107, part.—Scuarer and
Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 9, part.
GLeothlypis] trichas Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 523, part.
[ Motacilla |trichias Turton, Syst. Nat., i, 1800, 590.
[| Geothlypis trichas] c. trichas RipGway, Am. Journ. Sci., iv, Dee., 1872, 458, part.
Geothlypis trichas var. trichas Ripaway, Am. Journ. Sci., iv, Dec., 1872, 458, part.
[ Geothlypis trichas] var. trichas Rip@way, in Baird, Brewer and Ridgway’s Hist.
N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 296, part.
| Geothlypis trichas] A. trichas Ripaway, Orn. Illinois, i, 1889, 167 (synonymy).
Geothlypis trichas trichas OBERHOLSER, Auk, xvi, July, 1899, 258.—PatmeEr (W.),
Auk, xvii, 1900, 220 (crit. ).
G[eothlypis] trichas trichas PALMER (W.), Auk, xviii, 1901, 197, in text.
Sylvia marilandica Wison, Am. Orn., i, 1808, 88, pl. 6, fig. 1; ii, 1809, 163, pl. 18,
fig. 4 (female).
S[ylvia] marylandica Bonaparte, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., iv, 1824, 186.
Trichas marylandica Nurrauyt, Man. Orn. U. S. and Can., 2d ed., i, 1840, 454,
part.—(?) Bryant, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., vii, 1859, 110 (Bahamas).—
(?) AuBreEcHt, Journ. fiir Orn., 1861, 52 (Bahamas).
Trichas marilandica Bonapartr, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 20.—AvupuBon,
Synopsis, 1839, 65, part; Birds Am., oct.ed., ii, 1841, 78, part, pl. 102.—
Bryant, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., vii, 1859, 109 (New Providence, Bahamas,
Apr., May). :
[ Trichas] marilandica BoNAPartE, Consp. Av.,
list, 1 1869, 242, no. 3503, part.
Tr[iehas] marilandica Maximitran, Journ. ftir Orn., 1858, 118, part (Penn-
sylvania).
T[richas] marilandicus Gray, Gen. Birds, i, 1846, 197.
(?) Regulus ? mystaceus StEPHENS, Shaw’s Gen. Zool., xiii, pt. 2, 1826, 232.
i, 1850, 310, part. —Gray, Hand-
664 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Trichas personatus' Swarnson, Philos. Mag., new ser., i, 1827, 433, part; Zool.
Journ., iii, 1827, 167; Isis, 1830, 1153; 1834, 785; Classif. Birds, ii, 1837, 247.—
JARDINE, ed. Wilson’s Am. Orn., i, 1832, 88, 303, part.
The following references I am unable, in the absence of specimens
from the localities cited, to properly allocate:
Geothlypis trichas SuNpEvaty, Ofv. k. Vet.-Ak. Férh. Stockh., xxvi, 1870, 596
(Porto Rico).—Gunpuacu, Anal. Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat., vii, 1878, 187 (Porto
Rico).—Cory, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vi, 1881, 151 (Haiti); Birds Haiti and
San Dom., 1885, 36; Auk, vi, 1889, 31 (Little Cayman); viii, 1891, 352
(Anguilla and Cay Sal, Bahamas, May); Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 119, part
(Great Bahama, Biminis, Berry, Andros, Great Inagua, Cay Sal and
Anguilla islands, Bahamas; Isle of Pines; Grand Cayman; Haiti; Porto
Rico).—Norrurop, Auk, viii, 1891, 69 (Andros I., Bahamas).—CHERRIE,
Contr. Orn. San Dom., 1896, 12 (Santo Domingo, Feb. 2 to May 8).
GEOTHLYPIS TRICHAS BRACHIDACTYLA (Swainson).
NORTHERN YELLOW-THROAT.
Similar to G. ¢. trichas, but averaging larger; adult male with under
parts more extensively yellow (often almost wholly yellow) and upper
parts more decidedly olive-green; adult female usually with the yellow
of under parts brighter and more extended than that of G. ¢. trichas’.
Adult male.—Length (skins), 105-133 (112.4); wing, 51.5-59 (55.1);
tail, 44-56 (49.2); exposed culmen, 10-12 (11.4); tarsus, 18.5—22 (20.5);
middle toe, 12-14.5 (13.7).
Adult female.—Length (skins), 105-121 (111.3); wing, 48-54.5 (51.7);
tail, 45-50 (46.8); exposed culmen, 10-11.5 (10.7); tarsus, 19-21.5
(19.9); middle toe, 12-14 (12.8)*.
'Not named as a new species, but a new specific name given to the old species,
because the name Trichas was used for a supposedly new genus.
* The adult females of both forms vary greatly in the amount or extent of yellow
on the under parts.
’Sixty-five specimens.
*Twenty-six specimens.
Specimens from different localities or geographic areas average respectively as
follows:
Locality, Wing. | Tail. ee | Tarsus. mie
culmen. Men
MALES.
Four adult males from Massachusetts.................------ 55. 7 47.4 11.5 20.7 13.6
Fighteen adult males from New York and northern New
JeISCY..224-5- ig: sin nnn ww ninn ee sm sieeve Se eieisi eo sise sein = 56 50.3 rn, 19.9 13.3
Six adult males from Wisconsin and northern Illinois... --. 58 51.8 153 20.5 13.2
Ten adult males from Minnesota (9) and North Dakota (1).) 54.9 49.9 11.4 20.7 13.5
Nineteen adult males from southern Illinois and Indiana. . 54.4 48.7 7 20. 2 12.9
One adult male from Tennessee.......:..--....--- a tccseneee 56 51 11 19.5 12
Six adult males from eastern Texas......................--- 55.5 50.8 11 19.9 13, 2
FEMALES.
Eleven adult females from New York and New Jersey ....-. 51.5 47.1 10.7 19.8 12.8
Seven adult females from Wisconsin, Minnesota, and north-
@rm GLInors:. 3. [2 Asa hoes ae ee eee eee ee eee 52.4 48.1 10.6 20.1 13.1
Seven adult females from southern Indiana and I]linois --. De 416.5 10.7 19.7 12.5
One adult female from Tennessee. ......-...----22-----2 eee 51 47 li 20 12
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 665
Northeastern United States and southeastern British Provinces, from
Newfoundland,’ southern Labrador (Natashquan), Quebec (Point de
Monts), Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, the New England States, Long
Island, New York, and northern New Jersey (Englewood, Hoboken,
etc.), westward to northern Ontario (Parry Sound, Muskoka, ete.),
Michigan, Wisconsin, Minnesota, and eastern North Dakota (Pembina,
Fort Rice, ete.), and southward through Mississippi Valley to upland
districts of the Gulf States (4), and east-central Texas; in winter,
Bahamas (Eleuthera, New Providence, Abaco, Salt Key, and Rum Cay
islands, and Hog Island), Cuba (Remedios, Monte Verde, Palmarito,
etc.), Jamaica, Porto Rico (7), Swan Island (Caribbean Sea), and
through eastern Mexdco, in States of Tamaulipas, Vera Cruz, Tlax-
cala (Apixaco), Guanajuato (Morelia), Tabasco, and Yucatan, to Guate-
mala, Nicaragua (San Carlos; Los Sabalos; Sucuyaé), and Costa Rica
(Rio Frio; San José; Cartago); whole United States east of the Great
Plains during migration.
Sylvia trichas (not Turdus trichas Linneeus) Nurrauy, Man. Orn. U. 8. and Can.,
i, 1832, 401, part.—Avupvupon, Orn. Biog., i, 1831, 121, part; v, 1839, 463, part.
Geothlypis trichas Bairp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 241, part; Cat. N.
Aim. Birds, 1859, no. 170, part; Review Am. Birds, 1865, 220, part.—ScLaTer,
Proce. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1861, 70 (Jamaica); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 27, part
(Jamaica; Tobago ?).—Casanis, Journ. fiir Orn., 1861, 84 (Costa Rica).—
Scrater, Proc. Zool. Soe. Lond., 1859, 363 (Jalapa, Vera Cruz), 373 (Toton-
tepec, Oaxaca); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 27, part (Guatemala).—VERRILL,
Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., ix, 1862, 1387 (Anticosti I.)—ALsBrecut, Journ. fiir
Orn., 1862, 192 (Jamaica).—Marcu, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1863, 293
(Jamaica).—McItwraira, Proc. Essex Inst., v, 1866, 85 (Hamilton: Onta-
rio).—LAwreEncg, Ann. Lye. N. Y., ix, 1868, 94 (Costa Rica); ix, 1869, 200
(Yucatan ).—Franrzius, Journ. fiir Orn., 1869, 293 (Costa Rica).—ScLaTEr
and Satnyin, Ibis, 1859, 10 (Duefias, Guatemala, winter); Proc. Zool. Soe.
Lond., 1870, 836 (San Pedro, Honduras).—Satvin, Ibis, 1872, 149, part
(monogr. )—Covgs, Check List, 1873, no. 97, part; 2d ed., 1882, no. 141,
part; Birds N. W., 1874, 74, part; Birds Col. Val., 1878, 309, part.—Bairp,
Brewer, ané Ripaway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 297, part.—Brewster,
Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iii, 1878, 62 (Upton, Maine; descr. young); Proce.
Bost. Soc. N. H., xxii, 1883, 371 (Anticosti I., July).—Bovucarp, Proc.
Zool. Lond., 1878, 52 (San José and Cartago, Costa Rica, Jan. to May);
1883, 441 (Chablé and Progreso, Yucatan).—Cory, Birds Bahama Is., 1880,
72, part; Auk, ii, 1886, 44, part (West Indian references); Birds W. i , 1889,
58, part; Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 119, part (Jamaica).—Ripaway, Nom. N. Am.
Birds, 1881, no. 122, part; Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., x, 1888, 576 (Swan I.,
Caribbean Sea, Feb. 12); Orn. Illinois, i, 1889, 167 Sarva and GopMAN,
Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1881, 151 (chiefly).—Merriam, Bull. Nutt. Orn.
Club, vii, 1882, 234 (Point de Monts, Quebec, rare).—SrTrEArNs, Proc. U. 8
Nat. Mus., vi, 1883, 116 (Natashquan, Labrador).—BickNnELL, Auk, i, 1884,
215 (song).—Browne, Auk, i, 1884, 389 (Framingham, Massachusetts, 1
spec. in Jan.).—Nutrine, Proce. U. 8, Nat. Mus., vi, 1884, 398 (Los Sibalos,
Nicaragua).—SHaArpr, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 351, part.—AMERICAN
OrnitHoLoaists’ Union, Check List, 1886, no. 681, part.—CHerrrIn, Auk,
According to W. Palmer, Auk.
o>
6 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
vii, 1890, 336 (San José, Costa Rica, Mar., Apr.); ix, 1892, 21 (do.) —Faxon,
Auk, vii, 1890, 409 (Cambridge, Massachusetts, Jan. 31, 1890).—-Ricumonn,
Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xvi, 18938, 485 (Rio Escondido, Nicaragua, after Oct.
28).—NEHRLING, Our Native Birds, etec., i, 1893, 254, part, pl. 14, fig. 1.—
Fremine, Auk, xviii, 1901, 44 (Parry Sound and Muskoka, n. w. Ontario,
summer resid. ).
[ Geothlypis trichas] Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 107, part.—ScuaTer and
Satvin, Nom. Ay. Neotr., 1873, 9, part.
G[eothlypis| trichas Newton (A. and E.), Handb. Jamaica, 1881, 106.—Ripaway,
Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 523, part.
[ Geothlypis trichas] a. trichas Ripaway, Am. Journ. Sci., iv, Dec., 1872, 458, part.
Geothlypis trichas var. trichas Ripaway, Am. Journ. Sci., iv, Dec., 1872, 458, part.
[ Geothlypis trichas] var. trichas Ripaway, in Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway’s Hist.
N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 296, part.
S[eiurus] trichas Ripaway, Ann. Lye. N. Y., x, Jan., 1874, 369 (Illinois).
Sylvia roscoe (not of Audubon) PrEasopy, Orn. Mass., 1839, 313 (Massachusetts).
Trichas marylandica (not Sylvia marilandica Wilson) Nurraty, Man. Orn. U. 8.
and Can., 2d ed., i, 1840, 454, part.—Gossr, Birds Jamaica, 1847, 148.—Hoy,
Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1853, 311 (Wisconsin).—Bryant, Proc. Bost. Soe.
N. H., vi, 1857, 116 (Nova Scotia).
Trichas marilandica AupuBon, Synopsis, 1839, 65, part; Birds Am., oct. ed., ti,
1841, 78, part.—Wiunis, Ann. Rep. Smithson. Inst. for 1858 (1859), 282
(Nova Scotia).
Tr{ichas] marilandica Maximiian, Journ. fiir Orn., 1858, 118, part (Kentucky;
Texas).
Trichas personatus Swainson, Philos. Mag., new ser., i, 1827, 433, part (Vera
Cruz, Mexico).—JArping, ed. Wilson’s Am. Orn., i, 1832, 88, 303, part.—
Denny, Proc. Zool. Soe. Lond., 1847, 38, part (Jamaica; Cuba).—PRaTTen,
Trans. Ills. Agric. Soc., i, 1855, 602 (Illinois).
Trichas brachidactylus Swatnson, Anim. in Menag., 1888, 295 (‘‘northern Proy-
inces of United States’’).
T [richas] brachidactylus Gray, Gen. Birds, i, 1846, 197.
Geothlypis trichas brachidactyla Paumer (W.), Auk, xvii, July, 1900, 221 (crit.).
Geothlypis] trichas occidentalis (not of Brewster) Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds,
1887, 523, part (Mississippi Valley).
Geothlypis trichas occidentalis Ripaway, Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., viii, 1885, 564
(Cozumel IJ., Yucatan, winter).—Cooxke, Bird Migr. Miss. Val., 1888, 259,
chiefly (dates, etc. ).—Goss, Hist. Birds Kansas, 1891, 581, part.
(?) Geothlypis trichas occidentalis FERRARI-PEREZ, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., ix, 1886,
137 (Huexotella, Puebla, Jan.; Laguna del Rosario, Tlaxcala, Jan. ).
[ Geothlypis trichas| B. occidentalis Rrpaway, Orn. Illinois, i, 1889, 168.
Geothlypis restricta MAYNARD, Am. Exchange and Mart, Jan. 15, 1887, 33 (Baha-
mas; coll. C. J. Maynard'); Feb. 5, 1887, 69.—Banes, Auk, xvii, 1900, 289
(New Providence, Hog Island, and Salt Key, Bahamas, Feb. 8 to May 5;
crit. ).
Geothlypis trichas restricta Cory, Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 18.
Geothlypis trichas restrictus Cory, Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 119, 156 (New Provi-
dence and Andros islands, Bahamas).
Geothlypis agilis (error) Warren (O. B.), Auk, xii, 1895, 192 (Marquette Co.,
Michigan, breeding; see Auk, xv, 1898, 193).
—_—_____».
'Type now in collection of Gerrit S. Miller, jr.
es ee
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 667
GEOTHLYPIS TRICHAS IGNOTA Chapman.
SOUTHERN YELLOW-THROAT,
Similar to G. ¢. brachidactyla, but tail relatively longer (nearly, some-
times quite, as long as wing), wing more rounded (outermost primary
shorter than fourth, instead of longer), and coloration much darker;
adult male with greenish olive of upper parts darker, becoming more
strongly brownish on crown and occiput, where (at least in winter
plumage) the color is nearly vandyke, or chocolate brown; yellow of
under parts about equally extensive as in @. ¢. brachidactyla, but less
pure in hue; sides and flanks darker, approaching raw umber brown.
Adult male.—Length (skins), 110-128 (118.1); wing, 49.5-56.5
(55.2); tail, 48-56 (53); exposed culmen, 10.2—13 (11.5); tarsus, 20-22
(20.7); middle toe, 12-14 (13.1).*
Adult jfemale.—Lenth (skins), 112-121 (115.5); wing, 48.5-54.5
(52.2); tail, 47.5-53.5 (49.4); exposed culmen, 10-12 (11.1); tarsus,
19.5-21.5 (20.2); middle toe, 12.5-14 (12.9).’
Southern Atlantic and Gulf coast districts of United States, from
southeastern Virginia (Dismal Swamp, breeding) to Florida (over
whole peninsula) and westward along Gulf lowlands to eastern Texas
(Caranchua Creek, Johnson County, January); winters from at least
coast of South Carolina southward; also winters in Cuba (Matanzas,
February; El Guama, March; San Diego de los Banos, April).
(?) 3 Sylvia roscoe AUDUBON, Orn. Biog., 1, 1831, 124, pl. 24 (Mississippi).
(?) Trichas roscoe Nutrauy, Man. Orn. U.S. and Can., 2d ed., i, 1840, 457.
' Eighteen specimens.
* Fourteen specimens.
Series from different localities average respectively as follows:
Ex- «43
Locality. Wing. | Tail. | posed | Tarsus. Midge
culmen. ;
MALES.
MenjvadwitamaivlessromublOnidarces. so cne etc sacs ease ss so cre 55. 4 52.5 11.4) 20.9 13
Two adult males from Georgia (Liberty County) .........--- 54.5 54 LSS 20.5 13
Two adult males from South Carolina (coast)...-...-...---- 54.7 53.5 11.5 Oren 13
Two adult males from southeastern Virginia (Dismal |
SW ERENT) Beene ete As ram toleiaietate fous ieicinsinis: siaiclae aies steteleisinre eiiciere 54.5 52.2 1 20.5 13.2
One adult male from Louisiana (New Orleans)..........---- 56 54 1S eee 215 14
One adult male from eastern Texas (Johnson County) ....-. 56 56 11.5 PA 13
FEMALES.
Eleven adult females from Florida.................-.-..---- 52.3 50.5 ATS! 20.4 13.1
One adult female from Virginia (Dismal Swamp)..-.--...-.. 52.5 47.5 11 20.5 13
Pywoaduittemales trom Cubase. see asscas sce ese cans nss Daa 48.7 11 19.2 12.5
*While I believe there can be little doubt that Audubon figured and described an
immature male of this form, it is probably best not to accept the name roscoe, for
the reason that there is now no means of proving the matter, and to accept the later
name ignota on the principle that it is never well to exchange a certainty for an
uncertainty.
668 | BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Geothlypis trichas roscoe Hasprouck, Auk, vi, Apr., 1889, 167, 168, part. —PALMER
(W.), Auk, xvii, 1900, 221 (crit.); xviii, 1901, 197, in text (crit. nomencl.)
(?) Sylvia trichas (not Turdus trichas Linnzeus) D’OrpieNy, in La Sagra’s Hist.
Nat. Cuba, Ois., 1839, 67.
(?) Geothlypis trichas GuNpuaAcH, Journ. ftir Orn., 1855, 472 (Cuba); 1861, 326
(Cuba); 1872, 417 (Cuba); Repert. Fisico-Nat. Cuba, i, 1865, 236; Orn. Cuba,
1873, 69.
Geothlypis trichas Batrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 241, part (Cape
nate Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 170, part.—ALLEN, Bull. Mus. Comp.
Zool., 1871, 269, part (e. Florida).—Covrs, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila.,
1871, 0 ‘(Fort Macon, North Carolina, breeding; habits); Check List, 1873,
no. 97, part; 2d ed., 1882, no. 141, part; Birds N. W., 1874, 74, part; Birds
Col. Val., 1878, 309, part.—Bartrp, Brewer, and Ripa@way, Hist. N. Am.
Birds, i, 1874, 297, part.—Ripaway, Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 122, part.—
AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ Unton, Check List, 1886, no. 681, part.—Scorr,
Auk, vii, 1890, 21 (Key West and Punta Rassa, Florida, winter).—WayYNE,
Auk, xii, 1895, 365 (Wacissa R., n. w. Florida, breeding).
[ Geothlypis] trichas Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 107, part.
G[eothlypis] trichas Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 310, part.—Rimaway,
Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 523, part.
[ Geothlypis trichas] cx. trichas Rrpaway, Am. Journ. Sci., iv, Dec., 1872, 458, part.
Geothlypis trichas var. trichas Ripaway, Am. Jour. Sci., iv, Dec., 1872, 458, part.
[ Geothlypis trichas] var. trichas Rrpa@way, in Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway’s Hist.
N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 296, part.
Trichas marilandica (not Sylvia marilandica Wilson) AubuBON, Synopsis, 1839, 65,
part; Birds Am., oct. ed., ii, 1841, 78, part.
Trichas marylandica Nurrauy, Man. Orn. U.S. and Can., 2d ed., 1, 1840, 454, part
(w. Florida).
Tr{ichas|] marilandica MAXIMILIAN, Journ. fur Orn., 1858, 118, part (Florida;
Louisiana).
GLeothlypis] trichas occidentalis (not of Brewster) Rrpaway, Man. N. Am. Birds,
1887, 523, part (Georgia).
Geothlypis trichas occidentalis Bryer, Proc. Louis. Soc. Nat. for 1897-99 (1900), 115
(Louisiana, resident).
Geothlypis trichas ignota CHAPMAN, Auk, vii, Jan., 1890, 11 (Tarpon Springs,
Florida: coll. W. E. D. Seott).—AmeErican OrnitHoLoaists’ Unton, Check
List, 2d ed., 1895, no. 681b.—Rineway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1896, 608.
GEOTHLYPIS TRICHAS OCCIDENTALIS Brewster.
WESTERN YELLOW-THROAT,
Similar to G. ¢. brachidactyla, but wing and tail longer and colora-
tion brighter; adult male with space bordering posterior margin of
the black ‘‘mask” white, instead of pale gray, sometimes tinged with
yellow, especially on lower portion; yellow of under parts of a
distinctly warmer, more orange, hue; adult female averaging very
slightly paler above, with yellow of under parts (when present) of a
more orange hue.
Adult male.—Length (skins), 115-1 He (120.8); wing, 55-60 (57.5);
tail, 51-56.5 (55.8); exposed culmen, 11-12 (11.3); tarsus, 20-22 (20.9);
ee toe, 13- 12 5 Hs: ye
Thirty-two specimens.
|
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 669
Adult female.—_Length (skins), 110-121 (114.1); wing, 52-54.5 (53.4);
tail, 49-53 (50.8); exposed culmen, 10.5-11 (10.9); tarsus, 19.5— 21. 5
(20.3); middle toe, 12.5-14 (12.3).*
Whole of arid region of western United States; east to more west-
ern portions of the Great Plains (Fort Randall, South Dakota, to San
Antonio, Texas); north to Montana (Fort Custer, Fort Keogh, ete.),
Idaho, and eastern Washington (4); west to southern California (Los -
Angeles County, ete.),” and northern Lower California; breeding
southward to northern Chihuahua (San Diego) and northern Lower
California (Gardner’s Laguna, Salton River); southward in winter to
Cape St. Lucas and Territory of Tepic, western Mexico
Sylvia trichas ae Turdus trichas Linneeus) Nurraui, Man. Orn. U. 8. and Can.,
1, 1832, , Orn. Biog., v, 1839, 465, part.
Geoshlippis fons eee Rep.. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 241, part; Cat.
Am. Birds, 1859, no. 170, part; Review Am. Birds, 1865, 220, part.—Xantvs,
Proe. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1859, 191 (Fort Tejon, California).—HeEnry, Proc.
Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1859, 106 (New Mexico).—Dresser, Ibis, 1865, 476
(San Antonio, Texas).—Covgs, Ibis, 1865, 163, in text (Arizona); Proc. Ac.
Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, 69 (Fort Whipple, Arizona); Check List, 1875, no.‘ ,
part; 2d ed., 1882, no. 141, part; Birds N. W., 1874, 74, part; Birds Co!.
Val., 1878, 309, part.—Cooprr, Orn. Cal., 1870, 95, ea vin, Ibis, 1872,
149, part (monogr.).—AIKEN, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xv, 1872, 197 (Coic-
rado).—Merriam, Ann. Rep. U.S. Geol. Surv. for 1872 (1873 ), 674 (Ogden,
Utah; Fort Ellis, Montana), 713 (Utah).—ALuen, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. F.,
xvii, 1874, 52 (Missouri and Musselshell rivers, w. North Dakota).—Baixn,
Brewer, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 297, part.—LAWRENC:
Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., ii, 1874, 269, part eee winter eee
Zool. Exp. W. 100th Merid., 1875, 204 (localities in Utah, Colorado, and
Arizona).—Ripeway, Orn. 40th Parallel, 1877, 434 (localities in Nevada and
Utah); Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 122, part.—Satvin and Gopman,
Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1881, 150, part.—Brewster, Bull. Nutt. Orn.
' Hight specimens.
Adult males from different geographic areas average, respectively, as follows:
Locality. Wing. | Tail. | ead Tarsus. Miggs
/culmen. ;
sabe (ee raT eee Dum 5/2 i | | us ‘ es
Three adult males from northern Chihuahua (San Diego) -- 57.3 BDS5) | 11.8 21.5 14.5
Fourteen adult males from Arizona............------------- Pemtneniger 53.9 | Du 20.9 | 13.6
Two adult males from western Nevada.....-..-...--------- 60 56 | 11.5 21 | 14
One adult male from western Texas (Fort Hancock) -...--- 59 D4 | 12 21 | 14
Three adult males from Montana and western North Dakota.) 56.5 52.8 | 11.4 20.5 | 13
Six adult males from southern California.....-..-..-.------ | 57.3 54.2 | 11.2 Pile Vi 14.1
Three adult males from northern Lower California. ....-.-- | 56.3 base 11.2 20.7 | Sead
2On account of lack of sufficient material Iam not able to make out satisfactorily
the range of this form in California. Specimens have been examined from Alhambra
(April 2, September 8), Los Angeles (April 7), and Pasadena (November 23). I
would also refer to this form a specimen from Stockton (April 13) and a breeding
bird from Carberry’s Ranch. It is possible that its range may be general throughout
‘the valleys of California, except those of the coast district from Los Angeles County
northward.
670 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Club, vii, 1882, 139 (Cienega Station, Arizona; crit.).—SHarpr, Cat. Birds
Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 351, part.
[ Geothlypis] trichas Cougs, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 107, part.—ScLaTer and
Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 9, part.
G [eothlypis] trichas Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 310, part.
Geothlypis trichis Merriam, Ann. Rep. U. 8. Geol. Surv. for 1872 (1873), 705
(Ogden, Utah, breeding).
[ Geothlypis trichas] a. trichas Ripaway, Am. Journ. Sci., iv, Dec., 1872, 458, part.
Geothlypis trichas var. trichas RripGway, Am. Journ. Sci., iv, Dec., 1872, 458, part.
[ Geothlypis trichas] var. trichas Ripeway, in Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway’s Hist.
N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 296, part.
(?) Trichas marylandica (not Sylvia marilandica Wilson) Nurrati, Man. Orn. U.S.
and Can., 2d ed., i, 1840, 454, part (Lewis River).—Gamse.L, Journ. Ac. Nat.
Sci. Phila., i, 1847, 37, part (California).
(?) Trichas marylandicus GAMBEL, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., iii, 1846, 155, part
;
;
7
(California).
Trichas marilandica HENry, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., vii, 1855, 309 (New
Mexico).
Trichas marilandicus Woopnouse, in Rep. Sitgreaves’ Expl. Zuni and Col. R.
1853, 51, part.
(?) Trichas delafieldii (not Sylvia delafieldii Audubon) Herrmann, Journ. Ac. Nat.
Sci. Phila., ii, 1852, 263, part (California); Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., x, 1859,
40, part (California) .
Geothlypis trichas occidentalis Brewster, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, viii, July, 1883,
159 (Truckee River, Nevada; coll. W. Brewster).—AMeERICAN ORNITHOLO-
Gists’ Unton, Check List, 1886, no. 68la, part.—Scorr, Auk, v, 1888, 35 (Tuc-
son, Arizona).—Goss, Hist. Birds Kansas, 1891, 581, part.—Merriam, N.
Am. Fauna, no. 5, 1891, 105 (Fort Lapwai, Idaho, breeding).—(?) ANTHONY,
Auk, xii, 1895, 142 (San Fernando, Lower California).—Merrity, Auk, xv,
1898, 19 (Fort Sherman, Idaho, breeding).—PaAummEr (W.), Auk, xvii, 1901,
221 (diagn.; crit.).—Bares, Proc. Nebr. Orn. Un., 2d ann. meet., 1901, 75
(Cherry Co., n. w. Nebraska, Sept. 10). |
G[eothlynis] trichas occidentalis Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 523, part. .
Geothlypis occidentalis SHARPE, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 351, footnote.
Geothlypis trichas melanops (not G. melanops Baird) ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H.,
v, 1893, 40 (San Diego, n. w. Chihuahua, May 6).
?
eS ee ee
liana tats te aD lia
GEOTHLYPIS TRICHAS ARIZELA Oberholser.
PACIFIC YELLOW-THROAT.
Similar to G. ¢. occidentalis, but with much smaller bill, shorter
wing and tail, and duller coloration, with whitish band bordering pos-
terior margin of the black ‘*‘ mask” averaging narrower, and yellow of
under parts usually less orange.
Adult male.— Length (skins), 114-125 (119.7); wing, 52.5-58 (55.8);
tail, 49.5-57 (52.6); exposed culmen, 10-11 (10.3); tarsus, 20-21 (20.4);
middle toe, 13-14 (13.4)."
Adult female.—Length (skins), 108-120 (116); wing, 51-53 (51.9);
‘Seventeen specimens.
Se
BIRDS
OF
NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA.
671
tail, 48-50 (48.9); exposed culmen, 10; tarsus, 19.5-21 (20.1); middle
toe, 12-13 (12.8).?
Pacific coast district, from British Columbia southward; breeding
southward to Los Angeles County, California, and eastward to Fort
Klamath, Oregon; during migration to Cape St. Lucas.
Sylvia trichas (not Turdus trichas Linnzeus) AupuBON, Orn. Biog., vy, 1839, 463,
part (Columbia R.).—Townsenp, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci., Phila., viii, 1839, 153
(Columbia R.).
_Geothylpis trichas Barrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 241, part. (Fort Steila-
coom and Shoalwater Bay, Washington); Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 170,
part; Review Am. Birds, 1865, 220, part. —Cooprr and Suckiey, Rep. Pacific
R. R. Surv., xii, pt. 2, 1860, 177 (Shoalwater Bay, etc., Washington ).—Lorp,
Proc. Roy. Artil. Inst. Woolwich, 1864, 115 ( British Columbia).—Brown, Ibis,
1868, 420 (Vancouver I.).—Coorrr, Orn. Cal. 1870, 95, part.—Sanvin, Ibis,
1872, 149, part (monogr.).—Covugs, Check List, 1873, no. 97, part; 2d ed., 1882,
no. 141, part; Birds, N. W., 1874, 74, part; Birds Col. Val., 1878, 309, part.—
Barrp, Brewer, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 297, part.—
Ripeway, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iii, 1878, 65 (Marysville, California); Nom.
N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 122, part.—Brupine, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., i, 1879,
407, part (centr. California); vy, 1883, 536 (La Paz, Lower California, winter ).—
SHAkPs, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 351, part.
[ Geothlypis trichas] a. trichas Ripaway, Am. Journ. Sci., iv, Dec., 1872, 458, part.
Geothlypis trichas var. trichas RinGway, Am. Journ. Sci., iv, Dec., 1872, 458, part.
[ Geothlypis trichas] var. trichas RipGway, in Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway’s Hist.
N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 296, part.
Trichas marylandica (not Sylvia marylandica Wilson) Nurraty, Man. Orn. U. 8.
and Can., 2d ed., i, 1840, 454, part (Oregon).—GaAmBEL, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci.
Phila., i, 1847, 37, part (California).
Trichas marilandica AupuBon, Synopsis, 1839, 65, part; Birds Am., oct. ed., ii,
1841, 78, part.
Trichas marylandicus GAMBEL, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., iii, 1846, 165, part (Cal-
fornia) .
Trichas delafieldii (not Sylvia delafieldii Audubon) HrermMann, Journ. Ac. Nat.
Sci. Phila., ii, 1852, 263, part (California); Rep. Pacific R. R. Sury., x, 1859,
40, part (California).
Geothlypis trichas occidentalis (not of Brewster) ANnrHony, Auk, iii, 1886, 171
Washington Co., Oregon, summer).—AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ UNton,
Check List, 1886, no. 68la, part.—(?) Townsenp, Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., x,
1887, 224 (base of Mount Shasta, n. California).—Merriii, Auk, y, 1888, 362
(Fort Klamath, Oregon, breeding).—Lawrence (R. H.), Auk, ix, 1892, 356
(Grays Harbor, Washington).
' Five specimens.
Adult males from different localities average, respectively, as follows:
' ¢ EX- Middle
Locality. Wing. | Tail. | posed | Tarsus.|~ toe
culmen. cs
Four adult males from British Columbia.................. 5d. 52.2 10.4 20.2 13.5
Seven adult males from western Washington ............. 55.9 5352 10.4 20.6 13.6
One adult male from western Oregon ...-.............--.- 57 56 11 20 faba eee
Three adult males from southern California (Santa Clara,
Base Gena aeCuCy) ic acke ee osececas ose sects cee hee one 55. 5 52. 7 10.3 20.5 13
One adult male from Lower Caiifornia (Seven Wells) ...--. ils eecrs 10 21 | 14
672 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
GLeothlypis] trichas occidentalis Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 523, pert.
Geothlypis trichas arizela OBERHOLSER, Auk, xvi, July, 1899, 257 (Fort Steilacoom,
Washington; coll. U. 8. Nat. Mus. ).
Geothlypis trichas scirpicola GRINNELL (J.), Condor, iii, May, 1901, 65 (El Monte,
Los Angeles Co., California; coll. J. Grinnell).
GEOTHLYPIS TRICHAS MODESTA Nelson.
SAN BLAS YELLOW-THROAT,
Similar in size and coloration to G. ¢. arizela but with the bill decid-
edly larger (as large as in G. ¢. oce¢dentalis); much duller in color
than G. ¢. occidentalis, with yellow of under parts either paler, less
orange, or less extended, and with olive-green of upper parts duller
and grayer.
Adult male.—Length (skins), 111-125 (118.2); wing, 52-58.5 (55.3);
tail, 47-54 (51.1); exposed culmen, 11-12 (11.4); tarsus, 19-91.5 (20.8);
middle toe, 12-14 (13.5.)!
Adult female.—Leneth (skins), 114-117 (115.3); wing, 52; tail,
45.5-50 (48.2); exposed culmen, 10-11 (10.8); tarsus, 19-20 (19.5);
middle toe, 12.5-14 (13.2.)?
Western and central Mexico, in Territory of Tepic and States of
Sonora (Ortiz), Sinaloa, Jalisco, and Colima (also States of Puebla and
Tlaxcala ¢).
(?) Geothlypis trichas (not Turdus trichas Linnzeus) Scuarer, Proce. Zool. Soe.
Lond., 1856, 292 (Mexico).—Duaks, La Naturaleza, i, 1870, 140 (Guanajuato).
Geothlypis trichas LAWRENCE, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., ii, 1874, 269, part (Tepic).—
Barrp, Brewer, and Rrpaway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 297, part.—
Sauvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1881, 150, part (Tepic;
Guanajuato ?).
[ Geothlypis] trichas ScLaTeR and Satyrx, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 9, part.
(?) Geothlypis trichas occidentalis (not of Brewster ?) Ferrari-Perez, Proc. U. 8.
Nat. Mus., ix, 1886, 137 (Huexotitla, Puebla, Jan.; Laguna del Rosario,
Tlaxcala, Jan. ).
Geothlypis trichas modestus Neison, Auk, xvii, July, 1900, 269 (San Blas, Tepic,
w. Mexico; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.).
GEOTHLYPIS TRICHAS SINUOSA Grinnell.
SALT MARSH YELLOW-THROAT.
Similar to G. ¢. arizela, but much smaller and slightly darker, espe-
cially on sides and flanks.
Adult male.—Length (skins), 105-111 (107.2); wing, 50-54 (52.6);
tail, 45-50 (48.3); exposed culmen, 10-10.8 (10.2); tarsus, 19-20.5
(19.9); middle toe, 12-13.5 (12.5).
'Ten specimens. * Three specimens. * Five specimens.
ottca ft
eer prs’,
ee
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 673
Adult female.—Length (skin), 98; wing, 48; tail, 43; exposed cul-
men, 10; tarsus, 19; middle toe, 12.'
Salt marshes about San Francisco Bay, California (Marin, Contra
Costa, Alameda, and Santa Clara counties).
Geothlypis trichas sinuosa GRINNELL (J.), Condor, iii, May, 1901, 65 (Palo Alto,
Santa Clara Co., California; coll. J. Grinnell).
GEOTHLYPIS TRICHAS MELANOPS (Baird).
JALAPA YELLOW-THROAT.
Similar to G. ¢. occidentalis, but wing and tail longer, the adult male
with under parts entirely rich yellow, and with feathers of occiput
and hindneck yellow beneath the surface.
Adult male.—Forehead and loral, orbital, auricular, and malar
regions uniform deep black, forming a conspicuous ** mask,” this contin-
ued posteriorly, in an angular point, along each side of lower throat;
crown and supra-auricular region grayish white, the latter changing
gradually to yellow on sides of neck; occiput and hindneck olive or olive-
brown superficially, the feathers yellow or olive-yellow beneath the
surface, grayish dusky at base; rest of upper parts plain yellowish olive-
green; under parts rich lemon yellow, the sides and flanks (especially the
latter) buffy olive; bill brownish black, or dark brown, with paler
tomia: iris brown; legs and feet pale buffy brown (in dried skins);
length (skins), 125-127 (126); wing, 61-61.5 (61.2); tail, 59-61.5 (60.2);
exposed culmen, 11-11.5 (11.2); tarsus, 21; middle toe, 14.5.*
Adult female.—‘* General color above dull olive-brown, slightly more
olive-yellow on the rump and upper tail-coverts; wing-coverts like the
back, the bastard-wing and primary-coverts dull brown; quills dark
brown, externally edged with olive, the first primary whitish along
the edge of the outer web; tail-feathers dull yellowish-olive, lighter
on the edges; head decidedly browner than the back, and somewhat
rufous-brown on the crown; lores ashy white; eyelid clearer whitish;
ear-coverts olive-brown, yellowish near the lower edge, and with pale
yellowish-brown shaft-lines; cheeks and under surface of body pale
yellow, becoming whiter on the abdomen, the sides of the neck and
breast washed with pale reddish-brown; flanks and sides of the body
and thighs light earthy brown; under tail-coverts bright yellow pale
reddish brown near the vent; under wing-coverts and axillaries pale
yellow, brighter along the edge of the wing; quills dusky below; ashy
along the edge of the inner web. Total length, 132.1, culmen 12.7,
wing 57.1, tail 58.4, tarsus 20.3.” *
‘One specimen.
* Two specimens.
’Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 356. (Measurements changed to
millimeters. )
3654—voL 2—0O1- 43
674 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Mexico (Jalapa, Vera Cruz; Putla, Oaxaca; Valley of Mexico).’
Geothlypis melanops Barrp, Review Am. Birds, Apr., 1865, 222 (Mexico; coll.
U. S. Nat. Mus.).—Sciarer and Satvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 551
(near Putla, Oaxaca).—Satvin, Ibis, 1872, 149 (monogr. ).—Satvrn and Gop-
MAN, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1881, 151.—SHarpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus.,
x, 1885, 355, pl. 10, fig. 2 (near City of Mexico; Jalapa, Vera Cruz).
[ Geothlypis] melanops ScuaTeR and Satvin, Nom. Avy. Neotr., 1873, 9.
G[eothlypis] melanops Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 524.
[ Geothlypis trichas] v. melanops Rrpaway, Am. Journ. Sci., iv, Dec., 1872, 458.
Geothlypis trichas var. melanops Rripaway, Am. Journ. Sci., iv, Dec., 1872, 458.
[Geothlypis trichas] var. melanops RrpGway, in Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway’s
Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 296.—Covers, Birds N. W., 1874, 74, in text.
Geothlypis trichas melanops PALMER (W.), Auk, xvii, July, 1900, 222.
GEOTHLYPIS ROSTRATA Bryant.
BRYANT’S YELLOW-THROAT,
Similar in coloration to G. trichas trichas, but very much larger.
Adult male in spring and summer.’—Forehead, lores, suborbital,
malar, and auricular regions uniform black, this 8-10 wide (measured
from frontal antiz) on forehead, and passing narrowly along posterior
upper margin of eye; crown and occiput plain gray (light mouse gray
or olive-gray), usually decidedly paler (about gray no. 9 or no. 10)
next to black of forehead, the black mask margined posteriorly, from
above the posterior portion of the eye to the sides of the neck,* by still
paler gray (sometimes almost grayish white), very faintly tinged with
yellow, especially below; hindneck gray, like occiput, but usually
more tinged with olive, and gradually passing into grayish olive-green
1 Unfortunately the range of this form is very imperfectly known. The type is in
the well-known make of D’Oca’s Jalapa skins, but is labeled simply ‘‘ Mexico,’’ as
is also the only other specimen I have seen. Of the seven skins listed in the Cata-
logue of Birds in the British Museum (x, 356) only two have definite localities, these
being Jalapa and ‘‘near City of Mexico,’’ respectively. A specimen from San Diego,
northwestern Chihuahua (May 6, 1891, F. Robinette), in the American Museum
of Natural History, while intermediate is so much nearer in coloration G. ¢. melanops
than to G. t. occidentalis that I believe the breeding range of the present form is
toward the northern and western confines of the Mexican plateau rather than the
southeastern portion, specimens from Jalapa and the Valley of Mexico being perhaps
only winter migrants.
The specimen from San Diego, Chihuahua, above referred to, is quite identical in
coloration with the type of G. melanops Baird, except that the band across the crown
is narrower and more tinged with yellow, its lateral arms decidedly yellow, and the
underlying portion of feathers of occiput and hindneck less distinctly yellow. I
would, however, unhesitatingly refer it to G. t. melanops but for its smaller measure-
ments, which are as follows: Length (skin), 117; wing, 58; tail, 56; exposed culmen,
11.5; tarsus, 20, middle toe, 14.5.
? All the specimens examined were taken in February, March, May, and June.
* This pale gray or whitish space sometimes apparently involves a small part of the
upper posterior portion of the auricular region,
‘i: us
bie ie
i
——
ah —= eh
ee ee
lil a ii
re
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA 675
on back, scapulars, rump, and upper tail-coverts; wings and tail more
decidedly olive-green; under parts light lemon or canary yellow,
becoming decidedly paler (sometimes yellowish white) on lower abdo-
men and anal region and changing to pale yellowish gray or buffy
olive on flanks and posterior portion of sides; longer under tail-coverts,
with concealed portion largely pale yellowish olive; maxilla dark
brown or brownish black, with paler tomia; mandible pale brownish
(in dried skins), darker terminally;' iris brown; legs and feet pale brown
(in dried skins); length (skins), 125-146 (137.3); wing, 60-65.5 (62.4);
tail, 55-61.5 (58.2); exposed culmen, 15-17.3 (15.7); depth of bill at
nostrils, 4.6-5.1 (4.8); tarsus, 22-93.6 (22.8); middle toe, 14-15.2
(14.6).”
Adult female in spring.—Pileum and hindneck plain light grayish
brown (hair brown), the forehead more grayish, the anterior portion
of crown faintly tinged with warmer pale brown; rest of upper parts
plain grayish olive-green, brighter on wings and tail, where sometimes
inclining to yellowish olive-green; sides of head and neck similar to
pileum and hindneck, but slightly paler, especially on suborbital region
and lower portion of auricular region, which are narrowly and indis-
tinctly streaked with paler; malar region pale buffy grayish; chin,
throat, and chest pale yellow (nearly straw yellow), the breast also
sometimes pale yellow; rest of under parts dull white, becoming pale
grayish olive or buffy olive on sides and flanks; under tail-coverts
pale yellow; bill, legs, and feet as in adult male, but the first rather
paler; length (skins), 130-132 (131.4); wing, 57.5-59 (58.2); tail, 53-
55.9 (54.3); exposed culmen, 15-15.5 (15.2); tarsus, 21.8-22.5 (22.3);
middle toe, 14-14.5 (14.3).°
Island of New Providence, Bahamas.
Geothlypis rostratus BRYANT, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xi, Mar., 1867, 67 (Nassau,
New Providence Island, Bahamas; type now in coll. U.S. Nat. Mus. ).—Cory,
Birds Bahama Is., 1880, 73; Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 156, part (New Providence).
[ Geothlypis] rostratus Cory, List Birds W. I., 1885, 9.
Geothlypis rostrata SHARPE, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 355.—Cory, Auk, iii,
1886, 43; Birds, W. I., 1889, 57; Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892 18 119, 127, part
(New Providence Island).—Ripaway, Auk, viii, 1891, 335 (New Provi-
dence).—Banes, Auk, xvii, 1900, 290 (crit.; descr. ).
G[eothlypis] rostrata Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 524.
[ Trichas] rostrata Gray, Hand-list, 1, 1869, 242, no. 3513.
[ Geothlypis trichas] (. rostrata Ripaway, Am. Journ. Sci., iv, Dec., 1872, 458.
Geothlypis trichas var. rostrata Rripaway, Am. Journ. Sci. iv, Dec. 1872, 458.
[Geothlypis trichas] var. rostrata RipGway, in Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway’s Hist.
N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 296.
' Bill almost wholly blackish in midsummer.
* Fifteen specimens.
* Three specimens.
676 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
GEOTHLYPIS MAYNARDI Bangs.
MAYNARD’S YELLOW-THROAT,
Similar to G. rostrata, but wing and tail longer, and coloration much
brighter. Adult male with back, scapulars, rump, etc., bright yellow-
ish olive-green instead of grayish olive-green, the whitish band behind
the black ‘‘ mask” faintly tinged with yellow, especially on lateral
portion; under parts entirely yellow, the yellow brighter than in @.
rostrata. Adult female with back, etc., yellowish olive-green (the
pileum and hindneck being colored as in (. rostrata), and with under
parts almost wholly bright yellow, only the lower abdomen being
whitish.
Adult male.—Length (skins), 130-147.3 (138.7); wing, 61.2-66.5
(64.8); tail, 56.5-62.5 (59.7); exposed culmen, 14.5-16 (15.5); depth of
bill at base, 4.5-5.5 (4.9); tarsus, 22.5-23.9 (23); middle toe, 14-15.2
(14.8).*
Adult female.—Length (skins), 130-137 (133.2); wing, 61-62 (61.5);
tail, 56-59 (56.9); exposed culmen, 14.5; tarsus, 21.5-23 (22.2); middle
toe, 14-15 (14.4).’
Island of New Providence, Bahamas.
Geothlypis maynardi BANGs, Auk, xvii, July, 1900, 290 (Nassau, New Providence
Island, Bahamas; coll. E. A. and O. Bangs).
GEOTHLYPIS TANNERI Ridgway.
TANNER’S YELLOW-THROAT.
Similar to G. maynardz, but wing and tail longer. Adult male with
crown, occiput, and hindneck olive-green, becoming paler and tinged
with gray and yellow next to posterior border of black on forehead
(instead of gray, becoming broadly pale yellowish gray anteriorly),
and the olive-green of back, etc., duller. Adult female with yellow of
throat and chest deeper than on that of G. maynard7, but the abdomen
and flanks apparently much lighter in color.
Adult male.—Length (skin), 139.7; wing, 67.3; tail, 61; exposed
culmen, 15.5; depth of bill at base, 4.8; tarsus, 22.6; middle toe, 14.7.°
Adult female.—Length (skin), 137.2; wing, 58.9; tail, 55.3; exposed
culmen, 15.2; depth of bill at base, 4.6; tarsus, 22.1; middle toe, 15.°
Island of Abaco, Bahamas (also Great Bahama Island ?).
Geothlypis tanneri Ripaway, Auk, iii, July, 1886, 335 (Abaco Island, Bahamas; coll.
U.S. Nat. Mus. ); viii, 1891, 334 (Abaco).—Cory, Auk, v, 1888, 157 (Abaco);
viii, 1891, 298 (do.); Birds W. I., 1889, 287; Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 18, 119,
127 (Great Bahama I.; Abaco).
G[eothlypis] tanneri Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 525.
Geothlypis rostratus tanneri Cory, Auk, viii, 1891, 350 (Great Bahama; Abaco).
1 Seventeen specimens. 5 One specimen.
* Four specimens.
~_— en a
ee ee
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 677
GEOTHLYPIS INCOMPTA Ridgway.
LESSER ABACO YELLOW-THROAT.
Similar to @. tanner’, but wing and tail much shorter; the adult male
much duller in color, with hinder crown, occiput, and hindneck dull
erayish olive instead of olive-green, with a narrow band of pale yel-
lowish gray or grayish yellow behind posterior border of the black
mask; the back, ete., duller olive-green, and under parts paler yellow,
becoming whitish on lower abdomen and grayish olive on flanks.
Adult male.—Length (skins), 180-131 (130.5); wing, 61-61.5 (61.2):
tail, 54.5-57.5 (56); exposed culmen, 15-16.5 (15.7); tarsus, 21.5-22.5
(22); middle toe, 14-15 (14.5).*
Island of Abaco, Bahamas.”
Geothlypis tanneri, part, Rripaway, Auk, iii, 1886, 335 (Abaco Island, Bahamas) ;
viii, 1891, 334 (Abaco).
GEOTHLYPIS EXIGUA Ridgway.
ANDROS YELLOW-THROAT.
Similar to G. ¢ncompta, but with shorter wing and smaller bill (the
latter decidedly more slender), the adult male with the back slightly
brighter olive-green and throat slightly brighter yellow; length (skin),
130; wing, 59; tail, 55.55; exposed culmen, 15; depth of bill at base,
4.5: tarsus, 21.5; middle toe, 13.2.°
Andros Island, Bahamas.
Geothlypis rostrata (not of Bryant) Norrnrop, Auk, viii, 1891, 68 (Andros L.,
Bahamas).—ALLEN, Auk, viii, 1891, 69 (Andros I.; crit.).—Cory, Cat. W. I
Birds, 1892, 18, 119, 127, part (Andros I.).
Geothlypis rostratus Cory, Cat. W. 1. Birds, 1892, 156, part (Andros I.).
GEOTHLYPIS CORYI Ridgway.
CORY’S YELLOW-THROAT.
Similar to G. flavida, but wing and tail shorter and bill longer;
adult male with olive-green of upper parts greener, crown less tinged
with gray and becoming decidedly yellowish along posterior margin
of the black frontal patch, the latter narrower (extending 8-9 mm. from
frontal anti).
Adult male.—Forehead (back to about 8 to 9 mm. from frontal
antiw) and side of head, including loral, orbital, auricular, and malar
regions, uniform black, this extending as an angular projection along
sides of lower throat; this black ‘‘mask” margined posteriorly by light
'Two specimens. The adult female not seen.
2Type in collection of United States National Museum (no. 108495, Abaco Island,
Bahamas, April 6, 1886; collected by C. H. Townsend).
One specimen, the type, from Fresh Creek, Andros Island, Bahamas, April 24,
1893 (no. 5808, coll. G. 8. Miller, jr.).
678 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
gamboge or canary yellow less distinct across the crown, where shad-
ing gradually into the grayish olive-green of hinder crown, occiput,
and hindneck, this again not conspicuously different from the bright
olive-green of remaining upper parts; under parts entirely rich lemon
or gamboge yellow, shaded with olive or inclining to yellowish olive-
green on sides and flanks; maxilla brownish black, mandible paler,
more horn-colored, especially toward base; legs and feet pale brownish
(in dried skins); length (skins), 137; wing, 60-65 (62.5); tail, 58.5-59
(58.7); exposed culmen, 16-16.5 (16.2); tarsus, 21.5-22.5 (22); middle
toe, 14.5-15 (14.7).*
Adult female.—Forehead and superciliary region (broadly) olive-
yellow; crown, occiput, and hindneck deep olive-gray or grayish
olive; terminal half of auricular region gray, slightly tinged with olive;
anterior portion of auricular region and suborbital region olive-yellow,
the latter mottled with olive-grayish; lores olive-grayish; rest of
plumage as in adult male; length (skin), 144.8; wing, 61; tail, 57.1;
exposed culmen, 15.5; tarsus, 22.9; middle toe, 13.2.”
Eleuthera Island, Bahamas.
Geothlypis coryi Ripaway, Auk, iii, July, 1886, 334 (Eleuthera Island, Bahamas;
coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.); viii, 1891, 336 (do.).—Cory, Auk, v, 1888, 157
(Eleuthera) ; viii, 1891, 351 (do.); Birds W. I., 1889, 287; Cat. W. I. Birds,
1892, 18, 119, 126, 127, 156.
G[eothlypis] coryi Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 525.
GEOTHLYPIS FLAVIDA Ridgway.
LUTEOUS YELLOW-THROAT,
Very similar in coloration to G. cory/, but wing and tail longer and
bill shorter, the olive-green of upper parts much more yellowish, crown
more tinged with gray, and without yellow next to edge of black frontal
patch, the latter broader (extending 10 to 11 mm. from frontal antie.
Somewhat like G. maynard, but much more bright colored; adult
male with the occiput and hindneck yellowish olive-green, instead of
gray, becoming paler and grayer on crown, immediately behind the
black of forehead; supra-auricular region and sides of neck yellow;
general color of upper parts much brighter and more yellowish olive-
ereen, and yellow of under parts brighter, especially on posterior
portions; length (skins), 143-147 (145); wing, 65.3-67 (66.1); tail,
60.4-62 (61.2); exposed culmen, 14-15.5 (14.7); depth of bill at base,
4,8-5 (4.9); tarsus, 22-23.1 (22.5); middle toe, 15-15.2 (15.1).?
Island of New Providence, Bahamas.’
Goethlypis coryi (not of Ridgway) Banes, Auk, xvii, 1900, 291 (New Providence
Island, Bahamas).
'Two specimens.
2 One specimen.
* Type in collection of G. S. Miller, jr. (no. 3896, Nassau, New Providence Island,
Bahamas, May 30, 1889; collected by C. J. Maynard.)
.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 679
GEOTHLYPIS BELDINGI Ridgway.
BELDING’S YELLOW-THROAT,
Much larger than any of the forms of G. frichas (tarsus 22.9-24.6,
exposed culmen 12.9-14), the adult male with the black mask bordered
continuously behind by bright yellow.
Adult male.—Forehead, with loral, orbital, auricular, and malar
regions uniform black, forming a conspicuous black *‘ mask;” space
immediately behind this black area clear yellow (intermediate between
canary and naples yellow, brightening into lemon yellow on sides of
neck); occiput and hindneck olive or olive-brown superticially, the
feathers olive-yellow or yellowish olive-green beneath the surface,
grayish dusky at base; rest of upper parts plain olive-green; under
parts rich lemon or gamboge yellow, passing into paler yellow on
lower abdomen and anal region and into light brownish or buffy olive-
green on sides and flanks; bill black, with paler tomia, in summer,
browner, with mandible paler basally, in winter; iris brown; legs and
feet light brownish (in dried skins); length (skins), 135.1-140.5 (138.3);
wing, 61.2-64.3 (62.8); tail, 61.5-65.8 (63); exposed culmen, 13.2-14
(13.6); tarsus, 22.9-24.6 (23.5); middle toe, 15-16.8 (15.6).*
Adult female.— Above dull yellowish olive-green, brighter on wings
and tail, paler on forehead, the anterior portion of crown tinged with
or inclining to russet-brown; an indistinct narrow superciliary stripe
of olive-yellowish; lores and suborbital and auricular regions olive-
dusky; malar region, chin, throat, chest, breast, and upper abdomen
lemon or gamboge yellow, deeper on chest; lower abdomen dull buffy
whitish; under tail-coverts yellow, paler than that on throat, ete.;
sides and flanks light buffy olive; maxilla dark brown with paler
tomia; mandible horn brownish, darker terminally, paler basally; iris
and feet as in adult male; length (skins), 131.6-135.9 (133.4); wing,
58. 7-59.9 (59.2); tail, 57.9-61 (59.8); exposed culmen, 12.9-13.7 (13.4);
tarsus, 22.9-23.1 (28); middle toe, 15.2-15.5 (15.3).
[In winter both sexes have the feathers of back, etc., indistinctly
tipped with grayish, and color of sides and flanks rather paler and
more buffy, but otherwise similar to the spring plumage. |
Young, first plumage.—**Above uniform dark olive-brown; below,
sides, and under wing-coverts light yellowish buff. Faint indications
of light superciliary stripe. Wings above dark olive-green, with dis-
tinct greenish edging to outer web of each feather except the first,
which has a whitish edging the same as adults. Greater wing-coverts
23
rusty on edges. ‘Tail olive-green above, lighter below.’
1 Eight specimens.
* Three specimens.
3 Bryant (W. E.), Bull. Calif. Ac. Sci., 2d ser., ii, 1889, 20.
630 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Cape St. Lucas district of Lower California (San José del Cabo;
La Paz; Comandu).
Geothlypis beldingi Rripaway, Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., v, Sept. 5, 1882, 344 (San
José del Cabo, Lower California; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.); Bull. Nutt. Orn.
Club, vii, 1882, 257; 1887, 524.—Brtpina, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., v, 1883, 546
(La Paz, Lower California).—Bryant, Proc. Calif. Ac. Sci., 2d ser., ii, 1889,
20 (Comandu, Lower California; descr. young, nest and eggs, etc.).—SHARPE,
Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 356 (San José del Cabo).—AMERICAN ORNI-
THoLoGIsts’ Unton, Check List, 1886, no. 682.
G(eothlypis| beldingi Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 524.
GEOTHLYPIS FLAVOVELATA Ridgway.
ALTA MIRA YELLOW-THROAT,
Adult male similar in coloration to G. belding? but very much smaller
(rather smaller than G. tr/chas melanops).
Adult male in winter.
Forehead, together with loral, suborbital,
malar, and auricular regions uniform black, forming a conspicuous
‘*mask;”? behind this black mask a broad band of canary yellow, about
5 mm. in width; occiput and hindneck brownish olive superficially,
the feathers yellowish olive-green beneath the surface, this more yel-
lowish toward the yellow crown-band; rest of upper parts uniform
bright yellowish olive-green, the remiges decidedly duller, more gray-
ish olive-green; under parts bright lemon yellow (slightly paler on
abdomen and under tail-coverts), the sides and flanks light brownish
or buffy olive-green; maxilla dark brown (nearly black on culmen),
much paler on tomia; mandible pale brownish basally, darker termi-
nally; legs and feet light horn brownish (in dried skins); length (skin),
125; wing, 53.5; tail, 53.5; exposed culmen, 12; tarsus, 21; middle toe,
1Buos
Eastern Mexico (Alta Mira, near Tampico, southern Tamaulipas).
Geothlypis flavovelatus RipGway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xviii, no. 1045, Apr. 16,
1896, 119 (Alta Mira, near Tampico, southern Tamaulipas; coll. U. 8. Nat.
Mus. ).—Ricumonp, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xvili, 1896, 631 (Alta Mira).
GEOTHLYPIS FLAVICEPS Nelson.
YELLOW-HEADED YELLOW-THROAT,
Adult male similar to that of G. flavovelata, but bill much longer
and the whole crown, occiput, and hindneck yellow.
Adult male in spring.—Forehead (extending backward about 7.5
mm. from frontal antiz), together with loral, suborbital, malar, and
auricular regions, uniform deep black, forming a conspicuous ** mask;”
rest of head, above and behind this black mask, together with hind-
neck and sides of neck, light lemon or canary yellow, the occiput and
hindneck faintly tinged with olive-green; rest of upper parts uniform
‘One specimen (the type).
4
ee ee?) eee te ee ee ee ee
Ped Ae
leat ale ee ie
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 681
bright yellowish olive-green, abruptly defined anteriorly against yel-
low of hindneck; under parts rich lemon yellow, the sides and flanks
strongly tinged with light brownish olive-green; bill entirely deep
black; legs and feet pale brown (in dried skin); length (skin), 121;
wing, 55.5; tail,54; exposed culmen, 14; tarsus, 21.5; middle toe, 14.5.’
Adult female in spring.—¥orehead and supra-auricular region wax
yellow;* crown, occiput, and hindneck brownish olive-green; rest of
upper parts plain yellowish olive-green, becoming dull grayish on ter-
minal portion of remiges; upper portion of lores yellowish, like super-
ciliary and supra-auricular regions; lower portion of lores pale grayish;
suborbital and auricular regions light olive-grayish, more or less
tinged with yellow, and finely streaked with paler; lower parts (includ-
ing malar region) bright lemon yellow, more or less tinged with indian
yellow or saffron yellow on chest (sometimes on throat and chin also),
the sides and flanks shaded with brownish olive-green; maxilla brown-
ish black with paler tomia; mandible similar but more or less brownish
basally; feet as in adult male; length (skins), 118-123 (121); wing, 51-
54.5 (52.3); tail, 49-50 (49.7); exposed culmen, 11.5-12 (11.7); tarsus,
20-21 (20.8); middle toe, 13.5-14.5 (14).°
Young male, first plumage.—Above plain olive, the remiges and
rectrices olive-green; sides of head and neck similar in color to upper
parts, but loral, suborbital, and auricular regions duller, more grayish
olive; asmall dull whitish spot on lower eyelid; under parts plain pale
olive, the abdomen, anal region, and under tail-coverts pale buffy yel-
low or straw yellow; bill as in adult female.
Eastern Mexico (Alta Mira, near Tampico, southern Tamaulipas).
Geothlypis faviceps NELtson, Auk, xvi, Jan., 1899, 51 (Alta Mira, near Tampico,
gs. Tamaulipas, e. Mexico; coll. U. 8S. Nat. Mus.).
GEOTHLYPIS CHIRIQUENSIS Salvin.
CHIRIQUI YELLOW-THROAT.
Similar to G. welata,’ but with the forehead much more extensively
black.
Adult male.—** General color above olive-yellow [i. e., olive-green],
a shade lighter on the rump and upper tail-coverts; lesser and median
wing-coverts like the back; greater coverts, primary coverts, and
quills dusky brown, externally like the back, the primaries decidedly
'One specimen (the type NE
* This sometimes involving anterior portion of crown.
’Three specimens.
4 Sylvia velata Vieillot, Ois. Am. Sept., ii, 1807, 22, pl. 74.—G[eothlypis] velata
Cabanis, Mus. Hein., i, 1850, 16.—Geothlypis velata Sclater, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862,
27.—[Sylria] cucullata Latham, Index Orn., 1i, 1790, 528.—Tanagra canicapilla Swain-
son, Zool. Ilustr., Ist ser., ii, 1822-23, pl. 174. (Brazil, Argentina, Paraguay, and
eastern Peru.)
682 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
brighter yellow along the outer web, grayish toward their ends, the
first primary margined with pale olive-yellow; bastard-wing feathers
dusky brown, narrowly edged with olive-yellow, bright yellow along
the edge of the outer one, like the edge of the wing; tail-feathers
olive-yellowish [i. e., olive-greenish]; crown of head bluish gray, .the
occiput and nape like back; a broad band of black across the forehead;
feathers above and around the eye, cheeks, and ear-coverts black;* the
gray of the head skirting the ear-coverts at the sides of the neck;
entire under surface of body brilliant yellow, a little paler on the under
tail-coverts; sides of body and flanks, as well as the thighs, olive-green;
under wing-coverts brilliant yellow, the axillaries more olive-yellow;
edge of wing bright yellow; quills dusky below, ashy along the edge
ot the inner web. Total length, 127; culmen, 15.2; wing, 61; tail, 50.8;
tarsus, 22.9.” ?
Province of Chiriqui, Colombia (Volcan de Chiriqui).
Geothlypis chiriquensis SAtvin, Ibis, 3d ser., ii, Apr., 1872, 148, in text (Volcan de
Chiriqui, Veragua; coll. Salvin and Godman).—Satvin and Gopman, Biol.
Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1881, 152, pl. 9, fig. 1.—SHarpr, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus.,
x, 1885, 362, pl. 9, fig. 6.
[ Geothlypis] chiriquensis SCLATER and Satvin, Nom. Ay. Neotr.. 1873, 10.
[ Geothlypis xquinoctialis] B. chiriquensis SALVIN, Ibis, April, 1872, 149.
[ Geothlypis equinoctialis] y. chiriquensis RipGway, Am. Jour. Sci., iv, Dec., 1872,
458. .
Geothlypis aquinoctialis var. chiriquensis Ripaway, Am. Jour. Sci., iv, Dec., 1872,
458.
GEOTHLYPIS SEMIFLAVA BAIRDI (Nutting).
BAIRD’S YELLOW-THROAT,
Similar to G. s. semiflava, but with shorter tail and tarsus and larger
bill.*
Adult male in spring.—F¥orehead and at least anterior half of crown
(sometimes whole crown), together with loral, orbital, auricular, and
' According to the colored figure in Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, pl. 9, fig. 6, the malar
region also is black, instead of yellow as in G. velata.
*Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 362, 363. The measurements converted
from inches and tenths to millimeters.
5T continue to separate the Central American bird from true G. semiflava of Ecuador,
at least provisionally. All the Central American specimens examined differ from the
single Ecuadorean skin available for comparison in shorter tail and tarsus and larger
bill, as mentioned above; furthermore, the Ecuadorean specimen has the posterior
extremity of the black mask continued along each side of the lower throat for a con-
siderable distance, and almost forming a collar across the upper chest. Among the
five adult males from Central Amerlca only one shows the slightest approximation to
this last-mentioned character. Otherwise, they are all very much like the specimen
from Ecuador, and it may be that a series of specimens from the latter country would
show that no constant difference really exists, in which case the alleged Central
American subspecies could not, of course, be maintained.
~yeeGeamaircs
| i
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 683
malar regions uniform black, forming a conspicuous **mask,” this
everywhere sharply defined except on crown, where the posterior
margin is more or less broken; rest of upper parts uniform deep olive-
green, changing to dark grayish brown on terminal portion of remiges;
under parts bright lemon yellow, changing to olive-green on sides,
flanks, and thighs; bill black, or nearly so; iris brown; legs and feet
light horn brown (in dried skins). [In winter the plumage similar,
but mandible and maxillary tomia light horn brownish.| Length
(skins), 110-130 (119.4); wing, 58-60.5 (58.9); tail, 45-49 (47); exposed
ulmen, 13-14 (13.8); tarsus, 21-23 (21.5); middle toe, 14-16 (15.4).!
Adult female.—Above, including sides of neck, plain deep yellowish
olive-green, becoming more yellowish on forehead and superciliary
region; lores dull grayish; suborbital and auricular regions olive-
green, narrowly and indistinctly streaked with yellow; under parts
bright lemon yellow, the sides and flanks olive-green; bill, etc., as in
adult male; length (skin), 117; wing, 55; tail, 43; exposed culmen, 14;
tarsus, 22; middle toe, 15.”
Young female, first plumage.—Ahbove plain greenish olive, becom-
ing olive-green on upper tail-coverts and edges of rectrices; sides of
head paler olive; chin and upper throat pale buffy olive, deepening on
lower throat and chest into deeper buffy olive, the sides and flanks
more decidedly olive; breast and abdomen pale buffy yellow.
Young male (*), first plumage.*—Similar to the young female, as
described above, but slightly more greenish olive above, and chin,
throat, breast, and abdomen bright olive-yellow.
Southern Honduras (Segovia River) and eastern Nicaragua (Los
Sabalos, Greytown, Rio San Juan, Rio Escondido, ete.), to Costa Rica
(Jiménez, Talamanca, San José, ete.). >
Geothlypis bairdi Nurrine, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vi, Apr. 9, 1884, 398 (Los Sdba-
los, e. Nicaragua; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.).—Rrpaway, Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus.,
x, 1885, 585 (Segovia R., Honduras).—Cuerriz, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus.,
xiv, 1891, 527 (San José, Costa Rica; crit.).—RicHmMonp, Proc. U. 8S. Nat.
Mus., xvi, 1893, 485 (Rio Frio, Costa Rica; Greytown, Rio San Juan and
Rio Escondido, Nicaragua).
Geothlypis semiflava (not of Sclater) SHarps, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 357
part (in synonymy).
GEOTHLYPIS SPECIOSA Sciater.
ORIZABA YELLOW-THROAT,
Adult male.—Head, except chin and throat, dull black, deepest on
loral and suborbital regions, duller on pileum, where passing gradually
'Six specimens. The single adult male of G. s. semiflava examined measures as
follows: Wing, 60; tail, 53; exposed culmen, 13; tarsus, 23; middle toe, 15.
2 One specimen.
* Deseribed from a specimen (sex not determined) collected by Mr. C. H. Town-
send on the Segovia River, southern Honduras, July 8, 1887 (no. 112066, coll. U. 8.
Nat. Mus. ).
684 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
into dull grayish brown on occiput, this in turn changing gradually to
golden olive-green on hindneck, back, and other upper parts, the
olive-green brightest on upper tail-coverts; remiges sooty brown, the
tertials dull olive-green; chin and throat bright, but not pure, yellow,
the remaining under parts rather duller yellow (dull saffron or wax
yellow), the sides and flanks dull brownish; bill very slender, dusky;
feet dark brown; outermost primary much shorter than innermost, the
fifth longest; tail graduated for about 12 mm.; wing, 61; tail, 58;
exposed culmen, 12.7; depth of bill at base, 3.8; tarsus, 21.6; middle
toe, 14."
Immature male.—Similar to the adult male as deseribed above, but
pileum dull olive-brown, darker, more dusky grayish, on forehead, the
black being restricted to the loral, suborbital, auricular, and malar
regions, the upper portion of the auricular region being dusky gray-
ish; length (skin), 123; wing, 55.5; tail, 52.5; exposed culmen, 12;
tarsus, 22; middle toe, 14.”
Adult female.—* Greener than the male above, and without any
black on the head and face; the head a little more ashy olive than the
back; wings and tail as in the male; sides of face and ear-coverts
olive-brown, mottled with pale yellow spots on the lores and below
the eye; upper and lower edge of eyelid pale yellow; under surface of
body light fulvous yellow, tinged with saffron on the breast; the sides
of the body light reddish brown, shaded with ashy; under tail-coverts
brighter yellow.”* Total length 121.9, culmen 14, wing 52.1, tail,
48.5, tarsus 20.3.
Eastern Mexico (alpine region of Vera Cruz).
Geothlypis speciosa SCLATER, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1858, 447 (Mexico; coll. P. L.
Selater): Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 27.—Barrp, Review Am. Birds, 1865, 223,
footnote.—Sumicurast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., i, 1869, 546 (alpine reg. of
Vera Cruz).—Satvin, Ibis, 1872, 149 (monogr. ).—Satvrin and Gopmav, Biol.
Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1881, 152.—SnHarpr, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 358,
pl. 10.
[ Geothlypis] speciosa ScLATER and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 9.
G[eothlypis] speciosa Rripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 525.
[ Geothlypis speciosa] a. speciosa RipGway, Am. Journ. Sci., iv, Dec., 1872, 458.
Geothlypis speciosa var. speciosa RipGway, Am. Journ. Sci., iv, Dec., 1872, 458.
Geothlypis formosa (not Sylvia formosa Wilson) SCLATER, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
1860, 273 (evidently meant for speciosa; cites Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1858,
447).
1Described from a specimen (no. 169a) in Dr. Sclater’s collection, collected by
De Saussure, in 1858, but without definite locality. The wing measured by pressing
it flat against the rule, the tail measured to the base of the coccyx.
2 Described from no. 89,906, coll. U. 8. Nat. Mus., ‘‘ Mexico, De Saussure, 1858”
(no. 169b. of Dr. Sclater’s collection. )
3Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 358. The measuements converted from
inches and tenths.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 685
GEOTHLYPIS NELSONI NELSONI Richmond.
HOODED YELLOW-THROAT.
Similar in coloration to G. semiflava baird7, but much smaller and
more slender, with much longer tail and smaller bill and feet.
Adult male in spring and summer.—F¥orehead (very broadly’),
together with lorai, orbital, auricular, and malar regions, uniform
deep black, forming a conspicuous **mask;” crown dull gray or olive-
gray, at least next to posterior margin of the black frontal area, this
gray continued laterally and posteriorly along the upper posterior
border of the black mask, where lighter in color than on crown, and
sometimes tinged, more or less, with yellow; rest of upper parts,
including occiput and hindneck, uniform deep olive-green, this some-
times covering crown also, to the exclusion of the usual gray color of
that portion, though the olive-green there is paler and more grayish
than on other portions; under parts bright lemon yellow, becoming
paler (sometimes almost yellowish white) on lower abdomen and anal
region, the sides and flanks olive-green or grayish olive-green; under
tail-coverts tinged with olive-green; bill black; legs and feet deep
horn color (in dried skins); length (skins), 122-130 (125.7); wing, 56-
57 (56.5); tail, 59-64 (61.5); exposed culmen, 11-11.5 (11.2); tarsus,
20-20.5 (20.2); middle toe, 12-13 (12.7).?
Adult female.—Above plain [yellowish olive], the lores and supercili-
ary region paler; beneath yellow, the breast tinged with ochraceous.*
Southeastern Mexico, in States of Vera Cruz (Jalapa; Cofre de
Perote; Jico) and Puebla (Chalchicomula).
Geothlypis cucullata (not Sylvia cucullata Latham+*) Satvrx and Gopman, Ibis,
6th ser.,i, Apr., 1889, 237 (Cofre de Perote, near Jalapa, Vera Cruz, Mexico;
coll. Salvin and Godman).
Geothlypis nelsoni RicuMonp, Auk, xvii, Apr., 1900, 197, text (to replace G. cucul-
lata, preoccupied ).
GEOTHLYPIS NELSONI MICRORHYNCHA Ridgway.®
HIDALGO YELLOW-THROAT.
Similar to G. n. nelsoni, but with decidedly smaller bill, the adult
male without any gray behind the black mask or with a mere trace of
that color.
The black extending 40-50 mm. from the frontal antize, thus sometimes involv-
ing the anterior portion of the crown.
? Three specimens.
* Translation of Salvin and Godman’s description, in Ibis, 1889, 237.
* — Ceothlypis velata ( Vieillot).
° Type, no. 143333, coll. U. 8S. Nat. Mus. (Biological Survey collection); Real del
Monte, Hidalgo, Mar. 13, 1891; C. P. Streator.
686 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Adult male.—Length (skins), 128-129 (128.5); wing, 56-57 (56.5);
tail, 59-61 (60); exposed culmen, 10; tarsus, 20.5; middle toe, 13.5."
State of Hidalgo (Real del Monte; Tulancingo), southeastern Mexico.
Genus CHAMATHLYPIS Ridgway.
Chamexthlypis Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, Sept., 1887, 525. (Type, Geothlypis
poliocephala Baird. )
Similar in general appearance to Geothlypis, but tail longer than
wing, graduated;” bill very stout, with culmen strongly curved (much
as in Jeteria); tarsus nearly half as long as wing, or at least much
nearer one-half than one-third as long; no black on forehead nor auricu-
lars in adult males; sexes alike, or at least not very different, in color.
Bill much shorter than head, stout (depth at base equal to nearly
half the length of exposed culmen); culmen strongly curved; max-
illary tomium distinctly concave or arched, with distinct subterminal
notch; mandibular tomium slightly but distinctly convex; gonys nearly
straight. Nostril longitudinally oval, in lower anterior portion of
nasal fosse, overhung by a broad membraneous operculum. Rictal
bristles obsolete. Wing short, much rounded (seventh, sixth, and
fifth primaries longest, ninth shorter than fourth or about equal to
third); wing-tip shorter than exposed culmen. Tail decidedly longer
than wing, graduated, the’ rectrices acuminate or subacuminate at tip.
Tarsus nearly half as long as wing, or at least very much more than
one-third as long, its scutella indistinct or obsolete on outer side;
middle toe, with claw, much shorter than tarsus; basal phalanx of middle
toe united for basal half (or slightly more) to outer toe, separated for
most of its length from inner toe.
Coloration.—Olive-greenish above, yellow or yellowish beneath;
adults with pileum gray and lores black. Sexes alike, or nearly so.
Nidification.—Unknown.
Range.—Northern Mexico (including southern Texas) to Chiriqui.
This genus is very much like Geothlypis as to general appearance,
but quite distinct structurally, in which respect it comes much nearer
to Icterta. From the latter it differs in its shorter and more rounded
wing, more graduated tail with pointed rectrices, longer tarsi, and
stouter feet.
KEY TO THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES OF CHAM#THLYPIS.
a. A white or pale yellow spot on each eyelid (largest on the lower). (Chamethlypis
poliocephala. )
b. Crown gray; lores black. (Adults. )
1 Two specimens; a third, too much worn for measurement of wing and tail, agrees
with the other two in absence of any gray on the head; the exposed culmen measures
10, the tarsus 20.
2Only one species among the seventeen of Geothlypis has the tail longer than the
wing.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 687
ce. Duller olive-green above, paler yellow below, the abdomen and anal region
distinctly paler (often buffy whitish); wing and tail longer, bill and feet
smaller (wing averaging 58.2, tail 62.2, exposed culmen 11.5, tarsus 21.6 in
male; 54.5, 59.5, 11.5, and 20.8 in female). (Mexico in general, from States
of Morelos and Michoacan north to Sinaloa and to lower Rio Grande Val-
ley of Texas. )
Chamethlypis poliocephala poliocephala, adult male and female (p. 687)
cc. Brighter olive-green above, brighter and wholly yellow! below; wing and
tail shorter, bill and feet larger (wing averaging 55.6, tail 59.9, exposed
culmen 12.3, tarsus 22.2 in male).? (Southeastern Mexico, from State of
Vera Cruz to Chiapas, Tabasco, Campéche, and Yucatan. )
Chamethlypis poliocephala palpebralis, adult male and female (p. 689)
bb. Crown grayish brown, but slightly different from color of back; lores not black.
(Immature male and female.*)
aa. No white or yellow marks on eyelids. (Chamethlypis caninucha. )
b. Crown gray; lores black. (Guatemala to Chiriqui. )
Chamethlypis caninucha, adult male and female (p. 689)
bb. Crown olive or olive-brown, like back; lores not black.
Chamethlypis caninucha, immature male and female (p. 689)
CHAMAETHLYPIS POLIOCEPHALA POLIOCEPHALA (Baird).
RALPH'S GROUND-CHAT.
Adults in spring and summer (sexes alike).-—Lores black, this extend-
ing beneath the lower eyelid and sometimes narrowly crossing the
anterior portion of forehead; pileum gray (no. 6), narrowly and indis-
tinctly streaked with olive, passing gradually into dull grayish olive-
green on back, scapulars, wing-coverts, and tertials; primaries, upper
tail-coverts, and tail brighter, more yellowish, olive-green; upper eye-
lid white for posterior half or more, lower eyelid white for its entire
length; auricular region grayish, tinged with olive, the lower portion
more yellowish; malar region, chin, throat, chest, and breast canarv
yellow (much paler in worn plumage), fading into buffy whitish on
abdomen; sides and flanks light buffy olive; under tail-coverts pale yel-
low; thighs similar in color to flanks, but paler; maxilla dusky brown
with paler tomia; mandible pale brownish (pale flesh color or lilaceous
in life’); legs and feet pale buffy brown (in dried skins).
Adults in autumn and winter.—Similar to the spring and summer
plumage, but plumage softer, more blended; back, etc., more buffy
olive or light olive-brown; feathers of pileum (at least the occiput)
tipped with brown, and flanks more decidedly buffy.
Immature male and female.—Similar in general to the adult plum-
age, but duller, the pileum concolor with back, or nearly so, and lores
dull brownish gray or dusky, not distinctly different from color of
pileum.
' Except on sides, flanks, and thighs, which are brownish buffy or buffy olive.
» No females of this form seen by me.
* Only immature specimens of C. p. poliocephala examined.
688 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Adult male.—Length (skins), 131-143 (135.8); wing, 55-62 (58.2);
tail, 56-67 (62.2); exposed culmen, 10-12 (11.5); tarsus, 20-23 (21.6);
middle toe, 138-16 (14.6).*
Adult female.—Length (skins), 127-135 (132.7); wing, 51-55 (54.5);
tail, 55-60 (58.2); exposed culmen, 11-12 (11.5); tarsus, 19-21 (20.8);
middle toe, 138-15 (14.2).”
Northern, western, and central Mexico; south to States of Morelos
(Yautepec, January) and Michoacan (Querendaro, August), north to
State of Sinaloa (vicinity of Mazatlan) and to the lower Rio Grande
Valley in Texas (Brownsville).
Geothlypis poliocephala Batrp, Review Am. Birds, April, 1865, 225 (Mazatlan,
Sinaloa, w. Mexico; coll. U. 8. Nat. Mus.).—Satvin, Ibis, 1872, 149, part
(monogr.).—Ripeway, in Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway’s Hist. N. Am. Birds,
i, 1874, 296 (Mazatlan).—Lawrencr, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., ii, 1874, 269
(Mazatlan).—Satvin and Gopmay, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1881, 154, pl. 9,
fig. 3 (Mazatlan).—SnHarpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 359, part (Presidio,
near Mazatlan).
[ Geothlypis] poliocephala ScLaTeR and Satyin, Nom. Ay. Neotr., 1873, 10, part.
G[eothlypis] poliocephala RipGway, Man. N. Aim. Birds, 1887, 526.
[ Trichas] poliocephala Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 242, no. 3507.
[Geothlypis poliocephala] a. poliocephala Ripaway, Am. Jour. Sci., iv, Dec.,
1872, 459.
Geothlypis poliocephala var. poliocephala Ripaway, Am. Journ. Sci., iv, Dec.,
1872, 459.
[ Geothlypis poliocephala] var. poliocephala Ripaway, in Baird, Brewer, and Ridg-
way’s Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 296.
[Geothlypis poliocephala] a. G. poliocephala SuHarrr, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x,
1885, 360, over list of specimens.
Geothlypis poliocephala palpebralis (not G. palpebralis Ridgway) ALLEN, Auk, viii,
1891, 316 (Brownsville, Texas).
1Ten specimens.
2Six specimens.
Specimens from Mexico compare in average measurements with those from
Brownsville, Texas, as follows:
Locality. Wing. | Tail. | posed | Tarsus. ee
culmen. ;
MALES.
Three adult males from Mexico (Sinaloa, Tepic, and
IMOLElOS) ac ox. ceuwisd tbatcnme meena aedoanan seecodec cee ee oer 60 64.5 11 22 13.2
|
|
Seven adult males from Brownsville, Texas .........-..---- 57.4 61.1 7. 21.5 15.1
FEMALES. |
Three adult females from Mexico (Sinaloa, Michoacan, and | ;
Morelos)! . Seed k seem eee s Rete oP eee B57. 66 NLL est Seat 14.1
Three adult females from Brownsville, Texas ............-- 54.5 58.2 | 11.5 20.8 14.2
The series from Mexico is a very unsatisfactory one, but such as it is it seems to
invalidate the claims of G. p. ralphi as a recognizable form.
id i ee
~
2
cee
~~
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA.
Geothlypis poliocephala ralphi Ripaw ay, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., xvi, no. 964, Feb. 5,
1894, 692 (Brownsville, Texas; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.); Man. N. Am. Birds,
2d ed., 1896, 608.—AmeERICAN OrNiTHOLOGISTS’ Unton Commirrer, Auk, xii,
1895, 165; Check List, 2d ed., 1895, no. 682. 1.
CHAMZETHLYPIS POLIOCEPHALA PALPEBRALIS Ridgway.
MIRADOR GROUND-CHAT.
Similar to Cp. poliocephala, but much more brightly colored, the
under parts entirely yellow (lemon or gamboge), except sides and
flanks, which are browner or more deeply buffy olive than in G. p.
poliocephala; wpper parts deeper olive; wing and tail shorter, bill «nd
feet larger.
Adult male.—Length (skins), 126-142 (183.8); wing, 51-61 (55.6);
tail, 54-65 (59.9); exposed culmen, 11-14 (12.3); tarsus, 20-25 (29.2);
middle toe, 14-16 (14.8)."
Southeastern Mexico, in States of Vera Cruz (Mirador; San Andreas
Tuxtla), Oaxaca’, Chiapas (Palenque; Ocozucuantla), Tabasco (Monte-
cristo), Campéche (Campéche), and Yucatan (Merida; Progreso; La
Vega; Chichen Itza).
Trichas delafieldi (not Sylvia delafieldiit Audubon) Sciater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
1856, 293 (Cordova, Vera Cruz).
Geothlypis poliocephala (not of Baird) Lawrence, Ann. Lye. N. Y., ix, 1869, 200
(Merida, Yucatan).—Sumicurast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., i, 1869, 546 (Vera
Cruz, hot region?).—Satvin, Ibis, 1872, 149, part (monogr.).—SHarpr, Cat.
Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 359, part, pl. 9, fig. 3.
[| Geothlypis| poliocephala ScLATER and Savin, Nom. Ay. Neotr., 1873, 10, part.
G[eothlypis| palpebralis Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 526 (Mirador, Vera
Cruz, Mexico; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.).
Geothlypis (Chamethlypis) palpebralis Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1587, 592;
2d ed., 1896, 614.
CHAMAZTHLYPIS CANINUCHA Ridgway.
CENTRAL AMERICAN GROUND-CHAT.
Similar to C. poliocephala palpebratis, but without any white or yel-
lowish on eyelids.
Adult mate.—Length (skins), 116-1386 (126. Os aane es 52-57 (55. 5);
ISey enteen specimens, those from eee Tocouties averaging, Petal as
follows:
Ex-
Locality. Wing.}| Tail. posed | Tarsus. \ aes
/culmen, :
= n a = = | = a a
mhreeaduiltsmalesfromiaViens,.Criz2.2ecss-ceee lec en coe 56.6 60 | 12 21S 14.6
Six adult males from Chiapas...............- Se AeA Ue Lee 55.8 58.8 11.8 D2 Ti le wales
MwowdultsmalessiromMurabascotas-seeees a5 5-20 ee oes eee 52 60.5 12.5 23 15.5
Two adult males from Campéche.......- BS een Taps Waa Sypamiiae 56 60 12 D0 eae ald
|
Hounmacdultmeales: from - Muacataness sos sess —cjcnice cece e eke 56 61 13.2 23 15
No faales. of this form have been seen oe me,
3694—VOL 2—01——44
690 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
tail, 55.5-61 (57.9); exposed culmen, 11-13 (11.8); tarsus, 20-23 (22.3);
middle toe, 13-16 (14.4).'
Adult female.—Length (skins), 122-130 (125.4); ee 51.5-55
(53.6); tail, 54-61 (55.8); exposed culmen, 11-12 (11.3); tarsus, 21-23
(22); middle toe, 18-16 (14.3).”
Having but a single Guatemalan specimen (the type of Geothlypis poliocephala,
var. caninucha) for comparison with the Central American series, I for the present
unite all under one name. The single Guatemalan specimen has the gray of the
pileum extended over the hindneck, which apparently is not the case with any of
the specimens from farther southward, and it has the wing and tail longer; but a
series from Guatemala might show that these differences are not constant.
Central America, from Guatemala (Retalhuleu) to Chiriqui (Volcan
de Chiriqui; Boquete).
Geothlypis equinoctialis (not Motacilla xquinoctialis Gmelin) SALvIN and ScLaTEr,
Ibis, 1860, 273 (Duenas, Guatemala).
Geothlypis poliocephala, part, Batrp, Review Am. Birds, 1865, 225 (Retalhuleu,
Guatemala).
Geothlypis poliocephala (not of Baird) Satvry, Ibis, 1870, 114 (Costa Rica).—
Suarpr, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 359, part, pl. 9, fig. 4 (British Hon-
duras; Retalhuleu, San Gerénimo, and Duenas, Guatemala).
Geothlypis poliocephala, var. caninucha Ripaway, Am. Journ. Sci., iv, Dee., 1872
459; in Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway’s Hist. N. Am. Birds, i fa 296.
[ Geothlypis poliocephala] B. caninucha Rrpaway, Am. Journ. Bei iv., Dec., 1872,
459 (Retalhuleu, Guatemala; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus. ).
oe poliocephala . . . var. caninucha Boucarp, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
1878, 52 (San José, Costa Rica).
Gastiinns caninucha Satvin and GopMAN, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1881, 153,
part, pl. 9, fig. 2 (Patio Bolas, ete., Guatemala; Costa Rica).—ZELEpDoN,
Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., viii, 1885, 105 (Costa Rica); Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa
Rica, i, 1887, 107 (Los Anonas, Costa Rica).—UNbDERwoop, Ibis, 1896, 434
( Volean de Miravalles, Costa Rica).
[ Geothlypis poliocephala] 6. G. caninucha Suarpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885,
360, in list of specimens, part (Costa Rica).
'lifteen specimens.
* Hight specimens.
Specimens from different localities average, respectively, as follows:
Ex- ee
Locality. Wing.| Tail. | posed | Tarsus. Micde
culmen. we
MALES.
One adult male (type) from Guatemala (Retalhuleu) ..-.--- 58 59 12 23 15
Two adult males from Honduras (San Pedro) ....-.-.--.------ 56 57.5 12 22 14
Two adult males from Nicaragua (Rio Escondido) -....-.-.-- 53.5 55.5 13 23 15.5
Seven adult males from Costa Rica (San José).....--..------ 56. 2 58. 6 11.7 22 V4
Three adult males from Chiriqui (Boquete) -...-.-..-.-..----- 54 58 11 22.5 14.7
FEMALES.
Two adult females from Nicaragua (Rio Escondido and
VT SF UN SD) 0 owatonna tt area 55 52.5 11.5 21.5 15
Three adult females from Costa Rica (San José) ....-....-- 53 59 1S 22.3 13.7
Three adult females from Chiriqui (Boquete, etc.)......---- 53.6 55.8 11.3 22 14.3
yh whe 5?
pele *
ee ee eS ee ee ie Oe
sipbaigie es els} ies OF ee PAK) Ae 8 oe eh
BIRDS OF MIDDLE AND NORTH AMERICA. 691
Geothlypis caninucha icterotis RipGway, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., xi, sig. 34, Sept. 20,
1889, 539 (Costa Rica; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.).—CHerrigz, Proc. U. 8. Nat.
Mus., xiv, 1891, 526 (San José, Costa Rica; crit.); Auk, ix, 1892, 22 (San
José).—RicumMonp, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xvi, 1893, 485 (Rio Escondido,
Nicaragua ).—Banas, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club, iii, 1902, 61 (Boquete and
Volean de Chiriqui, Chiriqui, 4,000 to 7,500 ft. ).
Geothlypis palpebralis (not of Ridgway) Lantz, Trans. Kansas Ac. Sci. for 1896—
97 (1900), 223 (San Juan Valley, Costa Rica).
Genus ICTERIA Vieillot.
Icteria Viettuor, Ois. Am. Sept., 1, 1807, pp. i, 85. (Type, Muscicapa viridis
Gmelin, =Turdus virens Linnzeus. )
Jcteria CABANIS, Mus. Hein., i, 1850, 63.
Very large Mniotiltide: with short, stout, arched and unnotched bill,
the tarsus less than one-third as long as wing, tail moderately rounded,
with rectrices obtuse or rounded at tips; color olive-greenish above,
anterior half of under parts yellow; eyelids, malar stripe, and super-
ciliary stripe white, and lores black.
Bill very much shorter than head, deep (basal depth equal to about
half the exposed culmen); culmen strongly curved; maxillary tomium
without subterminal notch; gonys nearly if not quite straight. Nos-
tril broadly oval, overhung by rather narrow membraneous operculum.
Rictal bristles fairly developed. Wing moderate, rounded (seventh
to fifth primaries longest, ninth about equal to fourth); wing-tip equal
to or shorter than commissure. Tail equal to or longer than wing,
rounded, the rectrices rather narrow, with rounded tips. Tarsus about
one-third as long as wing or a little less, its scutella indistinct or obso-
lete on outer side; middle toe, with claw, decidedly shorter than tarsus;
pasal phalanx of middle toe united for slightly more than half its
length to outer toe, for about half its length to inner toe.
Coloration.— Above plain olive-green or olive-grayish; beneath with
anterior half yellow, posterior half whitish; eyelids, superciliary stripe,
and malar stripe white, lores black.
Nidification.—Subarboreal (in brambles or thickets).
Range.—Temperate North America, including Mexico. (Monotypic.)
KEY TO THE SUBSPECIES OF ICTERIA,.
a. Brighter or more decided olive-green above; white of malar region more restricted
(occupying less than anterior half); wing, tail, and bill shorter, the tail usually
shorter than wing; adult male averaging, wing 76.6, tail 74.5, exposed culmen
14.1; adult female, wing 74.4, tail 71.5, exposed culmen 13.5. (Eastern United
States, east of Great Plains, south in winter through eastern Mexico and Cen-
tral-America to Costa, Rica.) o22......2os-..% Icteria virens virens, adults (p. 692)
aa. Grayer olive-green, or gray tinged with olive-green, above; white of malar region
more extended, occupying more than anterior half (at least in adult males);
wing, tail, and bill longer; adult male averaging, wing 79.1, tail 81.4, exposed
culmen 14.5; adult female, wing 77.6, tail 78, exposed culmer 14.6. (Western
United States and Mexican plateau) .-.-.Icteria virens longicauda, adults (p. 695)
~~
20°
°c
b
BULLETIN 50. UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
ICTERIA VIRENS VIRENS (Linneus).
YELLOW-BREASTED CHAT,
Adult male in spring and summer.—Ahove plain grayish olive-green,
grayer on upper tail-coverts and (usually) lower rump; a superciliary
stripe (extending from nostrils to a short distance behind eye), a cres-
centic mark on lower eyelid, and anterior portion of malar region
white; lores and suborbital region (immediately beneath the white
mark on lower eyelid) black or dark slaty; auricular’ region gray
(sometimes tinged with olive-green), with narrow and indistinct paler
shaft-streaks; chin, throat, malar region (except anterior portion),
chest, breast, upper abdomen, and anterior half or more of sides rich,
pure gamboge or lemon yellow, sometimes (in highly plumaged speci-
mens) tinged with orange;' flanks pale gray, buffy gray, or grayish
buffy; rest of under parts white, the under tail-coverts sometimes
tinged with buff; axillars and under wing-coverts yellow; bill and
inside of mouth black; iris brown; legs and feet dusky in dried skins,
bluish gray in life; length (skins), 154-173 (162.8); wing, 73.5-81
(76.6); tail, 70-83.5 (74.5); exposed culmen, 13-14.5 (14.1); tarsus,
25-27 (26.3); middle toe, 15.5-17 (16.2).*
Adult female in spring and summer.—Similar to the adult male, but
slightly smaller, and more or less duller in coloration,*® the black or
dark slate of lores and suborbital region usually replaced by gray, the
yellow of under parts usually less pure or deep (that on sides of breast
sometimes tinged with olive), the flanks and under tail-coverts more
stronely buffy, and the mandible usually more or less light colored;
length (skins), 148-162 (157.4); wing, 72-77 (74.4); tail, 69-75 (71.8);
exposed culmen, 13-14 (13.5); tarsus, 25-27 (25.9); middle toe, 15-16.5
Chie
'The orange sometimes as irregular patches or blotches.
*Ten specimens.
* Brighter colored females, however, are not distinguishable from duller colored
males.
* Hight specimens.
Specimens from opposite sides of the Allegheny Mountains average, respectively, as
follows:
Ex-
Locality. Wing. Tail. | posed | Tarsus. nee
| /culmen., ;
ieee iy 27's)
MALES. | |
Five adult males from Maryland, Virginia, and District of
Colnmbigse 2-22 eee none eeee ares ce Se eee eae 76.6 76.4 | 14.3 26.1 16.1
Five adult males from Indiana and Illinois.......---...-.--- 76.6 72.6 | 13.9 20.5 | 16.3
|
| |
FEMALES. | |
| |
|
Five adult females from Maryland, Virginia, and District of |
GOs ee Se SER eee ee ee Se Bee leeeo7dee san? 13.4 | 26 15.5
. . . |
Three adult females from Indiana, Illinois, and Indian | | |
PETTIGOTY: a2 ac eas acids eee ne a SR oes ee clas epee sacs 74. Gh ee 1355 jeeeoeon 15.7
|
- BIRDS OF MIDDLE AND NORTH AMERICA. 693
[Adults in autumn and winter are like those in spring and summer,
but have the olive-green of upper parts more decided, the flanks and
under tail-coverts more strongly buffy, and the bill light colored, the
maxilla being, in both sexes, horn color and the mandible pale brown-
ish yellow or buffy, in dried skins. |
Young, first plumage.—Above uniform olive or dull olive-green;
lores and suborbital region dull gray; white marks on both eyelids, as
in adults, but less distinct, but supraloral streak obsolete; malar region,
chin, and throat dull white, slightly tinged with yellow; chest, sides,
and flanks plain deep olive-gray or smoke gray; rest of under parts
white.
Eastern United States; north to Massachusetts (Berkshire County,
Malden, etc.), southern New Hampshire (North Conway), New York
(Orleans, Yates, Oneida, and Seneca counties), southern Ontario,
southern Michigan, southern Wisconsin, and southern Minnesota
casually to southern Maine (Portland); west to edge of the Great Plains
(eastern South Dakota to San Antonio, Texas); breeding southward to
southern Texas (Brownsville, Hidalgo, Lomita, ete.), and upper por-
tions of Gulf States in general 7. In winter southward through east-
ern Mexico and Central America to Costa Rica (San José; Lagarto).
[ Turdus] virens Linn xus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, i, 1758, 171 (based on Yellow-breasted
Chat, Oenanthe americana, pectore luteo, Catesby, Nat. Hist. Carolina, i, 50,
pl. 50).
Icteria virens Baird, Review Am. Birds, Apr., 1865, 228.—Lawrencr, Ann. Lye.
N. Y., ix, 1868, 95 (Costa Rica); ix, 1869, 200 (Yucatan); Bull. U. S. Nat.
Mus., no. 4, 1876, 17 (Chihuitan and Santa Efigenia, Oaxaca, Nov., Jan.).—
Frantzius, Journ. fiir Orn., 1869, 294 (Costa Rica).—Sumicurastr, Mem.
Bost. Soc. N. H., i, 1869, 54 (Vera Cruz, winter).—Covugs, Check List, 1873,
no. 100; 2d ed., 1882, no. 144.—Batrp, Brewer, and Ripaway, Hist. N. Am.
Birds, i, 1874, 307, pl. 15, fig. 12.—Brewsrer, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., xi, 1875,
137 (Ritchie Co., West Virginia; habits; song).—Brewer, Proc. Bost. Soe.
N. H., xvii, 1875, 440 (Massachusetts and Connecticut, rare summer resid. ):
xx, 1878, 303 (North Conway, New Hampshire, breeding. )—Ripaway, Bull.
Nutt. Orn. Club, iii, 1878, 60 (deser. young); Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no,
125; Orn. Illinois, i, 1889, 171.—Sennerr, Bull. U. 8. Geol. and Geog. Surv.
Terr., iv, 1878, 13 (Brownsville and Hidalgo, Texas, breeding); v, 1879, 388
(Lomita, Texas, breeding).—Merritt, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., i, 1878, 124
(Fort Brown, Texas, breeding).—Ratrupun, Rev. List Birds Centr. New
York, 1879, 14 (rare summer resid. ).—Lintner, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, viii,
1883, 180 (Albany, New York).—BickNe.t, Auk, i, 1884, 216 (song).—MclI4-
wraitH, Auk, i, 1884, 389 (Hamilton, Ontario, 1 spec. ); Birds Ontario, 1894,
380 (s. Ontario, breeding) .—FErRRARI-PEREz, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., ix, 1886,
138 (Chietla, Puebla, Dec. ).—AmeEricaNn OrITHNOLOGISTS’ Unton, Check List,
1886, no. 683.—PuLatTr, Trans. Meriden Sci. Assoc., ii, 1885-86, 50 ( Meriden,
Connecticut; occasional summer resid. ).—Burier, Bull. Brookville Soc. N.
H., no. 2, 1886, 36 (Franklin Co., Indiana; common summer resid. ).— ALLEN,
Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., i, 1886, 259 (Essex Co., Massachusetts, breeding ).—
(?) Lioyn, Auk, iv, 1887, 296 (Tom Green Co., w. Texas, spring migr. ).—JoHNn-
son, Auk, v, 1888, 116 (Malden, Massachusetts, breeding).—Cooxr, Bird
Migr. Miss. Val., 1888, 260 (s. e. South Dakota; s. w. Minnesota, etc.; dates
)
694 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
of migr.).—EvrErMANN, Auk, vi, 1889, 28 (Carroll Co., Indiana, breeding ).—
Faxon, Auk, vi, 1889, 104 ( Berkshire Co., Massachusetts, | pair).—Scorr, Auk,
vii, 1890, 22 (apparently not occurring on Gulf coast of Florida!).—CHeErrir,
Auk, vii, 1890, 337 (San José, Costa Rica, Oct. 26 to ene 1) 5-ix, 1892,22 (do: )s
Expl. Zool. Costa Rica, i, Aves, 1898, 14 (Lagarto, s. w. Costa Rica, 1 spec.) .—
Goss, Hist. Birds Kansas, 1891, 583 (e. Kansas, summer resid. ).—MILuEr,
Auk, vill, 1891, 119 (Highland Light, Massachusetts, 1 spee., Sept. 10).—
Arrwater, Auk, ix, 1892, 342 (San Antonio, Texas, breeding).—Topp, Auk,
vili, 1891, 398 ‘Beaver Co., Pennsylvania, breeding); x, 1893, 41 (Indiana
‘o., Pennsylvania, breeding).—Neruruine, Our Native Birds, ete., 1, 1893,
258, pl. 15, fig. 3.—Ricamonp, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xvi, 1893, 485 (Rio
Escondido and Greytown, Nicaragua, Oct. 14 and Feb. 4).—Brown (N.C.),
Auk, x1, 1894, 331 (Portland, Maine, accidental).—SavaGe, Auk, xii, 1895,
393 (West Seneca, w. New York, June 17).—Uturey and Wattace, Proce. Ind.
Ac. Sei., 1895, 158 (Wabash, Indiana, summer resid. ie ee Bull.
Ohio Agric. Sta., tech. ser., i, 1896, 329 (Wayne Co., n. e. Ohio, rare summer
revid.).—CHAPMAN, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., viii, ae 277 (Chichen-Itza,
Yucatan ).—Hap.ey, Proc. Ind. Ac. Sci., 1897, 195 (Wayne Co., Indiana,
common summer resid. ).—WiItutams, Auk, xv, 1898, 332 (Oneida Co., New
York, breeding).—Posson, Auk, xvi, 1899, 195 (Orleans Co., New York,
May 8 and 31).—Dwiaent, Auk, xvi, 1899, 217, 219, pl. 3, lower fig. (sequence
of plumages).—Srone (C. D.), Auk, xvi, 1899, 285 (Yates Co., New York,
breeding ).—Bryer, Proc. Louis. Soc. Nat. for 1897-99 (1900), 115 ( Louisiana,
breeding ).
[ Icteria] virens Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 384, no. 5819.—Cours, Key N. Am. Birds,
1872, 108. .
[ Icteria virens . . .] a. virens Cours, Birds N. W., 1874, 77
{ Icteria virens longicauda] a. virens Couns, Birds Col. Val., 1878, 320.
I[{cteria] virens Nevson, Bull. Essex. Inst. vill, 1876, 101 (n. e. Illinois, breed-
ing) .—Cougs, ae N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 312.—Ripa@way, Man. N. Am.
Birds, 1887, 52
[ Muscicapa | Cane (Gece IN, Syst. Nat., 1, pt. 11, 1788, 936 (based on Merle verde
de la Caroline, Merula viridis carolinensis, neon Orn., 11,315; Yellow-breasted
Chat, Oenanthe americana, pectore luteo, Catesby, Nat. Hist. Carolina, i, 50, pl.
50).—LatrHam, Index Orn., ii, 1790, 482.
Muscicapa viridis STEPHENS, Shae Gen. Zool., x, 1817, 356
Icteria viridis BoNAParTE, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., iv, 1825, 252; Ann. Lye.
N. Y., ii, 1826, 69; Proc. Zool. Soe. Lond., 1837, 111 (Mexico); Geog. and
Comp. List, 1838, 25.—Nurratt, Man. Orn. U.S. and Can., i, 1832, 299.—
AupDuBON, Orn. Biog., ii, 1834, 223; v, 1839, 433, pl. 187; Synopsis, 1859, 163;
Birds Am., oct. ed., iv, 1842, 160, ee 244.—Prapopy, Rep. Orn. Mass., 1839,
297.—Bairp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Sury., ix, 1858, 248; Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859,
no. 176.—CaBanis, Journ. ftir Orn., 1860, 403 (Costa Rica).—ScuaTer, Cat.
Am. Birds, 1862, 41 (Orizaba, Vera Cruz; Choctum, Guatemala)—ScLaTEerR
and Santvin, Proce. Zool. Soe. Lond., 1870, 836 (San Pedro, Honduras ).—
TripprE, Proce. Bost. Soc. N. H., xv, 1872, 234 (Decatur Co., s. Lowa, breed-
ing).—Satvin and GopMAN, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, 1, 1881, 157, part.—
30ucARD, Proce. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, 441 (Yucatan).—SHaArpr, Cat. Birds
Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 373, chiefly.
) [J ]cteria viridis CaBanis, Mus. Hein., i, 1850, 63 (Mexico).
i: teria (typographical error) viridis Hoy, Proce. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., vi, 1853, 309
( Wisconsin ).
I(cteria] viridis Gray, Gen. Birds, i, 1846, 229.
[Icteria] viridis BONAPARTE, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 331.—ScLaTer and Satviy, Nom.
Ay. Neotr., 1873, 11, part.
o Ne:
BIRDS OF MIDDLE AND NORTH AMERICA, 695
Ampelis luteus SPARRMAN, Mus. Carls., i, fase. 3, 1788, pl. 70.
Icteria dumicola Viriitor, Ois. Am. Sept., 1, 1807, 85 (cites Muscicapa viridis
Linneus); Ene. Méth., ii, 1823, 702.—VirmLor and Oupart, Gal. Ois., 1,
1834, 119, pl. 85.
Jeteria dumicola Virtiiot, Ois. Am. Sept., i, 1808, pl. 55.
Pipra polyglotta Witson, Am. Orn., i, 1808, 90, pl. 6, fig. 1 (cites Muscicapa viridis
Gmelin).—Bonaparte, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci., Phila., iv, 1825, 251.
(2) Tanagra auricollis LICHTENSTEIN, Preis-Verz. Mex. Vog., 1830, 2 (Mexico; see
Journ. ftir Orn., 1863, 57).
[ Icteria] auricollis BoNAPARTE, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 331.
Icteria auricollis BONAPARTE, Compt. Rend., 1854, 380, 582.
Icteria velasquezi BONAPARTE, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1837, 117 (Guatemala);
Consp. Av., i, 1850, 331.—Scuarer, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1856, 298
(Mexico); 1859, 363 (Jalapa, Vera Cruz), 373 (Playa Vicente, Oaxaca).—
ScLavTer and Sayin, Ibis, 1859, 12 (Guatemala).—Sarvin, Ibis, 1866, 202.
ICTERIA VIRENS LONGICAUDA (Lawrenc
LONG-TAILED CHAT.
Similar to /. . wrens, but wing, tail, and bill longer, the tail always,
or nearly always, longer than wing, instead of the reverse; upper parts
more grayish olive-green, usually more nearly gray than olive-green;
white of malar region much more extended, frequently occupying
entire malar area; yellow of under parts averaging deeper.
Adult male.—Length (skins), 159-185 (172.8); wing, 75-84 (79.1);
tail, 76.5—-86 (81.4); exposed culmen, 13.5-15 (14.5); tarsus, 26-28 (26.5);
middle toe, 15-17.5 (16.1)."
Adult fematle.—Length (skins), 162-177 (167.2); wing, 73-80 (77.6);
tail, 72-82 (78); exposed culmen, 13.5-15 (14.6); tarsus, 26-27 (26.4);
middle toe, 14.5-16.5 (15.3).”
Western United States, from near eastern border of the Great Plains
to the Pacitie coast; north to North Dakota, Montana, Idaho, and east-
ern British Columbia (Sumas; Thompson River, below Ashcroft);
breeding southward over Mexican plateau to the valley of Mexico; in
'Pwenty-three specimens.
* Six specimens.
Adult males (breeding birds) from different localities average, respectively, as
follows:
| ax- lesen
Loeality. Wing. | Tail. | ach Tarsus. eS
ee ;
Es a athe 5. 5 ERAT at Ses ; é |
Three adult males from eastern Colorado and Montana -.-. 79 82.7 | 14.3 27 16
Five adult males from southern Arizona.................--- 78 79.6 14.7 26.6 Louth
Five adult males from northern Calfornia ..............-.--- 80.4 83.7 14.4 26 3 15.9
Hive adultmales from: western Texas... ..0..--..25---o---- 78.4 Sie 4 14.7 26.3 | 16.4
One adult male from lower Rio Grande Valley (Fort Brown,
BIRR re ayetey tame fe ate lei et aterm 2 etaaia ale ct lalc olen (asinine tel cteieiaieters tetereelavcie 78 80 | 13.5 27 16.5
Two adult males (breeding) from Nuevo Leon .........---- 79.7 | Sf | 14.5 | 26.7 | 16.2
Two adult males (summer) from Valley of Mexico .......-. 80 82.2 | 14 si7i |i eal 17
|
696 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
winter, to State of Sinaloa (Mazatlan, Presidio etc.) and Territory of
Tepic.
Icteria viridis (not Muscicapa viridis Gmelin) TowNsenp, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci.
Phila., viii, 1839, 153 (n. w. United States).—-Gampe., Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci.
Phila., iii, 1847, 157 (California); Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., i, 1847, 44
(do).—HerErRMANN, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., ii, 1853, 269 (California).—
Henry, Proe. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., vii, 1855, 313 (New Mexico); xi, 1859,
106 (do).—(?) Sctarer, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, 173 (City of Mexico).—
DuGés, La Naturaleza, i, 1870, 140 (Ghintiajanto: Mexico ).—SaALvin and Gop-
MAN, Biol. Céates hint Aves, i, 1881, 157, part.—SHarpr, Cat. Birds Brit.
Mus., x, 1885, 373, part (Presidio, near Mazatlan, Mexico).
[ Icteria] viridis ScLater and Satvin, Nom. Ay. Neotr., 1875, 11, part.
Icteria velasquezii (not of Bonaparte) Barirp, in Biman s Rep. Gt. Salt Lake,
1852, 328 (California).
Icteria longicauda LAwrence, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., vi, 1853, 4 (California;
coll. G. N. Lawrence).—Newperry, Rep. Pacific R. = Surv., vi, 1857, 81;
pl. 34, lower fig. (San Francisco, Sacramento Valley, ete., California, and n.
to ¢ ania R.; winters in California).—Barrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv.,
ix, 1858, 249; ed. 1860 (Birds N. Am.), pl. 34, fig. 2; Cat. N. Am. Birds,
1859, no. 177; Rep. U. S. and Mex. Bound Surv., ii, pt. 2, 1859, 10 (Fron-
tera, Texas; Nuevo Leon); Review Am. Birds, 1865, 230.—Nanrus, Proc.
Ac. Nat. Sei. Phila., 1859, 191 (Fort Tejon, California).—HerrrRMANN, Rep.
Pacific R. R. Surv., x, 1859, 55 (California).—Sciarer, Cat. Am. Birds,
1862, 42 (Nebraska) .—Cougs, Ibis, 1865, 163 (Arizona); Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci.
Phila., xviii, 1866, 71 (Fort Whipple, Arizona).—Coorer, Orn. Cal., 1870,
eae Abh. Nat. Brem., 1870, 331 (Mazatlan).—ArKken, Proc. Bost.
Soc. N. H., 1872, 197 (Colorado).
{ Icteria] erate Gray, Hand-list, 1, 1869, 384, no. 5820.
[ Icteria virens.| Var. longicauda Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 108.
Icteria virens .. . var. longicauda Cours, Check List, 1873, no. 100a.—Ripeway,
Bull. Essex Inst., v, Nov., 1873, 180 (Colorado).—HeEnsHaw, Rep. Orn.
Spec. Wheeler’s Sury., 1874, 42 (Utah), 103 (Apache, Arizona); Zool. Exp.
W. 100th Merid., 1875, 206 (localities in Utah, Colorado, and Arizona; New
Mexico).
Teteria virens, var. longicauda Barrp, Brewer, and Ripaway, Hist. Am. Birds,
i, 1874, 309.—Lawrence, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., ii, 1874, 271 noha and
Tepic, w. Mexico, Oct. to Apr. ).
[Icteria virens] b. longicauda Cours, Birds N. W., 1874, 77.
[ Icteria virens longicauda] b. longicauda Cours ieanele Col. Val., 1878, 321.
Icteria virens, B. longicauda Rrpaway, Field and Forest, ii, May, 1877, 197 (Colo-
rado); Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., i, 1879, 407 (Stockton, ete., California) .
Icteria virens . . . f. longicauda Ripaway, Orn. 40th Parallel, 1877, 436 (Sacra-
mento, California; Truckee Valley and West Humboldt Mts., Nevada).
Icteria virens longicauda Ripeaway, Bull. Essex Inst., vi, Oct., 1874, 171 (Sacra-
mento, California); vii, 1875, 11 (Carson aie Newey: Nom. N. Am.
3irds, 1881, no. 123a.—Covusrs, Birds Col. Val., 1878, 320, part; Check List,
2d ed., 1882, no. 145.—Ber.pine, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., v, 1883,.537 (La Paz,
Lower California, winter).—AMERICAN OrniTHoLoaists’ Unton, Check List,
1886, no. 683a.—Goss, Auk, iii, 1886, 115 (Meade Co., ete., w. Kansas, breed-
ing); Hist. Birds Kansas, 1891, 585 (w. Kansas, summer resid. ).—L1oyp,
Auk, iv, 1887, 296 (Tom Green Co., w. Texas, breeding ).—Cooxer, Bird Migr.
Miss. Val., 1888, 260 (w. Kansas; San Angelo, Texas, and Tom Green and
Cone eiecumtiee! Texas, breeding ).—Ruoaps, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1893,
—— - ae
BIRDS OF MIDDLE AND NORTH AMERICA. 697
54 (Thompson R., below Ashcroft, British Columbia).—Dawson, Auk, xiv,
1897, 179 (Okanogan Co, Washington).—Brooxs, Auk, xvii, 1900, 107
(Sumas, British Columbia, May 26).—Bruner, Proc. Nebr. Orn. Un., 2d ann.
meet., 1901, 57 (Sioux Co., n. w. Nebraska, breeding).
T(cteria] vlirens] longicauda Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 312.
T[cteria] virens longicauda Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 527.
[ Icteria viridis.] Subsp. a. Icteria longicauda Suaree, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x,
1885, 375, part only? (specimens from San Pedro, Honduras, and Guatemalan
localities very doubtfully referable to this form!).
Icteria virens (not Turdus virens Linneeus) ALLEN, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., iii,
1872, 135 (Fort Hays, w. Kansas), 145 (Cheyenne, Wyoming), 166 (Ogden,
Utah), 175; Proce. Bost. Soc. N. H., xvii, 1874, 52 (Missouri, Yellowstone,
and Musselshell rivers, ete., North Dakota and Montana).—ALLEN and
3rEWsTER, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, viii, 1883, 159 (Colorado Springs, Colorado,
after May 13).
Genus GRANATELLUS Bonaparte.
Granatellus BONAPARTE, Consp. Av., 1, 1850, 312 (ex ‘‘Du Bus, Esq. Orn., sub.
tab. 24”). (Type, G. venustus Bonaparte. )
Medium-sized or rather small stout-billed Mniotiltidee with the outer-
most (ninth) primary shorter than innermost (first); the tail nearly
equal to or longer than wing; bill much shorter than head, with cul-
men strongty curved) commissure distinctly arched, and mandible
deeper than maxilla; under parts partly red, upper parts gray or bluish.
3111 much shorter than head, slightly or moderately compressed,
with mandible deeper than maxilla; culmen strongly curved, gonys
slightly curved or nearly straight; maxillary tomium distinctly con-
cave, without subterminal notch; mandibular tomium distinctly convex,
except toward tip. Nostril small, circular, in anterior portion of nasal
fosse, surrounded by membrane, but this very narrow anteriorly
(forming a slender marginal ring), that above the nostril scarcely
forming an “operculum.” Rictal bristles obvious but minute. Wing
moderate, excessively rounded (seventh to fifth primaries longest,
eighth shorter than fourth, and ninth shorter than first); wing-tip
not longer than exposed culmen. Tail slightly shorter than wing (in
G salle) to much longer (G@. francesce), rounded, the rectrices broad
and rounded at tips. Tarsus very nearly one-third as long as wing,
its scutella fairly distinct (sometimes obsolete or fused on outer side);
middie toe, with claw, decidedly shorter than tarsus; basal phalanx of
middle toe united for nearly if not quite its entire length to outer toe,
for rather more than half its length to inner toe.
Coloration.—Under parts partly red; adult males bluish gray above,
with tail and sides of pileum black; under parts white laterally, pink-
ish red medially; throat white or bluish gray; a broad supra-auricular
stripe and, in some species, lateral rectrices partly white.
Nidification.—Unknown.
Range.—Mexico (including Yueatan) and Guatemala; Guiana and
upper Amazon Valley. (Four species.)
The three Mexican species of this beautiful genus include two types,
which differ slightly in structural details and considerably in pattern
of coloration; one type (represented by G. venustus and G. francesce)
having the tail longer than the wing, the throat and a considerable
part of the lateral rectrices white, and the auricular region black; the
other (represented by G. sa//w/) having the tail shorter than the wing,
the throat and auricular region gray, and the lateral rectrices wholly
black. The single known South American species (G. pelzeln7) com-
bines the white throat and black auriculars of the first-mentioned
group with the shorter tail and wholly black lateral rectrices of the
last mentioned.
698 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
|
KEY TO THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES OF GRANATELLUS.
a. Back, ete., bluish gray or grayish blue; supra-auricular stripe pure white; breast
uniform red. (Adult males. )
b. Throat white; loral, suborbital, and auricular regions black.
c. Tail with lateral rectrices extensively white; larger (wing 60 or more, tail 67
or more).
d. A complete black collar across upper part of chest; smaller (wing averaging
61.3, tail 67.8, tarsus 20). (States of Sinaloa, Colima, Guerrero, and
Oaxaca, southwestern Mexico.) ..Granatellus venustus, adult male (p. 699)
dd. No black collar across upper part of chest; larger (wing averaging 66.4,
tail 78.1, tarsus 21). (Tres Marias Islands, western Mexico. )
Granatellus frincesce, adult male (p. 700)
cc. Tail entirely black; smaller (wing 54, tail 45). (Western Brazil to British
(Gul eae) Sere ere Granatellus pelzelni, adult male (extralimital )!
bo. Throat, and loral, suborbital, and auricular regions, gray. ( Granatellus sallei. )
c. Darker, the throat and sides of head slate-gray. (Vera Cruz, Mexico, to
Gruaitem ala) eee see ase eee Granatellus sallwi sallei, adult male (p. 701)
cc. Paler, the throat and sides of head ash gray. (Yucatan. )
Granatellus sallei boucardi, adult male (p. 703)
aa. Back not bluish gray or grayish blue; supra-auricular stripe not pure white
(more or less buffy); breast buffy (touched with red in immature males).
(Adult females and immature males. )
b. Lateral rectrices extensively white.
+ c. Smaller (wing 58, tail 67, tarsus 20); gray of upper parts darker; forehead
nearly concolor with crown and occiput.
Granatellus venustus, adult female (p. 699)
cc. Larger (wing 62 or more, tail 75 or more, tarsus 21 or more); gray of upper
parts paler; forehead much more buffy than crown and occiput (or else
partly black).
'Granatellus pelzelni Sclater.
Granatellus venustus (not of Bonaparte) ScuaTER, Proce. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1859, 375.
Granatellus pelzelni ScLATER, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, 606, 607, pl. 37, upper fig.
(Rio Madeira, w. Brazil; coll. P. L. Sclater; ex Natterer, manuscript).—
PreLZELN, Orn. Bras., 1871, 216.—SHaArpE, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 370
(Rio Madeira, Brazil; Camacusa, British Guiana).
Granatellus pelzelnii Batrp, Review Am. Birds, 1865, 231, footnote.
| Icteria| pelzelni Gray, Hand-list, 1, 1869, 384, no. 5823.
BIRDS OF MIDDLE AND NORTH AMERICA. 699
d. Breast deeper buff, not touched with red; back, ete., browner gray.
Granatellus francesce, adult female (p. 701)
dd. Breast paler buff, or whitish, with touches of red; back, etc., clearer gray.
Granatellus francesce, immature male (p. 701)
bb. Lateral rectrices not extensively white, the terminal portion, only, dull white,
not sharply defined.
c. Darker, with supra-auricular stripe and. chest deep buff or ochraceous-buff.
Granatellus sallei sallei, adult female (p. 702)
ec. Paler, with supra-auricular stripe and chest cream buff.
Granatellus sallei boucardi, adult female (p. 703)
GRANATELLUS VENUSTUS Bonaparte.
DU BUS’ RED-BREASTED CHAT,
Adult male.—Pileum, except laterally and anteriorly, hindneck, sides
of neck, back, scapulars, wing-coverts, tertials, rump, and upper tail-
coverts plain bluish gray or deep plumbeous, slightly more bluish on
crown and occiput, the concealed portion of tertials darker; primaries
and proximal secondaries dusky, edged with bluish gray; tail black,
the outermost rectrix with outer web white, except at base, the inner
web with nearly the terminal half white, this extending much farther
toward base next to the shaft than on edge of the web; second rectrix
with a large wedge-shaped terminal patch of white, the third with a
smaller terminal spot, the fourth sometimes with a very small white
spot at tip; forehead, sides of crown and occiput, lores, suborbital and
auricular regions, and collar extending from the latter across upper
chest, black; a broad supra-auricular stripe (or elongated patch), malar
region, chin, throat, sides, and flanks white; lower chest, breast, abdo-
men, and under tail-coverts pure vermilion red; thighs slate color;
maxilla dusky horn color with paler tomia; mandible paler (bluish
gray in life 4); iris white;' legs and feet dusky born color (in dried
skins); length (skins), 180-135 (133); wing, 60-63 (61.3); tail, 67-69
(67.8); exposed culmen, 12-12.5 (12.2); tarsus, 19-20 (20); middle toe,
10.5-12 (11.2).
Adult female.—Above plain slate-gray, the remiges more brownish
gray; tail as in the adult male, but duller black, with the white areas
on lateral rectrices somewhat more restricted; forehead and lores
wood brown, blending gradually into the gray of the crown; a supra-
auricular stripe of light ochraceous-buff; auricular region buffy eray-
ish: malar region, chin, and throat dull white, tinged with buff,
especially the first: chest, breast, and abdomen buff, the first slightly
tinged with pink alone the upper margin; under tail-coverts salmon
pink or flesh color; sides and flanks buffy white; bill and feet as in
'XNantus, manuscript. (Probably an error. )
’ Three specimens.
700 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
adult male; length (skin), 185; wing, 58; tail, 67; exposed culmen,
12.2: tarsus, 19.5; middle toe, 11:5."
Western Mexico, in States of Oaxaca (Santa Efigenia), Guerrero
(Acapulco), Colima (Sierra Madre), and Sinaloa (Rosario; Tatemalis).
Granatellus venustus BONAPARTE, Consp..Av., 1, 1850, 312 (Mexico; ex Du Bus,
manuscript).—ScLaTer, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, 607, pl. 37, lower fig.—
3airnD, Review Am. Birds, 1865, 231 (Sierra Madre, Colima).—LAwWrENCs,
Mem. Bost. Soe. N. H., ii, 1874, 270 (Sierra Madre, Colima).—LAWRENCE,
Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., no. 4, 1876, 16 (Santa Efigenia, Oaxaca, Jan.).—
Satvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1881, 160.—SHaARPR, Cat.
Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 369.—Loomis, Auk, xviii, 1901, 110 (Tatemalis
and Rosario, Sinaloa; deser. adult female).
[ Granatellus] venustus SCLATER and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 11.
[ Icteria] venustus Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 384, no. 5821.
GRANATELLUS FRANCESC& Baird.
TRES MARIAS RED-BREASTED CHAT.
Similar to G. venustus but larger; adult male without any black coi-
lar across upper chest; with an interrupted white collar across hind-
neck; red of under parts more restricted; white on lateral rectrices
more extended; gray of upper parts lighter and less bluish, and mid-
dle and greater wing-coverts margined terminally with white; adult
female similar to that of G. venustus but larger and paler, with much
more white on lateral rectrices.
Adult male—Pileum (except anteriorly and laterally) deep bluish
gray or plumbeous; rest of upper parts plain bluish slate-gray, the
middle and greater wing-coverts narrowly tipped or terminally mar-
eined with white, producing two narrow bands; primaries dusky gray
edged with pale bluish gray; an interrupted and mostly concealed
white collar across hindneck; tail black, the outermost rectrix with
outer web and more than terminal half of inner web white, the second
with more than terminal third and most of outer web white, the third
with terminal portion extensively white, the fourth with a small
wedge-shaped terminal spot or mesial streak of white; forehead,
sides of crown and occiput, with loral, suborbital, and auricular regions,
black; malar region, chin, and throat white, the lower portion of the
latter with a few, mostly concealed, spots of black;” chest, median
portion of breast, abdomen, and under tail-coverts pure light vermilion
red; sides of breast, sides, and flanks, white; thighs gray and white;
maxilla dusky horn color or grayish black with paler tomia; mandible
much paler (bluish gray in life?); iris brown;* legs and feet dusky horn
color (in dried skins); length (skins), 148-160 (151); wing, 65.5-67.5
'One specimen, from Santa Efigenia, Oaxaca.
2 Sometimes Torming, or at least suggesting, an interrupted collar.
* Grayson, manuscript.
BIRDS OF MIDDLE AND NORTH AMERICA. 701
(66.4); tail, 75-81 (78.1); ay culmen, 11.2-12.5 (11.8); tarsus,
20-21.5 (21); middle toe, 11.5-13 (12.2)."
Adult female.—Occiput and hindneck brownish gray, passing
gradually into light wood brown or isabella color on forehead; rest
of upper parts clearer gray (between slate-gray and smoke gray), the
middle and greater wing- coverts tipped with pale buff, forming two
rather distinct wing-bands; tail as on the male, but the black portions
duller, with outer web slate-gray; a broad supra-auricular stripe of
buff or ochraceous-buff, passing gradually over eye into the wood
brown or isabella color of forehead; lores dull buffy whitish; auricu-
lar region pale buffy grayish or dull buffy; malar region, chin, and
throat dull white, buffy white, or pale buff; chest and sides pale buff;
-rest of under parts white or buffy white, the under tail-coverts some-
times tinged with pink; bill, legs, and feet as in adult male; length
(skins), 142-156 (148.7); wing, 62-64 (62.9); tail, 75-77 (75.7); exposed
culmer, 11.2-12 (11.7); tarsus, 21-21.5 (21.2); middle toe, 11.2-12
ELE). *
Immature male.—Similar to the adult female but back, etc., clearer
gray, sides of pileum (sometimes forehead and part of auricular region
also) black, chest and median line of breast and abdomen more or less
tinged with pink, and under tail-coverts pink.
Tres Marias Islands, western Mexico.
Granatellus francesce Barrp, Review Am. Birds, April, 1865, 232 (Tres Marias
Islands, w. Mexico; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.).—Grayson, Proc. Bost. Soe.
N. H., xiv, 1871, 278 (habits).—Lawrencr, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., ii. 1874,
270.—SALVIN, Ibis, 1874, 307, pl. 11 (crit.).—Satvin and Gopman, Biol.
Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1881, 160.—SHaArRps, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885,
370.—Ne son, N. Am. Fauna, no. 14, 1899, 56 (Maria Madre, Tres Marias;
habits; crit. ).
[ Icteria] francescew Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 384, no. 5824.
GRANATELLUS SALLZEI SALLI Bonaparte.
SALLE’S RED-BREASTED CHAT.
Adult male.—Upper parts plain deep bluish slate, the crown marg-
ined along each side by a broad but not sharply defined black line;
remiges and rectrices black, edged with slate color, the outermost ree-
trices with an indistinct wedge-shaped terminal spot of dark gray and
(except in worn plumage) margined terminally with white; a supra-
auricular stripe of white; loral, orbital, auricular and malar regions,
chin, and throat uniform slate-gray; chest, breast, abdomen, anal
region, and under tail-coverts pure vermilion red or geranium red;
sides of breast, sides, and outer portion of flanks slate-gray; inner por-
‘Five specimens. 2Four spechmens.
702 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
tion of flanks (next to red of abdomen) white; maxilla dusky horn
color or blackish with paler tomia; mandible paler (bluish gray in
life?); legs and feet horn color (in dried skins); length(skins), 122.7-128
(125.3); wing, 56.6-61.5 (58.7); tail, 56-57.9 (56.9); exposed culmen,
11-19.9 (11.5); tarsus, 18.3-18.8 (18.5); middle toe, 10.7-12.2 (11.6).’
Adult female.—Above varying from mouse gray to bluish slate-
eray, the remiges and rectrices as in the adult male, but tertials and
edeings of other remiges grayish brown; no black on sides of crown;
supra-auricular stripe buff or ochraceous-buff; auricular region gray-
ish or dull buffy grayish; malar region, chin, and throat dull pale
buffy; chest, sides, and flanks deep buff; abdomen buffy white; under
tail-coverts pale buff; bill, legs, and feet as in the adult male; length
(skins), 117-144.8 (125); wing, 55.6-57.7 (56.6); tail, 58.8-56 (55);
exposed culmen, L1-L1.4 (11.1); tarsus, 18.5-19 (18.5); middle toe,
10.7-12 (11.1).
Southeastern Mexico, in States Vera Cruz (Cordova; Potrero; Buena
Vista) and Oaxaca (Playa Vicente; Tuxtepec), and Guatemala (Cahabon;
near Tactic).
Setophaga sallei ‘“Bonap. and Schleg’’? Bonaparte, Compt. Rend., xli, May,
1856, 957 (Cordova, Vera Cruz).
Granatellus sallxi Scuater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., July 8, 1856, 292, pl. 120
(Cordova); 1858, 97 (s. Mexico); 1859, 374 (Playa Vicente, Oaxaca; descr.
female); 1864, 607.—Sanvin and Sciarer, Ibis, 1860, 397 (Cahabon, Guate-
mala).—Sumicurast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., 1, 1869, 546 (Potrero, near
Cordova, Vera Cruz).—Satvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i,
1881, 161, part (Cordova and Potrero, Vera Cruz; Playa Vicente, Oaxaca,
Cahabon and near Tactic, Guatemala).—SuHarpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x,
1885, 371, part (Cordova; Guatemalan localities) .
Granatellus sallaei Barro, Review Am. Birds, 1865, 232, footnote.
[ Granatellus] sallxi ScLATER and Satvin, Nom. Ay. Neotr., 1873, 11.
Granatellus sallei Boucarn, Liste Ois. Guat., 1878, 30.
[ Icteria] sallei Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 384, no. 5822
'Three specimens; two from Vera cher, one from Guatemala.
* Four specimens.
Specimens from Mexico and Guatemala average, respectively, as follows:
| ~
| Ex- ox 7
Locality. Wing. | Tail. | posed | Tarsus. ee
| culmen. :
MALES. |
Two adult males from State of Vera Cruz...-..-..----..----- 1} DON ay Soe) | 11.2 18.6 12
| |
One adult male trom Guatemala. (22.2222 eee nee eel al Meee Pe | a2 18.3 10.7
FEMALES. |
|
Two adult females from States of Vera Cruz and Oaxaca. - - 56.3 54.4 lea 18.6 11.3
Two adult females from Guatemala.............-----.------ | 56.8 iy Me 18. 4 10.8
The series is much too small to show whether there are any constant color differ-
ences or not.
BIRDS OF MIDDLE AND NORTH AMERICA. 703
GRANATELLUS SALLI BOUCARDI Ridgway.
BOUCARD’S RED-BREASTED CHAT,
Similar to G. s. salle, but paler; adult male with sides of head,
chin, and throat pale gray (gray no. 7 or no. 8") instead of slate-gray ;
adult female with upper parts smoke gray instead of deep mouse eray,
the supra-auricular stripe, chest, ete., cream buff instead of deep buff
or ochraceous-buff.
Adult male.—Length (skins), 122-125 (123.5); wine, 58—58.4 (58.2):
tail, 54-57.4 (55.7); exposed culmen, 11.4-12 (11.7); tarsus, 18.8—20
(19.4); middle toe, 11.4-12 (11.7).
Adult femate.—Length (skin), 119; wing, 57; tail, 56; exposed cul-
men, 11; tarsus, 19; middle toe, 11.’
Yucatan.
Granatellus sallai (not Setophaga sallet Bonaparte) Sanvin and Gopman, Biol.
Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1881, 161, part (Yucatan).—Bovucarp, Proc. Zool. Soc.
Lond., 1883, 441 (Yucatan).—SuHarpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 371,
part (n. Yucatan).
Granatellus salleei boucardi Rripaway, Proce. U. 8. Nat. Mus., viii, Apr. 20, 1885,
23 (Yucatan; coll. U. Nat. Mus.).—CHapman, Bull. Am. Mus.
1896, 278 (Chichen-Itza, Yucatan).
N. Hi.) viii,
Genus WILSONIA Bonaparte.
Wilsonia BONAPARTE, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 23. (Type, Motacilla mitrata
Gimelin. )
Myiodioctes Aupuson, Synop. Birds North Am., 1839, 48. (Type, Molacilla
mitrata Gmelin. )
Myioctonus CABANIS, Mus. Hein., i, 1850, 18. (Type, Motacilla mitrata Gmelin.)
Small or medium-sized ** flycatching” Mniotiltidee, with bill about
half as long as head (or less), moderately depressed; rictal bristles
moderately developed, reaching but little beyond nostrils; outermost
(ninth) primary longer than fifth; under parts yellow, sometimes with
throat black or with black spots or streal s across chest; upper parts
plain olive-green or gray, with or without black on crown.
Bill not more than half as long as head (sometimes less), tapering
gradually to the tip, the culmen straight to near the tip, where rather
strongly decurved; maxillary tomium with subterminal notch distinct:
gonys very faintly convex. Nostril longitudinally oval, in lower ante-
rior portion of nasal fosse, overhung by broad membraneous opercu
lum. Rictal bristles distinct, re: ne when extended forward, decid-
edly but not far beyond nostrils. Wing moderate, pointed (eighth to
sixth, ee seventh, primaries longest, ninth longer than fifth); wing-
iRiaeeaee 8 Nowiane lature of Gio Plate 2.
2 Two specimens.
*One specimen.
704 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
tip shorter than tarsus, but decidedly longer than commissure. Tail
equal to (W. canadensis) or longer than (W. mtrata, W. pusilla) distance
from bend of wing to tips of secondaries, slightly rounded or double-
rounded, the rectrices rather narrow, with subacuminate tips. Tarsus
decidedly less than to nearly one-third as long as wing, its scutella
indistinet (obsolete or fused except on lower portion); middle toe, with
claw, decidedly shorter than tarsus; basal phalanx of middie toe united
for most of its length to outer toe, for about half its length to inner toe.
Coloration.—Under parts yellow (under tail-coverts white in one
species), the throat sometimes black or partly black, the chest some-
times streaked or spotted with black; upper parts plain olive-green
or gray, with or without black on crown.
Nidification.—Terrestrial or subterrestrial (in forest undergrowth).
Range.— Whole of North America (except treeless arctic district);
south in winter to northern South America, Cuba, and Jamaica; one
species,’ referred to this genus, peculiar to Colombia and Ecuador.
(Three, or possibly five, species.)
KEY TO THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES OF WILSONIA.
a. Lateral rectrices with inner webs partly white.
b. No whitish or yellowish markings on wings. ( Wilsonia mitrata. )
c. Forehead, sides of head, and under parts of body rich yellow; crown, occiput,
throat, and chest black. (Eastern United States; south in winter to Cuba,
Jamaica, and through eastern Mexico and Central America to Isthmus of
IPA aI) eee eee ee eee Wilsonia mitrata, adult male (p. 705)
cc. Forehead, sides of head, and under parts duller yellow, the first sometimes
olive-green; no black on head, throat, or chest, or else the black areas of
the adult male imperfectly represented. ?
Wilsonia mitrata, adult female (p. 706)
bb. Two white or yellowish bands across wing. (Eastern United States. )
Wilsonia microcephala, adult male ? (p. 709)
aa. Lateral rectrices without white on inner webs.
6b. Upper parts olive-green; under tail-coverts yellow, like rest of under parts;
smaller (wing not more than 60, usually much less). ( Wilsonia pusilla. )
c. Forehead and superciliary region bright yellow; crown glossy black. (Adult
males and some adult females. )
d. Duller olive-green above, duller yellow below. (Eastern North America;
south in winter through eastern Mexico to Guatemala. )
Wilsonia pusilla pusilla (p. 710)
dd. Brighter olive-green above, brighter yellow below. . (Western North
America. )
e. Larger (adult male averaging, wing 57.5, tail 50.1; adult female, wing 55.4,
tail 48.3); coloration less intense, with upper parts less yellowish, the
forehead and superciliary region rich yellow but not inclining to orange.
(Western North America in general, breeding from mountains of west-
ern Texas to Alaska, but not on Pacific coast south of British Columbia. )
Wilsonia pusilla pileolata (p. 712)
1 Myiodioctes meridionalis Pelzeln, Verz. zool.—bot. Gesselsch. Wien, 1882, 446.—
Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 437.
This species, which may not belong to this genus, is said to resemble W. pusilla,
but to differ in being “‘larger, and having the forehead black, not yellow.”
th ore
mere’
fon RP he Cae
———
BIRDS OF MIDDLE AND NORTH AMERICA. 705
ee. Smaller (adult male averaging, wing55.4, tail 49.1; adult female, wing 52.9,
tail 47.8); coloration more intense, with upper parts bright yellowish
olive-green, the forehead and superciliary region often inclining to
orange. (Pacific coast district, north to British Columbia; in winter
south to Cape St. Lucas and Sonora, east during migration to eastern
Oregon, Arizona, and Chihuahua. ).-Wilsonia pusilla chryseola (p. 714)
ce. Forehead and superciliary region yellowish olive-green, the crown similar
but less yellowish. (Immature male and female and some adult females. )
d. Duller olive-green above, duller yellow below.
Wilsonia pusilla pusilla, immature (see Addenda)
dd. Brighter olive-green above, brighter yellow below.
e. Larger (averaging wing 55.4, tail 48.3); upper parts less yellowish olive-
green, under parts less intense yellow.
Wilsonia pusilla pileolata, immature (see Addenda)
ee. Smaller (averaging wing 52.9, tail 47.8); upper parts more yellowish
olive-green, under parts brighter yellow.
Wilsonia pusilla chryseola, immature (see Addenda)
bb. Upper parts gray or grayish olive; under tail-coverts white; larger (wing more
than 60). (Eastern North America, south in winter through Mexico and
Central America to Peru. )
c. A conspicuous ‘‘necklace’’ of black spots or streaks across chest; feathers of
pileum conspicuously centered with black.
Wilsonia canadensis, adult male and some adult females (p. 716)
cc. Chest with indistinct olive spots or streaks; feathers of pileum without dis-
tinct black centers...----.--- Wilsonia canadensis, most adult females and
immature male and female (pp. 716, 717)
WILSONIA MITRATA (Gmelin).
HOODED WARBLER.
Inner webs of outermost rectrices partly white; back olive-green,
under tail-coverts yellow, and wing exceeding 60 mm.
Adult male.‘—Forehead and anterior portion of crown, together
with loral, orbital, postocular, auricular, suborbital, and malar regions,
rich lemon or gamboge yellow, the lores sometimes with a little of
dusky or black; rest of head, including throat, together with chest,
deep black, that of the chest with an abruptly defined convex posterior
outline; hindneck, back, scapulars, lesser wing-coverts, rump, and
upper tail-coverts plain yellowish olive-green, the first sometimes
slightly tinged with grayish; wings and tail dusky brownish gray with
yellowish olive-green edgings, the middle wing-coverts broadly tipped
with that color; inner webs of three outermost rectrices extensively
white terminally, that on the exterior rectrix occupying more than the
terminal half; under parts of body pure rich gamboge or lemon yel-
low, becoming olive-greenish on sides and flanks, the under tail-coverts
paler yellow; under wing-coverts and axillars pale yellow, or white
'The coloration is quite the same the year round, except that in autumn and winter
specimens the bill (which is nearly black in spring and summer) is more brownish,
with the mandible paler than the maxilla, while the yellow of the plumage is often
more intense.
38654—voL 2—01——45
706 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
tinged with yellow; bill blackish in spring and summer, more brown-
ish, with mandible paler, in fall and winter; iris brown; legs and feet
pale brownish in dried skins (pale flesh color in life’); length (skins),
123.2-129.3 (126.2); wing, 65.5-69.1 (67.6); tail, 55.4-59.7 (57.7);
exposed culmen, ?.9-11.2 (10.7); tarsus, 19-20.1 (19.7); middle toe,
10.7-12.2 (11.7).’
Adult female.—Similar to the adult male, but with much less of
black on head, sometimes with none; if the black occupies approxi-
mately the same area as in the male it is much duller and more or less
broken with olive-green on crown and occiput and with yellow on
throat; usually, the throat is entirely yellow, sometimes with a more
or less distinct indication of a dusky collar across the lower portion or
on upper chest, and the crown and occiput are blackish only next to
the yellow of forehead and sides of head;, when there is no black on
the head the pileum is entirely olive-green, becoming more yellowish
on forehead; length (skins), 117.3-128.3 (123.7); wing, 60.2-66.8 (63);
tail, 52.8-56.4 (53.8); exposed culmen, 9.9-11.2 (10.4); tarsus, 17.8-
19.8 (18.8); middle toe, 10.7-11.9 (11.2).”
Youny male in first autumn and winter.—Similar to the adult male,
but black of head with feathers narrowly margined with yellowish.*
Young male, first plumage.—Above uniform light grayish brown,
the remiges and rectrices as in adults; middle and greater wing-coverts
margined terminally with light wood brown or cinnamon; auricular
region olive-yellowish; .chin, throat, chest, and anterior portion of
sides pale broccoli brown or isabella color; rest of under parts pale
straw yellow, clouded with pale brown.
Eastern United States, west to edge of the Great Plains; breeding
northward to Connecticut (Suffield, etc.), southeastern New York
(lower Hudson Valley), central New York (Oneida, Cayuga, and Wayne
counties), northeastern Illinois, eastern Nebraska, etc.; southward to
South Carolina, Alabama, and Louisiana; occasional northward to Mas-
sachusetts (several records), northeastern New York (Lewis County),
southern Ontario (Hamilton; near Port Rowan), southern Michigan
and Wisconsin; in winter south to Cuba and Jamaica, and through east-
ern Mexico and Central America to the Isthmus of Panama; casual
in the Bermudas.
[ Motacilla] mitrata GMELAN, Syst. Nat., i, pt. ii, 1788, 977 (based on Mesange a collier
de la Caroline, Parus carolinensis torquatus, Brisson, Orn., ili, 578; Gobe-mouche
citrin de la Louisiane Buffon, Hist. Nat. Ois., iv., 538; Gobe-mouche de la
Louisiane Daubenton, Pl. Enl., pl. 666, fig. 2).
' Eight specimens.
? Seven specimens.
*This plumage persists until the following spring, a specimen collected May 13
having the feathers of the black areas as distinctly margined with yellowish as any
autumnal examples.
—j{ ~~
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 707
Motacilla mitrata Lesson, Traité d’Orn., 1831, 418.
[Sylvia] mitrata Larnam, Index Orn., ii, 1790, 528.
Sylvia mitrata Viritto0T, Ois. Am. Sept., ii, 1807, 23, pl. 77; Nouv. Dict. d’ Hist.
Nai excleg Gi 7, 253. —Bon APARTE, Tount: Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., iv, 1824, Ss
Ann. Lye. N. Y., ii, 1826, 79.—Nurra.u, Man. Orn. U. S. and Can., i, 1832,
373.—AUDUBON, ies Biog., 11, 1834, 68, pl. 60.
Setophaga mitrata JARDINE, ed. Wilson’s Am. Orn., 1, 1832, 389.—RicHARDSsSON,
Rep. Brit. Assoc. for 1836 (1837), 172.—D’OrBsiany, in La Sagra’s, Hist. Nat.
Cuba, Ois., 1839, 89.—Hoy, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., vi, 1853, 309 (Wiscon-
sin).—Brewer, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., vii, 1860, 307 (Cuba).
S[etophaga] mitrata Gray, Gen. oe i, 1846, 265.
{ Setophaga] mitrata Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 244, no. 3534.
Wilsonia mitrata ae APARTE, Geog. na Comp. List, 1838, 23.—AL.EN, Proc. Essex
Inst., iv., 1864, (itasenciasettay’ Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., iii, 1872, 175
Gans) renee Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, v, 1880, 95.—SrrsnEGER, Auk, 1,
1884, 231.—AmerIcAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ UNION Commitrer, Auk, xvi, 1899,
123 (Check List no. 684).—Howrn, Auk, xvi, 1899, 360 (Montville, Connec-
ticut, 1 spec., June 18); xvii, 1900, 389 (Gales Ferry, Connecticut, June 23,
24).—Baaa, Auk, xvii, 1900; 178 (Oneida Co., New York, breeding).— Bryer,
Proc. Louis. Soe. Nat. for 1897-99 (1900), 115 (Louisiana, breeding ).—Comry,
Auk, xviii, 1901, 897 (Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1 oe Sept. 5, 1901).
Sylvania mitrata Nurrauy, Man. Orn. U. 8. and Can., 2d ed., i, 1840, 555.—W oop-
HOUSE, in Rep. ee es’s Expl. Zuniand Col. R., 1853, 6 (Indian Territory
and Texas).—Ripeway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., viii, 1885, 564 (Cozumel I.,
Yucatan); Orn. Illinois, i, 1889, 174.—Cory, Auk, ili, 1886, 46 (West Indian
references); Birds W. I., 1889, 60; Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 120 (Cuba;
Jamaica).—AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ Unton, Check List, 1886, no. 684.—
ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., i, 1886, 259 ( Brookline, Massachusetts, 1 spec.,
June 25, 1879).—Breckuam, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., x, 1888, 688 (San Antonio,
Texas, Dec. 21).—Durcner, Auk, vi, 1888, 139 (Fire Island Light, Long
Island, 1 spec., Sept. 1); x, 1893, 277 (Long Island, 2 specs).—Cookk, Bird
Migr. Miss. Val., 1888, 261 a Nebraska; e. Kansas, breeding, ete.; dates. )—
Scorr, Auk, vii, 1890, 22 (Tarpon Springs, Florida, late Mar. to about third
week in Apr., rare in fall; Key West, Mar. 18 to Apr. 3, Aug. 19 to Sept. 13).—
Loomis, Auk, vii, 1890, 129 (Pickens Co., South Carolina, breeding up to
2,500 ft.); viii, 1891, 332 (Ceesars Head, South Carolina, breeding up to a
little above 2,500 ft. ).—Hirencock, Auk, vil, 1890, 407 ( Provincetown, Mas-
sachusetts, June 25).—Goss, Hist. Birds Kansas, 1891, 586 (e. Kansas, sum-
mer resid. ).—Howe.u, Auk, ix, 1892, 306 (Parkville, Long Island, | spec.,
Apr. 30).—NeEHRLING, Our Native Birds, etc., i, 1893, 263, pl. 14, fig. 3.—
RicumonpD, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xvi, 1893, 485 (Rio Escondido and Grey-
town, Nicaragua, Sept. 24 to Feb. 5).—McIuwrarra, Birds of Ontario, 1894,
381 (near Hamilton, 1 spec., May, and near Port Rowan, occasional ).—PaA.-
mER, Auk, xi, 1894, 282-291 (plumages).—TurTrisr, Auk, xii, 1895, 191 (Erie
Co., Ohio, Apr. 23).—Wayne, Auk, xii, 1895, 365 (Wacissa R., n. w. Florida,
breeding).—Easrman, Auk, xiv, 1897, 327 (Framingham, Massachusetts, 1
spec., Oct. 15, 1893).—Ruoaps, Auk, xvi, 1899, 313 (Westmoreland Co.,
Pennsylvania, May, rare).—Danret, Auk, xix, 1902, 18 (Dismal uae
Virginia, breeding).
[Sylvania] mitrata Cory, List Birds W. I., 1885, 9
Sylvania] mitrata Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 527,
Myiodioctes mitrata AupuBon, Birds Am., oct. ed., 11, 1841, 12, pl. 71
[ Myiodioctes] mitrata BonApartsE, Consp. Ay., 1, 1850, 315.
Myiodioctes mitratys Jarpine, Contr. Orn., 1848, 13 (Bermudas, Mar. 30).—
Hurpis, Jardine’s Contr. Orn., 1850, 13 (Bermudas; same occurrence ).—
708 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Sciater, Proe. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1856, 291 (Cordova, Vera ae Cat. Am
Birds, 1862, 33.—Bairp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 292; Cat. N.
Am. Birds, 1859, no. 211; Review Am. Birds, 1865, 239, eee and SAL-
vin, Ibis, 1859, 11 (Guatemala; Honduras); Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864,
347 (Panama R. R.).—Marrtens, Journ. fiir Orn., 1859, 212 (Bermudas).—
Taytor, Ibis, 1860, 110 (Comayagua, Hondieas —Branp, Ann. Rep.
Smithson. Inst. for 1859 (1860), 287 (Bermudas).—GuNnpLacn, Journ. fur
Orn., 1861, 326 (Cuba); 1872, 419 (do.); Repert. Fisico-Nat. Cuba, Ois.,
1865, 237; Orn. Cuba, 1873, 71.—Dresser, Ibis, 1865, 478 (San Antonio,
Texas, migr. ).—LAwrence, Ann. Lye. N. Y., viii, 1863, 484 (Panama R. R.);
ix, 1869, 200 (Merida, Yueatan).—Sumicurast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., i
1869, 547 (Orizaba, Vera Cruz, winter).—Snow, Birds Kansas, 1873, 5 (Fort
Leavenworth).—Coves, Check List, 1878, no. 101; 2d ed., 1882, no. 146;
Birds N. W., 1874, 78; Birds Col. Val., 1878, 324 (synonymy ).—-TrRIPPE,
Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xv, 1873, 235 (vase Co., s. Iowa, 1 spec. - —
Bairp, Brewer, and Ripaway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 314, pl. 1
figs. 10, 11.—Brewster, Ann. Lye. N. Y., 1875, 138 (Ritchie Co., ae
Virginia; habits; song).—Brewer, Proc. roe Soe. N. H., xvii, 1875, 440
(Connecticut); xix, 1878, 303 (Connecticut, summer resid. ).—Merriam,
Trans. Conn. Ac., i, 1877, 25 (Connecticut); Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iv, 1879,
7 (Lewis Co., New York, 1 spec., Sept. 9).—NeEtson, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club,
i, 1876, 42 (near Chicago, May 10; Waukegan, May 20).—Purpir, Bull.
Nutt. Orn. Club, ii, 1877, 21 (Suffield, Connecticut, 1 spec. ).—MBaARNs,
Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, ii, 1877, 71, 72 (plumage of female).—BIcKNELL,
Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iii, 1878, 130 (Riverdale, New York, breeding; Fort
Lee, New Jersey, breeding); Auk, i, 1884, 216 (song).—Ripe@way, Bull.
Nutt. Orn. Club, iii, 1878, 164 (Mount Carmel, Illinois, breeding); Nom.
Am. Birds, 1881, no. 124.—Brown (N. C.), Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iu,
1878, 174 (Coosada, Alabama, breeding).—Ratrupun, Revised List Birds
Centr. New York, 1879, 14 (Cayuga and Wayne counties, breeding, com-
mon ).—Derang, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, v, 1880, 117 (Brookline, Massachusetts,
1 spec., June).—Satvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1881, 167
(Izalam, Yucatan; Belize, British Honduras; Retalhuleu, Duefias, Coban, and
Choctum, Guatemala; ete.).—Boucarp, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, 441
(Izalam, Yucatan).—SHarper, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 437.
[ Myiodioctes] mitratus AupuBoNn, Synopsis, 1839, 48.—Cougs, Key N. Am. Birds,
1872, 109.—SciaTerR and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 10.
M[yiodioctes] mitratus Nevson, Bull. Essex Inst., vili, 1876, 101, 152 (n. e. Illinois,
rare summer resid. ).—Newron (A. and E.), Handb. Jamaica, 1881, 106.—
Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 313.
Myodioctes mitrata Danes Trans. Ills. Agric. Soc., i, 1855, 601.
Myjidioctes mitratus ScLATER, Proc. Zool. Soe. Lond., 1858, 358 (Honduras).
M(yioctonus] mitratus CABANIS, Mus. Hein., 1, 1850, 18.
Myioctonus mitratus GuNpuLAcn, Journ. fiir Orn., 1855, 472 (Cuba); 1861, 407 (do. ).
S[ylvicola] mitrata Maximruian, Journ. fir Orn., 1858, 115 (lower Missouri R. )
Myiodioctes mitartus (typographical error) Gress, Nat. and Fancier, Aug., 1877, 31
(breeding habits). °
Muscicapa cucullata Wittson, Am. Orn., ili, 1811, 101, pl. 26, fig. 3—BoNaAPARTE,
Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., iv, 1824, 177.
Muscicapa pileata StEPHENS, Shaw’s Gen. Zool., x, 1817, 399 (cites Sylvia mitrata
Latham).
Muscicapa selbvi AupuBON, Orn. Biog., i, 1831, 46, pl. 9 (near St. Francisville,
Louisiana, July 1; = adult female cae black on head).
Muscicapa selbti Nurraty, Man. Orn. U. 8. and Can., i, 1832, 296.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 109
WILSONIA MICROCEPHALA Ridgway.
SMALL-HEADED WARBLER.
Olive-green above, yellowish beneath, the wing with two whitish
bands and inner webs of lateral rectrices partly white.
Adult male (4).—‘** Upper parts dull olive-yellow; the wings dusky
brown, edged with lighter; the greater and lesser [i. e., middle] coverts
tipped with white; the lower parts dirty white, stained with dull yellow,
particularly on the upper parts of the breast; the tail dusky brown,
the two exterior feathers marked like those of many others, with a
spot of white on the inner vanes; head remarkably small; bill broad
at the base, furnished with bristles, and notched near the tip; legs dark
brown; feet yellowish; eye dark hazel.”! Total length, 127; extent of
wings, 209.5,
Pennsylvania and New Jersey; also, according to Audubon, Ken-
tucky.
I am unable to satisfactorily dispose of this hypothetical species
by reference to any other, the peculiar combination of characters
indicated in the original description, quoted above, being shared by
no other bird to my knowledge.’
Muscicapa minuta (not of Gmelin) Witsox, Am. Orn., vi, 1812, 62, pl. 50, fig. 5
(New Jersey, etc. ).—BoNAPARTE, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., ii, 1824, 179.—
Nutratu, Man. Orn. U.S. and Can., i, 1832, 296.—AupuBon, Orn. Biog., v,
1839, 291, pl. 434, fig. 2; Synopsis, oe 44; Birds Am., oct. ed., i, 1840, 238,
pl. 67.—(?)Praxnopy, Rep. Orn. Mass., 1839, 296 (Massachusetts).—(?) Pur-
NAM, Proc. Essex Inst., i, 1856, 226.
Sylvia minuta BoNAPARTE, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sei. Phila., iv, 1824, 197.
Wilsonia minuta BONAPARTE, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 23.—ALLEN, Proc. Essex
Inst., iv, 1864, 83; Am. Nat., ili, 1869, 577.—Ripeway, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus.,
ill, 1880, 174, 234.—Sresnecer, Auk, i, 1884, 231.
Setophaga minuta RicHarpson, Rep. Brit. Assoc. for 1836 (1837), 172.—(?) Hoy,
Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1853, 309 ( Wisconsin ).
[Setophaga] minuta Gray, Hand: list, 1, 1869, 244, no. 353 Bis
Myiodioctes minutus Bairp, Rep. Bae R. R. Surv.,. ix, 1858, 293; Cat. N. Am.
Birds, 1859, no. 212; Review Am. Birds, 1865, Se ee Birds E.
Penn., 1869, 53 (Phila. ed., p. 42).—Bairp, Brewer, and Ripaway, Hist. N.
Am. Birds, i, 1874, 316, pl. 16, fig. 2.—Brewer, Proc. ae Soc. N. H., xvii,
1875, 440 (Wenham, Massachusetts).—Ripaway, Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881,
no. 126.—Maynarp, Birds E. N. Am., 1882, 521.—SHarpr, Cat. Birds Brit.
Mus., x, 1885, 431, footnote.
Myiodioctes? minutus Cours, Birds Col. Val., 1878, 326 (synonymy; crit. ).
Muscicapa or Myiodioctes ** minuta’’? Cours, Proc. Essex Inst., v, 1868, 275.
Slylvania] minuta Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 527.
Sylvania pumilia (not Sylvia pumilia Vieillot, 1807) Nurraty, Man. Orn. U.S. and
Can., 2d ed.,i, 1840, 334 (cites Sylvia pumilia Vieillot® and Musicapa minuta
Wilson).
?
' Wilson’s original description.
"See Baird, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 293; Coues, Birds Col. Val., 326.
"Sylvia pumila Vieillot (Ois. Am. Sept., ii, 1807, 39, pl. 100) I am unable to
identify with any American bird; certainly it is not the same as Muscicapa minuta
Wilson.
710 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSETr™.
Sylvania microcephala Rrpaway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vili, Sept. 2, 1035, 354
(substitute for names minwa and pumilia, preoccupied ).—AMERICAN ORNI-
THOLOGISTS’ Union, Check List, 1886, 357 (Hypothetical List, no. 25).
S[ylvania] microcephala Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 527.
WILSONIA PUSILLA PUSILLA (Wilson).
WILSON’S WARBLER.
Adult male.—F¥orehead, superciliary region, orbital region, and entire
under parts gamboge or lemon yellow, the sides and flanks slightly
tinged with olive-green; crown glossy blue-black, the feathers slightly
elongated, distinctly outlined; rest of upper parts uniform olive-green,
the auricular region and sides of neck similar but rather more yellow-
ish; maxilla dark brown, more blackish terminally; mandible paler
brown, especially toward base; iris brown; legs and feet light brown-
ish; length (skins), 103-113 (108.4); wing, 53-57.5 (55.6); tail, 46.5—
50.1 (48.1); exposed culmen, 7—9 (8); tarsus, 17-19 (18.2).*
Adult female.—Similar to the adult male and often not distinguish-
able; usually, however, slightly duller in color, with black crown-
patch more restricted or more or less obscured by olive-green tips or
margins to the feathers; sometimes the black entirely absent, the
whole pileum, except forehead, being olive-green, the forehead and
superciliary region yellow; length (skins), 104-113 (107.2); wing, 52-
55 (53.6); tail, 46-49.5 (47.5); exposed culmen, 8-9 (8.4); tarsus, 17—
LS TO)
Eastern North America; north to Newfoundland, Labrador (Eskimo
River), shores of Hudson Bay, and Manitoba; west to eastern edge of
the Great Plains; breeding southward to Nova Scotia, New Brunswick,
Maine, Massachusetts’, Ontario (Ottawa), ete.; in winter south to
Santo Domingo and eastern Mexico in States of Tamaulipas, Nuevo
Leon (Monterey), Puebla (Huexotitla?; Puebla’), Vera Cruz (Jalapa?;
Cordova‘), ete.; occasional during migration in Colorado (Fort Gar-
land, May), Arizona (Tucson, May; Fort Whipple, May), and other
parts of the Rocky Mountain district.
Muscicapa pusilla Witson, Am. Orn., iii, 1811, 103, pl. 26, fig. 4.—BoNnaParre,
Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., iv, 1824, 179.—Wriurs, Ann. Rep. Smithson.
Inst. for 1858 (1859), 281 (Nova Scotia).
Wilsonia pusilla Bonaparte, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 23.—ALLEN, Proce.
Essex Inst., iv, 1864, 64 (Massachusetts; breeding?).—Coves, Bull. Nutt.
Orn. Club, v, 1880, 95.—SresneEGER, Auk, i, 1884, 231.—CHapman, Bull. Am.
Mus. N. H., x, 1898, 25 (Jalapa, Vera Cruz).—AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGIStS’
Unton Commirrer, Auk, xvi, 1899, 123.
Sylvania pusilla Nurraryt, Man. Orn. U. §. and Can., 2d ed., i, 1840, 335, part.—
AMERICAN OrniITHOLOGISTS’ Unton, Check List, 1866, no. 685, part.—(?) Frer-
RARI-PEREZ, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., ix, 1886, 187 (Puebla and Huexotitla,
Puebla, Oct., Nov.; Jalapa, Vera Cruz, Sept. ).—Rmmaway, Orn. Ilinois, i, 1889,
175.—Cooxk, Bird Migr. Miss. Val., 1888, 261 (Mississippi Valley localities
1 Nineteen specimens. * Ten specimens.
—_— es
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. CUA
and dates).—(?) THompson, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xiii, 1890, 624 (Manitoba,
breeding ).—NEHRLING, Orn. Native Birds, ete., i, 1893, 273, pl. 13, fig. 8.—
MoItwrairn, Birds Ontario, 1894, 382 (Ottawa, breeding).
{ Myiodioctes| pusilla BONAPARTE, Consp. Avy., i, 1850, 315.
Myiodioctes pusillus Barro, Lit. Ree. and Journ. Linn. Assoc. moe Coll. , 1; Oct: ,
1845, 252; Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 293, part; Cat. N. Am. Birds,
1859, no. 213, part; Review Am. Birds, 1865, 240, part.—(?) sca Proc.
Zool. Soe. Lond., 1856, 291 (Cordova, Vera ee 1859, 263 (Jalapa, Vera
Cruz).—(?) Sumicurast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., i, 1869, 547 (Vera Cruz, in
winter ).—Covugs, nace List, 18738, no. 102, ee 2d ed., 1882, no. 147;
Birds N. W., 1874, 79, part; Birds Col. Val., 1878, 326, part.—Satyin, Ibis;
1873, 334 (Santo omnes eae! Brewer, and Ripaway, Hist. N. Am.
Birds, i, 1874, 317, part, pl. 16, figs. 3, 4. —Brewer, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H.,
xvii, 1875, 440 (Maine, breeding).—Rrpaway, Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881,
no. 125.—Sa.vin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1881, 168, part.—
BatcHELpvER, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 110 (upper St. Johns R., Maine
and New Brunswick, breeding).—Brewsrer, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xxii,
1883, 371 (Anticosti I., breeding).—Srrarns, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vi, 1883,
117 (Eskimo R., Labrador, breeding ).—SHaArpr, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x,
1885, 435, part.
[ Myiodioctes| pisillus Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 109, part.—Sciarer and
Savin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 10, part.
M[yiodioctes] pusillus Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 313, part.
M [yiodioctes| pusilus Jordan, Man. Vertebr. E. U.S., 4th ed., 1884, 69.
(2) Mytidioctes pusillus ScLATER, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1858, 299 (La Parada,
Oaxaca, Jan.).
Myiodioctes pusillus var. pusillus Rrpaway, Am. Journ. Sci., iv, Dee., 1872, 457,
part.
[ Myiodioctes pusillus.| a. M. pusillus SHarpr, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 436,
over list of specimens, part.
[ Myiodioctes pusillus| var. pusillus Batrp, Brewer, and Ripaway, Hist. N. Am.
Birds, i, 1874, 313, part.
Sylvia ee Bonaparte, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., iv, 1824, 179; Ann. Lyc.
N.-Y., ii, 1826, 86.—Nurraui, Man. Orn. U. S. a onan i, 1832, 408.
Setophaga ne JARDINE, ed. Wilson’s Am. Orn., i, 1832, 391.
Muscicapa wilsonii AupuBon, Orn. Biog., ii, 1834, 148, pl. 124.—PEasopy, Rep.
Orn. Mass., 1839, 297
Myiodioctes wilsonii AUDUBON, Synopsis, 1839, 50; Birds Am., oct. ed., ii, 1841, 21,
pl. 75 (Labrador; Newfoundland ).—Purnam, Proc. Essex Inst., i, 1856, 206
(Massachusetts; breeding?).—Witiis, Ann. Rep. Smithson. Inst. for 1858
(1859), 282 (Nova Scotia).
Sylvania wilsonii WoopHousk, in Rep. Sitgreaves’ Expl. Zafi and Col. R., 1853,
69 (Indian Territory; Texas).
(?) Sylvia petasodes LICHTENSTEIN, Preis-Verz. Mex. Vég., 1830, 2 (Mexico!); see
Journ. ftir Orn. 1863, 57.
(?) Abrornis atricapilla Buyru, Ibis, 1870, 169 (‘‘China’’; see Finsch, Proe. Zool.
Soc. Lond., 1875, 640, 64171).
' The interrogation mark indicates doubt as to whether Lichtenstein’s and Blyth’s
birds are true W. p. pusilla or the western form (W. p. pileolata).
712 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
WILSONIA PUSILLA PILEOLATA (Pallas).
PILEOLATED WARBLER,
Similar to W. p. pusilla, but averaging larger; coloration brighter,
the upper parts more yellowish olive-green, the yellow of under parts
brighter.
Adult male.—Length (skins), 105-114 (109); wing, 55-60 (57.5); tail,
47-52 (50.1); exposed culmen, 7—9 (8.3); tarsus, 18-20 (18.9)."
Adult female.—Length (skins), 105-116 (109.2); wing, 54.5-57 (55.4);
tail, 47.5-50 (48.3); exposed culmen, 7.5—9 (8.5); tarsus, 18-19.5 (18.8).”
Western North America; breeding throughout the Rocky Mountain
district, from western Texas (Chisos Mountains), New Mexico 7, and
Arizona /, in higher mountains, northward to Alaska, including coast
district (Kadiak, Yakutat, Sitka, etc.) as well as throughout the interior,
westward to eastern Oregon (Fort Klamath; Tillamook) and Queen
Charlotte Islands, British Columbia; during migration over the whole
of western North America (less commonly along the Pacific coast of
United States 7),and eastward across the Great Plains to Minnesota
(Fort Snelling, May), western Missouri (Independence), ete. ; in winter
southward over whole of Mexico and Central America to Chiriqui
(Boquete).
Motacilla pileolata Pawwas, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat., i, 1826, 497 (Kadiak Island,
Alaska).
Myiodioctes pusillus var. pileolata Rinaway, Am. Journ. Sci., iv, Deec., 1872, 4
part; Am. Nat., vii, 1878, 608, part (diagnosis, ete.).
Myiodioctes pusillus var. pileolatus Barrp, Brewer, and Ripaway, Hist. N. Am.
Birds, i, 1874, 319, part.—Lawrence, Bull. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., no. 4, 1876, 16
(Guichicovi, Chiapas).
[ Myiodioctes pusillus] (. pileolata Rrpaway, Orn. 40th Parallel, 1877, 437 (Truckee
Valley, Nevada, Aug. 6; lower Humboldt Valley, Nevada, Sept. 5; West
Humboldt Mts., Nevada, Sept. 9).
,
' Twenty-one specimens.
* Ten specimens.
Specimens from Kadiak Island compare with others in average measurements as
follows:
Ex-
Locality. | Wing. | Tail. | posed | Tarsus.
culmen.
MALES. |
Four adult males from Kadiak (breeding) .......................---- | 58.6 49.7 8.7 | 19.2
Nine adult males from rest of Alaska (mostly breeding) ..........-- | 56.6 50 8.2 | 18.9
Eight adult males from Arizona (migrants) ..-.--....-....--..----.--- 58.1 50.4 | 8.1 18.6
One adult male from Colorado (breeding) .......-.....-----.-------- 57 49.5 | 8.5 19
FEMALES.
Five adult females from Kadiak (breeding) ...............--.---..-- 55.5 48.5 8.7 18.6
Hive adult females from \restof Alaska) 222-5. 22e2-- sees ecee seco 55.3 48.2 8.3 | 19
One adult female from Wyoming (breeding) .........-.....---...--. 55 47.5 9 18
on ee
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 13
(?) Myiodioctes pusillus pileolatus Mrarns, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iv, 1879, 164 (Fort
Klamath, Oregon, Apr.).
Myiodioctes pusillus pileolatus Mr1not, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, v, 1880, 228 (Seven
Lakes, Colorado, breeding).—Ripa@way, Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 125a,
part.—Covres, Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 148, part.—BEaAn, Brod: Wess:
Nat. Mus., v, 1882, 147 (Yakutat and Kadiak, Alaska).—ALLEN and Brew-
steR, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vili, 1883, 159 (Colorado Springs, Colorado,
after May 12).—Banes, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club, iii, 1902, 61 (Boquete,
Chiriqui, Jan. 16 to 24).
Myiodioctes pusillus var. pileolata Cours, Check List, 1875, App., p. 125, no. 102a,
part.
Wilsonia pusilla pileolata Cours, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, v, Apr., 1880, 95, part.—
Rrpaway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., iii, 1880, 174, part.—Netson, N. Am.
Fauna, no. 14, 1899, 60 (Tres Marias).—AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ UNION
CommitTTrer, Auk, xvi, 1899, 123.—Oscoop, N. Am. Fauna, no. 21, 1901, 49
(Queen Charlotte Islands, British Columbia, breeding) .
Sylvania pusilla pileolata Ripaway, Proce. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vill, Sept. 2, 1885, 354,
part.—AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ Unton, Check List, 1886, no. 6850, part.—
Newson, Rep. Nat. Hist. Coll. Alaska, 1887, 204 (coast of Alaska).—(?) Scorr,
Auk, v, 1888, 36 (Santa Catalina Mts., Arizona, migrant).—(?) MERRILL,
Auk, v, 1888, 362 (Fort Klamath, Oregon, breeding).—CnHeErrtkr, Auk, vii,
1890, 337 (San José, Costa Rica, Oct. 27 to Mar. 6).—Rwoaps, Proc. Ac.
Nat. Sci. Phila., 1893, 55, part (Vancouver I., etc., British Columbia;
erita)s2Auk, x, 1893. § 23, part (do.; see Auk, xi, 1894, 50).—Jouy, Proc. U.S.
Nat. Mus., xvi, 1893, 777 (Juanacatlan, Jalisco, Jan. ).—GRINNELL, Auk, xv,
1898, 129 (Sitka, Alaska).
S[ylvania] pusilla pileolata Rrpaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 528, part.
M{[yiodioctes p[usillus] pileolatus Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 314,
part.
[ Myiodioctes pusillus.] (. M. pileolatus SHarpr, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 437,
in list of specimens (Presidio, Sinaloa; Guatemala; Irazu district and Bar-
ranca, Costa Rica; Volean de Chiriqui, ete. ).
Muscicapa pusilla (not of Wilson) Henry, Proce. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., vii, 1855, 308
(New Mexico).
Sylvania pusilla Nutrauy, Man. Orn. U. 8. and Can., 2d ed., i, 1840, 535, part.—
GAMBEL, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., i, 1847, 38, part (Rocky Mts).—NeEtson,
Rep. Nat. Hist. Coll. Alaska, 1887, 204 (Yukon Valley, Norton Sound, Kot-
zebue Sound, ete.).—TownsEenp, Auk, iv. 1887, 13 (Kowak R., Alaska).
Wilsonia pusilla ALLEN, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., iii, 1872, 175 (Colorado, breed-
ing from 8,000 ft. to timber line; Wyoming; Utah).
(2) Myiodioctes pusillus ScLATER and SALvIn, Ibis, 1859, 11 (Dnenas, Guatemala).—
CaBanis, Journ. fir Orn., 1860, 325 (Costa Rica).—Buaxkrston, Ibis, 1863,
63 (Mackenzie R.).—Lorp, Proc. Roy. Art. Inst., iv, 1864, 115, part ( British
Columbia).—Dresser, Ibis, 1865, 478 eee se Journ. fur Orn.,
1869, 294 (Costa Rica).—Scriater, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 34 (Mexico); Proc.
Zool. Soe. Lond., 1869, 374 (Oaxaca).—Satvin, Proc. Zool. Soe. Lond., 1870,
183 (Volean de Changin —BoucarD, Proe. Zool. Soe. Lond., 1878, 52 (Costa
Rica).
Myiodioctes pusillus Batrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Sury., ix, 1858, 293, part; Cat. N.
Am. Birds, 1859, no. 213, part; Rep. U. S. and Mex. Bound. Surv., ii, pt. 2,
1859, 10 (Frontera, Texas; Monterey, Nueva Leon); Review Am. Birds, 1865,
240, part.—Coues, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, 71 (Fort Whipple, Arizona,
breeding in mountains); Check List, 1878, no. 102, part; 2d ed., 1882, no.
147; Birds N. W., 1874, 79, part; Birds Col. Val., 1878, 326, part.—Law-
714 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
RENCE, Ann. Lye. N. Y., ix, 1868, 95 (Barranca, Grecia, and San José, Costa
Rica); Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., ii, 1874, 270 (Guadalajara, Jalisco; Tepie;
Colima).—Burcner, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1868, 149 (Laredo, Texas).—
Datvtand Bannister, Trans. Chicago Ac. Sci.,i, 1869, 278 (Yukon R., Kadiak,
and Sitka, Alaska).—Cooperr, Orn. Cal., 1870, 101, part.—AIkEN, Proc. Bost.
Soc. N. H., 1872, 197 (Colorado, May).—Finscn, Abh. Nat. Brem., ili, 1872,
36 (Alexandrovsk, Alaska).—Trippr, in Coues Birds N. W., 1874, 232 (Col-
orado, breeding near timber line).—Bairp, Brewer, and RipGway, Hist.
N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 317, part.—Hensnaw, Rep. Orn. Spec. Wheeler’s
Sury., 1873 (1874), 59 (Denver, Colorado, May 14), 75 (South Park, Colo-
rado, June 24, and Garland, May 28), 103 (Apache and Bowie, Arizona,
Sept., Oct.); Zool. Exp. W. 100th Merid., 1875, 207, excl. syn., part.—
Rripaway, Bull. Essex Inst., vii, 1875, 32 (Wasatch Mts., Utah, breeding).—
Nexson, Proe. Bost. Soc. N. H., xviii, 1875, 343 (mountains s. of Fort Bridger,
Wyoming, summer).—Satvin and GopMan, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1881,
168, part.—Nurrine, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., v, 1882, 494 (Irazu, Costa Rica).—
McLeneGan, Cruise ‘‘Corwin,’’ 1884, 114 (Kowak R., Alaska).—SHaARpE,
Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 435, part.
[ Myiodioctes] pusillus Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 109, part.—ScLarEer and
Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 10, part.
(2) [Myiidioctes pusillus ScuaTEr, Proce. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1858, 299 (La Parada,
Oaxaca).
Myiodioctes pusillus var. pusillus Rrpaway, Am. Journ. Sci., iv, Dec., 1872, 457,
part.
[ Myiodioctes pusillus] «. pusillus Rrpaway, Orn. 40th Parallel, 1877, 457 (West
Humboldt and East Humboldt mountains, Nevada, Aug., Sept.; Antelope I.,
Utah, May 24).
(2?) [Myiodioctes pusillus.] a. M. pusillus SHarpx, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885,
436, in list of specimens, part (Oaxaca; Duefias and Coban, Guatemala;
Irazu district, Costa Rica).
[ Myiodioctes pusillus| var. pusillus Bairp, Brewer, and Ripaway, Hist. N. Am.
Birds, i, 1874, 318, part.
(2?) M[yioctonus] pusillus CaBanis, Mus. Hein., i, 1850, 18 (Mexico).
WILSONIA PUSILLA CHRYSEOLA Ridgway.
GOLDEN PILEOLATED WARBLER.
Similar to W. p. pileolata, but slightly smaller and much more
brightly colored; olive-green of upper parts much more yellowish,
almost olive-yellow in extreme examples; yellow of forehead and
superciliary region (especially the former) inclining more or less to
orange; yellow of under parts purer, more intense.
Adult male.—Length (skins), 104-117 (110.5); wing, 53-59 (55.4);
tail, 45-52 (49.1); exposed culmen, 7-9 (8.3); tarsus, 17-19.5 (18.2)."
Adult female.—Length (skins), 104-115 (108.6); wing, 50-55 (52.9);
tail, 45.5-50 (47.8); exposed culmen, 8-9 (8.5); tarsus, 17-19.5 (18.3).”
Pacific coast district of United States and British Columbia; breed-
ing from southern California (San Bernardino, Los Angeles, and
Ventura counties) northward to British Columbia (New Westminster;
Mount Lehman); during migration southward and eastward to eastern
1 Twenty-four specimens. * Ten specimens.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. T15
Oregon (Fort Klamath, May, August), Arizona (Pinal County, Sep-
tember, October; Lowell, April; Fort Verde, May; San Francisco
Mountains, August 51; Cienega; Tucson), Chihuahua (San Diego,
April 15), Sonora (San José Mountains, October), and Lower Cali-
fornia (to Cape St. Lucas).
(?) Sylvania pusilla (not Muscicapa pusilla Wilson) Nurrati, Man. Orn. U.S. and
Can., 2d ed., 1840, 335, part (Oregon).
Sylvania pusilla GAMBEL, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., i, 1847, 38, part (California).
Myiodioctes pusillus Bairp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 293, part; Cat. N.
Am. Birds, 1859, no. 215, part; Review Am. Birds, 1865, 240, part.—Hererr-
MANN, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., x, 1859, 39 (California).—(?) Xanrus, Proe.
Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., xi, 1859, 191 (Fort Tejon, California).—Coorrr and
SuckLey, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., xii, pt. 2, 1860, 182 (Fort Steilacoom,
Washington ).—(?) Lorp, Proc. Roy. Art. Inst. Woolwich, iv, 1864, 115,
part (British Colambia).—Cooprr, Orn. Cal., 1870, 101, part. —Covurs, Check
List, 1873, no. 102, part; Birds N. W., 1874, 79, part; Birds Col. Val., 1878,
326, part.—SHARPE, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. , X, 1885, 435, part.
[ Myiodioctes] pusillus Cougs, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 109, part.
Myiodioctes pusillus var. pileolata Ripaway, Am. Journ. Sci., iv, Dee., 1872, 457,
part; Am. Nat., vii, 1873, 608, part.
Myiodioctes ae var. pileolatus Batrp, Brewer, and Ripaway, Hist. N. Am.
Birds, i, 1874, 319, part.—(?) Hensnaw, Rep. Orn. Specs. Wheeler’s Surv.,
1876, a 4 (Fort Tejon and Mount Whitney, California, Aug., Sept. ).
Myiodiocies pusillus pileolatus Brewster, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iv, Jan., 1879, 40
(Nicasio, Marin Co., California; deser. young female); vii, 1882, 139 (Cienega,
Tucson, etc., Arizona; crit.) —Ripaway, Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 125«,
part.—Couegs, Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 148, part.
M[yiodioctes| plusillus] pileolatus Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 314, part.
Myiodiocles pusillus . . . var. pileolata Cours, Check List, 1873, App., p. 125,
no. 102a, part.
Myiodioctes pusillus, 8. pileolata Ripaway, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., i, March 21, 1879,
407 (central California).
Wilsonia pusilla pileolata Cours, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vy, 1880, 95, part. —Ripeway,
Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., iii, 1880, 174 part. —AmMeErIcAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ Unton
CommiTTEE, Auk, xvi, 1899, 123, part.—Kosss, Auk, xvii, 1900, 357 (Cape
Disappointment, Washington, breeding ).—MaiLLarp, Condor, iii, 1901, 126
(San Benito Co., California, breeding).
(?) Mytodioctes pileolatus Ripaway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., i, March 20, 1879, 391
(Calaveras Co., California).
Sylvania pusilla pileolata Ripaway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., viii, Sept. 2, 1885, 354,
part.—AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ Unton, Check List, 1886, no. 685a, part.—
EverRMANN, Auk, iii, 1886, 185 (Ventura Co., California, breeding).—-BEL-
DING, Land Birds Pacific Distr., 1890, 20) breeding at Poway, San Bernardino
Vailey, Los Angeles, Santa Cruz, ete., California).—Ruoanbs, Proc. Ac. Nat.
Sci. Phila., 1893, 55, part (Vancouver I., British Columbia; crit.); Auk, x,
1893, 23, part (do.).—GRINNELL, Rep. Birds Santa Barbara I., ete., 1897, 8
(Santa Barbara I., California, May 14-16); Pub. ii, Pasadena Ac. Sci., 1898,
47 (Los Angeles Co., California; summer resid. in willow districts).
S[ylvania] pusilla pileolata Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 528, part.
?) [Myiodioctes pusillus.| 8. M. pileolatus SHARPE, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885,
437, in list of specimens, part (west side oe ky Mts., British Columbia;
California).
716 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
WILSONIA CANADENSIS (Linnzus).
CANADIAN WARBLER,
Upper parts gray tinged with olive in young and autumnal speci-
mens; under tail-coverts white.
Adult male.'—Forehead and crown black, the feathers (except some-
times those on forehead) margined with gray, producing a scaled ap-
pearance; forehead sometimes with a median line (more or less distinct)
of yellowish; rest of upper parts, together with sides of neck and
posterior portion of auricular region, plain gray (nearly slate-gray);
upper and anterior portion of lores, malar region, and under parts
(except under tail-coverts) lemon or canary yellow, the outer portion
of sides and flanks slightly tinged with olive; under tail-coverts white,
sometimes tinged with yellow toward anal region; a conspicuous orbital
ring of white or yellowish white, more decidedly yellowish on upper
portion; loral spot, suborbital region, together with anterior and lower
portion of auricular region, black; this continued (sometimes brokenly)
along sides of lower neck (between the gray and the yellow) and con-
tinued across the chest ina series of spots or streaks;” bill dusky horn
color, the mandible paler, except (sometimes) at tip; iris brown; legs
and feet pale buffy brown (in dried skins); length (skins), 121-131.3
(125.7); wing, 64.5-67.1 (66.3); tail, 54.6-57.4 (56.1); exposed culmen,
10.2-11.2 (10.7); tarsus, 18-19.6 (19); middle toe, 10.7—11.9 (11.2).°
Adult female.—Above, including auricular region and sides of neck,
plain gray, tinged with olive, especially on back and pileum, the latter
often showing darker centers to feathers of forehead or forehead and
crown; upper and anterior portion of lores and conspicuous orbital
ring pale yellow or yellowish white; loral spot and suborbital region
dusky olive-gray, this sometimes continued posteriorly along lower
portion of sides of neck; malar region and under parts, except under
tail-coverts, lemon or canary yellow (slightly paler and duller than in
adult male); under tail-coverts white; chest streaked with olive, the
streaks sometime partly black;* bill, iris, and feet as in the adult male;
leneth oon) 116.1-124.7 (119.6); wing, 60.4— os 5 (62.5); tail, 51-53.3
i ee from Central and South ee specimens, the nlc ot the adult
male is apparently the same in autumn and winter as in spring and summer.
? The amount of this black spotting or streaking of the chest varies greatly in differ-
ent specimens, some having the whole chest so heavily spotted with black (the spots
being deltoid in shape) that they overlap and almost form a ‘‘solid’’ patch, while
others have only a few small guttate spots or streaks across the anterior portion;
usually, the markings, in amount and character, are about halfway between these
extremes.
° Kight specimens.
*In adult females having black streaks on the chest the feathers of forehead and
crown are distinctly centered with black. Such specimens are very much like those
adult males having the least amount of black streaking or spotting on the chest.
a ee
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. ie
(52.6); exposed culmen, 9.9-11.4 (10.7); tarsus, 17.5-19 (18.3); middle
toe, 9.4-11.7 (10.7).’
Immature male in jirst autumn and winter.
tion to the adult female.
Immature female in first autumn and winter.—Similar to the adult
female and immature male, but upper parts more strongly tinged with
olive, and markings on chest much less distinct, sometimes obsolete.
Young, first plumage.—Above plain broccoli brown or drab, the
feathers ash gray beneath the surface; middle and greater wing-coverts
broadly tipped with buff, forming two distinct bands across wing; rem-
iges and rectrices brownish gray, with edges slightly paler; sides of
head and neck, chin, throat, chest, and sides of breast pale buffy brown:
rest of under parts pale straw or primrose yellow.
Eastern North America; north to Newfoundland, southern Labrador
and Manitoba (Lake Winnipeg); west to eastern edge of the Great
Plains, casually to Colorado (Lincoln County, May 23); breeding south-
ward to Massachusetts (Winchendon; Berkshire County; Essex
County), central New York (Oneida County), southern Ontario, Mich-
igan (Mackinac Island), and Minnesota (St. Louis and Lake counties),
and southward through mountains of Pennsylvania, Virginia, and West
Virginia to North Carolina (2,500 to 4,000 feet); in winter south through
sastern Mexico and Central America to Ecuador (numerous localities
and records) and Peru.
(Quite similar in colora-
[ Muscicapa] canadensis Lrxnmus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, i, 1766, 327 (based on Gobe-
mouche cendré de Canada, Muscicapa canadensis cinerea, Brisson, Orn. ii, 406,
pl. 39, fig. 4).—GmeE.in, Syst. Nat.,i, pt. ii, 1788, 987.—Laruam, Index Orn.,
ii, 1790, 484.
Muscicapa canadensis Witson, Am. Orn., iii, 1811, 100, pl. 26, fig. 2.—STEPHENs,
Shaw’s Gen. Zool., x, 1817, 350.—Vtieriior, Enc. Méth., 11, 18238, 810.—Bona-
PARTE, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., ii, 1824, 178.—AvupuBon, Orn. Biog., ii, 1834,
7 pla l03:
Setophaga canadensis JARDINE, ed. Wilson’s Am. Orn., i, 1832, 358.
S[etophaga] canadensis Gray, Gen. Birds, i, 1846, 265.
[Setophaga] canadensis Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 244, no. 3536.
Myiodioctes canadensis AUDUBON, Synopsis, 1839, 49; Birds Am., oct. ed., ii, 1841,
14, pl. 72.—ScuatEr, Proc. Zool. Soe. Lond., 1854, 111 (Quijos, Ecuador); 1855,
143 (Bogota, Colombia); 1858, 64 (Rio Napo, e. Ecuador), 451 (Gualaquiza
and Zamora, Ecuador); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 34 (Bogota).—Putnam, Proc.
Essex Inst., i, 1856, 206 (Massachusetts, breeding).—Bryant, Proc. Bost.
Soc. N. H., vi, 1857, 116 (Nova Scotia).—Batrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., 1x,
1858, 294; Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 214; Review Am. Birds, 1865, 239.—
ScLaTeR and Satvin, Ibis, 1859, 11 (Guatemala).—Lawrencer, Ann. Lye.
N. Y., vii, 1862, 467 (Panama R. R.); ix, 1868, 95 (Dota Mts., Costa Rica) .—
BOARDITAN, Proc. Bost. Soc., ix, 1862, 125 (Maine, breeding).—BLAKISTON,
Ibis, 1863, 63 (Saskatchewan ).—DreEsser, Ibis, 1865, 478 (Texas).—MclIL-
WRAITH, Proc. Essex Inst., v, 1866, 86 (Hamilton, Ontario ).—LAWRENCE, Ann.
Lye. N. Y., ix, 1868, 95 (Dota, Costa Rica).—Franrzius, Journ. fur Orn., 1869,
‘Seven specimens.
718 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
294 (Costa Rica).—Covrs, Check List, 1873, no. 103; 2d ed., 1882, no. 149;
Birds N. W., 1874, 80; Birds Col. Val., 1878, 323.—Barrp, Brewer, and
Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 320, pl. 16, fig. 6.—Brewer, Proc. Bost.
Soe. N. H., xvii, 1875, 440 (New England; summer resid. ).—Brewsrer, Bull.
Nutt. Orn. Club, iii, 1878, 60 (descr. young).—Harcn, Geol. and Nat. Hist.
Surv. Minn. for 1879 (1880), 160 (St. Louis and Lake counties, Minnesota,
breeding ).—Goss, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vi, 1881, 246 (Neosho R., Kansas,
Aug. 29).—Ripeway, Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 127.—Satvin and Gop-
MAN, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1881, 166.—SHarpk, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x,
1885, 432 ( Duenas, Retalhuleu, Volcan de Fuego, and Coban, Guatemala; Irazu
district, Costa Rica; Bogota, Colombia; Sarayacu, e. Ecuador; ‘‘ Mexico;”’
“* Brazil’? ).—Taczanowski and Beruepscn, Proc. Zool. Soe. Lond., 1885, 74
(Machay and Mapoto, Ecuador, Noy., Feb.).—Satvapori and Festa, Boll.
Mus. Zool., ete., Torino, xv, no. 351, 1899, 8 (Valle del Zamora and Valle
del Rio Santiago, e. Ecuador, Dec., Mar.).—Banes, Proc. New Engl. Zool.
Club, iii, 1902, 61 (Boquete, Chiriqui, Apr. 7).
[ Myiodioctes| canadensis Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 109.—SciaTer and SaL-
vin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 10.
M[yiodioctes] canadensis Netson, Bull. Essex Inst., vill, 1876, 101, 152 (n. e. Ih-
nois, a few breeding).—Cours, Key N. Am. B irda: 2d ed., 1884, 314.
Dendreca canadensis (not Dendroica canadensis Baird) TaczaANnowskt, Proc. Zool.
Soc. Lond., 1874, 508 (centr. Peru); 1879, 223 (Tambillo, n. Peru). (See
Taezanowski, Proc. Zool. Soe. Lond., 1882, 6.)
Eluthlypis] canadensis CABANIS, Mus. Hein., 1, 1850, 18.
Buthlypis canadensis CABANIS, Journ. ee 1860, 326 (highlands Costa Rica).—
ALLEN, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., ii, 187 269 (e. Florida, Mar. ).
Wilsonia canadensis Cours, Bull. Nae Orn. Club, v, Apr., 1880, 95.—Ripeway,
Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., iii, 1880, 174.— AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ UNION Com-
MITTEE, Auk, xvi, 1899, 123.—ArKeEn, Auk, xvii, 1900, 298 (Lake, Lincoln
Co., Colorado; 1 spec., May 23, 1899).
Sylvania canadensis Rrpaway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Sept. 2, 1885, 354; Orn.
Illinois, i, 1889, 176.—AmeErRICAN OrNiTHOLOGIStTS’ Unton, Check List, 1886,
no. 686.—Brewster, Auk, iii, 1886, 175 (mountains of w. North Carolina,
breeding from 3,000 ft. upward); v, 1888, 392 (Winchendon, Massachusetts,
breeding ).—ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., i, 1886, 259 (Berkshire and Essex
counties, Massachusetts, breeding).—Ratru, Trans. Oneida Hist. Soe., iii,
1886, 142 (Oneida Co., New York, breeding; descr. nest and eggs).—Luoyn,
Auk, iv, 1887, 297 (Concho Co., Texas, 1 spec., August ).—LAWRENCE (R. B.),
Auk, iv, 1887, 349 (Pike Co., Pennsylvania, breeding).—Cooxer, Bird Migr.
Miss. Val., 1888, 262 (e. Nebraska; e. Kansas; s..e. Texas, etc.; dates of
migr.).—CHERRIE, Auk, vii, 1890, 337 (San José, Costa Rica, Sept. 29 to
Oct. 6).—THompson, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., xiii, 1890, 624 (Manitoba, breed-
ing).—Srong, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1891, 437 (Luzerne Co., Pennsyl-
vania, breeding); Auk, xi, 1894, 182 (Pocono Mts., Pennsylvania, breeding ).—
Topp, Auk, vili, 1891, 399 (Butler and Armstrong counties, Pennsylvania,
breeding); x, 18938, 46 (Clearfield Co., Pennsylvania, breeding).—Dwiaut,
Auk, ix, 1892, 139 (Cresson and North Mt., Pennsylvania, breeding).—
Waire, Auk, x, 1893, 229 (Mackinac I., Michigan, breeding).—NEHRLING,
Our Native Birds, etc., i, 1893, 269, pl. 13, fig. 8.—McILwrairn, Birds
Ontario, 1894, 383 (s. Ontario, breeding ).—Ruoaps, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila.,
1895, 497 (Roan Mt. and Monroe Co., North Carolina, breeding petwenn
2,500 and 4,000 ft.).—Cona@pon, Auk, xii, 1895, 189 (Dingmans Ferry, Pike
Co., Pennsylvania, breeding).—Younc, Auk, xiii, 1896, 285 (Delano and
Hazle Creek Junction, Pennsylvania, breeding).—Bairy, Auk, xiii, 1896,
296 (n. Elk Co., Pennsylvania, breeding ).—Rives, Auk, xv, 1898, 137 (West
=
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 719
Virginia, breeding in spruce belt).—FLEemMinG, AUK, xviil, 1901, 44 (Mus-
koka, ete., n. w. Ontario, common summer resid. ).
Sylvia pardalina Bonaparte, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., iv, 1824, 179 (cites
M. canadensis Wilson); Ann: Lye. N. Y., 11, 1826, 79.—Nutrraui, Man. Orn.
WE s:-and Can.. 1, 1832) 372:
Sylvicola pardalina BONAPARTE, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 22.—Brerwer, Proc.
Bost. Soc. N. H., vi, 1856, 5 (descr. nest and eggs).
[| Myiodioctes| pardalina Bonaparte, Consp. Ay., 1, 1850, 315.
Myodioctes pardalina Prarren, Trans. Ils. Agric. Soe., 1855, 601.
Muscicapa bonapartti AupuBon, Orn. Biog., 1, 1831, 27, pl. 5 (St. Francisville,
Louisiana, Aug. 13;=young in autumn).
Setophaga bonapartii Swainson and RicHarpson, Fauna Bor.-Am., ii
pl. 47.
[Setophaga] bonapartii Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 244, no. 3538.
Wilsonia bonapartii BoNAPARTE, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 28.—SrEJNEGER,
Auk, i, 1884, 231.
Myiodioctes bonapartii AuDUBON, Synopsis, 1839, 49; Birds Am., oct. ed., ii, 1841,
17, pl. 73.—Barrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 295; Cat. N. Am. Birds,
1859, no. 215.
Sylvania bonapartii Nurrauy, Man. Orn. U. 8. and Can., 2d ed., i, 1840, 332.
Setophaga nigro-cincta LAPRESNAYE, Rey. Zool., iv, Oct., 1843, 292 (Colombia) ;
1844, 79.
Myiodioctes cerulescens (lapsus for canadensis) LAwrence, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus.,
no. 4, 1876, 16 (Barrio, Oaxaca; Guichicovi, Chiapas).
, 1831, 225,
Genus CARDELLINA DuBus.
Cardellina DuBus, Esquis. Orn., 1850, pl. 25. (Type, C. amicta DuBus, = Muscicapa
rubrifrons Giraud, )
Medium-sized ** fly-catching” Mniotiltide with the bill short and
stout (basal depth nearly equal to basal width, exposed culmen not
longer than middle toe without claw), the culmen decidedly curved;
rictal bristles reaching but little beyond nostrils; wing-tip equal to
tarsus; tail even; rump and under parts of body white, back gray, fore-—
head and throat red, crown and auricular region black.
Bill not more than half as long as head, deeper than broad at anterior
margin of nostrils, nearly as deep as broad at base; culmen decidedly
curved; maxillary tomium with subterminal notch indistinct; gonys
faintly convex. Nostril rather large, obliquely oval, occupying about
lower anterior half of nasal foss, largely concealed by latero-frontal
feathering. Rictal bristles moderately developed, the longest reach-
ing but little beyond nostrils, when directed forward. Wine long,
rather pointed (seventh primary longest, eighth and sixth but little
shorter, the ninth intermediate between sixth and fifth); wing-tip long,
equal to tarsus. Tail decidedly shorter than wing but longer than dis-
tance from bend of wing to tip of secondaries, even, the rectrices broad
and rounded at tips. Tarsus about one-fourth as long as wing or
slightly more, its scutella indistinct or obsolete on outer side; middle
toe, with claw, much shorter than tarsus; basal phalanx of middle toe
united for nearly its entire length to outer toe, for about half its
length to inner toe.
720 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Coloration.—Upper parts gray, with a nuchal band and the rump
white; crown and auricular region black; forehead, lores, chin, throat,
and post-auricular region red; sexes alike.
Nidification.—Terrestrial.
Range.—Southwestern border of United States to highlands of Gua-
temala. (Monotypic.)
CARDELLINA RUBRIFRONS (Giraud).
RED-FACED WARBLER,
Adult male.—F¥orehead, lores, eyelids, suborbital region (except
posterior portion), malar region, chin, throat, upper chest, and sides
of neck vermilion or poppy red, most intense on forehead; crown,
anterior portion of occiput, auricular region, and posterior portion of
suborbital region uniform glossy black; a transverse patch or band of
white (usually more or less tinged with pink) on nape, partly hidden
by the elongated black feathers of occiput; hindneck, back, scapulars,
lesser wing-coyerts, and upper rump uniform gray (varying from
slate-gray t mouse gray); lower rump white, sometimes tinged with
pink; upper tail-coverts gray (rather paler than back, often with still
paler or even sometimes whitish tips, especially the shorter coverts;
larger wing-coverts, remiges, and rectrices dusky gray with slate-gray
edgings the middle coverts more or less distinctly and rather broadly
tipped with white or pale gray; under parts of body white, more or
less strongly tinged with pink, especially on breast, shading into gray
on sides of breast and anterior portion of sides; bill brownish, the
maxilla darker; legs and feet horn brown (in dried skins); len: th
(skins), 118-135 (124.5); wing, 65.5-70.5 (68.1); tail, 57-61 (59.4);
exposed culm n, 8-9 (8.6); tarsus, 17-18.5 (17.7)."
Adult female.—Similar to the adult male in coloration and often
quite indistinguishable, but usually very slightly duller in color and
averaging a little smaller; length (skins), 113-126 (121.5); wing, 63-70
(66); tail, 55.5-61 (58.5); exposed culmen, 7.5—9 (8.6); tarsus, 17-18.5
(17.9).!
' Eleven specimens.
Specimens from different localities average respectively as follows:
el
Locality. Wing. | Tail. boned | Tarsus.
culmen.
MALES.
Five adult males from Arizona and Sonora....-......---.-----.-.----- 68.2 59 8.6 | 17.8
Three adult males from Durango, Jalisco, and Guerrero ..........-- 67.5 59.3 8.5 | 17.7
Threeadult malestrom Guatemala. o--- . <2. ceccee cence snes eeeae. 68.3 60 8.8 | 17.8
FEMALES. |
Eight adult females from Arizona, Sonora, and northern Chihuahua. 65.9 58. 4 8.6 | 17.9
Two awit femal es trom alisCOsssen acre coe eae e aenelseemine ce een a aes 66.7 59.5 8.7 | 17.5
One‘adult female from (Guatemalan --_ca-c2--o-se ss ete oe cena ee ee eel 66 58.5 8.6 17.9
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. U2:
Young in first autumn and winter.'—Similar to the duller colored
adults, but much duller, the red of throat, etc., paler, inclining to flesh
color, white of under parts and nuchal patch tinged with buff or salmon
color, and gray of upper parts more brownish.
Young, first plumage.—Upper parts, including entire pileum, plain
sooty brown, the pileum and hindneck sometimes inclining to prouts
brown or raw wnber; rump white; upper tail-coverts brownish gray
with paler tips; wings grayish dusky with paler grayish edgings, the
middle and greater coverts tipped with dull buff or pale brownish
buffy, forming two more or less distinct bands; tail as in adults; sides
of head like pileum; chin, throat, and chest plain light buffy grayish
brown or broccoli brown, the sides of neck similar but more buffy;
rest of under parts dull white, shaded on sides (especially sides of
breast) with pale brownish gray or grayish brown.
Higher mountains of southern Arizona (Mount Graham, Catalina
Mountains, Huachuca Mountains, etc.) and New Mexico (Fort Bay-
ard) and southward over more elevated parts of Mexico to highlands
of Guatemala (Volcan de Fuego; Totonicapam).
Muscicapa rubrifrons GrrAuD, Sixteen Species Texan Birds, 1841, folio 27, pl. 7,
fig. 1 (‘‘Texas’’).—SciaTer, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1855, 66 (referred to
genus Cardellina).
Setophaga rubrifrons Batrp, in Stansbury’s Rep. Gt. Salt Lake, 1852, 329
(CGoMexas’2
Cardellina rubrifrons SCLATER, Proc. Zool. Soe. Lond., 1855, 66, in text; 1858, 299
(La Parada, Oaxaca); 1859, 374 (Cinco Sefiores, Oaxaca); Cat. Am. Birds,
1862, 37 (s. Mexico).—Barirp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Survey, ix, 1858, 306
(synonymy); Review Am. Birds, 1865, 264 (Mexico; Totonicapam, Guate-
mala).—Satvin, Ibis, 1866, 192 (Volcan de Fuego and Totonicapam, Guate-
mala); 1874, 99 (do.).—HeEnsHaw, Zool. Exp. W. 100th Merid., 1875, 211
(Mount Graham and mountains near Apache, Arizona; breeding habits).—
Cougs, Birds Col. Val., 1878, 331; Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 150.—ALLEN,
Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, v, 1880, 89.—Brewsrer, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vi, 1881,
68 (Fort Bayard, New Mexico, July 16).—Ripa@way, Nom. N. Am. Birds,
1881, no. 181.—Satvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1881, 162.—
SHarpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 408.—Scorr, Auk, ii, 1885, 353
(Pima Co., Arizona); v, 1888, 36 (Catalina Mts., Arizona).—AMERICAN
OrniTHoLoGists’ Union, Check List, 1886, no. 690.—Pricr, Auk, v, 1888,
385 (Huachuca Mts., Arizona; breeding habits).—NerxHriInG, Our Native
Birds, etc., 1, 1898, 280, pl. 32, fig. 2.
[ Cardellina] rubrifrons ScuarErR and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 11.
CLardellina] rubrifrons Couns, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 314.—Ripe@way,
Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 531.
Basileuterus rubrifrons Scuater, Proce. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1859, 363 (Jalapa, Vera
Cruz).
Cardellina amicta Du Bus, Esq. Orn., 1850, pl. 25.
[ Cardellina] amicta BoNAPARTE, Consp. Av., 1, 1850, 312.
[Setophaga] amicta Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 243, no. 3531.
' This plumage apparently retained during the second year.
3654—voL 2—01———46
(22 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Genus SETOPHAGA Swainson.
Setophaga Swainson, Philos. Mag., new ser., i, May, 1827, 368. (Type, Muscicapa
ruticilla Linnzeus. )
Cetophaga (emendation) Lesson, Man. d’Orn., ii, 1828, 430.
Sylvania, part, Nurratyi, Man. Orn. U. 8. and Can., i, 1832, 290. (Proposed as
a substitute for Setophaga Swainson; see Coues, Auk, xiv, 1897, 223. )
Small **fly-catching” Mniotiltidee with the bill much shorter than
head, much depressed, triangular or broadly wedge-shaped in vertical
profile, with rictal bristles not reaching nearly to tip; ninth primary
longer than fifth; tail decidedly shorter than wing, rounded; adult
males (both sexes in one species) black, varied with red (or orange)
and white.
Bill about half as long as head, much depressed, broad at base, its
vertical profile triangular or broadly wedge-shaped; culmen sharply
ridged, straight for basal half or more, strongly decurved terminally;
commissure nearly straight, the maxillary tomium with distinct sub-
terminal notch. Nostril longitudinally oval or elliptical, in lower
anterior portion of nasal fosse, overhung by a broad membranous
operculum. Rictal bristles conspicuously developed, but not reach-
ing much if any beyond middle of bill (when directed forward). Wing
‘ather long, pointed (ninth to seventh or eighth to sixth primaries
longest, the ninth equal to or longer than fifth, sometimes longer than
sixth); wing-tip equal to tarsus (S. rutie‘//a) or a little shorter
(S. picta). Tail shorter than wing, but decidedly longer than distance
from bend of wing to tips of secondaries, decidedly rounded, the ree-
trices rather broad, subacuminate (S. rutici//a) or rounded (S. prcta)
at tips. Tarsus slightly less than one-fourth as long as wing, its scu-
tella rather distinct; middle toe, with claw, decidedly shorter than tar-
sus; basal phalanx of middle toe united for more than half its length
to outer toe, for about half its length, or less, to inner toe.
Coloration.—Adult males (both sexes of one species) black, varied
with red (or orange) and white; head, neck, and upper parts uniform
black; breast with a median patch of red (extending to abdomen) or
with lateral patches of orange or yellow (extending to under wing-
coverts); wings with a large white patch on greater or middle coverts,
or with basal portion of secondaries extensively pale orange or yellow;
lateral rectrices extensively white, or else with basal half or more
pale orange or yellow.
Nidification.—Arboreal in S. ruticilla, terrestrial (in holes of
banks, or beneath projecting stones) in S. pzcta.
Lange.—Temperate North America, to highlands of Guatemala; in
winter throughout West Indies and to northern South America. (Two
species. )
The two species of Setophaga differ very slightly in the details of
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 123
external structure, certainly not enough to warrant their generic sepa-
ration. The type species, S. ruticilla, has the outermost (ninth) pri-
mary sometimes equal to or longer than the sixth, sometimes shorter;
in S. preta it is much shorter, or only a little longer than the fifth,
the eighth, seventh, and sixth primaries being nearly equal and long-
-est, while in S. ru¢ici//a the ninth, eighth, and seventh are sometimes,
but not always, all longer than the sixth. In S. p/cta the bill is rela-
tively smaller and the rictal bristles relatively somewhat shorter; the
rectrices are obtusely rounded at tips, and the sexes are alike in
coloration; whereas in Sv ruticilla the bill and rictal bristles are
slightly more developed, the rectrices are subacuminate at tips, and
the sexes very different in color.'
KEY TO THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES OF SETOPHAGA.
a. Head, neck, and upper parts black.
b. The black glossy; under parts partly red, orange, yellow.
c. Basal half or more of secondaries and lateral rectrices pale orange or yellow;
middle and greater wing-coverts black; sides of breast orange or yellow;
axillars and under wing-coverts orange or yellow; median portion of breast
and abdomen white. (Temperate North America, except parts of south-
western portions; West Indies and through Central America to northern
South America in winter.)......-..- Setophaga ruticilla, adult male (p. 724)
ec. Secondaries wholly black or with white edges; lateral rectrices largely white;
middle and greater wing-coverts white; sides of breast black; axillars and
under wing-coverts white; median portion of breast and abdomen vermilion
red.
d. Third rectrix with greater part of its outer web and a large portion of the
inner web (at end) white. (Highlands of Mexico, north to southern Ari-
ADS VOM aos Sees Se Setophaga picta picta, adult male and female (p. 728)
dd. Third rectrix with outer web entirely black, the inner web with little if
any white. (Highlands of Guatemala and Chiapas. )
Setophaga picta guatemale, adult male and female (p. 729)
bb. The black without gloss, more sooty; under parts dusky grayish or sooty, with-
out red, orange, or yellow.
c. Third rectrix with more white (as in
oe
d’’ above).
Setophaga picta picta, young (p. 728)
ce. Third rectrix with little if any white (as in ‘‘dd”’ above).
Setophaga picta guatemale, young (p. 729)
aa. Head grayish (paler, almost white, on throat); rest of upper parts olive or olive-
grayish (tail blackish or dusky), the basal portion of secondaries and lateral
rectrices pale yellow.
Setophaga ruticilla, adult female and young male (pp. 724, 725)
'For at least the first year, the male of S. ruticilla resembles the adult female in
coloration, two years, or more, being required to complete the full adult livery. In
S. picta, on the other hand, both sexes molt, in the first autumn, directly from the
sooty nestling plumage (without red on under parts) into the adult dress.
(24 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
SETOPHAGA RUTICILLA (Linnzus).
AMERICAN REDSTART.
Adult male.—Head, neck, chest, and upper parts uniform black,
with a more or less decided bluish gloss, except on remiges, and rec-
trices; basal portion of remiges (except two innermost tertials) and
more than basal half of rectrices, except two (sometimes only one)
middle pairs, pale orange, saturn red, or salmon-pink, this occupy-
ing the full width of both webs;' a large patch on each side of chest
and breast, together with axillars and under wing-coverts, bright saturn
red;” rest of under parts white, usually with more or less of black be-
tween the orange-red lateral patches and the white in middle of breast;*
longer under tail-coverts sometimes partly black or dusky; bill wholly
black in spring and summer, more brownish, with mandible paler
brown, in fall and winter;* iris brown; legs and feet dark brown or
blackish; length (skins), 117-127 (121.3); wing, 61-67 (63.5); tail,
52-58 (55.1); exposed culmen, 7-9 (8.5); tarsus, 17-19 (17.9); middle
toe, 9-11 (10.1).°
Adult female.—Very different from the adult male. Pileum and
hindneck plain mouse gray; back, scapulars, and rump plain light
olive or grayish olive-green; upper tail-coverts, middle rectrices, and
terminal portion or other, rectrices dusky; wings dusky (not so dark
as dusky portion of tail) with light olive edgings; basal portion of
remiges and rectrices (except one or two middle pairs of the latter and
two innermost secondaries) light yellow, that on the remiges more
restricted than the orange-red in the male, often not showing at all on
primaries; sides of head paler gray than pileum, especially the lores
and superciliary region; malar region, chin, throat, and chest dull
grayish white; rest of under parts more decidedly white, with a con-
‘Sometimes the outer web of outermost primary and more rarely that of the one
next to it (eighth) has none of this color at the base; usually it is edged with it.
The extent of the pale orange or saturn red on the remiges varies considerably, but
nearly always it occupies less than half the exposed portion of the secondaries, except
sometimes on the innermost ones, and on the primaries never involves more than the
basal third, usually much less. The rectrices next to the middle pair usually have
the basal half of outer web salmon-pink, the inner web entirely or mostly black.
* There is little variation in this color, which is practically the same in at least 90
per cent of the specimens examined; very rarely, however, the orange-red is replaced,
not only on sides of breast but also on the wings and tail, by yellow.
*Often there is a ‘‘solid’’? patch of black between the lateral orange-red and
median white, sometimes extending backward as far as the flanks; more rarely the
black ends abruptly on the chest, with a rounded or convex posterior outline. Fre-
quently the white portions are tinged with orange-red, especially on sides and flanks;
very rarely the white is entirely replaced by orange-red. (See Mearns, Bull. Nutt.
Orn. Club, ii, 1877, 70. )
*There is no difference in color of plumage according to season, except that fall
and winter specimens, being in fresher feather, are rather more richly colored.
° Fifteen specimens.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. (25
spicuous patch of yellow on each side of chest and breast, the median
portion of breast, together with sides and flanks, sometimes tinged
with yellow; bill dark brown or brownish black in summer, pale brown
in winter; iris, legs, and feet as in adult male; length (skins), 112-121
(116.9); wing, 58-66 (61.1); tail, 49-58 (54.1); exposed culmen, 8-9
(8.8): tarsus, 15-18 (17.1); middle toe, 9-11 (10.4).’
Immature male.”—Similar in coloration to the adult female and
sometimes indistinguishable,* but usually (7) with the back, etc., more
brownish olive and the yellow patch on side of breast more orange or
salmon color.
Immature female.—Similar to the adult female but gray of head
and neck more brownish, less strongly contrasted with olive of back;
throat and chest (especially the latter) tinged with brownish buff; yel-
low on sides of breast less distinct, and that at base of secondaries
almost (sometimes entirely) concealed.
Young (both sexes), first plumage.—Above plain grayish brown,
beneath plain grayish white, deepening into pale gray on chest; no
yellow on sides of breast; wings and tail as in older birds, but middle
and greater wing-coverts tipped with dull white or pale yellowish,
forming two bands.
Temperate North America in general, except Pacific coast district
and western portions of Rocky Mountain district, within the United
States; breeding northward in the Atlantic coast district to Nova Scotia,
in the interior to Mackenzie (Fort Simpson, Fort Resolution, etc.), and
on the Pacific coast to southern Alaska (Point Gustavus, Glacier Bay),
westward to Utah (Wasateh Mountains), Idaho (fort Sherman), east-
ern Washington (Okanogan County), and British Columbia (chiefly east
of Cascade Mountains), southward to Mississippi, etc.; occurring cas-
ually or occasionally in California (Haywards, June 20), Oregon (John
Day River, July 1), Lower California (Miraflores and La Paz, Feb-
ruary, March), Arizona (Catalina Mountains, August 2,’Tuecson, spring),
and other parts of extreme western United States; in winter south
throughout West Indies, Mexico, and Central America to northern
South America (Colombia, Ecuador, Venezuela, Trinidad, and British
Gquiana).
[ Motacilla] ruticilla Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, 1758, 186 (based on The Red-
Start, Ruticilla americana, Catesby, Nat. Hist. Carolina, i, 67, pl. 67).
[Muscicapa] ruticilla Linnxus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, i, 1766, 326.—GMELIN, Syst.
Nat., i, pt. ii, 1788, 935. —LatTHam, Index Orn., ii, 1790, 473.
Muscicapa ruticilla Bopparrt, Tabl. Pl. Enl., 1783, 33 (ex Gobe-mouche,@ Amerique,
Daubenton, Pl. Enl., pl. 566, figs. 1, 2).—Vt1eriiot, Ois. Am. Sept., i, 1807,
66, pls. 35, 36.—Witson, Am. Orn., i, 1808, 1038, pl. 6, fig. 6; v, 1812, 119,
pl. 45, fig. 2,.—SrepHens, Shaw’s Gen. Zool., xi, 1817, 362.—BoNnaPaRTE,
1 Kleven specimens.
? The male is several years in acquiring the full plumage.
3 Unless some specimens have been incorrectly determined as to sex.
=,
(
6
~
6
BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., ii, 1824, 170; Ann. Lyc. N. Y., ii, 1826, 68.—
AupwuBon, Orn. Biog., i, 1831, 202, pl. 40; v, 1839, 428; sees 1839, 44;
Birds Am., oct. ed., i, 1840, 240, pl. 68.—D’Orprany, in La Sagra’s Hist.
Nat. Cuba, Ois., 1839, 87.—Dernny, Proc. Zool. Soe. Lond., 1847, 38 (Ja-
maica; Cuba).—Wi.uis, Ann. Rep: Smithson. Inst. for 1858 (1859), 281
(Nova Scotia).
Muscicapa (Sylvania) ruticilla Nurraty, Man. Orn. U.S. and Can., i, 1832, 291.
Setophaga ruticilla Swainson, Philos. Mag., n. s., 1, 1827, 368; Zool. Journ., iii,
May, 1827, 360; Isis, 1830, 1156.—Swainson and RicHarpson, Fauna Bor.-
Am., li, 1831, 223.—Bonapartr, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1837, 118 (Guate-
mala); Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 24.—Nurrautt, Man. Orn. U. 8. and
Can., 2d ed., i, 1840, 327.—Gossr, Birds Jamaica, 1847, 164.—CaBanis, in
Schomburgk’s Reis. Brit. Guiana, ill, 1848, 66; Journ. far Orn., 1856, 472
(Cuba); 1860, 325 (Costa Rica).—Scuater, Proc. Zool. Soe. Lond., 1854, 111
(Quijos, Ecuador); 1855, 144 (Bogota, Colombia); 1856, 289 (Mexico), 292
(Cordova, VeraCruz) ; 1859, 374 ( Playa Vicente, Oaxaca); 1860, 84 (Ecuador),
292 (Esmeraldas, w. Ecuador); 1861, 72 ( Jamaica ); 1864, 172 (Valley of Mex-
ico); 1876, 14 (Santa Lucia); 1889, 326 (Dominica), 395 (Santa Lucia); Cat.
Am. Birds, 1862, 36 (Pennsylvania; Trinidad ).—Gunp.acn, Journ. fur Orn.,
5,472 (Cuba); 1861, 326 (do.); 1872, 419 (do.); Repert. Fisico-Nat. Cuba,
i, 1865, 237; Anal. Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat., vii, 1878, 187 (Porto Rico); Orn. Cuba,
1873, 70.—Bryant, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., vi, 1857, 116 (Nova Scotia); vu,
1859, 111 (Bahamas); x, 1866, 250.( Porto Rico); xi, 1867, 91 (Santo Domingo);
Journ. ftir Orn., 1866, 184 (Porto Rico ).—Sauue, Proc. Zool. Soe. Lond., 1857,
231 (Santo Domingo).—Batrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 297; Cat. N.
Am. Birds, 1859, no. 217; Review Am. Birds, 1865, 256.--ScLaTER and Sa.-
vIn, Ibis, 1859, 12 (Belize, British Honduras); Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864,
347 (Lion Hill, Panama R. R.); 1868, 166 (Venezuela); 1870, 780 (Merida,
Venezuela).—Newton (A. and E.), Ibis, 1859, 144 (St. Croix ).—ALBRECHT,
Journ. ftir Orn., 1861, 53 (Bahamas); 1862, 194 (Jamaica ).—LAWRENCE, Ann.
Lyc. N. Y., vii, 1861, 322 (Isthmus of Panama); viii, 1864, 97 (Sombrero); viii,
_ 1865, 175 (David, Chirigui)s ix, 1868, 96 (Angostura and Turrialba, Costa
Rica); Proce. U.S. Nat. Mus., i, 1878, 55 (Dominica), 189 (St. Vincent), 233
(Antigua); 1, 1879, vestGeae & 354 (Martinique, 454 (Guadeloupe); Bull.
U.S. Nat. Mus., no. 4, 1876, 16 (Santa Efigenia, Oaxaca).—BLaxisron, Ibis,
1862, 4 (Saskatchewan); 1863, 63 (Forks of Saskatchewan ).—VeERRILL, Proe.
30st. Soc. N. H., ix, 1862, 137 (Anticosti I.).—Marcn, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci.
Phila., 1863, 293 (Jamaica).—Taytor, Ibis, 1864, 81 (Trinidad ).—Lkroraup,
Ois. Trinidad, 1866, 248.—Satvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, 186 (Santa Fé
and David, Chiriqui); 1868, 176 (Venezuela); 1870, 183 ( Veragua); Ibis, 1878,
305 (monoer.).—FRANrzius, Journ. fir Orn., 1869, 294 (Barranea, Costa
Rica).—Sumicurast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N.H., i, 1869, 547 (Vera Cruz, winter ).—
Finscu, Proe. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 565 (Trinidad ).—SuNDEVALL, Oty. k.
Vet.-Ak. Forh. Stoeckh., xxvi, 1870, 596 (Porto Rico).—Wyart, Ibis, 1871,
323 (Herradura, etc., Colombia).—AIKEN, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xv, 1872,
197 (Colorado ).—AL.LEN, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., iii, 1872, 167 (Ogden, Utah,
Sept. 8), 175 (Kansas; Colorado; Utah); Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xvii, 1874,
53 (North Dakota); Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, v, 1880, 166 (Santa Lucia); Bull.
Am. Mus. N.H.,. iv, 1892,51 (El Pilar, Venezuela, Nov.); xii, 1900, 176
(Bonda and, Valparaiso proy. Santa Marta, Colombia, Sept. 2 to Mar. 50);
Auk, xvii, 1900, 366 (do.).—Barrp, Brewer, and Ripa@way, Hist. N. Am.
Birds, i, 1874, 322, pl. 16, figs. 1,5.—HernsHaw, Zool. Exp. W. 100th Merid.,
1875, 209 (Huerfano R., Colorado; Provo, Utah).—Rripaway, Bull. Essex
Inst., vil, 1875, 24 (Salt Lake Valley, Utah); Orn. 40th Parallel, 1877,
Cnet b
ed ne ee
—— eo
ites
A ke Oe
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 127
438 (Salt Lake Valley and Wasatch Mts., Utah); Nom. N. Am. Birds,
1880, no. 128; Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., viii, 1885, 564 (Cozumel I., Yuca-
tan); x, 1888, 576 (Swan I., Caribbean Sea); Orn. Illinois, i, 1889,
177.—Boucarp, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, 52 (San José and Cartago,
Costa Rica, Jan. to Apr.).—Mearns, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iii, 1878, 70
(plumage).—Satvin and Gopman, Ibis, 1879, 199 (Atanques, prov. Santa
Marta, Colombia, 4,000 ft., Feb.); Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1881, 178.—
Brewer, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, v, 1880, 50 (Fort Walla Walla, Washington,
1 spec., Aug. 24).—Emerson, Ornith. and Oolog., vi, 1881, 43 (Haywards,
California, 1 spec., June 20, 1881); Zoe, i, 1890, 45 (do.); Condor, iii, 1901,
145 (John Day R., Oregon, July 1, 1899).—Cory, Birds Bahama Is., 1880,
75; Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vi, 1881, 151 (Haiti); Birds Haiti and San Dom.,
1885, 40; Auk, iii, 1886, 46 (West Indian references); iv, 1887, 95 (Mar-
tinique); vi, 1889, 31 (Cayman Brac); vii, 1890, 375 (Tortola and Virgin
Gorda); viii, 1891, 47 (St. Eustatius), 48 (St. Croix; St. Christopher), 49
(Guadeloupe); Birds W. I., 1889, 60; Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 120 (Great
Bahama, Biminis, Berry Islands, New Providence, Andros, Concepcion,
Long I., Green Cay, Turks I., Great Inagua, and Anguilla, Bahamas;
Cuba, Isle of Pines, Grand Cayman, Jamaica, Haiti, Tortola, Virgin
Gorda, and St. Croix, Greater Antilles; Sombrero, St. Eustatius, St. Chris-
topher, Antigua, Guadeloupe, Dominica, Martinique, Santa Lucia, St. Vin-
cent, Grenada, and Barbados, Lesser Antilles). —Hay, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club,
vii, 1882, 91 (Hopefield and Jackson, Mississippi, breeding ).—BERLEPSCH
and Taczanowsk1, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, 541 (Chimbo, w. Ecuador,
Nov. ).—Be.p1na, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vi, 1883, 350 (Miraflores and La Paz,
Lower California, 2 specs., Feb., Mar.?, 1883).—BrickNneui, Auk, i, 1884, 217
(song) .—TristrAM, Ibis, 1884, 168 (Santo Domingo ).—Snarpe, Cat. Birds Brit.
Mus., x, 1885, 411 (Fort Simpson, British America; Jima, Ecuador; Roraima,
British Guiana, etc.).—AMERICAN OrnITHOLOGISTS’ Unton, Check List, 1886,
no. 687.—WeELLs, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., ix, 1886, 611 (Grenada).—ZELEDON,
Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, i, 1887, 107 (San José, Tarcoles, Naranjo de
Cartago and Alajuela, Costa Rica).—Scorr, Auk, v, 1888, 36 (Catalina Mts.,
Arizona, | spec., Aug. 12; Tucson, Arizona, | spec., spring).—CueErrtik, Auk,
vii, 1890, 337 (San José, Costa Rica, Aug. 13 to Mar. 6); Contr. Orn. San
Dom., 1896, 12.—Ricumonp, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xvi, 1893, 485 (Rio
Escondido, Nicaragua, winter, after Sept. 20). —NEHRLING, Our Native Birds,
etc., i, 1893, 275, pl. 14, fig. 5.—CHapman, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., vi, 1894,
24 (Trinidad).—Dawson, Auk, xiv, 1897, 180 (Okanogan Co., Washington,
breeding).—Merritt, Auk, xv, 1898, 19 (Fort Sherman, n. w. Idaho, sum-
mer resid. ).—BirTweELL, Auk, xvi, 1899, 184 (nesting in Vireo’s nest ).—
Brooks, Auk, xvii, 1900, 107 (British Columbia; regularly e. of Cascade
Mts., occasionally on w. side).—Banas, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xii, 1898,
144 (Santa Marta, Colombia); Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club, iii, 1902, 61
(Boquete, Chiriqui, Jan. 24).
S[etophaga] ruticilla Capants, Mus. Hein., i, 1850, 18.—Newron (A. and E.),
Handb. Jamaica, 1881, 106.—Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 316.-—
Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 529.
[Setophaga] ruticilla Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 312.—Cours, Key N. Am.
Birds, 1872, 110.—Sciater and Savin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 10.
[ Motacilla] flavicauda GMELIN, Syst. Nat., i, pt. ii, 1788, 997 (based on Yellow-tailed
Flycatcher, Muscicapa cauda lutea, Edwards, Gleanings Nat. Hist., 101, pl.
257, up, fig. ).
S[ylvia] flavicauda Suckow, Anfangs. Naturg. Thiere, Vogel, ii, 1801, 1116.
728 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
(?) Sylvia russeicauda VreIior, Ois. Am. Sept., ii, 1807, 17, pl. 71 (Pennsylvania;
coll. Vieillot); Nouy. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., xi, 1817, 266.—SrepHEns, Shaw’s
Gen. Zool., x, 1817, 675.
(?) Sylvia russicauda Virr.otr, Ene. Méth., ii, 1823, 476.
(2) [Setophaga] russeicauda Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 243, no. 3517.
Motacilla tricolora Miuier Syst. Nat. Suppl., 1776, 175 (based on Figuier noir et
jaune de Cayenne Daubenton, Pl. Enl., 391, fig. 2; adult male).
[ Motacilla] multicolor GMELIN, Syst. Nat., i, pt. ii, 1788, 972 (Cayenne; based on
Figur noir Buffon, Hist. Nat. Ois., v., 314; Figuier noir et jaune Daubenton,
Pl. Enl., pl. 391, fig. 2; Rufous and black Warbler Latham, Synop. Birds, ii,
pt. 2, 493).
SETOPHAGA PICTA PICTA (Swainson).
PAINTED REDSTART,
Adults (sexes alike).\—Head, neck, upper chest, sides, back, scapulars,
lesser wing-coverts, rump, and upper tail-coverts uniform deep black,
with a faint bluish gloss; wings and tail black, the former relieved by
a large white patch involving the middle and greater coverts and edges
of innermost secondaries (tertials), the latter with three outermost
rectrices extensively white terminally, this white occupying much
the greater part of the outermost rectrix; lower chest, breast, and
abdomen rich vermilion or poppy red, rarely more orange-red; under
tail-coverts black or blackish, broadly tipped with white; axillars and
under wing-coverts mostly white; bill, legs, and feet, black; iris brown.
Young, first plumage.—Above plain sooty black, the wings and tail
as in adults, but the white wing-patch tinged with buff; beneath sooty
grayish, passing into dull whitish on center of abdomen, the breast
spotted or broadly streaked with sooty blackish.
Adult male.—Length (skins), 123-128 (124.7); wing, 68-75 (71.9);
tail, 61-68 (63.3); exposed culmen, 8—9 (8.6); tarsus, 16-17 (16.6).”
Adult female.—Length (skins), 125-135 (130.8); wing, 67-70 (68.7)
tail, 60-64.5 (62.4); exposed culmen, 8.5-9 (8.9); tarsus, 16-17 (16.3).
Higher mountains of central and southern Arizona (Mogollon, Gra-
ham, Chiricahua, Santa Rita, Santa Catalina, and Huachuca ranges,
etc.,) and New Mexico (Grant County), and southward over higher
districts of Mexico to States of Vera Cruz, Hidalgo, and Oaxaca (La
Parada; Cinco Sefores).
9
3
Setophaga picta Swarnson, Zool. Ilustr., 2d ser., i, 1829, pl. 3 (Real del Monte,
Hidalgo, Mexico); Anim. in Menag., 1838, 293.—Kaup, Proc. Zool. Soe.
Lond., 1851, 50.—Bairp, in Stansbury’s Rep. Gt. Salt Lake, 1852, 329
(‘‘Texas’’); Rep. Pacific R. R.Surv., ix, 1858, 298; ed. 1860 (Birds N. Am.),
pl. 77, fig. 2; Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 218; Rep. U. S. and Mex. Bound.
Sury., ii, pt. ii, 1859, 11 (Boquillo, Nuevo Leon); Review Am. Birds, 1865,
256, part (Boquillo, Nuevo Leon; Sierra Madre, near Mazatlan ).—ScuaTer,
of this species.
*Ten specimens. * Five specimens.
bo
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 729
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1855, 66; 1856, 292 (near City of Mexico); 1858, 299,
(La Parada, Oaxaca) ; 1859, 374 (Cinco Senores, Oaxaca ).—SumicHrast, Mem.
Bost. Soc. N. H., i, 1869, 546 (alpine reg. Orizaba).—Ripaway, Am. Nat.,
vi, 1872, 436 (Tucson, Arizona); Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 129.—CovEs,
Check List, 1873, no. 105; 2d ed., 1882, no. 151; Birds Col. Val., 1878, 335.—
Hensuaw, Rep. Orn. Spec. Wheeler’s Surv., 1873 (1874), 104 (Apache and
30 m. s. of Apache, Arizona, Aug. 29 to Sept. 11; habits); Zool. Exp. W.
100th Merid., 1875, 209 (Rock Cation, Mt. Graham, near Camp Critten-
den, ete., eee habits; descr. young).—Barrp, Brewer, and Ripeaway,
Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 322, part; ii, 1874, pl. 46, fig. 7; pl. 56, fig. 3;
iii, 1874, 507 (Tucson, Arizona).—LAwrENcE, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., ii. 1874,
270 (Sierra Madre, near Mazatlan; habits).—Satvin, Ibis, 1878, aan part
(monogr. ).—Brewster, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vi, 1880, 73 (Chiricahua Mts.,
Arizona, Apr.); vii, 1882, 140 (habits; descr. nest and eggs; etc.), 249.—
Bryant (W. E.), Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vi, 1881, 176 (Santa Rita Mts., Ari-
zona, breeding; descr. nest and eggs).—SALVIN ‘aad GopMAN, Biol. Centr.-
Am., Aves, i, 1881, 179, part (Mexican localities and references).—Scort,
Auk, ii, 1885, 353 (Pima Co., Arizona); v, 1888, 36 (Santa Catalina Mts.,
Arizona, above 4,000 ft.).—SHArpE, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 415
(Ciudad Durango, ete.; excl. syn. part). —AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ UNION,
Check List, 1886, no. 688.—Mearns, Auk, vii, 1890, 261 (Mogollon. Mts.,
Arizona).—ANTHONY, Auk, ix, mee 367 (s.w. part Grant Co., New Mexico ).—
ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., v, 1893, 40 (Guanopa and Huerachi, n. w.
Chihuahua, Dec., Feb. pan. Oar Native Birds, etc., 1, 1893, 279.—
BRENINGER, Condor, iii, 1901, 147 (Huachuca Mts., Arizona; descr. nest and
eggs).
S[etophaga] picta Gray, Gen. Birds, i, 1846, 265.—Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d
ed., 1884, 315.—Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 529.
[Setophaga] picta Bonapartr, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 312 (Zacatecas).—GRay,
Hand-list, i, 1869, 248, no. 351! Es, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 110.—
SciaTer and Saryin, Nom. Ay. Neotr., 1873, 10, part.
Muscicapa leucomus Giraup, Sixteen Species Texan Birds, 1841, fol. 23, pl. 6, fig.1
(‘‘Texas’’; type now in coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.).
SETOPHAGA PICTA GUATEMAL# Sharpe.
GUATEMALAN PAINTED REDSTART.
Similar to 8. p. picta, but with third rectrix entirely black or else
with very little white, and white edgings to innermost secondaries (ter-
tials) much less distinct, often obsolete; average size slightly less.
Adult male.—Lenegth (skins), 120-129 (126); wing, 66-71 (68.5);
tail, 60-61.5 (60.9); exposed culmen, 8.5; tarsus, 17-17.5 (17.2).’
Adult female.—Length (skins), 132-133 (182.5); wing, 67-68.5
(67.8); tail, 62-65 (63); exposed culmen, 8-8.5 (8.2); tarsus, 17.”
Highlands of Guatemala (Volcan ie Fuego, ridge near Chancol,
Hacienda Chancol, San Gerénimo, Santa Barbara, Chilasco, Tactic,
Canill4-Guitché, Toyabaj-Guitché, ete.), Chiapas (Gineta Mountains,
San Custobal, ete. as) aad eee Honduras (Comayag ua).
t 1F our specimens. 2 Thr ee specimens.
730 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Setophaga picta (not of Swainson) SctaTerR and Sanvry, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
1859, 12 (Guatemala ).—Taytor, Ibis, 1860, 110 (Comayagua, Honduras ).—
Sciarer, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 36 (Guatemala).—Bartrp, Review Am. Birds,
1865, 256, part (Volcan de Fuego, Guatemala).—Bairp, Brewer, and Ripe-
way, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 322, part (Guatemala).—Lawrence, Bull.
U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 4, 1876, 16 (Gineta Mts., Chiapas).—Satvin and Gop-
MAN, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1881, 179, part (Volcan de Fuego, ridge near
Chancol, San Gerénimo, Santa Barbara, Chilasco, and Tactic, Guatemala;
Comayagua, Honduras).
[Setophaga] picta Sctarer and Satvrn, Nom. Ay. Neotr., 1875, 10, part.
[Setophaga picta.] Subsp. a. Setophaga guatemale SHarpx, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus.,
x, 1885, 417 (Guatemala, no type locality indicated; coll. Brit. Mus. )
=
S[etophaga] picta guatemale Rrpaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 530.
Setophaga picta guatemale Newson, Auk, xv, 1898, 159 (interior of Chiapas).
Genus MYIOBORUS Baird.
Myioborus Barrp, Review Am. Birds, April, 1865, 237, 257. (Type, Setophaga
verticalis Swainson. )
Similar to Setophaga, but bill more depressed, rictal bristles much
longer (equal to or longer than bill); wing shorter and much more
rounded (ninth primary shorter than fourth, sometimes shorter than
third); tarsus longer (very much more than one-fourth to more than
one-third as long as wing), and style of coloration very different
(crown with a patch of chestnut, or else forehead yellow and under
parts yellow; no white, orange, nor yellow on wing; back, etc., slate-
gray or slate color, rarely olive or brownish).
Bill about half as long as head, or less, very much depressed, trian-
gular or broadly wedge-shaped in vertical profile; culmen sharply
ridged, straight to near tip, where strongly decurved; commissure
straight with subterminal notch of maxillary tomium minute but
distinct. Nostril longitudinally elliptical, in lower anter.or portion of -
nasal fosse, overhung by a broad membranous operculum, partly
covered by latero-frontal feathers. Rictal bristles greatly developed,
reaching nearly to, sometimes beyond, tip of bill when directed for-
ward. Wing moderate, much rounded (ninth primary shorter than
fourth, sometimes not longer than second, the eighth shorter than fifth);
wing-tip decidedly shorter than commissure, but little more than half
as long as tarsus. Tail about as long as wing or slightly shorter, much
rounded, the rectrices usually subacuminate at tips. Tarsus much
more than one-fourth as long as wing (sometimes more than one third
as long), the scutella indistinet; middle toe, with claw, much shorter
than tarsus; basal phalanx of middle toe united for much more than
half its length to outer toe, for about half its length to inner toe.
Coloration.—Under parts yellow or orange (orange-red or vermilion
in one species), the throat sometimes blackish; upper parts usually
slate color or slate-gray, rarely olive or brownish, the crown usually
with a patch of chestnut or cinnamon-rufous, or else the forehead yel-
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. Tol
low; no lighter markings on wing, but lateral rectrices more or less
extensively white terminally; sexes alike.
Nidification.—Unknown.
Range.—The whole of continental tropical America. (About
twelve species. )
This is a very natural and homogeneous group, in this respect
strongly contrasting with Bas/leuterus. The eleven species examined '
agree very closely in structural details, the slight departures from the
normal type consisting almost wholly in immaterial differences in rela-
tive length of the wings and tail. The latter is usually a little shorter
than the former; in J. miniata flammea and M. albifrons the wing
and tail are of the same length, while in J/. verticalis (a close ally of
the former, with identical color-pattern) the tail is decidedly shorter
than the wing, the other species ranging between these extremes. The
wing-formula is remarkably uniform, and the variations in the pattern
of coloration are confined almost wholly to the head.
All the Central American and Mexican forms have a large patch of
chestnut or chestnut-rufous on the crown, the forehead and sides of
the crown being black.
KEY TO THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES OF MYIOBORUS.
a. Throat black or blackish slate; sides of head slate color or slate-gray.
b. Under parts of body red or reddish orange.
e. Third rectrix with a large terminal spot of white; red of under parts usually
bright vermilion or pinkish yvermilion. (Highlands of Mexico.)
Myioborus miniatus miniatus, adults (p. 731)
cc. Third rectrix entirely black; red of under parts usually orange red or flame
searlet. (Highlands of Guatemala and Chiapas. )
Myioborus miniatus flammeus, adults (p. 733)
bb. Under parts of body orange-yellow. (Highlands of Costa Rica and Chiriqui. )
Myioborus aurantiacus, adults (p. 733)
aa. Throat and sides of head lemon yellow, like under parts of body; a dusky or
slaty band across chest. (Highlands of Costa Rica and Chiriqui. )
Myioborus torquatus, adults (p. 735)
MYIOBORUS MINIATUS MINIATUS (Swainson).
RED-BELLIED REDSTART,
Adult male.—F¥orehead, anterior portion of crown, superciliary
region, lores, suborbital and malar regions, chin, and throat uniform
black; posterior portion of crown and occiput chestnut, the feathers
elongated; postocular region, posterior portion of auricular region,
hindneck, sides of neck, back, scapulars, lesser wing-coverts, and rump
uniform slate color; wings darker with slate colored or slate-gray
edgings; upper tail-coverts and tail black, the three outermost rectrices
Of those given in vol. x of the Catalogue of the Birds in the British Museum
(pp. 410-430) all have been examined in the present connection except M. brun-
neiceps and M. castaneicapilla,
foo BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
broadly tipped with white;' under parts of body vermilion red, the sides
and flanks partly slate-gray; under tail-coverts blackish slate or slate-
black, broadly tipped with white; axillars and under wing-coverts
white; bill, legs, and feet black or brownish black; iris brown; length
(skins), 130-134 (131); wing, 62.5—65 (¢ ays tail, 69-72 (70.4); exposed
culmen, 8-9 (8.4); tarsus, 18-19 (18.2). ;
Adult female.—Similar to the ea ie but forehead and anterior
portion of crown slate color, each feather with a central spot of black;
throat, ete., duller black or blackish slate; red of under parts slightly
paler, more pinkish; oe (skins), 126-134 (133); wing, 61-65
(62.9); tail, 68-72 (70.2); exposed culmen, 7.5-8.5 (8); tarsus, 18.5-19
(18.9).°
Young, first plumage.—Above, including entire pileum, uniform
sooty slate-color; under parts similar but paler, the median portion of
chest, breast, and abdomen dull chestnut, fading into pale cinnamon or
cinnamon-buff on center of abdomen; wings and tail as in adults, but
middle and greater wing-coverts indistinctly tipped with brownish.
Highlands of Mexico, in States of Oaxaca, Vera Cruz, Mexico,
Puebla, Zacatecas, Sinaloa, Chihuahua (Jesus Maria), ete.
Selophaga miniata Swainson, Philos. Mag., new ser., i, 1827, 368 (Valladolid,
Mexico); Isis, 1834, 784; Anim. in Menag., ee 293.—ScLaTER, Proc. Zool.
Soc. Lond., 1856, 292 (Cordova, Vera Cruz); 1858, 299 (a Parada, Oaxaca) ;
1859, os (Jalapa, Vera Cruz). 374 (Cinco Senores and Totontepec, Oaxaca);
1864, 173 (Valley of Mexico); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 37 (Mexico).—Bairp,
Rep. ote R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 299; ed. 1860 (Birds N. Am. ), pl. 77, fig. 1;
Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 219; Review Am. Birds, 1865, 259 (n. e Mexico;
Jalapa; Orizaba).—Sumicurast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., i, 1869, 546 (temperate
and alpine regions, Orizaba).—Barirp, Brewer, and Ripa@way, Hist. N. Am.
Birds, 1, 1874, 322, part (Mexico).—LAwrENcE, Mem. se Socs Ne Ee sue
1874, 270 (Sierra Madre near Mazatlan; habits); Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., no
4, 1876, 16 (Sierra Madre near Zapotitlan).—Satyin, ae 1878, 308, part
(Mexico; monogr.).—Covrs, Birds Col. Val., 1878, 335 (synonymy ).—
Satvry and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1881, 181, part (Mexican
localities).—Rmeaway, Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 180.—SHaArpr, Cat.
3irds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 418 (near City of Mexico; La Parada, Oaxaca;
Jalapa, Vera Cruz).—Frrrart-PrErez, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., ix, 1886, 137
(Puebla).—AMERICAN OrNITHOLOGISTS’ Unton, Check List, 1886, no. 689.—
CrapMANn, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., x, 1898, 40 (Las Vigas, Vera Cruz, 8,000 ft. ).
SLetophaga] miniata Gray, Gen. Birds, i, 1846, 265.—Ripaway, Man. N. Am.
Birds, 1887, 530.
[Selophaga] miniata oS Ay, Hand-list, i, 1869, 240, no. 3524.—SciaTsr and SALvIn,
Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 10, part (Mexico).
Muscicapa larvata pie HTENSTEIN, Preis-Verz. Mex. Vog., 1830, 2 (Mexico); see
Journ. fiir Orn.. eee, 58.
'This ao occupies eee ne terminal half of the outer web on the outermost
rectrix, and extends for 20 to 830 mm. from tip on inner web; the white on the third
rectrix varies from 10 to 15 mm. in length; occasionally there is a small white spot
at tip of the fourth rectrix.
* Five specimens. * Four specimens.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. too
Muscicapa vulneraia WAGLER, Isis, 1831, 529 (cites Muscicapa derhami Giraud and
Setophaga miniata Swainson).—Kaup, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1851, 50.
S[etophaga] vulnerata Gray, Gen. Birds, i, 1846, 265.—Capants, Mus. Hein., i
1850, 18 (Mexico).
[Setophaga] vulnerata Bonaparte, Consp. Ay., i, 1850, 313 (Zacatecas).
Setophaga vulnerata Barro, in Stansbury’s Rep. Gt. Salt Lake, 1852, 329
(‘*Texas’’).—Scuatrer, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1855, 65.
Setophaga castanea Lesson, Rev. Zool., ii, Jan., 1839 (pub. 1840), 42 (Mexico).
Muscicapa derhamii Giraup, Sixteen Species Texan Birds, 1841, folio 18, pl. 3,
fig. 2, (‘‘Texas;”’ type now in coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.).
?
MYIOBORUS MINIATUS FLAMMEUS (Kaup).
KAUP’S REDSTART.
Similar to J. im. miniatus, but with much less white on the tail, the
third rectrix being either entirely black or with only a minute white
spot at tip; red of under parts usually of a more orange hue (nearly
flame scarlet), varying, rarely, to light reddish orange or saturn red.
Adult male.—Length (skins), 126; wing, 63; tail, 64.5-65 (64.7);
exposed culmen, 8.5—9 (8.7); tarsus, 17.5-19 (18.2).*
Adult female.—Length (skins), 120-130 (125); wing, 59-63 (60.3);
tail, 60-65 (63); exposed culmen, 8.5—9 (8.8); tarsus, 18.”
Highlands of Guatemala (Volcan de Fuego, Volean de Agua, Coban,
Choctum, Duenas, etc.) and Chiapas (Tumbalé, Yajalon, Chicharros,
Tenejapa, etc.).
Setophaga flammea Kaur, Proe. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1851, 50 (Guatemala; coll.
Derby Mus. ); 1855, 77 (crit. nomencl.).—ScuaTer and Savin, Ibis, 1859, 12
(Guatemala).—Scuater, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 37 (Guatemala).—Barrp,
Review Am. Birds, 1865, 259, part (Coban, Guatemala).
[Setophaga miniata.] Subsp. a. Setophaga flammea SHarre, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus.,
x, 1885, 419 (Volcan de Fuego, Volean de Agua, Coban, Choctum, and
Duefas, Guatemala).
S[etophaga] miniata flammea Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 530.
Setophaga miniata flammea Newtson, Auk, xv, 1898, 159 (Chiapas).
Setophaga intermedia Harriaus, Rey. et Mag. Zool., 1852, 5 (Guatemala; coll.
Bremen Mus. ).
Setophaga miniata (not of Swainson) Boucarp, Liste Ois. Guat., 1878, 30.—Sa.tvin
and GopMAN, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1881, 181, part (Guatemalan refer-
ences and localities ).
[Setophaga] miniata SctarerR and Sarvrx, Nom. Ay. Neotr., 1873, 10, part
(Guatemala).
MYIOBORUS AURANTIACUS (Baird).
YELLOW-BELLIED REDSTART,
Similar to JZ. m. miniatus, but with under parts of body saffron or
cadmium yellow instead of vermilion red.
Adults (sexes alike).—Forehead, sides of crown, chin, and throat
' Two specimens. * Three specimens.
734 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
black; crown (except laterally) and occiput chestnut, the feathers
elongated; rest of head and neck (including lores and superciliary
region), together with back, scapulars, lesser wing-coverts, and rump
uniform bluish slate color; wings blackish with slate colored edgings;
upper tail-coverts black, usually margined with slaty; tail black, the
three outermost rectrices extensively white at tip; under parts of
body saffron or cadmium yellow, usually deeper and more brownish
yeliow on chest; under tail-coverts white, slate color, or slate-gray
basally; axillars and under wing-coverts white; bill, black; iris,
brown; legs and feet blackish.
Young in first plumage.—Aboye, including whole pileum, uniform
sooty slate; beneath similar but paler, the chest strongly tinged with
rusty or cinnamon;' wings and tail essentially as in adults.
Adult male.—Length (skins), 118-128 (124); wing, 58-66 (63.4); tail,
55.5-62 (59.5); exposed culmen, 9-10 (9.4); tarsus, 18-19.5 (18.7).?
Adult female.—Length (skins), 120-127 (124.2); wing, 58-63 (61);
tail, 56-62 (58.8); exposed culmen, 8-10 (9.2); tarsus, 18-19 (18.6).*
Highlands of Costa Rica (Dota, Grecia, Barranca, Cartago, Naranjo,
Turrialba, Tucurrique, Candelaria, ete.) and Chiriqui (Volean de Chi-
riqui, Boquete, Calovevora, etc.).
Setophaga flammea (notof Kaup) Casants, Journ. fiir Orn., 1861, 85 (Costa Rica ).—
Bairp, Review Am. Birds, 1865, 259, part (ref. toCabanis, loc. cit. and locality
**Costa Rica’’).
[Setophaga miniata.] Subsp. a. Setophaga flammea SHARPE, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus.,
x, 1885, 419, part (loc. ‘‘Costa Rica’’).
Setophaga aurantiaca Barrp, Review Am. Birds, May, 1865, 261 (Dota, Costa Rica;
coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.).—Lawrence, Ann. Lye. N. Y., ix, 1868, 96 (Grecia,
Barranea, and Dota, Costa Rica).—SALvin, Ibis, 1869, 313 (Costa Rica; crit.) ;
1878, 510 (monogr.); Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 183 (Volcan de Chiriqui
and Calovevora, Veragua).—Franrzius, Journ. fir Orn., 1869, 294 (Cande-
laria Mts., Costa Rica).—Boucarp, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, 88 (Cartago
and Naranjo, Costa Rica).—Satvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves,
i, 1881, 182 (Turrialba and Tucurrique, Costa Rica, etc.).—SHARPE, Cat.
Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 421.—CHerrrig, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xiv, 1891,
528 (Costa Rica; crit.); Anal. Inst. Fis.-Geog. Nac. Costa Rica, vi, 1893, 13
(Rio Naranjo).—ZrLtepon, Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, i, 1887, 107 (Cartago
and Dota, Costa Rica).—Banes, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club, iii, 1902, 61
(Boquete, Chiriqui, 4,000 to 4,500 ft. ).
[Setophaga] aurantiaca Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 248, no. 3525.—ScLaTer and
Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 11.
Setophaga verticalis (not of Lafresnaye and D’Orbigny) ScLtaTer and Satvyy, Proce.
Zool. Soc. Lond., 1868, 166 (Veragua).
'The first plumage of the only young example examined is incomplete, the yellow
of the under parts of the body of the adult plumage having been acquired,
“Seven specimens. * Five specimens,
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. C30
MYIOBORUS TORQUATUS (Baird).
COLLARED REDSTART,
Adults (sexes alike).—Forehead (except extreme anterior portion)
and sides of crown and occiput black; crown (except laterally) and
occiput rufous-chestnut, the feathers elongated; nape (mostly con-
cealed by the rufous-chestnut occipital feathers) blackish; rest of
upper parts plain slate color, sometimes faintly tinged with olive, the
back rarely indistinctly clouded with dusky; wings blackish slate
with indistinct slaty edgings; tail black, the two outermost rectrices
extensively white terminally, the third sometimes with a small amount
of white at tip; whole side of head, including superciliary, loral,'
suborbital, auricular, and malar regions, together with under parts
(except under tail-coverts) lemon yellow, interrupted by a band of
slate color or blackish slate across chest; under tail-coverts pale yellow
or yellowish white; under wing-coverts and axiilars mostly yellowish-
white; bill black or dusky brown; iris brown; legs and feet blackish.
Adult male.—Lenegth (skins), 124-127 (125.4); wing, 65-68 (66.5);
tail, 60-62.5 (61.2); exposed culmen, 19-21 (19.8).”
Adult female. —Length (skins), 124-125 (124.7); wing, 63-66 (64.5);
tail, 57-60 (58.7); exposed culmen, 9-10 (9.4); tarsus, 19-20.5 (19.6).?
Highlands of Costa Rica (San José, La Palma, Candelaria Moun-
tains, Volcan de Irazi, etc.) and Chiriqui (Volean de Chiriqui, Cordil-
lera del Tole, Boquete, ete.).
Setophaga torquata Barro, Review Am. Birds, May, 1865, 261 (San José, Costa
Rica; coll. U.S. Nat. Mus.).—Satnvin, Proce. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, 136
(Cordillerade Tole, Veragua) ; Ibis, 1878, 319 ( Volean de Chiriqui; monogr. ).—
LAawRENCE, Am. Lyc. N. Y., ix, 1868, 96 (San José and La Palma, Costa
Rica).— Franrzius, Journ. fur Orn., 1869, 294 (Candelaria Mts., Costa
Rica).—Bovearp, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, 53 (Volean de Irazu,
Costa Rica).—Sautvin and GopmaN, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1881, 183, pl. 10,
fig. 2.—Nutrine, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., v, 1882, 495 (Volcan de Irazi).—
SHARPE, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 424 (Irazui district and La Palma, Costa
Rica, ete. ).—ZeLEpoN, Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, i, 1887, 107 (Volcan de
Traztii).—Baneas, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club, iii, 1902, 61 (Volean de Chi-
riqui, 4,000 to 7,500 ft., and Boquete, Chiriqui).
[Setophaga] torquata Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 243, no. 3526.—ScLaTEeR and SaL-
vIn, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 11.
Genus —hiU LHe yPrs Cabanis.
Euthlypis CABANIS, Mus. Hein., i, 1850, 18. (Type, E. lachrymosa Cabanis. )
Similar to Mycoborus, but bill much longer (nearly as long as head)
and much less depressed, relatively narrower and deeper; rictal bris-
tles shorter, not reaching more than halfway to tip of bill.
'The yellow of the lores crosses the extreme anterior portion of the iorehead.
2 Five specimens. 3 Four specimens.
736 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Bill nearly as long as head, wedge-shaped in vertical profile, slightly
depressed, its depth at anterior end of nostrils about equal to its width
at same point; culmen sharply ridged, straight or very faintly convex
for most of its length, the terminal portion strongly decurved; gonys
slightly convex basally, straight, or nearly so, terminally; maxillary
tomium faintly convex anterior to middle portion, its subterminal
notch distinct. Nostril longitudinal, narrow, overhung by a broad
membranous operculum. Rictal bristles well developed, but not
reaching to much beyond nostrils when directed forward. Wing
rather long, rounded (seventh and sixth primaries longest, eighth
slightly shorter than sixth, ninth shorter than fifth); wing-tip about
equal to exposed culmen, slightly more than half as long as tarsus.
Tail nearly as long as wing, much rounded, the rectrices rather narrow,
with tips subacuminate. Tarsus a little less than one-third as long as
wing, its scutella rather distinct; middle toe, with claw, much shorter
than tarsus; basal phalanx of middle toe united for most of its length
to outer toe, for about half its length to middle toe.
Coloration.—Forehead and crown black, the latter with a central
spot of yellow; rest of upper parts brownish slate color, the tail
blackish, with short white tips to rectrices (except middle pair); under
parts yellow, the chest and sides light orange-rufous or tawny; supra-
loral spot and part of eyelids white; sexes alike.
Nidification.—Unknown.
Range.—Highlands of southern Mexico and Central America.
(Monotypic.)
If this genus is not to be recognized the type species must be
referred to Bastleuterus and not to Myoborus (** Setophaga,” part),
as has usually been done. It is distinctly more nearly allied to the
former. (See remarks under Basileuterus, on p. T40.)
EUTHLYPIS LACHRYMOSA LACHRYMOSA Cabanis.
FAN-TAILED WARBLER.
Adult male.—Forehead, sides of crown, lores, and anterior portion
of suborbital and malar regions black; a white spot on each side of
forehead, about halfway between eye and nostril; a white mark on
pach eyelid; median portion of crown yellow; rest of head and neck
(except chin and throat), together with upper parts, plain dull blackish
slate-color, sometimes slightly tinged with olive on back; tail slate-
black, the rectrices all (except sometimes the middle pair) tipped with
white, this broadest on inner webs, and increasing in extent from
middle to exterior rectrices (about LO-12 mm. in extent on inner web
of outermost rectrix); chin white; throat, breast, and abdomen lemon
yellow, the first sometimes tinged with tawny; chest (sometimes throat
also) and sides of breast deep gallstone yellow or intermediate between
that color and raw sienna; sides and flanks olive; under tail-coverts
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. Cot
white, tinged with yellow, the feathers slate-gray beneath the surface;
axillars and under wing-coverts mostly gray, sometimes tinged with
olive; bill black; legs and feet ght brown (in dried skins); length
(skins), 141-152 (146); wing, 75.5-80 (77.4); tail, 70-73 (71.6); exposed
culmen, 12-13 (12.3); tarsus, ee 23.9); middle toe, 13-14 (13.5).'
eis Pmale Similar to the adult male in coloration, and not
always distinguishable, but averaging rather lighter slate color above,
with the back more strongly tinged with olive; lores and anterior
portion of suborbital and malar regions sometimes dull slate-gray,
instead of black; yellow crown-patch usually (4) rather smaller, with
the feathers, especially the more posterior ones, tipped with olive;
wing and tail shorter; length (skins), 140-152 (146.4); wing, 67-76
(71); tail, 64-69 (66.1); exposed culmen, 11.5-13 (12.4); tarsus, 22.5-24
(23.3); middle toe, 12.5-13.5 (18.1).”
Southeastern Mexico, in States of Vera Cruz (Cordova; Jalapa;
Mirador; Motzorongo), Puebla (Acatlan), Oaxaca (Pluma; Tehuan-
tepec; Santa Efigenia), and Chiapas (Tuxtla); highlands of Guatemala
(Volean de Agua; Volcan de Fuego; Alotenango; Savana Grande;
Barranca Honda), and southward to Nicaragua (Ometepe).
Euthlypis) lachrymosa CaBants, Mus. Hein., i, 1850, 19, footnote (Lagunas,
Mexico; coll. Berlin Mus.; ex. Sylvia lac aiid Lichtenstein, manuscript).
Euthlypis lachrymosa ScuatTEr, ‘Poe: Zool. Soe. Lond., 1856, 291 (Cordova, Vera
Cruz); 1859, 365 (Jalapa, vee ee Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 36 (Jalapa).—
Sayin and Scuarer, Ibis, 1860, 274 ( Alotenango, Guatemala).—SuMmIcHRast,
Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., i, 1869, Bae (temp. reg. Vera Cruz; habits).—Nut-
TING, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vi, 1883, 392 (Ometepe, Nicaragua).—FERRARI-
Perez, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., ix, 1886, 138 (Acatlan, Puebla).
[ Basileuterus] lachrymosa BONAPARTE, Consp. Avy., 1, 1850, 314 (Lagunas).
Setophaga lachrymosa Batrp, Review Am. Birds, 1865, 263 (Mexico; Savana Grande,
Guatemala).—Satvin, Ibis, 1878, 320, part (monogr. ).—Satvin and GopMAN,
Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1881, 184, part pl. 11, fig. 2.—SHarpr, Cat. Birds
Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 430 (Jalapa and Cordova, Vera Cruz; Santa Efigenia,
Oaxaca; Volcan de Agua, Barranca-Hondo, and Alotenango, Guatemala).
[Setophaga] lachrymosa Gray, Hand-list, 1, 1869, 244, no. 3539.—ScLaTerR and
Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 11.
! Four specimens.
* Seven specimens.
Specimens from different localities average, respectively, as follows:
~ 2
Ex- :
Locality. Wing. | Tail. | posed | Tarsus. Middle
culmen. OL
MALES.
Three adult males from Vera Cruz and Oaxaca...........-- (Hk 2a 12.3 24,2 Ld
One adult male from Nicaragua (Ometepe)............----- tide 71.6 12 23.4 13.5
FEMALES.
Three adult females from Vera Cruz and Oaxaca........--- 70.7 65.3 12 23.2 13
One adult female from Chiapas (Tuxtla) ................... 71 67 12 23 LORS
Three adult females from Guatemala ...............-.....-- HLS 66.7 12.8 23.5 13
30594— VOR, 2—01— 47
738 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
EUTHLYPIS LACHRYMOSA TEPHRA Ridgway.!
WESTERN FAN-TAILED WARBLER,
Similar to /. /. Jachrymosa, but sides of head much lighter slate-
eray, the lores and anterior portion of suborbital and malar regions
never blackish; upper parts lighter slate color, the back, ete., much
more strongly tinged with olive; white supraloral spot averaging
larger; wing and tail averaging shorter.
Adult male.—Length (skins), 139-160 (144.9); wing, 69-75 (73.1);
tail, 65-71 (67.9); exposed culmen, 12-13 (12.4); tarsus, 23-24 (23.1);
middle toe, 13.5—14 (13.6).”
Adult female.—Lenegth (skins), 142; wing, 68; tail, 66.5; exposed
culmen, 12.5; tarsus, 23; middle-toe, 13.°
Western Mexico, in States of Chihuahua (Hacienda de San Rafael),
Sinaloa (Sierra Madre, near Mazatlan), and Jalisco (Barranca Ibarra;
San Sebastian).
Euthlypis lachrymosa (not of Cabanis) Lawrence, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., il,
1874, 270 (Mazatlan, Sinaloa; habits).—Jouy, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., xvi,
1893, 777 (Barranca Ibarra, Jalisco; habits).
Setophaga lachrymosa Satvin, Ibis, 1878, 320, part (Mazatlan).—Sanvin and
Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1881, 184, part (Mazatlan).
Genus BASILEUTERUS Cabanis.
Basileuterus* CABANIS, in Wiegmann’s Archiv. fir Naturg., ili, pt. 1, 1847, 316.
(Type, Sylvia vermivora Vieillot, =Setophaga aurocapilla Swainson. )
Idiotes Batrp, Review Am. Birds, April, 1865, 237, 247. (Type, Setophaga rufi-
frons Swainson. )
Similar to We/sonéa, but wing relatively shorter and much more
rounded (ninth primary shorter than fourth instead of longer than
fifth), wing-tip shorter (less than half as long as tarsus instead of much
more), bill relatively longer, stouter, and less compressed terminally,
and pileum three-striped (two lateral black stripes inclosing one of
chestnut, rufous, buffy, or grayish) or wholly rufous, or else the
'Type, no. 151906, coll. U.S. Nat. Mus., Hacienda de San Rafael, Chihuahua,
May 10, 1888; M. Abbott Frazar; received from William Brewster.
* Kight specimens.
5 One specimen.
Adult males from different localities average, respectively, as follows:
Ex-
Locality. | Wing. | Tail. | posed | Tarsus. ee
culmen, a
es Shae Waa SA ees | ae
|
Two adult males from Chihuahua (Hacienda San Rafael)... 74.5 68 12.2 23.7 1.7
Two adult males from Sinaloa (Mazatlan)................-. 74.7 70 12.7 23.5 13.5
Four adult males from Jalisco (Barranca Ibarra and San
Sebastian) HiRes ctce ioseee ee else seth wcrc ate Sere eee 71.5 66.7 | 12.4 23.3 13.7
4 Baoidevrepos von Paotdevs Regulus.”
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 139
rump, upper tail-coverts, and basal half of tail buff. Similar also to
Kuthlypis, but tarsus relatively longer (at least one-third as long as
wing), ninth primary shorter than fourth (instead of longer), and
without white on rectrices.
Bill decidedly shorter than head, sometimes scarcely more than half
as long, but very variable as to relative length and width and extent of
depression (sometimes the width at nostrils equal to, usually decidedly
less than, length of exposed culmen); culmen rather distinctly ridged,
nearly straight for basal third or more, becoming gradually more decid-
edly curved terminally, the tip of the maxilla moderately produced, but
scarcely uncinate; gonys very faintly convex; maxillary tomium nearly
straight to near tip, where faintly concave, with distinct subterminal
notch. Nostril longitudinal, nearly linear, in lower anterior portion
of nasal fosse, overhung by a broad membraneous operculum. Rictal
bristles very distinct, but variable as to development, usually extending
but little if any beyond nostrils (when directed forward), sometimes
reaching considerably beyond. Wing rather short to rather long, more
or less rounded (eighth to fifth, seventh, seventh and sixth, or sixth and
fifth primaries longest, ninth shorter than fifth, usually shorter than
second, sometimes shorter than first); wing-tip variable, always shorter
than middle toe with claw, sometimes much shorter than middle toe
without claw. Tail more or less shorter than wing, or at least not
longer (except in L. rufifrons), usually equal to or longer than distance
from bend of wing to tips of secondaries, more or less rounded (some-
times almost even), the rectrices usually rather narrow, with tips sub-
acuminate. Tarsus one-third to much more than one-third as long as
wing, rather stout, its scutelle fairly distinct; middle toe, with claw,
much shorter than tarsus, its basal phalanx united for more than half
its length to outer toe, for about half (more or less) its length to
inner toe.
Coloration.— No white on rectrices; wings unicolored; pileum three-
striped (two black lateral stripes, inclosing a median one of chestnut,
rufous, rufous-orange, yellowish, or grayish), or else wholly chestnut-
rufous or (if unicolored and concolor with the back) the lower rump,
upper tail-coverts, and basal half of tail buff or ochraceous-buff; upper
parts (except as described) plain olive, olive-green, or grayish; under
parts yellowish (with or without whitish or grayish throat), yellow
anteriorly and whitish posteriorly, or whitish or buffy medially and
grayish or olive laterally.
Nidification.—Unknown.
Range.—The whole of continental Tropical America. (Numerous
species, mostly South American. )
The thirty-odd species which compose this group as characterized
above (and as usually recognized) vary so much in the details of
external structure that were it not for certain species of intermediate
740 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
structure the group could easily be subdivided into several genera;
but the existence of these intermediate forms seems to forbid such
subdivision.
B. culicivorus is the only species in which the eighth primary is
equal, or nearly equal, to the longest, and (except L. /eucoblepharus)
the only one in which the ninth primary is equal to or longer than the
third; yet this form is obviously very closely related to B. aurocapillus
(the type of the genus). LB. rufifrons is the only species which has
the tail longer than the wing, yet there can be no question of the close
relationship between B. rufifrons and B. belli, the latter having the
tail shorter than the wing. . melanogenys has the bill relatively
much smaller and narrower than other species, being quite similar, in
that respect, to Argaticus; but in other characters, including colora-
tion, it is a typical Basileuterus. The opposite development of the
bill is seen in LB. semicervinus and related (probably conspecific) forms,
B. uropygialis, B. veraquensis, and B. leucopygius,; in these the bill is
shaped very much as in the genus J/ycoborus, being almost equally
broad at the base, but is less depressed and relatively much larger.
In this group, too, the coloration is peculiar, the pileum being uni-
colored and concolor with the back, while the lower rump, upper tail-
coverts and basal half of the tail are buffy or ochraceous in abrupt and
strong contrast with the general uniform dark olive or olive-brown of
the upper parts. 2B. stragulatus, however (of which, unfortunately,
I have not been able to examine a perfect specimen), seems to agree
in large and broad bill and other structural characters with B. semz-
cervinus, While having the three-striped pileum and dark-colored rump,
ete., of the typical Basileuter?. B. fraseri (which has the bill inter-
mediate between that of B. semzcervinus and the typical species, but
most like the former), presents a close approach in some characters as
well as in general! appearance to Huthlypis, but differs from the latter
(as do all other Bastleuter?) in having the tarsus at least one-third as
long as the wing, in having the ninth primary shorter than the fourth,
and in lacking white spots at tips of the rectrices.
There are several species of the group which I have not been able
to examine. Until these are carefully compared with the others the
exact limits of the group can not be defined with precision; therefore,
it is possible that, with all the species before him, some one else may
be suecessful in the attempt to subdivide the genus which, as currently
recognized, certainly is a very heterogeneous group."
I would exclude from Basileuterus several species allied to Zrichas
nigrocristatus Latresnaye, closely resembling in coloration W7lsonia
pusilla; the species named being the type of J/yiothlypis Cabanis.”
' The following Basileuteri have not been seen by me: Bb. ewophrys, B. cinereicollis,
B. auricularis, B. griseiceps, B. leucophrys, B. mesoleucus, and B. bolivianus.
* Myiothlypis Cabanis, Mus. Hein., i, 1850, 17. (Type, Trichas nigrocristatus Lafres-
naye.) (‘‘Von svia, Fliege, und SAvzis nom. prop.’’)
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 741
-KEY TO THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES OF BASILEUTERUS.
a. Rump and upper tail-coverts olive-green or olive, concolor with back; tail entirely
dark colored.
b. Pileum conspicuously different in color from back; no wing-bands. (Adults. )
c. Auricular region chestnut, like pileum.
d. Superciliary stripe bright yellow. ( Basileuterus belli. )
e. Darker, especially the chestnut on sides of head; tarsus shorter (20-22 in
male).
f. Smaller (adult male averaging wing 57.7, tail 54.7, exposed culmen 9;
adult female, wing 56.5, tail 52.2, exposed culmen 9.2) ; olive-green of
upper parts lighter; lores mostly black. (Southeastern Mexico, in
States of Vera Cruz, Puebla, Mexico, and Oaxaca. )
Basileuterus belli belli, adults (p. 743)
ff. Larger (adult male averaging wing 64.5, tail 61, exposed culmen 10.2;
adult female, wing 58, tail 55.5, exposed culmen 10); olive-green of
upper parts darker; lores mostly chestnut. (Highlands of Guatemala
andi Chiapas) eases aso ose Basileuterus belli scitulus, adults (p. 744)
ee. Lighter, especially the chestnut on sides of head; tarsus longer (23-24 in
male). (Southwestern Mexico, in States of Guerrero and Jalisco.
Basileuterus belli clarus, adults (p. 745)
dd. Superciliary stripe white. (Basileuterus rufifrons. )
e. Under parts with only the anterior half yellow, the abdomen being white;
sides and flanks grayish and butty.
f. Back olive-green, abruptly contrasted with gray of hindneck; white of
posterior under parts usually more or less tinged with yellow; tail
relatively shorter (averaging 55.2 in male, 54.4 in female) and _ bill
larger (exposed culmen averaging 10.6). (Southeastern Mexico, in
States of Vera Cruz, Puebla, Oaxaca. and Chiapas; Guatemala. )
Basileuterus rufifrons rufifrons, adults (p. 745)
jf. Back grayish olive, scarcely different from dull gray of hindneck; white
of posterior under parts pure, untinged with yellow; tail relatively
longer (averaging more than 57 in male, 56 or more in female) and
bill smaller (exposed culmen averaging less than 10).
g. Back grayer; tail shorter (averaging less than 58 in male); adult male
averaging wing 52.8, tail 57.2, exposed culmen 8.9, tarsus 20.8.
(Eastern border of Mexican plateau, in States of Nuevo Leon, San
Luis Potosi, and northern Vera Cruz. )
Basileuterus rufifrons jouyi, adults (p. 746)
gg. Back browner; tail longer (averaging more than 58 in male, more
than 56 in female); bill smaller (exposed culmen averaging 8.9 in
male).
h. Vail shorter (averaging 58.8 in male, 56.2 in female); pileum almost
wholly rufous. (Western and central Mexico, in States of Sina-
loa, Jalisco, Michoacan, Guerrero, Oaxaca, Puebla, Hidalgo, and
Guanajuato. )
Basileuterus rufifrons dugesi, adults (p. 747)
hh. Tail longer (averaging 59.5 in male, 60.1 in female); pileum
brownish gray posteriorly (sometimes medially also). (North-
western Mexico, in States of Sonora and Chihuahua. )
Basileuterus rufifrons caudatus, adults (p. 748)
ee. Under parts mostly (sometimes entirely) yellow, the sides and flanks
olive-green.
742 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
f. Auricular region with only the upper half chestnut, the lower half
whitish.
g. Hindneck and sides of neck gray; posterior under parts sometimes
partly whitish. (Southern Vera Cruz to Guatemala. )
Basileuterus rufifrons flavigaster, adults (p. 748)
gg. Hindneck and sides of neck olive-green, like back; under parts
without any whitish. (Highlands of Guatemala. )
Basileuterus rufifrons salvini, adults (p. 749)
ff. Auricular region entirely chestnut.
g. Darker; sides and flanks more strongly tinged with olive green.
(Nicaragua and Costa Rica.)
Basileuterus rufifrons delattrii, adults (p. 749)
gg. Lighter; sides and flanks less strongly tinged with olive-green.
(Colombia, north to Chiriqui. )
Basileuterus rufifrons mesochrysus, adults (p. 750)
ec. Auricular region without any chestnut.
d. A white superciliary stripe; crown chestnut, bordered laterally with black;
median under parts whitish. (Highlands of Costa Rica and Chiriqui. )
Basileuterus melanogenys, adults (p. 751)
dd. No white superciliary stripe; crown not chestnut.
e. Spot in front of eye, postocular streak, and part of auricular region black;
superciliary stripe and median crown-stripe pale drab; under parts pale
olive-yellowish. (Highlands of Costa Rica, Chiriqui, and Veragua. )
Basileuterus melanotis, adults (p. 752)
ee. No black on side of head; superciliary region olive; median crown-stripe
more or less yellow, sometimes partly orange-rufous or tawny; under
parts bright yellow. ( Basileuterus culicivorus. )
f. Back, ete., grayish, more or less tinged with yellowish olive.
g. Back, ete., darker and grayer. (Vera Cruz and Puebla, Mexico, to
Costa Rica. )....Basileuterus culicivorus culicivorus, adults (p. 753)
gg. Back, ete., lighter, more tinged with yellowish olive.
h. Lateral crown-stripes broader, deeper black; median crown-stripe
clear lemon yellow, without olive tips to feathers. (States of
Guerrero and Jalisco, southwestern Mexico. )
Basileuterus culicivorus flavescens, adults (p. 755)
hh. Lateral crown-stripes narrower, duller black; median crown-stripe
obscured by grayish olive tips to feathers. (States of Tamau-
lipas and San Luis Potosi, northwestern Mexico.)
Basileutervs culicivorus brasherii, adults (p. 755)
ff. Back, ete., greenish olive. (Chiriqui and Veragua.)
Basileuterus culicivorus godmani, adults (p. 756)
bb. Pileum concolor with back. Two narrow wing-bands of buff. (Young).
c. Back, ete., light brown or olive; chest buff or light olive.
d. A distinet supra-auricular streak of whitish; under parts more or less buffy.
e. Back olive; under parts pale buffy brownish, becoming nearly white on
abdoniens\!o=s seer mere Basileuterus rufifrons rufifrons, young (p. 746)
ee. Back grayish brown; under parts entirely deep buff.
Basileuterus rufifrons dugesi, young (p. 747)
dd. No whitish supra-auricular streak; under parts pale olive, the abdomen
pale sulphur yellowish. ..Basileuterus rufifrons delattrii, young (p. 747)
ce. Back, ete., olive-brown or sooty; chest grayish brown or light sooty.
Basileuterus melanogenys, young (p. 752)
aa. Rump, tail-coverts, and at least basal half of tail buff. (Basileuterus semicervinus. )
4
ia.
Sat
mur
Silica 5
Mj a Mat Nhe
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 743
b. More olive above; rump, tail-coverts, and base of tail deeper buff; median under
parts more strongly buffy, sides and flanks paler buffy olive. (Isthmus of
Panama, Veragua, and Chiriqui.)
Basileuterus semicervinus veraguensis, adults (p. 756)
bb. More sooty above; rump, etc., paler buff; median under parts more whitish,
sides and flanks sooty olive. (Costa Rica to southern Honduras. )
Basileuterus semicervinus leucopygius, adults (p.
(
57)
BASILEUTERUS BELLI BELLI (Giraud).
BELL’S WARBLER.
Adult male.—Upper parts, except pileum, plain olive-green, becom-
ing dusky grayish on terminal portion of remiges; forehead and sides
of crown black, inclosing a central crown-patch of chestnut; a broad
superciliary stripe of clear gamboge or lemon yellow, extending to
sides of occiput; lores black, sometimes chestnut posteriorly (next to
eye); suborbital and auricular regions chestnut, this passing narrowly
above the eye; malar region and under parts lemon yellow, more or
less tinged with olive and passing into light olive-green on sides and
flanks; bill brownish black; legs and feet pale brown (in dried skins);
length (skins), 114-125 (118.6); wing, 55-62 (57.7); tail, 54-56 (54.7);
exposed culmen, 9; tarsus, 21.’
Adult female.—Similar to the adult male and not always distinguish-
able, but usually (4) slightly lighter or more yellowish olive-green
above; length (skins), 115-116 (115.3); wine, 54-59 (56.5); tail, 50-55
(52.2); exposed culmen, 9—-9.5 (9.2); tarsus, 20.5-22 (21.1).?
Young, first plumage.—Above, including pileum, superciliary re-
gion, and lores, plain sepia or bister brown; the remiges and rectrices
olive-green, as in adults; middle and greater wing-coverts tipped with
light fulvous or cinnamon-buff, producing two rather distinct bands
across wing; sides of head (except lores) plain olive, gradually fading
into paler olive on throat and chest, this passing into tawny olive or
raw umber on sides and flanks; abdomen, anal region, and under tail-
coverts pale yellow (straw yellow).*
Southeastern Mexico, in States of Vera Cruz (Jalapa, Orizaba, Jico,
etc.), Mexico (near City of Mexico), and Oaxaca (Llano Verde, Toton-
tepec, Mount Zempoaltepec, Reyes, Cerro San Felipe, ete.).
Muscicapa belli Giraup, Sixteen Species Texan Birds, 1841, folio 15, pl. 4, fig. 2
_ (**Texas;’’ type now in coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.*).
'Three specimens. * Four specimens.
* Described from no. 143287,. coll. U.S. Nat. Mus. (Biological Survey collection),
from Cerro San Felipe, Oaxaca, Aug. 22, 1894; Nelson and Goldman. This speci-
men is beginning to assume the adult plumage, the scapulars and lower back being
olive-green, while yellowish feathers are appearing in the supra-auricular region and
on sides of chin.
*The type specimen is so faded that its certain identification with one or another
of the three forms here differentiated is almost impossible. It seems, however, to be
nearer the one from eastern Mexico than either of the others.
144 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Setophaga belli Baird, Stansbury’s Rep. Gt. Salt Lake, 1852, 329 (‘‘ Texas’’).
[Setophaga] belii Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 245, no. 3556, part.
Basileuterus belli Scuarer, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1855, 65 (crit.) ; 1859, 374 (Llano
Verde and Totontepec, Oaxaca).—Bairp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858,
305 (synonymy); Review Am. Birds, 1865, 250, part (Orizaba, Vera Cruz).—
Sumicnrast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., i, 1869, 546 (temp. reg. Vera Cruz).—
Barrp, Brewer, and Ripa@way, Hist. N. Am. Birds, 1, 1874, 318, part (Mex-
ico).—Cours, Birds Col. Val., 1878, 335 (synonymy ).—Ripa@way, Nom. N.
Am. Birds, 1881, no. 134.—Satvry and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves., 1,
1881, 174, part.—SnHarpsr, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 395, part (near City
of Mexico; Jalapa and Orizaba, Vera Cruz; Llano Verde, Oaxaca) .—AMERI-
CAN OrniTHOLOGIStTS’ Unton, Check List, 1886, no. 693, part.
[ Basileuterus] belli ScuaTER and Sarvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 10, part.
B(asilewterus| belli Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 532, part.
Basileuterus bellii ScLATER, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 35 (Orizaba).—Rimpa@way, Proce.
U.S. Nat. Mus., ili, 1880, 216.
Basileuterus chrysophrys BONAPARTE, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 314 (Real Ariba, Mexico;
coll. Berlin Mus.; ex Sylvia chrysophrys Lichtenstein, manuscript).—Scia-
TER, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1857, 202 (Jalapa, Vera Cruz).
BASILEUTERUS BELLI SCITULUS Nelson.
GUATEMALAN WARBLER,
Similar to B. b. belli but larger; olive-green of upper parts darker
or duller; chestnut of crown and sides of head lighter and brighter,
the latter involving more (sometimes most) of loral region; yellow of
under parts averaging slightly brighter.
Adult male.—Length (skins) 114-127 (123.2); wing, 56-65 (62.5);
tail, 52-62 (58.7); exposed culmen, 9.5-10.5 (10); tarsus, 20-22 (21).’
Adult female.—Length (skins), 125; wing, 55-61 (58); tail, 53-58
(55.5); exposed culmen, 10; tarsus, 21.5.”
Highlands of Guatemala (Coban, Volcan de Fuego, Volcan de Agua,
Duenas, Todos Santos, Uspantan-Quiché, ete.) and Chiapas (San Cris-
tobal).*
Basileuterus belli (not Muscicapa belli Giraud) Satvrn and Scxiarer, Ibis, 1860, 31
(Coban, Guatemala).—Bairp, Review Am. Birds, 1865, 250, part (Coban ).—
Bairp, Brewer, and Ripaway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 3813, part (Gua-
temala).—Cours, Birds Col. Val., 1878, 335, part (synonymy ).—Boucarp,
Liste Ois. Guat., 1878, 30.—Satvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, 1,
' Four specimens. 2 Two specimens.
* Specimens from San Cristobal are in reality intermediate between Guatemalan
examples (true B. b. scitulus) and B. b. belli, having the darker olive-green upper
parts of the former and the chiefly blackish lores of the latter. They are also inter-
mediate in size, specimens averaging as follows:
Ex-
Locality. Wing. | Tail. posed | Tarsus.
culmen.,
Three adult males of B.b. belli from Oaxaca ...-..- 2.2... 522-222 --0- 57.7 54.7 9 21
Twoadul finalesitrom'Glis pes) <.4s--see = oe eee eee ee ee eee 60.5 56.5 9.5 20.5
Two adult males of B. b. scitulus from Guatemala........-..-..----- 62.5 58.7 LO 21
ES > Oa
a es
5
"
1
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. (45
1881, 174, part (Guatemala).—SuHarpr, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 395
) >| \ ’ ’ ’ )
part (Voleande Fuego, Volcan de Agua, and Duenas, Guatemala) .— AMERICAN
OrnirHoLoaists’ Unton, Check List, 1886, no. 693, part (Guatemala).
? ? ? ’
Basileuterus) belli Scuater and Saryin, Nom. Ay. Neotr., 1873, 10, part (Guate-
; ’
mala).
B[asileuterus] belli Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 532, part (Guatemala).
Basileuterus belli scitulus Newtson, Auk, xvii, July, 1900, 268 (Todos Santos,
Guatemala; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus. ).
BASILEUTERUS BELLI CLARUS Ridgway.!
CHILPANCINGO WARBLER.
Similar to 2. b. scitul/us in the lighter and brighter chestnut of
crown and sides of head, more extensively chestnut lores, and brighter
yellow of under parts, but tarsus much longer and olive-green of
upper parts lighter and more yellowish even than in LB. 6. bell/.
Adult male.—Length (skins), 124-125 (124.5); wing, 63; tail, 59-60
(59.5); exposed culmen, 10; tarsus, 23-24 (23.5).”
Adult female.—Length (skins), 115-120 (117.5); wing, 56-58 (57)
tail, 58-59 (56); exposed culmen, 9.5-10 (9.7); tarsus, 22-23.5 (22.7).
Southwestern Mexico, in States of Guerrero (Chilpancingo) and
Jalisco (San Sebastian).
.
5
2
Basileuterus belli (not Muscicapa belli Giraud) Netson, Auk, xy, 1898, 159 (Chil-
pancingo, Guerrero; San Sebastian, Jalisco).
BASILEUTERUS RUFIFRONS RUFIFRONS (Swainson).
RUFOUS-CAPPED WARBLER.
Adults (sexes alike).—Pileam deep cinnamon-rufous or rufous-
chestnut, with an indistinct and sometimes nearly obsolete median
stripe of paler, this sometimes mixed with grayish, especially on the
occiput, and sometimes white anteriorly (on median line of forehead);
hindneck and sides of neck olive-gray; rest of upper parts plain gray-
ish olive-green, the edges of greater wing-coverts, remiges, and rec-
trices brighter, more yellowish, olive-green; a sharply defined super-
ciliary line of white, extending from nostril to sides of nape; lores and
a triangular postocular space black or dark grayish, this passing nar-
rowly above the eye; upper half (approximately) of auricular region
cinnamon-rufous or rufous-chestnut, like pileum; lower portion of
auricular region, anterior portion of malar region, and chin white, the
first sometimes faintly flecked with grayish; throat, chest, and upper
breast lemon or gamboge yellow; lower breast, abdomen, and under
tail-coverts white, often tinged with yellow; sides and flanks light
buffy brown; bill brownish black; iris reddish brown;* legs and feet
light brown (indried skins).
'Type, no. 143292, coll. U. S. Nat. Mus. (Biological Survey collection), adult male;
mountains near Chilpancingo, Guerrero, Dec. 24, 1894; Nelson and Goldman.
* Two specimens. *©. Sartorius, manuscript.
746 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Young, first plumage.—Ahbove, including pileum, plain olive, becom-
ing olive-greenish on edges of remiges and rectrices; middle and greater
wing-coverts tipped with brownish buff, forming two rather distinct
narrow bands across wing; sides of head plain olive, relieved by a
buffy whitish supra-auricular streak, the lores more dusky; malar
region, chin, throat, median portion of lower breast, abdomen, and
under tail-coverts, pale dull buffy; chest, sides of breast, and sides
plain pale buffy olive, the posterior portion of sides, and flanks, more
decidedly buffy.
Adult male.—Length (skins), 115-118 (115.7); wing, 51-53 (52); tail,
58-57 (55.2); exposed culmen, 10-11 (10.6); tarsus, 20-22 (20.9)."
Adult female.—-Length (skins), 110-123 (118.2); wing, 48-51 (49.6);
tail, 52-58 (54.4); exposed culmen, 10-11 (10.6); tarsus, 18-22 (20.3).”
Southeastern Mexico, in States of Vera Cruz (Cordova; Jalapa;
Mirador; Orizaba; Jico; Pasa Nueva), Puebla (Huachinango), Oaxaca
(ia Parada; Cinco Sefiores; Tuxtepec; near Totontepec), and Chiapas
(Ocuilapa, August 27; Guichicovi, September); Guatemala (in winter
only 4).
Setophaga rufifrons Swainson, Anim. in Menag., 1838, 294 (Mexico).
S[etophaga] rufifrons Gray, Gen. Birds, i, 1846, 265.
[Setophaga] rufifrons Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 245, no. 3554.
[ Basileuterus] rufifrons BONAPARTE, Consp. Avy., i, 1850, 314.
Basileuterus rufifrons ScuATER, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1856, 291 (Cordova, Vera
Cruz); 1858, 299 (La Parada, Oaxaca); 1865, 284 (monogr.); Cat. Am. Birds,
1862, 35 (Mexico).—Batrp, Rep. Pacifie R. R. Sury., ix, 1858, 296, footnote;
Review Am. Birds, 1865, 248, part (Jalapa and Mirador, Vera Cruz).—
Sumicurast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., i, 1869, 546 (temp. reg. Vera Cruz).—
Lawrence, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., no. 4, 1876, 16 (Guichicovi, Chiapas,
Sept. ).—Satvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1881, 175, part
(Jalapa, Mirador, Orizaba, La Parada, Cinco Sefiores, Guichicovi, ete. ).—
SHARPE, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 397, part (Jalapa; Cinco Sefiores) .—
Ripgwiay, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xv, 1892, 119, in text (crit.; Mirador;
Orizaba; Guichicovi).—CHapmMan, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., x, 1898, 25
(Jalapa).
[ Basileuterus] rufifrons Scharrer and Satyin, Nom. Ay. Neotr., 1873, 10, part.
Blasileuterus] rufifrons Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 532, part (Mirador;
Orizaba). :
Basilewterus delattrii (not of Bonaparte) ScuaTer, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1860,
250 (Orizaba).
BASILEUTERUS RUFIFRONS JOUYI Ridgway.
JOUY’S WARBLER,
Similar to B. 7. rufifrons, but back, scapulars, rump, and upper
tail-coverts dull grayish olive, passing gradually into the but slightly
different brownish gray of hindneck and sides of neck, instead of
olive-green abruptly contrasted with the nearly pure gray of hindneck
' Pour specimens. * Five specimens.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 147
and sides of neck; yellow of chest sharply defined posteriorly against
the purer white of middle breast and abdomen; sides of breast gray,
passing into grayish buffy on flanks; tail averaging longer, and bill
much smaller.
Adult male.—ULength (skins), 113-125 (120.3); wing, 52-55 (52.8)
tail, 55-58 (57.2); exposed culmen, 8.5-9 (8.9); tarsus, 20-23 (20.8).!
Adult female.—Length (skins), 115-120 (117.7); wing, 49-54 (52);
tail, 58-59 (56); exposed culmen, 9; tarsus, 20-21 (20.6).”
Mountain districts of eastern Mexico, in States of Nuevo Leon (Mon-
terey), San Luis Potosi (Hacienda Angostura), and northern Vera Cruz
(Maltrata).
Basileuterus rufifrons jouyi Ripaway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xv, no. 895, July 18,
1892, 119 (Hacienda Angostura, San Luis Potosi; coll. U.S. Nat. Mus. ).—
Jouy, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xvi, 1893, 777, part (Hacienda Angostura).
2
BASILEUTERUS RUFIFRONS DUGESI Ridgway.
DUGES’ WARBLER.
Similar to B. 7. jowy?, but upper parts much browner (hair brown,
tinged with olive, instead of gray, tinged with olive), sides of breast
pale buffy brown, instead of gray, und flanks more decidedly buffy;
tail averaging longer.
Young, first plumage.’ —Above, including entire pileum, plain brown
(intermediate between broccoli and sepia), the middle and greater wing-
coverts rather broadly tipped with cinnamon, forming two distinct bands
across wing; a supra-auricular stripe of brownish buff, extending
anteriorly to above eyes; auricular region similar in color to pileum;
malar region and under parts deep buff, slightly paler posteriorly.
Adult male.—Length (skins), 118-124 (121.7); wing, 50-59 (52.9);
tail, 55.5-63 (58.8); exposed culmen, 9-10 (9.2); tarsus, 20-23 (21.2). *
Adult female.—Length (skins), 116-124 (120.3); wing, 49-52 (50);
tail, 52-59 (56.2); exposed culmen, 8.5-10 (9.1); tarsus, 19-22 (20.1). °
Western and central Mexico, in States of Sinaloa (Plomosas; Sierr:
Madre near Mazatlan), Jalisco (San Sebastian; Barranca Ibarra;
Zapotlan; Talpa), Michoacan (Patzcuaro), Guerrero (Tlapa), Ouxace
(Juquila; Cuicatlan; Oaxaca), Morelos (Cuernavaca), Puebla (Tochi-
mileo), Hidalgo (Real del Monte; El Chico), and Guanajuato.
Basileuterus rufifrons (not Setophaga rufifrons Swainson) Barrp, Review Am. Birds,
1865, 248, part (Sierra Madre near Mazatlan).—Lawrence, Mem. Bost. Soc.
N. H., ii, 1874, 270, (Sierra Madre).—Satyvrn and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-
Am., Aves, i, 1881, 175, part (Sierra Madre).—SHarpr, Cat. Birds Brit.
Mus., x, 1885, 397, part.
‘Six specimens. * Three specimens.
’The young of B. r. jouyi not seen. Compared with the young of Bb. r. rufifrons
that of B. r. dugesi is strikingly different, being conspicuously browner (or less olive)
above and much more strongly and purely buff below.
* Thirteen specimens. ° Kight specimens.
748 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
[ Basileuterus| rufifrons SCLATER and Satyix, Nom. Ay. Neotr., 1873, 10, part.
Bl asileuterus] rufifrons Ripaway, Man. N. Ace Birds, 1887, oe part.
Basileuterus rufifrons dugesi Ripaway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xv, no. 895, July 18,
1892, 119 (Guanajuato, Mexico; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.).
Basileulerus rufifrons jouyi (not of Ridgway) Jovy, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., xvi,
1893, 777, part (Barranea Ibarra, Jalisco).
BASILEUTERUS RUFIFRONS CAUDATUS Nelson.
LONG-TAILED WARBLER,
Similar to B. 7. duges?, but with much less of rufous on pileum, the
median portion of occiputand crown being brownish gray, this some-
times extending to the forehead; back, ete., slightly grayer; bill
smaller, and tail longer. ;
Adult male.—Length (skins), 123; wing, 50-51 (50.5); tail, 59-60
(59.5); exposed culmen, 8.5-9 (8.7); tarsus, 20-22 (21).?
Adult fematle.—Lenegth (skins), 124; wing, 50; tail, 58.5-61.5 (60);
exposed culmen, 9—9.2 (9.1); tarsus, 20.5.'
Northwestern Mexico, in States of Sonora (Alamos, ete.,) and
Chihuahua (Batopilas; Napolera).
Basileuterus ee (not Setophaga rujifrons Swainson) ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus.
N. H., v, 1893, 41 (Napolera, n. w. Chihuahua, Dee. 8).
Basile ieee caudatus Netson, Proc. Biol. Soe. Wash., , Xili, May 29, 1899,
29 (Alamos, Sonora; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus. ).
BASILEUTERUS RUFIFRONS FLAVIGASTER (Nelson).
CHIAPAS WARBLER.
Similar to B. 7. rufifrons, but with the under parts more extensively
yellow, sometimes entirely yellow, except the anal region or lower
abdomen, which are yellowish white or pale buffy yellow, and sides
and flanks, which are greenish olive.
Adult male.—Length (skins), 113-120 (116.4); wing, 50-53 (51.6);
tail, 50-56 (53.8); exposed culmen, 10-11.5 (10.9); tarsus, 20-22 (20.9).”
Adult female.—Length (skin), 118; wing, 50.5; tail, 54; exposed
culmen, 10; tarsus, 22.*
Southeastern Mexico, from southern Vera Cruz (San Andreas Tuxtla)
through Tabasco (Teapa) to Chiapas (Yajalon); Guatemala. *
Basileuterus delattrii (not of Bonaparte) Sciarer, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 35
(Mexico).—Satvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1881, 176,
part.—SHarpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 396, part.
(?) Basileuterus rufifrons (not Setophaga rufifrons Swainson) SAuyin, Ibis, 1866, 192
(Duenas, Guatemala).
Basileuterus flavigaster Nevson, Auk, xiv, Jan., 1897, 67 (Yajalon, Chiapas, s. e.
Mexico; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.).
'T wo specimens. 2 Six specimens. * One specimen.
*T am unable to cite Guatemalan localities, the specimens examined being labeled
simply ‘‘ Guatemala.”’
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 749
BASILEUTERUS RUFIFRONS SALVINI (Cherrie).
SALVIN'’S WARBLER,
Similar to B. 7. flavigaster, but hindneck and sides of neck olive
(not distinctly different from color of back, etc.), instead of gray;
back, ete., rather browner olive-green; under parts entirely yellow;
length (skin)! 127; wing, 53; tail, 59; exposed culmen, 11; tarsus, 21.
Highlands of Guatemala (Coban, Vera Paz).
Having but a single specimen of this form I am not able to form
a very decided opinion as to its status. Only these two facts are
clearly evident: (1) that typical B. rufitrons grades insensibly into the
present bird through the intermediate series named LB. flavigaster by
Mr. Nelson, whose type is distinguishable from Mr. Cherrie’s type
of B. salvini only by the distinctly gravy neck and slightly clearer
olive-green color of the back, ete., other apparent differences rep-
resenting characters which vary with season or with the individual;
and (2) that the varying amount of yellow on the under parts is wholly
independent of relative age of the specimens. The puzzling element
in the case is that in Guatemala occur specimens which are indis-
tinguishable from B. 7. flavigaster and B. 7. rufifrons. — Possibly these
are migrants, all the resident birds representing B. 7. salvind.
Basileuterus delattrii (not of Bonaparte) Satvin and Scuarer, Ibis, 1860, 274
(Duenas, Guatemala).—Batrp, Review Am. Birds, 1865, 249, excl. syn.,
part (Coban, Guatemala).—Sa.vin and GopMAN, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i,
1881, 176 (Duefias, Volcan de Fuego, Volcan de Agua, Coban, Lanquin, and
Cahabon, Guatemala; not ‘‘ Nicaragua’’).—SHarps, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x,
1885, 396 (Diego, Calderas, La Trinidad, etc., Guatemala).
[ Basileuterus] delattrii ScLareR and Sauyix, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1875, 10.
B{(asileuterus| delatrii Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 552, part.
[Setophaga] delattrii Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 245, no. 3555.
Basileuterus salvini Currris, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xiv, no. 855, Sept. 4, 1891,
342 (Coban, Guatemala; coll. U. 8. Nat. Mus.).
BASILEUTERUS RUFIFRONS DELATTRII (Bonaparte).
DELATTRE’S WARBLER.
Similar to B. pr. salvind, but chestnut of the pileum and auricular
region darker, the latter involving the whole of the auricular region
instead of the upper and posterior portions only; hindneck and sides
of neck grayish (darker than in B. 7. rufifrons and B. 7. flaviqguster);
olive-green of back, etc., darker.
Young, first plumage.—Above, including pileum and sides of head,
plain brownish olive; greater wing-coverts, remiges, and rectrices
dark brownish gray, edged with olive-green, as in adults; middle and
greater wing-coverts tipped with cinnamon-buff, forming two distinct
' Specimen without sex determined; no. 30700, coll. U. 8. Nat. Mus., Coban, Vera
Paz, Guatemala, Nov. 15, 1859; O. Salvin. Type of Basileuterus salvini Cherrie.
750 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
bands across wing; an indistinct supra-auricular streak of paler olive;
chin whitish; throat, chest, and sides of breast pale brownish olive;
rest of under parts pale yellow (between sulphur and straw yellow),
the sides and flanks tinged with olive.
Adult male.—Length (skins), 112-1383 (121.2); wing, 54-60 (56.5);
tail, 53-57 (54.7); exposed culmen, 9.5-11 (10.1); tarsus, 20-21.5 (20.9).!
Adult fematle.—Length (skins), 111-133 (119.7); wing, 53-58.5 (55.1);
tail, 52-55.5 (53.5); exposed culmen, 10-11 (10.4); tarsus, 20-21.5 (20.9).?
Nicaragua and Costa Rica (San José; Cartago; San Juan; Guaitil;
Grecia; Alajuela, ete.)
Basileuterus delattrii BONAPARTE, Compt. Rend., xxxviii, 1854, 383 (Nicaragua) .—
CaBaNnts, Journ. fir Orn., 1860, 325 (Costa Rica).—CHerriz, Proce. U.S.
Nat. Mus., xiv, 1891, 340 (crit.; Costa Rica), 527 (San José, Costa Rica;
deser. young); Auk, ix, 1892, 22 (San José, Costa Rica; deser. nest and eggs) ;
Expl. Zool. Costa Rica, i, Aves, 1893, 14 (Boruca and Buenos Aires, s. w.
Costa Rica).
Basileuterus delattrei LAntz, Trans. Kansas Ac. Sci. for 1896-97 (1899), 223
(Grenada, Nicaragua).
Bl asileuterus] delatrii Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 532, part.
Basileuterus mesochrysus (not of Selater, 1860) Barrp, Review Am. Birds, 1865,
250, part (San José, Costa Rica).—LAwrReENcE, Ann. Lye. N. Y., ix, 1868, 95
(San José, Guaitil, and Grecia, Costa Rica).—Franrzius, Journ. fiir Orn.,
1869, 294 (San José, Costa Rica).—Boucarp, Proc. Zool. Soe. Lond., 1878,
52 (San José and Cartago, Costa Rica).—Sanvin and GopMan, Biol. Centr.-
Am:, Aves, 1, 1881, 176, part (San José, Guaitil, Grecia, and Irazu, Costa
Rica).—Nutrine, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., v, 1883, 499 (San José).—ZELEDON,
Anal. Mus. Nae. Costa Rica, i, 1887, 107 (San José, Alajuela, Naranjo de
Cartago, Grecia, and Monte Redondo, Costa Rica). —UNpbrErwoop, Ibis, 1896,
434 (Volcan de Miravalles, Costa Rica).
[ Basileuterus] mesochrysus ScuATER and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 10, part
(Costa Rica).
[ Basileuterus delattrii.] Subsp. a. Basileuterus mesochrysus SHARPE, Cat. Birds
Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 396, part (Grecia and Irazti, Costa Rica).
BASILEUTERUS RUFIFRONS MESOCHRYSUS (Sclater).
SCLATER’S WARBLER.
Similar to B. 7. delattrii, but back, ete., lighter and clearer (more
yellowish) olive-green, gray of hindneck lighter and clearer and more
strongly contrasted with olive-green of the back, and yellow of under
parts averaging brighter, with sides and flanks more faintly tinged
with olive; tail relatively shorter.
Adult male.—Length (skins), 108-116 (110.7); wing, 55-59 (56.5);
tail, 48-53 (50.1); exposed culmen, 10-11 (10.2); tarsus, 20-21 (20.2)."
Adult female.—Lenegth (skins), 102-118 (109); wing, 53-56 (54.7);
tail, 47.5-54 (50.2); exposed culmen, 10-10.5 (10.3); tarsus, 20.5-21
(2037).*
' Four specimens. *Six specimens. ’ Three specimens,
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. Fok
Colombia, including Isthmus of Panama (Paraiso Station; Panama;
Santa Fé, Chitra, and Calobre, Veragua; Volean de Chiriqui).
[ Basileuterus] brunneiceps (not Setophaga brunneiceps Lafresnaye and D’Orbigny)
Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 314! (Bogota, Colombia).
Basileuterus delattrii (not of Bonaparte) Sciatrer, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1855,
144 (Bogota).—LawreEnce, Ann. Lye. N. Y., vii, 1861, 322 (Panama R. R.).
B[asileuterus] delatrii Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 522, part.
Basileuterus mesochrysus SCLATER, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1860, 251 ( Bogota, Colom-
bia; coll. P. L. Sclater); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 35 (Colombia ).—Batrp, Review
Am. Birds, 1865, 250, part (Bogota).—Satvry, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867,
136 (Santa Fé, Veragua); 1870, 183 (Chitra and Calobre, Veragua).—Satvin
and GopMAN, Ibis, 1879, 198 (Manaure, prov. Santa Marta, Colombia, alt.
2,700 ft.); 1880, 117(Santa Marta); Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1881, 176, part
(Volcan de Chiriqui, Chitra, Calobre, and Santa Fé, Veragua; Paraiso Sta-
tion, Panama R. R.; Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta and Bogota, Colombia ).—
Banas, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xii, 1898, 144 (Santa Marta), 180 (Palomina,
Santa Marta).—A..en, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., xiii, 1900, 176 (Bonda, ete.,
Santa Marta).
[ Basileuterus] mesochrysus SCLATER and Saryin, Nom. Ay. Neotr., 1873, 10, part.
[Basileuterus delattrii.]| Subsp. a. Basileuterus mesochrysus Suarpr, Cat. Birds,
Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 396, part (localities in Colombia, incl. Veragua).
Basileuterus delattrii: mesochrysus Cuerriz, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xiv, 1891, 342,
in text (crit. ).
BASILEUTERUS MELANOGENYS Baird.
BLACK-CHEEKED WARBLER,
Adults (sexes alihe).—Crown chestnut,’ margined laterally with a
line of black, the black lines of opposite sides converging on the
median portion of the forehead, where sometimes forming a black
spot; sides of occiput (sometimes of nape also) sooty blackish; median
portion of occiput and nape, hindneck, and sides of neck plain dark
brownish gray or olive, passing into a more decided olive hue on back,
scapulars, rump, and upper tail-coverts; wings and tail dusky brownish
gray, the secondaries and rectrices edged with olive or light brownish
olive, the primaries edged with a paler and usually more grayish hue;
a broad superciliary stripe of white, more or less broken anteriorly
(on supraloral portion) by mixture of black; sides of head, including
loral, orbital, and auricular regions and anterior portion of malar region
black, the first sometimes broken by admixture of white on anterior
portion; chin (sometimes upper throat also) dull white flecked or barred
with black, the middle or posterior portion of the malar region also
mixed black and whitish; rest of under parts dull yellowish white,
shading into pale olive laterally, this more grayish (sometimes nearly
clear gray) anteriorly on sides of breast, etc.; chest faintly shaded
with gray or pale grayish olive; maxilla dark brownish with paler
‘Not a new name, but Lafresnaye and D’Orbigny’s species wrongly identified and
referred to the genus Basileuterus.
? These chestnut feathers elongated, forming an erectile bushy crest.
752 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. °
tomia; mandible brownish white (in dried skins); legs and feet pale
horn brownish (in dried skins).
Young, first plumage.—Pileum and sides of head plain deep sooty
brown or sepia; rest of upper parts plain olive-brown, the remiges and
rectrices as in adults; middle and greater wing-coverts tipped with
pale brownish buff, forming two distinct narrow bands across wing;
asupra-auricular streak of brownish butf; chin and upper throat dusky,
the feathers partly dull grayish white; lower throat dull brownish
buffy white; chest, breast, sides and flanks grayish brown, intermixed
with more rusty brown; median portion of breast and abdomen dull
buffy white.
Adult male.— Length (skins), 121-132 (126); wing, 59-66 (63); tail,
58-62 (59.7); exposed culmen, 10-12 (11); tarsus, 23.’
Adult female.—Length (skins), 120-134 (127.2); wing, 58-65 (61);
tail, 55-61 (58); exposed culmen, 11; tarsus, 25."
Highlands of Costa Rica (San José; La Palma; Volcan de Irazt)
and Chiriqui (Volean de Chiriqui; Boquete).
Basileuterus melanogenys Barry, Review Am. Birds, May, 1865, 248 (San Jose?,
Costa Rica; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.).—Lawrencg, Ann. Lye. N. Y., ix, 1868, 95
(San José).—Satvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 183 (Volcan de Chiriqui,
Veragua).—Sa.vrn and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1881, 174, pl. 10,
fig. 3 (San José and Volean de Irazi, Costa Rica; Volcan de Chiriqui).—
Suarpr, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 398.—ZerLEpon, Anal. Mus. Nace.
Costa Rica, i, 1887, 107 (La Palma de San, José).—Cuerrig, Proc. U. 8. Nat.
Mus., xiv, 1891, 528 (descr. young).—Banas, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club, iii,
1902, 60 (Boquete and Volcan de Chiriqui, Chiriqui, 4,500-10,200 ft. ).
[ Basilewterus] melanogenys SCLATER and Satvin, Nom. Ay. Neotr., 1873, 10.
BASILEUTERUS MELANOTIS Lawrence.
BLACK-EARED WARBLER,
Adults (sexes alike). —Pileum with two broad lateral stripes of black,
inclosing a broad median stripe of pale grayish buff, the former extend-
ing to and including sides of nape, the latter more grayish on median
portion of nape, the middle portion (on crown) sometimes pure buff;
rest of upper parts plain greenish olive; a broad superciliary stripe,
involving anterior portion of lores, pale buffy gray; spot in front of
eye and postocular streak black, this extending to sides of neck and
sometimes involving posterior and lower portions of auricular region;
suborbital region, at least part of auricular region, and malar region
pale buffy grayish, like superciliary stripe; chin and upper throat dull
white; rest of under parts pale yellow (between canary and sulphur
yellow), passing into greenish olive on sides and flanks and more or less
strongly shaded with the same, or with grayish olive, on chest; max-
illa brown, darker basally; mandible pale brown or brownish white (in
dried skins); iris yellow;” legs and feet pale brown (in dried skins).
‘Four specimens, from Chiriqui. ! José C. Zeledon, manuscript.
ee
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. (53
Adult male.—Length (skins), 119-128 (123.3); wing, 57-65 (61.7);
tail, 50-57 (54); exposed culmen, 11; tarsus, 21-28 (22).'
Adult female.—Leneth (skins), 114-126 (122.2); wing, 59-64 (61.5);
tail, 52-56 (54.2); exposed culmen, 11; tarsus, 22.”
Highlands of Costa Rica (Cervantes; Birris), Chiriqui (Volcan de
Chiriqui; Boquete), and Veragua (Cordillera del Chucu).
Basileuterus melanotis LAWRENCE, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., ix, Apr., 1868, 95
(Cervantes, Costa Rica; coll. U.S. Nat. Mus. ).—Sanvin, Ibis, 1869, 313 (Costa
Rica).—FRanrzius, Journ. ftir Orn., 1869, 183 (Costa Rica).—SHARPE, Cat.
Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 386 (Costa Rica; Cordillera del Chucu, Veragua).—
Banas, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club, iii, 1902, 60 (Volean de Chiriqui and
Boquete, Chiriqui, 4,000 to 7,500 ft. ).
Basileuterus bivittatus melanotis ZELEDON, Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, i, 1887, 107
(Costa Rica).
Basileuterus bivittatus (not Muscicapa bivittata Lafresnaye and D’Orbigny ) SALVIN,
Ibis, 1870, 108, part (Cordillera del Chucu, Veragua); Proce. Zool. Soe.
Lond., 1870, 183 (do.).—SaLvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i,
1881, 170, part (Cervantes and Birris, Costa Rica; Cordillera del Chucu,
Veragua).
[ Basileuterus| bivittatus ScLaTER and Satvix, Nom. Ay. Neotr., 1873, 10, part
(Veragua; Costa Rica).
BASILEUTERUS CULICIVORUS CULICIVORUS (Lichtenstein).
LICHTENSTEIN’S WARBLER,
Adults (sexes alike). —Pileum with two broad lateral stripes of black,’
inclosing a median one of pale yellowish olive, the middle portion of
which is usually yellow, rarely orange-tawny or rufous, the feathers
with light yellowish olive tips; rest of upper parts plain deep olive-
gray (olivaceous mouse gray), the primaries edged with paler and
clearer gray; a broad superciliary stripe of yellowish olive; eyelids
dull light yellowish; a dusky spot (more or less distinct) in front of
eye, and postocular region ‘usually more or less dusky; auricular
region grayish olive, sometimes darker along upper margin, the lower
portion usually finely streaked with dull whitish or palo yellowish;
malar region and entire under parts lemon or gamboge yellow, passing
into light yellowish olive-green on sides and flanks, the chest usually
faintly tinged with the same; maxilla dark brown, mandible paler;
legs and feet very pale yellowish brown or buffy (in dried skins).
Adult male.—Lenegth (skins), 110-125 (122); wing, 58-64 (60); tail,
50-57 (51.8); exposed culmen, 9-11 (9.2); tarsus, 18—20.5 (19.2).*
1 Six specimens, from Chiriqui.
* Four specimens, from Chiriqui.
* These black stripes becoming narrower and less distinct, sometimes obsolete, on
forehead.
4Sixteen specimens.
3054—VoL 2—01——48
754 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Adult female.—Length (skins), 106-120 (111.9); wing, 55-62.5 (57);
tail, 48-54 (51.1); exposed culmen, 9-10.5 (9.8); tarsus, 18.5-20 (19.1).?
Southern Mexico, in States of Vera Cruz (Mirador; Cordova; Jalapa;
Orizaba; San Andreas Tuxtla), Puebla (Metlaltoyuca), Oaxaca (Pluma;
Coapam; Santo T omingo; Teotalcingo), Tabasco (Teapa), Campéche
(Apazote), and Chiapas (Ocuilapa); Guatemala (Choetum; Coban;
Khamkal; Volean de Agua; Volcan de Fuego); Costa Rica (Barranca;
Guaitil; Grecia; Dota Mountains; San José; Naranjo de Cartago;
Monte Redondo; Sabanilla de Alajuela). (No records for Salvador,
Honduras, or Nicaragua.)
Sylvia culicivora LICHTENSTEIN, Preis-Verz. Mex. Vog., 1830, 2, no. 78 (Mexico;
see Journ. fir Orn., 1863, 67).
B[asileuterus] culicivorus CaBanis, Mus. Hein., i, 1850, 17 (Jalapa, Vera Cruz).
Basileuterus culicivorus Barrp, Review Am. Birds, 1865, 245, part (s. Mexico,
both sides; Choctum, Guatemala; Barranca, Costa Rica).—Lawrencr, Ann.
Lye. N. Y., ix, 1868, 95 (Barranca, Guaitil, Grecia, and Dota Mountains,
Costa Rica).—Sumicurast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., 1, 1869, 546 (temp. region
Orizaba, Vera Cruz).—Barrp, Brewer, and Ripaway, Hist. N. Am. Birds,
i, 1874, 312, part.—Cours, Birds Col. Val., 1878, 335 (synonymy ).—Boucarp,
Proc. Zool. Soe. Lond., 1878, 52 (San José, Costa Rica) ; Liste Ois. Guat., 1878,
30 (Guatemala ).—Satvrin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1881, 171,
part (Jalapa, Cordova, etc., Vera Cruz; Teotalcingo, Oaxaca; Volcan de Fuego,
Volean de Agua, Coban, Khamkal, Choctum, ete., Guatemala; Costa Rican
localities).—SHarpr, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 383, part (Oaxaca; Jalapa;
localities in Guatemala and Costa Rica).—Zeuepon, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus.,
viii, 1885, 105 (Costa Rica); Anal. Mus. Nae. Costa Rica, i, 1887, 107 (Sabanilla
de Alajuela, Naranjo de Cartago, Grecia, and Monte Redondo, Costa Rica).—
CuaApMAN, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., x, 1898, 25 (Jalapa, Vera Cruz) —NELson,
Auk, xv, 1898, 159, part (Pluma,. w. Oaxaca).
[ Basileuterus] culicivorus SCLATER and Savin, Nom. Ay. Neotr., 1875, 10, part.
B[asileuterus] culicivorus Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 531, part.
[ Basileuterus]| culicivora BONAPARTE, Consp. Ay., i, 1850, 313 (Jalapa) .
'Twelve specimens.
Specimens from different localities average as follows:
Ex-
Locality. Wing. | Tail. posed | Tarsus.
culmen.
MALES.
Phree.adulpanalesmrom: Pueplda.soces: oases ee eee ee eae eee | 60 53. 2 Oe 19.2
Threeiadult malestrom: (‘Oaxdew sco a. se oeeeee ose ee eee eee aes a 6088 53.3 9.7 18.3
Five adult males from Tabasco and Campéche.............--------- 59.8 50.8 | 9.5 19.2
Twosadultimalesitromi Chis pas: cec.m ceca seis ere eee ae see ae | 59.7 51.5 oe 20
wo adultimales:tromi Costa wRiGaas fess see eee see ee ee |} 59.5 50.5 10.5 19.7
FEMALES. |
Hive sdulttemalesiiromsVera Origins. cess ess oos cee eee eee eee > word 49.6 9.5 19.2
One adult female from Puebla ......-...- Beta yal ticisoee ee ee ee 56 50- | 10 19
Two sdulttemales from: Oaxaca ist. so esse ese eee Teese ene eee 58 51.7 9.7 19:5
Oneiadultiemale from TabascO.c-ccenn ee ee eee ee eesee eee 55 43 || 10 19
Three adult females from Costa Rica .............----- FRE ae | MibOe 2 51.3 | 10.2 18.8
“I
oO
On
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA.
[Setophaga] culicivora Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 244, no. 3544.
Basileuterus brasieri (not Muscicapa brasieri Giraud ) Scuarer, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
1855, 66; 1856, 292 (Cordova, Vera Cruz) ; 1859, 374 (Oaxaca); Cat. Am. Birds,
1862, 34 (Oaxaca).—Barrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Sury., ix, 1858, 303 (synom-
ymy).—Satvin and Sciarer, Ibis, 1860, 274 (Volcan de Fuego, Guatemala).
BASILEUTERUS CULICIVORUS BRASHERII (Giraud).
BRASHER’S WARBI.ER,
Similar to BL. c. culicévorus, but color of upper parts paler and more
yellowish gray, black lateral stripes of pileum narrower, and under
parts slightly brighter yellow; averaging slightly larger.
Adult matle.—Length (skins), 117-126 (121.2); wing, 60-63 (61.5);
tail, 52-57 (53.6); exposed culmen, 9.5-10.5 (10); tarsus, 19.5-20
EEO) =
Adult female.—Length (skins), 112-119 (116); wing, 57-58 (57.3)
tail, 50.5-51.5 (51); exposed culmen, 9.5-10 (9.8); tarsus, 19-21 (20).
Northeastern Mexico, in States of Tamaulipas (Alta Mira; Ciudad
Victoria) and San Luis Potosi (Jilitla).
Muscicapa brasierii (typographical error*®) Giraup, Sixteen Species Texan Birds,
1841, folio 25, pl. 6, fig. 2 (‘‘Texas;’’ type in U. S. Nat. Mus.).—ScuatTer,
Proce. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1855, 66.
Basileuterus brasheri Berier, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, v, Oct., 1880, 239 (corrects
spelling of specific name ).*
Basileuterus culicivorus (not Sylvia culicivora Lichtenstein) Ripaway, Proce. U. S.
Nat. Mus., iii, 1880, 216; Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 133.—AmERICAN
OrnitHoLoaists’ Unron, Check List, 1886, no. 692, part.—Ricumonp, Proe.
U.S. Nat. Mus., xviii, 1896, 632 (Alta Mira, Tamaulipas).
B{asileuterus] culiciwworus Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 531, part.
.
5
2
BASILEUTERUS CULICIVORUS FLAVESCENS! Ridgway.
JALISCO WARBLER.
Agreeing with L. ¢. brasheri in lighter and more yellowish gray of
back, ete., deeper yellow of under parts, and in larger size, but upper
parts still more strongly washed with olive-yellow, black lateral crown-
stripes broader (as in ZB. c. culicivorus), and yellow of under parts
still deeper; differing from both 2. ¢. ewlicivorus and B. c. brasheri in
having the median crown-stripe almost wholly clear lemon or canary
yellow (the feathers without yellowish olive tips) and the superciliary
stripe hghter and more yellow.
Adult male.—Length (skins), 123-125 (124); wing, 61-62 (61.5); tail,
52-56 (54); exposed culmen, 9.5-10.5 (10); tarsus, 20-20.5 (20.2).°
' Four specimens. * Three specimens.
* Species named in honor of Mr. Philip Brasher, of Brooklyn, New York.
*Type, no. 156147, coll. U. 8S. Museum (Biological Survey collection), adult male,
San Sebastian, Jalisco, Mar. 17, 1897; Nelson and Goldman.
° Two specimens.
756 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Southwestern Mexico, in State of Jalisco (San Sebastian).
Basileuterus culicivorus (not Sylvia culicivora Lichtenstein) Netson, Auk, xv, 1898,
159, part (near San Sebastian, mts. of w. Jalisco).
BASILEUTERUS CULICIVORUS GODMANI Berlepsch.
GODMAN’S WARBLER.
Similar to B. ¢. flavescens, but upper parts still more strongly
washed with yellow (the general color decided olive-green) and super-
ciliary stripe darker olive-green (the posterior portion concolor with
auricular region, instead of decidedly paler and more yellowish); aver-
aging slightly larger.
Adult male.—Length (skins), 114-126 (120.4); wing, 58-65 (62.2);
tail, 50-56.5 (54.1); exposed culmen, 9.5-10.5 (9.8); tarsus, 19.5-21.5
(20-1).*
Adult female.—Length (skins), 112-116 (114.7); wing, 57-62 (60);
tail, 49-54 (52); exposed culmen, 9.5; tarsus, 19.5—20. (19.7).”
Chiriqui (Volcan de Chiriqui; Boquete), and Veragua (Calovevora);*
southwestern Costa Rica (San Marcos) ¢*
Basileuierus culicivorus (not Sylvia culicivora Lichtenstein) Savin, Proc. Zool.
Soc. Lond., 1870, 183 (Volcan de Chiriqui and Calovevora, Veragua).—Sat-
vin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1881, 171, part (localities in
Veragua).—SuHarpPE, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 383, part ( Veragua).
[ Basileuterus] culicivorus SCLATER and Satvrin, Nom. Ay. Neotr., 1875, 10, part.
Basileuterus godmani Beruerscu, Auk, v, Oct., 1888, 450 (Veragua; coll. Count
von Berlepsch).
(?) Basileuterus godmanni Cuerriz, Anal. Inst. Fis.-Geog. Nac. Costa Rica, vi,
1893, 10 (San Marcos, s. w. Costa Rica; crit.; descriptions).
B[asileuterus] culicivorus godmani Beruerscu, Auk, v, Oct., 1888, 450, in text.
Basileuterus culicivorus godmani Banas, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club, iii, Jan. 30,
1902, 60 (Volcan de Chiriqui and Boquete, Chiriqui, 4,000 to 7,700 ft. ).
BASILEUTERUS SEMICERVINUS® VERAGUENSIS (Sharpe).
BUFF-RUMPED WARBLER.
Adults (sexes alike).—Pileum and hindneck plain sooty or grayish
clove-brown; back, scapulars, and lesser wing-coverts plain deep olive;
wings dusky with olive edgings; rump, tail-coverts (upper and lower),
and basal two-thirds (approximately) of tail clear buff; terminal por-
tion of tail olive-dusky with lighter olive edgings; a supraloral streak
' Nine specimens. * Three specimens.
*Oount von Berlepsch (Auk, v, 1884, 450) refers Costa Rican specimens to this
form, but all the specimens from that country examined by me belong decidedly to
B. c. culiciworus. I have not seen specimens from San Marcos, which Mr. Cherrie
refers to this form.
*See Cherrie, Anal. Fis.-Geog. Nac. Costa Rica, vi, 1893, 10.
°T have not been able to examine a specimen of B. s. semicervinus. An example
of B. s. uropygialis, from Bogota, Colombia, differs from the present form in having
the back, etc., more greenish olive, the under parts entirely and more deeply buff,
the basal portion of the tail deeper buff and the terminal portion lighter, more olive.
a
wT
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 5G
and upper eyelid pale dull buff or buffy olive; a triangular dusky loral
space and a less distinct (sometimes obsolete) dusky postocular spot or
streak; under parts pale buff, the abdomen (sometimes throat also)
nearly (sometimes quite) white, the sides and flanks buffy brown, the
latter more strongly suffused with buff; chest sometimes indistinctly
barred with pale olive; bill brownish black or blackish brown, the
mandible sometimes paler brown; iris dark brown;' legs and feet pale
horn brown (in dried skins).
Adult male.—Length (skins), 119.5-124 (122.5); wing, 62-64 (63.1);
tail, 50-53.6 (51.3); exposed culmen, 11-13 (11.8); tarsus, 21-23 (22.4).”
Adult female.—Length (skins), 119-122 (120.5); wing, 62; tail, 49-50
(49.5); exposed culmen, 11-12 (11.5); tarsus, 21-23 (22).°
Isthmus of Panama (south to Panama Railroad) and southwestern
Costa Rica (Rio Naranjo; Boruca; Buenos Aires).
Basileuterus uropygialis (not of Sclater, 1864) Scuarer and Satvin, Proc. Zool.
Soe. Lond., 1864, 347 (Panama R. R.).—Barrp, Review Am. Birds, 1865,
246 (Panama R. R.).—Satvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, 136 (Santa Fé,
Veragua; crit.); 1870, 183 (Bugaba, Veragua).
[ Basileuterus] wropygialis SCLATERAaN Savin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1875, 10 (Panama).
Basileuterus semicervinus (not of Sclater) LawreNcE, Ann. Lye. N. Y., vii, 1861,
322 (Panama R. R.).
Basileuterus leucopygius (not of Sclater and Salvin) Satyi~ and Gopman, Biol.
Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1881, 172, part (Bugaba and Santa Fé, Veragua; Pan-
ama R. R.).
[ Basileuterus leucopygius.] Subsp. a. Basileuterus veraguensis SHARPE, Cat. Birds >
3rit. Mus., x, 1885, 408 (Paraiso Station, Panama R. R.; coll. Brit. Mus. ).
Basileuterus leucopygius veraguensis Banas, Auk, vill, Oct., 1901, 368 (Divala,
Chiriqui); Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club, i, 1902, 60 (Boquete, Chiriqui,
4,000 ft. alt.).
Basileuterus veraguensis CHERRIE, Anal. Inst. Fis.-Geog. Nac. Costa Rica, vi, 1893,
12 (Rio Naranjo, s. w. Costa Rica; crit.; habits; song); Expl. Zool. Costa
Rica, i, Aves, 1893, 14 (Boruca and Buenos Aires, s. w. Costa Rica).
BASILEUTERUS SEMICERVINUS LEUCOPYGIUS (Sclater and Salvin).
COSTA RICAN BUFF-RUMPED WARBLER.
Similar to B. s. veruguensis, but buff of tail-coverts and basal portion
of tail paler (nearly cream buff), that of the tail more restricted (occu-
pying about the basal half, instead of basal two-thirds, and quite hid-
den by the coverts); under parts paler, largely white medially, but
sides and flanks much darker buffy olive, and the chest (sometimes
breast also) spotted with pale olive.
Adult male.—Length (skins), 132; wing, 63-64 (63.5); tail, 51-52
(51.5); exposed culmen, 11.5-12 (11.7); tarsus, 23.5-24 (23.7).*
Adult female.—Leneth (skins), 116-130 (121.7); wing, 60-63 (60.9);
tail, 48-50.5 (49.1); exposed culmen, 12-12.5 (12.2); tarsus, 20.5-23.5.°
2
'Heyde, manuscript. Four specimens. $ Two specimens.
*Two specimens. ° Four specimens.
758 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Costa Rica (Angostura; Rio Frio; Tucurrique; Juiz; Volcan de
Miravalles; La Palma; San Carlos), Nicaragua (Greytown; Los
Sabolos), and southern Honduras (Segovia River).
Basileuterus uropygialis (not of Sclater) Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., viii, 1866,
180 (Greytown, Nicaragua); ix, 1868, 95 (Angostura and Juiz, Costa Rica).—
SaLvin, Ibis, 1872, 313 (Nicaragua).—Boucarp, Proc. Zool. Soe. Lond., 1878,
52 (San Carlos, Costa Rica).
Basileuterus oe ScLaTer and Saryin, Nom. Ay. Neotr., 1873, 156 (Costa
Rica; coll. P. L. Sclater).—Sanivry and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i,
1881, 172, part (Greytown, Nicaragua; Tucurrique, Angostura, and Juiz,
Costa Rica).—Nutrine, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vi, 1884, 399 (Los Sibalos,
Nicaragua; habits).—SHarps, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 402.—ZELEDON,
Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., viii, 1885, 105 (Costa Rica); Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa
Rica, i, 1887, 107 (Angostura and Juiz, Costa Rica).—Ricumonp, Proc.
U. S. Nat. Mus., xvi, 18938, 485 (Rio Frio, Costa Rica; habits; song).—
Unperwoop, Ibis, 1896, 434 (Volcan de Miravalles, Costa ae
[ Basileuterus]| leucopygius ScLaTER and Sauyin, Nom. Avy. Neotr., 1873, 10.
Basilewterus semicervinus leucopygius RipGway [and Nurrina], Proc. U. 8. Nat.
Mus., v, Sept. 5, 1882, 390 (La Palma, Costa Rica; habits).
Genus ERGATICUS Baird.
Ergaticus Batrp, Review Am. Birds, Apr., 1865, 237, 264. (Type, Setophaga
rubra Swainson. )
Small ** fly-catching” Mniotiltidee with the bill very small and nar-
row (narrower than deep at gonydeal angle and with maxilla from
nostril not longer than hallux, without claw); ninth primary shorter
than fourth; color mostly red.
Bill very Small (length of maxilla from nostril not more than length
of hallux without claw), narrow (width at gonydeal angle decidedly
less than depth at same point); culmen nearly straight for basal half
or more, then gently decurved; maxillary tomium nearly straight for
terminal half, the basal half gently deflexed to the rictus, the sub-
terminal notch indistinct; gonys straight or very faintly convex.
Nostril longitudinal, narrowly oval, elliptical, or nearly linear, over-
hung by broad membranous operculum. Rictal bristles well devel-
oped, more than half as long as bill. Wing rather long, rounded
(seventh, sixth, and fifth primaries longest, eighth longer than fourth,
ninth shorter than third); wing-tip longer than commissure, but much
shorter than tarsus. Tail-nearly as long as wing, rounded, the rec-
trices rather narrow, with rounded tips. Tarsus a little less than one-
third as long as wing, slender, its scutella distinct or obvious only on
lower portion; middle toe, with claw, much shorter than tarsus; basal
phalanx of middle toe united for most of its length to outer toe, for
about half its length (or a little less) to inner toe.
Coloration.—Prevailing color red (sexes alike).
Nidification.—Unknown.
Range.—Highlands of Mexico and Guatemala. (Two species.)
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 759
This genus is very distinct from Cardellina, from which it differs
in its relatively much shorter and more rounded wing, longer and
decidedly rounded tail, more slender bill, longer rictal bristles, and
very different style of coloration.
KEY TO THE SPECIES OF ERGATICUS.
a. General color red. (Adults. )
b. Auficular region silvery white, in sharp and conspicuous contrast with deep red
of rest of head. (States of Vera Cruz, Oaxaca, Puebla, Mexico, Michoacan,
and Jalisco, Mexico.)....-..- Ergaticus ruber, adult male and female (p. 759)
bb. Auricular region satiny pink, concolor with rest of head. (Highlands of
Guatemala and Chiapas.) .-Ergaticus versicolor, adult male and female (p. 760)
aa. General color tawny brown. (Young. )
b. Auricular region light silvery gray...........- Ergaticus ruber,! young (p. 759)
ERGATICUS RUBER (Swainson).
RED WARBLER.
Adult male.—General color rich red, darker and inclining: to claret
brown on back and scapulars, ighter (poppy red or between poppy
red and carmine) on rump and under parts of body; whole auricular
region silvery white or pale silvery gray; lesser wing-coverts concolor
with back; middle coverts dusky at base but with most of exposed por-
tion poppy red; greater coverts dusky, broadly edged with dull poppy
red; remiges and rectrices dusky, with dull reddish edgings, broadest
and most distinct on tertials; bill horn brown, paler on mandible; legs
and feet light horn brownish; length (skins), 115-126 (120.5); wing,
57-63 (59.7); tail, 55-64 (58.3); exposed culmen, 8-9 (8.5); tarsus,
18.5-20 (19.3); middle toe, 10-11 (10.2).”
Adult female.—Similar to the adult male but shghtly duller in color;
length (skins), 115-117 (116); wing, 60-61 (60.5); tail, 56-57 (56.5);
exposed culmen, 8; tarsus, 20; middle toe, 9-10 (9.5).*
Immature male (second year).—Quite similar in coloration to the
adult female.
Immature female (second year).—Similar to the adult female and
immature male, but the red of a more orange hue, and color of occiput
hindneck, back, and scapulars much duller, inclining to burnt sienna.
Young, first plumage.—General color cinnamon-brown or russet,
darker above (inclining to mars brown on back and scapulars), paler,
more tawny-cinnamon, below, the abdomen inclining to cinnamon- buff;
auricular region pale silvery gray, in sharp and strong contrast with
brown of rest of head; wings and tail dusky, the middle wing-coverts
broadly tipped with cinnamon, the greater coverts broadly edged with
the same, the remiges and rectrices edged with dull brownish red or
reddish brown.
Highlands of Mexico, in States of Vera Cruz (Jalapa; Mirador; Las
The young of FE. versicolor not seen. 2 Four specimens. ’ Two specimens.
760 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Vigas), Puebla (Mount Orizaba; Istatcihuatl; Chachapa; Teziutlan),
Mexico (Tlalpam; Ajusco; near City of Mexico), Oaxaca (La Parada;
Llano Verde; Cerro San Felipe; Mount Zempoaltepec), Michoacan
(Patzcuaro), Jalisco (Sierra Nevada), Durango (Ciudad Durango), and
Sinaloa (Sierra Madre).
Selophaga rubra Swatnson, Philos. Mag., new ser., i, 1827, 368 (Valladolid,
Mexico!); Isis, 1834, 784; Anim. in Menag., ce 293 (Toluca; coll. W.
Swainson).—(?)Bonapartr, Proc. Zool. Soe. Lond., 1837, 118 (‘‘Guate-
mala’’).—Barrp, in Stansbury’s Rep. Gt. Salt Lake, 1852, 329 (‘‘Texas’’) .—
SciaTER, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1855, 65.
[Setophaga] rubra Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 244, no. 35382.
[ Cardellina] rubra BoNAPArRtTE, Consp. Ay., i, 1850, 312.
Cardellina rubra Cassin, Ilustr. Birds Cal., Tex., ete., 1854, 265, pl. 48.—ScuaTEr,
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1856, 292 (El Jacale, s. Mexico); 1858, 299 (La
Parada, Oaxaca); 1859, 363 (Jalapa, Vera Cruz), 374 (Llano Verde, Oaxaca);
1864, 173 (City of Mexico); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 38 ene —BaIrpD,
Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 296; Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 216;
Review Am. Birds, 1865, 264 (n. e. Mexico; pine reg. i Mirador;
highlands Orizaba).—Duaks, La Naturaleza, i, 1868, 140 (Valley of Mex-
ico).—Sumicurast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., i, 1869, 546 (alp. reg. Vera
Cruz).—Finscu, Abh. Nat. Brem., 1870, ae
Setofaga rubra Leis, Proce. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., i, 1842, 140.
B(asileuterus] ruber CaBpants, Mus. Hein., 1, ee 18 (Mexico).
[ Ergaticus] ruber ScLavTER and Satvin, Nom. Ay. Neotr., 1873, 11.
Urgaticus ruber Rripaway, Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 152.—Satvin and Gop-
MAN, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1881, 164.—SnHarps, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus.,
x, 1885, 406 (near City of Mexico; Jalapa, Oaxaca; Ciudad Durango).—
Frerrari-Perez, Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., ix, 1886, 138 (Istatcihuatl, Chachapa,
and Teziutlan, Puebla).—AmericAN OrnirHo.Loaists’ Unron, Check List,
1886, no. 691.—Cox, Auk, xii, 1895, 358 (Mount Orizaba, 11 000 ft. ). —CHapP-
MAN, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., x, 1898, 40 (Las Vigas, Vera Cruz, 8,000 ft.
alt., breeding).
E{rgaticus] ruber Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 531.
Cardellina ( Ergaticus) rubra Cours, Birds Col. Val., 1878, 331, Bree an
Sylvia miniata (not Selophaga miniata Swainson ) Lae AYE, Mag. de Zool., 183
pl. 54.
Parus leucotis Giraup. Sixteen Species Texan Birds, 1841, fol. 17, pl. 4, fig. 1.
(‘*Texas’’).
ERGATICUS VERSICOLOR (Salvin).
PINK-HEADED WARBLER,
Adult male.—Head, neck, and chest rose pink, with a satiny gloss,
changing to nearly white in certain lights, deepening on forehead, lores,
and suborbital region into wine red or burnt carmine, the chin tinged
with the same, all the feathers of head, neck, and sheet dusky beneath
the surface, this showing wherever plumage is disarranged; back,
scapulars, and lesser wing-coverts plain dark brownish red or deep
burnt carmine, passing into lighter red (nearest light burnt carmine)
on rump, the UBB tail-coverts same color as back but with paler
1 Province of More lia, State of Michoacan?
7
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 761
red tips; under parts of body, with under tail-coverts, poppy red, the
feathers sometimes with indistinct terminal margins of pale pinkish;
middle wing-coverts dusky tipped with pinkish red; greater coverts
dusky edged with deeper and duller red; remiges and rectrices dusky
with narrow and indistinct grayish red edgings, these more distinct
on tertials; maxilla dusky horn color, mandible paler; iris orange;'
legs and feet horn color; length (skins), 112-117 (115.8); wing, 58-63
(60.3); tail, 52-56.5 (54.8); exposed culmen, 8-9 (8.5); tarsus, 19-20
(19.3).°
Adult female.—Similar to the adult male but slightly duller in color,
with the red of a slightly more orange hue; length (skins), 111-120
(114); wing, 57-59 (57.8); tail, 53-56 (54.4); exposed culmen, 7-9
(8.1); tarsus, 18-19.5 (18.8).° ;
Highlands of Guatemala (Chilasco, Totonicapam, Volcan de Fuego,
Solola, Todos Santos, Hacienda Chancol, Uspantan-Quitché, ete.) and
Chiapas (Pinabete, San Cristobal, ete.).
Cardellina versicolor Savin, Proc. Zool. Soe. Lond., 1863, 188, pl. 24, fig. 1 (Chi-
lasco, Vera Paz, Guatemala; coll. Salvin and Godman); Ibis, 1866, 192
(highest districts of Guatemala).—Batrp, Review Am. Birds, 1865. 265
(Totonicapam, Guatemala).
[Setophaga versicolor] Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 244, no. 3533.
[ Ergaticus versicolor] ScLaTeR and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 11.
Ergaticus versicolor SAtvin and GopMan, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1881, 165,
pl. 11, fig. 1 (Volean de Fuego, Solola, Totonicapam, and Chilaseco, Guate-
mala).—SHarpr, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 407.—NeE.son, Auk, xv, 1898,
159 (central Chiapas).
El rgaticus] versicolor Rrpaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 531.
Genus CERTHIDEA Gould.
Certhidea GouLp, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., pt. v, 1837, 7. (Type, C. olivacea Gould. )
Small long-legged, short-tailed, very plainly colored Mniotiltidee with
rather stout but acute bill; the tarsus much more than one-third as
long as wing and more than one-half as long as tail; coloration plain
olive, grayish brown or brownish gray above, paler, sometimes nearly
white, beneath, the throat and a superciliary streak sometimes buffy or
rufescent.
Bill rather small (exposed culmen less than two-thirds as long as tar-
sus, not longer than middle toe without claw, usually shorter), pointed,
deeper than broad at base; culmen distinctly ridged, nearly or quite
straight for basal half (more or less), the terminal portion very slightly
curved and the extreme base sometimes slightly convex; gonys straight
or very slightly convex, shorter than distance from nostril to tip of
maxilla; maxillary tomium with an indistinct notch near tip (sometimes
obvious only by very close inspection), its basal portion gradually curved
downward from a point beneath or slightly anterior to nostril. Nostril
1 Heyde and Lux, manuscript. » Seven specimens. * Five specimens.
horizontally oval or subcuneate, with membrane above, behind, and
below, but broadest above. Rictal bristles obsolete. Wing rather
short, rounded (seventh, sixth, and fifth primaries longest and nearly
equal, the eighth and fourth but little shorter, ninth not longer than
second); wing-tip shorter than length of culmen. ‘Tail short (less than
twice as long as tarsus but more than two-thirds as long as wing),
rounded, the rectrices broad and rounded at tip. Tarsus long (about
twice as long as exposed culmen, much more than one-third as long as
762 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. |
wing), slender, its scutella indistinct (sometimes obsolete laterally); mid-
dle toe, with claw, decidedly shorter than tarsus, its basal phalanx united
for more than half its length to outer toe, for less than half to inner;
lateral toes with claws reaching ahout to base of middle claw; hallux
about as long as lateral toes but conspicuously stouter, its claw decidedly
shorter than the digit.
Coloration.—Plain brownish gray, grayish brown, or olive above
(the wings with narrow whitish bands in one species); under parts
much paler than the upper, sometimes dull white, the throat and a
superciliary streak sometimes buffy or rufescent.
Nidification.—Unknown.
Range.—Galapagos Archipelago, where represented on all the
islands of the group.
I have long been convinced that Certhidea belonged to the Mniotil-
tide rather than the Coerebide, where it had been placed by Messrs.
Sclater and Salvin. This view of its relationships has been confirmed
by an examination of its anatomical structure, made at my suggestion
by Mr: BE. A. Lueas.*
Owing to their extremely plain coloration, it is very difficult to con-
struct a key to the species of this genus, a difficulty greatly enhanced
by the fact that I have at the present time only four of the nine known
forms before me, while two of the remaining five I have not seen at
all. The following attempt is therefore far from satisfactory, but may
assist somewhat in the identification of the various forms.
KEY TO THE SPECIES OF CERTHIDEA.
a. No whitish wing-bars.
6. Adult males with throat and superciliary streak ochraceous-buff or tawny.
ce. Darker and more olive above; rectrices very narrowly tipped with pale
brownish.
d. Less olive above, paler and less olive below, bill never black. (Jervis,
Narborough, James, Indefatigable, Albemarle, and Dunean islands. )
Certhidea olivacea (p. 763)
dd. More olive above, darker and more olive below; bill often black. (Chatham
Islamds) 3 teen? og sane sae Se eae Certhidea luteola (p. 764) |
cc. Paler and more grayish; rectrices rather broadly tipped with whitish. i
(Charlestisland!)\ 23sec e ne aeons Certhidea ridgwayi (p. 765)
'See Lucas, The Anatomy and Affinities of Certhidia (sic); Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., |
xvii, 1894, 309, 310.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 763
6b. Adult males never with throat or superciliary streak ochraceous-buff or tawny
(rarely with a patch or tinge of ochraceous or buffy on throat).
ce. Under parts darker, more olivaceous; upper parts browner or more olive; bill
longer (distance from nostril to tip of maxilla 7.9-8.9).
d. Chin and under wing-coyerts buffy; mandible usually black. (Tower
GS] stra CL) peers eae a ta pen re ee ad eee A Nod a Certhidea mentalis (p. 766)
dd. Chin and under wing-coverts not buffy (white or pale yellowish);
mandible never (?) black.
e. Paler, especially on sides and flanks; throat never inclining to ochraceous;
smaller (wing not more than 53.8). (Abingdon and Bindloe islands. )
Certhidea fusca (p. 766)
ee. Darker, especially on sides and flanks; throat sometimes tinged with
or inclining to ochraceous; larger (wing 55.9-62 in males, 51.8-56.9 in
females) .
f. Smaller (wing of male 55.9-58.9, of female 51.8-53.8); pileum and sides
of breast paler. . (Wenman Island.)........- Certhidea becki (p. 767)
i. Larger (wing of male 62, of female 56.9); pileum and sides of breast
darker. (Culpepper Island).-.........- Certhidea drownei (). 767)
ce. Under parts brownish white; upper parts grayer; bill shorter (never more
than 8.4 from nostril to tip of maxilla, usually much less); reetrices nar-
rowly tipped with whitish. (Hood Island and Gardner Island near Hood. )
Certhidea cinerascens (p. 768)
aa. Wing with two narrow bars of whitish. (Barrington Island. )
Certhidea bifasciata (p. 768)
CERTHIDEA OLIVACEA Gould.
DARWIN’S CERTHIDEA.
Adult male.—Abdove plain pale olive, becoming more olive-gray on
pileum and hindneck; rump and upper tail-coverts more buff yolive;
wings and tail dusky grayish with pale olive edgings, the middle wing-
coyerts broadly tipped with wood brown, the greater coverts broadly
edged with the same; a short superciliary stripe (extending from nos-
tril to about 4 mm. behind eve), lower eyelid, malar region, chin,
and throat (sometimes upper chest also) cinnamon-tawny, tawny-
ochraceous, or cinnamon-rufous; lores and suborbital region pale dull
buffy; auricular region light buffy grayish; median portion of breast
and abdomen and under tail-coverts cream buff, the breast with more
or less concealed central spots of the color of throat, the shorter
under tail-coverts tinged with the same; sides and flanks grayish buffy
or pale olive-brown; maxilla dusky, mandible pale brownish or brownish
white (in dried skins); iris dark brown; tarsi horn brown, the toes
darker; length (skins), about 91.5; wing, 55-57; tail, 37-40; bill from
nostril, 7.'
Adult female. —Similar to the adult male but slightly smaller; under
parts paler (more whitish), with less of the cinnamon-tawny or cinna-
mon-rufous color on throat, ete., usually with much less, sometimes
with none; wing 54-56 (rarely exceeding 55).”
' Measurements from Rothschild and Hartert.
* According to Rothsehild and Hartert.
764 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Young.—Similar to the adults but plumage of looser texture;
middle and greater wing-coyerts margined terminally with cinnamon-
buffy; superciliary region, chin, throat, and chest dull buffy whitish
or very pale dull grayish buffy.
Galapagos Archipelago (James, Duncan, Albemarle, Indefatigable,
Narborough, and Jervis islands).
Certhidea olivacea Gouin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., pt. vy, 1837, 7 (Galapagos
I.); Zool. Voy. Beagle, iii, Birds, 1841, 106, pl. 44, part (James I.).—
Sauvin, Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond., ix, pt. ix, 1876, 476, part (James I.; Inde-
fatigable I.).—Sciater, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 28, part (James L.;
Indefatigible I.).—Rip@way, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xii, 1889, 105, 119, 128,
125, part (James I.; Indefatigable I.); xix, 1897, 498 (monogr. ).
CLerthidea] olivacea BoNAParts, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 541.
[ Certhidea] olivacea ScLaTER and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1878, 16.
Certhidea olivacea olivacea RotascHitp and Harrerr, Novit. Zool., vi, Aug., 1899,
148 (James, Duncan, Albemarle, Jervis, Indefatigable, and Narborough
islands).
Certhidea salvini Ripaway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xvii, no. 1007, Noy. 15, 1894,
358 (Indefatigable I.; coll. Dr. G. Baur); xix, 1897, 500 (monogr. ).
Certhidea albemarlei Ripaway, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., xvii, no. 1007, Nov. 15,
1894, 360 (Albemarle I., Galapagos, coll. Dr. G. Baur); xix, 1897, 500
(monogr. ).
CERTHIDEA LUTEOLA Ridgway.
CHATHAM ISLAND CERTHIDEA,
Similar to C. olvvacea, but upper parts brighter olive and under
parts distinctly buff-yellowish (except in much abraded plumage);
no rufescent color on throat, ete.;' bill frequently entirely black;
wing, 52.1-52.8; tail, 35.6-37.6; exposed culmen, 10.2-10.9; tarsus,
20.6-21.6; middle toe, 12.2.”
Adult male.—Above uniform bright olive or buffy olive; wings and
tail dusky, the feathers broadly edged with the color of the back, the
tips of the middle and greater wing-coverts (rather broadly) pale olive-
buff, producing two indistinct bands across the wing; superciliary
streak, extending from nostrils to above posterior angle of eye, eyelids,
and entire under parts light buff-yellowish, deepest on throat, else-
where tinged with olive, especially on sides and flanks; under wing-
coverts and under tail-coverts pale yellowish buff; bill wholly deep
black; ‘‘iris brown;” legs and feet dark brown; wing, 54.1; tail,
38.6; exposed culmen, 10.2; tarsus, 20.8; middle toe, 11.4.°
Young male.—Above deep olive-brown, much darker on pileum
(approaching sooty on forehead), more fulvescent on rump and upper
'A single specimen in the large series contained in the collection of the Tring
Museum shows some freshly assumed rufescent feathers on the throat, showing
‘beyond doubt that a red throat issometimes attained.’’ (Rothschild and Hartert. ),
* Thirteen specimens.
3Type, no. 56, coll. Dr. G. Baur (now in coll. Tring Museum), Chatham Island,
Galapagos, June 17, 1891.
boi etete eee. = 6
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 765
tail-coverts, many of the feathers of top of head, hindneck, and back
showing very indistinct tips of dusky, producing a very faintly mot-
tled appearance; greater wing-coverts conspicuously edged and tipped
with bright tawny; secondaries edged with tawny-olive; sides of head
and neck, throat, and chest nearly uniform dull light grayish brown,
mixed with pale dull buffy, the feathers dusky gray basally; sides
and flanks similar but browner; median portion of under parts, pos-
terior to chest, dull pale buffy, nearly white on lower belly and anal
region.'
Galapagos Archipelago (Chatham Island).
Certhidea olivacea (part) Goutp, Zool. Voy. Beagle, ili, Birds, 1841, 106 (Chat-
ham I., Galapagos Archipelago).—Satvin, Trans. Zool. Soe. Lond., ix, pt.
ix, 1876, 476, part (Chatham I.).—Scuiater, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886,
28 (Chatham I.).—Rrmpeway, Proc. U.8. Nat. Mus., xii, 1889, 105 (part), 121
(Chatham I.).
Certhidea luteola Rrpaway, Proce. U.S. Nat. Mus., xvii, no. 1007, Nov. 15, 1894,
360 (Chatham I., Galapagos Archipelago; coll. Dr. G. Baur); xix, 1897, 501
(monogr.).
Certhidea olivacea luteola Rorascnitp and Harrerr, Novit. Zool., vi, Aug., 1899,
149 (Chatham I.; crit.).
CERTHIDEA RIDGWAY I (Rothschild and Hartert).
CHARLES ISLAND CERTHIDEA,
Similar to C. o/7vacea, but under parts much paler and less olivaceous;
upper parts more grayish; rufous-cinnamon of throat more rusty;
whitish tips to rectrices broader (1-1.5 mm. wide); bill usually deep
black.
Young. —Ahove dusky blackish brown, the pileum almost uniform
black, the feathers of the back and rump, and the upper tail-coverts
broadly edged with light brown, narrowly margined at tips with black,
and ash-gray at base; wings with light brown edgings, more rusty on
the coverts; feathers of under parts ash gray basally, then dark slate
color, their tips rusty buff; throat patched with blackish slate color,
raused by the greater extent of the slaty color in the middle of the
feathers.’
Galapagos Archipelago (Charies Island).
According to Messrs. Rothschild and Hartert, the color of the
under parts in this form resembles that of C. ednerascens, ** but is not
so white, and the adult sa/es have a red [7. ¢., rusty] throat, which is
apparently never assumed by C. cinerascens.”
Certhidea olivacea ridgwayi Roruscnitp and Harrerr, Novit. Zool., vi, Aug., 1899,
149 (Charles I., Galapagos Archipelago; coll. Tring Mus. ).
'No. 115940, coll. U. S. Nat. Mus., Chatham Island (high hills), Apr. 5, 1888;
C. H. Townsend.
* Description adapted from Rothschild and Hartert.
766 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
CERTHIDEA MENTALIS Ridgway.
TOWER ISLAND CERTHIDEA.
Similar to C. fusca, but rather smaller; color darker and less oliva-
ceous, the under parts dull light olive-grayish becoming pale buffy on
chin and under wing-coverts.
Adult.—Above uniform deep grayish olive; chin, throat, and under
wing-coverts pale buff, deepest on chin, that of throat changing grad-
ually on chest to buffy gray, which covers whole chest, upper breast,
sides, and flanks; belly dull whitish; under tail-coverts buffy white; an
indistinct whitish supraloral streak; wing, 52.1; tail, 40.1; exposed
culmen, 10.2; tarsus, 20.3.
Of the five specimens examined one has the mandible apparently
black, one dark brown, the other three brown:sh white.
Galapagos Archipelago (Tower Island).
Certhidea mentalis Ripaway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xvii, no. 1007, Nov. 15, 1894,
399 (Tower I., Galapagos Archipelago; coll. Dr. G. Baur); xix, 1897, 504
(monogr. ).
Certhidea olivacea mentalis RorascHitp and Harrerr, Novit. Zool., vi, Aug., 1899,
150 (Tower I.).
CERTHIDEA FUSCA Sclater and Salvin.
' HABEL'S CERTHIDEA.
Similar to C. o//vacea, but darker and less olivaceous above, the
under parts buffy grayish white or very pale yellowish olive-gray;
bill more dusky (wholly black in adult male); adult: male without
rufescent coloring on throat or superciliary region; wing, 50.8-52.3
(51.8); tail, 33-86.8 (35.6); exposed culmen, 10.7-11.4 (11.2); tarsus,
20.3-20.8; middle toe, 11.4-12.2 (11.7).’
Adult male.—Above uniform grayish olive, the wing-edgings simi-
lar, but rather paler on tips of greater and middle coverts; supraloral
streak, orbits, and lower parts generally dull pale grayish buffy (the
buff clearer and more pronounced on throat), deepening on sides and
flanks into buffy olive-grayish and fading on belly and under tail-cov-
erts into buffy whitish; bill brownish black, rather paler on basal
portion of mandible; tarsi dark horn color, toes darker; length (skin),
100.3; wing, 50.8; tail, 35.6; exposed culmen, 10.2; tarsus, 20.3;
middle toe, 11.4.”
Adult female?.—Similar to the male as described above, but
slightly paler beneath and on sides of head, with throat less tinged
with buffy; basal half of mandible and maxillary tomium horn brown;
length (skin), 102.8; wing, 51.3; tail, 36.1 exposed culmen, 10.7; tar-
sus, 20.3; middle toe, 11.9.*
'Five specimens. *No. 116100, coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.
3 No. 116102, coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.
ee tial initia te etl — ate Ms
ad till ei Be
~ plies Ps Sait yA
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 767
Another adult male (no. 116101, coll. U.S. Nat. Mus., obtained April
16) has the mandible distinctly light colored, except at tip, thus show-
ing the color of the bill to be an inconstant feature in this as well as
in some other species of the genus.
Young.—Above similar to adult, but rather browner, and feathers,
especially on back, hindneck, and pileum, showing’ in certain lights
very indistinct narrow terminal bars of dusky; beneath much as in
adult, but sides of head and neck, throat, and chest more grayish;
sides and flanks faintly mottled with light grayish brown, the flanks
tinged with pale buffy.'
Galapagos Archipelago (Abingdon and Bindloe islands).
Certhidea fusca SCLATER and SALVIN, Proc. Zool. Soe. Lond., 1870, 323, 324 (Abing-
don and Bindloe islands, Galapagos Archipelago; coll. Salvin and Godman ).—
Savin, Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond., ix, pt. ix, 1876, 477.—Sciater, Cat. Birds
Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 28.—Ripaway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xii, 1889, 105,
119, 123, 124, 126 (Abingdon Island); xix, 1897, 502 (monogr.).
[ Certhidea] fusca, Scuarer and Satvin, Nom. Ay. Neotr., 1873, 16.
Certhidea olivacea fusca Rorascuitp and Harrerr, Novit. Zool., vi, Aug., 1899,
151 (Abingdon and Bindloe islands).
?
CERTHIDEA BECKI Rothschild.
WENMAN ISLAND CERTHIDEA,
Similar to C. fusca, but darker, especially on sides and flanks; wing
longer, (56, nearly 59 mm., in males, 52-54 mm. in females), but bill
shorter (8-9 mm.); adult male sometimes with an ochraceous patch on
throat, the adult female sometimes with the throat tinged with ochra-
ceous. Differing from (. ol/¢vacea in being darker above, darker and
browner on chest, flanks, and sides of breast, and in the adult males
not having the throat rufous-cinnamon.”
Galapagos Archipelago (Wenman Island).
Certhidea becki Roruscuiip, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, no. liv, May 25, 1898, p. liii
(Wenman Island, Galapagos Archipelago; coll. Tring Mus. ).
Certhidea olivacea beckt Roruscuttp and Harrerr, Novit. Zool., vi, Aug., 1899, 149
(crit. ).
CERTHIDEA DROWNEI Rothschild.
CULPEPPER ISLAND CERTHIDEA.
a
Similar to C. beck7, but larger (wing, 62mm., in adult male, 57 mm.,
in adult female); sides of breast darker, more olivaceous; pileum
darker; length of bill from nostril to tip of maxilla, 8-9 mm.*
Galapagos Archipelago (Culpepper Island).
Certhidea drownet Roruscuitp, Bull Brit. Orn. Club, no. liv, May 25, 1898, p.
liii (Culpepper Island, Galapagos Archipelago; coll. Tring Mus.).
Certhidea olivacea drownet Roruscnitp and Harrerr, Novit. Zool., vi, Aug., 1899,
150 (crit. ).
'No. 116108, coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.
? Description adapted from Rothschild and Hartert.
* Diagnosis adapted from Rothschild and Hartert.
768 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
CERTHIDEA CINERASCENS Ridgway.
GRAY CERTHIDEA,
Similar to C. fusca, but much grayer above and whiter beneath, and
bill smaller (ength from nostril to tip of maxilla not exceeding 8.5).
Adult male.—Above plain dull brownish gray, beneath wholly dull
grayish white, faintly tinged with buffy, especially along sides; bill
black, basal half of mandible horn color; legs and feet black; length
(skin), 97.8; wing, 50.8; tail, 35.6; exposed culmen, 9.4; bill from
rictus, 11.4; tarsus, 18.5; middle toe, 10.9.!
Galapagos Archipelago (Hood Island and Gardner Island, near Hood
Island).
Certhidea cinerascens RipGway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xii, no. 767, Feb. 5, 1890,
105, 119, 127 (Hood L., Galapagos Archipelago; coll. U. 8. Nat. Mus.); xix,
1897, 503 (monogr. ).
Certhidea cinerascens cinerascens RoTHSCHILD and Harrert, Novit. Zool., vi, Aug.,
1899, 151 (Hood I. and Gardner I., near Hood).
Certhidia cinerascens Baur, Am. Nat., xxxi, 1897, 783 (Gardner I., near Hood).
Certhidea olivascens (laspus penna) Rrpaway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xii, 1890,
124 (Hood I.).
CERTHIDEA BIFASCIATA Ridgway.
BARRINGTON ISLAND CERTHIDEA.
Similar to C. cénerascens, but still whiter (entirely almost pure white)
beneath, and wing with two broad whitish bands across tips of greater
and middle coverts.
Adult.—Above brownish gray, becoming very much paler on the
rump; wings and tail dusky, the feathers broadly edged with grayish
brown; middle wing-coverts broadly tipped with pale dull buffy, and
greater coverts with dull white, producing two conspicuous bands
across the wing: lores, orbits, cheeks, and entire under parts uni-
form dull white; maxilla dark brown, with whitish tomia; mandible
whitish; legs and feet brownish black; length (skin), 86.4; wing, 50.8;
tail, 35.6; exposed culmen, 10.2; tarsus, 19.8; middle toe, 12.2.’
Three specimens from Barrington Isiand agree in the above char-
acters.
Galapagos Archipelago (Barrington Island).
Certhidea bifasciata RipGway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xvii, no. 1007, Noy. 15, 1894,
309 (Barrington I., Galapagos Archipelago; coll. Dr. G. Baur’); xix, 1897,
504 (monogr. ).
Certhidea cinerascens bifasciata RotuscHitp and Harrert, Novit. Zool., vi, Aug.,
1899, 151 (Barrington I[.).
'Type, no. 116069, coll. U. S. Nat. Mus., Hood Island, Galapagos, Apr. 7, 1888.
2 Type, no. 5938, coll. Dr. G. Baur (now in coll. Tring Mus. ), Barrington Island,
Galapagos, July 9, 1891.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 769 |
Genus RHODINOCICHLA Hartlaub.
Rhodinocichla Hartuaus, Journ. fiir Orn., i, Jan., 1853, 33. (Type, Furnarius
roseus Lesson. )
Rhodinocincla (lapsus!) Rercnenspacn, Handb. Spec. Orn., no. x, Scansorize (Sit-
tinee), Aug. 1, 1853, 148, 201.
Rhodocincla (emendation ) SuNDEVALL, Ay. Meth. Tent., 1872, 13.
Cichlalopia BoNAPARTE, Compt. Rend., xxxvili, 1854, 6. (Type, Turdusvulpinus
Hartlaub, = Purnarius roseus Lesson. )
Very large Mniotiltidee(?) with bill nearly as long as head, stout
(depth at nostrils equal to nearly half the distance from nostril to tip
of maxilla), distinctly notched; nostril nearly circular, with very sheht
superior membrane; rictal bristles obsolete; middle toe with claw nearly
equal to tarsus; wing excessively rounded, the outermost (ninth) pri-
mary much shorter than secondaries, the eighth shorter, or at least not
longer, than first, the seventh, sixth, fifth, and fourth longest and
nearly equal; tail about equal to wing, much rounded; upper parts,
sides, and flanks plain sooty blackish or slate color; superciliary stripe
and median under parts rose red in adult males, tawny in adult females.
Bill nearly as long as head, moderately compressed, rather stout;
culmen straight for basal half (appoximately) then gradually decurved
to the distinctly but not abruptly uncinate tip, distinctly but not sharply
ridged basally; maxillary tomium nearly straight for most of its length,
distinctly notched subterminally; gonys very faintly convex. Nostril
circular, in anterior end of nasal fossee, without superior operculum or
membrane, except posteriorly. Rictal bristles obsolete. Wing short,
excessively rounded; outermost (ninth) primary much shorter than
secondaries; eighth shorter (or at least not longer) than first, the sev-
enth, sixth, fifth, and fourth longest and nearly equal; wing-tip about
half as long as exposed culmen. Tail about as long as wing, much
rounded, the rectrices very broad, with rounded tips. Tarsus about
one-third as long as wing, stout, its scutella indistinct on outer side;
middle toe, with ciaw, nearly as long as tarsus; lateral toes equal, their
claws falling short of base of middle claw; hallux about as long as lat-
eral toes, slender, its claw much shorter than the digit; basal phalanx
of middle toe united for most of its length to outer toe, for about half
its length to inner toe.
Coloration.—Upper parts, sides of head, sides, and flanks plain
sooty blackish or slate color; superciliary stripe, malar region, and
under parts (except laterally) rose red in adult males, tawny in females;
young said to have the under parts mottled.’
Nidijfication.—Unknown.
1 Evidently a slip of the memory, or the pen, since Hartlaub is cited, as above, as
authority for the name.
* Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 38
3654—voL 2—01——49
TCO BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Range.—Western Mexico; Costa Rica to Colombia and Venezuela.
(Two species. )
Although this genus, first placed in the Furnariide, but usually
referred to either the Mimide or Troglodytide, is very aberrant as a
member of the Mniotiltidee, I do not know where else to place it. It
quite certainly does not belong to the first-named family, being
unquestionably an oscine bird; nor can it belong to either of the other
two, which are both ‘‘ ten-primaried” groups, while Rhodinecichla is
** nine-primaried,” the tenth primary being very minute and entirely
concealed.
KEY TO THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES OF RHODINOCICHLA.
a. Superciliary stripe, throat, breast, etc., rose red. (Adult males. )
b. Smaller (wing 81, tail 78, depth of bill at nostrils 5.5).1_ (Wenezuela; Colombia.)
Rhodinocichla rosea rosea, adult male (extralimital ? )
bb. Larger (wing 83-90, tail 82-93, depth of bill at nostrils 6.5-7).
c. Upper parts slate-black; flanks dark slate color; wing and tail shorter, feet
larger (wing averaging 85.6, tail 85.7, tarsus 27.3, middle toe 19.5). (Isth-
mus of Panama to southern Costa Rica. )
Rhodinocichla rosea eximia, adult male (p. 770)
cc. Upper parts slate color; flanks slate-gray; wing and tail longer, feet smaller
(wing averaging 88.3, tail 89.3, tarsus 25.4, middle toe 18.1). (Western
Mex CON). = sae ee oes Rhodinocichla schistacea, adult male (p. 772)
aa. Superciliary stripe, throat, breast, etc., tawny. (Adult females. )
b. Smaller, with larger feet (wing 77-82.5, tail 78-84, tarsus 26-28).
c. Bill more slender (depth at nostrils 5.8); upper parts slate color, flanks slate-
OTAY Soa ch ewe sees Rhodinocichla rosea rosea, adult female (extralimital)
cc. Bill stouter (depth at nostril 6-7, averaging 6.7); upper parts slate-black,
flanks. slate‘colorsssss.. .* Rhodinocichla rosea eximia, adult female (p. 771)
6b. Larger, with smaller feet (wing 83-85, tail 83-86, tarsus 25).?
Rhodinocichla schistacea, adult female (p. 772)
RHODINOCICHLA ROSEA EXIMIA Ridgway.
PANAMA THRUSH-WARBLER.
Similar to 2. 7. rosea, but larger, with stouter bill and decidedly
darker coloration.
Adult male.—Upper parts uniform slate-black, the greater wing-
coverts more or less distinctly edged with slate-gray; a superciliary
1 Coloration intermediate between that of R. r. eximia and R. schistacea.
Rhodinocichla rosea rosea (Lesson).
Furnarius roseus Lesson, Ilustr. Zool., 1832-34, pl. 5 (San Juan, Brazil); Lafres-
naye, Rey. Zool., viii, 1845, 10 (Colombia; crit. ).—Rhodinocincla rosea Reich-
enbach, Handb. Spec. Orn., no. x, Scansoriae (Sittinae), Aug. 1, 1853, 148;
R{hodinocincla] rosea Reichenbach, Handb. Spec. Orn., no. x, 1853, 201.—
Rhodinocichla rosea Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1855, 141 (Bogota,
Colombia).—Turdus vulpinus Hartlaub, Rev. et Mag. de Zool., i, 1849, 276
(Venezuela; coll. Bremen Mus.; = female).—Cichlalopia vulpina Bonaparte,
Compt. Rend., xxxvill, 1854, 6.
2 Coloration similar to that of R. rosea rosea, but flanks rather paler slate-gray.
ae ii i i ie i i
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. ml
stripe of clear rose red, broadest over lores, where encroaching on
sides of forehead, becoming much narrower from above the eye back-
ward, the supra-auricular ‘portion white or pale rose pink; lower half
of lores, suborbital region, auricular region, and sides of neck uniform
slate-black; malar region, chin, throat, chest, abdomen, under tail-
coverts, anterior lesser wing-coverts, and marginal under wing-coverts
clear rose red (the feathers grayish dusky basally); sides, flanks, and
thighs dark slate color or nearly slate-black; under wing-coverts
(except those along edge of wing) pale gray centrally, broadly mar-
gined with white; maxilla dark horn color basally, pale brownish or
whitish terminally (sometimes for more than terminal half) and along
tomia; mandible pale yellowish brown or whitish; length (skins),
190-201 (194.7); wing, 83-88 (85.6); tail, 81-89 (85.7); exposed culmen,
19.5-21.8 (20.6); depth of bill at nostrils, 6.5-7 (6.8); tarsus, 26-28.5
(27.3); middle toe, 18.5—21 (19.5). ?
Adult female.—Pattern of coloration exactly as in adult male,
but the rose red replaced by clear, rich tawny, the lower abdomen
more or less extensively white, and the slate-black of upper parts
slightly more slaty, the flanks decidedly so; length (skins), 180-190
(185.5); wing, 77—-82.5 (80); tail, 77-84 (79.8); exposed culmen, 19-21.5
(19.8); depth of bill at nostrils, 6-7 (6.7); tarsus, 26-28 (26.8); middle
toe, 18-19.5 (19).*
Immature male.—Similar to the adult female, but superciliary stripe
red, instead of tawny, anteriorly, chin, throat, and malar region
strongly tinged with red (especially the latter), and tawny of under
parts much more restricted, and darker, slightly tinged with red on
breast.
Immature female.—Similar to the adult female, but greater wing-
coverts margined terminally with tawny and tawny supraloral space
narrower and less sharply defined.
Young in first plumage.—* All over blackish, with a few rufous
edges to the wing-coverts; underneath mottled like a young blackbird,*
the features sandy buff, with broad black edges; the center of the
abdomen somewhat whiter; over the eye a broad streak of white.” ®
Isthmus of Panama and north to southern Costa Rica.
Rhodinocichla rosea (not of Sclater, 1855, ‘not Furnarius roseus Lesson) SCLATER,
Proce. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1856, 140 (David, Chiriqui).—LAwrence, Ann. Lye.
N. Y., .vii,- 1861, 292 (Lion Hill, Panama R. R.); ix, 1868, 92 (Costa
Rica).—Sciater and Satvin, Proc. Zool. Soe. Lond., 1864, 345 (Lion Hill).—
Batrrp, Review Am. Birds, 1864, 91, footnote, part (Panama R. R.).—Satvrin,
Proce. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, 133 (Santa Fé, Veragua, and David, Chiriqui;
crit.); 1870, 180 (Calovevora, Chitra, and Mina de Chorcha, Veragua).—
Frantzivus, Journ. fur Orn., 1869, 291 (Costa Rica).—Satyin and GopMAN,
1Ten specimens. 2 Merula merula (Linneeus).
’ Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., vi, 1881, 367.
*Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1855, 141 (Bogota, Colombia); = R. rosea rosea (Lesson).
772 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1879, 38, part (Costa Rica; David; Volean de
Chiriqui; “Mina de Chorcha; Chitra; Calovevora; Santa Fé; Lion Hill).—
Suarpr, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., vi, 1881, 366, part (Costa Rica; Veragua).—
Ripeway, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., xvi, 1893, 609 (Buenos Aires, s. w. Costa
Rica; crit.).—CHeErrie, Expl. Zool. Costa Rica, i, Aves, 1893, 4 (Buenos
Aires, Costa Rica; descr. male and female).—Banes, Auk, xviii, 1901, 368
(Divala, Chiriqui); Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club, iii, 1902, 60 (Boquete,
3,000 to 3,500 ft., and Bogaba, Chiriqui).
[Rhodinocichla] rosea ScuaTeR and Satvry, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 3, part.
[Rhodinocichla rosea] a. rosea Rrpaway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., i, Dec. 10, 1878,
247 (diagnosis).
RHODINOCICHLA SCHISTACEA Ridgway.
MEXICAN THRUSH-WARBLER,
Similar to R. r. eximia, but with black of upper parts replaced by
slate color, that of the flanks by slate-gray; wing and tail decidedly
longer, feet smaller.
Adult male.—Upper parts, including sides of neck, plain slate color,
the feathers with slightly darker centers, especially the scapulars,
interscapulars, and upper tail-coverts; wings and tail darker, the
former with distinct edgings of paler slate color or slate-gray, these
most conspicuous on middle and greater coverts; a superciliary stripe
of pure rose red, becoming whitish or pale rose pink posteriorly
(above auricular region); broadest anteriorly, where encroaching on _
sides of forehead; loral, suborbital, and auricular regions deep slate
color; sides and flanks and thighs plain grayish slate or slate-gray,
paler on flanks; malar region, chin, throat, breast, abdomen, and car-
pal region, clear rose red, most intense anteriorly, the feathers dusky
basally, except on chin, throat, and malar region, where bases of
feathers are whitish; under wing-coverts pale gray broadly margined
with white, those along edge of wing rose red; maxilla brownish black
with paler tomia; mandible pale grayish horn color (in dried skins);
iris brown;' legs and feet horn color (in dried skins); length (skins),
200-219 (207.5); wing, 86-90 (88.3); tail, 86.5-93 (89.3); exposed cul-
men, 20-22 (20.5); depth of bill at nostrils, 6.5-7 (6.8); tarsus, 24-26
(25.4); middle toe, 17-19 (18.1).”
Adult female.—Similar to the adult male, but slate color of upper
parts slightly browner, rose red of superciliary stripe and under parts
replaced by tawny, superciliary stripe white for posterior half or
more, and lower abdomen partly white, or whitish; ‘length (skins), 197—
208 (203.3); wing, 83-85 (84); tail, 83-86 (84.6); exposed culmen, 18-
19 (18.5); depth of bill at nostrils, 6-6.2 (6.1); tarsus, 25; middle toe,
18-19 (18.3).°
Western Mexico, in States of Sinaloa (Mazatlan), Jalisco (Ixtapa),
and Colima (Colima; Sierra Madre), and Territory of Tepic (Santiago).
1 According to Grayson, manuscript. © ?Seven specimens. * Three specimens.
i
|
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. Gs
Rhodinocichla rosea (not Furnarius roseus Lesson) Frxscn, Abh. Nat. Ver. Brem.,
1870, 329 (Mazatlan).—LAwreEncr, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., ii, 1874, 267
(Mazatlan; Sierra Madre, Colima, habits; song).—Satvry and GopMAN, Biol.
Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1879, 38, part (Mazatlan; Sierra Madre de Colima).—
| _ S#arpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., vi, 1881, 366, part (in synonymy).
| [ Rhodinocichla] rosea ScLaTER and Satvinx, Nom. Ay. Neotr., 1873, 3, part.
Rhodinocichla rosea, (3. schistacea, Ripaway, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., i, Dec. 10
1878, 247 (Sierra Madre, Colima, s. w. Mexico; coll. U. 8. Nat. Mus.).
Rhodinocichla schistacea SHARPE, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., vi, 1881, 367.
ADDENDA.
(Including corrections. )
Page 8: To citations of Chlorophonia callophrys add:
Satvaporr and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool., ete., Torino, xiv, no. 399, 1889, 3 (Chiri-
qui).—Banes, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club, iii, 1902, 64 (Volean de Chiriqui, 4,000
to 7,500 ft., and Boquete, Chiriqui).
Page 27: To citations of Huphonia hirundinacea add:
Banas, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club, iii, 1902, 64 (Boquete, Chiriqui, 3,800 to 4,000
{t.), and remove interrogation point after Chiriqui, in statement of geographic range.
Page 29: To citations of Huphonia laniirostris add:
Satvaporti and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool., etc., Torino, xiv, no. 399, 1899, 3 (Punta
de Sabana, Isthmus of Panama).
Page 33: Add:
KEY TO THE SPECIES OF BUTHRAUPIS.
a, Sides and flanks yellow, mottled or blotched with dusky. (Veragua. )
Buthraupis areei, adult male (p. 33)
aa. Sides and flanks, very broadly, uniform dusky blue, like upper parts. (Costa
ESCA) eye ste ns Sets ee Saisie Buthraupis ceruleigularis, adult male (p. 34)
Page 40: To citations of Calospiza florida arcwi add:
Banas, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club, iii, 1902, 64 (Caribbean slope of Volcan de
Chiriqui, 2,000 ft.).
Page 42: To citations of Calliste guttata add:
Satvaporr and Frsra, Boll. Mus. Zool., ete., Torino, xiv, no. 399, 1899, 3 (Chiriqui).
Page 42: For Calospiza cabanisi Sclater read: Calospiza cabanise
(Selater).
Page 46:
CALOSPIZA LAVINIA (Cassin).
Immature.—Plain glossy green, including head and neck, the under
parts paler; abdomen light turquoise blue, or mixed with that color;
primaries edged with green, this having a slight brownish tinge basally
on the outermost quills. (Very similar to the corresponding plumage
of C. gyroloides, but the coloration brighter, especially the green of
the under parts.)
Page 47: To citations of Calliste dow? add:
Satvapborrand Fersra, Boll. Mus. Zool., ete., Torino, xiv, no. 399, 1899, 3 (Chiriqui).
mer
i490
eg
6 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Page 57: To citations of Zanagra cana add:
Boucarp, Liste Ois. Guat., 1878, 33.
Page 58: To citations of Zanagra cana diaconus add:
Banas, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club, iii, 1902, 65 (Boquete, 3,000 to 4,000 ft., and
Bogaba, Chiriqui).
Page 62: To citations of Zanagra abbas add:
oO :
30ucARD, Liste Ois. Guat., 1878, 33.
Page 62: To synonymy of Spindalis add:
Shizampelis (typographical error) Bryant, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xi, 1866 (pub.
May, 1867), 92.
_
e
Page 77: The synonymy of /%ranga rubriceps, accidentally omitted,
is as follows:
Plyranga] rubriceps Gray, Gen. Birds, ii, 1844, 364, pl. .89, lower fig. (No
description nor locality given.)—Bairp, Brewer, and Ripaway, Hist. N.
Am. Birds, i, 1874, 433.4
Pyranga rubriceps BONAPARTE, Rey. et Mag. de Zool., iii, 1851, 178; Note sur les
Tang., 1851, 29.—Scuarer, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1855, 156 (Bogota); 1856,
125 (monogr.); Synopsis Av. Tanagr., 1856, 49; Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 81
(Colombia); Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 192.—ScLarer and Savin,
Proc. Zool. Soe. Lond., 1879, 502 (Antioquia, Colombia).—Taczanowsk1,
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1880, 115 (n. Peru); Orn. du Pérou, ii, 1884, 496.—
Taczanowskr and Brertepscnu, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1885, 81 (Bafios, e.
Ecuador, 6,200 ft.).—Bryant (W. E.), Auk, iv, 1887, 78 (Dos Pueblos, Santa
Barbara Co., California, 1 spec., ‘‘about 1871’’).
[ Pyranga] rubriceps ScLaTER and Savin, Nom. Ay. Neotr., 1878, 22.
Pliranga] rubriceps Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 589 (Dos Pueblos,
Santa Barbara Co., California; description).
Pyranga erythrocephala (not Spermagra erythrocephala Swainson) Gray, Gen.
Birds, App., 1849, 16.
[ Pyranga] erythrocephala Bonaparte, Consp. Av., 1, 1850, 241.
Pyranga pyrrhocephala ‘“ Massena, MS8.’”’ Sctater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1856,
125 (in synonymy).
2
This exclusively South American species has been reported (as above
cited) to have been once taken in California. The identification of the
specimen on which the record is based is undoubtedly correct; but
even granting no mistake has been made as to the specimen having
actually been taken in California, the occurrence must have been purely
fortuitous, most likely an escape from captivity, and the species has no
claim to a place in the North American fauna.
Page 81: To citations of Piranga rubra add:
Bur.er, Bull. Brookville Soc. N. H., no. 2, 1886, 32 (Franklin Co., Indiana, com-
mon summer resid.).—Ripaway, Orn. Illinois, i, 1889, 217.—Bryer, Proc. Louis.
Soc. Nat. for 1897-99 (1900), 108 (Louisiana, breeding).—Torrey, Auk, xviii, 1901,
273 (Newton, Massachusetts, 1 spec., May 12, 1901).
Page 84: To citations of Péranga rubra cooperi add:
ALLEN, Buli. Am. Mus. N. H., v, 1893, 40 (Fronteras, n. e. Sonora, August; San
Diego, n. w. Chihuahua, April, May).
~I
~I
+]
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA.
Page 94: To citations of Piranga ludoviciana add:
Bow es, Condor, iy, 1902, 16 (Washington and Oregon; habits; descr. nest and
eggs).
Page 96: To synonymy of P/ranga bidentata flammea add:
Piranga bidentata flammea Nevson, North Am. Fauna, no. 14, 1899, 53 (Tres Marias;
habits; song; crit. ).
Page 98: To synonymy of P/ranga bidentata iene add:
Piranga bidentata sanguinolenta Banas, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club, iii, Jan. 30,
1902, 66 (Volcan de Chiriqui, 4,000 to 7,000 ft., and Boquete, C ae
Page 101: To citations of Péranga leucoptera latifasciata add:
Banes, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club, iii, 1902, 66 (Boquete, Chiriqui, 4,000 to
5,000 ft. ).
Page 106, fourth paragraph, in text: For //emispingus read [lem7-
thraupis.
Page 111: To citations of Rhamphocalus passcrinii add:
Satvaporiand Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool., ete., Torino, xiv, no. 399, 1899, 4 (Chiriqui).
Page 111:
RAMPHOCELUS COSTARICENSIS Cherrie.
Seven adult males, three immature males, and three adult females
from Divala.and Bogaba, Chiriqui, just received from Mr. Outram
Bangs—all of them beautifully prepared specimens—enable me _ to
give a better diagnosis of this form:
Similar to 2. p. passerini7, but slightly larger; adult female and
immature male with a broad and conspicuous band of ochraceous-
orange or dull reddish orange across the chest, and with the rump
olivaceous-orange deepening into amore reddish or ochraceous-orange
hue on upper tail-coverts.
Adult male (seven specimens).—Length (skins), 159-165 (162.6);.
wing, 76.5-81 (78.6); tail, 68-72 (70.1); exposed culmen, 14-15 (14.3):
tarsus, 21—28 (22.1).
Adult female (three specimens).—Length (skins), 160-167 (163);
wing, 76-78 (77); tail, 70.5-72 (71.2); exposed culmen, 14-16 (15);
tarsus, 22-23 (22.5).
Southwestern Costa Rica (Pozo Azul; Boruca; Palmar; Buenos
Aires; Navarro) and Chiriqui (Bogaba; Divala).
The form is without doubt a subspecies of 72. passerini7, and should
be called Ramphocelus passerinii costaricensis (Cherrie).
Page 115: To synonymy of Ramphocelus festxe add:
Rhamphocelus festae SALvaport and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool., etc., Torino, xiv, no.
399, 1899, 4 (Chiriqui}.
Page 117: To citations of Lamphocelus dimidiatus add:
e
Banas, Auk., xviii, 1901, 369 (Divala and David, Chiriqui; crit.).
778 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Page 118: To citations of Rhamphocelus dimidiatus, in synonymy
of Ramphocelus dimidiatus isthmicus, add:
(?) Satvaporr and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool., etc., Torino, xiv, no. 399, 1899, 4
(Punta de Sabana, Isthmus of Panama).
Page 119: For Pamphocelus dimidiatus limatus Bangs read Ram-
phocelus dimidiatus limatus (Bangs). |
Page 120: For Phlogothraupi’s san Teh read Phlogothraupis
sanguinolenta.
Page 123: In statement of range of Lanio aurantius for Oaxaca
read Chiapas.
Page 132: To citations of Zachyphonus melaleucus add:
Satvaporr and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool., etc., Torino, xiv, no. 399, 1899, 4 (Colon,
Isthmus of Panama).
Page 141: For Hucometis spodocephala stictothorax (Berlepsch) read
Eucometis spodocephala stictothorax Berlepsch, and add to the synon-
ymy:
Eucometes [sic] spodocephala stictothorax Baxes, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club, iii
1902, 66 (Boquete, 4,000 to 4,800 ft., and Bogaba, Chiriqui).
Page 146: For Pheenicothraupus vinacea read Phanicothraupis
vinacea, tor Phoenrcothraupus vinacea read Phenicothraupis vinacea,
and add:
Banas, Proce. New Eng]. Zool. Club, iii, 1902, 66 (Volean de Chiriqui, 4,000 to 7,500
ft., and Boquete, Chiriqui).
Page 148: In statement of range of Phanicothraupis salvini salvini
transfer locality Guichicovi from Oaxaca to Chiapas.
Page 153: To citations of Phoenicothraupis fuscicauda add:
Satvaporr and Fersra, Boll. Mus. Zool., ete., Torino, xiv, no. 399, 1899, 4 (Rio
Lara, Isthmus of Panama).
Page 154: For Chlorothraupis olivaceus read Chlorothraupis oli-
vaced.
Page 155: In references after Phoenicothraupis carmioli amend cita-
tion of ScLATER and Satvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1873, etc., to
read: SCLATER and SALvIN, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1873, 185, 186
(Valley of Cosnipata, s. e. Peru; crit.).
Page 158: For Chlorospingus albitempora read Chlorospingus
NOVICLUS.
Page 162: For C. albitemporalis (in text, second line) read C.
NOVICLUS.
Page 163: For Chlorospingus albitempora (Lafresnaye) read Chloro-
spingus novicius Bangs.
Page 164: Citations of Zuchyphonus albitempora and Chlorospingus
albitempora to be canceled; also, citations of Chlorospingus albitempo-
Sa ma et ee
7
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 779
ralis pertaining to South American localities (excepting Colombia‘),
and add to synonymy:
Chlorospingus novicius BANGS, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club, iii, Jan. 30, 1902, 67
(Volean de Chiriqui, 7,500 ft.; coll. E. A. and O. Bangs).
Page 166: To citations of Chlorospingus pileatus add:
Banas, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club., iii, 1902, 67 (Volcan de Chiriqui and Boquete,
Chiriqui, 5,000 to 11,000 ft. ).
Page 167: To citations of Chlorospingus hypopheus add:
Banas, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club, iii, 1902, 67 (Caribbean slope of Volean de
Chiriqui).
Page 189: Tosynonymy of Cactcus vitellinus add:
Cacius vitellinus Banas, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club, iii, Jan. 30, 1902, 64 (Sona,
Chiriqui).
Page 207: In first paragraph, in text, for Aglazordes read Agelacoides.
Page 209: After Molobrus pecoris, in synonymy, add:
gs L ) 4 yey
Cassicus pecoris GistTEL, Handb. Naturg., 1850, 288, in text.
Page 211: For Molothrus atronitens (Cabanis) read Molothrus atro-
nitens Cabanis.
Page 219: For Quiscalus quiscula wneus Ridgway read @uiscalus
quiscula xeneus (Ridgway).
Page 222: To citations of Quzscalus quiscula eneus add:
Morrett, Auk, xvi, 1899, 252 (Cumberland Co., Nova Scotia).—Carroii, Auk,
xvil, 1900, 346 (Refugio Co., s. Texas, breeding).
Page 227: Tosynonymy of //ologuiscalus jamaicensis add:
S d Sete Y | J
[Oriolus] niger (not of Boddaert, 1783) GmeELry, Syst. Nat.,i, pt. 1., 1788, 393, part
(based on Icterus niger Brisson, Orn., 1i, 103, etc.; Jamaica).
Page 228: To synonomy of //oloquiscalus niger add:
[ Oriolus] niger GMELIN, Syst. Nat. i, pt. i, 1788, 393 (based on Icterus niger Brisson,
Orne, 115 103; ete.)
Page 253: In synonymy of genus ives Cassin, for Lampropsar
dives Bonaparte read /cterus dives Lichtenstein.
Page 277: To citations of Jeterus spurius add:
TrIPPE, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xv, 1872, 239 (Decatur and Mahaska counties, s.
Towa, breeding).—ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus., N. H., i, 1886, 249 (Massachusetts,
chiefly in Connecticut Valley).
Page 291: To citations of Jcterus cucullatus nelsoni add:
Betpinc, Land Birds Pacifie Distr., 1890, 125 (San Diego, San Bernardino, and
Ventura counties, California, breeding).
Page 295: In citation of Xanthornus chrysater BONAPARTE, Consp-
Av., etc., the generic name (except initial letter) should be bracketed.
7380 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Page 297:
ICTERUS SCLATERI Cassin.
Immature.—W ings dusky grayish, with white markings less sharply
defined than in adults, the lesser coverts dusky margined with yellow-
ish; tail yellowish olive, the lateral rectrices more yellowish; otherwise
similar to adults, but the yellow duller, that of the upper parts more or
less obscured by a wash of olive, especially on back and upper rump.
Page 298:
ICTERUS GRAYSONII Cassin.
Immature male.
Page 299:
Similar to the adult female, but slightly larger.
ICTERUS AURATUS Bonaparte.
Immature.—W ings grayish dusky, with white markings as in adults,
but lesser coverts dusky instead of yellow or orange; tail yellowish
olive, more yellowish on lateral rectrices, more grayish on terminal
portion of middle rectrices; otherwise like adults, but hindneck, back,
scapulars, and upper rump yellowish olive instead of orange or orange-
yellow.
Page 305: For St. Andrew’s Oriole read St. Andrews Oriole.
Page 310: To citations of Jeterus parisorum add:
Betprna, Land Birds Pacific Distr., 1890, 125 (Campo, ete.,* Lower California).
Page 313: To citation of Jcterus baltimore ALLEN, Bull. Mus. Comp.
= ’
Zool., iii, 1872, add p. 136 (Fort Hays, w. Kansas; crit.).
Page 326: To citations of Agelaius tricolor add:
= ©
Betpina, Land Birds Pacifie Distr., 1890, 122 (breeding at San Diego, San Bernar-
dino, Santa Barbara, Los Angeles, Santa Cruz, Santa Clara Valley, and Stockton,
California; Tehachapi, April; Oakland, winter).
Page 328: To citations of Agelaius gubernator add:
Betpina, Land Birds Pacific Distr., 1890, 121, part.
Page 329: To citations of Agelaius gubernator californicus add:
Fisner (W. K.), Condor, iv, 1902, 11 (Mono Lake, California, Sept. ).
Page 340: In synonymy of Agelavus pheniceus neutralis add to
citations of Agelaius pheniceus:
Betprne, Land Birds Pacific Distr., 1890, 120, part (Carson and Truckee Valley,
Nevada; Camp Harney, e. Oregon).
To citations of Agedeus pheniceus add:
ALLEN, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., iii, 1872, 168 (Ogden, Utah).
Page 341: To synonymy of Ageaius phaniceus neutralis add:
Agelaius gubernator Betpinc, Land Birds Pacifie Distr., 1890, 121, part (San Diego
and San Bernardino, California, resident; Fort Klamath and Camp Harney, e. Ore-
gan; Carson, Nevada).
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 7381
Page 342: To citations of Agelaius pheniceus, in synonymy of Age-
laius pheniceus caurinus, add:
Betpine, Land Birds Pacifie Distr., 1890, 120, part (British Columbia; Seattle,
Washington).
Page 349: To citations of Xanthocephalus wanthocephalus add:
ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., i, 1886, 249 (Watertown, Massachusetts, 1 spec.,
Oct. 19, 1869.; Eastham, Massachusetts, 1 spec., Sept. 10, 1877).
Page 353: To citations of Ledstes guianensis add:
Banas, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club, ii, 1902, 64 (David, Chiriqui).
Page 359: For Triprr, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xi, 1872, 289 (Lowa)
read Trrppr, Proce. Bost. Soc. N. H., xv, 1872, 2389 (Decatur and
Mahaska counties, Iowa, breeding; migrant.)
Page 365: To citation of Sturnella magna inexpectata add:
Banas, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club, iii, 1902, 64 (Boquete, Chiriqui, 4,000 to
6,000 ft. ).
Page 368: In synonymy of Sturnella neglecta, for Sturnella hippocre-
pus read Sturnella hippocrepis.
Page 373: To citations of Dolichonyx oryzivorus add:
FisHer (W. K.), Condor, iv, 1902, 11 (Mono Lake, California, Sept. ).
Page 382: To citations of Diglossa plumbea add:
Banas, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club, iii, 1902, 63 (Boquete, Chiriqui, 4,500 to
7,000 ft. ).
Page 385: For Clereba| cerulea read Cawreha cerulea.
2
Page 389: To citation of Cyanerpes cyaneus carneipes add:
Banes, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club, iii, 1902, 63 (Boquete, Chiriqui, 3,000 to
5,000 ft. ).
Page 397: To citations of Dacnis venusta add:
Banes, Proce. New Engl. Zool. Club, iii, 1902, 63 (Boquete, Chiriqui, 4,000 to
5,000 ft. ).
Pages 403-422: Sundevall’s review of the genus Certhiola | Carcha}
has been wrongly cited, the correct citations being as follows:
Page 403: Clerthiola| bairdii SunpEvauy, Ofv. k. Vet.-Ak. Forh.
Stockh., xxvi, 1870, 621 (monoer.). Clerthiola| bahamensis SUNDE-
VALL, Ofv. k. Vet.-Ak. Forh. Stockh., xxvi, 1870, 624 (monogr.).
Page 407: C[erthiola| luteola Sunprevauy, Ofy. k. Vet.-Ak. Forh.
Stockh., xxvi, 1870, 621 (monoer.).
Page 408: Clerthiola| major Sunprvauy, Ofv. k. Vet.-Ak. Forh.
Stockh., xxvi, 1870, 622 (monogr.). Clerthiola| minor SUNDEVALL,
Ofv. k. Vet.-Ak. Férh. Stockh., xxvi, 1870, 622 (monogr.).
Page 410. C[erthiola] mexicana SunpEvatt, Ofy. k. Vet.-Ak. Forh.
Stockh., xxvi, 1870, 622, 623 (monoger.).
(82 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Page 411: Clerthiola\ columbiana SUNDEVALL, Ofv. k. Vet.-Ak.
Forh. Stockh., xxvi, 1870, 622 (monogr.).
Page 413: C[erthiola] portoricensis Sunpevaut, Ofv. k. Vet.-Ak.
Forh. Stockh., xxvi, 1870, 598, 622 (monogr.).
Page 414: Cferthiola] sti. thome Sunpevati, Ofv. k. Vet.-Ak.
Forh. Stockh., xxvi, 1870, 621 (monogr.; St. Thomas).
Page 415: Clerthiola] flaveola SUNDEVALL, Ofv. k. Vet.-Ak. Forh.
Stockh., xxvi, 1870, 621, part (monogr.). (The same in synonymy of
Cevreba newtoni, on p. 417.)
Page 418: Clerthiola| dominicana SUNDEVALL, Ofv. k. Vet.-Ak.
Forh. Stockh., xxvi, 1870, 623 (monogr.).
Page’419: Certhiola bartholemica SUNDEVALL, Ofv. k. Vet.-Ak. Férh.
Stockh., xxvi, 1870, 584 (St. Bartholomew). — Clerthiola| bartholemica
Sunpevat, Ofy. k. Vet.-Ak. Forh. Stockh., xxvi, 1870, 622 (monogr.).
Page 422: Cancel citation of SuNpEVALL, CH fy., ete., under Certhi-
ola martinicana, and change citation after Certhiola albigula to .
Oflerthiola| albiqula SunpEvaut, Ofv. k. Vet.-Ak. Forh. Stockh., xxvi,
1870, 624 (monoer.).
Page 407: To citations of Cwreba luteola add:
Roprxson and Ricumonp, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xxiv, 1901, 176 (La Guaira,
Venezuela).
Page 410: To synonymy of Careba mexicana add:
Coerebra mexicana CHERRIE, Expl. Zool. Costa Rica, i, Aves, 1893, 18 (Boruca, Tér-
raba, and Buenos Aires, s. w. Costa Rica).
Page 413: To citations of Carcba portoricensis add:
Pratr, Auk., xvi, 1899, 361 (nesting, ete. ).
Page 414:
C@:REBA FLAVEOLA (Linnzus).
Young.—Pileum, hindneck, back, scapulars, wing-coverts, tertials,
and upper tail-coverts plain dark olive; lower rump olive-yellow or
yellowish olive; a superciliary stripe, ending a short distance behind
eye, median line of throat, posterior portion of malar region, chest,
and breast dull light wax yellow, slightly tinged with olive, the
deeper color of chest, etc., fading gradually into pale buffy yellow or
straw yellow on more posterior underparts, the under tail-coverts pale
cream-yellow or cream color; lores, auricular region, chin, sides of
throat, and anterior portion of malar region dusky olive; remiges and
rectrices essentially as in adults.
Page 414: To synonymy of Cwreba flaveola add:
Nectarinia flaveola Swartnson, Birds w. Africa, ii, 1838, 145.
Page 421: To citation of Coereba uropygialis BreRLepscH, Journ.
fir Orn., etc., add: , 85 (in text).
Page 423: To synonymy of Genus Glossiptila Sclater add Glossop-
tila (emendation?) Newron (A. and E.) Handb. Jamaica, 1881, 104.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 182
Page 425: For G{lossiptila| ruficollis Newton, etc., read G[lossop-
tila] rujficollis Newton, ete.
Page 435: To citations of Mniotilta varia add:
Bianp, Ann. Rep. Smithson. Inst. for 1859 (1860), 287 (Bermudas).—MclI1-
wrairH, Birds Ontario, 1894, 353 (s. Ontario, breeding).—Danrei, Auk, xix, 1902,
17 (Dismal Swamp, Virginia, breeding).
Page 487: To winter range of //elinaia swainsoni add, after Jamaica:
eastern Mexico (near city of Vera Cruz).
Page 488: To citations of /Zelinaia swainsoni add:
SALVIN and Goopman, Ibis, 1889, 236 (Vera Cruz, Vera Cruz).
Page 444: To citations of Protonotaria citrea add:
Buriter, Proc. Ind. Ae. Sci., 1891, 165 (breeding in Elkhart, Lagrange, Steuben,
and Dekalb counties, n. Indiana, and St. Joseph Co., s. Michigan).
Page 462: For Sylvia tenensseet read S[ylvia] tenenssx7.
Page 465: To citations of Helminthophila celata add:
Dury and Ketioae, Journ. Cine. Soc. N. H., xiv, 1891, 48 (near Cincinnati, Ohio,
Sept. 20).
Page 468: In statement of geographic range of //elminthophila
celata sordida, after last word, within parentheses, add: and San
‘Gabriel, Los Angeles County, October 5.
Page 477: To citations of Oreothlypis gutturalis add:
Banes, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club, iii, 1902, 63 (Volean de Chiriqui, 7,000 to
10,300 ft., and Boquete, Chiriqui).
Page 483: To doubtful citations of Sy/vicola americana add:
Buanp, Ann. Rep. Smithson. Inst. for 1859 (1860), 287 (Bermuda).
Page 484: From doubtful citations of Compsothlypis americana
remove last two reférences and transfer to page 483, after BrewsTER,
Auk, xili, etc. These were accidentally put in wrong place.
Page 486: The range of Compsothlypis americana ramaline was
accidentally omitted. It is as follows: Mississippi Valley and district
of the upper Great Lakes; breeding from Louisiana and Texas to
Michigan, Wisconsin, and Minnesota; occasional west to eastern Colo-
rado (EI Paso County); in winter southward through eastern Mexico
and Central America to Nicaragua (Rio Escondido).
Page 488: To citation of Compsothlypis pitiayumi speciosa add:
Banos, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club, iii, 1902,-63 (Boquete, Chiriqui, 3,000 to
4,500 ft. ).
Page 522: To citation after Dendroica aureola of Ripaway, Proe.
U.S. Nat. Mus., etc., add: xix, 1897, 493 (monogr.).
Page 530: After Dendrwca bryanti SHARPE, etc., add:
SALVIN and GopMAN, Ibis, 1889, 237 (Tampico, Tamaulipas).
784 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Page 539: To citations of Dendroica tigr sa add:
Howe, Contr. N. Am. Orn., ii, 1902, 19 (Mount Killington, Vermont, breeding).
Page 548: Cancel the following citations under Dendraca canadensis
and transfer them to W7/son/a canadensis (p. T18): TaczaAnowsk1, Proc.
Zool. Soc. Lond., 1874, 508 (centr. Peru); 1879, 223 (Tambillo, n.
Peru).
Page 549: For Mniotilta varia REINHARDT, ete., read Mniotilta cor-
onata REINHARDT, ete.
Page 550: To citations of Dendroica coronata add:
Howe, Contr. N. Am. Orn., ii, 1902, 20 (Mount Mansfield, Vermont, breeding).
Page 550: For Dendroica coronatus GUNDLACH, ete., read [(22/7-
mamphus) Dendroica\ coronatus, etc. (The same form to be substituted
wherever ‘‘Gundlach, Journ. fiir Orn., 1861, 326” is cited for any
species of this genus. )
Page 561: For Dendrioca townsend read Dendroica townsend.
Page 562: For | Dendrwca| townsendi Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d
ed., ete., read Di endrwca], ete.
Page 562: To synonymy of Dendroica townsend: add:
(2?) Sylvia montana (not of Wilson) AupuBon, Orn. Biog., v, 1839, 294, part, pl.
434, fig. 3 (California).
(2) Sylvicola montana AvpuBON, Synopsis, 1839, 62, part (California); Birds Am.,
oct. ed., ii, 1841, 69, part, pl. 98 (California).
(2) [Sylvicola] montana Bonaparte, Consp. Ay., 1, 1850, 308, part.
(2) M[niotilta] montana Gray, Gen. Birds, i, 1848, 169, part.
(2) [Mniotilta] montana Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 241, no. 3490, part.
(2?) Dendroica montana Barro, Review Am. Birds, 1865, 190, part.—Barrp,
Brewer, and Ripaway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 271, part, pl. 14, fig. 3.4
(?) Dendreca montana Cours, Birds Col. Val., 1878, 237, footnote, part. SHARPE,
Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 265, footnote, excl. synonymy, part.
Page 565: To synonymy of Dendroica virens add:
(?) Sylvia montana Witson, Am. Orn., v, 1812,.113, pl. 44, fig. 2 (Blue Moun-
tains of Pennsylvania).—SrerHens, Shaw’s Gen. Zool., x, 1817, 736.—
VigILLot, Enc. Méth., ii, 1823, 451.—Bonaparte, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila.,
iv, 1823, 451.—Aupvuson, Orn.’Biog., v, 1839, 294, part (not pl. 434, fig. 3).
(?) S[ylvia] montana Bonaparrs, Ann. Lye. N. Y., ii, 1826, 82 (crit. ).
(2) Sylvicola montana JARDINE, ed. Wilson’s Am. Orn., ti, 1832, 202.—AuDUBON,
Synopsis, 1839, 62, part; Birds Am., oct. ed., ii, 1841, 69 (not pl: 98).—
Nurrauty, Man. Orn. U. S. and Can., 2d ed., i, 1840, 442, part.
(?) [Sylvicola] montana Bonaparte, Consp. Ay., 1, 1850, 308, part.
(2) M[niotilta] montana Gray, Gen. Birds, 1, 1848, 169, part.
(?) [Mniotilta] montana Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 241, no. 3490, part.
(?) Dendroica montana Bair, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 278; Cat. N. Am.
Birds, 1859, no. 199; Review Am. Birds, 1865, 190, part.—Barrp, BREWER,
and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 271, part (not pl. 14, fig. 3?).—
AMERICAN ORNiTHOLOGISTS’ Union, Check List, 1886, 356 (‘‘ Hypothetical
List,’’ no. 24).
1Copied from Audubon.
? From Audubon, Birds Am., oct. ed., ii, 1841, pl. 98 = D. townsendi ?.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 785
(?) Dendroeca_montana SUNDEVALL, Ofv. k. Vet.-Akad. Forh., Stockholm, xxvi.,
1870, 613.
(2?) Dendreca montana Cours, Birds Col. Val., 1878, 237, footnote, part.—May-
NARD, Birds E. U. S., 1882, 521.—Ripaway, Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no.
112.—SuHarpr, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 265, footnote.
(?) Sylvia tigrina (not Motacilla tigrina Gmelin) Nurrauty, Man. Orn. U.S. and
Can.,i, 1832, 393.
(2?) Sylvicola tigrina BONAPARTE, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 23.
Page 571: For Sylvia cerlea read Sylvia cerulea.
Page 594: In citations of Dendrwca castanea cancel LAWRENCE,
Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., no. 4, 1876, 15 (Tehuantepec city, Oct.), and
transfer to synonymy DP). striata on p. 598.
Page 598: To synonymy of Dendroica striata add:
Dendraca castanea (not Sylvia castanea Wilson) Lawrence, Bull. U. 8S. Nat. Mus.,
no. 4, 1876, 15 (Tehuantepec City, Oct. ).
Page 602: To synonymy of Dendroica vigorsii vigorsii add:
Dendreca vigorsii Hower, Contr. N. Am. Orn., ii, 1902, 20 (Townshend, ete., Ver-
mont, breeding).
Pages 642, 643: To breeding range of Securus noveboracensis nove-
boracensis add: Warren, Crawford, Clinton, and Erie counties, Penn-
sylvania, and Garrett County, Maryland.
Page 703: To the synonymy of W/sonza add:
Myjiidioctes (emendation) ScLtaTEeR, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1858, 299, 358.
Page 710: Description of the immature plumage of W7lsonza pusilla
pusilla was accidentally omitted. This plumage differs from the adult
as follows:
Immature: Similar to adults, but no black on crown; pileum plain
olive-green, concolor with back, ete., becoming more yellowish (some-
times decidedly, but never purely, yellow) on forehead, the lores and
superciliary region yellow.
The corresponding plumage of the other subspecies of course differs
from that of the adults in the same manner.
Page 733: In last citation in synonymy of Mydoborus miniatus mini-
atus, for Muscicapa derhamii read Muscicapa de-rhami.
NOTE.
Throughout Part I of the present work and the greater part of Part
IL an error has been made in the spelling of the locality ‘* Lometa”
in citations of ‘‘SENNETT, Bull. U. S. Geol. and Geog. Surv., v, 1879.”
The name should be spelled Lomzta, the locality being Lomita Ranch,
** situated on the Rio Grande, 7 miles above Hidalgo and 65 miles
from Brownsville.” Lometa is a post-oftice town in Lampasas County,
in the central portion of the State.
3654—voL 2—01——50
;
'
Vera
‘Qe PD ee ee ae
INDEX.
[The black-faced letters indicate generic or specific headings. |
A. Page.
AbacojPine Warbler s:.cs. ce scee cee cescccee 6038
Spin dalisester. aoe cae soelecenncs 72
abacoensis, Dendroica vigorsii ... 498,506, 601, 60%
ADDIS MAN ALTA sos cim'e cia) sere seein 55, 60, 62, 776
PAS DOL DANS PCL reece a te clserice cis eecsio. seeders 60
amelie lCtenus! = -4-25- 22> ses ema 319
epelllerubyphantes: << 2 ecc5 cc sence nsces> << 319
Teterusizeeoos ans sen eece 261, 262, 818,319
XaMeMOMNUSE eet erm. socieet soccer 319
ACU OMOlG: @ 254. sche -ciocewmtiee cee osmncee 318
MOC CCETISMases Se As. Saccnecinccace snes. 319
Pengulimuspeeesececce eee eens ee ae 319
ADTOLnIS Boricapilla: =< 2626-25. --<2cnesie0-< 711
AvcanthorhynmChusyaa- 5a vance oe esc 376
Accentorauricapillus: (25-5. 1-- sas. o20 sence 638
achrustera, Dendroica vigorsii.............- 498,
506, 507, 601, 602, 603
PRETO COM DSA tn emia aie ese Serie iciaise certs Sele She 4
callophrySrcacseccseee eee ee 8
CV ANOGOTSBISMee cs ectemcises stele 7
OCCIPICAIS Haase e nee ss cece 6
PNCTOLCDUCS ere sisteeal on fe Dolcistaescae osce ome ee ce 8
ELMS se psotseisainicac cio ae aie memecen 23
TU ChISSUS eee semen eee er ice 19
SUACUIS S52. ae shissieciehe se eiceeenss 20
Inumiligiws ates sceien esienecice 24
duteicapillust asco cse eee aoc 21
adelasidse Wendrecass-.ce-neosccinceencsece 588
Dendroica......... 497, 498, 505, 687, 588
Dendroica gracie, var ..........- 588
Sylvicolastoneacesmasseccuec aceon. 588
AGEIAIGE SIWATDICN 2 22a. Soca aching ci aeo teas 587
eenea, Quiscalus versicolor, subspecies. ...- - 222
PoNeCUSVAPeIAUS\s.<4-<cces c= = -cseeestec cee 208, 204
Callothrussec coos os ase oc sacs eaae 204, 205
PNCUSIsas- hee oo Sacees = 201, 2038
MolothOnus 2225. e=ce ses encase 202, 203, 204
IPSArOCOlUSs= =a se een eee 200, 202, 204, 205 |
QUISCA USAR As eo atta an Ceol oor 221
DPUNPULCUS*s seams eisai 221
Wal Tire ovals seer 221
quiseula -.. 214,215, 219, 221,779 |
V.eEIslCOlOMstereeeeenee cere 221
VersicOlOM VaTaseeeassee ee 221
eequatorialis, Dendroeca petechia, h........ 523
Quiscalustescesaecen scan cee 253
Scolecophagussa---eeeee= ee 253
equinoctialis, Geothlypis............. 653, 657, 690
Motacillasoecescoeeee eee 690
Sylvian: a2asectesmc sce ceeels = 625
Page.
restive, Dendneeca. ss... ssclecces 511, 518, 515, 520
Dendroies’ 22-22-22 2255 498, 499, 513, 514, 532
PSV {canoes sce oleae 499, 508
Mini ottlta sac eee cise ners cee 510
Motacilla:-s25-2-- 510, 513, 514, 516, 518, 521
sestiva, Phoenicosomanassc-ss tse see acces 83
BhHOCMISOMA see secs ace eee eee 83
SSliVA NPV TANLR emcwes cet Gene e we one eee 81,83
eestivaavianeccee coo-meeer ere 83
SVIVIO cian goo ocee snes see cna mesincee 510, 521
Sylvicolaiee-2 cc oseescnce 510, 513, 516, 518
TANA Pras. senccer weseisicace 81, 88
aestivum, Phoenicosoma:c..cs-o.c a= 20s 83
zstivus, Rhimamphus.......-. Se eeer ees 510, 521
RhIMan pPAUs ese essere see ease 510
Sins A Croleptestccce cusses ececeaeens 23
@@SSICUS Per se. eicsweee ease ace ee eee 186
WUPHONG s-sasemeosseec tes as coe 23
Huphoniais:2 sce seco. cose 10, 11, 21, 23, 25
Phoenicothraupis rubica ......... 142,147
rubicoides ....... 147
IPNONESCR Soocee eee seer eiese 23
Ram PhHoOCelussecacse sees seeee cece 119
Tanagra, (Huphonia)) -2.-0.-. esc. en 23, 25
Agelaius phceniceus var, gubernator ...... 341
AP elACUSITE So occ cciaemin ceietcrce osece eee 319
pheeniceus 3. cassie sees eee ces 335, 340
AP eleuS senna sot cjalcieaaacccecs cee so eeteess 319
ASsIMilissoSacaecesccces steer ee ae 343
ehrysopleruseeceser seceee eee cones 344
RUbEernatoneessessseoe ss 328, 330, 339, 341
NUNIT ENA Seesaw ois ce meee an amie = 343
MIP STLLIMUS Yee cman rass eee ceases 346
perspicillatusieecencacts-ee-cee cess 350
pheeniceus, 2s. 52.52. 329,332, 333, 335,
336, 337, 338, 340, 341, 342, 780
a. phoeniceus-....-5--= 341
Dir assimillistcen--seee ae 343
ce. gubernator ......... 328
Gistricolonsss-ees-cesee 326
a. phoeniceus..--.....-. 341
B. gubernator ....... 328, 341
gubernator .--.....-. 328, 341
var. gubernator ......-. 328
VATA COOL. eaescecnes 326
CriCOlON Soeewsemesee eer eeeeeece 326, 339
AG ela lie ea sense as oe cin cemioeeuae maces woes e 174
Avelai oid ess ss-2 ac tecocisstesaenensaeee 205, 207, 779
IAS ClaiIS semen ociscios cee bee meee 175,319, 321
RMNCUSI see eh see ees acess 203, 204
787
788 INDEX.
Page. Page.
Apelais ASSimMIleS eae ese e ee eee el 342 | Aglaia cyanocephala--_-.2.sc-<----ss=5-- 25 55
assimilis\s fo aac- seen 320, 323, 342, 343 fan. cs seeenwet Cocotte eee 49, 50
PadlUstsess= es -ee ae e eeeeee 205 BVLOA a. = cor csee sce ncew eee asses 44
bullockii eeceds= oe te ee siete 316 Byroloides ws.) c= mes Sense ee eee 45
Chryvsopterusiees-e ae eeeee eaeeeae 344 PeruvVianas..25---sc.ss0 22 = esos ee 44
ecyanopus......-. Pee eh ee See ee 32053219 Aignilorhinus!ja.ce cee en nee ee eee 378
forbeslc2 325; Sanne ee no-one oe 320 OVA CCUS)) a= aera ear eee 381
PTOTUCMUS Sees = aeiatereeetaraterece me 319 personatus <2 22 eeecr os esae as 378
gubernator ..... 322, 328, 330, 338, 341, 780 sittaceus? fa2-Js2e-e- 40 see 378, 381
californicus.........- $22; | agripennis: Dolichony:xs<sseoe- se seee sees 374
323, 326, 329, 780 Teterus Aiea. ase cease ee eee 374
grandis. .... 322; 323,829,330 | Alaskan Yellow Warbler.....--...--:.----.: 514
gubernator .... 322,323,326 | Alauda magna ..............- 353, 359, 361, 362, 364
humeralis:2-fesc0 se see eee 320°323/848;) | alaudarius:(Cacicusyt25---- ssh -s ee 359
icterocephalus-2--25.2-e24--- 2-2 349 | albemarlei, Certhidea = 3--..2-=--------<.--=- 764
iM PhMUTM sees eee eo eee 321 «| -alhicolisy S ylwitisne.ss- ces coe: eee eee 516
NON SIFOSLMS: oo eeee eee cee 264, 338) || albicollis, Dendroica s.------5-- s] 4-3 = see 521
ANN TARIS's- os hoes ose so ce see eee 353 Motacillar. 2 252-5. 3S. eeaseeee 516, 521
MIG CLs ease paren senor eee cane 228 Sylvige ts-secses eee sane 516
Mig echiMNS sass eee 346 | albifrons, Chlorospingus..........--- 158, 162, 163
pheeniceus =. eee ees 330,332, 333, Myloborus'2. 2.5 Jo25-.2c2-c2 eee 731
336, 338, 339, 340, 342, 780, 781 | albigula, Certhiola .............-.-...-.--- 422, 782
bryanti.. 323,324, 333, 334,837 | albilora, Dendroeca dominica, b.........--- 583
CRUTINMS 2. noe eecie oer = 323, Vals Sob ese 583
324, 341,342,781 Dendroica dominica ......-....--- 505,
floridanus .. 323,324, 333, 334 581, 582, 583, 584
fortis -.. 322, 324, 337, 338, 339 Var cooeeere 583
ONAN GIG! se nen neces 330 | albinucha, Dolichonyx oryzivorus ...-....- 374
gubernator.......-.--- 328 Vario ce 74
lonpirostris2--ce5-- 338,341 | albinuchus, Dolichonyx oryzivorus, B-.-..--. 374
neutraliss.------ 45-462 $23, | albirostris; Cacicus 2. 2-2... === -ss=-e eee 188
324, 339, 341, 780 CassiCus) 22. -.csss> c= ese eee eee 186, 187
pheeniceus)-2.-- 2. =-= 322, Tanadera).s/ ese.) Ss a= eee aero eee 181
324, 330, 331,334 | albispecularis, Tachyphonus..........--.-- 134
richmondi.. 323,324,335,337 | albitempora, Chlorospingus-.... 158, 1638, 164, 778
sonoriensis . 322,324,337, 342 | Tachyphonust=-seeo-2 = 161, 164, 778
Var. @SSiMILIS eee see 348 | albitemporalis, Chlorospingus.... 161, 164, 165,778
var. gubernator. 328, 330, 341 Pipilopsisias22-+-seese-s see 161
var. phoeniceus ..-.--.. 832'>|| Alta, Mira’ Orioles=2252.5--2 260s 2 ee eee 286
PHENICIUS eS eee: See eee 330 | Wellow-throat s2ssss2saesseeeeees 680
pYTTROpterus*=esa-2c-eseeee see 255 | alticola, Sturnellamaen aie sscc. ase = eee 363
agelaius, Quiscalus purpureus, var .....---- 218) ambiciua, Brine alae cea eee elem ee eee 210
ruficapillusss-ces-s seen cece ees 207 Amb lyCercusies cases ee eee eee 170, 172, 178, 192
thilivs= <0 ocesee coe seca 321 | holosericeus .....------ 193, 194, 195
PIICOLOL- se eases sore 322, 323, 324, 326, 780 MIS CLTIMUS sees ee eee 195
<aAnthocephaluste-s sc. hee seese at 349 prévosti-i=. Soe. ss 5 -=2 sce eres 195
XAVCHOMUS) paseo ss ee eee 320, 323, 344 PICVOStlivssaee nee acerca 195
Kanthormus..cssssecser eee see 302 SOLIEAriUS < co ceee ee eee seen 193
FAP CIASLICUS® aaccean sets ce eee eecees 319,321 | Amblyrhamphus prevostii.........-...-.--. 195
Agvelaus longipes' = ce. <sccecc cee ce ceoee cee ee 350 | American Hedge Sparrow. .-.--.-.--------- 425
PRCOLIS) = 4585) See heehee ew ees 209, 211 Orioles. -sscaesenceee Sapp 169
Phwenicens ss Anessa ass one 32076 Redstartq.-5 246s. ace eee 724
Ageliaus xanthrocephalus .............---. 349 | Starlingss: =c25: Haes- senor 169
HETTISS Goth hy pisver weiee es cisectoce ieee 627,,628.666. | «americana, Chloris. 2-2=--.4-- oe eee 483, 486
OporomiSesss- sss -= 621, 622, 625, 627, 631 Compsothlypsis...-......--- 479, 483,
SGlUVUS Ss See ee eee eae eee 627 484, 485, 486, 545, 783
Sylviaise sce sss kadeswcene ess cesses 626 americana..... 479,
Sydvicole. 22. pia oete ce ae ereiestcsaice acts 627 480, 481, 485
MTriChas 2225 octeis ste sacs sascaemeseses 626 Mmniotiltaie.ssosessee eee 483, 485, 486
agleeus; Quiscalus) 2: 525.2.25-/s<ees see css 55 218 MotacillS. 2.5. 25-25 —s see 482
PUYPUNGUS)£< S256 osa-502 218 Parla oceseecehice ee 482, 483, 485, 486
VARs ccna 218 PATuS:. <2 oscsqe ces he cee ce cere 482
quiscula... 214, 215, 217, 218, 219 SVIVIai scosee sno e ees 482, 483, 485, 486
VeErsiGOlOrs=s.o snaccee oe ce 219 Sylvicola ......-- 482, 483, 485, 486, 783
Ag lala esos F sacs ht aaa aa ao ven see $4) | Pamenicanusileterus. 4--4e4ses-e- eee eee 305
Cucullata. <.ccdssccsessaeescccede sae 53, 54 OVIQMUS tease reee ee eee 350, 353
|
i
is
INDEX. 789
Page. | Page.
AIMeETiGANUS NParTruSecssse> ace se ssee cscs -.. 478 | assimilis, Seaphidurus major -............--- 237
aMMctasCungdellinaiceesesceeeemeee eee LOMA 21a ALC LEO ACIISaacece sae eeee ae 375, 376, 377, 391, 426
Setophararan ma aaa ee sees 2M PA TCLCOD SAT oc craic le wale eines marc clectasiasiccten ree 255
ANIA DE ]ISul UTCUS ee apices Sakae cre clan cine eas 695? aber CASSICUS Lee. ce saecasisae eee ces ae sees 199
Ana batesitermandinee so ..scce soso ces = 648, 649 | Cassidixce... .s<sssaossccceeso oases ates 199
analis, Dacnis [Ateleodacnis]...-...-.----- 397 | Molothrus: 2. .<sse.cc,osceee 25250 207, 208, 209
PAM CVIOLMINUS ea cio sieie sce elise cess secs 378 Bers aeios seks nonce tesec ese 207
AM GLIOPSAT sacs sew or tiene eel oslo sese seas 255 QOniOlus oe 5.222 sekeseemeesasceeres 205, 208
ARArOSSMellOW-UntOates a cscaaceieeinas sce ecee 677 PENnGulinus;aceeeeceeeeee See seeecee nee 248
an SECA ACMIS sae oe coer roeicemnas eis ss 390 Quiscalus\ic ce wascche sens <cctseuce snes 228
Sanco MUPHOMI Aare Peece ween assets cache. 18 TUTGUSA-.oe es eee aso eae ees 278
anne Huphonia —..-..-222-ss- sae LOM 318) |PAverELMUmM i CkeUMles. aa -- ose semester 423
Ant Tanager, Dusky-tailed ................. 12h Atlixco-Red-win? ones aso ssceeeeceeeenene 329
Slane srereeatne eee meeeiccers 152) |Patrata, Certhiola:-..2....---- aa aneeeetten saree 423
Mexicants: teas 0 t82 ae snes 144 Cmrebacssasneeet ence c eee 401, 422, 423
INCISONSS EO ee eee Soon i450) |catricapillascAiprormis!: aseeee scenic. cceec noes 711
INU Gar a OU ame eee ee eee ere 150 Chlorophaneseeseees secienceee 384
OPXACA Re). Hey oe ee ee 147 CWOere bane ane ere eee eae ece 382, 384
ROS Vie seahorse eee es scete 147 Dendrceecasese scene eee eee 598
Sal wil S% asses see ae ae oasis oe 148 Mara rraeess cones sce eee eee 122
MADASCO ae ee oes eee see 149\ (| atriceps; Chlorospingus 2.22. 25..s.-ee-c-2 160
Vinaceous-throated ........-.- 146) || -atroczerulea. Procnopis=- 2-2 secs 22 deste ere 2
VU Catamaran st seer ames isis 151 | atronitens, Molothrus ........... 206, 207, 211, 212
ANENOIGES MC UPHU CH) se cca-ecicecscc sess occ er 645) atro-nitens; Molopnrusi-22 cco. - see. eeeeeee 212
Sydivigiacssce Se a ae eee 645 | atroviolacea, Ptiloxena.................. 252, 253
APMIS DRE VAM SUIS t=. «ester ee om cee ee 598 | atroviolaceus, Dives.............-.... eee 253
CORONA ISH sae oceeeme eee ce eee 6388 Quiscaluseeeessa-see ee eee 251, 253
NErMINEN oo. = 42 ceee sss veces esse 645 Scaphidurus:. see -ecee- eee 253
hermimierits sae ehacee was enostees 645 Scolecophagus' 222 scccueeen. 253
MONO PHATIES ssa ies ccm ces alaeind cea! staisiei cies 200) Audubon, Wendroecas-scsee ccm se ace sees ae 554
UIE CMS se SCLULUS: te aces. cele n a nyclec- culaa ae 645, 647 Dendroica fass-cseeese 508, 553, 554, 55
AMG US seek. po ssa ons see eases 645 aUugUbpONIes ass 5e-eee 551
aquatius, Turdus....-. Safe everare en etans, ABrte mae 645 coronata, var.......-. 555
AMD COTM ersre neat cael len cleicts sessile <Sei- 384, 398 Ieterus melanocephalus ........ 282
DLCVPCSinstsacosessoeteicece sees 389 Var. Sc22 282
ReVInOStriste es seem cece sate 385 IMniotiltecezsosc<eecaeceasecse ce 553
cerulea microrhyncha ......-. 386 SyilWi gece seeteecods eee eeeciseee 553
COeTUNLeA = 26.5. Semen eenae es Seabee 385 Sylwicolane 2: cine een Sane ee aeene 553
GYAN ea eas ett e sate sce ence 360) || -audubonil, Dendroeca. 22.2. s=secee. =eee eee 555
Gm Ia getoeeee eee eee 389 Dendroicatescesess sees ese 554
QM Bees ease eee sence ace 389 NGtEnUS) Seen ee eee eee 281, 282
LONPMNOSHHISEDISY = 522 ose c ee cone 386 melanocephalus - cee oes 258,
WUCIAG sean c/sctisaneeaacices 390 261, 262, 282
MIDI Ge oer eae ae eee ies 386 Sylwilaianc esse ece cee secitae sees 553
ALCP BULNTAUPIS= seccme a. 2 acne eee 32,338,775 Sylvicola esses .ceeseo te eeeeeeee 553
Calospizayhorida see ss. 4.25522 36, 40,775 | audubonis, Dendroica..............-......- 555
Arce’s Emerald Tanager .....-......-....-- 40) PAudubontsOnioleqseceeneasceeectenectes sete 282
PANAS ERE as sasasc sce wise seen cs neeees Be Warbler asec ceaecererie aceon dol
arehepiscopus, Lanaera.e.occcs=see-e secon 54) | Saurantia, Mniotilta-2--2-- sess. econ seme 576
ATCO PIATNUMSe mists Saceee wena teeceiectas 186, 187 Motacillayes-2aseccceetiescece Sagee ) BD
Prdens PNOCMICOSOMD a2occsesnos cee oes cee LOIN |\FaurantiacaSetophaga-.4--cssnsece escene: 734
ESP) OA er nea eee aah ae Ne icte 716) Paurantiaeus, Miyiloborus:- ..22.ceeces -- a 731, 733
argutula, Sturnella magna ...... 355, 356, 360, 361 | aurantius, Lanio..... ........... 122, 128, 124, 778
arizela, Geothlypis trichas ................- 655; || ‘auratus; Icterus.......... 260, 261, 299, 300, 302, 780
656, 658, 660, 670,672 | aureocapillus, Seiurus...................... 638
AUNVENLL Ka LOUMIRIS seeeeene sehen ee ces eee 20U WmanireolasDenGrecaas-- a. mee eck eee eee ee 522, 523
IMolothrus encase coke cease fais 201 Dendroicaas see een sesso eee 522, 523, 783
ATTEN On) OPnbhalmiGusis- cc. 4--sso4- 157, 159, 161 petechiawweeceaeseas 501, 521
palmanrumbecsecess ee ee eee eee 127 Syiliicolaen 2 2s eemal te crceien sear 522
ASSIS Ae] USE esses ects ae wees aoe cee 943) |*auricapilla, Dendroica: 2. 25-6. -eces sees sceece 517
; phoeniceus) b22..2..-25.- 343 petechia..... 500, 517, 520
‘Apel aiusissancccsasaecoe 320, 323, 842, 343 BniCocichl aaeeee epee settee 638
pheeniceus, var.......... 343 Henicocichilag:.cse-cceeeeeeeees 638
Callothrus eeneus.......... 201, 204, 205 IMotacill ayes cee nacre see 634, 637
Megaquiscalus major............- 237 Seltophagas-cseeeeeeee cess 738
Quiscaluosseseee se seeeereeee 236, 237, 241 STUTUSSss2ssbscciis dost eee 638
790 INDEX.
Page Page.
auricapilla. Sylvidecce sess sore cee teeters 637 | baltimorensis, Hyphantes.................. 314
auricapillus, Accentor -....o.00-<-cs=2222ee 638 Yphantes 3. .o.s:22eecesoee os 314
Teterus x. <2 es sscejos dace soe 205.5) (banana, Pengmlinus.2- 22 --- = eeeeeee eee 280
SUITUS | accu cco ee eee 638) “Banana Warblens2--5----4--esece enemas 412
TUTGUSySiewrsean soca se teres 638) | SBananaquil, Bahamayess-ss5 creas eeeeeeee 401
auricollis-lcteriaeas-cs secs saeoneecceen ee 695 Barbados. cases sence nsewecee ae 420
Miniotilta ss Jcndsceaaeeoes see enes 445 Black. 2 s2ccet esnecciceeesener 422
Motacillasssccncsoce ts eee eee 445 ‘ Cozumel. -. s25sn22ce se eeeeee 404
Psarocolius 2. scceosmecosseeeeee 318 CuraGag. 222 G2s en te eee 420
Sylvia tics seaecte sree eee sees 445 Dominican 22-246 ee eee eee eee 417
Sylvicolaesc.c. 22. cance oeteeeee 445 Haitian =. Sioa eee ae 411
Taneera, ss. sce esesicacce oe eee 695 Jamaican: iso os-c seer eee 414
auricularis, Basileuterus .......------------ 740 Martiniques=---e=---seeee eee 421
RUPItUS: LaANIO! 55545066555 c cen eeeeeneeenee 104 Mexican’. ae so-ceeeeeeenee 409
aurocapillus, Basileuterus..............---- 740 Old Providences -e--.e---eeee 405
Enicocichila: -aseccee sees 638 Porto Rican) 564-2 se eee 412
SCLUTUS soc cesecenene see ss eeeee 638 St. Bartholomew ............. 419
Seiurus)o2-- see 427, 634, 635, 637, 638 SU Croix]. 5-2 See ee eee 416
Slurus.< 222). se Poot ees woes 638 Sta Vincent-.2.. esses see ameee 415
Murdussse asses Jcsaideeencewas 637 Sane Migiell 2 oc as aaeeaesoee ee 408
AUTOLA WATDIENS cn cece cee setae eee oe 531 Sharpe's:cogacuhk see sea 404
aurulenta,Calospizares- oo sesemen seers ene 36 Tobago ..5. 2s ogee ee os. ee 406
Tanasra(Aplaia\ ees sessee ss ee 34 Wells) cei 5-7 Seaccktawcssooeeee 423
autummalis) Sylvia=.c--- - se. --4---c see 595 | bananivora, Certhiolas-o-s-s2ee-5-2-+seeere 412
axillaris/;\Chlorospingus: 4: s25¢-.-- cease es 135 Coerebais-2 2a. ceo eee eee 399, 401
Tachyphonus.......... 130, 133, 134, 135 Motacitlas. 35-2228 eee 412
AZATO, (PVTAN EA, sacs wcc tees oemecs oes sone 86) | Bananivorus:..,. 2222555... 5ccesesneeeaceeee 255
azurea, “Ey pothimisissacesscee-- =e see eee sees 573 rufigasten..- 2. 5o22nseenessneaee 280
Sylvid 222 sc eee Sie aces estate 573) | sbarbadensis; Certhiola. 22-2 2a eer easeeeee ee 420
B Coerebaj hs. eee eee 400, 401, 420
i Dendroeca petechia, ¢ ......-- 526
bachmani, Helminthophaga........ ace ae 459) | <Barbados Bananagquit.------- eee seeeeaes 420
Helminthophila.. 446, 448, 458, 459, 460 Grackle=i..35. ces cccemnatae eee 229
Helmitheros!.-J2. ¢ essseaseee eee 459 Yellow Warbler -.22<2-.cs<caene 526
Mmiotilitas stecocecce seeeee ones 459) ,|| sbarita® Cassidixy.) 2 2cc-e.- see ee eee reece 199
Sylivigiess sere od See ee 459 Gracula ...--. 216, 218, 222, 226, 227, 229, 237
Sylvicolal. Ace scree ee neen snes 459 Scaphidura. ase. 2 sek setieeteeeee caer 199
VermivOrnice.<cots-aceceeass 225s 459) || baritula:-Diolossa--see--o--eeeeeeeeee 378, 380, 381
bachmaniisHelinawiaiassecceseenee meee eee 459) | sbaritus; ‘Chaleophanes®--. --------s-eeeeeese 226
Helminthophila)=s.5--20--—-. = 460 Quiscalus=ssss-2sssc6 218, 226, 227, 229, 237
Bachmann's Warbler’s..<--c- os seen ese eae 458 DSritus.vahee ees -eeeeee 227
badius#Arelaius 3-56.20 sce. o-acee sae es 205 | Barrington Island Certhidea............-.- 768
Molothrus's 22 2ces sc ose ease 205, 206,207 | barthelemica, Dendroeca petechia, stirps.. 520
Bahama Bananagquiv..a-sessceseeee eee 401 | bartholemica, Certhiola.............. 417, 419, 782
HIN GIES. Set hiasiascetwosceereee acces 72 Coerebarv... 2232 a sce eee esee 419
Red2wingt:s 22 eee ee 334 Dendroica petechia ...... 500, 518
Warblers 2s... ooo eee eee ane 606 petechia, a....... 520
Yellow, Warblerieccecs cose eee blz, | bartolemicay Certhia=.--5---—- 444-522 417, 418, 419
bahamensis;Certhiges-s--pocee ease oseeee cee 403 Gerthiola. 22<2.5-4- 2eee seer 417, 419
Gerthiglacsoscecseeecenee sos 4038, 781 Coreban sarc. cases 400, 418, 419
@eexrebaisces-neocecaeaees 399,401,403. || Bar-winged Orioles 2-2. 22 2-2 -e eee eaee 265
Dendroica pityophila... 507,606,607 | barytus, Quiscalus..................-..---.- 226
Pringillasssss2 nce ccee ase 72” |*Basileuterus-. -----camcacces tee 431, 731, 736, 738
DairdiisGerthiola sos5-<s2s-.-> sees e ee 403, 781 BUTICUISLIST=-25454-22 ooe eect 740
Geothly pis. cscac csc ceeseeeeee sence 683 gurocapillusys: -22--ceenaeee eee 740
semiflava......... 660, 661, 662 bellix. .ssscewaceee soe 740, 741, 744, 745
RCtELUS=4q5eqe cee caeine eee eee 260, 805 belli:s >. cease 741,743
Baresi Oni Ole se sasson2 eee Sac ee rameters 305 Clarus so) ssa seeee nee 741, 745
Yellow=throat/o. see. seecese eee 682 scitulus..+----2=—=s 741, 744, 745
baltimore; Hyphantes ... Jo. 2 osescecc oe esse 314 belli) 52.25. ach ace seee oseeeeeae 744
Teterug esc ee eee 313, 314, 780 bivittatusseesssss. eee aoe 753
Oniolus sc scek an esse eee 255, 313 melanouis)se. see ser 753
Psarocolitshes& saeseec eee ees 314 Ibolivianus) pecs. es sseeee eee 740
WGterUus). seo saeeose eee Sees 314 Dresher P2539. sas<te sa sene cee 755
Yphantes) 2.2. Joctsses see ck eceees 314 brasierlc{. 2sc-cecescnceeensece 755
Baltimore OLiOlG eecmscceeeiee eee eee 310 brunneiceps’ sons. ses-esse- eee 751
INDEX 791
Page. Page.
Basileuterus chrysophrys ......-.----...--- (age Ebidentata Pinan gare eee eee eee ee 76, 78, 97
cimereicollisxe. ess. ---s-42ses-6 740 bidentate eases aseeee 78, 95
CUIICIVONEL aes ae ee sne nae see 754 PRYAN Say cee sc cele sas eee cise 95, 96, 97
culicivorus -...-. 740, 742, 754, 755,756 | bidentatum, Phoenicosoma .........-.....- 98
brasherii ....... "(4257b0\)| (bitasclata. Certhideay-_ 4. .-sescc ssescnee 763, 768
culicivorus..... 742, 7d: cinerascens)s2--.52-c.- 768
flavescens....-. 742, 755 OstinOps ser eenaneeoreis cece tees 181
godmani ....... 742, 756 SVdvid a cecctineen cease sees 73
Gelatrile ten te en catyeone eee 749750 bitasciatus: Cassicus: 222 sc5-o4sssseee access 181
Gelahirele yee ee shire aGee ss fHoOM|MpUlineatussySpIndalistsssssemacee s.ce cone es 62, 65
delattril! -5.2-5.- 746, (4857495750), 701 | sbIShO pl; -Catharopezaa-.-s-asi<so-eeeen ees 620
mesochrysus......... 751 WEUCOPCZAleemaa-ce cee eae eee 619, 620
CUOPHTYS'2o-osceeecseeeese cee 740)5| Bishops: Warblers. 2-2-2 sge- ce ee eeose = 620
Hawi TaASber ets, 2 .nonesioace ee T4Sqlmbivittatar Muscicapaies scaces see ce sear 753
AVASCLL 5.575. haoce nso acsere eee cs 740 PHOeCnICOSOM a 225-2 sea ote ee eee “101
LOGMEAN eee saree oe Pree 756 PY TANS Aces ctaw enemies wees e cies 101
SOAMANMIssss sana eee ake ace 756° | bivittatus, Basileuterus ..2.2.-2...-....:2- 753
P@TISCICEPS) sSs-4-.3 sacee cease < 740 | Black and White Warbler .2.-2-...:...-.-.. 432
lachymOsaisecats sscese ease = 737 Yellow Cre€pers-es---22- sm sec 414
leucoblepharus's55--+2sss5- 5-22 740 Tanaperss- oe so22 sealers 106
HELICOPHLYSacaecies- sence see eee 740 =backed'Spind aise: s22s-e ee eee ccene 70
leucopygius-.-....--.-- 740, 757, 758 Banana quilssececce-<seeeece eee eee 422
veraguensis ...... (Om blackbird sBicolored!=<.ases-seeessceeceee oe 326
melam genys-.....--. 740, 742, 751, 752 IBTE WOM Sic ete sete eee oes 248
melanovish)eeteccessae- 742, 782, 753 Cayenne Red-breasted.......... dol
MCSOCHLY SUSE. ses fae Beles 750, 751 DAOrbigniy) Stat eesececcseeceisee < 252
MESOLCUCUSH sae see heee ee eos cee 740 OsbUurnts as smceseren seen esaeecetee 345
WU DEI sass csace see ee cess amc'~ 760 Red=winked! sssasresecencee see 330
GULL OMSpes seas Sache ciel aaeteas 721 RUS te Se eca scene ote rnc acee 246
rufifrons .... 739, 740, 741, 746, 747, 748 Sumichrastist=-cee-ee. ee oer vot
Calid aiuseeeaceceete 741,748 Tawny-shouldered...........--- 343
Gelatiriisesa--se5- 742, 749 firicolored sce sees eee eee B24
dugesi..... 741, 742, 747, 748 VYellow-headed 2222 see eee 347
flavigaster ........ 742,748 Yellow-shouldered ............. 344
JOUYI 222 -- WAL; 46=747,7748" |) Dlack burnin Syilvitl cas--c-ccccs os esec concer 578
mesochrysus ....-. 742,750 |. blackburnie, Dendroeca ..............:.. 577, 578
GULiLLONS c= 741, 742, 745 Dendroica..... 504, 505, 532, 674,577
Sal yvinieeeaeeeeseee 742,749 | Mniotilta seas octet nee eae 576
SemicervinUs -...-...:-.< 740, 742, 757 Motacillas 2225. Sacct se cee soe 576
leucopygius -.. 742, Rhimamphuses-s-s. esse 576
797, 758 Sylvigejcacsasc deebinaseeaoeer 576
veraguensis. 742, 756 Sylvicolas 3.22 -ssecee seen nee 576
Stragulatuseeeces-eaceees cosine 740) > Blackburnian’Warblero-.caseesescese eeseee 574
MrOpYLiVliss eee easels 740; 787, 758: || Black-cheeked Warbler’ :-:.-2<--5-<2..--2ee gol
VeCTASUCNSIS ee ceseacee sacs 740, 757 eared Warbler jecnecscas a ceeenese sae a2
Bay-breasted Warbler)..22-2 32.2522. .2<s-<< 5992 =fronted Wiantbleneaacce scene eeienceces 559
Begutitul Parula Warbler -..... 2.2.0.2... - 491 sheaded Oriole css sceas senso eee ee 280
Decks Certhid eas teas cscs seem see se 763, 767 Oropendolacecacs- seers sees se eco 182
OLVACCAbrascne nanos eae aeicie 767 —polliwWarbleriecccceccs sneer ss eeennce 595
beldingi, Geothlypis......... 656, 659, 661, 679, 680 -rumped Shrike-Tanager ............- 125
Belding’s yellow-throat.......:...-2..2s<:.- 679 -throated Blue Warbler .............. 541
BelizevTana gen saeses =< Ayes foe cee aicls oe S87 -throated Gray Warbler .........-.... 556
belli, Basilewterus: 5....222.5-225- 740, 741, 744, 745 -throated Green Warbler.....-..-..-- 562
ellie ase eee 741, 743 | =WiINGed LANA E Claw san- sce naatscteceeine 58
IMMUISCICA Pa ects tet cee eae cee sacle (43a blandawrHtelmitheruseas. eee cise ese eceoe 649
Setophag anne onencsactecsene oe tee on oes 743) py BIER YyCatChers. assoc cicce secs coc aesenes 543
bellivBasileutenst cose ee eee ee eee ce eae 744 | SOLA VA WAT Dl elses =a teeta Cemnsee 543
Setophagay ssa... eee: wee seenceeer 744 sheaded! Warblertcccscnces seco seca 394
BellishwWanb] er sosstteselo sate oetleriewl ace acioeers 742 Honey.Creeper’ ..7.-2--nheasscan ae eens 386
BEItCEMRWaALD ere ctesa ances aoe sees ooeetee se 551 -hoodedwHuphoniae ..2---ses--e-ee-ene= 12
benedictiSpindailis!= -22ce--2- ose 63, 64, 72, 74 Mamalcin teak 20 oe cial Ans actes come ee 393
DICOLOLDACHIS My Sacs yates eee atse 394 -rumped Green Tanager.............-- 43
INectariniai 252-05: See ae ee 394 | ‘Ranager: 22. Soe ects sists seca ctoee 5d
Sylvia aa soars Ga occ eee eees 394 | “throated! Creeper! cass-c-cse sce ee eee 389
Bicoloreds Blackbindes-2--+--oeeeee see ones 326 Warbler, Black-throated.............. 541
bidentata, Phoenicosoma ......... ....... 97 SWAN Ped WATDIETis sccisemaseceenceoecce 455
192 INDEX.
Page. Page.
Bost-rail 4 Colum ares. tees nee ee eee ener 241 | brunneiceps, Setophaga............-------- 751
Boat-tailed 'Grackle 22.2 pease. -226- =e 236 | brunneus, Chlorospingus ...........--.----- 137
GIBYSON'S's2ccce0-2e5-=- 241 THrdUS= 2. aces se ee weeenesaeaes 247
Sonoran. 3: =... 22 242 | bryanti, Agelaius phceeniceus ...........-... 323,
IBODOUNK 2 occa cesmere cece se sea eae eee eee 370 324, 338, 334, 335, 337
Boddaert'SLanaseree: seen ease ciesaeaaes 130 Mendncecatsas-eee ses 530, 531, 783
Bopota Grackle ss ssc2. osccaescaeaemenses 236 WICIMOU - a see aaa 530
bolivianus, Basileuterus ...-....-------=--- 740 Dendroica 225-i2s05s- 3222s eueeee 501, 530
bonana; Teterus! 2 se seem cise cesses 258, 279, 280 bryant! -csaseee eee 501, 529
QOriolus 3-5 -c2cn cee eee 255, 279 Viecillotianso2- eee 530
Pendulinus-<<...5aceeekeeee ote ee 280 VWabiaee eee 530
PSarOCOMUSH =... 4S-tee eee een ae 280 vieillotii; van=--------<- 530
MAM CHOMMUS@ en cee nce eleiae eee 280 | Bryant’s Yellow-throat..................... 674
bomanze, Metéerus .2cse-2 soc eee tec eoee eee 280 Warbler. tsscs-secnseeee 529
Bonaparte’ s)/Huphoniae-.sa- ees seers = 20|) Bufi-rumped Warbler... <2 - sao ne sme ee 756
Manneer so soo cee ee see Ils |) bulloekii, Apelatus) <2. -secssno2eeme-eeeeer 316
bonapartil, Muscicapa ...--r-e-e ees e ee 719 Hyphantes: 2. 32226. Ssceccnsen ces 317
Miypiodioctes!pessnc-nce ecemeene 719 TIeterus .... 261, 262, 263, 314, 316, 317, 318
Setophagaisc.2-cs-2- -- cece 719 Icterus (Hyphantes)..-.-.-..-..- 317
Syl Vania 2 Goseo-ccescesacesas 719 Xan thormusrn-csse cece ee 289, 316
Wilsonial soo a8 oe See serene eee 719 Yphantesis2:. ..cecseecoses- ae 289, 317
PoONATensis: Teterus 2-2) see ee eee eee 203) (Bullodits'Orioles:< 52.7 cesueeeeesaesseceeeee 314
Molothnusecencccase scaecaeae 206;212) || (Buthrawpis's:2 2.222 204-2..seeee= = eee 2,32
Tanagrane.smscmae 54, 55, 208, 205, 212 OTC oa ae see ee 32, 33,775
Dorealis. Mniotiltas--c- ces. - cence teers cece = 435 exruleigularise..----se- 32, 33, 34,775
VOT diner eteres Eee secre 435, 436 chloronota). <<. --easesese eee 33
ascii soeeee tec ctian 436 cucullatay. 222i 5 eeee oe secon 33
boucardi, Granatellus sallei....--...---- 699, 703 edwardsics)- sc cesescse oe eee 33
Boucard’s Red-breasted Chat-.........-..--- 703 @XIMIA,. .< 228s see eee 32,33
brachidactyla, Geothlypis trichas...-.....- 655, montana 2s 2 eee ee sees 33
658, 660, 664, 666
prachidactylus; MriChas a=) seaaieoe era 666 Cc.
brachypterus, Chaleophanes.............-- 229 | Cabanis’ Euphonia........- Soe aoe 19
Holoqguisealustsaaseee eee 224, TANAPCR caosck cess cee ce eee 42
29529287929) | cabaniisi- Calllistes:-ass-02 ao se ne eee meee 43
Quiscalust 422 ee eee 229 Calospizaicc. sccss<5-cemseenos 36, 42, 779
baritus, var....--. 229 «|| eaboti: Certhiola: = 26. .5-.-- cesses eee eee 404
brasheri, Basileuterus...............-- Pee. HOO Coerebar aos Bains oss ee ae 399, 404
brasherii, Basileuterus culicivors......-- 742) 40/4) \ORGCIC!. 2 s5-che en asc tee oo tee Gee Ones 170,173
Brasher’s Warbler .......--- ECE a eco eee 400) ||| ‘CaciGus s2sececensen--aeeseene 169, 171, 172, 173, 186
DTAsieris BaSileuterus..5.c2-sesseeomeae ee = 755 alaUGarius!2 s..<cac =e eoceeeee ee eons 399
MuUSCiGa pean 5-o a aeenesteaoaeeses 7A5 albirostris.< - “ssccesaasese soonee eee 188
PLASIELIT MUSCICA DE a oe sees serie assets ote via) GHOTYSONOUUS! 2 =m eee aera 187, 188
prasilias Dangerasc.. o2.-ceecet ae Aa aosen ae 107 HA VICTISSUS = 2 <Somc ase eas sacs 187
prasiliana Parva p< cms Senescence 487,489 HOlOSELICEUS! 252s sae eoneeeeee eee 194
Sylyi@i -ds.ccts scores Meco aece 489 leucorhamphus= 2a) eee eee 187, 188
prasiliensis: Tanesera: sone. sesen acmieceeeee- 35 melanictenus:. soeensens-eee eee 192
prelayi, Uncirostrums . 22 a.cc. sees ees ee = 381 microrhyncehus:.---22--sse=5 188, 189, 190
brevipes, Arbelorhinas..2-.--cee ees =< eee 389 MONTEZUMA == scoot ee Oe 178, 181
@oerebase: ctiseeccke- seer estes 389 MODE ZW eee sane ete 181
Cyanerpes cyaneus...---.-.-:-- 387, 359 POrslCUS ...5-6-2 ce aeeees- Saeco 187
brevirostris,“Arbelorhing=. -o-se--2-cb-2 see. 385 vitellinus\-e5 csc cece eee 187, 188,779
Corebasscchec=22tetesosaeesess 385 WaAPIEL 3222 son cass ace desea eee 175,177
prewiunguis, Anthus\.....a-eseecsseaceeaes 598" Cacique: <.c.n0-cecnas. deen tan socaeeceseneese 186
brewerl, Quiscalus, ...-...0 2-2-8 222256 -55 251 Lawrence’s:. <.s.0.¢ec casnecismeeenee 188
Brewers Blackbird: .acesso2-0s5eseeeee eee 248 Mexican aso. cc0 <2 eee 191
Brewster's; Warbletes-..--ecsceseaseae eee ats 4538 Prev.ost'S <s¢ 20455.. <oneeer ease 194
Brick-red| Tana sers-. cc 5 ese eee eee ae 86 Smali-billed). 5 22:c-42.ce. seo seeee 189
Broad-banded Tanager..-.-.----..--....--.-- IO | Caciquess ase)... se deie ds note ee Se ee eee es 173
Bronzed | Cow birGs-s-cascaeeoeem ee eee eee = 203) |"Grreba, creruless.. os aco-cnc ace sameness 781
Whessen seer seey woe ree 204 | crerulea; Crereba.: .2..5.56sc<cee sce aese ese 781
Grackle 2-2) so-us4ck os eeise se eeise 219 Certhiars:, osc eeeeatieccce cece cere 385
Brown-headed Chlorospingus...........--- 160 Coerebaen. 2. bsc 2 ssisnciee Soeteia lee 385, 781
Oriole 253332 eee eee 209, 248 Nendrweca. .sos eck ee eee eee 572, 573
brunneiceps, Basileuterus...........-..-..- 7Al Dendroica c2-ccc ce teen eee 571, 572
MyiObOrus<.4-a2---4--ceeneaee 731 Miniotilltar. . 5.02555 setters oe ee 573
INDEX. 793
Page.
GORING HES Viva Qayeta wasn se isere eeaeieeisietaiee ene 785
Sylwicolaimenes ese osc ssececisesec = 571
CACTULER \COCTE DA tao ateaiseme ce acces cers eters 394
INGOMMIS =e sees cece seas 423, 425
ceruleiguiaris, Buthraupis.-......-.-- 32, 33, 34, 775
exeruleocephala, Euphonia................- 14
cerulescens, Chlorophanes...........------ 384
DRONIS a saree eae cee ccs ae 384
Mendreecamssene saceeececcieses 544
Meno Caieee ee ceee- ee 502, 544, 546 |
ceerulescens. 502,541,546 |
DIGLOSSOPlS sone ase eee see 379
Mini otiltaiac pieces sates ise 544
Motacillaicaa-ceeesseseeeee 3 <s 543
Miyiodioctes) f2s--eaeme seen 719
Sylvie sees asec ccs eccsis 543, 544
Grenuleus, .\CVANerpeseees see cicsce se eceee sis 385
Rhimamphus)secsec. choc cess == 571
ceruliocephala, Nectarinia................- 394
(CRINGE NVATD Cress .- acielecsinisece sistne icles 45
cairnsi, Dendroeca cerulescens .......--..-- 546
Dendroica czrulescens...... 502, 545, 546
CHIAVELAS WAL DIED Ja jo--ee eos steele cesses 470
ealifornicus, Agelaius gubernator .........- 322,
323, 826, 329, 780
Pendullinuseee-crs s- 6 seisecs= 297 |
Calliparccas Callospiza-s-5-ceo-sce eee secs es 25i|
Callispiza (Chrysothraupis) frantzii........ 39 |
ALAN CISCoe Lee eee ose te coe 51 |
PUlLta Asem ater ecneae som ccc riose 42
SVTOlOIdeS =. == sa420-02cees cues 45
IeLerocephal Aaseseeiaeeeeeeseeel-ee 39
SCL Ate Rigs aaem atte cee alors a areieecvetate = 43
Fy S tlaleee lela cetein aiclsinicvate Scisiwia ecto cine csias 34
CaiSteaaajamersee aes chase nets ascaisst's 34, 35, 36
GCADAMISIy ase) aaieyetete so ateinie cise cision ciate 43
GHEY SOPHTYS) sa as citomesese ease acleioe 42
Cucullatays: sheresniee wae oe osha enic cole 53, 54
GY ANOVENULISt assem ee 2 -eeeecicce eee = 44
GIACONUS Ses seecente osc cee see csen 57
AO WalE eer tos nos seems ee aes see 775
GOAL retainer nate onic ee ae seca 47
A ELTNT Viren fete ok arene aicisrre Aaitnae teens 50
OTIC Resta eae cea ck Bans 39, 40
PUAN COSCR oa teases oetjoeeeselee Ss Saisie 51
HANAN CISCREM sek cassie oaeloeen eee 50
IM VINU ZL atsoe sia a crane eee te nee sails 39
Subtatays ssoe = cceen sce ws apsiecine 42,775
TU U UI beers saps errs e ee rete ape eters 42
gyrola, var. a. gyroloides...........- 45
PVKOLOIMES tase waa ane ne eee eee sare 45
neterocephallar=- css ssas-seseeee secs 38
AMOMMatayasaasccee Sacer elaaee eeeases 52
Janelle ast emcees eee ee ee cece eiaies 49, 51
ATA COSC Mame senate aeons cee 51
LY. PlCa yas shcaec see ae aetter: acts 49
Var: TAD MY ea Soeee canes 49, 50
lAVAMI AS 2s 522-25 2aqaaceaenicee seeacer 47,49
(AVANT S35 oss Sess aoe tee wees 47,49
OTN Mt Byshieg conse oS so5en nea seeeeiece 52
punctata, var. a. guttata.....-...... 42
SCLAUCHIL Sata: aeons acces cose ete eee 43
VETSICOLONass sae ee 52 ee nee eee EES.
callophrys)Acrocomps):.-- 22-2 sscc2-s-ee0 8
Chiorophonigye-s5-s-e5-2-— 5, 7,8, 775
Pris lyphiGiaemseaceece cecee osc e 4,8
Page
Callospizaisecmen cocaase eee oe metsenie=eee: 34
callliparceas-.ssseensnecer sheers 2
SVUOIA ace cinnscnocecene eee aes 44
Callothrusizsosee-eeese cea 170, 172, 174, 197, 200
PWNCUS = sac ase ee eee ese 204, 205
BNECUS secceneee eee 201, 2038
SSSUMMISe see eee ee 201, 204, 205
Brmentire a. tase saeco eae ees 201
TODUSUUSEM Sse eeeeeceeere ce 201, 203
calophrys; Chlorophonia:.=.+-.--2--22.---s5=- 8
CalOSpi Zane et seis se coe eee Eo ee 2,3, 34
aurnlentass-t.-22c ssoseese ene ccene 36
Gabanisitssoncce. cauet cess 36, 42,775
Cucuillataes eee ese sees see ase 37, 52
GOW soccer Aeaeas a ota Seeanicete 36, 46
HOVIGS assess enters nis es esetae 36
ATCRISs yas Sees esses 36, 40,775
Horidaros.cteasaces oe Sees 36, BY
guttata scat. coecieaeos os see cwincnce 41, 42
ehrysophrySin.--e> sa2ee- >= 36, 40
TY LOLOIGES war sass -ciesese cee ee se 36, 43, 45
ieterocephalacssa-sccee tesa eee 36,37
INOTMMAtA es ssocceaenee tema tect 30, 37, 51, 52
lanvataecsececeesicce Yrs arate Syston 37
fANNY Sooke sees eescecen 37, 49, 50
lanvatancscceseesecicee oe tee 37,47
DAVIN Aas ac oioneieis sins Sec eee 36, 46, 775
schramkiltaae atest taceice eee 36
WErSICOlLOD Sass steeciee ces cee 37,53
Calyptophilus!jsereseceieweceecerriens taser 1
campestris; Glossoptilajss-cs-cee esses eee 425
Motacilla ots. 2cceccesecocwscis 425
CEM pPVlODS wats esaoacOsice cio oeeeeeec cece 378
hamuUluse= so 28st cee ceases 368
Cana Tanaerae cooece seen aeace sees 55, 56, 57, 776
ThraUpiSh jz saccmsecie nace ee ete eeeaes 57
canadensis, Dendroeca ..............- 543, 718, 784
Dendroicarcess.. chee csoasneees 543
Huthilypiscsscccseaceceeoeeeee ae 718
Motacillaytsssceroeneeeee 510, 551, 638
MUSCICAP Aa cce soreness 717
Miyiodioctest sassssere meaeoer= 717, 718
Setophaga. sac -.4-ccesce meee 717
Sylvania. sca. eee ees 718
Walsomiais ves scnneee 705, 716, 718, 784
Cangdianiwarblereesasacsece sesee ese ereee 716
canicapilla anaderasse.as-sece ace essere 681
canigularis, Chlorospingus................- 166
MachyphOnuUs mercenaries ase 166
caninucha, Chamethlypis..............- 687, 689
Geothly piss jcsmen see ocet eee 690
poliocephalasvarzecs-cecea cee 690
Cape May. Warbler 225257 ocje<n:-\si)seiactes see 537
CAPENSIS OI OMS He Ao sas oe ci octeie eee eee 278
capitalise Dendrcecars s-co-cecnete see shee 26
Dendroica seta sees ee eee 499, 526
ruhcapillare=ssses:- 501, 526
Miniotilitavsas-2s.--cee see cee eeee 526
carbonariasDiglossavc. ses: scceac oss. 2-5 379
carbonarium, Serrirostrum................. 378
carbonate DeEnGnceedi a. . cc... -cees eee 541
(Perissoglossa?) ...--. 541
MendroiGaveetccssseeaemeeeeees 540, 541
Helinaias =... 25 s2s2.eetees ee asce 541
Helminthophaga (?).........-..- 541
elimi enosewecrereeeecntee eae 541
794 INDEX.
Page. Page.
Carbonata, Mniotilta..-o--ce- aca oceieoeese 541 | Cassidix oryzivora mexicana........ 197, 199, 200
Perissoplossa2 2 -S2=<s2-- soe ee 541 OLYZIVOVE .s25 2 eee ee 197
Sylwia coats devs sce tie merce o41 WIOIER 23223452552 -= 197,199
SYLVIcOls.. sce csa cee su eines pees D4] Cassini; HUCOmetiss..-... sacs 2 as oe ee eee 169
Vermivora.. 2202-2 se- soe ese 541 Gymmnostinopsss22---2 sees ee 179, 181, 182
Carbonated) Warblerss-cc---fes cesses ees 540 MItros DIPS? == eee eee 169
Cardelling. 5-0-6. saao-ee arene tcecce 428, 430, 719 Tachy pons ss-o-eeeee eee 167
: aMiGtadassche Lt eee ee 719, 721 || eassinii, Hucometis.=s2--2226 eee see eee 169
(Ereaticus)rulbrasss- seers ee 760 | Cassin’s Oropendola................-......- 181
TUDE: cshsc~ cae kees sess sec esses 760 PanaPer-aool: ses Boers ee eeeee 168
TUDYITONS sac ete see accesses 720,721 | castanea, Dendroeca..............-.-< 594, 595, 785
WVEISLCOlLOT Sea zeae eee eens oe 761 Dendroica. ........ 497, 506, 592, 594, 596
carmioli, Chlorothraupis -....-.......--- 154, 155 Mniotiltacs cs scsi eases eee 594
Pheenicothraupis. - 2-2 -se-- eo 155 Setophagat 04455. seco ae ee 733
Phoenicothraupise-------eeer eee 778 Sylvia sooo 2) cetera et saws 5 epee 594, 785
Carmiolis/Chlorospinguse s.-e.--stee eee 163 Sylvicolasc2 i. ces sce eee 594
TaAnaper.scssscee ae, a eae aw eaneG oes 155 | castaneicapillus, Myioborus................ 731
cameipes: Ccerebascsoscee eee ee ceteeceoeeee 389 | castaneiceps, Dendroica bryanti..........- 531
CYANess, Vales ieee aeecc 389 Dendroica bryanti, B -......-- 531
Cyanerpes czeruleus .......-..... 781 | castaneopectus, Icterus wagleri...-.....-.. 269
CYyaneuss2..22-teeee ec $89) | (eastaneus, IG@LELuS 2 ssco-ceecen eee 278
Carolinensisy Mniotiltayen- tesserae 512 OPFIOIWS 25 Seo see ae ee cons
Motacillare stat saateeeeeeese 512 PSsarocoliusis. oss: 2s2seneseen eee 278
Sylviase ee ke eee eee 512 | RDI An pHUS See sees ae 594
carolinus, Scolecophagus......-.- 245, 246-947-251 (Catharopeza-n- soe eoscee ec eee ee 428, 429, 619
PUTGUS) o.d5 Se FAaee cee s we oe 244, 247 bishopiz. : sdetes sue eeees -eeecee 620
Caryothraustes) = os52.sc2cs-ocs ane eases sas 1 cad scutus, “PsarOcoliissi.=-e amr a= =e 374
CHSSICWIOIG CS. oa tan een eee ce Bee See 255 | caudatus, Basileuterus rufifrons -......-.. 741, 748
Cassiouhwsts scatcsece aebicmcioe eee eee 172,173,190 | caurinus, Agelaius phoeniceus ............. 323,
Ghrysonovustcs. ote neeseneeee eee 189 324, 341, 342, 781
COLONARUSS. =- a eee eee eee 192: | Cayana, (Centhians-a-2.25ce- sos enenesene 388
HAVICRISSUS. foe aoe eee ecisee 189 D@EniS ses. 5 2essesehe eee 392, 393, 396
icteronOtus. =... 9-04. 5 eeaadeanee 189 Cayanal 2<.ce 2. s5-c8 392, 395, 396
melamicterUsSs.-2s22e ee eee 191,192 Motacillas =: 2S224--eeeeeeees 390, 393, 396
microrhynChuss==-cessse ee neeeee 190 Tanagrar. oc se tac sae e inane eee 8
PYEVOSU ae oe a ane cee eneraree 195: | eayanus, Daenis oeec. ceesce cece oaeee eee 393
MTOPYSIAliss. . sees see ene 190 || Cayenne Dacnis’<s.2 === a=) sees eee 392
WaSSICNIS Cec Gee ac ea ee eee Re 186 Red-breasted Blackbird .........-. sel
eis eehee eens Re Sat oan 186 | caymanensis, Holoquiscalus............. 225, 229
sulbinOstris:s5-s-s.sseeeroaeeen ee eee 186, 187 Quiscalus! 2. =o: ce ceseeeeeeene 229
AEM Ss. se aneccassncece am dee er ese ese 199 |) celata, Helinailal.. ss. c2ce 6 aa-58 ssc eee 464, 466
bifascla@tiisucicsaceeseao- ees estes ee 181 Helminthophaga .........---. 464, 465, 466
CILTEUS aS ae oe ree ee eee ee 185 Gelatatc-7 sees 465
Cristatusees. Sec oesee semen ness 185 Vis teeees 465
HaAVICLISSUS: Oeg-ce coe eee a eeeeee 189 @issSsinbae 465
SURLIMOZINUS-— ~ cea eee eee 182, 183 Var icsncese 465
holosericeuss: ccccqwo.ctae seer tee 195 Helminthophila ......... 448, 465, 466, 783
TCtLETONOWUS;<\i.c-2 wees soe eee eee 189 Celatalsstagssese 448, 462
melanicterUs e./4-- oS sossceweuees 192 Helmitheros=-225-- cases eee 464
microrhyNeChUS = sseeeee reece ee eee 190 MnlotilitaZees.o2c2e a) eae ees 464
MONE ZUNE... 35. Se Saw corse ce eeeie 181 Sylvia 2. pose ok ce ee ee eee ae 464, 466
WISSTLIMUS =: Abe ss oss ece eee sae 192,195 Syl vicolacs2.c2:. saeece se eee eee 464, 466
PeCOTIS' saciaeeea cons ea aeee ee eee 779 WOEMEVOLO) 22 cne.s tans) eee eee 464, 466
PEISICUS ccc Fo cac ssc eee etee eee 189) | “celatus, Helmitherosi-c.. 22-42... enleee ere 464
PLCV OSU. ci. coe cisco secs ee cee aie 195 | Central American Ground-Chat...........- 689
SOUMPATIUS oy ee ose ccc ae ea ee 192 Meadowlark ............ 364
TO PY PIAS See ee aos am cicces 190 | cerinoclunis, Coereba ..........-..... 399, 408, 409
VATGMMIMUSS coon wed eset eee 139) |} Certhia bahamensis\:.. 255.2. .---seseccsees 403
WHE] Oideme satinceeemaececee cece 177,178 bartolemics 22: e-em 417, 418, 419
Gassidices:: +... -seoc er ak ee esses ae ae 173 cetulea Cotes <5 ae eee 385, 390
CaSsidix)si.5.5-2 ose nose eee ee 170, 172, 173, 196 CRY RNG ae eae elation 388
ALO A cas ee eee acceso a bee 199 CYVANER c3cS5os5 Secees eee eee 384, 388
aritan sss. secs seater wate 199 CYANOpastras.so.. cS. cues ses eeeaeae 389
CTASSTOStnisisAsacen cee cee ee eae 200 ” flaveola...... 398, 407, 413, 414, 417, 419, 422
TNCXICHMUS eens cee ee eee eee 200 HAVIPES' . - os cdeceseek aw ceewen esa ase 389
OLYZIVGEA aisanicte wlemeeiemic- 197, 198, 199, 200 Macuilseta eas ace Acloses eee eae 435
a
INDEX. 795
Page.
Gertinaochrochilora, 2222-2. s.-222 22-65 385
FPSIUETENS reese tet oe otc locrare cies 456
Geta cs s8 oso sod one bonpoadadosesaes 382, 384
SUMIMA IN CNSISSae-me oa ete ros earns tars 385
ATT eRe ee cee te ce ce meneeres 434
Wenihid das a. eee eee 375, 377, 426, 431, 761
albemarieice-cns2-+ sossecse at ssie 764
Barninestonelslandtssecesa- aos 768
beckimessss sence se corae aeons 763, 767
DISASCIE tate soserme ae ees rs ee 763, 768
Charlesiislandisarss.ssce eee 765
Chatham Uslandseesee esc cosessas 764
CinerascenSice ness eee e tee 763, 765, 768
Difascigtaes--- a=. 768
cinerascens......--- 768
Culpepper Island...........----- 7167
DanwintS: seeee cee maciscleme oe cee se 763
GTOWNE esc ven Gaoases see se aes 763, 767
MUSCR Sates ecicisisssisoee so s=5 5 763, 766, 767
Gara yee see ete ccie siatniaialaiciae 768
Mabelisscussec ceca t esc walestess 766
HUte Olas ie et a coceawe~ cae 762, 764, 765
MENTMIS: Aecepacsa=cesaricesc cece 763, 766
Olivacens s.2.5.--2- 761, 762, 763, 764, 765
DECKIE Saas cee crsclseice a6 767
GrOWMEl a2 22 sees. = oes 767
PUSCR a 22s. se ee eesatemes 767
ltnteolamaeeee se ss ses-c,5 765
mentalisesoa.. 2-2 asce- = ~ 766
OVAGCA ess ace< steer 764
HIDE Ways scecssosacees 765
O]IVASCENS)= 2322s Jets cstscscc ss 768
MIG PW rel Vili siciaiastsie oie ae ateieteiais mater 762, 765
SOV ee ete ae Sein siete seisiaas 764
ToOwerlsland socee ee sce ae eee ae 766
Wenman ISland@=:2:2-cceasence- 767
WENPHIGEIND 45 e,ss ne scien hee ecne eal ercels 431
WETUMO De ee- caw asses cwien Cat wceeeteectiens 398, 781
meralbirularcesshccecs-c sees coe acc 422,782
MUPACH eects ee ch we erences 423
PAHAMENSIS —o-s-e--eeerece ees 4038, 781
DAINGit 3... Soeas emcee ee cme esec 403
Pandit sreces 2. ca-miccoos oem 403, 781
PANMAN VOLTA. so-eccaaaseeeite as coe oe 412
banbad ensis’osac-scwceeceue auceos 420
bantholemiGanc 52sec. cise 417, 419, 782
bantolemi Ca) cas. eee scone 417,419
CARDO tis ference eet wees ee eee 404
ChliGTOpY Pare massee et esse see eee 399, 401
GMCS en ces ot see eecienm ce eestoe 412
GUSTS Naor jn ne nee ee uence eee 412
COMM DIAN Bee seen ce cess 409, 411, 782
GOMINICANBEecee eee eteee ee cee 418, 782
fiNSCHIS eee acre Reece eee 422
HAVCOlLAS so Ses..aiiwe cate se cenasias 403, 407,
413, 414, 415, 417, 419, 422, 782
var. portoricensis ....--. 413
fromtalishfest o-en22 cee emote ose 418
POUMANINE eo -e neta esac eee 408
PUIAMETISISH Pe coenceetmemee secs 399
iMNeEnMed ase ees eect ee eee 407
hiteolaxe.-s.2.2n-soeese 407, 410, 412, 781
IM AP MANOSM Sissies seme neem 408
TTY EN] OTeceees oie arotetsatevers oeite ates = 408, 781
MTAIUSCUleceace cee cee Toes eae Se esoOo
TNE GUMN eee eee a Sasa 540
Page.
Certhiolamartinicay es... sss se ese se scene 422
MaAntiniGana-.-sscee 42 see 420, 422, 782
Martinicensisia ess e555 ecees see 422
MEXICAM Aes Seah nent ee mae ee 410, 781
a MEXICANA G22. sees 410
8. columbiana......--- 411
columbiana22..---s-e- 411
IMMIN Ol esetets te iota oe tite ciereosieis 408, 781
Mew tOnieece ss aceaw a cee aeeees sce 417
POFUVIANG)-. = Sea acie seieiacisiciestase eae 407
POLtOrICeNSIS! sence soe seo 413, 782
TUPICOlIS Acct Sees Reece e ee 425
SAaCChaninaeee= -ceccecekes cece 416
Sancticthomee bree es oeeeee eee ee 414
Sharpelesazsascrcecics ce ssc1jocelsicl= 405
stinthome Scr cece aetecet case 414, 782
sundeval lly ee eee mis eaaisis 418
tricolor seo eee ee ceeecceinne 406
Well Si oe eee Bee eieece ane ae 423
CeruleasSylvidins se -ace ce ceca eenienc ce eeesee 571
GeruleangWarbler’s:taoseehece ce ecemece snes 570
Cetophiagarts et esccke Seeeen esha anes 722
Chaleophanesibaritus!as¢ a s22s-see-52- eee 226
prachyipteruSmesesesseceee eee 229
gun dilachilitssesce eee eee ese 227
MUU bEISmessee ceecins ce eeenees 229
IMACLOULUMS eacene se acces 240
MAT OLssce eon nee sce eee eee 238
DULPUTACUS Sac. cee ie eee 218
quiscallus\sssa.ceses - see 216, 253
WVETsiCOlOR ss: oases eee ee 220
WATESCONS cases eee ane eeeass 248
Chalcothraupish eases sence ce saae eae eee 35
ehaly beak muphoniatee. secterra-seeseieeeeeees 9
SPAR OTA octane cca ceeine ciere einets 8
Chamethly pis ceeces cic see cee eee 426, 430, 686
CADINUCHA: ewe e ee eee ee 687, 689
poliocephalayes=--- ssa. on 686
palpebralis . 687,689
poliocephala.. 687
Charles'Island’ Certhideat so 2... <5. ...-25--1- 765
Chat, Boucard’s Red-breasted .........----- 708
DuBus’ Red-breasted:..2..2.--...22-- 699
one-tailed es anosecee ss aeeeee emcee 695
Salle'’s:.Red-breasted .....-.....----.- 701
Tres Marias Red-breasted....-..--.-.-- 700
welllowebreasted (= acm oaceeee nese 693
Chathamiusland'Certhidea'. 2232. 2-------.--- 764
@herrieis Tanagerst--- =. s2-465-25se eee 111
Chestnut-sided Warbler ...:...-...-..------ 589
ChiapasiWarblensicececteee emeeee cea Seine 748
Child remiigs yAWila ser ssiseteeis cle cee ciesereie eee 512
Chilpancingo Warbler cese- cesses sess 745
chiriquensis, Geothlypis ..........--. 659, 6S1, 682
eequinoctialis, B... 682
y--- 682
var 682
GhiniquizParulanwWarbler sac s24cc ee seeieeee = 487
WellOw=throate.. -socsce nee ceecicce 681
C@hloreuphonigtese sees cerse = eae eee 4
CHIOTISK Ste aeeteece sos cot ee Souci isnising see 478
ANVCTICAN Aste Cee reece a 483, 486
enithachoridese..6- 4. scone seeiseee 528
Ghilorochnysaeeasssese anaes oiscee ellen eee 2
chloroleuca, Motacilla.................----- 517
Svliviaeececes Ae Lee aeacssies 517
796 INDEX.
Page Page
chloronota, Buthraupis......-.------------- 33 | chrysocephalus, Oriolus -.......-.--.--...-- 255
Chlorephanes?-esseeeses-- == -s-= 374.376, odijeom. |) COPYSOMG see 3-5 ese a= nee een eee eee 319
Aur Ca PUN er reese eae 384 | chrysomelas, Hemithraupis --.....-.....--- 106
emrulescens.2=- --s524-55e5e=" 384 Tachiyphonus cesssseseel ec 106
guatemalensis .......----.--- 884) ‘Chrysomiusiaccect es socc oaiecceenscee eee eee 319
PUNPUNASCENS) = sess 37, B82, 060: | \CHLYSONOLUS, Ca cicusesses.-.-seneeseeeeee 187, 188
SDIZA see ee eee eee ae 383, 384 Cassiquilusie- <2. ccoceeeecees es 189
@XSU eects aso ceec nese 384 Ramphoeelusss-2 = -seeseeae 108, 112
guatemalensis ...-.--- 383, 384 Rhamphoceelus ...........--- 112
yar.guatemalensis ..... 384 | chrysopareia, Dendreeca .........--.-+----- 567
@hloroploneusiees-se-e—eeee aoe =e 4 Dendroica. 22 2 -seeece eee =e 587
@hlorophooni ties sees see eee eee Dak Mini otilitae steht aa neraeeteee 567
Callopuorysoss--=seo eer 5,7,8,775 | chrysoparia, Dendreeca ..-......---..- 565, 566, 570
CHIOPHEVS 2a sescec cee eae 8 Dendroies ]s--4-- 504, 565, 567, 568
GostavRicanl.« sesssccoseees = 7 | chrysophrys, Basileuterus........-.-..----- 744
CYANO OTSAIS eee =e 7 Callistet: 2:+7.tascaseccoe eres 42
Mexican cee. -cto- =e p-meeecee 6 Calospiza guttata ............ 36, 40
Occipitalisce rs --passeeaee a 5,6 Sylvia 222320 sa see eee 744
pretritite ee eee eae ea 54 (ehirysop tera eelinainee i s-soseeeeeeeeeeee 450 -
VAT CIS eee eee eee meee 3 Helminthophaga .........-- 450,451
echioropyea, CerthiOlayeseeee-= eee 399 Helminthophila -.--.2-2---- 2. 446,
Gocreba se eee 399, 401, 408 447, 448, 451, 452, 454, 456
Coereba chloropyga..-.----.---- 408 Hel mintophitte. =e 451
GhiorospineguUs esses esse eee 2,4, 157, 426 Helmitheros-. 2-1 saseeseeaeee 450
2) DIROUStee ee eee eee 158, 162, 163 Mmniotiltas 22:2) see eee 450
albitempora....-- 158, 163, 164, 778 Motacillay J. 2! soc eee 445, 450
albitemporalis ......-- 161, 164, 778 SVIVias 6 So cee ee eee 450
ALTICEDS eee eee eee aaeraseee 160 Sylvicolay..J32-5.2455 sec cesses 450
acc ATi§S 55-6 aerate 135 Viermivoraists 2225.22 pec 450
Brown-headed ......-.------- 160 | chrysopterus, Ramphocelus ..-....------ 108, 112
bRUMMEUS Soon eee eee se e=aee 137-1) Ghnysothraupise.socsee-eeeee sa seca eee 34, 36
canigularis......-..- eee 166 icterocephalaess-esseeee eee 39
OArmiolisi - aera see eaeeee 163) )} ‘Cichlaloplaic®::<¢ 455-0. on eee eee 769
Drab-breastedesssees-se- cee 167 Wulpina:. c= 2ste sees ACO eePe 770
Dusky-headed| ~ --222---2---- 160 | cincinnatiensis, Helminthophaga........-- 447
My POP heeuSise sass s4-— 157, 167,779 Helminthophila......... 446, 447 ©
JEU COPHINSheeer eee eee 157, 16L |) cinetawMotacillaeesssses-eeesee ete 551
NMOWVICHUIS jee eeiee eee ees 778,779 -} cinerascens, Certhidea .............- 763, 765, 768
olivaceiceps..-- 2-22 -22-=- 159, 166 cinerascens ....---- 768
Olivaceous soeesce eee eee ee 159) || cinerea, Buphonaieenss oe asece eee eee eee 32
- olivaceus...- === 157, 158, 159, 161 Huphoniae sco. .s 2 eee eee 32
Olive-crowned .........-...- 166 | cinereicollis, Basileuterus................-- 740
ophthalmicussess---4--eee 15834) Cignls cse8s.c eee cen cent see e eee 393
159, 160, 161, 162, 165 pratensis) 9.22..2222 s-ccsseSeeeee eae 353
PICA tUS ee eeeeeee eee 157,165,779 | citreea, Protonotaria....-....- Sethe ee 445
mostocwilanisiss--2s-5-5e- 158, 160) | citrea, Helminthophaga -....--.-.--...-..-- 445
PUN CtULAINS = see esse 159, 164, 166 Mmniotilitac. 25.02 22. 4.)o eee ese 445
Sooty-cappedes.seesaa5- 5 165 Motacilla 2 q2coe0 ease ae eeee 442, 418
speculiferuse.--s4--ss-—- 156, 157 Protonotaria 2-.-----5- 427, 442, 444, 445, 783
spodocephalai--2e.-2ee. s4-=- 140°) citreus) Cassicusee.a--sss--5 sees cee eee eee 185
spodocephalus!-- 22 25.---5--- 140 TuUrduss. ce. 20. d-ssce ee Sayeec eee 638
SUmMiChrastil.c-s--ce reese 158, 162" || citrinellaSylvia..c.. ee eo ae eeeee eee 512
Sumichrast!'S2-ss-eeeee eee 162)| \citrinus, Rhimanphus!-..s- sees 496, 512
Wihite-fronted, eees.-eaceeeae s162;:|eitriusiOniolustssscee-c< ss- se eee eee eee 185
Yellow-breasted ........---- 166 | clarus, Basileuterus belli...............- 7Al, 748
Chlorothraupisess-3 -5-osaso hese caren 4) 54: || clucise: Gerthiolas..----2---4---saceeeee- oe 412
Garmiolivssssse esos seseeae 154t5a |) elusiee (Certhiolajecc. a2. see. ose nace eeee 412
Qlivacers= sacs Hob 155, 27718) |) (CliypiClerUs=ce-sses =: ae see eee 169, 171, 172
OlIVACEUS S255-2eesene=cons 478.|eoceines. Pyrangae. 22th. seen eee eens 81
chlorotica, Tanagray..c cceseen see seen eeee 8 Tanapras \.'c57 boats or cere ees 81
chrysater, Xanthormusi-n---ssecc sees se=- 2955709). | (COeleStIS| Up HONIR: sae sees sae eee eee 13
ehryseola, Wilsonia pusilla ...........--- 705, ¢1:t.|) ccelestis Lanapran = —os2- se eace esac 57
ehryseolus, Rhimamphus .........--....--- 512; ||| Coerebateseruleas ca. se<chciscisicesiisiemeeee's 394
chrysocephala, Motacilla -2.25---.----- =.= 576 coerulea microrhyneha........-.-- 335
SW idl cces sche ease 576 MPOpYyeialis...n.o acces eee Se 782
Sylwicolaiie sss cos eceese 576 | Coereba........-.- 374, 375, 376, 377, 378, 384, 398, 781
: INDEX. (97
Page. Page.
Wierebnratratate oc oo. eee ee leecieie sea 401, 422,428 | Compsothlypis americana ramaline. 479, 486, 783
CHG UG, 6. toe soaesedobaseouuse 382, 384 usneve. 479, 484, 485, 486
ahWanMvensis™s sep es sieeael= 399, 401, 403 STAY SOM ee asec eee 480, 492, 493
bananivorais sesceecsccceccese Sens 399, 401 PULL UTA lIS eases aeaeeeeeaeee 475, 476
DALDAGeNSISseeeeee cree essces 400, 401, 420 INOIN Ata sees esas eee eee 488, 489
bartholemicay os <-— ee. 2 te lesiee te 418, 419 INOLNAtUS =eeeeeaee ese eee eee 489
partolemica)-sssca2seose ee cose ss 400, 419 inswl aristsesse eee tee eee 492, 493
DICVAPCS se sae esios se lee ans em ie cte'elei= 389 MEXICANG se eee eee ae 478
NTE VATOSLLIS See peas ac meee eee eee 385 MISTULOLA 3. closes eee eee 491
CODO GIS: aes aee eae oo ee eee 399, 404 PltiayuMiyecesee ee ee eee 479, 487
Caaruleneomee eee cee 385, 390, 781 inornata ....480, 488, 489
CATMCIPESE Gas. = s-eos caisoceu eee eens 389 insularisie.cee 480, 492
Cerinochimist-2- ee ee eee eee 399, 408, 409 nigrilora-.-- 2 480, 490
Ghloropyeascc: seescee--reeeaece == 399, 408 pitiayumi -....-. 480, 487
chloropyga--s.----:---- 408 pulchirareseceee- 480, 491
PUIANENSIS) ec eee ee =e 408 speciosai =. -%>-2--- 480,
intermediai.---2<.-- << 408 487, 488, 783
le Oa ass wenetee ee ce 408 pulehrajapacesese cs eee 491
MIaeniITOStriS)=.ac-ce 8 see AOS le Comirostrumeseassne cet ease 375, 376, 377, 425, 426
MA OW nee seeceeoae eas 408 superciliosumirsesee ate ee sece 478
MEXICANAeces: esc ee ce 4085) Connecticuty Warplerscess ce ecece oe ceeeeee 625
GhING Nese oc eecochescesS sa aaeooares 388) |MCOOperis, Piran gan so.cns sees ec sees eee eee 84
Var Carel pes... --.-2=--= 389 TUDTA pects eae 76, 77, 83, 84, 776
GoOmINICANa -2. ces 4-etceas oe 400, 417, 415 Pyran gal me ocnes sensor eee ee 84
flaveola ....-. 400, 401, 407, 413, 414, 419, 782 eShIVEl ec oe ee eee 84
longinostris pes. eee eee seea et Soccer OOO) VATA. cecleisee cistens 84
INICIdae eee a see see cee mace aie 3900h | Coraciasisalbulla) peemsececeecesecee ease see 255, 312
te olavesss=seni sees 399, 406, 407, 416, 782 XAUIEHOLMUS aactieeeeeee sesso aeee 264, 302
MALUINICAN Gases ee cesses 400, 421,422 | coronata, Dendrceca.................. 550, 553, 55
MEXICANA Sessa 399, 401, 407, 409, 410, 782 Dendroica. ...- 497, 503, 646, 549, 550, 784
columbianansz2-2..cs. 409, 411 Coronata, Vanes. sec ce 550
TMEWWiLOMI ee oe yok ees ncke Sree 400, 416, 417 Mniotilitaecceeecesccere cen oases 549, 784
ADL Byes ere ye Ss oets Soom neeticcmaccoes 386 Motacillasnacesaccescee: --- 4196, 497, 548
portoricensis ......-.- 400, 401, 412, 413, 782 Rhimanphussscece-sseseseceeeee 549
SACCHALIN A s= <2 --<'2 400, 407, 415, 416 Svilwideecmscccicicccocceeeccee see Stee a48
ShHarpelies se sseasssccmecneeees 399, 404, 405 Sylvicolass.-cs4o-secc cette eee 548
tmiecolonseeeas costes ete 39954012400. 4064|) CoronatusAnmthuss-sass-nic ecl-ee eee we oes 638
WIOD VE aS Seen eam siccterci 400, 420, 421 Cassiculuss.aste. sec cncmisceeee 192
WiellSiza: sins cchsscnteones cee 401, 407, 42% Dendrovcatseccs eee e voeee eee ee 784
CELE DICOIOL DACHISS 2 aes seccc ese eeeecec sce 395 Rhimamphus\es. eee eesceeece ss 549
Goerebidze:....252.. 2,374, 375, 376, 377, 425, 426, 427 (Rhimamphus) Dendroica ...--. 784
(WOLTEDrA MEXICAN aldose. ae. «Sonia siatelassiaeis 782 Turdusis: osceinc'es os ae aoe aCe 638
eoeruleas Arbelorhina 26.2225 222s cans ten 385 Manthornusi-ceeseree see eee cere 192
Copnuled DEN GTOECAs- eee aac bells eecine SYS a COLVINUS, QUISCAIUS a. css cee neceies ace eee 238
DWenNGrOlCay sence oan Secon ee 573 | Corvus (Cassidix) mexicanus............- 196, 200
IMO tiltayaen ses mae Meee ees 573 MEXiICHMUS se sccas eros neece ee eee 200
Sill atest cess econ ee nee aes 571 | coryi, Geothlypis -....... 656, 657, 659, 661, 677, 678
OLMIS A SLUT Ellas cose eee cence ne senate 360 COLVlieies onsets eater 657
WolimanBoat-tailects = ses seis sevoclenniee wiele < Dae COLYZS ello w-throOwtier scec enc cis teiseieciee eee 677
Wiki Dletin stereo ene Meee 47° Costa Rican Buff-rumped Warbler ........- Gaz
Collared wRedstantieycsosn mene tec ce oniocsea si 730 Chlorophomiaeee.--22s= 225. see 7
ecollanissstunnelllaeesss.cecenace ects oreciee 359 Dip lOsSan ses se ee ee eee 381
SCURDIIS peice een reek tiecas ee 359 White-shouldered Tanager.... 134
ColombianvRice;Grackies:fa-see- 2 sae <s e 197 | costaricensis, Ramphocelus.....- 108, 109, 111, 777
COlOMpIANUS |SeiuTuSs- eens eee seco ce cee ass 642 passerinii...... 7i7
columpianaiCerthiolaysesseccee)- aoe 411, 782 Ramphoccelus:=-o-see =e 4eee 112
Mexicana fess -sc ee Aiea eostototl.; Hy phantes!eeae.2 ses cecies > sce 289, 319
MEXICANA Baee see ee 411 ORIOMUS eee eceaee re Scaee see see enics 319
Coereba mexicana .........- AQOCA TIE i COMPING sem see seem eeiae <ielclestoits cine -etiereie 207
PAT AST Se cacao ce on ae cee ae 95 IBTOU ZEUS macmece cielo size isiese secre ais 203
Gomi aro phagus'cacmsijssces ences eee oceeee 129 Dwablsocmsedse ceca ceseceemes as 210
Compsothilly pis nsss sm accetieecee eee 429,475,478 GIOSSYjsc sates ercon cent eae bac aeeee 211
americana........ 479, 483, 484, 485, Lesser Bronze@yoae-2 neces see ae 204
486, 545, 783 Redze yea zasoicecicerctereeigan tae eoeresee 201
americana .... 479) 480, | coztototl, Psarocolius ..................-- 289, 319
481, 485 Vi phates scene arterstcisteeiscee senna 319
798 INDEX.
Page. Page.
Cozumel Bananaquit=--5---------2----- 1-2 404 | Curruca noveboracensis.....-.--.---.--.--- 643
Oriole: s3-s ee cecekee cee eee eee 292)| “eyanater-“DACHIS=es.--e- esas eee ce enaeee 394
Spin dalis seas --eee eee eee eee 72) | cyanea, Arbelorhina =*>.2>-c-22==J--e-sre ee 388
PanaPerisccseccee sete sees =e eo ae 99 Certhia' coven aan: ae eee 384, 388
Yellow Warblers -sco--os2-sese ese 524 Coerebar o-oo t.cesecr encom eee 388
cozumele, Icterus cucullatus..........-- 259, 292 Nectarinias 2.2. nese pacers 388
Piranga roseo-gularis.....-..--- 78,99 | cyaneidorsalis, Euphonia ..................
GLASSITOStNIS, C ASSIGUR ee lenete ellie rete are 200 | Cyamerpes.--.-.-=--- 374, 375, 376, 377, 378, 384, 498
Huphonia.s-e2-2--e-ee=- 10, 11, 28, 29 Creruleus 2 oAes ses soe eee 385, 386
Quisealus’ -s-=ic-h = see ae 227, 228, 229 CAIMEIPES, 2h. 2a- 6 aeeicainie 781
Scaphid ural eee ss- a =e 200 Jongirostrist aaeeeeee st 386
SGA PHIGUnUS see se eee ears 228 cyaneaeximed epee ses se noe 389
Creeper, Black and Yellow..-......----..-.- 414 Cyaveusoss So eece sees 385, 386, 389
Blwue=throrted ec sessaes caesar ro 389 brevipes: = ssess552-553 387, 389
Pine ra: tess ee ke Soe oo eee 456 Carneipes: Soe -eneeces 389
Yellow-cheeked ......----------.-- 385 lucidus!2-5s sees 385, 386, 359, 390
Yellow-throated 5-5... 4--—sse nee O81 NitiduscH-2e-selcee cee aes 386
Crested) Oropendola... 22-25 4-—-- eel ae P84 || Cyaneus'Cyanerpas: 7-22 sce sees ee 385, 386, 389
Crimson-backed Tanager ......------------ 106 |\eyanocephala, Aglaiawe. sc sse sa cee cse 55
Panameayeece sees: 118 Daen ise Mae as eee se 394
-collared Tanager....-.-.---------- 120 Motacilla tice ee eee eee 394
crissalis, Helminthophila......--.....-.-- 448,478 | eyanocephalus, Daenis....-.-....---------- 394
Gristata mMUCOMeETIS=.4- one ce tee easier 138, 139 Pssrocolius@es-2-sse- see 244, 250
PiplWOpSiS7: peer se cee eee 139 Scolecophagus .. 245, 248, 250, 251
enistatus. CassiCus =p ese semen see cc oeeae eee 185) | Cranodawenisy. see ae sa ee eee see eee 390
NeterUS ee eee sec se eerie 185) ||| *@yanodislossain---.-4e-- soe eee eee 378
Oniglusie.2 epee cee sees eee 183,185 | cyanodorsalis, Acrocompsa -........-.---.. oa
OStINODS esses ne ores eee ee 186 Chiorophonial 3322222 a
PSarOCOllUSpen- eee -mae see se 186 ‘Buphonias ss sce-osace ee eee 7
croconots. /Psarocolius)=--2.02c2- seen -—— 255 cyanopastra, Certhiai-e-ss-- 22s aeeee seer 389
cruciana, Dendroeca petechia, b....-..-.--- 520) |) cyanomelas, Daemisie---el--2 se eee 394
CubaniGracklese. csckcccces see eyes eeceece 226 Bringillsy =o. cc .cce cee oeeenes 394
Mead owilanksseeeeee eae eee eee 30S || \OVaMOp RON ae sep esee sees ee ee eee eee eee 8
OriOlee cs ase een- sae eee eee ere 271 MUSICA Soe oe Societe eeemen ee 15
RCO Will 2am nee eae as aee eee 342.) Gyanoptera, LANG 0 eee eer 57
SpindaiSs sec. aaseeeeeeeeeecsac 68 | cyanopterus, Saltator-.....-.............--. o7
Wialt letter scecc me anaeae yee erect 605) |¢yaniopus; Agelaius) 222-22 -- 2p. 2 seen 320, 321
Yellow Warblers2-22--ceoseeeec sce 020) |e Gyanothtusee. see. - oes eee see eee 205
cubana, Dendroeca petechia, d -......-..--- 521\ |Sevyanoventris, Callistess 25. --.---nce sees 44
cncullata, Aelaia-W..- <2. sce enseese ect one se 53, 54 GyTolae ss sate esos asec cess 45
Buthraupise. ico: --see-- 2-5 33 TaANAgras {52655 neces eres 44
Calliste eer eeesee- ee eeeesene ee 53554 lle GymlOtes ssaee = eee aera eee eee eee 205
Calospiza) == 3-: sscesems een 37, 52
MPSCICapa-s...2:- ce nee eee ee ee 708 D.
PYTAN SA! cz se ese eee ea 102)p | PDECING Gaiee =e eee see eee eee eee ee 376
Sylvia suc hen. ocp eee ee eee eces 681) | DaGnisis -sta-ces cece 374, 376, 377, 378, 390, 391, 426
TanaPraasct2s sete aneseooaceees se 32 angelica css. acsoe eae eee eee 390
cucullatusicterugi@e. 2 erase see ee eee er 259, [Ateleodacnis] analis .............- 397
261, 288, 289, 290, 291, 292, 293 JeOVOhe GeckaS vio ocoentonbdosabocasss 394
Icterus cucullatus .. 259, 262, 287, 289 CHTUIESCRNS A o.oo cee tee eniee esos 384
var... 289, 290, 291 CAVANA Soto 9. sec ee se cee 392, 393, 396
Pendwlinus 222 sceeesee 289, 290, 291 COMANA Ss tee eee eee 392, 395, 396
Cuilicivoras Basilenterussc.2o-ce oes == = ace 7d4 glaucopularis:.----seeesesee 396
Setophagars.. ssh tense ieeesee oe 755 SubSp sity plea@.anc. terete ani 394
Sylvin tase. ee ice 754 subsp. ultramarina........... 395
culicivorus, Basileuterus..... 740, 742, 754, 755, 756 lUtramaritiayess sees 392, 394, 396
Basileuterus culicivorus .... 742, 7538 cayanus..-...--.- bees oa doe hctae eens 393
Culpepper Island Certhidea.-...-....-.....- 767 Ccere bi ColOtsec-<2e25 == oye eae 395
Curacao, Bangnagquity-- cee. sect -rccceceesee 420 Cyandtensss-seeces eee neo neceeeceee 394
Obigles = saic coos cee ee eee eee 303 Gyanocephala=:- i -socs-ceosssocn ee 394
Wellow, Warblers sepeecas-eeeesse- 525 Cyanocep halls sos—2 aaa see eee 394
GUTaGaoensiss [CteruSien seem. snne ee eeeee 303 GYaNOMelasteasseeee ee Ree eee 394
SAN THONMUSHe ese eeeeee 303 flaviventrisi:. -cossssrenseoteses ae 390, 391
CUraSOeHSIS; TG@lVERUS)- cee once ene ce eeeee= 303 PuatemealenSiSi ase -eeecsecememereas 384
xXanthornus. 260, 261, 263, 303 IGN CORENYS So see eae see arcmaes cre 391
Gurruca/anthoides). 22. ocsn-e-see cesses eee 615 NIGTIPCSs sac ene/ hae o se eateeee eer ee 394
eS aAL a eee ee
>
eS aT a
INDEX.
Page.
Maeniswprotonotariaie 5 2asencce =< lai<inloomnie 445 | Dendrceca
OUCH ELTA yee wee aaiataelatele s slo le eral ate 2,391
SOMO We see ate ejce ae es eatasleciecis'sie 391
Gan lett ped ir ectmesinmeitctteatsy === 396 |
UL PTAMANIN GS csa- el-jors seis estore sos: 395 |
Ultramarine <2 42 eset nate tale ws 152 B94
TAR MUS Ghee cos os seeeecmeoe 392, 396, 397, 781
WISMET ee se ase gemei cms cx cicieclactes cls 396
WL PLOT eee yee eases access steam 392, 396
VAGUE TY Shs see ee eee cei isiscicicers 396
MATWATI PANG STA ceria schie ellen ccc s.ai= =sa'eisie 54
DarwinesCerthid edas.2-< osso ee ecck access 76:
ECON CNOTOCA sess sSe eae cins Gai ewtelvic cites 587
STAC Weetsas ei aials sreel= 086
Wendroieaias seenccs sass ee cheeniee 587
PLACIL cs <5 <2 505, 583, 584, 587
MAUL Sec eaa ct ia esters 586
Mecorateds Warblers... sa. sean lei eee anle 586
GeCuIMANUS) OStiNOPS: 5. saces.- 25 o- <i \==1=5 184, 185
NAM PROEMUS i oscieisel-c eee i.e 183, 185
Gelatiel dine iriGh assesment = <niv'es' clean 689
delateldi Sylvia, cesccs-~s-i06 oc <= se 670, 671, 689
ni chasjosnaw.sees-2 sete sects 670, 671
delattrei, Basileuterus.....-....-.---.-...-- 750
Delattrets Warbler j-2< <7. s--.2-.-ts<etecce 749
delattrii, Basileuterus......-.. 746, 748, 749, 750, 751
TUfifrons=.<.-—- = 742, 749
Setophagaieseseeso cine k eae sean = 749
Tachyphonus:-=...-----.---- 130, 186, 157
MelicatarsD COONCCR Se 6 epee cla--eisic;niciciesicea- 588
adelaide 22a eje% =o oi 588
Mendroicay=s=- bo. y= 2-- = 497, 498, 506, 588
adelaidsesi-22sse2 <0 588
WENT CALE LA CIES Sea scacisics - ot neice newincicinei 586
MenGrOeCaise sen. atic ce aa ccen asec seeeececee 497
MMAKCOMMU eres tec ne cietaeceee 512
MOMMA AS = See ee co ceincieses 789
petechia, a. bartholemica ....-. 520
Di CLUCIAN Ainaasaeeecee 20
c. barbadensis ........ 526
decubanaesesce.-ccan 521
e.jamaicensis!-.-.-.-. 516
f. gallapagensis......- 523
Peruvians = s-s-s-- = 423
h. equatorialis........ 523
i. panamensis ......-.. 529.
portoricensis-.:<<2 =... 520
stirps barthelemica... 520
Mend roeea; adelaidse: sysoe5 2. cesses cee. 558
Gelicatavas. aes: esas. ss d88
PRSUUWaA cia sae setae is 511, 513, 515, 520
OTIC ATM AN ses tase nel emacs tev sere 598
UG UID ON ter een ease see ce 554
AUGCUbONI ees Saeco cee cece 555
AUTEOAC sos ee oe nee Aaa os nab
bigckburmiseses: sea esc one. see 577, 578
Dorey a ore aia ta oral arecere 530, 531, 783
Gee nU AR SS ae eee attests 573
Geruleass sc senee ee a a eace ee 572,573
CRrulesCeNnS=sscecaaees seems cece 544 | Dendroica
Grit (SV Geseeeeceasos 546
Camad ensiSe-a—s-s5-ce 250= 543, 718, 784
CADITALIS nace cos otc eeernaeee cee 526
Carbonaltasees- areca sea eeantesee 541
Gastanedie.scece: eciee ccs 594, 995, 785 |
CHEYSOPAaTelase-s-e es sence cece 567
799
Page.
chrysoparia.............-- 565, 566, 570
COLONAtAS ..<o-mecesces cee sone 550, 555
delicata sa. 25. ce- seetecwes eee 588
Giscolonsaceceesmeeeccecean anaes 610
GOMIMICR Es sssseee esses ee OS0R0S1 DSS
albiloras-s.sces=2202 583
bral biloras 2...) os=- 583
var. albilora.........- 583
COB sees oS eecls scp eeene ee ee sere 932
PTAC mresse ccc Cee hie eee eee a OSD OSG.
ANPTACIB At reser cise 586
DN eCOram asec eceescs se 556
muNadilachiesveanee ee eee eee eee 521
Icterocephald=4- 2055 sane ee ee cose 592
TPN Oder eee ese oe soma eee 615
intlangize eee eesan ss 62 oe aoe 605
Nein Can GI se etesnia we are Ge ese 605
MIACULOSAR ee teehee ene elaoaee 536
melanopterac-<csessaseesmee sce 524
mon tan decsacioseke os wecwene oe 784, 785
MISKESCENS pce es see cee eee aaa 599
ULVELVEMUTIS ma -oseeasseeeee eee 570
OCCidentalisis-ce seen een eeee 569
OlIVACCAS sank eae oa dan ngeecceees 496
palmarum een wen eee eee 614, 616
a. palmarum\..-. 2... 614
b. hypochrysea....-. 616
hypochrysea ...... 614, 616
palmarum.:...<.-..- 614
subspecies hypochry-
SCaisaconnssoacsses 616
subspecies palmarum 614
PANMOSU as ssease se = ee eeee meee 545
pensylvanical 225. cseeess eee 591
peridentalistses sce ssctcie eee 570
petechiaees-. sass. 516, 518, 520, 524, 526
gundlachi=).525---2 2 ole, o21
melanoplera 2-22=5..2. 524
TUACApN aes ee eee ee 520
var. gundlachi ...._. 518, 521
melanoptera. ..... 524
DHARMA crc cimice ence aire se 619
DLN ieee cece ee oaecce cairns 601, 602
PINUS so eee ease ree eee eee 601
pityophilae nse. coer eee eee 606
plumbea-oua-2 saaceeee eee sees 618
TUACapillast aes oes eee 520
BUA S Wa eee aes ccee RSS Saf 527
TNO) HUE REcehonssoosmenadues 526
striatass-c2e ss coc tee esesteae 598
Superciliosaicc..).c22- ss--2 2-5) DSLDS2
UR STL Fosfor rata ioctare tore ore reicioerae eres 539
COWMISEM Gos rose erte eer ee 561, 784
LOWISENGINE Sa oceeeteeuete = oe 561
vieilloti S52. 42~ =< =.= 2-021; 029) 0o0;0aL
DEV QIU sees ee ee 530, 531
MUG PU Aeeaces eee ee 527
VISORSU ES sos aioe oe eee oes 785
WITCNS ish iss ocsincees sieetect =e 564, 565
mbieeieeeeleeis cjseince dese 429, 496, 497, 634
adelaide 2o22 cee. 497, 498, 505, 587, 588
delicata sas asceecce 588
eesliva ers secs. 498, 499, 513, 514, 532
eestiviale. seen chess cone 499, 508
GUgesitensss sce scree 500, 613
MOLCOM I Seeecwcisare 509, 512, 513
INDEX.
Page. Page.
Dendroica estiva rubiginosa ...........- 500,614 | Dendroica palmarum palmarum .... 508,612,614
SONOTANa)..--eesee 500, 612,513 var. palmarum ...... 614
alpicolligesss.<. 295. ae ese e eee 521 pennsylyamica..---- 45-08 eee 591
auUduboniassosc=sa2e" 503, 553, 554, 555 pensilis’. ccs oceccene eee eee 582
Audubon =. oes5s- 503, 551 pensylvanica......... 506, 689, 590, 591
goldmaniis.cs-.- 503, 556 (Perissoglossa?) carbonata...... 541
Mignifronste-eeee- ce 503, 555 petechia =. -22- 500, 512, 518, 520, 521, 532
audinbontit yo6 <2 aan ce secs eare 554 @. petechia, <n ose 516
audubonis): 252 -2222-<- Sects ae 595 aureolan..s-2=ssasee- 501, 521
aureola: 3 2.55522sa6s65-0e55 499, 522, 783 Auricapilla ..... 500, 617, 520°
auricapillassse-ce- =e eeeae case 517 bartholemica ......- 500, 518
alrocapillaie. cesses. aoenea eee 517 8. gundlachi ......-. 518, 521
blackburnie..... 504, 505, 5382, 674, 577 e. TUfVvertex ee se 524
Dryanitite ots keen eee ates 501, 530 6. melanoptera ........ 524
DIVAN tee. a seee ee 501, 529 7, Taticapillaijesss sete 520
Bi castaneiceps=:.-=5--.- d81 flayiceps........ 500, 617,518
castaneiceps -..-.. 502, 630,531 gundlachi=2a-52- eee 501,
Cerulea = sJnccsecensecs see teeios 571, 572 517, 518, 520, 521
crerulescens) 2. <25..5- 22 -5- 502, 544, 546 melanoptera..........- 524
ceerulescens. 502, 541, 546 petechia :....-.. 500, 515, 520
cCalrmsicse=—- 502, 545, 546 Tuficapillas: see ese 520
Ganadensiss=)42.c as eos oe 543 TUAVERtex. 5 eee 524
Capitalisi: s.2) 3o-e seh castes 499, 526 var. gundlachi ........ 518
rufopileatae jesse ssc 526 var. petechiinsss-s2 ace 516
Carbonate. Bose s-s. 266 ase 540, 541 var. ruficapilla ...... 519, 520
Castameaej-qeccis- 497, 506, 892, 594, 596 pharetra..-<.....2: 497, 498, 508, 618, 619
chrysoparia.......... 504, 565, 567, 568 PINUS: Fs Rae eee 598, 601
Coarse senecns esa osesc cee ae 573 pityophilla;2-2-2-- 2 sesso 498, 507, 606
coronata..... 497, 503, 546, 549, 553, 784 bahamensis.....-. 507, 606
HOOVERIE = sas caeeee ces 551 pityophila ........ 507, 605
var. coronata.......... 550 plumibeaye-e=-.ce- 497, 498, 508, 617, 618
COTONAUUS anne eee ---- 550,784 TAN Bs conjasiten ae secoeeee ee 504, 570, 573
delicatay oi 42.82.2525 497, 498, 506, 588 TiLhiGapillaee = eae ee 501, 520, 526
Giscolorewes sees ee sees 497, 498, 507, 607 Capltalis\.ossseen 501, 526
dominiea\e---.-2-e 497, 498, 505, 580, 583 avidly sesassens 501, 524
allbilorbiy-22s-c- ase see 505, ruficapillass-seeee 501, 523
581, 582, 583, 584 rufivertex ........ 501, 524
a COMmIMICa. a -a eee 581 rufopileata ....... 501, 525
dominica .......... 505,578 PU eWay oe eee aeons seee 501, 526, 527
Var albiloras.. ss... 583 rufopileatayt5.5 5-23 ese 525
var. dominica........ 581 rufo-pileataces -28 ooc.s eee ee 526
GuUpesiee es eee eae eee 514 strlatay-0 ees een 506, 595, 597, 785
CObne sees see Rai Sse 499, 502, 531, 532 Strigbus! 322. (ance acc feceennoseeee 598
erihtachoriGessecs- nose senor 528, 530 SUperciliosaess-- 4 545-cieeeee 581, 582
erithachorides =. -22..----- 501, 527 tipnina 22:22: 497, 498, 502, 537, 539, 784
HaVidarec coe pee eer 525 townsendi........ 503, 504, 559, 561, 784
POlLM ANE Naas ee eee ee 556 townsendii?.e. Seaen ee edeee ere 561
PTAC S42 sece once eee ts 505, 585 Var sand Ont eee sere see eae 555
decora .......- 505, 583, 586, 587 Vieill Ot 222 eee eee ee eee 528
STAC oes coos teeta seo DUD, OSE: a PUY RN tse sneer ae 530
var. adelaide ....-....-- 588 Gastaneiceps: 3-2-2. 525-2 531
Var. decoras.ceeceeeeeae 586 Var; bryamtioissesseee 530, 531
eundlachieees seers eee 517, 518, 521 Var. rificulassec- see. 527, 529
icterocephalla. ace eacces eseecce 592 Var Wiewlotieweesosseas 529
LOMOtA: = Sane 2~- ais wie see oer ae 615 Wiellloui 5 saeco sae aes 529
kartlan Give Wasson Ses aseeeee 604 Meta DIV ELING paises ee 530
kivtlan gies: 2 2esa-6 see 507, 603, 604 VIZOTSU os scoters 497, 498, 506, 601, 603
maculosaus. se... 497, 498, 502, 5382, 535 abacoensis ... 498, 506, 601, 603
MON fanaa cases eee eee 784 SCHTUStETa see see seen eee 498,
nigrescens ....... 508, 504, 656, 558, 568 506, 507, 601, 602, 603
BISTIELONSS 32 555s. see ss sae es DDD, OOO vigorsii... 506,507, 599, 602,785
occidentalis:=-4.5---+---- 504, 567, 569 Vilenss< 34525 503, 504, 562, 564, 568, 784
OlLVaCEat 23355. aace Sete 496 Vitellina: <2... 5 45> ee oe 507, 610, 611
palmarumy <<... °4975498>507, 618,614 616" | Wendroicees t= sac. 4- eee ee aes 42y
hypochrysea ........ 508;->/) derhamii) Muscicapa)..-.. sss2s0see eee 733, 785
615, 616,617 | de-rhamii, Muscicapa..............-.......- 785
a a
INDEX. 801
Page Page.
GIACOMUST Tan apna sess cn tcas saceeneeecceee 58 | dominicensis, Icterus.... 258, 263, 268, 271, 273, 274
diaconus, Calliste....-- MOTT ER ORE oS 57 Icterus dominicensis, var.... 274
MPANRET Ra Sees eee oe ec eee cieraiet 57 OTnlOlUgeee nee eee eeeee 268, 271, 273
(Aglaia) esc: asesascs ee 57 Pen Gguiimus! see nee eee 268, 274
CANA RS eect ae eee se 58, 776 Bg 0 23 2 rk ee 68
WMHTAMPISe eh. eeee sees see eee 58 Xam CHOLMUS yee eee 272, 274
dragem aiigalGteruSie. <- sass een ee aeeceae 199s EDYOrbigny7s Blackbird 2. secs se eo eee ee oe 952
WieSuMMTATEnrIIMUNA os se esteecesnesce cece ace BD Sm RCO An CAINStCEe see eee ae ene mie soles wae 775
DiglOsSabee ee ae Scecces 374, 375, 376, 377, 378, 379 Gallospizam teen ct rescec cas eee 36, 46
baritula sae sa sass ackee sees S1O;eS0 o5lo| POO WS LAM Agere a sane see ae ce ee se ae 46
CATDONATIA acceete teem eee oe este 379 | Drab-breasted Chlorospingus.............-- 167
GOstaMRAGAN cer. eee cece eee cee SSD repanid ee sas Sas eens cee oS eee nee 376
ON MUCH sre «acres sock ene ences aac 379) |drowmnelCerthidea 14202 J--ses-eeeceseer 763, 767
SI OLIOSAN fase). ce Ae ce ose see cee see 379 OliVaCea S79: sense seeeeiee 767
IMG XICAN cbc ateee cee eee eee eae 380 | Du Bus’ Red-breasted Chat....:......-....- 699
AMV SACHS = seen nse eae cease SiS oo a MOU DUST CLCLISi-eEe settee seme tacee ce coe 301, 303
pectOralis.2. 2222 22s cease eee ms 379 xanthornus, var.a.......-- 301, 303
Personatlhc-s-saas-e hanes hae aeeee S19 DUSeCSaWiat DlCLIa sansa Seeene ceceece acne TAZ
plumbea.c-2 52245-2222 =. 380, 381, 382, 781 Nellowsw arplener esse asters ees 513
UL TOLCLES epee erate cee ye es ioe 381 | dugesi, Basileuterus rufifrons.... 741, 742, 747, 748
Dig] OSSOPIS ase sejecieesees esse ces oe 374, 376, 377, 379 Mendroica assy eee 514
Grerulescens a soc seeks se 379 eestivasss2 iceman 500, 513
dimidiatus, Ramphocelus ......-. LOSH UL it eOe sD UUSipalIM aru ee seses = cesicceesnce ese 128
dimidiatus..... 108, pollocephaluste-eas-eeoseee ose aeeee 128
1OOMAUG a edtmicolawMcterta === 28.2 sass nee ee aoe 695
discolor, Dendrocai...-... 497, 498, 507, 607, 609, 610 DCLCHIAT es. -tos,cen aes hems Syste as 695
Men Gdroeeane ook sent see see eoee se 610 | dunstalli, Ramphocelus...............-.-. 108,115
Mami Opi tas ection Seer a eee 609 Rhamphocoelus..... Bae eee 115
MOlOtCHRUSS sasemes Ae eceierse. acto 22a UNS tase aN ae en sae s= cece amen eees 115
PAaSseniler eee eec ae aeeec se oes Se 212 | duplexus, Icterus cucullatus......... 259, 292, 293
Pheenicothraupis salvini-.......-- 143 | Dusky-headed Chlorospingus.............-- 160
Phcenicothraupis salvini.......--- 151 -tailed Ant Tanager.................. 152
RUMI aM PMS eeess eee ceases eee 609 WALDICIAEA thee contac ee ndascesesteece 467
Swilwidrseemen pe on oe ck oe teen cil 609 sl DwarhiGowbirdep cece eecsesscene ces teases 210
SVlivicolacsee soon eee ae ea cize 609
Pimps ere ee A ae lo NG Borsa sect al 174, 258 E.
AULOVLOIACCUSU EA eee cete ete se see eee 2530) vedwardsia Buthraupis ase oat seco oee ce see 33
GV eSee ate seen eine inca eee 254,255 | elegantissima, Euphona..............--.... 13
SUMMMO@M As tts ee Ste aise eee caenioce 255 Huphoniaysseseceeeese ss 9,10, 12,13
Cie Sap Vy eSeae sen ae 1 Ho acetate cece 254, 255 IPI DT aes eee eae eee ee 13
NCLELUS AVE. eat a eee eee eae 2549) |e omberizahavitrous) sac: -s-ees beces seen cease 17
[ea pPNOPSaleeneee eee easese eee 258, 254, 779 Milttarish esses. + eee ees 350, 353
SCOlecOphasUuS-e.s ts saccee oes cies ae 205 OLY ZIVOMra so tee ehoeee cer seene see 372
WOliGHOnNIRIOLYZVOra =: =n ce sees Seco e ae 373 PEGCOLIS keeseo eens oes ee oe ee aoe 209
DONCHOMY COSaa ae secee ce onc eee S cee eels 175p| Hemperizoides) [eterus-. -22 6. scceneee See 210
DD OMGHOMY: Xess hes eee eee LO Allo sOon | me mMervldehanacer teres. Acasa eae 39
ASTIPEMMISe cere eee esas SiAs eMnieocichlactenscte ss seace sen tcema cee maces 634
ONIZLVOLUS 222 eer yse ca eee acess 373 aurocapillawes. a. Sasa eee 638
ONIZWVOTAP Rae cceiee se cmos 373 RuToOGa pilus eee eee ea ee 638
ONY ZIVOTA eee eee eee ate 373 lM OVA Clan asasacn aoe eee 641
albinuchasce.s.2--=- 374 IMD) OLS eee cate eee Cees 642
OLYZIVOLUS Sees ae 370, 372, 373, 781 NOVEDOLACENSIS 4... cca cece ae 645
ailibinu cha secs see. 374 Sul pPHUTASCENS) saws ciseoe eee eee 645
iB. albinuchus-s-.-2- Sv 4eleOseD Gnd nrceGaiee see eee ane eee eee ecole 032
var. albinucha ..... 374 Dencdroicueee sss eee ee ee 499, 502, 531, 532
dominica Dendreeea ............----- 580, 581, 583 Maio tliat eee eee aero 532
Mendroicaya-22-242- 497, 498, 505, 580, 583 Sylvicolaecee seem saee shes te cimare sane 582
Gominicayes.-2-2 2 0055078: episcopus) Tamagray.:-.2..2c2--5-cececece see 54,57
Cfayeratste seal Do lan eG UES MO taleilll aera teste eae o/arsiete le mite 483
VEN ace SIMMER TT AtlCUS aes we seeps cee cee oles ceteie seis 431, 758
Miniotiltar cine scone wae eee =e O80) TUTDET eee eerek pce cece aces 799, 760
Mota cillate snes S-cu-csacecicsanece 580 VEISICOlOMsee os eee heats 759, 760, 761
Slane ete salto ce ee nee orate bie 580: | erihtachorides, Dendroica ....5...........< 528
Vominicansbananagquit oacecoesses cnsee wens Aldi perithachoridesiGhloriss...-ssseesoseeneaaee 528
aominicana,Certhiolavec. se.cecsessecess 418, 782 Dendroica. .--2..---.- 501, 627, 530
Coerebataccecsucesecaese 400, 417,418 | erythrocephala, Piranga......-.-...... 76,79, 102
3654—voL 2—01—— a1
802 . INDEX.
Page. |~ Page.
erythrocephala, Pyranga..-.--.----.------ 1020776) | Huphoniaieouldicaesse= sees ee 10, 19, 29, 30
Spernmagrars-nece-e neces 102, 776 GOulg'S < 5: san sone Oe eee ee 29
erythrocephalum, Phoenicosoma .......--- 102 QTACIIS sores eee eee 10, 11, 19, 20
erythrolema, Phoenicothraupis ...........- 153 GYre@n' 5) .e<cestesncdeesetecteress 15
fuscicauda. 153 EL aitian ees ooo codec eee eeanee 13
erythromelena, Piranga erythromelzena, hirundinacea ... 10,11, 25, 27, 28, 29, 775
VAEMosseate es 101 WUMBIS: Aces s ses seeeeeeeneee ee 24
Pyranga rec... 2-semene 100, 101 JAMBICH < idee ce Seat See sene see eee ee 31,32
erythromelena, Jamalcwafa cee ns acaeee eee 32
Sere eee 101 Jamaicans. 75> e sasesseoteee 31
erythromelas, Phoenicosoma........-.---.- 101 jamalcensis:o-5--- ease ores 32
PiTatige jos esac ees 76, 77, 78, 88, 91 Janiinositisee-=--eoe seas 27, 28, 29, 775
PYTaN eae -ceece een 75, 91, 100, 101 Lesson’ S Giana. k es cae eee 21 ;
anagram ees eee 100, 101 lateica pill ase e oe eee 10, 11, 20, 21 .
EYL BTO DIS ME VANE aaa eee eee 95 MINUtA sso see ee eee 9, 24 :
Erythropsatices-s. oe sees soeceeenecseee 319, 321 humilis sss senee 10, 11, 28, 24 3
erythrothorax Leistestiecce-sseeeee-oseneee 303 MUSICH, se ee sere cam aee 8,9, 10, 13, 14 5
espinachi, Icterus pectoralis...........-- 258, 284 Occipitalis= 2. Ja. eke sneer aene 5 s
Espinach’siQrioletsace- = oee ce aero eee 284 Porto. Ricans 3. sceceses-5 eee 15
Eucometes spodocephala stictothorax ..... 778 FU VEMbRIS moe ses. eae ee eee 18
HUCOMeCtS 2. o02 5. 0cian eee nee aore cee eco 4,188 Scla tert, s2seebes coo eee ee 10, 15 4
CASS Ao sees seers Sec 169 Tawily-cappedie ssceecin see eee 17 “
CASSIND Sse ae eee ieee 169 Thick-billed's. aeee-cesece eee 28 f
Crista Lae ieee ener ee pease t ne 138, 139 Wihite-vented==.----2sese-r eae 23 +
spodocephala ........----- 138, 140, 141 Yellow-crowned .....-.---------- 20 :
pallida 325- 1385140,1410 | Buphonices a. oss se osas- pees eee ees eZ, %
spodocephala= 138139) | -huprepiste. =) sees 5 eee eee ene eee 35 ss
stictothorax...._. 138,.:| Euschemons 225. sees. 6 a2 shee eee eee 30 Z
P4778 |. Buthliypis. 522.233 e Ie 428, 431, 735,739, 740 ;
ETICORVSLOS Scat cece oe ee eek oe ena eee 175 Canadensis ’s.cesss5-ce se eee 718 Fi
WASTER Saas at ces ties ee ss 177,178 | lachrymoss/ae- eee eee 735, 737, 738 ¥
BUG ACHISM Sos a Jsoe eo nee cen cee minceeleers 390 | lachrymosa-cseseeee 736 _
WUNEOLMISTs Sots seo eeeee ee ae ee eee 423 | tephraccecc-heaseeee 738 4
euophrys, Basileuterus ..............--<.-.- 740 || exigua; Geothly pis =-- sss 4e- casera 657, 659, 677 &
BUOPSAT Seco t ces pesecide Secs cae ieee on Ree 255 THCOMptay = sees sense 657 X
Up DASUS Sete asc cee eee om cone ohoeereenat 244 | eximea, Cyanerpes cyanea.....--..-..----.- 389 :
Muphong oss ese. ee pet os one eee ae eee 8 |“eximia, Arbelorhinay5- 4.25.5 se-eeeeceeeee 389 2
REPITTS) 9 ere ae cme eee eet 23 cyaneaces: fete eter 389 =
cinerea. | Saseke sooo eee 32 Buthraupis 2.345 sec. eee 32, 33 &
elegantissiman2- ses cosee see eee 13 Cebreba) cyaneniss... 22555 .2 eee eeee 389 ag
JAMAICA Sane ss ose hose ee eee eine 32 Rhodinocichla rosea............--- 770 ‘s
JANTITOSENISS soos oe ee eee enone 98 | Exococichla:: ts..25. coos eecee eee 634
MUSICA seam eee eee eee eee 14! | “exsul, Chiorophanes'spizai. .ssecesece esses 384
Muphone esos see case eee eee eae 8 Spind als. 22s asc ecaaee eee 74 e:
MUSICA: sos cS se Sas eae ee eee 14 2
TIDIC EN enc aeee a sose cee eee 13 F. >
HUphoniacecaochen sen Geen et eee eee 2, 8,9 fanny, Aglaia cote. .o2ssesseeeon esos serene 49, 50 2
MNS au ese e eon 10, 11, 21, 23, 25 Callist@s5. <2 Sass sacgecen sete eee 50 ;
MUN Ee! Je eens eeeeeeeee eee 18 Jarvata; Var seo-sce seeec nee 49, 50
AUN ewe tee beast seeneceace 10,11, 17,18 Calospiza larvata ............-..- 37, 49, 50
iBlneshoodedeee eases a= cee 12)4| Han-tailed Warblereo-nasseeeee eee eee 736
Bonaparte’ Soe -- Gasecuwose eres lc 25 Western so.2 <p. nena 738
Caibamist esse. ae sees aes ee 19 | fernandinss, Anahatesss.----nec-- esse eee 648, 649
cxeruleocephalas--- ecco see eee 14 Geothiypisic5-2e2 ee ees 649
Ghaly beats: sao ont me ane 9 Teteriae 32s. <serc eee 649
CINGTER, eo cee ee cee eee eres 32 Teretistriss. 2 cos ceseseewsees 648, 649
COCLEStISN 2 eseose anne 13 Teretristisec:: scdaosaces eee ves 649
CLASSITOSEDIS) <s-s5c nes 25-6 10,11; 28:29 ||) Kernandina’s. Warbler <= 5-22. -..--sseseoeee 649
cyaneidorsalis! ./.23. 22k ee 7 (| terruginea,, Gracula 2-2cs sacee ee nee eee ee 247
elegantissimas 0. S2na5 5-5 9,10) 12'13) |) terrugineus, Orlolus-ess.s--- ee eeeeeee 244, 247
Havitrorrasecseeees cceeeceeae 10, 15,17 Quiscealus 2222: So aeceeeceeeoee 247
fulyaACrisshe occa eee oe 10,11, 18,19 Scolecophagus .......... 247, 248, 251
Nulyous-vented=. ...--c-ae~ ones 18 | feste, Ramphocelus .............--.- 108, 115, 777
PNBEHO cc se assess eee oe ae 27 Rhamphoccelus--e-s--- see seeee sees 115
SOAMANT jeje ete eee 10; 10)24525) 1) festae) Rhamphoerlus/-.-csecseeeeseee sees 17
God mans!) 3260.5 ae 24.1 Festa's: Danagers 232. ~ <> snes oe-eeehee cee eee 116
ene eS ee
INDEX 803
Page Page.
MieryzOMOlesec.che Secs ccc cork ce sesoemsoee 291 | formosa, Trichas (Sylvicola) ......-.-...-.- 624
Aiclania Pinan sae .c see se asses sass ees 88 | formosas, Oporornis ...........------------- 624
testacealsc waceseceseceece- Midas dee | PLOLIN OSUSse 1 CLCTUSs sata beee since eis eiseine 298
Py REUTLo Bee eros eers seer eestor 88 sclateria.. ie sese ce sceece 298
inlay Wench) Seshancsanasasacgassoncusde 72 Miya OCTOMUS Saeee seleees cemere es sea 624
ANSCH GeLebiolamsaseseesets sia es lismieniacien a oe Miyiodloctesine. === srs -eesoenee 624
Maman ea SEAN MA pean. =e = cides cieieeie= eis 96 @porormisiesaseckn ese. cee eae 624
bidentaitajs=------2-- 78, 96, 777 Seiurustens2cesea-c oacneeeeeces 625
Setophagatccje-s-55 sesacle- oes: = oo niot PLOUGH AED Leilene. ceecnicoceet eer cnee ree 649
minigtaseee sere (SSM ORNS G COUDIY PiSiaseee se oc slee eae see 650
flammeus, Myroborus miniatus........-- 731, 733 METEISHISet Hs oases See 648, 649, 650
flammigerus, Rhamphopis .........---.----- 111 MenretriStis sa=s--vossco eae eee setae 650
A VARS VAVA GIS: = ez. ove ci<ictoi-,cforcieisais SDisie'sj- Ssmieisias O12 pa LOLS MC LCRA a cee eset eesti ee eee 650
RAMA STAs are ve asin one wists st acto eis oseieae 35 Merebistrisi26a-jo sss eee ee yee eae 650
flaveola, Certhia ..... 398, 407, 413, 414, 417, 419, 422 | fortirostris, Holoquiscalus........... 225, 229, 230
Werthiolase se set oie cee etioeiae estas 403, Quiscalus 230
407, 413, 414, 415, 417, 419, 422,782 | fortis, Agelaius phceniceus ~~ 322,324,337, 338, 339
Coereba..... 400, 401, 407, 413, 414, 419,782 | francesee, Calliste ............-...........- 51
INeCCTaATIMIGs,. ccc 2 cesses eis 413, 422, 782 lanyatats: S225 235.5652 51
flavescens, Basileuterus culicivorus ..... 742,755 Granatellus ...... 697, 698, 699, 700, 701
favicauda wMoOtacilla'. sec... s2scec 2 727 TELETIA Saeco sence ee ie seeeine 701
Sylvia seme cases seca eee eee se (2d Pawan CisCe CAINISPIZA cece cece eee ase eae 51
flaviceps, Dendroica petechia ......- 500, 617,518 Callistevesseacsec ose ssceeecoaee 50
Geothlypis --...-..---. 659, 661,680,681 | frantzii, Callispiza (Chry: eothraupie) Bectene 39
HavicollissMotacillaans2se hee sees cece os 581 Collision sien ccerieet= scenes ase 39
Svilwigieeestiscse sae seeece sci OSL O82) ||\miraseni, Basileutenus..2 4: cscec ccc oes ee oe; 740
Sylivicolascs srs aceeeeesaecee OSL O82n)|) drena tus TClCrus) —- nc s-esence=-sicse nse ~ ss. 350
NaviCrissus,|CACICUS5-.cceneees-22senceees 137s hringilla-ambigua..2s<esse=ce cs csi ccc 210
(CCE OUI a Seepscagscosasscas 189 bahamensisis. sseceseaceene cece 72
CASSICUSE ee see eigeccscece nase 189 Gyanomelasiian acces teaacintesciacie 394
Hepvi Gaal CT GNOLC Arsene scissile sisi aie 526 JAMAICA en nrotierss inate eeiseresiereisieteeee 31
runicapillar ssc es< 501, 524 OLY ZIN OLA eee caccesoeansaceeeccieee 369, 371
Geothily pissin s-cesses-ee ee 656, 659, 678 DOCOLIS=eesc ccs acc sce seeecemice 205, 209
COLYIe se eo reece 657 TUDIAS. cee sone se eee oncewe 80, 90
Havilrons. EM berizas sents=- s--/so secede ns 17 ZETA eae ete cielo a sacle eicteee eae 65, 70, 72
BAI NONI Ae ee aes ee cet otelas 10} 5; 17. fringillarius,; Molothrus).2222:-2.-.2..- 25: 206, 207.
NEO te Cll err seieemree ioe artes a elarat 401s; eirontaliswpA ge elalUSssa. sms ceice ce sce seen 319
Syliviaese seem cces ees cece odeese 451 Certhiolaststt-conccececcssocs sree. 418
ANAS TO ola core eicte wie siete eteretei= sisieie 7 4|fulvicapillay Vermivora se. -eesececasceecee 441
Havigaster, Bastleuterus.- 2-2: ceisa- sce << esis 748 || fulvicrissa, Euphonia .-..-....-..-..- 10,11, 18,19
TUPITONS == -taceae 742, 748 PhOn ascasasat seniors oeneeee 19
Pendulinus- fee. sescsmerce nee 2685274 fullyicrissus) Acroleptes:..\-s2=- seer-s Se sees 19
Psarocoliuseeecssssscccee nese 268 | Fulvous-vented Euphonia ................. 18
flavipes; Certhia- 2-2 --\-2<eccscrs--- se - Som SEIN ATS eOSCUS Hes eee een ease 769, 770, 773
HA VAVENtLISS DACHIS -f-clscine os se ise tee 390) 3915) | eiuscas Centhid ea sae. se ors 763, 766, 767
MAVOP VSIA OV VAG sine alee clsinel<ie ese mcieee 551 Oliva Cea ween eee asine 767
flavovelata, Geothlypis...........-... 656, 659, 680 Motacillatetce seane nt nee eae teens 576
flavovelatus, Geothlypis.................-.- 680 | fuscicauda, Phenicothraupis ...........- 149, 153
Harvs 7 ONIOMUS Kaos cian eicie ee aces eines 321 Phoenicothraupiss=.-<-e-20-.ce 153
HONIG Hs CANISUC ere ae rainrcisem olaeieel-iesie sien =e 39, 40 Pheenicothraupisie.-2e--se- 2 149, 150
Catlospizaicnesccsaccec sess = Se ciee sete SO USCUSs OLIOLUSiee saaaeteeciseiecee cece oc 209, 210, 248
HOTIC Gieesereaaeecee eee 36,39 :
MiscidalGrackle t-te eb 217 G:
REG “WAN 2 eaeemsaes aan meee eese 333 | Galapagos Yellow Warbler...........-..--- 521
floridanus, Agelaius phoeniceus .. 323, 324,333,334 | galbula, Coracias...................-..... 255,312
HIvicatChervBluersassesnecec cose sess ae eee 543 NGbenUSHeee ees eee 261, 262, 263, 310, 312
Golden-crowned .............-. OSM me aAleniculataseipraam seseeene cee aces cee oes 13
Red-throated 22h. 22952 sene 590 | gallapagensis, Dendroeca petechia, f -..--- 523
FOTMIOSA,, GEOUMYPIS'= seca = sae eee 62536845) |G eothlypessiee.- ccc seen aoe ste oesec ccece 429
Mini o tila stasis cee sen aca eee 24a Geothivpisss-sessceoaotec rn sieloce 430, 621, 653, 686
IMiyiodioctess.osa2cte > =) one eee 624 equinoctialis22:..2--.ss5 693, 657, 690
Oporormisi===.- sess 446, 621, 622, 625 B.chiriquensis ... 682
Setophapa assess sac ce oe seas 624 y.chiriquensis.... 682
Sliven Ges pete etek ce oe eee 624 yar. chiriquensis. 682
Sylvia saeco ten eer aa ee ees 624 APILISH osc es eewiec Sea eae 627, 628, 666
Sylvicolaw.- 2% s<sen a sees sas 624 bairdizeesssss= Peo = ans eee 683
804 INDEX.
Page. Page.
Geothlypis beldingi.......... 656, 659, 661, 679, 680 | Geothlypis trichas f. rostrata ............-.- 675
Caninucha’=-2--s.seceeeee eee 690 ignota.... 655, 658, 660, 667, 668
ICtETOUS ss o.e eee tee ee 691 melanops*ese-ce-e eens 656,
(Chameethlypis) palpebralis.... 689 658, 661, 670, 673, 674
chiriquensis-25.c--se-s-—- 657, 651, 682 modesta...... 656, 658, 660, 672
GON secee ce 656, 657, 659, 661, 677, 678 occidentalis...... 655, 656, 658,
GOnyis- ene Bee sae 657 660, 666, 668, 670, 671, 672, 674
Mayiddectere sence Rereee. 657 restricta 22-2. eee etre ae 666
Oxi pWains ios sosser ose eee 657, 659, 677 TEStrichism ese eee eee 666
fernangdincw..--cs- 9 essere cee es 649 TOSCOE: =... so. ES ee 668
MavicepSredsacesecccee: 659, 661, 680, 681 BCinpicola ease eee ee 672
AaVvida wc ae-mcceeces nee =e 656, 659, 678 SINWOSE. STE Ss see 654,
flavovelatarce-- i.e aces 656, 659, 680 656, 658, 660, 672, 673
Havovelatus). 2 ssse5s ei eeeeee see 680 trichas=-2i2U2 see 654,
LOnMOSAS os 522 eeee ee eee 625, 684 696, 658, 660, 661, 663
HOVTSISS seca an meena ener ee 650 var. melanops fo.--c2--5 674
IMcomptay assesses seee eee 657, 659, 677 rostratay=: -sc-ssseme 675
@XIS@UG. sce seca: Sale 657 trichas).s.ssseeeee 663,
INCOM pth a= sere eeaee 657 666, 668, 670, 671
maesillivraiic.s--seoccc ss -s ee 633 ¥v. MelanOps. =--->-sses—se 674
MACON tVre ye wearer eee 632, 633 Velatacfcc-sos-. eee ree 658, 657, 681
maceulivrayil sees cee eee 633 || giraudi, Tcterus--2-2 222 ---ceeeeeecete ee eee ee 295
MAYVNALGL ee aaseeee cee 656, 659, 661,676 | giraudii, Icterus -.............--- 259, 262, 293, 294
MelanoOps! Jae oss-aceeses ceeaioce 674) | Giratid's' Oriole... =... ce eaeat eee eee ee ee 298
MIRC SsnocisenopecbbagconsHsssoo 6b3:5| glaucd Dig lossa secre sen cane eee eee ee 379
microrhyncha.... 660,661,685 | glaucogularis, Dacnis cayana ...........--- 396
nelsoni =<-.s<-.= 51 660; 661,685," | ‘cloriosa;Diclossacec sc... seeecisse eee eee 379
palpebralis; sas sec sa- ee as 689,691 | Glossiptila........... 374, 375, 376, 377, 378, 423, 783
palustris! s2hs 255 = soesese ee eee. 652 TU COMIS se eeisietsleletse i eee 424, 425, 783
philadelphiias.--sss-s2ee> 62956305634. | (Glossiptilinee =~ 222 ece~-ccsecete eee seam a 377
ac philadelphia... e631 |) Glossoptilar.qcaccasclsrecsisee sien seeeeenet 783
a. philadelphia ... 680 campestris Saseasseeessseene eee 425
b. macgillivrayi... 633 TUNCONIS Scene ewe eacesseeereeme 783
Bumaceillivranie == “GesillsGlossy Cow bitGes-ceaecencssecertsteseenaeer 211
macgillivrayi ....- 633 | gnatho, Euphonia ..........+.--+++++2--++-- 27
var. macgillivrayi. 633 | PHONSSCHie a scant ie ee eee meer 27
var. philadel- godmani, Basilewtertisissseesesceesece cease 756
phiger. ceessecs 630,631 | culicivorus....... 742, 756
poliocephala ..... 686, 687, 688, 689, 690 Certhiola;..ss-c.-so2 sescoecsoeae 408
a. poliocephala... 688 Huphonidsa seme sas eee 10, 11, 24, 25
palpebralis ....... 688° | ‘godmanni, Basileuterus=-s-2-2- 2-2 -4-e es 756
ralphinses-cse-ee 688,689) Godman ssHuphonia once asso eeeme eee 24
var. caninucha... 690 Warbler 22.2.5. taceoce see eee 756
var. poliocephala. 688 | Golden-cheeked Warbler ........-..-.------ a65
TOSLTICUMiac caceee eee Eseisndetdees 666 -crowned Flycatcher....:.-........- 548
rostrata saewcteeee cee ee eee abe ne 656, Phrush:;2 32.2 See eee 637
657, 659, 661, 674, 675, 677 =-masked Tanager sacccasenesaee eee 47
TOSLTAtUS aoc Se shee eens 675, 677 Pileolated! Warbler. 222_2.252222-2-- 714
tannienrts-ssse sere ecioeae 676 -winged Tanager .2.....<-<scscecee = 112
BCMA AVa.cceses ose see 653, 682, 683 Warbler... o2ie-2. cone 448
pairdis assess 660, 661,682 | goldmani, Dendroica .........-...--.-----=- 556
Semiflaivaeessceesc se 682, 683 audubonis.---2-2-- 503, 506
speciosa.......-.. 658;660; 661,:683" 684. | Goldman’s Warbler <--:22-255--s55- eee 596
Gs SPECIOSA = 2s eec ees 684) || gossilt: Selurus'= <.- oa. 2525-20 -~ eee eee 645
WaT SPCC1OS@scismaee ce 684 |)-Pouldil Buphonia: s-ssee-s-eee= 42 eee 10,19, 29, 30
CHUMP ee oan see 656; (657,659; 661,676 |) Gould’s Euphonia.--------4---- 224-6 -2eeee 29
MAVMATG jesse esses 657° Grace's Wartbletcc. =< cscs smecestoocee eee ete ost
ANN CTU Met he so. Se obionee 657 || gracis, Dendreca ::..c--2ssees-ese ee se se 586
tephrocous: 222-254. s-<ss sears 628 Dendroeea, so.oesc ses seeeee etek see 585, 586
tOlmuaeies. ce ee sets eee Coeine eae 632 STAC: D sect eee eee eee 586
trichas ee -ecee 653, 656, 657, 663, 664, Den@roies 2). 5.45. -ssde.52 seen 505, 585
665, 666, 668, 669, 670, 671, 672 gracite ~ assess dbse55 505, 584
a trichas.. 663, 666, 668, 670, 671 WMniotilta, ce ss0- 3 oe se eee eee 586
FTI ZOD < Ama aoee a eee 650: | @racilis,Acroleptes= -2>--=2-- oe ee eee 20
656, 658, 660, 670, 672 Buphomiaw .o- ces easee-eaese 10, 11, 19, 20
brachidactyla .........- 655, Phonssta se srse see ec eee 20
658, 660, 664, 666: | Grackle, Barbados... ......-<-..2--c5es-wsre 229
d
wit nx.
INDEX. 805
Page. Page.
Grackle: Boat-tailed saee.cceces = cle ers = 286 | Guadeloupe Grackle..-.......-..--.-.------ 232
BOS OTA eee mer cease tase eee ne 236 Wellow-=Warbleneasec-e=soeee 523
BTOWMZEC pep eee eerste ae aera cients cee 219 | guadeloupensis, Holoquiscalus ........-- 225, 232
Colombian! Ricéss---2--aeeees so -5= 197 Quwiscalusyacteeessseeee eee 232
(Cin NE sososopaocesadanpacooscer 226 SeiuTuS! 2a: eens marnzeeecene 645
OEIC Meese ee citer rs sacra CAG alan Oriol e@meecestieece eta seeeeieeisccee 295
Gran di@asamantessss. seca s--icee a 229") gualanensis, Icterus)--.-2.---..-.---- 259, 271, 295
Grayson’s Boat-tailed ...........-- 241 | guatemale, Setophaga picta.......-. 723. 729, 730
Greatctailedisnce sseeeseeelesecece as 238 | Guatemalan Painted Redstart .......-.-.--- 729
aatianiceseecenerocs ecaeceae sacs 228 ParulanWarbletaeens- ee -ee eee 488
Varna Cane eeecreeemacceeasesiee ee ec 227 Warbler: <psseees scises cece Sees 744
Martini queyeeaceeceese oc semeenee 231 | guatemalensis, Chlorophanes ......-...----- 384
MexiCampRi Ce seaass2 casa -eeie = 199 SpIZAeaeeee 383, 384
CATA OU ee ears miner 244 Valet 384
BOGLONR COMiseee eeeee ects snesee 228 DACNISAceecce a osiclyteeiscetes se 384
PUL Ce sere ren eee eerie nea 215 | guatemozinus, Ostinops ...-..--......------ 182
Sambal DG sitet paiscis terse erterecierse 230 | guatimozinus, Cassicus ............-..---- 182, 183
Slender-pilledac-cesece2e2 seen. 243 Gymnostinops ...-.--- 179, 182, 183
Sonoran Boat-tailed ...........---- 242 OstinopS. nse er eeescene se 182
Straicht-billed 2:2 2..02-2.2- Set 233 | gubernator, Agelaius phoeniceus, var.....- 341
Gracula barita ......- 216, 218, 222, 226, 227, 229, 237 AT elses seas ele 328, 3380, 339, 341
fern cin eaeeecm et eecias eas eclani= 247 phoeniceus -...-.-..- 328, 341
CIS Gell teste eee iaiayel-eisisvercisieis==i= 237 B wsecsce 328, 341
CQUUISCO Lawes measles ac eeicieinieie'i= <= 216 Ceeeeccaee 328
QUISCWAresecnec-< cee 212, 216, 219, 222, 248 Val aosecse 328
graduacauda, Icterus..........-.+--------- 281 Agelaius..... 322, 328, 330, 338, 341, 780
CEEAMALCINIS Seeicmeee oe cee is nisie wes ieteele 426, 430, 697 gubernator.... 322,323,326
fLANCESCH ess win: 697, 698, 699, 700, 701 phoeniceus, var. 328, 330, 341
Naeahel 555s oospeaaece scuoSee 698 NCLETUS reece ee nee ane eee 329
PelZelMI eS eects elas ces ae = 698 PSarOCOMUSie-ceae seen 339
Salllleeivee aya re tise soe 697, 698, 702,703 | guianensis, Certhiola...............-------- 399
DOUCET Re. ==. 698, 699, 708 Ccereba chloropyga ..-.-------- 408
Sallseisee area scree = 698, 699, 701 TCtERUS Heer ee ncace Seer ae 303
SONG eee etcietetste nctale ste siclerer|i= aie 702 TAM PTOPSAL accesses see saeco sea= 212
VETIUSULS) <e'- ais === 697, 698, 699, 700 Theistesieeassconrericc see cies 781
Granqi@aymaniG races. once cicecacioae 229 OVIOUSH es eee see 350, 353
Yellow Warbler. cs... - 517 PedotnlbeSeecacestemenceeeteece 353
grandis, Agelaius gubernator.... 322,323, 829, 330 sPruUpialisessccscte asses eee ee 353
pheeniceus}seecs- scene S507 AGUit-GultSikes- each seacoast ecco 377
Cerelyn@ ential G Cake eee tee ai=tsieivte sloretejeiarel=/==1"= 265 SoUlATIS\CteLUS ec aseeeee cineca 258, 261, 285, 286, 287
“crested Panager’. <a. schce cc eens -eces=s 139 PULATIS= ce 22sec eee 258, 284, 286
-crowned Palm Tanager..............- 128 PsaTrocolivisks sachs sees oses 255, 285, 286, 287
-headed Tanager .........-.----------- 1392|\eundlachi, Dengdrosca = a---5-4--5-2see 5. see 521
VuUCR tae. 2 eewese sae 140 petechigese-eae os 518, 521
graysoni, Compsothlypis......----.--- 480, 492, 493 Vane osace 518, 521
MG LEN US Ve eee ae ores eaten wieibs sleet 299 Den Aroicay ace. ce ceeeen eee 517, 518, 521
Megaquiscalus major ...... 235, 236, 241 petechidvessc2ssssess 501,
Quiscalusiss-eee serosa cena 242 517, 518, 520, 521
Scaphidurus majon.ce-cs-2s2----- 242 Bisckesscent 518, 521
PTAVSONI, CtERUS= 2% o-yeee si=s 260, 298, 299, 780 MUG) ei cteveicte 518
Grayson’s Boat-tailed Grackle ........-...-.- 241 Miri Otilitaysseassoeseecisee cesta 521
ORnlOleisas eon see ee se Sete eoses 298 Quiscalus baritus, var.......--- 227
GreatctanlediGira cl) ewtssan = saqaeeteinmcic eterna 238 | gundlachii, Chalcophanes..............:... 227
GREEN eu POM Bae eee etialalortersietesein stots == 15 Holoquiscalus....... 222,224, 226, 227
Honey Creeper, Northern ........-.. 383, Qoiscalust:see- se eee es eee 226, 227
Grenada Grackler swears eae isceeee a 232 | gunnii, Helminthophaga.....-.........--.. 455
Grey Grosbeak ........:-.-- Ee roee Sees Sle lacuttatas Callispizinvassceeneceecoos-e senses 42
Grevpolluwarbler sere. cae ee ceciese Senta 576 @alllistesiieicn semis = cee cele eaeis 42,775
Grinnells Water-Rhrushisia. 2 cece cas js 645 punctatay varias. -.o-5- 42
griseiceps, Basileuterus ......-.....-.------ 740 CalTOSPIZaseeaeees ciscinccclecenececra 41,42
Grosbeak: (Grey ia5 22225-22252 seltecesesciccs Sle ieeuitulatas, Callister ctcaecoeceaenes = ase 42
Yellow-bellied ae as2heecse ss. <= 81 PXOLMTAUPISieeems ence cies eee 42
Ground-Chat, Central American .........-- 6895 |ssuttiulatus vlicterus a. eaeeceseee-e--e = 283, 284
Mindd or. ere she einc me sate 689 | gutturalis, Compsothlypis.........--.---- 475, 476
Ralph seass eee ee eee ease 687 Helminthophaga ruficapilla,
Warblers elaattiamine see eee. oe = 652 VEU yee enor eaiaile eet -miceitnisioicteinte 471
806 INDEX.
Page. Page.
gutturalis, Helminthophila rubricapilla... 448, | Helminthophaga citrea..................-.. 445
470,471 PONNIM 2 2. esse eeeace 455
ruficapilla .... 471 lawrencel. accccstrecse-ce 453
Mniotilita 2-22 soap a eee ee 477 Vawrenen.sacteetatnc eee 453
Oreothlypis=-------—< 475, 476, 477, 783 leucobronchialis........-. 455
2 Paruila: iene. oa: Sasc ae esceaseee ee 476 luGise) soos. bono eee 474
Gymmnostinops'--..c---.---2s% 169, 171, 172,173,178 pereprina..<..2.osceans- 461, 462
CASSING 4... 4-meseehecee 179, 181, 182 DIDS. . ssosc.2 2 sees ee ace 458
guatimozinus......... 179, 182, 183 PINUS suis. ewecs eas seweses 457
montezuma .......... 179, 180, 181 protonotarus: .<-cq-seess—=- 445
GHyTOla foe eke cce ann oe eee eee tee 34 TUbLICH pI ALS Se. eee oe 470
Cyanoventris’ 226 2 see eee eee meee 45 ruficapilla =-c.=-soes2ce" 469, 471
FYVTOIBWAL BID Rear as <cmian ern aaiee os secre Re 44 var. gutturalis. 471
CallOSpize) ce csecsn-ct~ acceecncereses 44 var. ocularis... 470
MAMA era, ceca s. nana etetos ean ease 34,44 var. ruficapilla. 469
eyroloides;Aclaia) - :=22-522p eo. sees. eee ee 45 SOlitATIA.: anc ss. oreeiecees 458
Gallispizatar sss eecemee neces 45 SWINSON 4.22.45. ease os 438
Calliste gyrola, var.a..-.-...--- 45 Virginisel./-3:8<cc-ueees 472,473
Galospizat-saae eee eee cee 36, 438,45 | Helminthophila........-..-.---. 426, 428, 445,475
* bachmani .. 446, 448, 458, 459, 460
H. bachmaniis— cesar 460
Habel's\Certhidea 2 232229. 2 sce 20 see essai 766 bachmann? -2.3.5---\sese=< 460
hemorrbous, Oniolus: 222-2. .ce=c<eceeceencs 186 celata 2.3.93 ss-=2 448, 465, 466, 783
Haitian) Bananaquit.s.s-42--seseseee acess 411 Celatae cee ee 448, 462
Enphonigisss-s-2-- Se eee 13 lutescens. 448, 466, 467, 468
GraCkKlet ceases sows oe eee ee ee 228 ODSGUTAas5 22 22 oes 465
Ground Warbleroc.ceacinceosseeece 652 sordida .. 448, 467, 468, 783
Orioles <2256 Sssacexe reeset ecmceae es 273 subsp. obscura ....-- 465
Spindalisues.s saan mscce aes se eee 67 echrysopterae se sn-e ee 446,
n@lkeie Syl vias seuss ovate eeeeees ceeeciee 559 447, 448, 451, 452, 454, 456
hamulus;Campylops <::°---2s.s2--e-2---=- 378 cincinnatiensis-......--- 446, 447
Hanenest Oriole= 2. 2262 Sade hoes stants cs 304 Crissalis\.-.~-552ss0esees 448,473
Hang-nests). 2<.css.22 40.2 seas sees aces 169 lawrencel. 25.0. accesses 453
Hartlaub:s! Warblers. secrete aees-e tat 477 lawrencill =... 22s. 447, 452, 453
Hedge Sparrow, American ........--.--.-.- 425 leucobronchialis ......-.. 447,
Fearn sees ee eee eee eee 428, 436 . 4538, 454, 455, 456
paehmianil. <i. 2 sneesesase se acces 459 lucis). 22s <ceeseeeee 446, 473, 474
CarDONAlaia. sce cc. eee pee eee 541 lutescensi: 222 -css2secidnce 467
Celataeoiccecniene seen ee as 464, 466 peregrina ...... 446, 448, 460, 462
Chrysopleras.css- 2 sca secee metas 450 DINUS Hk. ease eee rete 446,
peregrina af:-esece-ee ee esa cests 461 447, 452, 454, 455, 457, 458
PLOlONOtANIUSic2 o-sse ee eee 445 rubricapilla ......-- 446, 448, 470
Tubricapilla. si... 3o5=ceecceeceosee 470 gutturalis.... 448,
SOlitantaes keane ate seem aenee 458 470,471
SWAIDSONT sc o5sc cece ee ee 438, 783 rubricapilla 448, 468
Swainsonil! 22-5... ---s- eee 436, 437, 783 ruhicapillaeesss eee 469, 471
Helingice <u oe sae ad cee eee 428 gutturalis...... * 471
HMelminthenus) <><. -\.52 se cece See 438 Vilginige eos eoes cee 448, 471,473
SWalnsOMiias- ec enceens apes 438 | “Helminthotherus®. cee s-4-e esses 426, 438
VEIMUVOLUS - se. cease sseeeee 441 SWaiNSOnIe<eae scenes 438
Helminthopaga pinus.....:2...-2s----2-u.< 458 VENMLVOIUS S. .<eeeee eee 441
Helminthophaga-n-s-s---=ss-e8~ cn see 426,445 | Helmintophila chrysoptera ..........-..--- 451
bachmanit [2224 2c6 sae" 459 lueisens ose et eee 474
(2) Gar bON Ata Sei ecececs = 541 PINUS es cea ae ceee eee 458
Celata. se sevecdencck = 464, 465, 466 ruficapillas.--62= 45.052 469
a: Celatass.<2.22625% 465 Virginiw?s =": ss-scseeeeeee 473
aacelataa. a 28:32 465 | Helmithera........ Tat heptane 438
b. lutescens......-.. 467: | “Helmitheros\s<< 22: 4522-3 --<soasrosaseee 428, 438
B. lutescens......... 467 bachmaniss shee o=5e5-86 sone 459
GCelatay. Seatac see 465 CATDONDSS Ss -easictecsee saat 541
luitescensis ose -acese 467 Ccelata<.2.-cees bes dsetee ences 464
vareelataeeeceacese 465 Gelaftisis osha seseeacer seers ae 464
var. lutescens....... 467 chrysoptera- - 2 ==: poe eee 450
var. obscura....- Sess et 460. MISTALOTIUS.s-sseseee ease 438, 441
chrysoptera.......-- 450, 451, 454 DOLERTING sae ese eater 461
cincinnatiensis ........... 447 Protonotarius=— see ase 445
INDEX. 807
Page
Helmitheros rubricapilla................--- 470
MUP TLICA Pills esse eee l= 470
SOUPARIUS IS ace sone eaeeees 458
SWalnSONle -ensscasee ce eae 438
MErMLVOnISs=asccretiees sateen 439
eM GHeRusse secs eo eee ee Rey 438
bland ass ease eee eee le 649
SWINSON ee sere ocean ee 438
SWalNnSODila eee ase sates ee 438
WELMILVOLUSiastacac meses ee cee 441
HIGION A eRe assist nse as oie Soot neues 436
EVGIOM ase ae acc cee aoe Serene ae as 436
SWAINSONTHE Ss sae ates sae secre 438
EeMLG ACMI Sissy ee ee. ca eae Penn sii 377
VETS PLP US mse eer cae ceeeesceee sere ee 2,426,777
Hemithraupise=-.ssecssese se: 2,3, 55, 105, 106, 777
chrysomelasiecass. oss -o ences 106
prUCHICOCIEN a a5: seas nee cee ae ene acts Seee ae 634
aunicapillaweeec tee sse.e ccs 638
indovicianamessescasse nee se sr 641
IMA] OMe setae cseeces Hace 641, 642
MOLACiamesscres sscese ees 641
noveboracensis ..........-. 645, 647
Suiphurascenssss-0-eccc oon. 645
Ve patiGuPanagerencss..m2 ctocn< =~ ae see eees 84
hepavicay PHOENICOSOMA. 422-2. .=s aces 5- 86
PITAN SA ace sees se seeeces S 76, 77, 84, 86
DYNAN a aac se eeice a oaecae $4, 85, 86, 87
hepaticas var s.--22-s2-=- 86
hepaticum, PNOenICOSOMA. 2-2... = 9202 sens 86
MERI ers AM MUS 22 2<)s cis cece nels seerae cle ele 645
Her GVW DE DLT trae nerrasne cae aoe Saleen Aoeisicns 567
ELLOS PIN PUSieeee sees ae ose cise see 3, 103
LUPTIUTONSteseeaeeeaeee 103, 104, 105
XANCHOPYLIUS=~.22-c-ss- -= 103, 104
Hidaleowyellow-throat- occc= 2-2 -ceeiecine < 685
hippocrepis, Sturnella ........... 356, 364, 368, 781
ludoviciana..--..-.=. 368
MASTS Cheese ses 368
SUDSpieeeeee 368
Var tives 368
SCUTMUSSe acme ce seeee nee 364, 368
hippocrepus; Sturnella, 2.22.2: 2222-2... 2.5. 781
hirundinacea, Euphonia-... 10,11, 25,27, 28, 29,775
PHOnaSCAe esses eee ee 27
Holoquiscalus .......-..-- 170, 172, 174, 224, 224, 234
E brachypterus...... 224, 225, 228, 229
CayYMANeNSIS==- -s-ce-e--s- 225, 229
fOTEITOSLTIS 2-5 2254cc5.0 5 225, 229, 230
guadeloupensis .....-. 225, 226, 232
gundlachii ........ 222,224, 226, 227
inflexirostris....-- 225, 226, 230, 231
IMSUIAPISS = 53-8 aoe eae oeas 225, 232
JAMAICENSIS /o.2e 4-5 224, 227,779
Lup WLS eas eee sel 224, 225
luminosus ......-- 225, 226, 232, 233
martinicensis ..... 225, 226, 231, 232
MH SeOr es ese ates 224, 228,779
NECUTOSLDIS ss ceeae eee ee aD Ooo
holosericeus, Amblycercus..........- 193, 194, 195
GCACICUS exccenoee ne ae eee 194
CASSICUS) 222 2etose neo on Sosa 195
SUMS ees sense cece ease 194
HoneyiCreepers Blues sane eeecee eases 386
Northern Green ..........-. 383
Shining soso ccoeeentees 3 389
Page.
HONEY CLreC Persian cosines semeee aes seco ee 374, 377
=CHLCLS = ons uererelsvcystee sine sears eae ste 375
ELOOMedhOLIQICRS ees nase see see ee eee 287
Pan apersieciaacinss oases east sees 62
Warblers. ssc set secteewece setae 705
ellowethroatec--ee-ee ae ee 685
hoopesi, Sturnella magna............ 356, 361, 362
Hudsonian Dhrushissee cesses eee. Res 248
UGSONIUS yy CULGdUSeseee acess ae nee ee 248
humeralist-Airelseus!e-saseseceeaeee cae aeeee 343
AG CIAIUS eS aseeeseneace cee 320, 323, 343
Veteruss) +2 S.scecases eee caer 343
TCIStES Se foe eas oe eee eee 343
humilissACcroleptestss-4).a-se-=sesee eee eee 24
BuUpHOMiapesscsas- sess eee ee eeeee 24
minuta ....- sees 10, 11, 28, 24
IPHOIASCA ee Seeteeme ae ee aeies asec 24
Eby phantegrs.s-ms-scwe se ceeecece cee ta eteou) e200
abeillen ees: sees seen esse eas 319
baltimorees Szsceasesesesccss sone 314
baltimorensis!-22 5-20-52 sere ee 314
bWilockilP assesses o-cnees se asses 317
COStOtObl ease acceso eeeeccee 289, 319
MAM TAOMUS nance sere cence 344
IRV, PO DIG LISE ox meroete ea an ato taer eieiass celal 205
hypochrysea, Dendrceca palmarum ...... 614, 616
bisss2e< 616
subspe-
cies. 616
Dendroica palmarum . 508, 615, 616
hiypomelas; Teterus)..2-5-<-22-..- 258, 263, 271, 272
dominicensis, var....-- 272
Pendulinus!s-2:c-cceecsetss tose 272
XANTHORMUS ses Saseceaeeneee 272
ELV pO ph eee atccccisalscke eniscc wine Seas stones 8
hypopheeus, Chlorospingus ..--.-. 157, 159, 167, 779
Hy pothimisiazuredicceg ee cce eclascceesiese 573
Hypothymis mexicana: 2222.5. sacsee-ee ee 478
Af
Weteriats saccseeee e-sees cee cease ae 426, 428, 430, 691
MuTiCollises-c2ssac peer Peace eeeoee 695
Gumicola esc. teeta cee ase 695
AETNANGIN Gis aces See = seme easels 649
fORNSI Sess et See eeenecnigoweeccee 650
TTANCESCR Ma = onnassseh seme eeee 701
toy akeate Es Capecoccosereebasesscusce 696
pelzelMite aes seaciecisce == = ee eee 698
Sal leaisa wee ears sess sacle teks eae 702
velasquezil acess ease eee eee 695
VelASQMEZIIG sen -eenee oot seeee eo 696
V.GIMUSEUSHe ccc aatine cence en meee 700
Walia Saree soy. errata tenes cles 6938, 694, 697
aeyANCNSee see eee See cete 694
Dp lOn Sica G aes. eee ae 696
Brlongicaudass-= 242.222 esce 696
longicauda. 2. 552--22=- 694, 695, 696
Var longicauGae---e 2425-25 696
WITCNSHe ees tees eeeas eee 691, 692
WITIGIS passe oan ee oer eein tice ene 694, 696
NGtenige yt Becwat eee ec cstiecik ealosehasins ioe oer 430
MCUCTIC Se yaae ee sea cee a otc eintic elon 169,171
WeteriGid eseer es at cies es eee eee 255
ieterocephala\Callispizas.. -.-.<ecsce-ciecee ce 39
Callistesyi se) eee eee 38
Calospizaleca5- ose eee ee ae 36, 37
808 INDEX.
Page Page.
icterocephala, Chrysothraupis......-.------ 39 || Teterus dubusiz.--° 522. 55..-2-25-t-2..2esso0l ous
Dendreecas-tece-e- esses ee 592 emberizoides' 223-2 -aee ae eee anes 210
Dendroieaeseseceee wees 592 spin achits a 222525. see eee eee 284
Mniotiltaze.- ices -eeee = 592 TOTMOSUS 2-222 eee eee eee eee 298
Motacillas.22 cncceeeneeeners 591 frenatus's: 222 kassce tee cena ener 350
Sylviane sscodecsee scence 591, 592 galbulavs-cose-eeseee 261, 262, 263, 310, 312
Sylvicolajssscsa-ee-ceese eee 592 PITAUGN. jes race cee este wesesticcs 294, 295
icterocephalus, Agelaius...........-.-..---- 349 girsudiice == os eesoee 259, 262, 293, 294
Netenus:: Ssscck oaeee ca eee 346, 349 graduaeaudas.--20 5-5-2 e eee ee 281
Oriolust-2" Sees 319, 321 STAYSONIL:. 2.2. Se. e oer eee eres 299
Xanthocephalus ........-.--. 34g PTAYSONW a2 ece ass 260, 262, 298, 299, 780
icteronotis; Cassiculuss 3 5..52e--ee hee ee 189 psualAaNeNnsis..cs:~ sce see sen 259, 271, 295
@assicusi cok ceaeee Bees 189 gubernator =... <... sso soe 329
Ramphocelesi-..-s22--5-25--2-- 114 guianensis-: 22 jogonsecee ee cee eee 353
Ramphocelus ..- 108, 109, 112, 118, 114 g@ularis=3:---cte- eee 258, 261, 285, 286, 287
Ram phocclussesseacqse=e coors 114 HamMMeUss 2.25555 ese eee 287
Ramphopisia-- <a sceeee eens 114 gularis Soe eee 258, 284, 286
Rhamphocelus)cesc-eeeeeaee see 114 tamaulipensis ....... 258, 286, 287
Rhamphoccelus:... 2. /--2---22: 114 VUledtanensiSs-eseeseseeee 259, 287
icterotis, Geothlypis caninucha ............ 691 guttulatuss.c.c2s-2.2 eee 288, 284
NGTETUSsaarasascose) coc pee ests 172, 174, 255 humieralis' sae tonce cal aciome ese eee 343
ADEM Sei ss crscreterseicae es oes cehios aoe 319 (Hyphantes) bullockiisce-2-ses--e5 317
abeilleisassanccencts.tasere- 261, 262, 318, 319 hy pomelas* esses. sess 257, 263, 271, 272
ACU Ti rettrs cierto ese a eae 319 ieterocephaluss ses: esas eee 346, 349
SEPUPCMMIGH oe ceca eee omeeame es 374 ICHETUS! seco eae eee eee 257, 263, 264
AMEFIGAMUS Se Sosa ee cece ae eects 353 laudabiliss oss. sssesseeeee see 258, 274, 275
aUOPUATISi eee se see eee 307 lawrenceir..2--8snees- Sead AE ees 305
andmbonil is... =2 << cees< Soot see: 281, 282 JA WLENGiliG.. 2 hasssee Sooners 260, 304, 305
MUTALUSHs2c55- 255 260, 261, 299, 300, 302, 780 leucopteryx.......-.. 260, 261, 286, 303, 304
suUTicapilluss. tee o-s eee cere sas 255 lon gILOStTIS!. 2 fo.) se eee ee es eee 264
DATA S ic cerns teas ccee ae eeceee 260, 305 maculi-alatus= 25-22 2.2 eeeene 257, 265, 266
baltimore — =e ecseeas ences 313, 314, 780 maxillaris#soe5.s2-2 Sess sone eee 205
baltimorensisss.ccmerisaeeeee eee se 314 Melanicterus 22. s.5-2- "see enero 190, 192
DaliiMOW Ss sec creteae eee ce emoes 314 melanocephalus.............. 258, 281, 283
POWANAYS wa sschos Rete ss os re 258, 279, 280 auduUbOnIE .2.seee55 282
BONAR o2 coe setae Sateot ee Seen 280 audubonii .. 258, 261, 282
DONATICNSIS!=< sac sco he scene snes 203 melenocephalus.... 258,
bulloekivcse pee ee cece eee saa 317, 318 261, 262, 280
var. abeillet. oss ssmaaacsme 319 subsp. typica ...... 281
var; bullOckKiess. = ss2emeas5 318 var. auduboni..... 282
pullGekiice----26: 261, 262, 263, 314, 316, 317 var. melanoceph-
Gastaneuss 2-5: <.cssncce- see ee ees 278 RUS Tse ess- sees 281
CHIStAGUS s.r tacteonitore Sta eee 185 MelAnOCHTYSUTa sas eee eese eee eee 310
cuenllatnsesess.s.2asaseseeeoeeeceee 259, melanopterus:=.25 -S--2 5-02 sere 295
261, 288, 289, 290, 291, 292, 293 Mentayis...<- sassy-e eee ee oe ee 286, 298
eozumelee: scm eaeee 259, 292 MESOMElAS Sne-ce ees eee 260, 306, 307, 308
cucullatus:..S.7eenseeee se 212, mesomelas......- 260, 8305, 307
259, 262, 287, 289 Salivini S229 9808
Guplexusiys-4sse-ce 259, 292, 293 Salyiniteeee sees 260, 307, 308
IPTVCUS aaa se 259, 263, 291, 292 taczanowskii ...-..-.... 307
melsonil.-=.--- 259, 263, 290, 779 MeEXiICANUS {Joss seecee se esos 286, 302
sennetti ...... 259, 263, 289, 290 NENSONA: ss Fscis dace ce pastor See OES 291
subsp: igmea -asacc-=-ee ee 292 MIST eae goes eee eee ee 228,779
subsp» nelsoni =. -5---.55- 291 NIerriMUs i s- sess eee ease 344, 345
Cy pica sc cecs cer 289 NigrogulAarisncss ase eee eee 302
var. cucullatus.... 289, 290, 291 NOrUhHTrOplsessses se sees 257, 262, 266, 267
CUTACAOENSIS a soseeeeeoen cee secs 303 OBER 4 es sae 257, 263, 265
GUEASOCNSISH senna ees e oe eicceees 303 PATisionumMe. <== =e 260, 261, 262, 308, 310
diadematus).22 3: aracccs veeseceeres 192 PATISOLUMNs 22-2 eeeeee ce cmew tes 253
GINS). Jes oc aoe ea zenaseet ae 254,779 DECONIS) costes cose ee Ree eee 209
dominicensis .... 258, 263, 268, 271, 273, 274 pectoralis) 4-32-- eco 258, 283, 284
var. dominicensis.... 274 eSpinaechiveensceeaeees 258, 284
var. hypomelas. ..... 272 pectoraliscessssseeeeee 258, 283
var. portoricensis.... 273 PeTSONSlUS hae soe eee ee eee eee 304
var. prosthemelas.... 270 PHOCHIGEUS!22— 2 -es- =e eee 332
var; wagleri: = 222... 269 Phoeniceus, 3.52 sess sass eeieeiseae 332
)
7
:
INDEX. 809
Page.
Icterus phoniceus .......... Sioaceeee sacs 332
POLtOLLCENSIS= oes == see 258, 263, 272, 273
prosthemelas .... 257, 258, 259, 269, 270, 295
pustulatus....... 260, 262, 295, 296, 297, 298
BAVA eerie oecm oa 308
SalliviIMlcs dae eicis geese aesiee= 308
sclatenineseseeece 260, 262, 296, 297, 298, 780
TOTMOSUS ee meceee eee cesar 298
RCO tladtay eerste te atari eee oy eleteier 310
SCLIGCUS. os. Senecngecmocse eee eee 212
SPUNIUSHses.- 2 esses 258, 278, 276, 278, 779
GTA COLOM: se ete = ears es eos asic srseraioeees 325, 339
VAIELULS yereict-1= =e Se Neate ele seep eaee 278
WIESCEMS nee ania ereieeia sistent 272, 282
DVAL] SUS Pertere cys eayaieisioal eee eect 264
wagleri .......:.. 255, 257, 262, 267, 268, 269
castaneopectus=...----.---- 269
Kamthocephailus(: coe = acces s- 346, 348
CATE MOMMISS ee eee eee on aie 319, 344
MATING OGM S eyes yasiereletors (a= erie 260, 302
a. xanthornus ......... 302
[ihohe Ne oases HeRes 302
CUTACAOENSIS = =52-- = - 303
CUTASOEMSISas-a2-2 2 2a 260,
261, 263, 308
Vara. QuUbusles.<c- == 301, 303
var. 8. marginalis...... 303
xanthornus.. 260, 261, 263, 300
RAM PMOUUSee aa seers eerie scree 302
RE PELUS CLETUS: eee ce eis.ct eeiscican =e 257, 263, 264
ONIOlIS essere eee eeiste scence 255, 264
MAM OCES Hers sot serach as Stieclg eincinetelaeiateieie 738
ignea, Icterus cucullatus, subsp ........-..- 292
igneus, Icterus cucullatus ....... 259, 263, 291, 292
ignicapilla, Pheenicothraupis -.......-..... 145
Mom aones oe ee soles s oscisteeicis Salers 145
TeMOvaw eMC Oe CA mee et ae Se ee iers ote seieie)-lajas 615
IDEHCROICH Seer eG miss se rece ce osee 615
Geothlypis trichas... 655, 658, 660, 667, 668
NOVO pol ahs paeers aie: s<iaisreie se taieyatetateretaiata 8
DPE AP CLAUS: 22) erciciccicieie eee lee wisn. = 321
CATT MEIN ODL thy eye eerie Hereieie. cae Sarctele rise me 576
MO tacilllare ewes oases seiccesnsieeselosias 576
Syl wala esas aciocicios. saeeecmemesmeisece 576
incompta, Geothlypis...........---.- 657, 659, 677
TMNCOMP tama 5) eee 657
inexpectata, Sturnella magna... 356, 364, 365, 781
inexpectatus, Ramphocelus ...--...-.--.-- 108, 114
Rhamphocoelusmsssse-ces--1-- 114
inexspectata, Sturnella magna............. 365
inflexirostris, Holoquiscalus...--..... 225, 230, 231
Quiscalus! 22s... 230, 231, 232, 233
imornatay Calospiza:-:.seis-cse sec cece ce 35, 37, 51
Compsothily pis assceesm eee eect 488, 489
pitiayumi -.480, 488, 489
Mmniotiltasmaccse -encescemacteacttece 489
IPamUba Sess esce Sass Sseecoeels 488, 489
pitiayumi, subsp ......... 488
VEE eee sere 488, 489
Syilvicollast: asec see seaseesheeons 451
inornatus, Compsothlypis ......-.--..------ 489
insularis, Compsothlypis .............-.-- 492, 493
pitiayami...... 480, 492
Holoquiscalus=s<2 -csce< soe 225, 232
Parl aeasn noite cis. postin ecco 492, 493
DU AUN soe e ee ae 493
ven ee 492, 493
Page.
insularis, Pheenicothraupis salvini......... 152
Pheenicothraupisss-.s e2-peeeeeee 152
Quiscalus arse. poee oo eee 225
intermedia, Certhiolars. 2 .ss-ceescdes-ee sere 407
Coereba chloropyga ...........- 408
Setophagan a -ccaseecethenes ee 733
TAZ WieEpler emcees jac een ce ot senemeecee 476
ITIGOPHANES mH amaemeccece stances eee: se cee ae 2, 391
pulchermrimdas 2 seseeee eee eceeee 2
IslandwAmtbam agers snes rece cleceere sees = eZ
isthmicus, Ramphocelus dimidiatus. 109, 118,778
LEXOURTAUpIS acess nek ees coe wane coe eee 34
SUMtbwlatawee asso eeesaaseeece 42
J.
JACK PA Paseo see eee e oe mteine as Se oGeees 107
Jacapar Lange ra so ee eee espe eee 107
Jalapawyellow-thrositse-resetesseecceeceeee 673
JRISCOW Albers steers Keen eee ee ae 755
JAM Aalca SE WUphOniaess eee ee eee eee 31, 32
Bringillaeees was. ween ass sess 31
Pyrrhuphoniayesss-ese ces ooeecee 31, 32
JAMAiCe, HUphOnia 2 .seaenace -eaccece-peeee 32
Jamaican Eananaguityasseccmase esas aeeee 414
Huphoniave sets scieeeeaek eee 31
Grachklercenacsee soe ea a auee 227
OriOles: = Sseccern ee ee ener 303
Spindalistieens-eseee ase aos asee ee 64
VellowawWamnblersess--ssensaneen xc 515
jaAMAaAlGensis; HUphOniay oe. =. s+ sess ee cases eee 32
Holoquiscalus.<222-- 222 224, 227,779
S UUM UIS Pees ese stearate 222, 227
CLC TIO Re Ao orapaia acer asl ere k wise mero ae sree 691
GUMICOlats seee acc e ase eeeeeeeenee 695
VAT CHS einai cceie set eres ere 694
jouyi, Basileuterus rufifrons .......-.- 741, 746, 748
Jouys) Warblers ny socctisesemiciectte ceete cae 746
JUSMATISS LurGdus:-s2s-csec-aces ese cece 278
JUNCUS SCUPMUS soso noose esemcee oe ereeeeee 211
K.
Kap ?siRedstanttn.sss--c- seccseiccccseeeece 73:
Kentucky Warbleta cies ce aceice cece eiceee 622
kirtlandisDendroecar sscce. oe seeee seeeene 605
DETGTOICR wae seen eee cect eeeeeee 604, 605
Mmniotiltarho: Sees seems cericeeeers 605
kirtlandii, Dendrceca.........-. Sha oee eee 605
Dendroicayes.eeeee ee 507, 603, 604
Sylvicolarsssees sees eeereeeeeee 604
Kintland?siwWarblertsssossereere sean < cee eee 608
a
labradorides, Tanagra (Aglaia) ...........- 35
labradoriuss Muardusiencs. scenes aces eee soe 248
lachrymosa, Basileuterus.................-- 737
Buthilypise-cesesesce sees 735, 737, 738
lachrymosa......-.. 736
Setophay ar neseserscsccecee se 737, 738
lafresnayel, Uncirostrum’..-.--.5..-.-+/.c-<- 378
IatresnayelsiManagersAccsscccecces eciee caee 96
ba Pro psareass sos eesec-eeectsceceee eee ece 174
GiVieS¥=2scembeceecee cece 258, 254, 779
SUIAMCNSIS ea asec eee eee 212
laniirostris, Huphonia.:...- 53.25 +-- 27, 28, 29, 775
Phonaseass.co2 As eems ecco eee 29
ani ae ese seen eos ee eee eee 3, 122
MUTANGIUS eee osececim cece 122, 123, 124,778
810 INDEX.
Page. Page.
Hanio auritnsess. sles eacdedeeeasoteetesceee 104 | leucotis, Paruse- <2: 2.5.2.2 c sess see eee 760
lewcothoraxensse eee ee 123; 194-195: 196" | herminiens-Amthus poe ss seeceeeeere eee eee 645
melanopygius .....:...-. 126 SCluUrUS’3.nio--e ee ea eeee eee 645
melanopy eis es-seceseeeee ee 123, 1254126"), Wichtensteinis'Oniolesas-2ses = eee eee ences 284
TODUITOSLTIS os cece es eee note eee 134 Warblert:- 252225. eaceeeee 753
larvata;Callistes se Coser sees eee AQ) Ds | Wiatpea S25 erie. cee ee ee eee Ree eeteee eae 651
Calospizadose 285 scesse soccet eee 37 PALUStIISe 2 eae cos ee ere eee 651, 652
larvae se-cne. ssccee cee STVET. |} Ei glasc cece bess cscs cease ce eee 651
MuSCICAPA vs ctoe sss ncc he seat cmacee 732 | PAIUSUTIS os Saya cie ee eee ee eee 652
lanvatiss Pataopete teen cee eens ce ce ees 49 | limatus, Ramphocelus dimidiatus... 109,119,778
latifasciata, Piranga leucoptera ...... 79,101,777 Rhamphocelus--.2-----seeee esos 119
landabilis: eters: 4-2-3 ee 258,274,275 | linnei, Icterus xanthornus, B .......-...... 302
laviniaCallistets-s-2-= === =e NOPE tea 47,49 Xai horus teen eee eee keer 302
Calospizam asset aces bee seoeeere 36,46,775 | littoralis, Pheenicothraupis salvini ....-.- 148, 144
lavinis (Callliste sees stacs Sc ce ec ene coeeee 47,49 Phoenicothraupis'=2.- sess. eeeece 150
Wayinig sNanapen saa seece cece s eee aes 46 | livida, Pyranga ........ S Moss nics he coe eee 83
lawrencei, Helminthophaga ..............- 453 | longicauda, Icteria........... ei ae 696
Helminthophilaessesse2---eeee 453 | VANCNS st ltee eee ae 691, 695, 696
TCvErus seek ee a ee ees 305 | Di... eee eee see 696
Lawrence's; Caciques-- 2-25 seccewea seni 188 B33 3a 696
Tanager: sas Sc esse emcees 104 VWalc cosecs tenes 696
Wialbler’s sakes a Lee see ee ceie 452. longipes;-Agelaus!--22se-s- 2555-554 - nee eee coo
lawrencii, Helminthophaga................ 453 Xanthocephalus'2e-- --sseseaeee = 350 .
Helminthophila .......... 447,452,453 | longirostris, Agelaius....................- 264, 338
NeteLussac jeeescsee eee 260, 304, 305 phoeniceus......... 338, 341
EISLER ma woe ee iee aes c aeeeree 170, 171, 172, 175, 350 Coerebass5-S5.5-c.cecueeeeeeee 386
enythrobnomex pa ee eee esse eee ~ 353 Cyanerpes ceruleus.........-. 386
DIDIANENSIN|= sess sees sea eee eee 781 CCCYUS Fock Shao) wn ase ees 264
hummer alis ize ee cece ck oe ce seein 343 Mniotiltacee.-seeeeeeeeee eee 436
TULIP AMIS ss eee ee se ee ere eee 351, 353 VATIA: VEliecees ose 436
superciliaris: 22235228 steecem ccs 353 Pendulinug:. .. 22.82 Wecerseece 264
Lesser Abaco Yellow-throat......... eee 670 | Gong-tailed' Chats. 22. cscs oe eee eee 695
IBTONZedsCowbindte ss assess oe 204 Warbler. 222 its ekese ase 748
JESSOneLenGulintisicssscaso ee coeesene eee 27L)|| Ahouisianay Tanager S222 see eee ae 91
Xam GHOTMUSE oss cre eco oe eet 271 Water Dhrushite=< sess sceee eee 639
Lesson’s Euphonia..........-- eee ae SL ||| hoxia vinpinica.22+-sso-eee ee eee eeeereaee 81,83
Orioled.25 22.23.28 2- -seseeseseeenes 269 | lucie, Helminthophaga......:.......--.... 474
leucoblepharus, Basileuterus........-....-.- 740 Helminthophila .............. 446, 473, 474
leucobronchialis, Helminthophaga ........ 455 Helmintophilaves:scas-) eee see ae 474
Helminthophila ......... 447, Mniotilta..<<..2cee cise aeeee ee 474
453, 454, 455,456 | luciani, Ramphocelus............... 108, 109, 115
leucocephalus, Oriolus!=-..-52--neeee=eaee 248 _ Rhamphocelus)ses--— eee eee ae ae 116
leucogastra;i Syl Vidiac ast-s-ssseeooee cess 470 Rhamphoccelussssscesseee eee eee 116
leucogenys, DaGnis).~ 5 -cice ss oce en eeaeeoneee 391 Rhamphopis-..<cec aces cee eaee 116
leucomius; Muscicaipasss--eeescense = eeeenees 729 Tanagra (Rhamphocelus) .......-- 116
WeUCOPCZ8 <a 5.a7. Soeaacise sen Beer 428, 429,619,650 | lucida, Arbelorhina ....-.:.-....-.-....---- 390
Dish Opie esyes5, a coe cee 619, 620 | Conrebas. es Fe eee 390
SCMPeOrls sesso ee cee eee 650,651 | lucidus, Cyanerpes .............. 385, 386, 389, 390
leucophrys, Basileuterus ..-...........-.... 7407) lucthosasPyrangaeces ces eeeees eee eee 134
Chilorospin gist assess = 157,161 | luctuosus, Tachyphonus..... 130, 132, 133, 134, 135
MOMS Oa: <o5. Sissies sercmeeeae pies oe 161, | Lucy's Warblerss-.22 0. ossssesee- ome ae een 473
leucopteraebiran pan ase eae ee a eee 76, 78,101 | ludoviciana, Enicocichla.-.................. 641
lewcoplerarosss---e ses: 79,99 Henicocichla = =e: -se-e2 eee 641
BVT Palas somes aienioe eee 101 Motacilla 22225 Spee eee eee 483
IPVETOUA As es eeee Hetero 132 Pirangaeeesesece 76, 77, 78, 91, 94, 777
Sylviawchecasce eter e ea cseee ede 545 Pyran ge: osescactes a Seeteteene 93
LEUCOPteELUS) ONIOMISs ss aaaass ee nee eee ee 129, 132 Sturnella ... 359, 361, 363, 364, 366, 368
Tach ypPHOnUs je cee ee eee ee 132 Syhvia5 22 ssa 52 ee aoe eee 483
leucopteryx, Icterus.................- 260, 261, 286 MAM APT Ais see sera tose es 93
Pendulinusi-e-eoceeses bee 304 | ludovicianum, Phoenicosoma.............. 95
PSarOCOMUstaqaecsosee seen eee 304 }| udoyicianus; Onioluss=- cae eee eee 218
leucopygius, Basileuterus............- 740, 757, 758 Selurus 6c ea ee soe see 638, 641
. semicervinus ..... 742, SiUnUs ses eee ee 641
757, 758 Sturnus...... - 359, 361, 363, 364, 366
lencorhamphus, Cacicus -..2............. 187,188 DULG ss5 Sabo. cones ene 641
leucothorax, | Laniomessa- ees 123, 124,125,126 | lugubris, Chaleophanes .................... 229
INDEX. 811
Page. Page.
lupubrissHologuiscalusas.s-oceeeeeeceeneos Zoo gl |e OL CCLtNIO] Ayers sates ae enna ee ee 408, 781
Quiseauiste= seacesceeeerae .. 225, 229, 231 Ghalcophanessasese see eae 238
Juminosus, Holoquiscalus .........--. 225, 232, 233 Coerebaichloropygaeeescccsasssceee 408
Quisealusesescnsscoteecescece 231, 233 . Bnicocichlaresse-ereseeseaeeeen acess 642
luteicapilla, Euphonia............... 10, 11, 20, 21 Henicocichlawess see steeeesseeeee 641, 642
PHOMASCA eee tare eceeeeeee ail Meraquiscalustscresse. ss cee eee 235
luteicapillus, Acroleptes).. 2.2)... .2222.62- 21 MA] OL eas eee ae 235, 286
duteola; Certhidea: 222.2... 2... 225. 762, 764, 765 Quiscalus!=. 2. 5-<c- 233, 238, 239, 241, 242, 243
OVC CAbecet ee lease ce 769 Nay OLAV Asem sesenisece ces 238
Certhiola=2iees-canc se cet 407, 410, 412,781 | Scaphidurusimajorsn.c2 eaceiosseeces 238
Coerebais.cascace aeeoe 399, 406, 407, 416, 782 | majuscula, Certhiola ....................-.- 399
Chloropyeaeesnse cece sence 408 | Malaconotus rubiginosus .................-- 4
MuteoussVellow-throat......-2---2:.--.2-<- GiSs | eManalcuin Blu ermesstescenea eee. ae cee seme 393
lutescens, Helminthophila................. 467) “Mangrove Warblers s:25.- sss. 52220400 0eee 530
celata.... 448,466,467 | Marcomi, Dendroeca ............--.-.-.---- 512
Hee: 467, 468 marginalis, Icterus xanthornus, var. B...... 303
Bee AG7) |) marilandica, |Sylvidecsssscss-2 ools5n- cee ese 663
VAT Le & 467 Mrichasiees--secece= 663, 666, 668, 671
mutescentuWarbler: oko cee aoe 466") manilandicus; Trichas: .s----25---- 2--- = 663, 670
HULLS PAD ElISieraeeetacein surece cca aceeecee 695 | Maritima, Certhiola...-.................... 540
Miniotiltasscs-< cen ecco ee eeeeees 540
M. Syliviais ie sete eee eee 539
macgillivraii, Geothlypis..................- 633 Sylyicolawe a= sae teen noer cee 539, 540
macgillivrayi, Geothlypis................ 632,633 | maritimus, Rhimamphus .................. 540
Geothlypis philadelphia.... 633 | Maroon-headed Tanager .................-. 49
bz: 6330) mMartinicayCerthiolas.:o2.2.s.ss-ss2-2224-6 2 422
Bees. 2 633: )|martinicanasCerthiola..-<s02- a... 420, 422, 782
var. 633 Coerebaleescac. caso beeee 400, 421, 422
Syilivdaic sso crescents am clcmeate 682) | smartinicensis, Certhiola.:....2 225-22 0.....- 422
Swilvaicolalces aeee acer cise 632 Holoquiscalus ......_. , 231, 232
Mrichasttseo- ceo eee 682 |; Martinique Bananaquit...02......2222--.-- 421
macpillivrayil, Geothly pis. 2.1... 22.5. -2:-- 633 Graeklevs cen ccccweae asses 231
Macellivray; SiWarblerss 2224 sccees sece2 see 631 Oriole esseh ee sae eo ee emae 279
Na Cra ices eee on Near eee ao tee coeaes 174 Mellow.Warbler.:2 222 cesses 526
MA CTOPOS HS Vala Miieeiee eee cae wes eee eeceaie 545 | Maryland Yellow-throat ..................- 661
IN ACTOPUS MVETIOLLLUA a soe cise see oes see esc D415) || MarVlanGdicasSylVidess meses sse see eee nee 663
MACHO UTA QUISCALUS so. en ene clone ce 240 Rrichase.- en. 663, 666, 668, 670, 671
macrourus, Chaleophanes..-.-.....-..--..--- 240) |Psmarylandicus\ (Trichas(22:*-22-sss..-< sce 670, 671
Megaquiscalus major ....--. 250 250s MeN ak Ariss CLELUSHae cme eae memes eis case cei 205
250 .)259%)|) MAIMMIS eXcan TOUMUS 2 nace nese ee ieee 185
@wiscalusttosee sa cece eases 239,242 | maynardi, Geothlypis ........... 656, 659, 661, 676
MAVOUMVAL see eee coe 240 Geothlypis tanneri ............. 657
Scaphidurus major ..........-.- 240 | Maynard’s Yellow-throat ..........-....... 676
IMACEULUS AQ LISCALUS Ss eae se oaeeeeices sacs 237,240 | megillivrayi, Geothlypis ................... 663
MAJOL ee cteseea Bes he 2410: Micadowillarkiee a. ccmmcsisee cee eeeecnceee 307
Vliet eye e ee 240,241 | Central American ............ 364
MITA ataCGerbnias= 6) pac aes eoe ecole ace = 435 | Cubanito aecesseccee acct aac cee 368
maculatus, OxyePlOssus -c.---s.----se2-5ce 431, 435 Miexi Gam jaa sscnceee eceee rete 362
maculi-alatus, Ieterus ............... 257, 265, 266 Southern pect o-acseeeeeneaes 360
Pen G ulimUsiss ees sees eee 266 MOXOS ess ae es see cee eee 361
maculosd, Wendrceca... 2) ....ocseanee-cs sce 536 Wresternaaasaaeccecsee scree 365
Dendroica.....-... 497, 498, 502, 532,535 | Megaquiscalus............... 172, 174, 223, 224, 2338
Mimi bliin cere eee et ioe: 535 MAjOVAS S22 ee eee eee 235
Mio talcilll asp eeeetacete tenia Sek siae 535 AssimIliseee eee eee 236, 237
Syilwaide- eect cceece cece aecoae eens 535 graysoni....... 235, 236, 241
Sylva Colas see nen eee ceiae 535 macrourus. 235, 236, 237, 238
maAculosus Rbimamphussssscassesesees so 535 MajOL sss. s2- sei 235, 236
iim eps ese ers series steer 535 | nelsoni........ 235, 236, 242
TH PIN ALAN G asistaae coerce eae 358, 359, 361, 362, 364 | obscurus!<=-<-= 235, 236, 241
Siummellagcsaasaos 359, 361, 362, 363, 364, 368 nicaraguensis 224, 234, 235, 236, 244
magna ..... 356, 357, 359, 360, 363 tenuirostris ...... 234, 235, 236, 243
Dita eia ca ate 359 | melaleucus, Tachyphonus.................. 778
VATecccetee eS eee ce So9MemelanieterUss Cacicus jccas dooce oe cee eee eee 192
MIA MITOSIS, CErtMOlaeceesacmise sta osee ee 408 Cassiculustessesecseeeae eee 191, 192
Coereba chloropyga........-- 408 CBSSICUSio sce cee eee eee eee 192
AV AS MOM AASV AVIA saree sersctom ete sec eerie se 536 Retenushcsacccee eee ee 190, 192
Mari Ol aaWArDlensnncr-neromesetieee cece sere 532 PSATOCOMLUS eerseee sen aaeee oe 192
812 INDEX.
Page. Page.
melanocephalus, Icterus ............- 258; 281,283 | mexicana, Coerebras--sa2s.< scsenseenaee tee 782
melanocephalus. 258, Compsothiypiss=. son seseeee ene es 478
261, 280 Ey pothiymisieeene- seeeeeeseeeee 478
var. _ 281 Parlay 2c ee ee he eeee 478
Psarocolius ........- 255, 281, 283 Sturmelllas = .°> tac shee ae 362, 363
Kanthornus = 2.2 .ces- se 281, 283 ludoviciana........- 363, 364
melanochrysura, Icterus ............------- 310 MAGN Ar. «so scceeeuas See 355,
Melanodiglossa)>..22s5-cice-- eee eeeceeeneee 378 356, 361, 862, 363, 364
melanogaster, Ramphocelus ....-...-- 108, 109, 116 Geet mtgeas ses 363
Ramphopisesssas-cs-ceeea—- 116 Subspecies s< 363, 364
melanogenys, Basileuterus....-.-. 140; 742, 400,702) mexicanus,Cassidix--- 3.25.5 eee eee 200
melanoleueus, Orlolusisss-sssseeeeeeeeeeeee 131 COLVUS 23 see cee 200
Tachyphonusess-sseeseees 131, 182 (Cassidix) ifsc eee 196, 200
Melanophanteg sa. seme mss ter seeieeary inte 319 T@teNUS = sense ce eee eee 286, 302
melanops, Geothlypis ....-.......-.------.- 674 Oriolus ...... Sieg tt ee 286, 302, 304
trichasisass-eeteee 656,658, Quiscalus=3522=5--- eee 231, 251, 255
661, 670, 673, 674 Scolecopha rus. asses 251
yciatiecien eters 674 | Zarhynchus wagleri ........... 178
WAT 2 oscars 674 |) microcephala, Sylvania s..- 22. -es2 sane 710
Melanopsanre sesesee onsen em eseee cecine 255 Wilsoniaese ss- 75ers 704, 709
mielanopsis, PSATOCOLMUS se. eee eet 272) MiCTOHS alse aoe eece et cee ee eee 428, 430, 651
melanoptera, Dendreeca ..........-----.--- 524 palushris)) 2 ses se eee 652
petechiay.2 2222-4. 524 | microrhyncha, Coereba coerulea........... 385
VET eno 524 Geothlypis nelsoni .. 660, 661, 685
Dendroiea petechia.........- 524 | microrhynehus, Cacicus ........-.-.. 188, 189, 190
6: eae ces 524 Cassiculusts-sas-t eee eae 190
Tanaere <2 2505525242 ooseeaies 60 Ca&SSICUS Fee sce eee 190
palmarum ... 55, 58,59,60 | migratorius, Helmitheros ................ 438, 441
melanopterus slCLELUS=s soe eee see 295): Peon es; CA peas oeetetete erate eee 353
Xam ThOMnUSe ashi eese a 295 Hm Derizacass score tee cree 350, 353
MelaNnOpyLiUs, LAMIO!M. seciaaclciecwweie- 123, 125, 126 TAMA LTA 2 cscs see ae COE 308
leucothorax .....:.--- 126). | “Mimids.. 2322). uas eect ees Sao eee 2,426, 427
melanorrhoa, Mniotilta ............- jeer b78:|| mMminiata, Setophara) as. cesses = ata eee ee 732, 738
Sylyda.o esc she oeseeiee 578 | miniatus, Myioborus miniatus .......... 731, 785
melanotis, Basileuterus...........-.- (42.402, 00) |, minor) CerthiGlawes-a-eeeee se eeeeeeeee eee 408, 781
Divictebusesee eee 753 Onoluss.. 2 4¢b 3 eee eee 210
Meliphagidey. -o-cecn << aces anos coe eeewsees 370,00: | MANMta HUphONa) — peso eee ee ses ee eee 9, 24
mentalis, Certhides 33.2.ses-e4-e- sees 762, 766 Muscicapai: soso cte nan ane eee 709
OliVvacesas nce .cs eens 766 Phyllopneust@s--2es- eee eeee 610
NGtERUS 5-2 a2 ce ae etter 286, 298 Setophapay. 3. econ eee eee 709
meridionalis, Myiodioctes............-...-- 704 SyLVanlide 26 “eee eR Ee eee 709
Sturmelila .52Seseoeccaeeee eee 353 Syl viavesoeessosse ae ee ee 610, 709, 760
Merulaamerulay. 2: 52. ssa eee ceca sates 771 SVlVicol ai go. scidacmaccsese te eee ae 610
METU1 A MOrUl a= sao aceaeie ciao Caner 771 WulsOniajniccsscee seeker ee eee 709
mesochrysus, Basileuterus .........-.- 740),7508 75.) | minutus) Myiodioctes).-.--as-sese-eesee eee 709
delaiimipsasee- 751 | Mirador Ground-Chat- os. ssc- ose eaee 689
rufifrons ..... 7425450) | MisiSippicay Dangerar. «sa 2s. esas 81
miesomelas) Teterusi5-s- ce conse eee. 260, 306,308 | missisippensis, Pyranga ..........-.-..---.. 81
mesomelas ..... 260,305, 307 | mississippiensis, Tamagra ..............--.- 81, 83
PSaTOCOMMUS: aces sess Meeeoe eee 306) || missuriensis, Sylvicolai------see-maossee eee 462
BX LHOTMUS see ee meeeeeee Tees 806" |) mitrata,Motacillacec =... --ceeereeee 703, 706, 707
Mexican Ant Tanager: -- 2. s.<.cccnsence cee 144 Mylodloctes:. 2. .<.<0cstessacee a. 707, 708
Banana guibscccsn-asess-cecoeceees 409 Setophaga. = s.cac- aces eee ones 707
GHCIiQUe setts sea ees coeene ee eres 191 Sylvania, sacsccecose sere ease ee 707
Chilorophonis,<..s.s-c.se-ce ee eres 6 Sylviaicc once seme s peseeineeasee ees 707
DIGTOSSA aha an sacewioce ooance aces 380 Walsonian ssc ce. eeseseeenes 704, 705, 707
Meadowlark . 3.s,lessiecsccensscctes 862) |. nvitratus: Mylidioctess- sen-seeseseere seeeeee 708
Oropendola Se ceest acces sodece eee 178 MyLOCtONUS'=, us2e saseascccnaoteee 708
Rice Grackledt. 22.2.2. veces eceee 199 Miyi Od1OCteSs. occ. acpaseteemeeee 707, 708
Shrike-Tanagersancfissscceccsconen 123) | Mitrospingus yet eset ceeececetece seem ere 4,167
Thrnsh=Wanblety-qeesses cee cess 772 (CaSSINT = eco eee ee Soe ve seein 169
mexicana, Cassidix oryzivora ....... 19751992200. | Mmuniotilita ~.5.\-cc-0..ccieaesecemeractisse 428, 431, 498
Certhiola: ges i. escent 407, 410,781 MSLV A -/onrciosce.c ccs cw seas settee 510
- MeCXiCaN A. soree een oe 410 americans) << ..p.csaceeeeee 483, 485, 486
Coereba ...... 399, 401, 407, 409, 410, 782 BUCUPONI es Ree eee eee 553
chlorophy gai... 4-5. - 408 SUA GL ance na se seinen seems 576
INDEX. 813
Page. Page.
MniotiitasauricOlliS'<- =. .-ce..=4scecenaccce 445 | Mniotiltide...........- 2,375, 377, 4285, 426, 427, 428
ahi amiss ceteris csiare oe Serle 459M EMOTO tiltIMee seen eee reeee eee coe en eae ce 428
Hlack Purnia ace cocetesee eos eere 576 | modesta, Geothlypis trichas --.-. 656, 658, 660, 672
WOnealIiSze ceo ace eSe ee AZoM OMOLODTUSH secereiccece tree ree Lene eee eee 205
Geeruleaee. oxk sees sacs 573 PCCOLIS Hs asses coe aes 209, 779
Canad ensise. ccc seca -ceseee seme DSM MMOLOtHT Ss as ste ace ee asso te eee eee eee 174
CApItAlIS pes. eae cee eae 2 Ou MOLOth TUS tas aecmemtcersctieeeceee ee 170, 172, 174, 205
Carbonatar: 2sécss: st nce2 cesses 541 MM EUSis sess ses = ce see 202520352045 205,
CATOMNENSISE: sae Cee 512 ALMentlissss2a: aansece see eee eee 201
Castameale vee scan sje hee seine 594 BLL os ssa te ae ene aes 207, 208, 209
Celataresssase sata sacs snieae 464 MCR nats aa pee eee 207
Chrysopareiass. seco eo see see 567 ODSCULUSHesse- ee eee 207, 210, 211
CHRYSOPLCLascce secs ee seeeeeeeeee 450 VarsObSCURUSE- seeetemsscess 211
ClUne descent as eis cee wees teneeee 443 atronitens ........ 206, 207, 211, 212, 779
CORTINA Mrs Se atc etch eee tio 573 atro-mitens!ss---2 eee sees cee 212
CoerulescenS=22ese neces see sss 544 adiMStsensese rose ascineraee 205, 206, 207
| COLON StH ee ee eke Hose meee ce 549, 784 DONATIENSISS=-.-2 eee eee ee 206, 212
| GISCOlOTS Asser coe ee ese ae ere 609 Giscoloresiasecesee ete eee cece 212
| COMIN CH ener eee eee encores 580 pringillariviss.-eos2-2 ea -e eee 206, 207
CORE eee a st cciewids coc ae cele 532 ODSCULUS) 2 cassceos see aecenkee 210
TOMIMOSA eee wise ences oie cieraeie 624 PCCOPIS!| so: oe.sehesee eee ase eee 209, 211
PTACI eae sorescceces sosee esas 586 subsp: Obscura 2-225. <c2- 211
SUN GIACHT ao ae-es = nda eine ce sel 521 tyiplGasceseensss- 210
PULCUTAISSaccssss see es ese als 477 War. ODSCULUSSec-- 2-2 -- 210, 211
icterocephala. ..... fee Ske mi alee 592 TODUSHUSS -jansene-cecectncecor ace 203
ITN CHM Beye Oe eerste ee oe ees 576 rufo-axillaris......: mos cere 205, 206, 207
INOUM Ata sencoasce tees eter es 489 Seni GCUSims a= sasmasce se s-eeest sees 212
intlan die esas ac scence tenes esos 605") montana; Buthraupis) -:.2.222--5.--.-- o<- 33
JON SILOSELIS eee ace este ee eee 436 | DeNdrOecn #02 asa ee 785
lucie teresa secon eee eee 474 | Mendroccaisenssasss Cae eee ce 734
MACTOPUS Sssesecs sesso sce 545 | Mendroieas. 3.32.02 sescecee seek 784,785
maculosa: sessccctccce Soca ss Sewn 585 | Mniotiltan%.% sels stecsnceets toes 784
NATIT A pee sce ae see eee A40 SV widisesc oe cae Soccer eee 784
melanorrhoazs.sc2=-c0s- ee seecc es 578 | Sulwicolayessesssosee sseaeiosciaeeae 784
INOQWUAN GS oe iaaralomnraiste ne sis aie oem 794" |; montezimas Cacicusia.---.c-c ss sce esas a 178, 181
MIPTESCENS Ss = aaoe te se eee ase 558 Gymnostinops.....-.--- 179, 180,181
OCCIGEMtAlists=s 2p. c ce teense 569 OStinoOpsie-cenetea scene eels 181
OMiVACERG Saeeac cece cen re sec arse 496 | Montezuma Orpeodola -.-...-........---.--- 180
4 palmartiny 2s) ose eesiece ceca. 613) |p montezumee, Cacius’....----2- 2.2222 sce. ane 181
. WANN OSA eee ces siccecicceeceshic ce 545 | CaSsiCuUS@e 2 Secs eeeee-seae 181
PIATUS |= oss nae awoke eels aac sete sts 578 | GymmnostimopS:.--2--2-24----- 181
penNsylVaNiCa sso sen eee sacle 591 OstinOpsececcs- santos ee staates 181
PCLEORIN Ay eames sec ccees se ceee 461; | MontserratiOriolesn. se. cee aee nese tee ee = 265
petechiae tess. se. se oece sss 516, 616 | morcomi, Dendroica estiva .........---..-- 513
MhanetTa eI Seas neces sca Sessa 619 | -Motacilla equinoctialis ....-..........-...- 690
PUMNUShoeckis sec oes ese saesele ee 457, 601 SUV Bie seeceeicte 510, 513, 514, 516, 518, 521
pity ophilacssecsese-cacsse ete ne 606 aADICOistSzcceese iseeesate ce 516, 521
MAN eer cise Be eC Cae cones HIST le AMELICANG. ..2ce si. sett ees ece 482
HUDIMCA DI Wane seen e eet me ences 470 MUTANS eee eee seein ee ciciaa 576
MUCA pull ee eeeeeee ee eee ee aes 469 aAuricollisiss -secoae eee cee ee 445
MUP SU ae eee eee eee ieee 527 AUTOCAPIN Ake eqn ester eiscteerele 634, 637
Solitariates coscet acceheseee es oeaes 458 PANANTVOLAre as scence aires misses 412
Strigtas certs mate eee ee Neue 597 ; blackburnizes eaceece esse nesctseises 576
SUPCLCIIOSA see sero eae see Cee 478, 581 CRTUIESCENS He... = secle a2 sats 2 ale ae 543
SWalMSOni= cee ase ates scceceesces 438 GAMPeSUTIS eae seee eet eels nile 425
TESTA Tere eerste oe eras cee 496 Canadensis:.-.---..---- 510, 543, 551, 638
tI STIN GAMA eee het ater scee 538 CarolimensSiSt.-pascec eee ieisesei= 512
tOWNSENGI Sooeceee scat seem cee 561 CAYVAM Asc sh. ccccescec esc ce 390, 393, 396
SVEN aie geste eieiar selene 432, 434, 783, 784 ChloroleuGaiecrcce ccc sects sane a 517
REVATIO Se sclscts cele soncsee = 435 ehrysocephalay-2. 5-52 -cese- == 576
ipnborealisiemnceeceerece sn 436 CNTYSOPUCLA xc. =. ieieieetiese 445, 450
borealiss=seeescssceccece 435, 436 GinGtastoecceceeer sees eseinees 551
var. longirostris.......----- 436 ClO WM ryes ee elena eee eeese eretatains 442, 443
WATENS eek ce esceen ccs eee Se cee 564 COTOMATA se eisai oe aioe eects 496, 497, 548
WATEINIce cere scion aoe eeieceae 473 eyanocephalan. =~ see nm sees so 394
Mniotilte.......-.- Se ete lasletoneiteeis erence 428 GO MIN Ce Saanadcesoboodacocgosac 580
814 INDEX.
Page. Page.
Motaecillaieques: tc ee decsere-eeceee eee 483° | Muscticapacviridisnass..2-mssc>-sce a oeee eee 691, 694
AAVICAUUE so. acaeeeoeee eee eoeoe 727 VUINEerataee nose eer eee 733
Navicollisit--s-scee ee ee eee 581 | Wilsonil. ssh 252-Use sea eee 711
Ra VIITONS 6 Seceees ccs aeeeeksaaeee 451) Muscicapide set cscccas ene eo ene eee aes 427
{USCS 572.25 sos Geese ees eee ee 576) ||| musica. Cyanophonidss ss sees see e nena 15
Icterocephalalsssece- ss acre es eee 591 Buphonary. soe sce oes -on eee see 14
ICANA,. Sa case ose teeta ety ee 576 Buphoners cS taterccuceeeee acorn 14
NuidGyiclans so. csceee ese eee 483 HupHOnIsseresaee eee 8,9, 10, 18, 14
MACULOSH a -\aerclosine ne Oeste teases 535 Piptal S55c< ccc ee soe eee 8, 14,15
Mmitrate =< sacenmessseee nee 703, 706, 707 Tanaeraic 28 2b nes eee eee 14
MuUultieolon or cee so eee eee 228. Miya di OCtes S55 ee. see are ea a eae 785
NVI oh ooo nsec eee tenes 643 mifratus)...se2ccte ese ee 708
novzeboracensis =< -22--2---s--2=6 645 pusillus:.< seee sees sssee in eeoe 711,714
noveboracensis ...-...-.----.-=-- 6435) Myioborus:: sacs. seee eee see eeee eee 431, 730, 735, 736
Pal MALU essere ee eee 613 albilronSco.0 so eeacecose eee 731
MENS I. see ees sae er ears 581 AUTANUACUS coset see eeeeEsee 731, 783
PENSVAMICH ag ences eres 591 brunneicepsine-seseeee eee eeneee 731
PensyVIVANICA ec eweeseee ease 590 castaneica pillusine: =a eee 731
petechia ... 512,516, 518, 520, 521, 524, 526 miniatus flammeus.........-- 731, 733
ileolatateess anes eee eaee eee 712 MiIniatus a. ss-2ee= 731, 785
MUS Saseceeeee aes eeeeeeeeeee 551 LOTrQUatUS \-c2a5-4--- 5 eee 731, 735
PINUSs secs sae ewceee ces aose Sees 457 VER GAISE mse con saieee re eS 731
PLOtONOTTIOS cesese esse eee eae 445, ||| Myioctonus:: 22252220 ae- ase] seen ae 703
TUDIPINOSEiasexecesetocescsast os oe 514 FOTMOSUSSaee =e oe eee eee 624
mutica pillage sees 519, 524,527,528 | MG TAt US) as aes = eee ee 708
Puticilaccccsceciheteg-eh comes 725 | pusilluss 3s Meee ae ee 714
NUIMAtBseack ook ees Seee eee ee 597. || Mviodioctes:=.s. semsse seas oe ance 703
BUDELCIIIOSA cs. ke Seenieee scene S58 honapartiiss: 862 aas-e eee 719
tiominaecan ss ee caer eee 497, 538, 785 CReTULESCENS is. sseecren nae ee 719
thiChias 2 Sac accs tees te Sones eae 663 canadensis. 25: -.ceeosceeanee 717,718
tricolOTa:---<25.00-ssecenwaseeee eee 728 | LOTMNOSA See serene ase ene 624
tROG HS eer eeeneere sees ieee 512 | fOTMOSUS): 22-52-22 5s= ee Saar Old
UII DNA ses aeeeenee eee eee 551 Meridionslisc s-<-peeceee eee 704
VATION oc. iosicn cles ses oes Sac e 431, 433 MUINUVUS 4 Secon eee eee 709
USING? Guseocaoesooosaussosonc 438 | MLNS eee eeaet ee eee eee 707
ViTeng st eaaat oe eee 563 | MLULTAbUSKS sont one canes eee 707, 708
motacilla, Henicocichla....................- 641 | pardalinas-.. cts 5 eee eee 719
Seluruss 2.3 -eeee ee eeeee 635, 639, 640 | pileolatis)=<22..2 eee 715
SIUMUS Ss Sscoate cohen tee eee 640, 641 pusilla. ssodsc secon cesereee eee 711
Turdus - WoL 5ecse ses ete woe eee 640, 645 | pusilhusieeseceenss-ee 711, 713, 714, 715
Motacillidee jess esse sete eee coeae seeker 425 | a. pusiUS sees 711,714
Mournins Warblers q--tncesase eee stents 628 | B:ipileolatsa s------e-- 715
Mrs: -Wilsonm’s| Tanaren-wss.s. sac seieeer cece 49 Biipileolatusesss-eeese 712
NMuperestOniOlest ae, oe eee ee eee 292 | pileolatusi=-eseaee 713, 715
MU tCOlOT, MOtACIlWe-neee senses eee ee aee see 728 var. pileolata....... 712,715
Spindalis| #9. -.-s-ce-2 oes 63, 64, 67, 68 var. pileolatus.. 712,713,715
TANAPTAL Soh 35 once Doce ee ceee 68 yar. pusillust--2-—-= 711,714
Muscicapa:bellics==. sono eee omen ee 743 Wilsontl) ss.) 2: t2 cs eecineeeee 711
bivittatsecseen soe ce Cease ee 755) |) Mbyiothly pis +-- 42k s- - eee eeeeee 740
bonapartils.. oc. 3. sseesee so es 7199) Myodioctessmitrata a2 o-e- aan een ener 708
PYASIORI Ses eee nee ee ee 755 pardalins= .-S25.e5-eeeeee see 719
brasieril: eats aes aoe erase 755 ju Myrtle: Warbler 225: scs-m. sees sect eee eee 546
canadensis x. a ee ateces eee 717 | mystacalis, Diglossa......-......... Seen 378, 379
CUCHIBtayeen Sosek cece eee 708) |) mystaceus;*Reeulus- ces. scenes ee eeeeee 663
Gerhamilcrs sasne sso 733, 785
Ge rhamin pore te see ee 785 N.
DATA CW s= coc once merece ee ee 732) || neevia, Motacillas 2.222.545 ween eee 643
VEMNGOMUS een eee nee ee aoe cee 729.|\ Neevius; Selurus 225.2. sacs see ananctasaeees 643
MIM Gases soe eat eee ee toe 709 SIUTUS) ooo coe oso e ese 643, 647
pileaitats: 22> eh a. e ee eee eee 708...) (Nashville Warbler.<4 2.2. <ces-s sesso serene 468
musilla Siesta east oeeasa ce 710; 713) nashvillel,:Sylwiais <a oace- sone eeaecieees 470
TU DTA geee eee ee ee eee ae 7), 80; 815) Nassau Pines Warbler: S522. oases eee 602
PUDTILONS Sse coeleee eee eee IGM" i Nectarinia D1 COlOnsjsaeee aes eee see asee eee ae 394
TULCias soso cn ete eee 722, 725 emrulio¢ephalarcescssseee-eeeee 394
Selb oes Se Bon eee tece eee 708 CYANCR. 2526.5. ech asc wone sae 388
Atrigtas. =. sosceicee se se eee eee eres 597 cyanocephala. . 22-25 394
(Sylvania) ruticilla........-.--- 726 flaveola..:c3- case aeeeee 413, 422, 782
INDEX. 815
Page. Page
IVE CTANMIaavallaey doce cea. fee smemca ee ce en ae 435 | MIPTOCLStAbUS DTIC HAS mass -p aan. a seee eee ee 740
neglecta, Sturnelia .......... 395, 356, 365, 366, 781 MiPTOSULArIS ICLEDUS mace a-seF eee eens 302
ludoviciana.......... 367, 368 | pean thormus)|.=5oNe sees see 302
Vareeesass. SOON MILES QUIScaluss-ssecesnsese s sae e eee oa 216
MAST A onc ccssccsionie ss 67 \enitida: Arbelorhitia secs. sseee see aes ee see 386
WAT |-.< ss ocbies cies 367 | Goerebal aes. aac naiseceneee seen eae ets 386
RLEISOMI GEOLOLY PIS sc saaaiatew'= > = es esaiem ses 653 nitidissimus, Tachyphonus.......--- 130, 135, 136
melsomisss- sees. GO0R66L(G859) nitiduss Cyanerpes!s..o-22s5-ec-o eee ee ae OSO
NGtERUScer es same ae os a seraee os Got trams 2915 “niveiventris. Dendrceed = 4-52.26 ee sees 570
eucullatus sce. see 259, 290,779 | Northern Green Honey Creeper..........-. 383
SUDSPieoeeeeeieee 291 Rare Warbler as. sesececee secs 484
Megaquisculus major....... 235, 236, 242 Red-wit ers 252k a eee ace se 338
Pheenicothraupis rubica ......-- 142,145 Yellow-throatie22. se s-cssesecese 664
Scaphidurus major. sc.eceesscoccc 243)\enorthbropi, IGterus\ 2. --5-—--2-s5- 257, 266, 262, 267
Nelson’s Ant Tanager ......... Sew saeeeeeins 4a MNOLthTOp:S | Oxiol Cleese eae see ease eee eisce 266
OTigle een aisaa seca ae eens elsiaciats 290 | Northwestern Red-wing ................... 341
NEMIOS Werte nese aemt ne ean ceo eee oes 106 =notabilis, Seiurus noveboracensis........-- 635,
MUCA pillars oceans sere = ee sete 105 642, 643, 645, 647, 648
SNe animistree heat a eens ee Meme 423 | SlUTRUS neeVIUSe aes seco- cee ee 647
Caerul ea ssetiana sce os emia e 423,425 | noveboracensis, Motacilla................. 645
INCSODSAT eee mae misstep ean icloiw cis ines © 175, 344 | SCUUMUSIER erento ses cer ste 645
MISE CUMS see sere eee see ane Sere 345, 346 Seiurus\....--. ee 642, 645, 647
INGSOSDIN PSUS ase ein asec cams cae sis os aenee 4, 156 Turdus (Seiurus).......-. 645
Specuiltierustesoe-ts- eee 156;157 | noveboracensis, Curruca .....-:-.-+5------- 043
neutralis, Agelaius phoeniceus...........-. azar EMICoOclehl ane esscees sss see 645
324, 339, 341, 780 Henicocichla).20222-<--- 645, 647
MeNtOuis CCLUMIO Ma. ceeecp cee see Salen ae: 417 Motacillazeetece= see seaeee 643
Goprebarst sere soaec ee see nice 400, 416, 417 SCLUTUS tere eee ee eee ce 644
Ne Wwarorke DT hrushiss ccc se soso pianists Se ejeiciei= 248 S@lUnuUS sa. ee eee ace 634,
Nicardsuan Ant Tanager =..-.-.-.22-s--00- 150 635, 643, 644, 646, 647
GTC hse Raee see ee oe te eee 244 noveboracensis.... 635,
nicaraguensis, Megaquiscalus ... 234, 235, 236, 244 642, 646, 785
QmiSCalUse~ scene ees 244 Slums 2ee soeeeee eee 642, 644, 647
Scaphidurus!sacaeccmes asic oe 244 SYLVIA Sue jase Sceciaa ee seis 643
Midipendulus; Oriolus.- 922. sci s-- = cen ene 304 Murduspessn- ces sssaese 28, 643
niger, Agelaius....... eetactne ote eee eS 228 (Seiurus) ieee es-eee 643
HOloquiscalUstesss: =~ see 224, 228,779 | novicius, Chlorospingus........-..-.----- 778, 779
GIGI ae Se SceRbedesoceaeessesese 228,779
GTiGlUsee eset he eens oe nes 196, 222, 228, 779 oO.
QUIScalUgssee es fooee te one ncleeecee 228) | Oaxaca rAmt Tanager. sacne acess sam cleiae 147
DaritusPVars --eoseeesce eee 228), NODES IClCOLUSH ae oc cen- cate aeeeseeeees 257, 265
Scolecophaguspscne-c-ceeseecasene ss 248 | obscura, Helminthophaga celata, var...... 465
MAS ELriMUS: sAPeloUS.. ac ee loss acces aeese 346 Helminthophila celata............ 465
AipelaiuSissteescicasstenesacerce 346 subsp ...--- 465
Amp IV.GOrCus mc acme nice eee 195 Molothrus pecoris, subsp. -.....-- 211
WASSICUSES Sascmene ecee cee oee 192,195 | obscurus, Megaquiscalus major ..... 235,236, 241
CleruSsttaeceene coms eee eae 344, 345 Molothrus=25:2-2-se2ce >= eee = 210
INCSODSANA= = =e a -% see cra soecece 345, 346 ater i222 alone 207, 210, 211
PSArOCOMUS: saaniciss ease Soeiciae 195 Vals sgensccccehe 211
MIP TESCENS yh CNOTOCA sn 255-1 escses coe oe 559 PECOLISMVAlsosoeess 210, 211
Dendroica ....... 503, 504, 556, 558, 568 Quiscalus macrourus -......-.--- 241
Mintotilltaen saess cemeteries 558 Scaphidurus major......-...-..-- 241
RhiM an phHuSs-ss4 =< seceeacsece< 558 StURMUS: Ssosese coos acca eee 210
Syilviaeeeceecionicee pac ecisca ce sate 558 | occidentalis, Dendreeca ................---- 569
Sylvicolasas=--saccecccescse et 558, 559 Dendroicdeccecese acess 504, 667, 569
WELMmbVOIal-ccecoac ace seo caceraes 558 Geothlypis trichas .......-- 655, 656,
nigricephala, Spindalis...............-.- 63, 64, 65 658, 660, 666, 668, 670, 671, 672, 674
PANAMA eicersicc wate ee sockets 62, 65 Mmiotiltaresscencecs-aesaclseke 569
Mistiinons Dendroicais.s.scc..sscees. ce: 555, 556 Syilviaysee fas. kcece esheseieeces 569
sudUpoOnisee2 sees 508, 555 Sylvicola. ceca. cases 569
miprilora, Compsothlypis'..-..5--2.-----+2-- 491 | occipitalis, Acrocompsa ........-------..... 6
pitiayumi ..... 480, 490 Chlorophonia = 5-- 53522 222---=- 5,6
Rarulaiee scan. sssonacessisceccs 490, 491 MUP HOM are ccre-e osnsee ee erioctes 5
DILIA VU Mee aee eae eee 491 Priglyphidiay- sea. +e soseemee 6
Vales een see 4a9is | ochrochiora, Certhiai-- =.=. 2 eee sete 385
MIATIPES WOACHISE. oe tacee «Seo cee see ceases 394 | ocularis, Helminthophaga ruficapilla, var.. 470
nigro-cincta, Setophaga..............-..--- MLO eIMOCVALUS2 so see os sech sscaeeiee nosese ceases 169, 172
816 INDEX.
Page. Page.
Oeyaluswagleri 2 s.c2..-scaceeoes se oer ee 177,178), Oriole, Martinique +:2...-.5=-cne. ea eee 279
Old Providence Bananaquit ..............- 405 Montsermats.- 22. o0 sees ee ae 265
Olivacea, Certhidea.......... 761, 762, 763, 764, 765 Muperés!-: $30 ei eos Soe ccascince fee eee 292
GliVACERseececsee eh eee 764 Nelson Sis ssa ence ee eee ee 290
Chilorothraupiss=-.-esesseee 154, 155, 778 Northrop)? se-5 2262 8e senate 266
DendrosGal.cei-oaerciacis cette oes 496 OTAN ess soci: ecisse wees Bee Ree eee 299
Mendroica:.thsseveccae se sees ee 496 Orchard. s<2i22522-52 scout e eee 275
Mn Oviltacnceccteetos-eoee cease 496 Ponto Rican, oes seen oon 272
POOSDIZA eset = eee 159, 161 St_ -Andrewsi 22/22 #22 suse sane see 304
Sylvia..can2f8ce.teeeeueecse eee 493, 496 Salvinis'ses25c-2556 osee ate ieee 307
Sylvicola 2... -2useenss- eee eee se 496 Santa bueiacs 223. 3 2 Asassse eens 274
olivaceus, Agrilorhinus.--s2<sess-easeeee ae 381 Searlet-head edtes. eit sina ee 295
Chloropingus ....-...- 157, 158, 159, 161 Sclateris 24) -3-t os 2e2 be eee eee 297
Chiorothraupis =< -sscsseee scene 778 Scott's) 25.2 32 eee ee eee 308
Orthoron ys: js. ssseeeee eee 155 Sennett)s:.2 22222: .2eeeer eee eee 289
Peucedramus 2222 -scee sates 493, 496 Spotted-breasted |. 2-2) 2-<-s-- aeteeee 283
Peucedromussteeccee sete pee seee 496 Wiagler's)o2. wis csence sae te een 267
RbIMaM PLUS... sec sees aes eee 496 Ne@UOW s2scmea 2545 2o2sa tne eee 300
olivascens; \Certhidess-. a2 -sco- eos eeeeee ees 768 Vellow-tailede: 222222-5scceseceeene 305
Tanagraocsose sss essen este fone 59 Wucatany.. 23252422 s22sa- eee eee 287
Olive-crowned Chlorospingus.......-. cases, 166) Orioles’. cae esac awe onnc vec bee eee eee 169
Warbletic. J. ccc cade sean memiseciaiten 498) | Oriolidte. 222k os See nee aks oo eee 169
ophthalmicus, Arremon.............. 1575159161 | (Oriolus amMmeniGanis:.---- eee eee eee 330, 353
Chiorospingusi--ceese eee eee 158, tere anesthe ees ae ee eee ae 205, 208
159, 160, 161, 162,165 baltimore. 223.222) Se eee 255, 313
Pipilopsisise-s- cee see ee 161, 165 DONAMA Soc: 2 5-e a aa eee 255, 279
Qporormis.. ss5 a2. se neds doe tose eee 429, 621, 634 CAPENSIS'= 55,2. So 22552 -ea ee eee 278
apiligs cs tdaceocee 621, 622, 625, 627, 631 Gastaneus=e< = --c2zce. ts eee neces 278
TOTMOSA sass 446, 621, 622, 625 chrysocephalus......-...-----.- Se AP EOa
FORMOSAS joes ses aes eee eeccetnek 624 Citron: s< 5osaas vehi s sees ees 185
FOMOSHSSS: hice acceee ce seen ee 624 Costotoths. 23 s25 5 #3552 eee 319
philadelphia =-----------<- 621, 622,628 GLiStatus,2 -. S226 See sen loee eae 183, 185
COMME! Sete ane eee ‘,. 621, 622, 631 Gominicensis\see-- eee eee 268, 271, 273
WEUPUUS aches soe eee 628 fernupineus se see eee eee eee 244, 247
Orange-browed Tanager...........-:......- 104 AAVUS 3525-5522 555 55 seeesoseeeeeeeee 321
=crowned Warblers 2... --pe-eee sec 462 HUSCUSYs,53ci2 nese ecsd aaa eee 209, 210, 248
OrniOle snc c.cxicen ee At eeere ae ae 299 guianensis.: <2 2ss.csse5 ee eee ee 250, 253
Ordneequilte sie ees tomas oe sae see 424 hemornchous 3532-42425 2 ese eee 186
Orchard Qriolege cs oss. ssc scans eee eceaeeses 275 icterocephaluss 2. =. s2s5-= see 319, 321
@reoman esc eeesces cee ececeeae boas 75, 376, 377 ICtCYUS Aa552: 2 n2-c2-sace see 259, 264
Oreothly pis. ccte-tacceeecse+ ae cee nee 429,475 leucocephalus22- css sss 2-5-5 eee 248
gutturalis)- ses -s=- 475, 476, 477, 783 leucopterussse.54.5--e eee eee eee 129, 132
superciliosa -...--------- 475, 477, 478 IUGOVICIaNUS! j224scss- see eee eee 218
Oniole, A beille's <2 2:5: 2 oss see e ceo ace 318 melanoleuGusis.52-aseeeeee see eee 131
Alta, Mirat= =o S5ce2 saecees neers e ee 286 MEXICANS} W120 jo Pewee ees 286, 302, 304
Audubon! ssa. e5encccee sea eee ee 282 MINOL 7255 52.4322 asc Ge eee oe 210
Baird's seo oe rremtee nee toe estas ie 305 TMUUSICUS 27 Gee a ee ee 307
Baltimores. cavssessose Soe e eee eek 310 nNidipendulus <2. saseeseaseeee eee 304
Bar=wih@edr, feeestne a aoe cementeo 265 MIPSC Bes assss2s 25: eso 196, 222, 228, 779
IBlack-heaggdeds fcanccmea se eee eee 280 OLY ZLVOIUSS 23sec acl cee see nee eee 197, 198
Brown-beadedecesosse sesso ae eae 209, 248 phceniceus: ..2c--.cseeeeeeees 319, 332, 339
Bulloek? S.c toca one ee ose eee 314 | SPULIUS wcesae as cco ereeee boas 255, 278
Cozumel je sa2 ices eects cose eases 292 | tricolor. s2 5.2222 5250- tense saeesmdenc 314
GUDR costo ee ee eee 271 | WATIUS 225250 tecoadnec ee eeeee eae 278
Curacao. s53- 55 4. Saas sos econ 303 | xXanthormus...2-5.2-~ see sae tow cee 264, 302
DE HER sath otenas Aceeeesaecuee 284 | Kanthorus;seces- cee ee eee 302
ICKY se soee = teehee acca esa See 291) | \Orizabauvellow-throate + .-- os. aaeeeeeee 683
Girsud)s)— 23.5. ech asecc tet bette cane 293 | ODIZVNOTS, DOMCHON Yk soe sacle eee ote aisterele 373
GIBYSOIVS le cuteciercieracte = sia ane eae aoe 298) ornate, LAR e Tass see este eite ee eeetaeeee 54, 55
Gualaniccs ee esse cect cee ates 295° |. Oropendola, Black#o=se----- = sean ees 182
Haitian <cns5 2. sesso ecein Soe oes 27: Cassini's) 2.525 5.0.5. oes eee eee 181
Hanpmest-cank es ote eee ee eeee eee 304 Gresteditie.s:.5 Sen seeeoeeeeee 184
HOO 6G) 2. saeccen en ceeen encase ae aesee 287 Memican c--ccso-ceaeee oes es 178
JRA CA, 1-)toce See ere ae ees 303 Montezuma dese eeeeeeeeeee ee 180
TeSSOMYS /ascs J-proctecia she msae ease ace 269 Wiablensicg- 2-2 -ttseneeeaeess 176
ichtenstein’s'.22-jc-=ssssesaeee se 284° 'Oropendolasj..os2c55ssce >see eeeeeee 173
INDEX. 817
Page. Page.
OrphHOGONVSiOlIVACCUS) cc. cisie cle cisimssiete ese =le a1 15d) | PANMOSAS VVACOMS «<1 /ar cta)-iceteleil=te iaietsis <leiel 545
ONVZIV OLA CASS GIX: = saan setemicicletsien sieleic 19851995200) |; pardalina, Myiodioctes.......----:.:-.=-.-.-- 719:
OLY ZIVOLGs-\-ne ies oe 197 Miy odiloctestin a -.2-1 tm ceeietiasae eee, 719:
DOW Ghomie Sees ssc cies atacerl= 373 SV Vila Sea ein come mie toseietemciereiosio 719:
SID eLIZAe see ae cece aoe ae 373 Syl Vicolar c= seciesinetaase= sce 719
nin eillaeeet eacce cs ceesiesiaas 369; a/10 |Eparisiorum), ICterus 2pm... cnc =miso =e ie oe 310
oryzivorus, Dolichonyx.....-..--- 370, 372, 373,781 | parisorum, Icterus... 255, 260, 261, 262, 308, 310, 780:
OxiOluS es sseec eee eee neces LOSS WP Darul aie 5 3: s-cts a assis ocr lermsiin re sieisa stoere 478.
Osburimsiplackbird.. ..--s-0-scinecciscceeee 345 AMETICAN Ale cise ieee alee 482, 483, 485, 486
OStIN ODS: oe-= 25% 225 asesee ts ece Weseeeoe es 172,183 brasiliamates.cccenccnceen ese 487, 489
DITAS CALA yess case. toe cle ae 181 PUttuUTalises = os atescee eee ace 476.
CHIStatUSs<aso2 see ce teete-seee aase 186 INOMN ata sae cwnee eee eee see ete ASS, 489:
GecumanUseens-c-ecscee assess. 184, 185 TMISUIL AMIS Ge ceases ni na-seles cies eter 492, 493
SUPtLeEMOZINUS eee cee sss 182 AVEO CAN Ate eee er eeictalsinisite eteceerore 478
SULATIMOZIMUS sorieeiae aac eek oe 182 MIgTrilOrar cpepeenecece vassals see 499, 491
WAM AvNI) RABenE SeSousEeacoonaeer 181 PULIA YUM oe asters mires nse stots ae = 490, 492
TNONGEZUMME seen eee eee aa 181 IMSUIATISS ese eee eee 493
Omen bindiee- ee =c cee sis seh cesses ce =micieonece 635 MUPTiNOLAs este ekees enero e 491
OPV] OSSUS Tastes nice eee cece cee s ace ance. - 431 VAL eINOrn ater eee 488, 489:
MeaACUIATUS see eeeee tH eea oe 431, 435 INS WI ATIS eee ee 492, 493.
NISTIUOLAm esse 491
P. subsp. inornata.......... 488
RaciicaVellow=throat: occmscieseccscccc- clece 670 SUperciliosa=e eens t eee rece s sereee ee 478
AME CURCGStANba ccc. cesisccec scooe acco 728 Wiarblenssacnace-setccee etce sees 481
Guatemalan= --2-.5--.-<- 429 iB eaitituiln eS ace eee 491
pallida, Eucometis spodocephala.... 138, 140,141 ating ape eee tee ete 487
ee MAMMA AC Cee tat soe cssecac se cee csc. 127 Guatemalan .......:- Bees 488
Gray-crowmeds=--=-2--5-4--- 128 INOTUW Gries veces cee ecee 484
WieULOL eOmeeeese emcee saiceinicte< <cislin soir 612, 613 S@nnettis siete ees ce. 490
MWelOWy sea cco eee sete 616 TresiMarias.a 2 ease ee 492
DAUMNMANUIMN ATOM OM. cl Se ccce eee neocon 127 WieSt@niuis saccencieteec sts ate 486
MD mG nOeCae secre weeser ees GIA TGlGF MParulluSsiee aeecces ek aa 7s f ee eae eee 478
palmanrum)sss5- --55- 614s |PParusiamericanusi.-.. s2---eeeaceeere 178, 482, 485
Dien rep toctore 614 IGU CONS Pesce aac cae shoes see meee Soe 760
Subsp.... 614 VARGTINAMUS 2a sac eee ees sens = ssc = 2s 551
Dendroica. .\-. 497, 498;.507,,613,,614, 616: || parus; Mniotilta ... 2... . 0222. 25-52-252- 28: 578
palmarum.... 508, 612,614 RIMM HUS) pec emacs wees 578
VLE = cjanier 614 Syiliviaisreecimanctetns cee aemseie ttras sees 578
Wilts Soap ao ces Sec etce cece tise. 128 SyilvicOlatas sctosicte sssciecc seca ore 578
NINNO Bite sa wie shisiisclsscose GL3piPPasserinacdiseolore-emaeee. se eecs eee ee 212
Pheemicophilusiess2s-.-26--- ce 127 PCCOLIS- Sec: soc one eeee cea ecle 209
Bhoemeoplhilusisnsses- es: asc 127,128 | passerinii, Ramphocelus-...........- 108, 109, 110
Swilwil teen sass ei ae clacso ste 613 passerinile seer 777
Sylwicolaiereactr ess osee 613 Ramphocovelius 42-26 -cr = sneer 111
MachvPHOMUSteeqacsesceese es = 127 Rhamphocellusraccecssekesenssees 11
MAST A meee eet tees airs 60 Rhamphocoelus ......-...-. veer ali R Zara
Palmarumils2 = sse22-- 59 Rhamphopis) <2. s-25-eeesq=sesee 111
(DINE Si aseeceseecie ens Serco nate GO Rasserini’sDamagen sia. .ocnsasa eae aes tO
UIT US epeat eee cin ne 1265127128 specoris, -Agelaus) 7. mance seeemn ce scien sols 209, 211
palpebralis, Chamethlypis poliocephala ... 687, CaSSICUS# ee easeeiserases Peo eaceee ee 779
689 Em b Cnizaie sas cm ance see erceee acer 209
GeoubiinpiStecnnccmecccer ose eer 689, 691 BOEING) | Piste eye eee eee eee ae 205, 209
(Chamethlypis).... 689 Tetienus eae esses eerie ernie 209
poliocephala ....-.. 688 MOlODTUSHas-macesc cnnocetre ieee 209, 779
PalustriseGeothly pis... ..-2-2----ses-ese5- = 652 Molothnus22 252.2 senses < 209, 211, 779
HALON elias sce aas ee eae 651, 652 PASSCRIM A eee beeen eee aa seen cee 209
NTenOlif Cay saee eee sac re Oo PSarOcoliuSeee ne seee rere eee 209, 211
@iviscailltisiseseeee = es kee sls 2380949" 943) HMEGCLOLAlIS . D125] OSSiy aise tors aiete rere oes 379
MAT OR Val cases soar 242 M@hEnUS!L seems sees fees 258, 283, 284
SCaphitciimns os eee se sete state 242, 243 pectoralliisiz: ete esos 258, 283
SS Wil Rete repe tine Stele stot jeje enreeissra)= odd PSaTOGOMS sss 85 -ccieosee a see 283
Panama Crimson-backed Tanager ........- 1S; s|| SRedotrities =a see eee ceria eeoeeeiceceoeee 300
‘Hhrush=-Wialtblen:< 22 -- ss: 52-5 770 PULMNEMSISes< ceewe see neee eee 353
CMOWIAN SLID Oi. erocls aisle toners a2 a |) pelzelni; Granatellust << 2. sa2-s4-seaeeesece 698
panamensis, Dendroeea petechia, i......--. 529 [eterig tee ec sctease Aa eres 698
HAMMOSAw DeNATC CU: «2.2 -acceciem esas iSeries O49) apeizelniis Granatellus 5.22222... sass eiseee 698
MIAO TANS s starter sone Aare AOE WL CIVCUUMTTI US Save cy oteserereyarelol secre tenuate eirajn toicee ate 255
3654—voL 2—01 5D
818 INDEX.
Page. Page.
Pendulinusivbeillitee sssceea-ee eee eects 319 | petechia, Dendroica...... 500, 512, 518, 520, 521, 532
aller. fecal se aecice oe eetee Seetoee 248 petechia/s---ee- 500, 515, 520
ANAM: 5 conc eeuet afecicine ale lees 280 Olsite ya aoe eo 516
Powsnal ce: -— sa. 2 ae easels 280 VEDI oe cee won 516
CaLifOnmilCuss.< cee ae see tee 297 Mniotiltace dacs caseeeee eee 516, 616
CUCHIaTUS oss ee eee = 289, 290, 291 Motacilla... 512,516, 518, 520, 521, 524, 526
GOMMNICENSIS| seen eee eee 274 Phyllopneustesss-s2e- 56+ eee 616
fiavirasterecssceses ene. casa. 268, 274 Sylvia cos tases oe eee eae 516, 616
hy pomelas's2 33) cose see eee 272 Svlvicola, 22 -casseee aoe 51€, 521, 614, 615
Lesson. 2. ee ect eee ee Qh) SPevenia viridis; sox oo seee ce ceeeaeee a ae eee 694
LeUCOpPtenyx. cos eee eee eee 304) | sPeucedramusic---ceee-eres- cesses 428, 429, 463
LON SINOStrisvo- c= see see ae 264 OlIVACCUS.. naosceeeeeeeeee 498, 496
maculi-alatusicers-.2-s- sees 266 aurantiacus ..... 495, 496
DORUONICENSIS aceon encase eee 2730 PeUCedrOmUSs 2c. .2-sace ee eee eer eee 493
Prosihemelasmaces- see eee 7) |CPhbrenicophilusa.s- oe ccs eee eee 1,3, 126
erufipaster, 22s. suas sesee eee 280 AIM ALUM eee eee 127
SPUTIUS -2 Sse ota oe< tio neeneer 278 poliocephalus............. 127,128
WAC LORL ies sees toeiat cise ee 269 | Pheenicothraupis carmioli.............25.-. 155
Menicillatas Danaprarsscssecee see ee eee 138, 139 fUScicaNaiiese ass ee 149, 153
richothvawpisi--ae-seeee eee 139 PUDICOICSh ee aeeee 145, 146
pennsylvanica, Dendreeea...........-.----- 591 WARE SS oseoee 145, 146, 147, 778
Mniotltaieeseses. see eee eee 59l)|) pharetraDengrocCa. peace eee 619
Syl Wines 8 ere oe ere 591 Dendroica.......-- 497, 498, 508, 618, 619
Viermiyoral..- 2 see eee eee 441 Mrniotilte a5 5252s ssee tec eeee eee 619
CNS Wallenie see eae eae eee eee ASL Sylvicolassss5cs-ct bee eee ne 619
MeEnsilis; MEN ArOlGde cence tee eee ease eee 482 | philadelphia, Geothlypis............. 629, 630, 634
Motacillas sence Set eee caper sees: 581 philadelphia, a.. 631
RMA MI pHUs eestor eeeeee ee pos L oss a.. 630
RhManphius sass ass sees ees eas 581 var 630
Swilvia scecsmeet eee secs coerce mess MOOR DOS 631
SwLvicCole case setae te eee 581, 582 Oporornis 2-5 sees 621, 622, 628
DCTISUMliS HS VlWaACOlaen cee seas ae oer NSE eye pee 582 Seiurus:.) ..cesencce see ecteer 631
PensilvanicaMotaeillarssess-aeeaee eee se 591 Syliviiaieaseac dens eeoeeenne 629, 634
pensVivanies, Dendroeeai..cs- 46. sseeeeee- a 591 ri@haSy ja.,cceco-sece ene eee 629
Dendroica ........ O06; 989.000.5919) sehlozothraupis'=-csses.02 2 eee eeeeeeaeetneee 3,120
Motacillasscceeacceeccccene 590 sanguinolenta ...... 120, 121,778
SilviatessSaee eee menemncees -. 990 | phoeniceus, Icterus -.-.- OO ea eee 332
PWeresrina Helin A Aye asses sess ee ccc aoe 461 Psarocoliusms sso eee >see eee eee 302
Helminthophaga.............. 461,462 | Phoenicosoma aestivum................---- 83
Helminthophila.-..... 446, 448, 460, 462 STC enS - fee eee ee eee 101
Mino tilita sosco2e soc ceeeeasee 461 bidentate 220 e eee eee 97
Sylvia scisjcidesniehacee eee er © 461 bidentatum 22s2---------=0 5 98
Syilvicolazeas sscecesaeeceee ence 461 bivittata, .2.sctesssee sees 101
(Vermivora) .......... 461 eny.thromelasr.-seceen seer 101
VIER MIVOLR SS e.cmect ceo coe eeces 461 hepatica’... aeese laos eos 86
peridentalis, Dendreeca ..<<.......:...---.- 570 hepaticumy: esas aes ees 86
BeriporpnuyxwusS.-es2e= cco cers cece eee easees 1 ludovicianium=ssess. eee 95
Berissoplossaiss--s socc nae oo eee eee 497, 498 TOSCOPULALCS 2 - eee eats ee eee 99
carbon ala 2... 5-5 2 eseceneee a 541 TUDIO" 25.2 ooo eee eee 91
LISTING ono Se ascs eeck eee eae 0389 PU DNUM so eee eee eters 91
wersicus, (Cacicus:.--.<2.4--4-saseeee ee ace 187 testaceum) 25-3252 sede ees 87
GassiCuss. ancsa anise cence eee como 189 | Phoenicothraupis carmioli. ....----.---.... 778
DWersonata “Wiglossa:. 2s... -2sacaeahor. se eons 379 Puscicaudaesese-seeeees 153, 778
Mersonatus, AgrilonhinuMs . ness oe eeeee ee oe 378 WIN CCH Sie eer serie 778
TCCERUS Ss oS. cous oe a oteere cere 304, |) Phoenisomaradestiviai ees. 2- eso ee eee 83
Prichas e535 sence seco seee 653, 664,666 | phoeniceus, Ageleeus...........-- 329, 332, 333, 335,
Derspicilatus- tA geleus. secs. oosaoeee sess = 390 336, 337, 338, 340, 341, 342, 780
PSATOCOMUS 35-25 ee ae 350 phoeniceus;aes-2------ 341
Xanthocephalus .........-.. 390 = ee Saar 341
Peruviana, Aplaiaja--- senses => SEALER OSE 44 Agelaius) .s..22 See sees 330, 332, 333,
Certhiolajcanseesce ence ee oeece 407 336, 338, 339, 340, 342, 780, 781
Dendroeca petechia, g.......... 523 phcenmiceuseess---ee— 322,
TANASE TANS Koester Aen eer 44 324, 330, 331, 334
PCLruvianuUs, QuIscaluse. ease eee eee 236 vets seater raters 332
petasodes, ‘Syviwias<sacsacc2-ce> se cere nee acne 711 ‘Apelaus ceo beste nee 329
petechia, Dendreca.......... 516, 518, 520, 524, 526 TGLGPiiS’ . sasinseinc aes toe eee 332
INDEX. 819
Page. Page.
MHUCEHICEUS; OLiOlUS! —o.- sce clseclece= BEI Foz t809 Te DINa,) DENOTE cea eeecme meet eaten eee 601
MNOSMICIUSWAPeLALUS: 3.252. ociicc ee eeicccesmse 330 Helminthophagars-sessce see eee 458
Phcenicophilus dominicensis............... H2Gs bine Creeper:sastecie. teacsen set ee ooeeeees 456
PalmMarumM.cs-ssoese esas 127, 128 Warblervies aces <a. cce enecine Sas cases 599
poliocephaluss = seaaeecicns 128 IADECO ss clrec cc. ooccemenion sae 603
FACSIMNICOSOM Ara seiiss cseseecc ee sass ana oeees 75 NASSAU) 25s cece cos acee eae 602
ROSULV Ake scjacicsiscinaee ce connate Soi) PpINE UIs; Motaeilla. <om acs eeccisiaee seers 551
ery thromelaSe-ee-csece- case 101 Sylvia asesaa secs cgae ee ae soe tee dd
PIT OSNICOUMTAU PIS) «=o acicce sce see cee 4) 0615155 |) Pink-headed Warbler :. 22.2. 5..:5s.s0-2-+5-- 760
Carmi Oli@etsseee eee se 1545 LOOM ispinus: Certhiaer. = eee caters ses see eee 456
enythrolemiases--2-4s2eee) 153 Dendroeea ten: kis seca cee 601, 602
fuscicauda ..!.. 1438, 144, 149, 150 Den droicaxtacact esse tees 598, 601
erythrolema.. 153 Helminthopapaisess--aecceceeseee cee 458
jenicapillal eee -sess-eaes—- 145 Helminthophila.. 446, 447, 452, 454, 455. 458
INSWIATISSecenate ee cee eee 152 Helmintopuilaeerecsess- case 6 ee ceee 498
ittora@liseeceese seas oes 150 Mnilotiltasssaaaeosccte anon ss saeee foe 601
NUD Capea eee eee 142, 147 Mota cillay tase eee ee ee 457
asi. see 142, 143, 147 RhIMaAmpPhHuUss2svaeeeeeeee tee eceeee 601
nelsoni...... 142, 143, 145 SYLVislis Soc sasesceisctne acta 456, 457, 600
TOSGUS'= sce 52 = 148, 147, 148 Sy lvicolamsssesenss seco eee meee 600, 602
rubicoides... 142,143, 144 ThryotvhuTruseeeeeesecesee eee 600
vyinacea ..... 142, 148, 146 VErmiV Orde. ys. cmeceaseneaiseee oes cee 601
rubicoides...... 145, 146, 151,153 | Pipilopsis albitemporalis..................- 161
GATS) easier 147 CriStaltars <eeaeece ctee ee oe ere 139
TOSCUS) -= <.-1<:-1- - 148 Ophthalimi cuss sce sects crests 161, 165
PUPICUS seme et os cicicielcicie'= TAGS RI pitacomtoes jee mae cis Se ecic aeeenes cincilemroee 427
Salyinieeeseee ccc 143,149,151 |) Pipra elegantissima...-..¢.-.<..22..<-.---- 13
discolor... 143,150,151 | ealeniculataeesaeese see ene eee cece 13
insularis® 22. =. 143, 152 JIMUSI Chass See ae ee ee eens §, 14,15
littoralis .. 143, 144, 149 polyglotta........ Pe euizjae ste enacts = 695
Peninsularisk.. 143 ole | Pirangaleacse secession 3, 79,142, 155
Salvin eae hee 143, ANG ONS Hehe yosaere ase etetciateisiseefeiae 76
148, 149, 778 bidentatam ste seecsasseac eects 76, 78, 97
VIMACED) sae se ence Be RNS s 146,778 biden tata eee sacs 78, 9d
PNOSMISOMAY sme aescr seaac ose acce seen see sees 75 HAMMERS ses cesices es 78, 96, 777
MUD Liss eine cee ea cece sezoeeee 91 sanguinolenta ...... 78, 96, 777
NOU ASCA Een tem an Wasa tes tesoses etic ae fstieees 8 COOPEFL oo Neisccitaac ase misiaie erelte ates S4
miMISeS 52 foe see ee estes sie Scise 23 eryithrocephalaeecnmsseeeeeece 76, 79, 102
PULVAICHISSA sepia cee ses eeicis = sie ie 19 erythromelas............- 76, 77, 78, $8, 91
PNAChOwasees cases cw eccele jeces cee 27 hgling. %. syshc seetodeweceecwee ese 88
STACUIS ee rsaes s eres meee cease sse 20 Hamm Cane sssce see secsceeesen ee 96
MITUNGINACER) =. 222-hes coe see eee 27 Hepat Chiseeeecee essere cee 76, 77, 84, 86
UMTS ye Serercrebe sae ois ee sens 24 leucopteratceesc eee oooeeene 76, 78, 101
LAMiPOSELIS Meeeee = tees eee eee 29 latifasciata....... 79,101,777
luteicapillayseeseasasccce coon cae 21 leucopterazece cscs eee 79,99
phoniceus, [Cterus) a2... +2-2--062-55 ae ee 332 ludovicianae-ce-- 2 76,77, 78, 91, 94, 777
Phyllopneuste canadensis...-../..........- 543 roseigulanisie:mekoseneeaa seston 99
MIM Uta ese eee ee ea 610 TOSCO-CUlATISS-- = ee eee eee eee 76,78
petechian- teva ses on ee 616 cozumele fe 2ses.5-5 78, 99
TATASUE Soe seule oe Ween ee ce 573 roseo-gularis ..... 78, 98,99
picta, Setophaga............: 722, 723, 728, 729, 730 TUbra see ese sevaeen sees eee 76, 77, 81, 91, 776
Dieta citisaseet ccs ce 723, 728 COOPerl’ Ss... s25-oclee 76, 77, 83, 84, 776
MiUleatawMUSCICA Pay acces ecieeeceecerceece ces 708 TUDTa. jsseascees oaleestsics 76,77, 79
PANG STA ss se ee eee eee es eae acts 106 TUDLIGE PS ooacsssonc ce eceseetee cee 77,776
pileatus, Chlorospingus Sete 157, 158, 165, 770 Saneuinolentar cic ccmictseaces deseceels 98
pileolatay Motacilla) 222222225 -eeecs es Svenpannle LEStac eae eee mse crens cosisloete 76, 77,87
Myiodioctes pusillus, 8 .......... 715 Age ling ees dete ste cewencse 77,8¢
Wo iec Soar 712, 715 testaGen ss c5c ccs nsceccsecs 77, 86
Sylvania PRWEB eareccdonsacs 713,715 | pitiayumi, Compsothlypis................ 479, 487
Wilsonia pusilla... 704,705, 712,713,715 pitiayumi ..... 480, 487
PUCOlALEG Warbler c.- cece oes cece oats se als Patulac.s saseeseeinsscsscscseeee 490
Golden’.2 sence 2s eee Ti4 Sylviatesccececee cen tess stisicees 487,490
pileolatus) Myiodioctes:...--2--5.2-5252-2-6 715 | pityophila, Dendreeca.......... Bolaialsfeiersinieete 606
PuUsWilussysse see TSS: Dendroieaieceseseeee ss eee 498, 507, 606
Bisse ees 712 pityophilaysss..css 507, 605
yar.. 712,713,715 Mniotilta.....- Paiste nie ’heista ehheraets 606
820 INDEX.
Page Page
pityophila Svilvicolalsc-s-er pees eeees eee ses 606 protonotaria SvilVvideos---e.seseeemesee genes) AG
Plain-colored Tandeer=--avseeses ee eeeeeee al | Sylvicolaz oaa-esbceeS set eseee 445
plombea, Dendroecayess--2-5-5---eeceeeeeee 618) |S protonctarius, Helinsaiaass-seseseeeeee ares 445
Dendroica.....-..- 497, 498, 508, 617, 618 Helminthophaga ............ 445
Diglossas es ss: - = see 380, 381, 382, 781 Helmitherosissnco.-e on ceese ee 445
Sylvidieast os-se ac easecenne Sees 487 Motieillace eeacer ese eeeeee 445
PiumbeousmWearbler lesen: -- snc cereee ee eee 617 Sylwia cs... . ee eecke feceerns 445
Rogonothyaupisisssess- eee oe eeeeeee eee 122 Viermiviorains7saeeeteas ae eee ee 445
IPolid Anis). Sess. Sis aaadetence eee eee 390) | Psarocolitis/eneus'.c- 225-5. eecsee 200, 202, 204, 205
poliocephala, Chameethlypis.............-- 686 auricollis, o3pehsceee-sse-seee oe 318
poliocephala. 687 baltimore: <2qs9-o eee 314
Geothlypis ........ 687, 688, 689, 690 ONAN Sesicseserecos tee So eees 280
poliocephala,a... 688 Castaneus:. 2 2c2o8 secon nne see ee 278
var 688 CaUdacuius\-25-peee eee sneeee ae 374
LT CHAS =: Sake ee eee ee ee 688 COZtOtOtl eee eee 289, 319
Poliocephalusy DW wlhuss senses sees 128 ChIStAtUS e532 sae sac se teen 186
Phenicophilus-.-2---..-- 127,128 CLOCONOUUS ea eee see eee 255
Pheenicophiltaseeeesss- see. 128 eyanocephaluss.s.-- seer eee 244, 250
POWOpSaT 28. ha seh esa: sels eee | eRe nrae 225 Havigaster esas sain eee 268
polyslottat Pipna: osce te eos Asa saeeee = 695 gubernatorey b.k acdin eee 339
Poospizajolivaceasceesseccre see eee eee 159, 161 SUMAMIS Marsa aac sts 255, 285, 286, 287
POpulorumi SVivinyesseocsss- ees saee eee 573 leucoptenyae 3.25 2 occ eee 304
PortovRican Bananaquit qsse sees saeco eee 412 mel antic fenusee omer eee eee 192
Tuphonineee es -ceteecescsce ce 15 melanocephalus ......... 255,281, 288
Grackler wees ne tae 225 MelANOPSIS sa: ~ 5 ee ee eee 272
Oriole=ee28 nse sosc- caemeeneeeer ibe mesonielas 4. Caeser 306
Spindalisvss--- -Asaesasewe sence 65 TE CLNIM NS Gees eee 195
Tanager: 5: a02scheeeews see see 156 DECORISH? -2-\- 2 ace aeeee se 209, 211
Wellow/ Wiatbler ssc. esecees 518 pectoralis, 222. ee cc sete eeece 283
Portoricensis, Cerbhiolay.: > -ceenee eee 413, 782 perspicillatus 3]. soceeemeeeeee 350
flaveola, Var... 413 phoeniceus 222.2 4-2eeseneeeee 332
Cierebaiss. << 400,401, 412, 413, 782 pustulatus::.- sass: .e- taaeosees 296
Dendrceca petechia.......... 520 KAN tHOrNISsos22 ses eee ee 302
Reterusjeescesee-- 258)263, 242.2700 WW PPSCUGa Peles same eseeeeee ease See 321
dominicensissvar= >. “273 |) eseudagloeus) sao ases-eeeeek seen eee eee 174
Ren dilimussse ene -eeeeere 273) | Ptiloxenas ls. eesstesse se aoe eee eee 174, 261
SpinGdajliSsess-eeaceeseeose = 63, 64, 65 atrowlolaceane-. 2. — -<-= ences eee 202, 253
ean Sores eae eR eemeeece te 67) ||*pulcherrima yy Dacnismess=) ee eee eee eee 2,391
(Spindalis)ieece.as- 67 Iridophanés ese eee aseesee 2
ManPhOrnUuses.--eeeeaeeee ee 9730) pulchra, Con psopnitipis.o- = eee eeeeee 491
postocularis, Chlorospingus......--.-.-..-- 158, 160 Pitiayumils---2-- 450, 491
preedatorius, Sturnus....-- Sagano: 8825 | Gpumia Swivel a= ee ee eee ere 709
BEsIGie: WaMnbl@nrssees eee ene ae ees 607 Sylviayy 224 sss es hi passgeeee eee 709
PrAtensis (Cin Usieesee eaee seo aeosacet eeeee 353) | punctate, Taneaeraysss-- - eee eee eee 34
pretrel, SpinGalis:..ce..es-- > 3<- 56 63, 64,68, 70,71 | punctulatus, Chlorospingus ................ 164
Rae Pak we VR eee eee eS 62570) | (PurpleiGrackless=- cise. +22 eae sees 215
(Spind aise teeasesesee eee. 70 | purpurascens, Chlorophanes .......-- 377, 382, 383
Pein. ChlOrOp HONIG ssnaasene es eeeeee ee ees 5 | purpuratus; (Chaleophamest sere. ase peceeite 218
Spin aliswesae sass. Sys eee se 70 Quilistalits aceeeeee sees 216, 217, 218
Prewosti, AimiblvGercuisiesese. sceseeee esses oe 195 | purpurens, Quisealus........- 217, 219, 220, 221, 251
Gassiguiliss oe se ee toe ae 195 PULP URCUSS Veaeseaee = 217
Gussicus eos cae eee ee 195) |"pusillasNMuscicanissasesseeace eee eee 710, 713
PLGVOSHie Am bIVecereusse eset ress emceeosee 195 Myiodioctess: 22 cence aetna 711
Amblyrhamphus: ss-psscessaecees 195 Sylvania tt <i 2-4: sacs eeaascee 710, 713, 716
PrevostsiCkei gies fs-5 asisceceoe sername. 194 Sylviatois-se.eeece ee eeeeeeen ee 4538, 545
PNOCIMOPSISs Fa-e a5 sae eons Meee 2 Sylvicolat sca ese- eee teases 483, 445
aLTOGHeri eal fieess: coe oe nae 2 Wilsoniasc soce-e eee eee 704, 710, 713, 740
Propinguus, LachwphonUssse. = -sssce=an=ee 105 pusillaxsee-—- 704, 705, 710, 785
prosthemelas, Icterus ........ 25S, 259, 269, 270,295 | pusillus, Myiidioctes........-..........--. 711, 714
dominicensis, var,.... 270 | Myioctonuis’: £3225 sckscnietemeo cece 714
Rendilimiigh-geac-eecosescccone 271 My iOmdiogtes 2-esseee eee 711, 713, 714, 715
Nam thonnUsmesseeesetosse cee 270 PURASUUNAS) ve = fare mare alate 711, 714
Prothonotary weand) elacssesceiasee se se seeeees 442 Welle comers 711, 714
Prokonagraniin sess sees eee nee 428,442 | pustulatus, Ieterus ...... 260, 262, 295, 296, 297, 298
citredsesteiacsse = 427, 442, 444, 445, 783 Psarocolius: 25226 se 2c4 ecm ostere 296
Protonctania, DACNIS. +c. -sseaenoeeseseeeee A45y | PVNAN GR oat ecco aes eee eee ee animes eee 75
INDEX. 821
Page Page.
EVANS ACCS tL V Batre rei= ore ocintersic lars sale lelei-isiel= iil SL583)|| Quiscalus ein dlachils << eects lr -i-1-1s12/-1- 226, 227
COOPCTIESE eee asee- pease ase 84 INHEXITOSTLIS! << <2 <= = - 230, 231, 232, 233
Va COS UV Mectemr mem ciecicresteee 83 MTSU APS leer reteysretheret-teeeses tence 225
COOPER enasas osm cielaler-ia 84 MUS UPLISNe cis sielasetetetecee ciei~'= 225, 229, 231
AZATH aanee aero aen acces ac ese eee 86 NUMA OSUS a= nem croc erese ae sere erste 231, 233
Didentatapecceess=ceeiaccsence cc 95, 96, 97 TN ACTON ssn creresapote ai Seite erate 240
Divittatamacsseseeeeeeces neces cee 101 MACTOULUS) sec cias estan sie se 239, 242
COCCINGAieeee cesar eect sscosceee 81 ODSCUTUS!...4--7-2=5---% 241
COOP CUI eee eater cae aeic ae cece po Od MACLUTUS Secesie cece ceece-e oats 237, 240
Guewllataet ass eae ae sect ee cece 102 | Mj ONSee eee 233, 238, 239, 241, 242, 243
ery throcephalal.:-25-s-.60.----< 102,776 | MACHITUS jaja ose ose 241
erythromeleena ...........-.--.- 160, 101 var. macrourus.........-- 240
var.erythromezna 101° MACTULUS sa52---1ec 240, 241
erythromelas ............- 75,91, 100, 101 MBIOL esse eee 238
CLY thTOPiSh ssw ocna-ooeoee <g smesanis 95 palustris: s-.---s soe 242
Holime terse tee eee Rte mis owen aces 88 MERICAMUS weseisstac eisai 251, 251, 255
Mepatieaimenessacses eee cass 84, 85, 86, 87 NICATAPUENSIS ssa - oe eae ini ce 244
VATo Nepali CH atic. 86 MIG OT So maciemecn cede teers see sels 228
HEUCOPUtELaattr yt sisscret oes 101 MIUtCNS baw ceewecin cease weaee os 216
EVA Bee am 2s asec eeece se nssc cee 83 palustris ssp ccc sane 238, 242, 243
INTCTW OSH eae tonee ecieioere sb o-kisetns 104 PETUVIAMUS soen.< -s1s iv eee renee 236
Nd Ovaciall alee asec ees ae oe 93 DUTpPUraAtuUSiceeeeses- cee 216, 217, 218
MISSISIPPCMSISKas-hese scenes os a 81 purpureus . .-..... 217, 219)5220,221, 251
pyrrbocephalay nec oo. Seece coe e- = s 776 BHCUS Sse ee 221
TOSCIMMALIS eee sees e ee cericee sea 98 AL1SUS) ec oaesse sie 218, 219
LOSCO-PUATIS Saeco oe een ceesea cr 98 VT SOMCUS =e oie cere 221
MUR ee sare soci ats eeeeleroete sais siaa1s 90 agelaius =. se.2e 218
TUPI CEPSieeeace crescent coonssee sees 776 aeleusoss-pascess 218
saira, var. testacea ...............- 87,88 purpureus)s.-- =.- 217
Sanguinolenta) sa... cles ce oc secs 98 QUISCUIS seeesaacceree ease 216, 219, 222
CESTHCCA Ree st otesserice Aeciesajiocloe sate 87,88 eneus... 214, 215, 219, 221,779
pyrrhocephala Pyrangas: ise .ce- cones necee 776 agleus .. 214, 215, 217, 218, 219
Pyro Gie OSSHi aca serena ee Saceciemecmens 378 QUISCUIA= So. —cc- se 214,215
pyrrhopterus,Agelaius: -/. 2 seces-22s5---- - 255 TEC HLOStMSsseeees aoe Hecate 233
BYE p HOM ses sense oe tema eeeee cee. 2,31 SUMICHTASElfa-= ao smerceee eee eee 253
VIN BULGE ae sta sisi reeiceros slciciniie 31 UEMUILOSULIS! fe ceqatisctese eater 243
ESV te seers tt eae eae Scars a See eosin ene 129 yersicolor 2..ec=2s- 212, 216, 218, 220, 226
EWUCOPtETAeacec = este eee ences se silo se 132 PNEeUSee oases see 221
Vall EVA gees = areas Se scseiscaraecias oss 132 apleus: ssense-s ose os 219
SUDSD Se Ca erat cence 222
Q. | iY PIG tens eels 217
OUIS CH Demee ae seee a a ee a resee ne eiiec ence 212 bY PIGUS sees pees ele 217
QuiscalanGracuilasssc-e cee setae ee) as emer 237 Varaceneusiemeca sae ose 221
SUUTMUS oe crs care Lioverare ayeicierslaiaf= et acterste 216 VUISATISUS jah cicw ect c oes sscmae 228
QUISCA ee assess mest ote 169; 170, 171,174 |) quiscalus; Chaleophanes :.......5---:-2-- 216, 253
(aye eeaeesenesaseese 14, Op soosoog ong. 201) | quiscola, Gracula ns =. .sicc gst =niiciacieisfeisisjere 216
PATO US Hae ane AIsoe Aare leis toe oT Vaquiscula, Graculkt 2 essece sss eee 212, 216, 222, 248
SPQUATOTIAIIS = seem ssa acer eae 253 QUISCHIUS SS erase eet ae eae 216, 222
BUSH ae clase acer ecice a's 218 quiscilan ces ecm 214,215
ASSIMULIS eaeee ee ea oe eee 236, 237, 241
ELC OR Ae ror tcere erase iapereicle: oe mteeltecsteverensye 228 ie
AIKOVIOLACCUS ae. aa se eee eeeee 251,253 | ralphi, Geothlypis poliocephala.......... 688, 689
DaTibUssnaseeeece ee D18.206.207 20952374 | Ralph's Ground-Chats,-<oj21)1-.-sljsiesorelee = =)<10 687
Va0nDaritus aseceemsseces 227 | ramaline, Compsothlypisamericana. 479, 486, 783
brachypterus........ 229 | Ramphoceles icteronotus.................---- 114
Pundlgehiblacs =p tea.s 997 Ram phocelusises ten cee se Sew see ciecteteis 3, 107, 120
TNT See Saree ey pas, Vee ae 228 AULTINIS pas nctere cle See hoe eisele eit 119
DATY LUSH ce ac ens ace te cee 226 @AEYSONOUUS*eee ere ee se cee 108, 112
Drachivipterus)-es5sseosases fase 229 chrysoptecus) =. -)).s/6<.s5 = 108, 112
IDLE WEL seen ere tec e oe 251 costaricensis......- 108, 109, 111, 777
CENB IME) NON Cen areornasseneecseauce 229 dimidiatuss..< ss --ek ce 108, 117, 777
COLVIMUS Ea seh eee acta sictae see 238 dimidiatus .... 108, 109,
CYaSSITOStriSs--caeases oe eee 227, 228, 229 116,118
TETNUPUN CUSBreseat = ates eee 247 isthmicus ...109, 118,778
LORUINOSULISteeeees see ecoem cere 230 limatus .... 109, 119,778
PTAVSON eee at eee celeste niet 242 @unstalli ee poe ceee cae 108,115
SuadeloupensiS ee -esicesseeieese 232 LESEOP Ss srejsioe ste tists sieis tere 108, 115, 777
822 INDEX.
Page. Page.
Ramphocelus icteronotus......-.- 108,109, 112,118 | Rhamphoccelus chrysonotus ..............- 112
Juciani =e scence ste ee 108, 109, 115 Gimidiainss=- sss. oceeesees 118
melanogaster .......-..- 108, 109, 116 destetseSe rece ae se ec os 115
passerinilce =) s-ee- 107, 108, 109, 110 Teste few es Soe eae 777
costaricensis....-.. 777 ACtELONOLUS 2 anne nc cee ee 114
passerinii .......... 777 inexpectatusissssseses=-ee5 114
sanguinolentus ...........--- 121 IMeGlaMtsssscsccaeen cease see 116
ULOPYSALIS see eee eer 109, 119 PASSELINil. eases eee eee 111,777
VATIANS#! 5 a eese eee eee ce 114 UITOPVEIMNS 2 sacs eee cease 120
Ramphoccelus costaricensis ........-.----.- 112; Rhamphopis dimidiatuss--2-s.---seeseeee-- 118
Gimidigiistee-sesesceoe sees 118 flammigerusseeseses= eee ene 111
I CtELONOUIS ene oe eer ae ee 114 AWCIan S223. Peeeeeee ce ence ee 116
passerinil 5. .55-s2e5see see 111 PaAsSserinil’-..--eisossee see eee 111
MLOPY LISS ss) 2-5= S22 5255555 120)’ Rhimamphus eestivus) 2222. --2-<es-eeeee 510, 521
RaMmphopisceseeeeesee oe ene eee eee eee 107 blackburmite2-2 22-2. - ese e 576
ACLETONOLUSSe=. see ieee nee 114 cerileus: 222 sashes eseecrerees 571
melanogaster sesso ssc ere see 116 Cana ENSISS. 2% 2 clecectes oe aee 548
Tara SVeNATOIGH. = seem somes eras see 504, 570, 573 Chryseolus 2 >. a4. 5 sess saee 572
AVG CGS ee ret ete eee eee rear 573 (COLON 2 GUS sees ele = ae ee eee 549
Phydlopneustel jase seems eeee eer ee- 573 GiSGOlOL ae sa ciaaae os eeemaee 609
SV] Vibe Jone Seeman cece stasis 573 MACWIOSUS as tose eee eet 535
WETMIVOTAS cc cGdcaccese ote ern seeers 573 AN AEUGIOUS se | aoe eee 540
Tathbonies WbIMaM Push eee ccc eee 512 OllVAGCUS Saree sae. be cine ce 496
Sylvlabictacatoncsckics eects ce 512 PATUS Sch S ees ceteeenese 578
Svylvicolavsceccmuecte oes se siseees 512 PeENSilIS 2-2. eee ase ee 581, 582
rectirostris, Holoquiscalus.............-- 225, 233 UNUSh sea ree eee 601
Quiscalusi: 2. o2225 60 see eeee eee 233 pityophilustascss-5-e eee 606
Red-bellied Redstart... <. 422.05 -scs-ase2 = 731 rathboniaz=..t.s-eescnesceene 572
“bird \SUMMELSe. s2Nec eso eee se See see 80, $1 Tufcapillus ere eee eee ee 614
-breasted Chat, Boucard’s ..........---- 703 Strintus:=.32- peace ease ee ae 597
DU BUSH ease S58 cn ee 699 VIT@US? 2352 enceeeeate ee eee 564
Salleisererist cae smears 701 | (Rhimamphus) Dendroica coronatus .-...-- 784
Tres Marias.........--- 400: || (Rhimanphusieseee=- cose eso ses eee 496
=eyed Cowbird cee. ae. ccc cecneenic= see 201 SURV as see erect 510
=faced "Warbler. cc scence se eeeeee mace 720 blackiumniee seas eeiseete 576
=headed'\Tanager=. 0... ctecscesecces cas 102 Caslameusa: soe seme se ear nerets 594
Redstart,cAmenicani cee eee eee cee ee ae 724 GILLIMWS esse = occas eer 496, 512
Gollaredk.cccsce seco en ecaeees 735 coronatanas=--ss55" Weostiee ons 549
Guatemalan Painted............. 729 MR CUIOSUS eee Reee eee 535
Kalip!Stescccceose= se eater se sacs 733 MISTESCONS He nee ee eee 558
Painted’ Gasoscss sstee cea ee 728 PeNSILISS 5.0 Ss case ee eee eee 581
Red-bellied! #2. fscacardmexc ome aae 731 striatusis.525-saccsesane se coee 597
Yellow-bellied\. 3... ..2-<tace-<ee 733 VITOHS tan eee eee eee 564
Red-throated Flycatcher.-.......-........-. 590) |) (Rhodinocichlaz-ss--s--=-5= 4-6 se ee 426, 431, 769
Red sWwarblerjsaacesetieste oe eee eee sees 759 TOSS Meee ene eee eee 770, 771
Red-wing, Atilixcos.....2 coon oe eee ae 329 @., TOSE8) 22255 ced chee 772
Bahampsece «ee heres Bae aes 334 Bp. schistacea 2... a. 773
Cubatizsss bee ere tee ne 342 @ximigss 2.2: ceee eee 770
WMloridas.3<.s-2t ess nee ss nee sees 333 OSCAR sees ee eee ae 770
Northern 32.2225. 52/5. acon Seissose= 338 schistacea .. 427,770, 772, 77:
Northwestern). 422-2 sss -cls0'= S4ly| Rhodinocicebline ss s-5 246s eee eae acne 431
San: Diego’: 222 e525 oe. dencce cess SSO ul RDOdINOCIN Clan sere eee s a sees seem 769
Sonoran!=5 2. osaneneer scents Odi) DOC OCING] Rama eteee eae ete teeters erent 769
MeTa Gruz.couss.c enc neececcs ae eee Sco hod Oth Traipis ose seer ae oe eee sine tee i
Red=winged: Black birdy. coe ee saceeeeceiee 330 | Rice Grackle, Colombian..................- 197
Repulusamystaeeus a. secsace cece sees 663 Mexican: t 2222 2230. coeewer 199
resirictayGeotnlipis-ceeeoee sane cee 6€6 | richmondi, Agelaius pheeniceus.. 323, 324, 336, 337
tPICHAS Shee cease cise ose 666. | Tidgwayi, Certhidean =. ----sae- eee 762, 765
restrictus, Geothlypis trichas............-.- 666 OlIVa Cea are pease aes 765
Rhamphocelus dimidiatus ..............-. 1184778" |) copustusyCallothnus=seceseeee-aeeseeeees 201, 203
ieteronotusi seek ee. shinee 114 Molothrust# sess) o-ee eee 203
LE MACUSH sees scecc. ccamiecices 119 | roscoe, Geothlypis trichas ..............---- 668
1UCiaMt eases oacOecne eee 116 Sylviaiel.cttaos-eses meee eee eaes 666, 667
PASSER escola ee oe 111 Tri Chase. ee eeeeeeeceeaceenmeeits oe 2667
sanguinolentus......--.-..- 191 | rosea, Rhodinoeciehlae=seac.teaqnerisecieieeate 770, 771
Rhamphocoelus dunstalli..........-...---- 115 VOSCBnen ese ciel slsetsrer= 770
Rhaniphocee lus eecreceee eee eeene eee 107 NOSGH» Qycisiemeceeieiclaere T712
INDEX. 823
Page. Page.
ROSCIQUMIATIS, PITANEA 2 cc 2255s. s-cee ese cee 99 | ruficapilla, Dendroica ruficapilla.......- 501, 628
PV THE Biers ssa ecaeioeeis, 2 cele els 98 Helminthophaga............. 469, 471
roseogulare, Phoenicosoma.........-..----- 99 ruficapilla,var. 469
TOSCO-PUl Oni Se bITa e Ail. ctojjersseiace see eis oc 76,78 Helminthophila..-.-c.<---- 469, 471
roseo-gularis ..... 78. 98, 99 Helmintophillacscssoscceeee- see 469
PV TAN Pay esc cts etal cise ein 98 Mniotiltas ccs ese aoeetsteeeciee 469
R/ose-throated Tanager 2.220.222. <s--e css 98 Motacilllacseccesssose- 519, 524, 527, 528
FOSCUS WHULNATINSE. 5.222 eles: 2 ceaisis 769, 770, 773 INGmiOsiawereiety heen saan 105
Pheenicothraupis rubiea ..... 142, 147,148 Syl Widens eeeeee 469, 524, 527, 528
TUDICOLMES 225-1" 148 SYylVvicOlaerasee sone wee 614, 616
rostrata, Geothlypis:. 656, 657, 659, 661, 674, 675,677 | ruficapillus, Agelaius.............--..------ 321
Geothiypis'trichas; Bic. -s.---4s-%-)- 675 Rhimamphusis 45.252 o eee 614
VG ae Saeki. 675y |Pruficollisy Gerthiolas-252s85-4-0++5 sce eee 425
MDT CRASS seer aq\ te ce ents Sa ae alee 675 Glossiptilaieesseacce conse £24, 425, 783
MOStraALUS | GeOtUMlYy PIS: a. cm stieceseeiece 2 ses 675, 677 Glossoptilatt.c os 2s 25-4 canes tease 783
ROS VMAMIMNAN ALCL Se s22 a5. 5 mice eae=ii-iesie = 147 MANTA EY ae setae kite ee eee 428, 425,
ROusehildisianager —2 of. sce csccassio- ss 114 TPanarenellagentesaceeee is ss sae er 425
MUD er BASUWEULCTUS Has cnr <n. 2 te sets sislectos cic 760 | rufifrons, Basileuterus ....... 739, 740, 746, 747, 748
EPP AVI CUS ames ie inte sla oe os ois -teels 749, 760 rufifrons.....-. 741, 742, 740
rubica, Phoenicothraupis............---.- 142, 147 Setophagaescs eeceeeceeissscea- 738, 746
rubicoides, Pheenicothraupis-.-.......-.-.- 145,146) |* rutigasters Bamanivonus) 22. --s22 ci -=s-ee- 280
Pheenicothraupis..... 145, 146, 151, 153 Pen dulinusteescneec see = seaceeee 280
TalbiCaave 14244 rofenla, Dendroecasceecsne es ae eo eee eee 527
Saltator, ceceticnicccccincis 145, 146, 151, 153 Wieillotieces sss cerees 527
rubicus, Pheenicothraupis.......--..--.---- 149 Mendroicadescsceseesee ee 501, 526, 527
Salt tonveeec. soos 6 nse 2 141, 145, 147, 149 vieilloti, var......... 527,529
rubiginosa, Dendroica cestiva........-.-- 500, 514 Mini otilltarsnateeesse oneness 527
Motacilla.....-- Ree ee ce es 514 | rufivertex, Dendroica petechia...........-- 524
rubiginosus, Malaconotus ........-..--.---- 4 eR ae ee meen 524
mubras Cardellinal ee. <=. ccssc-<< kis ieteee 760 ruficapilla .....-..- 501, 624
(Ere atieus)seesesaee cee om 760 MW phOMiaiaa--- soos sae eos 18
Brim pila saeeces renee ec ose eines 80,90 | rufo-axillaris, Molothrus............-. 205, 206, 207
IMUISCICAPR ase cas ros eee eee 75, 80,81 | rufo-gularis, Tachyphonus...........-.-... 425
IPNGOECMICOSOM dace sec ane Sec emete ce 91 -rufopileata, Dendroica. ca. -c-< cee <necle 525
PH CeMISOM Aes. eee sem aces eeinetcie 91 ruficapillas-sss<. 501, 525
PITAN Paws sec cseiete cin TOhieole ol, wo: |) RuULOUS-capped: Warblersas | 2222-222 csaee 745
UDA, eee eee 76,77, 79 -throated Danagers=5--2-s6e=- 7- se 425
Py TAM SOs cones e aetna sia aisle SO) nulus;sLachyphonus-.ecesss--e5 secs 130, 131
Setoiaediasssscssnccee ce cmocaceeemec ce 760 | russeicauda, Setophaga .......-:--2-.--.--- 728
Setophapiecsa-4-6- cs soon e oe aac 758, 759 S Vivier ese ceeeee ects see sees 728
TAN RPA ee cae oes ceeos cesses WO ,908919 || RUssicaud ay SVlVvide sancecaceeee aetoe eee) 728
LubricapillawHlelimalaia.- = ass ess = 470 Rus tye Black bindind eteermaasecie sec ase 246
Helminthophaga’ <.-222-2------ 470).|| ruticillasMotaeillase-easeesciseceece mice ect 725
Helminthophila ........ 446, 448, 470 IMUSscicapals-neeeee sas seco Mode
rubricapilla . 448, Setophaga =.2----.--5- 723, 724, 726, 727
46S Ss
Helmitherdsests-.s-s2ce-ss0-- 470 ae
Mniotilta este aeaneeoasa oe 470e | saccharina, Centvhniolare: sac secereeee leeee 416
Sylwiatysceeecere ceeerice cm ses 445, 469 C@osnebareaetcise tetanic 400, 407, 415, 416
(Vermiivoral)-2-2-2 5-2 -- AGQe | (St. AnGrews: OniOle) asec set elas sicieeteislsieiel= ore 304
Svlvicolavncee ascetics 470 Yellow Warbler. ssc es-sseees- o24
WVeEXMLVONaeeasiscsacmeen oer se 470 | St. Bartholomew Bananaquit -..........-.-- 419
rubricapillus Helmitheros-..-..-215..---..-.- ATO Rota CrolixBananaqguiten.-cticnsaoaec eo eee 416
MUL CEPS weITAN eS As ceisesteetae-lseesals ail 77,0¢6%4|) St. VancentiBananaguits.c.. -saseeecicc «2 415
Pay MASA erste eee elena aref eererate 776 MAaMAge ent ta s-minasisc ceo anaes a3.
LULICOlliss KantGhOrwnus es cere cece rs! 1 <1= 353) ll*salleeit’ Granatellus:.- .35-05<...-+- 697, 698, 702, 703
rubrifrons, Basilewterus: =. : 2... sc. -12 ce 721 sallleel anes esese ss 698, 699, 701
Cardellini seen sae 720, 721 IGUGTIAN Rees eect w access cneeae 702
Heterospingus ...--.-.--- 103, 104, 105 Selophagaltac.s-ses-seeeec sncsece- 702
IMNISCIE@ AD Ae. o = em celosenitecisoess 719,721 | sallei, Granatellus....... Beton aaa nee eae SS 702
Setophagais.ceesssacecerase cece 721 | Salles ‘Red-breasted: Chat.222: ...s5---2---- 701
MachyphonuSesceeesceeencses 103 +105")|| ‘salmioni DaCnise-mencecesceaece-cecise-eee 391
rubrum, Phoenicosonia....m.:+s.2-sase6+-se- 91! | ‘Salt Marsh, Wellow-throat -2222-222.. 22-22. 672.
MUL A tee A SAN eee ee eee ieeisiaisetelerste LOOMS hale Sal CAO sans ceteecriciere= oes ae cic eis ie eiereteincteste 1
ruficapilla, Dendreeca .....--.2-..2:-------- 520 Gyan oOpleruSsSsas- cere semmceseces 57
Dendroi¢aye: 5-555... 22-25 501, 520, 526 TIDICOIGESfase ae nese cect cts 145, 146, 151
petechia,var...... 519,520 ! TUDICUS\se" tees eee eect 141, 145, 147, 149
824 INDEX.
Page. Page.
salvini> Basileuterus 95-2226 449s! "SeolecOphagusis ce. s- qasensee eee eee eee 174, 244
TUfrONS fesse sss eoe 742, 749 SQuatoriglise: seescsecae ee 253
Certhidea cs. nec ee- success ona 764 atroviolaceusifsc. see eae 253
TCterusiesc 2 one se tere ee eae ee anee 308 carolinus<-. <. ==: 245, 246, 247,251
mesomelaste-as-ee ese = ae 308 eyanocephatus ... 245, 248, 250, 251
Bhoenicothraupise.s-4-2ee eee eee 149, 151 GIVES 22.5.5 eee eee 255
Phoeenicothraupis fusciauda........ 150 {ELMUSINeUS! sesceeee eee 247, 248, 251
salvini.... 148,149,778 MECXICAMUS «22.5 ee ee eee 251
Spindalis) A522 <i ccnec eon eles 64, 74 MIGers ace ose tack Mee ere 248
Salwiniisleterusvsacsae asst eee eee oe 308; |FScott stOniole seasere seen 2 ee one eee eee 308
mesomelas ........- 260; 307-308i¢]| Seirus! 2 oo.0. ance eeeea nee eee eaten 429, 684
Salyin’s-Amt Tanager! 222222 2s. esc ee 148 agilisy - shod Aieie ee eee eee oe 627
ORIOLES Fra soso to eee Ceo nee 307 AQGUBLICUS Aaa seo ee ee ene eee 645, 647
Spindalis eeeas se -stece ee eecee ec a4 sureocaplllus) see --= see eeeeenee ee 638
Warbleriasaoassc2ck ce saceeee eeeeee 749 auricapllluseoeese see eee eeeeee 638
San Blas Yellow-throat-----5-- ss. <2 2 -een- 672 aurocapillus......... 427, 634, 635, 637, 688
san eti-thomee Cervhiol@-.-222-e-seeise ee eaae 414 colombiantsi-e-eee-eeee eee eee 642
San: Diego Red-wing..-c.2.scsss-: sees nessa 339 fOFMOSUS(: .35 Jasin sence eee 625
sanguinolenta, Phlogothraupis.....-- 120, 121, 778 POSS Ae ose nee ge saiekiew aoe oe aoe 645
Pirangas oc 2.- ee Soase oe ese 98 guadelupensish.-saceeeeeeee a eeneee 645
bidentata ..... 78, 96,777 Mherminieric 2.2... peace ose eters 645
PYTAn ea Loose est esa cee 98 Ind ovicianusessss- eee eee eee ee 638, 641
sanguinolentus, Ramphocelus .....-.....-- 121 motacillay cae sso ee 635, 689, 640
Rhamphocelus .....-...... 121 MB VAUG) Sen ah cess ce eee ease 643
Machyphonusiee-s esse sees. 121 noveboracensis notabilis .........-- 635,
Tanagra (Tachyphonus). 120,121 642, 643, 645, 647, 648
Sane Miguel Bananaguit.------s2s2es2---e 408 noveboracensis .... 635,
Managsernencgees ace meee ees 119 642, 646, 785
SamitslouGiay Grae kl Gyssee sere ae necvetecteee erate 230 noyveeboracensis::-.-.----2s-66 642, 647, 645
Orioles 72esecbedesisceseesaee 274 noveboracensis .. 634, 635, 643, 644, 646, 647
Warbletizccccacsecet sece-cc eens 588 philadelphigerscesess--esecseeeeere 631
SAVACHS MANA TAS a4. teh erat ee eres 5A, 57 sulfuraseens!.. 22cc {. vee eee aaa 645
Seaphiduracd.c. acetate & Mae Se 196 Sulphurascens)- n-ne eee eee 645
baritarss.ct2 0s sete eee eee 199 tenuirostris: ....ese aaeeeee eee 646
G@LASSITOStRISS=- seeee tee oe seceee 200 CriGhas\ssa-ca2 cca heci-ao eee 666
Scaphidiurush oes esse oe eee eee 196321959221) Sselbiis MuUscicapaecs--aseeece eee eee eee eee 708
AETOVIOIACEUS eee eee teat ne 253 | semicervinus, Basileuterus ........... 740, 742, 757
CTASSIFOSULIS) sage eee ee eee 228) | semiflava, Geothlypis..........-..---- 658, 682, 683
MAJOLASSIMULIS See sees ee 237 SGM ava eee aaa 682, 683
PTAVSONM weno asec cee 242° || semperi, LeucOpeze 2 -. 4-425 seaciiace sees 650, 651
IM ACLOURUS Hee esas oe ae 240") Semper's Warbler’: 2.2. c-siecrni-naieeceioeae 651
MAJOR Assastacos eee ecens 238 | sennetti, Icterus cucullatus ...... 259, 263, 289, 290
NeISOM= =. ee eee 243) |) Sennetts\ Oriole -.j2.2--ceece rescore sereeer 289
ODSCURUS Senses aeee eee 241 ParulaWarblermse- se Gees seen 490
MIGRYASUCNSIS:s--- sascse eee eee 244 5\PseniceusslCtenls haces eae en eae eee 212
Palustrisysere: Neeser eee 242, 243 Molothrushcce.-he-sce ee 2 ceaceeeeee 212
TEMUINOStLISh=5 He octet ee eee 243°") “Gerrirostnuimc 325 5o222..-h es soe oe er ee eetee 378
Scaphuraye- 2 2eee eee ae ee see eee eee tere 212 Garboulaniumys-sseeeereeeeees 378
Scanlet-nead edlOnolesceessease er aero cee 295! | SCtOPNAga a-ss5cc- 2 no sace eee 426, 430, 722
Tana Pere ere Ne see ae eee SS AMICID 22s See ae cee seas eae 721
=thighed Daenisee.sss-c- sso ee eeeeee 356 AUTAN ACA aJess cece sees ees 734
schistacea, Rhodinociehla ....... 427,770, 772, 773 gurocapilla...oss.-seceassceeeee 738
TOSCAN Basen sae ae Ti Del ee cots sje etess aaa see eeee 744
sehranilsiti CaloOspiziiectescdecamecnee een ae oeee 36 | belli. 5225. 5ewnseicteee ban eee ets 744
scirpicola, Geothlypis trichas .............. 672 | bonapantiin 22 o-6-se eae 719
scitulus, Basileuterus belli........... 741, 744,745 brunnelcepstcqe-a---e eae elses 7al
SCLIATUS AUTOCAD TS seeee seer ese 638 CANBRGENSISK oe oeasee ee eee 717
ludovicianusc--s46- see eee eee ne 641 CASTANCA) eee em ieee ee ers 73¢
NOVAS DOTACEISISyasaaee see see 645 GUIICIVOTA cca ee neeiecsanesce se 795
NOVEDOLACENSISU.. ssh see ine ee eee 644 delattrii... .....s.ccoeseseeeeosee 749
sulburascensos.45 5 Sone ea aeeccncee 645 HAMMEN oo .s-c coe eee ema eres 738, 734
tenWirostrisha..se0- .acaeee sees. oan 646 {OTMOSA. <5. -e eceseoeeeeioe eee eae 624
eclateriiCallispizalses s-scnee ene eee eee oes 43 intermedia...) ci. -<mjces sence 733
Gallliste 2 3 ss. eacisaes nates eee 43 lachrymOsay.d ses s=—5 42 eee ase 737, 738
Buphonia, 2. stee-cec see ote cee cace 10,15 Min Ata ss. ost shew eeee eee 732, 733
Teterus! scseescce= 260, 262, 296, 297, 298, 780 flammea siacse -eaeeeee == 733
Sclater-siOniole ss. 2c aeeisas eo anne eeeeeeee 297 MIN Wilds esas oes see ese scene 709
Warblers. sects. ccenema sie astsene 750 mitrata),:- oosssecaseosceeccceee 707
INDEX. 825
Page. | Page.
Setophaga nigro-cincta......--...-----.---- MOM Sphagriosa. (Syl Viacom sae eeiseisee = sarees 545
UCtAkee. cee neces 722, 723, 728, 729, 730 WAR COV ose cre toe ccttee ne oleae 545
guatemale ......--. TOSVe9 ViSOn Spimdalisn oe eee ee 3,62
PICta ye IA se ase se ie 723, 728 ADAC ORs se sek sce ee ese ae cae ose 72
TUT AM Aeeu teenie oe heen ee 758, 759, 760 Dene Clie =e eee ee 63, 64, 72, 74
MU PWELONSe eee Soe ee 721 bilinestus eee eee 62, 65
MUM OUS eyes ce creleinaiociatsmee isis = 738, 746 Black-backed (os --4--acceaencace 70
BUSCCI CRUG Bee metaynce ee ere aire 728 Cozumel: see ea cee 72
PUCLCU Bras aes sae rs 723, 724, 726, 727 Guban hee teceemeesesas dean ocee 68
Samael se ey aera ose haere Ss este 702 ORSUL He oaas o ansehen se 74
LOTQUatH AF )aveaseee seen esis 739 Haitlanlyrs foes tease meee 67
WETSICOIOR IR Fe rat-ee 2)sistfomiae eee nisic 761 JAMBICAM saascecesenaecneceae 64
VeTbICAlISt cece ae eee ieieeils.= 730, 734 MUIti COLON Ea. ses seem ee ses *63, 64, 67, 68
ULI ETUC Ala trey ole onic re eres eeaicra 733 NISVICC PUA) Weyacerc es ee saees ce 63, 64, 65
SOLO DIAS cons tee cherie eine ls renee eters 427, 430 Porto, RicaMls sae stecisiasecieee see 65
SAUD CLOSE UNTO Ey eyeerape cyey- te ayalalsere eeterelsieiais.s 405 POLrtoricensis22 5. .\..-.--- 63, 64, 65, 67
cere bapenssosass toate ee 399, 404, 405 pretrelss sess sae 63, 64, 68, 70, 71
Sharpe s"Baneamaquiti. ose eesesc-c-as see 404 DIGG tees seeleeciedsisicmieneie aes 70
Shimineweome ya CLEC Pers -\-1-)-j-:<\<ciacy-!22 <i 1101 389 SQUV AMI a5) s\s:acte cer eteclatoe arate mea ceiste G4
SimiZaIMp SliS sete asetel aisle areisieieisie rere se cietatsiersio' 776 Salvinis}: sos. ecsce scence cccesacis 74
Shrike-Tanager, Black-rumped .........--- 125 ZON Bao saiaia eloee nga aie opine males 64, 70, 72
IMIG Sol CAN eartajasytareereercies Seree 123 stejneceri |. Jecacs- sees 71, 72
White-throated ..........- 124 tOWDSENGIe- co sencce cee seers 64, 72
Silyer-throated Tanager... .... .2........2-: 37 ZONA sce on ano ese nee 64, 70,71
Silva US) Ses 432. ist aciorwis ec iayeicie ots sie sreres 6260s spiza Certhiaeyaces-tssecies akan see e ee 382, 384
sinuosa, Geothlypis trichas................. 654, Chlorophamesis. sac cch ee cste = eeereee 383, 384
696608266046 4276732 ||P SPIZAIMPClIS Sa s2i-120.5 si eiciciels cere eis oe se cecee 62
Sittaceum™ Uncirostrum ..-.-..5.5--.2..2.-- 381 | spodocephala, Chlorospingus............... 140
SUMACCUS A TUOLNIMUSe 2. 22. Seen cnecee 378, 381 Hucometiss..5-2)--cc02 138, 140, 141
SIGLOIG eS DIGI OSSA) os os ers Sos seeceee bec 381 spodocephala.. 138, 139
STA eeveyars erecta 2 clacton eitnae ae oes eee ese 634 | spodocephalus, Chlorospingus.........--- 140, 141
AUUGIC Al Biers syle ee ereictos cinee eee ieets G3SeFSporathraupistecacsss sos ee ess eeeeeeneeee 53
AUT Caps see oe ns eee Aas eee 638 | Spotted-breasted' Oriole... .....5.2-..5...<.- 283
MUIGOWICLAMUSA4< as -saclsaneeos sees oe 641" || spurius; Jicteruss.325-5.....-- 258, 275, 276, 278, 779
ATIOULCI ll BAe setae eee cee 640, 641 OMOMSS Fsaceac senate eee ecceiee, LODNLIS
TY CENTS RS ts hye poe Se 643, 647 Pendwhinuse esas cess secs see sleet 278
MOLADIISHaeeee eases oee nee 647 Xan tHOrMUS sos yasseesseecciee cee 278
NOVEDOLAGCENSIS) 2-2. %as-2525245 642, 644, 647 iphanttes ts. as secur eee eee 278
Slender-billed Grackle ....--......-.......- OAS Mi Starlinl esis acca “2 ese nemace el ceeremerneeree 169
SmalllepilledkCacique sees -ceenec eee seaeane 189 | stejnegeri, Spindalis zena .................. Tila
-headed Warbler.......-- 5 A eae 709 | stictothorax, Eucometes spodocephala..... 778
SOCOLLOMV aL Gler oe ae ee ee ee eee 492 Eucometis spodocephala ...-. 138,
SOU Aw Ee MM ATA ee sea en Aste eee rece 458 | 141,778
Helminthophaga;-22..2-2522-2-e5- 458 | Sti thom. Certhiolarvera.cosonccsce ese 414, 782
Syiliviaeheses eran eee ea aaa see eels 458 | stragulatus, Basileuterus....-....../......- 740
Syilvicola 226 as to sees ss see eee aes 458 | Straight-billed Grackle...........-......-.- 233
Viermivora) sss 544s ease e socio 458 | Streaked-chested Tanager.................. 141
SOlitanius PAM] Yy.CerCUS! dem. 1 so eeee es sretaie 193 Warblers s.tcc0 ce clonseaseetoeetals 618
CHSSICUS/Ea te Soest oee eters 109 || striata “bend roecaisccesas. eee eee ee ane 598
Helmitheros...:-..-- bee neee te tee 458 | Dendroica: scsi. sssee ee 506, 595, 597, 785
Sonoran Boat-tailed Grackle............... 242 | Mniotilitars. 2395.) asin stcisleeeteaie ine 597
REGEWIN Sy sete decease sions faeces 337 IMOta CIM a 255 cease steeroperelel istereleslarate 597
ellowaWiarwlensasse~ccese se cee sec 512 | MusGiGa paz ciss2 eee ce oeieeece esc 597
sonorana, Dendroica eestiva ........- 500, 512,513 | SVAV TREN oe cesta ishoterereiste nels ole einaeiee ts 597
sonoriensis, Agelaius pheeniceus. 322,324, 337,342 | Sylva co laisse cee he cretaoctetsteleieoh sterner 097
Sooty-capped Chlorospingus ..........---.- 165 | striatus, Dendroica.........---.----+------- 598
sordida, Helminthophila celata.. 448, 467, 468, 783 Rhimamphus: -2o.-ee 2 ees eee eee 597
Southern Meadowlark: 2--2-2-222-cssceee 360 Rhimanphus! 222osecccceec cscs 597
Wellow-thTroatmessseaaset ese. GG |FSturnellaeee enact sctereereeeeee 170, 171, 172, 175, 353
Sparrow, American Hedge ................- 425 Colaris 2. Sess ies wees a sistas = 360
speciosa, Compsothlypis pitiayumi ......... 480 COllBTIS! {A285 sae so cesteisleleteelevereis =e 399, 360
487, 488, 783 hippocrepis ........ 356, 363, 364, 368, 781
Geothlypisi---ee-c-- 653, 660, 661, 683, 684. Hippocrepuseesee = seen eee eee 781
SPCCIOSA arene eee ae 684 ludoviciana .... 359, 360, 363, 364, 366, 368
Valeeece cess 684 hippoe Pe piSeaeeccse ce 368
speculiferus, Chlorospingus ........-.---- 156, 157 MeExXiICaNa. <2. 5-<-.<- 363, 364
INCSOSPIN GUSH sesee ene eee er 156, 157 meslects =.=. 367, 368
Spermagra erythrocephala............... 102, 776 var: neglecta ....-5:- 366
826 INDEX.
Page. Page.
Sturnella magna.......... 359, 361, 362, 363, 364,368 | swainsonii, Helinaia ................ 436, 437, 783
AltiCOlalscn.s Sees eee ee ee 363 Helminthophapary.se-ss sees 438
Be MMB PNG 2.25. seis eee 359 Helmuithenngihes-csene ee saenee 438
argutbulayesecoce- 355, 396, 360, 361 Sylvia sores soso eee 436, 437
C-hippocrepis Seseceeee oes 368 Sylvicolass. Mais. secece meee sone 487
Gamexicande ss aseee seer ee. 363), FS Wainson's Danae ere se -n-. seca eee eee 95
NOOPESL += cecieses ces 356, 361, 362 Warblert.25.7.225= area eee 436
inexpectata..... 356, 864, 365,781 | Sycamore Warbler.............------:--:--- 582
INEXSPCCtAta 2. scse-is see sie S66: jl (SVlvaniaess.acc2 tose aeneee saat eee ees 722
MASA cn = - 356, 357, 359, 360, 363 bonapartiiss.2 28 eee eee 719
ME@XT2aNG i Foe. sesceeeren es 355, CANKGENSIS: = 2). 372 se eee eee 718
356, 361, 362, 363, 364 TOTINOSA/ oe seen ee eee 624
Meplectarsses-=eeesoesceee 367 microcephalats---oaee esters eee 710
subsp. hippocrepis.......-- 368 MANU bas. =e dcles = eee eee cence ae 709
MEXicanate nsec eee 363, 364 NNT Gabe eee Sere eee tee 707
neglecta .\: =. cscs... 368 Pumilialse: eee eer eee ee 709
LY DIGG: s-- oseten ean te 360 pusill as. Ss ie ee 710, 7138, 715
yar. hippocrepis .........-- 368 pileolatans:2a-ss—-s=-cee 713, 715
NO AUN) os sere ae see ae 309 Wilsonil 2 S208 os see eee eee 711
mexicana......- 362, 363, 364 | Sylvia equinoctialis..............-......-.- 625
mepslecta: cat... sade 367 PSVaG cose seo ee ee ees 510, 521
meridionaliss | /scaces somes seat oe 353 APMIS so hce eco s dee cee es tone sone ee 626
MEI GANG as ase ee peer 362, 363, 364 BIDICOHE S222 Seeker ee eee 516
Me@S1CCS Jascsteres = = 399, 396, 365, 366, 781 albicollisy.22 050. sas cate eet 516
sburmellce... 22.22 s6- a ec cece seme wis eceetieeee 175 AMOCLICINA Sc. coeaoeee eee eee 482, 483,485,486.
SiMPMI Gets sede eS. cewat cote eeceeee st eo 169 aNntholdes: 2 232 socceceoess eee see 645
Sturnus MoloseniGeusiz-s=-e eee eater reece 194 audwMboniccc. £sa-4snshe eee hoe eee 553
JAMAICCNSIS=cetenstes sees ee aaeeele 222227. AUGUPOMIIS 25 eos eecess eee 053
JUNCEU 22 oe ees ce ee ec seen soe 211 auricollists 5-2-2022 .escsseeseeaee ees 445
ludovicianus ......-. 359, 360, 363, 364, 366 ALO CAIN ae ee Cao ee eee ee 637
ODSCUTUS Se ose eaiees ee nee Steele 210 autummailis:. =< Ase Sansone se aes
UA ENO INN Peqd soneanteasadebsencace 332 SUIT CB ace oye eles ee aie ee 573
quiscalla, 2c a. ae ere tease 216 bachmani<*-- cs ice eee eee 459
Sultarascenss SClURUSPe= ss. --ee cee eee ee as 645 picolor:,.- 2-5. 2eGece hse yee 394
SClURUS:. 4-ch-cee Hemoeeaeaes 645 ipifasciatast.. cesses oat eee 573
sulphurascens, Enicocichla .........-...... 645 blackburn he eee eee 578
Henicocichiaisee ses haa 645 blackburmize<. ace ene nceeee ee eeasee 576
Selurus:. co. eee ee esese 645 PASIAN Oe ectte ae ern reciente 489
sumichrasti, Chlorospingus............-- 158, 162 CRTUea Son ass oct coe eee aan 785
IDIVES~. 5 tc eee ee eee eee 255 esrulescenst: - 34:22 S2s-e- cee ese 543, 544
Quiscalust= ssateteee eee 255 Canadensis. 25<\a=': esas recceeeecaeee 543
Sumichrast/s Blackbird sssss-ee saan sae ee 254 Carbonate soci en aoe eee 540, 541
ChloropinSusise-eeo eee eee 162 CATONINENSIS: .. 2222225 asec sSeeecanse en 512
Summer Redbirdise.c- sa-mcsee eee eet eee 80, 81 Castanea - b2. Ace as ca bees Se essee ee 594, 785
TANa Ser sca ec cae OSs eee eee Soe 79 | Celatay 222 ssc. eeteot sone -.-.- 464, 466
Westerner jaseset eecemee ae 83 Ceruledi -< 42.48 Sous ee see 571
snndevalli- Ceriniol ana. sastss see eee ee 418 Childrentita< 28222 ee ee eee 512
superciliaris, LciStesi 22s. ac. ecse eee eee 353 chloroleucaie= 2 s-eeca-ee- eee eee d17
LEUplAlis7 ce: Sete cee eee 353 chrysocephallaiec: ass2s-- eae eee oe 576
superciliosa; Dendnoeca=-=-- =) sese eee 581, 582 GhrysOphTryS<s assssssees kee eeeeee 744
Denaroicaawaa-e ee eae eee 581, 582 chrysoptera 2222 228-26 sae oo 55 450
Mniotiltataccsnsas-ceteeeeeee 478, 581 citrinellai: 2 22scese 22 -e es eectesce ee 512 ;
Motacillatcs..-.=.6 csereneoe oe 581 ceerules, 3.2 s28s2< st oosasaces aes oeeee 571
Oreothlypis ....--.- 475, 476, 497,478 coronatal : 252 eee nee eee eaeae eee 548
PAT 8 esos, ots eee ae 478 Cucillatast ss sect sseee ce pate eee 681
superciliosum, Conirostrum ...-.....-.....- 478 CHIICGIVOIS:. 2.2 e oo eee ee eee 74
Surinaniensis.Certhia =~ )-sesecs-e eee eens 385 delafieldii' 2232254 s<cet ance tee 670, 671, 689
Tachyphonusse-ceeeese- see 129 GISCOlOIN Ae sane ee ees 609
SWaINSOWT Eelinalates| eee ae eee ee 438, 783 COMINTCRH G-spot ee see 580
Helmintherishs: 5.2 --seesiaes 438 ASN ole nee ee eee 512
Helminthotherus .............-.. 438 Ml aWAGHUG B23 ater eee eee \ 027
Helmitheros.-ocseseaeeeee nee 438 Aawicollisincn se wees selee eet 581, 582
Helonea o2522ccceeaoa-ae eee eek oe 438 Aavitrons so sss Se See eee soseerince 451
Mniotiltaus.wc4-ces=tebaee wee 438 favopy Pla. c- = oee sass ose aster Sie dol
Tanagra > secsaicasaceewecesaeeens 57 fOTMOSA) con eecls cose le eee ee 624
Wiermivorarcccse-seceses ecmmeee 438 Nal sells s aen ice eee ee eee ewe asa eats 559
INDEX. 8297
Page. | Page.
Syliviaieterocephala: .2...... 25-6. cc- ~~ -- SOIMDODMESYl vigsvenlUstaveds ste -neseaceree see se teen SOm oT)
WINCAN Ace ese secre eee race tees 576 MELMIVORA Saseeuy Meee cma teertamas/c ate 738
LEUCORAStTaa cee aot ateeenee eect 470 (Vermivora) rubricapilla ........... 469
LEUCOPteLaie see ses cece eee mee oe » 545 | VIPORSIES See seems cle eee acne mem cise 601
WA OVACTAN SD ease se cok heen meee 483 | VITO S ec eeee en ase EN se ce eeeene 563
MAcrillivravile see anes eee eee 632 | WITIGIS Ste ae b ke eee ches eee 394
MACLOPOSe sa wece is -eecce eee eel aia add WAISOITIEN Ss AB MER eset Gs seme ates 711
TMELCULOSA ies iets: cine Rete ete neice 535 KAMbHOVA OAS ese seine oe a alete,slelataictaiste = 551
MAGNO MA Ace se taees Bate wanes MS 536 KanthoOros ee ea aoe acre ee eta 5al
PAN AMN CI Cas a ae chess toe eee oe eite GOSis|ESyliviecols ss2. 222 aah eee hac aes ceiesemes ee 478, 496
YOGA see heist ne cece ese ele 539, 540 adelaide eee 7tt2 stae seisiertatse 588
marvlanGicaee sae sss een eee 663 PSbIVa esse eae sees 510, 513, 516, 518
melanorrhoa ===+- 2: oes eee eee ece 578 | Apilist 22.3 te Se ee eae teats 627
TIRITU UAE See E eer ser ert merase 760 americana eet eee. 482, 483, 485, 486, 783
TMVUTNUG A rarer see sists erst ieeete = 610, 709 GUGUbONIbereetCee ere eee eae 553
MUMUGUATA SS eee ecco sees et esisiinisiets 707 auduboniles sso... sate. sss 553
MMONPAN AK Sesesisec sae ale see eee cists 784 quTneolateaecteess Seek cn etecicer eee 522
mashwilleies see see eaetes ones entice cles 470 auricollisi-as--2e2se 2-622 sse=e = 445
MG PT ESCANS sateen cee eee taco as oe ad8 DAGCHMAMNI A= See eee esclan acres 459
MOVEPOLACEMSisee sect sitet ces siis 643 blackbunmiee Sess¢ see shoes ee 576
OCcidenta@lisin ws ates: oe ace oe 569 Ceenileas ease ter eee Soha 571
OlUVaCe arena sen ms sei hias sac ees 493, 496 Canad ensisye. veel sees cclesseise ae 543
PalMarUMe = heise seis se ise ele os 618 Carbonata,wichce. scene teeresanrae 541
jb TARE Seo seaquaceadeeincpaSHobsBOEGs 545 CASLAMER 2 222 kates ooee ols c lacrsrsieisletere 594
Parc alinawessses asc ese sees seteetetalass 719 . Celatar neat cecanseece eisai. 464, 466
IPANUS Semmes ers seme sete Seteieicee eel g 578 Chrysocephalamere tn s<'iersjeteinsielets 576
DEDMSY Vaal Canes ts seeeris stcies ina 591 Chnysoptenaisce. acct ecietetei-aetcisiata= 450
WEMISUISE erreyste rises ceeee eee ee caca> 581, 582 COLONBIAE S52 2226s ee sens ces Se 548
PeUSVIVaMLeAs == sea-ice can aciete 590 GiISCOlORs eles desecc Sen coe weiecicce 609
PELCSMIN A sesso cas te eteetie see 461 COB eee teen ect tlemt ot lesion 532
Petasodes sera. s sthiece oscar ee scien 711 flavicollise: eee eet sie 581, 582
POLE CHUA Hs </ha=cfas roe Sete cece eloteate 516, 615 LONMOSA SNe ee eres lee certian 624
philadelphig- = +e csscsses eee one 629, 634 icterocephalae seas. staat ee sa 592
PINGMIS Se esece cece at eee acme awe eine 551 INOMALtAG eae coach oe eee eae 451
PINUSE eee anseseccessensre cere 456, 457, 600 Kirtan Gide sees eee seen eee eee 604
PUMAY MII a cae eine sissies 487, 490, 492 macpillivraytoscce--- sss. toe sts = 632
plum Dealers cecase a som comets see asic 487 IMAGCWLOSA se tows = ee eee ae ee se 535
populormmce mena see ee ee eee 573 NATL GLIMN eUeey erst =< eae eles ia = 539
PLOconotaniakenss: weeosetee ese as 445 MIM UWbal Sass sees = ao tse ce tecicee 610
WILOLONOLATIUS eee ae ase ee eeriosc 445 MUSSUTICMSISVs sees en aseee ee 462
pumila sas fesccce secs ona 709 MONtAN Awe =i She aie ei Se iosreraiets 784
pusillay- 222 oc see ee ese eee 488, 545 WMS TESCENGY Se ccisaset ce pease ee eee 558
UTD ce ee oe eee core ae Se a ae 573 MigTiCans 22 -2o4 <ee Sacises meee ce cise 559
Tathiboniar seas. tases cemec Meme see 572 occidentalisics.. ce ccc eee ees oe 569
TOSCOG ec cc ciseeneC Sone tone ene ce 666, 667 OV ACER Ret ecient en eee nee see 496
TUbMCa pill ae pe sosce eee case 445, 469 palmarum? sosc- es oeesessoesses 613
MUAieapillasse ence eaeee 469, 524, 527, 528 PANNOSAee zee cae oases cae seas 545
TUSSCICHUGA-ce- tee oe er ce eae ie ae 728 PATUSs5 oe Scone seeeeese saeco ese 578
TUSSICAUG A Ko tosenicaee tomneeee oaie 728 DENSilism see here cose ee a 581, 582
Solitaria. jo2smec sche ese Saeee e oe se 458 DEMSIIste Sp aacsehee cece nek emete 582
sphagnosa.< 2.555222 see eee sais 545 PELCLTIN Berea ae ta=ceeaecieae stele 461
Strista sts case ceew ete ck motes = mice 597 petechiae sya). 418, 521, 614, 615
SWANSON 222 s- ee ewacee econ 436, 437 pharetras-22--\--. Seafac ie ee ceteereiciers 619
teMIMiRs =o asses Sas a se nelesee ses 496 UMN ete area ree ee args alee ia 600, 602
tenensseely 32 -tc- sc - = ace soe eee 462, 783 pityophilasssen-seeoe ss owe ae eae 606
GUSTIN) sees eas setae cepa 538, 785 PIOtoNOtaArIae eas sees ss ceisler 445
LOMMICI sss 6 se aot kse <tc s eee ante 632 | PUSH are nascent e erat 483, 545
TOMMOCI EA phone cee ea cin eee eS 632 TA LMDOMLA see ects ae cts tacertocicteless 512
torquata...... Esiseei ee Se tac eee eae 483 MUD TAC Ap lll aes werts seers ss csiersie\ele 470
LOWHISCNO= ook aceon e se cee eee ee 561 Tuficapillaye sees seers (sa ss5 se 614, 616
PrIiCHaASn a. SseneRe tees 663, 665, 668, 669, 671 SOlitATI AS see. «sence rew estes cece 458
LUO CIIUNS ssersae/ayetnaia ae roarey = cette olr= 512 Stila pee sees cecal ae omiercto 597
MMU ria yess oso atone eee eee 551 SWANSON cae eae eee nee ins aot 437
VET acne Seen sees eee eS 433 teemiata ease Se. coos naw cee neice 496
VERA eon ae see chine cease ae 633 Gigninalet. ced neccs seaceeceeee 538, 539
Velatalen = 552212 cick ces wae teem ect eeine 681 TOWMESENGI st cess eee eee 561
828 INDEX.
Page. | Page.
Sylyicola towisengil. eo... e-sseease ance ee 561s) ManagersGray-erestedsa.5_ pase ce eae 139
fiStiSh- es: 5: keen Sone 559 -CrownedyPalmas-sa5 ee seeee 128
VATS). 2. Settee Oe oneness 435 aNCaGea ih gser3 7 PR eyes 139
(Vermivora) peregrina.......---. 461 Me patie sa ei.c0 Msg oe eee eas 84
VIGHILOMie 2232S: siscmee es oe eee 531 MoOoted S255 52 222 eee eee 52
WITENS cb ce pene oo eae 563, 564 Island Amtssee sk eee eee 152
Syilviidloes se. < oct ce tes aet ees ae eee 427 aires ave secseeeat- 2 eee eee 96
T La vinials See peat sae eens 46
r Ma Wen CG's eaves ssc caee ene 104
Tahbasco7vAnt Paneter te. --t eee eee see cee 149 TOUWISIAI Seo ont cs aa ee 91
MachyphonuUseesessen eee eee ee eee UO mLAO Maroon-hesdede4----5-sesee eee: 119
albispeculanisis---eepoeeeee ee 134 Mexic¢anvAntt: 52. --ec sere eee 144
albitempora .......---. 161, 164, 778 irs) Wilson?s een ce-e -e ee eee aeece 49
Gc asinee soe eee 130, 133, 184 Nelsonts*Amts..- sesso See tek t 4: 145
pbesuperthuylascsseceesee sees 132 NicaraguanvAnteo. soe espe esese 150
Canigularis<-s-4----ceaeese- 166 OuxecavAnti\= jets. eee 147
CaSsiMil 2 2255 -peeee eee Se akay/ Orange-browed 3<.¢- soe eee eee 104
GaSSINI eee oe eee ene 169 Palms) 2 oSen see eee 127
Ghrysomelase 7. seeeeeee sea 106 Panama Crimson-backed ......... 118
Gelathriie soe. eee ger 130, 136, 137 | Passérini’s a5. 1.25 chee ae 109
eM GOPTENUS sass <= selacistetarste= 132 Plain-coloxedies:aa-e see tere eee 51
luctuosus ..... 130, 132,133, 134, 135 Porto: Rican s42-2852= sce 156
melaleucus.........-.- 131,132) 78: | Red-headed: -3545-2 ss sce seer e eee 102
Migerrima 2.52% © Jassie ee 132 Rose-throated'.. .. =. geese sckessee 98
MISermimMus: <<. mla ape 132 Rosy Amtasss os. aes cere eee 147
nitidissimus ........-. 130, 135, 136 | Rovhsehild’s...s5 14a eeee 114
palmarunt. sso. saceeeses eee 127 Rufous-bhroated <.-.-2-seeeseseee 425
PLOPING WUS= == eet - es 105 St.Vincent... 2252 cso eee 53
TUDTITONS s.ee see seeeeeee 102, 105 SalvimisAnt ces scpeecec eee eee 148
PULO-OULATIS:..,.012<eee aeeee 425 | San Miguelt=). 254-5600 ccsaeseses 119
MULE Secs ene ee 130,131 | Scarletias.S55.6- 2S chants eee 88
sanguinolentus ....4..-..---- 121 | Silverthrosted! = 2-5. 4-seseeeeee 37
SUTGINAMENSISH essa tese eee 129 Streaked-chested ....:.....:---.-- 141
Walerlie. oc .55- patie: Sea ae 132 SUMMED... 2 Stee cei oose see eee 79
XMUROP VETS =- eee ae 104,105 | Swainson’s® 2252 2)j7 552 tet ee 5)
taczonowskii, Icterus mesomelas........... 307 | MabascoraAnt=iha-cscan- cee eee 149
teenies Mimi oilia ane naan see eee en 496 | Tawmny-crested: 2.222 see aeee eee 136
SVL AIA nian yok ear ersor ae Peet 496 | TreseMarlases<<cces.s ose ae eee 96
SylWicolas.< ose sek eiacct ates 496 | Veraguan White-shouldered. ..... 136
tamaulipensis, Icterus gularis ....... 258, 286, 287 Vinaceous-throated Ant........-. 146
ManwservAiDbOtssas sec oasence eee Se 2 60 | Wiestermsammientsss=5-sseseesees 83
ATES Set aoe a ee Ce 33 | White-shouldered’-.--=....ssess- 132
. Bimreral@s.+ oo oie. e tee: 40 | Swinredis ss ee eee eee 99
Belize jcc cenins< Sucteaca teen eee Sizeni| Yellows=browed 555555. -25-ee 40, 154
Blackiand vellows=.22--seeseeeee oe 106 | TUM Ped 2 ss-eac eons eee 113
=Win@edi.-.65-)he eee epee 58 | Wucatanennts 9-525 4--e CS eee ee 151
BWC TS so5 dase aoe eee 5S .| Wanasersias 26 so s8. «52 asc ce Se aes eee 1, 426
-rumped Green .-~.......... 43) 4) SPANAPTA: < 25s eaaes sees cei ses slelein eee eee 3, O4
Boddagertisnsacesacesens ee eae 130 abbasiees satcck.c2 dob sac esses) PONOOIGZ 716:
Bonvapantelst case eee 115 Sty Ree ae Be ida ere 81, 83 -
IBTLCK Teds eens se- eee S6 (Aglaia) aurulentaees. eee eee 34
Broad-banded) 22.4.5. 40 2-e-eerene 101 Giaconus.-.ii222ssseoee ee 57
(A DEMIS i. 2a aa) yaca se coe eee 42 labradorides!:- (224s. 4---2 35
(STMT S pee 8 sah se cae ede A ee 155 ViGaTiSh: sos yet a aoeees 62
CaSSin Sassen cytes ene aa aes 168 a] DILOSiLIS. -. = 2n.55 555 - eae meee 131
Chemie sims ascertain eeeeeroce 111 arehepisCOpusa- ses eee eae 54
Costa Rican White-shouldered.... 134 atricapilla 222.25 seks eee 122
Co7ume)i in. een ee Bee Sarr ne 3 99 AUTLCOUISS 52 ace neers ae ects otersere 695
Crimson-backede pesceen teases 116 DonarTlensis) 2.4.2 eeeee 54, 5d, 203, 205, 212
=COllanedhe ese soe 120 bDTAslige. soc. oossete ose oeer 107
DOW Sicincte wisi otecwe Seon ee ce e ee 46 | brasilienSis:-c.cod-t)os seeeeeeee 35
DUTT stalls ee ee eee see 115 | Gana Maes ae a HN 55, 56, 57, 776
Dusky-tailedvAmt.22 eee oo 152 Camicapillasse ne. Soe 681
UIC el ses oak aes ee at gee ao 39 CAVA Sao e ein cee eee eee 8
Besta Sai caccne saceoas aera 115 chally beaten 2-0-2 scene erasers 8
Golden-masked: ac. --seneea = aeeer 47 Chiloroticals sateen oe ee eee 8
“WINGER Ao ons sti eeseeees 112 COCCINES) 2a Sios- haa ose eo mee renee 81
INDEX. 829
Page.
MamasracoPlestis ys si: = acs sess sts sate cise wate 57
columbian aes. --senseeccinsenee cee 95
CUCU Stay ax Ae cers eeteee a oaie 32
CVanO Cera ees aah eas aeeeeeeer ee 57
CYVANGOVENULISS 2-228 oosee eee cece 44
GlayTyy IMIS sar ae ts Sa ees SS 54
GIACOMUS Seer cr oae onc eee eee ee 58
GIA COMUSH yale oe eee 57, 58, 776
Gomini@ensisse7 see eee eee 68
EPISCOPUS ease e eee eee eee 54, 57
Env thromelase.. ao-esecencese ae 100, 101
(Euphonia)jafimiss sees .cee =. 23, 25
fF Say EN oars fate ra (io so RP eee 39
AA WATTOMS 4a sactecto eee ee eee V7
SV TOLBE ee ee aioe ae eee ee ce ee 34, 44
TeMicapUllarsaes sews eee sae a 2: 145
ph EUG ELT Bates states ta eeyersgae eiee e cease fee seco 107
VEWUCOPHTY Sis. ja4-leeiasece te oeea ae 161
MT GONICIAN A eee cee oes ee 93
THU CHMIS tena alssa=s.cis asset wares 353
MTISISLD DUCA peewee ie see ee teieiee Seren s1
MISSISSIPPIENSIS Sse oa scsee asa $1, 83
MUNN COlONAeeeee eee ees ee ees 68
PMUUISI Core aie eee chee aie a= Bie sie aa are 5 14
migerrimas<cceesceceeecsc epatesee 132
mipricephallay cs. -aesee vee soe oe 62, 65
OV ASGONS = saree wie tac eienominece eae 59
OTA Re esas ciate Sorererte a tekae eine erates 54,59
elma RUE sete eee ees eae 60
melanoptera 5d, 98, 59, 60
Palimarnumle=-e =e. cece a9
Vio lilavaittizeee eect see: 60
EMT Clete ee ee ee ee 138, 149
PERU VM) 32 Sis gels sto 15e ese e sate 44
NUleatarse ese ee eee ese ea sce 06
WOLLOTIGENSIStee- 2 ees eee eee 67
UG UNG Ie ee nee chi rele terare etree etyetets 62, 70
POULT eh eee geese eaetaal seeks mintareiaieinin atete od
(Rhamphocelus) luciani.......... 116
GUD ween oe ote eee te et ea 79, 90, 91
MUMS eeep eae etna cela te osesee mista 129, 131
MUM OlliSteeee eomaecercife ec seas 423,425
SONA Cate Bio < cre ein sfc) letereee eivoetoe ae 54,57
(Spindalis) portoricensis........-. 67
ROCKO nesses, cee 70
SVAN SOMM Ga aoe easy te see ene oo ae ov
(Tachyphonus) sanguinolentus. 120,121
WALA Oa (ols sae ettee ceceeOese ee ons 3d
MCOlOnEas = See eee ee eo eee 34
Wanlerataee iene see eee acc sais 83
VI GCAITUStt eet eee a emcee ny a coebecee 62
WIOlE CCA eee site paste aca ee ioe 8
NEN GUS S2)5 vowels sets eae terre eee cia 4
Yueatan Gray-headed............. 140
ZENG pectic eter ae ee eesice eee eres 69, 70, 72
ZEN OES Se semper cise eens et ee oe 65
CPR SR MTEL ce ham ay eet i= arc eslote men eee ee icre 2
Randerellaerulicollist= mses eee eee 425
Manasridse: jose... Sos. 4 sess 1,375, 376, 426, 427
tanneri, Geothlypis ........-- 656, 657, 659, 661, 676
Geothlypis rostratus- 22. 22 sss2-= 676
(aMnleri Spee eee 657
Ganmnerssyellowsthroau. a... acc seeeeee see 676
RAO Rye ae ee oan yaa eae Deel eee 34
WET VA CUS: eyeyo)n.is.c icicle eee eee ere 49
tatao, Tanaerare. f= fc ck cemiscceeieecieciee 34
/ Page.
Tawny-capped Euphonia ................-. 17
=Cresteda@anagenreaacaeescce cen cece 136
-shouldered Blackbird.............- 3438
FENENSSee ly SV Lelie a seen aeereie ere ei eee 462, 783
Menmessee: Warbler set aeons ere e eee 460
tenuirostris, Lanio... peat:
Megaquiscalus 234, 235, 236, 243
SCaphiGurus 25s. ean aecie eee 243
SClINUSF sookse nossa eomee 646
SOLUTUIS Seaseccoeaesn Ss seeee cae 646
tephra, Euthlypis lachrymosa.............. 738
tephrocotis; Geothilypiss..-c-2c-s2 os se. o5- 628
TICES Sates ee eee 628
Mephrodigl ssa msec see ete eee eee eae 378
PBEVGvIStRiSaas a soe te he = se ce eR ates 429, 648
TerinenGumees os eee 648, 649
TOLMS IRs seen sa 648, 649, 650
FO LIISU Geyer ee este e ecisae siie 650
Meretristisdermand ince: sas 25-7 sao ss - ae 649
LOTISTO a eee ee eee CE ear nine 650
PONISI eyo eer ee ecto ere otters 650
testacea;, Pirangaraqecc ceceee saeee cee e. 76, 77, 87
RESTA GEHELE eres eee a eeaee 77,86
Py Mein eaten’ su-.secieme ee see roe 87,88
SHIT ARAVA apes 87,88
testaceum, Phoenicosoma ..............---- 87
MexastMicad OWL ca. alec oe nies ase otic ecco cee 361
Rhick-billedyBuphomiais .go4e-ce22 2 doe 28
SDS Faye veiateyertetes- 319
nnaSHeAIelaiuSte 52 Sse 7. eee ee me oes 32
ARICA Wee ee see as ee 319
SITUS Steere AS PRE EE ye As eRe o4
CAMA MS... aso Sane eee ets ca a7
GigconusS tele tee eee peers 58
pallan ete WM see ass eee 60
VILCHIRUIS Pons sere ea eee rite nerers 62
MhTIO ChunushpMIUSss cece cece cease cee 600
LOLQUACUS Ses seep eee see scee 483,
Thrush; Golden-crowiued:s.---—2ssces2- oo 637
=VWarblerewesiGallass. <ssencs te 28 ai2
Pai spmnaes aja sere onevae alee 770
Lpicen ye Huphonescesssaceees ee aes eee 18
tierina, Dendroecay sasasesesnee =< a enmce ssrcice 539
Dendroica ..-.-.- 497, 498, 502, 537, 539, 784
AVIMLO UI hetero eee ee eer acre orerets 538
MOTtRellll ear aa aeoe eae ree 538, 785
Perissoglossa 539
SVR Se ert tee aae cee cis cee ners 5, 785
Sylvicola 3, 039
RobagowBanamaguit-eresaoc= soe sete sce.
Holmes Chases «swear msseee eters ocelot
tolmiesGeosblivpiSs= eases c esse teceensae
OPOrornnisymoe- ces nese ees 621, 622, 631
Silicate peste seers woes oecereseias 632
tolmiaci Sylvilarestceccen-cinessecee occas 632
ML CHAS =a Mee ocecat secon neste eee s 632
torquata, Setophagay o. ice acoso see 735
Swiliviaten-tecaccicccecceececaececmine 483
torquatus, MbyiobOruse =). s-cecce- «cee. 731, 739
PATO TMUTUS hoses sien Secee eee 483
Tower Island Certhidea .2--s-)5~ ie sone ce 766
townsendi, Dendreeca ....-..........- 561, 562, 784
Dendroica. ... 503, 504, 599, 561, 568, 784
Spindalisizenay-soceneseeeceees 64, 72
Swllaene Sactsis a sebtccteete etal 561
Swilivicolal. sc --kemeetess oceans 561
$30 INDEX.
Page. Page.
townsendii, Dendreeea) -..22.-2-6--> <= = = ool) |) Murdus aquatine ses. eecceana =e eee teen ee 645
Dendroicasscsece ce eee ee 561 miler sii fe cn220. 50 Vee eeae eee ees 278
Mniotiltaysss-scenaseee ese d61 auricapillugsis: -52-22=<ae eee ae ase 638
SYlVicola:osccecrnee cece eee 361 aurocapillusy..-osces essere eee eee 637
Townsend’s' Warbler’) -.s22-cs--e eee eee a09 DRUNM CUS. ote aoe ae eee ee 247
‘Tres Manias) Parula Warblers. -see--2-se-o- 492 CATONMUSE 2 fe ciase skeet ener 244, 247
Red-breasted Chat ........-...- 700 GHHLCUS Fb dae ee ee als toe ele 638
Tanager <4. 3 ecdase seer wee 96 COTONRCUS) U2 % osc cae eee ee ae 63S
PrIiGhAS (Ss op citer te nas ee eee See 593 HuUdSoOnivS)c2 assets aeons oe 248
agilis? 4234222 toe er saosin eee oee 626 | jugularis 62-5 2522-2 hee eee Soe 278
brachidaety las eee oe —aee eee eeear 666 | labradoriusi = ---eeeseeeereaeaee eee 248
Gelafiel divs. 36 sacicotiese eae ee eee 689 | ludovicianus: S222. Spee eer soe 641
delafieldii\2. ott ss. fac ete on ees 670, 671 motacilla: 5:22) e cee scerreeeer ace 640, 645
maceillivrayises-- a. sccaceaeessises 632 NOVEDOLAGENSIS®=- == sesso eee eee 248, 643
MAM lANGiCAe sees aceeee 663, 666, 668, 671 pAlmanumeles- ye ckeeeesseeeee 126, 127, 128
marilandicus®..>-c-ess2seeeeeeeas 663, 670 | (Seiurus, noveboracensis ........-- 645
marylandica......... 663, 666, 668, 670,671 | noveboracensis ........... 643
marylandicuss...ces sche skeet ee 670, 671 | thiltte-2 ee oe conor eet 319
nigrocristatus:..--eeesse sees 740 | bnichas-s.-i e228 hese eeeaeon eee 653, 663
PersOnatUss.2 05.2.2 2.22 Seeee 693, 664, 666 ViTENSs os Aco ator see eee ee 691, 693
philadelphia. 222522 sae scence: 629 VuIPINUS 28.2 so oce eee een 769, 770
poliocephalai.. 222. > 2 -iseae elena 688) |typica;,Calliste larvatal- e225. e-ee-e. ee 49
TOSCOG 3-5 esas eee oes 667 Dacnis cayana, subspesee----------- 394
TOSULAth) 22 soeer a oe eeeee tae ae 675 Icterus cucullatus, subsp .....-..--- 289
(Sylvicola)iformosavs2 22-1 ase 624 Icterus melanocephalus, subsp -...- 281
tCPhLOCOVIS! 2c Heese ees 628 Molothrus pecoris, subsp ..-.-..--.--- 210
tole... beste soe eee ee 632 Quiscalus versicolor, subsp ..-...--- 217
tolmoehs5: cae: St auesecie-e weeeeess 632 Sturnella magna, subsp..........--- 360
Vera tassel seewsccedesasncectaaieee 633 | typicus, Quiscalus versicolor...:-.-.----.-- 217
trichas Geothlypis .-......... 693, 656, 657, 663, 664, =
665, 666, 668, 669, 670, 671, 672 Us:
tri CHAS ay ee eee ee 654, WItramanring-"DaCniseessen eae seen ees oe 395
656, 658, 660, 661, 663 CAVE seeseeee 392, 394, 396
ae 666, 668, 670, 671 ~ subsp ...-..- 395, 396
Tait eee one eat 663, | Ultramarine Dacnisss.- se -26- ee eeeee er 394
666, 668,670,671 | Umbria, Motacilla............-..----....--. ddl
Motachlla., cou. co2e seep eee 663 Sylvia --..--.-++-+++- +--+ 2s25e 2-25: 551
Seis: be ee eee eee tee inn ee EGG pe MCCAIN eee 378
Sylviate a= ee eee 663, 665, 668, 669, 671 brelayi .......----------++---- 381
TUNGUS osc at esac ot eee eee ae 653, 663 lafresnayei ...--..-..--------- 378
Trichothraupis penicillata ..............-.- 139 sittaceum ....-...---..---.--- 381
iri¢olor Aceleusicc). =... ee eee 326, 339 uropygialis, Basileuterus ..........-. 740, 757, 758
plroeniceus, dieessseesee es 326 Cassiculus ....--.----++--++-+-- 190
Ai Gitte. tee Ne 396 | CaSSiCUss 4.4225 scpeeeencereree 190
Acelaiusies eee e-coee 322, 323, 324, 326, 780 Coereba ....--..--------------- 782
Gerthiola. 2.4" cua. cee gate eee 406 Coereba .......--+------- 400, #20, 421
Gurebarees sce meereee 399, 401, 405, 406 Ramphoceelus ...-.------------ 120
TCHERNS: 65-22 ee ee eae 325, 339 Rhamphoceelus..........------ 120
OTIOMISh sete eo Ae 314 | usnee, Compsothlypis americana ....--.... 479,
TANABTAy: os eee eee 34 | 484, 455, 486
Cricolona MOtaci eee see = a= eer ee ae ee 728 | Vv.
Ericolored Blackbirds ee... -= see ee 824) ‘varia, Certhiass.. -2224-52 254-95 eeee se 434
‘Triglyphidial 2... 5. cc sac. ae ener erere 4 Mrniotilitarceeeeceececeee es 432, 434, 783, 784
Callophiryss.s-ce.s seen teen eee 4,8 | VELL Sh 4a Aen Sree 435
occipitalis:..22225- 226.22 6 Motseilla:. ctaseei so: ean sees 431, 433
tnistissS vilviColare eeres eae eee oer 559 Nettariniai=---ss--s-eeee Hower aan 4395
trochilussMotaciila epee sere see ee 512 SVL Vian. <oe seems eee eee 433
SV lwdalteccte et See tte = ae ae 512 | SVlvicola......<2 sss -4-e eee ee 435
Troglog ytidees ote. op Se tee sae ee eee eee 460) evariansRamphocelusis.-..-assseee -eecee 114
‘Proupial sy S255 s2- tes eee sense eee Sa 263) |ivarierata, Danaea. coe ce- re: renee $3
SLroupialscin swat ee os. Seer ee = a eerie 169 | VATIUS 1 GCCLUS Face Seiseioe a one aoe eee 275
Pruipialeg es sichtceeae ech sae seas oe 175 | Oporormis25--5-etae ee ee eee 625
DTUpiAlis’ Hye ss coe eine eee eee 170, 171, 172 | ODiOlusSise.6 525-5 se eee eee eee ee oer 278
muilanensis:2. hoot sae see ee eae ae 353 MAN THOLNUS eae tacts Pee eee 278
SUPEIGIIATISic-2-c0 se see eee eee 3034] Vereta cSylma 22 22 oe <cae eaanicca ase eeeteee te 633
FLUTGUSAQUAlICUS teas - tes selec ee eee 645 Trichas. 2.55. c2ossaceacee see eee 633
INDEX. 831
Page. | Page.
VELASQUIEZI. ECtCTiaelsecmcecicicis clelslele(elelsielelsiaisi= = 695 | VATENSVClCLaro. secre ce aenicciscclecee a 693, 694, 697
VElASQUCZL MCteRi ai sacar winie se ciseteste aes inal 696 WARONS eee cenisiscis er seins 691, 692
velata,, Geothlypisonecsac cles lcsicla= 653, 657, 681 | OTs eee Sats Soke eens 694
Sylvia cacc cue sascm oe ia asctew el = ors 681 | Mimnio tililakgacners fe aoe ieee 564
VEnUStawD ACH stemeteee see ae 392, 396, 397, 781 | Motacillar. ce veces nue ees eee ee 563
VAR aoe Acppeneeoaoenacesaocesan 487 | Rima mphusyeess cee ace a eyae gs cites 564
venustus, Granatellus ........... 697, 698, 699, 700 EVA UI US ere teestete raters iter ete 564
CURIS = sees aes ese o-eeeeeeen ae 700 Sylvigeeirigs nas nenchiseeeracecese 563
Viera Oruz Redo wan gu sae eur.itsye seis ele ae =e 335 SyilvdiColar sess s.< <cjas teers sears else 563, 564
Veraguan White-shouldered Tanager ..... 136 | MUS esate aoe ane seu ic 691, 693
veraguensis, Basileuterus ...........-.--- 7403/70) |e VATE OS PN Aen OSAKeee as itasae watelate!=lotaiciieisiaisceisis 545
leucopygius..... 757 WATS OLS Mere ses ae eee sister citetsisla ciel 601
semicervinus. 742,756 | virescens, Chaleophanes ..............--.-- 248
WeELMivOra PACMAN sz acters ereintcietais tatera=ie 459 IG TETUS) paca ne soe slate aise 272, 282
CanDOMata seen cece acess hae = sl 541 | virginia, Helminthophaga............... 472-473
Celatars ns shoss sessions 464, 466 Helminthophila ......-...- 448, 471,473
ehinysoplerdteassacnicee sees cone 450 Helmintop hil aren == sess <i 473
hulvicapillayssas-'ce- se a2 as 441 MINTO PU tae taeeees eece iseocsts= == 473
MISTESCCNS ssacicnce eas esac seeee HOS! HAVA LINDT US TUS pte tele re tee rateyotetat ete aterelorelats 551
PeNNSVIVANICH esse sees 4408 VireiniatSswWarblerses-scteccmes sone s cz 471
WELeSTIN Vaeecice ae acess Sea AGIG \vAneIMACa OMIA eee oe eee reese iclta eis 81, 83
DIMUS tse dees ene aot ee GO) viridis; Chilorophomiar = 2p <c.> seis yoe <= 5
PIOtONOATIUSS.s2e22 secon asa. 445 TGteria ts Noses ce mete eee eee 694, 696
RAT ance eee apace ema Seka 573 J CUCLI Bs cee coe nee eae eee Ree 694
rubrics pila cepa 2 = nse as <1 470 MuSCICapalses.c-e<erccee asa nee 691, 694
SOlitarlays nse csacinsarciee terete = 458 Peterlawrccs sce ose doses as ante sere 694
SwalnSoniy.-.2 oe steee. = see ae 438 TPANARTAX cesses cle onsets te aes 4
MenrmMivora MOtACHlilas cans ce sts Gece ao 488 | vitellina, Dendroica ............-..-- 587, 610, 611
SwlWiatecesctisce cscsseee sina csine = 738 le Vitellimne Warbler ec.sAce ces soccetee selec ee 610
vermivorus, Helmintherus..-...........-.- AdRs | vitellimus. CGacicusSss2e....< cue. o2e5 see 187, 188, 779
Helminthotherus’ 3-25-24... 441 | GaSSIGUS: . sce acte eect aecee ses eee 189
Helmithenrostsevs-see2 soc See 2 $39) Vill MAIS s i ClERUS) oa cem cece steer inors sees 264
Melmithenus.2s22<.-=5-e262-c 441 QuiscalUszacec sas asco cmes ese 228
Versi COLOny Callisteler ce ceca eee acne DSRS il! MUIMETATA, MUSCICH DE) =< oe cys o1)-jetelei omnis 733
CRlOSpizare. eat bscaun sor eee ones 37,53. | Setophasea = cesses eecseeeece 733
Cardellimarseceec sees <1. 761 | Vulpina, Cichil alopiay sees cce sccm cast ate terior 770
STP MLICUSH mre eecee ee aaa 759, 760, 761 VU DINAS TUL Siae emote = eee eae ete 769, 770
Quiscalus ......... 212,216, 218, 220, 226 #
Setophagarss.csecc sacemcentesca 761 | a
WERE CRISS NEVI ODOLUS oar ee lerer-jsieyrcie a1 islss =e Tole lwaclenris Cassicuse sec. see eeee ese eee ee 177,178
VAGATIUS | Ral) HOT Ae faraia = craps ts cote tala cit ale- cas 62 HUCORYStCS see essai casei ateaie 177,178
(Aglaia) s 2 2ech5-se2e ec ae 62 Teterus--s--eee es 255, 257, 262, 267, 268, 269
THT AU PIS eee cee se earner ee cieeete 62 ° dominicensis, var.......:.< 269
vieilloti, Dendreeca ............-. 527, 529, 530, 531 Ocyalusce ts Oe eee cece 177,178
Den droicaiee tee seceeoee eerie acts 528 Peni cdiwlinuse see ee asec sees 269
WieillOtii vamos oe eee c 529 ZarhynGhus? 2 a2 cia. 22 sci-i-iiss'e1-\= sie 177,178
Syilwicolaeecc sash asa nceeeccee 531 Wapleriiscs-cesceeens 176,177
WeIMOtI, Dendroi@al. .s2scemecin-ce--2 seen 529 vie Wagers Onioleyssca2 tea esto errs ie ers crrsteieict 267
ViFOrsil Den groeea) <2 5-0-2226 ees tans ee 785 Oropendolaet..cccpe eee eee 176
Dendroica s-.--42--- 497495 DOGS GON, GOs I Wihetaillioe ser crise cite ses ca site scietetlalemsleterais 427
Vigorsii. =~ 506,507,599; 602, 78a: || Warbler, Abaco Pine! 22... ...2.22.--.--.0-- 608
Vad Besse sac chose eet aNaeineasre 601 IAG Clade! aise et eee nena DST
MUL COm=yafare crear oe ne Seiecieaes caicoe 601 Alaskan YVellown so scccce «oe cece olt
VWisicyal. IDO MS. aseeacud seconce cadueise seas 396 PANT GUID OMNIS ete ce ne eee ee oe ddl
VI ULETIS SD A CTIIS | crcec sraystarareaeierie aie eee eres 392,396 AUTON A Ae teccine ae ee eke oeeee o31
WIZWLETSED RENIS ses oase se se tes cies wee sas 396 Bach ailSi sacs eee soe eeee eose 458
vinacea, Pheenicothraupis ....... 145, 146, 147, 778 IBGH AIAN oeee aaah aescee ee ae ee 606
Bhoenicothraupiss.s2e-22--esee se 778 eWOWi ee satis ace ctin one 517
Pheenicothraupis ....... EEE erR 778 Bamana = sareecs se ciseckce fee eae 412
TUubDiCass.cees> 142,146 Barbados Vellow ~-22-c-2--c--+2¢ 526
Vinaceous-throated Ant Tanager .........-. 146 Bay-breastedba. cc hme eek cece oni 592
VIOlUCES WLAN APTA ween aa nwine eae acts eae eae 8 BeautifiliParulas.s-4-025------4-- 41
violea, Cassidix oryzivora ..............- 197, 199 Bells eee oe ae heen eee ete sae
WlOlMawaltas Mana praesent eeesee ee sera cic 60 IBC 1UC CIM Ee Seer tectotinc eee Bee 551
MiTeNS PDE Gd roe Cale escee ae ot seca ci ereeete 564, 565 IBISHO DiSteaceericcs sees sorieeeeee 620
Dendroica 2... -..- 503, 504, 662, 564, 568, 784 Black and? Wihilte:. 5.2... ss 132
832
Warbler,
/ INDEX.
Page. Page.
Black-cheeked) 2.2.0 -.scese et c= tol "Warbler, Macpillivray’si.- .5--.as-) ne ccnees 631
“CabeG cesses d0-06- Ee oes jo2 Masnoliat eaten ceener Oe eee 532
=fromted) ctw. 22s. cc centers 555 MAaneroveycen soe soonest oe ee oe 530
=pOll. soecepace eeeser ae eee 595 Martinique Yellow ....-........2. 526
-throated Blue............. 541 MOWING 225252 -0c ee ee ee eee 628
GIiaDYcoseeee eis snn's 556 IM ynbleiin.-.cisasne seen sem tee 546
GYreellsscse esesece 562 Nashiville.a.22.¢ visseneee ere 468
BlackbDurnian) 222..:6--ssss-5-565" at4 Nassau Pine. 2. sass. fee eos eectesc 602
BlvesPTa vets. 5c ease ee ee 543 Northern Rarulas. o2oe--ee2- bees 484
“WiNnked: os 6 ssac ses ae ee estes 455 QOlivievss.. cnr Se eee 493
IBTaASWeLr’ Se 6.25 tale ceme see See ees 755 Orange-crowned'.2.- ssc. +e oe eeioeee 462
IBTOWSECL'S aan 5 Jacana aes 453 Palme eeaches sce sete cee 612,613
Bryant smvcellow 2 cease. soe see ee 529 Panama Yellow <2... s-co--ceecnes 27
But-rumiped)-.3. pss sae se 756 Parla gece saaccc: Case oo poe eee 451
Gaipns' oes. aieed see e eles Couciete eee 545 Pensile\e xs2saatesec eee eee sees 581
Calaveras sisc2 i seeste tek wees 470 Pileolateds .csesesssss eae cee 712
Canadian . 22. .2 2oec faccicceassece 716 Pin @: Soh Sas sas Sa eiee acts ene eeee 599
Cape: May. 2 osncd eee se isecy OOe Pink-headed)j2: setae ee secs sie cetee 760
Carbonated) ss 225 ste Jose. ny, Soe 540 Plum beous tans usnsscee ere eke ee 617
Cerulean saad oes cene 570 Porto mRican Wellowieees = secs oe 518
Chestniutesidedis sash cheese cee as9 IPPAITIG ae ks he cae eh peas Ween eee 607
Ghispassc\s sasiGe eee ae oe eae 748 Prothonotary) sssss4- sess see eee 442
Chilpancingo -sss-a5 ss cee eee 745 FRO) St se none J Peet ne Roe vies 759
GhiniguisParwlaess sie o-oo 487 —fRGedis: 51 2ets seasc see eeee 720
Colima 2: sascec4ec555 0225226525256 473 Rufous-capped 2-2 222 - sens. sess 745
Conmecticut 2222-545. soso eae 625 | St. Andrews Yellow ....-.-.+.-..- 524
Costa Rican Buff-rumped.....---- 797 Salyin's!. 52: 22222552. 1st eee tits 749
CoZWMel Mellow seeene == cee ase eee 524 Santavboucial "42-402. fae. cnceeee 588
GQuwbaiens sate saeco eee cee 605 Sclateris:<.35 8 acne pee eee 790
MEM OWeesne ac oe eee e roe 920 SemperiSs:. 42200 steers eee 651
Guracao-Yellow s2:222-+-2s=e5ece 925 Sennett's)Parullay.goseccce va 5e cee 490
Decoratedsas joc. 52e. sess se ee eee aS6 | Small-headedat sss ee teen eases 709
Welotitress2-42 95: 5 hoes eeoeeee ese 749 SOCOMlOl s2222-Pe seo cee areas eine 492
Muyp est Se ost sh ssse tec amen eee 747 SOnNOraniy GllOWsenaesee sees ase eee 512
Velowwi saeco emece seeeenae= o13 | Streak Cdi..2 2 a.0aseeeeeee tee oe 618
DUSK Weciare sae oate coe os Oe ee Eee 467 | Swain son’Si. ace. acess e eee eee 436
I A =talen 2 25 52,< cciien poco ene 736 SVGAM ONG 2. <2=-52 seen eee aeeeeene 582
EDM AMMA Saracen seca ce seen 649 Tennessee) 3ssaaansee cesses Sees 460
WORMS) Serco seen ese cere Pease 649 TOWSeN GiSsea<¢ 2 aeceeeeeeee set 559
Galapagos Yellow ......-..-..-.-- o21 Mres;Maniasarula 2722.0 -scseseee 492
Godmian’s's3 25-0 aes ese ne ee 756 | Wirginises ess Jo 5 sscmseaee ee naeaere 471
Golden-cheeked! 2. 32.3225. 42= 5-252 565 Witelline-23 <2. 222 c6t ss2scee ee eee 610
Pileolated at a-5- 2 8c 714 | Western fan-tailed................ 738
=WitlSed! 2 scat eeaeeec eee 448 | Parula: osc sactssee eee 456
Goldmatltsiss 5. = ste. eee se soe ace 996 Willson? Sis2e os by. ee ee ee 710
Graces se. 6 hi ea-sek ee ean een aS4 Worm=eating oAt6 em. 2- a aseeee ee 439
Grand Cayman Yellow ..-....-..- 517 Wellows 222.925 2222 ame see 50S
Greypoll es. s2-s42-oaseoe eee eee 576 =frouited! cates acer ates 451
Guadeloupe Yellow ..-......-.... Are Pali oe sonesceeee ec oaseee 616
Guatemalan. 223 asasss ceases 744 “throated... chasesesessee 078, 581
Parwla:e-caseaceeces 4SShi Warblers) Wood's. et oe oe eee eeeee seer 425
HisitiameGroundss sasen sense ae Ga2e| Water hhnush == --s2 52655825 = ee eee 642
TPARtlBuUbySs. vooce seam esc e sane ae 477 | Grinnell’st2-ceeaccseeeee see 645
Hermite sa. 2a neoesos as hoo = aac ee 967 LOWISIaNaz.ss2<-s-ee ace aoe 639
Hooded <2. 222 scenes ooceres sone ees 7Oot | WellSBananaquiten. - -oe-eeee see e eee 420
WTAZIW aos ces asedesose sec escceees 476 | Wellsi, ‘Certhiole -:<:<--.-2seee-5seene eee 423
WMIISCOlSer eestecteseanne cence eases 799 | Coeré ba: 227.2525 oes one 401, 407, 42:
Jamaican YeOMUO Ww a-c-- sss. cc o-eos- a15 | Wenman Island Certhidea.:.-.......-.---- 767
POWYS) ce seek cacti se eee moemewns 746 | Western Fan-tailed Warbler..........--.--- 738
Kentucky gees. aecceenescee ances 622 | Meadowlark? 5-ac-- eee een eres 365
Reintland’siac seas sete ee ee wee seer 603. | Parula Warblers sessesseeseeseee 456
ANVNEN CONS ewe seein ceria sete 452 | Summenifanggenrss-.ceee-e ee ceeee $3
Michtenstein’s o-5-<- emcees eases fas | Yellow=throstass-ece-cee escorts 668
Rongtatlewd <p eee seeen= 445 | White-fronted Chlorospingus .....--.------ 162
TG SS itciacroes eee Cae ee eels 473 | -shouldered ane eer--ceesseseeeeeene 132
ILUTCESEE Mtoe carta ania cise tae cione 466
Costa Rican...-
ist
833
INDEX.
Page. Page.
White-shouldered Tanager Veraguan.. .... L3G) | xanthornuscterus=ts--seeceer eee 260, 302
-throated Shrike-Tanager..........-.. 124 KEUUIGMOLM US see peels ate 260,
=—ventede HUpHOMIG ss. ceeeeicecee eels <2 23 261, 263, 300
ewineed Nanas eres secre eae see 99 QNereteistye ers 302
WalSOnigaee seen este ccine tess sess 430, 703, 738 Oriolusheet eee ees ose 264, 302
DONA PALil-sss css sees On pexamthoroa, SVaviseeeoee eee oe ce eo eae eee dal
CanaAGgdensise-ees-o-c-si-i 705, 716, 718, 784 KAMPUOLUS WICveLUS seee eee soe ee eee ee 302
MNCrOcephala pesnasce erereee 704, 709 OTIOMUS 22s etese ine ns seweeeeeeee 302
SEW UL GEN eres operetta cae alsiais mteistaseiar= (09Es|Xtamtph OSOMUS mane ee eee eat LReeeeee eee 319, 321
ANAL Ae =e eee eee 704, 705,707 | xanthrocephalus, Ageliaus ................ 349
usillayseet wee e see teas 704, 710, 713, 740 | Xantocephalus xantocephalus...........-.. 349
CDLYSCOlAIs see sane eeeee 705,714 | xantocephalus, Xantocephalus ..........-. 349
pileolata:--: 704; 705, 712; 713, 715: |, Xenodacnis --..--- 2... 3222-22. - 2222-2 375
pusillaseesecssee 704, 705, 710,785 | y
Willsondi eMUSCi Capa) sacc. ens cisco ee = 711 | F
IMyTOdIOCtESEe aces eee eee esas eee mide) eterusybaltimore-. = =-22=24-@6 252-222 222e 314
SVIVAMIDRE co esac nee ccs secs secemcs 711 Yellow-bellied Grosbeak .................--- 81
SW < occ Sars eo ccciecee eee alle) RE GStUbia peers se ee cleats riod
WillsomissWarblerisce a5 seme. cee of eaaaceeca 710 | =Dreasveds Chain seeeree sae aeeecees 693
WOOGEWarblerstacass sie ascso ses ccc eee see 425 | Chlorospingus ............ 166
Worm-eating Warbler............2.......-- 439 | sprowedubanaren een eee seen 40, 154
INET ENS! lasecce anise nceeel sass Slee Se cecise 426 -cheeked Creeper --2.252.-..-2+<--- 385
ws -crowned Euphonia............----- 20
a -fronted Warbler..........2.-2-.++-- 451
Xam nOce pH Alsi sass see a sasee oe 170,175, 846 -headeduBlackbirdeeerce ec -0 <orls 347
icterocephalus...........- 349 Wellowsthroatwassesss-csee 680
JONSI PES Perea seeee eee 350 Oriole wae Senco nee eens 300
perspicillatus....2.-c2. .: 300 (Pal MENARD lenses cc ecaecona eee 615
xanthocephalus .........- 248, -rumped Tanager......... Lee en gee 113
347, 349, 781 -shouldered Blackbird.............. 344
xanthocephalus, Agelaius................-- 349 =talledu@rioley: <ees- sean renee 305
NETERUS See eh eee = 346, 348 =H ToOaig. Adbaw Muir acess nee ae eee 680
Xanthocephalus......-.... 248, PANN GCLLOSta tes ate) ease eee 677
347, 349, 781 IBBUTG Sie ease enn oe eee 682
KAMGMOMUS AS CleUSt een alns seine aimee oeee 344 IBCIGING SEA etc eeeee seeece 679
Agelaius' 22sec sae. pes oe 320, 323, 344 IB IGVU DES re ren ees ee eee 674
MGCERUS Mae eeee ot ee Serene 319 ChiniQuiee "oe oe ye eae 681
XA PHODSAR eee cere eee aces ones oaeieme 170, 321 COrygS ae cee oe ae eee eee 677
xanthopygius, Heterospingus ....-..--... 103, 104 Hi dal gO se =e eee 685
Tachyphonus ~<..:5: eee 104,105: HOODEO: 28 cise anes eee 685
MAN GHOLVOAM OVLVIa sees ae ce eee sie ee eier 551 Pala aeasee ae sees ae is eee 673
xXanthornis;, Psarocolius= 2. js. ses5- sscc2 sl 302 eSsereAbaCOh- sess eee 677
PMANTHOMMUS yas mee seen eee cise ease oases seme 255 HSUIbCOUS Emer eer eee ere 678
a DeINEIRe eee es aces 319 Maryland sa peso ee 661
DONAN Ase Ect an piece eres 280 Maymardesitsnct sos micoacebe 676
bwllockiiteeeeesssesaaneeee ee 289, 316 North erm eas ete sep anes- oes 664
CHEYSALCIE seen eee eee es 295, 779 Oriza bast asee aces sce se eee 683
COKIN haseseansooeraosooode 192 IPACINCOSS Ts See ete Eeeee 670
decumanustexsa-ee ee es seco: 183, 185 SaltiMarsh= 2-2 ee soeseeeee 672
GominiGensis:--22es-s. -ecese 272,274 SaniBlasitec cate eee aon 672
HY POM] AS s-seeasm ese 272 Southerner 5 acne esos ee 667
ESSOM Ieee Geyer eee esee cee 271 MAMIMET SH see eee e= sees 676
IMM Ee ese ee eres ees che secs 302 WESTER hee sce eisaes ore eeere 668
AGL sree seis See epee ee 185 Yellow-headed ..........-.- 680
melanocephalus ...........- 281, 283 =~hroatedn@reeper= 2.224. s.sscee = 581
MelaNnopterus|=see-sece sea ae 295 NWerblertecmesmcaeecne- 978, 581
IMESOME LAS reeaceer rene seca 306 Warbler setecer se cssse es aene es eee 508
MiPTOSULATISMe see cesses see es 302 WAvlaskamnt ea sacetys caja 514
DOLLOLICENSIS= eee eeee ee eee eee 273 Bahama see eee 517
prosthemelassensee-peeee ese ee 270 Barbadosis sss: ences ee 526
TUDPTICOMISE sem se eee eee arenes 353 BEV ANIGS ee eco nae eee 529
SPURS poe oe es cee ya See esis esieee 278 Cozumel eas sae aeeneeee ae 524
VEMUUS ieeiereiasctot sea nace sete 278 Cubans ane se aeeeeerce 520
SAN TOOMNUS PAS elas es .eee eee sees 302 Curacao n~ -2ascerer eee e ne 525
COraclasyasrcccmee stare eeciee 302 DUP OSes Sac aaist meas sacle 513
iy PHANTCS! tesesecececeeeere 344 Galapagosie eres smeseeere 521
38654—VvoL 2—01——53
834 INDEX. 7
Page.
Yellow Warbler, Grand Cayman ........--- oL7 | Yucatan AntyPanager iss. 2c ee eae
Guadeloupe .2 54 a2. -=-2-- 523 Gray-headed Tanager......-..--.-
VaAMaiGANn ns seeaee ese see 515 ONOlG cc ses beeen menos esc Jee ecee
Martinique: st! 76 sees ene 526 | yucatanensis, Icterus gularis.....-.....-
Panam areca Ae eoael nee © 527
Porto Rican . 2:25... -2--- 518 | Z.
St. Ande wea cetacean O24 Zarhiynehussacqnececas-seseee 169, 171, 172, 173,175
Sonoran seas te neeeeee 512 Wwagleriscs-c¢ sce eea-ee ees 177,178
Yphantés jo. 5-52. yess scgasssee awe tees 255 | MER GaMMS see eee 178
paltiMOre. ss. c eee aie ae 314 | waplerls. sogees nee 176,177
baltimorensisis-.asec-ea-c ee ee S14) zena Rringillas j2-ccaces ose es oe oes 65, 70, 72
bullockitios. 3325. shai ee ct one 289, 317 Spindalis! -seee sae tc acces 64, 70,72
COzZtOtOtl Oo Ae ae seo se see ees 319 ESTA Sh fen faa n i eras 64, 70,71
SPUTUUS see eo lolete aa hates eee 278 Anse Takes. ce sacs roe See 65, 70, 72
Yop HAM GS) rete Separates aia = ce eta 2p. eZ NOLO es TAN BoM eae senna esac ee ee as 65
Ypophaea .....-.-- pec et te eee cece eee eee ee 8,9 | ‘
O
"1048 SIGNVHHLNG °9 ‘sejowoskiyo SIGNVHYHLIWSH °S "eyeAIe] WZIdSOTWO “V7
‘eg!97l
BULLETIN NO. 50, PART 2, PL. 1
U. Ss NATIONAL MUSEUM
h
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN NO. 50, PART 2, PL. Il
= = eg A ae
es
3. PIRANGA erythromelas.
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN NO. 50, PART 2, PL. Ill
1. RAMPHOCELUS passerinii.
146666.
3. HETEROSPINGUS rubrifrons.
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN NO. 50, PART 2, PL. IV
JOSU.
YEE MEM 2 NOT
Minti % —==>
146220.
1. LANIO aurantius.
3. PHAENICOPHILUS palmarum.
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN NO. 50, PART 2, PL. V
$
:
:
5
—
Waryqunt
\)
Al)
3. CHLOROTHRAUPIS carmioli.
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN NO. 50, PART 2, PL. VI
3. MITROSPINGUS cassini.
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN NO. 50, PART 2? PL. VIE
ZARHYNCHUS wagleri.
Ty ee ye
a at ss.
O75 bre =
1?
— se
“red ee te ee, ae Oe eo eee
.
BULLETIN NO. 50, PART 2, PL. VIII
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM
‘euinzazuowW SdONILSONWAD
a Sh Sea
Se)
ihe
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN NO. 50, PART 2, PL. IX
OSTINOPS decumanus.
BULLETIN NO. 50, PART 2, PL. X
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM
“snuNjaytA SNOIOWO
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM
|. AMBLYCERCUS holosericeus.
BULLETIN NO. 50, PART 2, PL. XI
nicterus
2. CASSICULUS mela
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN NO. 50, PART 2, PL. XIl
CASSIDIX oryzivora,
BULLETIN NO. 50, PART 2, PL. XIII
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM
“snuljosed SNDVHdOOAI1OOS ‘Vv
*snsoaizAso XANOHOIIOG “€
$ ~~ (fw
arg 09%, i :
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN NO. 50, PART 2, PL. XIV
3. MEGAQUISCALUS major.
U. S NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN NO. 50, PART 2, PL. XV
2. QUISCALUS quiscula.
é
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM
BULLETIN NO. 50, PART 2, PL. XVI
1. LEISTES militaris.
2. PTILOXENA atroviolacea.
3. NESOPSAR nigerrimus.
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN NO. 50, PART 2, PL. XVII
3. STURNELLA magna.
1. DIVES dives.
2. XANTHOCEPHALUS xanthocephalus.
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN NO. 50, PART 2, PL. XVIII
1. DIGLOSSA baritula.
7. MNIOTILTA varia. 8. HELMITHEROS vermivorus.
art
heer“
BULLETIN NO. 50, PART 2, PL. XIX
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM
“siyeuny3nB SiIdATHLOAHO *Z
‘snaoeao SQWWHGAIONAd ‘7
¢
S * af
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN NO. 50, PART 2, PL. XX
4. GEOTHLYPIS trichas.
7. CHAM/ETHLYPIS poliocephala.
XXl
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM
BULLETIN NO. 50, PART 2, PL.
“SN4OAIDIND
SNYALNATISVA “9
“snyeiuius SNYOSOIAW ‘PV
BULLETIN NO. 50, PART 2, PL. XXII
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM
“eaoealj0 WACIHLYAD “9
‘saqns SNOILVOYSA “V
*suodpyligns WNITTAZGYHWO 7%
“HUAI
3 9088 014
Live Music Archive
Librivox Free Audio
Metropolitan Museum
Cleveland Museum of Art
Internet Arcade
Console Living Room
Books to Borrow
Open Library
TV News
Understanding 9/11