MONTANA
STATE
This **cover" page added by the Internet Archive for formatting purposes
581*52»
Hllspsta
1990
STATE DOCUMENTS COLLECTION
SEP l"^' 1992
MONTANA STATE LIBRARY
1515 E. 6th AVE.
HELENA, MONTANA 59520
SENSITIVE PLANT SURVEYS IN THE
BULL RIVER AND ADJACENT DRAINAGES
U.S.D.A. FOREST SERVICE - REGION 1
KOOTENAI NATIONAL FOREST
MONTANA
Prepared by:
Lisa Ann Schassberger and J. Stephen Shelly
Montana Natural Heritage Program
State Library Building
1515 E. 6th Avenue
Helena, MT 5^620
Order No.
43-03J1-9-0208
March 1990
Pi
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This is an abridged report
For the full report please contact:
The Montana Natural Heritage Program
1515 E Sixth Ave
Helena, Montana 59620
406-444-3009'
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ii
INTRODUCTION 1
METHODS 2
SPECIES OF SPECIAL CONCERN
A. Lomatium bicolor var. bicolor 4
B. Madia minima 14
C. Heterocodon rariflorum 28
D. Spiraea x pyramidata 39
SIGNIFICANT HABITATS
A. Open slope/ledge communities 49
B. Wetlands 49
SUMMARY 52
LITERATURE CITED 53
/
PLANT LIST 54
INTRODUCTION
The Bull River is a prominent drainage located in Sanders
County, northwestern Montana. Originating on the western slopes
of the Cabinet Mountains, the river flows south for approximately
27 river miles before feeding into Cabinet Gorge Reservoir.
Northwestern Montana is strongly influenced by moist
maritime airmasses that move through from the Pacific Ocean. The
airmasses provide abundant rain- and snowfall, mild winter
temperatures, and generally humid cloudy conditions. These
conditions have allowed for the development of a forest complex
similar to adjacent northern Idaho. Following the habitat
classification of Pfister et al. (1977) , valley bottoms are
dominated by a Tsuga heterophylla / Clintonia unif lora (western
hemlock / queencup beadlily) , the moister Aralia nudicaulis (wild
sasparilla) phase, and Thuja plicata / Clintonia unif lora
(western red cedar / queencup beadlily) habitat types. Higher
slopes support a transitional Pseudotsuga menziesii / Linnaea
borealis (Douglas-fir / western twinf lower) habitat type.
Numerous wildlife species, including grizzly and black bear,
deer, elk and mountain goat, are found in the Bull River valley.
The bottomland vegetation adjacent to the river has been altered
through various land use practices such as logging of the
dominant cedar and hemlock forests, conversion of wet meadows to
hay meadows, and invasion by non-native weedy species. Except
for wetland areas, limited amounts of native vegetation remain
intact. On the hillsides surrounding the valley there has been
some logging, and in places weedy species are a problem; however,
much of this area is still vegetatively intact.
This report contains information on a rare plant inventory
conducted on 19-23 June and 24-28 July 1989 in portions of the
Bull River valley. These surveys emphasized the verification of
previously documented sensitive plant sites, and inventory of
previously unsurveyed locations that appfeared to contain suitable
habitat for such species. Additionally, a day and a half was
spent surveying U.S. Forest Service lands (Kootenai National
Forest) near Rock Creek, Marten Creek, and the mouth of the
Vermillion River for Satureja douglasii , a rare plant known to
occur on private lands on Rock Creek, but not yet known from U.S.
Forest lands in this vicinity.
METHODS
On the basis of existing floristic information, a list of
rare plants known or suspected to occur in the Bull River valley
was prepared. Species included were:
Cirsium brevistvluV (short-styled thistle)
* Allium f ibrillum (fringed onion)
Brasenia schreberi (water-shield)
* Calamaqrostis tweedyi (cascade reedgrass)
* Clarkia rhomboidea (common clarkia)
* Cvpripedium calceolus var. oarviflorum (small yellow
lady 's-slipper)
* Geocaulon lividum (northern bastard toad-flax)
Halenia deflexa (spurred gentian)
* Howellia aquatilis (water howellia)
Lilium columbianum (tiger lily)
* Lomatium qeyeri (Geyer's biscuit root)
Madia minima^ (small-head tarweed)
Rubus ursinus (Pacific blackberry)
* Satureia douglasii (yerba buena)
Spiraea x pyramidata (pyramidal spiraea)
* = Region 1 sensitive species
^ = taxa previously recorded in the Bull River drainage
Ocular reconnaissance was used to locate potentially rare
plant species during searches in the Bull River valley and
surrounding areas. Owing to the extent of the area to be covered
and the time constraints, the most likely habitats for these
species were searched in detail, while other areas were covered
as time allowed.
Field collections were identified using Flora of the Pacific
Northwest (Hitchcock and Cronquist 1973)', Vascular Plants of the
Pacific Northwest (Hitchcock et al. 1955-1969) , and Vascular
Plants of Montana (Dorn 1984). Voucher specimens were collected
for several areas.
The first section of this report includes information
pertaining to the rare plant species that were found to occur on
Forest Service lands: Lomatium bicolor var. bicolor. Madia
minima, Heterocodon rariflorum, and Spiraea x pyramidata.
Although none of these species are currently on the U.S. Forest
Service Region 1 (Northern Region) sensitive species list, they
are on the Montana Natural Heritage Program list of plant species
of special concern for Montana. The reports emphasize
information on populations found in the Bull River valley. The
numbers in parentheses following the site names refer to the
Natural Heritage Program Element Occurrence Record for that
location (records are found at the end of the respective sections
for each species) .
Additionally, although a comprehensive plant inventory of
the valley was not attempted, a list of observed vascular plants
was prepared (pp. 54-60) . This list is organized alphabetically
by family, genus and species.
SPECIES OF SPECIAL CONCERN
Lomatium bicolor var bicolor
SPECIES INFORMATION
A. CLASSIFICATION
1. SCIENTIFIC NAME: Lomatium bicolor (S. Watson)
Coulter & Rose var. bicolor
2. COMMON NAME: bicolor biscuitroot.
3. FAMILY: Apiaceae (= Umbelliferae, Carrot Family).
4. GENUS: There are approximately 75 species in the
genus Lomatium in western and central North
America (Hitchcock et al. 1955-1969) . Twelve of
these species occur in Montana (Dorn 1984) .
5. SPECIES: Most of the species in this notoriously
difficult genus are fairly well defined; however,
to distinguish among them usually requires a
combination of several characters (Hitchcock et
al. 1955-1969) . Lomatium bicolor is distinguished
from other species in the genus Lomatium that
occur in western Montana by the following
characters: lace-like leaf segments, yellow
flower petals, long narrow fruit, somewhat bulbous
roots, and a slender stature (Dorn 1984, Hitchcock
et al. 1955-1969, Schlessman 1984). In Montana,
it is represented by var.' bicolor (Lincoln
Constance, pers. comm.).
B. PRESENT LEGAL OR OTHER FORMAL STATUS
1. FEDERAL STATUS
a. U.S. FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE: None.
b. U.S. FOREST SERVICE: None.
2. STATE: This species was listed as a rare disjunct
in Montana by the Montana Rare Plant Project
(Lesica et al. 1984) . The L. bicolor var. bicolor
populations of Montana are widely separated from
the main species range, which is centered in
southeast Idaho and northern Utah (Schlessman
1984) .
The Montana Natural Heritage Program (Shelly pers.
comm.) currently designates Lomatium bicolor var.
bicolor as "globally rare" (global rank = G4T3) .
It is also listed as "imperiled in Montana" (state
rank = S2) , where it is known from Ravalli (12
populations) and Sanders (1 population) counties.
Variety bicolor also occurs in northern Utah,
southwestern Wyoming, and southeastern Idaho.
None of the state ranks listed above currently
provide any direct legal protection for L. bicolor
var. bicolor.
C. DESCRIPTION
1. GENERAL NONTECHNICAL DESCRIPTION: Lomatium
bicolor var. bicolor has somewhat slender stems
that are 12-30 inches in height. These stems bear
fine lace-like leaves typical of the Carrot
Family. Small clusters of yellow flowers occur in
a flat topped inflorescence (flower cluster) .
Once pollinated, flowers mature into long,
narrowly elliptic fruits, which have slight wings
along the edges. Long tuberous roots with bulbous
thickenings aid in this plant's stability and
nutrition.
2. TECHNICAL DESCRIPTION: Plants acaulescent or
caulescent with several basal and one or two
cauline leaves. Roots irregularly tuberous, up to
7.5 cm. long and 2 cm. in diameter. Leaves
ternately-pinnately compound and pinnately to
quinately dissected; ultimate leaf segments (30-)
80-250, filiform, 2.5-5 mm long, 0.2-0.4 (-0.7)
mm. wide, the apices acutfe. Fruiting pedicels 1-
10 mm. long at maturity. Mericarps lingulate in
cross section, elliptic in outline, 8-16 mm. long,
1.5-4.5 mm. wide; lateral wings of the mericarps
0.3-0.7 mm wide; oil canals 1 (-3) in the
intervals, 2-4 on the commissure (Schlessman
1984) .
3. LOCAL FIELD CHARACTERS: Lomatium bicolor var.
bicolor overlaps in its distribution, and co-
occurs with, a number of other species in the
genus Lomatium in Montana. A number of
characteristics are necessary to distinguish these
species from one another (Hitchcock et al. 1955-
1969) . Lomatium bicolor var. bicolor has a more
slender stature, and less distinctly winged
fruits, than the very robust and common L.
dissectum. Lomatium qeyeri is more similar in
stature to L. bicolor var. bicolor, but has wider
ultimate leaf segments, and white or purple
flowers. Lomatium bicolor var. bicolor and
Lomatium sandbergii both have yellow flowers and
very fine lace-like leaf segments, but the latter
has shorter fruits, short leafy shoots, and roots
that are generally not bulbous (Schlessman 1984) .
D. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION
1. RANGE: In Montana, L. bicolor var. bicolor is
known from 12 locations in the Bitterroot
Mountains (Bitterroot National Forest) , Ravalli
County, and a single recently recorded site in
Sanders County. The distribution of L. bicolor
var. bicolor in Montana is shown in Figure 1, p.
11.
The Berray Trail (001) population in Sanders
County occurs on the Kootenai National Forest.
Population information for this site, including
size, elevation, location and associated species,
is included on p. 12. The exact location of the
Berray Trail (001) subpopulations are marked on a
U.S.G.S. topographic map, p. 13.
Variety bicolor is also known from northern Utah,
southeastern Idaho, and southwestern Wyoming. It
does not appear to be very common in either
Wyoming (Mollis Marriott, pers. comm.) or Utah
(Ben Franklin, pers. comm.).
E . HABITAT
/
1. ASSOCIATED VEGETATION: In Montana, Lomatium
bicolor var. bicolor occurs from mid- to high
elevations in the mountains, in gravelly scree or
rocky habitats. These sites appear to be moist in
spring and early summer, but are dry by August.
Although the Berray Trail (001) subpopulations
were not in areas of dense vegetation, they were
associated with a number of other plant species,
including:
Aspidotis densa (podfern)
Calochortus apiculatus (pointed mariposa)
Cryptoqramma acrostichoides (parsley fern)
Lomatium ambiquum (swale desert parsley)
Lomatium dissectum (fern-leaved lomatium)
Penstemon lyallii (Lyall's beardtongue)
Penstemon wilcoxii (Wilcox's penstemon)
Physocarpus malvaceus (mallow ninebark)
Selaginella wallacei (Wallace selaginella)
2. TOPOGRAPHY: In Montana, all of the L. bicolor
var. bicolor populations occur on steep, rocky
scree slopes. These sites often have a more
southerly or easterly aspect. The individual
plants of the Berray Trail (001) subpopulations
were established in the crevices of rocky outcrops
and on steep scree slopes.
3. SOIL RELATIONSHIPS: In Montana, populations of L,
bicolor var. bicolor occur on mineral soils that
appear to contain little or no organic matter.
This species possesses a stout root system, which
can grow deep into rock crevices. This allows
individuals to become established on rocky scarps
or on moving scree slopes (pers. obs.).
4. REGIONAL CLIMATE: The mountainous region of
northwestern Montana is dominated by a cool
Pacific temperate climate. Winters in this region
are cold and snowy, and the summers are warm and
rainy. The highest amounts of precipitation
accumulate during the period from November through
January in the form of snow. The weather
collection site at Trout Creek Ranger Station is
approximately 15 miles east of the Bull River
valley, and at an elevation of 2,370 feet (the L.
bicolor var. bicolor subpopulations are at 4,000
to 4,700 feet in elevation). For the period from
1951-1980, the July mean temperature at Trout
Creek Ranger Station was 65.0° F, the January mean
was 24.1° F, and the mean annual precipitation was
30.49 inches (U.S. Departtnent of Commerce 1982).
F. POPULATION DEMOGRAPHY, BIOLOGY AND SPECIATION
1. PHENOLOGY: Populations of L. bicolor var. bicolor
in the Bull River valley may begin to flower in
late May to early June, and bear immature fruits
by the end of June. According to Schlessman
(1984) , this species (across its range) flowers
from April through June, with fruits maturing from
late April to early August.
2. POPULATION SIZE AND CONDITION: The two observed
subpopulations in the Bull River valley
collectively contained fewer than 1,000 individual
plants. Although not large, the subpopulations
did appear to be in good condition, with numerous
fruiting individuals.
REPRODUCTIVE BIOLOGY
a. TYPE OF REPRODUCTION: Lomatium bicolor var.
bicolor is a perennial species known to
reproduce by seed (Schlessman 1984). New
ramets may also be produced through extension
of the root system (pers. obs.).
b. POLLINATION BIOLOGY: The umbels
(inflorescences) of L. bicolor var. bicolor
contain both perfect (male-female) flowers
and staminate (male) flowers. Schlessman
(1984) reports that species in this group are
known to reproduce by pollen transfer from
one flower to another on the same plant
(geitonogamous selfing) , and by outcrossing.
Pollination is then nearly assured, and some
seed production can occur even under adverse
conditions.
Although there is often overlap in flowering
times of co-occurring species, hybridization
between species in the tuberous Lomatiums is
apparently not common. Controlled
interspecific crosses demonstrated strong
postmating isolating mechanisms (Schlessman
1984) .
c. SEED DISPERSAL AND BIOLOGY: The seeds of
Lomatium species are often winged, and wind
dispersal may be possible (Schlessman 1984).
However, due to seed weight and size, it is
doubtful that seeds of L. bicolor var.
bicolor are blown vety far from the parent
plant.
d. PHYLOGENY AND SPECIATION: Hybridization does
not appear to be pronounced in the tuberous
Lomatiums. Instead, geographical isolation
and divergence are probably the sole source
of speciation (Schlessman 1984) . Schlessman
(1984) contends that L. bicolor var. bicolor
is most closely allied with L. bicolor var.
leptocarpumr and secondarily with L.
quintuplex. However, Lincoln Constance
(pers. comm.) recently commented that L.
cfuintuplex may in fact be even more closely
allied with L. bicolor var. bicolor than var.
leptocarpum. Further study is necessary to
better understand the systematics of these
species.
G. POPULATION ECOLOGY
1. BIOLOGICAL INTERACTIONS
a. COMPETITION: This species appears to be
restricted to mineral soils that are also not
heavily vegetated. It is possible that L.
bicolor var. bicolor is shade-intolerant.
Interspecific competition does not appear to
be a factor in this species distribution.
b. HERBIVORY: Unknown.
H. LAND OWNERSHIP
1. Berray Trail (001) - U.S. Forest Service, Kaniksu
National Forest, managed by the Kootenai National
Forest.
II. ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT RECOMMENDATIONS
A. THREATS TO CURRENTLY KNOWN POPULATIONS: There are
currently no observed threats to the Berray Trail (001)
L. bicolor var. bicolor subpopulations.
B. MANAGEMENT PRACTICES AND RESPONSE: Not known.
C. RECOMMENDATIONS FOR MAINTAINING VIABLE POPULATIONS:
The locations of the known subpopulations of L. bicolor
var. bicolor on the Kootenai National Forest are in
areas that are unlikely to be affected by most
management practices, and the subpopulations are
probably self-maintaining.
/
D. RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FURTHER ASSESSMENT: The Berray
Trail (001) population needs no further assessment.
However, Lomatium bicolor var. bicolor was observed on
only one peak in the Bull River valley. Although not
extensive, there is more habitat on Forest Service
lands in the valley that may support populations of
this species.
E. SUMMARY: During surveys of the Bull River valley in
northwestern Montana in 1989, one population of
Lomatium bicolor var. bicolor was found on the Kootenai
National Forest, Sanders County, Montana. The Berray
Trail (001) population represents a range extension of
approximately 130 miles northwest of the nearest known
populations of L. bicolor var. bicolor. which are
located in the Bitterroot Mountains of Montana.
Although not extensive, there is more habitat that may
support populations of L. bicolor var. bicolor in the
Bull River valley.
11
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Name: LOMATIUM BICOLOR VAR BICOLXDR
Common Name: BICOLOR BISCUITROOT
Global rank: G4T3
State rank: S2
Forest Service status: NONE
Federal Status: NONE
Element occurrence code: PDAPI1B020 . 001
Survey site name: BERRAY TRAIL
County: Sanders
uses quadrangle: IBEX PEAK
Township-range: 027N 033W Section: 01
Township-range comments: SE4NW4
Survey date: 1989-06-23
First observation: 1989
Last observation: 1989-06-23
Elevation: 4880
Slope/aspect: 0-35% / SOUTH
Size (acres) : 4
Location:
BULL RIVER VALLEY, CA. 1.5 MILES EAST OF HIGHWAY 56 AND CA.
1 MILE NORTH OF F.S. ROAD #407, ALONG THE BERRAY MOUNTAIN
TRAIL.
Element occurrence data:
101-1000 PLANTS, FRUITING.
General site description:
ROCKY OUTCROPS AND SCREE SLOPES (POSSIBLY SILTSTONE) , WITH
L. DISSECTUM, L. AMBIGUUM, CALOCHORTUS APICULATUS,
SELAGINELLA WALLACEI, PENSTEMON WILCOXII, AND CRYPTOGRAMMA
ACROSTICHOIDES. ^
Land owner/manager:
KOOTENAI NATIONAL FOREST, CABINET RANGER DISTRICT
Comments:
VOUCHER - SCHASSBERGER, L.A. (283), 1989, MONTU . DUPLICATE
SPECIMEN VERIFIED BY L. CONSTANCE, UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA,
SECOND SUBPOPULATION AT 4,080 FT.
Information source:
SCHASSBERGER, L.A. AND J.S. SHELLY. MONTANA NATURAL HERITAGE
PROGRAM, 1515 EAST SIXTH AVE., HELENA, MT 59620.
Element Occurrence Record - Kootenai National Forest
Montana Natural Heritage Progran
14
Madia minima
SPECIES INFORMATION
A. CLASSIFICATION
1. SCIENTIFIC NAME: Madia minima (Gray) Keck.
2. COMMON NAME: small head tarweed.
3. FAMILY: Asteraceae (=Compositae, Sunflower
Family) .
4. GENUS: There are approximately 17 species of
Madia native to western North America and Chile
(Hitchcock et al. 1955-1969) . According to Dorn
(1984) , four of these species occur in Montana.
5. SPECIES: Madia minima commonly occurs with Madia
exigua in Montana. Technically, it is
distinguished from the latter by the possession of
achenes that are compressed at right angles to a
radius of the head (unique in the genus) , and
leaves which are mostly or all opposite (Hitchcock
et al. 1955-1969) .
B. PRESENT LEGAL OR OTHER FORMAL STATUS
1. FEDERAL STATUS
a. U.S. FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE: None.
b. U.S. FOREST SERVICE:/ None.
2. STATE: Madia minima is currently listed by the
Montana Natural Heritage Program (Shelly 1989) as
apparently secure globally (global rank = G4) . In
Montana, it is listed as "critically imperiled
because of extreme rarity" (state rank = SI) . The
Montana populations of M. minima are at the
periphery of the main range of the species, which
lies to the west.
None of the state ranks listed above currently
provide any direct legal protection for M. minima.
DESCRIPTION
1. GENERAL NONTECHNICAL DESCRIPTION: Small, slender,
branching annual usually 6 (12) inches tall. The
small (3/4 inch by 1/16 inch wide) , narrowly
oblong leaves are mostly opposite on the branched
stems. The herbage is lightly short-hairy, and
the plant is sticky-glandular above. Flowering
heads (head = clusters of flowers in the Sunflower
Family) are found in the forks of the stems.
After pollination, minute yellow flowers form
seeds compressed at right angles to the radius of
the heads (these have the appearance of a cluster
of green bananas around a fruiting axis) .
2. TECHNICAL DESCRIPTION: Slender, divaricately
branching annual up to 1 or rarely 2 dm. tall,
more or less pubescent, becoming glandular above;
leaves mostly opposite, linear or linear-oblong,
1-2 cm. long, 1-2.5 mm. wide; heads in the forks
of the stem and in small cymose clusters,
terminating the branches; involucre of 3, 4, or
most commonly 5 bracts, 2-4 mm. high, bearing
conspicuous, tack-shaped, only slightly or
moderately viscid glands; rays minute; achenes
often with a minute incurved apical beak, the body
somewhat compressed at right angles to a radius of
the head, the involucral bracts thus broad-backed;
receptacular bracts united about the solitary
fertile disk flower (1 or more additional,
normally fertile disk flowers sometimes present)
(adapted from Hitchcock et al. 1955-1969) .
3. LOCAL FIELD CHARACTERS: This species is
distinguished from all ottiers in the genus Madia
by achenes that are compressed at right angles to
a radius of the stem. In the Bull River valley,
M. minima co-occurs with M. exiqua. From a
distance the two species are similar in
appearance, but upon close inspection, M. minima
is distinguished by having achenes that are
laterally compressed, an opposite rather than
alternate leaf arrangement along the stem (at
least above) , and a somewhat smaller stature than
M. exiqua. A line drawing of this species is
presented on p. 20.
16
GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION
1. RANGE: The range of Madia minima extends from
California to southern British Columbia and then
east through northern Idaho to western Montana.
Madia minima is currently known from a total of 7
locations in western Montana: Sanders (3) ,
Lincoln (2) , Ravalli (1) , and Missoula (1)
counties. The known distribution of the species
in Montana is presented in Figure 3, p. 21.
The three locations in Sanders County occur on
hillsides that flank the Bull River valley: Bull
River Cliffs (005) , Dry Bench (006) and Goat Rocks
(007) . These sites occur on Kootenai National
Forest lands. Survey information for these
populations is found on pp. 22-24 (Element
Occurrence records) . U.S. Geological Survey maps
detailing the exact locations of the populations
are presented on pp. 25-27.
E. HABITAT
ASSOCIATED VEGETATION: In the Bull River valley,
Madia minima occurs on rocky, moss covered ledges
with sparse vegetative cover. Associated species
(at one or more sites) include:
Calamaqrostis rubescens (pinegrass)
Clarkia pulchella (ragged robin)
Collinsia parvif lora (small-flowered blue-eyed
Mary)
Epilobium paniculatum (autumn willow-herb)
Festuca idahoensis (Idaho fescue)
Heterocodon rarif lorum (western pearl-flower)
Madia exiqua (little tarweed)
Mimulus breweri (Brewer's monkey-flower)
Penstemon lyallii (Lyall's penstemon)
Selaqinella wallacei (Wallace selaginella)
All of the sites for M. minima were dominated by
small annual species.
TOPOGRAPHY: Madia minima populations occur on
moss covered, rocky outcrops on the steep
hillsides that flank the Bull River valley.
Populations occupy slopes ranging from 8-35
percent, and occur at elevations from 3,000 to
3,600 feet. This type of habitat is fairly common
on the hillsides flanking the valley.
17
3. SOIL RELATIONSHIPS: Madia minima was found in
areas with less dense vegetation, and it is
possible that it requires bare soil for seedling
establishment. In north central Washington, Madia
glomerata populations are also found in bare
soils, which were found to be low in available
nitrogen, sulphur and phosphorus. It is possible
that these soil characteristics are limiting the
distribution of this species. It is more likely
that M. glomerata also requires bare soils for
seedling establishment, and has merely adapted to
the lowered nutrient availability at these sites
(Tiedmann 1972) .
4. REGIONAL CLIMATE: The mountainous region of
northwestern Montana is dominated by a cool
Pacific temperate climate. The winters are cold
and snowy, and the summers are warm and rainy.
The highest amounts of precipitation accumulate
during the period from November through January in
the form of snow. The weather collection site at
Trout Creek Ranger Station is approximately 15
miles east of the Bull River valley, and at an
elevation of 2,370 feet (the M. minima sites are
at 3,000 to 3,600 feet in elevation). For the
period from 1951-1980, the July mean temperature
at Trout Creek Ranger Station was 65.0° F, the
January mean was 24.1° F, and the mean annual
precipitation was 30.49 inches (U.S. Department of
Commerce 1982) .
F. POPULATION DEMOGRAPHY AND BIOLOGY
1. PHENOLOGY: Depending on the latitude, elevation
and aspect of M. minima pbpulations, individuals
flower and fruit from May through July (Hitchcock
et al. 1955-1969) . In the Bull River valley this
species is flowering and fruiting from mid-June
through early July (pers. obs.).
2. POPULATION SIZE AND CONDITION: Madia minima
populations in the Bull River valley were
generally quite large, ranging from 400 to 10,000
individuals. The populations appeared to be in
good condition and were fruiting prolifically in
1989.
3. REPRODUCTIVE BIOLOGY
a. TYPE OF REPRODUCTION: This annual species
reproduces only from seed.
b. POLLINATION BIOLOGY: Unknown.
c. SEED DISPERSAL AND BIOLOGY: Unknown
G. POPULATION ECOLOGY
1. BIOLOGICAL INTERACTIONS
a. COMPETITION: This small annual may be a poor
competitor. See the discussion under soil
relationships, p. 16.
b. HERBIVORY: Unknown.
H. LAND OWNERSHIP
1. U.S. Forest Service, Kaniksu National Forest,
managed by Kootenai National Forest.
Bull River Cliffs (005)
Dry Bench (006)
Goat Rocks (007)
II. ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT RECOMMENDATIONS
A. THREATS TO CURRENTLY KNOWN POPULATIONS: There are
currently no apparent threats to populations of Madia
minima in the Bull River valley on Kootenai National
Forest lands. f
B. MANAGEMENT PRACTICES AND RESPONSE: Madia minima and M.
exiqua were often found in association; however, in
low-lying areas where timber harvesting had occurred
only Madia qlomerata was observed. It is not known why
M. minima was not present in such areas.
C. RECOMMENDATIONS FOR MAINTAINING VIABLE POPULATIONS:
The locations of the known populations on the Kootenai
National Forest are in areas that are unlikely to be
affected by most management practices, and the
populations are probably self-maintaining.
D. RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FURTHER ASSESSMENT: There is
additional habitat along the Bull River drainage that
19
may contain populations of Madia minima.
SUMMARY: During rare plant surveys of the Bull River
valley in 1989, three populations of Madia minima were
located on the hillsides that flank the Bull River on
Kootenai National Forest lands, Sanders County,
Montana: Bull River Cliffs (005), Dry Bench (006) and
Goat Rocks (007) . Populations of M. minima tend to be
quite large (up to 10,000 individuals), and the species
appears to be very fecund. The sites where the Madia
minima populations occur are unique due to the number
of other small annual species that are present.
Further surveys could reveal more populations of M.
minima in the Bull River valley.
20
M. minima
Figure 2. Line drawing Madia minima (from Hitchcock et al. 1955-1969),
21
22
Ncime: MADIA MINIMA
Common Name: SMALL-HEADED TARWEED
Global rank: G4 Forest Service status: NONE
State rank: SI Federal Status: NONE
Element occurrence code: PDAST650C0. 005
Survey site name: BULL RIVER CLIFFS
County: Sanders
uses quadrangle: SMEADS BENCH
Township-range: 027N 033W Section: 24, N2
Township-range comments: Section: 13, SE4
Survey date: 1988-07-11 Elevation: 3000
First observation: 1988 Slope/aspect: -
Last observation: 1989-06-21 Size (acres) : 40
Location:
BULL RIVER DRAINAGE, NORTHWEST OF STATE HIGHWAY 56, 5.2
MILES NORTHEAST OF STATE HIGHWAY 200.
Element occurrence data:
10,000+ PLANTS IN SCATTERED SUBPOPULATIONS .
General site description:
ROCKY, MOSS-COVERED CLIFFS, WET IN SPRING BUT DRY BY SUMMER;
WITH SELAGINELLA WALLACEI, CLARKIA PULCHELLA, EPILOBIUM
PANICULATUM AND MADIA EXIGUA.
/
Land owner/manager:
KOOTENAI NATIONAL FOREST, CABINET RANGER DISTRICT
Comments:
VOUCHER - SHELLY, J.S. (1544) AND L.A. SCHASSBERGER, 1989,
(MONTU) .
Information source:
SHELLY, J.S., AND L.A. SCHASSBERGER. MONTANA NATURAL
HERITAGE PROGRAM. 1515 E. 6TH AVE. HELENA, MT 59620.
Element Occurrence Record - Kootenai National Forest
Montana Natural Heritage Program
23
Name: MADIA MINIMA
Common Name: SMALL-HEADED TARWEED
Global rank: G4 Forest Service status: NONE
State rank: SI Federal Status: NONE
Element occurrence code: PDAST650C0. 006
Survey site name: DRY BENCH
County: Sanders
uses quadrangle: SAWTOOTH MOUNTAIN
Township-range: 028N 03 3W Section: 29, NW4
Township-range comments: Section: 30, NE4
Survey date: 1989-06-21 Elevation: 3600
First observation: 1989 Slope/aspect: 8-15% / EAST
Last observation: 1989-06-21 Size (acres) : 10
Location:
BULL RIVER VALLEY; CA. 3.25 MILES SOUTH OF BULL LAKE, CA.
0.75 MILES WEST OF ST. HWY. 56.
Element occurrence data:
COMMON ON SUITABLE SITES.
General site description:
MOIST OPEN SOIL TO MOSSY LEDGES WHERE MOISTURE IS HIGH; IN
FULL SUN LOCATIONS. ASSOCIATED SPECIES MADIA EXIGUA,
COLLINSIA PARVIFLORA AND MIMULUS BREWERI .
Land owner/manager: '
KOOTENAI NATIONAL FOREST, CABINET RANGER DISTRICT
Comments:
VOUCHER - SHELLY, J.S. (1528) AND L.A. SCHASSBERGER. 1989.
(MONTU) .
Information source:
SHELLY, J.S., AND L.A. SCHASSBERGER. MONTANA NATURAL
HERITAGE PROGRAM. 1515 E. 6TH AVE. HELENA, MT 59 62 0.
Element Occurrence Record - Kootenai National Forest
Montana Natural Heritage Progratn
24
Name: MADIA MINIMA
Conimon Name: SMALL-HEADED TARWEED
Global rank: G4 Forest Service status: NONE
State rank: SI Federal Status: NONE
Element occurrence code: PDAST650C0. 007
Survey site name: GOAT ROCKS
County: Sanders
USGS quadrangle: SNOWSHOE PEAK
Township-range: 028N 032W Section: 33
Township-range comments: SE4
Survey date: 1989-06-22 Elevation: 3500
First observation: 1989 Slope/aspect: 35%+ / SE
Last observation: 1989-06-22 Size (acres) : 2
Location:
CABINET MOUNTAINS, GOAT ROCKS, NORTH FORK EAST FORK BULL
RIVER, 0.54 AIR MILES NORTH OF KOOTENAI N.F. RD. 4 07 BRIDGE
OVER THE NORTH FORK EAST FORK.
Element occurrence data:
SEVERAL COLONIES OBSERVED, CA. 400-500 PLANTS.
General site description:
OPEN, MOSSY LEDGES IN MONTANE GRASSLAND, LOAM SOILS; WITH
CALAMAGROSTIS RUBESCENS , CLARKIA PULCHELLA, SELAGINELIA
WALLACEI, FESTUCA IDAHOENSIS, AND PENSTEMON LYALLII.
Land owner/manager: /
KOOTENAI NATIONAL FOREST, CABINET RANGER DISTRICT
Comments:
VOUCHER - SCHASSBERGER, L.A. (279) AND J.S. SHELLY, 1989,
(MONTU) .
Information source:
SHELLY, J.S. 1989. FIELD SURVEYS IN THE BULL RIVER VALLEY,
19-23 JUNE.
Element Occurrence Record - Kootenai National Forest
Montana Natural Heritage Program
Heterocodon rarif lorvun
I. SPECIES INFORMATION
A. CLASSIFICATION
1. SCIENTIFIC NAME: Heterocodon rariflorum Nutt.
2. COMMON NAME: western pearl-flower.
3. FAMILY: Campanulaceae (Bellf lower Family).
4. GENUS: The relationship of the genus Heterocodon
to others in the Campanulaceae is uncertain,
McVaugh (1941) transferred Heterocodon to the
genus Specularia. but later split the group into
Triodanis and Specularia (Legousia) , reinstating
the genus Heterocodon. Shetler and Morin (1986)
feel that the seed morphology and the production
of cleistogamous and chasmogamous flowers in the
genus Heterocodon indicates a relation between it
and the Legousia-Triodanis complex.
5. SPECIES: Heterocodon rariflorum is the only
species known from this genus. Other synonyms
include Specularia rarif lora McVaugh, Leafl. West.
Bot. 3:48. 1941. (Nuttall, "grassy plains of the
Wahlamet and Oregon") (Hitchcock et al. 1955-
1969) .
B. PRESENT LEGAL OR OTHER FORMAL STATUS
1. FEDERAL STATUS
a. U.S. FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE: None.
b. U.S. FOREST SERVICE: None.
2. STATE: Heterocodon rariflorum is currently listed
by the Montana Natural Heritage Program (Shelly
1989) as demonstrably secure globally (global rank
= G5) . In Montana, it is listed as "critically
imperiled because of extreme rarity" (state rank =
81) . These populations are at the periphery of
the main range of the species, which lies to the
west.
None of the state ranks listed above currently
provide any direct legal protection for H.
rariflorum.
29
C. DESCRIPTION
1. GENERAL NONTECHNICAL DESCRIPTION: This small,
slender annual is usually less than 12 (18) inches
tall. The herbage may be smooth to somewhat
sparsely stiff-hairy, especially at the margins of
the leaves and angles of the stem. Distinctive
sharply toothed, roundish leaves, with squared off
bottoms, clasp the stem alternately at short
intervals. Tiny, blue, five-lobed flowers are
found in the leaf axils, but most are early
deciduous.
2. TECHNICAL DESCRIPTION: Lax, very slender, simple
or sparingly branched annual, commonly 0.5-3 dm.
tall; herbage glabrous, or not infrequently hispid
on the margins of the leaves and angles of the
stem; leaves somewhat clasping, distant, rotund or
rotund-ovate, sharply toothed, small, seldom as
much as 1 cm. long; calyx divided to the
hypanthium, the lobes foliaceous, veiny, ovate or
broader, 2-4 mm. long; corollas of the upper
flowers blue, 3-6 mm. long, the others abortive;
hypanthium commonly spreading-hispid (Hitchcock et
al. 1955-1969) .
3. LOCAL FIELD CHARACTERS: This tiny annual is
distinguished by rotund, toothed leaves, which are
abruptly squared off along the bottom where they
clasp the stem. A line drawing of H. rarif lorum
is presented in Figure 4, p. 33.
D. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION
1. RANGE: Heterocodon rariflorum populations range
from southern British Columbia to California, east
to Nevada, Idaho, Wyoming, and Montana.
In Montana, where this species is on the periphery
of its range, it is known from the Bull River
valley, Sanders County (2), from the Bitterroot
Mountains, Ravalli County (1), and from one
historical record in Lake County. A map
indicating the distribution of this species in
Montana is presented on p. 34.
Information on the surveys of populations in the
Bull River valley is presented on pp. 35-36
(Element Occurrence records) . The location of
each population is marked on U.S.G.S. maps, pp.
37-38.
30
HABITAT
1. ASSOCIATED VEGETATION: Species found in
association with H. rarif lorum (at one or more
sites) included:
Clarkia pulchella (ragged robin)
Madia exiqua (little tarweed)
Madia minima (small head tarweed)
Mimulus f loribundus (purple-stem monkey-
flower)
Myosotis micrantha (blue scorpion-grass)
Selaqinella wallacei (Wallace selaginella)
2. TOPOGRAPHY: This species occurs on steep slopes
in the Bull River valley.
3. SOIL RELATIONSHIPS: Heterocodon rarif lorum was
found in areas with less dense vegetation, and it
is possible that it requires bare soil for
seedling establishment.
4. REGIONAL CLIMATE: The mountains of northwestern
Montana are dominated by a cool temperate climate.
The weather collection site at Trout Creek Ranger
Station is approximately 15 miles east of the Bull
River valley, and at an elevation of 2,370 feet.
The H. rariflorum sites are at 4,000 to 4,700 feet
in elevation. For the period from 1951-1980, the
July mean temperature at Trout Creek Ranger
Station was 65.0° F, the January mean was 24.1° F,
and the mean annual precipitation was 30,49 inches
(U.S. Department of Commerce 1982).
POPULATION DEMOGRAPHY AND BIOLOGY
1. PHENOLOGY: Heterocodon rariflorum flowers and
fruits from June through August (Hitchcock et al.
1955-1969) . In the Bull River valley of Montana,
this species had finished flowering by the end of
June, and may have begun to flower in late May.
2. POPULATION SIZE AND CONDITION: This species
occurs in small colonies in the Bull River valley.
Observed populations were in good condition,
although some weedy species were present.
3. REPRODUCTIVE BIOLOGY
a. TYPE OF REPRODUCTION: This annual species
reproduces by seed.
31
b. POLLINATION BIOLOGY: Unknown.
c. SEED DISPERSAL AND BIOLOGY: Unknown.
G. POPULATION ECOLOGY
1. BIOLOGICAL INTERACTIONS
a. COMPETITION: This small annual was found in
somewhat barren soils, and it is possible
that is does not compete well.
b. HERBIVORY: Unknown.
H. LAND OWNERSHIP
1. U.S. Forest Service - Kaniksu National Forest,
managed by the Kootenai National Forest:
Dry Bench (001)
Bull River Cliffs (002)
II. ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT RECOMMENDATIONS
A. THREATS TO CURRENTLY KNOWN POPULATIONS:
1. GRAZING: Not observed and unlikely in its native
habitat in the Bull River valley.
2. MINING: Unknown.
3. TIMBER HARVESTING: Although H. rariflorum appears
to require bare soil for germination, it is not
known how it would respond to timber harvests.
/
4. WEED CONTROL ACTIVITIES: Spraying of H.
rariflorum populations would be detrimental unless
they had gone to seed.
B. MANAGEMENT PRACTICES AND RESPONSE: Unknown.
C. RECOMMENDATIONS FOR MAINTAINING VIABLE POPULATIONS:
The locations of the known populations on the Kootenai
National Forest are in areas that are unlikely to be
affected by most management practices, and the
populations are probably self-maintaining.
D. RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FURTHER ASSESSMENT: There is
additional habitat along the Bull River drainage that
might potentially contain populations of H. rariflorum,
32
SUMMARY: During rare plant surveys of the Bull River
valley in 1989, two populations of Heterocodon
rarif lorum were found on Kootenai National Forest
lands, Sanders County, Montana. The Dry Bench (001)
and Bull River Cliffs (002) populations are located on
the hillsides that flank the Bull River. Heterocodon
rarif lorum individuals are found in small colonies, and
occur in association with a number of other small
annual species.
Further surveys may reveal more populations of H.
rarif lorum in the Bull River valley.
33
Heterocodon ranfloru
Figure 4. Line drawing Heterocodon rariflorum (from Hitchcock
et al. 1955-1^^^7:
34
35
Name: HETEROCODON RARIFLORUM
Common Name: WESTERN PEARL-FLOWER
Global rank: G5 Forest Service status: NONE
State rank: SI Federal Status: NONE
Element occurrence code: PDCAM08010 . 001
Survey site name: DRY BENCH
County: Sanders
USGS quadrangle: SAWTOOTH MOUNTAIN
Township-range: 028N 033W Section: 29, NW4
Township-range comments: Section: 30, NE4
Survey date: 1989-06-20 Elevation: 3100
First observation: 1989 Slope/aspect: 30-40% / SE
Last observation: 1989-06-20 Size (acres) : 5
Location:
BULL RIVER VALLEY, CA. 3.2 5 MILES SOUTH OF BULL LAKE, CA.
0.7 5 MILES WEST OF ST. HWY . 56; SLOPE BELOW DRY BENCH, NORTH
OF DRY CREEK.
Element occurrence data:
SPECIES IS AN ANNUAL, OCCURRING IN SMALL COLONIES; FULL
EXTENT OF POPULATION CURRENTLY UNKNOWN; SOME WEED INVASION.
General site description:
MOSSY LEDGES AND OPEN SOIL AREAS, ON STEEP, SOUTHEAST-FACING
SLOPE; WITH MADIA MINIMA, MADIA EXIGUA, CLARKIA PULCHELLA,
AND SELAGINELLA WALLACEI. *
Land owner/manager:
KOOTENAI NATIONAL FOREST, CABINET RANGER DISTRICT
Comments:
VOUCHER - SHELLY, J.S. (1534A) AND L.A. SCHASSBERGER, 1989,
(MONTU) .
Information source:
SHELLY, J.S. 1989. FIELD SURVEYS IN THE BULL RIVER VALLEY,
19-23 JUNE.
Element Occurrence Record - Kootenai National Forest
Montana Natural Heritage Program
Name: HETEROCODON RARIFLORUM
Common Name: WESTERN PEARL-FLOWER
Global rank: G5 Forest Service status: NONE
State rank: SI Federal Status: NONE
Element occurrence code: PDCAM08010. 002
Survey site name: BULL RIVER CLIFFS
County: Sanders
uses quadrangle: SMEADS BENCH
Township-range: 027N 033W Section: 24, NE4
Township-range comments: Section: 13, SE4
Survey date: 1989-06-21 Elevation: 2750
First observation: 1989 Slope/aspect: 30-40% / SE
Last observation: 1989-06-21 Size (acres) : 10
Location:
BULL RIVER DRAINAGE, NORTHWEST OF STATE HIGHWAY 56, 5.2
MILES NORTHEAST OF STATE HIGHWAY 2 00.
Element occurrence data:
SPECIES IS AN ANNUAL, OCCURRING IN SMALL COLONIES; FULL
EXTENT OF POPULATION CURRENTLY UNKNOWN; SOME WEED INVASION.
General site description:
MOSSY LEDGES AND OPEN SOIL AREAS, ON STEEP TO MODERATE
SOUTHEAST-FACING SLOPE; WITH MADIA MINIMA, CLARKIA
PULCHELLA, MIMULUS FLORIBUNDUS, AND MYOSOTIS MICRANTHA.
/
Land owner/manager:
KOOTENAI NATIONAL FOREST, CABINET RANGER DISTRICT
Comments:
VOUCHER - SHELLY, J.S. (1538) AND L.A. SCHASSBERGER, 1989,
(MONTU) .
Information source:
SHELLY, J.S. 1989. FIELD SURVEYS IN THE BULL RIVER VALLEY,
19-23 JUNE.
Element Occurrence Record - Kootenai National Forest
Montana Natural Heritage Program
39
Spiraea x pyreunidata
SPECIES INFORMATION
A. CLASSIFICATION
1. SCIENTIFIC NAME: Spiraea x pyramidata Greene.
2. COMMON NAME: pyramidal spiraea.
3. FAMILY: Rosaceae (Rose Family).
4. GENUS: According to Hitchcock et al. (1955-
1969) , there are about 70 species in the genus
Spiraea. These species occur primarily in the
temperate zone of the Northern Hemisphere. Dorn
(1984) recognized only three species within the
state of Montana, and did not include S. x
pyramidata in his treatment.
5. SPECIES: Spiraea x pyramidata has been described
as the putative hybrid of a number of different
species in past. The most recent study of this
taxon supports the theory that the suspected
parents are S. betulifolia var. lucida and S.
douqlasii (Hess 1969) . Other synonyms for this
species include S. menziesii Hook. ssp. pyramidata
Piper and S. tomentulosa Rydb. (Hitchcock et aJL.
1955-1969) .
B. PRESENT LEGAL OR OTHER FORMAL STATUS
1. FEDERAL STATUS ^
a. U.S. FISH T^D WILDLIFE SERVICE: None.
b. U.S. FOREST SERVICE: None.
2. STATE: Spiraea x pyramidata is currently listed
by the Montana Natural Heritage Program (Shelly
1989) as "apparently secure globally, although it
may be quite rare in parts of its range,
especially at the periphery" (global rank = G3G4) .
In Montana, it is listed as "critically imperiled
because of extreme rarity" (state rank = SI) .
None of the state ranks listed above currently
provide any direct legal protection for S. x
pyramidata.
40
C. DESCRIPTION
1. GENERAL NONTECHNICAL DESCRIPTION: Spiraea X
pyramidata is a low shrub in the Rose Family that
may reach four feet in height, but is usually
shorter. Oblong-shaped leaves which have coarse
teeth towards the tip occur alternately along the
stem. Additionally, the leaves and the upper
stems are usually crisply short-hairy. The
characteristic light pink flowers are crowded into
large inflorescences, which are broadly
hemispheric in shape. These inflorescences are
also crisply short-hairy.
2. TECHNICAL DESCRIPTION: Rhizomatous, spreading to
erect shrub mostly 5-10 (12) dm. tall, usually
finely crisp-pubescent above and in the
inflorescence, the leaves from glabrous to (more
commonly) slightly to moderately crisp-puberulent
at least beneath, ovate-lanceolate to oblong-
elliptic or oblong-lanceolate, 2-7 (9) cm. long,
from subentire to coarsely once or twice serrate
chiefly above the middle; panicle usually large,
from rounded to obconic, (2) 5-10 cm. broad, and
1-2 times as long; calyx usually sparsely hairy
without, the triangular lobes scarcely 1 mm. long,
reflexed, about equaling the conic-hemispheric
hypanthium; petals white but with a distinct
pinkish or lavender tinge (at least in the bud) ,
(1.5) 2-2.5 mm. long; carpels glabrous to somewhat
pubescent, 2.5-3 mm. long (Hitchcock et al. 1955-
1969) .
3. LOCAL FIELD CHARACTERS: Spiraea x pyramidata most
closely resembles S. betu^Lifolia in stature and
inflorescence shape. However, in the former the
inflorescence is more hemispheric in shape, and
the flowers are distinctly light pink in color,
while the latter has a broad flat inflorescence
with cream-colored flowers. Spiraea douqlasii is
generally a much taller, more freely branching
shrub than S. x pyramidata. Spiraea douqlasii is
also distinguished by its pink to rose-colored
flower petals, which are borne in inflorescences
that are several times longer than wide. Finally,
Spiraea x pyramidata is primarily associated with
disturbed habitats. Line drawings of all three
taxa are included on p. 45.
D. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION
1. RANGE: The range of S. x pyramidata extends from
41
British Columbia to northern Oregon along the east
side of the Cascade Mountains, and then east into
Saskatchewan, Idaho, Montana, Wyoming, and South
Dakota (Hess 1969) . In Montana, this species is
known from one site each in Lincoln, and Sanders
counties, and two sites in Missoula County, in
northwestern Montana. The distribution of this
taxon in Montana is presented in Figure 7, p. 46.
2. CURRENT SITES: The Bull River Campground (001)
location was first observed in 1986 and again
during survey work in 1989; it is the only
recently verified location for S. x pyramidata in
Montana. The other locations along Pete Creek
(002), East Fork Lolo Creek (003), and Lolo Creek
(004) were last verified in 1965, 1970, and 1937,
respectively.
3. UNVERIFIED/UNDOCUMENTED REPORTS: None at present.
HABITAT
1. ASSOCIATED VEGETATION: The Spiraea x pyramidata
population at Bull River Campground (001) occurs
in a powerline corridor adjacent to the
campground. A disturbed habitat is typical of
this taxon (Hess 1969) . Other species occurring
at this site include the disturbance-related
Pteridium aquilinum and S. betulifolia , as well as
Rubus parvif lorus. Aralia nudicaulis and Rosa
woodsii. S. douqlassi occurs nearby along the
Bull River and in shaded areas in the campground.
2. TOPOGRAPHY: Spiraea x py.tramidata populations are
most commonly found in valley bottoms (Hitchcock
et al. 1955-1969) , in areas with low relief. The
microsites where this species occurs are usually
somewhat dry and sandy (Hess 1969) .
The population at Bull River Campground (001) is
at 2,300 feet in elevation, and is found in dry
soils on a 10 percent slope; it is less than one
quarter mile from the Bull River.
3. SOIL RELATIONSHIPS: Hess (1969) states that S. x
pyramidata is "almost always found on disturbed
areas such as roadsides, highways, railways,
forest camps, and homesites," with either or both
suspected parent also present. This indicates
that the species appears to require mineral soil
for establishment. It is possible that, like
other hybrids, the habitat requirements of S. x
pyramidata fall between those of the suspected
parental types (Ball et al. 1983).
4. REGIONAL CLIMATE: The mountains of northwestern
Montana are dominated by a cool temperate climate.
The weather collection site at Trout Creek Ranger
Station is approximately 15 miles east of the Bull
River valley, and at an elevation of 2,370 feet.
The S. X pyramidata site is at 2,300 feet in
elevation. For the period from 1951-1980, the
July mean temperature at Trout Creek Ranger
Station was 65.0° F, the January mean was 24.1° F,
and the mean annual precipitation was 30.49 inches
(U.S. Department of Commerce 1982) .
F. POPULATION DEMOGRAPHY AND BIOLOGY
1. PHENOLOGY: The Bull River Campground (001)
population flowers during late July. Hitchcock et
al. (1955-1969) state that flowering and fruiting
in S. X pyramidata populations occurs from June
through August.
2. POPULATION SIZE AND CONDITION: The observed
number of stems at Bull River Campground was low
(three) , but the plants appeared to be in good
condition.
3. REPRODUCTIVE BIOLOGY
a. TYPE OF REPRODUCTION: Specific aspects of
sexual reproduction are not known.
Observations of populations in Washington and
British Columbia revfealed only one population
where introgression and backcrossing had
occurred. Reasons for the degree of
sterility with the putative parental types
are not known. This perennial does spread
easily via a strong rhizome system (Hess
1969) .
b. POLLINATION BIOLOGY: Not known.
c. SEED DISPERSAL AND BIOLOGY: Not known.
G. POPULATION ECOLOGY
1. BIOLOGICAL INTERACTIONS
a. COMPETITION: The establishment of this
species appears to depend on disturbance. It
is possible that S. x pyramidata requires
open, mineral soils for seed germination.
b. HERBIVORY: Unknown.
H. LAND OWNERSHIP
1. Bull River Campground (001) - Kaniksu National
Forest, managed by the Kootenai National Forest.
II. ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT RECOMMENDATIONS
A. THREATS TO CURRENTLY KNOWN POPULATIONS
1. GRAZING: Grazing does not appear to be a threat
at Bull River Campground (001) , although this
species may be browsed by large herbivores.
2. MINING: Not known.
3. TIMBER HARVESTING: At Bull River Campground the
S. X pyramidata population has become established
where the overstory has been removed for a
powerline corridor. In areas where both parental
types are present, this type of disturbance may
actually aid in the establishment of S. x
pyramidata populations.
4. WEED CONTROL ACTIVITIES: None known.
B. RECOMMENDATIONS FOR MAINTAINING VIABLE POPULATIONS:
The Bull River Campground S. x pyramidata population is
established in a powerline corridor. Clearing of
undergrowth along the corridor appears to occur at
regular intervals, and may be ceneficial in maintaining
habitat for this population.
C. RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FURTHER ASSESSMENT: The potential
habitat for S. x pyramidata is extensive (a powerline
corridor extends from Plains, Montana, west to at least
the Montana/Idaho border along the lower Clark Fork) ,
and further surveys may reveal more populations.
D. SUMMARY: A population of Spiraea x pyramidata at Bull
River Campground (001) was revisited in 1989. Only
three individuals were observed; however, it is not
easily discernible from its putative parental type S.
betulifolia var. lucida in the vegetative state, and it
is possible that more stems were actually present.
Both putative parental types (S. douqlasii and S.
betulifolia var. lucida) were present, and episodes of
hybridization may continue. Much potential habitat for
S. X pyramidata exists in this area of northwest
Montana, and further surveys may reveal more
populations.
45
Spiroeo pyromidoto
Spiroeo betulifo
Spiraea douglasi
JRJ
Figure 6.
Line drawing of Spiraea x pyramidata and the
putative parental types, Spiraea betulifolia
and Spiraea douqlasii (from Hitchcock et al .
1955-1969) .
47
Name: SPIRAEA x PYRAMIDATA
Common Name: PYRAMIDAL SPIRAEA
Global rank: G3G4 Forest Service status: NONE
State rank: SI Federal Status: NONE
Element occurrence code: PDROSIQOJO. 001
Survey site name: BULL RIVER CAMPGROUND
County: Sanders
USGS quadrangle: SMEADS BENCH
Township-range: 026N033W Section: 10
Township-range comments: N2
Survey date: 1989-07-25 Elevation: 2300
First observation: 1986 Slope/aspect:
Last observation: 1989-07-25 Size (acres) : 0
Location:
NOXON RESERVOIR, BULL RIVER CAMPGROUND, TO THE NORTH OF THE
CAMPSITES.
Element occurrence data:
FLOWERS LIGHT PINK; 3 PLANTS IN FLOWER (1989).
General site description:
BENEATH EDGE OF FOREST CANOPY ALONG POWERLINE CORRIDOR, WITH
RUBUS PARVIFLORUS, ARALIA NUDICAULIS, ROSA WOODSII, AND
SPIRAEA BETULIFOLIA. S. DOUGLASII OCCURS NEAR THE RIVER.
Land owner/manager:
KOOTENAI NATIONAL FOREST, CABINET RANGER DISTRICT
Comments :
VOUCHER - LACKSCHEWITZ , K. (10909), 1986, SPECIMEN # 103731
(MONTU) .
Information source:
SCHASSBERGER, L.A. MONTANA NATURAL HERITAGE PROGRAM, 1515
EAST SIXTH AVENUE, HELENA, MT 59620. (329). 1989. MONTU.
Element Occurrence Record - Kootenai National Forest
Montana Natural Heritage Program
SIGNIFICANT HABITATS
A. OPEN SLOPE/LEDGE COMMUNITIES
On low to middle-elevation slopes, especially along the
western side of the Bull River drainage, there occurs a series of
open habitats supporting interesting assemblages of plant
species. These areas are characterized by a moist, mossy ground
cover, and occur on sloping ledges and benches. These sites are
moist early in the growing season, after snowmelt and during
spring rains, but become dry by late summer. The diverse flora
contains numerous spring/early summer annuals, including:
Clarkia pulchella
Collinsia parviflora
Collomia linearis
*Heterocodon rarif lorum
Madia exigua
*Madia minima
Microsteris gracilis
Mimulus breweri
Mimulus floribundus
Myosotis micrantha
(* = MTNHP plant species of special concern)
The substrates in these open areas are fragile, consisting
of an often closed cover of mosses and similar vascular plants
(especially Selaginella wallacei) . Such sites would be
vulnerable to impacts from livestock grazing and/or road
construction, but generally occur on steep, largely inaccessible
terrain that does not appear to be threatened or impacted at this
time.
The sites of this type that were stddied in detail include:
a. T28N, R32W, Section 33 (east flank of Goat Rocks, North
Fork East Fork Bull River drainage) .
b. T28N, R33W, Sec. 29 NW^ and 30 UEh (Dry Bench) .
c. T27N, R33W, Sec. 24 lih and 13 SE^ ("Bull River Cliffs"
site) .
Additional similar habitats were observed during field
surveys, but not all of them could be studied during 1989.
B. WETLANDS
The narrow valley bottom along the Bull River contains a
mosaic of low elevation forests and numerous wetlands. The
majority of the open, moist to wet areas have been converted to
50
hay meadows and pastures, and many of them are completely
dominated by Phalaris arundinacea (reed canary grass) . This
grass species is frequently introduced as a constituent of
permanent pastures, and is often cut for hay (Hitchcock et al.
1955-1969) ; it has undoubtedly supplanted native vegetation in
many areas along the drainage. However, three wetlands in the
drainage that are currently in good to excellent condition were
surveyed in detail. Notes on condition and dominant species are
given below:
a. T28N, R33W, Sec. 9, E^: This area comprises the
largest contiguous intact wetland complex in the Bull
River drainage. The southern half of the wetland was
partially influenced by past beaver activity, and is
characterized by a high water table with numerous areas
of marshy ground or open water. The vegetation is
dominated by Carex rostrata (beaked sedge) and Carex
aquatilis (water sedge) . The northern portion of this
wetland is slightly higher in elevation, and the water
table is at or just below the substrate surface; it is
dominated almost exclusively by Carex lasiocarpa
(slender sedge) .
The current Kootenai National Forest map shows this
wetland to be under the ownership of Champion
International, Inc.. Adjacent uplands, on Champion
lands north and east of the wetland, have been clear-
cut logged, but the wetland complex itself is currently
intact.
b. T27N, R33W, Sec. 11, SW^-, : This wetland, adjacent to
the southernmost Highway 56 bridge over the Bull River,
consists of large marshes on the west and east sides of
an open freshwater lake. These marshes are dominated
by Carex lasiocarpa (slender sedge) , and are bordered
by a Spiraea douqlasii (Douglas spiraea) "hedge"; the
adjacent forest margin contains Pinus monticola
(western white pine) and Larix occidentalis (western
larch) . Small areas of floating sphagnum moss mats are
present along the western edge of the lake margin, and
support a population of Drosera rotundifolia (round-
leaved sundew) , a carnivorous plant adapted to such
acidic, nutrient-poor habitats. Dulichium arundinaceum
was also found in this same habitat. The lake has a
soft, muddy bottom and contains Nuphar varieqatum
(yellow water-lily) .
This site is partially privately owned, but the lake is
on Kootenai National Forest lands. Better-drained
areas to the northwest, especially meadows, have been
seriously impacted by the invasion of Centaurea
51
maculosa (spotted knapweed) , but the wetlands remain in
a pristine condition.
T27N, R33W, Sec. 26, E'^NE^: A small wetland, on the
northwest side of Highway 56 ca. 3.6 miles northeast of
Highway 200, was surveyed. This marshy area is
relatively shallow (0.3-1.0 m deep), and may be largely
dried out by the end of the growing season. The site
appeared to be suitable habitat for Howellia aquatilis
(water howellia) , a USFWS Category 2 federal candidate
and U.S. Forest Service Region 1 sensitive species, but
this species was not found. The vegetation is
dominated by Carex rostrata and Eauisetum f luviatile
(water horsetail) .
This wetland is largely or wholly in private ownership.
Despite its proximity to the highway, it is currently
in good condition.
52
This report contains information on a rare plant inventory
conducted in portions of the Bull River valley. Field surveys
were completed on 19-23 June and 24-28 July 1989. During survey
work four species of special concern were located: Lomatium
bicolor var. bicolor (1 population), Madia minima (3
populations) , Heterocodon rariflorum (2 populations) , and Spiraea
X pyramidata (1 population) . These species are not currently
included on the U.S. Forest Service Region 1 (Northern Region)
list of sensitive species; however, they are included on the
Montana Natural Heritage Program list of plant species of special
concern. A report for each species, including detailed
information on the populations found in the Bull River valley, is
included. Voucher specimens of Madia minima, Heterocodon
rariflorum, Lomatium bicolor var. bicolor. and Spiraea x
pyramidata were deposited at the University of Montana Herbarium
(MONTU) , Missoula, MT. Additional specimens of Lomatium bicolor
var. bicolor are deposited at the University of California
Herbarium (UC) , Berkeley, CA.
A list of 252 vascular plant species observed during this
study is included at the end of the report.
A day and a half was spent surveying Forest Service lands on
Rock Creek, Marten Creek, and the mouth of the Vermillion River
for Satureia douglasii. This species is known to occur on
private lands near Rock Creek, but is not yet known from U.S.
Forest lands in the area. We were unable to locate this species
on the private land where it was first observed, or on U.S.
Forest Service lands. Many plants were late in flowering in 1989
due to the very cold winter and late, cold spring. Satureja
douglasii may not have been blooming, in which case this
unobtrusive plant could have been easily overlooked.
53
LITERATURE CITED
Ball, C.T., J. Keeley, H. Mooney, J. Seemann, and W. Winner.
1983. Relationship between form, function and distribution
of two Arctostaphylos species (Ericaceae) and their putative
hybrids. Acta Ecologica Ecol. Plant. 4(18): 153-164.
Dorn, R.D. 1984. Vascular Plants of Montana. Mountain West
Publishing, Cheyenne, Wyoming. 176 pp.
Hess, W.J. 1969. A taxonomic study of Spiraea pvramidata Greene
(Rosaceae) . Sida 3(5): 298-308.
Hitchcock, C.L., A. Cronquist, M. Ownbey, and J.W. Thompson.
1955-1969. Vascular Plants of the Pacific Northwest.
University of Washington Press, Seattle, Washington. 5
volumes.
Hitchcock, C.L., and A. Cronquist. 1973. Flora of the Pacific
Northwest. University of Washington Press, Seattle,
Washington. 730 pp.
Lesica, P., G. Moore, K.M. Peterson, and J.H. Rumely. 1984.
Vascular Plants of Limited Distribution in Montana.
Monograph No. 2, Montana Academy of Sciences, Supplement to
the Proceedings, Vol. 43. 61 pp.
McVaugh, R. 1941. A new name for Heterocodon rarif lorum Nutt.
Leaflets of Western Botany 3:48.
Pfister, R.D., B.L. Kovalchik, S.F. Arno, and R.C. Presby. 1977.
Forest Habitat Types of Montana. U.S.D.A. Forest Service,
Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Ogden,
UT. General Technical Report INT-34. 173 pp.
/
Schlessman, M.A. 1984. Systematics of tuberous Lomatiums
(Umbelliferae) . Systematic Botany Monographs 4:1-55.
Shelly, J. S. 1989. Plant Species of Special Concern. Montana
Natural Heritage Program, Helena. 22 pp., mimeo.
Shetler, S.G., and N.R. Morin. 1986. Seed morphology in North
American Campanulaceae. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 73(4):
653-688.
Tiedemann, A.R. 1972. Soil properties and nutrient availability
in tarweed communities of central Washington. J. of Range
Management 25(6): 438-443.
U.S. Department of Commerce. 1982. Monthly Normals of
Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree
Days 1951-80. National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration, Climatography of the United States No. 81.
23 pp.
54
VASCULAR PLANT SPECIES OBSERVED IN THE BULL RIVER DRAINAGE, SANDERS COUNTY, MONTANA, JUNE- JULY 19
(Symbols represent locations of voucher specimens for marked taxa: * = University of Montana Herbarium,
Missoula (HONTU); + = University of California Herbarium, Berkeley (UC); # = Gray Herbarium, Harvard University
(GH)).
Acer qlabrun (mountain maple)
ACERACEAE (Maple Family)
Moist areas in forests or along streambanks.
APIACEAE (Carrot Family)
Cicuta douqlasi i (Douglas waterhemlock)
Heracleun sphondyl iun (cow parsnip)
*LomatiLni ambiguun (suale desert parsley)
+*Lomatiun bicolor var. bicolor (bicolor biscuitroot)
*Lomatiun dissecttm (fern- leaved lomatiun)
■i-LomatiLn sandberqi i (Sandberg's lomatiim)
Lomatium tri ternatum (narrouleaf lomatiun)
Osmorhiza chi I ens is (mountain sweet-root)
Si urn suave (hemlock water-parsnip)
Moist areas.
Riparian areas.
Rocky areas.
Dry, rocky scree slopes.
Rocky dry slopes.
Moist, rocky slopes.
Dry slopes.
Moist areas in shaded forest
Ponds and wetlands.
APOCYNACEAE (Dogbane Family)
Apocymjii androsaemi f ol iun (spreading dogbane)
Apocyrnjn sibiricun (clasping- leaved dogbane)
Dry gravelly open slopes.
Dry gravelly open slopes.
Aral ia nudicaul is (wild sarsapari
Oplopanax horridus (devil's club)
ARALIACEAE (Ginseng Family)
la)
Moist woods and thickets.
Moist woods.
ARISTOLOCHIACEAE (Birthwort Family)
Asarun caudatLm (wild ginger)
Moist woods, under forest canopy.
ASTERACEAE (Sunflower Family)
Achi I lea mi I lefol iun (common yarrow)
Adenocaulon bicolor (trail plant)
Aqoseris heterophyl la (annual agoseris)
Anaphal is margari tacea (corrxin pearly everlasting)
*Antennaria luzuloides (woodrush pussytoes)
Antennaria neglecta (field pussytoes)
Antennaria microphyl la (rosy pussytoes)
Antennaria racemosa (raceme pussytoes)
*Arnica diversifol ia (sticky arnica)
*Arnica fulgens (orange arnica)
Arnica latifol ia (broadleaf arnica)
Balsamorhiza sagi ttata (arrowleaf balsalmroot)
Centaurea maculosa (spotted knapweed)
Chrysanthemun leucanthemun (oxeye-daisy)
Crepis elegans (elegant hawksbeard)
Erigeron compos itus (cut- leaved daisy)
Gnaphal iun palustre (lowland cudweed)
Hieraceun albif lorun (white hawkweed)
Hieraceun aurantiacun (king devil)
Hieraceun cynoglossoides (houndstounge hawkweed)
Hieraceun umbel latun (narrow- leaved hawkweed)
*Madia ex i qua (little tarweed)
•Madia minima (small-headed tarweed)
Senecio sphaerocephalus (mountain-marsh butterweed)
Senecio triangularis (arrowleaf groundsel)
Tanacetun vulqare (common tansy)
Open or disturbed areas.
Hoist woods and meadows.
Hills and slopes.
^oods, slopes and rocky fla
Open slopes.
Open woods.
Meadows and open woods.
Woods.
Rocky places on slopes.
Hills, slop>es, and meadows.
Moist woods.
Dry open slopes.
Disturbed areas.
Disturbed areas.
Woods.
Dry, rocky slopes.
Moist woods.
Woods and slopes.
Disturbed areas.
Meadows and slopes.
Woods and thickets.
Open woods.
Open rocky areas in woods.
Open moist slopes.
Moist meadows and slopes.
Disturbed areas.
55
BERBERIDACEAE (Barberry Family)
Hahonia repens (creeping oregongrape) Woods and slopes.
BETULACEAE (Birch Family)
Alnus viridis (Sitka alder) Woods, slopes and streambanks.
Betula papyri f era (paper birch) Hoist woods.
BORAGINACEAE (Borage Family)
Cryptantha spp. (cryptantha) Disturbed area.
♦Hyosotis micrantha (blue scorpion-grass) Open slopes.
Hyosot i s scorpioides (true-forget-me-not) Shallow water, wetlands.
BRASSICACEAE (Mustard Family)
Arabis holboellii (Holboell's rockcress) Mountain slopes.
Arabis lemmonii (Lemon's rockcress) Mountain slopes.
#Arabis hirsute var. glabra (hairy rockcress) Hoist woods.
CAHPANULACEAE (Bel I flower Family)
Campanula rotundi folia (lady's thimble) Woods and slopes.
*Heterocodon rarif lorun (heterocodon) Open slopes.
CAPRIFOLIACEAE (Honeysuckle Family)
L i nnaea boreal is (western twinflower) Woods.
Lonicera ciliosa (orange honeysuckle) Woods and thickets.
Lonicera involucrata (bearberry honeysuckle) Hoist woods and thickets.
Lonicera utahensis (Utah honeysuckle) Wooded moutain slopes.
Sambucus racemosa (red elderberry) Woods and slopes.
Symphoricarpos albus (conmon snowberry) Woods and slopes.
Symphoricarpos occidental is (western snowberry) Hoist woods.
CARYOPHYLLACEAE (Pink Family)
Arenaria capillar is (fescue sandwort) Open areas in mountains.
Cerastiim fontanum (conmon chickweed) Disturbed areas.
Silene parryi (Parry's sitene) Open meadows in mountains.
CELASTRACEAE (Staff Tree Family)
Paxistma myrsini tes (myrtle boxwood) /(oist woods.
CORNACEAE (Dogwood Family)
Cornus canadensis (bunchberry) Hoist woods.
Cornus stolonifera (red osier dogwood) Streambanks and moist areas.
CRASSULACEAE (Stonecrop Family)
Sedun lanceolatum ( lance- leaved stonecrop) Rocky slopes.
♦Sedtiii stenopetalLTi (wormleaf stonecrop) Open slopes.
CUPRESSACEAE (Juniper Family)
Juniperus communis (common juniper) Rocky slopes.
Thuja pi icata (western red cedar) Hoist woods.
CYPERACEAE (Sedge Family)
Carex aquatilis (water sedge) In ponds and wetlands.
*Carex canescens (pale sedge) Wetlands.
Carex deweyana (Dewey's sedge) Wetlands.
Carex f lava (yellow sedge) Wetlands.
Carex geyeri (elk sedge) Woods and meadows.
*Carex lenticularis (lentil-fruit sedge) Wetlands.
*Carex leptalea (bristle-stalked sedge)
*Carex mertensii (Merten's sedge)
Carex rostrata (beaked sedge)
Carex stipata (sawbeak sedge)
Carex vesicaria (inflated sedge)
Dul ichiun arundinaceum (dul ichiun)
Eleocharis palustris (common spikesedge)
Scirpus americanus (American bulrush)
Wet areas.
Wetlands.
Wetlands.
Wetlands.
Wetlands.
Wetlands.
Wetlands.
Wetlands.
DROSERACEAE (Sundew Family)
Drosera rotundi folia (roundleaf sundew) Edges of wetlands on floating sphagnum.
ELAEAGNACEAE (Oleaster Family)
Shepherdia canadensis (Canada buffalo-berry) Open slopes.
EQUISETACEAE (Horsetail Family)
Equisetim arvense (field horsetail)
Equisetun f luviatile (water horsetail)
Hoist edges of wetlands.
Wetlands.
ERICACEAE (Heath Family)
Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (kirmikinnick)
Chimaphila menz i es i i (little prince's pine)
Chimaphi la unibel lata (common prince's pine)
*Gaultheria ovati fol ia (slender wintergreen)
Henziesia ferruginea (fool's huckleberry)
Honeses uni flora (woodnymph)
Pterospora andromedea (woodland pinedrops)
Pyrola asari folia (pink wintergreen)
Pyrola chlorantha (green wintergreen)
VacciniLm globulare (globe huckleberry)
Vacciniim scopariui (grouse whortleberry)
Woods and slopes.
Woods.
Woods.
Valley bottoms in cedar/hemlock forests.
Woods.
Woods.
Conifer forests.
Mountain woodlands.
Mountain woodlands.
Wooded slopes.
Higher elevation wooded slopes.
FABACEAE (Pea Family)
Lupinus senceus (silky lupine)
Medicaqo lupulina (black medic)
Trifolitm pratense (red clover)
Vicia americana (American vetch)
Open slopes.
Disturbed areas.
Disturbed areas.
Wooded slopes.
GROSSULARIACEAE (Currant Family)
ibes lacustre (prickly current) Woods.
HYDROPHYLLACEAE (Waterleaf Family)
*Phacelia hastata (silverleaf phacelia)
Phacelia sericea (silky phacelia)
Open areas on slopes.
Rocky dry areas.
HYPERICACEAE (St. John's-wort Family)
Hyper icLm perforatun (Klamath weed) Disturbed areas.
JUNCACEAE (Rush Family)
J uncus bufonius (toad rush)
J uncus confusus (Colorado rush)
J uncus tenuis (slender rush)
Luzula arcuata (curved woodrush)
*Luzula campestris (field woodrush)
Moist woods and wetland edges.
Open areas in moist woods.
Open areas moist woods.
Higher mountains.
Moist areas.
LAMIACEAE (Mint Family)
Lycopus unif lorus (northern bugleweed)
Mentha arvensis (field mint)
Prunella vulgaris (self-heal)
Moist areas.
Moist areas.
Moist meadows and disturbed areas.
57
Scutellaria galcriculata (marsh scuUcap) Wetlands.
LILIACEAE (Lily Family)
Calochortus apiculatus (pointed mariposa)
Camassia quamash (conrwn camas)
Clintonia uni flora (queencup beadlily)
Erythronitin grandif lortn (glacier- li ly)
Smilacina racemosa (false spikenard)
Smilacina stellata (starry solomon-plume)
*StenanthiL»n occidentale (western stenanthiim)
Trillitri ova tun (white wake-robin)
Triteleia grandif lore ( large- flowered brodiaea)
Xerophyl lun tenax (beargrass)
Zygadenus elegans (death-camas)
Woods and slopes.
Hoist meadow seep areas.
Forests.
Woods, slopes and meadows.
Woods.
Woods.
Hoist rocky areas.
Woods.
Open woods.
Higher elevation woods.
Hoist open areas and meadows.
LYCOPOOIACEAE (Club Hoss Family)
Lycopoditin coirptanattni (ground cedar) Hoist woods.
HENYANTHACEAE (Buck Bean Family)
Henyanthes trifoliata (buckbean)
Ponds and bogs.
'JYHPHAEACEAE (Water Lily Family)
lar variegatLTi (yellow water-lily)
ONAGRACEAE (Evening Primrose Family)
*Circaea atpina (enchanter's nightshade)
*Clarkia pulchel la (ragged robin)
Epi lobiun anqustifol iun (fireweed)
Hoist seeps in shaded areas.
Hoist rocky slopes.
Hoist disturbed areas.
OPHIOGLOSSACEAE (Grape Fern Family)
Botrychiin virginianum (rattlesnake fern) Hoist edges of wetlands under forest canopy.
ORCHIDACEAE (Orchid Family)
Coral lorhiza maculata (spotted coral-root)
Coral lorhiza striata (stripped coral-root)
Coral lorhiza t r i f i da (yellow coral -root)
Goodyera oblonqifolia (western rattlesnake-plantain)
Habenaria di latata (white bog-orchid)
Habenaria elegans (elegant rein-orchid)
•Habenaria saccata (slender bog-orchid)
listera caurina (western twayblade)
Listera conval larioides (broad- I ipped twayblade)
Woods.
Woods.
Woods.
Conifer forests.
flet boggy areas.
Hoist woods.
Boggy areas.
Hoist woods.
Hoist woods.
OROBANCHACEAE (Broomrape Family)
•Orobanche uni flora (naked broomrape)
PINACEAE (Pine Family)
Abies grandis (grand fir)
Abies lasiocarpa (subalpine fir)
Larix occidental is (western tamarack)
Picea engelmanni i (Engelmann spruce)
Pinus contorta (lodgepole pine)
Pinus monticola (western white pine)
Pinus ponderosa (ponderosa pine)
Pseudotsuga menziesii (Douglas-fir)
Tsuga heterophylla (western hemlock)
Hoist woods.
Higher elevation slopes.
Hoist woods.
Hoist woods.
Well drained higher elevation woods.
Hoist forests.
Dryer forests.
Forests.
Hoist forests.
58
POACEAE (Grass Family)
*Aqropvron spicatum (bluebunch uheatgrass)
Aqropyron cam' nun (slender wheatgrass)
Bromus tectorum (cheatgrass brome)
*Calamaqrostis pcirpurascens (purple reedgrass)
Calamaqrostis rubescens (pinegrass)
Dactyl is glomerata (orchard-grass)
*Danthonia cal ifornica (California danthonia)
Danthonia spicata (poverty danthonia)
Deschampsia elonqata (slender hair-grass)
Festuca idahoensis (Idaho fescue)
Glyceria boreal is (northern mannagrass)
Helica smith ii (Smith's melic)
*Helica subulata (Alaska oniongrass)
Oryzopsis asperifol is (roughleaf ricegrass)
Phalaris arundinacea (reed canarygrass)
Phlctn pratense (conmon timothy)
Poa secunda (Sandberg's bluegrass)
Trisetmi canescens (tall trisetun)
Open slopes.
Open slopes.
Disturbed areas.
Rocky areas.
Woods and slopes.
Meadows and disturbed areas.
Meadows and open woods.
Open slopes.
Open slopes.
Open slopes.
Wetlands.
Moist woods.
Meadows and shaded areas.
Forest floor.
Wetlands.
Meadows and disturbed moist areas.
Open slopes.
Open slopes.
POLEMONIACEAE (Phlox Family)
Collomia linearis (narrow-leaf collomia)
Microsteris gracilis (pink microsteris)
Open hi I Iside.
Open gravelly slopes.
POLYGONACEAE (Buckwheat Family)
Eriogonun f lavun (yellow eriogonum) Open slopes.
Eriogonum umbellatun var. subalpinLin (sulphur buckwheat) Open slopes.
Polygonun douqlasii (Douglas' knotweed) Slopes.
Polyqonun minimum (leafy dwarf knotweed) Rocky slopes.
Rtnex acetosella (sheep sorrel) Disturbed areas.
POLYPOOIACEAE (Fern Family)
*Aspidotis densa (podfern)
Cheilanthes qracillima (lace lipfern)
Cryptoqranma acrost ichoides (parsley fern)
*Cystopteris f ragi I is (brittle bladderfern)
Dryopteris f el ix-mas (malefern)
Gymnocarpium dryopteris (oakfern)
*Polypodiijn vulgare (conmon polypody)
*Polystichum muni turn (western sword hollyfern)
Pteridiijn aqui I inun (brackenfern)
*Woodsia scopulina (Rocky Mountain woods i a)
Moist rocky crevices.
Hoist rocky crevices.
Moist rocky crevices.
Rocky areas and woods.
Hoist woods.
Moist woods.
Hoist rocky crevices.
Moist woods,
disturbed areas.
Moist rocky areas.
PORTULACACEAE (Purslane Family)
*Hontia parvifolia ( little- leaved montia) Hoist seep areas.
PRIHULACEAE (Primrose Family)
*Lysimachia thyrsif lora (water loosestrife) Wetlands.
RANUNCULACEAE (Buttercup Family)
Clematis occidental is (western clematis)
Copt is occidental is (western goldthread)
(little larkspur)
anum (Nuttall's larkspur)
DelphiniLm b^
Delphi
Ranunculus aquatilis (hairleaf water buttercup)
'Ranunculus f larTinula (creeping buttercup)
'Ranunculus pensylvanicus (Pennsylvania buttercup)
Ranunculus uncinatus (little buttercup)
Thai ictrum venulosum (veiny meadowrue)
Woods.
Moist woods.
Open slopes.
Slopes.
In ponds and wetlands.
Wetlands.
Wet areas.
Hoist areas and edges of wetlands.
Moist shaded edge of woods.
59
RHAHNACEAE (Buckthorn Family)
Ceanothus vetutinus (mountain balm)
Open woods.
ROSACEAE (Rose Family)
Amelanchier alnifolia (alderleaf serviceberry)
Fraqaria vesca (woods strawberry)
Geum macrophyllun (large-leaved avens)
Holodiscus discolor (creambush oceanspray)
Phvsocarpus malvaceus (mallow ninebark)
Potentilla glandulosa (sticky cinquefoil)
Potent! I la palustris (purple cinquefoil)
Rosa woods i i (woods rose)
Rubus idaeus (red raspberry)
Rubus parvif lorus (thimbleberry)
Sorbus scopul ina (Cascade mountain-ash)
Spi raea betul ifol ia var. I uc i da (shiny- leaf spiraea)
Spiraea douglasi i (Douglas spiraea)
'Spiraea x pyramidata (pyramidal spiraea)
Woods and slopes.
Uoods and meadows.
Uet meadows.
Uoods and rocky slopes.
Open woods and slopes.
Rocky slopes.
Wetland areas.
Valleys and slopes.
Rocky slopes and thickets.
Moist woods.
Woods and thickets.
Dryer woods and slopes.
Hoist areas near streams, lakes or wetlands.
Disturbed areas.
RUBIACEAE (Madder Family)
Gat iun aparine (goose-grass)
Gal iun boreale (northern bedstraw)
GaliLTi trifidun (small bedstraw)
Florun (sweetscented bedstraw)
SALICACEAE (Willow Family)
Woods and slopes.
Woods, slopes, and meadows.
Wetlands.
Moist woods and banks.
Populus balsamifera (balsam poplar)
Populus tremuloides (trembling aspen)
Poputus trichocarpa (black cottonwood)
Sa I i X spp. (willow)
Valley bottoms.
Hoist hillsides.
Valley bottoms.
Valley bottoms and moist thickets.
SAXIFRAGACEAE (Saxifrage Family)
Heuchera grossulari ifol ia (gooseberryleaved alumroot)
Hitel la pentandra (f
*Hi tel la stauropetal
ive-stamened mitrewort)
a (side-flowered mitrewort)
(ICotzebue's grass-of -parnassus)
s (spotted saxifrage)
Saxi f raqa ferruginea (rustyhair saxifrage)
*Suksdorf ia ranuncul ifol ia (buttercupleaved suksdorfia)
Tiarella trifoliata (trefoil foamflower)
Parnassia kotzebue
Saxif raqa bronchia
Rocky areas.
Hoist meadows.
Moist woods.
Moist woods.
Rocky areas in mountains.
Moss-covered rocky hillside.
ppen slopes.
Hoist woods under forest canopy.
SCROPHULARIACEAE (Figwort Family)
Casti I leja crista-gal I i (cocks-comb paintbrush)
*Casti I leja miniata (scarlet paintbush)
Col I ins i a parvif lora (small-flowered blue-eyed Mary)
Hetampyrum I ineare (narrow- leaved cow-wheat)
*Himulus breweri (Brewer's monkey- flower)
*Himulus f loribundus (purple-stem monkey- flower)
Himulus guttatus (conron nxsnkey- flower)
Pedicularis bracteosa (bracted lousewort)
Pedicular is contorta (coiled-beak lousewort)
Pedicularis racemosa (sickletop lousewort)
Penstemon confertus (yellow penstemon)
Penstemon f ruticosus (bush penstemon)
*Penstemon I ya 1 1 i i (Lyall's beardstongue)
♦Penstemon wi Icoxi i (Wilcox's penstemon)
Veronica americana (American speedwell)
Veronica arvensis (common speedwell)
♦Veronica of f icinal is (speedwell)
Dry slopes.
Woods and thickets.
Open slopes and woods.
Headows.
Open slopes.
Moist ravines.
Wetlands.
Moist wooded slopes.
Moist wooded slopes.
Hoist wooded slopes.
Moist meadows.
Rocky outcrops.
Rocky outcrops.
Woods and slopes.
Hoist areas.
Disturbed areas.
Disturbed areas.
60
SELAGINELLACEAE (Spike Moss Family)
*SetaqineUa wallacei (Wallace selaginetla) Covering rocky areas.
SPARGANIACEAE (Bur-reed Family)
Sparqaniun einersum {simplestem bur-reed) Wetlands, usually in water.
Sparqanijn minimum (small bur-reed) Wetlands, usually in water.
URTICACEAE (Nettle Family)
Urtica dioica (stinging nettle) Moist areas.
VALERIANACEAE (Valerian Family)
Valeriana dioica (northern valerian) Moist woods.
VIOLACEAE (Violet Family)
•Viola glabella (round- leaved violet) Hoist woods.
MONTANA
STATE
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