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3933 

S3 

1911 

MAIN 


UCB 


1 

I 

MARLBOROUGH'S    SELF-TAUGHT    SERIEQ 


Burmese  SelNTaugt\t 

(IN     BURMESE     AND     ROMAN     CHARACTERS) 
WITH 

PHONETIC     PRONUNCIATION. 

(THIMM'S  SYSTEM.) 


BY 


R.  F.  St.  A.  St.  JOHN,  Hon.  M.A.  (Oxon.), 

Author  of  "  A  Burmese  Reader." 
Sometime  Lecturer  on  Burmese,  Universities  of  Oxford  and  Cambridge) 


Printed  and  Made  in  Great  Britain 

E.  Marlborough  &  Co.  Ltd.,  49a  &  51-53,  Old  Bailey, 
LondoH)  »E.C4   ,,, 

[all     i^IOHTs      KESfcP.VE2>,^ 


"] 


LETCHWORTH 

THE  GARDEN  CITY  PRESS  LTD., 

PRINTERS. 


Second  Impression 
1936 


CARp-rsiTIER 


"  P/.3T33 

^3 


PREFACE. 


1^ 


''PHIS  manual  of  Burmese   is    designed   to   serve  the  doubk 
J-    purpose  of  a  text-book  for  students,  missionaries,  officers, 
civil  servants,  etc.,  and  a  handbook  for  tourists,  travellers, 
and  other  temporary  visitors  to  Burma. 

For  those  whom  the  pleasures  of  travel  or  the  calls  of  trade 
and  commerce  bring  into  touch  with  native  Burmans,  a  very 
extensive  and  comprehensive  vocabulary  of  necessary  and  useful 
words  is  supplied — nouns,  verbs,  adjectives  and  other  parts  of 
speech — together  with  corresponding  collections  of  colloquial 
phrases  and  sentences  of  an  equally  practical  and  useful 
character.  These  are  all  classified  under  subject-titles  for  easy 
reference,  and  the  phonetic  pronunciation  of  the  Burmese  words 
is  added  in  a  third  column,  in  accordance  with  Marlborough's 
popular  phonetic  system.  Thus,  a  tourist,  traveller,  or  trader, 
with  no  previous  knowledge  of  the  language,  can  readily  make 
himself  understood  amongst  the  Burmese  by  means  of  this 
volume. 

On  the  other  hand,  the  opening  section,  pp.  9-23,  and  the 
outline  of  Grammar,  pp.  107-126,  will  meet  the  additional 
needs  of  students  and  all  who  desire  a  closer  acquaintance  with 
the  language. 

The  method  of  presenting  the  English  words  and  sentences, 
the  Burmese  equivalents,  and  the  phonetic  pronunciation  of  the 
Burmese  words,  side  by  side,  will  not  only  enable  the  book  to 
be  used  by  stray  visitors  to  the  country,  but  assist  those  who 
intend  to  make  Burma  their  ^bere  of  work  and  enable  them 
to  learn  the  language  in  the  only  way  in  which  it  ought  to  be 
learned. 

The  underlying  idea  of  the  system  of  phonetics  employed  is 
that  each  sound  in  the  Burmese  language  is  represented  as  far  as 
possible  by  a  separate  phonetic  sign,  and  consequently  each  sign 
(letter  or  combination  of  letters)  must  always  be  pronounced  in 
the  same  manner. 

A  few  of  these  signs  are  necessarily  of  a  more  or  less 
arbitrary  character,  and  the  introduction  of  the  tone  or  accent 
marks  adds   a  certain   amount  of  strangeness  to  them.      The 

ivii.B5iJo3 


student  will  do  well  therefore  to  read  the  scheme  of  phonetics 
with  great  care,  this  being  the  key  to  the  correct  pronuncia- 
tion of  the  Burmese,  as  represented  in  the  third  column  of 
the  Vocabularies   and  Conversations. 

Burmese,  or,  as  the  people  of  Burma  call  it,  Myanma 
hbdtha  (the  language  of  the  Myanma),  is  the  speech  of  a 
considerable  and  powerful  tribe,  closely  connected  with  the 
Tibetans,  which,  prior  to  A.D.  1000,  over-ran  the  valley  of  the 
Irrawaddy  Eiver,  and  adopted  Buddhism  and  the  alphabet  of 
its  sacred  books — which  were  written  in  Pali,  an  alphabet 
founded  on  the  ancient  characters  of  India.  [The  Burmese  call 
themselves  Ba/aiia/i,  and  this  word  has  nothing  to  do,  as  some 
suppose,  with  Brahman,  which  word  exists  in  Burmese  as 
Byahma/maA.  It  is  a  natural  corruption  of  Mra/mma/i.  The 
original  name  of  the  tribe  was  MraAn,  which  in  Pali  became 
Mra/mmoA,  plural  MraAnma/i — pronounced  quickly  BaAma^.] 

The  language  is  monosyllabic  and  agglutinative,  having  neither 
conjugation  nor  declension ;  so  that,  in  almost  every  instance, 
its  composite  words  can  be  taken  to  pieces  and  the  power  of 
each  part  clearly  shown.  At  the  outset  it  would  seem  that  it 
consisted  of  monosyllabic  roots  which  denoted  either  a  sub- 
stance or  an  act,  such  as  dog,  iron,  fire,  stone,  do,  run,  stop. 
From  the  verbal  root  came  a  verbal  noun,  which  was  formed 
by  prefixing  "  a  "  {&h)  to  the  verb  root ;  simple  verb  roots  were 
used  to  denote  case,  mood,  tense,  and  also  other  parts  of  speech. 

As  Burmese  has  adopted  words  from  the  Pali  language,  all 
the  letters  of  the  alphabet  are  in  use,  but  for  pure  Burmese 
words  those  classified  as  cerebral,  and  one  or  two  others,  are 
not  used. 

The  Author  is  indebted  to  Mr.  Po  Han,  B.A.,  a  native  of 
Burma,  for  valuable  assistance  in  reading  the  proofs  of  the 
work,  and  has  himself  spared  no  pains  to  make  it  thoroughly 
accurate  and  reliable,  and  capable  of  proving  a  practical  guide 
to  the  spoken  tongue,  and  a  valuable  introduction  to  the  study 
and  mastery  of  the  language. 


CONTENTS 


PAGE 

"A  Glimpse  OF  Burma  " 7 

Thk  Alphabet  and  Pronunciation       9 

Preliminary  Notes           .„  23 

Vocabularies  : — 

Animals,  Vegetables,  Minerals,  etc. : 

Animals,  Birds,  and  Fishes ^  29 

Fruits,  Trees,  Flowers,  and  Vegetables       83 

Minerals  and  Metals 28 

Reptiles  and  Insects 32 

Colours        36 

Commercial  Terms          68 

Correspondence 70 

Countries  and  Nations ...         64 

Cooking  and  Table  Utensils       52 

Government  Departments          76 

House  and  Furniture,  The         ...         66 

Legal  Terms          ...         65 

Mankind:  Relations        41 

Dress  and  the  Toilet 63 

Food  and  Drink            49 

Health 47 

Human  Body,  The       43 

Physical  and  Mental  Powers,  Qualities,  etc.         46 

Military  Terms      71 

Musical  Instruments       61 

Numbers  :  Cardinal,  Numeral  Auxiliaries,  Ordinal,  Collective  and 

Fractional,  etc 78-83 

Parts  of  Speech  : — 

Adjectives           83 

Adverbs,  Conjunctions,  and  Prepositions 100 

Verbs       89 

Auxiliary  or  Modifying  Verbs            97 

Examples  (of  Auxiliary  Verbs) 99 

Professions  and  Trades  ...         69 

Religion      73 

Society  and  Government            76 

Times  and  Seasons           36 

Town,  Country,  and  Agriculture           89 

Travelling 61 

World,  The,  and  its  Elements 25 

Land  and  Water           26 


6 

Outlines  op  Burmese  Grammar: —  pagk 

The  Adjective        113 

The  Adverb            122 

Affixes,  Closing     121 

„         Continuative        119 

„         Euphonic             120 

Auxiliary  Verbs,  A  fev7  common           122 

The  Construction  of  Burmese  Sentences        123 

Illustration  of  the  Construction  and  Pronunciation  of  Burmese...  124 

The  Honorific  Form 119 

The  Interrogative             117 

The  Negative,  Use  of       117 

The  Noun 107 

Oratio  Obliqua      ...         ...          118 

Polite  Modes  of  Address  ...         126 

The  Pronoun         110 

The  Verb 115 

Model  of         122 

„           Substantive 119 

„          used  as  a  Noun         121 

Conversational  Phrases  and  Sentences: — 

Correspondence,  Post,  Telegraph,  and  Telephone 140 

Health        133 

Idiomatic  Expressions 127 

Meals          132 

Planting 154 

Post 140 

Public  Works        150 

Shopping 145 

Shooting  and  Pishing      146 

Telegraph 140 

Telephone 140 

Time            136 

Times,  Seasons,  and  Weather 138 

Town,  In 143 

Travelling : 

Arrival  in  the  Country            155 

Railway  ...         159 

Useful  and  Necessary  Expressions        127 

Burmese  Handwriting  : — The  Lord's  Prayer  in  Burmese 163 

The  Romanized  form  with  the  English  words  interlined 164 

Money 165 

Woights      166 

Measures  of  Length         167 

,,         ,,     Capacity       167 

Square  Measure 168 

Measures  of  Time 168 


"A  GLIMPSE    OF   BURMA" 


\ Extracted  from  an  article  by  Dr.  Francis  E.  Clark  in  the  Christian  World 
of  February  3rd,  1910,  by  kind  permission  of  the  Editor.^ 


IT  is  not  too  much  to  say  that  Burma  contains  more  of 
interest   than   any   equal   section   of   the   Indian    Empire. 

Many  people  think  of  Burma  as  a  part  of  India,  and  the 
Burmese  as  Indians,  but  they  are  no  more  Indians  than  the 
Chinese  are  Americans.  To  be  sure,  Burma  is  a  province  of 
the  Indian  Empire,  though  it  ought  to  be  as  much  a  separate 
dominion  as  Australia  or  Canada. 

It  is  a  three  days'  journey  on  a  fast  steamer  from  Calcutta 
to  Rangoon  ;  and  when  one  reaches  the  latter  city  he  finds 
people  of  a  totally  different  race,  different  language,  different 
customs,  different  complexion,  different  costumes  and  different 
religion. 

He  finds  that  he  has  exchanged  the  sun-parched  fields  of 
India,  where  famine  always  stalks  behind  the  labourer,  for  the 
well-watered  meadows  of  the  Irrawaddy,  where  in  December 
the  luxuriant  fields  of  rice  wave  their  heavy  tasselled  heads, 
and  where  aU  the  year  round  and  the  century  through  famine  is 
unknown. 

Instead  of  the  straight-featured,  thin-limbed,  agile  Aryans 
whom  he  left  in  Calcutta,  the  traveller  finds  in  Rangoon, 
three  or  four  days  later,  round-faced,  jolly,  plump  Mongolians, 
with  slant  eyes  and  yellow  skins,  and  the  merriest  of  black, 
twinkling  eyes. 

Instead  of  the  three-and- thirty  million  gods,  whom  he  saw 
worshipped  in  Benares,  he  finds  no  god  in  Rangoon,  but  only 
the  placid,  unwinking,  half-smiling  image  of  Gautama  Buddha, 
who,  five  hundred  years  before  Christ,  attained  to  Nirvana, 
and  whose  image  is  to-day  worshipped  by  one-third  of  the 
human  race. 

In  India,  one  finds  temples  carved  with  aU  sorts  of  curious 
and  often  hideous  figures  of  everything  that  is  in  heaven 
above  and  the  earth  beneath  and  the  waters  under  the  earth. 
In  Burma,  graceful,  slender  pagodas,  often  encrusted  thickly 
with  gold  leaf,  and  rising  from  fifty  to  three  hundred  feet  in 
the  air,  are  seen;  and  everywhere,  in  every  stately  pagoda 
and  every  little  jewelled  shrine,  the  same  image,  calm,  unseeing, 
immovable  to  earthly  joys  or  sorrows,  Gautama,  as  he  attained 
the  Icng- sought  Nirvana, 


8 

Next  to  Bombay  and  Calcutta,  RaDgoon  is  the  busiest  port 
in  the  Indian  Empire.  Here  are  great  godowns,  or  wholesale 
storehouses,  filled  with  the  choicest  wares  and  products  of  the 
East,  large  department  stores,  .  .  .  public  buildings,  post-office, 
custom-house,  &c.,  that  would  do  credit  to  any  city  in  the 
world.  Here,  too,  is  a  beautiful  public  park,  charming  lakes, 
an  extensive  Zoo,  all  in  the  heart  of  the  city. 

The  spot  to  which  all  travellers'  paths  converge  in  Ran- 
goon is  the  Shwe  Dagon  Pagoda,  the  most  sacred  spot  in  all 
the  Buddhist  world.  Up  a  long  flight  of  stone  steps  we  walk, 
on  either  side  of  which  are  chattering  vendors  of  curious 
wares — silks  and  lace  and  gongs  of  brass,  huge  cheroots, 
eight  or  ten  inches  long,  and  as  large  round  as  your  two 
thumbs,  which  contain  tobacco  enough  for  a  family  smoke, 
oranges,  mangoes,  jack-fruit  and  papaws,  jade  ornaments  and 
tinsel  jewels — indeed,  almost  anything  that  a  Burman  would 
want  to  eat  or  wear  or  bedeck  himself  with. 

At  the  top  of  the  steps  a  gorgeous,  glittering  sight  indeed 
strikes  the  eye,  for  there  rises  a  great  and  graceful  column  of 
gold,  a  hundred  and  fifty  feet  above  the  vast  platform  on 
which  it  is  built,  and  which  itself  rises  one  hundred  and 
seventy  feet  from  the  ground.  The  pagoda  is  very  wide  at  the 
base,  and  tapers  gradually  to  a  ball-shaped  top,  on  which  is 
a  crown  of  solid  gold  and  jewels  alone  worth  a  round  half- 
million  dollars. 

All  around  are  little  pagodas,  or  shrines,  clustering  close 
to  the  base  of  the  parent,  and  each  vying  with  all  the  others  to 
show  itself  the  richest  and  most  bejewelled. 

In  the  great  pagoda  is  a  huge  Buddha,  so  covered  with 
gold  and  gems  that  the  covetous  public  is  kept  away  from  it  by 
strong  iron  bars,  while  all  the  lesser  shrines  have  other  images 
of  the  placid  saint,  and  some  of  them  many,  but  all  with  exactly 
the  same  expression  of  ineffable  content. 

A  multitude  of  other  sights,  odd,  beautiful,  bizarre,  but  all 
interesting,  attract  the  traveller, 

On  the  road  to  Mandalay, 

which  lies  some  twenty  hours'  journey  up  the  Irrawaddy.  They 
are  well  worth  the  notice  of  anyone  who  can  wander  from  the 
beaten  tracks  of  travel  long  enough  to  enjoy  them. 


BURMESE    SELF-TAUGHT. 


THE    ALPHABET    AND    PEONUNCIATION. 


The  alphabet  used  by  the  Burmese  is  of  Indian  origin  and 
came  to  them  through  Buddhist  monks.  It  is  commonly  called 
Pali.  It  consists  of  thirty-two  consonants  and  eight  primary 
vowels.  There  are  three  diphthongs,  and  the  vowel  sounds 
are  further  modified  by  final  consonants. 

Only  twenty-five  of  the  consonants  are  used  in  Burmese 
vvoids,  but  the  whole  are  put  into  requisition  for  words 
borrowed  from  the  Pali. 

As  the  Biumese  (except  the  Arracanese  branch)  cannot 
pronounce  the  letter  r  they  substitute  y  for  it,  so  that  y  is 
represented  by  both  r  and  y,  and  they  are  often  interchanged 
in  writing,  though  it  has  been  agreed  that  certain  words  shall 
be  written  with  r  and  certain  with  y. 

What  is  generally  known  as  romanization, — i.e.  the  trans- 
literation into  Eoman  characters, — when  applied  to  Burmese 
does  not  answer,  so  there  are  many  systems  of  representing 
the  sounds  of  the  language  in  use,  viz.  tho^e  of  Judson,  Latter, 
Chase,  Tavvseinko,  and  the  Government,  or  Hunterian. 

The  plan  adopted  in  this  work,  however,  is  to  give  the  words 
in  the  native  character  througho\it,  and  instead  of  attempting 
to  romanize  the  characters,  to  add  the  phonetic  pronunciation 
of  the  words  in  accordance  with  the  following  scheme,  which 
is  based  upon  Marlborough's  system  of  phonetics. 


10 


CONSONANTS.' 


Bur- 
mese 
Charac- 
ters. 


oo 


ex) 


00 


O) 


& 


CX) 


cx> 


Roman- 
ized 
form. 


hk 
g 

ta 


ht 


hd 


Pronunciation. 


Phonetics 
used. 


l^.  t,  g 


hk 


When  initial  like  k  in  A;i7e ;  when 
final  sometimes  like  t  and  some- 
times k:  after  a  word  ending  with 
a  vowel  or  nasal  as  g  in  gate  ^  .     . 

When  initial  before  y  like  ch  in 
chair:  when  followinsf  a  vowel  or 
nasal  like  y  in  ^om^ ch,j 

Like  g  in  gate;  never  final;  with  y 
like^' in^'om^  or/i^ g,  j 

Not  used  in  Burmese  words;  like  g 
in  gate  ;  when  final  mute g 

As  in  a^nosf/c  with  the  a  swallowed     .     .     gn 

When  final  like  n  or  ng n,  ng 

When  final  like  t  in  pit;  changes 
to  2; ts,  z,  t 

Like  s  in  see  ;  after  vowel  or  nasal 
changes  to  0 s,  z 

As  z  in  zebra;  when  final  like  t 
in  pit z,  t 

Like  Tiy  in  Bunyan ny 

When  final  sometimes  like  7iin^i7i;  .  .  n 
sometimes  a  simple  ee  sound  as  in  .  .  ee 
bee,  and  sometimes  as  eA eh 

When  initial  as  t  in  ten  or  (when 
following)  d  in  den t,  d 

When  final  something  between  t 

and  p  and  k  final t,  p,  k 

When  initial  ht  or  (when  following 
a  vowel  or  nasal)  d  in  den  .     .     .     .      ht,  d 

When  initial  as  f?  in  (^6 J^ d 

When  final,  between  t  and  A;     .     .     .     .  t,  k 

As  d  in  den d 


1   The   Cerebrals   are  omitted  as  they  are    not  used  for  Burmese  and 
correspond  with  the  Dentals.  '  See  para.  (/),  p.  22. 


11 


Pronunciation. 


Phonetics 
used. 


eh 
eh 
.  1 


When  initial  as  n  in  not ;    when 
final  as  n  in  hen  and  sometimes 

slightly  like  ng  after  o n,  ng 

When  initial  as  p  in  pen ;  changes  ^ 

to  h  in  6e<i p,  b 

When  final  same  as  for  co    .     .     .     .    t,  p,  k 

hp        When  initial  hp;  when  following  ^ 

a  vowel  or  nasal  h hp,  b 

b  Initial  like  h  in  heel      .......       b 

hb        Ji'itial    sometimes    as    h    in    bed  ;     .     .      b 
sometimes  as  A^j hb,  hp 

m         When  initial  likem;  when  final  like 

n  or  TKj m,  n,ng 

When  initial   as   y  in    yet,   when 

final  ell 

When  initial  y,  when  final  as  eh  .     . 
Initial  as  I  in  let;  when  final  mute    . 

w         Initial  as  in  English  ;  medial  as  d6\ 

final  mute w,  66 

1  When  used  in  Pali  derivatives  like 

English  I 1 

th         Initial  as  th  in  ildii .     th 

Changes  after  final  vowel  or  nasal 

to  th  in  that ;  as  final  or  medial,  ^     .     .     .  t 

As  initial  h  in  English :    may  be 

placed  before  all  consonantswhich 

have  not  an  aspirate  form ;  if  final 

mute h 

Used  instead  of  §  72,  or  5  m  ;    .     .     .     .      n 
with  G3^D  cau  becomes  like  h  .     .     .     .      k 

Note. — It  is  impossible  to  give  examples  of  the  way  in  which  ts,  ht, 
hd,  lip,  and  hb  are  to  be  pronounced  as  initials,  but  the  student  must 
endeavour  to  sound  the  letters  together  in  their  written  order,  for  ts, 
ht,  and  hp.     Hd  and  hb  are  merely  a  stronger  d  and  b. 

1  The  woitis  '  following'  and  '  changes'  refer  to  rule  (/.),  p.  22. 


12 


VOWELS    AND    DIPHTHONGS. 
Burmese.    Romanized,  Pronunciation. 


Phonetics. 


Like  a  in  father  but  short  . 

„     a  in  father 

„     i  in  machinery  but  shortei* 

„     ee  in  feet 

„     00  in  foot 

,,     00  in  boot 

„     a  in  holiday       .      .      .      . 

„     the  first  e  in  there 

aic  as  in  paw 

Longer  and  drawn  out  . 

Like  0  m  go 

Deeper  and  long  drawn  out     < 
Sharp  and  short .      .      .      .      , 
Like  00  in  foot,  or  Welsh  w 
Like  00  in  spoon. 


ah 
kh 
ee 
ee 
56 

00 

eh 
aw 
aw 
oh 

ohl 
oh 

00 
00 


VOWELS    AND    DIPHTHONGS    WITH    FINALS. 

33o5  aA  followed  by  k  is  like  e  in  let. 

3d8  a.h  followed  by  ts  is  like  i  in  pit. 

osS  Sih  followed  by  gn  is  like  i  and  e  in  tin  and  ten. 

33^  aA  followed  by  ny  is  like  ee  or  in  or  eh. 

335,  33oS,  33^5  338,  33  ;  Sih  followcd  by  any  of  these 
retains  its  sound  as  a  in  ca)iH  (a^). 

3S5,  gSoS,  j^I,  3S§  ;  i  (ee)  followed  by  these  consonants  is 
like  ai  in  bait  (ay). 


33  cannot  be  used  with  ^, 


13 


3^S,  3^o5,  3^5,  3^5,  3^;  u  (66)  followed  by  these,  like  o  in 
bone  [uh), 

3oo5  e  as  first  e  in  /Aere  (eh). 

G33Do5,  G33dS  ;   ea  followed  by  k  or  gn,  as  o^^;  in  how  (ow). 

G^oS,  3^8  ;  iu  followed  by  k  or  gn,  like  i  in  pine  (i) 

The  alphabet  is  classified  as  below.  Every  consonant  con- 
tains an  inherent  a  (ah)  which  has  to  be  pronounced  with  it 
until  killed  by  the  mark  ^  (thaAt  =  strike  or  kill)  placed  over 
it,  or  until  it  is  modified  by  a  final. ^ 

Thus  OD  k  must  be  ka^  until  it  is  killed — oS,  and  it  then 
has  the  sound  of  the  final  t  in  let. 


G  utturals 

oo  kah 

o  hkaA 

o  gaA 

oo  hga/i 

c  ngsih 

Palatals 

o  tsaA 

oo  hsixh 

O)  dzaA 

€ij  hdzah 

S  nyaA 

Cerebrals 

^'  tU 

g  htaA 

^  dah 

o  hdaA 

CUD  nkh 

Dentals 

cx>  taA 

00  htaA 

3  dah 

o  hdaA 

^  naA 

Labials 

o  paA 

o  hpaA 

o  hU 

00  hbaA 

o  maA 

Liquids 

oo  yaA 

s|  rU 

CO  laA 

o  waA 

gua 

Sibilant 

00  ihah 

Aspirate 

o:)  hkh 

The  00  hts  is  pronounced  as  s. 

The  CO  hb  is  often  used  instead  of  o  hp. 

ty  hdz  is  exactly  the  same  as  O)  dz  and  only  used  in  one 
common  Burmese  word. 

The  cerebrals  with  do  hg  and  g  11  are  only  used  in  words 
derived  from  Pali. 

The  cerebrals  are  essentially  Indian,  Pali,  or  Sanskrit. 
The  Burmese  cannot  differentiate  them  from  the  dentals, 
*  See  under  *  Pinal  Consonants  ',  p.  18. 


14 


and  so  pronounce  them  when  used,  and  also  the  liquid  11, 
in  the  same  way  as  the  dentals. 

The  o  g  and  ex)  hg  are  pronounced  the  same, 

c  is  pronounced  like  ung-a^,  low  down  in  the  throat,  and 
when  aspirated  nothing  can  describe  it. 

G|  r  is  not  pronounceable  by  a  Burman  (except  the  Arra- 
canese  branch)  but  is  pronounced  as  oo  y  and  the  two  letters 
are  interchangeable. 

Every  letter  which  has  not  an  aspirate  form  can  be  aspirated 
by  the  addition  of  the  sign  for  CX)  h&h  ,  written  under  it;  thus 
^  nkh  when  aspirated  is  written  ^  hna/i,  od  laA  eg  hlah.  When 
oo  yah  and  G|  yah  are  aspirated  they  become  c^  ^  shah. 

00  has  two  sounds  as  th  in  thin  and  th  in  that. 

Neither  oo  nor  oo  can  take  the  aspirate. 

Certain  consonants  are  cnpable  of  combination  with  the 
others  so  as  to  be  pronounced  as  one.  This  is  done  by  means 
of  a  secondary  form  as  shown  in  the  following  table  : — 


Consonants 
Second  forms 

OO 

U 

C 

o 
6 

oo 

J 

oo  +  o 

G[  +  0 

Q 

oo  +  oo 

Ji 

Consonants  (cont.) 
Second  forms  (cont.) 

€)  +00 

c 

o  +  oo 

S  +  ^  +  6 

The  force  of  these  combinations  is  best  shown  with  the 
consonant  o  ma^,  which  alone  can  take  the  whole. 

o  ma^  c^  myah      g  myah       ^  mwah        ^  hmah 

g)  myooaA   g  myooaA  (like  mew-ah) 
^  hmya^     Q  hmyaA     g  hmwaA     |o  hmyooaA 
§  gnyaA  and  ^  nyah  have  the  same  sound  and  are  inter- 
changeable. 


15 


In  addition  to  the  final  consonants  there  is  also  the  si»n  », 
called  GOO§coD§oo6  thay8^Aay8tin,  which  is  written  above  a 
consonant  and  has  the  power  of  final  n,  as  o6  =  oo5  kaAn. 
When  used  with  the  diphthong  g33D  aw  it  has  the  power  of 
final  k,  as  G33o  =  g33Do5  owk. 


VOWELS    AND    DIPHTHONGS. 
There  are  eight  written  vowels  and  three  diphthon^o. 

Short  vowels  :   33  a/f        S!^  ee       g  66 
Long  vowels  :    3D3  aA       g]f  ee      §  oo      G  ay      i»  eh 
Diphthongs  :      Q  or  G33D  aw      g(^d  or  G3d5  aw  3^  oh 
To  unite  these  vowels  and  diphthongs  to  the  various  con- 
sonants certain  secondary  forms  aie  required  which  are  usually 
called  symbols. 

3D  ah  being  inherent  in  every  consonant  has  none. 


33D  ah  . 
g?  ee.   . 

gjee  . 
g  66  .   . 

g   on    .     . 

G  ay  .  . 
£»  eh     . 

(^  aw  . 
g(^o  aw 
3^  oh    . 


o  or  1  as  ODD  kiih  ol  wah 

®  as  c8  kee 

®  as  c8  kee 

^  as  cq  koo 

^^  as   cx^  koo 

G  as  GOO  kay 

""  as  cx)  keh 

G  —  D  as  GOOD  kaw 

G  —  5  as  GOoS  kaw 

^  as  o^  koA 


The  forms  g^  ^  g  §  are  as  a  rule  used  only  for  Pali  words, 
the  vowel  33  with  secondary  forms  being  used  instead, 
chus : — 38  ee  3B  ee   3^  66   3^  00. 

The  \owels  can  thus   be  united  to  all  the  consonants  and 


16 

double  consonants  in  the  same  way,  and,  it  will  be  observed, 
replace  the  inherent  33  Ah. 

The  two  forms  D  and  ^  for  long  a/^  are  to  prevent  confusion. 
If  3  were  used  with  o  waA  it  would  become  oo  ta/z,  so  wc 
must  use  ol  wa//. 

NOTES    ON    COMBINED    CONSONANTS    AND    VOWELS. 

The  y  sound  when  joined  to  another  consonnnt  must  be 
sounded  as  much  as  possible  with  it ;  [§  "^  are  kya/*,  not 
ky-aA.      (§  hkyaA  is  chaA.      {q  ydh. 

Some  combinations  are  very  easy,  as — 

S[        S9        ^         §[         "^        S\\\       ^^ 

c^        ccp        c^         ^        o^[       c^ll       GC^  ^c. 

shaA      shaA      shee      shee      shoo      shoo      shay 

The  consonant  o  waA  in  combination  is  sometimes  a  con- 
sonant and  sometimes  a  vowel. 

^  is  hmwa//,  but  gj  is  myooaA  (mew-aA). 

Note. — Ky,  gij,  &e,,  are  sounded  in  all  shades  from  k  and  g  to  ch  in 
church  and  j  in  jxtdge. 

Some  exaNiples  of  Consonants  combined  with  Voivel 
symbols : — 

VOWELS. 

o  hkaA  ol  hkaA  8  hkee   S  hkee  ^  hkoo  ^  hkoo  go  hkay  5  hkel 
^nyaAf^DnyaA^nyee  ^nyee  ^nyoo  gj^nyooG^nyay  ^nyel 
o  paA    ol  paA      8  pee     8  pee     ^  poo    (^  poo      go  pay    c)  peh    j 
G|  yaA   Gp  vaA     ^yee     ^  yee     ^  yoo     ^  yoo     GG|yay    ej  yt h 
o  waA    o1  wah    8  wee    8  wee     c^  woo    <^  woo    go  way   b  weh 


17 

DIPHTHONGS. 


col  gaw  coTgaw  ^  goA 

GOD  tsaw  GoS  tsavv  ^  tso^ 

GOOD  taw  GOoS  taw  c^  toh 

GOOD  yaw  GooS  yaw  o^  yoA 


Gcl  gnaw    GcTgnaw    ^  gnoA 
ggI  claw      GoTdaw       ^  doA 
GODD  thaw  GooS  thaw  o^thoA 
Gol  hpaw   GoThpaw    ^  hpoA 


COMBINED    CONSONANTS    WITH    VOWELS. 

OQj  kyaA  oqi^  kyaA  o^  kyee  o^  kyee  o^[  kyoo  cq\[  kyoo 
Goqn  kyay  c^  kyeh  ^  kyaA  (§D  kyaA  (^  kyee  Q  kyee 
@  kyoo    @  kyoo   G^  kyay    g  kyeh.^ 

^  chaA  ^D  chaA  ^  ciiee  ^  chee  sj][  choo  ^||  choo  g^]  chay 
^  cheh  §  chhh  §D  cha^  (§  chee  §  chee  §  choo  §  choc 
G§  chay   (§  cheh. 

^  pwaA  ^1  pwaA   §  pw^ee  §  pwee   g^  pway   ^  pweh. 
og  IwaA  c^D  IwaA  o§  Iwee  c§  Iwee   GC(g  Iway  c^  Iweh. 
(In  this  last  combination  the  ^  almost  amounts  to  56.) 

ghgnaA  ^d  lignaA  ^  hnyee  ^[hnyoo  G^Dhnyaw  ^hnyoA 
c^  hlaA  c^D  hlaA  c^  hlee  c§  hlee  (^  hloo  (^  hloo  gc^  hlay 
c§)  hleh. 

^  [  kyoo-aA     ^^   kyoo-aA     ^   kyo6-ee      ^?§!  [  kyo6-ay 


^ 


kyou-eh. 


^0  hnwaA  go  hmwaA  c^d  hlwaA   cog  hlway  c§  hlweh. 

*  Hky,  gy  with  the  vowels  are  sounded  in  many  shades  from  k  and  g 
to  ch  in  church  andj  in  judge,  and  no  rule  can  be  given.  With  the  vowel 
e  (ay)  the  sound  of  the  vowel  varies,  as  G§  chay  is  often  pronounced  as  if 
it  were  chee  and  GOqjo  kyays  as  kyeeS. 


JURMESK    S.-T. 


18 

eg  is  pronounced  in  two  ways — hlyaA  and  shaA;  so 
we  get 

^^IshaA      ^^^Ishaw      ^[shoA. 

Occasionally  one  finds  the  combination  of  Q  yaA  ^  waA 
and  J  hah,  but  it  is  pronounced  with  Q  yaA  omitted,  so  that 
(q  hmyoo-ah  =  ^  hmwaA. 

FINAL   CONSONANTS. 

Other  vowel  sounds  are  obtained  by  means  of  a  final 
consonant. 

A  consonant  is  made  final  by  placing  over  it  the  mark  ^, 
which  is  called  oooS  that  (thaAt,  kill).  It  is  so  called  because 
it  kills  the  inherent  33  Sih. 

Thus,  O0O3  is  kata,  but  ooo5  is  kat. 

cncyD  is  kaka,  but  ooo5  is  ket. 
GOOD  is  law,  but  gcodoS  is  lowk. 
c^  is  to,  but  0^8  is  taing  or  ting, 
ooo  is  tatsa,  but  ooS  is  tit. 

The  same  thing  occurs  when  two  consonants  come  together 
in  a  foreign  word  of  more  than  one  syllable,  and  one  consonant 
is  written  under  the  other ;  thus, 

og  hdammaA,  law  (pronounced  daAmaA). 

9^d3  punnaAs,  a  Brahmin  (pronounced  poAnnaAs). 

oocTOD  hbandaA,  property  (pronounced  hpadaA). 
This  is  also  allowable  in  a  few  Burmese  words  which  have 
become  stereotyped ;   as, 

8g  for  8§oQ  maynSmaA,  a  woman. 
This  word  also  shows  another  rule  as  to  the  interchange 


19 

of  final  Q  mah  and  ^  na^.  The  final  S  is  considered  heavier 
than  5  and  is  equal  to  58.  When  two  Fs  come  together  thus 
^,  as  in  cq^,  the  first  1  changes  to  n,  so  instead  of  l6611a/« 
we  get  loAnla^. 

Though  several  consonants  are  written  as  final,  there  are 
really  only  four  final  sounds,  viz.  k,  t,  ng,  n. 

Final  consonants  are  very  indistinct,  and  not  only  is  the 
inherent  33  aA  killed,  but  the  consonant  itself  is  almost 
done  away  with,  and  it  is  almost  impossible  to  say  whether 
the  sharp,  abrupt  sound  is  k,  t,  or  p. 

The  effect  of  final  consonants  on  the  preceding  vowels  is 
shown  in  the  following  table : — 


Combined  with  vowels  and  w. 

Final  consonant. 

kh 

ee 

66 

oh 

aw 

w 

Power. 

3D 

g? 

e 

3^ 

G33D 

O 

o5  k 

et 

ik 

owk 

S  ng 

in 

ing 

owng 

S  ts 

it 

^, 

eh 

This  final  has  three 

sounds,  ee,  eh,  in. 

o5  t  or  0  p 

liht 

ayk 

ohk 

66t 

As  in  root. 

5  n  or  5  ni  ® 

a/m 

ayn 

ohn 

66n 

The   6   makes  the 
vowel  heavier. 

cSy 

eh 

These  sounds  should  be  practised  with  all  the  consonants; 
thus, 

cooS  ket      od8  kin      ooS  kit      oo^  kee. 


ODoS  ka^t      od5  kaAt      cx)?  kaAn      ooS  kaAn. 


B    2 


20 

o5  kaAn      oojs  ka/ms      cx)o5  keh. 

c^oS  kik     c§6  king. 

c8o5  kayt      c8^  kayn. 

0:^5  or  cxpoS  koAk      o^^  or  c^  kohn     oqiS  ko^n. 

ogoS  or  c^5  koot      og^  or  og  koon      c^5  koon. 

No  matter  what  consonant  or  double  consonant  begins  the 
word,  the  vowels  always  remain  as  above ;  thus, 

006  sin      o£  win      ^6  chin      ogS  twin     ^8  shin. 
oS  tsit      ^S  nyit      §8  chit      oj8  hlit      i^h  hmyit. 

In  the  following  combination  some  words  seem  to  end 
with  t  and  some  with  k  : — 

d8o5  sayt      08 o5  tayt     §o5  chayt     8o5  mayt. 
3S5  ayk      ^oS  yayk      c85  layk      o8o5  thayk. 
cxj5  loAk      ac^oS  sohk     ^[5  choAk     ^oS  hgnoAk. 

o  waA  is  w  with  all  consonants  without  a  final,  except 
Q3  nyaA  od  yaA  Cj  yaA,  when  it  takes  the  vowel  sound,  as 
^  nyooaA    g|  yooaA. 

^  hmyaA      ^  hmyee      ^[  hmyoo      g^  hmyay. 
c^  kwaA      §  gwee      eg  gnway     ogj  kyo6-eh. 

In  certain  words  taken  from  the  Pali  we  find  a  final 
quiescent  consonant — 

c^c£  koA      ^&>5  moh     ^^  moA. 
^o5  boA      d^oS  hpoA      |§aS  joA. 

The  double  00  thaA  is  written  ooo  and  pronounced  tth, 
as  cooDoo  kaAt-thaA-paA  or  kth  as  in  goo^  oAk-thoAn.  The 
Pali  pronunciation  of  these  would  be  kassapa  and  ussun. 


21 


TONES    OR   ACCENTS. 

There  are  three  tones  : — 

(a)  The  ordinary  (unmarked),  as  Q8  myin,  to  see. 

(b)  The  abrupt,  (a  small  circle  written  under  the  word), 
as  ^8  my  in,  lofty,  tall. 

{c)  The  prolonged  heavy  tone,  (two  small  circles  follow- 
ing the  word),  as  g6o  myin:  (or  myeens),  a  horse. 

The  light  accent  may  be  used  with  final  G33  ay,  j^  eh, 
G33D  aw,  3^  oh,  or  a  mute  nasal  consonant,  as  od^  ka^n. 

The  heavy  accent  may  follow  33D  ah,  3S  ee,  33  00,  C33  ay, 
i»  eh,  3^  oh,  and  the  mute  nasal  consonants,  as  ooSs  tin, 
cx^Js  toAn:. 

By  means  of  these  accents,  or  cadences,  three  distinct 
meanings  can  be  given  ;   as, 

myin,  to  see ;   myin,  tall,  high ;   myinS,  a  horse. 

PHONETIC   CHANGES. 

(a)  When  a  final  consonant  is  followed  by  a  nasal  it 
is  assimilated  ;   as, 

{^5qo5  ayk-met,  to  dream,  becomes  ayn-met. 
G^^DoS^Q  owk-may,  to  long  foi',  becomes  owng-may. 
^8.?>D  nit-naA,  to  be  aggrieved,  becomes  nin-naA. 

{b)  Sometimes  the  vowels  06  and  00  are  elided  ;  as, 
c^Gj^oS  p66-yaA-bik,  a  note-book,  becomes  paA-ya^-bik. 

(c)  The  letters  00  baA,  o  [mh,  and  q  maA  are  inter- 
changeable ;   as, 

ooc8  htaA-bee,  a  petticoat,  becomes  htaA-mee. 
olsg  hdaA8-pya^,  a  bandit j  becomes  hdaAS-my^^. 


22 

(d)  Words  beginning  with  oo  and  oo  take  the  initial  con- 
sonant of  the  following  syllable;   as, 

g^8  oo-hmin,  a  cave,  becomes  o^n(m)-hmin. 
^oGj>DoS  oo-hnowk,  brains,  becomes  6An5-hnowk. 
§8go18  oo-hkowng,  head,  becomes  oAk-hkowng. 

(e)  The    final   nasal    of  the    first   syllable  is   sometimes 
dropped;   as, 

0608  sa^n-pin,  haii^  of  the  head,  becomes  saA-bin. 

ODols  ta^n-hka^s,  a  door,  becomes  ta^-gaAS. 

o§cOo  paAnS-peho,  a  blacksmith,  becomes  paA-beho.^ 
(/)  When  a  word  ending  with  a  vowel  or  nasal  precedes 
another  so  as  to  form  as  it  were  a  polysyllable,  and  the  initial 
consonant  of  the  following  word  is  one  of  those  in  columns 
I  and  2  on  p.  13,  it  must  as  a  rule  be  changed  to  the 
corresponding  consonant  in  col.  3  or  col.  4;  thus, 

ooS§S  sin-chin,  to  consider,  becomes  sin-jin. 

QSbgDOOooDo  hpyit-hkeh-tsooaA  ta^-kaAS  becomes  hpyit- 
hkeli-zooaA  ta/i-ga^S. 

NUMERALS.  2 
1234567890 

oj99^S70(30 
These  figures  are  used  exactly  like  the  English  figures. 

WRITING. 
Burmese  is  written  from  leit  to  right,  but  there  is  little 
use  for  punctuation  as  the  sentences  punctuate  themselves. 
A  full  stop   may  be  represented  by  u  and  to  divide  para- 
graphs II   II  is  used. 

'  The  heavy  accent  on  the  first  word  is  often  dropped  in  compounds. 
'  See  p.  78,  p.nd  p.  114. 


23 

ABBREVIATIONS    IN    COMMON   USE. 

(^      for  G^  ee  at  the  end  of  a  sentence,  or  of, 
^?      5?    g^d6  jowng,  because, 
g6§     „    goodSs  kowngs,  good. 
§         „    ^o5  hnik,  in,  at, 
§       „    G.g|  yooay,  and. 

Cj5      „    co^oGoodSo  lee;  gowngs,  5oM  —  and;  the  aforesaid, 
cx^S    „    cx^coS  loolin,  a  bachelor. 

^        „    £  written  over  as  in  oogoSd  for  ooSsgood  thim:  baw, 
a  ship. 


PRELIMINARY    NOTES. 


The  foregoing  pages,  9—22,  should  be  carefully  read  and  the 
phonetic  equivalents  of  the  Buimese  characters  noted.  Practice  in 
copying  the  characters  themselves  will  soon  enable  the  student  to  read 
and  write  the  words  and  phrases  in  the  following  lists,  which  he  is 
also  recommended  to  learn  by  heart,  repeating  them  aloud  with  the 
aid  of  the  phonetic  spelling  in  the  third  column. 

Peonunciation. — It  will  be  noticed  that  the  values  of  the  vowels 
in  the  Pronunciation  column  are  not  always  the  same.  This  is  caused 
by  euphony,  as,  for  instance,  in  'a^-na^-zo/iS".  This  is  the  correct 
transliteration,  but  the  pronunciation  is  '  aA-naA-z6/iS'. 

Tones  or  Accents. — For  the  proper  appreciation  and  correct 
use  of  these,  the  student  is  recommended  to  avail  himself  of  every 
opportunity  of  getting  native  tutorial  assistance.  They  are  usually 
indicated  in  the  phonetic  pronunciation,  which  of  course  would  be 
imperfect  without  them.  In  the  Burmese  text  they  are  always 
shown,  but  some  do  not  appear  in  the  'pronunciation'  column.  The 
reason  is  that  when  words  are  run  together  as  compounds,  the  heavy 
tone  is  often  rejected  and  the  ictus  thrown  on  to  the  last  word. 

For  instance,  ooGp§  taA-yaAs  (Jaw),  when  turned  into  'civil  law' 
by  the  addition  of  Q  maA,  becomes  OOGp§Q  taA-yaA-mah'. 


24 

The  heavy  accent  :  is  supposed  to  be  inherent  in  the  vowel 
K)  eh:,  unless  superseded  by  the  light  accent,  and  is  not,  as  a  rule, 
written.  Therefore  (Xi  leh  is  properly  lehs.  We  find  it  written, 
however,  with  (X)o  i  b8  and  one  or  two  other  words. 

The  use  of  the  Hyphen. — It  has  been  the  custom  in  trans- 
literating Burmese  words  to  put  a  hyphen  indiscriminately  between 
every  syllable  and  the  next ;  thus — 

7%ee-aA-yaM-hma/i-gijaA,-aA-yin-taA-hka^-hmyaA-ma^-yowk-tsaA- 
hpoo:-boos. 

This  seems  a  very  senseless  method  as  it  shows  nothing.  In 
this  work,  only  those  syllables  which  are  really  connected  together 
in  a  composite  manner  are  so  joined,  and  the  above  sentence  would 
be  written  as  under — 

Thee      ah-yaht-hmah     gnhh     aA-yin      tiiA-hkaA-hmyaA        ma^, 

This         place  -    in  I        before      one-time-even  (once)  not 

yowk-ts^;^-  hpoo;-boo:. 

arrive     (assertive  affixes). 

It  was  found,  however,  that  this  plan  could  not  always  be  strictly 
adheiedto,  as  the  syllables  of  some  composite  words  required  proper 
division,  for  example,  it  would  not  have  been  possible  to  write  the 
word  aA-}aAt  as  aAyaAt. 

The  hyphen  has  therefore  been  used  in  two  ways — (a)  to  connect 
words  wliich  form  pol}  syllabic  expressions ;  (6)  to  separate  syllables 
that  might  be  mispronounced  if  written  as  one  word. 

Hints  on  addressing  a  Burmax. — Do  not  raise  the  voice  or 
shout,  and  speak  slowly  and  distinctly. 

Be  careful  not  to  drop  the  aspirate.  There  is  a  great  difference 
between  p  and  hp,  t  and  ht,  but  no  practical  difference  between 
b  and  hb,  d  and  hd. 

Be  very  careful  to  differentiate  the  sounds  ay  and  eh;  for  instance, 
33GQ  a^-may  is  mother  and  3308  aA-meh;  is  game;  qqo  hlay  canoe 
and  c^goS  hlehs  a  cart.  In  the  latter  case  there  can  be  no  mistake 
if  the  proper  numeral  auxiliary  is  used;  thus  GCOODoSo  hlay-taA- 
zin:  and  c^^2od8§  hleh:-ta^-zees . 

Remember  the  rule  as  to  change  in  consonants  (p.  22,/). 


VOCABULARIES. 


The  World  and  its  Elements.    ooo8sgg8^So1o5;j|D3» 


English 

Burmese. 

Pronunciation. 

air 

GOD 

lay 

cloud 

^o5§o85 

mo^s-dayn 

cold 

cgS^II    33G336 

ay-jins,  aA-ays 

comet 

goSoDg? 

kyeh-ta/t-goon 

darkness 

^o5§£8 

mik-chin; 

dew  or  fog 

j[»58iio8.'j,58 

hnin8,  see8-hninS 

dust 

333^$ll(^o8 

aA-hmoAn,  hpoAk 

earth 

G@Hcg@8 

myay,  myay-jees 

earthquake 

Ggg8C35§6^ 

myay-jees  hloAk-chins 

east 

^<^§[ 

aA-shay 

eclipse  (of  sun) 

G^(§o8g8§ 

nay-kyaAt-chinS 

—  (of  moon) 

Co(^ODgSS 

laA-kyaAt-chins 

fire 

§8 

mees 

flame 

88C^ 

mees-shaAn 

frost 

d83b 

sees-geh 

hail 

^oS^oSi 

mohi-theel 

heat 

33  (^ 

a^-poo 

light 

330d88 

aMinS 

lightning 

c^o5o8 

shaAt-tsit 

moon  ;   new,  full 

coil  CO3-81I  ODg^ 

laA,  X^h-thii,  la^-bye§ 

moonlight 

COOODgSS 

la^  tha^-jin; 

north 

cgDoS 

myowk 

planet 

6^ 

]oh 

jrain 

^oSsa^gss 

mohi  yooaA  jinS 

26 


English. 

Burmese. 

Pronunciation. 

rainbow 

DDOD? 

thettaAn 

shade,  shadow 

SD^OS 

aA-yayk 

sky 

^o5oGOOd5oOo5 

moAs-kowngs-^in 

snow 

^^.g6 

moAs-bwin 

south 

good6 

towng 

star 

goS 

kyeh 

sun 

G^ 

nay 

thunder 

^oSBgsgSs 

moAs-choAnS-jinS 

water 

GG| 

yay 

weather 

^dSSgco 

m6h%-\aj 

west 

33G^Do5 

a^-nowk 

wind 

GCOO^o5g5^ 

lay-tik-chin? 

Lan 

d  and  Water,     g 

g^5GG|U 

bay 

o£coo5gcdo8gc^ 

pinleh  downg-gway 

beach 

o8coo5oo58 

pinleh-kaAns 

bog 

8Sg(q 

tsayn-myay 

canal 

CC^  GgD63 

tooS-myowngS 

cape 

33  (j^ 

aA-gnoo 

cave 

^ 

koo 

chasm 

G^DOS 

jowk 

cliff 

0062  GOI  oS 

ka/ms-zowk 

coast 

o6cOC^OD§8^D 

pinleh-ka/inS-naA 

creek 

GQ|D6g 

chowngs 

current 

GG|83 

yay-zeeS 

ebb 

GG|g 

yay-jyaA 

flood  (of  the  tide) 

GG|OOo5 

yay-det 

foam 

33go5 

aA-hmyoAk 

forest 

GOOD 

|taw 

27 


English. 

Burmese. 

Pronunciation. 

hill 

G0335 

towng 

hillock 

good6§ 

towng-bo^ 

hill-top 

good6c6o5 

towng-dayt 

ice 

GG|b 

yay-geh 

island 

o2j$s 

kyoons 

lake 

3380 U     3^5 

ins,  ing 

land 

o95§ 

koAns 

marsh 

§?G^ 

noon- my  ay 

moor 

o26§8 

Ivvin-byin 

mountain 

good5[o58 

towng-jees 

mud 

i 

shoon 

range  of  hills 

cr^^loD^B 

kohui-dMnt 

range  ofmountains 

goodS^S 

towng-yo/iS 

river 

@5 

myit 

rock 

GoqiDoS 

kyowk 

sand 

do 

theh 

sand-bank 

good8 

thowng 

sea 

o6coo5 

pinleh 

shingle 

GOq|Do5oG|8 

kyowk-tsa^-yit 

spring  (water) 

G^^OSS 

yay-tsaAns 

storm 

^?o^6s 

moAn-dings 

stream 

g^dSs  oogod? 

chowngs-gaAlayS 

tide 

§ 

dee 

valley 

4? 

ching 

water,  fresh 

G^q 

yay-joA 

—  salt 

G€|c5 

yay-gnaAn 

waterfall 

GG|0D§$ 

yay-ta^goon 

water-tank  (dug) 

GG|00§ 

yay-ga^n 

wave       [reservoir 

c§88ii  c§82o5§g 

hling:,  hlings-ta' -bo/iS 

English. 


28 

Burmese. 


Pronimoiation. 


well 
whirlpool 


GQbS 


yay-dwin: 
yay-weh: 


Minerals  and  Metals.     oloS  oo^ 

[5»8  GoqjDoS  satjs^ 

alum 

GOqiDoS^g 

kyowk-chin 

amber 

oodSs 

paA-yins 

antimony 

OG^3a58S 

hkaA-nowk-tsayn 

arsenic 

8^ 

tsayn 

borax 

coo5@d8 

let-chaAs 

brass 

g(3oo1 

kyays-waA 

bricks 

3;^o5 

ohk 

bronze 

G@8| 

kyays-nee 

cement 

33(5gOO 

in:gaAday 

chalk 

^SS 

myay-byoo 

clay 

cgGCg 

my  ay-zees 

coal 

GCr^Do582GOg8 

kyowk-mees-^Away 

copper 

0@S| 

kyay:-nee 

coral 

°^Si' 

thaAdaA 

crystal 

QcrpcS  ooorSs 

kyowk-thaAlinS 

diamond 

SJccqDoS 

tsayn-jowk 

emerald 

@ 

myaA 

flint 

8§oo6go:^do5 

mees-gaAt-kyowk 

glass 

o?n   ^5 

hpaAn,  hmaAn 

gold 

^^ 

shway 

gravel 

GOqjDoSoSjS 

kyowk-tsaA-yit 

iron 

OD 

thaAn 

lead 

5o 

hkeh-maA 

lime 

^^§ 

htdAn:-byoo 

marble 

GO^DOSQ 

kyowk-hpyoo 

29 


English. 

Burmese. 

Pronunciation. 

mercury 

@3l8 

paAdaAs 

mortar 

OD§|05 

tha^-yoot 

opal 

ocq^ 

maAhooyaA 

ore 

oo^lGcy^odS 

thaAttoo-jowk 

pearl 

c^cx> 

paMeh 

petroleum 

CG|^ 

yay-naAn 

ruby 

G0q|Do5| 

kyowk-nee 

salt 

0038 

saAs 

sand 

00 

theh 

sapphire 

?03D 

neelaA 

silver 

^2 

gnway 

soda 

(yDODDS 

pyaA-zaAs 

steel 

ooooS 

thaAn-m^Anee 

stone 

GO^DOS 

kyowk 

sulphur 

OD^ 

kaAn 

tin 

^S 

thaAn-byoo 

zinc 

C^S 

thoot 

Animals,  Birds,  and  Fishes. 

DODSigoSiclsoo^st^s 

animal 

cx)D8 

thaA: 

barking  deer 

-? 

jee 

bear 

oo56 

wet-w66n 

bird 

goS 

hgnet 

buffalo 

^ 

kyo6-eh 

bull 

^DSo88 

naA-htees 

calf 

^d3odgco2 

nwaAs-gaAlays 

cat 

giQd8 

kyowng 

chicken 

JC^OSOOGCOS 

kyet-kaAlays 

cock 

goSc3 

kyet-hpa/i 

30 


English. 

Burmese. 

Pronunciation. 

colt 

gSSOOGCOS 

myins-ga/ilays 

COW 

§D§0 

nwaAs-maA 

crab 

O^JSlI    C^§?@3B 

gaAnaAnSj     pa/izooii- 

crow 

ogscojg 

kyeesgaAns        [byaAs 

dog 

G§S 

hkways 

dove 

g^ 

joAs 

duck 

oSso) 

woomsbeh 

eagle 

64 

woonloA 

eel 

c"lS5lS 

gnaAs-shIn 

elephant 

oo£ 

sin 

elk 

a-)o£ 

thaAmin 

fish 

cl8 

gnaAs                            ; 

fowl 

(§(^ 

kyet 

fox 

GgGg3 

myay-gways 

game 

RDfr^ 

a^-meh 

goat 

ScS 

sayt 

goose 

cSoQII    c52(| 

gnaAnS-maA,  (gander 

hare 

oq5 

yoAn          [gnaAns-bo/ 

hen 

goSo 

ky  et-m  a  A,  or  ky  emma/ 

hog-deer 

3G|o5 

daAyeh 

hoof 

8l 

hkwaA 

horn 

S'S 

002-joA 

horse 

gSs 

my  ins 

leopard 

o^d8oo8 

kyaA  Mit 

mane 

CO^QO 

leh-za/m 

mongoose  (ichneu- 

Ggol 

mwaybaA 

monkey         [mon) 

G4|Do5 

myowk 

mouse 

go5 

kyooet 

mullet 

ODc8a^3 

kaA-baAlooS 

31 


Ensrlish. 


Burmese. 


Pronunciation. 


otter 

owl 

— ,  horned 

ox 

oyster 

parrot 

partridge 

paw 

peacock,  —  hen 

pheasant 

pig 
pigeon 

porcupine 
quail 
I  rabbit 
rat 

red  deer 
rhinoceros 
sheep 
snipe 
sparrow 
starling 
stork 
swallow 

swan 
tail 
tiger 
tortoise 


OO^OOOD 

cocS 

G3l63<^ll    G3168Q 

§ 

oo68qcx)Do:^5 

(§o5 

oo5 


0^3 
gQo5 

ODOOGCOS 


3d(§§ 

c^5 


hpyaAn 

hgnet-soAs 

dees-do^k 

nwaA:-byees 

kaA-noo-kaA-maA 

kyet-too-yooays 

hka^ 

let  [ma/i 

downgs-bo^,  downgs- 

yit 

wet 

hko^ 

hpyoo 

gno^ngS 

thimsbaw-yoAn 

kyooet 

saAt 

kya^n 

thoAs 

myay-woot 

tsa/i-ga^lays 

zaA-yet 

byings-byoo 

moAs-z  way-hgnets 

pyaAn-hlwa//s 
shway-gnaAns 
aA-m)ees 
kya//S 
lavk 


s^ 


English. 

Burmese. 

Pronunciation 

turkey 

go5oo8 

hgnet-sin 

turtle 

c85ii  oEcocS  c85 

layk,  pinleh-layk 

vulture 

C08800 

laA-daA 

wild  ox 

§6 

tsing 

wing 

33G00d8 

aA-towng 

wolf 

GOQDGgS 

taw-gways 

Reptiles  and  Insects. 

c8S02^,^OgDSGODD00D2j>5^^ 

iGOOD84|OSll 

ant 

og^oSaSoS 

paA-yooet-sayt 

—  (white) 

§ 

chaA 

bee 

c^dSgoodS 

pyaA:-gowng 

beetle 

C^OG^i^S 

nowk-chyeeS-boAs 

bug 

@5^§3 

kyaA-boAs 

butterfly- 

oSSQd 

layk-pyaA 

caterpillar 

St 

hkoo 

centipede 

oo8sg§q^d§ 

kins-chee-myaAs 

cobra 

GgcOOD 

mway-howk 

crocodile 

8GOq]D88 

mee-jowng; 

firefly 

§88$8@ 

p6As-tsayn2-byoo 

flea 

g^2gc^§ 

hk  way  s-h  lays 

fly 

cx)Sgooo8 

yin-gowng 

frog 

ols 

hpaAs 

house  lizard 

3S6gqjdS 

ayn-hmyowng 

large  house  lizard 

GOODoSob 

towk-teh 

insect 

^IQCOOS 

poAs-gowng 

leech 

goS  (large)  g^d 

kyoot,  hmyaw 

mosquito 

@8 

chin 

sand-fly 

S^ 

hpyoAk 

83 

'           English. 

Burmese. 

Pronunciation. 

scorpion 

ooSsj^sgooo 

kins-myees-gowk 

silkworm 

§^^ 

poAs 

snake 

-§ 

mway 

snake  (poisonous) 

cg^S 

mway-zoAs 

spider 

^§^ 

pin-goo 

wasp 

^©^ 

naA-jeh 

worm 

o8godd6 

tee-gowng 

Fruits,  Trees,  Flowers,  and  Vegetables.^ 

33o8lJDo88lo5Sl33^ 

2^8.. 

almond 

olol$ 

ba^da/m 

amherstia 

GOOSOO 

thawka/i 

asparagus 

oopgoS 

ka^-nyoot 

banana  (commonly 

^oSgc^d 

hgnet-pyaw 

called  ^ plantain^) 

banyan 

g^d8 

nyowng 

beans 

0 

peh 

beetroot 

^CODg§ 

moAn-laA-66-nee 

bouquet 

o?3§8 

paAnS-ging 

cabbage 

OOS^GOQO  ^COD 

thimsbaw  mohnAah 

capsicum 

C^C^ 

gnhh-yohk 

carrot 

^CODgo] 

moAn-la^-oo-wa^ 

castor-oil  plant 

(^oScxj^ 

kyet-soo 

citron 

G^DoSoOgDS 

showk-thaA-hkwaAs 

cocoa-nut 

S^^^o 

oAns 

cucumber 

OD§D3 

thaA-hkwaAs 

custard  apple 

gQ>D 

awzaA 

date 

§5oo§ 

tsoombaAloon 

•    S€ 

e  Note  following  this  h 

St,  p.  35- 

BURMESE   8.-T. 

c 

34 


EnglisV,. 

Burmese. 

Pronunciation. 

doorian 

(^Bo-|gs 

dooS-yinS 

fern 

GO^DoSoJS 

kyowk-paAiiS 

fig 

ooojs 

thaA-hpaAnS 

fir  (-tree) 

oo8§^2o5 

htins-yoos-bin 

garlic 

(§o5c^?§ 

kyet-thoon-byoo 

grape 

04j8 

tsa/ibyit 

ironwood 

c^8sooo^§ 

pyins-gaA-doAs 

jack 

8?5> 

payiio-hneh 

kernel 

3300^ 

aA-saAn 

leaf 

33^  o5 

aA-yo6et 

lemon 

G5:|Do5^g 

showk-chin 

lily  (water) 

@D 

kyaA 

lime 

o5e)Gp 

tha/imba/^ya^ 

maize 

g@d88(^§ 

pyowngs-boos 

mango 

00€jo5 

tha^-yet 

mulberry- 

§S0Do8 

p6/iS-zaA-l)in 

mushroom 

§ 

hmoA 

mustard 

^e38§ 

moAn-nyins 

onion 

goScx?$? 

kyet-thoon-nee 

orange 

c^SgqS 

lay  m  maw 

palmyra  (palm) 

oo68 

hta^ns 

papaya 

odSsgoodoSs 

thimsbaw-MeeS 

peas 

o 

pell 

pepper  (black) 

c^oSgoodSs 

gna/i-yo//k-koung;- 

pine-apple 

^^o5 

naA-na/it 

plum 

a§ 

zees 

potatoes 

G^JDoSg 

myowk-o6 

pumpkin 

o^ 

hpaA-yoAn 

radishes 

^coo 

mohnAkh 

35 


English. 

Burmese. 

Pronunciation. 

raisins 

oc^6aS§G^DoS 

tsa^-byit-thees-jovvk 

rose 

3.8?38o?§ 

hnins-zee-baAnS 

talipat  (palm) 

GO 

pay 

tamarind 

Q^Cr^^S 

maA-jees 

teak 

^5? 

kyoons 

tomato 

OG|5gQ9,g 

hka^-yaAnz-jin 

water-melon 

^l 

hpaA-yeh 

willow 

^o5':QO 

mo/^s-may^-hkaA 

yam 

GQ^DO^QOIS? 

myowk-hkownuS 

Note. — The  following  list  gives  the  words  which  must  be 
placed  after  the  name  of  a  plant  or  tree  in  order  to 
distinguish  the  part  of  the  plant  to  be  indicated.  Thus, 
§)8o8  a  plum-tree,  8)?o33  a /plum,  8>3'g)o5  a  plum-leaf . 

aA-hkowk 

a/i-pwin 

aA-hket 

pa^ns 

aA-thees 

a/z-hnit 

a/i-yooet 

pyeen 

a/i-pin 

aA-myit 

a/i-tsay 

a/i-nyoon 

a/i-hnyowk 

Q,h-ydh% 

a^'hnyaA 

a^-gnoAk 

C  2 


bark 

:^Golo5 

blossom 

^y? 

branch 

ODD  oS 

flower 

of^ 

fruit 

330S3 

heart 

3Z)^0 

leaf 

33$]  oS 

plank 

9lS 

plant 

33o6 

root 

33^8 

seed 

33GO 

shoot 

3^SS 

sprout 

33G^O 

stalk 

33§8 

stalk  of  fruit 

33^D 

stump 

33qo5 

S6 


Colours.        33GCp833006stl 


English. 

Burmese. 

Pronunciation. 

black 

Q^SlI  ^o5 

mehs,  net 

blue 

6^ 

pyaA 

brown 

^ 

nyoA 

crimson 

w 

yeh-yeh-nee 

dark 

^ 

nyoA 

green 

85s 

tsaynJ 

grey 

GOISSOOS 

hpowngs-woot 

pink 

o?§^ 

paAnsnoo 

red 

s 

nee 

scarlet 

GOgScOgSl 

htwayJ-dway:-nee 

violet 

|cq|5o9|6 

nee-kyin-jin 

white 

6 

hpyoo 

yellow 

ol 

wa 

The  above  are  really  intransitive  verb  roots  and  must  be 
so  used.  Words  implying  a  tendency  towards  a  colour  are 
formed  by  prefixing  *khaAt^  and  reduplicating;   thus, 

ooSolol   hkaAt  waA-waA,  yellowish. 
Times  and  Seasons.     go:jiODicjo5i4.D^i33§St^D3« 

(For  Conversations,  see  pp.  136-40.) 


afternoon 

beginning 

century 

davsrn,  daybreak 

day  (24  hours) 

day  (12  hours) 

Sunday 

Monday 


J>8Gol8sOOGp 

oo^5g§ 

OO^SSCOD 


moons-lweh  a^-chayn 

aA-tsaA 

hnit-powng:  tahyah 

mo/iS-lins-zaA 

yet 

TaA-ninS-gaA-nway 
Ta//-nins-laA 


37 


English. 

Burmese. 

Pronunciation. 

Tuesday 

33^1 

In-gaA 

Wednesday 

^(^093 

BoAk-daA-hoos 

Thursday 

[^DDDOGOD? 

Kya^-thaA-baA-day: 

Friday 

GODDoS^O 

Thowk-kyaA 

Saturday 

OC^ 

Tsa/i-nay 

day  after  to-morro^\ 

C^COrg 

thaA-bekkaA 

day  before  yester- 

OO^j^G^ 

taA-myaAn  nay 

daytiine           [d;iy 

G^^   33^5 

nay  aA-chayn 

early 

goIgoI 

tsaw-zaw 

end 

33^8 

a/«-s6AnS 

evening 

K'^. 

nya/i-nay       [aA-chayn 

forenoon 

^$SQOD^§3S^§ 

moon:  maA-teh-hmee 

fortnight 

ooo5gco3G|o5 

seh-lays-yet 

half-an-huur 

^D^OOOOS 

naA-yee  ta^-wet 

holiday 

§G^, 

pweh-nay 

hour 

p^ 

naA-yee 

last  month 

OgJ^GOODCO 

loon-geh-Maw-laA 

last  night 

QG^.0O 

maA-nay-nyaA 

last  year 

0|)Sc7D 

ma/i-hnit-kaA 

Lent 

ol 

waA 

midnight 

oo53go16 

thaA-gowng 

i 
mmute 

8^6 

meenit 

month 

CO 

la^ 

months,  English 

January 

o^^o!^ 

ZaA-na^-waA-yee 

February 

coa;^ol  §[ 

Hpay-boo-waA-yee 

March 

«1o5 

MaAt 

April 

Go^ 

Ay-paA-yee 

May 

GO 

May 

38 


Euglish. 


Burmese. 


Pronunciation. 


June 

^l 

Zoon 

July 

c^.c^S 

Zoo-ling 

August 

333^--^ 

AA-gik 

September 

son^ooSooD 

Set-tin-baA 

October 

G33Do5o^500D 

0wk-t6As-baA 

November 

|o8oOD 

NoA-wim-ba^ 

December 

SsoSoOD 

Dee-sim-baA 

months,  Burmese^ 

March 

cx;a^§ 

TaA-goos 

April 

cozq% 

Ka/z-soAn 

May 

^(x{l 

NaA-yoAn 

June 

olc^ 

WaA-zo^ 

Intercalary 

qC^ODO^Q^ 

Doo-tee-ya^  WaA-zoA 

July 

oIgqIS 

WaA-gowng 

August 

godSodcoSb 

Taw-MaA-lins 

September 

ODxSsogjoS 

Tha/^-dins-joot 

October 

oo|good6q^^8 

Ta^-zowng-m6//nS 

November 

§>o5qco5 

Na/^daw 

December 

(qdo^oS 

PyaA-Mo/i 

January 

^§^ 

TaA-boA-dweh 

February 

o5go16§ 

Ta/z-bowngs 

morning 

Q^oS,  or  |.^o5 

ma  A -net,  or  na^n-net 

night 

B 

nyaA 

noon 

g?800^ 

moons-teh 

season 

e^ 

oodoo 

— ,  cold 

GOOD^'gO^ 

sowngS-oodoo 

— ,  hot 

c§e^ 

nway-oodoo 

*  These  months  are  lunar,  and  therefore  a 
is  an  extra  month  put  in,  called  DooteeyaTi,  or 


bout  evei-y  third  year  there 
•  *  second  '  Wa/jzoA. 


39 


English. 

Burmese. 

Pronunciation. 

season,  rainy 

^^iQCq 

mo/<;-ood66 

second,  moment 

OOD 

hkaAnaA 

sunrise 

G^C^OSOODCC 

n  ay-htwet-kaMa^ 

sunset 

G^o5oODCO 

nay-win-kaMa/^ 

time 

OODCOII  3D0I 

kahlah,  a^-hkaA 

to-day 

COG^„ 

ya/^-nay 

to-morrow 

cor 

ma^-net-pyaAn 

to-night 

OD9P3 

ya^-hkoo-nya^ 

twilight,  dusk 

GOC^GOCoSli 

ao^8 

way-lee-wa} -hnS,  sees- 

week  (seven  days) 

95>S€|o5 

OOD 

likoo-hnaA-yet       [zah 

year 

j8 

hnit 

yesterday 

t)G^„ 

!naA-nay 

yesterday  morning 

OG^Q^o5 

iiiaA-nay-maA-net 

Town, 

Country,  and  Agriculture. 

gl  g]DJ)8cop5oqo5Gp33G(^D6Sll 

bank 

G@§S 

myay-yoAs 

bank  (edge) 

00§3 

kaAnS 

brick  house 

c^oS 

tik 

bridge 

OO^OODS 

taA-da^S 

building 

33GOOd5 

a^-sowng 

bush,  shrub 

g"  S^^ 

cho^n,  choAn-bo^k 

cemetery 

oo6s^68 

thins-jins 

corn 

ool8 

tsU-haht 

country,  the 

go^Sgood 

kyees-daw  ^ 

court-house 

gs 

yohnt       [nwaAs-yoAn 

cow-house 

j^DScoSsoc^oSii  ps^ 

nwa^s-tins  -go/ik. 

.1  GOq|.     g[09i 

GQji    G§  are   sometimes   kyay.    chay,   and  sometimes 

kyee,  chee. 

40 


English. 

Burmese. 

Pronunciation. 

crop 

cooSogoS 

leh-dwet 

custom-house 

33GOODo5o^oS 

a^-kowk-tik 

ditch 

gQ^Ss 

myowngs 

farm 

COoSuOD 

leh-yaA 

farmer 

coc^cxjSodqIs 

leh-lo^k-tha^ma/i8 

fence 

o5§ll   g 

wins,  chaAn 

field 

COoSoDD 

leh-yaA 

flock,  herd 

33f^ll    333^^5 

a/^-tso6,  M-ohk 

foot-path 

GgcoSg 

chee-la^ns 

forest 

GOOD 

taw 

garden 

goolg 

ooyin 

gate 

co^oll 

ta^-ga^5 

grass 

@o5o8 

myet-pin 

harvest 

ooIb^oSooood 

tsah-ba^s-yayk-ka^laA 

hay 

goSc^poS 

myet-chowk 

hedge 

o^8oo§8 

tsees-da/ms 

house  (wooden) 

335 

ayn 

hut 

3S6o:^o5ii  Ob 

ayn-go^k,  teh 

inn 

oo«6s3^6 

hta^mins-zing 

labourer 

o^c8ii  33a:^5oooD§ 

koolee,    aA-IoAk-tha//- 

land,  soil 

.g  ^ 

myay                    [ma//s 

log 

0060^8 

thit-to^ns 

manure 

g^do5gs^8 

nowk-chees 

market 

GCgS 

zays 

mile 

^6 

ming 

mill 

goSa^ 

kyayt-soAn 

pagoda 

G00811  oc^cp: 

zaydee,  hpa^-yaAs 

place,  spot 

33^5 

Sih-yajht 

pasture 

oooo:^o5 

tsaA-jet 

41 


English. 

Burmese. 

Pronunciation. 

plough 

oooSii  c^^o^S 

hteh,  htoon-doAns 

police-station 

g"^^ 

hVdhnU 

prison 

good8 

htowng 

rice  (plant) 

GOODoS 

kowk 

road 

OD^l 

la^ns 

school 

OD^kjSccqiDSs 

tsaA-/Aiii-jowng§ 

shed 

ooSsoc^oS 

tinSgoAk 

shop 

=^6 

sing 

street 

qSSoo^ScoSs 

ayn-da/ai2-laAns 

town 

§ 

myo/i 

village 

^^ 

yooa^ 

waterfall 

GG^ODg? 

yay-ta^-goon 

wheat 

9l[ools 

jo^n-tsa/<-ba^s 

Mankind:  Relations.     oj^^^sc^cooSoS §88 


aunt 


baby 

boy 

brother 

brother-in-law 

child 

cousin 

daughter 

daughter-in-law 

family  (lineage) 


S8oOGCO§ 

ol-  °l 

CXj^00GCO8 

^11    GsSc^U    Gol8 

GCX)Do5o 

3300GCO2II   O^C'-^ 

^godSsi!     gdSc^ 
oo88  [gooS 


mee-jees,    mee-dways, 

aA-yees 
noA-zo/i-gaA-layS 
loo-ga/i-lays 
nyee^  itkoA,  mowng^ 
yowk-hpaA 

aA-kaA-lays,  tha^-gneh 
iiyee-daw,  itkoA-daw 
thaAmee; 
chwayS-maA 
a/i-myo^S-aA-hnweh 


'  GOdS  mowng,  is  used  by  women  to  designate  a  brotlier,  and  is  also 
commonly  used  as  a  prefix  of  men's  names  indicative  of  equality; 
thus,  GQ38gcoDo5  Mowng  Lowk  =  Mr.  Lowk. 


42 


English. 

Burmese. 

Pronunciation. 

father 

33GOII       3DC3II      OOll 

aA-hpay,      a^-hpa//, 

OQ^3 

hba//,  hkaA-mehs 

father-in-law 

GCX)D(^Q 

yowk-hka^ma^ 

gentleman,  iMr. 

ODoSlI    qS^DS 

tha/z-hken,  hken-'«3yaAs 

girl 

SJSOOGCOS 

mayns-kaAlays 

grand-daughter 

cgso 

myayS-maA 

grandfather 

3QO§8ll   C^3 

aA-hp6^s,  hoht 

grandmother 

330gD2 

a/i-hpwa^s 

grandson 

Gg§ 

my  ays 

husband 

co5 

lin 

husband^s  sister 

good£§q 

yowngs-maA 

lady,  Mrs. 

oooSqii     33^6011 

thaA-hken-maA,     a^- 

ooSii  oa 

shin-maA,  meh,  ma/i- 

maid 

^q 

a^-pyo//                 [maA 

man,  a 

GOODO^OS 

yowk-yaAs 

man  (human being) 

^ 

loo 

marriage 

CO  oScx)5g6§ 

let-htaAt-chins 

married  man 

oS  5  G  00d6  G  ODD  O^J  DS 

ayn-downg  yowk-ya^s 

married  woman 

gSSgoodS  8q 

ayn-downg  maynSmaA 

mother 

3DGOII   3d8 

a^-may,  a^-mee 

mother-in-law 

GCX)DOgQSg 

yowk-  hkaAmaA-may  n- 

nephew 

^ 

too                          [maA 

niece 

CXj^Q 

too-maA 

old  man 

0^3^11   330^8  gS 

loo-oA,  aA-hp6As-jees 

old  woman 

33GQg3 

aA-may-jees 

parents 

Sod 

meebaA 

people 

CXJ^DS 

thoo-myaAs 

person               [or 

^ 

thoo 

single  man,bachel- 

^4 

loo-i)y()A 

43 


Engli.h. 

Burmese, 

Pronunciation. 

single  woman 

3^q 

a^-pyoA 

young  lady,  Miss 

8^6(1 

mee-shin 

sister 

336«II    ^Q 

M-ma/i,  nyee-maA 

sister-in-law 

OC^Qil    GODdSoQ 

hkeh-ma/-!,  yowngs- 

son 

ODD8 

tha/iS 

[maA 

son-in-law 

ODDlQcS 

thaA-met 

step-father 

OOGC^i 

baA-dways 

step-mother 

3gc^? 

mee-dways 

step-son 

3D00  0500D§ 

aA-htet-tha/iS 

uncle 

Oog^ll   OOGOgSlI 

ba^-jees,  baA-dways 

widow 

^^i^ 

moAk-soAs-maA 

widower 

nm 

mo^k-s6/iS-boA 

wife 

O00D8 

ma^-yaAs 

wife's  sister 

ooSo 

hkeh-maA 

woman 

85q 

maynS-maA 

TheH 

[uman  Body,     a 

;^(^3381(^Dg(l 

ankle 

o^oS 

hpa^-myet 

arm 

cooSgqISs 

let-mowrigs 

back 

G^DCX^^l 

kyaw-g6//ns 

beard 

4^q8o5 

moo- say  t     o/- 

mo^k  - 

blood 

GC^8 

thways 

[sa^t 

body 

c^oSooooo 

koh-kahjah 

bone 

3D§8 

U-johi 

bowels 

3^ 

00 

brain 

33GJ>Do5 

oAns-hnowk 

cheek 

0>o 

\)B.h% 

chest 

G)6oo5 

yin-ba/«t 

chin 

go8go 

inays-z'^e 

44 


English. 

Burmese. 

Pronunciation. 

complexion 

33GGp8   33008e 

aA-yowng  aA-sins 

ear 

4,dSii  ^DSg|o5 

na/zs,  naA-yooet 

elbow 

oogoddSodS 

taA-downg-zit 

eye 

^o58 

myet-tsee 

face 

^cSp 

myet-hnaA 

finger 

cooSg^dSs 

let-chowngs 

flesh 

3300D8 

a^-tha//S 

foot 

eg 

chyay,  or  chee 

forehead 

n^^ 

na^-hpoos 

hair  (of  head) 

o6o8 

sa^-bin 

hand 

cooS 

let 

head 

gGogoSsii  GolSs 

oAk-hkowngs,  gowngs 

heart 

^Scx^8 

hnit-l6//ns     o?*    linaA- 
lohni 

heel 

Gg0G5>DS 

chyay-hpa/-!-hnowng 

jaw 

ol§§aS§8 

pa/i-chayt-yoAs 

joint 

3330  o5li    33005 

aA-set,  a/z-sit 

kidneys 

g[^do5oooS 

kyowk-kaAt 

knee 

g» 

doos 

leg 

G§G00Do5 

chyay-dowk 

limb 

C§  0533^1 

koh-ing'i/i 

lip 

j^oSo62 

hnaA  hka/m: 

liver 

3300^8 

aA-thehs 

lungs 

o^sx^oS 

a/«-so/ik 

moustache 

^o5oS§Gg3 

hna/i-hka^n  s-m  ways 

mouth 

ooSii  6o§62 

paA-zaAt,  hkaA-dwin: 

nail 

CO  o5  00^8 

let-thehs 

neck 

co^oSs 

leh-bins 

nose 

3>DGol68 

hna/i-hkowng; 

45 


English. 

Burmese. 

Pronunciation. 

rib 

I§S 

na^n-yoAs 

shoulder 

o§§ 

pa^-hko/ms 

side 

^G03 

na^-bays 

skin 

33GG|||   00D£GG| 

a^-yay,  tha^-yay 

skull 

Pg.-^dSs^ 

o/fk-hkowngs-goon 

spine 

G(gD§§ 

kyaw-yo^S 

thigh 

Gol5c^3 

powng-l6/«ns 

throat 

co^g^dSs 

leh-jowngs 

thumb 

cooSq 

let-maA 

toe 

gQg^dSs 

chyay-jowngs 

tongue 

C^D 

shaA 

tooth 

C^DS 

thwa^s 

whiskers 

olSGgS 

paA-mwayS 

wrist 

cooSodS 

let-sit 

Physical  and  Mental  Powers,  Qualities,  &c. 

^Dc£  OO^C^COS  G  Cr^^C^ 8;^D3  II 


age 

-  old 

anger 

art 

breadth,  width 

character  (good) 

childhood 

depth 

dislike 

disposition 

fear 

foolishness,  folly 


3D00  0533§|05 
3300o5g8g88 
GsQoSlI   GgIoO 
3300o5o^D 
33|li   (go5 

QaaDGG) 

^o5§88 
Qj.8ooo5§88 

OOGOOD 
^8^5§S§ 

gqIooii  §o5(g8i 


a^-thet-a^-yooeh 
a^-thet-kyees-jins 
aA-myet,  dawMa^ 
a^-ta/it-peenya^ 
a^-na^n,  byet 
a^-tha/j-yay 
thoo-gneh-a^-hpyit 
net-chin  5 

ma^-hnit-thet-chins 
tha^baw 
tso^s-yayn-jins 
mawhaA,  niik-chins 


46 


English. 

Burmese, 

Pronunciation. 

gentleness 

o85.^g5i 

thayn-mway-jiiio 

goodness 

g(X)d8?§88 

kowngs-jins 

greatness 

@gSB 

kytes-jins 

hatred 

(^$sg88 

nioAns-jins 

height 

d^o533Gj5^S§S3' 

ko^-a^-\  a//t-myin-jins 

honesty 

8c^g@d8§88 

tsayt-hpyowng-jin; 

honour 

C^a533COGS|^g8o 

go//n-a/uha/?,yay-shee- 

intelUgence 

^DC£ 

nyaAn                       [jins 

joy 

oSScg^oS^Si 

woons-myowk-chi  n  t 

judgment  (faculty) 

oo8g6o-|^oog§ 

si  n-j  i  n  -y  a/in-tha/it  tee 

knowledge 

c8§330OoS 

thay  p  pa//  n-  a//-taAt 

laughter,  a  laugh 

s|o5g88 

yeh-jins 

length 

33G|p5(l    3DC<^D3 

aA-shay,  a/^-lya/iS 

love 

9jSgS8 

chit-chins 

mind 

8o5 

tsayt 

patience 

oo^BogSs 

thees-hka/m-jins 

pleasure 

GC|l5G„gg8E 

pyriw-niway-jins 

politeness,     cour- 

C^lliglll   GCODODOoS 

pyoo-hgnaA,  law-ka/?- 

tesy 

[^oe£ 

woot                [nya/in 

reason  (faculty) 

30  8  g  8  OD  oS  G  oo  D 

sin-jin-daAt-thaw- 

science 

3300o8o^D 

a^-taM-peenyaA 

senses,  the 

G03^D 

wayda/ina^ 

feeling,  touch 

G02g8g 

tway-jins 

hearing 

^DS^DggSS 

naAs-kyaAs-jinS 

seeing,  sight 

g8g88 

myin-jins 

smelhng,  smell 

^6^g88 

naAnS-jins 

tasting,  taste 

g^3oS3gS8 

myeeS-zaAnS-jinS 

shape 

^ODC^D^ 

po/zn-tha^da/m 

size 

q3o5 

doodeh 

47 

English. 

Burmese. 

Pronunciation. 

smell  (odour) 

■3^4 

a>h-nsihn 

o 

smiling,  a  smile 

g8§68 

pyo/ms-jins 

sneezing,  a  sneeze 

GQ|§82 

chee-jins 

sorrow 

8o5(jj)g88 

tsayt-poo  jiiiS 

speaking,  speech 

GgD§£3ll     OCODS 

pyaw-jins,     tsa/^-ga^s- 

strength 

§$333§     [g^D^oS 

hkoon-aAs      [py^w-jf: 

stupidity 

^DCoSo^^gSS 

nya^n-toAns-jins 

surpiise 

35G3SDg58 

a//n  aw-jins 

taste  (of  a  thing) 

32^0D 

a//ya//thiA 

thickness 

R 

duo 

thinking,  thought 

oo8^o5§53 

hlin-hmii/it-chin; 

thought,  a 

5^oSooSgo5 

tsayt-htin-jet 

voice 

33CO? 

a^-thaAn 

weakness  (quahty) 

33DS^^§g8§ 

aAs-nehs  jins 

wisdom 

O^D 

peenya/i 

youth  (quality) 

cgGOOD3Qg|C^ 

pyo/i-//^aw-aA-yo6eh 

Health.     a^§2QD(: 

^.^Sii 

abscess 

3^8^3 

ing-na/«                  [chins 

accident 

QG0050030g8g68 

maA-taw  tiU-sa/ihpyit 

ague 

OC^Il^DS^D 

toAn-byaZ/S-na/i 

ambulance 

a^^^DGOODScjc 

loo-naA  sowng-ya// 

aperient 

o5§^o5goo8 

woons-hno/ik-says 

asthma 

0$3^D 

pa/ins-na/i 

bandage 

(^So^gGp 

kyaAt-tsees-yaA 

biHousness 

OD^^G§^0 

thehs-jee-na/i 

blister  (of  the  skin) 

33Gol63 

a^-hpowngs 

boil 

3Q^d86§ 

aA-naA-zayns 

bruise 

3300DSg(^<?,D 

aA-thaA-jay-na/« 

48 


English. 

Burmese. 

Pronunciation. 

burn 

§;godd6^d 

mees-lowng-naA 

cancer 

33^D3^3 

ah-usih-zdht 

chemist's  (shop) 

cooSs^S 

sayS-zing 

chicken-pox 

GcqDcSl^^^D 

kyowk-hpyoo-na^ 

cholera 

OQDCO^D  GGpo] 

kaAla/^-na^  yawga^ 

cold 

j)DG03^D 

hna^-zays-na/i 

contagion 

33^D0^§g6§ 

a^-naA-koos-jins 

cough 

g^d8§c^;^d 

chowngs-zoAs-naA 

cramp 

GgODSs^DgSS 

nyowngS-nyiiA-jinS 

diarrhoea 

0§3cq|^D 

woons-jaA-naA 

disease,  illness 

3D^DGGpol 

aA-na/i-yawga^ 

doctor,  physician 

G203aDQD8 

says-tha/ima^S 

dysentery 

GOgSoloSSO^^D 

thways-baA-woonS-ja^- 

exhaustion 

33D8o^gS8 

aAs-ko^n-jin:          [na^ 

faint,  to 

85§GODOO^ 

may  n  s-ma  w-Mee 

fever 

C5|D8^D 

hpyaAs-naA 

fit 

OOoS^D 

tet-naA 

fracture 

3D§So^S@SJ 

aA-yoAs-kyoAs-jinJ 

headache 

GolC8C^o6^D 

gowngs-kik-naA 

hospital 

CXj^^DOO^ 

thoo-na/i-daM 

ill,  sick,  to  be 

^DOO^ 

nah-fhee 

indigestion 

330D80g(^(§88 

aA-tsaAs  maA-kyay-jin: 

inflammation 

3300D8(j;g6s 

aA-tha/iS-poo-jin: 

insanity 

K>^§^D 

aA-yoos-naA 

itch 

OD38^D 

yaAs-naA 

lameness 

G§o§58g82 

chyay  maA-tsoons-jinS 

leprosy 

^^^ 

noo-naA 

measles 

OOSOOOS^D 

wet-thet-naA 

medicine 

G303ol2 

says-waAs 

r-. 

P 

49 

English. 

Burmese. 

Pronunciation. 

nurse 

CC^^dS^% 

loo-na/^-dayns 

ointment 

ogoodSs^oS 

hpaA-yowngS-jet 

pain 

$D§S8 

na^-jins 

paralysis 

godg(^dgod^d 

lay-jaw-thay-naA 

piles 

gSSOO^oS-^D 

my  in  s-tha  A-y  ik-na^ 

pill 

G0080C^§8 

says-loAns 

poison 

333808 

aA-sayt 

prescription 

GOOSo^oS 

says-peenyat 

quinsey 

3^2C^^D 

o^ns-lweh-naA 

rheumatism 

O^ODD^D 

doo-laA-naA 

ringworm 

G^S^D 

pwayS-naA 

scald 

GG|(f^GODD8§83 

y  ay-boo-lo  wng-jins 

sickness 

335g88 

aAn-jin; 

smallpox 

GOq|Do5Golo5^D 

kyowk-powk-naA 

sprain 

33GgDgo5§63 

aA-kyaw-myet-chinS 

:ouic 

33DSC^3G002 

aAs-to^s-zays 

mwell,  to  be 

qqIoo^ 

maA-ma^-Mee 

veil,  to  be 

qIoo^ 

maA-/Aee 

vound 

33^D33303 

aA-na/i  ah-ssih 

Food,  Drink,  and  Smoking. 

(For  Conversations,  see 

ippetite  od8goodo5g|§oo 

GOODoSoGp    [good 

0008  <^^ 

G^D05^gs|§GC^S 


beer 

coffee 

lemonade 

milk 

— 5  of  cows 

soda-water 

BURMESE    S.  T. 


c8odoSgg) 


33O033G00Do54JDSll 
P-  132.) 

tsaAs  thowk-yaAn  thaA- 
thowk-tsaA-yaA     [baw 
joAn-yee 
kaA-hpee-yee 
showk  -  chin  -  yee  - 
noA-yee        [hpyaw 
nsih-noh 
beela^t-yay 

D 


50 


English 

Burmese. 

Pronunciation. 

tea 

cooSooSg)^ 

lah-hpet-yee 

water 

GG| 

yay 

wine 

09jSg|^ 

tsaA-byit-yee 

bread 

<^|ll  — Gol  68(^1 

mo/m, — powngS-moAu 

boil,  to 

gsoD^ 

pyoAk-thee 

bottle 

oodSs 

paAlin; 

butter 

GOODOOS 

htawbaAt 

cake 

m 

mo/m-jo/i 

cheese 

8^5 

dayn-geh 

chicken  flesh 

goSoODS 

kyet-thaAs 

cinnamon 

Oo8c75J§2 

thit-kya^-boAi 

cook,  to 

^OSOD^ 

chet-thee 

cream 

o?^ 

noA-zee 

curd 

I^ 

noh-geh. 

curry 

od82 

bins 

eggs 

©^  g 

kyet  00 

fish,  dried 

cIsg^jdoS 

gna/iS-jowk 

— ,  fresh 

c>o85§ 

gnaAs-zayns 

flour 

^|^o5 

mo§n-nyet 

fruits 

33086C^D3 

a/i-thees-niya^s 

fry,  to 

GO^SOD^ 

kyaw-/Aee 

ginger 

^8i85s 

jins-zayns 

honey 

c^o2G|^ 

pya/iS-yee 

hungry,  to  be 

OODgoSoD^ 

sa/i-moot-thee 

ice 

GG|5 

yay-geh 

jam              [food) 

^4 

yoh 

meals'    (cooked 

33^5 

U-nUt 

1  Breakfast,   lunch,  and  supper  are  simply  morning,  afternoon,   and 
night  me;ils,  but  the  word  330D  Sih-isiih  is  used  instead  of  33<^0. 


51 


Enghsh. 

Burmese. 

Pronunciation. 

breakfast 

|.^oSoD 

na^net-tsaA 

luncheon 

g?§dgOD 

moons-lweh-zaA 

supper 

^03 

nyaA-zaA 

meat 

3303  Dg 

a^-thaA; 

beei 

^DlODOl 

nwaht-fhahi 

fat 

33  q8 

sih-see 

kidneys 

GcqDcScoS 

kyowk-ka^t 

mutton 

0^20332 

ihohi-thaht 

pork 

Oo50033 

wets-thaAs 

veal 

^3gOOGC020338 

nwaAs-ga^lays-^AaA; 

mustard 

q^Si 

moAn-nyins 

lutmegs 

0)3c/38[_o5333 

zaAdaykhpoA-/Aees 

3il 

q8 

see 

pepper,  black 

c^o5gcx)362 

gna^-yoAk-kowng  i 

-  red 

c^oS 

gna/i-yoAk 

sickles 

00^5 

tha^-naAt 

juddinn; 

^^G^jO 

moAn-byaw 

•ice,  boiled 

00062 

htaA-mins 

•ice,  unboiled 

00$ 

saAn 

•oast,  to 

00600^ 

kin-/Aee 

;alt 

0032 

saAs 

.auce 

CQ 

tsaA-meh 

moking 

G002G033o5§88 

says-thowk-chin? 

cigar 

G008c85 

says-layk 

matches 

§8^6 

mee^jit 

pipe 

GOOSOO^ 

sa\§-da/ai 

tobacco 

GOOS 

says 

4  tobacco-pouch 

gooSjSoS 

says- ay  k 

Dup 

3D55G)g 

aA-pyoAk-yee 

D  a 


52 


English. 

Burmese. 

Pronunciation.             i 

spirits 

33€|a5 

aA-yet 

sugar 

Od[§38 

tha^-jaAs 

thirst 

GG|Co5g88 

yay-gnaAt-chins 

tooth-pick 

O^D2(§DSqo5 

thwa.hl-}khl-dohk           1 

under-done,  to  be 

O0q|o5  OOOqj  oS  ^ 

maA-kyet-ta^  -j^t- 

vegetables 

oo6Eg)o5        [OD^ 

hins-yuet      [shee-/Ae© 

venison 

3Gjo5oD3§ 

dsih-yeh-thsihi 

vinegar 

¥^S 

poAns-yee 

well-done,  to  be 

cqcSoD^ 

kyet-thee 

Cooking  and  Table  Utensils. 

Og|o5^6G||     33 0:^0 33 GOO 3 8  II 
(For  Conversations,   see  pp.  132,  145. 


basin 

o>o^c^oo^ 

zaA-l6An-paA-ga/m 

canister 

d5§|ic^s 

thaAn-byoo-boAn  t 

coffee-pot 

OOD§Oop 

kaA-hpee-hka^-yaAs 

corkscrew 

ooSa^ 

wet-00 

cup 

§o5 

hkwet 

dish 

9035@33g3 

pa^-ga^n-byaA:-jees 

dish-cover 

C^OD$3;j»6 

paA-gaAn-oAk 

filter 

GG|o8 

yay-zit 

fork 

Qo5  G|83 

hkaA-yin; 

glass,  tumbler 

O^CTDCq^l 

hpaAii-gaA-doAns 

jar 

og33q3 

tsin-oAs 

jug 

OGpg 

hkaA-ya^s 

kettle 

GG|G§23^S 

yay-nways-oAs 

knife 

cool 

daAs 

ladle 

GODDOS^ 

yowk-cho/i 

lamp 

83(^5 

mees-ayn 

53 


English. 

Burmese. 

Pronunciation. 

lid 

33(|3 

a^-hpoAnS 

mat 

9JD 

hpyaA 

mortar 

^l 

s6/ms 

oven 

G0l5§^ 

powngs-bo^ 

pail 

GCj(^$3 

yay-boAns 

pestle 

^S^o^ 

kya^-bway 

plate 

(^oo§gD3 

paA-gaAn-byaAs 

salt-cellar 

OOD^goS 

saAs-gwet 

saucepan 

3o53^3 

deh-6A; 

scales 

«?§s 

chayn-gwin 

serviette 

cooScx^oSool 

let-thoAk-pa^-waA 

sieve 

so^qI 

saA-gaA 

spoon 

^52, 

zoons 

strainer 

oS^? 

tsit-oAs 

table-cloth 

C)DSgo53 

tsaA-bweh-ginS 

teapot 

COoSooSCj^OGpS 

laA  -  hpet-yee-hkaA- 

tray 

coSo?3 

lim-ba/ms              [yaA; 

water-bottle 

cG|oco83 

yay-pa^-lins 

wine-glass 

0?CX)0^3g§CCX)Do6 

hpa^n-gaA-doAnS- 
chyay-do^yk 

Dress  and  the  Toilet.     33ooSoo 

JooD   3.5    oo6g|6§63u 

(For  Shopping,  see  p. 

145.) 

bath  (room) 

GG|^3S>$3 

yay-choAs-ga/ins 

bootlaces 

S^b^s 

hpaA-naAt-ky6As 

boots 

c^o5o8^5 

boot-hpaA-na^t 

bracelet 

odoSgoodoS 

let-kowk 

braces 

GolSscSgsgD 

bowmbee  kyoAs-byaA 

breeches 

GolSacScB 

bowmbee-doA 

54 


English. 

Burmese. 

Pronunciation. 

brush 

oc6^6c8§ 

wet-hmin-bees 

brush,  nail- 

cooSoo^og8o 

let-thehs-bees 

— ,  tooth- 

ogD§o^a5o5^o5 

thwa^S-tik-ta^-boot 

buckle 

oSooGoloS 

tee-gaA-bowk 

button 

go5o8^ 

kyeh-ZAees 

button-hook 

(^oSoSsgoddoS 

kyeh-thees-gowk 

cap 

gsoc^S 

oJik-hiohk. 

cloak 

Oo5o^3D^ 

woot-loAn-inojee 

clothing,  dress 

330oS 

aA-wo6t 

coat 

33S§ 

injee 

collars 

OD^OOS 

leh-ba^t 

comb 

S% 

bee: 

corsets,  stays 

c^oS  0^0833^ 

koA-ja^t-insjee 

drawers 

GgSOGol88o8 

chwayS-gaAn-bowms- 

dress,  gown 

oloDGp 

gaAgaAyaA             [bee 

eye-glasses 

4)o5^§ 

myet-hmaAn 

frock-coat 

33^^^ 

insjee-shay 

garters 

G§g5o^8QB 

chay-zoot  tseeS-jo/^S 

gloves 

cooSg5 

let-ts66t 

handkerchief 

ODo6c^8ool 

let-king-baA-waA 

hat 

^8g3a^5 

tho/iS-oAk-htoAk 

jacket 

GS^olSo^ 

in:jee-hkaA-doA 

jewellery 

00^003 

taA-zaA 

linen                 [ror 

^o5  00533  00^ 

piksaAn-ixA-hteh 

looking-glass,  mir- 

31 

hmaAn 

material  (dress,&c.) 

33  00^33  c£5 

aA-hteh  aA-layk 

calico 

8c^ 

payt 

cloth 

cx)^coo5 

tha/iga  Ala/it 

flannel 

ooogcooS 

thaAgaAlaAt 

55 


English. 

Burmese. 

Pronunciation. 

fur 

OOD3Gg2 

tha^S-mways 

lace 

V^ 

za^-noo 

leather 

OOD§GG| 

tha^-yay 

muslin 

CODCX^^qO 

lay-loo-zaA 

satin 

t^ 

hpeh 

silk 

?^ 

poAs 

velvet 

OD^ol 

kaMeebaA 

wool 

O^BG^^ 

thoAs-mways 

needle 

335 

ay^t 

'  overcoa 

g533^ 

pyin-insjee 

parasol 

088 

htees 

petticoat 

OoSSfl  C^Qj^ 

hta/minyn,  lo/m-jee 

pins 

o^oSodS 

tweh-a^t 

pocket 

aSoS 

ayk 

pocket-book 

^cBoDB^CO 

hmaH-tsaA-oAk 

purse 

CXDD3gG|33o5 

thaA-y  ay-ay  k 

pyjamas,  jacket 

^33533^ 

nya^-ayk-insjee 

■ —  trousers 

^3S5go16so8 

nya^-ayk-bowmbee 

razor 

odSoi^^S 

thin-do^ns 

ribbon 

§^gig.S 

p6/«S-ky6^S-bya/iS 

ring 

coo5§5 

let-tsoot 

scissors 

ooo5g(^3 

ka^t-kyees 

shawl 

ooooS 

taA-bet 

;  shirt 

OO^Q)3 

kaAmbeezaA 

shoes 

G§^63 

chee-nins 

skirt 

oq?^^ 

loAn-jee 

sleeve 

33(^COo5 

insjee-let 

slippers 

G^C^30&^5 

shny-do^s-pa^-naAt 

soap 

ooSQd 

satpyaA 

56 


English. 

Burmese. 

Pronunciation. 

socks 

Ggg6 

chee-zoot 

spectacles 

4jo5^? 

myet-hma^n 

sponge 

cci§ 

yay-hmoA 

stockings 

GggO^^ 

chee-zoot-shay 

stud 

c33o8?ii  go5o8s 

ti/i-thees,  kyeh-ZAees 

suit  (clothes) 

33005^ 

aA-wo6t-tsoAii 

tape 

ojSgsg^s 

jaAt-kyoAs-byaAs 

thimble 

33^[6oDa5§5 

aA-choAk-let-ts6ot 

thread 

M 

chee 

tie,  neck-tie 

03^g§ 

leh-jyoAs 

tooth-powder 

C^D^O^  083^1 

thwaAs-tik-hmoAn 

towel 

cooSoc^Sool 

let-thoAk-paA-waA 

trousers 

G0l6§C^ 

bowmbee 

tunic 

C^o5ogj533^ 

koA-kya/d-insjee 

turban 

GolSSGolSS 

gowngs-bowngs 

umbrella 

o68coo5 

htees-let 

undervest 

Gg85338§ 

chwayS-gaAn-insjee 

veil 

Qija5j,D(|3 

myet-hnaA-hpoAnS 

waist  cloth  (native) 

C,.^8 

imh-soh' 

waistcoat 

COc6c^33^ 

let-to  A-insjee 

walking-stick 

qoS 

doAk 

watch 

^D^§05 

naA-yee-gwet 

waterproof  (coat) 

GC[Qgo533^ 

yay-maA-tsoot-insjee 

The  House  and  Furniture. 

(For  Shopping,  see 


apartment 

armchair 

bathroom 


3S6o5s 

G<S|g80§ 


3SS  eg  5  330^8  33  G  COdS  II 
P-    I45-) 

ayn-gaAnS 

kaMa^-hting-shay 

yay-choAs-gaAii: 


57 


English. 

Burmese. 

Pronunciation. 

beam 

GGpoSlI  CX^SlI  Qd5 

yowk,   hto^k,   kyaAs- 

bedclothes 

sSSspoSs      [gqo 

ayk-yaA-gins       [maw 

bedroom 

3S5ipo5§ 

■-       0 
ayk-ya^-gaAns 

bedstead^  bed 

s^ooS 

hkc4A-din 

blanket 

oooocoo5go15 

tha^ga^la^t-tsowng 

blind 

33C^o533  0DD 

a^-kweh-aA-ka// 

bolster 

GOI  633^8^^      - 

gowngsoAns-shay 

bolt 

o6§oq5 

mins-do/ik 

book 

033;^  5 

tsaA-o^k 

box 

00600D 

thit-taA 

brick 

3;^oS 

ohk 

broom 

oo^goSo^S 

ta^-byet-tsees 

candle 

ogoodSso^S 

hpaA-yowngs-ding 

candlestick 

ogcx)d63o^69 

hpa^-yowngs-ding- 

carpet 

gooSgoI 

kaw-zaw           [goAn 

ceiling 

c^o5j>D@o5 

myet-hnaA-jet 

chair^  seat 

O^  GODSONS 

kahla^-hting 

chest  ol  drawers 

350^3O06oODII    Qo5 

aAn-d6As-thittaA,maAt- 

ooo5oo5god 

taM-thittaA 

clock 

QOS  00084,3^ 

maM-ta^t  na^-yee 

couch 

GC^oSiG^^CoS 

lyowngs-yaA-hkaA-din 

counterpane 

oo8so86 

tins-dayn 

cradle 

9s)oS 

paA-hket 

curtain 

o^codSood 

kaAla^-gaA 

cushion 

§3^811  ^ 

hmee-oAns,  hpoAn 

dining-rooiy 

ooo68od8o58 

hta^-mins-zaAs-gaAn: 

ioor 

o5o]8 

ta^-gaAs 

ioor-way 

o5ol8Golo5 

taA-gaA-bowk 

-  (leaf) 

oos)l8g|o5 

taA-gaA-yooet 

58 


English. 

Burmese. 

Pronunciation. 

door-sill 

oools^ 

taA-gaA-hkoAn 

eaves 

33^^258 

aA-moAs-zoons 

floor 

gSs 

kya^ns 

storey 

3S6oo5ll    3300S 

ayn-zin,  a^-sin 

garden 

gCX)l^ 

oo-yin 

grate 

68^ 

mees-boA 

hall  (entrance) 

oSoSs 

win-gaAns 

hand-basin 

OjO^II   336o§ 

zaMoAn,  in-do/ai 

hinge 

^©^ 

paAttaA 

house 

335.1 

ayn 

— ,  brick  or  stone 

^oS  , 

tik 

key 

GOOD 

o 

thaw 

o 

kitchen 

ooo8s^o5^ 

htaA-mins-jet-yo/m 

lamp 

^%s^ 

mees-ayn 

latch 

ooolscx^S 

taA-gaA-jin 

lock 

GODOOSS 

thaw- ayn 

mat 

qjD 

hpyaA 

mattress 

G^^Gp 

mway-yaA 

mirror 

^§ 

hmaAn 

mosquito- curtains 

§8':  oodS 

chin-downg 

padlock 

GOOOOGCODo5 

thavy-gaA-lowk 

piano 

0^830032 

tsaAnS-daA-yaAs 

picture 

^5^? 

yoAk-poAn 

pillar 

GcqjDoSo^S 

kyowk-ting 

pillow 

Gol68338 

gowngs-oAns 

post 

oo6c^8 

thit-ting 

punkah 

g^5good8 

yaAt-towng 

quilt 

G0l8 

tsowng 

rafters  (bamboo) 

33g8 

aA-chin 

59 

English. 

Burmese. 

Pronunciation. 

rafters  (wood) 

Q[S?(£ 

ya^-neh 

roof 

33^3 

a^-mo^s 

room 

33S)6§ 

a^-hka^ns 

screen 

o^codSood 

kaAlaA-ga^ 

sideboard 

QoSoDoSooSoOD 

ma^tt-taAt-thitta^ 

smoke 

83^8 

mees-goA; 

sofa 

OODOg? 

thaA-loon 

soot 

^^i 

kyaAt-hk6^5 

spark 

83go1o5 

mees-bowk 

stairs,  steps 

cc^oodS 

hlay-ga^S 

table 

OD3g 

tsa^-bweh 

thatch 

OOoSoooSlI  3§oo5 

thekkeh,  daAnee-bet 

tile  (of  roof) 

335goS 

oAk-kyoot 

vase 

oJo^d; 

hpa^n  hpa^-laAs 

verandah 

OGCODoSa^ 

hkaA-lowk-sweh 

wall 

oo5o^88;i  |g[ 

taA-dings^  naAn-yaAn 

water-closet  (w.c.) 

GGJuSS 

yay-ayn 

window 

(qoo6§go]o5 

paA-din?-bowk 

writing-desk 

ODGC)39 

tsaA-yays  goAn 

Professions  i 

ind  Trades,     coc 

65^0^033  OOo5(^D3  0 

(F. 

3r  Shopping,  &c.,  see  \ 

>•  145- ) 

actor 

Q>3o5oOOD3 

za^t-thaAmaAs 

ambassador 

o5ooq| 

thaAn-taA-maAn 

architect 

BoopoODOOSp 

payttaAga/i-saAyaA 

attorney 

G^G^ 

shay-nay 

baker 

^SOD^ 

moAn-/Aeh 

banker 

OD?c^a5^2 

baAn-tik-tsoAs 

barber 

QO^DOD^ 

sattaA-/Aeh 

60 


English. 

Burmese. 

Pronunciation. 

blacksmith 

o%%o 

pa^-beh 

boatman,  head 

GC^Oj^gS 

hlay-thoo-jees 

— ,  under 

GC^OODS 

hlay-/AaAs 

bricklayer,  &c. 

o^8g|ooqd2 

paAns-yaAn-tha^ma^j 

broker 

goDS 

pweh-zaAs 

butcher 

ood30^3coqd3 

thaAs-htoAs-tha^maAs 

carpenter,  joiner 

COo500O38 

let-thaAmaAs 

carter 

c^^8oood3 

hlehs-tha^ma/iS 

clerk 

ODGSjg 

tsaA-yays 

cook 

3^Saj@ 

oAs-thoo-jees 

cowherd 

^o^oQcrphl 

nwaAs-jowngS 

dogkeeper 

Gg3o8$8 

hkways-dayns 

doorkeeper 

o6oi8Gol8 

ta^-ga^-zowng 

engineer 

OoSoOGp 

tset-saAya^ 

fisherman 

oocl 

taA-gna^ 

gardener 

gODgoD^ 

66-yin-/^eh 

grasscutter 

goS^oSoDODS 

myet-yayk-tb  aAmaAs 

goldsmith 

G^O§o085 

shway-paA-dayn 

groom 

g6ic6§8 

myins-dayns 

hunter  • 

^# 

moAk-soAs 

husbandman 

cooSo^5ooqd3 

leh-loAk-thaAmaAs 

interpreter 

OOOD8g5 

tsa^-gaA-byaAn 

jailor 

GCX)d£^3 

htowng-hmoo; 

musician 

o§'8^oSooqd3 

tee:-hmoAk-tha/ima/iS 

nurse 

33COGC08o8§8 

aA-kaA-lays-dayns 

pleader 

G^G^ 

shay-nay 

policeman 

33^0058ll  C^Co8oDD8 

aA-hmoo-daAns,  poolit- 

potter 

48d8$2 

oAs-dayns             [tha^s 

printer 

cJ|5oood3 

poAn-hnayk-thaAmaAs 

61 


•           English. 

Burmese. 

Pronunciation. 

servant 

33G0330lll  33S>olo 

aA-tsay-a^-paA,  aA- 
hka^-zaAs 

shoemaker 

c8^o8^|5ooqd! 

hpaA-naAt-cho/ik-thaA- 

shopkeeper 

^Sco^ 

sing-^^eh              [ma/iS 

smith 

o'iob 

paA-beh 

tailor 

33^[5oOODB 

aA-cho^k-thaAmaAs 

teacher 

so&pii  go^d8?oo?p 

sMyah,    kyowngs-saA- 

washerman 

ooloopS 

hkaA-wa^-^Aeh       [yaA 

wet-nurse 

|o853^ 

noA-dayns 

Music 

al  Instruments. 

cSs^oScpii 

big  drums 

ooSqii  o^ 

pa^t-maA,  tsee 

clarit)net 

> 

hneA 

flute 

^Gcq 

paA-lway 

gong  (big) 

G0I68 

mowngs 

guitar  (a  sort  of) 

Sgo^dSs 

mee-jowngs 

harmonicon 

o^cols 

paAt-taA-lay^s 

harp             drums 

GC16§ 

tsowng; 

set   of  graduated 

o^^6. 

tsee-wiii  5 

do.         gongs 

G^^O^^^S 

ky  ays-zee- win; 

trumpet 

ob^lw  ^68 

tsih-hdht,  hnyinS 

violin 

00  G  ODD 

taA-yaw 

Travelling.     gsooGoSDiiGo^asDSgSD^soQDsgSsn 

(For  Conversations,  see  p.   159.) 


aback 
.  I  abaft 

^  1  alongside,  to  come 
.  anchor 


G^Do5c§ 


nowk-thoh 
peh-zee-hmaA 
sik-thee 
kyowk-soos 


62 


English 

Burmese. 

Pronunciation. 

anchor  (to  cast) 

GO^DoSstj^o^OO^ 

kyowk-soos  chaA-/Aee 

arrive  (to) 

ccpoSoo^ 

yowk-thee 

awning 

G^^OODgjoS 

nay-boo-ga^-yooet 

ballast 

OOGo53o6§C33 

thimsbaw-woonS-zaAs 

berth 

aSScp 

ayk-yaA 

bill 

0D3G|£§ 

tsa^s-yins 

boat 

oo5oo§ 

thaAm-baAn 

bow 

iJo 

oos 

buoy 

GoTcp 

bawyaA 

cabin 

33o58  [o85a5g3 

a^-hka^ns      [saAn-;6^ 

cable 

Gn9jDo53c:^(_8(^§ii 

kyowk-soos-joA2,htayt- 

captain 

OOGoSDCX^gS 

thimsbaw-thoo-jees 

cargo 

OLJ^OODOS 

koAn-zaMeh 

carriage  (vehicle) 

GjOODB 

yaA-htaAs 

change,  to  (train) 

g^dSsoo^ 

pyowngs-/Aee 

compass 

sb^G^oSoSS 

ay  n-h  m  y  o  \^  ng-ay  n 

crew 

oogo5dood§4j33 

thimbaw-^AaAs-mya/jo' 

deck 

o^JSooS 

ko^nS-baAt 

depart,  to 

OgoSo^DSOO^ 

htwet-thwaAs-^Aee 

dock 

ODGOODOqjSS 

thimsbaw-jins 

embark,  to 

OD  G  oSdOO  o5  CO  ^ 

thim8ba\v-tet-/Aee 

engineer 

OoSoOGp 

tset-saA-yaA 

fathom 

3QC6 

a^-laAn 

flag 

33  o5 

aA-laAn 

forward 

§8^3 

oos-hma/i 

gangway 

GC^OCOoGoloS 

hlay-ga^S-bowk 

hand-lead 

GG|oS8b 

yay-zaAns-geh 

harbour,  port 

ODGO§3085 

thimsbaw-zayt 

helm,  rudder 

oooSo 

tet-maA 

63 


English. 

Burmese. 

Pronunciation. 

hold 

odgoSdoSs 

thimsbaw-woons 

keel 

GGp 

ay-ya^ 

label            [bark) 

C650D 

layk-tsaA 

land^    to    (disem- 

odgoSjooSsod^ 

thimsbaw-sins-/Aee 

landing-stage^  pier 

OO^OODS 

ta^-daAs 

load,  to 

0^00800^ 

wo6n-tin-/Aee 

—  unload 

o^^aD^ 

koAn  chah-ihee 

lascar 

OCODOS 

hksih-\hh-thee 

mast 

a^^s 

yooet-ting 

oar 

0080006 

hkaAt-tet 

paddle 

GC^SOOOS 

hlaw-det 

paddle,  to 

GC^SOO^ 

hla\v-/Aee 

passenger 

88o1gOOD3CJ| 

tsees-pa/i-Maw-thoo 

pilot 

olc85 

maMayn 

prow 

COG0§DgSgj5§ 

thim?baw-oos-joons 

punt-pole 

o^§o]8 

tohl-wah' 

quay 

a8o5 

sayt 

rope 

&& 

kyo^s-jees 

rudder 

oooSq 

tet-maA 

sail 

gl^ 

yo6-et 

sailing-ship 

g|o5c^aSooGOQD 

}ooet-tik-thimsbaw 

seaman,  sailor 

OOGOOJOODa 

thimsbaAV-//^aAs 

ship 

oogoSd 

thimsbaw 

start,  to 

OgoSoD^ 

htwet-tliee 

jteani-boat,  -ship 

8ooogo5d 

mees-thimsl);iw 

Jteersinan 

oooSqo^S 

tet-ma/i-ging 

Jtern 

9 

Peh 

-hwart 

oo§ 

kaAn 

iller 

oooSoo^S 

tet-ma^-jin 

64 


Countries  and  Nations.     c§88(5^5>Scxf^^?^32n 

Note. — The  Burmese  have  some  few  stereotyped  names 
for  people  they  have  known  long.  For  new  ones  the  name 
or  sound  is  caught  and  adapted.  For  country  add  g^  pyee^ 
and  for  people  cxj^S  loo-myoAs. 


English. 

Burmese, 

Pronunciation. 

Africa 

00908  ogjjs 

KaAppaA  lee-joons 

America 

33GO^OO 

A^-may-yee-kaA 

Arracanese 

«l^8 

Ya^-hking 

Bengalee 

006  olo^ 

Bin-gaA-lee 

Burman^ 

ggD   or  OOQD 

Mya^n-maA,  or  BaA- 

China 

oo^5^^ 

TaA-yoAk-pyee    [maA 

Chinese,  the 

co^Scx^^^ 

Ta^-yoAk-loo-myoAs 

English,  the 

336oc£o5c^^3 

IngaMayk-loo-myoAs 

Europe 

gGCpo 

Oo-yaw-paA 

France 

(3G[$o8 

HpaA-yaAn-zit 

Germany 

0)Dq| 

ZaA-ma^-nee 

Holland    ' 

GCX)DCO§ 

Haw-la^n 

India 

^go3 

Ayndee-yaA 

Japan 

0)0? 

Za^-pa^n 

Jew 

oDa^§ 

YaA-hoo-dee 

Malay 

ocx^|[3 

Pa^-shoos 

Mussulman 

oo§ 

PaA-thee 

Persian 

o1<S|o§ 

PaA-yaA-thee 

*  The  word  MyaAnmafe  is  seldom  used  though  it  is  the  classic  name. 
The  original  tribe  was  Mrahn  or  Mykhn,  which  was  converted  bj  the 
monks  into  the  Pali  form  Mra/jnma/i,  which  by  natural  law  became 
Ba^ma^.  The  Arracanese  branch  of  the  family  retain  the  form 
Mrkhnmsih. 


65 


English. 

Buimcse. 

Pronunciation. 

Portuguese 

o^6<| 

BaA-yin-jee 

s' Shall 

9>S2 

Shawns 

s  Siamese 

o^^oqpS 

YoAs-daA-ya^S 

,  Talaing 

OOC^SSlI   g? 

TaA-lings,  Moon 

Legal  Terms.     ooqp§j)f 

^oSa^Scpii 

accused,  the 

ooi;p36 

taA-\  a/i-hkaAn 

acquittal 

3D  (q  6  C2  GO  g  8  2  II 

aA-pyit-hloot-chlns, 

^6§ooD:.o§gc^ 

chaAns-//iaA-pays-jin5 

action 

00^.83^ 

ta^-yaAs-hmuo 

agent 

C^oSoD^C^oS 

koh-zaA-hleh     [joAk 

agreement^  an 

OOGOODCXj^OD:^[5 

thaAbaw-doo-tsfiA- 

answer 

3Dcgli    CX^cg^oS 

aA-hpyay,  htoo-jay-jet 

appeal^  to 

330^600^ 

a^-yoo  hkaAn-/Aee 

arrest,  to 

06308800^ 

hpa^ns-zees-/Aee 

attachment 

oS8^SG|5coo5 

thayns-yo/ms-yaAn- 

^o5oD 

let-hmaAt-tsaA 

attest,  to 

ooo5goo5oo§ 

thet-thay  hkaAn-/^ee 

authorize,  to 

33§6gO§00^ 

aA-hkwin  pays-/Aee 

award,  to 

8c|6go6oo^ 

tsee-yin-hpya^t-thee 

bail 

SDDOOGOSgSs 

a^maA-gaAn  pays-jinS 

bailiff 

^d8iic8co8 

naAzee,  beelit 

ibond  (for  loan) 

GgG^ODSJj^S 

gnway  -  chyays  -  tsaA  - 

case  (suit) 

33^ 

a^-hmoo               \johk 

charge,  to 

g5§CO^ 

ts6ot-tsweh-/Aee 

complainant,  the 

^Sg^ 

tso6t-tsweh-/^oo 

contract,  deed 

ODS^|5 

tsaA-jo^k 

conviction,  a 

ssfoScoSgSs 

aA-pyit  pays-jins 

costs 

ooGp8o^o6 

ta^-yaAs-zaA-yayt 

aUKMESK    8.-T. 

E 

English. 


66 


Burmese. 


Pronunciation. 


court  (civil) 
court  (criminal) 
damages 

decision  (of  case) 
decree 
defend,  to 

defendant  (in  a  suit) 

deposition 

document 

evidence 

execute,  to  (a  deed) 

—  (a  judgment) 

fee  (of  office) 

fine  (penalty) 

fraud 

giant 

guardian 

heir 

illegally 

information,  to  give 

informer 

inheritance 

interest 

inventory 

jail 

judge,  the    [trict) 

jurisdiction    (dis- 


co Gp8o^8 

GpQ)Oo5^3 
GCqjSGg 

8Gj6q]o5 

f^cSoDDGolS 

OOGpSO 

0D005§II    o3o§OOOD 

CO  oSGOOOgoS^  oS 

coo5^o5o^3oD^ 
o85s^6go8co^ 

GcqjSolcoS 
c^5co^^ 

33^8gOoODS^[^5 

o85§oS?§d:;^ 

33Gg5 

ooospSoogS 

0^8oO$8GOODa^ 

33GgggD 

330^8 

ggDOg^80DG)88 

GOODC 

OOGp8CXj^(^8 

8e)6t^ 


ta^-yaA-ma^-yoAn: 

ya^-zaA-woot-yoAns 

yaw-gnway 

tsee-yin-jet 

deega^ree-tsee-yin-jet 

kweh-gaA-tsowng- 

showk-thee 
taA-yaA-hka^n 
aA-tsit-hka  An  -jet 
tsaA-daAnSj  layk-hkee- 

taA-zaA 
t  h  e  t-thay-htwet-chet 
let-hmaAt-ht  oAs-ZAee 
thayns-bing-pays-/Aee 
koons-boAs 
yaw-daAn 
layn-lee-hmoo 
aA-ping-bays-tsaA-joAk 
htayns-thayns-Moo 
aA-mway-gaAn 
maA-taA-yaA;-MaA- 
ting-pyaw-/Aee  [hpyin 
ting-daAn:-/Aaw-^  .00 
aA-mway-oAktsaA 
aA-toA; 

oAktsa  A-pyitsee  s-tsa  A- 
htowng  [y'^^' 

taA-yaAs-thoo-jees 
tsee-yin-zoo. 


67 


English. 


Bui 


Pronunciation 


jurisdiction(povver] 

law- suit 
non-suit,  to 
oath,  to  take  an 
pardon,  to 
penal,  to  be 
perjury 

petitioner 
police-office 

—  officer 

—  station 
proof,  to  give 
prosecute,  to 
prosecutor,  plain- 
punishment     [tiff 
robbery 

seal,  a 
sentence,  a 
sign,  to 

—  (by  mark) 
statement  (written) 
sue,  to 

suit 

summons  (ofcourt) 

testator 

theft 

thief 


oq|Ssc^6oo^ 

Qj58000GO§00^ 

gIoSqo^oSoo^ 

00:^5  QQ?  00  o5  GOO 

6(g63 

G5|Do5o^ 

<^co8^S 
(^00833^0063 

oooSgooQoo^ 

OOGpS^OO^ 
OOGpSO^ 

33(yS3la5 

q5c88 
8g^6^o5 
cooS^oSo^Soo^ 
(^oSg§o^§oo^ 

GG|§00D3^oS 
OOGpSgO^OO^ 
333^ 
OOgloD 

coooo§oOOooo§o:jj 


tsee-yin-bing-^Aaw 
aA-hkwin 

o 

taA:-yaA8-hmo6     [thee 
aA-yoo-maA-sheesoA- 
kyaAns  king-/Aee 
chgihnt-thB.h  pays-Mee 
da^n-hka/m-dik-thee 
maA-hoAk-maA-hmaAn- 
thet-thay-hkaAn- 
showk-thoo  [jins 

poolit-yoAn: 
poolit-aA-hmo6-daAn: 
htahnsih 

thet-thay-py  hh-thee 
tah-yahz-\)j66-thee 
t3ik-jSih-\oh 
aA-pyit-daAn 
166-yoo-hm6o 
taA-zayt 
tsee-y  in-jet 
let-hma/it  ht6A;-/Aee 
kyet-chee  htoAs-Mee 
yays-htaAs-jet 
taA-yaAs-tsweh-soA- 
aA-hmoo  [Mee 

thambaAn-zaA 
thay-daAns-zaA-  htaAs- 
hkoAs-hmoo  [^Aoo 

thaA-hko//: 

E   2 


68 


English. 

Bui-mese. 

Pronunciation. 

trial 

o8g^d§83 

tsit-kyaw-jins 

verdict 

sx^ggoS^loS 

soAnS-hpyaAt-chet 

will 

C00O0$8OD 

thay-claAno-zaA 

witness 

odoSgoo 

thet-thay 

Commercial  Terms.     nr^^ogcSsp^SoSs^SGcoDoooDSii 

account 

CgOD'^SS 

gnway-tsfiA-yin: 

^— ,  money 

.g 

gnway 

— ,  to  settle  an 

cgsoSoo^ 

hpyay-saAt-thee 

acknowledgment 

o^5^a5 

wo6n-hka/in-jet 

agent 

o^c^odSc^oS 

koA-zaA-hleh 

arrears 

Oq]$G2 

kyaAn-gnway 

assets 

Gg^005Gl5egD 

k yooays  -  saAt  -  yaAn  - 

bank 

ooJo^oS 

bd^n-tik         [oAktsaA 

bankrupt,  to  be 

Gg8(§C^OQo5|6 

kyooayS-myee-goA 

CX)^ 

maA-saAt-hniiig-/Aee 

bearer 

cooS^o^ 

let-shee-/Aoo 

bond,  a 

0D^|5 

tsa^-joAk 

broker 

§ODS 

pweh-zaAs 

brokerage 

gs) 

pweh-gaA 

buyer 

oo5o^ 

\veh-/Aoo            zaA-leh 

cargo 

o5«jco35iioc^$ococ^ 

\vo6n-za/i-leh,    koAn- 

charter  a  ship,  to 

OOGo5DOD^[53>Sgl8 

thimsbaw     tsaA-joAk- 

OD^ 

hnm-hgnaAs-^Aee 

company 

ojigaBii  o:^§c3o59 

koAmbaAnee,  koAn- 
bet-ts66 

confiscate,  to 

o86sa^oD^ 

thayn:-yoo-/Aee 

contract,  a 

O08(0DOi|5 

gaAdee-zaA-joAk 

cost  price 

Uo?s 

aA-hp6As 

69 


English. 

Eurmese. 

Pronunciation. 

creditor 

Gg§^8 

kyooays-shin 

custom-house 

33GOODo5o^o5 

a^-kowk-tik 

customs  duties 

GQGOODOS 

aA-kowk 

damage 

3Da^§c^o5@6s 

a^-kyo/iS-pyet-chins 

debt 

cg^iig 

kyooays,  myee 

debtor 

goDS 

myee-zaAs 

deliver,  to 

335g0800^ 

aAt-pays-^Aee 

exports 

cqcrSnq^ 

htoAk-ko^n 

firm,  a 

oc^$oo5^ 

koAn-bet-tsoo 

imports               [of 

^S§a^$ 

thwins-goAn 

introduction,  letter 

330gjS^,^G030D 

a^-kyoons-hpweh 

market 

G^S 

zayS                [payS-za/i 

market  price 

Gcg2^$? 

zays-hno/ins 

partner 

ocSoSoq 

hpet-tsaAt-thoo 

pay,  to 

goSooSdo^ 

pays-saAt-thee 

price 

3303! 

a^-hj)oAs 

1  price-list 

330^'^OD^5: 

aA-hp6As-tsaA-jino 

1  receipt 

g(qod 

pyay-zaA 

irent 

5ISO 

hgnaA;-gaA 

1  retail,  to 

COoScSGGpSoOD^ 

let-lee-yowngS-MeS 

salesman,  seller 

GS|o6§a^ 

yowngs-^Aoo 

unload,  to 

O^gOD^ 

woon-chaA-^Aee 

warehouse 

^GooD6iia:^?Gc^~'6 

goAdowng,    koAn- 

weight 

3D§5            [o§o5 

aA-chayn  [hlowng-dik 

wharf 

s8^5 

sayt 

wharfage 

o8o5o 

sayt-hkaA               [thee 

wholesale,  to  sell 

Gol  o5^  GGpSSOO^ 

hpowk-cha^-yowngs- 

orcco5ooD2cGp68 

let-kfi^syowngs-Mee 

ODgS 

70 


Correspondence.     oDODGo^DODGG|8oo^j.83^SGpfi 


English. 

Burmese. 

Pronunciation. 

address 

^DODOSS 

hmaA-zaA-layk 

blotting-paper 

95|5oQ9|[ 

hmin-hnayk-tsekkoo 

date 

G^.§ 

nay-zweh 

dead  letter  office 

ODGOOO^oS 

tsaA-May-dik 

envelope 

odgSoS 

tsaA-ayk 

fasten,  to 

ooSoo^ 

hka^t-thee 

immediate 

SDcqSs^g? 

a^-lyin-aA-mya^n 

ink 

^6g|^ 

hmin-yee 

inkstand 

^6c^§ 

hmin-oAs 

letter,  note 

^DODIl   GQ^DOD 

hma^-zaA,  myittaA-zaA 

letter-box 

3o5coSoOD 

det-thitta^ 

note-paper 

ODGG|§0^|| 

tsa^-yays  tsekkoo 

packet 

330^6 

aA-htoAk 

pen 

oogcodSii  ^8op 

kaMowng,  hmin-daAn 

penknife 

cx)d2oogco8 

da/iS-gaAlays 

pencil 

boo 

hkeh-daAn 

post-office 

3o5§8ll   ODC^oS 

det-yo^ns,  tsa^-dik 

quire 

33C^DJ9^5 

aA-hlwa^  hna^-seh-lays- 

ream 

3DC^D900 

a^-hlwaAlays-yaA  [jaAt 

seal,  a 

o5a85 

ta^-zayt 

— ,to 

ood85oo5oo^ 

taA-zayt  hkaAt-thee 

sealing-wax 

^o5iioogo5d5°^ 

chayt,  thim8baw-jayt 

sheet 

33C^D 

a^-hlwaA 

signature 

cooS^^oS 

let-hma^t 

telegraph,  to 

G@8^$8§oSoD^ 

kyays-na/ms  yik-thee 

urgent 

CX^8g?§D 

lyin-myaAn-zo  ah 

writing-materials 

ODGG)8G|?33  Gp 

tsa^-yayS-yaAn  aA-yaA 

71 

Military  Terms.     c8 

^^^SEGpn 

English. 

Burmese. 

Pronunciation. 

accoutrements 

oSooJoOD 

tsit-taA-zaA 

i               .  . 
!  ammunition 

bo3§3 

hkeh-yaAn 

1  anvil 

GO 

pay 

arms 

cooS^oS 

let-net  o?'  len-net 

arsenal 

coo5^o6o^o5 

let-net-tik 

artillery 

3Dq{^DcS^ 

aA-myowk-ts6o 

attack,  to 

cf^cSco^ 

tik-thee 

battery  (fort) 

GgoOO^oS 

myay-ga^-doAk 

bayonet 

GOO^oSgSc^ 

thay-na^t-tsoot-hlaAn 

bomb 

c^Ss 

boAns 

—  shell 

c^5§^? 

boAns-zaAn 

breach  of  gun 

33GgDo5s]88 

aA-myowk-yins 

brigade 

O^GjOD5fj) 

thoo-yeh  da/jt-tso6 

bullet 

^S-9 

kyee-zee 

camp 

ODo'oJS 

tsa^-hkaAns 

cannon 

33GgDoS 

aA-myo\vk 

—  ball 

33GgDo5oO? 

aA-myovvk-saAn  • 

captain 

OOGp^oS 

taA-yaA-bo^ 

cartridge 

oo6ogood5 

ya^ns-downg 

cavalry 

§6883008 

myins-zees-ta^t 

colonel 

oogoodS^oS 

ta^-htowng-boA 

division 

^^^SC^@§ 

thoo-yeh-daAt-tsoo-jees 

drum 

og 

tsee 

drummer 

o^o88odqd3 

tsee-tees-thaAmaA: 

fascines 

oo6§o^§ 

htins-zees 

fight,  to 

oSo^oSoo^ 

tsit-tik-thee 

fosse 

cx^is 

kyoAn: 

72 


English. 

Burmese. 

Pronunciation, 

furlough  (leave) 

3=8§ 

aA-hkwin 

general 

Pc6q|5 

boA-joAk 

guard  (house) 

cr^Sodb 

kins-deh 

guide 

coSsg 

la^ns-byaA 

haversack 

c^oSaSoS 

Iweh-ayk 

hospital 

C^^D^ 

loo-naA-yoAn 

helmet 

OGODOS 

hkaA-mowk 

infantry 

Gg3D^ 

chyay-theh 

lock  of  gun 

GOO^o588335 

thay-na^t  mees-ayn 

magazine 

oo8§o^o5 

yaAns-dik 

major 

clScp^oS 

gnaAs-yah-boA 

mallet 

coo5^o5 

let-yik 

mine 

cgogSs 

myay-dwins 

mutiny 

C^|03$g83 

po^n-ka^n-jin; 

officer 

^cSn  oSSoS 

hoh,  tsit-boA 

outpost 

ooSsooS 

kins-da^t 

picket  (peg) 

OdS^IJiI    § 

thit-choon,  tso^             1 

platform 

06 

tsin 

powder 

ooSeooS 

yaAn; 

rammer 

0^300 

htoAs- da/in 

reg-iment 

008 

taAt 

rifle,  gun 

^oSooSllGOO^oS 

yik-paAt,  thay-na/it 

—  barrel 

^oScoSgQdSs 

yik-paAt-pyowngs 

—  cock 

godSs 

mowngs 

—  stock 

goSooSiSS 

yik-pa^t-ayn 

sentry 

33GC]5 

aA-tsowng 

soldiers 

OSOO^IICOOSODDS 

tsit-thee,  taAt-thaAs 

—  (European) 

GoTcp 

gaw-yaA 

sword 

O33ogo5 

daA-lweh 

73 


English. 

Burmese. 

Pronunciation. 

shovel 
stockade 
town  ^^all 

trigger 

odScoS 

oooSocS 

0811  o8o^o5g88 

toos-yooins-byaAs 

thit-ta^t 

myoh-\6h% 

let-hloAk 

tsit,  tsit-tik-chinS 

ascetic 

begging-bowl 
bell  (large) 

—  (small) 
books 

—  sacred  (Bible) 
Buddha 


Religion 

oo8c^ 

goISsgcodSo 

oo^?co^8 

oq|8oii  8^ooo5 


Buddhist  religion 
cemetery 
j  Christian 
1  Christianity 
church  (Buddhist) 
—  (other  bodies) 
j —  (building) 
I  clergyman 
|cothn 

congregation 
convent  (for  nuns) 
corpse 
Creator,  the 


C^gOODODO 

O€|So00$ 
QS|8oODOO-> 

300oSoGOo5 

0:j)0gDG)^5 

SOSpiiO^DOOGp 

00  ODD 

O^ODDOS 

QOSOOGOOS  GOfiJI  080 

33G01oSo 


SSO^OODOODll 

hpoAs-thoo-daw 

tha^bayt 

hkowngs-lowngS 

sees-lees 

tsaA-oAk 

kyaAns,  peedaAkaAt 

hpaA-ya^s  thaA-hken, 

boAk-da^ 
boAkdaA-ba^/^a^ 
thins-jin 
hka^-yit-yaAn 
hka^-yit-baA^AaA 
thinghaA 

aA-thinS-daw         [ya^t 
thoodaAmmaA-zaA 
saA-ya/i,  daAmmaA- 
taA-laA  [saA-yaA 

paA-yayk-thaAt 
■'  meh-thoo-daw-jowngs 


aMowno-s 


c3$ooS8goo5<j^good    hpaAn-zinS-daw-moo- 


OC^GpoCgS 


Maw-hpaA-yaAs-1  liaA- 
hken 


74 


English. 

Burmese. 

Pronunciation. 

cross 

cx)oSol§oo6o§5 

let-wa^S-ga^t-ting 

fast,  to 

330DG^d6oO^ 

aA-tsa^  showng-/Ae§ 

fast-day 

gc^oSc^. 

ooboAk-nay 

festival 

§G% 

pweh-nay 

funeral 

QOOD 

maA-thaA 

—  of  monk 

o^^geg 

hpo^ns-jees-bya^n 

funeral  rite^to  per- 

odB\^c8co^ 

thin-j6A-/Aee 

ghosts            [form 

OQ^S 

taA-s:iy 

God 

cqGpS(^8 

hpa^-ya^s-th  aA-hken 

heaven 

^d5§ii  goodSsooS 

moAs,  kowngs-gin 

hell 

c^ 

gnaA-yeh 

hermit 

G)Ga:>3 

yaA-thay 

image 

^bcq 

yoAk-too 

monastery 

goqjdSs 

kyowng: 

—  precincts 

go^dSso^oS 

kyowngs-dik 

monk 

€|aD$8ll  oc^^sgs 

ya^-haAns,  hpoAnS-jee: 

monk's  dress 

OOo5?8 

thingaAnS 

nun 

ooSo^cooS 

meh-thoo-daw 

pagoda 

GOc8ii  oqcpS 

zay-dee,  hpaA-yaAs 

pray 

3C^GOOd6800^ 

s6o-downgs-/Aee 

probationer 

godS^jSii  oddogod 

mowng-yin,  tha^maA- 

preach,  to 

00€p2GODDp5 

tah-yahi  haw-/Aee  [nay 

religion 

ODDOD^DQCOS 

t  h  a  A-  thsih-ii  a  A-daw 

rest-house 

Q)G|5 

zaA-yaAt 

scholar           [ings 

o:^"^ 

taA-beh 

supernatural^  be- 

^oSll   G30 

na^t,  daywaA 

1  The  'nahi'  is  a  supernatural  being  answering  to  the  fairy  or  kelpie. 
Dewah  is  the  Pali  name  connected  with  Lat.  deus.  They  are  supposed  to 
be  everywhere  and  have  to  be  appeased  by  small  sacrifices.  The  ndgahl 
lives  in  the  water  and  underground  and  corresponds  to  the  drak  or  dragon. 


75 

English. 

Burmese, 

Pronunciation. 

supernatural    ser- 

^olS 

iiaAg-aAs 

umbrella     [pents 

088 

htees 

water-tank 

GGjOoJ 

yay-gaAn 

weathercock 

5o5«<?.ds 

hgnet-maA-naAs 

Society  and 

Government.     33^3G|Q8§j,S33Gp^cg 

circle  (division  of 

c^oS 

tik 

a  district) 

— ,  head  man  of 

c^oSo^ga 

tik  thaA-jee§ 

citizen 

,§ODDS 

myoh-thkhl             jeeS 

commissioner 

o5^8GOD5o83gB 

w66n-shin-daw    mins- 

assistant  do. 

o5goodo5god5q6§ 

woon-dowk-da\v-min8 

deputy  do. 

33GG|2^8q68 

aA-yays-bing-mins 

ibrest  officer 

od6goddo$goodo5 

thit-taw  woon-dowk 

udge 

ODGp8oD:j^gs 

ta^-yaA-maA  tha^-jees 

!dng 

^^^^s 

shin-baA-yin 

dngdom 

?8c 

ning-gna^n 

andowner 

Gg5|8 

myay-shin 

essee  of  fishery 

336scx^g^ 

in°  tha^-jees 

nagistrate 

€pO)OoSo6o 

yaAzaAwoot-minS 

—  (of  town) 

goS 

myoA  woon 

ninister  of  state 

3303820? 

a  A- twins  woon 

)easant 

GO^I^GOODOODo 

kyays-da\v-MaAs 

people 

6^^S^^^^ 

pyee-Moo  pyee-/AaAs 

)rince,  princess 

o8oODDall  Q8oC§i 

mini-thaht,  mins-/AaA 

)rovince,  division 

^oSii  0^8 

neh,  hkaA-ying    [mee 

[ueen  (own  right) 

o:jG|8o 

baA-yin-maA 

-  (of  king) 

Sc^GpS 

mee-baA-yaAs 

76 


English. 


Bui 


Pronunciation. 


revenue 
secretary 
secretary  (chief) 
timber- forest-con- 
tractor       [trate 
township     magis- 
village  constable 
—  elder 
villager 


gq; 


ODGG|§ll   ODgG|§(^2 
330g6oO§GOODo5 

ooSgoISo 

gjDGolSS 

g|DCX)DBn  (f.)  <^Dzq 


aA-hkoon  [jeeJ 

tsa^-yays,  tsaA-yayS 
aA-twins  woon-dowk 
thit-gowngS 

myo^-oAk 
yooaA-gowns:; 
yooa^-loo-jees 
j663.h-th'dhi,  (f.)  yooaA- 
thoo 


I 


Government  Departments.     33^<s)GG|8gD^> 


Accounts 

Cadastral  Survey 
Civil 

Customs 

Education 

Foreign 

Forest 
G  eneral 

Home 

Jail 

Judicial 


GgG^o5GG|§gD^ 

COcSGpGG|2gD^ 
OOGp80GG|3gD^ 

QQGOODo5GC|8gD4> 

O^DGG|3gD^ 

^5cg38GG)8gD^ 

OoSGOODGS|8gD^ 
33G[8G|5G^8gD^ 

^6cGC|8gD^ 

330q]^8GG|3gD4, 
CO  GplG^(hO'jS  GG^l 


Gnway-dilv-yayS  htaA 

naA 
Leh-ya^  yays  hta/ma^ 
Thhyah-mah     yay 

htahns^h 
AA-kowk  yays  hta^naA 
PeenyaA  yayS  htaAna^s 
Ning- gnaAn-chaA 

yays  htaAnaA 
T hit- taw  yays  litaAnaA 
AA-yaAt-yaAt   yay 

hta^naA  [na/ 

Ning-gnaAn  yays  htaA 
AA-kyins  yays  hta/^nay 
Ta/iy a//  5    ykh  zaA-woot 

yays  hta/maA 


n 


English. 


Burmese. 


Pronunciation. 


Legislative 

Military 

Police 

Postal 
Public-Works 

Revenue 

[ment 
Revenue  Settle- 
Telegraph 


Govt.  Prosecutor 

do.    Translator 
Supt.  of  Govern- 
ment Printino- 


<o5GS|2gD^ 
GpC&.Oo5G-|'gD^ 

^6  C  O^  OSOC^S  G  000  8 
GG)ggD^ 

gI^Sc^S^d^ 

G[f^84>^§GG|SCjD<?, 


33^2  G)  33^0^  o5  G^ 
3D^8G)ODGOc5(c5$ 

a.  5 


Oopa^day-pyoo  htaA- 
Tsit  yays  htaAna^  [naA 
YaAza^-woot  yays 

hta/aiaA 
TsaA-dik  yays  hta^naA 
Ning.gnaAn-dwet-loAk- 

sowng  yays  litaAnaA 
A^-hko6n-daw     yays 

litfiAnaA 
Ky ays-ding  htaAnaA 
Kyays-na^iiS  yays- 

hta//-naA 


AA-tsoAs-yaA  a^-hmoo- 

lik  shay-nay  [byaAn 

Kh-\  sohi-jsih  tsaA-daw- 

A/i-ts6As-yaA  poAn- 

hnayk-tik-o/ik 


78 


The  Cardinal  Numbers.     ocdd$2c^d^5»533q^u 

(For  Grammatical  Notes,  see  p.  114.) 

Burmese  Burmese  words.  Pronunciation, 

character. 


1 

0 

2 
3 
4 
5 
6 

J 
9 
9 

D 

7 
8 

7 

0 

9 
10 

00 

11 

00 

12 
13 

09 

14 
15 
16 

09 

17 

07 

18 

00 

19 

^a 

20 

JO 

21 

J^ 

30 

90 

40 

90 

50 

30    ; 

coo 

GCOS 

els 

G§Do5 

^2 

ODOOC^ 

ooooo5j)SooS 

O330o5j)8j)8 

ODOoo5j)6a^8 

0030o5j>5gco8 

oDaDoS|>8cl8 

ooooo5|>69j>S 

O0£Dc5^8^6 

ooao  £^6c8^ 
j)8aooS 

J)63035j)Soo8 

odSoooS 

godSoocS 

clsoooS 

1  The  a8  hnin,  and,  may 


tit  (or  taA  in  composition) 

hnit  {or  hnhh  in  composi- 

thoAns  [tion) 

lay: 

gnaAs 

chowk 

hkoo-hnit 

shit 

kdhi 

taA  seh 

taA  seh  hnin '  tit  or  seh-tit 

taA  seh  hnin  hnit 

taA  seh  hnin  thoAns 

o 

taA  seh  hnin  lavs 
taA  seh  hnin  gna^S 
tah  seh  hnin  chowk 
taA  seh  hnin  khoo-hnit 
ta^  seh  hnin  shit 

o 

taA  seh  hnin  kohl 
hnit  seh  or  hmxh  seh 
hnit  seh  hnin  tit  or  hna/ 

o 

thoAns  zeh  [seh  til 

lays  zeh 
2:naAs  zeh 

always  be  left  out. 


Burmese 
character. 


79 


Burmese  words. 


Pronunciation. 


60 

(so 

GgDo5ooo5 

chowk  seh 

70 

70 

C^J)SSDC^ 

hkoo-hnit  seh 

80 

00 

5|6£Do5 

shit  seh 

90 

QO 

C^SCOC^ 

kohl zeh 

100 

000 

00  Gp 

taA  yah 

101 

000 

ooGp^SooS 

tkh  yak  hnin  tit 

110 

000 

OOGpOOOOC^ 

taA  yfiA  taA  seh 

200 

J  00 

j;)SGp 

hnhh  yah 

1,000 

0000 

oogcod5§ 

taA  htowngs 

10,000 

00000 

OOGODOSS 

taA  thowngs 

1,000,000 

0000000 

0000  5>2 

taA  tha^n 

D.  1910,  0(30o,  taA  htowng"?  koAs  yaA  taA  seh. 


Numeral  Auxiliaries} 


Burmese. 

Pronunciation. 

Meaning. 

Use. 

3D§S 

aA-oos 

That  which  is  first 
or  chief 

For  rational  beings 

33GOOd6 

aA-kowng 

An  animal 

For  brute  beasts 

33g(3d68 
330g83 

aA-kyowngs 
aA-kwins 

An  extended  Hne 
A  ring,  circle 

For  extended 
things,  like  roads 

For  rings,  nooses, 
&c. 

3^9 

cU-hk66 

(Uncertain) 

For  things  which 
cannot  be  de- 
scribed 

3S9]5 

aA-chaAt 

A  flat  thing 

For  flat  and  thin 
things,  hke  mats 

*  See  p.  1 14. 


80 


Burmese. 

Pronunciation. 

Meaning. 

Use. 

qqg^dSs 

aA-chowngs 

A  bar 

For    things    lonj; 
and   straight,  as 
needles 

33§^§ 

a^-hkoons 

(Uncertain) 

For  words 

33082 

aA-isins 

From  oSs  tsins,  to 

Things    long    and 

extend  in  a  hne 

straight,  as  spears 
and  boats 

33§2 

aA-tsees 

What  is  ridden  on 

Ashorses  and  carts 

33G0l6 

aA-tsowng 

(Uncertain) 

Writings,  books     ! 

3DQ^ 

aA-soo 

(Uncertain) 

For  pagodas 

3DCQ038 

aA-sovvng 

A  building 

For  houses,  roofs 

33005 

ah-tkhn 

An  interval 

Things   occurring 
at     intervals     of 
space  or  time 

3300f^ 

a/i-hteh 

A  piece  of  cloth 

For  clothing           ' 

33o8 

aA-pin 

A  plant 

For  plants               1 

33olS 

a/i-pa/iS 

Meaning  is  uncer- 

For deities,  eccle- 

tain, but  proba- 

siastics, and  per- 

bly from  olspaAs, 

sons  in  power 

to  be  separate 

33(yD8 

aA-pya^S 

Flat  things 

As  boards                i 

33005 

aA-hpet 

A  side 

For  things  usually 
in  pairs,  as  hands  ' 

33COo5 

aA-let 

A  hand 

Weapons,  tools,  or  j 
what  is  used  in  , 
the  hand 

330^8 

Sih-\6hn% 

What  is  round 

Things   round    or. 

330go5 

a^-thweli 

Wliat  is  slender 

As  rivers  [cubical 

GOODOS 

yowk 

An  old  root,  mean- 

For ordinary  men 

ing  uncertain,  but 

and  women 

used  in   connec- 

tion with  men. 

81 


Examples. 


English. 

Burmese. 

Pronunciation. 

Three  men 

a;^3^8GooDo5 

Loo  thoAn:  yowk 

Five  trees 

oo6o8c]8o6 

Thit-pin  gnaAs  bin 

Six  dogs 

GgScgDoScoODS 

Hkways    chowk 
kowng 

Four  rupees 

G^lcCOggDS 

DingaA  layJ  byaA» 

Two  objects  of 

0C^Gp§j,S0Cj^ 

Hpa^yaA;  hnit  soo 

worship 

One  cart 

c^^§oo8s 

HIehs  ta^  zee: 

Four  canoes 

GC^GCOSoSa 

Hlay  lay:  zin: 

A  table 

032^00  C^ 

TsaA-bweh  iU  hkoo 

Three  monks 

C[oo58a^8ol3 

YaMAn:  thoAn:  baA: 

Two  fingers 

CO  o5  G  ^d8§  J.S 

Let-chowng:  hnaA 

g^dSs 

chowng: 

A  word 

OOODSOOgJS 

TsaAgaA:  taA  hkoou: 

Ordinal  Numerals.     3s833ogc^[oGooDOD^DoaDD^l 


(For  Grammatical  Notes,  see  p.  115.) 


first 
second 
third 
fourth 
fifth 
sixth 
seventh 
ighth 
ainth 
:enth 

BUKMESB  3.-T 


qo8oo 
C00800 

QOgO 
33gQ 
300Q 


paA-htaA-maA 

doo-tee-yaA 

taA-tee-yaA 

tsaA-doAk-htaA 

pyin-tsa^-maA 

saA-htaA-maA 

thaAt-taA-inaA 

aA-htaA-tnaA 

naA-waA-maA 

daA-thaA-niaA 


English. 


83 

Burmese. 


Pronunciation. 


ay-kaA-da^-thaA-maA 
dw3.h-dsih-ihsih-mah 


eleventh  googooo 

twelfth  §1 30D0 

The  above  are  all  Pali  words,  and  are  not  used  beyond 
twelve.  Being  polysyllables  they  ought  not  to  be  divided, 
but  the  hyphen  is  used  to  assist  pronunciation. 

Collective  and  Fractional  Numbers. 

33GG[33C^oSog5^£2qjDS«^c^COODOOOD2gjD2 


all 

33320^811  o5oS62 

aAs-lo^ns,  hkaAt-thayn: 

couple,  a 

|>Ss^ll  ooqii  00^ 

hnaA-hkoo,    taA-ya^n, 

double 

§)8oo 

hnaA-saA        [taA-zoAn 

dozen,  a 

ooo5j.8s^ 

seA-hna^-hkoo 

fifth,  a 

cl8§68a3§S8 

gnaAs-bings  taA-bing: 

firstly 

Gsgsa^S 

aA-oo5-z6An: 

once 

oooliioo^$ii  OOo?" 

taA-hkaA,taA-jayn,taA- 

OC08 

hpaAn,  taA-lee 

one-half 

ODOoS 

taA-wet 

exactly  half 

oooSooS 

htet-wet 

pair,  a 

33^11   33q 

Sih-tsohn,  ah-ysihn 

part,  portion 

33§68 

aA-pings 

quarter,  fourth 

od8o5 

taA-zayt 

single             [part 

00^00^0 

taA-goo-dees  ^ 

third,  a 

c48§8§OD§82 

thoAns-bingstaA-bings 

threefold 

o^Sao 

thoAns-zaA 

1  Where  O  is  not  used  above  as  the  numeri< 

jal  affix,  it  will  be  necessary 

to  use  the  proper  affix  given  at  pp.  79-81  inst< 

3ad. 

Also  instead  of  ^80  ping,  a  portion,  one  may 

use  Cf  pohn,  heap,  or  <J  tso6, 

collection. 

83 


English. 

Burmese. 

Pronunciation. 

three-quarters 

093808 

thohnt-zajt 

three-sevenths 

95>5(^a^84 

hkoo-hnaA-boAn- 
thoAns-boAn 

twice 

^^o) 

hnhh-hkah    [hna^-zoo 

two -sixths 

G§3o5«^^33.59 

chowk  -tsoo  -hmaA 

whole,  the 

330^?  II    330^3 

aA-koAn,  aA-l6Ans 

Adjectives  (Intransitive  Verb  Roots).^      Scoooo^oa 


GOOD   Maw  must  be  added 

to 

each   if  used  in  front  of 

a  noun. 

(For  Grammatical 

Notes,  see  p,   113.) 

able  (capable) 

00  oSii      00 
oooSgSs 

^1 

;6.. 

taAt,  taAt-hning,  taAt- 
tsoons 

awake 

^§(5^11   fo 

noA:  nay,  nohi 

bad  (wicked) 

^^. 

sohz 

—  (unsound) 

ogoodSs 

maA  kowngS 

base 

09  o5 

yoAk 

beautiful,     hand- 

^ 

hlaA 

beloved        [some 

# 

chit 

big 

@8 

kyees 

bitter 

ol8 

hkaA: 

Wind 

00^8 

kaAns 

*  Adjectives  are  often  used  in  pairs  to  prevent  mistake.     Thus, — 
^  cS  net  means  deep,  not  shallow ;  it  also  means  to  be  dark. 
^C&%  net-neh  means  intellectually  deep,  profound. 

CO  hWi,  handsome  and  also  very.     So  to  prevent  mistake  we  may  say 
ego  hl&hhskh,  handsome.     O  pa/j  by  itself  means  shiny. 

F   2 


84 


English. 

Burmese. 

Pronunciation. 

blunt 

0^8 

toAns 

bold^  brave 

2j„  ^^5 

yeh,  yeh-yin 

bright 

g(^d8 

pyowng 

broad,  wide 

cqcS 

kyeh 

careful 

ooo8(^oooS 

thaAdee  pyoo-daAt 

careless 

O3o8co8 

thaAdee  Ut 

cheap 

3^^iq 

aA-hp6As  choA 

clean 

0811  o6(^o5ii  oo| 

tsin,  tsin-kyeh,  thaAn- 

clear 

@^co5        [^bi 

kyee-lin                [shins 

clever 

cSgD 

laymmaA 

cold 

q]§§ 

chains 

comfortable 

OOOSOOD 

thetthaA 

cool 

Gil   GQOS 

ays 

corpulent 

0.1  egg 

wAh,  hpyohS 

costly 

330^808 

3ih-h[)6hi  kyees 

crazy 

^§11   ogoSii  8oS^§ 

yoos,  thoot,  tsayt-yoos 

cruel 

GjoSooo      [go1o6 

yet-tset                [powk 

damp 

0^63 

htings 

dark 

g^dSii  ^oSii  ^ 

hmowng,  mik,  nyoA 

deaf 

^D§o8§ll    ^38GC0§ 

nhhl  pin2,  na^s  lays 

dear  (in  price) 

3DO?Sg8 

aA-hp6As  kyees 

deep  (not  shallow) 

^o5 

net 

—  (of  purpose) 

^a5>> 

net-neh 

different 

gDS^DSlI  C§§^§ll  09; 

chaAs-naAs,    kweh- 

dim 

3f? 

hmo/ni    [byahs,  litoos 

dirty 

^8 

iiyit 

dry 

GOgll  G§DaS 

thway,  chowk 

dull  (of  weather) 

c4(_ 

oAn 

dumb 

33 

a// 

85 


r            English. 

Burmese. 

Pronunciation. 

dusty 

C3001I  <^cq 

h[joAn-hta^,    hpoAn- 

early 

GOD 

tsaw                      [htoo 

easy  (to  do) 

ogoS 

Iweh 

empty 

o^oScoS 

loot-laAt 

even 

s& 

nyee-nyaA 

false 

QO^oSiiyt^^ 

maA-hoAk,  maA-hmaAn 

far 

GOS 

ways 

few 

^^811  9,D8 

nehs,  sha^s 

fine  (excellent) 

goodSdQoSu  goS 

kowngs-myaAt,  myaAt 

—  (in  quality) 

cgoii  ^o5 

chaw,  nyet 

fit  (for) 

gooSgo^S 

taw-lyaw 

flat 

@D3ll   g^ 

pyaAs,  pya^n 

foolish 

^o5..  ^$8 

niik,  hnaAnS 

fortunate 

oo^oodSs 

kaAn-gowngS 

free 

oo65(^oS 

kins-loot 

fresh 

co^Sii  oo8 

laAns,  thit 

full 

s^^ 

pyee-zo^n 

S^J 

^8co^2iio58GgDo5 

shwin-laAnS,  woons 

general,  usual 

QSgco 

hpyit-lay          [myowk 

gentle 

r^^ 

noos-nyahn 

glad 

g5oD$3 

shwin-la^ns 

good 

good88 

kowngs 

grand 

s?@^ 

myin-myaAt 

great 

g3ll(P.)   QODD 

kyees,  (P.)  ma^ha^ 

happy 

q]§8oDD 

cha/ms-/AaA 

hard 

QD 

maA 

—  (difficult) 

oo5b 

hket-hkeh 

—  (disposition) 

(05620088 

kyaAnS-daAnS 

heavy 

GC03 

lays 

86 


English. 


Burmese. 


Pronunciation, 


high 

honest 

hot 

hungry 

ill  (unwell) 

important 

just 

lame 

large,  vast 

last 

late 

lazy 

lean 

light  (not  heavy) 

hght  (not  dark) 

Uke 

little  (small) 

long 

—  (of  time) 
loose 

low  (in  place) 

—  (in  spirits) 
many 

mild 

muddy 

natural 

near 

new 

nice,  tasty 


g§ 

goSoSoS 

G§Og6§ 

(^8oq|o5 

G^DoSogi 

9|58ll  c^Ss^ 

85iig 

Gol 

coSs 
°^ 

CoSlI   ODGCOS 

^8co5§ 

4|D2 

.^8^11  o86g^ 

G^DOS 

OOOODOII    ^8^ 
|§II   ^Dg 

oo8 

a8§ll    33C|00^ 


hpyowng-ma^t,    yoAs- 

poo  [thkhl 

moot-thayt 

II  a^,  msih-inah 

gaAyoo  pyoo-bweh 

hpyowng-maAt 

chyay  maA  tsoons 

kyees-kyeh 

nowk-soAns 

nowk-kyaA 

pyins,  pyins-yee 

payn,  kyoAn 

paw 

hn: 

too 

gnehSj  kaAlayS 

shay 

kyaA 

mah  kyaAt,  chowng 

nayn 

hnyoAs-gneA 

myaAo 

nooo  -  nyaAn,     thayn  - 

nowk  [mway 

tha^baAwaA,  na^goA 

nee8,  naAS 

thit 

sayn,  aA-yaA-MaA  shee 


87 


English. 

Burmese. 

Pronunciation. 

old^  (not  new) 

goodSs 

howngs 

open 

2? 

pwin 

—  (gaping) 

OO 

Mh 

patient 

oo^?6 

thees-hkaAn 

pltasant 

OODII  CODODD 

thaA,  thaA-ya^ 

poor  (not  rich) 

OoSiGj 

sins-yeh 

poor  (in  quality) 

s 

nya^n 

poor  (to  be  pitied) 

OO^D^C^oS 

thaAna^;-bweh 

possible 

@S|S 

hpyit-ning 

pretty 

c^iiOoSoooS 

hla^,  tin-deh 

private  (secluded) 

sBoSo^c^ 

sayt-kweh 

—   (personal) 

d^C^J>5oDDQ^C 

koA-hnin  ihah  sing 

probable 

§8oD2^ii      gS 

hpyit-laAttaAn,    hpyit- 

[goodSs 

kowngs 

proud 

8oSg8llGOo5GoS 

tsayt-myin,  htaw-maw 

pure,  clean 

o8go5ii  oD^^^Si 

tsin-kyeh,  thaAn-shins 

quick,  swift 

a^8ii  g? 

lyin,  myaAn 

quiet 

(§5oDC^ 

gnyayn-thet 

—  (scarce) 

5|38ol3 

sha^S-baA; 

raw 

858 

tsayns 

rich 

go5o 

kyo6-eh-waA 

right,  true 

^Jii  ojoS 

hmaAn,  hoAk 

ripe 

9^ 

hmeh 

rough 

g§s 

kya^ns 

round 

c^s 

lohn'o 

rude 

§6s,,  §Si@ 

ying,  ying2-byaA 

sad 

8c^(j^ii  o58^^8 

tsayt-poo,  woons  nehs 

*  Old  (in  age)  3^11   3300  o5  (^3.    GOOd68  is  used  only  for  inanimate 
things,  except  in  the  sense  of  former,  like  French  ancim. 


88 


English. 

Burmese. 

Pronunciation. 

safe,  secure 

^^Jl 

loAn-choAn 

sharp 

<x>o5 

htet 

—  (of  sound) 

1^ 

tsoo: 

short 

^ 

toA 

—  (of  time) 

0@D 

maA  kyaA 

short  (in  stature) 

9 

poo 

silent 

c^oSsSoS 

tayt-sayt 

slow 

GJ'?fl  §^=25^2 

hnays,  hpynys-hnyinS 

small 

CoSlI    G008 

gnc'h,  thays 

smooth 

G9JDII  G@g8 

chaw,  pyay-byit           / 

soft 

^'■-^9"  %^^ 

pyaw,  nooS-nyaAn 

sour 

^s 

chin 

square 

OO^G)^8g8 

tsaAdooyaAns  hpyit 

straight 

g@dS 

hpyowng 

strange  (curious) 

cqizo%% 

htoos-zaAn; 

strong 

^SSODII   33D8g§ 

tsoonS-maA,  aAs-kyee; 

stupid,  dull 

^DCoSo^n  o^S§§83 

nyaAn  -  htoAn,   htings- 

sufficient 

GCODoS 

lowk                 [hmings 

sweet 

4 

choA 

—  smelling 

G^8 

hmways 

tall 

33G)5   (28 

aA-yaAt-myin 

thick  (stout) 

oc^o5 

toAk 

— ,  dense 

C^8 

pyit 

thin 

olSlI    QC^5 

pa/(t5,  maA  pyit 

thirsty 

GG|Co5 

yay-gnaAt 

tough 

C^g8n  ^86 

p^ins,  hking-gaAn 

ugly 

33^6q^^II   009 

2ih-yohk  sohi,  maA  hlaA 

useful 

330^8o5u    330^3^ 

aA-tho>^ns  win,  aA-ky  oAs 

usual 

§6gco^ 

hpyit-lay  shee       [shee 

English. 


89 


Burmese. 


Pronunciation. 


valuable 

330^?0^c6u     33o5B 

a^-hpoA;  htik,  aA- 

00$ 

hpoAs  taAn 

various 

cx;^S§D§ii  3DOC2?a;^3 

htoos-jaAs,  aA-htoosdoos 

warm 

c^oii  3^aS 

nways,  ik 

weak 

33D2^p5§ll  Qj^ll  Gol 

aAsneh2,cheh-neh,  paw 

wet 

^.,   §g^ 

tsoh,  tsoA-zoot 

willing 

8^ol 

tsayt-paA 

wise 

O^Dg 

pyinyaA  shee 

wrong 

0^5 

maA  hmaAn 

—  (erroneous) 

^D2C§ 

hmaAS-lweh 

young 

3300  0SC(^ 

aA-thet  gneh 

Verbs,     oo^oodu 

(For  Grammatical  Notes,  see  p.   ii5-) 

[Most  of  the   Intransitive  Verbs  will  be  found  with   the 
adjectives.      00^  thee  to  be  added  to  each.] 


To  accept  (agree) 

o^o 

woon-hka^n 

„  —  (receive) 

ocq 

hkaAn-yoo 

„   ache 

c^c^ 

kik 

„  acquire 

G|ll  G|8 

yaA,  yaA-mee 

„  add 

Gol6s 

powngs 

„   admire 

j)Sooo5 

hnit-thet 

„  admonish 

^'i 

so^mmaA 

„  adore  (trust  in) 

r^sogc^ 

koAs-gweh 

55  advance 

C^803o5 

to^s-tet 

„  aid 

^^ 

koo-nyee 

5,   answer,  reply 

O^G^Il  g?Gg0 

htoo-jyay,  pyaAn-pyaw 

„  applaud 

^§^§S 

chees-moons 

90 


English. 

Burmese. 

Pronunciation. 

To  appoint 

O^OODS 

hkaAn-htaA: 

„  approve 

8o5o;| 

tsayt-too 

„  arise 

0011  m/r.  00 GO II  /r. 

htaA5  htaA-zay 

„   arrange 

(^5qo8 

pyin-zin 

55  arrive 

GGpo5li  Q^o5 

yowk,  sik 

,5  ascend 

00  o5 

tet 

55  ask 

GOS 

mays 

55  —  (demand) 

goodSs 

towngs 

,5  assemble 

«^GOoii  /r.  or  m/?\ 

tsoo-ways 

,5  avoid 

g5id8 

showng 

„  awaken 

|§ii  |8goo5 

hnoAs,  hnoAs-zaw 

55  bathe 

gG|g^Sii  in/r. 

yay  choAs 

.  be 

§s«§ 

hpyit5  shee 

55  beat 

^oSii  c^oSii  j;»o5 

yik5  poAk5  hnet 

55   begin 

3D0g 

aA-tsaA  pyoo 

55  believe 

o^           \_Qcr^\\  intr. 

yoAn 

55  bend 

^oSii     ^r.     egoSii 

hnyoot,  ny66t5  kway 

,5  bind 

91^"  ^^g5>d5 

chee,  chee-hnowng 

,5   bite 

c^c^ 

kik 

,5  blame 

33gSoo6 

aA-pyit  tin 

,5  blow 

3^o5 

hmoAk 

,5  —  (as  wind) 

o^oS 

tik 

,5  boast 

olgDS 

waA-kyooaAs 

,5  boil 

goSu^joS 

pyoAk,  chet 

55  borrow 

G^Sgls           [(3U  /r. 

chees-hgnaAs        [hpeA 

55  break 

o:g§u   m/r.    §ii   gii 

ky6AS5  hkweh,  hpyoAj 

,5  bring 

O^OODII    0^5ll  G00d8 

yoo-laA,    yoo-geh. 

„  build 

GooDoS        [o^ii  ir. 

sowk           [sowng-yoo 

5,  burn 

88gcx)d6(i  intr. 

mees  lowng 

91 

English. 

Burmese. 

Pronunciation. 

ro  burn  (set  fire  to) 

n 

mees  shoA 

o 

«  bury 

G@@L05 

myay-hmyoAk 

„  button 

33^o8800?> 

in:jee-Mee:taAt 

„  buy 

oo5 

weh 

„  call 

GoT 

hkaw 

„  carry 

ccodSh  ooSj 

sowng,  htaAnS 

5,  —  (on  head) 

^^ 

yooet                     [mee 

„  catch 

oS838§ll  oSsS 

hpaAnJ-zees,    hpa^ns- 

„  change 

gI^dSoU  intr,    <X)ii 

pyowng;5  leh5  leh-hleh 

„  climb 

00  o5  [obc^c^ii  tr. 

tet 

„  consent 

ooGOOoo:} 

thaAbaw  too 

„  cook 

j^oS 

chet 

„   cough 

Gg38S0^8 

chowng;  soA: 

„  cover 

3;^5ii  <\ 

ohk,  hpoAn: 

„  dance 

oo 

kaA 

„   decide 

o^sgoS 

soAns-hpyaAt 

„  deny 

gSSooS 

gnyin:-peh 

„  depart,  go  away 

OgoSogDS 

htwet-thwaA: 

55  descend 

ooSsii  ODOS 

sin:,  thet 

55  desire,  wish  for 

c^ii  c^9|5 

I0A5  loA-jin 

55  do,  make 

§..  cx^S 

pyo65  loAk 

55  draw,  pull 

c§c8 

sweh-gnin 

55   dream 

335«c6 

ayn-met 

55  drink 

GOODOS 

thowk 

55   dress 

33oo5oo5 

aA-woot  woot 

„  dwell5  live 

G^ 

nay 

5,  eat 

OD§ 

tsaA: 

55  endeavour 

@IOD8 

kyoAs-zaA? 

5,  escape 

c§o5 

loot 

English 

Burmese. 

Pronunciation. 

To  expel 

j;)6cx^oS 

hiiin-htoAk 

„  extract 

joS 

hnoAk 

„  fall 

oq|ii  cx) 

kyaA,  leh 

„  feel  (by  touch) 

063 

tsaAnS 

„  find,  feel 

^^ 

tway 

„  finish 

3DOOOo5ll    (§oGO 

aA-tsa^   thaAt,   pyees- 

,,  follow 

c^qS 

lik                            [zay 

„  forbid 

gSoODS 

myit-taAs 

„  forget 

GQGOqjO 

may-lyaw 

,,  frighten 

C§3  05C^| 

chowk-hlaAn                 y 

0 

5.  get 

^„ciS 

yaA,  ya^-mee 

,,  give 

GOSlI   3^5 

pays,  aAt 

5?  go 

OgDS 

thwaAs 

.?  go  in 

06 

win 

„  go  out 

GgoS 

htwet                               1 

„  govern 

3^  5  ^8 

ohk-isoh% 

„  grow 

0^811  gDS 

to  As,  pwaA; 

„  hang 

0§00D8 

sweh-htaAs 

„  hate 

^^s 

moAnS 

„   hear 

@DS 

kyaAs 

„  help 

00 

mkh-zsih 

„  hide 

go5oo38 

hwet-hthht 

„  —  (one's-self) 

c^58c^ 

p6AnS-nay 

„  hire 

gls 

hg-naAs 

,.  hold 

of^S 

king 

„  hope  for 

Gg|ScoS 

hmyaw-lin 

„  intend 

^ 

kyaAn 

„  join,  tr. 

00  o5 

set 

„  joke 

0§€)D3 

kee-zaAs 

93 


r          English. 

Burmese. 

Pronunciation. 

■  To  jump 

^In  9?c^D5 

hkoAn,  hkoAn-hlwa/ti 

„  keep 

0^0033 

yoo-htaA: 

„  kill 

00  oS 

thaAt 

,5  kindle  (fire) 

§^^^ 

mees  hnyee 

„  know 

o3 

thee 

„  laugh 

Gjc5 

yeh 

„  learn 

oo6 

thin 

„   lend  (or borrow) 

G^2 

chee; 

J,  let  (permit) 

33^8co2 

aA-hkwin  pays 

„   let  (or  hire) 

9ls' 

hgnaAs 

„  let  go 

c^oS 

hloot 

„  lie  down 

sSSii  o^Sc^Sg^ 

ayk,  tohni-Wint  nay 

„  lift 

^11  o 

chee,  msih 

„  light 

og53 

htoon: 

„  listen 

^D 

naA 

„  live  (be  alive) 

JQODcS<^B 

aA-thet  shin 

5,  lock 

GOOOOOS 

thaw  hkaAt 

„  look  for 

(§^?1^ 

kyee-shaA 

„  loosen 

GC^D 

shaw 

„  lose 

33GC^Do55li  £3 

aA-pyowk     hka/m. 

„  love 

qj5 

chit                    [shoAnS 

„  mark 

qoSii^c^ood2 

hmaAt,  hmaAt-htaAs 

„  marry 

c8  S  3  g  ?  8 II     CO  o5 

htaynS-myaAnS,  let- 

cd5 

htaAt 

5,  — (of  a  woman) 

good8j>83d  cooS 

sowng-hninS,  let-htaAt 

„   meet 

<^93@       b^^ 

tway-kyoAn 

„  measure 

O^SSC^D 

tings- htwaA 

„   mix 

GGpG^D 

vaw-hnaw 

„  move,  /r. 

c^ 

shway 

94 

English. 

Burmese. 

Pronunciation. 

To  need,  want 

<^ 

loA 

„  obey,  listen 

^d8cood8 

naAs  htowng 

„  offend 

^.DGoii  g5.d85|o5 

naA-zay,  hnowng-shet 

„  open 

85 

hpwin 

„  order,  command 

33§§G08II  ^DOODS 

aA-mayn-pay:,    hmaA 

55   own 

§8 

ping                     [htaA 

55  —  (confess) 

g@d8 

hpjowng 

,5  pack  up 

a^5 

htoAk                            1 

„  pick  up 

GCTODOS 

kowk 

55  place5  put 

ooDSii  od8 

htaA:,  tin 

(in) 

ogSaii  00^ 

thwinS5  hteh 

,,  play 

CXJODS 

ka^-zaA: 

,5  plough 

0§5 

htoon                            j 

,5  pluck,  pick 

agoS 

soot 

55  pour  out 

c^§8ii  ccodSsii  g 

thoons,  lowngJ,  hgnel 

55  praise 

§8^§§ 

checo-moon:                 ^ 

„   prepare5  repair 

c^8oo8 

pyin-zin 

55  press 

|o5i.  8 

hnayk5  hpee 

55  push 

02$§ii  0^8 

toonS5  htoAs 

55   quench 

OOOlGg 

thaAt-hpyay 

5,  reach 

§ 

hmee 

55  read 

ooS 

hpaAt 

,5  reap 

qos 

yayk 

55  receive 

cooSoii  oa^ 

let-hkaAn,  hkaAn-yoo 

55  reckon,  count 

CG|0205 

yay-twet 

55  refuse 

@88CD? 

gnyins-zaAn 

,5  regret 

J>SGgD 

hnaA-myaw 

55  remain 

G^ 

nay 

^   —   (behind) 

O^^G[8 

kyaAii-yit 

95 


English. 

To  remember 
„  repay     fei 
„  rest        [back) 
„  retreat     [back 
„  return,  come 
„  —  (go  back) 
„  ride 
„  rob 
„  rub 
„  run 

„  save  (deliver) 
„  say,  tell,  speak 
„  scatter 
J,  see 
„  seek 
„   sell 

„  serve   (as   ser- 
„  sever       [vant) 
„  sew,  stitch 
„   shake 
„  sharpen 
„  shave 
„   shine,  intr, 
5,  show    (point 
[out) 
„  sign  (letter,  &c.) 
„   sit  down 
„   slash 
„  sleep 


Burmese. 


Pronunciation. 


•ive 


^ooSii  ooo8g| 

g?G§D 

(q$cod 
88 

G@8 

oocSooS 
G^Dii  a^ 
g8,.  @§ 

@8 

^^ 

GGpSS 
33^0068 

§^ 
QJ(5 

33GGp6c^o5 
gl)  goDll   ^5g 

coo5^o5o^8 


hma'it-mee,  thaAdee 

pyaAn-pays  [yaA 

naAs-nay,  yaAt-nay 

soAk-thwaAs 

pyaAn-laA 

pyaAn-thwaAs 

tsees 

loo-yoo 

poot,  tik 

pyays 

keh-tin 

pyaw,  soA 

kyehs,  hpyaAn 

shaA 
yowngs 

aA-hmoo  htaAnS 
hpyaAt 
choAk 
hloAk 
chyoon 
saAn  yayk 
aA-yowng  htwet 
pyaA,     pyaA-thaA, 
[hnyoon-pyaA 
let-hmaAt  htoAs 
hting 
hkoAk 
ayk-pyaw 


96 


English. 

Burmese. 

Pronunciation. 

To  smell,  tr. 

33|G|II    ^5s 

a^-naAn  yaA,  naAns 

,,  —',intr. 

334ogo5 

a^-na^n-htwet 

„  sneeze 

G9j 

chee 

„   sow  (seed) 

g 

kyeh 

„  spoil,  tr. 

c^o5o82 

hpyet-seeS 

„  spread 

o6Eoqj6s 

hkins-kyins 

„  sprinkle 

§S8 

hpyaAnS 

„  squeeze 

^s 

hnyit 

5,  stand 

ci5 

ya/it 

„  steal 

^8„  ?8oj 

hkoAs,  hkoAs-yoo 

„   surround 

0§8G[ 

woons-yaAn 

„  swallow 

^ 

myoA 

„  swell 

csp8 

yowng 

„  swim 

GG^OJS 

yay  kooS 

,5  take 

^ 

yoo 

„  -off 

gj^ 

choot 

5,  teach 

od6^ 

thin-chaA 

„  think 

ooSii  8o5ooSii  ^oS 

htin,  tsayt-htin,  hmaAt 

„  throw 

g8 

pit 

„  —  away 

sISS 

ts66n-pit 

„  touch 

c8»c§ 

htee,  toA 

„  translate 

§§4 

pyaAn  zoA 

„  travel 

o^So^dS 

hkaA-yees-thwaA: 

„  tread 

^68 

ninS 

„  understand 

^DSOD^ 

naAs  leh 

„  unpack 

33095§5S 

aA-htoAk  hpyay 

„  use 

OqSGOOIv'b 

thoAnS-zowng" 

„  wail,  cry 

^GCg,^»  § 

gnoA-jways,  gnoA 

„  wash 

COOS 

says 

97 


English 


To  wash  clothes 

,  —  the  face 

,  weigh,  tr. 

,  will,  be  willinif 

,  wipe 

,  work 

,  wra|)  up 

,  write 

,  yield,  give  way 


BursiiPse. 

Pronunciation. 

G(^5 

shaw 

4]oSj>Doo5 

myet-hnaA  thit 

^5 

chayn 

80S0I1I  OOiOODO^jl 

tsayt-pa^,  tha/ibaw-too 

oc^oS 

tho^k 

095 

lo^k 

oc^5g)6ii  a^5 

htoAk-yit,  htoAk 

.GGJSOODB 

yayr-thfiAs 

33DoGCg|0 

aAs  shaw 

0 

Auxiliary  or  Modifying  Verbs. 

These  verbs  are  chiefly  used   to  modify  the  mode  of  the 
principal  verb,  and  f  )llow  between  it  and  the  affix  of  tense* 


able,  })Ossible,to  be 

|6  or  |6 

hning  07' 

ning 

accustomed, 

0000 

ta^t 

skilled,  to  be 

at  leisure,  to  be 

33D8 

a^: 

attain,  to 

§ 

hmee 

averse,  loth,  to  be 

C^Si 

pyins 

cause,  to 

GO 

tsay 

come   to    an    end. 

^$ 

koAn 

continue  [be  spent 

G^ 

nay 

cruel,  unfeeling,  to 

c|o5i 

yet 

dare,  to             [be 
deservino-  of.  to  be 

0 

woon 
litik° 

1  Qc^    yet,  with  a  negative  has  the  force  of  being  'incapable  of\  or 
without  the  heart'  to   do  a  thing,  as    q^o5g|o5c^8    ma/i  yik-yet-hpooS, 


{1)  have  not  the  heart  to  heat  (him). 

BURMESE   S.-T. 


G 


98 

English.                            Burmese. 

Pronunciation. 

desire^  to 

^8..  di 

chni,  ioh 

difficult,  to  be 

58 

hkehs 

direct,  to  be 

^^ 

teh 

0 

do  again,  to 

§s 

pya^n 

easy,  to  be 

ogoSii  ODD 

Iweh,  thaA 

exceed,  to 

og§§ 

loons 

happen,  to 

8 

mee 

obtain  (must) 

=1 

yaA 

practicable,  to  be 

@S 

hpyit 

pretty,  to  be  (very) 

^ 

hWi 

proper, good,  to  be 

GC03S311  otS 

kowngs,  thin 

revolve  (remain) 

^S 

yit 

right,  to  be  (ought) 

338 

ut 

shun,  to 

dii  6b 

hpeh,  beh 

sufficient,  to  be 

GCODOS 

lowk 

suitable,  to  be 

^C^ll    Gpll   Oo5 

hpweh,  J  ah.  Wm 

try,  to                [to 

c§3 

tsaAnS                             I 

turn  back  (repeat), 

^ 

toA.jL 

99 


Examples. 


,o5 


Pro- 
nuncia- 
tion. 

Princ  - 

pal 
Verb. 

GOD 

koAn 

kowngS 

t,sa7ins 

GgD 

oc^5 

C306 

taAt 

06 

ta/m 
htik 

6 

GOO 

nay 

lining 

pyaAn 

oc^oS 

OgDS 
COD 

yaA 

§ 

yaA 

Iweh 
lowk 

5.1 

oo5 

@s 

(0D2 

hla^ 

QJD5 

w66n 
thin 

OgDS 

Auxiliary 
and  Affix. 

Pronunciation. 

Force. 

"??§ 

thay  koAn  byee 

quite  dead 

GOODSdOog 

pyaw-gowngS-^Agg 

proper  to  say 

^60D^ 

weh  jin-^Aeg 

desi're  to  buy 

oSaol 

hpaAt  tsa/inj-bah 

endeavour  to 
z'ead 

OOODOO^ 

win  daAt-thgg 

accmtomed 
to  enter 

ooJoogS 

py65  daAu-^Agg 

^^  to  do 

C^OSOD^ 

ihay  dik-thgg 

100  r  thy  of 
death 

G4)00^ 

lo/ik  nay-agg 

co?i«i»aetodo 

ISOD^ 

thwaAS  hning-Z/igg 

a6/e  to  go 

gJoD^ 

la/i  bya/m-^/igg 

a^ai»  comes, 
return 

G|Q^ 

pygg  yaA-mgg 

must  (got  to) 
do 

GpOD^ 

hka/jn-ya/i  yaA-^gg 

should  ohisdn 

O^OD^ 

weh  \oh  the^ 

wish  to  buy 

OgoSoD^ 

myin  Iweh-^Agg 

easy  to  see 

GODDoSoO^ 

tsa/iS  lowk-thgg 

sufficient  to 
eat 

C^OD^ 

inyaAs  hlaA-^//ge 

tery  many,  to 
be 

003^ 

thwa/tS  w66n-agg 

dare  to  go 

odSo:^ 

yoo  ^/iin-^Aeg 

^^  (ought)  to 
takq 

G  3 


100 


Adverbs,  Conjunctions,  and  Prepositions. 


English. 


Burmese. 


Pronunciation. 


about  (nearly) 
- —  (concerning) 
above  (more  than) 
abundantly 
according  to 

across 

afresh 

after 

afterwards 

again 

against  (in  opposi- 

ago  [tion) 

all  (of) 

—  at  once^   sud- 
almost  [denly 
alone,  solely 
aloud 

already 

also,  too 

although 

altogether,  quite 

always 

and  (nouns) 

—  (verbs) 
anywhere    [about 
around,     round 


0^,n    GCODOS 


GCqjSlI  C»o5ll33O0  5 
goSogD 

330^8 
Oo|cO^JI    G^3o5 
GQOoS 

g^do5g.^d5 
ooo£ 

330005CX) 

3300cq|c5c:^ 

33G|8oOol 

co^8 

c^godSii  cScpc^S 

330:^§ 

330.^Qgo5ll  33(q 

Gogi"  (i) 

OOo533C|5q3§ 

ooSoopS 


hka/in,  lowk 
sing  yooay 
'cyaw,  det,  aA-loon 
kyooeh-wa/izooa// 
hnin  a^-nyee,  hni-j  a^ 

too,  aA-ting 
kcihn-lahn,  showk 
aA-thit 
nowk-hmaA 
nowk-nowng 
ta^-hpaAn 
sa^n-jin-bet 
aA-htet-ka/i 
a^s-loAns 
yoAkhkaAneh 
loo 

koA  dees,taA-hkoo  dee 
a/i-thaAn  kyeh-loA 
aA-yin  ta^-hkaA 
lees  [dwn 

Ihoh-ihkWj  thoh-ja./ 
aA-koAn 
aA-tsin  maA  pyaAt,  a/ 
hnin  [niye 

jooay 

beh  aA-yaAt  maA  soA 
DaAt-leh 


101 


English. 

Burmese. 

PronuReij^tiow. 

as 

^^ 

geh-thoh 

as  much,  as  many 

gT^ 

ee-hmjah 

as  soon  as,  imrae- 

qioSgSs 

chet-chins 

at                [d lately 

^Dii  |o5ii  Q 

hma^,  hnik 

at  first 

3Dg2Q^§tjO 

a/i-oos-z6/aiS-hma^ 

at  last 

g^doSo^Sqd 

nowk-s6^nS-hma/i 

at  the  most 

33C^D§ac^§Q3 

aA-myaAs-z6Ans-hmaA 

at  once 

rjoloD^S 

taA-hkaA-dees  {or  taA- 
gaA-dehs) 

at  present 

OOS^^D 

yaA-hkoo-hma^ 

because 

g^dSugodoc 

@=s 

jowng,  Mawjowng 

before  (time) 

33G|5oO 

aA-yin-ga^ 

—  (place) 

33G„5|9D1I   o5 

aA-shay-hmaA,  htaAn 

behind          [neath 

G^DOS^D 

nowk-hmaA 

below,  under,  be- 

GGQDOS^D 

owk-hmaA 

besides 

qS@8 

laA-gowngS-pyin 

better 

ODDf 

thaA-yooay 

between 

o5(^d8^:» 

tsaAt-kya/iS-hmfiA 

— ,  among(st) 

330388^3 

aA-twins-hmaA 

beyond 

33(^^^D 

aA-l66n-hmaA 

but 

C§Gp0^8 

/AoA-ya/i-dwin 

by  means  of 

33D§§S!I    gS 

ahs-hpyin,  hpyin 

by  the  side  of 

33^DQDII    00(3 

oS^D 

dh-nhh-hmiJi,  tiA-bet- 

by  turns 

0009^0:^ 

ta/i  hlch-jaA        [hmaA 

certainly 

Go633C^§ 

aykaAu  aA-hma/m 

close  to 

odS^ 

kaAt-yooay         [jovvng 

consequently 

0^33g(^d8§ 

=@=c 

htoA     aA-kyowng'S- 

daily 

G^^O^ll    G^„0^86 

nay-zin,  nay-ding 

doubtless 

80008 

dwee-ha/i  ma/i  shee 

102 


Ergli&h. 

Burmese. 

Pronunciation. 

down  (direction) 

G33Do5c§ 

owk-thoA 

o 

—  (position) 

G33Do5^D 

owk-hraaA 

during 

O^OgS 

tsin-dwin 

early,  betimes 

GODC^OD 

tsaw-zaw                       ; 

either  ...  or  ^ 

co^SgoodSs — cogs 

laA-gowngs  —  laA- 

GOO^SSii  q8 — c^8 

gowngs 

elsewhere 

33g3Sc:§ 

kh-chhhi-thoh 

enough  (of) 

GCODoSg33d8 

lowk-owng 

even  if 

o8c^S 

bin-hlyin 

everywhere 

33G|5o^88 

aA-yaAt-ding; 

exactly 

GOD^DgD 

thay-jaA-z66aA 

exceedingly 

ODDC^JgD 

thaA-lo6n-zo6a/i 

except,  prep. 

OODSI 

htaAs-yooay 

far,  distant 

GOSgD 

ways-zooaA 

for,  conj. 

33c[^d88^D 

aA-kyowngS-hmaA      \ 

— ,  prep. 

32§n  c§ 

aA-hpoA,  boA 

formerly 

33C|6oO 

aA-yin-gaA 

forward 

=§!=§ 

shay  thoh 

from 

OOP  ^             [sDoS 

o;-aA,  hmaA             [tsii 

fully 

C^o5§o5d     33CX^5 

tik-yik,   aA-koAn  aA 

hardly 

ǤOD^ 

maA-hmee-daA-hmee 

heedlessly,   in  ad- 

3S^o8oDO 

aA-hmaAt  taA-meh 

here         [vertently 

OD^S^D 

dee-hmaA 

herewith 

OD^j^SoDOg 

^Aee-hniii  taA-gwaA 

hitherto 

00£JC^8g3Qd8 

yaA-hkoo  ting-owng 

how,  like 

^^^^ 

/Aee  geh-/AoA 

1  Note.— 0D^!G00d88 CO^§gOOd82  commonly  written  (^5 

c8  is  used  for  *  either  —  or '  and  '  both  —  and  '.     ^8°  by  itself  is  used  fo: 
^the  afmesaid '  or  '  ditto  \     2  o5  hnik  is  usually  written  §  and  Q^  yooay  ^ 


103 


Engilish. 


PronunciatioD. 


how  much? 

coo5gcodo5 

beh-lowk 

however 

C^GOOSCO^S 

thoh-thAw-leel 

if 

C^S 

hlyin 

in 

03^"  § 

dwin,  hnik 

in  front,  hefore 

33G^OO 

dh-shaj-gsih 

in  future 

g.?.d6oodco 

nowng-kaAM 

in  order  to 

gill    G)G3306 

hgna.h,  jah-owng 

in  the  r.  idst  of 

33COo5§ 

aA-leh-hnik 

indeed 

33O0o5^J 

a^-keh-yooay 

ii.side 

Sac^SSOgSlI    OD^D 

aA-twins-dwin,   deh- 

instead  of 

330DS 

aA-tsaAs              [hmaA 

into 

<^^ 

deh-//ioA 

just  a> 

oocr)C§ 

tha^-geh-MoA 

just  now 

cx)o8 

yaA-hkin 

lately 

OOG^^OO 

ta^-nay-gaA 

less 

OOD^CCS 

tha^-yooay  g-neh 

likewise 

C^^^BO^ 

htoA-nees-doo 

little  by  little 

^.>0gS 

zohi-zint 

long"  ag;'0 

C\g§GCo(§?G00D330l 

loon-lay-byees-Maw 

merely 

oooSoooS 

thet-thet         [a/i-hkaA 

more 

OOD^ 

tha^-yooay 

moreover 

S6g8 

lees-gowng'S-pyin 

much 

C^DSgD 

myaA:-zooaA 

mutually 

33Dj6B^88 

aA-chinS-jins 

near 

ssl^c^ 

ah-neei-thqh 

never 

COol^Q 

taA-hkaA-hniyaA-maA 

nevertheless,   not- 

QfJCjicSGOoScO^B 

maA-hoAk  thaw-lees 

withstanding- 

next  to 

33^060 

aA-nee-z6/mS 

104 


English. 

Burmese. 

Pronunciation. 

not 

Q 

mSih 

not  at  all 

3^(^8goa^o5 

a/i-hlyins  ma^-hoAk 

not  yet 

qcx^oSgoco 

mail  ho/ik  thayS 

now 

ODS^ 

ya/z-hkoo 

nowadays 

ooq^Qo) 

ya^-hkoo  aA-hkaA 

nowhere 

COOS^DQCX^OS 

beh-hma^  ma^-hoAk 

of 

4 

ee  (abbreviated  form  of 
G^   which   is   never 

off 

33GoToO 

aA-paw-gaA         [used) 

often 

3Dg5g5 

aA-kyayns-jaynS 

on^  upon 

33GoT^D 

aA-paw-hmaA 

on  account  of 

GgD8 

jyowng 

on  the  left 

cooSbooS 

let-weh-bet 

on  the  right 

COOSOODOOS 

let-ya/i-bet 

once 

OOol  00^811   CXDc8 

tU-gU-deht,  iU-\ee 

only 

GOD 

thhh 

opposite 

^o53.D^l880^8 

myet-hna^-chinS-zing 

or,  otherwise 

cgocx^oS 

thoh-vci'^h-hohk 

0 

outside^  out  ol 

gqQS^d 

aA-pyin-hma^ 

over (above) 

3300oS^^D 

aA-htet-hmaA 

possibly 

f^^QCOoBll^^Q^ 

hpyit-kowngs    hpyit 

presently 

00^08 

ya/i-hkoo-bin      [mee 

probably 

CX^oS  GOOdSSO^  CO 

hoAk-kowngs    hoAk- 

purposely 

ooq8                  [^ffi 

hta^-min             [mee 

quickly 

3^cq\B\\  g?g? 

a^-lyin,  myaAn-mya^n 

rather,  preferably 

00D^3QC^^00gj.J 

tha^-yooayaA-loA  shee- 
thee-hnin 

— 5  somewhat 

008"  gooSgooS 

hka/it,  taw-daw 

repeatedly 

33(3?00(X)CO 

a/i-hpaAn-ta^-leh-leh 

lo; 


English. 

Burmese. 

Pronunciation. 

save^  excepting 

cr)D8^ 

htaAs-yooay 

since,  prep. 

G^DOS 

nowk 

— ,  conj. 

^§^i 

MoA-hpyit-yooay 

so,  thus 

^^ 

htoA.-MoA 

o 

so  much 

gj^"  c^^ 

ee-hmya/i,  htoA-hmyaA 

some 

OO^OO^GOOD 

ta/i-zo^n  taA-hkoo-thaw 

somehow 

O3^00S^GO3D^^8 

ta/i-zo/ni-taA  hkoo-Maw 

[33DSg9 

neeS-aAs-hpyin 

sometimes 

OOoloOGCO 

ta^-hkaA  ta/i-lay 

soon 

4jD8QgD 

mya^S  ma/^-kyaA  [meh 

straightway 

^o5qj6§II    33@D2Q 

chet- chins,     a/«-chaA§ 

suddenly 

^5o>> 

yoAk-hka^-neh 

sufficiently 

GCODo5g33d8 

lowk-owng 

that,  conj. 

G3Dd8 

owng 

then 

O^SDolg 

htoA  a^-hkaA-hnik 

thence 

C^OD 

hoA-gaA 

thenceforth 

^^i^i 

hto^-hmaA  tsaA-yooay 

there 

C^^D 

hoA-hma^ 

therefore 

c^g@d5 

htoA-jowng 

throughout 

OOG^DoSc^S 

taA-showk-loAns 

—  (by  means  of) 

3DDe§8 

a^S-hpyin 

till,  until 

o^8g3^d8 

ting-owng 

to 

0^11  C^n   33D8 

thoA,  koA,  a/iS 

together  with 

J>  8-330^ 

hnin-aA-too 

too,  also 

co^8 

lees° 

too  much 

Og?8 

loons 

towards 

c§ii  q8c§ 

thoA,  see-thoh 

under 

CGQDOS^D 

owk-hma/i 

unexpectedly 

3Q^o5oGo8 

aA-hmaAt  maA-htin 

106 


Ensilish. 


Biu'inese. 


Pronunciation. 


unless 

up,  upwards 

—  (of  river) 

weekly 

well 

when  ? 

whence  1 

where  ? 

[ceded  by  a  verb) 
wherever     {jjre- 
whereupon 
whether,  if 
while,  whilst 
why  ? 


o5c§ 


willing 


ly 


wisely 

with 

—  (by  means  uf  j 

without  (absent) 


—  (outside) 
yearly 
yet  {conj.) 
— y  adv.) 


O   CQ'8 

33  G0T08 113300 

qj.5g|oSod(^§ 
goodSoGOOdSs 

00o5gCXiD33q1cX) 

oooSoooDii  ooo5o8 

oocx) 
ooc^^-'Dcbii  oooSsS 

GCOGpCp 

mm 

(^8go 

o^  §0  o]  II  ^o  ^  ooD  a-) 
obj>o5G(^D6ooii 
coogc^cx) 

COGOODO^gD 

c8g3gD 

j)6ii  j;)6ooog 

Q^CX)il    Qold:) 


[c^codii  o^d 
cSgooSod^o 

G00§ 


umh  {verb)  hlyin 
aA-paw-MoA,   aA-htet- 
nyah-thoh  [^^9^ 

hkoo-hn  a^-3-e  t  ta^-j  ay  n: 
kowngS-gowngs 
beh-Maw-aA  -  hkaA  leh 

{or  beh-doA-gaA  leh) 
beh-ga^  leh,    beh-zee- 

gaA  leh 
beh-hmaA  leh,  beh- 

zee-hma^  leh 
lay-va^-yaA 
htoA-MoA-hpyit-yooay 
hpyit-tsay  [ka/daA 
do/in 2 -ga A,  shee-zin- 
beh-hneh-jowng  leh, 

baA-p3^oo-loA  leh 
tha^baw-too-z66aA 
laymmaA-zooa/^ 
hnin,   hnin-ta/i-o'waA 

o  •'  o  o 

hnin,  hpyin 

ma;^-shee-beh,  maA- 
pa/i-beh  {any  other 
verb  can  be  substi- 
tuted/or shee  or  pah) 

pyin-hma/i,  pa^-hmaA 

hnit-tsin 

thoh-thavr-leeZ 

o 

thayi  {follows  the  verb) 


A-',  ODDjGCOopGp  thwa/iS-lay-ya/i-ya/;,  wherever  {he)  goes. 


OUTLINES    OF    BURMESE    GRAMMAR. 

THE   NOUN. 
Gender. 

All  nouns  in  Burmese  are  without  gender  unless  they  have 
he  affix  denoting  male  or  female  attached. 

The  feminine  affix  is  always  q  ma/^. 

The  masculine  affix  varies. 

Ggo  hkway,  dog  \  Gg^Q  hkwaysma^,  6?o^  (female) ;  cgScSs 
ikwaysdeeS,  dog  (male). 

(^o5  kyet,  fowl;  (^o5o  kyetma/i,  hen]  (^aSo  kyet 
ipa^,  cock. 

For  human  beings  there  are  a  few  differences  ;   thus, 

oj^  loo,  man;  goddo§jd§  vowkyaAs,  a  man  (as  distinguished 
Tom  woman)  ;   8g  maynSma^,  woman. 

In  some  cases  it  is  only  necessary  to  designate  the 
iemale  ;  as, 

ogj$  kyoon,  a  slave;  ogj^Q  kyoon-ma^,  a  female  slave  or 
servant. 

g|DC03o  jooah-thhhz,  a  villager  (maie). 

§)Doo  yooaA-^Aoo,  a  villager  (femah). 

oSs  mins,  a  governor;  oSsoogooS  MinSka/zdaw,  a 
lovernor^s  lady. 


108 

G/as!,nficafio?i  of  Noam. 

Nouns  may  be  divided  into  three  classes :  i.  Simple, 
2.  Abstract,   3.  Compound. 

1.  The  simple  noun  is  a  monosyllable  denoting  some 
object. 

2.  The  abstract  or  verbal  noun  is  formed  from  a  verb- 
root  by  prefixing  the  syllable  a/i ;   thus, 

V.  cc^oS  XoKk,  to  do,  make.      N.  330^06  aMoAk,  work, 
V.  Gp  yaA,  to  be  suitable,      N.  33cp  sih-ysLh,what  is  suitable^ 
a  thing,  place. 

Note. — It  is  commonly  stated  that  there  are  other  forma- 
tions,  such  as  gSs  chins,  ^oS  chet,  ^cS  hpweh,  but  as  a 
matter  of  fact  it  is  not  so,  for  these  affixes  are  themselves 
merely  abstract  nouns  which  have  dropped  the  aA  in  com- 
position ;  thus,  (9§S8  pyoo-jins  is  (^  pyoo  (to  c?o)  +  a^-chins 
{action)  which  has  been  derived  from  the  verbkyin,  to  do.  It 
may  be  said  that  there  is  no  verb  kyins  {to  do),  but  the  rules 
of  the  language  allow  of  a  verb  hkyin  (or  chin)  {to  be  done), 
though  it  is  now  obsolete. 

3.  The  compound  noun  is  formed  by  uniting  verbs  and 
nouns  in  various  ways  ;  thus, 

g|D  y66a/«,  a  village  +  od38  thaAS,  son  =  villager. 

C08  laAns,  a  road  +  g  pyaA,  to  shoiv  =  guide. 

c^  nay,  to  dwell  +  3SS  ayn,  a  house  =  a  dwelling-house. 

0^8  hting,  to  sit  +  33GJD  (aA)-ya/i,  place  =  a  seat. 

(q68  myinS,  horse  +  88  tsee,  to  ride  +  o^  thoo,  person  -f- 
^  yeh,  bold  =  a  horse-soldier. 

To  the  above  classes  must  be  added  a  class  containing 
nouns  adapted  and  taken  from  other  languages. 


109 

Number, 

\      The  plural  of  nouns  is  formed,  when  necessary,  by  adding 
j4)DS  myaAs  {to  be  matiy),  or  c§  dqh  (a  short  form  of  c^  8  to^s, 
to  increase),  or  the  two  combined,    c^  doA  is  generally  con- 
I  nected  with  animate  beings.      Thus, 

gSS  ayn,  a  house;   qSSqjdS  ayn-myaAs,  houses. 

oj  loo,  a  man ;   cXj^^Oo  loo-myaAs  or  o^c^  loo-doA,  me?i. 

An  indefinite  plural  is  also  formed  by  reduplication  of  the 
noun  ;   thus, 

33^8  hh-myohz,  a  kind;  33<^^^o  ah-mydht-Tnyoht,va7'ious 
f  kinds. 

33G|5  a^-ya^t,  a  place;  3^^b^b  a/i-yaM-ya/it,  various 
,  places. 

Case. 
The  sign  of  the  nominative  case  is  oo^  ^Aee  and  follows 
the  noun  but  is  often  dispensed  with. 

Ggoco^  hkwaysMee,  a  dog  or  the  dorj. 

All  other  cases  are  denoted  by  affixes  of  case,  which  are 
sometimes  called  ^postpositions^.     They  are. 

Objective  c^  goA. 

Genitive  (^  ee,  o/"  (generally  omitted). 

Dative  3308  aAs,  to;   9I  hnga//,/or ;  eg  thoA,  to  :  o^  goh,  to. 

Ablative  00  gah,  ^  hmhh,  f7'om  ;  J>6  hnin,  together  ivith. 

Instrumentative  3.6  hnin,  with;  g8  hpyin,  by  means  of; 
g(^dS  kyowng,  on  account  of,  because  of. 

Locative  038  twin,  in;  |o5  hnik,  at;  ^3  hmaA,  at,  as 
regards;   oo5  weh,  at. 

Note. — ^oS  hnik  is  usually  written  §. 


110 

Besides  the  above  simple  affixes  of  case,  there  are  a  number 
of  auxiliary  words  used  between  the  noun  and  the  affix  in 
order  to  denote  more  clearly  relationship  or  position. 

Being  verbal  nouns,  their  real  form  would  have  the  verbal 
33  aA  prefixed,  but  in  composition  this  is  omitted. 

3S6  GoT^D  ayn-baw-hmuA,  house  (of)  upper  part-at  =  w/?o» 
the  house. 

c^5g5^  ayn-byin-hma^,  house-outside-from  =/rom  ow^sic^e 
the  house. 

A  list  of  these  is  given  at  p.  97. 

The  sign  qj  ee  has  been  given  as  the  genitive  but  it  is 
usually  dispensed  with,  the  first  of  two  nouns  being  (except 
when  in  apposition)  in  the  genitive  case  and  always  pro- 
nounced with  an  abrupt  tone,  which  is  sometimes  denoted 
by  the  sharp  or  abrupt  accent  ^ ,  which  kills  even  the  heavy 
accent  %  ;   thus, 

oSoC^oooDD  mins-ee-hba^ndaA  (king-of-property)  becomes 
mins-hpa^daA,  the  king's  property. 

THE   PRONOUN. 
There  are  five  primitive  personal  pronouns. 


i 


Si7i(/.    c1  gnaA,  I. 

008  thin,  thou. 
q8o  mins,  thou. 
^6  nin,  thou. 
Ojl  thoo,  he,  she 


Flur.  clc^gnaA-doA  orc^dioh^we, 
oo6c§  thm-doh,  ye. 
o5oC§  mins-doA,  ye, 
^Sc§  nin-doA,  ye. 
o^c^  thoo-doA,  they. 

It  is  rude  to  use  cl  gnaA  and  ^6  nin,  so,  for  the  sake  of 
politeness,  a  number  of  other  forms  are  in  general  use. 
For  I  the  usual  form  is  o^|S  kyoon-oAk,  humble  servant. 


Ill 

Sometimes  it  is  ssogij^S  ah-kyoon-ohk,  and  for  a  woman 
^^o  kyoon-ma^,  shortened  to  o^q  kysih-mah. 

ogj^GCoS  kyoon-davv,  yoin^  royal  slave,  and  ogj^^ooS^S 
ky(juii-da\v-my6^s,  yoiir  race  of  royal  slaves,  is  used  by 
persons  petitioning  a  person  in  authority. 

For  thou  or  you  the  common  form  is  gqd8o6o  mowng-mins. 

Sneaking  to  some  one  older  than  one's-self  one  would  use 
oS^Do  hkin-byaAs^  Mr.,  Sir. 

To  a  priest  or  some  one  in  authority  o^oSgooS  koA-daw. 

The  third  person  cxj^  thoo  (Hterally  person)  is  always  used 
for  male  or  female  but,  if  necessary,  oj^q  thuo-maA  may  be 
used  for  she. 

Terms  of  politeness  in  general  use  are  given  at  p.  127, 

The  Relative   Pronoan. 

There  is  no  relative  pronoun  like  Who,  but  the  position 
is  expressed  by  a  participial  form  of  the  verb  ;  thus,  ododS 
GOOD  o:^  tsaA-thin-//zaw  thoo,  writing-teaching-person  =  the 
oerson  who  teaches,  or  co53g^oo5c^DoGOddo:j^  laAns-showk- 
thwaAo-Maw-thoo,  road-pass  along-going-person,  the  man  who 
is  going  along  the  road. 

In  this  last  example  the  participial  good  thaw  (or  sometimes 
00^  thee)  is  used  with  two  verbs  :   others  might  be  added. 

The  Reflexive  Pronoun. 
c^oSc^S  koMing,  or  c^oS  koh,  self;  thus, 
clc^c^o^5  gna^-ko/^-ding,  or  rather  ogj^Sc^oSo^S  kyoon- 
oAk-koA-ding,  I  myself. 

38  meemee,  one's-self,  himself,  herself;  thus, 
8SGg§  meemee  hkwayS,  one's  own  docj. 


112 


The  Intei'rogathe  Proitovn, 

cxDoS  (or  33aooS)  beh  (aA-beh)  or  beh. 

oooScx^  beh-Moo,  Who  ? 

ooD  ba/i  (contr.  for  oooSood  beh-ha/^),  IVhat  ? 

00080062  beh-//iins^  Which  ? 

oooSgodooS  beh-lowk.  How  much  ? 

cocS^h  beh-hnitj  How  many  ?^ 

The  Negative. 

^No  one'  is  expressed  by  using  the  Int.  pronoun  with' 
^  hmva^j  even,  and  q  ma/<,  not ;   thus, 

oooSo:^^o^  beh  thoo  hmya/i  ma^  shee,  Who  even  not 
is  =  The7'e  is  no  one. 

ogj^5ooo^QCC^5^o  kyoono//k  ba^  hmyaA  ma/i  loAk  lipooS 
I  what  even  not  do  =  i  am  doing  nothing. 

The  affix  ^o  hpoos  is  a  strong  one  often  used  with  q  mah. 


The  Ltmonsirative  Prononn. 

c^ee          ]  "^^'^^      ] 

^'         ,       \  this.  c8  hoh       [  that. 

ODpb  Mee  o      . 

"^           ^  cx>8§  yms  J 

OD^  and  c^  are  colloquial, and  always  precede  the  noun;  as^ 

00^  g(^o8  thee  kyowng,  this  cat. 

c^ooS  htoA  wet,  thai  pig. 


1  (X)fX)S>5  beh-hnit  (final  t  scarcely  pronounced}  can  never  stand  alone 
but  is  always  preceded  by  the  subject  of  inquiry  and   followed  by  the 
proper  numeral  affix  (pp.  79-81)  ;  thus,  g6£OOo5j)SGOOo8_^Co6o  myinS 
beh-huit  kowng    sheC-tha/«-leh,    horses  how  many  animals   are  there 
=  How  many  horses  are  there  ? 


113 


The   Compound  Relative, 

Q^39QS^mee-Moo-maA-soA,\vhat-person-not-say,i«?Ao5oet/er. 
Q^oo^33Gpos£J  inee-thee-aAyaA-maA-soA,  what-thing-not- 
say,  tvhatsoever. 

o^  is  an  old  form  of  oooS, 

THE   ADJECTIVE. 

Til  ere  are  a  few  imported  adjectives  which  have  been  taken 
from  the  Pali  and  which  do  not  follow  the  general  rule,  but 
the  real  adjective  is  the  veib-root  which  may  be  used  before 
or  after  the  noun  ;  thus, 

goddSoGoodco  kownf>;S-//^aw-loo  ]  , 

'^  \  a  good  man. 

oj^GOODcS  loo-gowngs  J 

Adjectives  imported  from  other  languages  and  a  few 
anomalous  Burmese  forms  are  always  placed  before  the 
noun,  without   the  conjunctive   particle   good  Maw ;   thus, 

QOOD  q6o  (c§3  maAhaA  mins  jees,  a  governor  of  a  province. 

Qooo  ma/ihaA  is  a  Pali  word  meaning  great,  060  mins  is 
a  person  in  authority,  and  ^§  kyees,  the  Burmese  to  be 
greatf  used  as  an  adjective. 

The   Comparison  of  Adjectives. 

The  comparative  is  made  by  the  use  of  the  verb  ooo  tha^, 
to  surpass  or  exceed,  coupled  to  the  descriptive  word  by 
tiie  conjunction  G„g|  Yogay  (always  written  g)) ;   thus, 

ooo4(^iGOOD335  tha^-yooay  kyees-Maw  ayn,  a  surpassing 
large  house,  a  larger  house. 


BUUMESK    8.-T. 


H 


114 

The  Superlative  degree  is  formed  by  prefixing  33  aA,  tc 
the  verb  and  adding  sx^S  s6/^ns,  to  be  extreme  \  thus, 
§,Do33Co5o^s  nwa^s-a^-gneh-zoAns,  the  smallest  ox. 

The  Numeral  Adjective. 

Cardinals.  A  list  of  these  is  given  on  p.  78,  and  here 
it  will  be  sufficient  to  show  how  they  are  used.  They  run 
from  one  to  ten  and  are  perfectly  regular.  The  word  for 
ten,  however,  is  used  as  a  demonstrative  affix. 

The  Burmese  cannot  say  as  we  do  ^one  ox  ^5  but  are^ 
obliged  to  use  a  descriptive  affix  (see  pp.  79-81)  after  the 
number ;  thus,  instead  of  saying  ^  one  ox  \  they  must  say 
'ox  one  animaP,  and  so  on  till  they  come  to  ten,  when  the 
affix  for  animal  (or  whatever  it  may  be)  is  dropped  and  the 
affix  for  ten  takes  its  place  ;  after  that  the  affix  of  kind  is 
used  again  till  the  next  ten  is  reached,  and  so  on  to  one 
hundred,  when  a  new  numeral  affix  denoting  ^ hundred^ 
comes  in ;  thus, 

GOODoS  yowk,  being  the  affix  for  man;  we  have 

cxjjOOGOODoS  loo  ta/«  yowk,  man-one-man. 

c^c^SgoodoS  loo  gna^s  yo^^k?  man-five-men. 

c^oooo'jS  loo  ta^  seh,  man-one-ten. 

o:j^oooo('^j>8ooGCODo5  loo  ta/i  seh  hnin  taA  yowk,  man-one- 
ten-with-one-man,  eleven-men. 

And  so  on  till  twenty,  when  it  is 
cxj^j)6ooc^  loo  hni(t)  seh,  man-two-len. 
o:^^j)6ooo5j)5ooG003oS  loo  hni(t)  seh  hnin  taA  voaK,  men- 
two-tens-and-one-man,  tiventy-one  men. 

The  ^^  hnin  (and,  with)  is  often  dropped. 


115 

Ordinals.    Up  to  ten  the  Pali  ordinals  are  in  general  use, 
[ibut  after  that  one  must  have  recourse  to  the  verb  gQdoS 
Imyowk,  to  raise  ;  thus, 
I      ooooo5o5oG§3o5GCODGcg  taA  seh  thorns  myowk  thaw  hlay, 

the  i^th  boat, 

THE   VERB. 

The  verb  is  a  monosyllable  without  any  particular  form 
and  never  changes.      It  may  be  transitive  or  intransitive. 

Transitives  are  often  formed  from  intransitives  by  aspirating 
the  initial  consonant;  as,  c^o5  pyet,  to  be  destroyed]  cjjoS 
hpyet,  to  destroy. 

Verb-roots  may  be  strung  together  so  as  to  form  a  com- 
plete idea;  as,  goodSsocjc^oSooSod^  htovvngs-htoo-poAk- 
hka^t-thee,  to  give  a  good  beating.  All  the  verbs  signify 
a  different  way  of  hitting. 

Sometimes  a  noun  and  a  verb  are  compounded  to  form 
one  idea;  thus,  to  be  glad  is  expressed  by  068  woons,  the 
belly  +  cgooS  myowk,  to  be  raised. 

The  Plural. 
There  are  two  affixes,  (^  kya/i  and  o^  ko^n,  to  express 
the  plural  number,  but  they  are  not  often  used ;   thus, 
cX|^c:^ogD3(^oo^  thoodoA  thwaAs-jyaA-/Aee,  they  {are)  going. 

Voice,  Moods,  and  Tenses. 
Voice,  moods,  and  tenses  have  to  be  expressed  by  affixes 
(which  were  once  verbs)  and  auxiliary  verbs. 

Voice. 
The  passive  voice  is  formed  by  the  verb  6  hkaAn,  to  bear 
or  suffer,  with  the  principal  verb  ia  a  noun  form  ;   thus, 

11  2 


116 

§o5  yik,  to  beat. 

33§oS  ooo^  aA-yik  hka^n  Mee^  a  beating  to  bear,  i.e. 
to  be  beaten,  \ 

Moods, 

The  verb-root  by  itself  may  be  Infinitive  or  Imperative,    i 
All    other  moods,  except   the   Indicative,   are   shown   by 
auxiliary  verbs  signifying  po^Yer,  permission,  &c. 

The  Indicative  Mood  is  denoted  by  affixes  of  time.  I 


Present  T.  oo^  th^e. 

cf  ee. 
Past  (§  pyee. 

Future         o^  mee. 

33  aAn. 


Future        ^60^  aAn  mee. 

cogg  (or  cooSoS)  la^t  aAn. 
Pluperfect  b[^  geh-byee. 

cxj^s^  hboos-byee. 
Past  Perf  ^8(§  hnin-byee. 

Though  the  simple  root  can  be  used  Imperatively,  there 
is  a  large  number  of  modifying  affixes  :  g^  chay,  gcoo  law, 
and  Gooo  taw,  simply  imply  command. 

j)8  hnin,  and  co6  lin,  used  after  o  maA,  not,  are  prohibitive. 

ol  paA  is  entreating  and  always  used  in  polite  language, 
either  by  itself  or  with  other  affixes. 

GO  tsay  is  causative  or  precative  as  ogDSGO  thwa^S-zay 
let  him  go.  §  tso^,  used  only  for  ist  pers.  plur.,  as  ogD§^§ 
thwa^s  jyaA-zo,  let  us  go. 

5  hkeh  is  generally  used  with  the  verb  cod  la  A,  to  come, 
and  implies  motion  towards  one's-self. 

c^o5  lik  (to  follow)  is  harsh  and  implies  motion  from, 

§0  oAngS  is  an  affix  that  signifies  return  or  recurrence;   as, 

Go§ol§3  pays  baA  oAns,  please  give  {it  me)  again. 

ogDo^oGOOD  thwaAs  ohm  daw,  go  and  return,  used  for 
'good-bye  \ 


117 

INTERROGATIVE. 

The  Burmese  do  not  alter  the  tone  of  the  voice  when 
asking  a  question,  but  use  certain  affixes,  at  the  end  of  the 
sentence,  with  a  tone  of  assertion. 

GcoD  law,  and  ^^5  nees,  are  those  used  formally  in  writing, 
but  colloquially  cod§  la//3,  and  cx)  leh,  are  used  ;  cod8  la^s  is 
used  for  all  ordinary  questions  ;   as, 

ooSI^o^codS  thin  pyoo  mee  laht,  thou  do  will  ?  =  ivill 
you  do  it  ? 

But  if  the  sentence  begins  with  the  interrogative  pronoun 
oooS  beh,  who,  or  any  of  its  compounds,  then  cb  leh  must 
be  used;   as, 

oooS^D^oocb  beh  hma^  shee  tKiJi  leh,  where  is  {it)  ? 

0^0  do^ns  is  also  used  colloquially  in  place  of  cb  leh. 

THE   USE   OF   THE   NEGATIVE. 

The  only  word  for  not  is  o  ma^,  and  it  immediately  precedes 
the  principal  verb  ;  thus, 

ogj|5QOgDo^6cxj^3  kyoonoAk  ma^  thwa^S  jin  boos,  I  not 
go  wish,  I  do  not  tvish  to  go. 

The  boo:  at  the  end  is  a  strong  assertive  affix  generally 
used  with  not,  and  if  the  sense  of  never  is  required  o  tsa^ 
must  be  placed  before  it : — 

cloogDSoc^S  gna^  ma/«  thwa//S  za/i  hpoos,  I  never  went. 
To  make  it  still  stronger  we  may  double  the  ^S  and  say 
oogD§oc^8cxj^§  nmh  thwaAs  zaA  hpoos  boos 

Before  is  expressed  by  placing  §  hmee,  and  o6  hkin,  after 
the  verb  ;   thus, 

OG€roo5§  ma^  yowk  hmee,  before  {he)  arrived 
ogQdoS  ma^  pyaw  gin,  before  {he)  spoke. 


118 

Without  is  expressed  by  placing  cx)  beh  after  the  verb;  thus, 
o(^:b  mkh  pyoo  beh,  without  doing  {it). 

Yes  and  No.  There  is  no  direct  negative  hke  the  English 
No,  but  the  verb  oqoS  hohk,  to  be  true,  is  used  ;  thus, 

a^oSco^  ho^k  thh^,  or  oqoScx)  hoAk-keh,  it  is  true,  yes, 

ocx^oScj^o  maA  hoAk  hpoos,  it  is  not  time,  no. 

(^ 33800^00:^ o5  pyoo  a^t  thQQ  maA  hoAk,  do  proper  to  not 
true,  it  is  not  proper  to  do. 


1 

I 


i 


ORATIO    OBLTQUA. 

This  is  shown  by  the  verb  cq  hoo,  to  say,  followed  by  the 
verbal  conjunction  ^  yooay  and  a  verb  expressive  of  saying 
or  thinking.  Generally  the  speaker  is  designated  first 
followed  by  the  ablative  postposition  00  kaA  ;  thus, 

ooocoGOODSoOqoOj^^o^co^  thoo  gkh  —  maA  kowngs  boos 
—  hoo  yooay  soA  thee,  him  from  —  not  good  —  saying  sa^'S, 
i.  e.  he  says  {or  said)  it  is  not  good.  | 

Sometimes  instead  of  (^^  the  short  form  of  the  verb' 
OD  hoo  is  used  without  ^,  as 

ODODOCOD^So^^oSoD^  thoo  gaA  maA  laA  hning  hoo  — 
hmat  thee,  him  from — not  come  able — say  thinks,  he  thinks 
{that)  he  cannot  come. 

In  conversation  c^  \oh  is  used  instead  of  o^  hoo,  and  some- 
times the  sentence  is  still  further  shortened  by  the  use  of 
00^  deh  ;   thus, 

ODCODO^oo^  thoo  \dJi  mee  —  deh,  he  will  come  he  says. 

This  00^  deh  is  simply  a  short  form  for  00^  thee,  the 
assertive  aflix  of  the  omitted  verb  3§  soA,  to  say,  or  ego  pyaw, 
to  speak. 


119 


THE   SUBSTANTIVE    VERB. 

There  are  two  substantive  verbs, — 

(c8  hpyit,  to  be,  to  exist. 

^  shee,  to  be,  which  is  used  in  the  sense  of  ^have',  the 
postpositions  ^  to  ^  or  'at^  being  expressed  or  understood, 
as,  a^^oo^thoo-shee-Mee  =  ^^^^o^g§  thoo-hma^  shee-Mee, 
to  him  there  is,  or  he  has. 

Thus, 

c^oOGODDoSsjoo^  loo  ta/i-vowk  shee-//iee,man  one  (there)  is. 
o^^o^OD^  thoo-hmaA  shee-/^ee,  to  him  is,  or,  he  has, 
oo6cxj^§o5Q5oD^  thin  loo-mik  hpyit-thee,  you  a  fool  are. 

THE    HONORIFIC    FORM. 

The  honorific  form  is  used  for  very  high  personages  and 
consists  of  GOoS  taw,  the  honorific  affix,  and  <^  moo,  to  do ; 
thus, 

o68^3GGpo5GooS^(§  mins-jees  yowk  taw  moo  byee,  the 
governor  has  arrived. 

In  this  case  <^  moo  is  considered  the  principal  verb,  and 
to  make  the  negative,  o  muh  must  precede  it  and  the  final 
affix  be  lefl  out ;  thus, 

GGpoScooSo^  yowk  taw  mah  moo,  (the  governor)  does  not 
arrive,  or  has  not  arrived. 

CONTINUATIVE    AFFIXES. 

These  take  the  place  of  the  participle  and  join  clause  to 
clause  in  a  sentence. 

^  yooay  and  cq]o5  lyet  are  what  we  call  present. 
c^6  hlyin  and  goo5  ^Aaw  are  what  we  call  past. 


120 

c(5o:^o5ogDSoo^  py^y  b'^^  thwaAs  ^^ee,  running  {he) 
goes. 

oq]DSc^o5^G|GOo5i  odS^q^  kya/iS  kik-yuoay  yaA-thaw- 
tsaAs-jya^-mee,  tiger  biting  having-got  (we)  shall  eat,  i.e.  (ive) 
shall  eat  {what  tve)  got  from  the  tiger's  killing, 

oooSj^l^cC^Si  (y5(^x>^  ta^t-kya/i  byees-hlyini  pyaAn- 
jyaA-Mee,  skilled  (pi.)  having-finished  (they)  returned,  i.e. 
having  completed  their  education  they  returned  {home). 

EUPHONIC   AFFIXES. 

These  are  used  after  verbal  roots  in  conjunction  with 
affixes  of  mood,  tense,  and  number,  but  they  can  be  dispensed 
with,  and  it  is  impossible  to  lay  down  rules  as  to  their  use. 
The  commonest  are  gco  lay,  g^  chyay,  cooS  Wit,  5  kheh. 

Ea!a?nples. 

GCO  lay  is  one  of  the  most  common.  It  is  almost  always 
used  in  the  future  compounded  with  the  future  affixes  33  a^n 
and  o^  mee,  and  takes  the  form  of  c86o^  laymmee  (gco 
33  o^).  It  is  frequently  used  with  the  past  tense  ;  ogo8(^ 
thwaAs  byee,  {he)  has  gone,  is  correct,  but  c^dSgcoJ^  thwaAs 
lay  byee  is  better. 

o)  paA,  the  polite  affix,  is  in  constant  use  :  it  is  correct 
to  say  ogDSGODo  thwaAs  daw,  go  ;  but  o^dSoIgodo  thwaAs  hhh 
daw  is  better,  g^  chay  is  sometimes  used  with  future  33  aAn 
and  becomes  ^§  chayii,  as  ocj|^8330^ogD3GS^GCo5iG(^Da5G|^5 
Q^  thoo  hnin  aA-too  thwaAs  jay  /Aaw  pyowk  ya/i  jayn  mee, 
If  he  goes  with  {h'm)  he  must  he  lost :  both  jay  and  Jayn  have 
no  meaning  and  may  be  omitted,  they  merely  round  off 
the  sentence.      So,  in  cx:^o]c^c^o8c^o5g^dd^  thoo  paA-goA 


121 

poAk  lik  chay  Mee,  (Jie)  smote  his  cheek,  both  o^o5  1ik  and 
G^  chay  have  really  no  effect. 

c^oS  lik  (lit.  foil oiv)  is  not  always  euphonic  but  conveys 
a  certain  amount  of  meaning  and  Is  used  with  transitive  verbs. 

cooS  la^t  is  common  and  mostly  used  with  gcoS  thaw  • 
as  ogDBcooSGCoS  thwaAs  la^t  thaw,  having  gone.  It  gives  the 
idea  of 'happened'.  Sometimes  with  fut.  36  aAn ;  as,  co^^ 
laAttaAn;   ogDo  cogg    will  go  [probahly). 

CLOSING    AFFIXES. 

These  are  used  occasionally  at  the  end  of  a  sentence  to 
give  it  stronger  force.      The  principal  are, — 

00^8  dees  =  subst.  verb  ^od^  shee-^Aee,  to  be,  is.  Not 
used  colloquially. 

g  tsooaA  or  zooaA  intensifying. 

G<?.S  naw,  soliciting  acquiescence,  as  ogDScoooo^G^S 
thwaAs  daw  mee  naw,  I  icill  go,  shall  I  ? 

Gol  paw,  implies  '  of  course '  in  answer  to  a  question. 
c^DSo^coDS  thwa/^s  mee  laA,  Are  you  going  ?  c^dSo^go] 
thwa^s  mee  paw,  /  shall  go,  of  course, 

THE    YERB   USED   AS    A   NOUN. 

The  verb  may  be  used  either  in  its  radical  form  or  with 
its  affixes  of  mood  and  tense  as  a  noun,  and  in  such  cases 
is  governed  by  postpositions  ;   as, 

c@OD^o^g6c3]8  pyay-Mee-goA  myin-hlyin,  runs-to-see-if, 
having  seen  the  running. 

ogo5!§8^^  htwet  pyees-hmaA,  come-out-finish  from,  i.e. 
after  {he)  had  come  out. 


122 


THE  ADYEHB. 

The  adverb  proper  ends  in  §1  zooa^,  but  there  are  six 
different  kinds  of  adverbs.  Those  in  common  use  are  given 
on  pp.  100—106. 

MODEL    OF   VERB. 

Infinitive  oq5oo^  loAk-thee,  to  make. 

Indie.  Pres.  cloc^Soo^  oriaA  lo/ik-thee,  7  make,  or, 

cIoc^Sg^oo^  o-naA  loAk  nay-^Aee,  /  am  making. 
Past  c'locjSooo^  gnaA  lo^k-hkelv/^ee,  I  made, 
Pres.  Perf.  c]o:^5(§  g-naA  loAk  pyee,  I  have  made. 
Past  Perf.  c1oq5(j^8(5  gnaA  loAk-hpooS-byee,  1  had  made. 
Future  c1 0:^80^  gnaA  lo^k-mee,  I  uill  make. 
Fut.  Perf.  c1o:^6(§2c8§o^  gnaA  loAk-pyees-laym-mee,  I  shall 

have  made. 
Potent.  Pres.  cloc^S^Soo^  gnfi^  loAk  hning-Mee,  I  can  make. 
Potent.  Perf.  clo:^5|5(§  gna^  loAk  hning-byee,  I  could  have 

made. 
Potent.  Past  Perf.  c]oq5GooD6^(§  gnaA  loAk  kowngs-byee,  / 

might  have  made. 
Imperative  o:|5good  loAk-taw,  make. 

o:^5go  loAk-tsay,  let  {him)  make. 

a:^5(^§  loAk-kya^-zoA,  let  us  make. 

o:^5o1good  loAk  pa/i-daw,  please  make  {it\ 

A    FEW    COMMON    AUXILIARY    VERBS. 

clcc^S^jSoo^  gnaA  loAk  chin-Z^iee,  I  tvish  to  make. 
c1oq5oD8oo^  gna^  loAk  thin-/^ee,  I  ought  to  make. 
clcc^5ooo5oo^  gna^  lohk  taAt-thee,  I  am  wont  to  make. 
cl 0:^8000^  gnaA  loAk  woon-/Aee,  I  dare  make. 


)1 


123 

:c1o:^5g|od^  gnkh  \o/ik  jvih-thee,  I  must  make. 
clocx^Soo^  gnah  tsaA  \ohk  thee,  I  begin  to  make. 
cIcc^Sg^oo^  gnaA  \ohk  nay-thee,  I  am  making. 
c1cq5gooo^  gnaA  loAk  tsay-thee,  I  cause  to  make. 
clcc^Sboo^  gnah  lohk  hkeh-Mee,  /  seldom  make. 
cloc^Sc^oo^  gnah  lohk  ioh-thee,  I  wish  to  make. 
cloq5o6oO^  gnah  lohk  tsaAns-mee,  /  tvill  try  to  make. 
cloc|5cpOD^  gr\ah  lohk  yah-thee,  I  should  make. 
cloc^5(y^o^  gnah  lohk  pyaAn-inee,  I  will  re-make. 
GOOor)5(§  thay  koAn-byee,  {They)  are  quite  dead. 
GOOO^oSoo^  thay  dik-thee,  {He)  is  worthy  to  die. 
^cooSoo^  pyoo  Ivveh-^Aeej  {It)  is  easy  to  do. 

Note. —  In  the  above  cl  gnah  has  been  used  for  /  for 
the  sake  of  brevity. 


THE   CONSTRUCTION    OF    BURMESE    SENTENCES. 

1.  The  principal  verb  is  always  at  the  end  of  a  sentence 
but  followed  by  the  modifying  verb  and  the  closing  affix, 
f  any ;  thus, 

ocj^  ooq6s     odSoo^ 
He      rice         eats 

cl  ooo5s  odS    |Soo^ 

I  rice  eat        can 

2.  If  there  is  an  adverb  of  time  it  must  commence  the 
lentence ;    thus, 

QG^,CO  cl  gc§  C^^S?>(§ 

Yesterday      I     town-to       went 


124 

3.  After  the  adverbs  of  time  another  clause  may  be  intro- 
duced ;   thus, 

^oSo?l       ^^S  3DD8        C^5l     OoS      338      C^       COD       Q^ 

To-morrow      I,     at  leisure     if,     thy  house  to   come  will 

4.  The  following  is  a  typical  sentence : — 

0^     joq]    §1    goodSs  good    cq      j.8    gooooSc^    00^ 
That  time    at,      good        ^       man    two  - 

(§c§    ogoS  g   cooS      GOoS       CG|  0^52  dbc§       c^ 

town-to  go     ^  happen^  having^  water  (of)  hole  into  fall  over 

Cqi<^  GOob   GOO   (^ 

dropping^  died 

Illustration  of  the 
Construction  and  Pronunciation  of  Burmese. 

0^33olll    ^|8g330^^  GOOO^O^G^  GO00(j>)OO003OQ^  ^  GOOD 

(^^dSoo^i  3^cqc^c^^^co^Qo:>{^E\  3oo0(§DO0Gpe|(^n  0^3300 

goOOGpC^I  88QG0O05^8l3OC^CO^§QC^6G00SGO0OG(^o6lg|D 
COqO06oOGO00oSGO00C^^0S3S5g3o500D§^lO0O$30C26GO0030 
5I I  30G|5  OOolScgc^^OO^OgD  8  g ? 4ll 

0^(;>)O OODC^g^OS  00^  GOC^O OgOSj^l  00 ol §  30  G|  5§  13.8  I  OOl  3051^  f 
go  g8  ceo  GOoS  I  (>)OO0DC^^D  SqjggDC^  o56sg)  ■  000  8  GCOOC^g^OS 

oo^io4§oo§j)8^o::^?GOoc^ii 

1  Instead  of  GOOoS^GOOOCXj^  one  might  put  o:;^GOOd88  (see  p.  113). 

*  GODDc6   numeral  affix  (p.  80).      ^  plural  affix  (p.  109). 

8  fm  plural  affix  for  verbs  (p.  115).       *  OO08    euphonic    verbal  affix 
(p.  120),  gives  an  idea  of  unexpected  suddenness. 

*  GOoS  past  continuative  affix  (p.  119).     «  ^  continuative  affix  (p.  119). 
'    5  GOO   C^  past  closing  affixes  (p.  1 31), 


1 


125 


Phonetic    Pronunciation    and    Literal 
Translation.^ 

Hto^    a^-hkaA,    DoAnneeweehta/«    yooaA-hnik     nay-Maw 
That         time,       Dohnneeweehtah       village-in       dwelling 

"Zooza^ga^   a^-mee    shee-Maw  PoAnnaAs-Mee,   a^-hloo-goA 
Zoozdhgdh.     name         hav'ng  Brahman,  alms 

hleh-leh         hkaAn  -  thkh-h^yin,  a^thaAbya/i  ta^-yaA  yaA-ee. 
going  about   receive  by  {means  of ),       coins  lOO        got. 

HtoA  a/ithaAbyaA  ta/i-ya^-goA,  mee-mee  maA  soung  hning, 
(Those       coins  loo  self      not    carry     able, 

i>h-\oh  lees  nul/i       ting       M/ayS  Maw-jowng,  yooaA  ta/^-hkoo 
desire  also  not  attain{ed)    yet         because,      village     one- 

Idwin,  ta^-yowk-thaw  Po^nna^S   ayn  -  hnik  a/«t- hta^S-yooay, 
in,  one  (a)       Brahman^ s  house     at     give  -  put  -  ting, 

ta^-hpaAn  a^-hloo  hkaAn  -  Maw-a^n-hgna^,  aA-yaAt  taA-baAs- 
again        alms     receive  in  order  to  [J'or),    place       other 

thoh       hleh-leh       thwaAs-bya/^n-ee.        HtoA      ZoozaAga^ 
to     going-about      went        again.  That     Zoozdhgdh 

Vohnudihi  -  thhQ,      aA-hloo     thwaAs     hkaAn-yooay,    ta^-ba/iS 

Fohnndhi  alms  go  receiv  -  ing,        other 

iA-yaA^hnik,  hnit  -  la^      a^-sheh    kya^-myin^  -  lay  -  Maw, 
place  -    at,  years-months     long        long  -  tall  {having  been), 
jAksaA-goA       thayns-yooay       htaAs-Maw- Po^nna^S  -  Mee, 
\  the  money     taking  charge  of       keeping       Brahman  {hom.), 

;h6^ns-zaA5-hnin-yooay  koAn-lay-ee. 
use  -  eat      ^  had  consumed. 

^  For  Idiomatic  Translation,  see  over. 

2  Myin  is  lit.  '  tall,^  but  is  often  coupled  with  kyah,  '  long  in  time: 

'5)5  hnin,  prior  past  tense  affix. 


126 

[Idiomatic  Translation. — At  that  time,  a  Brahman^  named 
Zoozahgah,  who  dwelt  in  a  village  named  DoAnneeweehtaA, 
by  going  about  and  receiving  alms,  amassed  one  hundred  pieces 
(of  silver).  Not  being  able  himself  to  carry  those  pieces,  and 
because  his  desires  were  not  yet  satisfied,  leaving  them  at  the 
house  of  another  1;  rah  man  in  a  certain  village,  he  again  wan- 
dered about  to  other  places  in  order  to  receive  alms  once  more. 

That  ZoozaAga/i,  the  Brahman,  having  been  for  months  and 
years  begging  alms  in  other  places,  the  Brahman  who  had 
taken  charge  of  Zooza^gaA  the  Brahman's  wealth,  had  (before 
he,  Z.,  returned)  made  away  with  and  used  it  all  up.] 


POLITE    MODES    OF    ADDRESS. 

When  one  addresses  a  Burman  it  is  rude  to  use  the  ordinary  pronoun. 
If  his  position  in  society  is  known  he  should  be  addressed  by  the  term 
that  denotes  his  position,  if  not,  one  must  generally  suppose  him  or  her 
to  be  *  the  supporter  of  a  monastery',  GO^dSSOOOOD  Kyowngl-tsihgsihfjem. 
CCqjD6o33Q  Kyowngs-a/j-mM),  or  'founder  of  a  Pagoda',  oqGpoOOOOD 
K^khjahZ-WigSih,  or  simply  as  oScjjDS  or  o6(^Do  Hkin-bya/iS  (a  short 
form  of  OOOCCOGpo  Master,  object  of  reference).  If  the  person  ad- 
dressed is  a  teacher  or  person  of  learning,  he  should  be  called  OOGTO 
Sa^ya^i.  In  talking  to  a  priest  or  teacher,  instead  of  saying  'I',  one 
should  use  OOO^GOoS  TaAbeh-davv  (scholar),  and  call  him  O^oSgOoS 
Ko-daw,  or  OOGpGOoS  Shhyah  -da,w.  To  a  person  in  authority  a 
Burman  would  always  designate  himself  as  OOI^gOdS  Kyoon-daw 
(Royal  servant),  but  an  Englishman  would  say  '  Ky66no/«k', 

CX>GOo5  KaTidaw  means  lady  and  is  used  for  the  wives  of  honourable 
persons,  as  q8°OOGOoS  MinS  ka/jdaw,  OOGpOOGOoS  Sahjhh  ka/idaw, 
for  the  wives  of  magistrates  and  teachers. 

The  word  OOOOD  ia.h-gah,  which  is  used  above,  is  a  corruption  of  the 
Pali  word  oloDOOD  dah-jah-kah,  a  giver;  the  feminine  is  OOOODQ  ta^i- 
gsih-mah. 

^  The  proper  word  for  Brahman  is  Bydhmdhndh,  but  the  Burmese  usually 
use  the  word  QCg^o,  PotenaTi;,  which  is  a  word  of  doubtful  derivation. 


127 


CONVEESATIONAL    PHEASES    AND 

SENTENCES.! 

Useful  and  Necessary  Idiomatic  Expressions. 

Q^D3g0J3O^8o5GO0DOO0D§0Oo5-<^D8ll 


English. 

Burmese. 

Pronunciation. 

IThank    you   (sel- 

GOqjScj^SOoSoloO^ 

Kyays-zoos    tin-baA- 

dom  used) 

thee                   [hl^gh 

Yes 

o^oSolii  ojoSb 

IIoAk-paA    or    hohk- 

No 

Qcr^d^cqln  qcx^oSoI 

MaA-ho^k-hpoos,  maA- 
hoAk-paA 

Bring 

oj^bol 

Yoo-ge^-baA          [baA 

Bring  that 

c^a)8sc^a^5ol 

HoA-dins-goA  yoo-geh- 

Give  me 

OgJ^5c^G08ol 

KyoonoAk-koA  pays- 
baA 

Give  it  him 

cx^c^GoSo^oSol 

Thoo-goA  payS-lik-paA 

Do  (you)    under- 

^dSco^oocodS 

NaA;  leh-/MA-laA5 

stand  *?     [stand 

(I)  do  not  under- 

^DSoco^apS 

NaAs  maA  leh-boos 

Send  (it)  to  me 

ogj^Soocggo^oSo"] 

KyoonoAk  htaAn-^Ag^ 
po^-lik-paA           baA 

Tell  me 

OgJ^So^cgDol 

KyoonoAk-koA   pyaw- 

Tell  him 

o:^c^G§DC^o5o1 

Thoo-goA  pyaw-lik-pa^ 

Canyon  tell  (me)1 

gQd^SoIo^oddS 

Pyaw    ning-baA-mee- 

laAs 
Inga/ilayk     tsaA-gaAs 

Can     you    speak 

3D  8c8  5  0  OO  Do  oo  o5 

English  ? 

00CO3§ 

taAt-thaA-la^s 

*  See  'Hints  on  addressing  a  Burman  ,  p.  24 
p.  126. 


Polite  Modes  of  Address', 


128 


English. 

Burmese. 

Pronunciation. 

Is  there  any  one 

3D 8  c8 5  OOOD3  00  06 

Iiiga/iiayk     tsaA  -gaAs 

here  who  speaks 

GOOOO^^OOCODo 

ta^t-thaw-thoo  shee- 

English  1 

Ma^-lahs                       1 

What    do     (you) 

oodg@doo(X)'    cod 

BaA  pyaw-^^a^-lehj 

say? 

Q^ODCb 

BaA  so^-MaA-leh       j 

Ask  him  (inquire) 

Oi:^G^GOSO§gol 

Thoo-goA  mayS-za^ns- 

Ask  for  (demr.nd 

goodSsoIgood 

Towngs-baA-daw   [baAi 

Speak  loudly   [it) 

oi^oSoqioScgoo] 

Kyeh-jeh  pyaw-baA 

Never  mind 

GDOgoio^oloj^S 

AA-twet  mah  shee-ba/i- 

boos 
BaA  pyoo  thin-thah-leh. 

What  is  to  be  done? 

003§Oo8oCC^ 

Why? 

oodQc^oo 

BaA  pyoo-loA  leh 

What  is  it?    [ter? 

OOOCX) 

BaA  leh 

What  is  the  mat- 

ooDgSoo  6b 

BaA  hpyit-thaA-leh 

Do  (you)  hear  ? 

^DSOOCODS 

KyaAs-/AaA-laAs 

I  understand,  Sir 

<?,D3aDgooo5i  O^Gp" 

NaAs  leh-/Aee,hpn  AyaAs  | 

Carry  this 

OO^OODC^Oo6Sol 

TAee   haA-goA  htaAns- 
baA                      [daw 

Take  that 

C^OODC^  0^0]  GOOD 

HtoA  haA-goA  yoo-baA- 

Take  (it)  away 

O^DgOSC^oS 

Yoo-thwaAs-lik 

Make  haste  ! 

3Doqi£gol 

AA-lyin  pyoo-baA           ! 

Come  quickly 

g5g?OOD5 

MyaAn-myaAn  laA-geh 

Take  care ! 

ODC^gol 

ThaAdee  pyoo-baA          j 

Listen  ! 

^DoGCOdSoI 

NaAs  htowng-baA 

Come  in  ! 

oSoIgooo 

Win-baA-daw 

Come  here  ! 

oo^n^coo5 

Dee-goA  laA-geh 

Come  back ! 

g^ODDb 

PyaAn  laA-geh 

Call    my    servant 

ogj§5o:j^aDGOD8c^ 

KyoonoAk   loogaAlays-  : 

(boyJ 

GoTol 

go  A  hkavv-baA 

129 


Engli-^h. 

Burmese. 

Pronunciation. 

Take     this     note 

oo^oDO^  —  a5'x^ 

r^ee  tsa^-goA — hta^n- 

to  — 

a^ogo'ool 

thoh  yoo-thwa^S-baA 

Bring     back     an 

g^ODC^O^b 

PyaAn-zaA-goA    yoo- 

answer 

geh 

Stand  still  a  nio- 

QOD^iSG^olgS 

Hka^naA   ya^t-nay- 

ment 

ba^-oAnS 

Go  away  (roiigli) 

CX^DlC^cS 

Thwa^s-lik 

Go  away  (polite) 

OgDoolcCOD 

Thwa/iS-ba^-daw 

o 

Good-bye  ^ 

O^Oo^oGOOO 

Thu  iih%-6hni-  d  aw 

Too  soon 

gS02^SCX5§,ll2  0D3g?S 

Oos-loons-/Aee,    tsaw- 

OD^ 

loons-Mee 

Too  late 

G^D050^C^?83D^ 

Nowk-kya^  loons  theet 

Very  well  (good) 

goddS8o1(§ 

K  0  w  n  g  S-b  a^-  by  e  e 

Whatdoyouwaiit^ 

ooDc^^Soccb 

Ba^  lo/ijin-tha^  Ich 

How  do  you  do?) 
Are  you  well  ?     J 

odoIc^codS 

MaA-baA-ee-la/iS 

I  am  well 

ODolc§ 

xMaA-baA-ee 

Much  obliged 

G0^2(>-Sg2C^g 

Kyayszoos  keeS-hla^- 
byee                    [boo; 

There  is  nothing 
Nothing  is   the 

BaA-hmyaA  maA  shee- 
BaA-hmyaA  mah  hpyit- 

.  matter 

hpoos 

No  trouble  at  all 

Gj>D8^oSo^pQ^ 

Hnowng->het-tsa^-yaA 
maA  shee 

Who  is  there  ? 

C^^D.^DC^C.-^^OOra 

HoA-hmaA     beh-Moo 
shee-/M^-leh 

*  The  person  who  pays  a  call  on  leaving  says  ODOoQCODQ^G^S 
fch\va^(S-daw-mee-naw,  I  ivill  go?  and  the  person  in  the  house  replies 
OgDSg^GOOD  thwMS-o/mSdaw,  Go  and  rdurn. 

BUKUBSB    S.-X  J 


130 


English. 


Burmese. 


Pronunciation. 


It  is  I 

What  is  the  news  ? 
There  is  no  news 

Do  you  know  for 

certain  ? 
Go  in  front 
Follow 
Go  home 
Go    to    the    post 

office  and  ask  for 

my  letters 

Let  us  start 
Wait 

Bring  my  horse 

Saddle  it 

Call  the  interpreter 

[man  say  ? 

What    does    that 

He  says  he  cannot 

find  the  horse 
He    thinks    some 

one  has  stolen  it 

Is  it  possible  1 


OgJ^5olll  Ogj^GOoS 

o] 

00  uS  08008  S  G|  OOCQ 

ooo5o8oo58^oo] 

Go633^§o8o0O3D3 

3QG^0§O^D?G0OO 
G^Do5c§0^o5ol 

gS^c^d^dSgodo 

ODC^o5c^O^02| 
02J^6  0DQ^33C^ 

goodSsoI 

G^olSol)    GODCol 

02j|5@88c^a;^5 

s^58|soo8ol 

OOOD§(y^C^GS>Tol 
C^'OjOOOGgDOOcb 

g8§o^oG02|8a^8 

OO^OOGOOOo5880^ 

oo^cijco8oo^ 
(^8^8o1q^odd2 


KyoonoAk-paA,  kyoon- 1  ] 
daw-baA  [I  eh  1 

Beh  thaAdins  yaA-thaA 

Beh    thaAdins    hmya/ 
maA  yaA 

AykaAn    aA-hmaAr 
thee-MaA-laAs    [da^ 

AA-shay  -/AoA  -  th  waAs 

o*'  o 

Nowk-thoA  lik-paA 
Ayn-/AoA  thvviiAs-daw 
TsaA-dik-thoA  thwaAs- 

o 

yooay  kyoonoAk  tsaA- 
myaAs  -goA     towngs  -  1 
baA  [zoAl 

Htwet  -  thwaAs  -  jaA - 
Nay-baA-oAns,   tsowng 

baAs 
KyoonoAk  myins  -  goA 

voo-ffeh 
HkoAns-hnees  tin-baA 
TsaA  -  gaA  -byaAn-goA 
hkaw  baA  [/AaA-leh 
HoA  loo  baA  pyaw  - 
Myins -go A   niaA  tway 

hning  booSj  deh 

TaA  -  zoAn-taA-yowk- 

hkoA    yoo  -  thaA  -  loA 

htin-/Aee  [laAs 

Hpyit-hning-baA-mee 


131 


English. 

Buruiese. 

Pronunciation. 

It  is  his  fault 

o^sagSco 

Thoo  aA-pyit  pay 

He  is  sorry 

3:j^o6§^^?oloo^ 

Thoo  woon;-neh;-baA- 
Mee 

lie  must  get  me 

^^^^^6^°^ 

Thoo  kyoonohk-hpo/i 

another  horse 

G  OOd8^DGOoS| 

myins    ta^-gowng 

-S 

sh  a/i  -pay  s-yaA-mee 

Who  is   paddling 

O^QC^C^OO  C^D^ 

iloh  hlay-goA  beh^Aoo 

that  boat  ? 

GC^SOOCX) 

hlaw-ZAa^-leh 

Is   it  a  man  or  a 

GOODO^DSODDSlSg 

YowkyaAs  laAs,  mayn?- 

woman  ? 

CODS 

mah  Isihi 

It  is  a  woman 

SgGO 

MaynsmaA  bay 

It  is  a  woman  ^ 

SgGo] 

MaynsmaA  baw 

Well  done  ! 

goodSsgo 

Kowngs  bay 

How  fortunate 

ooo5o6good6§oo§ 

Teh  ka/m  kowngs-/Aee 

It  is  a  fact 

OD^COD3D^^QO 

Thee  haA  aA-hmaAn 
bay                      [hnin 

Don^t  be  angry 

8o5q38§o15>5 

Tsay t  -  maA - sohi  -baA- 

IIow  beautiful 

OOoSo^OO^G^ 

Teh  hWi-thee,  goh 

Be  silent  1 

o8o5o8oSc^ 

Tayt-tayt  nay 

Long  ago 

gDC^g             [OD^ 

KyaA  hlaA  byee   [Mee 

Shameful 

^o5  OGp  GOOD  8  § 

Shet-tsaA-yaA  kowmgs- 

Are  you   not   a- 

o^o6aj^scoD8 

MaA  shet-hpoos-laAs 

shamed  ? 

(You)  are  to  blame 

33  g  8  OO  8  0  Gp 

AA-pyit-tin-zaA-yaA 

good88oo^ 

kowngs-Mee 

Get  up  ! 

CO  c^  o5  II     (polite) 
cool 

Hla/i-lik,  hiU-hah 

^  I.  e.  liow  could  you  think  otherwise? 


I  a 


132 
Meals.     ooq58od3g[^d83ii 

(For  Vocabularies,  see  pp.  49-53.) 


English. 


Burmese. 


Pronunciation. 


Breakfast  (dinner, 
or  supper)  is 
reacly 

Is  the  tea  made  ? 

Do    you    drink 

coffee  *? 
This  milk  is  sour 
Bring  me  an  egg 

Must   I    boil   the 

Fry  me  two  eggs 

This  butter  is  ran- 
cid [butter 

Bring  some   other 

We  want  more  tea- 
cups 

Remove  the  dishes 

Cook  some  pork 
curry  for  dinner 


ooo8§c^5s(§3(§ 


cooSooS  Gi^cq^ 

(§8,gcoD3 

OOoSoOCODo 

go5gOOC^8a^6o 
goSgc^goSsiog 

CODS 

(^o6gj)8c^3Gca^5 

OC  ^  GOOD O  oS  G  OOD 8 

o5oo^ 
GcoDoa5a^6o§8 
coo5^3a5^]^c^oo$ 

t^DSC^GODSOD^ 

O^DSGODD 
pOODcBoODODDS 

oo88go5Go8ol 


HtaAmins  pyin-pyees- 
byee 

La^-hpet-yee  loAk- 

j/yees-byee-la/iS 
KaA-hpee-yee    thowk 

taAt-tha^-la^s  [/Aee 
Thee  noA-yee  chin- 
Kyet-oo  ta^-l6/ais  yoo- 

geh 
Kyet-06-goA     pyoAk- 

ya^-mee-laAs 
Kyet  -  00    hnaA  -  loAns 

kyaw-pays-baA 
Thee  htawbaAt  howng- 

zkht-thee  ..  [oAns 
HtawbaAt  yoo-geh- 
LaA-hpet-yee-paAgaAn- 

myaAs  loA-Mays-Mee 
PaAgaAn  ■  by  aAs-  myaAs- 

go/i  yoo-thwaAs-daw 
NyaA-zaA-bo/i    wet- 

thaAs  hin;  chet-pays- 

baA 


133 


English. 

Burmese. 

Pronunciation. 

Take  care  to  boil 

00  Q  6  8  C^  CO  ^g 

Li  ta^mins-go^   lees 

the  lice  well,  too 

good6sgcx)d58 

kowiig^-gowigs  naAt- 

^6g33d8oOo8[^ 

owng   thaAdee   pyoo 

c^o5 

lik 

Change  the  plates 

C^CTD^'^DSC^COC^OS 

Fa  A  ga  hn-mj  ahl  -  g  oh 

ol 

leh-lik-paA 

Give  me   a  clean 

OD8go"lBj>6oo5G|68 

Tsa/i  -  b  weh  -  da  As  -  hnin 

knife  and  fork 

33ao8r^aj^6b 

hkaA  -  yins   a  A  -  thit- 
koA  yon-geh 

Give  me  a  glass  of 

G<S|oogaSGo8ol 

Yay    taA-hkwet   pays- 

water 

baA 

Pour  out  the  tea 

coo5oo5Qg5r/Jg 

LaA-  hpet-yee-goA 

GCool 

hngeh  pays-baA 

How   many   are 

ooo5j.Sg(X)3o5oo 

Beh-hnaA-yowk  htaA- 

coming   to   din- 

o61(Od8codo^6o 

mins  tsiiAs-laA-mee- 

ner  ? 

leh 

I  think  there  will 

cq<^  6goodo5cod 

Loo-shit-yowk  laA- 

be  eight  persons 

o^c^ooSoloo^ 

mee-loA   htin-baA- 

o 

thee 

Health.     o^^2qd(§8s^83^8good33g(3d83ii 

(For  Vocabulary,  see  p.  47.) 


Are  you  well  ? 
I  am  well 
I  am  very  ill 
I  am  not  very  well 


coyc 


O0<J\ 

33Og§<?.D0]00^ 
GOOD  60  GOO060  O 

oDo:j^8 


MaA-ee-laA: 
MaA-baA-ee 
AA-loon  naA-baA-/Aee 
KownsS-gowiigs    maA 
maA-boos 


English. 


134 


Burmese. 


Pronunciation. 


I   hope   you    will 
soon  be  better 


Do  you  sleep  well  ^^ 
I  sleep  pretty  well 


I  have  caught  a  cold 

I  feel  sick 

Send  for  a  doctor 

I  want  to  see  a 
doctor 

She  {or  he)  has  a 
cough 

Where  is  the  chem- 
ist's shop  ? 

How  far  is  it  from 
here  "? 

You  must  drink 
this 

Have  you  any 
brandy  (spirit)  ? 

I  can  eat  nothing 

I  can  swallow  no- 
thing 


G^ScoSoloO^ 

3D3S5  G  00^6  §00 
ODD! 

gooSgcoSgoodSo 
good883S5o1oo§ 

J)DG08^D^OO^ 
335^600^ 

gcoSooodS  c^goT 
c§o$ 

GOOS  0DQDJ>8  GOg 

o:j^^DG(gD68s§8^D 

GOOoS^8oOo5^D(X> 

00^00  CO  oSgood  oS 
goSoooo 

00  ^  OOD  C^  GOO  0 o5 
g^§30qo5^O0ODD8 
OOD^  0008^80:^8 

oo^oooyjQ^ISo:;^? 


HkinbyaAs  mya^n- 
myaAn  kyaAns-maA- 
yaAn  kyoon-daw 
hmyaw-lin-baA-/Ae5 

A^-ayk  kowng8-/fM^- 
hUs 

Taw-daw  kowngs- 
gowngs    ayk-paA- 

Hna^-zees-naA    shee- 
AAn  jin-/Ace 
SaysthaAma/iS-goA 

hkaw-lik 
SaysthaAmaAs  -  hnin 

tway-jin-/Aee 
Thoo-hmaA    chowngs- 

zoAs-naA  shee-Mee 
Says -zing  beh-hmaA- 

leh 
Dee-gaA    beh-lowk 

wayS-MaA-leh 
Dee  haA-goA  thowk- 

yaA-mee 
ByaAndee-aA-yet  shee- 

/AaA-laAs 
BaA-hmyaA  niaA  tsaAs 

hning-boos 
TaA  -  zoAn   taA- hkoo- 

hmyaA    maA    myoA 

hning-boos 


135 


English. 

Burmese. 

Pronunciation. 

My  head  aches 

Ogj|5GOl6§  c^oS 

Kyoono^k     gowngs 

OD^ 

kik-thee 

VTy  foot  is  swollen 

C^^ScgGGpSc^ 

Ky 0  onoAk    chee 

OD^ 

yowng-nay-/Aee 

[  cannot  get  up 

o  00 1  Soloes 

Ma^  htaA  hning-ba^- 
boos 

Vlay  I  get  up  1 

00  qj  8  C^  8  00  ^8  o] 

Hta^-jin-hlyin  htaA- 

OOODD8 

hning-baA-Mah-laA; 

orive  me  a  cup  of 

CO  oSooSc^^oogoS 

La^-hpet-yee    ta^- 

tea 

coSol 

hkwet  payS-baA 

[    have    been    ill 

^D  G^ooDo^8e|aS 

NaA-nay-^  dah     thoAn: 

three  days 

m 

yet  shee-byee 

Give  me  a  bit  of 

^oo8o5goSo1 

Mo^n    ta^-zayt    pays- 

bread 

baA 

[  must  wash  my 

OgJ^S  COoS  GOOoG] 

KyoonoAk  let  says- 

hands 

"^ 

yaA-mee 

[  have  washed  my 

go5j)Oc^oo85(§ 

Myet-hnaA-goA   thit- 

face 

hkeh-byee 

rhere  is  no  soap 

Oo5@DQg 

SaAtpya^  maA-shee 

[t  is  not  good  to 

^5SGOD333o1§ 

Cha/mS-Maw  a^-hkaA- 

go  out  when  it 

33@Sc§0233C§Q 

hnik  aA-pyin-MoA 

is  cold 

goodSso:;^? 

thwaAs-boA-ma^ 
kown^s-boos 

1  The  GOD  dah  is  a  contraction  of  00^  thee  (the  verb  affix)  and  ODD  haA, 
%  thing,  which  is  often  used  in  colloquial  and  might  be  translated  *  the  fact 


yf  being  ill  has  been  three  day;. 


136 

Time.     33^?ii  sdoIh  oodoom 

(For  Vocabulary,  see  p,  36.) 

English.                           Burmese.                         Pronunciation. 

What  time  is  it '{ 

OOo53)6^D^GCODo5 

Beh-hnaA     na//yee 

^ooraii  oooSgq 

lowk  shee-^//iU-lehj 

qi^oooo 

or  Beh  aA-chayn 
shee-/^aMeh 

Ten  minutes  past 

s^j>8^D^j)8^  j>88 

Hkoo-hnaA    na^yee- 

seven 

4>6gcodo5^oo^ 

hnin  hkoo-hna^ 
meenit-lowk  shee- 
Mee 

It  has  just  struck 

OD2^C^C^g^D^c8'c|5 

Ya^-hkoo-beh    koAs-, 

nine 

naAyee  htees-byee 

The  clock  is  strik- 

,^d^cx)^o8sg^od§ 

NaAyee  ya^-hkoohtee: 

ing 

nay-/Aee 

A  quarter  past  one 

^$§(^§00^D^^5 

Moons -Iwehs  ta^-naA- 

(afternoon) 

ocsSoS 

yee-hnin  ta^-zayt 

Half-past    four 

Q^oSGCOS^D^^g 

MaAnet    lays-naAyee 

(morning) 

gweh 

A  quarter  to  eight 

^S^d^qoSodSs 

Shit-naAyee  maAt  tins 

At  what  time  ? 

oooSas^^^Dc^ 

Beh  aA-chayn-hmaA  leh 

It  is  noon 

<il%o^^3^qi(^h 

Moons -deh   a^-chayn 

OD^ 

hpyit-thee 

Wake  me  at  mid- 

oojg GolSngj^Sc^ 

Tha/i-gowng  kyoon- 

night 

ISol 

oAk-koA  hnoAs-baA 

I  will  get  up  at  six 

o<?.  o6g§do5^d^ 

MaAnetchowk-naAyee- 

in  the  morning 

^DOOolo^ 

hma/i  hta/i-ba^-mee 

137 


English. 


Burmese. 


Pronunciation. 


He  will  arrive  at 
half-past  five  in 
the  evening 

I  shall  dine  ex- 
actly at  seven  in 
the  evening 

What  month  is  it  'i 
What  day  (of  the 

week)  is  to-day? 
What   day   of  the 

month  is  this? 


GCODoScx^GGpoS 

ogj^  5  CO  08  Sods 
00  ^  CO  00  o5  coco 

00  ^  00  G  ^,00  3  Q  ^^cb 
00  ^  00  G  ^^00  oS  J)  8 

cioSg^^co 


NyaA-nay  gna^s-na^- 
yee-gweh  lowk  thoo 
y  owk-p  a^-1  ay  m-mee 

NyaA-nay  hkoo-hna^- 
na^yee  htee-hdee 
kyoono/ik  htaAmins 
tsaAs-mee 

Thee  la^  beh  la^  leh 

Thio-aA-  nay  bah  nay 
leh 

ThigaA-nay  beh-hnaA 
yet-nay  leh 


Note. — The  Burmese  date  is  6^S  years  after  the  Christian 
era.  Therefore,  in  order  to  get  the  Burmese  year,  we  have  to 
subtract  that  number  from  our  year.  Both  eras  are  used,  and, 
to  distinguish  the  one  from  the  other,  the  word  00^ ®^8  ThekkaA- 
yit  is  placed  before  the  Burmese  date;  thus,  oo^<s|8  oj*^  j  = 
A.D.  1910.  Both  Burmese  and  English  months  are  used,  and 
often  the  two  together,  in  documents. 

The  month  is  divided  into  two  parts,  co30$8  laA-zaAns,  the 
ivaxing,  and  coQ^go^S  laA-byee-jaw  or  coac^oS  \kh-zohk,  the 
waning.  The  full  moon,  cog^  laA-byee,  falls  on  the  fifteenth 
of  the  waxing;  the  coogoS  laA-gweh  {hidden  moon)  falls  on 
the  fourteenth  or  fifteenth  of  the  wane.  The  days  of  worship 
are  the  full  moon,  eighth  of  the  wane,  the  hidden  moon,  and 
the  eighth  waxing ;  otherwise  the  days  of  the  week  are  not 
observed,  though  noted.  (The  Enghshman  observes  Sunday, 
the  Burrnan  does  not.) 


138 


Times,  Seasons,  and  Weather. 

gO:^l33^$4]D§J)S^o5SGC033G(^D68D 
(For  Vocabulary,  see  p.  36.) 


English. 

Burmese. 

Pronunciation. 

This  day  week 

oo^g^,oo'^5>6g|oS 

TAee    nay-gaA    hkoo- 

c^„ 

hnaA-yet  nay 

That  was  three  or 

o^SgcoBcjoSgcodoS 

Tho/aiS  lays-yet  lowk 

four  days  ago 

M@ 

shee-byee 

To-morrow   fort- 

^o5o$G^,G^Do5 

Net-hpa/zn-nay  nowk 

night 

cdo5gco2G|o5 

seh-lays-yet 

At  about  this  time 

OOS^3Z)§5gCODo5^D 

YaA-hkoo    aA-chayn- 
lowk-hmaA 

In  a  month^s  time 

00  S^    G  ^^  00  00  CO 

YaA-hkoo-nay-gaA 

GOOD  oS 

Wi-\sih  lowk 

The  first  of  next 

OD^OOO  O^ODOO 

YaA-hkoo   laA-mee-laA 

month 

g|o5g^„ 

taA-yet  nay 

In  (after)  six  weeks 

OOG^,  OOCOCOJ»8 

YaA-nay-ga^   ta^-laA- 

ooo5goo8g|o5 

hnin  seh-lay:-yet 

On  the  last  day  of 

OOi^COOgoS^^ 

YaA-hkoo    laA-gweh- 

the  month 

nay 

At  the  end  of  this 

00^00  OC^I^D 

Thee  Isih  gohn  hmah 

month 

Towards  themiddle 

C>>^ol  ^O0O^G[o5 

ZaAna^waAyee  laA  seh- 

of  January 

G^^GOODoS 

gnaAs-yet  nay  lowk 

In  the  course  of  a 

^3.8^105330268 

Hkoo-hnaA-yet    aA- 

week 

036 

twins-dwin 

From  time  to  time 

330?^S 

AA-hpaAn-baAn 

139 

English.                           Burmese. 

Pronunciation. 

^'rom  one  day  to 

00G^O0O3G^^C§ 

Ta^-nay-gaA   ta^-nay- 

another 

thoh                   [thsLyz 

V  few  days  ago 

g^^gjoSwQdgod^ 

Nay-yet    mah    kjah 

V.  short  time  since 

CODC0Q^^\§ 

Ka^laA   maA    shay- 

^ago 

byee                  [_thay% 

karcely  two  days 

j>6<S|o5q^qooS 

HnaA-yet  mah  shee 

V  month  ago 

a3cx)^@ 

Ta^-laA  shee-byee 

[t  is  full  moon 

oog^G^^gsoD^ 

La^-byee-nay    hpyit- 

L«ast  year        [last 

QJ>8oO 

iMaA-hnit-kaA       [thee 

Phe    year    before 

ooc^^S 

TaA-myaAn-hnit 

;t  is  not  long  since 

qQdgodScxj^S 

Mkh  kyah  Mays  boos 

:.ong  ago 

^^c^\§ 

KyaA-hla/i-byee 

3nce    in    ("three) 

(O^s)   GjoSoOol 

(Tho/ms)  yet  taA-hkaA 

days 

Pheheatofthesun 

G^(^c^Qb'^8cq% 

Nay     poo     \oh     mah 

is  unbearable 

hka/m-hning-booS 

'.  am  very  warm 

ooo53^o5oo,o5 

Teh  ik-thee 

'.  am  afiaid  it  will 

^aS§g|D0^^2 

M6AsyooaA-mee,ts6As- 

rain 

OD^ 

thee 

3id  you   see   the 

C^o5o8c^  §8  00 

ShaAt-tsit-koA  myin- 

lightning? 

CODo 

Ma^-laAs 

'.  heard  the  thun- 

^o58g§OOG^(c^DS 

M  oAschoAnS-thaAn-go/t 

der 

boD^ 

kya^s  geh  thee 

low  it  pours  ! 

ooo5^o5sg|ooo^ 

Teh  mohi  yooah-thee 

/Vould  you  like  an 

o88o3q|6ooodd8 

Htees  loA-jin-/AaA-laAs 

umbrella? 

[tsoA-byee 

;  am  wet  through 

30005c^DS§05^(§ 

AA-wo6t-myaAs    tsoot- 

Liook  at  the  rain- 

ooo5o5c^[c;^§o^o5 

ThettaAn-goA      kyee- 

bow 

ol 

lik-paA 

140 

^ 

English.                          Burmese.                         Pronunciation.             1 

It  is  growing  very 

oooScsaScoDODg 

Teh  ays  \nh-thee 

cold 

It  is  very  dirty 

COcS^^D^oOD^ 

Teh  shoon  mjahl-thee 

It  is  very  windy 

odoSgcoc^  oSoooS 

Teh  lay  tik-thee 

The  wind  is  in  the 

GOD  33  G^OOS  OO 

Lay    aA-shay    bekka^ 

east 

CODOD^ 

la/i-/^ee 

The  dust  is  terrible 

ooo5(^oooo^ 

Teh  hpo^n  hta^-Mee 

How  bright  the 

OOoScOOODOO^ 

Teh  laA  thaA-Mee         , 

moon  is 

The  sky  is  over- 

'^ti5839cg^o58g|D 

Mohl     ohn-\oh    moht 

cast,  so  I  think 

O^C^OOSOD^ 

yooa^-mee-loAj  htin- 

it  will  rain 

thee 

The  stars  are  bright 

@a^^D3330g502$3 

Kyeh-niya/iS   M-hl66n 

coSSoo^ 

htoons-hn;-/Aee 

It  will  be  fine  to- 

^o5o$G^ODDOgS 

Net-hpa/m  nay  thaA- 

morrow,  I  think 

OOSOD^ 

mee,  htin-Mee 

Correspondence,  Post,  Telegraph,  and  Telephone. 

(DDGG|8g(^o6oJ)8odo^o5ic(^8^^o^833s(^d5o4Jd8ii 
(For  Vocabulary,  see  p.  70.) 


Have   any    letters 

OD  s^  0  ^  o5  0  D  t;j  D  B 

Ya^-hkoo    mah-net 

come  this  morn- 

Gtpo5^COD8 

tsaA-mya/iS    yowk- 

ing  ? 

pyee-laAs 

No,    none    have 

Q  COD  QGGpoSc  008 

Ma^    \a.h   maA    yo^yk 

come  yet 

098 

tha.y%  boos 

He    ought   to   be 

cxj^  OD  j:^  OD  ^  C^ 

Th  00  yM-\]  koo  dee-go  A 

here  by  now 

GGpo5DD8f§ 

yowk-thin-byee 

141 


English. 

Burmese. 

Pronunciation. 

I     have     heard 

O0^0OS^yQ(c^D8G| 

TaA-zo^n  taA-hkoo 

nothing 

Qo:,tcqo 

hmya^  mah  kya^S- 
ya/<-/Aays-boos 

Has     the     mail 

od8§Soogood 

TsaA-bo^  mees-thims- 

steamer  arrived '? 

GGpo5j§COD8 

baw  yowk-pyee-la^s 

Go  and  see  if  the 

OoScGpoSoD^Q 

Det    yowk-thee    maA 

mail  is  in 

GGpoS00§C^OgD8 

yowk  -  thee  -  go  A 

g^o68ol 

thwaA;  kyee-zaAns 
baA 

Are  there  any  let- 

c^^5c^:d4_P§^od 

KyoonoAk-hpoA  tsaA- 

ters  for  me  ? 

CODo 

myaAs   shee-/AaA- 

IriAs 

I  have  not  received 

OD00GO36^QG|OOS 

TsaA    taA  -  zowng - 

any  letter 

hmyaA  mM  yaA-boos 

Please    post    this 

OO^ODC^ODO^oS 

Thee    tsixk-gok     tsaA- 

letter 

•ooSooDcb^ooo^ 

dik     thit-htaA-deh- 

c§o5ol 

hmaA  hteh-lik-paA 

Please  forward  my 

Ogj^5oD4jD8c^§ 

KyoonoAk  tsaA-myaAs- 

letters  to  .  .  . 

o^oSol 

goA  poA-lik-paA 

Please  weigh  this 

O3^03C^^$068ol 

TAee  tsaA-goA  chayn- 

letter 

zaAns-baA 

I  want  some  note- 

0DGS]8€[?0^|[C^ 

TsaA-yays-yaAn    tsek- 

paper 

^60D^ 

koo  loA-jin-^Aee 

Give  me  an  enve- 

OD3S500^GO8ol 

TsaA-ayk      taA-hkoo 

lope 

pays-baA 

Where  is  the  ink? 

^Sg^SoooS^dc^ 

Hmin-oAs  beh-hmaA 
leh 

Lend  me  a  piece  of 

56|50Cg,|0D§5 

Hmin-hnayk  tsek-koo 

blotting-paper 

GO80I 

taA-chaAt  pays-baA 

142 


English. 


Burmese. 


Pronunciation. 


Get     me      some 

stamps 
Tell  him  to  wait 

I  will  send  a  reply 
later 

Can  I  send  a  tele- 
gram? 

How  much  is  the 
postage  on  these 
letters  1 

I  am  just  going  to 

read  it 
Can  you  lend  me  a 

pencil  ? 

What  is  your  tele- 
phone number? 
My  number  is  — 

Put    me    through 

to  — 
Line  engaged 
Ring     up     (Mr. 

Smith)! 


CC385GQl68<^D3GOi 

of 
G^Do5^(y  $(0d8o1 

g(^s^58§o5^6o1 
od^oco'jSgcodoS 

GOoGjQ^C^ 

uo^cx)oo5olo2§ 

5oooog^d68ocdd 
91801 

06  (^  D 3 1  ol  o5 CO  o5 
GCODoScO 

c^.^6|.olo5gSol 
—  c^ogoSccSol 

035'Q33D§ol 
ygOODOoSc^OOODo 
G(QD00g8j,SGgD 

ol 


Ta^  -  zayt  -  gowng;- 

myaAs  pays-baA 
Tsowng  nay-loy?  thoo 

goh  pyavr-ba/i 
No  wk  -  hmtxA     py  a  An  ■ 

zaA  poA-baA-mee 
Kyays  -  na^nS    yit 

hning-baA-mee-laAs 
Thee    tshh-mjahz    Sih 

twet     tsd.h-hoh-ga>h 

beh-lowk    pays-yaA 

mee-leh 
YaA-hkoo-beh    hpa/^t- 

paA-mee 
HkeA  -  da^n     t  a  A  - 

chowngs  hka^iia^ 

hgnaAs-baA 
Hken  byaAs  nahmhahi 

beh-lowk  leh 
KyoonoAk     naAmbaM 

—  hpyit-paA-^Aee 
—  goA    thweh-pay 

baA 
LaAnS  maA  aAs-baA 
(MistaA    SaAmit)-goA 

t  s  a  A  g  a  A  S  -  p  y  a  w- 

thaAn-joA-hnin  pyaw- 

baA 


1  This  is  translated  'SpeaK  to  Mr.  Smith  with  the  telephone.' 


143 


In  Town.     §o2633g(^d6§33gp 


English. 

Burmese. 

Pronunciation. 

Where     shall    we 

02J^5C^OOOSC^33 

KyoonoAk-doA  beh- 

gol 

cogogDSogcx) 

goA     a^-leh-thwaAs 
mee-leh 

Let  us  go  to  the 

ODCr^o5c§C^DS(c^§ 

TsaA-dik-thoA  thwaAs 

post  office 

jyaA-zoA 

Where    does    this 

OO^CoSo-JoScGp 

Thee  laAnS  beh  yowk- 

road  go? 

o5oo:x) 

thaA-leh 

Go  up  the  street 

co53  c^o^oS  o^d8 

La/mz-guh  lik-thwa/^s 

Is  it  far  from  here? 

OOgSoOC^DGOSOO 

Dee-gaA    kwaA-ways- 

CODS 

thrih-lUi 

Show  me  the  way 

co68c^gol 

L'dhnl-^oh  pya/«-baA 

Turn  to  the  right 

OO  c8  COD  O  cS  cB 

Let-yaA-bet-tho/i  hleh- 

J                                       0                     o 

O^^C^DSO^OS 

thwaAs-lik      [thwaAs 

Turn  to  the  left 

coc/iooo5c§o^^ 

Let-vveh-bet-thoA  hleh- 

Go  straight  on 

Go51^o5^oo§c^D3 

Shay-^Aoy^    teh-deA 

0.'                  o                 o                    o 

ol 

thwa/iS  hhh 

Second  turning  to 

CO  o5  CO  D  O  o5  ^  D  J^ 

Let-yaA-bet-hmaA 

the  right 

CBODCO^IC^C^CS 

dooteeya/i  lihn%-goh 
lik 
LaAns-goA      koos- 

Cross  the  road 

co68c^nr^8ogDS 

>...? 

^^ODC^ 

thwaAS          [thuh-leh 

In    what    street 

—  oooScoSg  og^ 

—  beh  la/ms-dwiii  shee 

Please  tell  me  the 

cgGGpo5G33D8 

—  thoh    yowk-owng 

nearest  way  to... 

33^8a^   co68c^ 

aA-neeS-z6/mS   lahnZ- 

G[yDoll» 

goA  pyaw-ba^ 

144 


English. 

Burmese. 

Pronunciation. 

Is    this    tiie    way 

OO  ^  CO  6  8  c^  c^  o5 

T/iee    laAiis-goA    lik- 

to  ...  ? 

C^6 O^GGpoS 

hlyin  —  fhoh-yowk- 

_|6o1q^coo8 

hning-bfiA  -  mee- 

Do     you    know 

F.  c^Sc^oSogjSs 

F.    thaAhken  -  goA 

Mr.  FJ 

oooooS 

thee  -  kyoons  -  thhh  - 

I  do  not  know 

QoSo^S 

MaA  thee-boo; 

I  know  him  well 

o:^c^gcx)o58gooo88 

Thoo-goA  kowngs- 

ogj  §800^5 

gowngs  kyoonS-Mee 

Who  is  he  '? 

o^ccjooc^c^cb 

HtoA  loo  ba^loo  leh 

He  is  an  old  friend 

O^8o§GSgGOO0  88 

T  li  o  0     m  a  y  t  s  w  a  y 

g8oloo^ 

howngs  hpyit-paA- 
thee 

Where   does  he 

oCj^oooSqdg^ooc^ 

Thoo   beh-hmaA   nay- 

live  ? 

thU-\eh 

He  lives  close  by 

C^^53S8j>S30|8 

(KyoonoAk  ayn-hnin) 

(my  home) 

G^oloO^ 

Sih  -  nee;    nay  -  baA  - 

thee 

Is  Mr.  F.  (Mrs.  F.) 

F.  ^S  (F.  cgSo) 

F.  thaAhken    (thaA- 

at  home? 

3S6026_^ODOOD§ 

hken-ma/?)  ayn-dwin 
shee-thiih-Irihi 

I  must  go 

Ogj^5c^08olGODD 

KyoonoAk  thwaAs- 

og 

baA-daw-mee 

Good-bye  (go  and 

c^o8§8gooo     (or 

ThwaAs-oAns-law    (or 

return) 

good) 

^^^}) 

What  is  the  name 

C^oo68o^ooo5j)o5 

HtoA  la/ms-goA   beh- 

of  that  street? 

GOTOOOO 

hneh  hkaw-^AaA- 
leh 

145 

1            English.                           Burmese.                         Pronunciation. 

Which  road  must 

OOoSco68C^D8G|Q 

Beh  laAns  thwa/<s-yaA- 

I  take  ? 

g<x 

mee-leh 

Tou)  are  out   of 

co6§^d3(§ 

La^ns  hma^s  byee 

the  way 

Shopping.     a^S^jDSog^^^o^SP" 

Howmuch  is  this? 

00^  OD  D  330^  500 'j5 

Thee  haA  a.h-hpdht 

GCODcScb 

beh-lowk  leh 

It  is  too  much 

3Q0^8g?00^ 

Ah-hpoh'o  keet-thee 

Send  them  at  once 

^o59j68§c^oSol 

Chet-chins  po/i-lik-pa/i 

I  wish  to  buy 

ooS^Soo^ 

Weh-jin-/Aee 

'(I)  will  take  this 

OD^OODC^O^olog^ 

Thee  haA-goA  yoo-baA- 

mee 

(I)want  some  calico 

8oSod5^8oo^ 

Payt  weh-jin-Mee 

Show    (me)   some 

§8g8gDOO^@ol 

Pohz  kjohi-hysih  Wi- 

'    ribbons 

choh  pya^-baA 

iThis  colour  is  too 

a5|33GGp6e§C§?B 

Ee     a^-yow^ng    nyoh- 

dark 

oog 

\oon%-thee 

Have  you  any  that 

gJgsgoscooSgoS 

Ee  kyo/iS-byaAs  det 

is  narrower  than 

coScoDogsgoB 

byet-gneh  -  Maw 

thisi 

^G00800CO08 

kyoAs-byaAs  shee- 
thayZ-thhh-Wiz 

What  is  the  price 

oof]  oS  C^8  300^8 

Ta/i-gik  hlyina^-hpo/zs 

per  yard  ? 

oocSgodooScX' 

beh-lowk  leh 

It  is  faded 

33GGp8§$00^ 

AA-yowng  hmayn- 
thee 

It  is  too  fine 

33C^5^a5^00^ 

AA-hl66n  nyet-noo  thee 

This  is  right 

00^  oo  OGOOO  68 

Thee  hah  kowngs-Mee 

OD^ 

BURMESE    8.-T. 

K 

146 


English. 

Burmese. 

Pronunciation, 

What  are  they  the 

OOGjCgSsSO^SOOC^ 

Ta/i-yaAn    hlyin     aA- 

pair  1 

GCODoScX) 

hpoAs  beh-lowk  leh 

Have  you  any  silk 

^§93^3^DgCGp68 

P6/iS-paAs6  h%-mji\h  z 

^putsoes  for  sale? 

C|53oocod8 

yowngs-ya^n  shee- 
thah-l^hi 

I  will  inquire  and 

02j|5goSo8^^d3 

Kyoono^k  mays-tsit- 

let  you  know 

cgDC^oSo^ 

yooay  kyaAs-pyaw- 
lik-mee 

I    ^vill    give    five 

o^cjODC^G^cl8a^5 

HtoA  hhh-hoh  gnway 

rupees  for  it 

go8q^ 

gnaAs-jaAt  pays-mee 

Take  this  vv^atch  to 

g5)^D^§o5c^9|6 

Ee    naAyee-gwet-koA 

be  mended 

G|G3Qd8  OqO^Do 

pyin-yaA-owng  yoo- 

c^oSol 

thwa/iS-lik-pa^ 

Can  you  give  me 

3  61g00  0^5c^335§ 

Dinga^s  taA-jaAt-koA 

change    for    a 

^8o1o^cod3 

aAns  hning-ba^-mee- 

rupee '? 

laAs 

1  have  no  change 

335BG|5«^o1 

Ahni-jsihn  maA-shee 
baA 

I  have  no  cojjpers^ 

^oSoOogolllQoS 

PisaAn  maA  shee-baA, 

only    four -anna 

GOOOD^oloO^ 

maAt  tsee  ^AaA  shee- 

pieces 

baA-Mee 

Shooting  and  Fishing. 


G^O^oclollO^oSlQSll^D^Oj^Glnr^^Soll 

oo^33<^5§330^8   2%ee  aA-yaAt  hnik  aA- 
(q8o6oicl8^DS       mehs    pit    hkins, 
0828000038  hgnaAs    hmyaAs-gin 

shee-^AaA-laAs 

'  The  garment  worn  by  men  round  the  waist ;  some  are  very  handsome. 


Is  there  any  shoot- 
ing or  fishing 
here  ? 


147 


English. 


Burmese. 


Pronunciation. 


Can  you  find  me 
a  hunter? 

II  will  send  you  a 
hunter  to  show 
you  game? 

What  game  can 
you  show  me  ? 

Do  you  wish  to 
shoot  deer  or 
birds  ? 


There  are  plenty 
of  hog  deer  in 
the  jungle  and 
sometunes  one 
finds  hares  and 
pigs 

Snipe  are  found 
in  the  rice  fields 
and  duck  and 
teal  in  the  lake 


Go3|.6olo§co3i 

G33d6^3^oOO 
GOOD  cS  0^  GqT 
GOoQpS 

OOOS    00081  3C|oSl 
(^C=^D8C^(qS  91800 

cooSii  goS^joSo^ 
(yS^8oocoo§ 


GOOO  00  ^03  G|  o5  33 

QSoOol  OOGCOO^ 
j)SGO30oa5^0D 
GOO  OO  06  00^ 


oooSQ8ob^OG[^ 
oc8^o3go]oo§ji 
3o8ocb^oo6oc5b 

J)8o8oc^C^G02 

c8§o^ 


MoAkso/iS  taA  -  yowk 
shaAs  pays  hning- 
baA-mee-laAs 

Ah-mehi-goh  hnyoon- 
pyaA  -yaA-  owng 
mo^kso^S  taA-yowk- 
koh  hkfiw-pays-mee 

Beh  aA-mehs-myoAs- 
mya^s-goA  pya^ 
hning-baA-mee-laAs 

S6jht,  tha/^min,  daA- 
yeh,  jee-mya/iS-goA 
pit-  chin-/Aa/i-la^S ; 
hgnet-myfiAs-goA 
pit  -  chin  -  thah  - 

Taw-deh-hma^  daA- 
yeh  aA-hloon  mya^s- 
thee  ;  laA  -  gowngS- 
pyin  tah-hkhh-tsih- 
lay  yo/^n-hnin  taw- 
wet-mya^s  tway- 
da/it-thee 

Leh  -  byin  -  deh  -hmaA 
myay  -  woot  -  myaAs- 
paw  -  thee  ;  ins  -  deh  - 
hmaA  wooms-beh- 
hnin  tsitsaAlee  -  goh 
tway-laym-mee 
K  3 


148 


English. 

Burmese. 

Pronunciation. 

Is  the  jungle  very 

GOODt^D§gD£5oOo5 

Taw     myaAs-z66a/i 

thick  ^ 

OOCOD8 

shoAk-taM-thaA-laA  s 

The  tree  jungle  is 

00  5gO3DQ^^50^?ii 

rhit-taw  ma/i-sho,^k- 

not    thick    but 

C§Gp026gSoo63 

hpoos;  MoA-ya/i-dwin, 

there  is  tall  grass 

§   g    oS    GODD   § 

myit-kaAns  -  hnik 

near  the  river 

OD^ 

myet-taw  shee-Mee 

How  many  guns 

G  00  ^  o5  00  c£  J>S 

Thay-naAt    beh-hnaA- 

have  you  ? 

cooS^oooo 

let  shee-Ma^-leh 

I     have      three 

j)8oqsgGoo^o5o^s 

HnaMoy^nS-byoo-thay- 

double-barrel 

ooo5^8§o5oo5 

na/ft  thoAns-let-hnin 

and  a  rifle 

oocooS^oo^ 

yikpa/it  taMet  shee- 
Mee 

This    gun    is    a 

00  §  Gr\->^  o5  G ^0  o6 

TheQ  thay-na^t  nowk- 

breechloader 

c^8coo^o5g8ol 

hibhi  -  thay-na^t 

oo^ 

hpyit-pfiA-Z^ee 

How  many   cait- 

c^  og  o5  sB  5'db  ^  0 

HtoA    Iweh-ayk  -  deh- 

ridges  have  you 

oo88gooo6ooo5 

hma^   yaAns  -  downg 

in  that  bag? 

j>SooSolooc^ 

beh-hna^-lo^ns   paA- 

Put    sixty     cart- 

o^ooSooodb^oooSs 

HtoA  thit-taA-deh- 

ridges  into  that 

good8(socoodo6 

hmaA    yaAns- downg 

box 

oo^o^oS 

chowk-  seh-  lowk 
hteh-lik 

You     have    hit 

OOOS  00  G  OOOSC^ 

SaAt     taA-gowng-goA 

(shot)  a  red  deer. 

^§ol(Bcg8 

hma^n-ba/i-byee, 

Sir 

thaAliken 

It  cannot  go  far. 

G§G00005[§§C^ 

Chay-dowk  kyoA;  \qh 

for   its   leg    is 

GCggOQa^OS^S 

way-zooaA       maA 

broken 

o^s 

thwa/iS-hning-booS 

149 

'              English.                          Burmese.                         Pronunciation 

A  teal   has  fallen 

08  o  oSoo  goodS 

Tsit>aMee    ta/z-go\vng 

in  the  grass  near 

3^8^D8^Dga5o6 

ing-na/iS-hma/i  myet- 

the  pond 

cbc§oc^Gco(§ 

pln-deh-^AoA  kyaA- 
lay-byee 

IThere    are     some 

olo  GOOD  CO 'cJD  GOOD 

Wa^S  -  daw-  deh  -  hmaA 

jungle-fowl     in 

@05'<ilD§||Dr^ 

taw-jet-mya/iS    shee- 

the       bamboos 

/Aee 

Can     you     catch 

O^G^oSSOgS  cl8 

HtoA     chowngs-dwin 

fish     in     that 

C^DgC^QjD8|6aD 

gnaAs  -  myfi^s  -go/i 

stream  ? 

C0D3 

hmy  a/io  -  hning-//ia/i- 
l:i//S 
Hmya^s-za^     a/<- 

What  is  the  best 

^D80D  33  GOOdSS 

j     bait? 

3^^ooo5oo8§cx) 

kowngs-zo^ns  beh- 
th\n%  leh 

! Bring  a  rod  and 

^d]o6ooo6'J)5q!d8 

HmyaAs-da^n-taA-zins- 

some   bait  witli 

ODGSsgOj^ODDOD 

hnin  hmya/ts-za^ 

yuu 

a/.!-choA  yoo-laA- 
geh 

The   best   bait   is 

08j>CG0DD06fe(JD8 

Tee-hnin  lowk-mya/^s 

worms  and  mag- 

o!D8odqqcodd68 

hmyaAs-zaA      aA- 

gots 

S^SgSoD^ 

kowngs-zo/ms  hpyit- 
thee 

If  you  cannot  get 

Cj83C^QG)^8c^6 

La^-gowngs-go^   ma^ 

them,  use  paste 

t^4853c^3^S 

yaA  -  hning  -  hlyin, 
moAn-zaynS  goA 
tho/ms 

You  cannot  hunt 

00  8  Q^  cgS  oqjD8 

Sin   ma/^   shee-hlyin, 

tigers      without 

t^DSC^OC^o5|8 

kya^2-myaAs-go/^ 

elephants 

0^3 

ma^  lik-hni  ig-boos 

English, 


150 


Burmese. 


Pronunciation. 


YoM  can  watch 
for  them  at 
night  on  a  stage 
in  a  tree 

It  is,  however, 
weary  work  and 
the  mosquitoes 
bite 

How  long  have 
you  hved  in  this 
circle  ?  ^ 


^33  ol  OO  S  08  GoT 
OOCo8o£^DGo]8 
G^|8cO^ 

c8  Gp  Og  8  33C^  £08 

o  §8^g8c^  oS 

00  ^  o^  oS  db  ^D 
G,?.oo^oooooc:6 
GOooo5|^o[Bcb 


NyaA  aA-hka/z  thit-pin- 
baw-  gaA  lin  -  zin 
hmfi/i  tsowng  -  nay  - 
hning-/Aee 

Tho  h  -  yRh  -  d  win ,  a  A- 
hloon  pim-ba^ns- 
yooay  chin  kik-thee 

Thee  tik  -  hteh  -  hmra 
nay-/^a^-ha/^  beh- 
lowk  kyaA-byee-leh 


Public  Works.      Ggc^Ssioo^GooooSGooosDopc^Ds 


Come    here    with 
your  hoe 

Do  not  dig  there 

Dig  wider 

How   many    men 
are  wanted  to 

cut  the  jungle  ? 


o1o5or^8c^a;^§ 
oogSo^ooooo 


i.OQ 


^ 


Oqi   C^  G  30  3  8  O^  0 

c§oS 

GOOD  S|^C^  G|  G30d8 
CXj^  00  o5  J)  8  G  00  3  oS 

3oo^>^oora 


Powk-toos-go/^  yoo- 
yooay  dee-go^  laA- 
geh 

HoA-hmfiA  maA  toos- 
hnin 

o 

Kyeh-owng  toos-lik 

Taw  hkoAk  -  ya/i  - 
owng  loo  beh-hnaA 
yowk  a/i-lo/i  shee- 
Ma/i-leh 


^  Note.— oBoS  tik,  generally  translated  circle,  corresponds  to  our  word 
'hundred'  in  the  divisions  of  a  county.     The  word  000  hii/i,  thing,  which 
occurs  in  the  last  sentence,    is  a   very   common  colloquial  idiom   and     | 
corresponds  to  our  word   fact 


151 


English. 

Burmese. 

Pronunciation. 

[Six      men      are 

CO  5  8  o:^  5  Q  5  o^ 

La^ns   lohk-jahn  loo- 

wanted  for  road 

GgDoScODDoSc^ 

chowk-yowk  loA-jin- 

work 

^8CX)^ 

thee 

Send    three    men 

COo5oOQDS^op§C^ 

LetthaAmaAs-myaA  s- 

to  help  the  car- 

a^^SjG3D06c^ 

go^     koo-nyee-yah- 

penters 

a^  §  GOO  D  o5  c^ 

owng      loo  -  tho/ais- 

c^o8c^o5 

yowk-  ko^  hloot- 
lik 

Take    seven    men 

o5ood§goodo5g|5 

Ta/i-da^s     sowk-ya^n 

to     build     the 

C(^^^  S  GOODo5 

loo   hkoohna^-yowk 

bridge 

GoTogDSGODD 

h  k  a  w  -  thwa  i^  s-  d  a  w 

o 

'What  kind  of  soil 

C^^DOQcScgt^g^ 

Ho^-hma^  beh  myay 

is  it  there  'i 

oora 

myo^s  shee-thsih- 
leh 

It  is  sandy,  Sir 

COGg^DSoloO^ 

Theh  -  myay    mya/iS  - 

^^ 

baA-//^ee,  tha//hken 

Where     did    you 

OO^GgoOSC^OOC^ 

Thee    myay-zays-goA 

find     this     stitf 

^DGOgOOCX) 

beh-hmaA  t\x^j-t/mh- 

clay  ? 

leh 

This  ground  is  ex- 

OD^G{^3DCq^COGp 

Thee    myay    a/ihloon- 

ceedingly  hard 

QDoloO^ 

daA-yaA  ma^-ba^- 
thee 

The  hoe  will  break. 

Gol  oS 0^8(^8  O^ 

Powk-toos    kyoAs-mee 

80  get  a  pickaxe 

^8C^G0lo50r^30^8 

tsoAs-lo^  powk-toos- 

00  CO  oSc^O^CT) 

l6Ansta/i-let-ko/i  yoo- 
geh 

Kemove  the  stones 

G0^3a5<^D8C^  00 

Kyowk-myaAs  -  goh 

with  a  crowbar 

^^glS°i>§o^§^ 

thaAn-taA-yooins- 

c^oS 

hnin  toos-swaA-lik 

English. 


152 


Burmese. 


Pi-onunciation. 


Blast  the  rock 


Putasideallstones 
fit  for  building 


The  space  is  not 
sufficient 

Level  30  ft.  fur- 
ther back 


Whenlcalledyou, 
why  did  you  not 
answer  ? 

As  the  ground  is 
very  soft  you 
must  lay  planks 

Bring  the  cord 
and  pegs  for  lay- 
ing out  the  foun- 
dation 

Must  this  work 
be  finished  to- 
day ? 

There  is  not 
enough  sand  in 
this  mortar 


GOqj3o5g8C^OO§3 

j.Sgo1o5§ 

33  GOOD  o5  33  §  o  ^  8 

god5goddgo^do5 

00D8CJ   5   G  ^G|  D  O 
G    0;^OGCODo5 

^dg33d6(^o:]5 
ol 

Oo6c^  G  OTOODCOOOD 

gc^^oojsooco 

C^S)68^G|o^ 

3Dg(^3do:^do^^o5 
^G|$g8|>8o^o5 

OD  ^  3S  o:^  5  OO  G  ^„ 
g8G3Do8oq5Gj 

q^cod8 

OO^ODgloSogSoQ 
OGCODoSo^g 


Kyowk  -  kees  -  goA 
ydhni  -  hnin  hpowk- 
hkweh 

AA-sowk  a^-6^ns-hnin 
taw-//iaw  kyowk- 
mjiiht-goh  ta^-hpet- 
hmfiA  tsoo-po^n-lik 

HtclAs-yaAn  nay-yaA 
maA  lowk  hpoos 

Pay  thoAns-zeh  lowk 
nowk  -  thoh  tdh%- 
yooay  nyee-nya^- 
owng  pyoo-loAk-paA 

Thin-goh  hkaw  ka^laA 
baA-pyoo-lo^  ma^ 
htoos-^MMeh 

My  ay  aA-hl66n  pyaw- 
Mee-hnin  pyeen- 
hjkhz-  mjiihz-goh 
hkins-chaA-yaA-mee 

A^-chay  aA-lyaA-goA 
hma^t-chaA-yaAn 
kyo^S-hnin  paAnet 
myaAs  yoo-geh 

Th.e  a/i-loAk  yaA-nay 
pyees  -  owng  loAk  - 
ya^-mee-la^s 

TAee  thaAyoot-twin 
theh  msih  lowk  hpoos 


153 


English. 


Burmese. 


Pronunciation. 


There  is  too  muc  h 

lime  in  it 
The   lime   is    not 

good.       What 

kiln  did  it  come 

from? 
The  plastering 

must    be    done 

carefully 

Unless  the  timbei- 
is  properly  earth- 
oiled  the  white 
ants  will  eat  it 

White  ants  do  not 
eat  iron-wood  or 
teak 

Will  you  have 
thatch  or  shin- 
gles on  the  roof? 


Tiles  are  difficult 
to  obtain 

Bring  me  the  com- 
pass and  chain 


oogjo8o^8o^£^3S 


338GOOd^6oO^^O 

00  8  000  S  O^  GG||, 
GCTOoSSGOOoSiQ 

ooc^cgiSg^J 
ooo5oo§o8§Q^ 


OS 


ogj$8oo83>S(^6§oo 
c^  8  g^oSoooS 
)o5o^8 


00( 


3§c3o5j>8ooo5 

OOo5§8  O^COOB  II 

qgoo^oSc^  g 
3Sj-5  (^o5  j;)888 

0^0008 

3:;?^  o8  (^o5<^  d8oooS 

G|500gS 

c^^ol  j;>Sg[^o^88 
ogsc^o^ 


oo 


)CODCyD 


Tha/iyoot-twin  hto/ais 
myfiAs-loon  %-  thee 

Htoy^ns  mkh  kou  ngs 
boos ;  beh  htoAns- 
bo^-hmaA  leh 

Inga^day  kiug-^Aee 
hmah,  thay  -  thaj 
chuA-ja^  pyoo-yaA- 
mee 

Thit-thaAs-go/i  yay- 
naAn  kowngs-gowngs 
mah  thoAk-hlyin 
chaA-myahs  tet-tsfiAs- 
laymmee 

Kyoon-Mit-hnin  pyins- 
gah-ddht  chaA-myaAs 
maA  tsfiAs-daAt- 
hpoos 

Da/mee-bet-hnin  thek- 
keh  moAs-mee-laAs  ; 
/AoA-maA-hoAk,  py- 
een  oAk-kyout-hnin 
moAs-mee-lfiAs 

( )  Ak-ky  oot-  my  aAs  teh 
yaA-geh-/Aee 

KoompaA-hnin  myay- 
ding-thaAn-joAs-goA 
voo-lfiA-geh 


154 


English, 


Burmese. 


Pronunciation. 


I  forgot  them  and 
left  them  in  the 
works  office 


GQGCX^OC^Ggo^SB 
^  QD  Cr^  §G|  8g  ^ 

oops 


May-  yaw-loA  myay- 
ding-yo^n-  hmaA 
kvaAn-yit  nav-/Aee 


Planting.     ooScS^oSgSsii 


How  many  coolies 

have  you? 
How    long    have 

they     worked 

with   you  ? 

Are  they  good 
workers  ? 

Muster  the  coolies 
near  the  bunga- 
low 

How  much  pay 
does  each  get  a 
day  ? 

Each  man  must 
dig  forty  holes 
a  day? 

Do  not  pull  up  the 
young  plants 


Oj^    c8   OD    o5   J)    6 
G  OO  D  qS  ^  DO  CO 

o^c^godSoSs 

oS^OCC^oSoOOOD 
00  o5  G  CO  D    cS 

gof§cX) 

330qoS  C^  8  ^O0J)5 

a^oSoo  o8  (^oo 
coos 
336^os^oo:j^c8(^o8 
c^  "J^^  8  gJoo  0  8 
c^oS 

Cr|  c8  OJ  0  8  GO  C^  c5 
C^6g^^O^£o30Q 
00  C^  GCOO  o5  G[ 

oooSoocb 

o^  o8  00  G  ooo  o5  oo 

G^^C^jSogSSGOOS 
OOC^8or^oG|QpS 

30o6oOGC08(^0  8c^ 

^lo^oSj-S 


I 


Koolee  beh  -  hnaA  - 
yowk  shee-^AaA-leh 

Thoo-doA  mowng- 
mins-zee-hmaA  lo^k 
thaA-haA  beh-Iowk 
kyaA-byee-leh  ■ 

A  h  -loAk  -  koA  weey ee  - 
yaA-hnin  loAk-taAt- 
kyaA-MaA-lahs 

Ayn-na/iS-hmaA  koo- 
lee-mya^S-goA  tsoo- 
yoAnS-yooay  htaAs-lik 

Koolee-myaAs  taA-go/i- 
hlyin  nay-dings  a.h- 
hkaA  beh-lowk  yaA- 
daAt-thaA-leh 

Koolee-taA-yowk  taA- 
nay-hlyin  twins  lays- 
zeh  zee  toos-yaA- 
mee 

\h  -  pin  -  gaAlays  - 
myaAs-goA  sweh- 
yooay  maA-hnoAk- 
hnin 


155 


English. 


Bui-mese. 


Pronunciation. 


I^Mark  the  places 
where  they  are 
to  dig  the  holes 

Trample  the  earth 
down  in  plant- 
ing 

'Go  and  fetch  the 
plants  from  the 
seed-beds 

Take  up  the  plants 
with  the  earth 

After  planting 
them  give  them 
plenty  of  water 


Og  Co  O^oGjQ^G^ 
003CO  gQc^G§ 


c5|)8o8S00  33o8oO 

G  CO  S^jD  Scraps 

33oSc^g(qo1g33d6 
^o5(83^GG|G0036b 

goodSsgcodSs^ 

GOSC^oS 


Twins  toos-yaA-mee- 
nay-yaA-mya/iS-goA 
hma^t-pyaA-lik 

AA-pin-myaAs-go^  Isik- 
kaAla,/^,  myay-go/i 
chee-hnin  hnayk- 
nins-lik 

Pyo/iS-ginS-ga^  a^-pin- 
ga/ilay  s  -  m  y  a  As  -  g  o  A 
thwa^S  yoo-geh 

Ah-p'm-goh  myay  pa/i- 
owng  hnoAk-pa/i 

Tsik-pyees-hmaA  yay 
kowngs-gowngs 
lowngs-yuoay   pays- 
lik 


Arrival  in  the  Country.     g^o^ScGpoSooDcoii 

(For  Vocabularies,   see  p.  6i.) 


Here  is  my  lug- 
gage 

Where  is  the  cus- 
tom-house '? 

Bring  that  trunk 
to  the  custom- 
house 

I  have  nothing 
dutiable 


ogj|5o5ocooScx)^ 


^D^ODj 


3Q  G  OO  3  o5  d^  o5 

oooSc^Dcb 

G^GOO^D  33G  GOD  o5 
3QGOCOo5§G|5gg"l 


KyoonoAk   woon-zaA- 

leh    dee-hmaA  shee- 

fhee 
AA-kow^k-tik    beh- 

hmaA  leh 
Ho/i  thittaA  a/i-kowk- 

tik-thoA  yoo-geh 

AA-kowk-hkweh-yaAn- 
oAksaA  maA  paA 


156 


English. 

Burmese. 

Pronunciation. 

Here  are  (take)  my 

Ogj^SGODOC^DSo;^ 

KyoonoAk  thaw-mya^s 

keys 

oIgooo 

yoo-baA-daw 

Call  a  carriage 

G|cod8oo88goTo1 

Ya^hta^8  taA-zees 
hkaw-bfiA 

There  is  no   car- 

G|0ODSO388^Q^o1 

Yahhtiih'o    ta^-zees- 

riage 

hmyaA  maA  shee-baA 

What  is  the   fare 

O^     33  O  00  oS 

—  thoh  aA-hkaA  beh- 

o 

to—1 

GCODoSc^ 

lowk,  leh 

Tell  the  driver  to 

G)  0008^3  c^—o^ 

YaAhta^s  -hmoo;  -  go^ 

take  me  to  — 

GOD  8  8  0^0  8  0^^ 

—  thqh   mowngs- 

gQdc^oSoI 

thwaAs-loA  pyaw- 
lik-paA 

Tell  him  to  drive 

a  2  C|  00  D  8  ^  o^^  g 

MeeS-ya^htaAs-yo^n- 

quickly   to    the 

(§GQD6  8C^^GgD 

thqh    mya^n-mya^n 

railway  station 

c^c^ol 

mowngS-loA  pyaw- 
lik-paA 

He  says  the  bag*- 

o$oooo5god8c^58 

VVoon-zaA-leh  lays- 

gageistoo  heavy 

OD^^S  c^^SgooI 

loons  -  thee  -  hnin 

(for  a  carriage), 

^dooSg^o^oo^ 

hlehs-baw-hmaA-tin 

it  must  be  put 

ya/i-mee,  deh 

on  a  cart 

You  must  take  it 

g^§c§c§D3q?8s 

Pyee  -  m yg A  - thqh 

to  the  station  for 

ClCODS^C^O^CgDS 

thwaAs-ya/in  mees- 

Prome,  not  that 

C|«g„6c^S§c^„ 

yaAlitaAs-  john-goh 

for  Pegu 

c^oSg^?^c§qo^g] 

yoo- thwa//  s-yaA- 
mee;  PaAgo/iS- 
mjqh-thqh  htwet- 
yaAn  john-  thqh 
maA  yoo-yaA 

157 


English. 


Burmese. 


Pronunciation. 


I  wish  to  catch 
the  steamer  that 
goes  from  Pro  me 
to  Bamaw 

When  does  the 
steamer  start  ? 

Please    show    me 

my  berth 
Is  this  berth  taken'? 


T  will  engage  the 
whole  cabin 

Put  this  bag  in  the 
cabin 

What  is  the  num- 
berofyour  cabin? 

What  is  the  fare  ? 

How  many  days 
is  it  from  Prome 
to  Bamaw  ? 

Are  the  mosqui- 
toes troublesome 
(do  they  bite)? 


O^^C^D§  GOOD  §8 
OOGo5oC^|g3O08 

82OOG0§0O0  OSOO 

^$  Goooo5og  o5 

00  CC 

o^^5  33063  c^  g 

o^oSol 
oogaooSso^  00^00 

GOOD  a5  ooaj^  |§ 

ODOS 

ogj^5ooo58o^8c^ 

co^  38  o5c^  30063 

ob^DcooSo^oS 

30 o6i  1 0"]  o5 00000 

[do 
oo:^oooo5GODDa5 

g^"^O0O0GQ0(| 
GGpoSG30D6oOOO 

JiScjoSgooooS^I 
y^co 
g  6  c^  o5  0008  00 
0008 


Pyee-myg^-gaA     BaA- 
maw  -  uiyoh  -  thoh 

^     o  o 

thwaA  :-//zaw-mees- 

thims-baw-go^  hmee- 

owng  thwaAs-jin-^Aee 
Mees-thimsbaw    beh- 

aA-chayn  -  lowk 

htwet-thaA-leh 
Kyoono^k    a^-hkaAns- 

go^  pyaA-lik-paA 
Thee   ah  -  hka^ms  -  goh 

taA-  zoAn-ta/i-3^owk- 

kaA  yoo-byee-laAs 
KyoonoAk  taA-hkii/ms- 

lo^ns-goA  yoo-bfiA- 

mee 
Thee   ayk-koA     a^- 

hkaAns-deh-hma  h 

hta^S-lik 
A'l-hka^^nS  nahmhaht 

hnh  leh  [leh 

Ka^-doA-gaA  beh-lowk. 
Pyee-myoA-gaA     Ba^- 

maw-myoA     yowk- 

owng  beh-hna^  yet 

lowk  shee-mee-leh 
Chin     kik-taAt    thaA- 

laAs 


158 


English. 


Burmese. 


Pronunciation. 


They  do  not  bite 
in  the  cold  sea- 
son— only  in  the 
rains 

Have  they  mos- 
quito curtains  on 
board,  or  should 
I  buy  them  ? 

They  had  better 
be  bought  in 
Rangoon  as  they 
will  be  useful 
after  leaving*  the 
boat 

What  do  you  call 
that  pagoda  on 
the  other  side  of 
the  river  ? 

Where  is  the 
Shway  Da^goAn 
Pagoda  ? 

Can  you  buy  me 
a  good  pony  1 


Do  they  shoe  the 


ponies  i 


oogoSd^dqSgoodS 

^OD  ODD  8  II  O^ 
Q  OC^  5  O  '  j5  o|  5 
GX)d6oO^  JCDS 

8soogq5oooso6§(§s 
^4ID?^D33a^8cq]D 

o^8oo5s|5qood58 
QpS 


g8  J^OOS^D^OO^ 

GOTODCQ 
G  ^3  (|  O^op  5  CO  o5 

O^j|5§g88G00D83 

oogoodSo^  OC^ 

|Colo^,COD 

g  8§4|D8C§OD§D 
OOo5cOCX)D8 


Sowngs  oodoo-hnik 
mkh  kik-hpoos;  moAs 
oodoo-hnik  th^ch  kik- 
ta/it-thee 

Thimobaw-hma/^  chin- 
downg  shee-/Aa/i-laAs; 
thqh-mhh-hohk,  weh- 
ya/iu  kowngs-mee-la/iS 

Mees  -  thim  sbaw  -  gaA 
sins-bj^ees-hmii  A 
myaAs-zooaA  aA- 
th6Ans-kyaA-?!Aee- 
hnin  YaAngoAn- 
myoA-dwin  weh- 
ya^n  kowngs-mee 

Myit  ho/i-bet-hmilA 
shee-/Aee  hpa/i-yaAs- 
goA  beh-hneh  hkaw- 
thiih-leh 

Shway-DaAgo/m  hpaA- 
yhhl  heh-hnvdh,  leh 

KyoonoAk-hpoA  myinS- 
gowngs  tili^-gowng- 
goA  weh-hning-baA- 
mee-laAs 

Myins-m  yaAs  -  goA 
thaAn-hkwaA  taAt 
tha/i-laAs 


I 


159 


English. 

Burmese. 

Pronunciation. 

Saddle  the  pony 

g68c^a:^5^|^03&5 

Myins-goA  koAns-hnees 

ol 

tin-geh-baA 

(I)  wish  to  engage 

[3g3CXj^  COGOD800 

Bahmah  loo-ga^- 

a  Burmese   ser- 

GCX)Do5c^C^l3^6 

lays  ta^-yowk-koA 

vant 

OD^ 

hg-na^S-jin-Z/iee- 

What  wages  does 

CO  o  00  o5  GCooaS 

La^-ga/i     beh-lowk 

he  ask? 

GOO08§OOO0 

townas-//iaA-leh 

No'JE — On  arrival  in  the  country  a  servant  is  required. 
It  is  usual  to  engage  a  native  of  India  who  speaks  EngHsh. 


The  Railway.     §?g|oooScoS3h 

(For  Vocabulary,  see  p.  6i.) 
English.  Burmese.  Pronunciation. 


To  the  station 

Here  is  my  lug- 
gage 

I  wish  to  register 
my  luggage 
for  — 

The  luggage  is 
over  weight 

Get  my  luggage 

Here  is  the  ticket 


8i^[0O0o^C^ 

C^^_5o5o03^X'^ 

(jO^^Oog 
02J^5o?COD^C§ 

o533^5§00^ 
OgJ^So^C^Oj^GOSol 

COoS^oSoO^^D^ 
00  pS 


Mee  s  -yaAhta/iS  -  yoAn- 

goh 
KyoonoAk  woonzaAleh 

dee-huiah  shee-Mee 
KyoonoAk   woonzaA- 

leh-goA  ^ree-jit-tsa/^- 

ree  loAk-chin-^/^ee 
Woon   a^-chayn   poA- 

thee 
KyoonoAk     woon-goA 

yoo-pnyS-baA 
Let-hmaAt    dee-hmaA 

shee-Mee 


*  In  foreign  words  it  is  often  necessary  to  use  Q  rah  as  r  and  not  y. 


160 


English. 

Burmese. 

Pronunciation. 

How  many  pack- 

330C^5o3o53>a^5cX) 

A^-htoAk  beh-hnaA- 

ages  are  there  ? 

1  htoAk,  leh 

Where  is  the  wait- 

godSoSsodc^^dco 

Tsowng-ga^ns    beh- 

ing-room  ? 

hmaA,  leh 

Where  is  the  Oook- 

COoS^oS  6^00  c^ 

Let-hma^^-hkaAn- 

ing  office  ? 

ODCX) 

yoAn  beh-hma^^  leh 

Where  is  the  re- 

oD§o8sooo5^Dc6 

TsaA-bweh-gaAns  beh- 

freshment  room  ? 

hmaA,  leh 

W^here  is  the  lava- 

Q^OcS GOO8  CO  o5 

Nowk-hpays^  beh- 

tory  ? 

^OCQ 

hnmh,  leh 

Where  is  the  train 

C^CgD8GODDG| 

—  goh   thwahz-lli'dw- 

for  —  ? 

00  D  8  OD  o5  ^  D  ^ 

ya^htaAs  beh-hmaA 

ODCO 

shee-^/iaA-leh 

Are  you  going  by 

33g§(^OOD2j>8ogD§ 

A/i  -  mya/i  n  -  ydhhtdh  2  - 

the  express  ? 

Q^CODS 

hnin  thwaAs-mee-laAs 

Show  me  a  time- 

33^5Q)Oq|D8 0go5 

AA-chayn-za^-ya^8- 

table 

c^§ol 

gwet-koA  pya^-ba/i 

WMien     does    the 

C|OOD8COC^  gooo 

Ya^htaAs  ^behdaw 

train  start  ? 

C^oSoDC^ 

ht\Aet-thaA-leh 

Can  Ibookthrongh 

0^   G   CXD  D    o5 

—  goh  dowk-showk- 

to        ? 

G^DOSCOOS^OS 

let-hmaAt  hka/m- 

6|8oDCOD8 

ning-MaA-laAs 

'  Here  is  an    example  of  the  noun  spoken  of  being  used  as  its  own 
numeral  auxiliary  instead  of  one  of  those  given  on  pp.  79,  80. 

^  The  verb  8  shee  is  often  omitted. 

^  G^Do5gO08  nowk-hpayS  really  means  the  back  precincts  of  a  house, 
i.  e.  rear. 

*  ODC^GODO   beh-daw  is  a    contracted  form  of  00oSg00D33o]   beh 
f/iaw-a/i-hka/i. 


161 


English. 


Burmese. 


Pronunciation. 


A  first-  (second-) 
class  single  ticket 
to  — 

Return  ticket 

How  much  is  it  ? 
We  want  a  sleep- 
ing carriage 

A  non  -  smoking 
compartment 

Is  this  the  train 
for  —  ? 

Do  I  change  any- 
where ? 

Where  must  I 
change  for  —  ? 


[s    this    seat   en- 
gaged ? 
rhere  is  no  room 
'^oXl  the  guard 

rhe  train  is  just 
going  to  start 

BURMESE    S.-T. 


—  c^ogQ  (qc8oD) 

Oo58  33C^DSCOo5 

^o6oogod8cods 

OOC^GCODoSoo 

3S5Gj§G|OOD:OgJ^5 

gooScSSqgoodoS 

6|GOODGjOOD8 

00^G|00D8 C^ 

OgD8C)  5  ^ood8 
COD8 
CCG^GpGp^DqoODS 

g|2368^o^cod8 
^dg^oodsg(5d68G| 

COD8 

G^GpQ^OtjjS 

ooSo^c^GoTol 


go^   paA-htaAmaA 

(dooteeyaA)  daAns 

aA-thwaAs-let-hma^t 

taA-zowng,  la^s 
AA  -  thwaht-sbh  -  py  a^n- 

let-hmaAt 
Beh-lowk^  leh 
Ayk-yaAn-yaAhta^S 

ky  oono^k -  do  A    lo A - 

Mee 
Says-layk  maA  thowk- 

yaA-/Aaw-yaAhtaA: 
2%ee  yaAhtaAs  —  goA 

thwaAs-yaAn  yaA- 

htaAs,  laAs 
TaA-nay-yaA-yaA- 

hmaA      yaAhtaAs 

pyowng-yaA-mee-laAs 
—   goA   thwaAs-yaAn 

beh-hmaA  yaAhtaAs 

p  y  o  wng  s-yaA-mee- 

leh 
TAee    hting-yaA    loo 

yoo-b\  ee-laA;  [boos 
Nay-yaA  maA  shee- 
GaAt-boA-goA  hkaw- 

baA 
YaAhtaAs     yaA-hkoo- 

beh  htwet-mee 

L 


162 


English. 

Burmese. 

Pronunciation. 

Open  the  door 

oools^Sol 

TaA-ga^S  hpwin-baA 

Open  the  window 

gooSs^Sol 

PaA-dins  hpwin-baA 

Here  is  the  station 

88G[OOD^CO^^D^ 

Mee-yaAhta^S-yoAn 

OD^ 

dee-hmaA  shee-/Aee 

Do  we  stop  here  ? 

OD^Q^D€|500COD8 

Dee-hmaA  ya^t-thaA- 
laAs 

Do  we  alight  here? 

00^^D005§G[Q^ 

Dee-hmaA    sinS-yaA- 

CODS 

mee-laAs 

D  0  we  chanq-ecar- 

od^<^o^codIgQoB'o 

Dee-hmaA     vaAhtaAs 

riages  here  ? 

GjO^CODS 

pyowngs-yaA-mee- 
lay^S 

How  long  do  we 

co§^9Dooc£gcodo5 

Dee-hmaA  beh-lowk- 

stop  here  ? 

(§DG|80Dcd 

kyaA  ya/it-thaA-leh 

Five  minutes 

cl88^8 

GnaAs  meenit 

My  higgage  is  lost 

0gj^50?GC^Do5 

Kj^oonoAk     woon 

OgDSOD^ 

pyowk-thwaAs-Mee 

When    it    arrives 

G  Gp  o5  G  00  D  33  ol 

Yowk-thaw-aA-hkaA 

forward     it     on 
to  — 
Give  me  your  ticket 

o^§ol 

—  goA  poA-baA 

s)6gD8ooo5^o5 

HkenbyaAs  iet-hmaAt 

[To  superior] 

G080'] 

payS-baA 

[Do.  to  inferior] 

o5oodoS^o5go8 

Mins  let-hmaAt  pays 

Here  it  is    [To  su 

OO^^Dol 

Dee-hmaA  baA 

perior] 

[Do.  to  inferior] 

OD^^D 

Dee-hmaA 

163 

Specimen  of  Burmese  Handwriting. 


The  LorcVs  Prayer.* 


[Burmese  is  written  from  left  to  right,  and  the  written  characters  are 
a  copy  of  the  printed  ones,  more  or  less  close  according  to  the  skill  and 
care  of  the  writer.     See  p.  22.] 

*  Tlie  transliteration  with  the  English  words  interlined  is  e;iven  on  the 
next  page. 


V 


77^ 


164 
The  Lord's  Prayer, 


Transliteration  of  the  Burmese  words  with  the  English  translation. 

KowngS-gin-bo^n-hnik  shee-daw-moo-/Aaw  hh-kjoonohk-toh 
In  Heaven  which  art  our 

aA-hpa^i    koAdaw-ee    naAmaA-daw-a^s    joh-thay-layz-mjMt- 
Father,         Thy  name        to  hallowing 

chins  shee-baA-zay-/^awii  ning-ngaAn-daw  tee-downg-ba^-zay- 
be ;  Kingdom         come  (lit.  may  be  es- 

thsiww    sih-\oh<\siW-thee  kowngS-gins-boAn-hnik  pyee-zoAn-thaA- 
tablished)  (and)  will  in  Heaven  is  fulfilled 

geh-thoh  myay-gyeeS-baw-hmaA   pyee-zoAn-ba^-zay-/Aawii 
as  on  earth  may  be  fulfilled  ; 

aA-thet-mways-lowk-/Aaw         a^-saA-go^  aA-kyoonoAk-to^-aAs 
life  nourish  sufficient  food  to  us 

ya^nay   pays  -  thaAna^S  -  daw- moo- baAii    Thoo-taAbaAs-/Aee 
this  day  give ;  (by)  others 

aA-kyoono/ik-toA-goA    pyit-hma^s-^Aaw      aA-hpyit-myaAs-goA 
against  us  committed  trespasses 

aA-ky  oonoAk-to  A  hpy  ay-hl6ot-tha  A-ge  h-thoh  aA-ky  56  n  o  A  k  -to  A-ee 
we  forgive  as  our 

aA-pyit-myaAs-goA  hpyay-hloot-taw-moo-baAii  aA-pyit-thways- 
trespasses  forgive :  into  tempta- 

zowng-y ah-thoh    maA    lik    maA    paA-zay-beh    maA-kowngS- 
tion  without  leading  from  evil 

/Aaw-aA-Amoo-aA^-yaA-hmaA  keh-hnoAk-taw-moo-baAu   aA- 
things  deliver  (us). 

kyowngS-moo-gaAs     ning-ngaAn-daw-hnin    hpoAns-taAgoAs 
For  (these  reasons) ;        kingdom  and  glory 

^aAn66baw-daw-/Aee  aA-tsin-aA-myeh  koA-daw-hnik  shee-daw- 
(and)  power         for  ever  and  ever         to  thee  are. 

moo-ee-thaAdees^B        aAminii 
Amen. 

*  A^noobaw  is  a  Burmanisecl  Pali  word. 

2  ThafedeeS  is  a  very  strong  assertive  affix  which  implies  'for  certain  *. 


165 


Money,      o^lsu 

The  present  coinage  of  Burma  is  the  same  as  that  used  throughout 
British  India. 

The  Monetary  Unit  is  the  Rupee,  which,  at  the  time  of  going  to  press 
(July  1936),  is  stabilised  at  Is.  6d. 

Notes  are  issued  by  the  Government  of  India  for  5,  10,  20.  50,  100,  500 
and  1,000  Rupees. 

A  Lak  or  Lakh  equals  100,000  Rupees. 


Silver  Coins           Nickel  Coins 

Bronze  Coins 

Rupee                    8  Annas 

^  Anna 

8  Annas                 2 

I       » 

4       „                      1  Anna 

2       „ 

An  Anna  is  ^th  part  of  a  Rupee. 

i  Anna=6  pies.                        I  Anna=-3  pies 

A  Pie  is  ^th  part  of  an  Anna  or  xf^nd  part 

of  a  Rupee. 

166 


Weights.      33Gco3ii 

The  weights  start  with  the  ^Scg^o  chin-yooayS,  still  used  by  silver- 
smiths. It  is  a  small  red  seed  of  which  there  are  two  kinds,  ^Scf^l? 
chin-yoonyS,  Alms precaior his,  GQlj^B  yooayS-jeeS,  Adinanthera  ixa-onina. 

2  ^8gQo  ehin-youiiyS    =     i    Gg|5^§  youa\-jeuS. 

3  Gg|3g8  yooay-jeeS       -     i  O  peh    pea). 
a  O  peh  =    I   ^°  nir.oS. 

a  q8  mooS  =     i   QOO  ma//t. 

4  OoS  ma;it  =    I  Oqj8  kya7it. 

5  C7^5  kya/it  =    i   ^cS  hoh. 

2o  8c£  bo/i  =    1   8d30D  payktha;^,  of 

G30oS  a/i-hkwet. 


The  payktha^  viss  or  hkwet  is  S^^^nr  ^^'  avoirdupois,  or  about  3  lb.  2  oz. 
The  term  000  hkwet  is  substituted  for  8 0003  payktha^i  in  connection 
th  any  capital  number  above  ten  j  as,  33Qo5j>8oOo5a^-hkwet-hna;» 


wi 

sell,  20  viss. 

In  abbreviated  writing 

One  peh  is  b. 

One  mooS  is  r>. 


One  ma/it  is  5. 
One  kya/it  is  8. 


167 


Measures  of  Length. 

The  best  to  start  from  is  the  330o8  a/i-thit  or  fitiger's-bre.idth. 

c1dOo5  gnlihl-thii  (5  thit)  =  00(^  oSta/i-mo/ik  (fist  with  thuml 

shut  down). 
j|8  Od8  shit-thit  (8  thit)  =  Od8  o5  ta/i-mik  (fist  with  thumt 

stuck  out). 
0Oo5j)SooS  seh-hna/i-^/iit  (12  thit)  =  OOOgD  taWitwa^i  ,span). 
§>5oOD  hna.h-Yiivfa.h  ;  2  htwa/i)  =  OOGOOdS  ta^i-downg  (cubit) 

GCO8G00d6  layS-downg  (4  cubits)     =  ODCO  ta/i-la^n  (fathom). 
O&6g00DC    hkoo-hna/i-downg    (7 

cubits,  sometimes  8  cubits)  =  OOOQD  iAh-i'^h. 

OODOOGCDdS  taAta^-htowng  (1000)  =  OOo86taA-ding. 
The  c86  ling  is  very  nearly  two  English  miles. 
Now  the  English  measures  are  generally  used  and  understood. 

Measures  of  Capacity. 

O  OCOoS  I  tsa/j-leh  -  (i  pint). 

9  OCOcS  4  tsa/i-leh  =  O  (^^S   i  pyd6  (half-gallon). 

J  (q^  3  pyee  =  O  OgjoS   i  tsM-ydot  (i  gallon). 

J  OQoS  2  tsa/i-yo6t  =  o  OoS   i  tsayt  (2  gallons). 

J  8o5  3  tsayt  =  O  Q   I  hkweh  (half-bushel). 

1^2  hkweh  =  O  0060   1  tinS  (2  bushel  baskets\ 


168 
Square  Measure. 

The  English  acre  (GoO  ayka/i)  is  now  the  standard,  but  the  Burmese 
had  what  they  called  a  cIoOOCokS  gna/«S-dinS-jeh,  or  'five  basket  sow', 
which  was  also  called  oo5  peh  and  equalled  1200  square  cubits  or 
1.75  acres. 

Measures  of  Time. 

English  measures  of  time  are  prevalent,  but  the  old  unit  was  the  ^Z>G\ 
naA-yee,  which  was  probably  the  Pali  ^Do  na/idee,  or,  ,^08  naMlee, 
a  measure  of  capacity  used  like  an  hour-glass  or  water-clock.  These 
vessels  varied  in  shape,  but  the  Burmese  counted  60  to  the  24  hours. 

Formerly  day  and  night  were  divided  into  four  periods  each,  distin- 
guished by  beat  of  drum.  The  single  beat,  00S)|  oSooS  ta/i-jet-teeS,  was  at 
9  o'clock  in  the  morning;  the  double  beat,  &Bo|o5o88  hna^-jet-teeS,  at 
la  noon  ;  the  o5o^oSo88  thS/inS-jet-teeS  at  3  p.  m. ;  and  CCOS^oSc^c 
layS-jet-tee?  at  6  p.m. 

Amongst  the  country  people  time  was  calculated  in  various  ways,  such  as 
'first  cockcrow  \  ^oS^SOgJ  kyet-ooS-do6n,  about  2  a.m.  (^C^|goT 
kyeh-nee-baw,  when  the  red  star  rises  {vaornmg)',  33DQCt5oOo5  a^iyo/in-det, 
dawn;  CXj^G oSsS 5 08 o5  thM-gneh-ayk-sayt,  cMrfrm's  berf^me;  COc§CO^ 
S%  loo-byo^-hleh-jayn,  young  man's  courting  time.  SSDQCoS  or  more 
correctly  33^CoS  is  the  Pali  GS^GODD  Aruno,  Aurora  the  dawn. 

The  expression  OOoSSs^oOOCOBOjoS  hta/iminS-d/iS-ta/i-lo/inS-jet,  the 
time  it  takes  to  boil  a  pot  of  rice,  is  often  used  to  denote  a  short  time,  and 
there  are  many  others  too  numerous  to  mention. 


P.O.  8.    c 


U.C.BERKELEY  LIBRARIES 


CDM7DDMflM7 


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