THE LIBRARY
OF
THE UNIVERSITY
OF CALIFORNIA
LOS ANGELES
THE FAUNA OF BRITISH INDIA,
CEYLON AND BURMA.
PUBLISHED UNDER THE AUTHORITY OF THE SECRETARY OF
STATE FOR INDIA IN COUNCIL.
EDITED BY LT.-COL. C. T. BINGHASI.
BTJTTERFLIES.-Vol. II.
LIEUT.-COLONEL C. T. BINGHAM.
LONDON:
TAYLOR AND FRANCIS, RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET.
CALCUTTA AND SIMLA :
THACKER, 8PINK, & CO.
BURMA :
MYLE8 STANDISH & CO.,
BOMBAY :
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BERLIN :
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11 CARLSTRASSJE.
1907.
KK V FI
PRINTED BY TAYLOR AND FRANCIS,
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301
F27
P2I3
PREFACE.
THIS the second volume of the " Butterflies " in the Fauna
of British India series gives an account of the families
Papilionidae and Pieridae, and of five out of the seven sub-
families of the Lycsenidse. Of the Papilionidae the bulk of
the forms come under the genus Papilio, in the arrangement
of which into groups I have followed the Honorable W.
Rothschild's paper, "A Revision of the Papilios of the
Eastern Hemisphere excluding Africa " (Novitates Zoolo-
gies, vol. ii, 1895, pp. 165-463).
For the Pieridse I have found the late Mr. de Niceville's
MS. of his unfinished and unpublished volume of the
'Butterflies of India' most useful. This MS., as already
acknowledged in my Volume I, was kindly placed at my
disposal by the authorities of the Indian Museum. With
regard to the very large number of forms contained in the
Lycsenidse, I have found it possible to divide them provision-
ally into subfamilies on the structural characters of the
imago or perfect insect. These subfamilies correspond to a
certain extent with the divisions proposed by the late
Mr. Doherty ('Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal/
vol. Iv, pt. 2, 1886, p. 110), which were founded on the
529910
IV PREFACE.
structure of the eggs, and also to the groups as indicated in
the key to the Genera of Lycaenidae in Mr. de Niceville's
vol. iii of the ' Butterflies of India/
As in the previous volume I have to acknowledge with
thanks the help I have received from correspondents aud
friends. Mr. F. Moller, Darjiling, Major E. Stokes-
Roberts, R.E., Capt. W. H. Evans, R.E., Mr. P. Mackinnon,
Mussoorie, Mr. E. E. Green and Honorable F. M. Mackwood,
Ceylon, Col. C. Swinhoe, late Indian Army, Col. Waller-
Barrow, R.A.M.C., Lieut. C. C. Cunningham, 12th Kelat-i-
Ghilzai Regt., and others, have been most kind in collecting
or lending me specimens.
I have also to express my thanks to the authorities of the
British Museum for the free access granted me to the
collections and library contained in the Natural History
Museum. Without this, I need scarcely say, the present
work could not have been accomplished.
With regard to other works in this series, a volume on
Phytophagous Beetles, a concluding volume on the Rhyn-
chota, and short volumes on Land-shells and on Beetles
belonging to the family Cicindelidae are in active preparation.
Sanction also has been granted by the Secretary of State for
India for a volume on the Orthoptera, and for a third and
concluding volume of the Butterflies.
C. T. BINGHAM.
London,
March 1907.
SYSTEMATIC INDEX,
Ore
Sul
i.
2.
3.
4.
ler LEP1DOPTERA ....
>order Papilionina
n. 1. PAPILIONID.E
Armandia, Blanchard. . . .
1. lidderdali, Atkinson . .
Leptocircus, Swainson . .
1. curius, Fabr
2. meges, Zinken-Sommer
Teinopalpas, Hope
1. imperialis, Hope ....
2. imperatrix, de Niceville.
Papilio, Linn.
Page
1
1
3
3
!
9
10
14
15
16
17
19
20
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
33
33
34
34
36
38
39
41
43
44
47
49
50
30. polynmestoroides,
Moore ....
52
53
54
56
57
59
59
60
61
63
64
64
66
67
68
70
71
72
75
78
79
80
81
82
82
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
22
94
95
97
100
101
104
106
31. p rote nor, Cramer ....
32. rhetenor, Westwood . .
33. bootea, Westwood
34. janaka, Moore
35. chaon, Westwood ....
36. fuscus, Goeze ....
37. noblei, de Niceville
38. polytes, Linn
39. pitmani, Elwes 8c de N.
40. sakontala, Hewitson . .
41. walkeri, Janxon ....
42. castor, Westwood ....
43. mabadeva, Moore ....
44. dravidarum, Wood-
1. helena, Linn
2. aeacus, Felder
3. minos, Cramer
4. davsius, Gray ....
45. agestor, Gray
46. epycides, Hewitson . .
47. slateri, Hewitson ....
5. hector, Linn
6. aristolochiae, Fabr. . .
7. jophou, Gray
8. doubledayi, Wallace . .
9. rhodifer, Butler
10. varuna, White
1 1 . aidoneus, Doubleday . .
12. zaleucus, Hewitson . .
13. latreillei, Donovan. . . .
14. adamsoni, Grose-Smith.
15. polla, de Niceville
16. philoxenus, Gray ....
17. ravana, Moore
18. nevilli, Wood-Mason .
19. crassipes, Oberthiir . .
20. alcinous, Klug
2 1 . machaon, Linn
22. xuthus, Linn
23. demoleus, Linn
"*4 helenus, Linn. .
49. paradoxus, Zinken-
Sommer
50. caunus, Westwood
51. elephenor, Doubleday .
52. doddsi, Janet
53. bianor, Cramer
54. polyctor, Boisduoal . .
55 paris, Linn. . .
56. krishna, Moore
57. arcturus, Westwood . .
58. palinurus, Fabr
50. buddha, Westwood . .
60. crino, Fabr
6 1 . evan, Doubleday ....
62. gyas, Westwood ....
63. glycerion, Gray
65. antiphatea, Cramer . .
66. agetes, Westivood ....
25. iswara, White
26. deraolion, Cramer
27 niemnon, Linn
'28. mayo, Atkinson
29. polymnestor, Cramer. .
68. aristeus, Cramer ....
69. eurypylus, Linn
SYSTEMATIC INDEX
70. bathycles, Zinken-
Sommer ............
71. agamemuun, Linn. . .
72. cloantlms, Westwood .
73. sarpedon, Linn .......
74. xenocles, Doubleday . .
75. macareus, Godart ....
76. megarus, Westwood . .
5. Paruassius, Latr .......
1. jacquemonti, Boisduval
2. epaphus, Oberthiir , .
3. hardwickei, Gray ____
4. delphius, Erersm .....
5. charltonius, Gray ....
6. inaperator, Oberthiir . .
7. acco, Gray ..........
8. simo, Gray ..........
6. Hypermnestra, Mtnttries .
1* helios, Nicker I ......
Page
108
108
110
111
113
114
115
116
118
120
123
126
127
128
129
131
131
Fam. 2. PIEKID^E .......... 134
1. Leptosia, Hubner ...... 137
1, xiphia, Fabr ......... 138
2. Delia?, Hubner ........ 139
1. eucharis, Drury .... 141
2. liierta, Hubner ...... 142
3. descombesi, Boisduval . 144
4. aglaia, Linn ......... 145
5. thysbe, Cramer ...... 146
6. agostina, Hewitson . . 147
7. belladonna, Fabr ..... 148
3. Prioneris, Wallace ...... 150
1. thestyli*, Doubleday . . 151
2. clemanthe, Doubleday . 153
3. sita, Feider ........ 154
4. Anaphseis, Hubner .... 155
1. nie&entina, Cramer . . 155
5. Baltia, Moore .......... 158
1. sliawi, Bates ........ 159
2. butleri, Moore ...... 159
6. Aporia, Hubner ........ 160
1. soracte, Moore ...... 161
2. balucha, Marshall. ... 162
3. nabellica, Boisduval . . 163
4. agathou, Gray ...... 163
5. harrietse,<fc Nictcille. . 166
7. Pieris, Schrank ........ 167
1. rapse. Linn ........... 169
2. brassicte, Linn ....... 170
3. naganuin, Moore .... 171
4. deota, de Kiueville .... 171
5. canidia, Span-man . . 172
0. napi, Linn ........... 173
7. chumbien&is, de Nice-
ville .............. 174
S. krueperi, Standing?!' . . 1 75
Page
9. daplidice, Linn 175
10. glauconome, Klug .... 176
11. chloridice, Hubner . . 177
12. callidice, Esper 178
8. Synchloe, Hubner 179
1. lucilla, Butler 180
2. belia, Linn 180
9. Huphina, Moore 181
1. let, Doubleday 182
2. nerissa, Fabr 183
3. nadina, Lucas 188
10. Ixias, Hubner 192
1 . pyrene, Linn 193
2. verna, Dnice 195
3. marianne, Cramer. . . . 196
4. nola, Swinhoe 197
11. Appias, Hitimer 197
1. libythea. Fabr 200
2. nero, Fabr 202
3. hippo, Cramer 203
4. indra, Moore 205
5. lalage, Doubleday 208
6. paulina, Cramer .... 210
7. galathea, Feider 211
8. aibina, Boisducal .... 212
9. leis, H iilmer 213
10. wardi, Moore 214
12. Lade, de Nicecille 216
1. lalassis, Grose-Smith . . 216
13. Saletara, Distant 217
1. chryszea, Frxhstorfer . 217
14. Catopsilia, Hubner 218
1. crocale, Cramer 219
2. pyrantbe, Linn 221
3. Hovella, Fabr 223
4. scylla, Linn 224
15. Dercas, Doubleday 225
1. verhuelli, Van der
Hoeven 226
2. lycorias, Doubleday . . 227
16. Gonepteryx, Leach 228
1. rhamni, Linn 229
2. zaneka, Moore 230
17. Colias, Fabr 232
1. hyale, Linn 234
2. ladakensis, Feider 236
3. nastes, Boisduval 238
4. alpberakii, Staudinyer . 239
5. dubia, Elwes 239
6. wiskotti, Staudinger . . 240
7. eogenf, Feider ..... 241
8. stoliczkana, Moore . . 242
9. croceus, Fourcroy .... 243
| 18. Terias, Swainson 244
1 . venata, Moore 246
2. libvthea. Fabr. . , . 247
SYSTEMATIC INDEX.
3. lajta, Boisdui-al
Page
248
24q
Page
2. Xeopithecops, Distant. . . 309
1. zalmora, Butler 309
5. hecabe, Linn
2o()
9,54
3. Spalgis, Moore 310
1. epius, Westwood . . 311
7. sari, Horsfield
U6
4. Taraka, de Niceville 312
257
1 hamada Drue" 312
*>59
5. Megisba, Moore 313
19. Colotis, Hiibner
1 . amata, Fabr
2. protractua. Sutler ....
3. phisadia, Godart ....
4. vestalis, Butler
5. fausta, Olivier
<?. eucharis, Fabr
7. etrida, Boisduval ....
8 danae Fabr
259
261
2(53
264
265
266
268
270
271
1. malava, Horsfield 313
6. Cvaniris, Dalman 315
T. vardhana, Moore 318
2. akasa, Horsfield 318
3. marginata, de Niceville. 319
4. melsena, Doherty .... 320
5. albocserulea, Moore . . 321
6. transpecta, Moore 322
7. puspa, Horsfield 323
20. Hebomoia, Hiibner
1. glaucipp3, Linn
2. roepstorfi, Wood-
Ma*on
21. Pareronia, de Niceville . .
273
274
276
276
277
8. lilacea, Hampson .... 324
9. albidisca, Moore .... 325
10. placida, de Niceville . . 326
11. cyanescens, de Niceville 326
12. chennelli, de Niceville . 327
13. rnusina, Snetten 328
2 hippia Fabr
278
14. victoria, Sivinhoe .... 329
3. piugasa, Moore
4. ceylanica, Felder ....
Farn. 3. LYCJEXIDJE
280
281
?8-?
15. limbata, Moore 329
16. lanka, Moore 330
17. dilecta, Moore 331
18. jynteana, de Niceville .. 331
Sabfam. 1. Gerydinte
] . Gerydus, Boisduval ....
1. symethus, Cramer. . . .
287
2^8
290
19. coelestina, Kollar .... 332
20. huegeli, Moore 333
7. Lycaeua, Fabr 334
1*. astrarche, Bergstr. . . 337
2. iris, Staudinger 337
2. ancon, Doherty
3. boisduvali, Moore ....
4. longeana, de Niceville .
5. croton, Doherty
6. bi^fsii, Distant
291
292
293
294
295
3. young-husband!, Elwes. 338
4. icarus, Rottenberg .... 339
5. eros, Ochsenheimer . . . . 340
6. stoliczkana, Felder 341
7. loewii, Zeller . . 343
7. irroratus, Druce
2 Allotinus, Felder
295
296
8. devanica, Moore 344
9. sarta, Alpherdky 345
1. drumila, Moore
2. multistrigatus, de N. . .
3. horsfieldi, Moore ....
4. subviolaceus, Felder . .
5. taras, Doherty
6. panormis, Elwes
7. nivalis, Druce
3 Logc'inia, Distant
297
298
299
300
300
301
301
302
10. christophi, Staudinaer. 346
11. omphisa, Moore 347
12. galathea, Blanchard . . 348
13. orbitulus, Esper 349
14. hylas, Wiener Verzeich. 351
15. pheretes, Hiibner .... 352
8. Neolycaena, de Niceville . 353
1. sinensis, Alpheraky . . 354
1. marmorata, Moore. . . .
2. watsoniana, de Niceville
3. ruassalia, Dokerty ....
Subfam. 2. Lyc&ninte
303
303
304
305
9. Zizera, Moore 355
1 . maha, Kollar 355
2. lysimon, Hiibner .... 357
3. gaika, Trimen 359
4. otis, Fabr 360
10. Azanus, Moore . . . 361
1. Pithecops, Horsfield . . . .
] . hvlax, Fabr
307
30S
1. ubaldus, Cramer 362
2. uranus, Butler 363
2. fule-ens. Dohertu .
308
3. iesous. Giterin . . . 303
SYSTEMATIC JYDKX.
11
Chilades,
Moore
364
2. pandava. Horsfield.
Pagr
... 412
1. laius, Cramer
365
3. cnejus, Fabr
. .. 415
2. trochil
us. Freuer .
367
20. Tarucus, Moore . .
417
12
Orthomiella, de Niceville .
368
1. theophrastus, Fabr.
.. 417
1. pontis
Elwes
369
2 yenosus Moore
419
13
Niphanda
Moore
370
3. plinius, Fabr
... 420
1. cymbif
, de Niceville . .
370
21. Castalius, Hiibntr . . .
. .. 421
14
Lycsenesthes, Moore . . . .
372
1. ananda, de Niceville
.. 423
1. emolus
Godart
373
2. rosimon. Fabr. . . .
... 424
2. lycaenina, Felder ....
375
3. ethion, Doubleday
*
15.
Talicada, Moore
375
Hewitson
. . . 426
1. nyseus.
Guerin
376
4. roxus, Godart
. .. 427
16.
Eveves H
i/.hnt*}'
377
5. decidia Hewitson
429
1. argiades. Pallas
378
6. elna, Hewitson . . .
'.'.'. 430
2. potanini, Alpheraky . .
379
7. ruanluena, Felder .
. . . 431
3. kala, de Niceville ....
380
22. Polyommatus, Latr. .
.. 432
17.
Nacaduba,
Moore
381
1. bceticus, Linn. . . .
...432
1. macrophthalma, Felder
382
2. kerriana, Distant ....
384
Subfam. 3. Curetince
.. 434
3. pavana,
4. bhutea.
Uortjield
de Niceeille .
£85
386
1. Curetis, Hubner
.. 435
5. dana, de Niceville ....
386
1 . thetis, Drury
.. 437
6. Lampsoni, de Niceville .
7. atrata, Horsfield
387 !
388
2. bulis, Doubleday
Hewitson
.. 441
8. plumbeonjicari«, ]frood-
Maso
n
380
Subfam. 4. LiphyrmtB . . .
448
9. ardates
10. noreia,
1 1 . coelestis
Moore
7,V tflw
391
393
393
1. Liphyra, Westwood. . .
451
Jceiaei
, de Niceville . .
1. brassolis, Westwood
.. 452
12. hernius
13. ancyra,
Felder
Felder
394
395
Subfam. 5. Poritiince
.. 457
18.
Hubner
396
1 Poritia, Moore . .
457
1 . bochus,
Cramer
398
1. hewitsoni, Moore . .
.. 460
2. coruscans, Moore ....
400
2. erycinoides, Felder. .
.. 461
3. lacteata
, de Niceville . .
401
3. sumatrae, Felder . .
.. 462
4. subdita, Moore
5. pura, Moore
402
403
4. pleurata, Heivitson. .
5. phraatica, Hewitsori
.. 464
. . 465
6. celeno,
Cramer
404
6. harterti, Doherty . .
. . 466
7. elpis, Godart
407
7. phalia, Hewitson . .
.. 467
8. rogersi.
liinqham ....
408
8. pediada, Hewitson . .
.. 469
0. kondulana, Felder. . . .
409
2. Zarona, de Niceville . .
.. 470
19.
Catochryso
ps,£oisdural. .
410
1. jasoda, de Niceville
. . 471
1. strabo.
Fabr. . .
411
2. zanella. de Niceville
.. 471
ERRATA.
Page 19. Papilio hector. Reference to PI. XI, fig. 83 omitted.
,, 25. Papilio varuna, race astorion. Ditto to fig. 84 omitted.
„ 62. Papilio polytes, aberration. Eeference should be to PI. XVI, fig. 104,
not to %. 105.
„ 2|7. Saletara chrysaa. Keference should be to PL XVII, figs. 114 and
115, riot to figs. 14 & 15.
„ 274. Hebomoia glaucippe, race australis. Reference to PI. XVIII, fig, 122
should be transferred to after Hebomoia roepstorji on page 276.
Order LEPIDOPTEHA.
Suborder PAPILIONINA.
Family PAPILIONID.E.
Efjy. " Dome-shaped, smooth or obscurely facetted, not as high
as wide, somewhat leathery, opaque.'' (Doherty.)
Larva. Stout, smooth or with a series of fleshy tubercles on the
dorsum : sometimes with a raised fleshy protuberance (the so-called
hood or crest) on the fourth segment which is also generally
thickeued above. The second segment has a transverse opening, out
of which the larva can protrude at will an erect, forked, glandular
fleshy organ that emits a strong, somewhat pleasant, but always
penetrating odour.
Pupa. Variable in form but superiorly most often curved back-
wards, sometimes very strongly so ; angulate, with the head
truncate or rounded, often bifid ; back of abdomen smooth or
tuberculate. Attached by the tail, normally in a perpendicular
position, and further secured by a silken girth round the middle.
In Parnassius strangely enough the pupa is placed in a loose
silken web between leaves.
Imago. Wings extraordinarily variable in shape. Hind wing
very frequently with a tail, which may be slender, or broad and
spatulate, but is always an extension of the termen at vein 4. In
one genus, Armandia, the termen of the hind wing is prolonged
into tails at the apices of veins 2 and 3 as well as at vein 4. Pore
wing (except in the aberrant genera Parnassius and Hypermnestra)
with all 12 veins present and in addition a short internal vein,
vein 1 a, that invariably terminates on the dorsal margin. There
is also a short transverse vein present at base of wing between
the median vein and vein 1 a in all genera except Leptocircus,
Armandia, Parnassius, and Hypermnestra. Hind wing : vein 1 a
absent; precostal vein and precostal cell both present; dorsal
margin not excavated so as to receive the abdomen, but in the
male frequently folded over and studded within the fold with
specialized scales (androconia) or hairs that are often strongly
2 :PAJ'ILIOKID.&.
scented. Antennae comparatively short, with generally a distinct
club ; " the distal joints mostly more expanded ventrally than
dorsally, so that the club is curved dorsad " (Jordan). The scaling
most extended in Leptorircus, but in Papilio confined to the basal
joints. Body stout ; claspers at apex of abdomen in the male
generally well-developed, absent in a few forms. Six walking
legs ; the fore tibiae with a medial pad ; claws simple except in one
form of Leptorircus, which has them bifid.
A
Fig. 1. — a. Venation of anterior portion of fore wing — Pariiassiits.
b. Do. do. do. —Papilio.
c. Venation of anterior portion of hind wing— Armandia
(1) Precostal cell.
d. Venation of anterior portion of hind \\me-Papilio
(1) Precostal cell.
c. Venation of anterior portion of fore wing — Lcptocircus.
f. Side view of head — Tcinopalpus.
y. Do. do. — Papilio.
h. Anal valves of group Ornithoptera.
i. Do. do. typical Papilio.
Key to the Genera of the Papilionidae.
A. Fore wing: vein 8 present.
«. Hind -wing : precostal cell elongate, longer
than broad ARMANDIA. p. 3.
b. Hind wing: precostal cell short, much
broader than long.
a. Fore wing: vein 11 out of basal half
of subcostal ; hind wing remarkably
long, narrow, and posteriorly attenuate. LEPTOCIRCUS, p. 5.
b'. Fore wing : vein 11 out of apical half of
subcostal ; hind wing not remarkably
long, often tailed but not posteriorly
attenuate.
ARMANJJTA. O
a-. Head produced in front, palpi long,
porrect ; seen from side beak-
shaped TEINOPALPUS; p. 7.
b-. Head not produced in front; palpi
short, pressed close into face, not
porrect PAPILIO, p. 10.
B. Fore -wing : vein 8 absent.
a. Club of antennae long, gradual, cylindrical. PARNASSIUS, p. 116.
b. Club of antennte short, abrupt, flattened. . HYPERMNESTRA,
[p. 131.
Genus ARMANDIA.
Armandia, Blanchard, Comptes Rendus, Ixxii, 1871, p. 809 ; Kirby,
Allen's Nat. Hist., Butt, ii, 1896, p. 247 ; Moore, Lep. 2nd. v,
1901-1903, p. 124.
Bhutanitis, Atkinson, P. Z. S. 1873, p. 570.
Type, A. tJiaidina, Blanchard, from W. China.
Range. Bhutan ; Assam ; Upper Burma ; W. China.
(5 $ . Tore wing elongate ; costa nearly straight ; apex very
broadly rounded ; termen oblique ; tornus obtusely rounded :
dorsum straight; veins 1 to 12 present; cell longer than halt'
length of wing, veins 6 and 7 closely approximate at origin, both
from upper apex of cell, upper discocellular therefore absent ;
middle long, concave, lower inwardly oblique; vein 9 from well
beyond upper apex of cell, 10 and 1 1 free from apical half of sub-
costal. Hind wing: costa arched, upper portion of termen scal-
loped, in the Indian form the emarginations are deep and thus make
short broad tails or a broad acute tooth at apices of veins 5 and (5 ;
in both the typical and Indian forms there are long slender tails
at apices of veins 2, 3, and 4, the tail at apex of vein 4 very long,
that at apex of .vein 3 shorter and at apex of vein 4 shorter still ;
tornal angle lobed and rounded, dorsum straight ; cell moderately
long ; upper discocellular about half the length of the middle but
much longer than the lower discocellular ; precostal cell longer than
broad. Antennae short, about one-fourth the length of the fore
wing ; club long and gradual, but well-marked ; head not produced
in front ; palpi slender, porrect ; body moderately robust.
Two forms are known, one of wrhich only has been so far
recorded from within our limits.
480. Armandia lidderdali, Atkinson (Bhutanitis), P. Z. S. 1873,
p. 570, pi. 50, S ; Kirbi/, Syn. Cat. Di. Lep. Suppl. 1877, p. 808 ;
Moore, Lep. 2nd. v, 1901-1903, p. 125, pi. 413, tigs. 1, 1 «, d $ •
J $ . Upperside dull black. Fore wing with the following
ochraceous-n bite slender markings : — basal, subbasal, medial, aud
preapical lines from costa across cell, the first three continued in a
series of more or less diffuse curves to the dorsal margin, the pre-
apical terminates on vein 3 ; beyond apex of cell a somewhat
broken transArerse line from costa to vein 3 followed by a complete
discal transverse line, a short upper postdiscal somewhat ill-delined
132
4 PAPILIONIDjE.
line that terminates on vein 4 and a subterminal complete line ;
all the lines except those that cross the cell formed of a series of
short curved lines in the interspaces. Hind wing with similar
ochraceous-white lines more or less in continuation of those on the
fore wing with the addition of a broad line along vein 1 and
the median vein, these two lines do not reach much beyond the
base of vein 4 ; a large lower discal patch, the inward half scarlet,
the outer half velvety-black, followed by broad subterminal bright
yellow lunules in interspaces 1 to 4 ; the tails edged very narrowly
with ochraceous white ; the black on the outer half of the discal
patch has in interspaces 1 and 2 very large ill-defined superposed
white spots thickly shaded with brownish grey except along their
inner margins. Underside similar, all the markings broader, base
of cell in hind wing crossed by a short ochraceous-white bar, and
Fig. l.—Armandia liddcidali, $ .
the edges of the precostal cell with narrow lines of the same
colour. Antenna? black ; head, thorax, and abdomen dull black •
the thorax greenish grey laterally, the sides of the abdomen with
cross-lines of ochreous white.
JEtvp. rf $ 115-124 mm. (4-15-478").
Hob. Bhutan; Assam, the JSTaga Hills; Upper Burma the
Chin Hills.
Mr. Doherty found this beautiful insect in considerable numbers
in the Naga Hills. Speaking of its habits and the localities in
which it occurs, he says : — " It generally keeps to the ridges,
occasionally descending into the valley, once almost down to 5000
feet. Afterwards I found it on the western side of Japoo at 7000-
ARMAKDIA. — LEPTOCIRCCS. 5
8000 feet, and between the two places we got one or two every
clay. At Mas, in Manipur, I have taken worn specimens at 7500-
9000 feet. My Lepchas, who collected at Buxa in Bhutan, say
there is no chance of another brood The butterfly drifts
about among the tree tops, rarely descending to the ground ; the
crimson of the hind wings is not so conspicuous as one might
think, and if one loses sight of it for an instant, it is very hard to
make out again, its transparent dark grey wings being hardly
distinguishable among the shadows, and it is blown about by the
wind more like a dead leaf than a living insect. Its flight is much
like that of Hestia but less buoyant and circling, as might be
expected from its angular wings; nevertheless its resemblance
strikes one. Seen from above it must be much more conspicuous
and is no doubt a protected insect; at the same time its weak flight
may even add to its chance of escape as it certainly does with
ffestia, for it is impossible to calculate the direction in which it is
making. The whole body and wings give out a delicious odour,
which remains for some days after death. In some positions and
at some distance Ai-mandia looks like Daiiais tytia, Grray, which is
very common in the same places. Armandia hovers about flowers
like other Papilios. During rain it alights on a leaf and droops its
fore wings over the hind ones, thus covering the bright colours."
The late Capt. Watson, who recorded this insect from the Chin
Hills in Burma, states that it is single-brooded. Mr. Doherry,
however, in the Xaga Hills, took several specimens in good condition
towards the end of September, so that apparently there is an
autumn brood in some localities.
Genus LEPTOCIRCUS.
Leptocircus. Swaimon, Zool. lllust., Ins. ii, 1833, pi. 106; Dbldftt/.,
Westw. #' Hew. Gen. Di. Lep. i, 1847, p. 22 ; Moore, Lep. L\d.
v, 1901-1903, p. 132.
Type, L. meyts, Zinken-Sommer, from Java.
llanfje. Malayan Subregion ; Assam to Java.
d1 $ . Fore wing : costa slightly arched at base, then straight,
the apex curved downwards ; termen straight ; torn us well-marked ;
dorsum straight ; cell narrow, short, not half length of wing, its
upper apex acute ; discocellulars, upper and middle oblique, sub-
equal ; vein 8 out of 7 beyond upper apex of cell ; 10 and 11 free,
10 from upper third, 11 from above middle of subcostal vein.
Hind uing long, produced at vein 4 into a very long, very narrow
tail ; cell remarkably short, about one-seventh of the dorsal margin ;
shoulder of costal margin at base strongly angulate, the apex of
the angle rounded. Antenna? long ; club broad, abrupt, spatulate ;
palpi short, closely approximate to the head, as in most of the
forms in the family. Male sex-mark present in one of the forms
(absent in the other), as a tuft of long radiating hairs at the base of
the dorsal margin.
6 PAPILIOXIDJE.
Key to the forms of Leptocircus.
a. Fore wing: terminal black edging broad and
broadened towards apex of wing ; transverse
band white, discal rather than subbasal .... L. curius, p. G.
b. Fore wing : terminal black edging narrow, not
broadened towards apex of wing ; transverse
band green, subbasal rather than discal L. meyes, p. 6.
481. Leptocircus curius, Fabr. (Papilio) Mant. Ins. ii, 1787, p. 9 ;
Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E. 1. C. i, 1857, p. 85; id. Lep. Ind. v,
1901-1903, p. 134, pi. 417, figs. 1, 1 a, 1 i, c? $ .
3 £ • Vpperside dull brownish black. Fore wing : a broad
outwardly oblique white transverse band that crosses from a little
beyond the basal third of the costal margin to the dorsum, its
outer half hvaline, followed by a hyaline triangular area that does
not reach the costa or the termen but is traversed by conspicuously
black veins. Between the semihyaline transverse band and the
hyaline area the black forms a more or less even band slightly
narrower in the middle ; the black edging to the costa and termen
broad, broadened towards the apex ; cilia black. Hind wing : the
Transverse white band of the fore wing is continued straight across
and ends in a point on the outer half of vein 3, but is not hyaline
along its outer margin ; posterior half of the wing dull dark brown,
irrorated towards the base of the long narrow tail at vein 4 with
\\ hite scales ; cilia black, white below vein 5 and along outer side
of basal half of tail, the latter tipped white. Underside similar,
but the ground-colour opaque brownish black ; a broad outwardly
ill-defined earthy-grey streak along the base of the wings produced
slightly down the dorsal margin of hind and along the costa of the
fore wing ; the oblique white band on the hind wing joined by a
cross sinuous short white line from the dorsal margin to its apex ;
below this latter a number of irregular white spots on the torual
area. Antennae, head and thorax black, abdomen dark brownish
black ; beneath, the palpi, thorax and abdomen greyish ; claws of the
tarsi bifid. Male with sex-mark.
Exp. d1 ? 42-52 mm. (1 -68-2-0").
Hub. Assam ; Burma ; Tenasserim ; extending to the Malay
Peninsula, Siam, C. and W. China.
482. Leptocircus meges (PI. XI, fig. 81), Zmken-Sommer (Papilio),
Nov.Act.Acad. Nat. Cm: xv, 1831, p. 161, pi. 15, fig. 8: Moore,
Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. i, 1857, p. 85 : id. Lep. Ind. v. 1901-
1903, p. 136, pi. 417, figs. 2, 2 a, 26, rf £.
Leptocircus virescens, Sutler, Cat. Fabr. Lep. B. M. 1869, p. 259.
cf $ . Very closely resembles L. curius, but differs constantly
as follows : — Transverse band across fore wing placed further in
towards the base ; this band on both fore and hind wing greenish,
not white, and not as in curius with its outer margin hyaline on
the fore wing; black terminal edging to fore wing narrower, of
even width throughout. Male without sex-mark.
LEPTOCIRCITS. — TEINOPALPUS. /
Exp. <5 ? 44-50 mm. (176-nearly 2").
Hab. Burma ; Tenasserim ; extending into the Malayan Sub-
region as far as Java.
In October 1892, on the Taungjah Pass over the Dawnat Eange
in Tenasserim, the late Mr. de !N"iceville and I found a $ of this
form ovipositing on the underside of the leaves of a creeper with
compound leaves, each leaf consisting of three leaflets. This plant
was subsequently identified by Dr. David Prain as Illigera burm-
anica, King, family Combretacece. The eggs, of which we collected
t\vo or three, were spherical, smooth, pale green, almost trans-
parent, and of the usual papilionid form.
Genus TEINOPALPUS.
Teinopalpus, Hope, Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond. xix, 1843, p. 131 ;
Moore, Lep. Ind, v, 1901-1903, p. 127.
Type, T. imperialis, Hope, from N.E. India.
Eange. Sikhim ; Bhutan ; Assam ; "Western Upper Burma ;
Tenasserim ; C. China.
c? $ . Fore wing broadly triangular ; costa arched ; apex acute,
slightly produced and falcate in the J ; termen slightly concave in
<S , straight in $ ; tornus rounded ; dorsum straight, about three-
fourths the length of the costa ; cell rather short, not quite half
length of wing ; upper discocellular very short, not half length of
middle ; middle long, concave, about twice length of lower ; vein 9
from apex of cell or from a little beyond ; 10 and 11 free. Hind
wing, d1 : costa arched ; termen scalloped or zigzag, broadly toothed
at apices of all the veins except vein 4, at apex of this it is
produced into a long slender non-spatulate tail ; dorsum slightly
incurved, without an abdominal fold; $ differs from the <3 as
follows : — the termen produced at apices of veins 2, 3, and 5 into
short tails, and at apices of veins 4 and 6 into long narrow non-
spatulate tails ; cell short, upper discocellular much longer than
middle. Antennae short, about one-third length of fore wing ; club
short, broad, somewhat abrupt; head produced in front, tufted,
palpi porrect ; viewed sideways the projecting front and palpi have
somewhat the appearance of a bird's beak ; legs slender.
Key to the forms of Teinopalpus.
n. Upperside of hind wing : discal yellow fascia
extended into apex of cell .............. T. imperialis, p. 8.
b. Upperside of hind wing : discal yellow fascia
not extended into apex of cell .......... T. imperatrir, p. 9.
$$•
a. Upperside of hind wing : upper discal patch
grey or violet-grey .................... T. imperialis, p. 8.
/>. Upperside of hind wing : upper discal patch
diffuse dusky black ................... , T. imperatrix, p. 9.
8 PAPIL1OXIDJE.
483. Teinopalpus imperialis (PI. XI, fig. 80), HOIK, Trans. Linn.
Soc. xix, 1843, p. 131, pi. 11, figs. 1, 2, <?; Moore, Lep. Ind. v,
1901-1903, p. 128, pi. 414, figs. 1, 1 o-l c, <J 2 •
Teinopalpus parryise, Hope, Trans. Linn. Soc. xix, 1843, p. 131,
pi. 11, figs. 3 &4, 2--
Teinopalpus imperialis, race himalaicus, Rothsch. Nov. Zool. v, 1898,
p. 002.
Teinopalpus himalaicus, Moore, Lep. Ind. v, 1901-1903, p. 130,
pi. 415, figs. 1, 1 «, rf 2 .
d . Uppers ide black, densely irrorated with green scales. Fore
wing : an outwardly oblique, slightly concave subbasal band and a
narrow terminal edging jet-black due to the ground-colour there
being devoid of the green scaling ; beyond the subbasal band the
irroration of scales is a much brighter greeu, especially along the
outer edge of the subbasal band itself ; but along obscure, broad,
convergent discal and postdiscal transverse bands and along a sub-
terminal much narrower band, the green scaling thins out and
the black ground-colour of the wing shows through ; in some
specimens, owing to the transparency of the wings, the rich
ochraceous-brown colour of the underside gives the black on these
bands a reddish tint. Hind wing : basal area margined outwardly
by a narrow irregularly sinuous band devoid of greeu scaling,
succeeded by an upper discal bright chrome-yellow patch that
spreads from base of interspace 3 across the apex of the cell and
bases of interspaces 4 and 5 to the costa ; this patch is bluntly
angulated outwards in interspace 5, stained with orange anteriorly
and bordered outwardly by black which is widest above : below the
patch a white line extends to the dorsurn ; the postdiscal area is
deep dark green, margined inwardly by diffuse dark grey- and
followed outwardly by a subterminal series of lunular markings,
the tornal and upper two or three of which are yellow, the rest
bright green ; tail tipped with yellow. Underside : basal area of both
fore and hind wing densely covered with green scales. Fore wing :
terminal two-thirds rich ochraceous brown, the green of the basal
area bordered by black : discal and postdiscal bands also black,
widened and diffusely coalescent posteriorly ; an incomplete, very
slender subterminal black line and broader black terminal edging,
neither of which reaches to the apex. Hind wing much as on the
upperside, but the yellow markings broader. Antennae dark red ;
head, thorax and abdomen black, covered somewhat densely with
green hairs and scales. — $ much larger, differs also in coloration
and markings as follows: — Upperside, fore wing: the irroration
of green scales on the terminal two-thirds restricted to a sub-
terminal moderately broad band diffuse along its inner edge, and a
medial somewhat ill-defined similar band that is bordered both on
the inner and outer sides by diffuse dusky black ; this is succeeded
by two broad diffuse transverse dark grey bands, the outer of the
two edged on its outer side narrowly with black, followed by a
subterminal green band and terminal velvety-black margin. Hind
wing: the upper discal yellow patch so conspicuous in the J,
TEINOPALPUS. 9
replaced by a very much larger dark grey patch, below which com-
paratively narrow markings of yellow extend up to the dorsum ; a
postdiscal sinuous lunular narrow black band and a subterminal
.series of green lunules as in the J, but the apical lunule dark grey,
not yellow ; the tail-like extensions of the termen at the apices of
veins 3 to 6 are black shaded with green, those at the apices of
veins 4 and 6 tipped, the former with yellow the latter with greenish-
white. Underside similar to the underside in the c? , but on both fore
and hind wing the areas coloured with rich ochraceous and yellow
are grey, with the exception of a well-marked moderately broad
subterminal band on the fore wing which is of a dull ochraceous
colour; on the hind wing the grey discal area extends right up to
the apical lunule of the subterminal series. Antennae, head,
thorax and abdomen as in the J .
Exp. tf $ 90-127 mm. (3-55-5").
Hal). Sikhim, above 6000 ft. ; Bhutan ; the hills of Assam and
of Western Upper Burma ; Central China.
The larva of this magnificent butterfly, according to Mr. Knyvett,
feeds on Daphne nipalensis, but so far as I know, no description of
it has been published.
I am quite unable to separate the Sikhim form of this insect,
even as a race. The points of difference between it and the Assam
form are extremely variable, and the most prominent of these,
viz. the paler tint of the grey area on the upperside of the hind
wing in the 5 , is perhaps the most variable of all the characters.
An Assam specimen of the $ in the collection of the British
Museum is far and away paler than any Sikhim specimen I have
seen.
Mr. Elwes says that in Sikhim this insect is only found in the
forest region from about 6000 to 10,000 feet elevation, and that
" it is most difficult to capture on account of its remarkably strong,
rapid and dashing flight, and its habit of resting on high trees,
from which it flies only during a few hours of the morning "
(Elwes, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1888, p. 421).
The females are much scarcer than the males. I once saw a
$ on the wing and rather low down, in a clearing on the hill
above the Eungarun Porest bungalow near Darjiling. According
to Col. Swinhoe, T. imperialis is common in the Khasia Hills in
Assam.
484. Teinopalpus imperatrix, de N. Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. xii,
1899, p. 335, pi. BB, <$ $ Moore, Lep. 2nd. v, 1901-1903,
p. 131, pi. 416, figs. 1, 1 a, rf?.
c? . " Differs from T. imperialis, Hope in the following
particulars: — Upperside: fore wing darker green, the black
f round-colour showing through the green scales more prominently.
lind wing with the rich chrome-yellow discal fascia with its inner
edge not encroaching on the discoiclal cell instead of reaching well
into it, that portion of the fascia in the second subcostal interspace
10 PAPILIONIDjE.
considerably longer ; all the tooth-like projections on the outer
margin much longer, especially those at the terminations of the
2nd subcostal and 1st median nervules. Underside : fore wing
with the five black fasciae crossing the wing much broader, espe-
cially the middle one. Hind wTing with the discal yellow fascia
broader. — $ . Considerably larger than that sex of T. imperialis.
Upperside : both wings much darker, all the black coloration more
prominent. Hind wing has the pale violet black-irrorated discal
area of T. imperialis almost entirely replaced by a black suffused
area, the black line closing the cell entirely obliterated ; the
chrome-yellow subanal area at least twice as broad, the outer discal
lunulated black fascia consequently placed much nearer to the
outer margin ; all the tails very much longer. Underside : both
wings with much the same differences as on the npperside.
" Exp. $ $ 4'4-5'7 inches.
"Hah. Taungoo Hills, 4000 feet, Upper Tenasserim, Burma."
The type specimens are now in Mr. Rothschild's collection.
Genus PAPILIO.
Papilio, pt., Linn. Syst, Nat. ed. x, i, 1758, p. 458.
Papilio, Latr. Hist. Nat. Cmst. et Ins. iii, 1803, p. 387.
Troides, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. 1816, p. 88.
Ornithoptera, Boisduval, Toy. Astr., Lep. 1832, p. 33.
Type, f. priamus, Linn., from Amboina.
Range. Both hemispheres.
cJ $ . Wings vary extraordinarily in shape and in expanse.
Fore wing : cell about half the length of the wing or more ;
upper and middle discocellulars subequal or upper slightly longer
than middle, lower discocellular bent sharply inwards at an angle
so as to apparently form the apical portion of the median vein ;
veins 7 and 8 stalked, the furcation at varying distance beyond
apex of cell, but the fork generally long ; vein 9 from upper
apex of cell ; 10 and 11 free, in one section vein 11 anastomosed
with 12, both originate from beyond middle of subcostal vein.
Hind wing : cell and discocellulars very variable in length, pre-
costal spur simple. Antennae comparatively short ; club generally
gradual but distinct ; eyes naked ; palpi short, pressed close into
the face.
Linna3us placed under Papilio a vast number of butterflies, now
arranged in different families, dividing them merely into groups.
Latreille first restricted the name to the "swallow-tails." "In
this action he has been followed by all authors until now
it has become the all but universal custom to apply it to an
immense group." (Scitdder.)
In this work I have with one or two alterations followed
Kothschild's revision of the genus PapiUo (Nov. Zool. ii, 1895,
pp. 167-463), and have accepted the groups and their sequence as
arranged by him. I have, however, placed Troides, Hiibner =
PAPILIO. 11
OrnitJioptera, Boisduval, which Eothschild has as a distinct genus,
under Papilio as an additional group. A division of the Indian
" swallow-tails " into groups, founded on the structure of the
larva and pupa, was also proposed by Messrs. Davidson & Aitken
(Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. v, 1890, p. 361), but their paper deals
only with the very limited number of the forms found in the
Bombay Presidency.
There is no hard and fast rule as to the value of characters
that may serve for generic distinction : it varies in each order of
insects. The subdivision of the large and unwieldy genus Papilio
will be a convenience. This has already been carried out by
Mr. Moore in the ' Lepidoptera Indica ' and also by other writers,
but, as I understand, Mr. Eothschild and Dr. Jordan are now
engaged on a fresh revision of the genus founded on an exami-
nation of the forms of these insects from all parts of the world,
I prefer to await the result of their studies, and in the meantime
have adopted Mr. Eothschild's tentative arrangement.
Key to the Groups of Papilio.
A. Fore wing : vein 11 not anastomosed with
vein 12.
a. Males without anal valves to abdomen . . HECTOR group, p. 18.
b. Males with anal valves to abdomen.
a'. Anal valves open on upperside COON group, p. 23.
b'. Anal valves not open on upperside,
normal.
(C-. Wings large, of comparatively great
expanse ; abdomen remarkably heavy
and massive ; anal valves very large,
prominent OBXITHOPTEKA group,
IP. Wings generally of less expanse ; [p. 13.
abdomen not particularly heavy or
massive; anal valves of moderate
size.
«3. No conspicuous blue or green
colouring or markings on upper-
side of wings.
a4. Hind wing : upper and middle
discocellulars subequal, or
upper shorter than middle.
«'. Both sexes : hind wings with-
out tails Nox group, p. 25.
b\ Both sexes : hind wings with
tails LATKKILLEI group,
b1. Hind wing : upper discocellular [p. 27
longer than middle.
a\ Fore wins: not acutely pointed
at apex, not falcate.
a1: Upperside of fore wing in
(5 densely clothed with
short hairs on its terminal
half HELENUS group, p. 41.
12
PAPILIONJD.S.
HHETENOR group,
[p. 54.
/A TJpperside of fore wing in
J not densely clothed with
hair on its terminal half.
a'. Hind wing tailed in one
sex only.
rt8. Hind wing not tailed
in cJ, always tailed
in $> ; dorsal margin
of wing on underside
bordered with red . .
If. Hind wing not tailed
in <$ , sometimes tailed
in § ; a patch of red
at base but no border
of red along dorsal
margin MEMNON group, p. 46.
V. Hind wing tailed in both
MACHAON group, p. 35.
BOOTES gi'oup, p. 55.
is. Tail short, slender, not
spatulate
is. Tail longer, broader,
spatulate.
«9. Underside : a patch
of red at base of
wings
69« Underside: no patch
of red at base of
wings
Hind wing without tail
in both sexes.
ts. Hind wing : upper dis-
cocellular nearly as
long as subcostal vein.
«°. Fore wing elongate ;
dorsal margin less
than half length of
costal
b9. Fore wing shorter,
broader; dorsal mar-
gin at least two-
thirds length of
costal.
a10. Fore wing: vein 8
out of basal fourth
of 7
Z»10. Fore wing : vein 8
out of basal third
of. 7
!»8. Hind wing: upper disco-
cellular much shorter,
not half length of sub-
costal vein .
NEPH ElA'S-l'OLYTES
[group, p. 58.
PROTENOR group,
[p. 52.
CLYTIA group, p. 73.
CASTOII group, p. 65.
AGESTOR group, p. 69.
* Except in Papilio demolctis, Linn., neither sex of which has the hind wing
tailed.
PAPILIO. 13
b~'. Fore wing acute and curved
at apex, strongly falcate. . . . PAYENI group, p. 91.
lr\ With conspicuous green or blue
colouring and markings on upper-
side.
«*. Hind wing without tail ELEPHEXOK group,
bl. Hind wing Avith tail. " [p. 80.
rt '. Fore wing in c? with or with-
out woolly adnervular streaks
on upperside.
a8. Such streaks always present,
one along middle of inter-
space 1 BIANOB, group, p. 81.
b''. Such streaks " not always
present, when present none
along middle of inter-
space 1 PALINURUS group,
b*. Fore wing in tf without any [p. 88.
woolly streaks PAHIS group, p. 84.
B. Fore wing : vein 11 anastomosed with vein
12.
a. Fore wing short and broad ; dorsal margin
much more than half length of costal.
a'. Hind wing with slender tails.
(ft. Hind wing in tf without a cottony
scent-organ on the inner side of
abdominal fold.
n3. Fore wing: upper 'discocellular
very much longer than middle
discocellular ; GLYCERIOX group,
63. Fore wing : upper discocellular [p. 93.
very little longer than middle
discocellular ANTIPHATES group,
b-. Hind wing in 3 with a cottony [p. 96.
scent-organ on the inner side of
abdominal fold.
«a. Fore wing : white bands on an-
terior portion without scales on
upperside AGKTES group, p. 100.
b3. Fore wing: white bands on an-
terior portion with scales on
upperside AuisTKUSgroup,p. 101.
b'. Hind wing without tails MACAREUS group,
b. Fore wing more elongate ; dorsal margin [p. 112.
about half as long as costal EURYPYLUS-
AGAMEMNON group,
[p. 105.
OnXITHOPTEKA GnOUP.
J 5 . Fore wing : costa arched ; apex not acute, rounded ;
termen oblique ; tornus well-marked but rounded ; dorsum
straight ; cell more than half length of wing ; upper discocellular
slightly oblique, shorter than middle in the Indian forms, middle
concave; veins 10 and 11 free, 10 from upper third, 11 from
middle of subcostal. Hind wiug not tailed in the Indian forms ;
14
costa short; termen strongly curved, round, scalloped; tornus promi-
nent but rounded; dorsum straight; abdominal fold in rf moderately
broad, lined within with a cottony scent- organ. Antennae elongate,
club curved ; thorax and abdomen robust, the latter very massive ;
$ anal valves very large and prominent. Pupa, unlike that of
the other groups of the geniis, sustained by separate lateral
threads attached to a tubercle on each side and not by a loop
round the middle.
Key to tlie forms of the Ornithoptera Group.
a. Underside of hind wing : cell yellow, black only
at extreme base.
a'. Underside of hind wing : interspace 1 yellow,
with a large oval and a smaller black spot in
terminal third, or yellow with posterior half
diagonally black.
«2. Underside of hind wing black along costal , T> 7 ,
margin, extended into interspace 7 ...... K1 JJE ^A
V. Underside of hind wing black along costal ' cetbenis> P- 14-
margin, not extended into interspace 7 . . P. ceacris, p. 15.
I'. Underside of hind wing : interspace 1 black,
with a narrow yellow streak anteriorly .... P. minos, p. 10.
b Underside of hind "wing : cell black ; apex only
yellow, basal half at least black ............ P. darsius, p. 17.
a. Underside of hind wing : interspace 7 black, no i p / / ,
yellow spot at its base .................... \ ' l / u ' , ,
b. Underside of hind wing : interspace 7 black, with ' rus' P' J4<
a small yellow spot at its base.
a. Cell yellow, basal third only black ........ P. ceacus, p. 15.
b'. Cell black, apex only yellow ............. P. darsius, p. 17.
c. Underside of hind wing: interspace 7 black, with
a large yellow spot at base or basal half yellow. P. minos, p. 16.
485. Papilio helena, Linn. Si/st. Nat. ed. x, 1758, p. 461.
Race cerberus (PI. XI, fig. 82).
Papilio pompeus, Gray (nee Cramer), Cat. Lep. Ins. Brit. Mus. i,
1852, p. 5; Moore (nee Cramer, Ornithoptera), Cat. Lep, Mus.
E. I. C. i, 1857, p. 87, <$ $ ; Ehves (nee Cramer, Ornithoptera),
Trans. Ent. Soc. 1888, p. 422.
Papilio cerberus, Felder, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, xiv, 1864,
p. 291 ; Moore (Ornithoptera), Lep. Ind. v, 1901-1903, p. 145,
pi. 490, figs. 1,1 a-lc, <J$.
Ornithoptera heliaconoides, Moore, P. Z. S. 1877, p. 592 ; W.-M.
8f de N. J. A. S. B. 1880, p. 237 ; Moore, Lep. Ind. v, 1901-
1903, p. 147, pi. 491, figs. 1, 1 «-l c, <$ $ .
Troides helena cerberus, liothsch. Nov. Zool. ii, 1895, p. 219, J $ .
Race cerberus, Felder. — S . Upperside : fore wing rich velvety
. PAPILIO. 15
black with adnervular pale streaks ou either side of the veins beyoiid
the cell ; cilia short, black, alternated with pale buffy white in the
middle of the interspaces. Hind wing : the abdominal fold, the
apical half obliquely of interspace 1, the termen broadly, the base
of the cell and the costal area up to and including the basal half
of interspace 7 velvety black, the rest of the wing rich silky
yellow ; the veins prominently but narrowly black ; the inner
margin of the terminal black border produced inwards into promi-
nent cone-shaped markings in the interspaces. All specimens
have one or more postdiscal black spots in the interspaces, but
never a complete series ; in interspace 2 and sometimes also in
interspace 3 these spots coalesce with the cone-shaped projections
of the terminal black border. Underneath the abdominal fold is
a dense mass of buffy-white scented cottony pubescence. Underside
similar, the adnervular pale streaks on the fore wing broader and
more prominent. Hind wing : dorsal margin broadly black, with
an edging of long soft black hairs ; interspace 1 with a large oval
posldiscal and a terminal black spot ; interspace 2 with the post-
discal black spot generally separate from the cone-shaped pro-
jection of the black terminal border ; the apical and lateral margins
of interspaces 2-6 pale yellow irrorated with black scales.
Antennae, head and thorax black, the collar narrowly crimson ;
abdomen yellow, shaded above with black ; beneath : the thorax
with a large lateral patch of crimson, the anal segment promi-
nently buff -coloured. — $ . Upper and under sides similar to those
in the J i but with the following differences : — Fore wing : the
adnervular pale streaks broader and more prominent. Hind wing :
the black at base and along the costal margin broader, occupying
fully one-third of the cell, the area above it and above vein 7,
interrupted however, in interspace 7 near the apex of wing, by a
transverse yellow mark which is sometimes subobsolete ; a post-
discal series of large oval black spots, those in interspaces 2 and 3
often joined on the upperside to the cone-shaped terminal black
marks ; dorsal margin also more broadly black, destitute of the
fringe of black hairs arid of course of the abdominal fold. Anteana?,
head and thorax as in the c? : abdomen dark brownish black above.
Exp. d1 ? 150-180 mm. (5-95-7'15").
Hob. Sikhiru ; Bhutan ; Assam ; Burma ; Tenasserim ; the
Audamans and the Malayan Subregion to Sumatra.
Andaman specimens (Jieliaconoides, Moore) are often both rf
and $ darker, with the adnervular pale streaks on the fore wing
almost if not quite obsolete on the upperside. The insect, how-
ever, has not been sufficiently differentiated to form even a distinct
480. ' Papilio seacus, Felder (Ornithoptera), Wien. Ent. Monats. iv,
1860, p. 225, $ ; Rothsch. (Troides) Nov. Zool. \\, 1895, p. 223 ;
Moore (Ornithoptera), Lep. Ind. v, 1901-1903, p. 148, pi. 422,
%s. ], lo, J $.
Ornithoptera rhadamanthus, Bolsdui-al (nee rhadamantus, Lucas),
16 PAPIL10NIBJE.
Spec. Gen. Lep. i, 1836, p. 180, $ ; Moore, Cat. Lep. Mm. E. I.
C. i, 1857, p. 88 ; Dist. Rhop. Malay. 1885, pp. 326 & 327,
fig. 106, $ , pi. 27 <i, tig. 5, rf ; W.-M. # de N., J. A. S. B. 1886,
p. 373 ; Elwes # de N. J. A. S. B. 1886, p. 438; Watson, Jour.
Bomb. N. H. Sac, vi, 1891, p. 53.
d" $ . Closely resembles P. cerberus. rf differs as follows : —
Upper side, fore wing : the pale adnervular streaks more prominent,
in some specimens extended into the cell along the outer half of
the subcostal and of the median nervures. Hind wing: the cone-
shaped terminal black markings in interspaces 2, 3, and 4 more or
less broadly bordered on the inner side by a dusky area that is
irrorated with blackish scales ; the black on the costal margin
narrower, not extended below vein 8. Underside similar to the
upperside, but the dusky black borders to the cone-shaped marks
in interspaces 2, 3, and 4 wanting. Antennae, head, thorax,
abdomen and abdominal fold as in cerbenis, but the abdomen
beneath with two rows of black spots. — In the $ the differences
from cerberus are — Fore wing : the pale adnervular streaks very
broad, very prominent and extended well into the cell. Hind
wing : the basal third of the cell and of interspace 2 black, the
middle portion of the latter yellow anteriorly, bufty-white poste-
riorly ; the posterior half of the discal area between the postdiscal
spots themselves and between them and the terminal cone-shaped
markings more or less irrorated with blackish scales ; lastly, the
black in interspace 7 interrupted by an inner triangular and an
outer small yellow spot. Antennae, head, thorax and abdomen
as in cerberus, but the abdomen beneath with two lateral and two
median rows of black spots.
Exp. «? $ 119-188 mm. (4-71-7-4").
Ha?>. Sikhim ; Assam ; Burma ; Tenasserim ; extending to the
east through the Shan States to Siam and China, and on the south
to the Malay Peninsula.
487. Papilio minOS, Cramer, Pap. Exot. iii, 1779, p. 4, pi. 195, fig. A ;
Felder (Ornithoptera), Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, xiv, 1864,
pp. 291 & 334 ; Atiken (Ornithoptera), Jottr. Bomb. N. H. Soc. ii,
1887, p. 35 ; Davidson fy Aitkcn (Ornithoptera), Join: Bomb.
N. H. Soc. v, 1890, p. 361 ; Rothsch. (Troides) Nov. Zool. ii,
1895, p. 203; Moore (Ornithoptera), Lep. Ind. v, 1901-1903,
p. 142, pi. 410, figs. 1, 1 o, 1 b, larva & pupa, <5 $.
c? $ • Differs from P. cerberus as follows : — <$ . Hindwing : the
black along the dorsal and terminal margins both on upper and
undersides much broader ; on the upperside entirely filling inter-
space 1, on the underside with only a narrow streak of yellow at
the angle between the median vein and vein 2 ; the cone-shaped
black markings on the terminal margin shorter and broader ; on
the costal margin the black is narrower than in cerberus, barely
extended below vein 8 except at the base and apex of the wing
where it broadens ; the abdomen is dull yellow above and below
not shaded with black. $ . Hind wing : the black on the costal
PAPILIO. 17
margin as in cerberus, but there is always a large yellow spot at
base of interspace 7 ; interspace 1 black, with a pale patch in the
middle ; the black terminal border broader, the inwardly extended
cone-shaped markings prominent, those in interspaces 2 and 3 with
pi«ie buff lateral edgings, extended inwards to the postdiscal spots.
In both c? and § the hind wing on the upperside is clothed with
soft, silky, long brownish-black hairs from base along the dorsal
area.
Exp. cJ $ 140-180 mm. (S-53-7'15").
Hob. Southern India : Bombay to Travancore.
Larva. Boughly cylindrical, tapers a little to each end, with two
rows of fleshy processes somewhat curved forwards and a double
row on each side that are much shorter. On the 2nd, 3rd and
4th segments an additional long pair between the dorsal and lateral
rows. Head smooth and black ; body of a uniform dark madder-
brown, prettily lighted with a tinge of pink at the points of some
of the fleshy processes ; dorsal process on the 8th segment and a
lateral pair on the 7th pinkish- white, with a band of the same
colour uniting them.
Pupa. Suspended by the tail and a band that encircles it much
nearer the head than is usual with Papilio pupa?. In form stout,
flattened, dilated in the middle, with head and thorax thrown back.
Head somewhat angular and tuberculated ; two of the abdominal
segments each with a prominent dorsal pair of pointed tubercles.
Colour usually light brown, with a strongly contrasting saddle of
old gold. (After Davidson $ AitJcen.} — Mr. T. A. Sealy (Proc. Ent.
Soc. 1875, p. ix) states : — " The pupa possesses the power of
making a curious noise like ' pha-pha' !, and makes it very loudly
when touched ; the noise is accompanied (perhaps produced) by a
.short contraction of the abdominal segments. I thought at first
it was merely produced by the rubbing of one ring of the pupa-
case against the next, but the sound did not resemble a mere
fractional sound, it was more like the sound of a rush of air
through small holes — ' pha-pha.' I tried to produce it with a
dead chrysalis but failed : the pupa sometimes contracted on being
touched without making the noise, and appeared unable to make
the noise until some time was given to allow it to recover its
vigour." Messrs. Davidson and Aitken have also noticed this power
in the pupa, but they speak of it " as a husky squeaking noise,
produced apparently by friction of the abdominal rings."
488. Papilio darsius, Gray, Cat. Lep. Ins. £. M. \, 1852, p. 5 ; Moore
(Ornithoptera), Cat. Lep. Mm. E. I. C. i, 1857, p. 87, pi. 2,
figs. 2, 2 a, $ § , larva & pupa ; id. (idem) Lep. Ceyl. i, 1881,
p. 155, pi. 55, figs. 1, 1 a, 1 b, tf § , larva £ pupa ; Rothschild
(Troides), Nov. Zool. ii, 1895, p. 203; Moore (Ornithoptera), Lep.
Ind. v, 1901-1903, p. 140, pi. 418, figs. 1, larva & pupa, 1, 1 a,
<S $ •
<5 $ . This form is the darkest of the four of this group found
within our limits.
VOL. II.
18 PAPILIONID.E.
wing: adnervular pale streaks not prominent on the upperside,
more distinctly marked on the underside. Hind wing black, with
a very broad diseal slightly curved silky-yellow band or patch that
extends beyond the cell from interspaces 2 to 7, and is composed of
elongate outwardly emarginate yellow markings that are divided
only by the black veins. In most specimens the inner margin of
this band crosses the apex of the cell, but in many the cell is
entirely black. Abdomen with some black markings beneath and
a lateral row of black spots. — $ . Differs from cerberus $ in the
much greater extent of the black on the hind wing. Interspace 1
with a pale dusky-white patch in the middle ; interspace 7 with an
inner and an outer yellow spot ; cell entirely black or nearly so,
sometimes, but rarely, with the yellow extended into the apex.
Exp. J $ 165-175 mm. (6-6-6-95").
Hab. Ceylon.
Larva. " Cylindrical, dull purple-brown, with two dorsal rows
and anterior and lateral rows of fleshy tubercles, those on the
eighth segment and a streak from its base to lower end of seventh
segment being pale pink ; between the tubercles are dark brown
streaks. Feeds on Aristolochia." (Moore.)
Pupa. " Pale purplish-ochreous, bent backwards anteriorly ;
thorax conical, the top flattened and its sides angled ; wing-cases
dilated and flattened laterally in the middle, their outer edge acute ;
two middle segments of abdomen with a dorsal pair of conical
prominences." (Moore.)
HECTOR GROUP.
c? $ . Fore wing elongate, broader in $ than in d1 ; costa
widely arched, apex produced, rounded ; termen oblique, straight,
or in the c? slightly concave in the middle, in the $ convex ;
dorsum straight, about half length of costa ; cell elongate, more
than half length of wing ; discocellulars nearly erect, upper not
much shorter than the middle ; veins 10 and 11 from the upper
half of subcostal vein. Hind wing elongate, costa arched ; termen
scalloped, produced into a tail at vein 4 ; tail not so long as in the
Coon Group, nor so distinctly and widely spatulate afc the tip,
in the typical form hector of even width to apex ; dorsum long,
straight ; cell a little longer than half length of wing ; veins 4 and 5
not approximate at base. Antennae about half length of fore
wing ; club long, narrow, gradual ; anal segment in d" without
valves.
Key to the forms of the Hector Group.
A. c? $ . Tail at apex of vein 4 in hind wing
of even width, not spatulate at apex ____
B. c? $ • Tail at apex of vein 4 in hind wing
spatulate at apex.
a Hind wing upperside : cell entirely black,
rarely with a small spot of white at apex.
PAPILiO. 19
«'. Uind wiug upperside : three or four
well-defined elongate white spots al-
ways present in the interspaces beyond
apex of cell ...................... P. aristolochice, p. 20.
b'. Hind wing; upperside : only one well-
defined elongate white spot in inter-
space 2 beyond apex of cell, others
absent, or when present obscure, , „ •_,?»•
much suffused with black scales .... I P' «•**«*»***, race
b. Hind wing upperside : apical half or more ' camorta, p. 21.
of cell white.
a'. Fore wing upperside : pale whitish
streaks in apex of cell not extended to
discocellulars .................... P. jophon, p. 22.
b'. Fore wing upperside : pale whitish
streaks in apex of cell extended well ,
up to discocellulars ................ , p. 22.
489. Papilio hector, Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. x, 1758, p. 459 ; Moore, Cat.
Lep. Mits. E. I. C. i, 1857, p. 93, pi. 2, figs. 4, 4 a, 4 b, larva &
pupa; id. (Menelaides) Lep. C'eyl. i, 1881, p. 152, pi. 58, fig. 2;
Rothsch. Nov. Zool. ii, 1895, p. 233 ; Moore (Tros), Lep. Ind. \,
1901-1903, p. 173, pi. 435, tigs. 1, 1 a, 1 b, larva & pupa, <J $ .
c? . Upperside black. Fore wing with a broad white interrupted
band from the subcostal nervure opposite the origin of veins 10
and 11, extended obliquely to the tornus, and a second short pre-
apical similar band ; both bands composed of detached irregularly
indented broad streaks in the interspaces. Hind wing with a
<liscal posteriorly strongly curved series of seven crimson spots
followed by a subterminal series of crimson lunules. Cilia black
alternated with white. Underside : fore wing dull brownish black,
hind wing black ; markings as on the upperside, but the crimson
spots and crescentic markings on the hind wing larger. Antennae,
thorax and abdomen above at base, black ; head and rest of the
abdomen bright crimson ; beneath : the palpi, the sides of the
thorax and abdomen crimson. — £ • Similar, the discal series of
spots and subterminal lunules much duller, pale crimson irrorated
\\ith black scales ; in some specimens the anterior spots aud
lunules almost white barely tinged with crimson ; abdomen above
with the black colour extended further towards the apex.
Exp. rf $ 88-120 mm. (3-49-4-T5").
Hab. Bengal : Calcutta, Chaudernagore, Orissa, Chittagong ;
the southern half of peninsular India; Ceylon.
" Larva. Cylindrical, tapering slightly towards each end ; rich
dark purple-brown ; with a subdorsal and two lateral rows of
crimson fleshy cylindrical tubercles, the lowest row shortest, and
an additional lateral tubercle on the third and fourth segments, a
transverse row of four pinkish-white spots on the seventh and
eighth segments; head and legs blackish." (Moore.)
" Pupa. Head truncate in front ; thorax dorsally conical and
20 PAPILIONID^E.
laterally rounded ; wing-cases posteriorly rounded and dilated ;
abdominal segments with four subdorsal short foliaceous pro-
tuberances ; colour pale violaceous-ochraceous." (Moore.)
In the 'Entomologist's Monthly Magazine,' 1880, p. 276,.
Mr. R. iS. Eaton notes that in Bombay this butterfly roosted in
great numbers together.
On the Western Ghats between Vingorla and Belgaum, where
this butterfly occurred in some numbers, 1 also noted the habit
they have of roosting in company on twigs of some thorny shrub,
but I never saw more than a score or so together.
490. Papilio aristolochiae, Fabr. Syst. Ent. 1775, p. 443 ; EJwes S^
de Niceville, J. A. S. B. 1886, p. 435 ; Davidson fy Aitken, Journ.
Bomb. N. H. Soc. v, 1890, p. 362 ; Eothsch. Nov. Zool. ii, 1895,
p. 245; Moore (Menelaides), Lep. Ind. \, 1901-1903, p. 178r
pi. 441, figs. 1, 1 o-l d, & pi. 442, figs. 1, 1 cr-1 c, larva fc pupa, tf $ .
Papilio diphilus, Esper, Am. Schmett. 1792, p. 156, pi. 40, fig. 2;
Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. i, 1857, p. 94, pi. 2, figs. 5, 6 a,
larva.
Menelaides ceylonica, Moore, Lep. Ceyl. i, 1881, p. 151, pi. 57,
figs. 2, 2 a, 26, <$, larva & pupa.
Race camorta.
Papilio aristolocliiae, var. camorta, Moore, P. Z. S. 1877, p. 592 ;
W.-M. 8> de.N. J.A.S. B. 1881, p. 237.
Menelaides camorta, Moore, Lep. Ind. v, 1901-1903, p. 182. pi. 443,
figs. 1, 1 a-1 c, cf $ .
Papilio aiistolochia? camorta, Rothsch. Nov. Zool. ii, 1895, p. 250.
cJ . Upperside velvety black. Fore wing with well-marked pale
aduervular streaks on the discal area that do not reach the ter-
minal margin, the latter broadly velvety black ; the streaks beyond
Fig. 3. — a. Hind wing: Papilio arutolocliice.
b. Hind wiog : P. aristolochice, race camorta, Moore.
c. Apex of abdomen : P. aristolochia, showing want of
anal valves.
end of cell extended inwards into its apex. Hind wing with elon-
gate white discal markings in interspaces 2-5 beyond the cell.
PAPILIO. 21
In dry-weather specimens these markings are very short and do
not nearly reach the bases of the interspaces; beyond these a
curved series of subterminal lunular markings in interspaces 1 to 7
dull crimson irrorated with black scales, the spot in interspace 1
large, irregular, diffuse, margined interiorly with white. Under-
side : ground-colour and markings similar, but the red subterminal
spots on the hind wing much brighter, not irrorated with black
scales, better defined, the anterior four subquadrate, the next two
crescentic, sometimes quadrate also, the spot in interspace 1
triangular and pointed. Antennae, thorax and abdomen above
up to the preanal segment black; the head, sides of prothorax
^ibove, and of the whole of the thorax and abdomen beneath
vermilion-red ; anal segment vermilion-red. — $ similar, differs
from the c? only in the comparatively broader wings : this is
most conspicuous in the fore wing.
Exp. <$ $ 76-114 mm. (3-4-5").
Hob. N.W.India; Sikhim ; W. & S. India; Ceylon; Assam;
Burma ; Tenasserim ; extending on the west to China and Siam,
and southwards to Malacca, Java and the Philippines.
Larva. "Adult 1^ inch long. Stout, cylindrical and tuber-
culous. Gound-colour velvet-brown-black, dorsal line black ; four
longitudinal rows of fleshy tubercles bright red seventh
segment with a milk-white, jagged, lacerated band reaching right
across the body and terminating at the third row of tubercles, the
tubercles on that segment are white with the exception of the
3rd and 4th rows ; head black ; segmental incisions dark purple-
brown ; legs and abdomen beneath black ; stigmates (sic) black ;
retractile tentacula orange. Feeds on Aristolochia indica. Habits
slow."
Pupa. " Darkish brown, stout and broad, swollen at the sides,
with four pairs of very prominent tubercles on the back of the
abdomen." (de la Chaumette as quoted by Moore.)
In certain lights the wings of both S and 5 have a rich
purple bloom on the upperside. — Var. ceylonica, Moore, has a
white spot at the apex of the cell on the hind wing. Males of
this butterfly vary greatly in size ; quite tiny specimens, perfect
miniatures of the normal form, are not uncommon throughout its
range.
Race camorta, Moore (fig. 3 6, hind wing), differs from the typical
form as follows : — " The white spots of the hind wing small, only that
between the lower median veins (veins 2 and 3) is clearly marked
on the upperside, the two others standing before and behind the
upper median nervule (vein 4) are sometimes entirely absent from
the upperside, or when present are much suffused with black ;
below there is usually a spot within the apex of the cell."
(RothtchOd.)
Exp. d $ 96-118 mm. (3-8-4-65").
Hob. The Nicobars. Mr. Gilbert Kogers sent it to me from
the Central group, but not from Great Nicobar.
22 PAPILIONID.E.
491. Papilio jophon, Gray, Cat. Lep. Ins. Brit. Mus. i, 18o2, p. 10r
pi. 4, fig. 4 $ ; Moore (Menelaides), Lep. Ceyl. i, 1881, p. 152r
pi. 58, fig. 1 ? ; Rothsch. Nov. Zool. ii, 1895, p. 234 ; Moor?
(Menelaides), Lep. Ind. v, 1901-1903, p. 176, pi. 436, figs. 1, 1 ar
Ib, larva, rf $.
.Race pandiyanus.
Papilio pandiyana, Moore, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1881, p. 313 ; Ferguson,
Journ. £omb. N. H. Soc. vi, 1891, p. 446.
Papilio pandiyanus, Rothsch. Nov. Zool. ii, 1895, p. 234; Moore
(Menelaides), Lep. Ind. v, 1901-1903, p. 177, pi. 437, figs. 1, 1 a,
U c?$-
c? . Upperside black. Fore wing with three or four broad white
streaks in cell and a variable number of similar somewhat broader
streaks that are bifid along their apical half in the interspaces
beyond ; these streaks do not reach the terminal margin and
become obsolete towards the costal margin of the wing. Hind
wing : the apical half of the cell and short apicaliy truncate
streaks in the interspaces beyond wThite ; these streaks broad,
divided only by the black veins, followed by a subterminal curved
series of crimson lunules irrorated with black scales. Undersid.e
similar, the markings more distinct and more sharply denned, the-
discal white streaks and the subterminal series of crimson spots
each seven in number. Antennae, head, thorax and abdomen
above up to the preanal segment black ; the head in front and
beneath, the thorax at the sides and the apical half of the
abdomen crimson, the last with one or two black lateral spots. —
$ similar ; fore wing broader, the white and crimson markings
larger and more conspicuous.
Exp. c? $ 118-128 mm. (4-64-5-2").
Hab. Ceylon. " Confined locally to the middle hill district '*
(Manders).
Larva. " Dark purple-black, with crimson-coloured pointed
tubercles, two on 2nd segment, eight on each of 3rd and 6th, six
on each of 8th to 10th, and four on 13th ; seventh segment with
a pale cream-coloured transverse band (interrupted on the dorsal
line), including four tubercles of the same colour, below which on
each side is a single crimson tubercle ; on second segment is a
band composed of four pale tubercular spots, from the centre of
which can be protruded a pair of short blunt yellow tentacles. "
(E. E. Green as quoted by Moore.}
Race pandiyanus, Moore.— " Though closely allied to
Gray, this species is constantly (as far as we know) different in
pattern. The white colour of the fore wings is much more ex-
tended, especially in the apical region, but also more shaded with
black scales; the internervular black streaks between the median
nervules (veins 4-6) are much longer, the white linear markings-
in the cell reach the discocellular veinlets. On the hind wing
PAPILIO. 23
the last discal white spot reaches mostly to the suhmeclian nervui'e
(vein 1), the anterior one is very large in the cf , small or divided
into two spots, or obliterated in the 5 " (Itothschild, t. o.)
Exp. <$ $ 102-114 mm. (4-02-4-5").
Hab. S. India : JYilgiri Hills ; Travancore.
COON GROUP.
c? § . "Wings very long and narrow. Fore wing : costa slightly
arched, apex broadly rounded, termen S straight, £ slightly
convex, in both sexes very oblique ; dorsuin very short, less than
half as long as the costa ; cell long and narrow, considerably more
than half length of wing ; upper discocellular very little shorter
than the middle ; vein 10 from upper third, 11 from beyond the
middle of subcostal. Hind wing with long spatulate tail ; costa
straight, short ; termen very long, broadly scalloped ; veins 4 and 5
approximate at base. Antennae slightly less than half length
of fore wing ; club narrow, gradual. <5 abdominal fold narrow,
abrupt at apex ; anal valves conspicuous, with a parting on the
upperside.
Key to the forms of the Coon Group.
a. Hind wing upperside : spatulate portion of tail
black.
«'. Hind wing upperside : more than half apical
ortion of cell svhite
P. doubkdayi, p. 23.
b. Hind wing upperside : spatulate portion of tail ' ISIS} P'
red P. rhodifer, p. 24.
492. Papilio doubledayi, Wallace, Trans. Linn. Soc. xxv, 1865, p. 42,
note ; Rothsch. Nov. Zool. ii, 1895, p. 253 ; Moore (Losaria), Lep.
Ind. v, 1901-1903, p. 184, pi. 438, tigs. 1, 1 a, 1 b, rf $ .
Race cachareusis.
Papilio cacharensis, Butler, A. M. N. H. (5) xvi, 1885, p. 344 ;
Moore (Losaria), Lep. Ind. v, 1901-1903, p. 185, pi. 439, figs. 1,
Papilio doubledayi cacharensis, Rothschild, Nov. Zool. ii, 1895,
p. 253.
c? . Upperside dull black, paler on the fore than on the hind
wing. Fore wing with very conspicuous pale streaks, two in each
interspace that extend well into the cell, but do not reach the
termeu, where the dull black ground-colour forms a broadish
transverse band. Hind wing black, with in fresh specimens in
certain lights a beautiful blue gloss ; a central large white area
composed of a white patch in the apical two-thirds of the cell and
24 PAPILIONID.E.
more or less elongate spots of varying breadth at base of inter-
spaces 1-7, all these very distinctly divided by the broadly black-
bordered veins, the spot in interspace 4 more or less obsolescent ;
lastly, a subterminal row of more or less crescentic white spots,
the lower two shaded with crimson followed by a crimson tornal
and a terminal similar but brighter spot at apex of vein 3, the
spatulate tail black. Underside similar ; the ground-colour duller.
Fig. 4.— a. Hind wing: P. doubledayi.
b. Hind wing: P. rhodifer.
c. Anal valves of Coon group, opeu on upperside.
Hind wing : a white discal spot often in interspace below vein 1,
the lower two spots of the terminal series entirely crimson.
Antennae, thorax and abdomen above up to the preanal segment
black ; head, palpi, sides of the thorax and rest of the abdomen
crimson, the abdomen with black lateral spots. — 5 similar ; fore
wing paler. Hind wing : the central white markings larger, the
subterminal spot in interspace 2 white, coalescent with the crimson
tornal spot. Antennae, head, thorax and abdomen as in the 3 .
Exp. rf 2 118-134 mm. (4'65-5-25").
Hob. Burma ; Tenasserim ; extending to the Malay Peninsula.
Race cacharensis, Butler. — 3 $ smaller, with the ground-colour
duller and the discal white spots on the hind wing conspicuously
reduced in size. According to Rothschild the subterminal and
terminal markings are also paler, often yellowish red. " Head,
sides of breast and abdomen of a yellowish-red instead of
vermilion-red " (Rothschild, t. c.).
Exp. rf $ 102-112 mm. (4-02-4-41").
Hob. Kecorded so far only from Cachar.
493. Papilio rhodifer, Sutler, Ent. Month. Mag. xiii, 1876, p. 57;
Rothsch. Nov. Zool. ii, 1895, p. 254 ; Moore (Losnria), Lep. Ind.
v, 1901-1903, p. 186, pi. 440, figs. 1, 1 a, $ $ .
<3 differs from P. doubledayi as follows : — Ground-colour a rich
PAPILIO. 25
velvety-black, much darker than iu doubledayi ; on the fore wing
the pale streaks extend only into the apex of the cell. On the
hind wing the medial white markings are much shorter, the spots
at base of interspaces 4 and 5 and generally the spot in inter-
space 7 absent ; the subterminal and terminal vermilion spots
are much larger, and the tail is vermilion on its apical spatulate
portion. Antennae, head, thorax and abdomen as in doubledayi,
but the head entirely vermilion-red. 2 closely resembles the J ,
fore wing broader, red markings on hind wing more crimson than
vermilion-red, often dull and irro rated slightly with black scales ;
medial white markings more extensive, the white mark in inter-
space 1 extends well below vein 1.
Exp. cf 2 126-134 mm. (5-5-28").
Hab. The Andainans.
Nox GROUP.
d1 2 . Fore wing elongate ; costa slightly arched, twice length of
dorsum, apex rounded ; termen straight in c? , slightly convex in
2 , dorsuin straight ; cell long, well over halt' length of wing,
veins 10 and 11 close together from apical half of subcostal.
Hind wing elongate ; costa short, slightly curved ; termen long,
convex, broadly scalloped; dorsum with the abdominal fold in the c?
closed, straight ; veins 4 and 5 closely approximate or from a point.
c? sex-mark, abdominal fold very large in two out of the three
Indian forms, cut square on its lower margin, its dorsal margin
fringed with long hairs, beneath the fold a mass of specialized
scent-scales ; anal valves short, convex. Antennae a little less
than half length of fore wing ; club long, narrow, gradual in both
sexes.
Key to the forms of the Nox Group.
<i. Hind wing upperside : uniform, without white
subterminal markings.
«'• c? <3 with abdominal fold on hind wing
square at its lower margin. 2 2 with a
broad crimson lateral band on abdomen. , j> , „
-•71 I OQ i Qf! ) VQI until lace
b'. rf rf with abdominal 'fold "on" hind wing ' astorion, p. 25.
rounded, not square, at the tornal angle.
5 2 with a broad white lateral band on
abdomen. Exp. 144-162 mm P. aidoneus, p. 20.
b. Hind wing upperside : with white subterminal
markings , P. zaleucus, p. 27.
494. Papilio varuna, White, Entomologist, i, (March) 1842, p. 280, 2.
Race astorion.
Papilio astorion, Westw. A. M. N. H. ix, 1842, p. 37 ; JElwes,
Trans. Ent. Soc. 1888, p. 422 ; Moore (Paugerana), Lep. Ind. v,
1901-1903, p. 153, pi. 423, figs. ] , la, Ib, J $ .
Papilio varuna astorion, Rothsch. Nov. Zool. ii, 1895, p. 260.
26
cJ . Upperside rich velvety blue-black. Fore wing : outwardly
towards the terminal margin and the whole of the hind wing
except the dorsal area have in certain lights a rich dark purple
bloom, in others a very dark green ; dorsal area and the whole
inner side of the sexual fold opaque brownish black ; outer half
of fore wing with pale adnervular streaks more or less prominent.
Underside similar ; fore wing with the adnervular pale streaks
broader, more prominent, extended further inwards well up to
the terminal margin. Hind wing : ground-colour more uniform
blue-black than on the upperside. Antennae, head, thorax and
abdomen black ; the head in front, on the sides and beneath,
the sides of the thorax and of the abdomen rich crimson ;
beneath, the thorax and abdomen black, the latter with lateral
black spots in addition on its crimson sides. — $ . Upperside dull
black. Fore wing with the pale greyish-green streaks very broad
and prominent, especially in interspaces 1 and 2, the streaks
extend also into the cell. Hind wing more uniform, with a dark
dull blue, in some lights dark green, bloom. Underside similar,
the streaks on the fore wing broader and paler ; hind wing as on
the upperside, more uniform, duller, opaque. Antennae and thorax
black, abdomen dull brownish black, head crimson ; beneath as in
the c? , but the crimson less bright, especially on the sides of the
abdomen and without the lateral spots on the latter.
Exp. rf $ 88-136 mm. (3-5-5-38").
Hab. Sikhirn ; Bhutan ; Assam ; Upper Burma ; Tenasseriin.
In Sikhim, according to Elwes and de Niccville, it occurs from
quite low elevations in the Terai up to 7000 feet. Its almost
uniform dark colour renders it inconspicuous in the jungle, and it
is therefore difficult to account for its being further protected by
a disagreeable smell and probably taste. Wood-Mason has
recorded that the females have a strong and disgustingly rank
musky odour.
495. Papilio aidoneus, Doubleday, A. M. N. H. xvi, 1845, p. 178, rf;
JBhces, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1888, p. 423; Eothsck. Nov. Zool. ii,
1895, p. 257; Moore (Pangerana), Lep. 2nd. v, 1901-1903, p. 154,.
pi. 424, tigs. 1, la, d $•
c? $ . Eesembles P. varuna race astorion, but differs as follows: —
Cell of fore wing proportionately not quite so long; abdominal
fold to the hind wing in d not so broad, its lower margin not
square, rounded ; the specialized scales within the fold \vhiter
with an edging of pink. $ larger. Upperside : ground-colour
olivaceous-brown, never black ; abdomen with a broad white, not
crimson, lateral stripe.
Exp. rf $ 112-162 mm. (4-4-6-33").
Hab. Sikhim (2000-3000 feet, fide Elwes) ; Bhutan ; Assam :
the JVaga Hills ; Upper Burma : the Shan States.
PAPILIO. 27
496. Papilio zaleucus, Heu-itson, Exct. Butt, iii, 1865, Pap. pi. 7, figs.
24,25, tf $; Rothsch. Nov. Zool. ii, 1895, p. 261 ; Moore (Pan-
gerana), Lep. Ind. v, 1901-1903, p. 155, pi. 425, figs. 1, l«-lc,
rf$.
c? . Upperside velvety black, with a deep bluish bloom on the
hind wing. Fore wing uniform with generally pale internervular
streaks on the terminal half. Hind wing with two or three large
subterminal, outwardly emarginate, white spots in interspaces
2 and 3 or 2, 3 and 4 ; inside the abdominal fold brown, with a
purple gloss in some specimens, the specialized scent-scales or
hairs greyish. Underside : fore wing similar, the pale interuervular
streaks broader, more prominent, extended into the cell. Hind
wing : similar to the upperside, the ground-colour purplish-
opaque, with a small white spot sometimes in interspace 3. An-
tenna?, head in front, thorax posteriorly and abdomen black ; the
prothorax with the sides crimson, above clothed with a few black
hairs ; beneath, the palpi, sides of the thorax and abdomen crimson.
$ . Upperside : fore wing black, uniform, the iuternervular streaks
very broad, greenish, giving a green appearance to the whole wing.
Hind wiug : ground-colour rich indigo-green, a very broad white
subterminal band composed of elongate spots in interspaces 1 to 5,
the spot in interspace 1 nearly reaches the margin, only separated
from it by a narrow black line, the spots in interspaces 2-5 out-
wardly deeply emarginate. Underside : fore wing as on the
upperside but with not so green a tint. Hind wing : ground-colour
opaque black, the broad white subterminal band as on the upper-
side, but generally with diffuse small black spots on the white in
interspaces 3, 4 and 5 ; an additional much smaller white spot
near apex of interspace 6. Antennae, head, thorax and abdomen
as in the male, but the palpi crimson ; the abdomen with lateral
black spots and black transverse bars beneath on the crimson.
Exp. d1 $ 84-127 mm. (3-3-5").
Hab. Upper Burma : the Shftn States ; Tenasserim ; Siam.
LATREILLSI GROUP.
Fore wing elongate, costal margin arched, more than twice aa
long as dorsal margin ; apex broadly rounded ; termen very
oblique, dorsum straight ; cell elongate, broad, more than half the
length of the wing ; upper discocellular only a little shorter than
middle; veins 10 and 11 from apical half of subcostal arid along
the greater part of their length very close to vein 12, vein 9 from
upper apex of cell. Hind wing very long and narrow ; termen
broadly scalloped, produced at vein 4 into a broad spatulate tail ;
cell very narrow ; basal portion of subcostal between veins 7 and 8
equal to middle discocellular nervule lying between veins 4 and 5.
Antennae not half length of fore wing. Abdominal fold in <? not
so broad as in the Nox Group, on its inner side with dense-
cottony androconia. Anal valves in c? normal.
28 PAPILIONIDJE.
Key to tlie forms of the Latreillei Group.
A. Hind wing upperside : a terminal or subter-
minal red or pinkish-red spot on tail.
a. Hind wing upperside : discal or subterminal
markings present.
«'. Hind wing upperside : an elongate white
spot near base of interspace 3.
a~. Hind wing npperside : no white spot
near base of interspace 5 P. latreillei, p. 28.
li2. Hind wing upperside : a prominent
quadrate white spot near base of
interspace 5 P. polla, p. 30
b'. Hind wing upperside : no white spot
near base of interspace 3.
a'1. Hind wing upperside : no red or white
spot or marking in interspace 6.
«a. Hind wing upperside : a large quad-
rate white spot in interspace 5 at
base.
« l. Hind wing upperside : postdiscal
lunule in interspace 4, some
shade of red.
«\ Hind wing upperside : an elon-
gate white spot at base of
interspace 4 P. plriloxcnus, p. 31.
V. I lind wing upperside : no white , -/•> , .,
spot at base of interspace 4 . . P' PJ»l°f™s; ™*-
A'. Hind wing upperside: postdiscal ' polyeuctes, p. 31.
lunule in interspace 4 alwavs , T, 7 -,
white y \ P. phihxentu, var.
l'\ Hind wing' 'upperside :' a 'narrow ' '^sarada, p. 31.
transverse white spot in middle, . n 7 -,
not at base of interspace 5 .' j P' P^cen**, ^ace
V. Hind wing upperside. : a lunular con- ' lama> ?' 32
spicuous white spot in interspace 6 . P. ravctna, p. 33.
b. Hind wing upperside : uniform, without
discal or subtermiual markings P. crassipes, p. 34.
B. Hind wing upperside : tail uniform, without
subterminal or terminal spot or marking.
a. Hind wing upperside: no discal white spots
at bases of interspaces 3 and 4.
a'. Hind wing upperside : a crimson subter-
minal lunule in interspaces 2, 3 and 4,
and a large quadrate white spot in
interspaces 5 and 6 P. nevilli, p. 33.
I'. Hind wing upperside : a pinkish- white
subterminal lunule in interspaces 2 to 6,
no^quadrate white spot in interspaces . p ^.^ ^
b. Hind wing uppers'ideVa'sekes'of'discai ' pembertoni, p. 34.
white spots at bases of interspaces 1 to 5 . P. adamsoni, p. 29.
497. Papilio latreillei, Donovan, Xat. Repos. ii, 1826, pi. 140; Elwes,
Trans. Ent. Soc. 1888, p. 425; llothsch. Nov. Zool. ii, 1895,
p. 261 ; Moore (Byasa), Lep. Ind. v, 1901-1903, p. 165, pi. 430,
figs. 1, lf<-lc, '$ $.
Papilio minereus, Gray, Zool. Misc. 1831, p. 32; Moore, Cat. Lep.
Mus. E. I. C. i, 1857, p. 97.
d" . Upperside dull brownish black. Fore wing with streaks
in cell, the interuervular streaks and the veins velvety black.
Hind wing : ground-colour more uniform to apex of cell, beyond
this interspaces 2, 3 and 4 with broad elongate white spots, the
spot in interspace 2 slightly tinged outwardly with crimson ;
sometimes a white crimson-tinted spot also in interspace 1 ; a
subterminal series of crimson lunules in interspaces 2 to 5, that in
5 generally more or less white ;
lastly, a crimson spot at apex of
vein 3 and on apex of tail.
Underside similar, ground-colour
much paler ; markings of the
hind wing as on the upperside,
but slightly larger, the crimson
spots brighter ; in many speci-
mens a small discal adnervular
spot in interspace 5, and a sub-
terminal small white lunule in
interspace 6 also present ; the
crimson-tinted discal spot in
interspace 1 always present.
Antennae dark brownish black,
head and front of the prothorax
crimson, the rest of the body
above black ; beneath, the palpi,
thorax and abdomen crimson,
the middle of the thorax and of
the abdomen with black mark-
ings.— 5 . Similar, slightly paler;
Fig. 5.— «. Papilio latreillei, f.
o. Venation of anterior portion
of hind wing.
the white and crimson markings
on the hind wing on both upper
and undersides similar but larger;
there is generally also a discal adnervular spot in interspace 5.
Antennae, head, thorax and abdomen a.s in the 3 .
Exp. rf $ 120-130 mm. (473-5-13").
Hob. Nepal ; Sikhim ; Assam.
This form apparently keeps to a higher elevation than its close
ally, P. pliihxenus. Mr. Elwes says it is not uncommon between
7000 and 9000 feet in Sikhim, and there is no record of its occur-
rence at a lower elevation than 7000 feet.
498. Papilio adamsoni, Grose-Smith, A. M. N. H. (5) xviii, 1880,
p. 149, J; id. $ Kirby, Shop. Exot. i, 1888, Pap. p. 11, pi. 5,
figs. 3 & 4 ; Rothsch. Nov. Zool. ii, 1895, p. 262 ; Moore (Byasa),
Lep. Ind. v, 1901-1903, p. 167, pi. 431, tigs. 1, 1 a, 1 b, <J $ .
Papilio (Byasa) minereoides, Elwes $ de N. J. A. S. B. 1887,
p. 435, pi. 20, figs. 2, 2
$.
30
c? $ . Closely resembles P. latreillei, but can be distinguished as
follows : — J . Upperside : ground-colour darker, not uniform,
distinctly darker on the basal half of the fore wing. Hind wing :
ground-colour on the basal side of the discal whice markings not
paler than the ground-colour beyond these ; an additional white
elongate spot, sometimes transversely divided into two, in inter-
space 5 ; a subterminal series of only three lunules in interspaces
2, 3 and 4 respectively, that in 4 white, no terminal crimson spot
at vein 3 or on tail. Underside similar to the upperside, but the
ground-colour paler and more opaque, the white markings more
or less tinged with crimson and a well-defined subterminal white
spot always present in interspace 6. Antennae, head, thorax and
abdomen much as in P. latreillei. — $ . Similar to the tf , but the
ground-colour paler, the white markings on the hind wing larger,
the subterminal lunules more or less white.
Exp. <$ $ 92-115 mm. (3-65-4-13").
Hab. Upper Burma : the Shan States ; Tenasserim.
499. Papilio polla, de Niceville (Papilio-Byasa), J. A. S. B. 1897,
p. 565, pi. 4, tig. 28 rf ; Moore (Byasa), Leo. Ind. v. 1901-1903,
p. 166, pi. 429, fig. 2 rf.
S . Very closely resembles P. latreillei rf , but [judging by a
single specimen the fore wing is proportionately rather narrower,
the termen more oblique, the torn us more rounded. The markings
on the hind wing differ as follows : — the discal white patch com-
posed of four elongate spots in interspaces 2-4, that in interspace
4 very broad, filling the interspace between the middle of veins 5
and 6 ; subterminal series of lunules larger than in latreillei, and
all vermilion-red, not crimson, both on the upper and undersides ;
cilia between tornus and apex of vein 3, apex of tail and cilia at
apex of vein 5 vermilion-red. On the underside, the spot of the
discal patch in interspace 1 is vermilion-red, and the red lunule
of the subterminal series in interspace 2 is produced to the ver-
milion-red terminal edging below it. Antennae, head, thorax
and abdomen as in P. latreillei. — 5 • " Appears to differ only from
the male on the upperside of the hind wing in the white patch,
which is continued posteriorly to the abdominal margin or nearly
so and does not extend into the end of the cell." (de Niceville, t. c.)
Eccp. rf 131 mm. (5-15").
Hab. Upper Burma : Bernardmyo, 6000 feet, Northern Shan
States, N. Chin Hills.
This seems to be a very rare insect, at any rate within Britisli
territory, only single specimens seem to have been taken so far.
Of these, one, a 3 , now in the British Museum, I took at over
5000 feet elevation, on the shoulder of the hillside on which were
built the barracks for the troops at Bernardmyo, in the Ruby
Mines district, Upper Burma.
PAPILIO. 31
.500. Papilio philoxenus, Gray, Zool. Misc. 1831, p. 32 ; Moore, Cat.
Lep. Mm. E. I. C. i, 1857, p. 96 ; Rothsch. Nov. Zool. ii, 1895,
p. 264; Moore (Byasa), Lep. Ind. v, 1901-1903, p. 159, pi. 426,
tigs. 1, la-la", larva & pupa, J 9 .
Papilio polyeuctes, Doubledat/ in Gray's Zool. Misc. 1842, p. 74.
Papilio dasarada, Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. i, 1857, p. 96 ;
id. (Byasa) Lep. Ind. v, 1901-1903, p. 161, pi. 427, tigs. 1, la, 16,
Pfipilio philoxenus ab. polyeuctes, Rothsch. Nov. Zool. ii, 1895,
p. 265.
Papilio philoxenus ab. dasarada, Rothsch. Nov. Zool. ii, 1895, p. 266.
Race larna.
Papilio lauia, Oberthiir, Etudes d'Ent. ii, 1876, p. 15, pi. 3, fig. 1 J.
Papilio philoxenus lama, Rothsch. Nov. Zool. ii, 1895, p. 266.
3 . Upperside velvety black. Fore wing with broad pale adner-
vular streaks that do not extend to the terminal margin and only
slightly into the cell. Hind wing : a very large white quadrate
spot in interspace 5 and usually a white spot in the interspaces
above or below or in both ; a series of postdiscal crimson or red
lunules in interspaces 2, 3 and 4, followed by similarly coloured
admarginal spots in interspaces 2 and 3 and at apex of tail, the
lunule in interspace 2 nearly always, and that in interspace 3 very
often, joined to the admarginal spots. Underside similar; ground-
colour more opaque, dull, not velvety; the adnervular streaks on
the fore wing very broad. Hind wing as on the upperside, but,
an additional elongate crimson spot near base of interspace 3 and
a broad irregular transverse crimson bar below it in interspaces 1
and 2 ; the other markings somewhat larger than on the upperside,
the white margins often tinged with red along their edges.
Antennas black, head and thorax anteriorly crimson ; rest of
thorax and abdomen black ; beneath : the palpi, thorax and abdomen
crimson, the abdomen with a line of black spots along each side. —
$ similar ; ground-colour on both upper and undersides somewhat
duller, not velvety ; markings on the upperside much duller
crimson, often nearly white and much irro rated with black scales ;
the white quadrate spot in interspace 5 generally larger than in
the J , the white spots in the interspaces above and below it more
frequently present.
Enep. d 2 126-157 mm. (4-96-6-2").
Hob. The Himalayas from Kashmir to Sikhim: Bhutan; Assam;
Upper Burma; Tenasserim, extending to the Malay Peninsula.
A very variable form both in size and in the colour and dis-
position of the markings on the hind wing.
Var. polyeuctes, Doubleday. — The rf without any trace of a
white spot above or below the large quadrate white patch in
interspace 5, the postdiscal and terminal markings all crimson or
vermilion-red.
Var. dasarada, Moore, typically differs from typical philoxenus
as follows : — Larger, with broader tails to the hind wing. Upper-
side : the adnervular pale streaks on the fore wing very broad and
32 PAPILIONIDJE.
prominent, extended well into the cell and nearly to the hase of
the wing ; at the apex they extend outward to the terminal
margin ; markings on the hind wing larger in proportion to the
size of the insects; only the posterior markings more or less
reddish-pink, the rest white, strongly irrorated with black scales.
Underside : markings similar to those of the typical form, but only
the spots in interspaces 1, 2 and 3 and on the tail in the hind wing
reddish pink, the others white, some. slightly tinged along the
outer edge with pink. This aberration is variable and unstable
and grades into the typical form. The two fly together at the
same season and in the same locality.
Larva. " 2± inches long; pale purple-brown; head and legs
shining black ; head small, corneous, sparsely covered with black
hairs ; 2nd segment with two short tubercles on each side and a
nuchal, transverse, flattened, corneous, tentacular sheath in front ;
3rd, 4th, 5th and 6th segments each with eight short tubercles,
four on each side, the subdorsal series longest ; 7th, 8th, 9th and
10th segments each with six tubercles, and llth, 12th and 13th
segments each with four shorter tubercles ; each tubercle is red at
the apex and purple-black streaked at the base; intervening space
between the tubercles with a transverse and a dorsal series of paler
purple-black spots ; these latter markings all with pale borders ;
7th and 8th segments each with a lateral, short, broad, oblique
white band." (Moore.)
Pupa. " Reddish-ochreous, broad laterally ; head broad and
slightly cleft in front ; thorax convex above and beneath, angular
at the sides ; wing-cases dilated laterally ; abdominal segments
with lateral foliaceous appendages." (Moore.)
" Occurs in Sikhim up to 8000 feet and is not uncommon in
the clearings in April and May. It, especially the female, has a
very strong disagreeable musky odour, which perseveres long after
the insect is dead and dry." (de Niceville MS.)
In Tenasserim I got P. philoxenus at elevations of 2000 to
4000 feet on the Dawnat range.
Race lama, Oberthiir. — " Smaller than pliiloxenus, Gray ; the
wings are shorter and proportionately broader ; the red hairs of
the front of the head are rather densely intermingled with black
ones ; the prothorax is less red ; the abdomen is black underneath,
with the edges of the segments red ; the large white patch on the
hind wings between the discoidal veins and the spot at the apex
of the tail are liable to obliteration In the shape of the
hind wings this subspecies is less variable than pldloxenus. The
males have sometimes the paler ground-colour of the females."
(Rothschild.)
Exp. <$ $ 119-129 mm. (4-69-5-10").
Hub. A $ recorded from Kashmir (Rothschild). Originally
described from Western China.
I have followed Rothschild in treating this form as a race of
pjtilozenus, but in the Leech collection now in the British Museum
PAPILIO. 33
there is a very long series of lama, many of which seem to me
identical with specimens of philoxenus from Sikhim. The measure-
ments given above are taken from the Leech collection specimens.
501. Papilio ravana, Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. i, 1857. p. 96;
Elwes, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1888, p. 423 ; Rothsch. Nov. Zool. ii,
1895, p. 262 ; Moore (Byasa), Lep. Ind. v, 1901-1903. p. 163,
pi. 428, figs. 1, l«-lc, rf$.
3 • Upperside brownish black. Fore wing with velvety -black
internervular streaks that are extended into the cell in many
specimens ; veins black. Hind wing : a subterminal series of white
markings more or less tinged with crimson, the markings in inter-
spaces 2, 3 and 4 Junular, in 5 and 6 elongate rectangular, in 7 a
minute spot, the white rectangular marking in interspace 5 con-
spicuously larger than the others ; a spot on each side of vein 4
on the tail crimson. Underside similar; ground-colour very much
paler ; on the hind wing an additional pale crimson spot more
towards the base of interspaces 1 and 2. Antennas, thorax and
abdomen black ; head crimson ; beneath : the palpi, sides of the
thorax, and abdomen crimson, the palpi with a mixture of black
hairs, the abdomen at the base and on the sides spotted with
black. — $ similar; ground-colour brown, very much paler than
in the <$ ; internervular, velvety-black streaks on fore wing very
narrow. Hind wing : ground-colour of outer half beyond discal
markings black ; markings similar to those in the d1 , but larger
and purer white on the upperside ; in addition a series of white
discal spots near base of interspaces 1, 2, 3 and 4, that in inter-
space 1 tinged with crimson ; on the underside the markings are
similar, but both the discal and the subterminal posterior spots
are more strongly tinged with crimson. Antennae, head, thorax
and abdomen much as in the d .
Exp. d2 110-1 18 mm. (4-35-4-67").
Hob. N.W. Himalayas : recorded from Kashmir ; Kulu ; Mus-
soorie ; Kumaon.
502. Papilio nevilli, Wood-Mason, A. M. N. II. (5) ix, 1882, p. 105 ;
liothsch. Nov. Zool. ii, 1895, p. 203 ; Moore (Byasa), Lep. Ind.
v, 1901-1903, p. 164, pi. 429, tig. 1 c?-
Papilio chentsono-, Oberthilr, titudes (VEnt. xi, 1886, p. 13, pi. 1,
fig. 1 d ; Leech, Butt. China, ii, 1893, p. 543.
d" $ . Eesembles P. ravana, Moore, but is smaller, with the
markings also proportionately smaller, d differs as follows : —
the subterminal series of lunules on the hind wing crimson or
vermilion-red, never white or partly white as in ravana ; sexual
abdominal fold within white, not blackish-brown ; the subterminal
red lunule in interspace 3 very often wanting. $> resembles its
own d1 rather than the $ of P. ravana, but the white rectangular
markings in interspaces 5 and 6 are whiter. From P. ravana $
it differs in the complete absence of the white discal spots in
34 PAPILIOSID.E.
interspaces 1, 2, 3, and 4. In both sexes the tail is black without
any red spot.
Exp. 3 £ 80-84 mm. (3-18-3-32'').
Hob. Within our limits recorded from Cachar; extends to
W. China.
503. Papilio crassipes, Oberthiir, Etudes d'Ent. xvii, 1893, p. 2, pi. 4,
tigs. 38, 38ffl ; Rothsch. Nov. Zool. ii, 1895, p. 262 ; Moore (Byasa),
Lep. Ind. \, 1901-1903, p. 171, pi. 434, tig. 2 rf.
d . " Upperside : fore wing dark fuliginous black, with black
veins, a longitudinal streak between the veins and streaks within
the cell. Hind wing very narrow anteriorly and much prolonged
posteriorly, exterior margin broadly scalloped, tail very broad and
short ; abdominal margin with a very long folded lappet, which
when opened displays a lengthened greyish- white woolly andro-
conial patch ; colour dull greyish black, with two upper marginal
and two subanal lunules, tip of the tail very obscure dusky red.
Underside : fore wing paler. Hind wing dull black, with the two
upper and lower marginal lunules, an irregular-shaped anal lunule,
and the tail tip bright crimson. Thorax and abdomen above
black ; front of head and thorax and abdomen beneath crimson ;
abdomen beneath with black segmental bands ; hind tibia? very
thick ; antenna? and legs black.
" Exp. 3 4| inches." (Moore.}
Hob. Recorded within our limits from the Southern Shan
States, Upper Burma.
Originally described from Tonkin.
504. Papilio alcinous, Klug, Neue Schmett. Ins.-Samml. Berlin, 1836,
pi. 1, d$.
Race pembertoni.
Byasa pembertoni, Moore, Lep. Ind. v, 1901-1903, p. 170, pi. 434,
tigs. 1, la, d ?'.
d . Upperside fuliginous black. Fore wing with broad pale
adnervular streaks extending from near the base to the terminal
margin, present also in the cell. Hind wing, cell and interspaces
to near the termen entirely pale, veins black ; a subterminal series
of pink-white broad lunules in interspaces 2-6 ; tail immaculate.
Underside similar, ground-colour paler, an additional subterminal
pink-white lunule in interspace 1 that extends over the vein into
interspace 2, and another very small one in interspace 7. An-
tenna3, head, thorax and abdomen black ; beneath : the palpi, sides
oE the thorax, and the abdomen pinkish red, the palpi with an
admixture of black hairs, the abdomen with transverse black
edgings of hair to the segments. — § . " Upperside pale olivescent
greyish-fuliginous. Pore wing with black veins and streaks.
Hind wing with the submarginal pale flesh-coloured lunules slightly
larger than in the d , and with their surrounding marginal borders
PAP1LIO. 35
dull dark black. Underside slightly paler than upperside. Hind
wing with six submarginal pale flesh-coloured lunules and a simi-
larly coloured broad anal lunule as in J , the surrounding marginal
border duller black. Thorax and abdomen above fuliginous black ;
collar, front of head, sides of thorax beneath, and abdomen beneath
pale crimson, segmental bands on abdomen beneath black ; an-
tennae arid legs black." (J\loore.)
Evp, rf 102-108 mm. (4-03-4-28").
Hab. Bhutan.
MACH AON GROUP.
c? 2 • Sexes alike in the shape of the wings and in the pattern
of colours. Pore wing : costa very slightly ai-ched, curved near
apex ; apex well marked, obtuse ; ternien straight, very slightly
oblique ; tornus broadly rounded ; dorsum straight ; cell longer
than half length of fore wing, upper and middle discocellulars
subequal. Hind wing : costa very slightly arched, long ; termen
curved, scalloped, with or without a short, generally slender tail
at apex of vein 4 ; tornus lobed ; dorsum straight or slightly
concave ; cell comparatively short, upper discocellular longer than
middle. Antennae not quite half length of fore wing, club
somewhat massive but gradual ; abdomen with the anal valves
prominent.
Key to the forms of the Machaon Group.
a. Hind wing with tails.
a'. Fore wing upperside: base of cell uniform dusky
black without longitudinal streaks of creamy
white.
a3. Hind wing upperside : ochvaceous red,tornal
spot not separated by a black line from blue ,p mach race
lunule above it < „„*,,.,. „ qp,
£•-'. Hind wing upperside : oehraceous red, tornal ' sP™jru*, p. OU,
spot separated by a black line from the , p mach race
blue lunule above it { ., , . • ' oft
b'. Fore wing upperside : base of cell not uniform ' st/£/ltmensts> P- db-
dusky black, traversed longitudinally by four
more or less broken slender creamy-white
lines P. xuthus, p. 38.
b. Hind wing without tails.
a'. Hind wing upperside : creamy-yellow band
that crosses wing comparatively narrow so as
to leave at least a third of the cell at apex
black P. demoleus, p. 39.
b'. Hind wing upperside : creamy-yellow band
that crosses wing comparatively broad so as
to leave barely a fourth of the cell at apex/p demol race
black I malayanus, p. 3D.
36
505. Papilio machaon, Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. x, 1758, p. 462.
llace sphyrus.
Papilio sphyrus, Hiilner, Eur. Schmett. i, 1818-1827, pi. 155,
figs. 775 & 776.
Papilio maohaon, var. asiatica, Menetries, Enumer. Corp. Annn.
Mus. Petr. i, 1855, p. 70.
Papilio asiatica, Moore, P. Z. S. 1882, p. 258 ; id. Lep. Ind. vi, 1903,
p. 39, pi. 481, figs. 1, la-lc, larva & pupa, rf $, & pi. 482,
fig". 1, c?.
Papilio ladakensis, Moore, ,T. A. S. B. 1884, p. 46 ; id. Lep. Ind. vi,
1903, p. 43, pi. 482, fig. 2 rf .
Papilio machaon sphjrus, Rothsch. Nov. Zool. ii, 1895, p. 275; de
Nictville, Jour. JBomb. N. H. Soc. xi, 1898, p. 592.
llace sikhiniensis.
Papilio sikkhnensis, Moore, J.A.S. B. 1884, p. 47 ; id. Lep. Ind.
vi, 1903, p. 44, pi. 482, figs. 3, 3 a, <$ $ .
Papilio machaon sikldrnensis, Hothsch. Nov. Zool. ii, 1895, p. 276.
I have followed Kothschild in treating the form of machaon
found in the N.W. Himalayas as a race, and identical with var.
spliyms, Hiibuer = var. asiatica, Menetries, but as a matter of
fact the variation in a
wide-ranging insect like
machaon is so great that
the description below
taken from Simla speci-
mens might well stand
for individuals procured
in the fens of Cambridge
or on the Continent.
d1 $ . Upperside : fore
wing dull black irrorated
on its basal third with
yellow scales, which also
form a transverse diffuse
postdiscal baud and a
diffuse prespical spot ; a
broad band across the
middle of the cell, another
narrower similar band at
its apex, a narrow streak
at base of interspace 9, a
quadrate spot near base
of interspace 8, a trans-
verse discal series of broad streaks that decrease in length
towards the costa in interspaces 1 a to 7, and a transverse
subtermiual series of crescentic spots, cream-yellow ; the streak
in interspace 7 with a superposed irregular diamond-shaped
black spot. Hind wing: the cell and broad streaks beyond,
divided only by the black veins and a narrow black edging to the
discccellulars, cream-yellow. These streaks are variable in length
CL
Fig. 6. — a. Papilio machaon, race $p
b. Tornal portion, hind wing of
P. machaon, Linn., race sikhimensis,
Moore.
PAPILIO. 37
and occupy fully three-fourths of the dorsal margin and of inter-
space 1, they decrease suddenly and considerably in interspaces 2
to 5 and lengthen again in the anterior interspaces. Terminal
halt' of the wing black, with a superposed postdiscal transverse
series of diffuse blue spots and a subterminal series of cream-
coloured lunules. Inner margin of the black area irregularly
zigzag, an ochraceous-red spot at the tornal angle below the blue
postdiscal spot in interspace 1, the base and dorsal margin of
wing shaded with black irrorated with yellow scales ; cilia of both
fore and hind wing prominently yellow in the interspaces. The
depth of the tint of the cream-coloured portions on both fore and
hind wings is very variable as is the width of the black areas,
especially on the hind wing, also the size of the blue postdiscal
spots on the same wing. Underside pale cream-colour. Fore wing:
two transverse short bands across cell, another beyond its apex
where it borders the discocellulars, a prominent broad transverse
discal band and a terminal broad line, black ; the bauds across the
cell and beyond its apex more or less diffuse, the discal band
with its middle very broadly cream-coloured from interspaces 2 to 7
and thickly sprinkled with black scales. Hind wing : the veins
and a terminal broad line black, the black on the upperside shows
through as an irregular transverse sinuous bluish diseal band thickly
sprinkled with black scales and is bordered interiorly and exteriorly
by broken transverse black lines, the inner line margined on the
outer side by a diffuse blue scaling and on the inner side in inter-
spaces 3 and 4 by an ochraceous-red spot : torual spot and cilia of
both fore and hind wings as on the upperside. Antenna) black ;
head, thorax and abdomen cream-colour ; head, thorax and abdomen
above with a black medial streak, narrow in the c? very broad in
the $ ; abdomen beneath with narrow lateral ill-defined black lines.
Rvp. 6 $ 80-110 mm. (3-14-4-33").
Hab. Within our limits the N.W. Himalayas from Chitral to
Nepal ; extending to Central Asia, and North and West to South
Europe and North Africa.
Larva. " Newly born. Head large, shining, black and hirsute.
Body spined, the spines longest on the thorax .... all the spines
thickly branched and much swollen at the base. A dorsal white
patch on the 7th and 8th segments (on which the spines are also
white) ; the rest of the surface ochreous-green. . . . True legs
shining black, the claspers dark coloured with light tips." (Harjord.)
Adult: spineless; ground-colour very variable, from yellowish green
to brilliant green with black transverse markings and lateral
orange-yellow spots, the white patch on the 7th and 8th segments
much reduced. Food-plants, Fennel (Fceniculum vulgare) and also
the flowers not the leaves of Hemlock (Conium maculaium).
Pupa. Varies in colour from ochraceous grey to pale green.
Angular and tuberculated ; head bifid ; thorax humped with its
posterior portion flattened.
Race sikhimensis, Moore (fig. 6 6). — This, the dark eastern
form of mackcton, is very similar to race sphyrus and on its western
38 PAPILIO Js ID JE.
borders merges into that form. It can, however, be distinguished
by its general dark tone of colouring on the upperside ; on the
fore wing the discal series of cream-coloured streaks are much
shorter and conspicuously separated from one another by the broad
black edgings to the veins ; on the hind wing the dorsal margin
is very broadly bordered with black which in interspace 1 all but
merges into the black terminal area, the inner margin of this black
area extends straight across the wing and is only slightly curved,
not zigzag ; lastly the tornal ochraceous-red spot is always separated
from the blue lunule above by a narrow interval of black. Under-
side similar to that of spliyrus but darker.
Exp. c? $ 68-78 mm. (2-68-3-1").
Hob. The Eastern Himalayas : Sikhim ; Bhutan ; the Chumbi
Valley : Burma ; Northern and Southern Shan States ; extending
to Western China and Tibet.
506. Papilio XUthus, Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. 1767, p. 751 ; fryer, Rhop.
Nikon. 1886, p. 3, pi. 1, figs. 2, 2 a, 26; Moore in Anderson's
Zool Res. Tunan Exp. ii, 1878, p. 923.
Papilio xanthus, Rothsch. Nov. Zool. ii, 1895, p. 278 ; Moore, Lep.
Ind. yi, 1903, p. 45.
c? $ . Upperside black with cream-coloured markings as
follows : — 1'ore wing : cell with four or five slender somewhat
broken streaks from base that extend for two-thirds of its length,
followed by a short transverse bar and another similar bar along
the discocellulars ; a streak from base not extended beyond the
disc in interspaces ] a and 1, the streak in the latter angulated
downwards below origin of vein 2, its apical portion double; a
discal series of elongate subtriangular spots that decrease in size
towards the costa, in interspaces 2 to 7, the spots in 6 and 7 with
an oval black medial spot generally dividing them in two ; a spot
near base of interspace 8 followed by a diffuse small patch of
similarly coloured scales ; finally a subterminal complete series of
lunules. In the $ between the discal and subterminal series
of cream-coloured markings there is a complete postdiscal series of
transverse somewhat diffuse pale spots. Hind wing : a broad streak
from base nearly filling the cell, a streak in interspace 1 extended
for three-fourths of its length : shorter streaks in the interspaces
beyond the cell ; that in interspace 7 interrupted by a large black
spot (this spot in the $ paler) ; a postdiscal series of diffuse spots,
cream-coloured (except the tornal spot which is blue) in the <f r
blue in the $ , followed by a subterminal series of cream-coloured
lunules, the lunule at the tornal angle centred with black in the J , in
the $ also centred with black but with its upper half ochraceous ;
the lunule in interspace 8 with its upper horn elongate, produced
down the tail. Underside : fore wing similar, the cream-coloured
markings broader, the postdiscal series of transverse spots present
also in the c? ; in both sexes that and the subterminal series form
continuous bands. Hind wing : the cream -coloured markings very
broad on the basal half of the wing, separated only by the black
PAPILIO. 39
veins ; a discal irregular black band composed of large black spots
between the veins, these spots are traversed on their inner halves
by a line of diffuse blue and cream-coloured scaling, and in some of
the interspaces margined inwardly and outwardly by a shading of
ochraceous ; the subterminal series as on the upperside but much
larger and formed of somewhat irregular quadrate spots.
Exp. S $ 102-120 mm. (4-04-4 -75").
Hab. Within our limits, Upper Burma : Bhamo and Northern
Shan States; extends through Western China to Corea and
Japan.
507. Papilio demoleus, Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. x, 1758, p. 464; Rothsch.
Nov. Zool. ii, 1895, p. 279 ; Moore (Orpheides), Lep. Ind. v,
1901-1903, p. 234, pi. 466, tigs. 1, 1 a-lc, larva & pupa, rf $ .
Papilio erithonius, Cramer, Pap. Exot. iii, 1782, p. 67, pi. 232,
figs. A, B ; Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. i, 1857, p. 105, pi. 3,
fig. 6, 6 a, larva & pupa ; id. (Orpheides) Lep. Ceyl. i, 1857, p. 147,
pi. 61, figs. 2, 2 a, 2 b, <j> , larva & pupa.
Race malayanus.
Papilio erithonius, loc. form malayanus, Wallace, Tram. Linn. Soc.
xxv, 1865, p. 59.
Papilio demoleus malayanus, Rothsch. Nov. Zool. ii, 1895, p. 281.
Orpheides malayanus, Moore, Jour. Linn. Soc. xxi, 1886, p. 50 ;
id. Lep. Ind. v, 1901-1903, p. 240.
<$ $ . Upperside black. Fore wing : base below cell and basal
half of latter so irrorated with yellow scales as to form more or
less complete transverse dotted lines, two outwardly oblique yellow
spots in cell and a curved spot at its upper apex ; a spot at base
and another beyond it in interspace 8 ; a discal transverse series
of cream-yellow spots irregular in arrangement and size extends
from interspace 1 a to 8 ; the series
interrupted in interspace 5 and the
spot in interspace 7 double; this is
followed by a sinuous postdiscal series
of spots and an admarginal terminal
series of smaller spots. In many
specimens between the discal and post-
discal series the black ground-colour
is irrorated with yellowish scales.
Hind wing : base and an edging that
decreases in width along the dorsal
margin irrorated with yellow scales ;
followed by a broad medial yellow
irregular band, a sinuous postdiscal
series of outwardly emarginate yellow
spots and a terminal series of smaller
Fig. 7. — Papilio demoleus. similarly coloured spots as on the fore
wing. The inner margin of the medial
band is curved inwards, the outer margin is very irregular and uneven ;
in the cell the band does not reach the apex, but beyond the cell
40 PAPILIONID^!.
there are one or more cream-yellow spots, and the hlack ground-
colour is irrorated with yellowish scales ; finally at the tornal angle
there is an oval ochraceous-red spot emarginate on its inner side in
the $ and in both sexes surmounted by a blue lunule ; while in
interspace 7 between the medial band and the postdiscal spot there
is a large ocellus-like spot of the black ground-colour more or less
irrorated with blue scales. Underside : ground-colour similar, the
cream-coloured markings paler and conspicuously larger. The
•'atter differ from those on the upperside as follows : — Fore wing :
basal half of cell and base of wing below it with cream-coloured
streaks that coalesce at base ; irregular ochraceous spots in inter-
spaces 5 to 8 and the discal series of spots complete not interrupted
in interspace 5. Hind wing : the black at base of wing and along
the dorsal margin centred largely with pale cream-colour ; the
ocellus in interspace 7, the apex of the cell and the black ground-
colour between the medial band and postdiscal markings in inter-
spaces 2-6 centred with ochraceous, margined with blue. Antennae
dark reddish brown, touched with ochraceous on the innerside
towards the club; head, thorax and abdomen dusky black, the
head and thorax anteriorly streaked with cream-yellow ; beneath :
the palpi, thorax and abdomen cream-yellow with lateral longi-
tudinal black lines on the last.
Exp. c? $ 80-100 mm. (3-18-3-95").
Hob. Kashmir to Ceylon ; Assam to Upper Burma, up to a
moderate elevation ; extending to Persia and eastwards to China
and Formosa.
Larva. After 1st moult tuberculate, brown with a milk-white
V-shaped mark on the 6th-9th segments, and white lateral streaks
anterior and posterior to the V-shaped markings. These make the
larva look for all the world like the droppings of some bird, and it
is evidently to some extent protected thereby, for while young the
larva feeds and rests openly on the upperside of the leaf. Full-
grown the larva is brilliant rich green, velvety and without
tubercles, the sides and some of the segments dorsally marked
with black, yellowish white, and rich brown ; head, legs and prolegs
reddish brown. The food-plant varies, the "bael" (JZgle), " her"
(Zizyphu8\ lime, orange and pumelo are the chief.
Pupa. Green or yellowish-brown according to surroundings.
Race malayanus, "Wallace. — A slightly differentiated and not
very constant race ; distinguishable by the width (measured in the
cell) of the median cream-coloured band on the hind wing. In
typical demoleus the apical third of the cell is black on the upper-
side ; in the present race the cream-coloured median band is
broader, and leaves less than a fourth of the cell at apex black.
Exp. 3 $ as in the typical form.
Hab. Lower Burma ; Tenasserim ; Malay Peninsula. Many
specimens from Assam to Lower Burma are intermediate as
regards the width of the median transverse band on the hind
wing.
PAPILIO. 4 1
GEOTJP.
c? $ . Fore wing broadly triangular ; costa widely arched ; apex
moderately pointed but not acute ; termeii straight, very slightly
concave; tornus broadly rounded ; dorsum slightly sinuous, nearly
straight, cell long, well over half length of wing; outer Jialfofwiny
on the upperside in male more or less densely hairy so as to conceal
the scaling. Hind wing : costa arched, terraen scalloped, with at
apex of vein 4 a broad spatulate tail ; cell comparatively short ;
upper discocellular markedly longer than middle discocellular.
Key to the forms of the Helenus group.
A. Hind wing with an upper discal white or
creamy-white patch ; no continuous white
band across.
«. Hind wing upperside : upper discal white
patch extends from interspaces 5 to 7.
a'. Hind wing underside : without a series of
discal blue lunules.
a2. Fore wing underside : pale grey inter-
nervular streaks anteriorly elongate that
reach up to apex of cell ............ P. helenus, p. 41.
b~. Fore wing underside : pale grey inter-
nervular streaks anteriorly not elongate , „ , ,
nor extended to apex of cell ...... °. . . J R Me™*> ,race ..
//. Hind wing underside: with a series of ' 7 tlak*ha> P- 4J-
discal blue lunules .................. \ R helenus> race .„
6. Hind wing upperside: upper discal white ' mooreanus, p. 43.
patch extended from interspaces 4 to 7 .... P. isicara, p. 43.
B. Hind wing with a greenish- or yellowish-white
continuous band across.
a. This band commencing from above middle of
dorsal margin .......................... P. demotion, p. 44.
b. This band commencing from middle of dorsal , T> 7 mnj:nn
margin or from a little below it .......... { * **„ p.%5.
508. Papilio helenus, Linn. St/st. Nat. ed. x, 1758, p. 459 ; Moore, Cat.
Lep. Mus. E. I. C. i, 1857, p. 101 ; Moore (Charus), Jour. Linn.
Soc. xxi, 1889, p. 61; Rothsch. Nov. Zool. ii, 1895, p. 284 ; Moore,
(Charus), Lep. 2nd, v, 1901-1903, p. 208, pi. 454, figs. 1
1 «-l c, <5 $ .
Eace daksha.
Papilio helenus, Moore (nee Linn.), Cat. Lep. Mus. E. l.C. i, 1857,
pi. 3, figs. 2, 2 a, larva & pupa ; Davidson $ Aitken, Jour.
Bomb. N. H. Soc. v, 1890, p. 367.
Papilio (Charus) daksha, Hampson, J. A. S. B. 1888, p. 363 ; Moore
(Charus), Lep. Ind. v, 1901-1903, p. 210, pi. 455, tigs. 1, 1 a, 1 b,
larva & pupa, tf $ .
Papilio helenus daksha, Rothsch. Nov. Zool. ii, 1895, p. 286.
Race mooreanus.
Charus heleuus, Moore (nee Linn.), Lep. Ceyl. i, 1881, p. 149, pi. 58,
fig. 3.
42
PAPILIONID.E.
Papilio helenus mooreanus, RntJtsch. Nov. Zool. ii, 1895, p. 286.
Charus mooreanus, Moore, Lep. 2nd. v, 1901-1903, p. 211.
cJ ? . Upperside brownish black to rich velvety black. Fore
wing : four slender lines in cell and outer internervular hairy streaks
that vary in width brown, these latter give in many specimens
a golden-brown appearance in certain lights to the terminal half
of the wing. Hind wing : a more or less quadrate white spot in
interspace 7, with two more elongate similar spots in the inter-
spaces below that form a
conspicuous upper discal
white patch, the outer
margin of which is zigzag;
this is followed by a series
of admarginal more or
less imperfect claret-red
rings in interspaces 1 to 5
that enclose large intense
black oval spots. The
number of these rings is
very variable, the tornal
one is always present, the
rest partially or com-
pletely obsolescent. Cilia
black alternated with
white. Underside: duller,
more opaque black. Fore
wing similar to the upper-
side but the cellular and
internervular streaks formed of scales, not hairs, greyish white
in colour and more clearly denned, the latter anteriorly do not
reach the terminal margin but extend to the apex of the cell.
Hind wing : markings similar to those on the upperside, but
the upper spot of the discal white patch generally crescentic in
shape, the whole patch generally smaller and the spots that
compose it divided by the black veins ; the admarginal series of
rings are dull red and only the tornal and the ring in inter-
space 2 are more or less complete, the rest of the series is reduced
to a curved subterminal line of lunules that extends from inter-
spaces 3 to 7 ; in addition there is an inner broad red lunular spot
in interspace 2 in continuation of the inner portion of the red
ring at the tornal angle ; both the lunule and the inner portion
of the tornal ring traversed by a line of white scales. Antennae,
head, thorax and abdomen black ; the abdomen beneath touched
with grevish white along the sides.
Exp. J $ 1 00-140 mm. (3'96-5'52").
Hab. The Himalayas at no great elevation from Mussoorie to
Sikhim ; the hills of Assam, Burma and Tenasserim, extending
to Siam, China and the Malay Peninsula.
Race daksha, Harnpson. — Similar to the typical form, from
Fig. 8. — a. Papilio helenus, Linn.
b. Venation of anterior portion of
hind wing.
PAPILIO. 43
which it can be distinguished as follows : — <S $ . Underside of
fore wing : the grey internervular streaks much shorter, formed
into a broad transverse discal series which widens considerably
towards the costa but posteriorly stops far short of the terminal
margin. Hind wing : the upper discal white patch considerably
larger than in P. helenus both on the upper and undersides ; the
upper spot in interspace 7, which on the underside of the hind
wing in P. helenus is generally crescent-shaped, in the present
race is always much longer. Below the white patch there are
also in some specimens two red crescent-shaped marks in addition
to those that are found in P. helenus.
Exp. 3 $ 118-140 mm. (4-26-5-52").
Hob. Southern India ; the IS'ilgiris ; Malabar ; Travancore.
Messrs. Davidson and Aitken have published the following notes
about the larva and pupa : — " We got one larva of this on the
Tirphal (Xanthoxylon rhetsa ?), a horribly thorny tree leafless in
the dry season, the berries of which are used by the natives
in currv. The fourth and fifth segments were even more tumid
than in P. polymnestor, forming a broad and high hump, nearly
flat on the top, and bounded before and behind by rugged ridges
of a whitish or pale grey colour chequered with fine brown lines.
The anterior ridge ended in a large black and white ocellus on
each side, and the whole aspect of the creature from the front
had a strikingly grim likeness to the head of some beast or
reptile, with heavy brow and angry eyes. Jn other respects
no separate description of this larva is necessary. The pupa was
distinguishable from that of P. polymnestor, chiefly by the two
projecting points on the head being somewhat curved upwards."
Race mooreanus, Eothschild. — " Grey streaks on the underside
of the fore wings as in P. helenus dalcsha, Hamps. ; the Naples-
yellow scales of the upperside of the fore wings form conspicuous
internervular streaks in the outer region ; the white area of the
hind wings smaller ( S ) beneath than above ; on the underside of
the hind wings there is a complete series of seven subdiscal blue
lunules of which the three anterior stand at the outer edge of the
white discal marks, and of which the two posterior are situated
within the anal and subanal rufous spots."
Exp. <S 2 124-146 mm. (4-9-5-76").
Hab. Ceylon.
509. Papilio iswara, White, Entom. i, 1842, p. 280; Moore, Cat. Lep.
Mus. E. I. C. i, 1857, p. 101 ; Bothsch. Nov. Zool. ii, 1895, p. 288 ;
Moore (Charus), Lep. Ind. v, 1901-1903, p. 212, pi. 456, tigs. 1,
!«,<?$.
c? $ . Very closely resembles P. helenus, but differs as follows : —
Upperside : the upper discal creamy-white spot on the hind wing is
much larger and extends into interspace 4 ; in the $ and in some
<3 specimens also there is some obscure, diffuse, white scaling
below tbat again. Underside : fore wing differs from fore wing
44
of typical Jielenus in the shortness of the internervular grey streaks,
which are somewhat as in the fore wing of the race daksJia.
Hind wing : upper discal white patch smaller than on the upper-
side and distinctly divided into four by the black veins that cross
it ; incomplete broad orange-red admarginal rings that enclose
large black spots at the tornal angle and at apex of interspace 2,
the former connected with the discal white patch by a series of
obscure bluish lunules; the subterminal series of orange-red
lunules so conspicuous in typical lielenus entirely absent.
Antennae, head, thorax and abdomen as in lielenus.
Exp. 3 2 127-145 mm. (5-5-72").
Hab. Malay Peninsula ; extending up into the southern islands
of the Mergui Archipelago, and southwards to Sumatra and
Borneo.
510. Papilio demolion, Cramer, Pap. Exot. i, 1776, p. 140, pi. 89,
figs. A, B ; Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E. 1. C. i, 1857, p. 105, pi. 3,
figs. 5, 5o, larva & pupa; Rothsch. Nov. Zool. ii, 1895, p. 282 ;
Moore (Araminta), Lep. Ind. v. 1901-1903, p. 219, pi. 460,
figs. 1, 1 a-1 c, larva & pupa, rf § .
Race liomedon.
Papilio liomedon, Moore, P. Z. S. 1874, p. 575; Davidson $ Airten,
Jour. Bomb. A. H. Soc. v, 1890, p. 367, pi. D, figs. 1-3, larva &
pupa ; Moore (Araminta), Lep. Ind. v, 1901-1903, p. 221, pi. 461,
figs. 1, 1 a-1 c, larva & pupa, rf 5 •
Papilio demolion liomedon, Rothsch. Nov. Zool. ii, 1895, p. 283.
c? $ . Upperside brownish black. Fore and hind wings crossed
by a broad prominent oblique pale greenish or yellowish-white
band that commences just before the middle of the dorsal margin
of the hind wing, crosses over on to the fore wing and is continued
as a series of spots that diminish in size in the upper interspaces
to the apex of that wing ; on the hind wing this is followed by
a subterminal series of similarly-coloured lunules. Underside
fuliginous black, the transverse band that crosses the wings as
on the upperside. Pore wing : cell with a series of four slender
longitudinal pale lines from base ; the veins also picked out with
pale lines ; on the veins that run to the terminal margin these
lines are conspicuous only at the apices ; there are besides short
similar lines between the veins that extend to the terminal
margin. Hind wing: the interspaces beyond the transverse
medial greenish-white band marked with broad jet-black streaks
up to the subterrmnal line of greenish-white lunules ; these
streaks medially interrupted by a transverse line of blue scales
and succeeded in interspaces 1 and 7 by preapical ochraceous-
yellow spots ; terminal margin beyond the line of lunules black.
Antennae, head, thorax and abdomen fuliginous black ; beneath,
the palpi and abdomen greenish white, the thorax dark grey.
Kvp. d $ 95-112 mm. (3-76-4-42").
PAPILIO. 45
Hal. Tenasserim ; extending to Siam ; the Malay Peninsula ;
Sumatra; Java.
Larva. " Similar to that of P. erithoniiis (i. e. Papilio demoleus).
Anterior segments scutellated, furnished with two tentacular
processes on the 2nd segment and two short fleshy processes on
the 9th and anal segments." (Moore.)
Pupa. " Curved abruptly backwards ; head bifid ; thorax with
a lengthened curved acute thoracic process." (Moore.)
Race liomedon, Moore. — A slightly differentiated race distin-
guishable chiefly by the pale greenish-yellow band that crosses
the wings starting from the middle and not from just before the
middle of the dorsal margin of the hind wing, also this band is
composed entirely of separate spots on the fore wing.
Exp. 6 $ 110-115 mm. (4-34-4-54").
Hab. Southern India.
A very interesting account of the life-history of this insect is
given by Messrs. Davidson and Aitken (I. c.). One of these
gentlemen watched a female, P. liomedon, laying its eggs on a
tender shoot of a small jungle tree or shrub (Acronycliia lauri-
folia). There were " ten eggs, laid one on top of the other."
Of the caterpillars which emerged five days after the eggs were
laid, " five passed successfully through all dangers and became
beautiful specimens, one female and four males. (This is one of
the butterflies of which we rarely find females.) All through
their lives these Iarva3 continued gregarious, dispersing occa-
sionally to feed, but always returning to rest side by side on the
upper surface of a leaf. The following dates may be interesting.
Eggs laid 2nd August, hatched 7th August; skins cast (and eaten)
12th August ; again 17th August ; again 20th to 22nd August.
The most advanced cast its skin again on the 28th August, became
a pupa on the 2nd of September, and emerged on the 15th of
September. The others followed within two days. At first the
larvae were of an oily yellow colour and bore many pairs of spiny
points, but these disappeared with age and after the last moult
there were only the short fleshy processes on the 2nd and last
segment which characterise the group, and one additional curved
pair on the ninth segment.
" The colour after the last moult was a clear slaty-blue,
changing eventually to a greenish tint, with light brown markings
very much the same as those w7hich characterise the rest of the
group. The pupa was more abruptly bent back from the middle
of the thorax than that of P. eritJionius (i. e. P. demoleus) and
adorned on the thorax with a sword-shaped horn, -fully three-
eighths of an inch long, and always bent either to the right or
the left. The colour was brown or green and j'ellow according
to situation."
46
LV GROUP.
c? . Tore wing : costa widely arched ; apex somewhat produced
but broadly rounded ; termen slightly concave below apex, then
oblique ; tornus rounded ; dorsum slightly sinuous ; cell more
than half length of wing. Hind wing comparatively short and
broad ; costa and termen united, formed into a bold continuous
curve, the latter deeply sinuous : dorsum straight ; cell compara-
tively short ; upper discocellular much longer than the middle
discocellular. Antennas slender, not quite half length of fore
wing ; club slight, gradual.
§ . Occasionally in one form, always in the other forms, with a
broad spatulate tail at apex of vein 4.
Key to the forms of the Memnon group.
3 c?.
<i. Hind wing upperside : ground-colour
throughout dark indigo-blue black.
a! ' . Hind wing upperside : without any
distinct continuous transverse medial
blue baud, but with internervular
streaks of blue scales, sometimes
entirely absent, wing then uniform
blue-black.
a2. Such streaks absent or present,
when present not heavily marked,
not outwardly pointed, extended
nearly to terminal margin P. memnon, race agenor,
b2. Such streaks always present, heavily fp. 47.
marked, pointed outwardly, and
well short of terminal margin .... P. polymnestoroid.es, p. 52.
b'. Hind wing upperside : with a prominent
continuous transverse broad medial
blue band P. mayo, p. 49.
b. Hind wing upperside : ground-colour
basal third black, remainder more or
less pale blue.
«'. Hind wing upperside: outer portion
entirely pale blue with black mark-
ings P. polymnestor, p. 50.
b'. Hind wing upperside : outer portion
pale blue with a very strong yellow
tint P. polymnestor, race
\_parinda, p. 51.
a. Hind wing tailed.
a. Tail uniform black, without a red
spot near apex P. memnon, race agenor
V. Tail not uniform black, with a red (tailed form), p. 49.
spot near apex P. mayo, p. 49.
PAPILIO.
47
b. Hind wing not tailed.
a'. Hind wing: with a large black-centred
red tornal spot on upperside
//. Hind wing : without a red tornal spot
on upperside.
a2. Hind wing upperside : with a medial
series of outwardly pointed inter-
nervular blue streaks as in male . .
43. Hind wing : upperside with ground-
colour and markings as in respec-
tive males . .
P. memnon, race agenor
(tailless forms), p. 48.
P. polymnestoroides, p. 52.
P. polymnestor, p. 50.
P. polymnestor, race
\_parinda, p. 51.
oil. Papilio memnon, Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. x, 1758, p. 460.
Race agenor.
Papilio agenor, Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. x, 1758, p. 460, £ ; Hilbner
(Iliades), Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 89; Aurivillius, Kongl. So. Vet.-
Akad. Handl. xix (5) 1882, p. 18 ; Moore (Iliades), Lep. 2nd. v,
1901-1903, p. 194, pis. 446-449.
Papilio androgeos, Cramer, Pap. Exot. i, 1776, p. 142, pi. 91,
figs. A, B, c? ; Elwes, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1888, p. 428.
Papilio memnon agenor, Eothsch. Nov. Zool. ii, 1895, p. 316, rf $ .
Race agenor, Linn. — An extremely variable polymorphic form,
described originally from a tailless $ . The common form of
the d1 is the one figured as
androgeos by Cramer. The
tailed form of the $ seems
to be more common than the
tailless forms, but both tailed
and tailless forms of the $
occur throughout its range.
c? . First form. — Upper-
side : deep indigo-blue black ;
fore wing with or without a
short dark red streak at base
of subcostal cell ; both fore
and hind wings with more or
less well-marked silvery-blue
adnervular streaks that do
not reach the terminal mar-
gin ; these are most promi-
nent on the hind wing where
they extend into the apex
of the cell ; on the fore
wing they are confined to
the outer half and become obsolescent towards the costa.
Underside : fore wing ground-colour dull black ; the adnervular
silvery-blue streaks as on the upperside but much broader, more
prominent and extended well into the cell ; a broad dark red
patch at base of the latter. Hind wing dull opaque black with
broad velvety-blacker streaks in the interspaces, each broadened
Fig. 9. — Papilio memnon, race agenor,
Linn., $. f.
48
towards the apex but not extended to the terminal margin ; in
interspaces 1-4 the apical portion of these streaks is separate and
forms a large oval spot ; base of wing and tornal area red, on the
former traversed by the black veins, on the latter very variable
in extent, more or less formed into rings round the subterminal
black spots in interspaces 1 and 2, sometimes in 3 also ; finally a
postdiscal shading of blue scales more or less lunular in each
interspace. Antenna?, head, thorax and abdomen black; the
abdomen brownish beneath.
tf . Second form = ab. depelchini, Robbe. — Upperside: the ad-
nervular blue scaled streaks more or less obsolescent, sometimes
completely obsolescent on the fore wing, or obsolescent on the
fore and strongly marked on the hind wing. Underside: fore
wing like that of the typical form ; hind wing with red markings
at the tornal angle that extend to interspace 4 ; one or more
postdiscal red lunules also in the anterior interspaces. I have
seen specimens of this form from Sikhim, Assam and strange to
say, from Great Nicobar also.
(5 . Third form = ab. primigeniiis, fiothsch. — " Upperside: hind
wing in the anal region with a series of four (Khasia Hills
spscimen, type), or two (Sikhim specimen), black spots wholly
encircled with almost white scaling ; bluish-grey streaks much
whiter than in the usual form of the rf . Underside : hind wing
with an anal and three submargiual complete grey rings, the anal
ring and a grey subdiscal lunule between the two lower median
nervules (veins 2 and 3) tinged with red at their basal sides ; in
the Khasia Hill specimen there is a second grey lunule before the
middle median nervule (vein 3) and in each of the three anterior
cellules stands, close to the white marginal fringe, a grey spot,
which is partly joined to a submarginal indistinct lunule so as to
form an incomplete submarginal grey ring ; the subdiscal series
of blue spots is incomplete ; in the Sikhim specimen these spots
are rather well-defined.''' (Rothschild, t. c.)
$ . First form : tailless. — Upperside: fore wing, the basal third
of the cell vermilion-red touched outwardly with white, a speck
of vermilion-red at base of interspace 2, the basal third of inter-
spaces 1 and 2 velvety black, remainder of the wing grey with
the veins and medial internervular streaks dusky black. Hind
wing : basal half of wing indigo-blue black ; terminal half white,
the white traversed by black veins, broadly bordered on each side
by black ; terminal margin also somewhat broadly black; inter-
spaces 1 to 7 with a series of large velvety-black oblong spots on
the white, those in the interspaces 1 to 3 encircled by a diffuse
shading of reddish or ochreous scales, those in the anterior
interspaces confluent outwardly with the black terminal margin.
In some specimens the white does not extend above interspace 5,
the basal and anterior portions of the wing are black with a dusting
of bluish scales. In others the black terminal margin is very
narrow and the subterminal spots distinct from it up to inter-
space 6. Underside very similar to the upperside, with similar
PAPILIO. 49
markings ; in a few specimens with an inner postdiscal row of
dark diffuse spots on the white of the hind wing; the base of this
wing red, the terminal margin with a grey edging traversed by
the black veins. Antennae, head, thorax and abdomen brownish
black.
$. Second form: tailless = ab. butlerianus, Eothsch. — Upper-
side : fore wing as in the typical form but paler, often with a
whitish patch posteriorly. Hind wing indigo-green, streaks of
bine scaling as in the $ ; interspace 1 whitish, outwardly merged
into a reddish shading round a subterminal velvety-black spot.
Underside : fore wing as in the typical $ but paler. Hind wing
as in many of the males, bnt with a broad white streak nearly from
base in interspace 1.
$. Third form: tailed = ab. alcanor, Cramer. — Upperside,
fore wTing : basal third of cell and a minute spot at base of inter-
space 2 vermilion-red ; a velvety-black patch at bases of inter-
spaces 1 and 2 ; rest of the wing brown or greyish-brown with
black veins and internervular black streaks. Hind wing black,
apical third to apical half of cell (ab. distantianus, Eothsch.) and
broad streaks at bases of interspaces 1 to 6 white, the latter
tinged outwardly with vermilion-red and very variable in length,
sometimes entirely absent in one or more of the interspaces
mentioned ; lastly a terminal series of vermilion-red admarginal
spots that decrease in size from interspaces 1 to 7 ; the red in
interspace 1 lengthened, occupying half the interspace but it
is generally interrupted by a large subtermiual black spot ; cilia
black alternated with white in the interspaces. Underside similar,
ground-colour of fore wing paler ; base of hind wing red, terminal
spots vermilion-red, markings paler, the anterior admargiual
spots ochraceous to greyish-white. Antennae, head, thorax and a
line on the abdomen above brownish black, a broad baud on the
sides of the abdomen bright ochraceous ; beneath, the palpi, thorax
and abdomen dusky black.
Exp. J $ 120--16G mm. (4-T4-6-56").
Hab. India (excluding the North- West, Central India, and
Ceylon) ; Assam ; Burma ; Tenasserim ; extending to the Malay
Peninsula ; China and Japan.
Pound alike in the hills and the plains. In the Himalayas,
Southern India, Assam, Burma, and Tenasserim up to 5000 ft.
Both sexes are entirely inodorous.
512. Papilio mayo, Atkinson, P. Z. S. 1873. p. 736, pi. 63, fig. 1 ;
W.-M. S> de N. J. A. S. B. 1880, p. 237, & 1881, p. 252 ;
Rothsch. Nov. Zool. ii, 1895, p. 322 ; Moore (Ileades), Lep. Lid.
v, 1901-1903,. p. 201, pi. 450, figs. 1, 1 a, 1 6, rf $ .
Papilio cliaricles, Hewitson, A. M. N. H. (4) xiv, 1874, p. 356 $ ;
W.-M. $ de N. J. A. S. B. 1880, p. 237.
c? • Upperside rich velvety black. Tore wing with a subter-
minal series of greenish-yellow irrorated internervular streaks,
sometimes more or less obsolescent. Hind wing : a very broad
VOL. II. E
50 PAPILIONID,E.
discal band pale blue, composed of broad outwardly more or less
emarginate streaks in interspaces 1 to 7 ; cilia : fore wing black,
hind wing black alternated with white in the interspaces. Under-
side opaque blue-black. Fore wing with a dark red streak at base
and the subterminal internervular streaks as on the the upperside
but grey and more prominent. Hind wing with 4 or 5 small
patches of dark red at base, a complete dark red ocellus in inter-
spaces 1 and 2, and indistinct subterminal very variable markings
of red in the other interspaces, sometimes formed into half ocelli
in interspaces 3 and 4 ; within this line of markings there is an
incomplete discal lunular series of mixed red and blue scaling.
Antennae, head, thorax and abdomen black. — § closely resembles
the tailed form of the $ of P. memnon, race agenor, but on the
disc of the fore wing the internervular broad pale streaks are
nearly white, and on the hind wing the white streaks in the
interspaces beyond and outside the cell shorter and strongly
tinged with red along their edges, while the dark red is more
extended, especially in the tornal area where it covers the terminal
three-fourths of interspaces 1 and 2, interrupted in 1 by a
comparatively round oval black spot and in 2 by a broad elongate
black patch ; apical half of tail vermilion-red, whitish at apex.
Exp. rf $ 132-152 mm. (5-22-6-3").
Hub. The Andarnans.
513. Papilio polymnestor (PI. XII, fig. 85), Cramer, Pap. Exot. i,
1775, p. 83, pi. 53, tigs. A, B ; Moore, Cat. Lep. Mm. E. I. C. i,
1857, p. 101, pi. 3, tigs. 1, 1 a, larva & pupa ; JJaoidson Sf Aitken,
Jour. Bomb. N. U. Soc. v, 1890, p. 3«6; Rothsch. Nov. Zool, ii,
1895, p. 329 ; Moore (Iliades), Lep. Ind. v, 1901-1903, p. 203,
pi. 452, tigs. I, I a, I b, larva & pupa, tf $ .
Eace parinda.
Papilio parinda, Moore (Iliades), Lep. Ceyl. i, 1857, p. 148, pi. 60,
tigs. 1, 1 a-\ b, <S $ , larva & pupa.
Papilio polymnestor parinda, Rothsch. Nov. Zool. ii, 1895, p. 330.
J . Upperside rich velvety black. Fore wing with a postdiscal
band composed of internervular broad blue streaks gradually
shortened and obsolescent anteriorly, not extended beyond inter-
space 6. Hind wing : the terminal three-fourths beyond a line
crossing the apical third of the cell pale blue, or greyish blue,
with superposed powtdiscal, subtermiual and terminal series of
black spots — the postdiscal spots elongate, inwardly conical ; the
subterminal oval, placed in the interspaces, the terminal irregular,
placed along the apices of the veins and anteriorly coalescing
more or less with the subterminal spots. Underside opaque black.
Fore wing with an elongate spot of dark red at base of cell ; the
postdiscal transverse series of streaks as on the upperside but
grey tinged with ochraceous and extended right up to the costa;
in some specimens similar but narrow streaks also in the cell.
Hind wing with five irregular small patches of red at base, the
PAPILIO. 51
outer three-fourths of the wing grey touched with ochraceous, but
generally narrower than the blue on the upperside ; the inner
margin of the grey area crosses the wing beyond the cell ; the post-
discal and subterininal black spots as on the upperside. In some
specimens this grey area is greatly restricted, its inner margin
crossing the wing well beyond the apex of the cell ; the subtermiual
spots merged completely with the terminal spots and form a
comparatively broad terminal black band. Antennae, head, thorax
and abdomen blackish brown. — 2 very similar but the inte.r-
nervular streaks on the fore wing paler, extended into the cell
both on the upper and undersides. Hind wing : the pale blue
area on the upperside and the corresponding grey area on the
underside paler. In some specimens there is a diffuse short
crimson streak at the base of the cell of the fore wing on the
upperside.
Rep. <S 2 131-156 mm. (5-48-6-14").
Hab. Sikhim ; Lower Bengal ; Central and Southern India.
Larva and pupa. "We noticed this butterfly at Matheran in
the month of March laying its eggs on a lime tree in the garden.
In Karwar we reared a great many in September and October on
a common w ild orange (Atalantia, sp. ?). Another favourite food
appears to be Garcinia xanihochymus. In form, colour and
markings the larva is very similar to that of the last two
(P. demoleus and P. polytes\ but the enlargement of the 4th and
5th segments is much exaggerated, especially after the last moult.
In the pupa the head-case and its two projecting points are more
elongated." (Davidson &f Aitken.)
Race parinda, Moore. — I have, following Eothschild, regarded
this form as a distinguishable race, but the males are very similar
to the typical form, though the females can always be descrimi-
nated. It might well stand as polymnestor with a dimorphic 2 iu
Ceylon.
cJ . Differs in the broader postdiscal blue band on the uppei'-
side of the fore wing and the greater extent of the blue area on
the hind wing. — 2 has the same band on the fore wing and the
blue area on the hind wing much paler and invariably tinged
(sometimes very strongly so) with yellow. On the underside
both the band on the fore wing and the outer area on the hind
wing are generally ochraceous-yellow without a touch of blue ;
the former much broader than in the typical form.
Rvp. J 2 130-156 mm. (5-16-6-14").
Hab. Confined so far as is known to Ceylon.
Larva. " Smooth, glossy green ; with a whitish lower lateral
band from 6th to anal segment, a broad similar coloured band
obliquely ascending the 8th and 9th and a similar band on the
10th segment ; anterior shield edged with white, its posterior
dorsal end bordered by a transverse blackish-marked crest, a
similar crest also across the 4th segment ending on each side in
a large ocollated spot. Feeds on Citrus decumana" (Moore.)
Pupa. " Green or olive-brown." (Moore.}
52 PAPILIONIDJ.
514. Papilio polymnestoroides, Moore (Iliades), Leo. Ind. v, 1001-
1903, p. 202, pi. 451, figs. 1, 2, rf $ .
d1 $ . Differs from P. polymnestor, Cramer, as follows : —
$ • Upperside, fore wing : the adnervular streaks on outer portion
of wing not so broad. Hind wing : basal portion to apex of cell
black, beyond this a series of adnervular blue streaks that do not
reach the outer margin, each pair coming to a point outwardly on
the veins ; these are followed by a series of very obscure large
subterminal spots of a shade darker than the ground-colour in
interspaces 1 to 4. Cilia black, touched with white in the inter-
spaces. Underside opaque black, a patch of dark red at base of
wings. Fore wing as on the upperside but with the greyish-blue
streaks broader. Hind wing with a discal and a subterminal
series of large oval black spots, the former surrounded by a broad
grey margin ; tornus narrowly i-ed. Antennae, head, thorax and
abdomen as in polymnestor. — 5 . Upperside : fore wing with pale
greyish adnervular streaks on outer half narrower than \n polym-
nestor ; base of cell entirely filled with a broad red streak ; a very
short streak above base of vein 1. Hind wing : ground-colour
dull velvety brown, with discal, subterminal and terminal rows of
black spots as in polymnestor, only more obscure ; the medial area
with a series of broad blue outwardly pointed adnervular streaks
as in the c?; the black spot at tornns bordered with grey. Under-
side : differs chiefly from the underside of polymnestor in the grey
internervular streaks on the outer portions of the fore wing that
are longer and produced to the bases of the anterior interspaces
inwardly and outwardly almost to the terminal margin ; on the
hind wing the discal series of spots are closer to the subterminal
series.
Exp. S $ 127-148 mm. (5-5-86").
Hab. Recorded only from Eastern Bengal and Assam.
I have provisionally followed Moore in keeping this form
distinct from P. polymnestor, but it is probably only a rare aber-
ration of that insect.
PBOTENOR GBOUP.
c? 5 alike. Fore wing somewhat elongate ; costa arched, apex
produced but rounded ; termen oblique, slightly concave ; tornus
rounded ; dorsuni straight, about half length of costa ; cell broad
and long, more than half length of wing. Hind wing : costa and
termen to apex of vein 2 form one long continuous curve, the
termen broadly scalloped ; dorsum to tornal angle straight, below
the latter the termen emarginate ; cell narrow, comparatively
short ; subcostal vein and upper discocellular subequal. J with a
white costal streak on the upperside of the hind wing. Antenna
not half length of fore wing, slender; club elongate, gradual,
slight.
.Represented within our limits by the typical form only : two
PAPILIO. 53
others, P. demetriits, Cramer, and -P. macilentus, Janson, are recorded
from Japan and China.
515. Papilio protenor, Cramer, Pap. J5.rot. i, 1775, p. 77, pi. 49,
figs. A, B ; Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. i, 1857, p. 98 ;
Rolhsch. Nov. Zool. ii, 1895, p. 331 ; Mackinnon fy de N. Jour.
Bomb. N. H. Soc. xi, 1898, p. 592, pi. w,fig. 23 ; Moore (Sainia),
Lep. 2nd. v, 1901-1903, p. 188, pi. 444, figs. 1, la-Id, larva,
d" . Upperside velvety indigo-blue black, duller on the fore wing
than on the hind wing. Fore wing with pale adnervular streaks
broadened along the terminal margin and extended well into the
cell. Hind wing : a broad pale yellowish-white subcostal streak ;
interspaces 4 to 6 irrorated with bluish scales ; tornal angle
marked with red. Underside : fore wing dull black ; adnervular
streaks distinctly grey and much broader than on the upperside.
Hind wing : ground-colour as on the upperside, a large irregularly-
shaped patch at the tornal angle that extends into interspace 2,
and subterrninallunules in interspaces, 2, 6, and 7 dull pinkish-red,
cell irrorated more or less with a sprinkling of blue scales ; the
tornal patch with a black, outwardly
blue-edged, round medial spot, and inter-
spaces 4 and 5 with subterminal irrora-
tions of blue scales. Antennae black ;
head, thorax and abdomen dark brownish
black. — $ similar. Upperside : ground-
colour deep brownish black ; adnervular
streaks on fore wing yellowish; irroration
of blue scales on outer portions of hind
wing more dense ; no white subcostal
streak ; red patch at tornal angle large
with an oval medial black spot ; another
similar black spot subterminally in inter-
space 2 posteriorly bordered by a crescent-
shaped red mark. Underside similar to
that in the male, differs in the adnervular
streaks on the fore wing that are broader
and paler ; on the hind wing the torual
red patch is paler and larger, and is ex-
tended broadly anteriorly and outwards
towards the termen into interspace 2 :
in the latter it coalesces with a broad subterminal black-centred
red ocellus ; the irroration of blue scales in interspace 5 with a
small subterminal red lunule below it. Antennae, head, thorax
and abdomen as in the c? •
Exp. 6 ? 100-133 mm. (3-95-5-35").
Hob. The Himalayas, from Mussoorie to Sikhim in the low hot
valleys, but ascending up to 5000 ft. ; the hills of Assam, Burma
and Tenasserira, extending to W. China and Siam.
Fig. 10.— Hind wing of
Papilio protenor.
54
PAPILIONIDJE.
Larva. " Green, with a yellow collar and brown lichen-like
markings. Feeds on Zanthoxylum alatum." (Mackinnon.)
Pupa. " Some pupae are coloured like rough bark, others are
uniformly green." (MacJcinnon.)
RHETENOH G-BOUP.
c? . Fore wing elongate, costa widely arched ; apex produced
and somewhat pointed ; termen very oblique ; tornus broadly
rounded ; dorsum straight, very short, not nearly .half length of
costa ; cell elougate, more than half length of wing. Hind wing
elongate, costa and termen form a continuous curve, the latter
broadly scalloped, abruptly curved upwards from apex of vein 3 to
tornal angle ; dorsum straight ; cell comparatively short ; upper
discocellular much longer than middle. $ . Similar, but the posterior
portion of the hind wing below vein 4 broadly produced so as to
give the appearance of a short broad spatulate tail at apex of
vein 4. Antennae slender, not half length of fore wing ; club
gradual, elongate, but well-marked ; abdomen comparatively short
and not massive.
A single form known.
516. Papilio rhetenor (PI. XII, fig. 86 £ ), Westiouod, Arcana Ent.
i, 1842, p. 59, pi. 16, fi-?s. I, la, c? ; Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus.
E.I. C. i, 1857, p. 98 ; Rothsch. Nov. Zool. ii, 1895, p. 333 ; Sioinh.
(Sania) Trans. Ent. Soc. 1893, p. 812; Moore (Panosmiopsis),
Lep. 2nd. v, 1901-1903, p. 191, pi. 445, figs. 1, 1 a, 1 b, tf $ .
J . Upperside black with, in some lights, an obscure dark
indigo-blue tint. Fore wing : a series of
pale adnervular streaks not extended to the
base or quite to the termen but that reach
well into the apical half of the cell, and a
short slender streak of red rarely absent at
the extreme base of the subcostal nervure.
In certain specimens also the apical half or
interspace 1 a and of the posterior portion
of interspace 1 are diffusely white. Hind
wing uniform, towards the terminal or
outer half sprinkled with bluish scales ; an
irregular incomplete white ring at the tornal
angle that encloses a black spot bordered
above by red. Underside : fore wing similar,
but with the pale adnervular streaks broader
and much more prominent so that the wing
has a general grey appearance ; a patch of
dark red at base traversed by the black veins.
Hind wing deep indigo-blue black ; a dark
red patch at base as in the fore wing, but
continued along the dorsum, nearly filling
interspaces 1 and 2 ; superposed on the red in the former are two
Fig. 11.— Underside
of hind wing of
Papilio rketcnor, <$ .
PAPILIO. 55
black spots and some irregular white scaling, and in the latter
three large black spots in succession from the base ; in some
specimens the apical two spots coalesce anteriorly, in others there
is also a red lunule near the apex of interspace 3 • lastly, a
diffuse spot of blue scaling near apices of interspaces 6 and 7.
Antennae, head, thorax and abdomen black, paler beneath. —
$ • Upperside : ground-colour duller black. Fore wing : the
udnervular streaks broader, paler, more prominent than in the J ;
the short red streak at base of subcostal vein broader. Hind
wing : a medial patch of white that consists of an elongate spot at
base of interspace 4, and a short streak that fills the basal half of
interspace 5, extended diffusely into the apex of the cell and
above into interspace 6 ; beyond this white patch is a discal series
of three small red crescentic marks in interspaces 2, 4, and 5, or
2 and 4 only, followed by larger red lunules in interspaces 2 to 5,
aimarginal^large red spots in 2 and 3, and a more or less large
rectangular red spot centred with black at the tornal angle ; cilia
touched with white in the middle of the interspaces. The lunular
red markings are very variable in number and are admarginal in
interspaces 4 to 6. Underside, fore wing : ground-colour dull
olivaceous black with the veins and internervular streaks velvety
black, a red patch at base of cell. Hind wing : ground-colour
black; markings more or less similar to those on the upperside, but
both the white and the red more extensive, the latter so disposed
as to form a patch at base of wing and a broad dorsal border below
the median vein and vein 3 ; in interspaces 1, 2, and 3 it is inter-
rupted bv large black spots. Antenna? black ; head, thorax and
abdomen dull dark ochraceous brown.
E.vp. rf $ 127-141 mm. (5-1-5-52").
Hob. Sikhim ; Nepal ; Bhutan ; the hills of Assam ; Upper and
Lower Burma ; Tenasserim.
In the Himalayas this insect is recorded from the'level of the
Terai to 6000 ft. In Burma I took it on Mooleyit at 4000 to
5000 ft., and Col. Adamson on the Taoo plateau at about
4000 ft.
BOOTES GROUP.
J $ . Fore wing elongate ; costa straight for basal two-thirds,
then widely arched to apex ; apex well-marked ; termen very
oblique ; tornus broadly obtuse ; dorsum short, not half the length
of the costa : cell elongate, more than half the length of the wing ;
vein 8 from basal third of 7, 9 from upper apex of cell, 10 and 11
from apical half of subcostal vein. Hind wing very long and
narrow; costa short, arched; termen verydeeplv scalloped, produced
at apex of vein 4 into a broad spatulate tail, curved upwards
from apex of vein 2 ; tornus well-marked ; dorsum straight ;
abdominal fold in $ slight ; cell comparatively short ; upper disco-
cellular much longer than middle.
56 PAPIL1OMD.E.
Key to t7te forms of the Bootes Group.
a. Hind wing underside : red patch at base not
produced along dorsurn P. bootes, p. 56.
b. Hind wing underside : red patch at base pro-
duced along dorsum P.janaka, p. 57.
517. Papilio oootes, Westicood, A. M. N. H. ix, 1842, p. 36 ; Eothsch.
Nov. Zool. ii, 1895, p. 335 ; Moore (Bvasa), Lep. Ind. v, 1901-
1903, p. 168, pi. 432, figs. l,Ia,lb, rf"? .
d1 . Upperside velvety black. Fore wing with pale internervular
streaks that do not reach the terminal margin and only obscurely
extend into the cell. Hind wing with similar streaks in inter-
spaces 5 and 6, but the ground-colour of the cell and of the
lower and posterior portions of the wing uniform ; interspaces 3
and 4 with elongate somewhat oval white spots at base, an
admargiual red spot at tornus and at apex of interspace 2, and
similar white spots intermixed with afew reddish scales as follows : —
one at apex of interspace 3, two near apex of tail, one on each
CL
Fig. 12.— a. Hind wing : P. bootes,
b. Hiudwing: P.janaka, <$ .
side of vein 4, and a fourth at apex of interspace 4 ; the cilia
black, touched with white in the middle of the interspaces ; over
the red tornal spot is a minute crescentic mark of the same colour.
Underside similar ; the pale aduervular streaks on the fore wing
are more prominent and extend well into the cell ; two or three
red spots at extreme base of costa. Hind wing : ground-colour as
on the upperside, but in interspaces 6 and 7 silky black with a
slight greenish lustre : markings as on the upperside, but the base
of the wing dark red crossed by the black veins, the tornal red
spot witk a much broader lunular mark above it, and similar
lunules above the admarginal spots in interspaces 2 and 3, that
in 3 sometimes confluent with the admarginal spot. Antennae,
PAPILIO. 57
thorax posteriorly and abdomen black ; head and thorax in front red :
beneath : the palpi, thorax and abdomen red, the latter two with
black markings. — $ . Similar. Upperside : ground-colour brownish
black ; fore wing with the internervular pale streaks broader and
more prominent, a small spot of red at base of wing; hind wing
with an additional oval white spot in the interspace below the
white spots in interspaces 3 and 4, and postdiscal lunular markings
in interspaces 1 to 4. Of these the lunules in 1 and 2 are red,
in 3 white irrorated with a few red scales, and in 4 pure white.
Underside similar to that in the c? , the red at base of wings more
extended, the white discal spot in interspace 2 very small, irrorated
with red scales ; the postdiscal, lunular and admargiual spots larger,
with a white postdiscal lunule in interspace 4. Antennae, head,
thorax and abdomen similar to those of the d1 , but the red of a
paler tint.
Evp. 6 2 118-133 mm. (4-28-5-25*).
Hob. Eecorded only from Assam.
A race, P. bootes niyricans, Bothsehild, is recorded from "Western
China. It is easily recognized, as the white spots on the tail are
always absent.
518. Papilio janaka, Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. i, 1857, p. 97 :
Ehues, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1888, p. 426; Rothsch. Nov. Zool. ii,
1895, p. 336; Moore (Byasa), Lep. 2nd. v, 1901-1903, p. 169,
pi. 433, fijrs. 1, 1 a, 1 b, J <? .
Papilio sikkiinensis, Wood-Mason, A. M. N. H. (o) ix, 1882,
p. 103, rf.
c? $ . Closely resembles P. bootes, differs as follows : — tf *
Upperside : ground-colour a duller more greyish-black, the outer
half of the hind wing darker ; the elongate discal white series of
spots extended into interspace 2, sometimes also into interspace 5 ;
beyond these the dark red markings are as in P. booties, but there
is in addition a postdiscal series of red luuules, that at the torual
angle coalesces with the admarginal spot. Underside -. similar to
that of P. bootes, but with the additional white spots as on the
upperside, these however in many specimens are much irrorated
with red scales ; the red at the base of the wings more extended
than in P. bootes and continued along the dorsal margin of the
hind wing in a long streak. — $ . Similar to the J , but the ground-
colour oil the upperside paler, a spot of red at the base of the
fore wing ; the postdiscal markings on the hind wing white, only
tinged with red. Underside similar to the upperside ; the red at the
base of the wings continued along the dorsal margin as in the rf •
Exp. <S $ 116-125 mm. (4-6-4-93").
Hab, The Himalayas from Mussoorie to Sikhim.
" A rather rare species in Sikhim, where it is found from 3000
to 5000 ft. elevation in May and June/' (Elwes.)
I saw it frequently at Eungarun near Darjeeliug, 5000-6000 ft.,
in April 1900, but only managed to secure one on two specimens iu
bad condition.
58 PAPILIOXID^E.
NEPHELUS-POLYTES GROUP.
Some of the members of this group, cJiaon, prexaspes, and noblci,
bear a superficial resemblance to some of the lielenus group, but
they are all structurally different, as they lack the clothing of hair-
like scales on the upperside of the fore wing so conspicuous in
helenus, daJcsha, &c. Two rare forms, P. sakontala, Hewitson, and
the still rarer P. walkeri, Janson, I have placed in this group with
some doubt : the fore wing in both is more produced at apex than
in P. polytes &c., and the shape of the club of the antennae is also
different.
6 $ . Fore wing broadly triangular, dorsum at least two-thirds
length of costa. Hind wing elongate ; costa slightly arched ;
termen scalloped, produced at apex of vein 4 into a broad spatuiate
tail. Venation of both wings much as in the Helenus group. In
the two aberrant forms mentioned above, the tail at apex of
vein 4 of hind wing is shorter and less spatuiate.
Key to the forms of the Nephelus-Potytes Group.
A. Hind wing- upperside : discal markings white.
rt. Hind wing upperside : discal markings con-
fined to anterior portion of wing.
rt'. Hind wing upperside: discal markings ex-
tended from interspaces 3 or 4 to 7.
«2. Hind wing underside : no postdiscal
markings placed between discal and
subterminal markings .............. P. chaon, p. 59.
I'2. Hind wing underside : a more or less
incomplete series of postdiscal diffuse
blue lunules between discal and sub-
terminal markings ................ P. fuscus. race pre-
V . Hind wing upperside : discal markings ex- [.vaxpes, p. 59.
tended from interspaces 5 to 7 only .... P. noblei, p. 60.
b. Hind wing upperside: discal markings not
confined to anterior portion of wing, but
extended right across wing.
a '. Hind wing upperside : discal band of nearly
even width ; medial spots that compose
it not conspicuously longer than the
others ............ ". ................. P. polytes, p. 61.
b'. Hind wing upperside : discal band conspi-
cuously broadened in the middle ...... P. pitmani, p. 63.
B. Hind wing upperside : discal markings bluish.
«. Hind wing upperside : no postdiscal markings
beyond, some diffuse scattered bluish scales. P. siikontala, p. 04.
b. Hind wing upperside : a conspicuous post-
discal transverse series of oehraceous-white
subquadrate spots ...................... P. walkeri, p. 64.
519. Papilio chaon, Westtcood. Arcana Ent. ii, 1845, p. 97, pi. 72,
figs. 1, 1 o, d; Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. i, 1857, p. 102;
Rotlisch. Nov. Zool. ii, 1895, p. 291: Moore (Sadengia), Lep. Ind.
v, 1901-1903, p. 213, pi. 457, figs. 1, la-Id, rf $.
c? $ . Superficially closely resembles P. Jielemts. The differences
are, however, both of structure and of colour. c? • Fore wing
uppei'side : entirely without tbe thick coating of short hairs on the
outer half. Upperside : black with a sprinkling of yellowish-brown
scales on the fore wing, that form four longitudinal streaks on
the cell and internervular streaks on the outer half. Hind wing :
the upper discal white patch larger, formed of elongate broad
streaks in interspaces 4 to 7 (not 5 to 7) : no tornal nor subterminal
markings. Underside: ground-colour duller brownish black ; fore
wing with the diffuse scaling so disposed as to form grey cellular
and internervular streaks, the streaks in interspaces 1 a and 1
generally white, not diffuse. Hind wing : basal area sprinkled with
yellow scales that form three longitudinal slenderjines in the cell ;
the upper white discal patch as on the upperside, but the elongate
white markings that compose it well divided by tbe black veins ;
below the discal white patch there is a small series of white spots in
interspaces 1 to 3, the spot in 1 generally, in 2 very often, tinged
with ochraceous yellow ; a subterminal complete series of ochra-
ceous-yellow lunules followed by adrnarginal narrow white spots.
Antenna?, head, thorax and abdomen black; beneath: a line of
white on the palpi, the thorax with some linear white markings.
— $ . Similar. Upperside : ground-colour browner ; fore wing :
cellular and internervular streaks more prominent ; in many spe-
cimens an obscure diffuse whitish subcostal shading just beyond
apex of cell. Underside paler. Fore wing with the cellular and
internervular streaks and subcostal postcellular whitish patch more
prominent ; the posterior three internervular short streaks on
the outer half of the wing white, not diffuse; in a few specimens
there is a series of more or less conspicuous admarginal white
spots, one in the middle of each interspace. Hind wing markings
similar to those in the d" , but larger and more prominent.
Antenna?, head, thorax and abdomen as in the 3 , but the abdomen
beneath with lateral white markings.
Exp. 8 $ 124-134 mm. (4-80-5-30").
Hab. ]S"epal ; Sikhim ; Assam ; Burma ; Tenasserim ; extending
to Siam and China.
520. Papilio fllSCUS, Goese, Ent. Beytr. iii, 1, 1779, p. 87.
Race prexaspes.
Papilio prexaspes, Fetter, Verh. z.-b. Ges. Wien, 1864, p. 320; id.
Reise Novara, Lep. i, 1865. p. 107. pi. 15, fig. d ; Wood-Mason fy
de NicevMe, J. A. S. B. 1881, p. 254 : Moore (Sadengia), Lep. Ind.
v, 1901-1903,- p. 215, pi. 458, figs. 1, 1 a-l c, rf 9 .
Papilio fuscus prexaspes, RotJtsch. Nov. Zool. ii, 1895, p. 297.
Race prexaspes, Felcler. — Closely resembles P. chaon, from which
60 PAPILIOXTD.E.
it differs as follows : — J § . Smaller ; fore wing more produced,
its terrnen concave, tf . Upperside : ground-colour a more brownish
sooty-black. Hind wing with the upper discal white patch
extended into interspace 4, most usually very slightly so, often
represented only by a very small spot of white scaling, a white
spot also above the torual angle. Underside, fore wing : the
internervular brownish-yellow streaks limited to the apical area of
the wing. Hind wing : the upper discal patch extended to the
dorsurn in a series of three pure white not ochraceous-tinted spots,
a more or less incomplete postdiscal series of lunules formed of
diffuse blue scales, and the subterminal series of ochraceous luuules
of a darker colour and smaller than in chaon ; the rest as in cliaon. —
5 . Upperside : ground-colour paler than in cliaon. Fore wing with
an ill-defined broad pale discal band perceptibly widened and
becoming whitish opposite apex of cell. Hind wing: the extension
into interspace 4 of the upper discal white patch more pronounced
than in the d1 , the small white spot above the tornal angle followed
in some specimens by a blue ill-defined lunule and an ochraceous
spot. Underside, fore wing : the transverse discal band white and
much more prominent than on the upperside. Hind wing : the
postdiscal series of blue lunules generally complete and \\ell-
mai-ked ; the rest as in the cT .
Exp. d1 $ 108-112 mm. (4-26-4-44").
Hah. Within our limits found in the Andamans. Occurs in
the Malay Peninsula and Borneo.
521. Papilio noblei, dc Niceville, J.A. S.S. 1888, p. 287, pi. 13, fig. 2 ;
Rothsch. Nov. Zool. ii, 189-5. p. 284 ; Moore (Sadeiigia), Lep. Lul.
v, 1901-1903. p. 217, pi. 459, figs. 2, 2 a, rf; Fruhstorfer, Iris,
1901, p. 268, $.
c? . Upperside black. Fore wing with or without a quadrate
white spot in the middle of interspaces 1 a and 1 ; when present
the portion of vein 1 that divides the interspaces also white;
four slender lines in the cell and the veins paler than the ground-
colour. Hind wing : a dark ochraceous incomplete ring at the torual
angle, with an enclosed deep black oval spot ; above this an upper
discal cream-white patch that consists of a quadrate spot in inter-
space 7, an elongate rectangular spot in interspace 6, and a trape-
zoidal spot in interspace 5. In one specimen that I have examined
the spot in interspace 6 extends slightly into the cell. Underside :
fore wing similar to the upperside, ground-colour duller brownish
black ; cellular lines greyish white and very prominent ; a small
white discal spot iu interspace 2 followed by a terminal series of
short white lines in the interspaces. Hind wing : basal third
dull brownish black irrorated with greyish scales, the upper discal
white patch as on the upperside but slightly larger, below it is a
white elongate mark in interspace 1 and a subterminal complete
series of broad ochraceous-orange lunules ; the lower discal area,
the tail, and the ground-colour before and behind the upper sub-
terminal lunules velvety black. Antennae, head, thorax and
PAPILIO. 61
abdomen black ; beneath : the palpi, thorax and abdomen marked
with greyish white.
Kep. 106 mm. (4-80").
Hob. Burma; Tonkin.
A rare insect ; recorded from Taungoo and the Karen Hills in
Lower Burma ; from Katha and the Ruby Mines district in Upper
Burma. Fruhstorfer took it in Middle Tonkin.
522. Papilio polytes, Linn. Si/st. Nat. ed. x,1758, p. 460, $ ; Davidson
# Aitken, Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. v, 1890, p. 366, larva & pupa ;
Hothsch. Nov. Zool. ii. 1895, p. 343, rf £.
Papilio pammon, Linn. Si/st. Nut. ed. x, 1758, p. 460, tf; Moore
(Laertias), Lep. Ind. v, 1901-1903, p. 223, pis. 462, 463, & 464.
Papilio romulus, Cramer, Pap. E.iot. i, 1776, p. 67, pi. 43, tig. A, ? ;
Moore (Laertias), Lep. Ceyl. i, 1857, p. 150, pi. 59, figs. 1, 1 a-1 c,
8 £•
Papilio cyrus, Fabr. Ent. Syst. iii (1), 1793, p. 7.
A polymorphic form. The <$ varies slightly, but is fairly
constant throughout its range ; the $ generally with two forms,
in Southern India and Ceylon with three, strikingly different in
appearance.
<3 $ . Upperside black. Pore wing : cell and apical area with
not very prominent irrorated lines of pale yellowish scales, and
admarginal white spots along the
termen. Hind wing : a trans-
verse discal series of elongate
white spots in the interspaces
from the dorsum to 7, these spots
divided by the black veins and
succeeded by diffuse ill-defined
sparse blue scaling on the post-
discal area ; an obscure spot of a
deeper black than the ground-
colour at the torual angle sur-
mounted by a lunule of blue scales.
Underside similar ; ground-colour
of a duller more opaque black.
Fore wing : the cellular and inter-
nervular irrorated streaks more
prominent. Hind wing: the
discal series of white spots and
blue scaling succeeded by a sub-
terminal more or less incomplete
series of dingy white lunules, and
a row of small admarginal spots
in the interspaces along the termen ; the tornal spot divided from
the blue scaling by an ochraceous line. Antennae, head, thorax
and abdomen black ; head and thorax anteriorly on the upperside.
and head, thorax and abdomen beneath spotted with white, the
last with lateral white lines. The d1 of the cyrus form differs as
Fig. 13. — Papttio polyte
V----
62
follows: — Upperside: the white markings larger, more neatly
defined, the tornal spot with an ocbraceous line above it. Under-
side : the subterminal series of lunules are complete, well defined,
and vary from white to deep ochraceous-red. Certain specimens
from the Nicobars have a subterminal baud of white lunules on
the upperside also.
$ . Cyrus form. — Similar to the rf , the subterminal series of
lunules on the underside ochraceous.
$ . Polytes form. — Upperside fuliginous-black on fore, somewhat
darker and velvety on the hind wing. Fore wing with the base,
the internervular. streaks that extend into the cell, and terminal
margin darker. Hind wing : apex of cell and elongate marks
from base of interspaces 2, 3, 4, and 5 white ; lower half of
interspace 1 dark red irrorated with blue scales and with a super-
posed black tornal spot : the red extends into interspace 2, below
the elongate white mark ; finally, a complete subterminal transverse
curved series of red lunules, and admarginal paler red spots in the
posterior interspaces. Underside similar ; a complete series of
admarginal spots along the termen of the hind wing, the anterior
spots white. Antennae, head, thorax and abdomen black ; beneath,
the abdomen with lateral rows of white specks. The specimen
described above is typical, and agrees with Linnaeus' diagnosis,
and also with the figures in Cramer's Pap. Exot. iii, pi. 265,
figs. A, B, but this insect varies a good deal. Ordinarily the cell
of the hind wing is uniform black to the apex, and the number of
elongate white markings in the interspaces beyond varv from 2 to 6.
J. Romulus form. — Eesembles the ordinary polytes 5 form, but
differs as follows : — Fore wing crossed from the middle of the cell
obliquely to the tornal angle by a broad white baud somewhat as
in P. hector, the margins of the band ill-defined ; this is followed
by an ill-defined white patch beyond the apex of the cell. Hind
wing with all the discal as well as the subterminal and terminal
markings red, including a round red spot at apex of cell.
Exp. 6 $ 92-114 mm. (3-64-4-12").
Uab. Almost throughout our limits, including the Andamans
and Nicobars ; extending to Siarn and the Malayan subregion to
Sumatra.
Larva and pupa. " The larva of this is not easy to distinguish
from that of the last (P. demoleus}, though of course it grows to a
larger size. The pupa also is similar, bnt can be recognized at
once, being proportionally much broader. This species also feeds
on various species of orange and lime. We have never got it on
rue." (Davidson $ Aitken.)
I have seen two remarkable aberrations of the d1 of this form.
One (PI. XVI, fig. 105), now in the Zoological Museum, Tring,
differs from typical specimens as follows : — Upperside, fore wing :
the admarginal white spots along the termen much larger and
extended into interspace 8. Hind wing : the transverse discal
series of elongate white spots replaced by a series of velvety-black
spots darker than the ground-colour of the wing, bordered on the
PAPILIO. 63
inner side narrowly, on the outer side much more broadly, by ill-
defined diffuse blue scaling ; the black spot at the tornal angle in
interspace 1 centred by an irregular deep ochraceous-red spot,
above this is a quadrate white spot and in line with it in inter-
space 2 a similar but narrower white spot ; there is a minute white
discal spot also in interspace 5. Underside similar to the upperside,
the ground-colour duller ; the markings on the fore wing similar,
but the terminal white spots still larger. Hind wing : a discal series
of extremely elongate streaks in the interspaces beyond the cell ;
these streaks a.re rich ochraceous-red mixed with white, but turn to
pure white without any red in the anterior interspaces ; the streaks
in interspaces 1 to 5 interrupted along their inner halves by a row
of spots of a shade darker than the ground-colour of the wing,
which spots are outwardly bordered by diffuse blue scaling.
Ea?j). d 98 mm. (3-88").
Hub. Procured at Coimbatore, S. India.
The other aberrational specimen, also a J, from Southern India,
closely resembles typical specimens but on the hind wing the
white spots of the transverse discal series are wanting in inter-
spaces 1, 2, 3 and 7. This gives the insect a superficial resem-
blance both to P. chcton and P. castor.
523, Papilio pitmani, Ehces $ de N. (Papilio-Laertias), J. A. S. B.
1886, p. 434, pi. 20, fig. 1 d ; Rothsch. Nov. Zool. i, 1894, p. 685 ;
id. Nov. Zool. ii, 1895, p. 343 ; Moore (Sadengia), Lep. 2nd. \,
1901-1903, p. 216, pi. 459, figs. 1, 1 a, rf.
c? . Yery closely resembles P. polytes tf , from which it can,
however, be distinguished as follows : — Upperside of a more
brownish-black than in polytes. Fore wing more thickly irrorated
with yellowish scales ; an obscure yellowish-bi-own spot (not always
present) in interspaces 1 a and 1 close to the tornal angle :
the admarginal spots along the termen so conspicuous in polytes
entirely absent ; cilia black, with a few touches of white on
posterior half of wing. Hind wing : the postdiscal band of
elongate white markings as in polytes, but the posterior one or two
brownish yellow; the tornal ocellus generally obscure and ill-
defined. Underside similar ; ground-colour a duller brownish
black, the irroration of yellowish scales more prominent, formed
into lines in the cell of the fore wing and internervular broad
streaks on the anterior half of the same ; a transverse subterminal
series of diffuse white spots on the fore wing that vary from a
single spot in interspace 1 a to double spots in interspaces 1 to 4.
Hind wing : the postdiscal band of white spots as on the upper-
side, followed by a subterminal series of yellow lunules. Cilia
black irregularly alternated with white. Antennae, head, thorax
and abdomen dull brownish black. — $ unknown.
Exp. ^ 90-94 mm. (3'58-3-69").
Hob. Recorded only from the hills of South Tenasserim below
Tavoy and Siatn.
64 PAPILIOMD^:.
524. Papilio sakontala, Hewitson, Trans. Ent. Soc. (2) ii. 1852, p. 24,
pi. 5, fig. 1 ; Doherty, P. Z. S. 1891, p. 250 ; Rothsch. Nov. Zool.
ii, 1895, p. 343 ; Mackinnon $ de Niceville, Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc.
xi, 1898, p. 593; Moore (Laertias), Lep. Ind.v, 1901-1903, p. 232,
pi. 465, figs. 1, 1 «, d .
c? . Upperside dull, somewhat brownish black. Fore wing very
sparingly irrorated with yellowish scales, that form ill-defined
cellular and interuervnlar streaks. Hind wing with a discal series
of very diffuse greenish-white spots in interspaces 1 to 7 and an
ill-defined tornal reddish lunule ; the spots in interspaces 5 and (>
are the most diffuse, and beyond the whole series there is a
postdiscal slight irroration of whitish scales. Underside : fore
wing opaque dark brown, the internervular streaks broader, more
prominent than on the upperside. Hind wing black ; the discal
series of elongate spots dingy white, larger and more clearly
defined than on the upperside, followed by a large tornal more or
less vermilion-red spot with a black centre and a subtertninal series
of similarly-coloured lunules ; the discal spot in interspace 2
bordered outwardly by an outwardly-curved lunule. Cilia black
alternated with white. Antenna?, head, thorax and abdomen
black. — cj> unknown.
Exp. S 107 mm. (4-23").
Hob. Mussoorie ; Sikbini ; Assam ; Sylhet and the Xaga Hills.
I have followed Rothschild in keeping this form distinct, but
both c? and $ seem to me to be only occasional aberrations of
P. polytes, or possibly, as suggested by de Xiceville, atavistic forms
of that insect.
525. Papilio walkeri (PI. XVI, fig. 105), Jamon, Cist. Ent. ii, 1879,
p. 433, pi. 8, fig. 2 J ; Jtothsch. Nov. Zool. ii, 1895, p. 338 : Moore
(Laertias), Lep. Ind. v, 1901-1903, p. 233, pi. 465, fig. 2 rf .
S . Upperside sooty-black. Fore wing : cell with four, inter-
space 1 with three and each of the interspaces 2 to 8 with two
short longitudinal lines or narrow bands of ochraceous scales,
those in the interspaces postdiscal ; terminal margin with small
white spots at the apices of the veins. Hind wing : a broad
transverse discal band of blue scaling, somewhat diffuse at the
edges, followed by a transverse postdiscal series of ochraceous-
white quadrate spots, those in interspaces 5 and 6 more or less
lunular, and a terminal series of similarly-coloured very slender
lunules in the interspaces. Underside : ground-colour duller on the
fore wing, more sooty-brown than black. Fore wing as on the
upperside, but the lines or bands of the postdiscal series more
elongate in the anterior interspaces. Hind wing : ground-colour
slightly darker than in the fore wing, the blue transverse discal
band replaced by short very broad streaks of inwardly ochraceous,
outwardly blue scales in interspaces 1 to 4, and indications of
similar streaks in the interspaces above, the ochraceous and blue
PAPILIO. 65
scaling in the streaks separated by a black spot ; the transverse
postdiscal series of spots and the terminal series of narrow
lunules as on the upperside but larger ; finally, an intervening
transverse series of velvety-black spots between the discal and
postdiscal markings. Antennae, head, thorax and abdomen sooty-
black, a few white specks on the thorax below.
Exp. <$ 113mm. (4-06").
Hob. Southern India.
This extremely rare form is only known through the type which
is contained in the Zoological Museum, Tring. Through the
courtesy of the Honourable Walter Rothschild and Dr. Jordan
I have been able to describe and figure this.
CASTOR GEOUP.
c? $ . Fore wing : costa widely but distinctly arched, apex
obtuse ; termen straight, not concave or convex, slightly oblique ;
tornus rounded ; dorsum straight, two-thirds or more the length of
costa ; cell elongate, longer than half the length of the wing ; vein 8
from basal third of vein 7. Hind wing : costa slightly arched, apex
obtusely rounded, or costa and termen form one continuous bold
curve ; termen scalloped ; dorsum somewhat elongate, straight ;
abdominal fold in c? narrow ; cell moderately long ; subcostal
vein and upper discocellular subequal. Antennae not quite half
the length of the fore wing ; club slight, gradual, curved ; head,
thorax and abdomen moderately long, not massive.
Key to the forms of the Castor Group.
a. Fore wing upperside without subterminal
white markings.
a'. Hind wing upperside with discal white
markings.
a2. Hind wing upperside : discal markings
not complete, composed of broad white
streaks in interspaces 4 to 7 ........ P. castor, p. 6(5.
b-. Hind wing upperside : discal markings
complete, composed of elongate broad
white spots or streaks in interspaces 1 I P. castor, race mehala,
to 7. ............................. | [p. 67.
b'. Hind wing upperside without discal but
with postdiscal white markings ........ P. mahadeva, p. 67.
b. Fore wing upperside with a prominent subter-
minal series of white markings .......... P. dravidarum, p. 68.
$ $.
a. Hind wing upperside : apex of cell with an ill-
defined patch or streaks of white scales . . P. castor, p. 66.
b. Hind wing upperside : cell uniform, without
markings.
«'. White spots of subterminal series on fore ) P. castor, race mehala,
wing gradually larger towards costa . . } [p. 67.
VOL. ii. r
66
PAPILIONID^E.
b'. White spots of subterminal series on
fore wing not larger towards costa, all
equal or subequal.
a'2. These spots minute P. maJtadeva, p. 67.
b2. These spots much larger P. dravidarum, p. 68.
52G. Papilio castor,' Westwood, A. M. N. H. ix, 1842, p. 37, d ;
Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. i, 1857, p. 93 ; Rothsch. Nov.
Zool. ii, 1895, p. 357 ; Moore (Tamera), Lep. Ind. vi, 1903, p. 74,
pi. 496, figs. 1, la-le, & pi. 497, figs. 1, 1 a, 1 b, <J $ .
Race mehala.
Papilio mehala, Grose-Smith, A.M.N.H. (5) xviii, 1886, p. 150, rf $ :
id. 8f Kirby, Rhop.E.rot. i, 1888, Pap. pi. 2, figs. 1 & 2, rf $ ; Moore
(Tamera), Lep. Ind, vi, 1903, p. 76, pi. 498, figs. 1, la-lc, <J $.
Papilio castor mehala, Rothsch. Nov. Zool. ii, 1895, p. 358, $ 2 •
d . Upperside black, more or less irro rated with yellowish-brown
scales that form on the fore wing somewhat indistinct longitudinal
cell-lines and internervular streaks. Hind wing : an upper discal
Fig. 14. — a. Papilio castor, tf .
b. Venation of anterior portion of fore wing of P. castor.
c. „ „ „ „ P. clytia.
cream-coloured patch composed of an oval spot in interspace 4, a
more elongate mark broadened outwardly in interspace 5, a similar
elongate mark in interspace 6, and a much smaller broadly oval
spot above it in 7 ; these markings not coalescent but distinctly
divided by the black veins. Cilia of fore and hind wings black alter-
nated with white. Underside duller, more opaque ; brownish-
black apical area of fore and base of hind wing thinly sprinkled
PAPILIO. 67
with yellowish-brown scales. Fore wing : a small white spot on
middle discocellular and a subterminal and terminal row of small
white specks that do not extend to thecosta. Hind wing: markings
similar to those on the upperside but smaller, more widely divided
one from the other by the veins which are edged with black ; a
subterminal more or less well-defined series of small white lunules
and a terminal series of white specks. Antennae, head, thorax
and abdomen black ; beneath : a spot behind the eyes and spots and
specks on the thorax and abdomen white. — $ . Upperside a duller
more opaque black than in the tf , but more densely irrorated with
yellowish- or reddish-brown scales. Fore wing : markings as in the
c? , with in addition postdiscal and terminal series of small white
spots that generally do not extend to the costal margin. Hind
wing : a discal series of diffuse broad whitish streaks in the inter-
spaces that extend into the apex of the cell, followed by a complete
transverve curved subterminal series of white lunules ; the ground-
colour beyond each lunule devoid of the irroration of yellowish-
brown scales ; this gives the appearance of a row of terminal
black spots impressed on the wing. Cilia black alternated
with white. Underside similar, the white markings larger and
more prominent. Fore wing : diffuse whitish streaks in interspaces
lr/, 1 and 2, and the subterminal and terminal series of \vhite spots
complete. Hind wing with diffuse whitish streaks that extend
up to the base of the wing. Antennae black ; head, thorax and
abdomen dull brown spotted with white.
Exp. J $ 88-126 mm. (3-50-5").
Hab. Sikhim ; Assam ; Upper Burma, extending to Siam.
Found at low elevations in Sikhim at from 1000 to 3000 feet.
Race meliala, Grose-Smith. — <3 . Upperside velvety dark brown ;
a minute white spot on the middle discocellular and a series of
terminal white specks in each interspace. Hind wing : a discal
series of seven elongate, more or less inwardly conical, outwardly
emarginate cream-coloured spots, followed by a subterminal series
of lunular small white spots. Cilia black, alternated with white in
the interspaces. Underside brownish-black, markings similar.
Fore wing with the terminal series of white specks elongated
inwards. Hind wing : the markings somewhat larger. Antennae,
head, thorax and abdomen brownish black ; head, thorax and
abdomen speckled with white. — $ . Similar to the c? , but on the
upperside a subterminal series of white spots on the fore wing,
sometimes with the anterior ones enlarged, sometimes with the
series incomplete. Hind wing as in the <$ .
Exp. <$ $ 110-120 mm. (4-34-473").
Hab. Lower Burma ; Tenasserim.
527. Papilio mahadeva, Moore, P. Z. S. 1878, p. 840, pi. 51, fig.'f;
.Eoihsch. Nov. Zool. ii, 1895, p. 359 ; Moore (Tamera), Lep. Ind.
vi, 1903, p. 77, pi. 499, figs. 1, la-lc, rf $ .
d" . Upperside black, sprinkled somewhat closely with reudish-
68 PAPILIONIDjE.
brown scales that give the whole ground-colour a rich brown
tint. Fore wing uniform ; a line of ciliary white specks that do
not reach the apex. Hind wing :
a conspicuous postdiscal complete
series of inwardly conical white
spots, followed by a complete series
of slender well-defined white
lunules and a ciliary row of linear
white specks ; between the latter
two the ground-colour is devoid •
of the irroration of brown scales,
this gives an appearance as of a ter-
minal row of more or less distinct
black spots impressed on the wing.
Underside duller black, much more
densely irrorated with reddish-
brown scales. Fore wing : a small
TO- ic T> -7- 7 j f quadrate white spot across the
Fig. 15. — Pandio ninluidd-a. <$ . ^ . . ,, ,. „ , r ,
middle discocellular and transverse
series of subterminal and terminal white specks, the former series
anteriorly more or less obsolete. Hind wing with the white
markings as on the upperside, but in some specimens the postdiscal
series of conical white spots has some of the anterior spots ill-
defined or absent. — $ similar to the d" , but the ground-colour on
both upper and undersides paler with the markings on the whole
slightly larger. In some specimens the outer half of the fore wing
on the upperside is conspicuously paler than in any specimen of
the rf.
Exp. J $ 93-100 mm. (3-68-3-87").
Hub. Upper and Lower Burma ; Tenasserim, extending to
Siam.
528. Papilio dravidarum, Wood-Mason, J. A. S. B. 1880, p. 144,
<5 $ , pi. 8, fig. Id"; Rothsch. Nov. Zool. ii, 1895, p. 359 ;
Feryuson, Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. vi, 1891, p. 446; Moore
(Tamera), Lep. Ind. vi, 1903, p. 79, pi. 500, figs. 1, la-lc, <J $ .
Papilio abrisa, Kirby, Proc. Roy. Dub. Soc. (2) xi, 1880, p. 338;
Davidson, Bell $ Aitken, Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. x. 1897,
p. 583.
S . Upperside velvety black. Fore wing : outer half and four
somewhat indistinct longitudinal lines in the cell irrorated with
yellowish-brown scales ; a small white spot across the middle
discocellular ; a subterminal series of inwardly conical white spots
and a terminal series of white spots that decrease in size towards
the costa, most often the spots do not extend beyond interspace 6 ;
following each subterminal spot are spots of the black ground-
colour formed by the absence of the irroration of yellowish-brown
scales. Hind wing : posterior three-fourths irrorated with yellow-
ish-brown scales ; a very prominent discal series of inwardly
PAPILIO. 69
conical, outwardly emarginate, elongate white spots followed by a
subterminal series of white lunules with spots of the black ground-
colour that succeed them as on the fore wing. Cilia black, largely
alternated with white in the interspaces. Underside similar with
similar markings, but the ground-colour a rich hair-brown, the
markings larger ; the irroration of yellowish-brown scales confined
to the apical area on the fore wing but spread all over the hind
wing except on the white markings. Antenna3, head, thorax and
abdomen dark brownish black, head and abdomen minutely speckled
with white ; beneath, the white specklings larger and more
numerous. — $ closely resembles the 6 but the ground-colour is
distinctly paler, the white markings larger, and the irroration of
yellowish- brown scales more conspicuous.
Exp. 6 $ n 6-124 mm. (4-18-4-88").
Hab. Southern India : Kanara ; Mysore ; the Mlgiris and Tra-
vancore.
Larva fy pupa. " A larva found feeding on Glycosmis pentapliylla,
Correa, was taken for a dull specimen of P. polytes, Linn., and only
when it became a chrysalis did we note that it was different. The
chrysalis differs from that of P. erithonius, Cramer ( = P. demoleus,
Linn.) chiefly in that it is more bent back in the thorax, and
that the apex of the thorax is produced into a short blunt parallel
apipedal process ; it is coloured like that of P. polytes, Linn."
(Davidson, Bell $• AitTcen.)
AGESTOR GROUP.
c? 2 . Fore wiug elongate ; costa straight for two-thirds of its
length from base, then curved to apex ; apex obtuse but well-
marked; termen very oblique, from very slightly concave or sinuous
to convex ; tornus broadly rounded ; dorsum straight, about two-
thirds the length of the costa; cell long, well over half length
of wing ; vein 8 out of basal fourth of 7. Hind wing : costa long,
equal in length to the dorsum, slightly arched ; apex obtuse ;
termen slightly arched and sinuous ; tornus rounded or angulate ;
cell more or less rounded at apex : upper discocellular comparatively
short, about half the length of the subcostal vein. Antennae very
short, about one-third the length of the fore wing, club slight,
gradual ; head, thorax and abdomen comparatively long, not massive.
The forms in this and in the Clytia group are wonderfully like
some of the protected Danaine forms. It is remarkable that the
difference in the markings on the upperside of the hind wings
in Euplcea dione, Westwood, and Papilio slateri, Hewitson, from
Sikhim and Assam and their respective races, E. limboryi, Moore,
and P. tavoyanus, Butler, should be identical; the subterminal
series of elongate white spots on the upperside of the hind wing is
barely indicated or wanting in the former two, but present and
conspicuous in the latter two.
70 PAPILIO^IB^B.
Key to the forms of the Agestor Group.
a. Fore wing upperside : ground-colour black with
bluish-grey or white markings.
a'. Hind wing: ground-colour chestnut -red,
markings bluish-grey.
a'-. Hind wing upperside : postdiscal series of
bluish-grey spots not complete, not ex-
tended as a rule below interspace 5 P. agestor, p. 70.
fr. Hind wing upperside: postdiscal series of
bluish-grey spots complete, extended from | P. atjestor, race
interspaces 1 to 7 ] i/ovindra, p. 71.
V. Hind wing : ground-colour black ; markings
white or greyish-white P. ppycides, p. 71.
b. Fore wing upperside : ground-colour black, mark-
ings brilliant blue with a violet tint.
«'. Hind wing upperside : no subterminal series
of short white streaks or such only faintly
seen by transparency from underside P. slateri, p. 72.
b'. Hind wing upperside : a prominent subterminal j P. slateri, race
series of short white streaks always present'. ) tavoyanus, p. 73.
529. Papilio agestor, Gray, Zool. Misc. i, 1832, p. 32 ; Moore, Cat. Lep.
Mm. E. I. C. i, 18-57, p. 91 ; id. (Cadugoides) -P. Z. S. 1882,
p. 260 ; Rothsch. Nov. Zool. ii, 1895, p. 360 ; Moore (Cadugoides),
Lep. Ind. vi, 1903, p. 101, pi. 508, figs. 1, la-lc, J $.
Race govindra.
Papilio govindra, Moore, Ent. Month. Mag. 1864-Q5, p. 101
(footnote), (S; id. (Cadugoides) P. Z. S. 1882, p. 261 ; id. (Cadu-
goides), Lep. Ind. vi, 1903, p. 103, pi. 509, figs. 1, la-Id, larva &
pupa, c? $ .
Papilio agestor govindra, Rothsch. Nov. Zool. ii, 1895, p. 361 ; Mac-
kinnon $ de Niceville, Jour. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc. xi, 1898, p. 594,
pi. 5, fig. 22, a-d, larva & pupa.
c? $ . Upperside : fore wing
black with the following blu-
ish-grey markings : — a very
slender line along costal mar-
gin, a broad streak from base
in cell that does not reach the
apex of the same, two spots on
the black area at apex, a long
streak in interspace la ; two
elongate broad streaks in
interspace 1 divided by a
slender black ill-defined line ;
broad rectangular streaks in
interspaces 2, 3, 4 and 6 ; a
Fig. 16. narrower inwardly obsoles-
Papilio agestor, <$. cent streak in interspace 5, and
elongate spots in interspaces
$, 9, and 10; the streaks in interspaces 1 to 4 crossed transversely
PAPILIO. 71
near their apices by a Hue of the ground-colour; fiually a complete
subterminal series of small whitish spots. Hiud wing rich chest-
nut-red ; cell filled by a trifid bluish - grey streak, followed at
the bases of interspaces 2 to 6 by elongate bluish-grey spots ; a
narrow streak of the same colour from base in interspace 1 ;
a postdiscal series of spots in interspaces 5, 6 and 7 and a more or
less obsolescent snbterminal series of dots also bluish-grey ; the
veins on the wing conspicuously paler than the ground-colour.
Underside : fore wing similar to the upperside except that
the ground-colour on the apical area is dull brown not black.
Hind wing also as on the upperside, but the ground-colour
on the disc of the wing of a darker deeper shade of chestnut; the
postdiscal series of spots more or less obscurely complete from
interspace 1 to 7 ; and the subterminal series of spots of the
upperside formed into lunules. Antenna?, head, thorax and
abdomen black, the head and thorax variegated with bluish-grey
spots, the abdomen with lateral transverse bars.
Exp. 3 2 94-102 mm. (3- 7-4-0-1").
Hab. Sikhim ; Nepal ; Assam ; Burma; Tenasserim; extending
to the Malay Peninsula.
Race govindra, Moore. — d* $ . Very closely resembles the
typical form but can always be distinguished by the presence of a
complete series of postdiscal bluish-grey spots on the upperside of
the hind wing. It is generally also smaller in both sexes than
typical af/estor, and on the upperside of the hind wing the ground-
colour in the anterior interspaces is broadly centred along the
middle with very dark brown, almost black. The $ frequently has
the ground-colour of the hind wing a much brighter chestnut
{almost ochraceous) than in any specimen of $ of agestor that I
have seen.
Exp. d $ 93-102 mm. (3'65-4").
Hab. The Himalayas from Kashmir to Kumaon.
" The 2 lays her eggs on the young leaves of Macldlus
odoratissimus trees, Natural Order Laurince, about the end of
April. The larva is at first of a reddish colour but very soon turns
black and white, and lies on the upper surface of a leaf where it
greatly and protectively resembles a bird's droppings." Adult
larva : brown with two subdorsal and two lateral rows of fleshy-
pointed tubercles, each with a spot of red at its base ; anterior,
middle and posterior lateral patches of dull ochraceous, the latter
two meeting on the dorsum ; the rest of the larva spotted with
black and red. " Pupa dark brown with lines of dull ochraceous,
roughened, with the anal end truncate." (Described from plate to
Mackinnon & de Nice vi lie's paper.)
-330. Papilio epycides, Hewitson, Exot. Butt, iii, 1864, pi. 6, fig.
Ehves, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1888, p. 432, rf $ ; Rothsch. AOL:
ii, 1895, p. 361 ; Moore (Cadugoides), Lep. 2nd. vi, 1903, p. 104,
pi. 510, tigs. 1, la-ltf)tj.
J. Upperside dull black, with the following somewhat dingy
72 PAPILIONIDJE.
white markings that resemble in their disposition the markings
in P. agestor. Fore wing : cell with two streaks from base that
diverge outwardly and reach the apex, three shorter streaks
between and above them at apex ;
interspace 1« with an elongate streak
that does not reach the termen; two-
streaks in interspace 1 divided by a
black line as in agestor ; a series of
more or less rectangular broad streaks
in interspaces 2 to 6 with elongate
spots in 7 and 8 ; a very slender
costal streak from base ; finally a
series of subterrninal spots in inter-
spaces 1 to 5 succeeded above in
interspaces 6 and 7 by ill-defined
subterminal streaks. Hind wing :
cell white traversed longitudinally by
Fig. 1". two short black lines, the upper one
Papilio epyddes, rf. forked near apex ; a discal series of
broad white streaks from the dorsal
margin in the interspaces 1 to 7, the streaks in interspaces 2 to 6-
short and more or less rectangular; transverse series of postdiscal
and subterminal white spots beyond, the postdiscal spots in inter-
spaces 6 and 7 coalescent with the discal streaks in those
interspaces ; finally, a tornal prominent ochraceous-yellow spot.
Underside similar, the ground-colour outwardly on the fore wing
and over the whole of the hind wing more or less of a chestnut-
tint ; markings similar to those on the upperside but broader and
on the fore wing diffuse towards the apex ; on the hind wing the
discal streak in interspace 7 is absent and there is an edging of
white anteriorly in the yellow spot at the tornal angle. Antennae,
head, thorax and abdomen black ; the head and thorax spotted
with white ; the abdomen with three rows of white spots along
the sides. — £ " has the markings larger than the c? and mostly
of a much paler colour; the submarginal spots of the hind wing
are specially enlarged. The fore wings have often some minute
linear spots between the outer margin and the submarginal series
of rounded markings in both sexes. The yellow anal spot is
slightly variable in size." (Rothschild.)
Exp. c? 2 80-84 mm. (3-14-3-3").
Hob. Sikhim ; Nepal ; Bhutan ; Assam ; Upper Burma.
531. Papilio slateri, Hewitson, Exot. Butt, ii, 1859, pi. 4; Elwes,
Trans. Ent. Soc. 1888, p. 429, rf $; Rotlisch. Nov. Zool. ii, 1895,
p. 362 ; Moore (Menamopsis). Lep. 2nd. vi, 1903, p. 106, pi. 513,
ngs.l,la-lrf,rf$.
Race tavoyanus.
Papilio tavoyanus, Butler, A. M. N. H. (5) x, Novr. 1882, p. 373 ;
Moore (Menamopsis), Lep. Lid. vi, 1903, p. 107, pi. 514, figs. 1,
Irt-lrf, cf.
PAPILIO. 73
Papilio claree, Marshall, J. A. S. B. Deer. 1882, p. 42, pi. 4, fig. 5.
Papilio slateri tavoyanus, Rothsch. Nov. ZooL ii, 1895, p. 363.
cf . Upperside : fore wing rich velvety black, slightly paler
towards apex and along the terminal margin ; two or three some-
what obscure spots or short streaks in apex of cell followed by an
internervular series of slightly clavate, outwardly truncate, blue
streaks that in certain lights have a violet tint ; outwardly the
ends of these streaks form a curve at some distance from the
terminal margin and inwardly they do not reach the bases of the
interspaces. Hind wing : dark chocolate-brown, the subtermiaal
series of short white streaks of the underside show though very
faintly ; a comparatively large ochraceous tornal spot inwardly
margined with black. Underside dull chocolate-brown. Fore wing :
the cellular and internervular blue streaks of the upperside faintly
represented by diffuse white patches of scales. Hind wing : a small
white spot at extreme base of wing ; a subtermiual series of
inwardly diffuse white streaks in the interspaces and an ochraceous
tornal spot as on the upperside. Antennae, head, thorax and
abdomen black ; the thorax beneath sparsely speckled with white ;
the abdomen with two lateral rows of small spots. — 2 . Similar to
the c?; the blue intercellular and internervular streaks on the
upperside of the fore wing slightly more prominent.
Exp. <j £ 96-114 mm. (3-80-4-5").
Hob. Sikhim ; Assam : the Kbasia and Naga Hills.
Race tavoyanus, Butler. — <$ . Very similar to the typical form but
sufficiently different to be considered a well-marked geographical
race. Upperside, fore wing : the ground-colour of the terminal
margin broadly rich chocolate-brown, the internervular blue streaks
more irregular, not clavate nor with their outer ends truncate.
Hind wing: a very prominent subterminal series of short white
streaks ; the ochraceous tornal spot as in typical slateri. Under-
side : ground-colour paler than in the typical form, the fore wing
uniform with no faint patches of whitish scales. Hind wing as
in slateri, but the subterminal series of white streaks longer
than in that form, also longer than on the upperside. Antenna-,
head, thorax and abdomen as in typical slateri. — $ . So far as I
know not yet discovered.
Exp. <f 94-100 mm. (3-7-3-95")
Hal. Burma : the hills of both Upper and Lower Burma ;
Tenasserim, extending to Siam.
CLYTIA GROUP.
c? £ . Sexes alike. Hind wing not tailed. Tore wing broad,
apex scarcely produced ; costa slightly arched ; termen straight,
subequal with dorsum ; tornus broadly rounded ; cell longer than
half the length of the wing ; vein 8 from basal fourth of 7, vein 9*
from upper apex of cell, 10 and 1 1 free, from apical half of subcostal
vein. Hind wing comparatively short and broad, pear-shaped
74 PAPILIONID^E.
costa slightly arched ; terinen strongly arched, slightly scalloped ;
tornus well-marked ; clorsum straight ; abdominal fold in d very
slight ; cell narrow, about half length of wing, upper discocellular
obviously longer than middle and slightly longer than subcostal
vein. Antennae short, not half the length of the fore wing ;
club long, gradual ; abdomen elongate, nearly extended up to the
torual angle of the hind wing.
The forms in this group have nearly all a wonderful resemblance
to forms of Euploea and Danais, and it requires a quick eye
and some experience to discriminate between Euploea godarti and
PapiUo clytia race panope, and between Danais limniace and the
dissimilis form of P. clytia, especially when on the wing.
Key to the forms of the Clytia Group.
A. Fore wing upperside : not glossed with blue,
or if blue-glossed, then wing uniform without
other markings.
a. Basal half or more of both fore and hiud wing
uniform without white markings.
a . Fore wing upperside : no blue gloss at base.
a'2. Fore wing upperside with prominent
subterminal and terminal, sometimes
also a postdiscal, series of white spots.
«3. These spots not elongate, not coales-
cent towards apex and not formed
into a prominent apical white patch. P. clytia, p. 75.
towards apex and there form a pro- , „ , .
minent white patch ..... . . . \R <*»**> race _
b~. Fore wing upperside without or with ' panope. p. /«.
only mere or less obsolescent series of
subtermiual and terminal white spots ;
such spots when present always very , r> » ^ •
small/. ...... .... .......... J.... P-'/^;"'mce ..
V. Fore wing upperside with a more or less '. p tankeswara, P- 77.
obvious blue gloss at base ............ \P' c^tw' yar" 77
b. Basal half of fore and hind wing not uniform, ' pupone, p. /
with a streak in cell and in posterior inter-
spaces.
«'. Hind wing upperside: discal series of
white streaks broad and long ; underside :
terminal series of ochraceous - vellow , n , ,. ,. ,
spots not remarkably large .......... P" ^ w'.dn.norPh
b'. Hind wing uppenide: discal series of 1 &**&** '«•
white streaks short and narrow ; under-
side: terminal series of ochraceous-yellow . T) , ,.
spots remarkably large ........ . ..... \l-f!/tia, race
B. Fore wing upperside : richfy glossed with blue. ' favohmbatus^. ^.
a. Hind wing : $ without, § with, whitish
streaks in cell and interspaces that extend
. n ,
up to base of wing ...... .............. \R P^f^ ™ce
- ' tekarchm, p. ,8.
b. Hind wing: J $ with white discal mark-
ings, but none that extend up to base of . p caunug race
W1U ' ............................. | ' danisepa, p. 79.
PAPILIO. / i>
532. Papilio clytia, Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. x, 1/58, p. 479; Awiv.
Konyl. Sv. Vet.-Ak. Handl. xix, 5, 1782, p. 96 ; Rothsch. Nov.
Zool. ii, 1895, p. 364 ; de Niceville $• Mackinnon, Jour. Bomb.
N. H. Soc. xi, 1898, p. 594 ; Moore (Chilasa), Lep. Ind. vi, 1903,
p. 82, pi. 601, figs. 1, 1 a-1 c, <$ $ .
Papilio dissimilis, Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. x, 1758, p. 479; Doubleday,
in Dblday., Westiv. Sf Hewitt. Gen. Di. Lep. i, 1846, p. 21 ;
Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. i, 1857, p. 91 ; Davidson $
Aitken, Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. v, 1890, p. 368 ; Moore (Chilasa),
Lep. Ind. vi, 1903, [p. 89, pi. 506, figs. 1, 1 a-1 d, larva & pupa,
d?.
Papilio clytia, ab. dissimilis, Rothsch. Nov. Zool. ii, 1895, p. 365.,
Papilio papone, Westw. Trans. Ent. Soc. 1872, p. 94, pi. iii, fig. 2cJ;
Moore (Chilasa), Lep. Ind. vi, 1903, p. 88, pi. 505, figs. 1, 1 a,
1 b, rf $ .
Papilio clvtia, ab. papone, Rothsch. Nov. Zool. ii, 1895, p. 367.
Papilio casyapa, Moore, P. Z. S. 1879, p. 143; id. (Chilasa) Lep.
Ind. vi, 1903, p. 84, pi. 502, figs. 1, 1 a-\ b, larva & pupa, <$ $.
Papilio clytia, ab. casyapa, Rothsch. Nov. Zool. ii, 1895, p. 367.
Papilio clytia, ab. commixttis, Rothsch. Nov. Zool. ii, 1895, p. 367.
Chilasa commixta, Moore, Lep. Ind. vi, 1903, p. 89, pi. 505, figs. 2,
2 a, S .
Race laukeswara.
Papilio lankeswara, Moore, P. Z. S. 1879, p. 143 ; id. (Chilasa)
Lep. Ceyl. i, 1881, p. 154, pi. 56, figs. 2, 2«, 26, S $, larva &
pupa ; id. (Chilasa) Lep. Ind. vi, 1903, p. 86.
Chilasa clytioides, Moore, Lep. Ceyl. i, 1881, p. 154, pi. 56, fig. 1 S -
Papilio clytia lankeswara & P. clytia laukeswara ab. clytioides,
Rothsch. Nov. Zool. ii, 1895, p. 368.
Race panope.
Papilio panope, Linn'. Syst. Nat. ed. x, 1758, p. 479.
Papilio onpape, Moore, P. Z. S. 1878, p. 840 ; id. (Chilasa) Lep.
Ind. vi, 1903, p. 86, pi. 503, figs. 1, 1 a-1 e, c? 2 .
Papilio clytia panope, Rothsch. Nov. Zool. ii, 1895, p. 369.
Papilio clytia, ab. janus, Fruhstorfer, Sitzuny. Berl. Ent. Ver. 1901,
p. 22.
Chilasa ja.nus, Moore, Lep. Ind. vi, 1903, p. 87, pi. 504, figs. 1,
1 a-1 e, rf $ .
Race flavolimbatus.
Papilio dissimilis, var. flavolimbatus, Oberthilr, Etudes Ent. iv,
1879, p. 101.
Papilio clytia flavolimbatus, Rothsch. Nov. Zool. ii, 1895, p. 370.
Chilasa flavolimbata, Moore, Lep. Ind. vi, 1903, p. 93, pi. 507,
figs. 1,1 a-1 b, rf$.
c? $ . First form. — Upperside velvety black or soft dark brown.
Fore wing: a subterminal series of outwardly truncate oremarginate
white spots ; the spot in interspace 4 shifted inwards out of line ;
those in interspaces 6, 7 and 8 oblique to the costa, the lowest
and the upper two spots elongate ; this is followed by a terminal
series of smaller white spots, two in interspace 1, one above the
other, and two in interspace 8 ; lastly, a single spot between the
subterminal and terminal series. Hind wing : a discal series of
inwardly conical and outwardly emarginate, triangular, elongate
rr,
PAPILIONID^.
white spots in interspaces 1 to 5 ; a subtermiual series of four
white lunules in interspaces 2 to 5, the series continued on in
interspaces 6 and 7 as transversely oblong white spots ; a pro-
minent tornal yellow spot broadly divided across the middle by
a bar of the ground-colour. The cilia touched with white in the
interspaces ; sometimes one or more of these specks on the cilia are
broad and prominent and
yellow in colour. Under-
side •. from soft pale brown
to rich dark velvety-brown.
Fore wing with the mark-
ings as on the upperside.
Hind wing : the markings
also similar to those on
the upperside, but the ter-
minal margin beyond the
subterminal series of white
markings bears a row of
comparatively large very
conspicuous yellow spots,
separated from the white
lunules by a series of short
a. Papilla dfcfi^J . ' f . transverse detached spots
b. Apical portion of fore wing : P. clytia, of the ground-colour. An-
race pavope. tenna?, head, thorax and
abdomen black, the thorax
anteriorly and beneath and the abdomen on the sides spotted with
white.
c? $ . Second form (dissimilis, Doubleday). — Differs from the
first form as follows: — Upperside, fore wing : cell with four streaks
coalescent at base and four spots beyond at apex, a long streak in
interspace 1 a, two streaks with two spots beyond which are more
or less coalescent with them in interspace 1, a broad streak with an
outwardly emarginate spot beyond in interspace 2, similar spots,
one at base and one beyond, in 3, a single similar spot in 4,
elongate streaks in 5 and 6, and much smaller elongate spots in
interspaces 8 and 9. All these streaks and spots cream-white
with diffuse edges ; subterrninal and terminal markings as in the
first form. Hind wing : markings similar to those in the first
form with the following differences :— discoidal cell entirely white,
discal white streaks longer that reach quite up to the outer
margin of the cell and are continued anteriorly to the costa by
elongate streaks in interspaces 6 and 7, two spots in interspace 8
and a slender streak along the costa ; the subterminal and terminal
markings as in the first form. Underside similar to the upperside,
the cream-white markings slightly larger, the terminal series of
yellow spots on the hind wing as in the first form. Antennae,
head, thorax and abdomen as in the typical clytia form ; the head,
thorax and abdomen with more prominent white spots.
Exp. c? $ 108-121 mm. (4-26-4-76").
PAPILIO. 77
Hab. The Himalayas from Kangra and Simla to Sikhim ;
Assam ; Central and Southern India.
The larva and pupa are stated by Mackinnon (t. c.) to resemble
closely the larva and pupa of P. agestor. Messrs. Davidson and
Aitken's description of them is as follows : —
Larva. " Not unlike the larva of the Ornithoptera group in form,
having similar rows of fleshy processes, but it is by far the
handsomest Papilio larva we know, being of a dark umber-brown
colour with a bright red spot at the base of each process, a dorsal
row of large irregular yellow patches and a partial lateral row
ending in a diagonal band which connects the two."
Pupa " is unique, exhibiting one of the most remarkable
instances of protective resemblance we know. It exactly re-
sembles a dead twig about an inch long and less than a quarter
of an inch in diameter, broken off irregularly at one end. The
last segment is so modified that the pupa is not attached by one
point, but appears as if it had grown out of the branch to which
it affixes itself."
Found on Tetranthera apetala and Alseodaphne semicarpifolia.
Yar. casyapa, Moore. — " Fore wings, besides the marginal and
submarginal markings, with a third discal series of one to five
markings." (Rothschild.)
A7ar. papone, Westwood.— " Fore wings black, with an obvious
bluish tint in certain lights ; the white spots absent from the
fore wings or only faintly indicated." (Rothschild.)
Var. commivtus, .Rothschild. — "Fore wings black or bluish
black, with a marginal, submarginal and a subdiscal series of most
t'eebly-jmarked spots, and with two faint spots behind the cell and
a streak along the inner margin Tdorsum] white ; the discal
markings are often indicated by a few white scales, or are entirely
absent. Hind wings with apical half of the cell, seven long discal
streaks reaching the bases of the respective cellules [interspaces ?]
(the first and the last reach the base of the wing) and a marginal
and submarginal series of spots white as in ab. ditsimilif, L.
This aberration and examples intermediate between it and clytia
I received from the Khasia HiDs." (RotJischild.)
Race lankeswara, Moore. — " Differs from P. clytia in the
umber-brown colour of the wings and in the small submarginal
spots of the fore wings ; from P. clytia panope, Linn., it is
distinguished chiefly by the longer discal sagittiform spots of the
hind wings. This subspecies has been described from slightly
aberrant specimens in which the submarginal spots of the fore
wings are partly obliterated ; in most individuals the series of
these spots is complete, and on such specimens Moore's clytioides
is based." (Rothschild.)
The dimorph or dissimilis form of this race is identical with
that of P. clytia.
Eacp. 6 ? 108-124 mm. (4-26-4-88").
Hab. Ceylon.
78 PAPILIOKIDjE.
Race panope, Linn. — "The discal sagittate spots of the hind
wings are shorter than in P. clytia, sometimes they have almost
disappeared from the upperside. Most frequently the marginal
and submarginal markings of the fore wings are more or less
merged together, and form in the apex of the wing three large
patches." (Rothschild.)
The dimorph or dissimilis form of this race also resembles that
of the typical form.
Exp. <5 $ 105-118 ram. (4-24-4-66").
Hob. Burma ; Tenasserim ; extending to Siam and the Malay
Peninsula.
\7ar. janus, Fruhstorfer. — The subterminal and terminal white
markings on the fore wings only faintly indicated or replaced by
small black spots centred sometimes with obscure white. The
white sagittate subterminal markings on the hind wing are in
most specimens small and obscured by an irroration of dark
scales.
Race flavolimbatus, Oberthiir.— Closely resembles the dissimilis
form of ctytia ; differs as follows : — J § distinctly larger, the
white markings similar but proportionately larger, with the
exception of the streaks in the discoidal cells of both fore and
hind wings, which are narrower and less firmly defined ; on the
hind wing there is a terminal row of ochraceous-yellow spots on
the upper as well as on the underside, while those on the under-
side are very much larger than in P. clytia, dimorph dissimilis.
Exp. d 2 124-130 mm. (4-9-5-12").
Nab. The Andamans.
The dark form clytia or any race of it is apparently unknown in
the Andamans.
533. Papilio paradoxus, Zinken-Sommer, Nov. Act. Ac. Nat. Cur. xv,
1832, p. 162, pi. 15, figs. 9, 10.
Race telearchus (PI. XII, fig. 87 $ ).
Papilio telearchus, Hewifson, Trans. Ent. Soc. (2) ii, 1852, p. 22,
pi. 6, fig. 3 cJ ; Ekces $ de Niceville (Papilio— Euplceopsis),
/. A. S. B. 1886, p. 433 ; de Niceville, Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc.
iv, 1889, p. 109, pi. A, fig. 5 ; Moore (Euplceopsis). Lep. Ind. vi,
1903, p. 96, pi. 511, figs. 1, 1 a-1 c, rf $ .
Papilio paradoxus telearchus, Rothsch. Nov. Zool. ii, 1895, p. 375.
Race telearchus, Hewitson. — <3 . Upperside. : fore wing dark
brown richly shot with blue, a short oval streak or large spot and
a postdiscal and subterminal complete series of spots bluish white ;
both the series curve inwards on the wing anteriorly, the inner
series of spots elongate. Hind wing rich hair-brown, with or
without a subterminal series of white specks that increase in size
anteriorly. Underside rich chocolate-brown. Fore wing : the
cellular short streak faintly indicated, the postdiscal series of spots
of the upperside not present, the subterminal series white, the
spots much reduced in size. Hind wing : markings as on the
upperside. Cilia dark brown alternated sparsely with white.
PAPILIO. 79
Antennae black ; head, thorax and abdomen velvety brown, the
head and anterior portion of thorax and the thorax and
abdomen beneath sparsely spotted with white. — $ , Upperside, fore
wing : basal half dull brown, apical half brown shot with brilliant
blue ; markings as in the & , but larger and whiter, the spots in
the postdiscal series more elongate. Hind wing brown, a series
of comparatively broad whitish streaks in the cell and in all the
interspaces, those in the latter end in a postdiscal series of whitish
spots ; beyond these a prominent subterminal series of whitish
spots. Cilia brown, white in the middle of the interspaces.
Underside : pale dull brown markings much as on the upperside,
but larger, more diffuse, with the addition on the fore wing of
whitish streaks in the cell and in the interspaces posteriorly.
Antennae black ; head, thorax and abdomen blackish brown, more
fully spotted with white than in the rf .
The second and rarer form of the $ closely resembles the c? ,
but is larger and paler, with the pale blue-glossed spots on the
upperside of the fore wing elongate and more prominent and the
ground-colour lighter than in the c? .
Exp. d1 $ 120-150 mm. (4-74-5-92").
Hab. Assam ; Burma : Tenasserim, extending to Siam.
534. Papilio caimus, Westwood, Cab. Or. Ent. 1848, p. 20, pi. 9,
figs. 2,2*, cf.
Race danisepa.
Papilio danisepa, Sutler, A. M. N. H. (5) xvi, 1885, p. 343 ; de
Nictville, Jour. Bomb. N. H. Sov. ix, 1895, p. 366, pi. Q, fig. 48 ;
Moore (Euplceopsis), Lep. Ind. vi, 1903, p. 98, pi. 512, figs. 1,
la-le, c??-
Papilio caunus danisepa, Rothsch. Nov. Zool. ii, 1895, p. 377.
Eace danisepa, Butler. — <S . Upperside rich velvety brown
shot with blue. Fore wing : apical third of cell, four short
streaks beyond in interspaces 4, 5, 6 and 9 and a subterminal
series of spots curved inwards opposite the apex, bluish white.
Hind wing : the cell, a series of streaks from the bases of inter-
spaces 1 to 7 and an incomplete subtermiual series of minute
spots, white ; the streaks in interspaces 4 and 5 short, those in
the interspaces above and below gradually longer. Underside
brown, without the blue gloss ; markings as on the upperside, bub
the subterminal markings on the hind wing complete. Antenn®,
head, thorax and abdomen black ; beneath, the thorax and abdo-
men with a few white spots. — $ . Besembles the d , but the blue
gloss on both fore and hind wing is more restricted, the ground-
colour paler brown, somewhat of a rich golden-bronze, and the
white markings are fuller and broader.
Exp. c? $ 110-132 mm. (4-34-5-2").
Hab. The hills of Assam ; Arrakan ; Upper and Lower Burma ;
Tenasserim, extending to Siam.
I first came across this magnificent butterfly on the Tannjah
Pass, 1000 feet, over the Dawnat Mountains in Tenasserim, and
SO PAPILIONID.I:.
until I had caught and examined it, mistook it for an extra-
ordinarily large specimen of Euplcea rliadamanthus. It is appar-
ently sometimes, notwithstanding its disguise, attacked and
preyed on by the Pigmy Falcon (Microhierax casrulescens), as
in the nest-hole of a pair of these birds I once found the fragment,
of a fore wing of a butterfly which was identified by the late
Mr. de Niceville as belonging to this form of P. caunus.
ELEPHENOR GBOTJP.
c? 5 . Shape of wings and neuration somewhat as in the
Protenor group, but termen of hind wing more deeply scalloped
and proportionately somewhat broader. Fore wing in <5 with
secondary sexual characters on the upperside in the form of woolly
adnervular stripes in the lower interspaces.
Key to the forms of tJie Elephenor Group.
a. Hind wing upperside : \vithout any subterminal
series of lunules P. ekphenor, p. 80.
b. Hind wing upperside : with a subterruinal series
of purplish -blue lunules P. doddsi, p. 81.
535. Papilio elephenor, Doubleday, A.M.N.H. xvi, 1845, p. 305;
Woodc-Mason 8f de N. (Papilio— Pangeranopsis), J. A. S. B. 1886,
p. 374 ; Doherty, J. A. S. B. 1889, p. 130; Rothsch. Nov. Zool. ii,
1895, p. 378 ; Moore (Pangeranopsis), Lep. Ind. \i, 1903, p. 59,
pi. 489, fig. 2 cJ .
rf . Upperside : dull black. Fore wing with an irroration of
brilliant green scales that form cellular and internervular streaks.
Hind wing : anterior half to nearly the median vein and above
vein 5 irrorated with brilliant blue scales that become gradually
sparse towards and cease entirely along the costal margin ;
posterior half irrorated with brilliant green scales ; tornus with a
small claret-red patch touched above with a few violet scales and
also with an admarginal dusky black spot. Cilia brown alternated
with white. Underside black. Fore wing with very broad and
prominent cellular and internervular pale streaks, the costal
margin and the basal half of interspaces 1 a and 1 distinctly
black. Hind wing : a series of claret-red subterminal lunules,
two side by side in each interspace, all more or less irrorated
inwardly with violet scales ; at the tornal angle these lunules form
a conspicuous oblong patch that stretches a short way along the
<lorsum and bears a subbasal and a subapical black spot. Antennae,
the thorax and abdomen narrowly along the middle black ; head
pinkish red ; abdomen on the sides buff-coloured. — $ . " Agrees
with the d1 . The anal (tornal) red mark on the hind wings
above is larger, rounded, marginal, and includes a small black spot,
the outer margin (termen) of the hind wing is distinctly sinuate
between the median veins (veins 2, 3, 4), and at the end of the
PAPILIO. 81
upper median nervule (vein 4) produced into a short but obvious
tooth as at the extremity of the lower discoidal vein (vein 5)."
{Rothschild.}
Exp. J 128-138 mm. (5-04-5-42").
Hub. The hills of Upper Assam.
536. Papilio doddsi (PI. XIII, fig. 88), Janet, Bull. Soc. Ent. Fr.
1896, p. 186 ; de Xiceville (Papilio— Sarbaria), J. A. S. B. 1897,
p. 566, pi. 4, fig. 30 c?; Moore (Pangeranopsis), Lep. Ind. vi,
1903, p. 60, pi. 489, fig. 3 rf.
c? . Differs from P. elephenor J as follows : — Wings pro-
portionately slightly broader ; termen of hind wing more deeply
scalloped, more or less produced into broad teeth at the apices of
the veins. Upperside (in the solitary specimen I have been able
to examine) similar to the colouring in elephenor. Fore wing :
anterior half velvety black without any irroration of green scales.
Hind wing : the tornal ocellus as in elephenor but larger, a sub-
terminal series of more or less purple-scaled lunules in interspaces
1 to 7. Underside as in elephenor, but on the hind wing the
tornal red patch more restricted, with a single large black ad-
marginal spot, the subterminal series of double red lunules more
irregularly formed. Antenna?, head, thorax and abdomen as in
elephenor.
Exp. S 120 mm. (4-75").
Hah. Tipper Burma : Southern Shan States ; Tonkin.
BIANOR GBOUP.
<$ $ . Fore wing broadly triangular ; costa widely arched ; apex
produced but not acute, bluntly rounded ; termen slightly oblique,
tornus rounded ; dorsum sinuous ; cell slightly more than half
length of wing. Male with well-marked woolly scent-streaks on
outer portions of veins 1 to 4, or on some of them (always present
on vein 1); these streaks not extended to the termen. Hind wing
broad : costa arched ; termen scalloped, produced at apex of vein 4
into a broad spatulate tail ; tornal angle distinct ; dorsum straight ;
abdominal fold moderate ; cell comparatively short and narrow ;
subcostal vein and upper discocellular subequal. Antenna? not
half length of fore wing, club gradual. Sexes alike, with con-
spicuous green and blue coloration on the upperside ; an upper
discal patch but no continuous broad green or blue band across
hind wing.
Key to the forms of the Bianor Group.
a. Fore wing upperside : -with no trace of a sub-
terminal glistening green band P. bianor, p. 82.
b. Fore wing upperside : with a subterminal glis-
tening green band, often more or less obsoles-
cent anteriorly, but always indicated in the
tornal region.
VOL. ii. a
82
a'. Fore wing underside : without any prominent
internervular greyish-white streaks except
just near torn us P. polyctor, p. 82.
V. Fore wing underside : with very prominent
internervular greyish-white streaks, short
near tornus, but gradually longer towards
costal margin P. polyctor, race
yanesa, p. 84.
537. Papilio bianor, Cramer, Pap. Exot. ii, 1777, p. 10, pi. 103, fig. C ;
Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. i, 1857, p. 110; Rothsch. Nov.
Zool. ii, 1895, p. 378.
Papilio gladiator, Fruhstorfer, Iris, xi, 1901, pp. 370, 371 ; id.
Berl. ent. Zeit. 1902, p. 184; Moore (Sarbaria), Lep. 2nd. vi,
1903, p. 58, pi. 489, fig. 1.
c? $ . Upperside dull brownish black, much darker on the hind
wing than on the fore wing. Tore wing irrorated somewhat
sparsely with green scales, which in the cf tend to form green
internervular streaks. Hind wing : basal three-fourths irrorated
on the posterior half of the wing with green, on the anterior half
with blue scales that leave a broad and uniform terminal and costal
margin devoid of the irroration of blue or green scales ; a sub-
terminal series of lunules often incomplete, the anterior ones of
blue scales, the posterior ones claret-red traversed by short inner
lines of blue ; the tornal lunule the widest. Cilia brown, in hind
wing alternated with white. Underside : fore wing chocolate-
brown ; the cell with a slight irroration of yellowish scales ; the
outer half of the wing with broad pale internervular streaks that
increase iu length from the tornal angle to the costa, but do not
reach the terminal margin. Hind wing deep brownish black, the
base, cell and the disc partially with thin irroration of pale yellow
scales ; a conspicuous subterminal complete series of broad claret-
red lunules traversed by short lines of violet-blue, and a series of
terminal narrow transverse ochraceous spots in the interspaces.
Antennae, head, thorax and abdomen chocolate-brown ; the head,
thorax and abdomen above thinly sprinkled with green scales.
$ similar, but larger and altogether paler.
Exp. 3 $ 124-150 mm. (4-98-6-9").
Hab. China, except in the extreme north and south, extending
within our limits into Burma and Tenasserim.
I have seen only two specimens of this form from Burma
which, after careful comparison, I find can be exactly matched by
specimens from China. It is a variable insect, however, and the
points relied upon for separating it (under the name gladiator,
Fruhst.), as a race of the Chinese bianor, are eminently variable.
538. Papilio polyctor (PI. XIII, fig. 89, 3 ), Boisduval, Spec. Gen.
Lep. i, 1836, p. 205 ; Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. JE. I. C. i, 1857,
p. 109 ; Rothsch. 37or. Zool. ii, 1895, p. 381 ; Mackinnon & de N.
Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. xi, 1898, p. 594, pi. VV, figs. 24 «-24 c,
larva & pupa ; Moore (Sarbaria), Lep. InJ. vi, 1903, p. 51, pi. 485,
figs. 1, la, Ib, larva & pupa, d $ , and pi. 480, figs. 1, la, U, 3 $ .
83
Race ganesa.
Papilio ganesa, Doublcday, Grains Zool. Misc. 1842, p. 73 ; Moore,
Cat. Lep. Mus. JE. I. C. i, 1857, p. 107 ; Elwes, Trans. Ent. Soc.
1888, p. 428; Moore (Sarbaria), Lep. Ind. vi, 1903, p. 56,
pi. 487, figs. 1, 1 a, J 2 •
Papilio polyctor ganesa, Rothsch. Nov. Zool. ii, 1895, p. 383.
Papilio polvctor, subsp. triumphator, Fruhstorfer, Soc. Ent. 1902,
p. 66.
Sarbaria triumphator, Moore, Lep. Ind. vi, 1903, p. 57, pi. 488,
fifr.l 6-
Papilio polyctor, subsp. significans, Fruhstorfer, Soc. Ent. 1902,
p. 66.
Sarbaria sisrnificans, Moore, Lep. Ind. vi, 1903, p. 57, pi. 488,
fig.2,<?.
c? $ . The sexes are very nearly alike, and the difference
slight between the dry-season and wet-season broods. Ujtperside
dull black thickly irrorated with golden-green scales. Fore wing :
a broad subterminal golden-green band that varies in length, but
In all specimens is more or less diffuse and obsolescent towards
the costal margin ; in specimens of the wet-season broods this
band is slightly broader than in those of the dry-season, also
broader in the $ than in the $ . Hind wing : the irroration of
golden-green scales less dense, turning to blue on the anterior
portions of the wing ; a broad bright blue upper discal patch that
stops well short of the termen, and has its outer margin uneven,
occupies the base of interspace 4 and the outer portions of inter-
spaces 5, 6, and 7 ; below, this patch is continued in interspaces
1 to 3 by much smaller diffuse quadrate spots of brilliant golden-
green scales, that are prominent in wet-season forms, more obscure
in the dry. The discal patch itself is variable in size ; in some speci-
mens there is only a trace of it in interspace 4. Tornus with a
conspicuous subterminal claret-red lunule, traversed inwardly by an
obscure blue line and edged above the Innule, narrowly, by velvety
black; indications generally of a similar lunule in interspace 2;
finally a terminal series of large velvety-black markings that form
•on the tail broad borders to the green irroration down its middle.
Cilia broadly edged with white in the interspaces. Underside
chocolate-brown, somewhat thinly irrorated with yellowish scales,
which are absent however, from a more or less triangular patch
in the middle of the fore wing posteriorly, but coalesce and form
an ill-defined very short subterminal band just above the tornal
angle of that wing. Hind wing : a conspicuous subterminal
series of claret-red lunules each traversed inwardly by a line
of purplish blue, followed by velvety-black spots and broad
white terminal lunules. Antennae, head, thorax and abdomen
brownish black ; the head, thorax and abdomen above, thinly
irrorated with green scales.
Exp. c? $ 98-124 mm. (3-86-4-90").
Hob. The Himalayas from Kashmir to Kumaon ; Nepal.
Larva. Dull green with some yellowish markings, thorax with a
G 2
84
remarkable shield-like covering projecting a little over the head
and marked with slender involute black lines ; 7th to the 12th
segments with lateral obliquely placed pale yellowish lines.
Pupa. Pale green with yellow and white markings. Head cleft,
back strongly arched ; " sides flattened out with a hard sharp
ridge running longitudinally round the whole insect." (Harford,
as quoted by Moore.)
Race ganesa, Doubleday. — The Eastern race as a whole is
larger and typically differs as follows : — Upperside : ground-
colour slightly darker, irroration of green scales not so dense.
Fore wing : the subterininal bright golden-green transverse band
very incomplete, often merely indicated from near the tornus to
not further than interspace 3. Hind wing : the upper discal
patch not continued to the dorsum, the red subterininal lunules
on the posterior half of the wing more generally present. Under-
side : ground-colour darker than in the Western race. Fore wing
with very prominent internervular whitish streaks on the outer
half, these streaks increase in length towards the costa but do
not reach the terminal margin. Hind wing : the irroration of
yellowish scales less dense and more restricted, the series of sub-
terminal red and of terminal whitish lunules as in polyctor but
variable, especially the latter series, in width and prominence.
Antennae, head, thorax and abdomen as in polyctor.
Exp. c? $ 123-140 mm. (4-84-5-5").
Hab. Sikhim; Nepal; the hills of Assam, Burma and Tenas-
serim.
The Assam and Burmese specimens have been separated as
subspecies or races by Fruhstorfer under the names triumpliator
and significans ; the points relied upon for distinguishing them are,
howrever, eminently variable, such as the width or entire obsoles-
cence of the subterminal green band on the upperside of the fore
wing, the size of the upper discal patch and the presence or
absence of red subterminal lunules on the upperside of the hind
wing. These all vary greatly in Sikhim as well as in Assam and
Burmese specimens. The presence of a somewhat obscure shining
white spot on the upperside of the fore wing near the tornal
angle in significans^ if constant, may possibly entitle it to racial
separation.
PARIS GEOUP.
c? $ . In arrangement of pattern and in venation closely
resembles the Bianor group, but the males are devoid of the
cottony scent-streaks on the upperside of the fore wing.
Key to tJie forms of tlie Paris Group.
a. Fore wing underside : subterminal greyish-
white band sharply defined, narrow, of 'even
width throughout ." -P. krislna, p. 80.
PAPILIO. 85
b. Fore wing underside : subterniinal greyish-white
band not sharply defined, broad and gradually
widened anteriorly.
«'. Hind wing upperside : without a subterniinal
series of claret-red limules.
<r. Hind wing upperside : upper discal blue
or green patch does not extend down to
vein 3 . P. paris, p. 85.
&2. Hind wing upperside : upper discal blue
or green patch larger, extends down
to vein Jj P. paris, race tami-
V. Hind wing upperside : with a prominent \lana, p. 86.
subterniinal series of claret-red lunules' .... P. arcturus, p. 87.
539. Papilio paris (PI. XIII, fig. 90, rf ), Linn. Sy*t. Sat. ed. x, 1758,
p. 459 ; Moore, Cat. Lep. Mm. E. I. C. i, 1857, p. 107 ; Shoes,
Trans. Ent. Soc. 1888, p. 427 ; Manders, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1890,
p. 535 ; Rothsch. Nov. Zool. ii, 1895, p. 384 ; Moore (Achillides),
Lep. Ind. vi, 1903, p. 64, pi. 491, figs. 1, 1 «-l c, d $ .
Race tainilana.
Papilio tamilana, Moore, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1881, p. 313 ; Davidson,
Bell fyAitken,Jou>: Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc. x, 1897, p. 581 ; Moore
(Achillides), Lep. Ind. vi, 1903, p. 65, pi. 492, figs. I, la, <$ $ .
Papilio paris tamilana, Rothsch. Nov. Zool. ii, 1895, p. 385.
d • Upperside black, irrorated with dark green scales, which
on the outer portion of the fore wing coalesce and form an incom-
plete postdiscal narrow hand more erect than the subterminal
similar band on the fore wing of P. polyctor. Hind wing : the
irroration of dark green scales does not extend to the costal
margin and is interrupted posteriorly by a broad postdiscal area,
on both sides of which the green scales coalesce to form narrow
diffuse hands ; a conspicuous upper discal shining blue patch
occupies the base of interspace 4 and outer portions of inter-
spaces 5 and 6 ; this patch is variable in size, and in many
specimens extends narrowly below and above into interspaces 3
and 7 respectively, its outer margin is uneven, its inner margin
evenly arched ; a prominent claret-red largely black-centred
ocellus at the tornal angle, its' inner margin with a transverse
short violet-blue superposed line ; in many specimens an obscure
claret-red subterminal lunule in interspace 7. Underside opaque
black ; bases of both fore and hind wings, up to basal half of cell
in fore and up to apex of cell in hind wing, with an irroration of
yellowish scales ; also present more obscurely on the subterminal area
in both wings. Tore wing with a very broad elongate triangular
pale area that does not extend to the termen, formed of inter-
nervular broad very pale ochraceous-white streaks, short near the
tornus, gradually longer up to the costa. Hind wing : a prom-
inent subterminal series of oc-hraceous-red lunules traversed by
short violet-blue lines; in interspaces 1,2, and. sometimes in 3,
these lunules are formed into more or less complete largely black-
86 PAPlLIONJDvE. .
centred ocelli by the addition of an adtnarginal portion of the red
ring. Cilia conspicuously white in the interspaces. Antennae,
head, thorax and abdomen black, the latter three sprinkled with
green scales above. — $ . Similar, somewhat paler and duller.
Upperside : fore wing with the green postdiscal band shorter and
still more incomplete. Hind wing with the upper discal patch
smaller, often green and not blue, the red subtermiual lunule in
interspace 7 always present and more prominent than in the c? .
Underside : similar to that in the J , but the tornal and subtornal
markings generally formed into more or less complete ocelli.
Exp. 6 $ 106-132 mm. (4-18-5-2").
Hab. The Himalayas from Kuinaon to Sikhim, Nepal and
Bhutan ; the hills of Assam, Burma and Tenasserim, extending to
China, Siam and the Malay Peninsula. A common insect in
Sikhim, where it is found from the Terai up to 5000 feet. It is
rare in Burma and Tenasserim, where I have taken it in the
Thaungyiu and Ataran Valleys from May to October, but it has
been recorded from various places from Bbamo to Tavoy.
Race tamilana. Moore. — Very closely resembles the typical
form, but on the upperside the upper discal patch on the hind
wing is of a paler more metallic blue and very considerably larger,
it extends from interspace 3 well into interspace 7, from the apex
of the cell into interspaces 3, 4, and 5, and from the middle of
interspace 6 much further towards the termen than iu paris.
Underside similar to that of the typical form, but the transverse
postdiscal pale band on the fore wing is conspicuously narrower
and curved inwards towards the costa. Antennae, head, thorax
and abdomen as in paris.
Exp. <* $ 116-134 mm. (4-58-5-28").
Hab. Southern India : Kanara, Nilgiris, Travancore.
Mr. Bell " observed the female laying eggs on Erodia rox-
buryhiana."
540. Papilio krishna, Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. i, 1857, p. 108,
pi. 2«, fig. 6 3 ; Ehces, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1888, p. 427 ; Ilothscli.
Nov. Zool. ii, 1895, p. 384; Moore (Achillides), Lep. Ind. vi,
1903, p. 63 pi. 490, fig. 2 <?.
c? $ . Eesembles P. paris generally, but differs in many points
as follows : — Upperside : ground-colour more of a brownish black,
irrorated similarly to paris with green scales, but the scales
smaller and more sparsely spread. Fore wing : the postdiscal
transverse band well-defined, complete, formed of white scaling
with only a thin sprinkling of green scales on its inner margin,
generally erect or slightly curved, rarely slightly sinuous. Hind
wing : upper discal patch metallic greenish blue, .smaller than in
paris, but the portions of it in interspaces 6 and 7 more extended
towards the termen, the metallic golden-green baud that joins the
patch on its inner side to the dorsal margin more conspicuous
than in paris; the tornal ocellus as in paris, but above it a sub-
PAPIHO. 87
terminal series of claret-red lunules in interspaces 2, 3, 4 and 5,
followed by a series of ochraceous-red obscure terminal narrow
lunules in the interspaces, the cilia on the outer margin of each
conspicuously white. Underside : fore wing as in paris but an
erect ochraceous-white postdiscal band as on the upperside
limits ; the series of internervular pale streaks on the outer
half of the wing. Hind wing : a well-defined discal ochraceous-
white band formed of a series of somewhat lunular marks in the
interspaces, these increase in width anteriorly ; a subterminal
series of claret-red hmules traversed by violet scaling on the inner
side as in paris, but much broader and more prominent ; finally a
terminal series of ochraceous-yellow lunular marks in the inter-
spaces ; the cilia that border each lunule white. Antenna?, head,
thorax and abdomen as in P. paris.
Exp. tf $ 108-121 mm. (4-24-4-75").
Hdb. Recorded from Sikhim and Bhutan only.
In Sikhim. it is recorded by Mr. Elwes as common " in some
seasons at certain places, and found from 3000 to 9000 feet
elevation." I procured several specimens at Eungarun, near
Darjiling, in May. It was difficult to catch, and only one or two
of the specimens were. in good condition.
541. Papilio arcturus, Westwood, A. M. N. H. ix, 1842, p. 37 ; Moore,
Cat. Lep. Mm. E. I. C. i, 1857, p. 108 ; Rothsch. Nov. Zool. ii,
1895. p. 383; Moore (Achillides), Lep. Ind. vi, 1903, p. 61,
pi. 490, fig. Irf.
3. Upperside brownish black, somewhat paler on the fore
than on the hind wing. Fore wing irrorated with brilliant
golden-green scales that on the posterior halt' of the wing form a
broad, not well-defined subterminal band ; the veins and elongate
streaks between them on the outer half of the wing velvety
black. Hind wing : posterior three-fourths irrorated with
brilliant golden-green scales as on the fore wing but towards the
base anteriorly these turn to blue ; a conspicuous brilliant blue
patch somewhat irregular in shape occupies the apex of the cell
and the bases of interspaces 5 and 6, prolonged as a broad streak
in the latter interspace up to the terminal margin ; below this a
more or less triangular patch on the disc and above it the whole
of the costal margin broadly are devoid of the irroration of green
scales ; a subtermiual generally incomplete series of large claret-red
lunules terminates at the tornal angle in a large conspicuous black-
centred red ocellus ; "the latter is encircled above and anteriorly by a
narrow band formed by a conflux of the green irrorated scales ;
the lunules are bordered outwardly by spots of the ground-colour
that are devoid of the green scales ; finally both the lunules and
the tornal ocellus are tinged more or less with bluish-purple on
their inner margins. Underside dull black, with a somewhat
sparse irroration of yellowish-white scales confined on the fore
wing to the base and apex, and on the hind wing to the posterior
88 PAPILIONIDJE.
two-thirds, not extended to the termen except along the tail.
Fore wing : a broad ill-defined subterrainal pale transverse area,
crossed by the black veins and internervular streaks, and elongated
pale cellular streaks. Hind wing : a large somewhat quadrate
terminal black-centred claret-red patch in interspaces 1 and 2,
and a subterminal series of broad claret-red lunules that extends
from interspaces 3 to 7, followed by ill-defined anteciliary red
spots in each interspace. Cilia of both fore and hind wings white,
alternated with black. Antenna?, head, thorax and abdomen
brownish black ; the head, thorax and abdomen at base on the
upperside sprinkled with golden-green scales.— £ similar, the
markings more prominent. Upperside : on the fore wing
the subterminal golden-green band broader, on the hind wing
the subterminal series of claret-red lunules more complete.
Exp. <$ $ 119-126 mm. (4-70-4-98").
Hah. The Himalayas from Murree to Sikhim ; Bhutan ; Assam ;
Burma ; Tenasserim.
This lovely butterfly is rare in Tenasserim. Mr. Hauxwell and
I procured it on the Taoo plateau at 4000 feet.
PALINVEUS GROUP.
<$ $ . Differs from the Bianor group, in that the males, except
in one form (P. crt'no), are devoid of the cottony scent-streaks on
the upperside of the fore wing. Even in the exceptional form
these streaks are only sometimes present in the males ; when
present such streak is invariably absent from interspace 1. Both
fore and hind wings on the upperside crossed by bright bluish-green
bands ; the band on the fore wing from the costa obliquely out-
wards, that on the hind wing from the costa obliquely inwards.
Key to the forms of tJie Palinurus Group.
a. Hind wing upperside : tail without any green
scaling on spatular portion
«'. Fore wing upperside : green band across wing
comparatively narrow ; measured on dorsum
less than one-third length of latter : expanse
92-102 mm P. palinurus, p. 88.
b'. Fore wing upperside : green band across wing
comparatively broad, measured on dorsum
considerably more than one-third length of
latter : expanse 107-115 mm P. buddha, p. 89.
b. Hind wing upperside : tail with a patch of green
scales on spatular portion P. crino, p. 90.
.542. Papilio palinurus (PL XIII, fig. 91), Fair. Mant. Ins. ii, 1787,
p. 2; Rothsch. Nov. Zool. ii, 1895, p. 387; Moore (Harimala),
Lep. Ind. vi, 19C3, p. 71, pi. 495, figs. 1, 1 a, 1 b, <J ?.
Papilio brama, Gutr. Rev. Zool. 1840, p. 43, pi. 1, figs. 3, 4 ; Gray,
Cat. Lep. Ins. B.M. i, 1852, p. 18; Dist. Rhop. Malay. 1885,
p. 338, pi. 32, fig. 4 j.
<3 . Upperside black, closely irrorated with brilliant green scales.
Fore wing with a slightly excurved, oblique, bright green cliscal
band that extends from the middle of the costa to the dorsum a
little before the tornal angle ; measured on the dorsum the width
of this band is nearly equal to one-third of the length of the dorsal
margin; anteriorly the band passes through the apical fourth
of the cell and is narrowed slightly at the costa. Hind wing :
costal margin broadly, termen including the tail more narrowly,
devoid of the irroratiou of green scales ; a broad discal bar,
elongate-oval in shape, extends from the dorsum a little above the
tornus to the middle of interspace 6, its outer margin diffuse ; this
is followed by a postcliscal area where the irroration of green scales
is sparser than at the base, and a subterminal series of very broad
lunules formed of scales of similarly metallic coloration ; finally a
dark ochraceous-brown ocellus centred with black and surmounted
by blue at the tornal angle, and a paler ochraceous-yellow lunule
subapically in interspace 7. Underside velvety brownish-black;
bases of both fore and hind wings somewhat thickly, the outer
portions more thinly, sprinkled with pale yellow scales. Fore
wing : apical half obliquely pale brownish white, darkening to
dusky black at the apex and narrowly along the ternien ; the pale
area very narrow at the tornal angle, gradually broadened up to
the costa, traversed by the black veins. Hind wing : uniform ;
an outer narrow pale band traversed by a subterminal series of
ochraceous-brown lunules that are bordered on both inner and outer
sides by velvety black, the black on the innerside crossed by
diffuse short lines of bluish-white scales ; the lunule in interspace 7
broadly and conspicuously bordered inwardly with white. Antennae,
head, thorax and abdomen velvety black, the head and thorax above
overlaid with green. — $ . Differs from c? in the discal transverse
bands on the upperside of the fore and hind wings, which are
conspicuously narrower, and on the hind wing by the brighter
ochraceous colour of the tornal ocellus.
Exp. rf $ 92-102 mm. (3-62-4").
Hob. Within our limits the hills of Burma and Tenasserim.
Found also in the Malay Peninsula, Sumatra and Borneo.
Hare in Burma and Tenasserim. I took one specimen in the Ruby
Mines district in Upper Burma at 5000 ft. elevation, and others
in the Tunzalin and Haungtharaw Valleys in Tenasserim.
Mr.Hauxwell records the following note : — " This butterfly has the
habit of bathing in shallow water in hill streams. It skims the
surface of the water like a swallow and dips its body into the
water, giving itself a shake as it comes out and then flies on again."
(Jour. Bomb. K H. Soc. xii, 1899, p. 335.)
543. Papilio buddha, Westwood, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1872, p. 86, pi. 3,
fi£. 1 J1 ; Rotlisch. Nov. Zool. ii, 1895, p. 389 ; Davidson 8? Aitken,
Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. x, 1897, p. 581, pi. 6, %s. 2, 2 a, larva
& pupa ; Moore (Hariuiala), Lep. Ind. vi, 1903, p. 69, pi. 494,
figs. I, 1 fl-1 c, cf , larva & pupa, c? $ .
d $ . Eesembles P. palinurus but is larger and also differs as
90 PAPILIONID^.
follows: — Upperside: irroration of green scales more restricted,
the outer half of the fore wing except a triangular patch from apex
of wing downwards, and the outer third of the hind wing except
a subterminal series of ill -formed luuules, devoid of green scales;
discal transverse bands on both fore and hind wings similar to those
in P. palimtrus but very much broader ; the discal band of the fore
wing measured on the dorsurn occupies considerably more than
one-third of the dorsal length, while the discal band of the hind
wing is as broad posteriorly as it is anteriorly (in P. palinurus it is
much narrower posteriorly) ; the ochraceous tornal ocellus brighter,
not surmounted with blue ; the subapical ochraceous lunule in inter-
space 7 also brighter and much larger. Underside similar to the
underside in P. palinurus, but on the hind wing the ochraceous
lunules in the subterminal series proportionately narrower and
much more conspicuously bordered on their innersides with silvery
white. Antennae, head, thorax and abdomen as in P. palinurus.
Exp. 6 $ 107-155 mm. (4-2-4-5").
Hob. Southern India.
Larva. Thoracic segments with a shield. G-reen, the shield
laterally and posteriorly narrowly edged with white ; segments 5 to
11 with a broad white line and above it a series of minute white
spots one on each segment.
Pupa. Much curved ventrally, head cleft, the processes long and
upturned, back and sides keeled ; colour dark green ventrally, pale
green dorsally. (After Davidson $• Aitlcen.)
544. Papilio crino, Fabr. Ent. Syst. iii (1) p. -5 ; Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus.
E.I. C.i, 1857, p. 109; 'Eothsch. Nov. Zool. ii, 1895, p. 389;
Moore (Ilarimala), Lep. Ind. vi, 1903, p. 67, pi. 493, figs. 1,
1 a-1 d, larva & pupa, <$ $ .
Papilio criuo, var. montanus, Folder, Verli. zool.-bot. Ges. Wicn, xivr
1864, pp. 3-22, 370.
Harimala inontanus, Moore, Lep. Ceyl. i, 1881, p. 146, pi. 61,
%1 $.
c? $ . Besembles P. palinurus, but the d1 generally has on the
upperside of the outer half of the fore wing cottony or hairy
scent-streaks similar to those in P. polyctor, only the streak in inter-
space 1 is always wanting. Other differences are as follows : —
d1 $ • Upperside, fore wing : the discal transverse bluish-green band
slightly sinuous, narrower, more curved and more distinctly
decreasing in width towards the costal margin ; in the $ more
sinuous than in the 3 . Hind wing : the transverse bluish-green
band very variable in width but with its inner margin much
straighter than in P. polyctor ; this band that in P. polyctor stops
short of vein 7, is in the present form continued to the costal
margin, it is however much and abruptly narrowed above vein 7 ;
tornal ocellus claret-red with a large black centre inwardly edged
with blue ; the bright ochraceous subapical lunule of P. polyctor
replaced by a dull whitish spot ; the subterminal diffuse green
lunules restricted to interspaces 2, 3, and 4 ; the spatular apex of
the tail with a small patch of bluish-green scales. Underside dull
PAPILIO. 01
pale brown to blackish brown irrorated with scattered yellowish
scales, which, however, on the fore wing are absent from a large
triangular discal patch that lies betw-een the dorsuin, the median
vein, vein 5 and a line of white lunules that crosses the wing in an
outward curve from the upper third of the costa to just before the
tornus ; these white lunules are outwardly diffuse and merge
gradually into the brow7n ground-colour. Hind wing : the tornal
ocellus much as on the upperside ; an obscure ill-defined highly
arched postdiscal narrow whitish band from above the tornal
ocellus to the costa, ends near apex of interspace 7 in a broad white
lunule ; beyond this a double subterminal row of somewhat
straight ochreous-white lunules in the interspaces, each lunule of
the inner row bordered outwardly with blue, this bordering very
faint in many specimens. Cilia of both fore and hind wings brown
alternated with white. Antenna?, head, thorax and abdomen dark
brownish black ; the head, thorax, and abdomen above with a
sprinkling of glittering green scales.
Exp. <j $ 100-116 mm. (3-98-4-6").
Hab. Lower Bengal; Central and Southern India ; Ceylon.
Var. montanus, Felder, was founded on specimens devoid of the
cottony scent-streaks on the upperside of the fore wing.
Larva. " Somewhat lirnaciform ; anterior segments convexly
scutellated ; furnished with a pair of short fleshy tubercles on
anterior and two on anal segments." (Moore.)
Pupa. " Curved backward anteriorly ; head broad in front ;
green." (Moore.)
PAYEXI GROUP.
<$ 2 • Fore wing more or less strongly falcate ; costa much
arched, apex acute or subacute, produced ; termen concave ; tornus
well marked, angular ; dorsum sinuous ; cell broad, upper disco-
cellular about half the length of middle, middle concave ; veins 9,
10 and 11 very close to each other, out of subcostal. Hind wing
subtriangular ; costa slightly arched, apex rounded ; termen slightly
convex to vein 4, prolonged into a long spatulate tail, slightly
curved upwards at vein 4 ; tornus oblique, not well marked ; dorsum
straight ; cell very long, more than two-thirds of length of wing
to apex. Antenna? comparatively short, not half length of fore
•wing ; club well marked, oval. Anal valves in tf distinct.
Key to the forms of the Payeni Group.
a. Upperside ground-colour ochraceous yellow P. evan, p. 91.
b. Upperside ground-colour brown P. gyas, p. 92.
545. Papilio evan (PI. XIV, fig. 92), Doubkday, A. M. N. H, xvi,
1845, pp. 235 & 304 ; Moore (Meandrusa), New Ind. Lep. Ins.
1888, p. 284 ; id. (Meandrusa), Lep. Ind. vi, 1903, p. 47, pi. 483,
figs. 1, la-le, cJ $ .
Papilio payeni evan, Rotlisch. Nov. Zool. ii, 1895, p. 401.
c? . Upperside bright ochraceous, with a darker shade towards
92 PAPILIONIDjE.
the base o£ the wings. Fore wing : two or three spots obliquely
across the cell, a larger spot at its upper apex, the costal margin
from base (the collar broadened towards the apex), and the
terminal margin very broadly, dark brown ; on the inner side of
this broad brown terminal edging there is a transverse incomplete
discal series of dark brown spots, followed bv an irregular trails-
verse series of brown lunules, both these merge anteriorly and
posteriorly into the brown on the terinen ; lastly superposed on
the brown terminal edging is a more or less complete, transverse,
subterminal series of lunules of the ochraceous ground-colour,
reduced in some specimens to only two or three lunules above the
tornus. Hind wing : terminal half or more dark brown, with an
inner postdiscal and an outer subterminal series of more or less
lunular spots of the ochraceous ground-colour; the postdiscal series
consists of only four spots in interspaces 1 to 4, the subtermiual
series is complete to interspace 7, the spots larger, that in inter-
space 3 elongate, outwardly conical ; tail tipped with ochraceous.
Underside : ground-colour a deeper richer ochraceous. Pore wing :
cell and basal area with a number of irregular cinnamon-brown
spots, followed on the terminal half by three transverse series of
more or less irregular and incomplete lunular cinnamon-brown
markings and a narrow brown terminal edging. Hind wing :
basal area with a transverse series of three spots, a large spot at
apex of cell, the bases of interspaces 1, 2 and 3, followed by three
more or less complete but irregular series of lunular markings,
cinnamon-brown ; superposed on the inner discal row of brown
lunules is a transverse series of snow-white crescents, conspicuous
only in interspaces 1 and 2, but barely indicated anteriorly.
Antennae dark ochraceous brown ; head, thorax and abdomen
ochraceous, the thorax posteriorly and basal half of the abdomen
olivaceous ; beneath : head, thorax and abdomen brighter ochraceous.
— 2 . Ground-colour paler, base and cell of fore wing on upperside
shaded with bright very pale cinnamon ; markings similar both
on the upper and under sides, but less clearly defined ; the costal
margin of fore wing on the upperside ochraceous almost to apex,
not brown ; the subterminal series of ochraceous lunules on the
upperside of the hind wing very large, separated from one another
only by the brown along the veins. Antennae, head, thorax and
abdomen similar, but paler.
Exp. d $ 108-146 mm. (4-23-5-72" ).
Hab. Sikhiin ; Bhutan ; Assam ; Burma ; Tenasserim.
546. Papilio gyas, Westwood, Arcana Ent. i, 1841, p. 41, pi. 11, fig. 1.
c?; Moore, Cat: 'Lep. Mm. E. I. C. i, 1857, p. 110; Rothsch.
Nov. Zool. ii. 1895, p. 401 ; Moore (Dabasa), Lep. Ind. vi, 1903,
p. 49, pi. 484, figs. 1, la, Ib, d $ .
<$ . Upperside opaque brown, the basal ai-ea and the terminal
third of both fore and hind wings of a darker shade than the
broad medial area, due to the dark markings of the underside that
show through by transparency ; fore and hind wings with a sub-
PAPILIO. 93
terminal series of largish yellow lunules that curve upwards pos-
teriorly on the hind wing and end in a diffuse transverse bluish-
white mark across interspace 1. Underside, fore wing : basal third
and a large spot on the discocellulars, that is widened anteriorlv,
rich dark cinnamon-brown ; medial third lilacine, pale towards the
dorsum, widened anteriorly and extended into the apex of the cell,
and on the costa from the discocellulars to near the apex of the wing ;
interspaces 2, 3 and 4 with paler lilacine lunules ; terminal third
of the wing dull brown, with a postdiscal and a subtermiual trans-
verse series of somewhat obscure olivaceous-yellow lunules. Hind
wing : basal third rich dark cinnamon-brown in continuation of
that colour on the fore wing ; remainder of the wing lilacine, with
a large posterior discal patch of cinnamon-brown, margined
inwardly by a diffuse broad irregular white band, and outwardly
by a series of white lunules ; a subterminal somewhat obscure row
of olivaceous-yellow markings ; the tail and terminal margin dark
cinnamon-brown. Antennae dark brown, head, thorax and abdomen
brown with an olivaceous tinge ; beneath ; similar, the abdomen
more brightly olivaceous yellow. — $ . Upperside : ground-colour
similar to that in the tf ; markings differ as follows : — a very broad
discal ti-ansverse lilacine white band across both fore and hind
wings that extends from vein 5 and from within the apex of cell
of fore wing to the dorsal margin of the hind wing. Tore wing :
a yellowish- white costal spot in upper third of cell, a larger spot
beyond that turns to yellow at base of interspace 6, an anterior
postdiscal transverse series of yellow more or less lunular spots,
and a subterminal similar series of spots. Hind wing : the lilacine
white colour of the discal band spreads to the base of the wing,
but is thickly irrorated with brownish scales, as is also the outer
margin posteriorly of the same band ; the rest of the wing dark
brown, with the margins of the tornus and of the tail broadly bright
cinnamon-brown ; lastly, superposed on the brown area is a sub-
terminal series of large, yellow, well-defined more or less lunular
spots. Underside similar to that of the c? , the ground-colour and
markings on the outer two-thirds of both fore and hind wings
paler. Antennse, head, thorax and abdomen as in the d1 •
Exp. <3 $ 120-126 mm. (4-73-5-0").
Hob. Sikhim ; Bhutan ; Assam ; Burma ; Tenasserirn.
GLYCEIUON GEOUP.
<$ $ . Pore wing broadly triangular ; costa somewhat broadly
arched ; apex obtuse ; term en straight ; tornus rounded ; dorsum
straight, considerably more than half length of costa ; cell longer
than half length of wing, upper discocellular more than twice as
long as middle; vein 11 very short, anastomosed with vein 12 very
soon after its origin. Hind wing broad ; costal and terminal
margins subequal, the latter sinuous, with a delicate and very
slender non-spatulate tail at apex of vein 4 ; the wing posterior to
the tail produced inwardly, lobed and emarginate below the tornus ;
S4 PAP1LIOXID.E.
dorsum straight ; cell narrow, upper discocellular very much longer
than the middle. Antennae short, not half length of fore wing ;
club well marked, thick, but gradual ; head tufted in front, thorax
and legs hairy. — d" abdominal fold of hind wing narrow, without
-any cottony scent-hairs within.
547. Papilio glycerion, Gray, Zool. Misc. 1831, p. 32; id. Lep. Ins.
yep. 1840, p. 4, pi. 3, tig. 2 ; Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. i
1857, p. 110; Heron, A. M. N. If. (7) iii, 1899, p. 119; Moore
(Pazala), Lep. Ind. vi, 3903, p. 33, pi. 479, figs. 1, la, \b.
Papilio paphus, de Niceville, J. A. S. B. 1886, p. 254, pi. 11, fig. 6,
5; Ehces, Trans. Ertt. Soc. 1888, p. 432.
Papilio inandarinus paphus, Rothsch. Nov. Zool. ii, 1895, p. 408.
cf $ . Upperside dead-white or very pale cream-colour. Fore
wing: cell partially, and interspaces between the dusky black
outer discal markings more or less semitransparent ; cell crossed
by five black bauds, the basal two of which extend to the dorsal
margin, the subapical to a little below the median vein ; a black
band along the discocellulars, joined at costal margin and above
lower apex of cell to the band traversing the cell near its apex ;
a broad transverse postdiscal black band from near tornal angle to
<;osta ; this band double above vein 5, forms three well-marked
loops ; subterminal and terminal narrower transverse black bands,
the former joined on to the postdiscal band near tornal angle ;
lastly, the postdiscal band outwardly and the terminal band
inwardly, broadly and diffusely bordered with dusky black. Hind
wing : a narrow black line from base along the dorsum, a broader
black line along vein 1, joined below the cell by a broad black band
that crosses the latter subbasally, a black patch on the produced
posterior portion of the wing, studded at the tornal angle with
two conspicuous yellow spots, below which there is a triangular
white dorsal mark ; the black patch with three somewhat obscure
blue subterminal lunules ; the tail narrowly edged with white ;
a narrow black medial line from costa that crosses near apex of
cell and terminates on the median nervure; at the upper and
lower ends of this are loops formed of slender black lines, in the
5 well marked, in the cT seen only by transparency from the
underside ; finally, discal, postdiscal and subterminal slender black
transverse lines from the costa terminate in the black anal patch.
Underside similar, with similar but much more heavily defined
black markings, the upper or costal loop on the short medial
transverse black line tinged with yellow ; the whole of the median
vein and the discocellulars broadly defined in black. Antenna
black ; head, thorax and abdomen black, with some white pubes-
cence, the head anteriorly tufted with black ; head, thorax and
abdomen beneath whitish yellow.
Exp. 6 $ 77-90 mm. (3-3-52").
Hob. Sikhim ; Nepal ; Upper Burma : N. Chin Hills ?
It is, I think, probable that the one specimen procured in the
Chin Hills by Capt. AVatson belonged to the Eastern race of the
-closely allied P. kashmirensis, Botbsch., and not to P. glycerion.
95
548. Papilio kashmirensis, Rothschild.
Papilio glycerion, S. Robson (nee Gray), Jour. Bomb. N, H. koc. ix
1895, p." 497, larva & pupa.
Papiiio elycerion cashmirensis, Rothsch. Nov. Zool. li. 1895, p. 407;
MacKinnon $ de Niceville, Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. xi, 1898, p. 595,
pi. W, figs. 25a-25c, larva & pupa.
Papilio caschmirensis, Heron, A. M. N. H. (7) iii, 1899, p. 120 ;
Moore (Pazala), Lep. 2nd. vi, 1903, p. 36, pi. 480. figs. 1, la-Id,
larva & pupa, <5 $ •
llace sikhiniica.
Papilio glvcerion, de Niceville (nee Gray], J. A. S. B. 1886,
p. 254, pi. 11, fig- 5 ; Ehves (nee Gray), Tram. Ent. Soc. 1888,
Papilio "caschmirensis, subsp. sikkimica, Heron, A. M. AT. H. (7)
Pazala sikkima,"' Moore, Lep. Ind. vi, 1903, p. 35, pi. 479, figs. 2,
Closely resembles P. glycerion, bureau be distinguished as
Hows : — Upperside, fore
extended to dorsum, but
follows •'— Upperside, fore wing: postdiscal transverse band not
but terminated above vein 1 ; all the black
transverse markings
narrower. Hind wing :
the black patch on
the produced posterior
portion of the wing
proportionately of less
extent ; the black band
that crosses the cell
subbasally and the
lower portions only of
the discal, postdiscal
and subterminal black
lines as in P. glycerion;
the rest of the trans-
verse black linear
markings obsolete,
seen only by trans-
parency from the
underside. Underside, fore wing : markings as on the upperside but
more heavily defined. Hind wing « ith an additional black trans-
verse line beyond the medial line, connected with it by lines of
black along the veins, that form a series of loops which are
more or less tinted with pale yellow. Antennas, head, thorax and
abdomen as in P. glycerion.
Exp. d $ 66-71 mm. (2-6-2-8").
Hob. The Himalayas : Kashmir to Mussoorie.
Larva. " When full-fed Ig-lj inches in length : 4th and 5th
segments thickest ; from 5th segment to 13th the larva tapers.
Colour green covered with minute black dots except on
anal segment. Third segment bordered anteriorly by a narrow
ochreous ridge, which surmounts the head when drawn in, and is
Fig. 19. — Hind wing undersides :
A. Papilio glycerion.
B. Papilio kaslt/nirensis.
96 PAPILIONID/E.
continued in unbroken spiracular lines to the tail. This ridge or
hood is furnished with two short, blunt, black subdorsal spines.
The 4th and 5th segments are furnished each with two subdorsal
vermilion tubercles armed with a short black spine. Last segment
bifurcate, the points yellow, tipped with black Legs,
claspers and abdomen of a whitish green." {Mrs. S. Itobson.)
Pupa. " One inch long ; brighter green than the larva, marked
longitudinally with four ochreous-yellow curved bars." (Mrs. S.
Robson.}
Race sikhimica (PI. XIV, fig. 93, rf ), Heron.— A very slightly-
differentiated race. Can be distinguished by its generally larger
size and more heavily defined black markings. On the upperside
of the fore wing the fourth transverse black band from base crosses
the cell and extends beyond the median vein, as in P. f/tycerion.
In all specimens of Tcaslimirensis that I have seen the above band
stops short at the median vein ; again, the postdiscal transverse
black band extends in sikhimica to vein 1. The markings on the
hind wings on both upper and under sides, except that they are
broader, are as in P. kashmirensis.
Exp. rf $ 62-7G mm. (2-46-2-95").
Bab. Sikhim ; Assam.
According to Elwes this form in Sikhim inhabits a lower zone,
2000 to 4000 feet, than does P. gJycerion, which extends up to
7000 feet.
ANTIPHATES GROUP.
c? $ . Characters similar to those of the Glycerwn group, but
in the fore wing the upper discocellular is only a little longer than
the middle ; the apex of the wing is on the whole more produced ;
the termen more oblique and slightly concave in the middle.
" The light bands in the apical region with hair-like scales "
(Rothschild).
As in the Glycerion group the males have a narrow abdominal
fold on the hind wings, but are devoid of any scent-organ within it.
Key to the forms of the Antiphates Group.
a. Fore wing upperside : postdiscal and terminal
black bands that coalesce below vein 3 and
extend to tornus.
«'. Hind wing upperside : bnsal three-fourths
uniform white ; black markings of under-
side show through by transparency P. antiphates, p. 97.
V. Hind wing upperside: basal three-fourths
not uniform white, a subbasal transverse
black streak and some upper discal black ( r> , • , .
markings distinct ™ P" S ""*
b. Fore wing upperside: postdiscal and terminal ' <'Pam
black bauds that do not coalesce, but are ,
distinct and do not extend to tornus j
97
549. Papilio antiphates, Cramer, Pap. E.vot. i, 1775, p. 113, pi. 72,
figs. A, B ; Rothsch. Nov. Zool. ii, 1895, p. 410.
Pathysa naira, Moore, Lep. Ind. vi, 1903, p. 22, pi. 475, figs. 1,
Race epaminondas.
Papilio epaminondas, Oberthiir, Etudes d'Ent. iv, 1879, p. 62, pi. 4,
fig. 1 ; Rothsch. Nov. Zool. ii, 1895, p. 414 ; Moore (Pathysa),
Lep. Ind. vi, 1903, p. 23, pi. 475, figs. 2, 2 a, 2 b, <$ $ .
Papilio laestrygonum, Wood-Mason, Proc. A. S.B. 1888, p. 102.
Race alcibiades (PI. XIV, fig. 94).
Papilio alcibiades, Fabr. Mant. Ins. ii, 1787, p. 8 ; Moore (Pathysa)
Lep. Lid. vi, 1903, p. 19, pi. 474, figs. 1, 1 a-l e, larva & pupa,
c?$.
Papilio antiphates, Moore (nee Cramer), Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. i,
1857, p. 116, pi. 3, figs. 10, 10 a, larva £ pupa; id. (nee Cramer)
Lep. Ceyl. i, 1881, p.l42, pi. 63, figs. 1, 1 a, tf; Davidson $ Aitken
(nee Cramer), Journ. Bomb. N. H. Soc. x, 1897, p. 579, pi. 6,
figs. 1, 1 a, larva & pupa.
Papilio nebulosus, Butler, A. M. N. H. (5) vii, 1881, p. 33, pi. 4,
fig. 3.
Papilio itamputi, Butler in Forbes, Nat. Wand. 1885, p. 276.
Papilio antiphates continentalis ft P. antiphates ceylonicus, Eimer,
Artbild. Schmett. 1889, pp. 137 & 149.
Papilio antiphates alcibiades, Rothsch. Nor. Zool. ii, 1895, p. 411.
<S $. Upperside white. .Fore wing: cell crossed by five short
black bands, of which the basal extends to the dorsum, the sub-
basal into interspace 1, the medial and preapical up to the median
vein, and the apical or fifth along
the discocellulars ; this last ex-
tends broadly on both sides of the
veinlets and terminates at the
lower apex of the cell ; beyond
these are broad postdiscal and
terminal black transverse bands
from costa to tornal angle ; the
two bands coalesce below vein 4
and terminate in a point at
the tornus ; the white portions
of the cell anteriorly overlaid
with pale green ; short macular
hyaline green bands between the
black cellular apical band and
the discal band and anteriorly
between the latter and the ter-
minal band. Hind wing : basal
three-fourths uniform white,
with black markings on the
underside that show through by
transparency ; terminal fourth
Fig. ^.-Papilio antiphates. <jark grey traversed by a curved
irregular subterminal series of
black hmules that ends in a black tornal spot and a terminal black
VOL. II. H
band that follows the indentations of the wing ; the emargination
below the black tornal spot edged with ochraceous; the tail
blackish-grey, edged and tipped with white. Underside : fore wing
similar with similar markings, but the green shading over the
white portions in the basal half of the cell more decided ; the
discal and terminal transverse black bands separate, not joined
posteriorly, the former edged posteriorly on both sides by dark
grey due to the black on the upperside that shows through by
transparency. Hind wing : basal half green, outer half white ; a
large black tornal spot ; a black line along the dorsum that curves
above the tornal spot outwards to vein 2 ; a straight subbasal
black band from costa across cell that terminates on vein 2, where
it joins the dorsal black line ; a broader black band from costa
across apex of cell extended into base of interspace 3 ; an irregular
discal series of black markings curved inwards posteriorly towards
the tornal spot ; a subterminal series of very small slender black
lunules in pairs, the ground-colour on the inner side of these
darkened to rich ochreous-yellow ; lastly, a series of short terminal
black bars in the interspaces so arranged as to follow indentations
of the termen ; tail dusky black edged with white. Antennae
black ; head and thorax anteriorly with a broad black medial band,
rest of thorax bluish ; abdomen white, marked beneath on each
side by a black stripe.
Exp. 90-104 mm. (3-55-4-1").
Hab. Within our limits recorded only from Travancore.
This form was first described from China.
Race epaminondas, Oberthiir.
Differs from the typical form
chiefly in the greater width of
the black markings on the upper-
side, especially of the basal and
subbasal bands that cross the
fore wing, both of which also ex-
tend to the dorsum. On the hind
wing the black markings of the
underside on the basal and discal
areas are not only seen bv trans-
parency from below, but are
actually represented, though only
partially, by black scaling ; the
width of the dark grey terminal
portion is also greater, and it
has a tendency to turn to dusky
black anteriorly, so that the sub-
terminal series of black lunules
are obscured anteriorly and are
difficult to make out. Underside :
markings similar to those of the
typical form, but broader ; fore
Fig.2\.—Papilioanfiphate!s, ™R with tbe dl'scal transverse
race ejMamioiidas. baud that reaches from costa to-
PAPILIO. 99
vein 1 ; hind wing : the black bands that cross the cell broader
and proportionately closer together.
Exp. <$ $ 94-100 mm. (3'7-3'94").
Hob. The Andamans.
Race alcibiades, Fabr. — This is the most widely spread race of
antiphates, from which it differs as follows : —
<S $ • Upperside : all the black markings shorter and narrower.
Pore wing : the discal and terminal bands separate, the former
rarely extended below vein 3, the latter in no specimen reaches the
dorsal margin. Hind wing : the broad grey area on the terminal
margin reduced to a small patch of grey at the apices of inter-
spaces 2 to 4 ; the subterminal black markings rarely present
anteriorly, generally confined to the limits of the grey patch.
Underside : the extent of the black markings similarly reduced,
otherwise as in the typical form.
Exp. J $ 82-94 mm. (3-24-3'7").
Hub. Sikhim ; Bhutan ; Central and Western India ; Ceylon ;
Assam ; Burma ; Tenasserim ; extending to Siam, China, and tar
into the Malayan Subregion.
The width and length of the transverse black markings on the
upperside of the fore wing, also the extent of the grey terminal
area and the presence or absence of the black subterminal
markings on the upperside of the hind wing, are all very variable.
Var. nebulosus, Butler, is a melanistic variety recorded from
Sikhim.
Var. continentalis, Eimer, has the caudal area of the hind wing
on the upperside suffused with black.
Var. itamputi, Butler, has the postdiscal and terminal black
bands on the upperside of the fore wing united posteriorly, but
neither band extends up to the tornus.
Var. ceylonicus, Eimer, has the basal two bands on the upper-
side of the fore wing extended beyond the median nervure, the
preapical cellular band not triangular and extended to the median
nervure.
The larva and pupa figured by Messrs. Davidson and Aitken
(1. c.) were probably those of P. antipJiates, race alcibiades.
Larva. " The most unusual feature of the larva is that in its
early stages it is pure white marked only with thin transverse
lines of black or dark green. At the last moult but one it becomes
yellow with thicker lines, and after the last moult attains the
colour shown in the figure, showing a distinct resemblance to the
larva of P. nomius." (Davidson <Sf Aitken.) The figure represents
a white caterpillar about 1| inch long, shaded with dusky green
along the dorsum, the divisions of the segments marked with
green and a prominent green lateral line. The head in the figure
is apparently tucked in below, but the 2nd, 3rd and 4th segments
have a patch of dark green above.
Papa. " Supported by an uncommonly long band, and from its
green colour would seem to be normally found on the plant
(Unona laivii) and not under stones." (Davidson $ Aitken.)
IE 2
100
AGETES GHOUP.
<5 $ . Characters like those of the Glycerion group, the out-
line of the wings and venation
//-I-/* 10 similar, but the males have the abdo-
minal fold in the hind wing well
developed, with a well-marked cot-
tony scent-organ within. The light-
coloured portions of the fore wing
anteriorly subhyaline, with hair-like,
not normal, scales.
The typical form alone is found
within our limits. In Borneo an
allied form, P. strateotes, occurs along
Fig. 22.— Venation of fore wing : with a slightly differentiated race of
Papilio agetes, Westw. the typical agef^
550. Papilio agetes (PI. XIV, fig. 95), Westwood, Arc. Ent. ii, 1843,
p. 23, pi. 55, figs. 1, 2 ; Moore, Cat. Lep. Mm. E. I. C. i, 1857,
p. 116; Ehoes, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1888, p. 433; Rothsch. NOD. Zool.
ii, 1895, p. 417; Moore (Deoris), Lep. Ind. vi, 1903, p. 31, pi. 478,
figs.2,2«,26;tf$.
S $ • Upperside white. Pore wing : cell crossed by three
comparatively broad, oblique black bands, the innermost produced
across interspaces 1 and 1 a to the dorsal margin, the next to
vein 1, sometimes a little beyond into interspace 1 a, the third to
the median vein ; these are followed by a triangular costal black
spot above the upper apex of the cell ; a postdiscal oblique band
similar to the others that extends from the costa to just above the
tornus, where it joins a broad black terminal edging that lies
between the apex of the wing and the tornus ; the costal margin
edged with a black thread which widens slightly beyond the post-
discal band. The white ground-colour in the anterior half of the
cell, beyond the apex of the latter to the postdiscal black band,
and in the area between the postdiscal and terminal bands, is
hyaline with a greenish-yellow tinge. Hind wing : a spot at the
tornal angle, the anal lobe, tail and terminal margin black ; above
the tornal spot is a short, comparatively broad, red band edged
anteriorly by a fine black line that joins the spot to the black on
the anal lobe ; superposed on the black of the terminal margin
there are some obscure white scalings ; a triangular transverse
subterminal white spot in interspace 3 and occasionally a sub-
terminal short white line in interspace 4 ; also the anterior edge
of the tail at base is touched with white. Seen by transparency
from the underside are two convergent transverse black bands, the
outer one of which is traversed by short transverse lines of red
in interspaces 2, 6, 7 and 8. Underside similar ; hind wing with
the addition of the two black bands mentioned above, which
coalesce above the tornal area. Antennae, head, thorax and
PAPILIO. 101
abdomen black, the head marked with red, the thorax on the sides
with greyish pubescence ; abdomen with lateral white stripes ;
beneath, white.
Exp. d $ 71-84 mm. (2-80-3-30").
Sab. Sikhim ; Bhutan ; Assam ; Burma ; Tenasserim ; extending
to the Malay Peninsula and Tonkin.
ARISTEUS GKOUP.
c? 2 . Characters similar to those of the Glycerion and AntipJiates
groups ; neuration and shape of wings as in the latter, but the
light-coloured bands in the apical region of the fore wing are
normally scaled, and in the male the abdominal fold of the hind
wing has a well-marked cottony scent-organ within.
Key to the forms of the Aristeus Group.
a. Fore wing upperside: anterior four spots of
subterminal series rounded, posterior spots
elongate but not linear.
«'. Hind wing underside : no black interior
edging to precostal spur P. nomius, p. 101.
b'. Hind wing underside : a conspicuous black , 7,
interior edging to precostal spur P'JSB 10S
b. Foie wing upperside : all spots of subterminal ' 'oet> ^ 1U
series linear.
a'. Fore wing upperside : a short black trans-
verse band along discocellulars, not coales-
cent below apex of cell with postdiscal ,p a).jsteus race
transverse band \ ' . • ..„+' _ T(\A
,, T-, • .-, i , ii i antio ates. p. 1U4.
o . .tore wing upperside : snort black transverse '
band along discocellulars, coalescent below
apex of cell with postdiscal transverse , p arfsfeuSt race
band \ hermocrates, p. 104.
551. Papilio nomius, Esper, Ami. Schmett. 1785-1798, pi. 52, fig. 3;
Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. i, 1857, p. 115 ; id. (Pathysa) Lep.
Ceyl. i, 1881, p. 142, pi. 62, fig. 2 ; Davidson $ Aitken, Jour. Bomb,
N. H. Soc. v, 1890, p. 364, pi. E, figs. 1, 1 a, larva & pupa ; Moore
(Pathysa), Lep. Ind. vi, 1903, p. 26, pi. 477, figs. 1, 1 «-l e, larva
& pupa, c? $ ; Kothsch. Nov. Zool. ii, 1895, p. 421.
Eace swinhoei.
Papilio swinhoei, Moore, P. Z. S. 1878, p. 697.
Papilio nomius swinhoei, Rothsch. Nov. Zool. ii, 1895, p. 422.
Papilio nomius,/orm temp, pernomius, Fruhstorfer, Berl. ent. Zeit.
xlvii, 1902, p. 202.
Pathysa pernomius, Moore, Lep. Ind. vi, 1903, p. 29, pi. 478, tigs. 1,
la, 16, d.
tf $ . Upperside bluish-white. Fore wing : cell with five broad
transverse black bauds, the basal and subbasal bands produced to
102
PAPILIONID^E.
Fig. 23.
A. Papilio nonius, f .
B. Underside : anterior portion
of hind wing.
the dorsum, the medial band generally extended into interspace 2,
the preapical ended on the median vein, and the fifth or apical
from costa along the discocellulars extends on both sides of these
and terminates at lower apex of cell ; beyond the fifth band is
a short macular transverse bar of
the ground-colour that terminates
on vein 5, followed by a very broad
black terminal band that occupies
about one-third of the width of the
wing and is traversed by a transverse
subterminal series of rounded spots
of the ground-colour. Hind wing :
ground-colour along dorsum and
above vein 7 whitish ; a streak
along the dorsum, a subbasal and
an inner discal transverse band from
costa across cell, and a very broad
terminal band, black ; the former
two joined near the torn us by cross
lunular black marks, the terminal
band traversed by a series of
slender lunules of the ground-
colour ; a small black spot in inter-
space 1 above tornus and another
at base of interspace 4 ; the black at the apices of interspaces 2 to
4 and the lunules of the ground-colour thereon suffused with
grey ; tail black, edged and tipped with white. Underside white,
the black markings very similar but of a bronze-brown with the
following exceptions : — Fore wing : extensions below the median
vein of the basal, subbasal, and median transverse bands crossing
the cell, and the inner portion below vein 4 of the terminal broad
band, black : on the hind wing the inner discal band is broken,
irregular and black, and is bordered by a series of red spots
outwardly edged with black ; the subterminal series of lunules of
the ground-colour are broadly edged on the outer side with black ;
the grey patch in the caudal region is replaced by ochraceous grey.
Antennae black ; head, thorax and abdomen creamy white, with a
medial broad longitudinal stripe ; beneath, the abdomen with
lateral black stripes.
Exp. 3 5 68-95 mm. (2-68-3-7S").
Hob. Sikhim ; Central and Southern India ; Ceylon.
1 have, following Rothschild, kept this form as distinct from
P. aristeus, Cramer, but in my opinion, like anticrates, Doubleday,
and hermocrates, Felder, it is merely a geographical race of aristeus.
Larva. " Not so thick proportionally at the fourth segment as
those of the last three (i. e. agamemnon, sarpedon, doson\ and is
somewhat quadrangular. It has four pairs of spines which are
small but sharp. The most usual colour is black, banded
on the sides with narrow white stripes, except on the first three
PAPILIO. 103
or four segments and the last, on which there is more or less rusty
red ; but the shade varies very much, and in some the ground-
colour is green." (Davidson &f Aitken.)
Pupa. " Has the usual horn which characterizes this group, and
also two short processes on the head, and is of some shade of
earthy-brown. It is attached by the tail and a close band in
crevices or under stones or roots." (Davidson <$• Aitken.)
Race swinhoei, Moore. — Differs from typical nomius as follows : — -
c? $ . Upperside : all the black markings distinctly broader. Fore
wing: the transverse band that crosses the cell before apex generally
extends beyond the median vein ; hind wing : the terminal black
band much broader, extended inwardly right up to and coalesced
with the black lunules that connect the subbasal and discal
\
Fig. '2-i. — A. Papilio nomius, race swinhoei : underside.
B. „ „ „ „ apical half, upperside of fore wing.
transverse bauds ; the grey subcaudal patch absent or obsolescent.
Underside : similar to that of nomius. On the fore wing the
extension below the median vein of the transverse band that
crosses the cell preapically, brown not black ; on the hind wing
the precostal spur edged narrowly on the inner side by black ; the
red macular discal band broader and the black edging to the
subterminal series of lunules better defined.
Exp. (J $ 74-86 mm. (2-92-3-3811).
Hob. Recorded from Sikhim ? ; Burma ; Tenasserim.
Described originally from Hainan, and later by Fruhstorfer
under the name pernomius from Siam.
104
PAP1LIONIDJE.
552. Papilio aristeus, Cramer, Pap. Exot. iv, 1782, p. GO, pi. 318,
figs. E, F.
Race hermocrates.
Papilio hermocrates, Felder, Verh. z.-b. Ges. Wieti, xiv, 1864, p. 302 :
id. Heine Nov., Lep. i, p. 57, pi. 12, figs. E, F ; Elwes $ de N.
J. A. S. B. 1886, p. 437.
Papilio aristeus hermocrates, Rothschild. Nov. Zool. ii, 1895,
p. 420.
Race anticipates.
Papilio anticipates, Doubleday, A. M. N. H. xviii, 1846, p. 371 ;
Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. i, 1857, p. 115; Elwes. Tram.
Ent. Soc. 1888, p. 434; Moore (Pathysa), Lep. 2nd. vi, 1903,
p. 24, pi. 470, figs. 1, 1 a-1 c, J $ .
Papilio aristeus anticrates, Rothsch. Nov. Zool. ii, 1895, p. 419.
Race hermocrates, Felder. — Very closely resembles P. nomius,
from which it differs as follows : — J $ . Upperside : the black
markings very much broader, slightly broader even than in swinlioei,
the eastern form of P. nomius. Pore wing : the transverse short
black band that crosses the cell before the apex (i. e. 4th band)
narrowed posteriorly and terminated as in nomius on the median
vein ; the black terminal band very broad, covers more than the
outer third of the wing, coalesces with the black band on the disco-
cellulars, and encloses the short macular bar of ground-colour
beyond the cell ; the subterminal band of spots of the ground-
colour that traverse the black margin linear, not rounded. Hind
wing similar to the hind wing in nomius race swinhoei, but the
grey subcaudal patch as in typical nomius. Underside : similar to
the underside in nomius, with the
differences in the width of the
markings as seen on the upperside,
and in the shape of the subterminal
line of spots on the fore wing; the
precostal spur is as in nomius and
not as in swinhoei.
Exp. <$ $ 74-84 mm. (2-93-
3-28").
Hob. Within our limits recorded
from. Burma and Southern Tenas-
serim. Described originally from
the Philippines ; occurs throughout
the Malayan Subregion.
Race anticrates, Doubleday. —
3 $ . This race of aristeus more
closely resembles nomius than does
hermocrates. From nomius, however,
Fig. 25. — Papilio aristeus, it can be distinguished as follows :- —
race anticrates. Upperside : ground - colour whiter
with the very faintest tinge of
green in fresh specimens. Fore wing : subbasal transverse black
PAPILIO. 105
band somewhat attenuate posteriorly ; in the cell the preapical band
subtriangular, sometimes not extended to the median vein ; the
terminal series of spots of the ground-colour linear as in hermocrates,
posteriorly these become lunular in shape. Hind wing : the
discal black band obsolescent, only faintly defined near costa
and at posterior end ; terminal black band and terminal lunules of
the ground-colour as in nomius but narrow ; grey subcaudal patch
as in nomius. Underside : similar to the underside in nomius with
the following exceptions — the black markings of the upperside
entirely replaced by a bronze-brown : the discal series of red
spots are edged with black, and the outer edgings to the sub-
terminal series of white lunules are prominently and broadly
black.
Exp. rf 2 77-84 (3-03-3-28").
Nab. Sikhim ; Bhutan ; Assam.
EURYPYLUS-AGAMEMXOX GBOUP.
<3 $ . Venation similar to that of the Glycerion group. Fore
wing : costa widely arched, apex produced, obtuse ; termen
straight or at the most slightly concave and sinuous ; tornus
rounded ; dorsum very short, not nearly one-half the length of
the costa, thus the wing forms a high and narrow triangle if the
dorsum is taken as the base. Hind wing : costa long, slightly
arched ; termen slightly scalloped, generally, but not in all the
forms, tailed at apex of vein 4 ; tail when present narrow, short,
scarcely spatulate, usually with a very slight upward curve ; dorsum
straight ; abdominal fold in the <S rather broad, with a well-marked
elongate tuft of scent-hairs. Antennae about half length of fore
wing, club well-marked.
Key to the forms of the Eurypyl us- Agamemnon Group.
A. Fore wing upperside : ground-colour black,
cell with markings of green or bluish-
green.
a. Fore wing upperside : cell with these
markings all single.
a. Hind wing underside : with more or less
conspicuous crimson spots.
a2. Fore wing upperside : discal band of
spots narrow; hind wing underside:
.
I2. Fore wing upperside : discal band of '
spots broad ; hind wing underside :
crimson spots very prominent, well- I P. ewypylus, race
denned ........................ | aaion, p. 107.
b'. Hind wing underside : with conspicuous ) P. latJtycles, race
ochreous-yellow spots .............. | chiron, p. 108.
106 TAPILIONID.E.
b. Fore wing upperside : cell with the medial
markings double, formed into paired
spots.
a'. Hind wing underside : without crimson
red spots in interspaces 2, 3 and 4 .... P.agamemnon,^. 110.
b'. Hind wing underside : with more or less
c. Fore wing upperside : cell with a long and oa, . 108.
broad subhyaline bluish streak in its
lower half and a large quadrate spot
beyond at apex ...................... P. cloantlms, p. 110.
B. Fore wing upperside : ground-colour black,
cell without any markings.
a. Upperside : medial bluish band on both fore
and hind wing broad, anterior spots that
compose it only slightly greenish ...... P. sarpedon, p. 111.
b. Upperside ; medial bluish band on both fore
and hind wing comparatively narrow,
anterior spots that compose it on fore
wing strongly tinged with green, in , D
marled contrast to posterior two spots . . j R
553. Papilio eurypylus, Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. x, 1758, p. 464.
Race Jason (PI. XIV, fig. 96).
PPapilio jason, Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. x, 1758, p. 485.
Papilio jason, Esper, Ausl. Schmett. 1796-1798, pi. 58, fig. 5;
Moore (Zetides), Lep. 2nd. vi, 1903, p. 1, pi. 467, tigs. 1, 1 a-1 c,
larva & pupa, 3 $ .
Papilio telephus, Felder, Verb, zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, xiv, 1864, p. 305 ;
Moore (Zetides), Lep. Ceyl. i, 1881, p. 144, pi. 63, fig. 3.
Papilio doson, Felder, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, xiv, 1864. p. 305 ;
Moore (Zetides), Lep. Ceyl. i, 1881, p. 145, pi. 61, fig. 3; Davidson
SfAitken, Journ. Bomb. N. H. Soc. \, 1890, p. 364, pi. E, figs. 2,
2a, larva & pupa.
Papilio eurypylus jason, Rothsch. Nov. Zool. ii, 1895, p. 432.
Race axion.
Papilio axion, Felder, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, xiv, 1864, pp. 305
& 350; Moore (Zetides), Lep. 2nd. vi, 1903, p. 4, pi. 468, figs. 1,
1 a-1 c, larva & pupa, d $ .
Papilio acheron, Moore, A. M. N. H. (5) xvi, 1885, p. 120.
Papilio eurypylus axion, Rothsch. Nov. Zool. ii, 1895, p. 433.
Race jason, Linn. — <$ $ . Upperside black. Fore wing : three
slender, oblique, short pale green streaks in basal half of cell and
two irregular small similarly-coloured spots near its apex ; a discal
band composed of pale green spots that gradually diminish in size
anteriorly, the spot in interspace 5 the smallest, the two in the inter-
spaces above it slightly larger ; a spot at base of interspace 7 and
a sinuous complete subterminal series of spots similarly coloured.
Hind wing : a transverse band that extends as far as interspace 2
posteriorly and is a continuation of the discal band on the fore wing;
PAPILIO. 107
the upper portion of this band white, the lower pale green ; this is
followed by a sinuous subterminal series of small pale green spots
as on the fore wing. Underside: brownish-fulvous black; markings
similar, larger, their edges diffuse and all of a silvery white, slightly
tinted with pale green. Hind wing in addition has a white basal
streak that extends halfway down the dorsal margin ; another
shorter white subbasal streak from costa to the subcostal vein
coalescent with the white of the discal band in the cell, the streak
of ground-colour that lies between this subbasal and the discal
band jet-black, interrupted where it crosses vein 8 by a crimson
spot ; finally, quadrate black spots near apex of cell and at bases
of interspaces 1, 2 and 3, all outwardly margined with crimson.
Antennae, head, thorax and abdomen black ; beneath : the palpi,
thorax and abdomen touched with white, the abdomen with dingy
white lateral lines. — <5 . Abdominal fold within grey, with a
fringe of white hairs.
Exp. c? ? 76-90 mm. (3-02-3-56").
Hab. Southern India ; Ceylon.
Larva. " Very like that of P. agamemnon, but the second pair
of spines is entirely wanting and the third pair, Avhich in ayamem-
non is rather long, curved and sharp, is reduced in this species to
mere knobs encircled with a black ring. The colour is generally
black or smoky until the last moult and then dull green, inclining to
rusty brown on the sides, but some of our specimens remained
quite black to the end." {Davidson fy Aitken.)
Papa. " The distinguishing mark of the pupa is again in the
frontal horn, which is straight as in ayamemnon, but directed
forward instead of being almost erect. Its colour is normally
green, but varies with that of the object to which it is attached."
{Davidson 6f Aitken.)
liace axion, Felder. — J $ • Can be distinguished from P. eury-
pylus race jason as follows: — The markings that compose the
discal band very much broader; all the spots and markings of pale
green and white conspicuously larger, especially in the spring
broods (acheron, Moore). Underside of hind wing: crimson spots
mere conspicuous, a line of crimson along the posterior portion of
the dorsal margin ; in most specimens the short subbasal narrow
band of white that runs from the costa to the subcostal vein does
not coalesce with the white of the discal baud where it crosses
the cell.
Exp. <$ $ 78-102 mm. (3-10-4").
Hab. The Himalayas under 5000 ft. from Kumaon to Sikhim
and Bhutan ; Eastern Bengal ; Assam ; Burma ; Tenasserim ;
the Andamans ; extending southwards into the Malayan Subregton
as far as Borneo and Java, and eastwards to Siam and China.
Larva and pupa. Very similar to those of the race jason, but the
former, as figured by Moore, has a red lateral spot on the 3rd
segment.
108
554. Papilio Dathycles, Zinken-Sommer, Nov. Act. Ac. Nat. Cur.
183.1, p. 157, pi. 14, figs. 6, 7, d .
Race chiron.
Papilio bathycles, Dblday., Westw. fy Hew. (nee Zmk.-Som.) Gen
Di. Lep. i, 1846, p. 14 ; Moore (nee Zink.-Som.), Cat. Lep. Mus.
E. I. C. \, 1857, p. 114 ; Manders (nee Zink.-Som.), Trans. Ent.
Soc. 1890, p. 536.
Papilio chiron, Wallace, Trans. Linn. Soc. xxv, 1865, p. 66, note ;
Moore (Zetides), Lep. Ind. vi, 1903, p. 6, pi. 469, figs. 1, 1 a,
lc, c? $ .
Papilio bathycles chiron, Rothsch. Nov. Zool. ii, 1895, p. 438.
Race chiron, Wall. — 3 $ . Closely resembles in colour and in
the disposition of the markings P. eurypylus, races jason and axion,
more especially the latter, but on the upperside the anterior mark-
ings are all strongly tinged with yellow and the spots or patches
that compose the discal band on both fore and hind wing are well-
separated one from the other ; on the hind wing, moreover, the
apical spot of the subterminal series is invariably white, not pale
green like the other spots of the series, and is very often elongate
and diffuse. Underside : fore wing very similar to that of aa-ion.
Hind wing : with the following silvery white markings : — a mode-
rately broad basal band reaches from costa across the wing and along
the dorsum to the tornal angle, broad elongate streaks in the cell
and in interspaces 2 and 3, a small spot at base of interspace 4,
an inwardly conical larger elongate spot at base of 6, a very large
quadrate spot in 7, and an elongate spot like that in 6 in interspace
8 but outwardly not inwardly conical, interior to the two latter
spots are two broad lunular spots in interspaces 7 and 8 ; all the
anteriorly basal markings are strongly tinged with silky yellow ;
on the outer half of the wing there is a postdiscal series of
orange-yellow and a subterminal complete series of silvery white
spots, the upper two of which have further short narrow similarly-
coloured streaks below them in the interspaces. Antenna?, head
and thorax black, the thorax with dark greyish pubescence, abdomen
brownish-black ; beneath and the abdomen laterally marked and
streaked with white.
Exp. $ $ 86-100 mm. (3-40-3-94").
Hob. Sikhim ; Assam ; Burma : the Shan States ; extending to
Siam, Annam and W. China.
555. Papilio agamemnon, Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. x, 1758, p. 462; Moore,
Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. i, 1857, p. 114, pi. 3, figs 9, 9 «, larva &
pupa ; Moore (Zetides), Lep. Ceyl. i, 1881, p. 145, pi. 63, fig?. 2,
2 «, J , larva ; Davidson fy Aitken, Joum. Bomb. N. H. Soc. v,
1890, p. 363; Rothsch. Nov. Zool, ii, 1895, p. 447; Moore
(Zetides), Lep. Ind. vi, 1903, p. 7, pi. 470, figs. 1, 1 a-l c, larva &
pupa, c? $ .
Itace decoratus.
Papilio agamemnon decoratus, Rothsch. Nov. Zool. ii, 1895, p. 452.
c? . Upperside : black. Fore wing with the following green
markings : — a spot at the extreme base of the costal margin, a
109
transverse short bar near base of cell and seven spots beyond, two
and two except the apical spot which is single ; two spots beyond
apex of cell ; a spot at base of interspaces 1 a and 1, followed, by
two oblique short macular bands; a discal series of spots decreasing
in size towards the costa, and a postdiscal series of smaller spots
that begins with two in interspace 1 ; the spots in interspace 7 in
both series are out of line, placed outwards. Hind wing: three
series of similarly-coloured markings that run transversely across
the wing more or less parallel to the dorsal margin, the upper
markings . (i. e. those in interspace 7) white; a short greenish
stripe at the extreme base of the wing. Underside : fuliginous
brown or brownish-black, more or less suffused with pink along the
costal margin, on apical area and along the outer margin of the
discal markings on the fore wing,
broadly along the dorsal and
terminal margins and at base of
interspaces 6 and 7 on the hind
wing ; markings similar to those
on the upperside but less clearly
denned arid somewhat more grey
in tint. Hind wing black, in-
wardly red-margined spots super-
posed on the pink area in interspaces
6 and 7. Cilia very narrow, pale
pink. Antennae, head, thorax
and abdomen black, thorax above
and the abdomen on the sides
streaked with greenish grey ;
beneath : ochreous grey touched
on the thorax with pink. — $
similar, but with a streak of
greenish white along the dorsal
margin on both upper and under sides.
Exp. 3 $ 90-102 mm. (3-56-4-04").
Hob. More or less throughout our limits except in the desert
tracts and regions of scanty rainfall ; extending to China and
through the Malayan Subregion to the Philippines.
The ground-colour of the underside is somewhat variable, this in
some specimens is much paler than in others and varies also in the
amount and the tint of pink suffusion. Burmese specimens gene-
rally have indications of a more or less complete curved series of red
spots on the underside of the hind wing in continuation of the red
spots at base of interspaces 6 and 7 ; in this they approximate to
the Andaman and Nicobar race.
Larva. "Prom the head, which is moderately large, the body
increases in thickness rapidly to the 4th or oth segment and then
tapers gradually down to the tail. It has four pairs of spines.
The colour is at first smoky-black, but at the last moult becomes
a light clear green faintly marked with lines of a darker shade."
(Davidson $" Aitken?)
Pupa. " Normally of a pale watery green, the horns being
broadly tipped with rusty brown which continues in an irregular
Fig. 26. — Pcqnlio agamemnon.
110 PAPILIOKID.E.
line along the outside edge of the \ving-cases." (Davidson $•
Aitken.)
Race decoratus, Eothschild. — Very similar to the typical form,
from which it can be distinguished as follows : — cf $ . Upperside :
green spots smaller, especially the cliscal series on the fore wing.
Underside hind wing : " the red postcostal spot is relatively small
but the red part has much increased against the black part ;
besides the large red anal mark and the mark before the first disco-
cellular veinlet, there is a large red spot in the lower median cellule
[interspace 2], a smaller red spot in each of the three preceding
cellules [interspaces 3, 4, 5] and a streak-like spot at the base of
the lower median cellule." (RotliscJiild.)
Exp. J $ 84-98 mm. (3-32-3-86").
Hab. Andamans ; Kicobars.
556. Papilo cloanthus (PI. XIV, fig. 97), Westicood, Arcana Ent. i,
1841, p. 42, pi. ] 1, fig. 2 ; Moore, Cat. Lep. Mm. E. I. C. i, 1857,
p. 112; Kothsch. Nov. Zool. ii, 1895, p. 445; Kobson, Jouni.
Bomb. N. H. Soc. ix, 1895, p. 497, larva ; MacKinnon 8> de N.
Journ. Bomb. N. H. Soc. xi, 1898, p. 595, pi. W, figs. 27 a-27c,
larva & pupa ; Moore (Dalchina), Lep. Ind. vi, 1903, p. 16,
pi. 473, figs. 1, 1 fl-lc, larva & pupa, <$ $ .
<S $ . Upperside, fore wing : costal margin up to a line through
the anterior half of the cell to the apex of the wing and the
terminal margin broadly black ; the medial portion of the wing
pale hyaline greenish-yellow interrupted anteriorly by the following
irregular black bands that join the black on the costa to the black
on the termen : — a band across middle of cell and along vein 4,
another at apex of cell and along vein 5, and two shorter and
more oblique nearer the apex of the wing ; the hyaline spot
left close to the apex much smaller than those below; lastly,
a pale subterminal, somewhat obscure broad line. Hind wing :
an even black band along the dorsum in continuation of the
black on the costal margin of the fore wing, joined below to
a very broad black band on the terminal margin ; the remaining
triangular medial portion of the wing and a transverse subterminal
series of large spots hyaline greenish-yellow ; the dorsal margin
of the wing with long soft pale hairs and touches of grey scaling
on the tornal area. Underside : similar, with on the hind wing a
series of slender crimson markings at extreme base of wing along
vein 1, broadened at the tornal angle and in interspaces 2 to 5;
lastly, admarginal white slender lines at the tornal angle and in
interspaces 2 and 3. Antennas, head, thorax and abdomen dark
brownish black, the thorax with lateral dark grey pubescence ;
beneath : the palpi, thorax and abdomen touched with dingy white,
the abdomen with three lateral whitish stripes. — d1 . Abdominal
fold within grey, studded with a brush of long white hairs as in
sarpedon.
Exp. 6 $ 79-102 mm. (3-12-4-04").
Hab. The Himalayas at no great elevations from Kashmir to
Sikhim and Bhutan ; Assam ; Burma : 'the Shan States.
PAPILIO. Ill
Larva. " Widest at the 5th segment, from which it tapers
gradually to the 13th segment. The ridge over the head is
furnished with two tubercles, black in front, white posteriorly.
The 5th segment has a yellow bar which projects on each side
beyond the body and has the appearances of a yoke. The points
of the yoke are black. Colour green. The 13th segment is of a
pale transparent blue-green. A pale yellow subdorsal line and an
almost white spiracular line are the only markings. Head of a
greenish-yellow. Legs, claspers and abdomen of the same colour
as the 13th segment. The 13th segment ends in two sharp points
which join at the end, so that the division between them is visible
only on a close examination." (Eobson.)
557. Papilio sarpedon, Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. x, 1758, p. 401 ; Moore,
Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. i, 1857, p. 113, pi. 3, fig. 8, larva ;
liothsch. Nov. Zool. ii, 1895, p. 440; Moore (Dalcliina) Lep. Ind.
vi, 1903, p. 12, pi. 471, tigs. 1, 1 a-1 c, larva & pupa, rf $ .
Eace teredon (PI. XV, fig. 98).
Papilio teredon, Felder, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, xiv, 1864, p. 305 •
Moore (Dalchina), Lep. Ceyl. i, 1881, p. 143, pi. 62, tigs. I,
1 a-1 b, c? $ , larva & pupa; id. (Dalchina) Lep. Ind. vi, 1903,
p. 14, pi. 472, figs. 1, la-1 c. larva & pupa, rf 9.
Papilo sarpedon, Davidson <§• Aitken (nee Linn.), Journ. Bomb.
N. H. Soc. v, 1890, p. 364.
Papilio sarpedon teredon, Rothsch. Nov. Zool. ii, 1895, p. 442.
c? $ • Upperside opaque black. Fore and hind wings crossed
from above the tornal area on the hind to near the apex of the
fore wing by a semi-hyaline
broad pale blue medial band
which is broadest in the middle,
more or less greenish and macu-
lar anteriorly ; the portion of
the band that crosses interspaces
6, 7 and 8 on the hind wing
white ; beyond the band on the
hind wing there is a subterminal
line of blue slender lunules.
Underside similar, ground-colour
dark brown. Hind wing: a short
comparatively broad subbasal
band from costa to subcostal
vein, and the postdiscal area
between the medial blue band
and the subterminal lunules
velvety black traversed by the
pale veins and transversely,
except in interspaces 6 and 7,
sarpedon. by narrow crimson lines ; lastly,
a crimson spot near the tornal
angle with an admarginal yellowish-white spot below it. Antenna,
112 PAPILIONIDJE.
head, thorax and abdomen brown, the head and thorax suffused
with greenish grey ; beneath : the palpi, thorax and abdomen
touched with dingy white, the abdomen with two whitish lateral
lines. — c? . Abdominal fold within grey, furnished with a tuft of
long, somewhat stiff white hairs.
Exp. rf $ 81-95 mm. (3-20-3-76").
Hab. The Himalayas at comparatively low elevations ; South-
western India ; Assam ; Burma ; Tenusserim ; extending to the
Malayan Sub region, China and Japan.
Larva. " Smooth, thickened from the second to the 5th segment
and thence decreasing to the end; with two short subdorsal
fleshy spines on the 4th segment, between which is a transverse
pale yellow line, two shorter spines also on the 2nd and 3rd and
two on the anal segment; colour green, with a longitudinal
posterior lateral and lower pale yellowish line." (Moore.)
Papa. " Conical, truncated in front ; thorax produced into a
lengthened obtusely-pointed frontal process." (Moore.)
Eace teredon, Felder. — A slightly differentiated x-ace, distin-
guishable in both sexes by the narrower medial band that crosses
both fore and hind wing. Colour brighter, the contrast between
the green of the upper and the blue of the lower portion of the
medial band more vivid. Hind wing more produced posteriorly
at apex of vein 3, where it forms an elongate tooth or short tail.
Exp. rf $ 74-90 mm. (2-92-3-56").
Hab. Southern India ; Ceylon.
Larva. " Very like that of ayamemnon but prettier, being of a
soft dark green, inclining to emerald and passing into a pale bluish
on the last segment and the underparts." (Davidson $• Aitken.)
Papa. " Easily distinguished from that of agamemnon by one
mark, viz. the horn is not straight but curves slightly backwards."
{Davidson fy Aliken.)
MACAREUS GROUP.
$ 5 . The forms of this group bear a sufficiently close resem-
blance to the bluish-white striped Danaids, that are protected by
a disagreeable odour and taste, to be themselves to a certain extent
protected from the attacks of insectivorous birds. The neuration of
the fore wing is more or less like that in the Glycerion. Antipliates
and other groups. Vein 31 anastomosed with vein 12, but the
hind wing is not tailed in any member of this group, though the
abdominal fold in the hind wing of the male is always present.
Key to the forms of the Macareus Group.
a. Hind wing underside : ground-colour along a
broad terminal baud much darker than and
contrasting with ground-colour on basal and
discal areas of wing.
a'. Upperside bluish grey ; stripes very broad,
tilling cell and interspaces; tornal yellow
spot on hind wing very large P. .renodes, p. 113.
PAPILIO.
113
b'. Upperside bluiah grey, stripes narrow;
tornal yellow spot on hind wing absent or , „
if present very small ........ . ......... P> m
'
. ......... ma™reus, ™*
b. Hind wing underside : ground-colour over ' Adieus, p. 114.
entire wing of uniform tint .............. P. megarus, p. 115.
558. Papilio xenocles, Doubleday in Gray's Zool. Misc. 1842, p. 74 ;
Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. i, 1857, p. 90 ; Rothschild, Nov.
Zool. ii, p. 458 ; Moore (Paranticopsis), Lep. 2nd. vi, 1904, p. 113,
pi. 516, figs. 2, 2 a, rf $ .
Papilio (Paranticopsis) phrontis, de Niceville, J. A. S. B. Ixvi, 1897,
p. 568, rf $ ; Moore (Paranticopsis), Lep. 2nd. vi, 1904, p. 112,
pi. 516, figs. 1, 1 a, <$ $ .
Papilio xenocles, form temp, neronus, Fruhstorfer. Soc. Ent. 1902,
p. 74.
Pararanticopsis neronus, Moore, Lep. Ind. vi, 1904, p. 114, pi. 517,
figs. 1, la, J.
(3" . Upperside : black. Fore wing with the following greenish or
bluish-white streaks and spots : — cell with three transverse, very
oblique, broad streaks and two elongate spots near apex ; in the
type as described the outer two of the three streaks coalescent ;
broad streaks from base in interspaces la to 3 ; a series of four
rounded spots beyond apex of cell in interspaces 4, 5, 6 and 8,
followed by five short streaks that are outwardly truncate or
emarginate, in interspaces 4 to 8 ; lastly, a complete subterminal
series of comparatively large rounded spots. Hind wing with
similar greenish- or bluish-white streaks and spots as follows : — a
broad curved streak in cell ; broad streaks from base in inter-
spaces 1 to 7, these streaks vary in length but invariably leave
a comparatively broad margin of the ground-colour beyond ; the
streak in interspace 7 white,
that in interspace 1, and in
some specimens in interspace
2 also, with a large yellow
spot beyond the apex ; lastly,
a subterminal series of spots
some or all of which may
be absent, but when present
the posterior three always
somewhat lunular. Under-
side : fuliginous brown, paler
towards the apical area of
tore wing ; markings as on
the upperside, but duller and
less clearly denned. An-
tennae, head, thorax and
abdomen black ; two spots
on the head, the thorax and
abdomen laterally, white ;
beneath : the thorax and ab-
domen white, the latter with
a medial and a lateral narrow
stripe.— $ . Similar to the rf with similar markings : those on the
TOL. II.
Fig. 28.— Papilio xenocles.
114
PAPILIONID^.
hind wing in the few females I have seen vary in width more
than they do in the males ; the ground-colour also of the hind
wing is generally of a chestnut-red, not black or fuliginous.
Exp. c? 2 92-124 mm. (3-64-4-9").
Hob. Sikhim ; Bhutan ; the hills of Assam, Burma, and
Tenasserim ; extending through the Shan States to Siam.
The type was from Assam. De Niceville separated the Sikhim
form under the name pJirontis, and Fruhstorfer the Eastern
Burmese and Siara form as neronus ; but the distinguishing
characters, viz., in phrontis, the shade of the ground-colour and
size and extent of the bluish-white markings in the £ only, and
in neronus, the absence of the subterminal series of spots on the
hind wing, seem to me eminently variable in specimens from all
parts of the insect's range.
559. Papilio macareus, Godart, Enc. Meth. ix, 1819, p. 76.
Race indicus.
Papilio macareus indicus, Rothsch. Nov. Zool. ii, 1895, p. 457.
Papilio (Paranticopsis) polynices, de Niceville, J. A. S. B. Ixvi,
1897, p. 568.
Paranticopsis polynices, Moore, Lep. Ind. vi, 1904, p. 109, pi. 515,
figs. 1, : or, 3 $ .
Paranticopsis indicus, Moore, Lep. Ind. vi, 1904, p. 110, pi. 515,
figs. 2, 2 a, 2 b, J $ .
Race indicus, Eothsch. — S • Upperside : ground-colour and
markings very similar to those of P. xenocles, but the former is
of a more brownish-fuliginous tint and the latter are all very
much narrower ; also there are distinctly two well-divided streaks
in interspace 1 of the fore wing ; on the hind wing there
is never any tornal yellow spot,
while the bluish-white streak in the
cell is very often divided. Under-
side : similar to the upperside both
in ground-colour and markings, only
the latter are much broader than on
the upperside. It differs from the
underside of P. xenocles by the ab-
sence in most specimens of the
yellow tornal spot on the hind wing ;
also the terminal brown margin on the
same wing is proportionately much
broader and much darker. Antennae,
head, thorax and abdomen coloured
as in P. xenocles. — $ . Dimorphic or
trimorphic. First form similar to
c? , with similar but proportionately
broader markings (typical polijnices).
Second form similar to rf with
similar markings, but on the fore wing the inner portion of the
Fig. 29. — Papilio macareus,
race indicus.
115
cell-streaks and the upper of the two spots at apex of cell, also
the upper and lower of the four spots beyond the cell, obsolete
or very faintly indicated; on the hiud wing the streaks are very
much narrower and there is a very small ochraceous-yellow tornal
spot. Third form (indicus $ , Eothschild) : " Pore wings devoid
of all markings except the submarginal ones ; the hind wings pro-
vided with all the markings of the c? , though these markings are
shorter and less well-defined than in that sex." (Rothschild.)
Exp. <s $ 83-101 mm. (3-26-4").
Hob. Sikhim ; Assam ; Burma ; Tenasserim ; extending through
the Shan States to Siam.
Polynices, de Niceville, was separated from P. macareus indicus,
Eothschild, on one sex ( $ ) only. The females of P. macareus race
indicus seem to be exceedingly rare, and it seems to me probable
that polynices, de Niceville, will prove to be the normal form of
the $ , while the other two described above will turn out to be
aberrations.
560. Papilio megarus, Westwood, Arc. Ent. ii, 1845, p. 98, pi. 72, fig. 2 ;
Moore, Cat. Lep. Mm. E. I. C. i, 1857, p. 90 ; Elwes, Trans. Ent.
Soc. 1888, p. 430 ; Rothsch. Nov. Zool. ii, 1895, p. 460 ; Moore
(Paranticopsis), Lep. Ind. vi, 1904, p. 114, pi. 517, figs. 2,
2 a, <?$.
c? . Upperside: black with the following white streaks and spots —
Fore wing : cell with a small spot at base followed by three
obliquely transverse streaks in middle, none extended to either the
subcostal or median veins, and
two spots near apex ; single slender
narrow streaks in interspaces 1 a
and 2, and two streaks in inter-
space 1 ; above these a spot at
base followed by a streak in each
of the interspaces 3, 4, 6 and 8,
an outer spot only in interspace 5,
and a basal spot in interspace 7 ;
finally, a complete series of small
subterminal spots. Hind wing : a
streak in cell with a spot above its
outer apex ; a streak followed by a
spot in each of the interspaces 1,
6 and 7 ; three elongate spots in
interspaces 2 and 3 and two in
interspaces 4 and 5 ; finally, a series
of four slender subterminal lunules
in interspaces 2 to 5. Underside
similar, with similar but slightly broader markings. — 5 . Similar,
ground-colour duller, more fuliginous black ; markings similar, on
the fore wing slightly broader, on the hind wing slightly narrower,
than in the d1 .
Exp. <$ $ 58-88 mm. (2-28-3-5").
i2
Fig. 30.— Papilio megarus.
116
PAPILIONIDjE.
Hob. Sikhina ; Bhutan ; the hills of Assam, Burma and
Tenasserim ; extending through the Shan States to Siam.
The markings are variable in size, and in the c? are in many
specimens almost completely absent from, or barely indicated in,
the cell of the fore wing.
Genus PARNASSIUS.
Parnassius, Lair. Hist. Nat. Crust, et Ins. xiv, 1805, p. 110.
Doritis, pt., Fdbr. in Illiger's Mag. vi, 1807, p. 283.
Tadumia, Kailasius, Koramius, Moore, Lcp. Ind. v, 1901-1903,
pp. 116, 118, & 120.
Type, P. apollo, Linn., European.
Range. Europe, Asia, aud North America at high elevations.
c? $ . Wings broad, sernidiaphanous ; character of markings
very similar throughout the forms. Fore wing : costa very
slightly arched, apex broadly rounded; termen very convex;
dorsum straight ; cell generally about half length of wing or a
little shorter ; upper discocellular short or obsolete, middle con-
cave, more than twice length of lower, lower sloped obliquely
Fig. 31.— Anal pouches of fertilized females of Parnassius.
a. P.jacquemonti.
b. P. epaphus.
c. P. hardwickei.
inwards ; veins 6 and 7 from apex of cell or very close together
at base, 8 wanting, 9 out of 7 closer to apex of cell than to apex
of wing ; 10 from just before or from apex, or out of 7 from just
beyond apex of cell, typically free, but in some forms anastomosed
with 11 ; 11 from apical half, of subcostal vein. Hind wing : more
or less irregularly pear-shaped ; costal and terminal margins in
a continuous curve, apex therefore not well marked ; tornus pro-
minent, obtusely angular ; dorsum concave or slightly excavate.
Body very hairy; antennae short, robust, about a third of the
length of the fore wing ; club stout, gradual ; palpi short, oblique,
not adpressed as in Papilio, thickly fringed with hair anteriorly ;
eyes smooth. The female after fertilization with an extended
corneous anal pouch that varies in shape.
PARNASSIUS. 117
Key to the forms of Parnassius.
A. Fore wing : vein 10 not anastomosed with
vein 11.
a. Hind wing upperside : spots of the sub-
terminal series lunular.
a'. <5 $ . Cilia of fore wing typically pure
white ; anal pouch in fertilized 5 with
a strong posterior carina .......... P. jacquemonti, p. 118.
V. c? $ • Cilia of fore wing white, always
conspicuously alternated with black ;
anal pouch in fertilized $ without
carina.
a2. d $ . Expanse over 60 mm ....... P. epaphus, p. 120.
b2. c? 2 . Expanse under 55 mm ..... P. epaphus, race
b. Hind wing upperside : spots of the sub- sikhunensis, p. 121.
terminal series rounded.
a'. Hind wing underside with a con-
spicuous basal series of red or crimson
spots ............................ P. hardv:ickei, p. 121.
b'. Hind wing underside without a basal
series of red spots.
a2. Termen of hind wing with a more or
less well-defined edging of dusky
subhy aline black.
a9. Hind wing upperside : series of
subterminal spots complete.
a*. Hind wing upperside: subter-
minal spots not centred with
blue no red or crimson sub- ( p rfrffc.
upper*:' 'sub^ > "*»*""•* P- »«•
minal spots centred with blue,
subtornal red or crimson spots , D , , , .
present, large and prominent . . * ***2 ™? -, 9.
Hind wing upperside : series of ' ******* P- 125.
subterminal spots not complete.
a4. Fore wing upperside : discal
transverse black band short,
typically not extended below
vein 5 ; in Indian specimens
extended to vein 1, but always
. . .
A4. Fore wing upperside : discal ' hunza> P' 124'
transverse band long, extended
to dorsal margin, bent inwards
below apex of cell, never joined . p jol^-lt>
to postdiscal band ..... ..... \ P' delPhtus> race
b\ Termen of hind wing without a sub- ' 'tenosemus, p. 125.
hyaline black edging, white-scaled , n , , ,.
4ht up *„ «S£ *..... ...... { p- **"5^p. 126.
B. Fore wing : vein 10 anastomosed with vein
11 towards apex.
a. Hind wing upperside : spots of subterminal
series formed into large conspicuous
pseudocelli.
118 PAPILIONID.E.
a'. Hind wing upperside : subterminal
series of spots or pseudocelli complete . P. charltonius, p. 126.
V. Hind wing upperside : subterminal
series of spots or pseudocelli not com- ( P. imperator, race
plete, posterior two only present . . . . ) augmtm, p. 127.
b. Hind wing upperside : spots of subter-
minal series lunular.
«'. Termen of hind -wing with a more or
less well-defined edging of dnsky sub-
hyaline black.
a?. Cilia of both fore and hind wings
conspicuously yellowish white .... P. acco, p. 128.
b2. Cilia of fore wing conspicuously black,
of hind wing white P. simo, p. 129.
b'. Termen of hind wing without a sub-
hyaline dusky black edging, white- ( P. simo, race
scaled right up to margin j moelleri, p. 130.
561. Parnassins jacquemonti (PI. XV, fig. 99), Boisduml, Spec. Gen.
Lep. i, 1836, p. 400, tf only ; Blanch. Jacq. Voy. 2nd., Ins. 1844,
p. 16, pi. 1, tig. 4 nee fig. 3 ; Oberthur, Etud. Ent. iv, 1879, p. 23,
pi. 2, fig. 5 rf ; id. torn. cit. xiv, 1891, p. 10, pi. 2, fig. 11 rf ;
Mackinnon $ de N. Journ. Bomb. N. H. Soc. xi, 1898, p. 596;
Moore, Lep. Ind. v, 1901-1903, p. 105, pi. 406, figs. 1, la-le,
c?$.
Parnassius actius, var. himalayensis, Elwes, P. Z. S. 1886, p. 30.
Parnassius jacquemontii, var. impunctata, Austant, Lc Naturaliste
(2) xiii, 1899, p. 154.
Parnassius chitralensis, Moore, Lep. Ind. v, 1901-1903, p. 107,
pi. 406, figs. 2, 2 «, cf .
S . Upperside : pale creamy white ; both wings irrorated with
diffuse black scales ; body, base of the wings and the dorsum
of hind wing clothed with long white hairs. Pore wing: the
irroration of black scales most dense along the costal margin and
at base of cell, more sparse on the disc ; the apical two thirds of
the cell, a portion beyond the middle of interspace 1, and the
bases of interspaces 4, 5, 8 and 9 markedly free of the diffuse
black scales ; a transverse short bar across the middle of cell,
another along the discocellulars, and a diffuse transverse series of
postdiscal lunules, black ; three or four crimson spots encircled
with black arranged as follows :— one midway in interspace 1, two,
sometimes three, beyond apex of cell in an oblique line from the
costa ; the terminal margin broadly hyaline, with minute black
specks at the apices of the veins ; cilia white. Hind wing : base
and dorsal margin beneath the white hairs densely and broadly
irrorated with black scales, the inner edge of this border irregular,
rest of the wing with more diffuse black scaling ; five or six black-
encircled crimson spots as follows: — two, sometimes three, ob-
liquely above the tornus, these or one of them occasionally white-
centred ; one in the middle of interspaces 5 and 7 respectively,
these are generally centred with white ; and one pure crimson spot
PARNASSIUS. 119
at the extreme base of the wing ; the postdiscal series of black
lunules are as on the fore wing, but the lunules are not so well
defined and generally separate from one another ; finally there is
no distinct hyaline border to the wing, but the cream-white scaling
extends to the termen ; termiual black specks to the veins and
white cilia as on the fore wing. Underside : shining, with more or
less of a glazed appearance; markings much as on the upperside,
but indicated as much by those of the upperside which show
through as by actual scaling ; in addition on the hind wing there
is a subbasal transverse series of four dull crimson spots while the
crimson spots beyond are all more or less white-centred. Antennae
deep brownish black, rarely with a few white specks on the under-
side ; head, thorax and abdomen beneath the covering of white
hairs, black. — $ . Similar, generally darker with the irroration of
black scales more dense ; the crimson spots are often larger and
more brilliant. Anal pouch after fertilization " ovally scoop-
shaped in front, convex beneath," furnished with a sharp high
cariua posteriorly.
Exp. J $ 66-80 mm. (2-6-3-15").
Hob. The Himalayas from Chitral and Kashmir to Kumaon, at
elevations from 11,000 to 13,000 feet.
The above description is taken from as nearly typical specimens
as I had access to, but P. jacquemonti is an exceedingly unstable
form and varies in size, in shade of ground-colour, in the amount
and distribution of the black scaling on the wings, and in the
number and size of the red or crimson spots, which may or may not
be centred with white. These differences are probably partially
seasonal. P. cliitralensis, Moore, is perhaps the most distinct of
the varieties, but the genitalia in the d1 and the anal pouch in
the fertilized $ are identical with the same organs in typical spe-
cimens of P. jacquemonti (fig. 31 a, p. 116). P. chitralensis, Moore,
differs from the typical form as follows: — Larger, the ground-colour
on the upperside much whiter, the amount of black diffuse scaling
on the wings generally much less, the cilia of the wings more or
less speckled with black. In many specimens the postdiscal
blackish series of lunules on the upperside of the fore wing is
very incomplete and does not extend clearly across the wing ; in
most the antennte are distinctly ringed with white.
Exp. c? $ 70-85 mm. (2'75-3'34").
Hah. Chitral ; Kashmir.
Var. impunctata, Austant. — " Compared with the typical figure
of P. jacquemontii as given by Oberthiir (torn, cit.) this variety is
larger in size, equal to delius (i. e. 70 mm.) ; of a very pure opaque
white on which the spots and dusky black shadings on the disc of
the front wings show up strongly. The maculae of the subterminal
band are reduced in size and disjointed especially on the hind
wing, where they have a tendency to become obsolete. The two
costal spots and the internal spot are not centred with red, there
are no carmine markings either at the base of the hind wing or on
120 PAPILIONID^E.
the anal spot. Antennae black ringed with grey ; cilia as in the
typical form, grey without any well-marked intersections of black.
Ocelli (on the wings) of a dark red widely encircled with black
and without white centres." (Austant.)
Hob. Sikhim Mountains.
Unknown to me.
5G2. Parnassius epaphus, Oberthiir.
Parnassius jacquemontii, Boisdwal, Spec. Gen. Lep. i, 1836, p. 400,
$ only; Blanch. Jacq. Voy. 2nd., Ins. 1844, p. 1C, pi. 1, fig. 3
nee tig. 4 ; Gray (nee Boisduval), Cat. Lep. Brit. Mus., Pap.
1852, p. 75, pi. 1'2, tigs. 1 , 2, <J $ ; Elwes (nee Boisduval), P. Z. S.
1886, p. 36, pi. 2, fig. 1, $ anal pouch.
Parnassius epaphus, Oberthiir, Etud. Ent. iv, 1879, p. 23 ; Ehoes,
P. Z.S. 1882, p. 399; Oberthiir, op. cit. xiv, 1891, p. 12, pi. 1,
figs. 4, 5, cf $ ; Moore, Lep. 2nd. v, 1901-1903, p. 109, pi. 407,
figs.2,2a, rf$.
Parnassius epaphus, vat: cachemiriensis, Oberthiir, Etud. Ent. xiv,
1891, p. 14, pi. 1, figs. 6, 7 <3 2 , 7 a $ anal pouch.
Parnassius nirius, Moore, Lep. 2nd. v, 1901-1903, p. 108, pi. 407,
figs. 1,1 a, rf$.
Race sikhimensis (PI. XV, fig. 100).
Parnassius epaphus, var. sikkimensis, Elwes, P. Z. S. 1882, p. 399,
pi. 25, figs. 4, 5, rf £ ; Oberthiir, Etud. Ent. xiv, 1891, p. 13.
Parnassius sikkimensis, Moore, Lep. 2nd. v, 1901-1903, p. Ill,
pi. 407, figs. 4, 4 «, rf$.
Superficially this form closely resembles P. jucquemonti, but
besides the structural differences of the anal pouch in the fertilized
5 (fig. 31 6), in markings it differs as follows : —
S • Upperside, fere wing : the crimson black-encircled spots
reduced to a minute subcostal dot in the black mark beyond the
cell ; the subhyaliue terminal margin much narrower, with dentate
white spots in the interspaces along the actual margin ; cilia white,
markedly alternated with black at the apices of the veins. Hind
wing : the dusky black along the dorsal margin comparatively much
broader, its inner border more irregular, deeply bi-emarginate, the
crimson centre to the black mark above the tornal angle entirely
absent. In no specimens that I have seen are the crimson spots
centred with white. Underside : with the same glazed appearance as
in jacquemonti ; markings as on the upperside, but on the fore wing
the white dentate spots in the terminal row are larger, which give to
the wing the appearance of having a subterminal as well as apost-
discal transverse series of dusky-black lunules. On the hind wing
the row of basal and the obliquely-placed pre-tornal spots are as
in jacquemonti but of a duller shade, while as in that form all the
crimson spots are broadly centred with white. Antenna? differ
from those of jacquemonti as they are conspicuously ringed with
white. — $ differs from the d" iu the dusky black markings on
the upperside that are broader, especially the postdiscal series on
the fore wing : this generally forms a diffuse band and so often
restricts the lunules of the white ground-colour beyond it, blending
PABNASSIUS. 121
as it does diffusely with the subhyaline terminal margin. Anal
pouch of fertilized $ (fig. 31 b) differs conspicuously from that of
jacquemonti $ in the complete absence of the posterior high keel
or carina.
Exp. rf $ 62-73 mm. (2-43-2-83*).
Hah. N.W. Himalayas from 12,000 to 17,000 feet.
Var. cacJiemiriensis, Oberthiir, is probably a seasonal variation
from the typical form. On the upperside the ground-colour is
whiter, the red markings more pink than crimson, and the black
diffuse scaling much restricted in both sexes.
Var. nirius, Moore. — The type specimen of the $ is now in the
British Museum as well as several other females that closely
resemble it. I have, however, only seen a single d1 , in which the
markings are very similar to those in the r? figured by Dr. Moore.
All forms of Parnassius are so variable that 1 do not think that
nirius can be separated from epaphus, even as a race. It differs in
both these cases from typical epaphus chiefly in the absence of the
white dentate terminal markings and in the more continuous,
transverse, postdiscal, diffuse, dusky-black band on the fore wing ;
the latter is more of a connected band than a series of lunular
markings. In the fertilized 5 the anal pouch is identical with
that of epaphus.
Race sikhimensis, Elwes, is very similar, but so far as the
specimens I have seen, some fifty or sixty, is without exception
smaller, though it differs slightly if at all in markings from
the typical form. On the whole, perhaps, the wings are more
copiously irrorated with black scales, the postdiscal dusky-black
series of lunules on the upperside of the fore wing is more evenly
curved, and the red spots on the hind wing are more brilliant ; in
a few specimens the lower discal spot is minutely white-centred ;
the cilia of the fore wing also are more prominently alternated
with black ; while the antennae are less conspicuously ringed with
white than in typical epaphus. Genitalia in the d and anal pouch
in the fertilized $ identical with those of the typical form.
Exp. rf 2 50-54 mm. (1-98-2- 13").
Nab. The Chumbi Valley, Sikhim, at and above 16,000 feet,
extending to Tibet.
563. Parnassius hardwickei (PI. XV, fig. 101), Gray, Zod. Misc.
i, 1832, p. 32 : id. Lep. Ins. Nepal, 1846, pi. 4, figs. 1, 1 « ; id. Cat.
Lep. Brit. Mus., Pap. 1852, p. 76, pi. 12, figs. 8, 9, 10, 11 ; Ehves,
P. Z. S. 1886, p. 38, pi. 2, fig. o 2 anal pouch ; Moore, Lep. Ind.
v, 1901-1903, p. Ill, pi. 408, tigs. 1, la-la, rf $, pi. 409,
figs. 1, 1 a-1 a, S 2 , > & Pi- 410, figs. 1, 1 a-1 a, rf $ .
Parnassius jacquemontii, Kollar (nee Boisduval), Hiit/eCs Kaschmir,
iv, 1844, p. 407, pi. 2, figs. 3, 4, <$ .
Parnassius charino, Gray, Cat. Lep. Brit. Mus., Pap. 1852, p. 76,
pi. 12, figs. 13, 15.
Parnassius hardwickii, var. albicans, Fruhstorfer, Iris, xi, 1898,
p. 147 ; id. (abr. afer) Stett. ent. Zeit. 1899, p. 354.
122 PAPILIONID.E.
d" Upperside: creamy-white. Fore wing: base and costal
margin densely irrorated with black scales ; a broad short velvety
black bar across middle of cell, another along the discocellulars
and a third beyond apex of cell, this last with superposed spots of
crimson where" the bar crosses the bases of interspaces 5 and 8 ; a
crimson-centred black spot in middle of interspace 1 ; an irregularly
curved prominent postdiscal series of dusky-black spots, so arranged
as to leave a narrow edging of the creamy-white ground-colour
beyond, which is traversed by the black veins ; the upper four spots
of the postdiscal series fused to form a broad, continuous, but short,
curved band ; the terminal margin broadly dusky black ; the cilia
white. Both the dusky-black band and the postdiscal dusky-black
markings subhyaline. Hind wing : base and dorsal margin broadly
dusky black, the inner margin of the black coloration on the latter
deeply but irregularly bi-emarginate ; a crimson-centred black
spot near base of interspace 5, another just beyond the middle of
interspace 7, followed by a very conspicuous curved postdiscal series
of five dull blue ocelli ringed with black and centred with white,
and a narrow diffuse dusky black terminal band ; cilia as in the
fore wing. Underside : similar, with a glassy appearance. Fore
wing : with the markings of the upperside visible by transparency ;
the white scaling of the upperside replaced by scale-like hairs of
the same colour ; the only scaled markings are the medial and apical
transverse black bars in cell, three small crimson spots beyond and
the black-encircled crimson spot in middle of interspace 1. Hind
wing : the white scaling along the basal half of the costal margin
nearly as on the upperside, the rest hair-like as on the underside of
the fore wing ; a broad basal band of four crimson or vermilion-red
spots followed by a discal irregular series of five similarly-coloured
spots, the lower three formed into a short obliquely transverse band
above the tornal angle ; all the crimson spots encircled more or less
obsoletely by black rings, and the following prominently centred
with white : the spot in interspaces 2 and 5 and the basal and medial
spots in interspace 7. — ? . Similar ; the dusky black irroration on
the upperside of the fore wing more extensive and formed into a
narrow irregular band below the cell, which runs between the
crimson spots beyond the cell-apex and the crimson spot in inter-
space 1 ; the crimson spots are larger, with an additional spot in
interspace 6 of the fore wing and a pretornal spot on the hind wing.
Underside: similar to that of the d but all the red spots much larger
and with white scaling in the centre. Antennae nearly black, with
only a few white specks, head with brownish-yellow pubescence ;
rest of the thorax and abdomen covered densely with long white
hairs which also clothe, more or less narrowly, the dorsal margin
of the hind wing.
Eacp. <S $ 60-66 mm. (2-3S-2-6").
Hob. The Himalayas from Kashmir and Kulu to Nepal and
Sikhim, at from 7500 to 15,000 feet.
Like all forms in the genus this is largely variable ; the black
irroration and crimson markings are, in many specimens, much
123
reduced in extent and size ; in some also the crimson is replaced
by pink. This may be partly seasonal or due to either a drier
or a damper habitat. The form named charino by Gray is most
probably a wet-season or autumn form. It differs from typical
hardivickei as follows : — c? $ • Upperside : more or less completely
and densely irrorated with dusky black, from which on the fore
wing two bars that cross the cell, a short oblique bar beyond its
apex, a postdiscal spot near the costa beyond the crimson spots, and
a subtermiual series of spots stand out conspicuously white ; on the
hind wing the interval between the basal and postmedial crimson
spots in interspace 7 is also prominently white. Underside :
markings as on the upperside chiefly seen through by transparency,
the apex broadly and terminal margin of fore wing and the whole
of the hind wing suffused conspicuously with greenish yellow.
564. Parnassius delphius, JSversm. (Doritis) Sufi. Mosc. 1843, p. 541,
pi. 7, figs. 1 #, 1 b, c$ .
Race stoliczkanus.
Parnassius stoliczkanus, Feldcr, Novara JRcise, Lep. ii, 1865, p. 138,
iii, 1867, pi. 69, figs. 2, 8, rf ; Ehves, P. Z. S. 1886, p. 40 ; Moore
(Koramius), Lep. Ind. v, 1901-1903, p. 120, pi. 412, figs. 1, 1 a,
1 b, d $ •
Parnassius dolphins, var. stoliczkanus, Gr.-Gr. Rom. Mem. iv, 1890,
p. 148 et seq.
Race hunza.
Parnassius delphius, var. hunza, Gr.-Gr. Hoi: Soc. Ent. Ross, xxii,
1888, p. 303 ; id. Rom. Mem. iv, 1890, p. 205, pi. 10, figs. 1 a,
1ft, d?-
Race stenosemus.
Paruassius delphius, var. stenosemus, Honrath, Ent. Nachrtcht. xvi,
1890, p. 127.
Koramius stenosemus, Moore, Lep. Ind. v, 1901-1903, p. 122,
pi. 412, tigs. 3,3«-3c, cf $.
Race atkinsoni.
Koramius atkinsoni, Moore, Lep. Ind.v, 1901-1903, p. 121, pi. 412,
fig. 2 $.
Race whitei.
Parnassius delphius, race whitei, nov. st.
Typical delphius has not been recorded from within our limits,
but the varieties described below seem fairly constant in coloration,
and may be ranked as races of one protean form.
Race stoliczkanus, Felder. — d . Upperside : dull white. Fore
wing : base and costal margin irrorated with black scales ; cell
with the usual medial and apical short black transverse bars, the
former not. extended down to the median vein in typical specimens ;
124
discal and postdiscal dusky black sinuate bands, the former atten-
uated below vein 6, stops short of the dbrsum, the latter extends
right down to the dorsal margin ; beyond these bands the terminal
margin is more or less shaded with dusky black which atthetornus
coalesces with the postdiscal band. Hind wing : dorsal margin
broadly dusky black, this colour narrowed towards the tornus ; a
postdiscal black-encircled red spot in interspace 5 ; termen some-
what broadly dusky black, with a subterminal series of darker spots
in the interspaces and the dorsal margin fringed with long white
hairs. Cilia of both fore and hind wings white. Underside : like
the upperside, the ground-colour with the glassy appearance
common to all forms in the genus ; markings similar, apparent
however more by transparency from above than formed by actual
scaling. Antennae, head, thorax and abdomen black, the tufted
hairs on the head in front fuscous ; beneath : the palpi, thorax and
abdomen clothed with fuscous hairs. — $ . Upperside : the ground-
colour differs from that of the c? in its duller somewhat yellowish
tint ; the markings are similar but on the hind wing the spots in
the subterminal series are centred with blue, the postdiscal red spot
is paler, often absent, while in some specimens there is asubtornal
red spot. Underside : similar to that of the c? . In both sexes
the basal red spots on the underside of the hind wing so general
in the forms of this genus are usually, if not always, lacking.
Antennae, head, thorax and abdomen as in the d" . Anal pouch
in the fertilized $ as in race hunza, fig. 32 a, b.
Exp. rf $ 50-59 mm. (1-97-2-33").
Hah. N. VV. Himalayas ; Ladakh : the Bara Lacha Pass north of
Lahaul at 18,000 feet; Runang and Hungruny Passes at
16,000 feet.
Race hunza, Gr.-Gr. — This race closely resembles the preceding
but is somewhat variable. d ? . Upperside : ground-colour
duller, more sullied white. Fore wing : the discal band in typical
specimens very much shorter,
not extended below vein 5,
but in all specimens that I
have seen that have been
taken within our limits, the
discal band reaches vein 1, and
where it crosses interspace 3
is joined on to the postdiscal
transverse band by a broad
cross-bar, that extends right
up to the base of that inter-
space. Hind wing : the sub-
terminal series of dark spots
reduced to one or two near
the toruus, the anterior spots
(except the spot in interspace
7) replaced by a curved band
of somewhat luuular spots that extends unbroken between the
Fig. 32.
Paniassius delphius, race htmea,
a, b. Anal pouch.
PARNASSIUS. 125
spot in interspace 3 and that in interspace 7. Underside : similar
to the underside in race stoliczkanus, with no red spots at the
base of the hind wing ; in a few specimens a discal and a sub-
costal black-encircled red spot are present. Antennae, head, thorax
and abdomen as in stoliczkanus. Anal pouch in the fertilized
$ as in fig. 32 a, b.
Exp. <? $ 68-72 mm. (2-70-2-82'').
Hab. Within our limits : Chitral, extending northwards into the
Hindu Khush.
Eace stenosemus, Honrath. — <$ $ . Upperside : ground-colour
as in stoliczkanus and hunza. The markings differ from those of
stoliczkanus chiefly as follows : — Upperside: the discal transverse
band on the fore wing more strongly sinuate, in most specimens
bent inwards beneath the apex of the cell ; both discal and post-
discal bands comparatively broader, more heavily marked ; in no
specimen that I have seen is there any broad diffuse band of dusky
black scaling joining the two bands as in the Indian form of hunza.
Hind wing : the red spot in interspace «5 placed more inwards,
closer to the apex of the cell and more heavily encircled with black,
sometimes the red is absent and the spot is entirely black ; beyond
this there is a comparatively broad postdiscal dark band on which
is superposed a nearly complete series of black spots, the posterior
four of which are centred with blue ; this is followed by a very
narrow band of the ground-colour, sometimes complete, more often
indicated by white lunular more or less detached markings, and a
narrow dusky-black terminal edging bounded by an anticiliary jet-
black line. Underside : glassy, more or less like the upperside, the
markings indicated more by transparency from above than by
actual scaling. Antennae, head, thorax and abdomen, and in
the fertilized $ the anal pouch, as in the races stoliczkanus,
hunza, &c.
Exp. <5 ? 66-74 mm. (2-60-2-92").
Hab. Ladakh : Kutie Pass, 17,000 feet.
Eace atkinsoni, Moore. — $ . Similar to stenosemus, Honratb,
but can at once be recognized by the very large and conspicuous
tornal and discal red spots, which are encircled with black, on the
upperside of the hind wing. The subterminal series of spots
on the same wing is complete and all the spots are centred
with blue.
Exp. $ 60 mm. (2-37").
Hab. The Pir Pingal range, N. Kashmir.
Male unknown.
Eace whitei, nov. st. — tf- Upperside: dusky greyish black. Pore
wing : basal fourth white with a slight irroration of black scales ;
a preapical broad transverse bar in cell, a short similar obliquely-
placed bar beyond, that reaches from just below the costal margin
to base of vein 4, and transverse discal and subterminal complete
bands, white ; the latter two are crossed by the black veins, and
126 PAPILIONID.J;.
thereby have the appearance of two transverse series of spots ; the
discal band anteriorly curved inwards, the subterrainal band feebly
bisinuate ; the black scaling is very dense and sharply defined on
the dark medial and discocellular areas in the cell, and therefore
appears like black transverse bars ; terraen with a very slender jet-
black anticiliary line. Hind wing : dorsal
half clothed with recumbent long white
hairs ; a discal prominent red spot in inter-
space 5, and a similar spot in interspace 7,
round each of which the black scaling of the
ground-colour is very dense and forms a
more or less conspicuous ring ; terminal
third of the wing dull white with a sub-
terminal black spot in interspace 2, another
slightly larger similar spot that is centred
with a minute spot of blue scales in inter-
space 3, and above the latter a bisinuate
Fig. 33.— Parnassius dusky-black transverse sinuous streak that
delphius, race whitei. extends to and broadens at the apex of
the wing. Cilia of both fore and hind
wings prominent and yellowish white in colonr. Underside with
the usual glassy glazed appearance ; the markings similar, but
seen chiefly by transparency from the upperside; only the red
spots, an additional similar spot at base of interspace 7 on the
hind wing, and a black spot on the discocellulars of the fore wing
marked by actual scaling, not merely seen by transparency from
above. Antennae black with a few scattered minute yellow specks :
head, thorax and abdomen covered with long black hairs ; beneath :
the palpi, thorax and abdomen yellowish white.
Hub. Sikhim, 16,000 to 19,000 feet.
This is one of the many races '? or varieties ? of P. delphius,
Eversrnanu, and is closest to the race? or var. ? staudingeri,
Bang-Haas. The type and only specimen was procured by Mr.
Claude White and was sent to Mr. F. Moller of Darjiling for
identification, Mr. Moller kindly forwarded it to me.
This race of P. delphius, Eversmann, differs from its nearest ally
P. delphius, race staudingeri, by the form of the markings on the
fore wing, and notably by the white scaling on the hind wing,
which is carried right up to the terminal margin from apex to
tornus. In staudingeri and, in fact, in all the many races of
P. delphius, the terminal edging to the hind wing is markedly
dusky subhyaline black.
565. Parnassius charltonius. Gray, Cat. Lep. Brit. Mus., Pap. 1852,
p. 77, pi. 12, fig. 7 $ ; Moore, Sci. Res. Sec. York. Miss., Lep.
1879, p. 5, pi. 1, fig. 3 c?5 Elwes, P. Z. S. 1886, p. 43, pi. 3,
fig. 5 $ anal pouch; 'Moore (Kailasius), Lep. Ind. v, 1901-1903,
p. 118, pi. 411, figs. 3, 3o, 3b, d1 ? •
c? . Upperside : creamy-white. Fore wing irrorated with black
PAKNASSIUS. 127
scales at base, along costal margin narrowly and below the upper
half of cell at base of interspaces 2 and 3 ; cell with the usual
medial and apical short broad transverse black bars ; a short broad,
similar, but obliquely placed bar beyond apex of cell from costa
to vein 4, its lower portion below vein 5 narrower and bent
inwards at an angle ; a postdiscal transverse black bar attenuated
towards the dorsum and dislocated inwards below vein 5 ; fol-
lowed by a broad, posteriorly narrowed, subhyaline terminal
edging; cilia white. Hind wing: base and dorsal margin, for
four-fifths of its length, broadly and densely irrorated with black
scales; a short oblique pretornal dusky-black bar, rarely centred
with pink or carmine; a very large pink to deep crimson ocellus,
ringed with black and centred with white, in interspaces 4 and 5,
crossing vein 5, and a much smaller black spot sometimes centred
minutely with pink or crimson in middle of interspace 7 ; beyond
this a postdiscal curved series of five velvety-black spots, each
touched inwardly with silvery, superposed on a broad subhyaline
dusky transverse band, which is broadest in the middle and is
followed by a subterminal, somewhat narrow, dusky-black band,
interrupted at the veins ; cilia white. Underside similar, with a
glassy appearance and similar markings, seen chiefly, however, bv
transparency from the upperside. Antenna?, head, thorax and
abdomen black, antennae with some few minute white specks ;
beneath : head and thorax anteriorly with olivaceous pubescence,
thorax posteriorly and abdomen covered with long white hairs,
which also clothe the dorsal margin of the hind wing. — $ . Upper
and under sides similar to those in the c? ; differs in the black
markings which are broader, the red ocelli on the hind wing that
are considerably larger, and in the obliquely placed pretornal
short bar that is always centred with red.
Exp. c? $ 74-96 mm. (2-91-378").
Hab. Ladakh, Chitral, extending into Tibet, at elevations from
9,000 to 15,000 feet.
The range of variation in diarltonius is more limited than in
most of the forms belonging to Parnassius. The width and extent
of the black markings and in a lesser degree the size of the red
ocelli on the hind wing are the chief variable points. There seems
to be little or no seasonal variation.
566. Parnassius imperator, Oberthur, Bull. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1883, p. 79.
Race augustus (PI. XV, fig. 102).
Parnassius imperator augustus, Fruhstorfer, Soc. Ent. xviii, 1903,
p. 113.
Race augustus, Fruhstorfer. — 6 $ . Upperside : creamy-white.
Tore wing : costa and base closely irrorated with black scales ; the
usual short transverse medial and apical black bars across the cell,
followed bv irregularly sinuous, broad, transverse, dusky-black
128 PAPILIONIDJ3.
discal and postdiscal, complete bands that extend from the costa
to the dorsum ; the discal band very broad, below the apex of cell
bent inwards and almost completely filling the base of interspaces
2 and 3 ; the terminal margin broadly dusky hyaline black. Hind
wing : the dorsal margin up to the subcostal vein and downwards
to a little above the tornus densely irrorated with black scales and
with scattered long white hairs ; an upper basal black-encircled
crimson spot ; another in the middle of interspace 7 and a third in
interspace 5, the latter two centred with white ; beyond there is
an irregular, sinuous, postdiscal dusky -black transverse band from
costa to vein 4, posterior to which in interspaces 2 and 3 are two
prominent round black stibtornal spots, broadly centred with blue;
lastly, the terminal margin narrowly dusky black. Cilia of both
fore and hind wings prominently yellowish white. Underside
similar ; glassy markings similar, but mostly seen by transparency
from above: faint indications of an additional crimson spot at
base of cell and base of interspace 1. Antennae brownish black,
obscurely annulated with brown ; head, thorax and abdomen
black, the latter two studded with long white hairs.
Exp. <$ $ 79-84 mm. (3-1-3-35").
Hah. Eastern Himalayas, on the boundary between Sikhim and
Tibet, at altitudes between 15,000 and 16,000 feet.
This smaller and darker fovm of P. imperator, Oberthiir, from
Eastern Tibet, just enters into our limits.
567. Parnassius acco, Gray, Cat. Lep. Brit. Mus., Pap. 1852, p. 76,
pi. xii, figs, 5, 6, $ ; Bates, in Henderson 8f Hume's 'Lahore to
Yarkand,' 1873, p. 305, fig. ; Ehces, P. Z. S. 1886, p. 35 ; Moore
(Tadumia). Lap. Ind. v, 1901-1903, p. 116, pi. 411, figs. 1, 1 a-1 c,
<J$.
c? $ • Upperside: dull greyish white. Fore wing: costal margin
and base with an irroration of black scales, the white scaling
clearest and most dense in the cell, this last crossed by a medial
and an apical short, broad, transverse jet-black band ; beyond
apex of cell an irregularly sinuous dusky-black discal band that
usually extends from costa to vein 3, but in some specimens right
up to the dorsal margin, in most it bears an anterior crimson
spot ; this is followed by less irregular and, in most specimens,
slightly broader postdiscal and terminal similar transverse bands
and a pre-ciliary slender continuous line on termen and dorsum.
Hind wing : dorsal half of the wing dusky black, the outer or
upper margin of this colour, irregularly indented ; a discal, a sub-
costal and a basal black-encircled spot that varies in colour from
crimson to pinkish yellow, followed by a subterminal series of
black lunular spots and a narrow terminal band, crossed and inter-
rupted by the white veining. Cilia of both wings conspicuously
white. Underside with a glassy appearance. Fore \ving nearly
as on the upperside, but the black markings, except the two
bars across the cell, only seen through by transparency from the
PAENASSIUS. 129
upperside. Hind wing : ground-colour white, the discal, costal,
and basal pink or crimson spots also apparent by transparency
only from the upperside ; a discal double ill-defined series of black
lunular markings, followed by a subterminal series of similar
markings like those on the upperside, but of a duller black and
less clearly defined. Antenna dull brownish black, with a more
or less copious covering of scattered white scales ; abdomen black,
clothed with somewhat sparse, long, fine white hairs.
Exp. J $ 52-70 mm. (2-06-2-78").
Hob. The Himalayas from the Karakoram to Sikhim, at eleva-
tions of over 16,000 feet ; Tibet.
568. Parnassins simo, Gray, Cat. Lep. Brit. Mm., Pap. 1852, p. 76,
pi. 12, figs. 3, 4, rf $ ; Elwes, P. Z. S. 1886, p. 35 ; Oberthiir,
Etudes Ent. xiv, 1891, p. 14, pi. 1, figs. 8, 9.
Race moelleri.
Pamassius simo, race moelleri, nov. st.
d . Upperside : dull white, the veins black. Fore wing at base
and along the costal margin lighfcly irrorated with black scales ;
a black medial transverse bar with even parallel sides across the
cell, and a broader black bar on the discocellulars, this latter with
a more or less outwardly curved exterior edge ; beyond this a
bisinuate discal and an outwardly curved postdiscal transverse
black band, both extended from the costa to vein 1 ; the discal
band generally more or less obsolescent and ill-defined below veins
3 or 4, but well marked between veins 1 and 2 ; the outer edge of
the postdiscal band with a tendency to be very narrowly continued
outwards along the veins ; terminal margin dusky subhyaline
black, bounded by an anticiliary jet-black slender line : cilia dusky
black. Hind wing : base and dorsum broadly and heavily shaded
with black, sparsely covered with long recumbent white hairs that
become fuscous along the extreme edge of the dorsum ; the black
occupies the basal half of the cell and extends along the lower
margin of its apical half to base of vein 4, from whence it narrows
and is carried obliquely down to near the tornal angle ; beyond
the cell there are two black-encircled red spots, one in interspace 5,
the other in interspace 7; these are followed by a postdiscal,
generally complete, curved series of black lunular marks and a
narrow terminal dusky-black band, bounded by an anticiliary jet-
black line as on the fore wing; cilia yellowish white. Underside :
with the usual glassy appearance, the markings of the upper-
side showing through by transparency ; the following, however, are
marked more or less by actual scaling :— the medial and apical
black cellular bars on the fore wing ; the red black-encircled spots
on the hind wing, with three additional red spots outwardly mar-
gined with black at the base of the same wing, the posterior two
of these basal red spots are large and somewhat pear-shaped.
130 FAPILIONIDJE.
Antennae, head, thorax and abdomen black ; the head above fuscous ;
beneath : the palpi, thorax and abdomen with dusky fuscous
pubescence, mixed on the thorax and abdomen with long white
hairs. — $ . Similar, but in the specimen in the collection of the
British Museum marked as the type, on the upperside of the hind
wing the red in the discal spot in interspace 5 has disappeared,
the same colour in the spot in interspace 7 is reduced to a minute
speck, and on the underside the middle red spot of the basal three
only is present, much reduced in size. Antennas, head, thorax
and abdomen as in the <3 .
Exp. <$ $ 48-50 mm. (1-89-1-99").
Sab. Ladakh, 16,000 feet (Major Charlton} ; Tibet.
This seems to be an extremely rare form. Mr. Elwes in 1886
remarked (t. c.) :— " Of this species almost nothing is known ;
there exists in all museums to my knowledge but four specimens
— two in the British Museum, collected by Major Charlton in
Ladak, and two others, of which one is in the Hewitson and
one in M. Oberthur's collection." There are now in the British
Museum the original types named, described and figured by Gray,
the specimen from the Hewitson collection, and a fourth according
to the information on the label from Tibet, taken in July 1896 at
an elevation of 18,000 feet, and presented to the Museum by
Mr. A. Pike.
Race moelleri, nov. st. — Closely resembles the typical form,
from which, however, it is distinguished as follows : —
Upperside — fore wing : the postdiscal
transverse dusky-black band broader and
situated closer to the termen than in
typical simo • between this band and the
black terminal edging is a transverse
band of the ground-colour, divided by
the crossing of the veins into a prominent
series of spots. Hind wing : no black edging
to the termen, the Avhite scaling extended
right up to the margin, bounded by the
slender anticiliary black line. Underside :
Fig. 34. similar ; the markings as in the typical
Parnassius simo, form, with the exception chiefly of the red
race moelleri. spots seen more by transparency from the
upperside than indicated by actual scaling.
Exp. c? $ as in the typical form.
Hob. Sikhim, at elevations of 16,000 feet and over.
Several specimens were taken by Mr. Claude White, and kindly
sent to me by Mr. F. Moller of Darjiling, after whom 1 have
named this well-marked race.
HYPERMNESTHA. 131
Genus HYPERMNESTRA.
Ismene, Nickerl (nee Swainson), Stett. ent. Zeit. 1846, p. 207.
Hypermnestra, Menetries, Cat. Mus. Petr., Lep. Pt. i, 185-5, p. 7.
Type, H. Mios, Nick., from Turkestan.
Range. Turkestan, Persia, Baluchistan.
S $ • Fore wing : costa almost straight for three-fourths of its
length from base, the apical fourth arched ; apex blunt ; termen
straight or very slightly convex; tornus broadly rounded; dorsum
straight ; cell slightly longer than half length of costa ; vein 6
and 7 closely approximate at base, upper discocellular therefore
very short, barely indicated ; middle discocellular concave, long ;
veins 4 and 5 also closely approximate, lower discocellular there-
fore very short ; vein 8 absent ; vein 9 from apical half of 7,
terminating below apex of wing; veins 10 and 11 free, 10 from
just below upper apex of cell, 11 from upper third of subcostal;
vein 12 terminates on costa well beyond upper apex of cell ; veins
12, 11, and 10 run very close together towards their apical halves,
but neither anastomose nor touch. Hind wing elongate, irregu-
larly pear-shaped; costa slightly arched, the curve continued
abruptly and strongly along the termen, tornal angle distinct ;
dorsum widely emarginate ; cell somewhat longer than half the
wing ; veins 4 and 5 more or less approximate, but not closely so,
the discocellular between their bases erect ; precostal vein curved
outwards. Antennae short, about one-third the length of costa of
fore wing; club short, abrupt, spatulate ; head hairy in front, eyes
smooth ; palpi suberect, with a thick fringe of hairs anteriorly ;
thorax and abdomen moderately stout.
This genus, or possibly only subgenus, is very close to Par-
nassius, from which it differs in the venation of the fore wing.
In Hypermnestra veins 6, 7, 10 and 11 in the fore wing are closely
grouped together and emitted near the upper apex of cell, the
discoidal cell itself is proportionately narrower and the middle
discocellular is obliquely placed. The chief difference, however,
between the two genera is in the shape of the club of the
antennae. In Parnassius this is elongate, gradual and rounded ;
in Hypermnestra short, abrupt and flattened.
569. Hypermnestra helios, Xickerl (Ismene), Stett. ent. Zeit. 1846,
p. 208 ; Menetries, Cat. Mus. Petr., Lep. i, 1855, p. 7.
Doritis ismene, Herr.-Schiiff. Schmett. Eur. vi, 1851, p. 35.
Hvpernmestra helios, var. maxima, Gr.-Grshim. Rom. Mem. iv,
1890, p. 141.
Parnassius balucha, Moore, A. M. N. H. (7) xviii, 1906, p. 47.
c? . Upperside : white, with a slight cream-yellow tint. Fore
wing : base densely, costal margin lightly, irrorated with black
scales ; cell with a transverse black median and a black apical
K2
132 PAPILIONIDJE.
spot, the latter extends from the costa along the discocellulars
almost to the lower apex of cell ; beyond the cell an oblique,
short black bar, widened posteriorly and with three superposed
red spots, the middle spot minute, sometimes absent ; this is
followed by an irregular subterminal black band, widened at the
veins, widest near the costa, and gradually narrowed to a faint
line posteriorly. In many specimens this band is not extended
below vein 5, in others it reaches or almost reaches the tornal
angle and is joined in its extension downwards to a prominent
black transverse spot in interspace 3. Beyond this band the apex
Fig. 35. — Hyper, nnestra helios.
fl. Venation of apex of fore wing.
1>. Club of antenna; of Hypermnestra.
c. „ „ Parnassius.
is marked with a small diffuse black patch, and the apices of the
veins with black spots that are extended inwards to the subter-
minal band. Hind wing : base and dorsal margin broadly irrorated
with black scales ; a black upper discal and a subcostal spot, both
generally centred with red ; a subterminal series of slender black
lunules, followed by a terminal row of transversely linear black
spots ; the middle and postdiscal areas of the wing darkened bv
the markings of the underside that show through by transparency.
Cilia of both fore and hind wings white alternated with black.
Underside : ground-colour similar. Fore wing : markings as on
the upperside, but the cellular spots, the spot in interspace 3 and
the short bar beyond apex of cell larger, more intensely black, the
red spots on tlie last also larger ; the subterminal and terminal
markings paler, more diffuse. Hind wing with basal, median and
subterminal broad transverse bands of irrorated black scales, all
the bands with their margins uneven and zigzag; the outer margin
of the basal band with four transversely placed red spots, and
transverse red discal spots edged with black in interspaces 1, 2,.
5 and 7 ; the termen margined with a fine, more or less inter-
rupted, black line. In a few specimens the red spots are more or
less obsolescent. Antennae pale yellowish white, the shafts
obscurely ringed with black head, thorax and abdomen black, the
HYPERMXESTBA.. 133
Taead and the thorax anteriorly with long greyish-white hairs ;
beneath : the palpi, thorax, legs and basal portion of the abdomen
similarly clothed. — $ . Differs from the d1 as follows : — -Upperside :
all the markings larger and more conspicuous ; an additional large
black spot in the middle of interspace 1. Underside: similar
to that of the J , but with the additional black spot as noted
Above.
Exp. <$ £ 52-66 mm. (2-02-2-60").
Hab. Baluchistan, within our limits, and northwards through
Persia to Turkestan and the western shores of the Caspian Sea.
The above descriptions are drawn — that of the c? from a c?
from Baluchistan, type of Moore's Parnassius balucha, which is
now in the British Museum ; that of the $ from a specimen in
my own collection from Southern Persia. Both belong to the
larger form, var. maxima, Grr.-Gr., a series of which from Turkestan
is in the British Museum. The difference between this variety and
typical Jielios is chiefly one of size, though the markings in typical
-helios are possibly duller and smaller, but these characteristics are
very variable.
In the British Museum collection also there is a single prepared
specimen of a larva from the Christoph collection, labelled helios.
This is 38 mm. in length, cylindrical, of a pale yellowish-white
colour, with four longitudinal rows, two medial and one lateral on
each side, of rather large yellow spots ; the head is a darker yellow,
and each of the succeeding segments bears a transverse series of
small black spots, the middle two round and sharply defined, the
others irregular, some minute and mere dots, others slightly
elongate ; each transverse row ends on either side with a spot
-above the spiracles.
134 PIEKlD.t.
Family
Egg. " Ampulliform, shaped like a soda \vater-bottle, twice as
high as wide, forming a short neck or stalk close to the apex ;
radiate, with strong anastomosing ribs." (l)oherty .)
Larva. More or less cylindrical, depressed, very slight, tapered
towards each end : pubescent, the hairs short and fairly dense,
each from a minute tubercle ; occasionally the hairs are long and
sparse ; prothoracic segments without protrudable tentacles, like
those in the Papili<mida>. Colour generally green. Feeds chiefly
on plants that belong to the natural orders Leguminosce and
Capparidacece.
Pupa. Angulated, the head pointed, sometimes produced into a
long snout ; suspended perpendicularly and sustained by a single
silken girth.
Imago. Wings comparatively ample ; their terminal margins
entire, very exceptionally angulated at the apices of one or more
of the veins ; discoidal cells of both fore and hind wings closed ; in
a few forms the discocellulars attenuated, but never absent.
Among the Pieridce specialization in the veining of the wings
seems to have been directed more to the fore than to the hind
wing. In the former wing the median series of veins has been
most affected. In the Indian genera of the Pieridce, vein 6 is very
exceptionally emitted from the cell ; in most it has shifted up and
is thrown off from the lower side of vein 7 beyond the apex of the
cell ; thus the upper discocellular veinlet is absent. In one genus
(Baltia) vein 5 even has been similarly moved forward and is
emitted from* vein 7, so that in this genus there is only one disco-
cellular veinlet. The radial system of veins has'also been modified.
In only two of the Indian genera is vein 8 present. In the others
it has been shifted up and crowded out at the apex of the wing.
The point at which vein 9 is emitted from vein 7 is very variable,
and in more than one genus it forms a minute fork with vein 7,
very close to the apex of the wing, so that it is merely rudimentary,
while in one or two other genera it has completely disappeared.
The position of vein 10 is similarly variable, but in no Indian
genus has it completely disappeared, a'nd only in two genera is it
shifted up and emitted beyond the cell.
Specialization in the veining of the hind wing is not so con-
spicuous. In one or two genera the precostal vein or spur is absent,
but in all there is one vein more than in the Papilionidff. This
vein, 1 a, gives peculiar breadth to the dorsal margin of the wing,
which is channelled to receive the abdomen. Antenna? elongate
with a more or less ovate club, or short and thickened gradually
to the apex. Legs: all six present and functional: tibiae of the
fore legs without the pad so conspicuous in the Papilionidcc ;
PIERID.E. 135
claws of the tarsi bifid ; pulvilli and paronychia generally present.
Coloration in the vast majority chiefly or partially white, whence
the forms in the family have acquired the distinctive appellation
of " the whites."
A summarized account of the habits of the Indian Pieridce in
the larval state has been given by Messrs. Davidson, Bell, and
Aitken in the ' Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society,'
vol. x, 1896, p. 569. I venture to quote it in full here : —
" All the larvae of this subfamily lie, when full-grown, on the
upperside of the leaf, and when solitary (some of them are grega-
rious) along the mid-rib, coating the leaf where they lie with a
bed of silk. The eggs are generally laid singly on the upperside
of the leaf or on young shoots ; exceptions to this are *Teracolus
amata, J'abr., Appias liippoides, Moore, and Delias eucharis, Drury
(this last is aberrant also, in that the eggs are laid on the under-
side of the leaf where the larvae herd together), Behnois mesen-
tina, Cramer, Terias silhetana, Wallace, which lay their eggs in
clusters ; the larvae of these when young are gregarious, but
generally when full-grown separate where the food is plentiful."
Of the eggs these authors say : — " The egg of the subfamily is
spindle-shaped, standing on one end, and is also more or less
strongly ridged longitudinally and striated finely transversely ; in
colour it is generally pure white, turning to yellow or orange ;
that of Nychitona (Leptosia) xiphia, Fabr., is blue and that of
Haphina blotched with red."
The remarkable habit in butterflies of this family of migrating
in large numbers together, has attracted the attention of travellers
and naturalists in all parts of the world. No satisfactory explana-
tion of the reason for these migrations has yet been offered. It is
a wonderful sight — the clouds of butterflies, chiefly Pierids and by
far the greater number of them belonging to the genera Appias
and C'atopsilia, stream past for hours at a time, all going in one
direction, and in all instances that I have witnessed flying against
the Avind. One effect, of these migrations is wide dispersal and
the consequent breaking-down of distinctions between local races,
for any little peculiarity due to isolation and environment stands
little chance of perpetuation, swamped as it is by the continual
arrival of forms from other localities. A long series of Appias,
for example, from widely-separated localities shows variation to a
limited extent, and that unstable in itself and scarcely to be
denned in words.
Much attention has been paid to the phylogeny of the Pieridce,
perhaps more than to that of any other group of the diurnal
Lepidoptera. In butterflies, however, as in all living things,
specialization has taken an irregularly-radiating rather than a
linear course, so that any arrangement of genera in sequence can
* In this work the names of the butterflies mentioned stand as Colotis
amata, Fabr., Appias hippo, Cramer, Delias eucharis, Drury, Anaphceis mesen-
tina, Cramer, Terias silhetana, Wallace, and Leptosia xiphia, Fabr.
136 PIE11ID.E.
never be a true indication of the actual line of descent. The
following key to the genera of the Pieridce is therefore purely
artificial.
Key to tlie Genera of the Pieridae.
A. Fore wing: vein 8 absent.
a. Fore wing : vein 9 absent.
«'. Fore wing : vein 10 emitted from subcostal
vein L,EPTosiA,p.l37.
b'. Fore wing : vein 10 emitted from vein 7 DELIAS, p. 139.
b. Fore wing : vein 9 present in tf and with one
exception in 5 also. [p. 150.
a'. Fore wing : costa serrated PRIONERIS,
b'. Fore wing : costa not serrated.
«'2. Fore wing : vein 11 anastomosed with [p. 155.
vein 12 ANAPHJEIS,
b2. Fore wing : vein 11 not anastomosed with
vein 12.
«3. Fore wing : vein 5 emitted from vein 7,
only one discocellular present BALTIA, p. 158.
ft3. Fore wing : vein 5 emitted from cell.
a*. Fore wing : vein 6 emitted from vein 7.
a5. Fore wing : vein 10 emitted from
subcostal vein.
«G. Hind wing : precostal vein pre-
sent.
n7. Hind wing : termen rounded,
not angulated at apex of
vein 4.
«s. Fore wing: vein 6 emitted '
from about middle of vein 7. APORIA, p. 160.
^". Fore wing : vein 6 emitted
from vein 7 closer to its base
than to its apex,
«9. Fore wing : vein 1 1 emitted
from subcostal vein closer
to its apex than to its base.
rt10. Fore wing : vein 9 emit-
ted from vein 7 very
close to its apex, some-
times absent PIERIS, p. 167.
fe10. Fore wing : vein 9 emit-
ted from vein 7 further
from its apex and always
present.
a11, c? without specialized
tufts of stiff haii-s on
anal segment.
«12. Fore wing: apex
not falcate.
a13. Fore wing: bases
of veins 6 and 10
equidistant from
apex of cell. Hind
wing: lower disco- [p. 181.
cellular straight . HUPHINA,
LEPTOSIA. 137
bi3. Fore wing : base
of vein 6 closer to
apex of cell than
is base of vein 10.
Hind wing: lower
discocellular con-
cave IXIAS, p. 192.
br~. Fore wing : apex
falcate LADE, p. 216.
bl\ $ with specialized
tufts of stiff hairs on
anal segment.
a1-. Fore wing : vein 9
present in both sexes,
emitted from apical
fourth of vein 7 APPIAS, p. 197.
b1'2. Fore wing: vein 9
present iii c? , absent
in $ , emitted when
present very close [p. 217.
to apex of wing .... SALETABA,
bn. Fore wing : vein 11 emitted
from subcostal vein about
equidistant from its base [p. 218.
and apex CATOPSILIA,
b~. Hind wing: termen not rounded,
strongly angulated at apex of
vein 4 DEBCAS, p. 225.
b*. Hind wing : precostal vein absent.
a1. Hind wing : termen more or less
acutely angulated at apex of [p. 228.
vein 4 GONEPTEBYX,
b~. Hind wing : termen evenly
rounded TEBIAS, p. 244.
b5. Fore wing : vein 10 emitted from
vein 7 COLIAS, p. 232.
b4. Fore wing : vein 6 from upper apex of [p. 259.
cell COLOTIS,
c4. Fore wing : vein 6 from junction of [p. 273.
upper and middle discocellulars .... HEBOMOIA,
13. Fore wing : vein 8 present *. [p. 276.
fl. Fore wing : vein 6 from upper apex of cell .... PABEBONIA,
b. Fore wing : vein 6 from vein 7 SYNCHLOE,
[p. 179.
Genus LEPTOSIA.
Leptosia, Hubner, Verz. bek. Schmett. 1816, p. 95 ; Distant, Rhop.
Malay. 1885, p. 287 : Kirby in Allen's Nat. Libr. ii, 1896, p. 176 ;
Moore, Lep. 2nd. vii, 1906, p. 19. •
Nychitona, Sutler, Cist. Ent. i, 1870, pp. 34, 41 ; Moore, Lep. Ceyl.
\ 1881, p. 117.
Type, L. xiphia, Fabr., from India.
Range. Indo-Malayan Eegion ; China.
* Absent in one of the two forms of SyncJdoe found within our limits.
138 PIElilD-S.
J $ . Fore wing : costa slightly arched, apex very broad and
greatly rounded ; terraen convex ; tornus obtuse ; dorsum straight,
only a little shorter than the costa ; cell long, more than half
length of wing ; veins 5 and 7 closely approximate at base, vein 6
from lower side of vein 7, upper and middle discocellulars there-
fore both absent, lower discocellular strongly concave ; apical
portion of median nervure between veins 3 and 4 bent upwards
at an obtuse angle ; veins 8 and 9 both absent, vein 10 from just
before apex of cell, vein 11 from middle of subcostal. Hind wing :
costa very slightly arched ; termen strongly arched ; dorsum
straight or slightly arched ; cell elongate, more than half length
of wing ; lower discocellular long, concave ; vein 7 from apical
third of subcostal ; vein 8 slightly curved at base, then straight.
extended very close along the costal margin ; precostal vein or
spur short, inclined inwards. Antennae slender, not quite half
the length of the fore wing ; club long, gradual, slightly flat-
tened ; palpi slender, third joint fusiform ; eyes naked ; body
slender.
Only a single form of this genus is known, a delicate creature
of feeble flight that slowly flutters about the undergrowth and
brushwood in the localities where it occurs. In India, according
to the MS. notes left by the late Mr. de JS^iceville, it has acquired
the trivial name of the " wandering snowflake."
570. Leptosia xiphia, Fabr. (Papilio) SZKC. Ins. ii, 3781, p. 43 ; Moore
(Nychitcma), Lep. Ceyl. i, 1881, p. 118, pi. 46, figs. 6, 6 a ; Distant,
Rhop. Malay. 1885, p. 288, pi. 20, tig. 8 ; Davidson, Bell, $ Aitken
(Nychitona), Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. x, 1897, p. 5(59 ; Moore, Lep.
Ind. vii, 1906, p. 20, pi. 559, figs. 1, la, 1 b, <$ $ .
Leptosia nicobarica, Moore, Lep. Ind. vii, 1906, p. 22.
d . Upperside : white ; base of wings very slightly powdered with
minute black scales. Pore wing : costa speckled obscurely with
black ; apex black, the inner margin
of this inwardly angulate ; a very
large somewhat pear-shaped post-
discal spot also black. Hind wing
white, uniform ; in most specimens
an obscure, extremely slender, ter-
minal black line. Underside : white ;
costal margin and apex of fore wing
broadly, and the whole surface of
the hind wing irrorated with trans-
verse, very slender, greenish strigte
and minute dots ; these on the
Fig. 36.— Leptosia xiphia. hind wing have a tendency to form
subbasal, medial and discal obliquely
transverse obscure bands ; fore wing : the postdiscal black spot
as on the upperside ; terminal margins of both fore and hind wings
with minute black, short, transverse slender lines at the apices of
the veins, that have a tendency to coalesce and form a terminal
LKPTOSIA. DELIAS.
139
continuous line as on the upperside. Antennae dark brown spotted
with white, head slightly brownish, thorax and abdomen white.- —
$ . Similar, the black markings on the upperside o£ the tore wing
on the whole slightly broader, but not invariably so.
Exp. cf $ 25-53 mm. (1 -00-2-10").
Hob. The lower ranges of the Himalayas from Mussoorie to
Sikhim ; Central, Western, and Southern India, but not in the
desert-tracts ; Ceylon ; Assam ; Burma and Teuasserim ; extending
to China and the Malayan Subregion.
Larva. " Green, with a pale glaucous tinge about the bases of
the legs and slightly hairy. Feeds on capers."
Pupa. " Sometimes green, but oftener of a delicate pink shade*
Both the larva and pupa are very like those of Terias hecabe, but
more delicately formed." (Davidson, Bell $• Aiiken.)
Mr. Moore has separated the Nicobar specimens under the
name nicobarica, but in a long series from nearly all parts of its
range I have found the characters relied upon for distinction
eminently variable.
Genus DELIAS.
Delias, Hubner, Verz. bek. Schmett. 1816, p. 91; Moore, Lep. In<L
vi, 1904, p. 163.
Pieris, pt., Doubleday 8>- Heivitson, Gen. Di. Lep. i, 1847, p. 44.
Thyca, pt., Wallengren, K. Vet.-Ak. Fbrh. xv, 1858. p. 76.
Piccarda, Grote, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. xxxix, 1900, p. 32 ; Moore?
Lep. Ind. vi, 1904, p. 175.
Type, D. egialea, Cramer, from Java.
Range. Indo- Malay an and Australian Eegions.
<3 $ . Fore wing : costa
nearly straight, very slightly
arched ; apex very broadly
rounded; termeu oblique; tor-
nus obtusely rounded; dorsum
straight, from slightly over
the half to two-thirds the
length of the costa ; cell
about half length of wing ;
upper discocellular absent,,
middle oblique, shorter than
the lower, lower slightly con-
cave; vein 6 shifted up, given
off 7 beyond apex of cell :
veins 8 and 9 absent ; vein
10 out of 7 considerably
beyond apex of cell, vein 11
from upper third of subcostal.
T-,. t , . Hind wing — cell : a regular
Fig. 37. — Delias euchans. , ,. , P i !<• i
I. Venation of fore wing. oval fHg^tlj over half length
II. Ditto of hind wing. of wing ; vein 7 closer to 6-
2 40 PIEKID.E.
than to 8, vein 8 strongly curved. Antennae about half length
of fore wing, slender, with a gradual but well marked club ; eyes
naked ; palpi short, subporrect ; abdomen moderately long.
Key to the forms of Delias.*
A. Hind wing underside : with either hasal or ter-
minal red markings.
a. Hind wing underside : these red markings
terminal.
a. These red markings inwardly margined with
black.
«2. Hind wing upperside : with a transverse
curvod postdiscal black band I), eucharis,^. 141.
62. Hind wing upperside: without any trans- j I), hierta, race
Averse black band .' | metarete, p. 143.
//. The red markings not margined inwardly
with black.
«2. Upperside : J , black margins to veins
broad ; $ , interspaces on fore wing be-
yond postdiscal oblique black band not
tinged with yellow -D. hierta, p. 142.
&2. Upperside : $ , black margins to veins
narrow; $, interspaces on fore wing
beyond postdiscal oblique black band \ D. hietia, race
decidedly tinged with yellow | ethirc, p. 143.
b. Hind wing underside : red markings basal.
a'. Red markings restricted to whole of inter-
space 8 D. dcseombesi,
V . lied markings arranged so as to form a [p. 144.
patch transversely across base of wing.
a2. Hind wing upperside : basal area dusky,
red markings seen through only by
transparency from underside D. aylaia, p. 145.
b2. Hind wing upperside ; basal area red . . 1). tliysbe, p. 146.
K Hind wing underside : without basal or terminal
red markings.
«. Hind wing underside : ground-colour uniform
yellow.
«'. Fore wing upperside : $ , apex broadly
shaded with black, with a clearly denned
superposed transverse series of white spots ;
$, entirely shaded with dusky black
scales ; transverse series of white spots as
in c? • • • • D- ayostina, p. 1 47.
b'. Fore wing upperside : <$ , apical third to
half shaded with black ; transverse series
of superposed spots not clearly defined,
blurred ; £ , less densely shaded with dusky
black scales ; transverse series of white J D. agostina, race
spots not well denned | ayoranis, p. 148.
* D. thyiJ><?, race kandha, is not included in this key, as that form is unknown
to me.
DELIAS. 141
b. Hind wing underside : ground-colour white to
deep dusky brown.
a'. Hind wing upperside : dorsal margin broadly
greyish, its apical half yellow.
a-. Upperside ground-colour dusky brownish [p. 148.
black to deep black I), belladonna,
b2. Upperside ground-colour white shaded ) D. belladonna, var.
more or less with black scales | jftai-alba, p. 149.
b'. Hind wing upperside : dorsal margin less
broadly greyish, its apical half without any I D. belladonna, var.
tinge of yellow | ithiela, p. 149.
571. Delias eucharis (PI. XVII, fig. 109), Drury (Papilio), 111. Ex.
Ent. ii, 1773, p. 16, pi. 10, figs. 5, 6)C?; Moore, Lep. Ceul. i, 1881,
p. 140, pi. 54, figs. 1, 1 a, 1 6, $ $ , larva & pupa ; Davidson S)~
Aitken, Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. v, 1890, p. 358 ; id. t. c. 1896,
p. 569 ; MacKinnon, Jour. Bomb. JV. H. Soc. xi, 1898, p. 586 ;
Moore (Piccarda), Lep. Ind. vi, 1904, p. 175, pi. 534, figs. 1, 1 a-
1 d, larva & pupa, <S $ .
<S . Upperside : white. Fore wing : the veins broadly black, thi&
colour broadened triangularly at the termination of the veins,
costal margin narrowly black ; a broad black postdiscal transverse
band from costa to dorsum sloped obliquely outwards from costa
to vein 4, thence parallel to termen. Hind wing with the veins
similar but for three-fourths of their length much more narrowly
black ; a postdiscal transverse black band as on the fore wing but
much narrower, curved and extended only between veins 2 and 6 ;
beyond this the veins are more broadly black and this colour as
on the fore wing broadens out triangularly at the termination of
the veins ; the interspaces beyond the postdiscal black band pink,
due to the vermilion coloration of the underside showing through.
Underside : fore wing similar but the black edging to the veins
much broader, the upper two interspaces beyond the postdiscal
transverse band tinged with yellow. Hind wing : ground-colour
bright yellow, the veins aud transverse postdiscal band as on the
upperside but much more broadly black, the latter extended from
the costa to vein 2 ; the interspaces between the veins beyond
the postdiscal fascia with a series of broadly lanceolate or cone-
shaped vermilion-red spots, each spot very narrowly edged with
white ; the basal portion of interspace 6 white, in contrast to
the bright yellow of the ground-colour. Antennae black ; head,
thorax and abdomen white, the apical joint of the palpi black ; the
head and thorax with a mixture of black hairs that gives these
parts a grey-blue appearance. — $ . Upper and under sides similar
to those in the d , but the black edging to the veins and the post-
discal transverse bands on both fore and hind wings very much
broader.
Exp. 3 $ 80-85 mm. (3-18-3-35").
Hab. The Himalayas up to 7000 feet ; the whole of continental
India except the desert tracts ; Ceylon.
142 PIEBID&.
Larva. " Long, cylindrical and smooth with an oily gloss. Two
subdorsal rows of long white bristles springing from minute white
tubercles ; head, sides and back sparsely clothed with short white
bristles: colour brown, head and feet black. It may be found from
the beginning of August everywhere on the common ' mistletoe '
(Loranthus), from which it will drop and hang by a thread if the
tree is shaken. We have never found it feeding on anything
else. Unlike most butterflies this species lays as many as twenty
or thirty eggs on one leaf, in parallel rows, with equal intervals,
and the larvae continue in some measure gregarious to the last, so
that a large number of pupae are often found, at a little, distance
from each other, on a wall, or the trunk of a tree."
Pupa'. " Closely attached by the tail and by a band generally
to a vertical surface with the head upwards. It is moderately
stout with a short snout, two small tubercles on the head, a sharp
but not prominent dorsal ridge on the thorax, continued in a row
of tubercles on the abdominal segments. Below these are two
partial subdorsal rows. Colour bright yellow ; tubercles and a row
of spots denning the wing-cases black.
" Large numbers are destroyed by a dipterous parasite very like
a common house-fly." (Davidson $• Aitlcen.)
572. Delias hierta (PI. XVII, tig. 110), Hilbner (Pontia), Zutrage
Exot. Schnwtt. i, 1818, p. 17, figs. 77, 78, tf; Druce, P. Z. 8. 1874,
p. 108 ; Moore (Piccarda), Lep. Ind. vi, 1905, p. 178, pi. 532,
tigs. 2, 2 a-2c, 3 $ , & pi. 533, tigs. 1, l«-lc, rf $ .
Thyca devaca, Moore, P. Z. S. 1872, p. 566 $ .
Delias indica, Moore, P. Z. S. 1878, p. 839.
Race metarete.
Delias metarete, Butler, Trans. Linn. Soc. 1879, p. 550 ; Moore
(Piccarda), Lep. Ind. vi, 1905, p. 181, pi. 533, figs. 2, 2a-2c,
(??•
Race ethire.
Delias ethire, Doherty, J. A. S. B. 1886, p. 262, $ $ ; Moore
(Piccarda), Lep. Ind. vi, 1905, p. 180.
cJ $ . Closely resembles D. eucharis but can be distinguished as
follows : — 6 . Upperside, fore wing : the black margins to the veins
more diffuse ; the transverse postdiscal fascia diffuse, ill- defined,
oblique, not parallel to termen in its lower portion but terminated
at apex of vein 2 ; the apical portion of the wing beyond the
fascia more or less so thickly shaded with black scales as to leave
the white lanceolate spaces between the veins (so prominent in
eucharis) ill-defined and obscure. Hind wing white, the black
venation and terminal narrow black border as well as the sub-
terminal vermilion-red spots between the veins on the underside
show through by transparency. Underside : fore wing as in
•eucharis, but the black margins to the veins much broader and the
DELIAS. 143
postdiscal transverse fascia as on the upperside oblique but broader.
Hind wing differs from that of eucharis in the much deeper
chrome-yellow tint of the ground-colour, the postdiscal black
curved fascia that in eucharis separates the yellow from the
subtenninal vermilion-red spots entirely wanting, the red spots
themselves pointed inwardly, not subcordate, they conspicuously
increase in size posteriorly. Antennae, head, thorax and abdomen
similar to those of eucharis. — $ differs from the 2 of eucharis on
the upperside by the very much darker shading, especially on the
fore wing, and by the postdiscal transverse band which is as in the
d oblique but broader. Hind wing also more darkly shaded, the
postdiscal transverse curved black baud entirely absent. Underside
as in the $ but darker, the fore wing especially more thickly
shaded with black scaling, the preapical interspaces tinged with
yellow. Antennae, thorax and abdomen similar to those in eucharis.
Exp. d $ 78-84 mm. (3-08-3-30").
Hab. The Himalayas from Kumaon to Sikhim in the low
hot valleys ; Bengal ; Calcutta (de Niceville) ; Assam ; Burma to
Northern Teuasseriin ; extending to Siam.
Specimens from the Himalayas and Assam are paler than Burmese
specimens and have the yellow on the underside of the hind wing
often restricted to the base and to the posterior half of the wing.
Race metarete, Butler. — Differs from typical Jiierta as follows : —
d . Upperside •. ground-colour a much purer white ; apical half of
fore wing in contrast with the white on basal half densely shaded
with black scales. Underside : the colours clearer and purer, the
chrome-yellow on the hind wing confined to the base and posterior
half of the wing, the apical half of the cell and the anterior inter-
spaces within the line of the vermiliou-red spots pure white ; the
anterior two or three subterminal red spots margined interiorly
with diffuse black scaling. — $ differs less from the 2 of hierta,
but on the underside of the hind wing the yellow colour is as
restricted as it is in the d ; the subterrninal red spots are of a
richer vermilion than in hierta, and the anterior two or three as
in the d have an interior narrow margin of diffuse black scales.
Antennae, head, thorax and abdomen as in hierta, but the thorax
and abdomen shaded slightly darker with a bluish-grey appearance.
Exp. d $ 76-88 mm. (3-02-3-48").
Nab. Southern Tenasserim ; extending to Malacca and Sumatra.
Race ethire, Doherfy. — d $ . Differs from typical hierta as
follows: — d- Upperside: very pure white. Fore wing : the black
margins to the veins very narrow, the oblique postdiscal band ill-
defined, scarcely any irroratiou of black scales on the apical half of
the wing. Hind wing pure white, the colours of the underside
seen through by transparency as in hierta. Underside : differs
from hierta principally in the brighter tint of the yellow on the
hind wing, and in the more clearly defined, less diffuse black
margins of the veins.— 5 . Differs less from 2 hierta than does
144 PIERIDJE.
the c? from the corresponding sex of the same insect. Upperside :
the interspaces beyond the postdiscal oblique band on fore wing
and the cell and basal halves of the interspaces beyond the cell on
the hind wing distinctly tinged with yellow. Underside : all the
markings more neatly and clearly defined than in hierta, the inter-
spaces beyond the oblique postdiscal band on the fore wing bright
lemon-yellow. Antennae, head, thorax and abdomen in both sexes
as in D. kierta.
Exp. <$ $ 66-84 mm. (2-60-3-30").
Hah. Madras ; Orissa ; Lower Bengal.
There is a single specimen in the British Museum labelled
" Khasia Hills " ?
573. Delias descombesi (PI. XVII, fig. Ill), Boisduval (Pieris), Spec.
Gen. Lep. i, 1836, p. 465 ; Moore, P. Z. S. 1878, p. 839 ; Elwes,
Trans. Ent. Soc. 1888, p. 408 ; Moore, Lep. Ind. vi. 1905, p. 183,
pi. 536, figs. 1, 10-lc, rf $ .
c? . Upperside : opaque white. Fore wing : costa and terminal
margin very narrowly black ; extreme base, apex broadly and
termen submarginally more or less thickly irrorated with black
scales, the width of this blackish border decreases posteriorly
along the termen. Hind wing : termen narrowly black, the black
markings of the underside show dusky bluish through transparency.
Underside, fore wingr : black ; an obliquely placed short broad bar
along the discocellulars and a subterminal series of outwardly
pointed spots, of which the anterior three lengthen into streaks,
white ; the anterior and posterior margins of the cell and broad
streaks, that do not reach the terminal margin, on each side of
veins 1 to 4, grey. Hind wing : rich chrome-yellow ; costa and
termen broadly black ; interspaces "1 to 7 with outwardly pointed,
broadly triangular, yellowish-white diffuse spots on the black ter-
minal margin, the black on the inner side of these spots produced
conically inwards ; the black in interspace 7 centred with an
elongate, outwardly somewhat diffuse, oval vermilion streak. —
$ . Upperside : black. Fore wing : a broad oblique apical cell-
bar and a curved subterminal series of somew7hat hastate spots,
white. Hind wing : apical two-thirds of costa and the termen
broadly black, the rest of the wing yellowish white sparsely
irrorated with black scales ; the vermilion streak in interspace 8 on
the underside shows through by transparency, and the broad
terminal black border has a subterminal very obscurely marked
series of whitish spots. Underside: fore wing as in the rf but
the grey bordering restricted to very narrow streaks along the
median vein and veins 2 to 4. Hind wing : differs from that of
the J as follows : — the rich chrome-yellow replaced by dull white
touched with yellow along the dorsal margin and in the cell and
lightly irrorated in cell and interspaces with black scales, the inner
margin of the black terminal border produced in the interspaces
into more elongate cones. In both sexes : antennae black, head,
thorax and abdomen above greyish ; beneath : white.
DELIAS. 145
Exp. c? $ 83-90 mm. (3-28-3-53").
Hob. Sikhim ; Bhutan; Assam; Burma: Tenasserim ; extending
to Siain, Cochin-China and the Malay Peninsula.
574. Delias aglaia, Linn. (Papilio) Syst. Nat. ed. x, i, 1758, p. 465 ;
Moore, Lep. Ind. vi, 1904, p. 169, pi. 531, tigs. 1, la-Id, d ? ,
larva & pupa.
Delias pasithoe, Linn. (Papilio) Syst. Nat. ed. xii, 1767, p. 755
JShce*, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1888, p. 407; Watson, Jour. Bomb.
N. H. Soc. iv, 1888, p. 25.
c? . Upper side, : black. Fore wing with more or less distinct,
somewhat diffuse, broad streaks from base, in the discoidal cell and
interspaces 1 and 2, the streak in the last the most produced ; a
white oval spot at lower apex of cell traversed by the lower
discocellular, followed by a subterminal series of greyish-white
hastate markings with their points turned inwards, the markings
opposite the apex of the wing elongate and shifted a little inwards.
Hind wing : a broad subbasal transverse greyish-white band merged
posteriorly in a large bright yellow dorsal patch that tills the
epical two-thirds, the extreme apex excepted. of interspaces 1«,
1, and of 2 ; a white transversely elongate spot along the middle
discocellular, and beyond it a postdiscal curved series of greyish-
white elongate hastate spots in interspaces 3 to 7. Underside :
black. Fore wing : somewhat elongate greyish-white markings in
interspaces 1, 2, 3 and in cell, formed into a conspicuous oblique
broad bar across the middle of the wing ; a white spot at lower apex
•of cell and a postdiscal series of hastate spots as on the upperside.
Hind wing : black, a rich dark crimson patch at base, a yellow
dorsal patch as on the upperside but darker ; the apical two-thirds
•of the cell, three spots above it and one below at bases of inter-
spaces 3, 6 and 7 respectively and a curved discal series of elongate
spots beyond apex of cell, rich chrome-yellow ; of these latter
spots the spot in interspace 5 is much the longest. Antennae,
head, thorax and abdomen above black, abdomen on the sides and
below grey. — §. Upperside: brownish black. Fore wing: markings
as in the J , but the cellular streak and the streaks in interspaces
1 and 2 below the cell short and formed into a broken oblique
broad greyish-white band across the wing. Hind wing : markings
similar to those in the male, but the basal crimson patch of the
underside seen through by transparency, the transverse broad
subbasal band and dorsal patch both pale yellow and much broader
than in the 6" , and the postdiscal curved series of hastate spots
obscure and ill-defined. Antennae, head, thorax and abdomen as
in the d" , the abdomen whitish grey below and on the sides.
Exp. <$ $ 66-90 mm. (2-60-3-55").
Hab. Nepal ; Sikhim ; Assam ; Burma ; Tenasserim ; to the
south extending through the Malay Peninsula to Borneo ; to the
east through the Shan States to Siam and S. China.
Larva. Brownish red, each segment with a transverse row of
VOL. II. L
146 PIERIDJE.
long bristles, the outer bristles black, the middle yellow. Length
about 2 laches. Found iu March feeding on the young leaves
of the linii/a (Nmtclea ro(undifolia).
Papa. ^Verydark reddish brown or black, smooth, sinuate; head
with three sharp points and a broad truncation in front ; segments
of the abdomen and the front with small acute tubercular pro-
jections.
575. Delias thysbe (PI. XVIII, fig. 117), Cramer (Papilio), Pap. Exot.
ii\, 1782, p. 70, pi. 233, fig. C $ ; Moore, Lep. Lid. vi, 1904.
p. 171, pi. 532, fijjs. 1, la-lc, <J $ .
Thyca pyranius, Wallace, Tram. Ent. Soc. 1867, p. 347 : Elwes
(Delias), Trans. Ent. Soc. 1888, p. 407.
Race kandha.
Deliaskandha, Doherty, J. A. S. Beny. 1886, p. 262; Moore, Lep.
Ind. vi, 1904, p. 173.
c? $ . Eeseinbles D. aglaia in both sexes ; the differences,,
however, are as follows : — Upperside, fore wing : the white spot at
apex of cell replaced by an upper and a lower grey scaled spot
that crosses the discocellulars, which are black ; the postdiscal series
of hastate spots converted into broad greyish diffuse streaks of
which the streak in interspace 3 is shifted more inward than
the others. In the rf the broad subbasal greyish streaks in inter-
spaces 1 and 2 and in the cell are longer than in the $ . Hind
wing black ; basal area to middle of cell deep vermilion, traversed
by the black veins ; interspaces la. 1 and posterior medial portion
of 2 powdered thickly with greyish-white scales in the J ; remainder
of interspace 2 bright yellow ; interspaces 3 to 8 with broad
diffuse grey streaks that do not reach the termen, the streaks in
interspace 5 extend into apex of cell ; in $ similar, but inter-
spaces 2 to 5 with still broader yellow streaks, of which those
in interspaces 4 and 5 cross over the discocellulars into the apex
of the cell. Underside : similar to the upperside, the grey markings
paler, almost white ; hind wing in both sexes with the basal
vermilion patch extended to the base of the dorsal margin :
humeral angle at base of wing with an ochraceous spot ; apex of
cell and broad streaks in interspaces 1 to 8 yellow fading to
yellowish-white anteriorly : the veins narrowly black, which colour
broadens triangularly at their apices and so forms anteriorly a
more or less irregular terminal black margin. Antennae, head,
thorax and abdomen as in D. a<jlaia.
Exp. d1 $ 78-92 mm. (3-1-3-6").
Hab. Nepal ; Sikhira ; Bhutan ; Assam ; Burma : Tenasserim ;
extending to Stain and the Malay Peninsula.
Mace kandha, Doherty. —"Allied to D. pyramws, Wall. (=]).
thi/sbe) from Sikhitn. In kandha the ochreous anal area of the hind
wing is replaced by pale cream ; the light discal areas on the hind
wing below, which in pyramus are ochreous anally and whitish
DELIAS. 147
apically, are, in kandha, of an almost uniform bright yellow hue,
inclining to lemon ; the ochre spofc at the base of the hind wing
below is much larger and more distinct ; the apical grey streaks of
the fore wing above are obscurely tinged with ochreous. All
the pale marks are larger, and the black areas smaller and better
defined. The female hardly differs from the male.
" Exp. 98 mm.
" Hob. Madras, Vizagapatam:' (pclierty .)
Unknown to me.
576. Delias agostina (PL XVII, fig. 112), Heioitson (Pieris), Exot.
Butt, i, Pieridce, 1852, pi. 1, figs. 1, 2, rf; Elwes, Trans. Ent. Soc.
1888, p. 408; Moore (Piccarda), Lep. 2nd. vi, 1905, p. 181,
pi. 535, figs. 1, 1 «-l c, d $ .
Race agoranis.
Delias agoranis, Grose-Smith, A. M. N. H. (5) xx, 1887, p. 226 ;
Moore (Piccarda), Li-p. Ind. vi, 1005, p. 182, pi. 535, figs. 2, 2 a, rf .
c? . Upperside: white. Fore wing: costa narrowly, apex
broadly shaded with black, the shading so arranged as to leave on
the latter a conspicuous curved series of oval outwardly-pointed
spots of the ground-colour, that increase in size from the spot in
interspace 3 to the spot in interspace 6, the subcostal spot above
small again ; the black shading on the apex is continued slightly
inwards along the veins, while its width varies somewhat in
different specimens. Hind wing uniform, unmarked, or with the
merest trace of black scaling that forms spots along the terminal
margin; the colour of the underside seen through by trans-
parency gives a pink tinge to the basal and dorsal areas and a
faint bluish tint to the terminal margin. Underside : fore wing
white, the costa more broadly black than on the upperside, the
whole of the veins bordered broadly with black ; a subapical curved
broad bar from costa to vein 2, black. Hind wing bright canary-
yellow, costa narrowly white ; terminal margin with an even
moderately broad border, dusky black, and with a superposed
series of irregular white lunular marks. — 5 • Upperside : fore wing
entirely shaded with black, sometimes very dark, almost completely
black (wet-season form ?), the curved preapical series of white
spots as in the <3 . Hind wing : sometimes canary-yellow, some-
times white with a pink tinge from the colour of the underside
showing through ; terminal margin more or less broadly black, with
a marginal series of white spots in the interspaces. Underside : as
in the 3 , but the white spots on the terminal black border of the
hind wing larger. Antennae in both sexes black ; head, thorax
and abdomen white shaded with fuscous black.
Exp. J $ 66-70 mm. (2-6-2-76").
Hob. Eastern Himalayas ; Nepal ; Sikhim ; Assam ; Burma ;
Tenasserim, extending to Siam.
L2
148 PIJSRIJJJE.
Race agoranis. Grose-Smith. — Differs from typical agottina as
follows : — $ . Upperside, fore wing : apical third to nearly apical
half shaded with diffuse black scaling ; the curved series of spots
of the white ground-colour so conspicuous in agostina present, but
more or less blurred. Hind wing : terminal margin with very
diffuse dusky-black spots at the apices of the veins. Underside,
fore wing : the black edgings to the A'eins very diffuse. Hind wing
a much paler yellow than in typical agostina ; the terminal dusky-
black border as in the typical form but broader, the black scaling
more diffuse. — $ . Upperside : very similar to $ agostina, but the
dusky-black colouring on both fore and hind wings less pronounced ;
the cell and greater part basally of the interspaces with the white
of the ground-colour more conspicuous. Underside : as in
agostina, but the yellow on the hind wing paler, the dusky-black
terminal border broader, inwardly not well-defined, the superposed
white spots blurred with black scaling and diffusely spread inwards.
Antennae, head, thorax and abdomen as in typical agostina.
Exp. <5 $ 78-81 mm. (3-08-3-19").
Hob. South Teuasserim.
This form is the connecting-link between D. agostina, Hewitson,
and D. singhapura, Wallace.
•577. Delias belladonna, Fab,-. (Papilio) Ent. Syst, in, 1793, p. 180;
Donovan (Papilio), Xat. Rep. i, 1823, pi. 35 $ ; JSIires, P. Z. S.
1882, p. 401; Mackimton |- de N. Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. xi,
1898, p. 685, pi. 5, tig. 19.
Pieris horsfieldii, Gray, Zool. Misc. 1831, p. 32 ; Moore (Delias),
Lep. 2nd. vi, 1904, p. 160, pi. 529, tigs. 1, 1 a-l c & 2, 2 a, <$ $.
Pieris sanaca, Moore, P. Z. S. 1857, p. 103, pi. 44, tig. 4 (by error
6 above fitf. on plate) ; id. (Delias) Lep. Ind. vi, 1904, p. 163,
pi. 528, tigs. 1, la-Ie,J %.
Thyca ithiela, Butler, A. M. JV. H. (4) iv, 1869, p. 242 ; Moore
(Delias), Lep. Ind. vi, 1904, p. 167, pi. 530, tigs. 1, 1 a-l c, rf $ .
Thyca berinda, Moore, P. Z. S. 1872, p. 566, ? .
Delias flavalba, Marshall, P. Z. S. 1882, p. 759.
c? . Upperside : dusky brownish black to black. Fore wing with
the following diffuse white markings : — Cell with an oblique sub-
apical bar, an angulated discal series of three upper spots inclined
obliquely outwards and three lower spots inclined obliquely
inwards ; in most specimens the oblique bar in the cell and the
lower two of the discal series of spots are extended diffusely
inwards ; finally, a subterminal series of large rounded spots white
inwardly, irrorated with black scales outwardly. Hind wing :
dorsal margin, including interspaces la, 1 and 2, basal half whitish,
apical half more or less strongly tinged with pure canary-yellow ;
a large oval yellow spot at base of interspaces 7 and 8 ; a broad,
ill-defined diffuse whitish streak in cell ; a discal series of diffuse
whitish spots that is angulated outwards at interspace 5, the
posterior spots more or less tinged with yellow ; followed by a
DELIAS. 149
subterminal series of whitish spots as on the fore wing, only
slightly tinged with yellow. Underside: ground-colour similar
but more brownish, markings similar but more clearly and sharply
defined ; the subterminal series of spots on both fore and hind wings
more or less dentate ; the upper three spots of this series on the
fore wing and generally all of the spots on the hind wing yellow ;
on the hind wing the dorsal margin and the cell-streak are also
yellow, while the discal series of spots are more often than not
tinged with the same colour. Antennae, head, thorax and abdomen
black, the antennae annulated obscurely with white, the abdomen
beneath white. — $ . Similar, ground-colour always paler and duller:
markings on the upperside less distinct, the subterminal series of
spots on the fore wing as a rule farther from the margin than in
the <3 .
Exp. tf $ 70-98 mm. (2-78-3-85").
Hub. The Himalayas from Kulu to Sikhim ; Bhutan from 2000
to 7000 feet ; Assam : the Khasia Hills ; the hills of Burma
and Tenasserhn ; extending into Siam and China.
Var. flavalba, Marshall, is a very pale variety of this form
described originally from Kunavvur. Gradations between it and
typical belladonna are formed by D. sanaca, Moore, Z). hearsay* ,
Butler, and D. clirysorrluea, Vollenhoven. Typical flavalba differs
from belladonna as follows : — Upperside : white, more or less irro-
rated, especially on the outer half of the fore wing, with black
scales. JFore wing : the veins all broadly but diffusely bordered
with black on both sides ; in some specimens this black bordering
to the outer vein coalesces to form a sort of ill-defined postdiscal
transverse band, and in all specimens it is most prominent along
the discocellulars. Hind wing : white, a subcostal yellow spot at
base as in typical belladonna ; the veins along the dorsal margin
at base, the median vein, and the discocellulars broadly bordered
with black ; an ill-defined very faint subterminal series of black
lunules ; the apices of interspaces 1 «, 1 and 2 pale yellow.
Underside : fore and hind wings similar to the upperside, but
the hind wing with the following additional markings : — a broad
elongate spot or streak in cell, a basal subcostal spot, a discal very
curved series of spots, and a subterminal series of spots, all pale
yellow.
Occasionally, both in the typical and in the pale forms, the sub-
costal basal spot on the hind wings is orange-red. The pale forms
seem to occur only in the N.W. Himalayas, but the typical form
also occurs there, the two flying together with other specimens
showing all gradations between them.
Var. ithiela, Butler, is the very dark Eastern form with smaller
markings and with the interspaces 1 «, 1 and 2 of the hind wing
entirely lacking the yellow on the apical half.
150
Genus PRIONERIS.
Frioneris, Wallace, Trans. Ent. Sue. 1807, p. 383 ; flutler, Cist. Enf.
i, 1870, p. 39, pi. 1, fig. 1, venation; Moore, Lep. Ceyl. i, 1881,
p. 140 ; id. Lep. Incl vi, 1905, p. 1-86.
Type, P. tJtesti/lis, Doubleday, from N.E. India.
liange. Indo-Malavan liegion ; China.
<3 $ . Fore wing : costa widely arched, strongly serrated in d1 ;
apex produced, subacute ; termen oblique, slightly concave in the
middle towards tornus, which
latter is rounded ; dorsum com-
paratively short, only about two-
thirds length of the costa ; cell
slightly longer than half the
length of the wing ; vein 6 out
of lower side of 7 well beyond
apex of cell, upper discocellular
therefore absent ; middle dis-
cocellular very oblique, lower
slightly less oblique and shorter
than middle ; vein 8 absent;
vein 9 from within apical third
of 7 ; veins 10 and 11 free,
emitted and extended close
together from just beyond
middle of subcostal vein. Hind-
wing more or less pyriform ;
costa nearly straight from base
to near apex, then strongly
arched, the arch continued along
the termen to the tornus ; tornus
rounded, not well-marked ; dor-
I.
11-
_ Fig. 38.
Prioneris thestylis, venation,
I. Fore wing.
II. Hind wing.
sum widely arched ; cell long, placed in the middle of the wing,
the area above it to the costa very broad ; discocellulars very long,
outwardly oblique, lower apex acute ; precostal spur or vein out-
wardly curved. Antennae long, slender, slightly more than half
length of fore wing; club long and very gradual; palpi sub-
porrect, thickly fringed with long stiff hairs anteriorly, third joint
short, slightly clavate, scaled ; head above with a tuft of long
hairs ; eyes large, prominent, naked ; thorax and abdomen mode-
rately stout.
Key to the forms of Frioneris.
a. Underside hind wing with no basal red patch.
af. Underside hind wing with no terminal
series of red spots .................... P. thesti/lis, p. lol .
V ' . Underside hind wing with a terminal series
of red spots ...... . ................... P. sita, p. 154.
b. Underside hind wing with a basal red patch. . P. clemanthe, p. 158.
PEIOXER1S. 151
578. Prioneris thestylis (PL XVII, fig. 113;, Doubleday (Pieris),
in Grai/s Zool. Misc. 1842, p. 76 ; Doubleday, Westw. Sf Heicits.
(Pieris) Gen. Di. Lep. i, 1847, p. 44, pi. 6, fig. 2 rf; Wallace,
Trans. Ent. Sac. 1867, p. 384 ; JBlwes, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1888,
p. 410.
Pieris seta, Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E. 1. C. i, 1857, p. 78.
Prioneris watsoni, Hetcitson, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1868, p. 99;
Moore, P. Z. S. 1878, p. 839.
Wet-season form. — c? . Upperside : white. 1'ore wing : veins
black, the white ground-colour between the veins darkened on the
basal area by the markings of the underside that show through ;
costa and apical third or more of the wing black, this colour extended
into the cell at its apex and gradually decreasing in width to the
tornus ; on the apical third the black is not uniform, but variegated
with markings of the white ground-colour as follows : — a series
of streaks in interspaces 3 to 7 and 9, broadly interrupted in inter-
spaces 3, 4, and 5 and form a discal and a subterminal series,
continuous in interspaces 6, 7. and 9, and pointed at apex ; in inter-
spaces 1 «, l,and 2 the white ground-colour extends almost to the
terminal margin, but is limited at their apices by the broadening
of the black at the apices of the veins, sometimes in interspaces 1
and 2 the white is also indistinctly interrupted by a diffuse trans-
verse scaling of black. Hind wing : veins black on the outer two-
thirds, with broad black terminations at their apices, these are so
connected as to form a black terminal edging to the wing ; within
this the ground-colour is darkened bv the markings of the underside
that show through. Underside fore wing : black, variegated with
the following white and yellow markings : — interspaces 1 «, 1, and
2 whites limited by the black at the apices of the veins and occa-
sionally subterminally by an indistinct diffuse transverse black
bar as on the upperside ; cell with ill-defined, often largely inter-
rupted white streaks in the lower half and two oval white spots
before the apex in the upper half ; an anterior discal series of five
spots, the posterior three white, the anterior two bright chrome-
yellow ; the subcostal spot elongated into a streak is followed by a
transverse subterminal series of spots, the anterior three or four
bright chrome-yellow, the posterior two or three white, the upper
two elongate. Hind wing : black, with the following bright chrome -
yellow markings: — interspaces 1 a and 1 with broad streaks, limited
at base and more narrowly at apex ; a broad, somewhat irregular
streak margined with white in cell, a strongly-curved discal series
of large spots margined with white and decreasing in size anteriorly
in interspaces 1 to 7, followed by a subterminal series of much
smaller spots in interspaces 2 to 7, the upper two or three elongate ;
finally an oval spot interior to the discal spot in interspace 7 and a
large spot on the precostal area conspicuously traversed by the
black precostal spur or vein. Antennae black ; head and thorax
•clothed with long bluish-grey pile ; abdomen blackish ; beneath :
the palpi, head and thorax black, abdomen white.
$ . Upperside : deep brownish black, with the following white
markings in addition to a broad sullied white streak that is suffused
with yellow at its apex and fills the basal three-fourths of
interspaces 1 a and 1 on hind wing : — Pore wing : a slender streak
near base of cell, four spots at apex, the anterior three placed
obliquely ; two slender somewhat curved streaks from near base
of interspace 1, Avith a series of elongate ctiscal spots in the inter-
spaces 2 to 6, followed by a subtenninal series of elongate spots or
short narrow streaks in interspaces 1 to 7, the streak in interspace 1
double ; finally, a pretornal short streak on the dorsum and a large
subcostal spot produced outwards as an obscure slender streak in
interspace 9. Hind wing: a streak in eel) with a discal series of
spots beyond, followed by a subtenninal series of spots. Underside :
black, this colour of a deeper tint on the hind wing; markings as
on the upperside, but all the spots arid streaks larger, broader,,
more clearly defined ; the anterior two or three subtenninal
markings on the fore wing and all the markings including the
broad stripes in interspaces 1, 1 a on the hind wing, rich chrome-
yellow. Antenna?, head, thorax and abdomen black, thorax above
clothed with long dusky greenish-grey hairs.
Dry-season brood. — J differs from the c? wet-season brood as
follows: — Upperside, fore wing: the black at apex and along the
veins more restricted. Hind wing : uniform white flushed with
yellow, the veins not edged with black towards their apices, terminal
margin with a very slender black line. Underside : on both fore
and hind wings the black much more restricted, on the fore wing
it enters the cell only anteriorly and is confined to the apex and
to a narrow edging along veins 3, 4 and 5 ; on the hind wing
only an edging to the median vein posteriorly, bases of veins 1 a
and 1, an edging to vein 7, the greater part of interspace 7 and
dilated edgings at the terminal end of each vein, are black ; the
rest is yellow, the veins on outer half of the wing narrowly white-
bordered. Antennae, head, thorax and abdomen as in the wet-
season form. — 2 very similar to $ of wet-season brood ; differs
as follows: — Upperside hind wing: the white streak in cell
broader, below the cell a large patch of chrome-yellow that occupies
the dorsal and pretornal areas but does not extend above vein 3 -f
the discal white spots in interspaces 4, 5 and 0 much larger.
Underside : as in the wet-season form, but the ground-colour of the
fore and hind wings alike — a dull sepia-black ; the markings
similar to those in the wet-season form, but the yellow in inter-
spaces 1 a, 1, 2 and 8 of the hind wing more extensive, in the
latter three the interspaces are edged with white. Antennae, head^
thorax and abdomen as in the wet-season form.
Eaep. d1 $ 75-102 mm. (2-96-4-02").
Hab. Himalayas; Mussoorie; Sikhim ; Bhutan ; Assam; Burma;
Tenasserim ; the Shan States ; extending to Siam. Mr. Mackinnon
informs me that General Buckley discovered it at Mussoorie. It
probably extends all along the Himalayas from Sikhim to
Mussoorie.
PRIOXERIS. 153
579. Prioneris clemanthe, Dovbleday (Pieris), A. M. N. H. 1846,
p. 23 ; Wallace, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1867, p. 385, <5 5 Elices, Tram.
Ent. Soc. 1888, p. 411 ; Moore, Lep. 2nd. vi, 1905, p. 191,
pi. 537, figs. 1, 1 «-!/, cf 5.
c?. Upperside: Avhite. Fore wing: veins black, edged broadly
with the same colour towards the terminal margin, the black con-
tinuous along the actual margin, in the interspaces above vein 3
it is densely irrorated with black scaless and leaves mere narrow
streaks of the white ground-colour apparent ; costa black. Hind
wing : the yellow ground-colour of the underside partially visible
through transparency ; veins 7 and 8 black, the rest black only
towards their apices ; finally, a black terminal slender line. Under-
side : fore wing white, the veins broadly edged with black, this colour
dilated broadly along the discocellulars, along the basal halves of
veins 3 to 7, along the costa, the apex of the wing and at the ends
of all the veins. Hind wing : yellow, precostal area vermilion-red r
all the veins jet-black and prominent; a subterminal comparatively
broad band from apex of vein 3 to apex of vein 7 white, narrowed
posteriorly : beyond it a narrow terminal edging of black. An-
tennae and head black, thorax clothed with long bluish-grey hairs,
abdomen white ; beneath : the palpi and thorax dusky-black,
abdomen white. — $ . Upperside : as in the J , but on the fore wing
the black edging to the veins greatly increased and the ground-
colour limited further by a very dense irroration of black scales,
which gives a dusky-grey appearance to so much of the white as
is visible ; thus the wing looks all black, with a series of very
diffusely-defined greyish streaks in the cell and interspaces beyond,
which streaks, however, do not attain the extreme margin and are,
moreover, more or less medially interrupted by the black and form
an obscure discal and a subtermirial series. The whitest spots
left are the elongate ones in the cell and in the anterior inter-
spaces beyond and above it. Hind wing : the black terminal line
in the c? replaced by a broad black terminal band traversed by a
series of spots of the white ground-colour in the interspaces ;
these, however, are thickly overlaid by an irroration of black
scales. Underside : fore wing similar to the upperside, but the
streaks and spots of the ground-colour left apparent are not so
densely overlaid with black scales. Hind wing as in the c? , but
the black edging to the veins very much broader ; the subterminal
band black, with an anterior series of large yellow spots, and
divided from the yellow over the basal and discal areas by a
curved subterminal narrow black band ; the terminal spots, as in
the d , do not reach below vein 2 ; in most specimens the one or
two posterior spots are pale, inclining to buff orochraceous white.
Antenna} black ; head, thorax and abdomen nearly black, much
darker than in the c? -
Exp. c? $ 82-90 mm. (3-24-3-5G").
Bab. Sikhim; Bhutan ; Assam; Burma; Tenasserim ; the Shan
States ; extending to Siam.
154
oSO. Prioneris sita, Feller (Pieris), yovara Rciae, Lcp. ii, 1865, p. 161,
pi. 25, fijr. 12 cf; Wallace, Trans. Ent. 6'oc. 1867, p. 385; Moore,
Lep. Cei/l. i, 1881, p. 141, pi. 54, tig. 2 rf; Davidson, Bell, $ Aitken,
Jour, liomb. N. H. Soc. x, 1897, p. 570 ; de Xicecille, J. A. S. B.
18UO, p. 250.
c? . Uppermdti white, with a slight glaucous or greenish tint.
Fore and hind wings : the postdiscal markings of the underside seen
through faintly by transparency ; all the veins of the fore wing from
base, and the veins of the hind wing on the outer third margined
narrowly with black, that towards the terminal margin broadens,
coalesces and forms a band on the extreme margin ; on the fore
wing this is comparatively broad and the black markings more or
less triangular ; at each vein on the hind wing the baud is reduced
to mere black lines, slightly broader anteriorly than posteriorly.
Underside: fore wing white, costa black, apex suffused with yellow,
all the veins from base broadly bordered with black that does not
expand towards their apices ; an ill- defined transverse, somewhat
diffuse, postdiscal black band from veins 1 to 7. Hind wing: rich
chrome-yellow up to a postdiscal black band, beyond which the
ground-colour is white \\ith a series of large terminal vermilion-
red rectangular or truncated cone-shaped spots ; veins from base
bordered somewhat narrowly but conspicuously with black. An-
tenme brownish black, head and thorax clothed with long bluish-
grey hairs, abdomen glaucous white ; beneath : the palpi and thorax
greyish white, abdomen white. — § . Very similar, the black
edgings (o the veins on fore and hind wings on both upper and
under sides broader ; on the upperside the veins of the hind wing
as well as of the fore being black right up to the base. Upperside :
fore and hind wings with a well-marked dusky-black postdiscal
diffuse band ; cell of fore wing traversed by three slender longi-
tudinal black lines. Underside : the yellow and vermilion tints
brighter than in the J •
Exp. d1 ? 86-90 mm. (3-40-3-55").
Nab. Southern India ; Ceylon.
Larva. " Colour dull blue-green. Head and all the segments
dotted with minute blue tubercles, those on the head and sides
black-tipped ; dorsal surface pubescent ; a lateral fringe of soft
white hairs below the spiracles. Feeds on Capparis."
Papa. " Bright green. Sharply pointed at the head, with two
strong lateral points and keeled on dorsal surface of thoracic
segments ; an interrupted yellow dorsal line, and a short, curved
crimson line on each side below thoracic segments bordering a
small white irregular black-speckled spot." (K. E. Green, MS. note
as quoted by Moore.)
ANAPHJSIS. 155
Genus ANAPHJEIS.
Anaphteis, Hilbner, Verz. bek, Schmett. 1816, p. 93.
Belenois, Moore (nee Hiibner), Lep. Ceyl. i, 1881, p. 137.
Type, A. creona, Cramer, from Africa.
Range. Africa ; Southern Asia ; Australia.
d1 $ . 1'ore wing : costa very slightly arched, nearly straight ;
apex slightly produced but more or less obtuse ; terrnen slightly
convex ; tornus obtuse ; dorsum sinuous ; cell about half length of
wing, vein G out of 7 about one-third from base of 7, upper disco-
cellular therefore absent ; middle and lower cliscocellulars oblique ;
vein 8 absent, 9 one-third from apex of 7, 10 free, 11 anastomosed
with 12. Hind wing pear-shaped ; cell slightly longer than half
length of wing; precostal spur curved obliquely outwards. Antennae
about half length of wing ; club broad, slightly flattened ; palpi
robust, subporrect, third joint short ; eyes naked ; legs slender,
.scaled, without long hairs ; abdomen comparatively robust ; claspers
in c? long, narrow.
Key to the forms of Auaphaeis.
A. $ . Upperside fore wing: apical area
black with enclosed well-defined elongate
white spots ; § , these spots more or
less obsolescent, tf $ . Underside hind
wing: ground-colour more or less yellow
or tinged with yellow , . . . A. mesentina, p. 155.
B. J . Upperside fore wing : as in $ of
typical form ; § with apical area of
fore wing entirely black, tf $ . Under-
side hind wing: ground-colour a rich
deep chrome-yellow A. mesentina, rare tapro-
bana, p. 157.
581, Anaphaeis mesentina, Cramer (Papilio), Pap. Exot. iii, 1782,
pi. 270, figs. A, B ; Eollar (Pieris), in Hiicjel'sKaschmir,\\, 1844,
p. 409 ; Moore (Pieris), Cat. Lep. Mus. E. 1. C. i, 1857, p. 72,
pi. 12, figs. 9, 9«, larva & pura; de N. $ Aitken (Belenois),
J. A. S. B. 1896, p. 575 ; Macldnnon Sf de N. (Belenois), Jour,
lioinb. N. H. Sac. xi, 1898, p. 590; Moore, Lep. Ind. vi, 1904,
p. 158, pi. 527, figs. ] , 1 rt-1 h, larva & pupa, c? $ .
Pieris lordaca, Walker, Entomologist, v, 1870, p. 48; Yerbury
(Belenois), Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. vii, 1892, p. 216.
Belenois aurigenea, Butler, P. Z. S. 1886. p. 374, § .
Race taprobana.
Pieris taprobana, Moore, P. Z. S. 3872, p. 565 ; id. (Belenois) Lep.
Ceyl. i, 1881, p. 137, pi. 53, figs. 3, 3 a, 3 b, <$ 2 ; id. (Anaphajis)
Lep. Iml vi, 1904, p. 162, pi. 527, figs. 2, 2 «-2 c, J $ ,
]56
PIERID.E.
Fig. 39. — Anaph&i*
mfstnthut, < .
Wet-season form. — tf . Upperside: white. Fore wiag : costa to
base of vein 11 dusky black, thence con-
tinued in a jet-black, gradually widened,
curved, short streak along the discocelltilars to
the lower apex of cell ; apical area diagonally
with the tennen black, the former with six
elongate outwardly pointed spots of the
ground-colour enclosed one in each of the
interspaces 3, 4, 5, 6, 8 and 9. Hind wing :
uniform, the black along the venation on the
underside seen through by transparency ;
termen between veins 2 and 6 somewhat
broadly black, with a series of four round
spots of the ground-colour in the interspaces ;
below vein 2 and above vein 6 the termen is
very narrowly black. Underside : fore wing
white, markings similar, more clearly defined,
the white spots within the black apical afea
larger. Hind wing : yellowish white, all the
reins very broadly bordered with black ;
interspaces 1, 2, 6 and 7 with cross-bars of black, beyond which
there is a subterminal, somewhat broad, transverse band of black
between veins 2 and 6. Cilia of both fore and hind wings white
alternated with black. The ground-colour on both upper and
under sides variable, often cream-coloured above ; beneath : in some
specimens, the base of cell and the elongate spots in apical area of
fore wing, and the whole surface of the hind wing varies to rich
chrome-yellow. — 5 • Similar ; the black markings on both upper
and under sides broader, the white spots on black apical area of fore
wing often subobsolete above. Antennae in both sexes black,
sparsely sprinkled with white dots ; head, thorax and abdomen
above and below white : thorax above often bluish grey.
Dry-season form. — tf $ . Similar to 3 $ of wet-season form
but on the upperside the black markings are narrower, the white
markings on the black apical area of fore wing broader and longer,
and on the hind wing the narrow inner margining to the black ou
the termen very narrow, somewhat obsolescent; therefore, the
white subterminal spots have the appearance of opening inwards.
Underside : ground-colour almost pure white ; on the hind wing
slightly tinged with yellow. Antenna?, head, thorax and abdomen
as in the wet-season form.
&rp- <S $ 44-62 mm. (1-72-2-45").
Hah. Within our limits, the Himalayas from Kashmir to Sikhim
at elevations below 6000 feet, and through the plains to Southern
India. In the Nilgiris observed up to 8000 feet (Hampton). It
does not seem to occur in Assam or Burma, but I possess a
specimen of the dry-season form taken by Mr. G. Kogers, Deputy
Conservator of Forests, in April 1903," in the Ganges harbour,
Great Xicobar Island. To the west it spreads through Persia and
Arabia to East Africa.
A>'APH,£IS. 157
A very variable insect. Messrs. Davidson, Bell and Aitken
state that the larvae feed on capers, that they are "gregarious
throughout their existence," and that "the eggs are laid in batches
of from ten to forty."
Larva. " When hatched a line long, olive colour, with a distinct
glossy jet-black head. After first moult. — One fourth inch long;
grass-green ; dorsal line very distinct, dark green ; lateral line
very broad, plum-coloured and mottled, dentated into the ground-
colour, on the last two segments on its upperside ; a small white
spot on either side of dorsal line on each segment; a yellow spot
on each segment on the lateral line on either side ; abdomen
glossy green ; ventral line distinct, rather interrupted, grass-
green ; all the legs green, hairy ; head shiny black with a green
triangular mark in front, covered with stiff whitish hairs ; stigmata
dark-coloured ; sides greyish green, slightly wrinkled transversely ;
the portion of ground-colour between lateral and dorsal line
slightly powdered with yellow ; hair whitish grey ; anal segment
black and hairy ; first segment rather swollen in front. After last
moult. — Length 1^ inch long; cylindrical, broader towards the
head, slightly tomentose on back, hairy on the sides ; otherwise as
after first moult Food- plant, the pea-leaved Caper
( Camparis pyrifotia)."
Pupa. " Five-eighths of an inch long, transparent, pale cream-
colour. In front a longish tubercle directed forwards, with a
black mark on each side, and a smaller one on either side of
4th segment perfectly black ; a lateral line of pale plum-colour, on
Avhich is a longitudinal line of yellow round dots, one on each
segment, and a transverse row of dots on each segment ; dashed
and marked with black, particularly on the abdomen. After the
escape of the imago, the 5th and 6th segments of the pupa become
blood-red." (Capt. H. L. Chaumette MS. notes as quoted by
Moore.)
Race taprobana, Moore. — Differs from the typical form as
follows : — (^ . Upperside, fore wing : deep black on apical area,
the enclosed white elongate spots more or less obsolete. Hind
wing : the black terminal border much broader and of a deeper
black, the enclosed white spots, except the spot in interspace 6,
very much smaller, somewhat obsolescent, sometimes absent in
interspace 4. Underside : similar to the upperside, the markings
of a very intense black and broader, the enclosed spots in the
apical area of fore wing, the white of the cell and the area
along the upper half of the wing generally overlaid with rich
chrome-yellow. Hind wing: ground-colour a deep rich chrome-
yellow, the spots on it enclosed in the black along terminal margin
subhastate, the spot in interspace 4 absent. — $ . Similar to the tf
ou both upper and under sides, but in all the specimens I have
seen, on the upperside the spots of the white ground-colour
that are enclosed in the black apical area of the fore wing and
the spots on the black border along the terminal margin of the
158
hind wing are entirely absent. Antenna1, head, thorax and
abdomen as in the typical form.
Exp. tf $ 52-58 mm. (2-02-2-28").
Hab. Apparently confined to Ceylon in the low country.
Genus BALTIA.
Baltin, Moore, A. M. N. H. (5) i, 1878, p. 228 ; Kit-by, Entomologist,
3894. p. 100; Dixey, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1894, pp. 249, 334;
Kirby, Allen's Nat. Lihr., Butt, ii, 1896, p. 15G.
Type, B. shaivi, Moore, from Ladakh.
Range. N.W. Himalayas, Tibet.
c? 2 . ITore wing : costa strongly arched at base, almost straight
to apex, slightly emarginate in the middle, apex blunt; termen
convex ; tornus obtusely angulate, dorsum straight ; cell more
than half length of wing ; veins 5 and 6 both shifted up and
given off from lower side of vein 7 beyond apex of cell, thus only
IV
Fig. 40.—Saltia.
I. Venation : front wing.
IT. ,, hind wing.
III. Hind wing: B. butlcri.
IV. 7?. shawi.
one discocellular is present ; veins 8 and 9 absent, 10 moved up
and forms a short fork with 7 before apex of wing, 11 free. Hind
wing oval with vein 8 very short, the precostal spur or nervure
turned inwards. Antennae slender, about half length of fore
wing ; club large, gradual ; head and thorax very hairy.
Key to the forms of Baltia.
«. Underside hind wing : irrorated diffusely all
over with black scales £. shawi, p. 159.
b. Underside hind wing : not diffusely irrorated with
black, the veins evenly bordered on each side
by broad lines of black scales B. Initleri, p. 159.
BALTIA. 150
582. Baltia shawl, Bates (Mesapia), Henderson $• Humes Lahore to
Yarkund, 1873, p. 30o; Moore, A. M. N. H. (5) i, 1878, p. 228,
J J; ?VZ. 6W. Jtes. '2nd Yark. Miss., Lep. 1879, p. 3, pi. lr
fig-. 5 rf ; ?W. Lep. lad. vi, 1904, p. 1-44, pi. 52:?, tigs. 2, 2 «-
2e, J$.
d1 . Upperside : dead white ; base of wings irrorated with black
scales. Fore wing : costal margin very narrowly yellowish, costal
and subcostal nervures irrorated with black scales, a discocellular
elongate oblique black spot; a narrowly subtriangular short oblique
preapical black bar, its apex downwards, and a series of inwardly
triangular black spots on the termen, these narrow posteriorly and '
reach from the apex of wing to vein 1. Hind wing: uniform, the
irroration of black scales more extended than on the fore wing.
Underside : fore wing white ; costa and apex irrorated with black
scales, the costa and termen margined with a line of pinkish
yellow ; the black discocellular spot, the black preapical bar and
terminal series of black spots much as on the upperside, but the
last is ill-defined, somewhat diffuse at apex and does not descend
below vein 3. Hind wing : white with a dull pinkish tinge all over ;
the whole surface irrorated with black scales that form a broad
elongate patch on posterior half of the wing and an obscure curved
macular discal band beyond the cell; discocellulars defined with
black. — $ differs from the c? as follows : — Upperside : somewhat
thickly irrorated all over with black scales. Fore wing with the
discocellular black spot and terminal series of inwardly-pointed
triangular black spots as in the c? , but the latter more complete,
extends from apex to tornus, the spots are larger and there is no
preapical bar, but a complete, outwardly dentate, curved discal
black band that crosses the wing from costa to dorsum. Hind
whig : the irroration of black scales very dense in a broad patch
posteriorly, and so arranged as to form a curved macular discal
band. Underside : similar to that of the c? , but on the fore
wing there is a complete terminal series of inwardly triangular
black spots and a complete, outwardly dentate, curved discal black
baud; while on the hind wing the irroration of black scales is
more dense. In both sexes the antenna are white annulated with
black, the club black ; head whitish ; thorax and abdomen fuscous
black ; beneath : head and thorax fuscous black, abdomen promi-
nently white.
Escp. rf $ 34-50 mm. (T34-1-99").
Hah. Within our limits recorded from the Karakoram Moun-
tains at an elevation of 18,000 feet ; found also beyond British
territories in the Pamirs and Tibet.
583. Baltia butleri, Moore (Synchloe), P. Z. S. 1882, p. 256, pi. 11,
fi<rs. 6, 6 a, $ ; Eirby, Entomologist, 1894, p. 100 ; id. Allen's
Nat. Lfbr., Butt, ii, 189(5, p. 156 ; Moore, Lep. 2nd. vi, 1904,
p. 145, pi. 522, figs. 3, 3 a, 3 b, rf $ .
J $ . Closely resembles B. slimvi, from which it differs as
160 PIERID.E.
follows: — <$ . Upperside: ground-colour similar. Fore wing : the
black markings also more or less similar but altogether smaller
and narrower, the terminal series of spots reduced to three or
four. Hind wing: similar, but there are two conspicuous black
spots on the discocellulars. Underside, fore wing : ground-colour
white, veins dusky, costa narrowly and apex suffused with pinkish
ochraceous ; the discocellular black spot as on the upperside ;
veins, 4, 5, 6, and apical portion of 7 broadly bordered on each
side with black scales that run parallel to but do not touch the
veins. Hind wing : ground- colour pinkish ochraceous, the veins
-conspicuously white ; all of them, except a small portion in the
middle of the discocellulars, bordered, in the manner similar to
the veins at the apex of the fore wing, with broad lines of black
scales on each side. — 5 . Upperside similar to the uppei'side of
B. sliawi $ , but the wings are irrorated with black scales only at
their bases; the black markings on the fore wing are altogether
smaller and narrower, and the black curved, outwardly dentate,
discal band becomes diffuse and ill-defined posteriorly. On the
hind wing the discocellulars are prominently marked with an
iipper and a lower black spot, and the discal macular band is more
conspicuous than in B. sliawi $ . Underside precisely as in the <3 ,
except that on the fore wing the discal black band is seen through
by transparency from the upperside. In both sexes the antennae,
head, thorax and abdomen as in B. shawi.
Exp. 6 $ 42-54 mm. (1-68-2-12").
Hab. Within our limits recorded from Ladakh : the Digha Pass ;
15,000 feet north of Leh in Kashmir ; the Kardong Pass in the
Karakoram, 15,000 to 18,000 feet.
A variety, var. potaxini, Alphe'raky, is recorded from the ^Xian-
Shan, Koko-JVor, and Western China. It differs from the typical
form on the upperside, in the <3 by the restriction and narrowness
•of the black markings, in the $ by the ground-colour which is
tinged with greenish yellow. On the underside there seems to be
scarcely anv difference.
Genus APORIA.
Aporia, Hiibner, Vcrz. bek. Schmett. 1816, p. 90 ; Kirby, Aliens Nat.
Libr., Butt, ii, 1896, p. 139.
Type, A. cratwgi, Linn., from Europe.
lianfje. Europe ; ^Northern Asia ; Japan ; China ; the Himalayas
from Chitral to Bhutan ; Assam ; the Khasia Hills.
<5 £ . Fore wing typically elongate, the dorsum very nearly
three-fourths the length of the costa ; costa very slightly
arched ; apex blunt ; termen convex ; tornus rounded ; dorsum
straight ; cell elongate, more than half length of wing ; disco-
cellulars oblique ; vein 6 from end of basal third of 7, upper
discocellular therefore absent, middle very little shorter than
APOKIA. 161
lower ; veia 8 lost, vein 9 out of 7 close to apex, 10 and 11 free,
10 from just before upper apex of cell. Hind wing: comparatively
long, narrow, subpyriform ; cell elongate, discocellulars outwardly
oblique ; precostal vein simple, straight. Antennae about half
length of fore wing, club flattened, gradual ; palpi slender, sub-
porrect, hairy in front, third joint about half length of second.
Key to the forms of Aporia.
A. Upperside : ground-colour white, veins more
or less black, but that colour never dilated
where the veins cross disc of wings, no
irroration of black scales except slightly at
base of wings.
a. Upperside : fore wing without qr rarely with
an anterior postdiscal transverse black
band. Of comparatively large size, expanse
over 60 mm ........................... A, soracte, p. 161.
b. Upperside : fore wing with an anterior post-
discal transverse black band always pre-
sent. Of comparatively small size, expanse
well under 60 mm ..................... A. balucha, p. 162.
B. Upperside : ground-colour white, generally
thickly overlaid with an irroration of black
scales" at least over the basal half or three-
fourths of wings ........................ A. nabellica, p. 163.
C. Upperside : ground-colour black or dark
brownish-black, or if white then veins of
both fore and hind wings broadly bordered
with black, that colour dilated where veins
cross disc of wings.
a. Upperside : ground-colour black.
a'. Upperside : markings on both fore and
hind wings white, narrow ; white streak
in interspace 1 of fore wing always more
or less traversed by a longitudinal black
line .............................. A. agathon, p. 163.
b'. Upperside : markings OE both fore and hind
wings white, broad ; white streak in
interspace 1 of fore wing not divided
or traversed longitudinally by a black \ A. agathon, var. ?
line .............................. \ caphusa, p. 165.
b. Upperside : ground - colour white, veins
broadly bordered with black, that colour , A
dilated where veins cross disc of wings .. \A' t*™'. '"l66.
584. Aporia soracte, Moore, Cat. Lep. Mm. E. I. C. i, 1857, p. 83 ;
id, P. Z. S. 1882, p. 256, pi. 11, fig. 5, larva ; Mackinnon $ de N.
Journ. Bomb. N. H. Soc. xi, 1898, p. 589.
cT ? • Upperside: milk-white, with all the veins, especially of the
VOL. II. M
162 PIEUID.E.
fore wing, black, the black edging to the discocellulars and apical
portion of the median vein of the fore
wing broader; the apices of veins 3 to 7
increasingly broadly black-marked. Hind
wing uniform. Both fore and hind wings
with a slender marginal black line along
costa, termen and dorsum ; this is more
or less interrupted in the middle of the
dorsum of the fore wing; base with a
slight irroration of black scales. Under-
side : ground-colour white ; fore wing on
costa narrowly and on apex, hind wing all
over, suffused with pale yellow ; markings
similar. Hind wing : the precostal area
Fig. 41.— Aporia soracte. chrome-yellow, the discocellulars some-
what prominently defined with black ;
interspace 2 divided longitudinally by a black line. Cilia of wings
dusky brown. Antennae black ; head, thorax and abdomen white,
generally strongly suffused with fuscous black ; beneath : head,
thorax and abdomen white.
Exp. <5 $ 60-72 mm. (2-38-2-S4").
Hab. N.W. Himalayas : Kashmir to Kumaon.
The markings on both upper and under sides are to some extent
variable, but I have not seen a sufficient number of dated spe-
cimens to make out whether the variation is seasonal or not.
Thus many, both males and females, have on the upper and
under sides of the fore wing a postdiscal, curved, diffuse, trans-
verse black band between veins 2 and 3 continued anteriorly from
veins 4 to 10 ; a few specimens have also on the hind wing, both
on the upper and under sides, some diffuse black scaling on the
disc that takes the form of outwardly acute sagittate marks in
the interspaces.
585. Aporia balucha, Marshall, P. Z. S. 1882, p. 760 ; Sicinhoe, Trans.
Ent. Soc. 1885, p. 342 ; Moore (Pieris), Lep. 2nd. vi, 1904, p. 150.
Metaporia sorex, Grose-Smith, A. M. N. H. (5) xx, 1887, p. 129;
id. Sf Kirby, R/iop. Rcot. i, 1889, Pierina;, p. 7, pi. 2, figs. 8, 9.
Pieris leechii, Moore, Lep. 2nd. vi, 1904, p. 150.
c? 5 . Eesembles A. soracte, but is smaller, and may be distin-
guished as follows : — Upperside fore wing : the discocellular black
spot broader, the dilatation of the black at the apices of the veins
also much more marked ; in addition there is always a black
postdiscal band that runs obliquely from costa at apex of vein 10
to vein 5, thence transversely to vein 2, subinterrupted iu inter-
space 3 and broadened in interspaces 2 and 4. Underside : differs
from that, of soracte in the apex of the fore and the whole of the
hind wing, which are suffused with a darker yellow, the black
edging to the veins is broader on both fore and hind wings, and a
postdiscal black band is always present on both wings ; on the
APOKIA. 163
fore wing this is similar to that on the upperside, but on the hind
wing it takes the form of a strongly-curved, connected series of
outwardly acutely-pointed, arrow-shaped marks in the interspaces.
Antennae, head, thorax and abdomen as in A. soracte.
Exp. <$ $ 48-54 mm. (1-88-2-1").
Hab. N.W. Himalayas : Chitral ; Baluchistan ; Baltestan below
the Skoro La at 12,000 feet.
586. Aporia nabellica, Boisduval (Pieris), Spec. Gen. Up. i, 1836,
p. 509 ; Butler (Metaporia), P. Z. S. 1872, p. 61 ; Mackinnon $•
de Niceville, Journ. Bomb. N. H. Soc. xi, 1898, p. 589 ; Moore
(Pieris), Lep. Ind. vi, 1904, p. 151, pi. 524, tigs. 1 a, 1 b, tf $ .
J $ . Upperside : white, with the veins more or less black, but
the ground-colour in most of the specimens that I have seen so
densely overlaid by black scales over nearly the whole surface of
both fore and hind wings as to leave only a subterminal series of
more or less rectangular spots of the white ground-colour apparent
on each wing, those on the hind wing are the largest and are
inwardly acutely emarginate. In addition, there is a large ill-
defined black patch on the discocellulars of the fore wing and a
small spot of the same colour generally on the discocellulars of the
hind wing. Cilia of both wings black. In nearly all specimens
the discoidal cells of the wings are greyish, and on the fore wing
there are anterior discal, elongate, greyish spots beyond the apex
of the discoidal cell. A few specimens, generally females, are
much lighter in colour. In these the irroration of black scales
is sparse 'and allows much of the white ground-colour to show
through ; the discocellulars of the fore wing, however, are marked
by a large black patch as in the darker individuals ; and both fore
and hind wings bear postdiscal, irregular, transverse black bands ;
that on the tore wing bisinuate, sometimes not extended below
vein 2 ; that on the hind wing not reaching the dorsal margin,
curved, and formed of somewhat ill-defined, irregular, conjoined,
outwardly acute, arrow-shaped black spots. Underside: white, the
veins on both wings very broadly black-edged ; apex of fore wing
very slightly, the whole surface of the hind wing more strongly
suffused with yellow; the fore wing sometimes clouded posteriorly
with black scaling ; both fore and hind wings with postdiscal
transverse black bands as on the upperside but broader; the base of
the hind wing above vein 8 chrome-yellow. Antennae black, the
club ochraceous at apex ; head and thorax clothed with fine dusky
greyish-black hairs ; abdomen black above, beneath greyish white.
Exp. c? $ 60-70 mm. (2-38-2-78").
Hab. W. Himalayas : Kashmir to 'Nairn Tal, 8,500 to 13,000 feet.
587. Aporia agathon, Gray (Pieris), Zool. Misc. 1832, p. 33; Boisduval
(Pierisl, Spec. Gen. Lep. i, 1836, p. 447; Butler (Metaporia),
Cist. Ent. i, 1870, p. 61, pi. 3, fig. 10 ; Slices (Pieris— Aporia),
Trans. Ent. Soc. 1888, p. 415 ; Mackinnon 8? de Nicerille, Journ.
M2
164
Bomb. Sat. Hist. Soc. xi, 1898, p. 590 ; Moore (Metaporia), Lep.
Ind. vi, 1904, p. 150, pi. 526, figs. 2, 2a-26, rf $.
Pieris phryxe, Boisduval, Spec. Gen. Lep. i, 1836, p. 446 ; Butler
(Metaporia), P. Z. S. 1872, p. 01 ; Mackinnon 8f de Nicevilk
(Aporia), juurn. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc. xi, 1898, p. 589 ; Moore
(Metaporia), Lep. Ind. vi, 1904, p. 154, pi. 525, figs. 1, la,
1 ft, c? $ •
Metaporia caphusa, Moore, P. Z. S. 1872, p. 564, <y $ ; Mackinnon
$• de Nicecille (Aporia), Journ. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc. xi, 1898,
p. 589, pi. v, figs. 20, 0, b, c, larva & pupa ; Moore, Lep. Ind. vi,
1904, p. 155, pi. 525, figs. 2, 2a-2c, larva & pupa, <J $ .
Metaporia ariaca, Moore, P. Z. S. 1872, p. 564, c? ; Mackinnon 8f
de Niceville (Aporia), Journ. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc. xi, 1898,
p. 590; Moore, Lep. Ind. vi, 1904, p. 156, pi. 526, figs. 1, 1 a,
!*,<?$.
Not until very careful breeding experiments have been carried
out will it be possible to ascertain for certain whether under the
above references I have included three * allied but distinct forms,
or whether, as I am inclined to think and as I have treated them
here, these represent but one extremely variable insect that to a
certain extent, irrespective of seasonal influences or environment,
ranges in colour from the very dark A. ayathon to the com-
paratively pale-coloured A. phryxe. Had the habitat of these
three more or less distinguishable varieties or forms been separate
and restricted, they could have been treated as fairly well-marked
races, but this is not the case, for Mr. Mackinnon, I understand,
has taken all three flying together on the same day and on the
same spot at Mussoorie. 1 think it quite probable that were the
whole region over which agathon or its varieties occur thoroughly
searched, one or two, if not more, specimens of each would
be found.
Typical form, A. agaihon, Gray. — <$ $. Upperside: black; fore
and hind wings with the following white or greenish-white streaks
and spots in the discoidal cells and in the interspaces. Fore
wing : a broad streak in cell, two more or less confluent streaks
obscurely divided by a diffuse blackish line below it in inter-
space 1, followed by an upper discal series of five short lines in
interspaces 3, 4, 5 and 10, and a subterminal complete series of
elongate narrow spots ; both the discal and snbterminal series are
curved inwards anteriorly. In most specimens the streaks in
interspace 1 and in cell are irro rated with black scales. Hind
wing: a broad streak along the dorsum divided by vein la, two
narrow long streaks in interspace 1, a much broader elongated
oval streak in cell, with another elongate broad streak above it in
interspace 7, a discal series of five narrow elongate spots beyond
* Mr. Moore holds that there are four, not three, distinct "species"; but,
even allowing the distinctness of A. agathon, A. caphusa., and A. phryxe,
A. ariaca, Moore, is so very close to A. agathon. that in any large series it
would be impossible, to separate the former from the latter. "
APORIA. 165
apex of cell,- foil owed by a complete subterminal series of more or
less oval spots. Underside : ground-colour and markings similar,
more clearly defined, and on the fore wing generally broader and
whiter, except that the anterior one or two streaks or spots of the
discal and subterminal series, like all the markings on the hind
wing, are strongly suffused with bright yellow; in addition the
Fig. 42. — Aporia agathon.
precostal area on the hind wing is bright chrome-yellow. An-
tennae, head, thorax and abdomen black ; abdomen beneath white,
the anterior legs with one or two white spots.
Eivp. J $ 84-98 mm. (3-3-3-8G").
Hab. Assam ; Bhutan ; Sikhim ; Nepal ; recorded from Mus-
soorie and Kumaon.
I have not seen the type of A. ariaca, Moore, but, as described
and figured in the ' Lepidoptera Indica,' I am unable to separate
from it the browner specimens of A. agathon, which the figures
given resemble more closely than they do the variety A. capliusa,
with which Mr. Moore compares it.
Yar. capliusa, Moore. — cf $ . Differs from agatlion both on the
upper and under sides in the much greater width and extension of
the greenish-white markings in the discoidal cells and interspaces
of the wings. On the upperside the streak in interspace 1 of the
fore wing shows no sign of any black dividing-line, and it, as well
as the short streaks of the discal series, show a tendency to
coalesce with the subtermiual elongate spots. On the underside
the spots near apex of fore wing and those on the hind wing are
only faintly, not clearly, suffused with yellow ; the chrome-yellow
spot at base of the latter as in agatJwn. Antennae, head, thorax
and abdomen as in agatJwn, the abdomen more dark brown than
black.
Exp. c? $ as in agatlion.
166 PIERID^E.
Hob. Sikhiin ; Kumaon ; Mussoorie to Simla and -the Kangra
district.
Larva. " The larva? of A. caphusa are gregarious, and to pupate
burrow under the dry leaves at the foot of their food-plant, the
pupae being also gregarious. The larvae spin a joint web, and lie
together in communities of ten or more. They feed at night only.
Colour when full-grown dirty brown, head black, each segment
with a dorsal longitudinal dark brown stripe ; the larva is thinly
covered with weak white hairs. Just before pupation the colour
turns to a light green, with the head and stripes as before."
(Mackinnon.)
Pupa. " Very similar in shape to that of A. soracte, is greenish-
yellow with black markings." (Mackinnon.}
Food-plant of larva. — " Berberis nepalensis, Spring." (de Nice-
vllle.}
Var. pJiryxe, Boisduval. — This is the palest of the series of the
varieties of ayathon. The intercellular and interspacial greenish-
white streaks and spots, which, in var. caphma, are considerably
longer and broader and, so far as the markings in the interspaces
are concerned, show a tendency to coalesce, in pliryxe become
very broad and white, so that the discal series of short streaks on
both wings extend to and coalesce completely with the much
broadened spots of the subterminal series. In fact, the insect
may be described as white both on the upper and under sides,
the veins broadly bordered with black, and with black terminal
margins formed by the expansion and coalescence of the black at
the apices of the veins ; discoidal cell of the fore wing with a
large patch of black at the apex. The black along the veins of
both fore and hind wing suddenly broadened on the discal area ;
on the underside of the hind wing they almost form a connected
discal, transverse black band ; the chrome-yellow spot on the
precostal area as in agatlion. Antennae black, head and thorax
dusky grey, abdomen white ; beneath : head and thorax blackish,
abdomen white.
Exp. J $ 78-90 mm. (3-08-3-56").
Hab. N.W. Himalayas : Mussoorie ; Simla ; Kashmir ; Kangra.
588. Aporia harrietae, de Nicenlle (Metaporia), Journ. Bomb. N. H-
Soc. vii, 1892, p. 341, pi. 1, figs. 3, 4, rf $ ; Moore (Pieris), Lap.
2nd. vi, 1904, p. 152, pi. 524, figs. 2, 2 a, 2 *, rf $ .
" c? . Upperside : both wings black. Fore wing with a thin white
streak at the base of the costa ; a large creamy- white patch
occupying the basal three -fourths of the discoidal cell, its outer
end produced to a point ; a large patch occupying the basal two-
thirds of the iuterno-median interspace (interspace 1), a discal
series of five more or less oval spots curving evenly round the
outer end of the cell, of which the anterior one is rather elongated
and narrow, the three following are equal-sized elongated ovals,
APOKIA. PIEEIS. 167
the posterior one in the first median interspace (interspace 2) is
the largest and occupies the base of the interspace ; the outer
margin bears, one in each interspace at its middle, a series of
somewhat diffused white spots. Hind wing has the veins on the
basal half of the wing defined with white, broadly margined on
both sides with black ; the discoidal cell almost entirely creamy-
white ; there is a very narrow costal and a wide subcostal streak,
then five spots — one in each interspace — beyond the cell, that in
the second median interspace (interspace 3) the smallest ; two
elongated streaks in the submediau interspace (interspace 1), the
inner one almost reaching to the margin of the wing, the outer
one reaching to about halfway between the base of the wing and
the margin ; two basal white streaks occupying the whole of the
interspaces divided by the internal nervure (vein 1 a) ; marginal
diffused spots as in the fore wing, but each spot divided into two
by the black internervular fold. Underside : differs from the
upperside only in having on the outer margin from the costa to
the second median nervule (vein 3) a decreasing series of dupli-
cated white streaks, one pair in each interspace, a small white spot
in the two following interspaces. Hind wing has at the extreme
base of the wing within the precostal nervure the usual bright
yellow patch characteristic of the genus ; all the creamy-white
markings of the upperside are pale yellow ; the markings differ
from those on the upperside by the presence of a pair of elongated
wedge-shaped pale yellow streaks in each interspace, each streak
has its apex pointed, its base (which is placed on the outer
margin) broad. Cilia of both wings on both sides black. — $
differs from the tf only in being somewhat paler throughout."
(de Niceville, 31S.)
Kvp. " c? 2-9 ; $ 3 inches."
Hab. " Bhutan." (de Niceville.)
Unknown to me.
Genus PIERIS.
Pieris, Schrank, Fauna Boica, 1801, pp. 152, 164; Latr. Hist. Nat.
Crust, et Ins. xiv, 1805, p. 111.
Mancipium, Hiibner, Tentamen, 1806, p. 1.
Pontia, Fabr. Illig. May. yi, 1807, p. 283 ; Moore, Lep. 2nd. vi, 1904,
p. 136.
Ganoris, Dalmann, Vet.-Akad. Handl. xxxvii, 1816, pp. 61, 86.
ParapieriF, de Niceville, J. A. 8. B. 1897, p. 563.
Type, P. rapce, Linn., from Europe.
Range. Europe ; Northern Asia ; Himalayas, Northern India
and China.
c? $ . Fore wing : costa arched, apex angular ; termen straight ;
tornus broadly rounded ; dorsum straight or slightly sinuous, more
than three-fourths the length of the costa ; cell elongate, more than
half length of wing; discocellulars comparatively short, upper
168
absent, middle oblique, lower concave or even, slightly angulated
inwards ; vein 6 from apex of basal third of: 7, 8 absent, 9 rudi-
mentary, a minute branch almost disappearing near apex of wing,
10 and 11 free, both from upper third of subcostal. Hind wiug :
subtriangular, the costa very long, both apex and tornus evenly
rounded, the termen short, gently arched ; cell more than half
length of wing, acutely pointed at lower apex, lower discocellular
the longest ; precostal vein curved outwards, short. Antennae
about half length of fore wing or a little less, club well-formed but
gradual ; palpi porrect, slender, third joint short.
I have taken the genus Pieris in a wide sense as including forms
placed by many authors under Mancipium, Pontia, etc. The forms
separated off from Pieris, such as brassicce under Mancipium,
daplidice, etc. under Pontia, show, so far as the movement of the
veins in the fore wing are concerned, degrees of specialization. In
the genus Pieris, as in the family Pieridce already noted above,
the veins of the median and costal systems in the fore wing show
a tendency to shift upwards and outwards towards the apex of the
wing and so to disappear. The exact position of any such vein is,
therefore, not always constant in the forms of any genus, nor
often, indeed, in individuals belonging to the same form.
Key to the forms of Pieris.
A. Underside kind wing : markings not green.
a. Upperside fore wing : no preapical tri-
angular black patch on costa.
a'. Underside: A'eius of wings not defined
with black.
a2. Upperside fore wing: apical black
patch not extended along termen
below vein 4 , P. rupee, p. 169.
62. Upperside fore wing : apical black
patch extended along termen to
below vein 3.
a3. Upperside fore wing : inner margin
of black apical area evenly curved.
a4. Underside hind wing : irrorated
with black scales P. brassicee, p. 170.
b'\ Underside hind wing : not irro-
rated with black scales, uniform
ochraceous yellow P. nayanum, p. 171.
b3. Upperside fore wing : inner margin
of black apical area not evenly
curved, sinuous or scalloped.
«*. Upperside liind wing : with a
continuous terminal black band ;
in 9 only traversed very nar-
rowly by* the white veins .... P. deota, p. 171.
b*. Upperside hind wing : without a
continuous terminal black band,
only a series of well-divided
black spots often mere specks . P. canidia, p. 172.
b' . Underside: veins of wings defined with
black.
a2. Underside hind wing : black edging
defining veins narrow ; ground-
colour of wing white P. melete, p. 173.
b~. Underside hind wing : black edging-
defining veins very broad ; ground-
colour of wing yellow P. chutnbiensis, p. 174.
b. Upperside fore wing: a preapical triangular , p k ri race devta
black patch on costa < <- -^
B. Underside hind wing : markings green.
a. Underside hind wing: veins coiicolorous
with ground-colour of wing.
«'. Underside hind wing : the green
markings are interrupted and leave a
connected, irregular, more or less
sinuous, transverse discal band of the
white ground-colour apparent.
rt2. Underside hind wing : green edgings
to terminal portions of veins not
straight, clavate P. daplidice, p. 175.
b'2. Underside hind wing : green edgings
to terminal portions of veins
straight, not clavate P. chloridice, p. 177.
b'. Underside hind wing : the green mark-
ings are continuous and leave only
lanceolate spots of the white ground-
colour apparent, no discal band .... P. callidice, p. 178.
b. Underside hind wing : veins not concolorous
with ground-colour of wing, yellow. ... P. ylaitconome, p. 176.
589. Pieris rapae, Linn. (Papilio) Syst. Nat. ed. x, 1758, p. 468 ;
Butler (Ganoris), P. Z. S. 1881, p. 612; Moore (Danaus), Lep.
Ind. vi, 1904, p.' 131, pi. 519, figs. 1, 1 a-l c, rf $ .
Pontia raaum'i, Meyer, Stett. ent. Zeit. 1851, p. 151 ; Butler
(Ganoris), P. Z. S. 1880, p. 411.
<$ , Upperside : white ; base of both wings and costa of fore wing
for a short distance sparsely irrorated with black scales. Fore
wing sometimes narrowly, sometimes broadly black ; a round black
spot in the middle of interspace 3. Hind wing uniform with only
a very short, transverse, laterally compressed, and generally diffuse
black spot in interspace 7 that crosses vein 7 to the costa. Under-
side : ground-colour similar. Pore wing : upper half of cell and
costal margin above it sparsely irrorated with black scales ; apex
faintly shaded with ochraceous or cream colour ; a black spot in
interspace 3 as on the upperside and another in line with it below
in interspace 1. Hind wing : dorsal margin somewhat broadly
white, remainder of wing cream-colour ; base and cell sparsely
irrorated with black scales. Antennae, head, thorax and abdomen
black checkered with white scales and a little whitish pubescence
on the head and thorax ; beneath : head, thorax and abdomen white. —
$ . Similar to the tf , but in fresh specimens on the upperside the
white on the wings is tinged slightly with cream-colour, and the
additional black spot in interspace 1 is always present on the upper
170
as well as on the under side. Underside : the ground-colour at apex
of fore and over the whole of the hind wing more strongly suffused
with yellow than in the <3 .
Exp. rf $ 50-58 mm. (1-96-2-3").
Hob. Europe and Western Asia. Within our limits in the N.W.
Himalayas ; Chitral ; Ladakh ; Kashmir, from 7000 to 12,000 ft.
Larva. As found in Europe : yellow at first, changing in the
adult to green, with a yellow dorsal stripe and lateral yellow
spiracular spots, covered all over above with hlack dots that bear
each a pale hair.
Pupa. " Angulated ; variable in colour, chiefly grey or drab of
different intensity and freckled with black ; some are dull greenish."
(Twtt.)
590. Pieris brassicae, Linn. (Papilio) Syst. Nat. ed. x, 1758, p. 467 ;
Godart, Ettci/cl. Meth. ix, 1819, p. 158; Law/, Butt. Eur. 1884,
p. 28, pi. 6', figs. 2 rf $ , pi. 15, figs. 2, larva & pupa ; Elwes,
Tram. Ent. Soc. 1888, p. 416 ; Moore (Danaus), Lev. Ind. vi,
1904, p. 127, pi. 518, figs. 1, 1 a, rf $ .
Pieris brassicas, var., Gray, Lep. Ins. Nepal, 1846, p. 6, pi. 6,
figs. 1, 3.
Mancipium nipalense, Moore, P. Z. S. 1882, p. 256 ; Sicinh. (Ganoris)
Trans. Ent. Soc. 1885, p. 343.
cT . Upperside : creamy white with a somewhat farinaceous
appearance. Fore wing : an irroration of black scales at base
and along costa for a short distance ; apex and termen above vein
2 more or less broadly black, the inner margin of the black area
with a regular even curve ; in one or two specimens a small
longitudinally narrow black spot in interspace 3. Hind wing :
uniform, irrorated with black scales at base, a large black sub-
costal spot before the apex, and in a very few specimens indications
of black scaling on the termen anteriorly.
Underside, fore wing : white, slightly
irrorated with black scales at base of cell
and along costa, apex light ochraceous
brown ; a large black spot in outer half of
interspace 1, and another quadrate black
spot at base of interspace 3. Hind wing :
light ochraceous brown closely irrorated
with minute black scales ; the subcostal
black spot before the apex shows through
from the upperside. Antennas black,
white at apex ; head, thorax and abdomen
black, with some white hairs ; beneath :
whitish. — $ . Upperside : similar to that of
the tf but the irroration of black scales
at the bases of the wings more extended ;
the black area on apex and termen of fore
Fig. 43. — Pieris bramcte. wing broader, its inner margin less evenly
curved ; a conspicuous large, black spot in
outer half of interspace 1, and another near base of interspace 3.
PIERIS. 171
On the hind wing the subcostal black spot before apex much
larger, more prominent. Underside: similar to that of the d1
but the apex of the fore wing and the whole surface of the hind
wing light ochraceous yellow, not ochraceous brown; the black
discal spots on fore wing much larger. Antenna?, head, thorax
and abdomen as in the c? •
Exp. <J $ 62-78 mm. (2-46-3-10").
Hob. Europe ; Northern and Central Asia ; the Himalayas from
Chitral to Bhutan up to 10,000 feet ; descending in the North-
west of India to as low as Umballa (fide Lang},
591. Pieris naganum, Moore (Mancipium), J. A. S. B. 1884, p. 45. d1;
id. (Danaus), Lep. Ind. vi, 1904, p. 130.
cj . Upperside : white. Fore wing : cosla irrorated with black
scales for about two-thirds of its length from base, thence the apex
broadly, and the termen to vein 3 more narrowly, black, the inner
margin of the black area curved ; discocellulars with a crescentic
black mark ; a large elongate black spot in middle of interspace 3
produced outM'ards and coalescing with the black on the termen.
Hind wing: uniform. Underside: fore wing white, apex ochraceous
yellow ; the black markings of the upperside show through by
transparency. Hind wing : uniform ochraceous yellow. Antenna?
black speckled with white ; head, thorax and abdomen above
black, beneath white.
Exp. 6 54 mm. (2-2").
Hub. Assam : the Naga Hills ; Upper Burma.
This seems to be an extremely rare insect, only two specimens,
so far as I know, have been recorded ; the type from the Naga
Hills in the Indian Museum, and one taken in Upper Burma by
Capt. Watson, now in the British Museum.
592. Pieris deota, de Niceville (Mancipium), J. A. S. B. 1883, p. 82,
pi. 9, fig. 10 c? ; Moore (Danaus), Len. Ind. vi, 1904. p. 129,
rl. 518, tigs. 2, 2 a, rf •
Pieris roborowsldi, Alphemky, Rom, Mem. iii, 1S87, p. 404 ; id. I. c.
v, 1889, p. 69, pi. 4, tigs. 3 a, b.
^ $ . Closely resembles P. brassicce, from which it differs as
follows : — c? . Upperside, fore wing : the inner margin of the black
area on apex and termen not smoothly curved but sinuate ; an
elongate narrow black spot, sometimes faint and ill-defined but
always traceable, in interspace 3. Hind wing : termen edged by a
narrow continuous black band that extends from the black costal
spot to the middle of interspace 3. Underside, fore wing : apex
aud upper portion of termen ashy-brown (by reason of the black
on the upperside that shows through by transparency), thickly
irrorated with black scales ; besides the black spots in interspaces
1 and 3 present as in P. brassicce, there is a third black spot from
middle of interspace 5 to vein 7 that extends above the latter vein
172 FIERI D^E.
diffusely to the costa. Hind wing: as in P. brassicce but the ground-
colour not so yellow ; the black terminal band of the upperside can
be seen through faintly by transparency ; the black subcostal spot
as in P. brassicce, with a second black spot in interspace 3. — $ .
Upperside: as in $ of P. brassica, but as in the rf of its own form,
the inner margin of the black area at apex and on termen of fore
wing not smoothly curved but sinuate. Hind wing : a black terminal
band like that in the cT but broader and divided by the white veins
into a series of inwardly diffuse subquadrate spots ; a small black
spot in interspace 3, another in interspace 5, the latter joined to
the subcostal black spot which is particularly large and prominent.
Underside : as in the d" •
Exp. J 2 58-61 mm. (2-28-2-40").
Hal>. NYW. Himalayas: Ladakh, 2500 ft.; Tibet; the Pamirs,
12,300 to 14,200 ft. *
593. Pieris canidia, Sparrman (Papilio), Amcen. Acad. vii, 1768,
p. 504 ; Kirbij, Syn. Cat. Di. Lep. 1871, p. 455 ; Ehoes, Tram.
Ent. Soc. 1888, p. 415 ; Mackinnon $ de N. Jour. Bomb. N. H.
Soc. xi, 1898, p. 590, pi. 5, fig. 21, pupa ; Moore (Danaus), Lep.
Ind. vi, 1904, p. 13-3, pi. 520, tigs. 1, 1 a-l h, <$ $.
Pieris gliciria, Cramer (Papilio), Pap. Exot. ii, 1779, pi. 171,
fijrs. E, F; Boisduval, Spec. Gen. Lep. i, 1836, p. 524 ; Kollar in
HUgett Kaschmir, iv (2), 1844, p. 409.
Pieris napi, Gray (nee Linn.), Lep. Ins. Nepal, 1846, p. 6, pi 6
fig. 2 J .
c? . Upperside : white to pale cream-colour. Fore wing : base and
basal portion of costa, and base and upper margin of cell irrorated
with black scales ; apex and terminal margin to about the middle,
decreasing!}', black, on the latter the black extended for n very short
distance triangularly along the veins ; a round black spot in inter-
space 3. Hind wing : a subcostal black spot as in P. rapce, but
generally larger and more conspicuous, and a series of four or five
terminal black spots that vary in size at the apices of the veins.
Underside : fore wing white ; cell and costa lightly irrorated with
black scales; apex somewhat broadly tinged with ochraceous
yellow; interspaces 1, 3 and 5 with conspicuous subquadrate black
spots, the spot in interspace 1 sometimes extended into interspace
1 a, that in 5 ill-defined. Hind wing : from pale, almost white, to
dark ochraceous, thickly irrorated all over (with the exception of a
longitudinal streak in the cell, and in the darker specimens similar
longitudinal streaks in the interspaces) with black scales ; costa
above vein 8 chrome-yellow. Antennae black with minute white
specks ; the long hairs on head and thorax greenish-grey; abdomen
black ; beneath : head, thorax and abdomen white. — $ . Upperside :
similar to that of the rf but the irroration of black scales more
extended and prominent, the black on the apex and termen of the
fore wing and the black spots on the termen of the hind wing broader,
more extended inwards; on the fore wing there is an additional
spot in interspace 1, and both this and the spot in interspace 3 in
173
many specimens are connected by a line of black scales along the
veins to the outer black border ; also the spot in interspace 1 often
extends across vein 1 into the interspace below. Underside :
similar to that in the d1 .
Exp. cJ $ 42-60 mm. (1-66-2-36").
Hab. The Himalayas from Chitral and Kashmir to Sikhim and
Bhutan, from 2000 to 11,000 ft. elevation ; the hills of Southern
India; Assam; Upper Burma: the Shan States; extending to
China.
Pupa. As represented in Mackinnon's figure is a light ochraceous
brown with the wing-cases prominent, and with some tubercular
darker brown spines midway on the abdominal side.
594. Pieris napi, Linn. (Papilio) Syst. Nat. ed. x, 1758, p. 468.
Race melete.
Pieris melete, Menetries, Cat. Mus. Petr., Lep. ii, 1857, p. 113,
pi. 10, figs. 1, 2, d $; Butter (Synchloe), P. Z. S. 1872, p. 64;
de Niceoille (Mancipium), Sikhim Gazetteer, 1894, p. 168; Watson,
Jour. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc. x, 1897, p. 669 ; de N. $ Mackinnon,
Jour. Bomb. N. II. Soc. xi, 1898, p. 590.
Pieris ajaka, Moore, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 490, pi. 31, fig. 16 $ ;
Doherty (Ganoris), J. A. S. B. 1886, p. 135"; Moore (Danaus),
Lep. Ind. vi, 1904, p. 132, pi. 519, figs. 2, 2 a, 2 b, 3, 3 a, 3 b, rf $ .
Race melete, Menetr. Summer brood. — tf . Upperside : white,
veins black, conspicuous. Fore wing : base slightly irrorated with
black scales ; costal margin very narrowly black ; apex black, that
colour joined on to three black, inwardly triangular, continuous or
coalescent spots at apices of veins 2, 3
and 4 ; a round black spot in middle of
interspace 3, and in many specimens
traces of a similar spot in the outer half
of interspace 1. Hind wing : with an
obliquely placed subcostal spot before
the apex. Underside : veins more or
less widely margined with black ; apex
of fore and the whole surface of the
hind wing somewhat tinged with dull
ochraceous, not so yellow as in the
Fig. 44._ Pieris napi, typical P. napi. In many specimens
race melete. there is an indication by black scaling
of bars between veins 1 and 2 and
3 and 4 respectively ; base of costa of hind wing bright yellow.
Antennae dark dull brown, paler at their apices ; head, thorax and
abdomen black with more or less of white hairs and scaling;
beneath : whitish. — $ . Resembles the c? in the character of the
markings, but is altogether much darker on the upperside ; the
irroratiou of black scales at the base of the fore wing spreads up
to nearly the apex of the cell and of interspace 1 ; the black area
at apex and on the termen of the same wing is much broader, the
174 PlERID^E.
black spots in interspaces 1 and 3 much larger; in the latter
interspace, and in very dark specimens from high elevations in the
former also, these spots coalesce with the black on the termen ;
in all specimens the lower spot is continued in a broad streak
along the dorsum to the base of the wing. Hind wing : as in the
c? , but the black edging to the veins much broader ; in high
elevation specimens there is also a good deal of dark shading at
base and irroration of black scales on the disc. Underside : as in
the J. Antennae, head, thorax and abdomen similar to those
of the rf , but slightly darker.
Exp. 6 $ 50-71 mm. (2-2-8").
Hob. Within our limits : the N.W. Himalayas to Sikhim and
-Bhutan up to 10,000 feet ; the Khasia Hills in Assam ; Chin
Hills down to the Shan States in Upper Burma. Spread over
Northern Asia and China to Japan.
Var. ajaka, Moore, is typically the small pale north-west form
which, however, grades into typical melete from Japan and Amur-
land. P. melete itself scarcely forms a race distinct from the
European P. napi. Mr. Leech says that the little yellow patch
at the base of the hind wing on the underside will almost always
separate P. melete from any of the forms of P. napi. I have,
however, seen specimens of the small, lightly marked spring brood
of melete var. ajaka from Gilgit in which this patch is entirely
absent.
595. Pieris chuinbiensis, de Niceville (Parapieris), J. A. S. B. 1897,
p. 563, pi. 1, fig. 6; Moore (Parapieris), Lep. Ind. vi, 1904,
p. 148, pi. 522, figs. 1,1 a, cJ.
Pieris dubernardi, Elves (nee Oberthilr), Trans. Ent. Soc. 1888,
p. 415 ; de Niceville (Mancipium — nee Oberthilr}, Sikhim Gazet-
teer, 1894, p. 168.
<$ . Upperside : white. Fore wing : veins black, costal and
terminal margins narrowly, apex more broadly, black ; the inner
margin of the black at apex forms an even curve ; a large round
black spot in middle of interspace 3, the lower discocellular edged
on either side with black and the base of the wing irrorated with
black scales. Hind wing : with a dark greyish appearance due to
the dark markings of the underside that show through by trans-
parency ; veins black ; a black costal spot a little before the apex,
and the base of the wing heavily irrorated with black scales.
Underside : fore wing white, veins edged with black scaling, the
round black spot in interspace 3 as on the upperside ; apex and
terminal margin suffused with yellow that decreases posteriorly on
the latter. Hind wing : yellow, all the veins very broadly edged
with black that gives an appearance of streaks to the ground-
colour; precostal area edged with deep cadmium-yellow. Antennae,
head, thorax and abdomen fuscous black. — £ unknown.
Exp. 6 54-58 mm. (2-12-2-28").
Hal. Chumbi Valley ; Sikhim.
PIERIS. 175
596. Pieris krueperi, Staudmyer, Wien. ent. Monats. iv, 1860, p. 19.
Race devta.
Mancipium devta, de Niceoille, J. A. S. B. 1883, p. 82, pi. 9,
figs. 9, 9«, c? 2; Moore (Danaus), Lep. Ind. vi, 1904, p. 130,
pi. 518, figs. 3, 3 a, 3 b, rf $ .
Race devta, de Niceville. — J . Upperside : dead white. Tore
wing : a narrow band of irrorated black scales along basal portion
of costa ; a wedge-shaped short costal black spot before the apex ;
apex black ; that colour continued along the anterior portion of
the terinen as a series of inwardly-pointed triangular coalescent
spots at apices of veins 4 and 5 ; lastly, a large black spot in
the outer half of interspace 3.
Hind wing : a black costal spot
just before the apex, otherwise
uniform white. Underside :
ground-colour similar. Fore
wing : black markings similar to
those on the upperside, but the
black at apex and on termen
replaced anteriorly by a dull
Fig. 45. — Pieris kreuperi, faint wash of ochraceous or
race devta. greenish yellow. Hind wing :
basal two-thirds irrorated more
or less thickly with black scales, with the exception of a short, very
broad, inwardly oblique band of the ground-colour, that extends
from the middle of the costa to within the upper portion of the
discoidal cell ; the outer margin of the area irrorated with black
scales is transverse from costa to interspace 5, thence curved
outwards to vein 4 and obliquely to vein 1 a. Antenna? brown,
paler at their apices ; head fuscous ; thorax and abdomen black ;
beneath : whitish. — 2 . Upperside : similar to that in the <5 , but the
black markings on the fore wing broader, more conspicuous and
extended lower along the termen than in the J ; on the hind wing
the black costal spot larger, with in most specimens a well-marked
spot also in interspace 3, and in many a series of detached terminal
black spots at the apices of the veins. These markings are very
prominent in some specimens from Quetta. Underside: as in
the c? . Fore wing : the additional black spot in interspace 1
small, the black spot in interspace 3 very large. Hind wing :
the terminal series of black spots of the upperside diffuse, more
or less continuous or coalescing and washed over with a greenish
tint. Antennae, thorax and abdomen as in the tf .
Exp. rf 2 44-54 mm. (1-72-2-14").
Hob. Ladakh; Baluchistan; Pishin.
597. Pieris daplidice, Linn. (Papilio) Syst. Nat. ed. x, i, 1758,
p. 468; Fabr. (Pontia) IlKy. May. vi, 1807, p. 283; Godf.
Encycl. Meth. ix, 1819, p. 128 ; Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. C.
i, 1857, p. 75 ; Sutler (Synchloe), P. Z. S. 1880, p. 410 ;
176 PIERIDJ3.
Swinhoe ('Synchloe), 7Va»«. Ent. Soc. 1885, p. 342; Moore
(Pontia), Lep. 2nd. vi, 1904, p. 137, pi. 521, figs. 1, 1 a, 1 b,<S ? .
c? . Upperside: white. Fore wing : basal half of costa narrowly
irrorated with black scales, a broad irregular quadrate black spot
over the discocellulars ; apex and termen anteriorly, above vein 3
broadly black, with a subterminal series of spots of the ground-
colour^ prolonged as fine lines to the terminal margin. Hind wing :
uniform, the markings on the underside showing faintly through ;
a costal spot before the apex, and in some specimens, some obscure,
anterior terminal markings indicated by irrorated black scaling.
Underside : white. Fore wing : the form of the markings as on
the upperside, but the base of the cell with an irroration of green
scales, the black discocellular spot extended to the costa, often
washed with green or with a green centre to the black ; the apical
patch green not black, with the spots of the ground-colour on it
ill-defined and obscure ; a black or greenish-black spot in the
outer half of interspace 1. Hind wing : green ; costal margin at
base yellow; dorsal margin white ; a spot in middle of cell, another
above it in interspace 7, a curved irregular discal series of con-
joined spots beyond the cell, of which the upper two spots are
placed more inwards, and a terminal series of spots in inter-
spaces 1 to 6, white ; the veins sometimes faintly yellow. Antennas
dusky-black ; head, thorax and abdomen fuscous black ; beneath :
head, thorax and abdomen white. — $ . Upperside : differs as fol-
lows . — Fore wing : a dusky-black streak extends from base along
costa and terminates at the black spot on the discocellulars ; a
transverse, somewhat quadrate black spot in the outer half of
interspace 1, with sometimes a short ill-defined black streak below
it; the black area on apex and anterior portion of termen broader,
the white spots on it blurred and obscure. Hind wing : a large
costal black spot before apex ; a broad, black, subterminal, inwardly
diffuse, curved band in continuation of the same, and a terminal
series of clavate black marks that start from the outer margin of
the black subterminal band. Underside : markings much as in
the c? but broader. Antennae, head, thorax and abdomen as
in the c? .
Exp. <3 $ 52-56 mm. (2-06-2-20").
Hob. Within our limits : the Western Himalayas ; Chitral ;
Ladakh ; Kashmir ; Baluchistan. Spread throughout Europe,
Asia Minor, Persia and Afghanistan.
598. Pieris glanconome, Khig (Pontia), Symb. Phys. 1829, pi. 7,
figs. 18, 19 ; Moore (Pontia), Lep. Ind. vi, 1904,' p. 139, pi. 521,
figs. 2, 2 o, 2 6, <J $ .
Pieris iranica, Bienert, Lep. Eryel. Reise Pers. 1870, p. 27 ; Sutler
(Synchloe), P. Z. S. 1880, p 410, pi. 30, fig. 7, pupa; Swinhoe
(Synchloe), Trans. Enl. Soc. 38H5, p. 343.
Pieris vipasa, Moore, P. Z. S. 1872, p. 565, $ .
c? . Upperside, fore wing : the ground-colour and markings
PIERIS. 177
identical with those of P. daplidice. Hind wing : ground-colour
similar to that of daplidice ; differs only as follows : — A series of
four small black terminal spots at the apices of veins 3 to 6, the
anterior 3 joined on the inner side by black loops. Underside:
similar to that of daplidice. Fore wing : differs in the green area
at apex and on termen anteriorly, which is broadly traversed by
short lines of white that extend to the terminal margin and are
faintly lined with yellow. Hind wing : differs in the green
coloration which is greatly restricted ; the basal area is dusky
green with large pyriforrn spots of the white ground-colour in
cell and interspace 7 ; beyond this there is only a subterminal
series of green loops continued along the veins to the margin,
this leaves a broad white curved discal band and a series of large
white terminal spots in the interspaces ; the veins conspicuously
lined with yellow. Antennae ashy brown; head, thorax and
abdomen whitish. — $ . Upper and under sides : similar to those of
the c? , but the markings larger and more clearly denned.
Exp. c? $ 40-50 mm. (1-58-1-96").
ffab. AVitbin our limits recorded only from the north-west of
India, the Punjab and Baluchistan. Found also in Arabia; Persia;
the Pamirs ; Egypt and N. Africa.
Larva. Greenish yellow, with two longitudinal yellow bands and
five transverse lines of minute black dots on each segment ; head
yellowish green with black dots.
Pupa. Brown ; head with a beak-like curved process ; thorax
somewhat compressed, with a large tubercle on the ventral side
and two smaller posterior tubercles on each side.
599. Pieris chloridice, Htibner (Papilio), Eur. Schmett. i, 1803-1818,
figs. 712, 713 ; Lang (Pieris), Butt. Eur. 1884, p. 34, pi. 8,
%. 2 c? ; Sutler (Synchloe), P. Z. S. 1872, p. 02 ; Moore
(Parapieris), Lep. Ind.\i, 1904, p. 142.
c? . Upperside : white. Fore wing : discocellulars edged broadly
with black on each side ; a short broad transverse preapical black
bar from costa to vein 6 and another similar short bar further
outwards from vein 6 to middle of interspace 4, followed by three
outwardly-pointed, somewhat oval, black terminal spots just below
the apex. Hind wing : uniform, unmarked. Underside : white.
Fore wing : the markings as on the upperside, but those at apex
green and with a few scattered superposed black scales on the upper
preapical bar. Hind wing : basal area green, an oval white spot
in middle of cell, a transverse white bar in middle of interspace 7,
and the precostal area edged with white above ; beyond the cell is a
highly sinuous, curved, discal, white band, followed by a complete
series of longitudinally rectangular, white, terminal spots, the space
between the discal band and the white spots green, this colour
continued along the veins that separate the spots up to the
termen. Antennae, head, thorax and abdomen fuscous, the
antennae with pale tips, the thorax with some white hairs ;
VOL. II. X
178 PIEUIDJE.
beneath : head, thorax and abdomen whitish. — ? differs as follows :
Upperside, lore wing: the black edging to the discocellulars broader;
a curved, postdiscal, irregular, macular, black band, the upper
three and lowest spot that compose it large, the spot in inter-
space 2 small, sometimes subobsolete, the middle two spots of
the band coalescent outwardly with the series of terminal black
spots, of which there are six (in the c? these vary from 3 to 5).
Hind wing : an anterior, postdiscal, short, curved, macular, black
band, often subobsolete, followed by a more or less complete
terminal series of spots at the apices of the veins. Underside :
as in the cT ; also the antennae, head, thorax and abdomen.
Exp. cf ? 40-53 mm. (1-56-2-08").
Hab. Within our limits, the Himalayas : Chitral and Ladakh.
600. Pieris callidice, Esper (Papilio), Schmett. i, 2, 1800, pi. 115,
figs. 2, 3; Godart, Encycl. Meth. ix, 1819, p. 129; de Niceville
(Parapieris), J. A. S. B. 1897, p. 563 ; Moore (Parapieris), Lep.
Ind. vi, 1904, p. 140, pi. 521, figs. 3, 3 a, 3 b, rf $ .
Pieris kalora, Moore, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 449, pi. 31, fig. 15 rf .
d . Upperside : white. Fore wing : black at extreme bases of
interspaces 1 a and 1 and of cell ; discocellulars marked with a
quadrate black spot ; a discal curved series of inwardly" dentate
spots, the spots in interspaces 1 and 2 generally reduced to a
mere trace, often absent; an anterior terminal series of simila
but more clearly defined spots at the apices of veins 3 to 7.
Hind wing : uniform, the pattern of the underside visible through
transparency ; base densely irrorated with black scales. Under-
side, fore wing : white ; basal half of costal margin and quadrate
spot on discocellulars dull black ; a discal curved series of four
black spots in interspaces 1, 3, 5 and 6, followed by elongate
streaks of green along veins 3 to 7 that extend to the termen.
Hind wing: green, an elongate oval yellowish- white spot in cell,
followed beyond by complete curved series of discal and terminal
yellowish- white, inwardly lanceolate spots. Antennae black, spotted
with white, head fuscous grey, thorax blackish grey, abdomen
black with more or less sparse white scaling ; beneath : head,
thorax and abdomen white. — $. Upperside: similar to that of
the d , the black scaling at the base of the wings more ex-
tended, especially on the hind wing where it stretches broadlv
down the dorsal half of the wing and occupies also the apex of
the cell. Fore wing : the irroration of black scales along the
basal half of the costal margin and the discocellular quadrate
black spot as in the c? , the latter, however, broader ; the apex and
terminal third of the wing above vein 2 dusky black, with a series
of elongate white spots in the interspaces, the inner margin of the
black area curved but veiy jagged ; lastly, a geminate transverse
black spot in the outer half of interspace 1. Hind wing : a
terminal series of large, inwardly acutely pointed, black spots with
oval white centres and a large costal black spot before the apex.
PIEE.IS. — SYNCHLOE. 179
Underside, fore wing: the ground-colour and markings much as in
the cf , but the green on the apex and termen more extended, the
white streaks that traverse it longer ; the black discal spots in
interspaces 5 and 6 absent. Hind wing : similar to that of the d* ,
but the yellowish-white lanceolate spots narrower and smaller.
Antennae, head, thorax and abdomen as in the J . In both sexes
the antennae are not generically typical, the club abrupt, shorter
and broader.
Exp. rf $ 53-60 mm. (2-10-2-35").
Hab. Within our limits : N.W. Himalayas above 1 2,000 feet
from Chitral to Mussoorie. Occurs also in the higher mountains
of Europe ; in Asia from the Altai to the Himalayas ; and in
China.
Genus SYNCHLOE.
Synchloe, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. 1816, p. 94.
Euchloe, Hiibner, t. c. p. 94.
Anthocharis, pt, Boisduval, Sp. Gen. Lep. i, 1836, p. 550.
Type, S. belemia, Esper, from N. Africa.
Range. Northern Europe, Asia and America ; North Africa ;
India, in the "Western Himalayas and the lower hills of the
Punjab.
<$ $ . Fore wing : costa very slightly arched, nearly straight ;
apex blunt ; termen oblique, short ; tornus obtuse ; dorsum long,
straight, more than three-fourths the length
of the costa ; cell about half length of wing ;
upper discocellular very short, middle long,
strongly concave, lower bent acutely inwards
at origin of vein 5 ; veins 5 and 6 from the
discocellulars ; all the veins present *. Hind
wing: long; costa arched, bluntly augulate in
the middle ; termen short, slightly convex ;
tornus typically distinctly angulate, though
the angle is not so clearly defined in the
Indian forms ; dorsum straight from tornus
(in the Indian forms convex), then strongly
concave near base ; cell broad ; lower disco-
cellular the longest, middle discocellular short ;
precostal spur or vein curved inwards. Antennae short, less than
half length of fore wing ; club abrupt, broad and flat ; palpi slender,
third joint short ; head and palpi very hairy in front.
* In S. daphalis, Moore, one of the two forms of this genus found within
our limits, vein 8 in the fore wing is lost. But all evidence of coloration and
habits &c. points to the fact that S. daphalis is merely a race of S. belli, Linn.
(ansonia, Esper), the fore wing of which has all the veins present.
N2
180 PIEEID^.
Key to the forms of Synchloe.
a. Upperside fore and hind wings : c? rich lemon-
yellow, 2 pale sulphur-yellow ; hind wing :
underside irrorated with black scales 5. lucilla, p. 180.
6. Upperside fore and hind wings : c? $ white ;
hind wing : underside white, markings green <S'. belia, race daphalis,
[p. 180.
601 . Synchloe lucilla, Butler (Euchloe), P. Z. S. 1886, p. 376, pi. 35,
fig. 4; Baker (Anthocharis), Trans. Ent. Soc. 1889, p. 525.
c? . Upperside : lemon-yellow ; base of wings irrorated with
black scales. Fore wing : discocellulars with a broad, short,
transversely oblique bar that does not extend to the costal
margin, apex from about the apical third of the costa in a curve
(angulate in the middle) to the tornus, black, traversed obliquely
by a more or less obscure maculate narrow band of the ground-
colour ; cilia yellow alternated with black. Hind wing : uniform,
immaculate. Underside : duller paler yellow. Fore wing : the
black discocellular mark shorter, the apical black area of the
upperside showing through by transparency and irrorated with
minute black scales, often an obscure pink line along the costal
and terminal margins ; the costa towards apex with a series of
small white spots, each spot inwardly defined by a minute black
dot. Hind wing : densely irrorated with black scales ; a small
white discocellular spot and a series of white transverse spots
along the costal margin as in the fore wing, but more distinct.
Antennae yellowish brown, head fuscous, collar pinkish, thorax
fuscous, abdomen black on the sides and yellow beneath. —
$ . Upperside : very pale sulphur-yellow. Fore wing : black, mark-
ings as in the d but the discocellular bar broader and longer ; the
preapical maculate band of the ground-colour in the black area
more distinct. Hind wing : uniform, immaculate. Underside :
ground-colour and markings as in the <5 • Antennae, head, thorax
and abdomen similar to those of the d .
Exp. rf $ 33-42 mm. (1-30-1 -66").
Hab. The Punjab : Campbellpore ; Attock ; Khairabad.
A very interesting and instructive paper, by Mr. G. T. Baker,
on the distribution of the group of forms of the genus Synchloe
(= Anthocharis) which includes lucilla is published in the Trans.
Ent. Soc. for 1889, p. 523 et seq.
002. Synchloe belia, Linn. (Papilio) Syst. Nat. xii, ed. 1767, p. 761.
Race daphalis.
Synchloe daphalis, Moore (Anthocharis), P. Z. S. 1865, p. 491,
pi. 31, fig. 14 <J.
Euchloe venosa, Butler, P. Z. S. 1880, p. 151, pi. 15, fig. 5 3 .
Race daphalis, Moore. — <$ . Upperside : white ; base of wings
in-orated with black scales. Fore wing: basal half of costa
SYXCHLOE. — HUPHIITA.
181
spotted with black, a lunate black disco-cellular spot and an inner
and an outer sinuous black, preapical, oblique
band. Hind wing: uniform, immaculate, but
the pattern of the underside shows through by
transparency. Underside, fore wing : creamy
white, costa spotted with minute black dots ;
discocellular, lunate, black spot centred with
white ; apex checkered with dark brown, the
brown overlaid with greenish-yellow scales, the
interspaces silvery. Hind wing : irregular,
more or less transverse bands and lines of dark
brown overlaid with greenish-yellow scales, the
interspaces shining silvery white. Antennae
white, head and thorax dark fuscous grey,
abdomen white ; beneath : head, thorax and
abdomen white. — $ . Differs from the <5 only
in the apex of the fore wing, which is more
rounded.
Exp. rf $ 34-46 mm. (1-34- 1-82").
Hab. Within our limits, the Western Himalayas : Chitral ;
Kunawur, G-oorais Valley ; the Punjab : Attock bridge, Khairabad.
Fig. 47.
SyncUoe belia,
race daphalis.
Genus HUPHINA.
Huphina, Moore, Lep. Ceyl. i, 1881, p. 136; Watson, Jour. Bomb.
N. H. Soc. viii, 1894, p. 494.
Type, If. coronis, Cramer=£T. nerissa, Fabr., from India.
Range. India, south of the lower ranges of the Himalayas ;
Ceylon ; the Andamans ; Nicobars ; Assam ; Burma ; Siam ;
Malayan Peninsula, and all the
islands of the Malayan Subregion
down to Australia and New Cale-
donia.
d $ . Fore wing : costa arched,
more strongly so than in Appias,
apex blunt ; termen straight ; tornus
rounded ; dorsum straight, about three-
fourths the length of the costa ; cell
typically slightly longer (in some
forms slightly shorter) than half length
of fore wing ; vein 6 given off from
lower side of 7 well beyond apex of
cell, upper discocellular therefore
absent ; middle discocellular concave,
not much shorter than the lower ;
lower slightly concave, oblique, more
or less attenuated anteriorly ; ve n 8
absent, 9 from base of apical fourth of 7, 10 and 11 free, from
Fig. 48. — Huphina, venation.
182 PIEBID.E.
upper half of subcostal. Hind wing : short and broad ; costa
arched ; apex broadly rounded ; termen very slightly convex ;
tornus strongly curved, obtuse ; dorsum slightly convex ; cell
elongate ; discocellulars very oblique ; precostal spur or vein stout,
simple, inclined obliquely outwards. Antennae slender, less than
half length of fore wing, club very gradual ; palpi subporrect,
basal joints fringed anteriorly with slender hairs, third joint
stout, closely scaled, acute ; body moderately stout.
Key to the forms of Huphina.
A. <5 $ . Upperside hind wing : broadly
orange at tornal angle H. lea, p. 182
B. c?$. Upperside hind wing: not broadly
orange at tornal angle, more or less
concolorous with rest of wing.
a. Underside hind wing : veins more or
less broadly bordered or dilated with
dusky black.
a'. Underside hind wing: ground-colour
of greater extent than the dilated
veins H. nerissa, p. 183.
&'. Underside hind wing : ground-colour
of less extent than the dilated
veins H. nerissa, race lichenosa,
b. Underside hind wing : veins not [p. 187.
bordered or dilated with dusky
black.
a'. Underside hind wing : a broad white
streak or streak paler than ground-
colour, occupies greater portion of
cell . H. nadina (typical), p. 188.
'. Underside hind wing : a large
whitish spot or spot paler than
ground-colour, occupies only apex
of cell H. nadina, race andamana,
c'. Underside hind wing : ground- [p. 190.
colour uniform, no spot or streak
of other colour in cell H. nadina, race remba,
[p. 190.
603. Huphina lea (PL XVII, fig. 110), Doubleday (Pieris),
A. M. N. H. (2) xvii, 1846, p. 23 ; Moore (Pieris), Cat. Lep.
M'us. E. I. C. i, 1857, p. 77 ; Moore, Lep. 2nd. vi, 1904, p. 213,
pi. 545, figs. 1, la, 16, rf$.
d . Upperside : white. Fore wing : base, the costal, subcostal
and median veins slightly irrorated with black scaling; apical
half of costal margin increasingly to apex and thence decreasingly
to tornus jet-black, the inner margin of the black diffuse and
slightly produced along the veins. Hind wing: termen narrowly
jet-b lack ; tornal area broadly bright orange, succeeded along the
HUPHIXA. 183
dorsal area below the cell by canary-yellow ; the inner margin of
the black on the termen slightly bluish owing to the markings of
the underside which show through. Underside, fore wing : white ;
the basal third of costa and broad lines that border the subcostal
and median nervures on their inner sides dusky black ; apex of
wing beyond cell and above vein 4, and a band below vein 4 on
posterior portion of termen, rich brownish black ; two elongate
white spots just beyond the apex of the cell, and a yellowish
elongate spot above them, followed by two bright yellow preapical
spots; lastly, short, transverse, lunular, brown bars between
veins 2 and 3 and 3 and 4, so extended along the veins as to
coalesce with the black on the termen. Hind wing : canary-
yellow ; terraen with a broad band of rich brownish black, super-
posed on which are a yellow spot- near apex of interspace 7,
and orange-coloured ill-defined subterminal lunules in interspaces
2 and 3, that are continued below interspace 3 to the tornus and a
little way up the dorsum in a broad band of orange. Antennse
black ; head clothed with greenish, thorax with bluish-grey, longish
hairs ; abdomen dusky greenish-white above, purer white below.
— $ . Similar, but both upper and under sides differ in the greater
extent of black on apex and termen. On the upperside of the
fore wing the subcostal and median veins are broadly bordered
internally with dusky black, the black on the apex reaches the
apex of the cell and encloses three elongate white spots just
beyond the latter, while the black along the termen encloses a
white subterminal spot in interspace 1 and another in interspace 4 ;
in interspace 2 its inner margin is deeply indented. Hind wing :
the canary-yellow above the orange tornal area of greater extent,
suffusing the whole of the cell. Underside : differs from that of the
J in the fore wing, by the presence of three, not two, preapical
yellow spots, and the subterminal black bar continued across
interspace 1 ; further, on the hind wing there are three subapical
yellow spots. Antennae, head, thorax and abdomen as in the c? .
Exp. rf $ 54-64 mm. (2-12-2-52").
Hab. Lower Burma as far north as Taungoo ; Tenasserim ;
Siam ; the Malay Peninsula ; Sumatra ; Banka ; Borneo.
604. Huphina nerissa, Fair. (Papilio) Syst. Ent. 1775, p. 471 ; Moore
(Pieris), Cat. Mus. E. I. C. i, 1857, p. 72; Doherty (Huphina),
J. A. S. B. 1886, p. 135 ; Mackinnon $ de N. (Huphina) Jour.
Bomb. N. H. Soc. xi, 1898, p. 590.
Papilio phryne, Fair. Syst. Ent. 1775, p. 473; Moore (Huphina),
Lep. Ceyl. i, 1881, p. 136, pi. 53, tigs. 1, la, 16, J $, larva &
pupa; Watson (Huphina), Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. viii, 1894,
p. 494, pi. 1, fia-s. 7-12, c? £ 5 Dixey (Huphina), Trans. Ent.
Soc. 1894, pp. 257, 277 ; Davidson, Bell $ Aitken (Huphina),
Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. x, 1897, p. 574.
Papilio amasene, Cramer, Pap. Exot. i, 1776, pi. 44, tig. A <$ .
Papilio coronis, Cramer, Pap. Exot. i, 1776, pi. 44, figs. B, C, $ .
184 PIERIDJE.
Moore (Huphina), Lep. Ind. vi, 1904, p. 207, pi. 543, figs. 1,
la-lh, 2,2a-2d, rf $.
Papilio evagete et zeuxippe, Cramer, Pap. Exot. iii, 1780, pi. 221,
figs. F, G, & iv, 1782, pi. 362, figs. E, F, $ .
Papilio cassida, Fair. Ent. Syst. Sitppl. 1798, p. 427; Swinhoe
(Huphina), P. Z. S. 1885, p. 137.
Pieris lira, Moore, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 490, pi. 31, fig. 17 <?; Xothney
(Huphina), Eni. Month. May. xix, 1882, p. 35.
Pieris copia, Wallace, Trans. Ent. Soc. (3) iv, 1867, p. 340 ; Moore
(Huphina), Lep. Ind. vi, 1904, p. 211, pi. 544, figs. 1, \a-h,($ £ .
Appias dapha, Moore, P. Z. S. 1878, p. 838 ; JEhves $ de N.
(Huphina) J. A. S. B. 1886, p. 432; Watson (Huphina), Jour.
Bomb. N. H. Soc. viii, 1894, p. 495, pi. 1, figs. 1-6, 3 $.
Huphina pallida, Swinhoe, P. Z. S. 1885, p. 137.
Race lichenosa.
Pieris lichenosa, Moore, P. Z. S. 1877, p. 591 ; Watson (Huphina),
Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. viii, 1894, p. 495 ; Moore (Huphina), Lep.
Ind. vi, 1904, p. 212, pi. 544, figs. 2, 2 «, 2 b, rf $ .
Wet-season Irood. — <3 . Upperside : white, a greyish-blue shade
at base of wings and along the veins, due to the dark markings on
the underside that show through. Fore wing : veins black ;
apex and termen black, the inner margin of that colour extended
in an irregular curve from middle of costa to base of terminal
third of vein 4, thence continued obliquely outwards to the tornal
angle ; interspaces 6 and 9 with short narrow greyish-white
Fig. 49.— «. Huphina ncri&sa. l>. Apical half, upperside fore wing : var. dapha*
streaks of the ground-colour that stretch into the black apical area
but do not reach the margin ; a short black subterminal bar
between veins 3 and 4 and another, less clearly defined, between
veins 1 and 2. Hind wing : veins 4 to 7 with outwardly-dilated
broad black edgings that coalesce sometimes and form an anterior,
irregular, black, terminal margin to the wing. Underside, fore
wing : white, the veins broadly mai-gined on both sides by dusky
black ; costal margin broadly and apex suffused with yellow ;
subterminal black bars between veins 1 and 2, and 3 and 4 as
on the upperside but less clearly defined. Hind wing entirely
suffused with yellow, the veins diffusely bordered with black ; a
HTJPHIXA. 185
more or less incomplete, subterrniual series of dusky spots in
interspaces 1 to 6 ; more often than not the spot in 5 entirely
absent ; a conspicuous chrome-yellow spot on the precostal area.
Antennae black, obscurely speckled with white ; head and thorax
bluish grey ; abdomen dusky black ; beneath : the palpi and
abdomen white, the thorax yellow. — £ . Similar to the c? but
very much darker. Upperside : veins more broadly bordered
with black ; in many specimens only the following portions of the
white ground-colour are apparent : — Fore wing : a broad streak in
cell and beyond it a discal series of streaks in interspaces 1 to 6,
9 and 10 ; the streaks in interspaces 1 and 3 very broadly inter-
rupted by the transverse black bars ; that in 6 more or less
obsolescent. Hind wing : a broad streak in cell, a discal series of
streaks in interspaces 2 to 7, and a posterior more or less obsoles-
cent subterminal series of greyish-white double spots. Underside :
similar to that of the rf, only the veins much more broadly
margined with diffuse black scaling. Antenna?, head, thorax and
abdomen as in the cf .
Dry-season brood. — J $ differ from the wet-season brood as
follows : — c? • Upperside, fore wing : the apical and, terminal black
areas much restricted ; veins concolorous ; black subterminal bars
less clearly defined; the lower one often obsolete. Hind wing :
the black markings on the termen represented by short triangular
irrorations of black scales at the apices chiefly of the anterior
veins. Underside : as in the wet-season specimens, but the yellow
much paler and somewhat ochraceous in tint. — $ . Differs less
from the wet-season $ , but the black markings on both the upper
and under side are narrower and less pronounced, and on the latter
the yellow suffusion is paler and ochraceous in tint.
Exp. rf $ 64-76 mm. (2-06-3-00").
Hob. Nepal ; Sikhim ; Bhutan ; Bengal ; Assam ; Upper and
Lower Burma ; Tenasserim. Found also in Siam and China.
Var. phryne, Fabr. — Can be distinguished from the typical form
as follows :— <$ $ . Invariably smaller. Wet-season brood. — Upper-
side fore wing : in addition to the subterminal black bars between
veins 1 and 2, and 3 and 4 another black bar above vein 5,
that joins on to the black on the apex and completely isolates the
short, narrow, preapical streaks of the ground-colour, that in the
typical form are merely continuations of the colour at the bases of
the interspaces in which the streaks lie. Underside: the above
noted black marking or bars very conspicuous, especially between
veins 5 and 6. Hind wing : the subterminal transverse series of
dusky spots in the interspaces replaced by a nearly continuous,
prominent, dusky black band, interrupted only in interspace 5.
Dry-season brood. — c? $. Upperside, fore wing: the black ^on
apex and termen much restricted, the lower subterminal black bar
generally absent ; the veins white, concolorous with the ground-
colour, so that the bar between veins 3 and 4 does not coalesce
with the black on the termen. In the extreme dry-weather broods
180 PIEBID.E.
this bar becomes obsolete. Hind wing : uniform dead white, some-
times the apices of one or two of the anterior veins with a little
black scaling. Underside : the veins, except those that limit the
cell of the fore wing, not bordered with black ; the suffusion of
yellow along costal margin, on apex of fore wing, and over the
whole surface of the hind wing pale yellow, with a tendency in
the extreme dry-season specimens to get almost white ; on the
fore wing the black transverse subterminal bars between veins 1
and 2 and 3 and 4 are sometimes indicated by mere diffuse small
patches of scales ; at other times they are absent. Antenna,
head, thorax and abdomen in both seasonal broods much as in the
typical form, but paler.
Evp. <$ $ 44-56 mm. (1-73-2-23").
Hab. The N.W. Himalayas up to 4000 ft. ; Nepal ; Sikhim ;
Bhutan ; Bengal ; Centi'al, Western and Southern India ; Ceylon.
Larva. " Cylindrical, tapering at the anal end ; finely white-
dotted, with a lower lateral white line. Feeds on Capparis"
(Thwaites.)
Pupa. " Greenish ; thorax and basal abdominal segment acutely
angled." (de Niceville MS.)
Var. daplia*, Moore, differs very little from the typical form,
and the differences seem constant only in the wet-season brood.
Specimens of the dry-season brood approximate much more closely
to the typical form.
Wet-season brood. — J • Upperside : almost as in nerissa $ , but
in many specimens the greyish-white preapical streaks on fore
wing iu continuation of the ground-colour of the wing are entirely
absent, the apex wholly black ; the subterrainal black bar between
veins 1 and 2 most often obsolete. Hind wing: as in nerissa.
Underside : as in nerissa, but the suffusion of yellow confined to
the basal half of the costal margin of the fore wing rarely extended
to the apex, while on the hind wing it spreads only over the basal
half of the wing. On the fore wing the subterminal black bar
between veins 1 and 2 is absent or sometimes barely indicated
by a little diffuse black scaling. Hind wing : a series of inter-
nervular outer slender black streaks confined generally to the
posterior portion of the wing. Antennae, head, thorax and
abdomen as in the typical form. — $ differs from the $ of nerissa
on the upperside in the black margins to the veins on both fore
and hind wings, which are much narrower and leave a very much
greater extent of the white ground-colour apparent. On the
* The Pieris copia of Wallace has been generally considered to represent the
wet-season form, Appias dapha the dry-season form. The types of both are
now in the British Museum. The former is labelled "Bengal," and is identical
with specimens of true nerissa, from Sikhim; tbe latter "Moulmein," and,
judging from its size and the colour of the underside of the hind wing, I think
it is undoubtedly the tf (dry-season brood) of tbe variety of nerissa peculiar to
Burma.
HUPHINA. 187
underside it can be recognized at once, as the suft'usion of yellow
on both fore and hind wings is restricted just as it is in the d ;
the apex of the fore wing, however, is also tinged with yellow.
Antennae, head, thorax and abdomen as in the d1 .
Dry-season brood. — d $ • Very similar to specimens of the dry-
season brood of nerissa, but always smaller. So far as the
markings go, both on the upper and under sides, it is so similar
that size alone is the criterion.
Exp. d $ 52-63 mm. (2-02-2-48").
Hab. Recorded, so far as I know, only from Burma.
Race lichenosa, Moore. — d . Upperside : white. Fore wing :
basal half of costal margin tinged with greenish yellow and
irro rated sparsely with black scales ; apical third of the wing
obliquely from the costa to the tornal angle jet-black, the inner
margin of this irregular and more or less sinuous ; an obscure
whitish subterminal spot on the black area in interspace 3 ; vein 4
and the lower discocellular sometimes slightly marked with black
scales, the rest of the veins on the basal two-thirds of the wings
more or less of the same tint as the ground-colour. Hind wing :
terminal margin anteriorly black, the terminal portion of the
anterior veins very finely black. Underside : white. Fore wing :
the costal margin very broadly and the apex suffused with greenish
yellow ; median vein on the inner side broadly bordered with
dusky-black, continued along the basal half of vein 4 and then
transversely downwards as a black band, diffuse below vein 3.
Hind wing : so densely suffused with greenish yellow as to leave
only obscure elongate spots of the ground-colour apparent in the
anterior interspaces ; the whole surface of the wing more or less
closely irrorated with black scales. Antennae black, speckled with
white on their inner side ; head and thorax with long greenish
hairs ; abdomen greenish white ; beneath : the palpi and abdomen
white, the long hairs on the former tipped with black ; thorax
greenish yellow. — $ . Similar to the d both on the upper and
under sides, but darker owing to the broad dusky-black border to the
veins on both the upper and under sides. Antenna?, head, thorax
and abdomen as in the d •
Exp. d $ 60-70 mm. (2-35-2-78").
Hab. Andamans.
Leaving lichenosa out as a fairly well marked and distinct insular
race, very constant in its markings, H. nerissa and its varieties are
most puzzling forms. I have examined the genitalia of typical
males of nerissa, pliryne and dapha, and they seem to be identical.
I am not certain, however, whether the test of identity in the
shape and structure of the male genitalia is an entirely reliable
one. Provisionally I have placed pliryne and daplia as varieties 01
nerissa, till careful breeding experiments can determine whether
the above three are mere varieties, one of the other, or distinc
forms, for their distribution is peculiar. H. phryne, for instance
188
occurs with H. nerissa in Nepal, Sikhim, and Bhutan, but else-
where in its range it is the representative form where typical
nerissa does not occur. Again as to dapha, though specimens of
the dry-season brood are almost identical in markings with
specimens of the dry-season brood of nerissa, the wet-season
forms of daplia are peculiarly coloured and occur only in Burma,
from whence wet- and dry-season forms of nerissa have also been
recorded.
605. Huphina nadina, Lucas (Pieris), Rev. et May. Zool. (2) iv,
1852, p. 333 ; de Niceville (Huphina), Gazetteer of Sikhim, 1894,
p. 168; Moore (Iluphina). Lep. Ind. vi, 1904, p. 214, pi. 545,
tigs. 2, 2 a-2 e, c? £ .
Pieris nama, Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. i, 1857, p. 76, rf $ ;
Watson (Huphina), Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. viii, 1894, p. 495,
pi. 2, figs. 6, 7; Swinhoe (Huphina), Trans. Ent. Soc. 1893,
p. 309.
Pieris amba, Wallace, Trans. Ent. Soc. (3) iv, 1867, p. 340, rf;
Swinhoe (Huphina), Trans. Ent. Soc. 1893, p. 309.
Appias amboides, Moore, J. A. S. B. 1884, p. 46, rf.
Race andamana.
Huphina nama, var. andamana, Swinhoe, P. Z. S. 1889, p. 398.
Huphina andamana, Moore, Lep. Ind. vi, 1904, p. 217, pi. 546,
figs. 1, la, 16,^?.
"Race remba.
Pieris remba, Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. i, 1857, p. 75, rf;
id. (Huphina) Lep. Ceyl. i, 1881, p. 137, pi. 53, figs. 2, 2 a, rf;
Hampton (Iluphina), J. A. S. B. 1888, p. 363 ; Watson
(Huphina), Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. viii, 1894, p. 496; Davidson,
Bell $ Aitken (Huphina), Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. x, 1897, p. 575 ;
Moore (Huphina), Lep. Ind. vi, 1904, p. 217, pi. 546, figs. 2, 2 a-
2e, <J2.
Huphina liquida, Swinhoe, A. M. N. H. (6) v, 1890, p. 361.
Huphina cingala, Moore, Lep. Ind. vi, 1904, p. 219, pi. 546,
figs. 3, 3 a, 3 b, <f .
Wet-season brood. — c? • Upperside : white. Fore wing : basal
half of costal margin suffused with greenish yellow and irrorated
sparsely with black scales ; apex from the middle of the costa and
termen black, the inner margin of the . black arched and acutely
produced inwards along the veins, the black on the termen
narrowed posteriorly and in interspaces 1 a and 1 reduced to a mere
thread. Hind wing : terminal margin with a broad dark band, due to
the markings of the underside that show through by transparency,
the darkness accentuated by a slight irroration of black scales ;
apices of some of the anterior veins black, in some specimens these
are dilated and form a narrow anterior black border. Underside:
white. Fore wing: costal margin and apex very broadly suffused
with greenish yellow and irrorated more or less densely with black
HUPHINA. 189
scales, these latter form also diffuse subterminal patches on the
white ground-colour in interspaces 3 and 4 ; a preapical oblique
short band bright yellow, its margins ill-defined ; in interspaces 1
to 3 the black terminal markings on the upperside show through as
a greyish-blue shade. Hind wing : suffused with greenish-yellow
that leaves only a broad streak in the cell (continued beyond in
interspaces 4 and 5) of the white ground-colour apparent; the
whole surface of the wing more or less densely irrorated with
black scales, these have a tendency to form a broad lower obscure
discal dark patch and a broad terminal margin, the space between
these two bright yellow ; a spot of bright yellow also in inter-
space 6. Antennae black ; the head and thorax anteriorly with
long greenish hairs, thorax posteriorly with greyish-blue pile :
abdomen black with short white hair-like scales ; beneath : the palpi
with blackish hairs, the thorax yellow, abdomen white. — $ . Upper-
side, fore wing : dark brownish black ; an oval, elongate, broad
streak in cell, continued beyond into the base of interspace 4,
broad streaks outwardly ill-defined from bases of interspaces 2
and 3, a large subterminal spot in interspace 1 and a pretornal
short streak along the dorsal margin, white. The amount of white
marking is variable in some specimens, nearly the whole of the cell
and the greater portion of the basal area of interspace 1 are some-
times also white. Hind wing : dark brownish black fading to dusky
brownish white posteriorly ; cell, basal half of interspace 4 and an
elongate, broad, outwardly pointed streak in interspace 5 white.
Underside : similar to that of the J , but the white area on the
fore wing more restricted and of a purplish tint, the dusky-black
shading on the disc that borders the green on the apical area
broader, and the greater portion of interspaces 1 a and 1 also
shaded with dusky purplish-black. Hind wing : darker than in the
cJ , the veins more pi'otninently bordered with black scaling, the
posterior, discal, ill-defined, dark band or patch broader and more
conspicuous. Antenna3, head, thorax and abdomen purplish
brown, the thorax with some long greyish hairs ; beneath : the
palpi and thorax greenish yellow, abdomen whitish.
Dry-season brood. — <5 • Upperside : similar to the upperside in
the wet-season brood, but the black on the apex and termen of the
fore wing not nearly so broad, on the latter often not reaching
vein 1 ; on the hind wing the black is reduced to a sparse
powdering of black scales along the termen. Underside : similar
to that of the wet-season brood but the greenish-yellow suffusion
replaced entirely by ochraceous brown; on the hind wing the white
markings of the wet-season form replaced by a paler ochraceous
shade than on the rest of the wing; the veins all broadly bordered
with irrorated black scaling ; the discal obscure transverse band
more or less as in specimens of the wet-season brood, but often
obsolescent. Antennae black, head and thorax anteriorly ochraceous
brown, thorax medially and posteriorly with long bluish-grey pile,
abdomen black with short white hair-like scaling ; beneath : the
190 PIERIDJE.
palpi ochraceous with some black hairs, thorax ochraceous brown,
abdomen white. — ? . Upper and under sides : very similar to those of
the wet-season ? , but the blackish-brown colouring on the upper-
side paler and duller in tint. Underside: differs in the yellowish-
green suffusion on both fore and hind wings, which is replaced by
ochraceous brown. Antennae, head, thorax and abdomen as in
the c?.
Exp. 3 $ 58-74 mm. (2-28-2-92").
Hab. N.E. India : Sikhim ; Bhutan ; Assam : Silhet ; the Khasia
Hills; Manipur : Upper and Lower Burma; the Shan States;
Tenasserim.
liace andamana, Swinhoe. — A slightly differentiated but,
because insular, very constant form. The <$ may be discriminated
from the wet-season form of typical nadina as follows : on the
upperside by the greater extent of the black on the apex and termen
of the fore wing ; on the underside of the same wing, by the width
and prominence of th& black inner border to the greenish-yellow
area on the apex ; on the hind wing by the reduction of the
white markings to a large yellowish-white spot on the discocellulars,
also by the greater prominence of the broad dark discal band.
These differences seem constant. The $ is a much lighter
coloured insect on the upperside than the $ of typical nadina. In
fact it closely resembles its own c? , but differs as follows : —
Upperside : base broadly of both fore and hind wings and the
greater portion of the latter wing also, posteriorly dusky-grey and
irrorated with black scales ; black on apex and termen of fore
wing more extended ; it commences on the costa above and reaches
the upper apex of the cell. On the hind wing the anterior veins
are broadly black-margined towards their apices, where they form
an irregular anterior black terminal band. Underside : precisely as
in 'the rf •
Exp. d $ 64-73 mm. (2-52-2-88").
Hab. The Andamans.
There seems to be no dry -season form corresponding to that in
typical nadina, but certain specimens taken in March and April
have the black on the upperside of the fore wing much restricted.
liace remba, Moore. — Wet-season brood.— J $ . Eesembles the
wet-season brood of typical nadina, from which it differs as
follows: — J . Upperside: ground-colour similar. Fore wing: outer
half from the middle of the costa obliquely, to before the
tornal angle, intense black, the base with a bluish shade. Hind
wing : base, terminal margin broadly below vein 5 and costal margin
above vein 6, irrorated with black scales ; termen anteriorly from
apex to vein 4 decreasingly black. Underside : white, costal margin
and apex broadly suffused with greenish yellow ; a large prominent
bright yellow preapical spot, below which is a larger black irregular
patch angulated at and touching the lower apex of the cell. Hind
HTTPHIKA. 191
wing : greenish yellow, the veins black ; a dense irroration of black
scales across the middle of the wing, its interior margin sharply
defined and extended from costa through the cell to vein 1 ; the
lower discal and tornal areas less densely covered with the
irrorated black scaling : a bright, greenish-yellow, irregular spot in
middle of interspace 6. Antennaa dark brown, head and thorax
anteriorly with greenish-yellow pile ; thorax medially and pos-
teriorly with long bluish-grey hairs ; abdomen black ; beneath :
palpi and thorax yellow, abdomen white.— $ . Upperside : dark
brownish black. Fore wing : base of cell and upper basal half of
interspace 1 white densely irrorated with black scales ; the apical
half of cell, base of interspace 3, basal two-thirds of interspace 2,
a subterminal large round spot in interspace 1 and a pretornal
short stripe on the dorsum, white. Hind wing: a more or less
triangular, central area white, its lower margin abruptly transverse,
its base and posterior half irrorated with black scales. Underside :
much as in the c? , but on the fore wing the dusky purplish-black
patch below the preapical yellow spot larger and more prominent.
On the hind wing the dark irregular discal area also more prominent.
Antenna3, head, thorax and abdomen as in the d1 .
Dry-season brood. — d . Upperside : similar to that of the tf of
the wet-season brood, but the black area on the fore wing much
restricted so that it occupies little more than the apical third
instead of the apical half of the wing. On the hind wing the
anterior terminal black edging much narrower. Underside, fore
wing : white ; costal margin and apex broadly dull ochraceous with
a yellow tint, this colour on the apex margined on its inner side
by an irregular dusky, blackish, subtriangular patch. Hind wing :
dull ochraceous with a yellow tint as on the costa and apex of
fore wing ; an irregular transverse dusky discal band, that does not
reach the costa or the dorsum, somewhat sparsely irrorated with
black scales. — $ . Similar to the d but darker, the black markings
on both fore and hind wings on the upperside similar but slightly
broader ; on the underside all the markings paler and duller than
in the c? .
Exp. c? £ 52-62 mm. (2-05-2-44").
Hab. Southern India ; Ceylon.
This is more or less a variable insect. Ceylon specimens
differ in the relative width of the black markings and in the
general paleness and dull tint of the greenish yellow on the under-
side ; these Moore has separated off as cinc/ala.
Larva and pupa are said to be " scarcely distinguishable from
those of the last species [i. e. pliryne] and [the former?] feeds on
the same plants." (Davidson, Bell fy Aitken.)
192
Genus IXIAS.
Ixias, Hiibtier, Verz. bek. Schmett. 1816, p. 95.
Thestias, Boisduval, Spec. G6n. Up. i, 1836, p. 590.
Type, I. pyrene, Linn., from India and China.
Range. Indo-Malayan Eegion and China.
c? $ . Fore wing : costa regularly arched ; apex rounded or
obtuse ; ternien straight ; tornus rounded ; dorsum very slightly
sinuous ; cell comparatively broad,
about half length of wing; upper
discocellular absent, middle and lower
concave, the former much shorter
than the latter, vein 5 therefore
closer to 7 than to 4 ; vein 6 from
lower side of 7, beyond apex of cell ;
vein 8 absent ; vein 9 from apical
third of 7 ; veins 10 and 11 free, from
apical half of subcostal vein, 10
equidistant from apex of cell and
base of vein 11. Hind wing: short
and broad ; cell broad, upper disco-
cellular shorter than middle, the
lower the longest, slightly concave
Fig. 50.— Mas pyrcne, venation, in its upper half; termen more or
less obtusely pointed at apex of
vein 2. Antennae about half length of fore wing, club gradually
spatulate, blunt at apex ; eyes naked ; legs slender, claws very small,
strongly curved.
" In this genus seasonal variation is shown on the upperside by
the black markings being broader and more prominent, and on the
underside in the ocelli and other markings tending to become
obsolete in the rainy-season forms." ( Watson.)
Key to the forms of Ixias.
a. Upperside both -wings : ground-colour clear
gamboge-yellow.
a'. Uppevside fore wing : ground-colour not
extended into base of interspace 3.
a2. Upperside fore wing : preapical orange
patch extended into and across apex of
cell.
«3. The extension of orange colour into apex
of cell interrupted, present above and , j
below ; a black discocellular spot \ '- . r
b\ The extension of orange colour into cell ' ,W "'"•
not interrupted, passes across cell . . . . \ Pyrene> va£
b*. Upperside fore wing : preapical orange patch ' CJJt#*i P- ™*-
extended only into upper apex of cell \ Pyrene> var-
j ptrenassa, p. 194.
IXIAS. 193
b'. Upperside fore wing : ground-colour extended I /. pyrene, yar.
into base of interspace 3 j cingalensis, p. 194.
b. Upperside both wings : ground-colour pale
yellowish white I. verna, p. 195.
<•. Upperside both wings : ground-colour pure
white.
«'. Upperside fore wing: preapical orange patch
extended into upper apex of cell /. marianne, p. 196.
b'. Upperside fore wing : preapical orange patch
not extended into cell I. nola, p. 197.
606. Ixias pyrene (PL XVIII, figs. 118, 120 rf, 119 $ ), Linn.
(Papilio) Mus. Ulr. 1764, p. 241 ; Elwes, Trans. Ent. Soc.
1888, p. 420; Watson, Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. viii, 1894,
pp. 503-508.
Papilio evippe, Drury, III. Ex. Ins. i, 1773, p. 11, pi. 5, fig. 2 J.
Papilio rhexia et sesia, Fab): Sust. Ent. 1775, p. 476 ; # Gen. Ins.
1777, p. 257.
Thestias pirenassa, Wallace, Trans. Ent. Soc. (3) iv, 1867, p. 395,
pi. 9, fig. 4 rf .
Ixias latifasciata. Sutler, P. 7.. S. 1871, p. 252, pi. 19, fig. 3 rf.
Ixias satadra, kausala et raoulmeinensis, Moore, A. M. N. H. (4)
xx, 1877, pp. 49 & 50, $ P. Z. S. 1878, p. 837.
Ixias frequens, dharmsala?, et watti, Butler, P. Z. S. 1880, pp. 150,
151, pi. 15, figs. 6 & 7, 8 & 9, & 1.
Ixias cin<?alensis, Moore, Lep. Ceyl. i, 1881 , p. 126, pi. 50, figs. 2, 2 a.
Ixias ihoda et colaba. Stein/we, P. Z. S. 1885, p. 142, pi. 9, figs. 3 &
4, &6.
Dry-season brood. — rf • Upperside : deep sulphur-yellow. Fore
wing : base and basal half of costa thickly irrorated with black
scales ; apical half of the wing black, with an enclosed, large,
irregularly triangular, orange-coloured patch, the apex of which is
more or less broadly rounded and blunt ; the orange colour extends
into the apex of the cell but is interrupted there by a black disco-
cellular spot that spreads diffusely inwards and joins the black
oblique bar which forms the base of the orange patch ; veins that
traverse this latter, black. Hind wing : uniform with a little black
scaling at extreme base ; termen with a dusky-black somewhat
narrow border (sometimes entirely absent) which decreases in
width posteriorly. Underside : a darker yellow, sparsely irrorated
with fusco-ferruginous short strigae and minute spots. Fore wing :
base and posterior area broadly, with a whitish pale virescent tint ;
the strigae and minute spots most numerous towards the apex and
along the termen ; interspaces 4, 5, 6 and 8 with a curved) sub-
apical series of small, rounded, dull ferruginous spots and a similar
spot on the discocellulars. Hind wing also with a ferruginous spot
on the discocellulars, followed by a postdiscal series of similar spots
in interspaces 3 to 8, all or most of them centred with white ; the
spots in interspaces 5, 6 and 8 the largest, those in 5 and 6 often
coalescent. Antennae and thorax anteriorly dull ferruginous,
thorax posteriorly and abdomen above fuscous black ; head, thorax
and abdomen beneath yellow. — $ . Upperside : white faintly
VOL. II. O
194 PIEBID.E.
tinged with yellow. Fore wing : apical half black, with an enclosed,
irregular, broad, oblique patch of the ground-colour that extends
into the upper apex of the cell, on the inner side of this the black
is reduced to a short oblique bar broadened at the lower apex of
the cell, from whence it is continued as a somewhat slender diffuse
oblique streak to the tornus, where it broadens again abruptly and
meets the black on the termen ; the outer margin of the oblique
white patch is irregularly crenulate, sometimes trisinuate ; the black
colour on the apex often forms a right angle on vein 4 ; on the
white patch posteriorly there is a black spot in interspace 2 and
another in interspace 3. Hind wing: uniform, a few subobso-
lete slender, fuscous, transverse strigse posteriorly ; the terminal
margin sometimes with (more often without) a narrow dusky
black edging, broadened anteriorly at the apices of the veins.
Underside : similar to that in the c? , with similar markings, the
ground-colour a dark dull ochraceous, the fusco-ferruginous strigae
more numerous. Antennae, head, thorax and abdomen as in the c? .
Wet-season brood. — J $ . Upperside : differs in the broader, more
pronounced, black terminal edging to the hind wing, which is often
remarkably broad, and in the $ by the ground-colour which is
pale yellow. Underside : the fusco-ferruginous strigae and spots
often subobsolete, occasionally entirely absent in the rf .
Exp. <5 $ 43-62 mm. (T70-2-45").
Sab. K early throughout our limits, but not in the desert parts ;
extends to China and the Malayan Subregion.
This insect was described originally from a dry-season J ,
probably from China. It is most variable in size, and in seasonal
dimorphisms of colour. It is also subject more or less to
local variation, according to the humidity or dryness of the
climate in particular localities. Moreover, the characters peculiar
to the dry- or wet-season form are most unstable. It is not
uncommon to find specimens with the wet-season character of a
broad, black border to the hind wing on the upperside, and on the
underside with the prominent fusco-ferruginous transverse strigre
and spots, associated with the dry-season form. Again in the J ,
the width of the orange patch on the fore wing is very variable.
Broadly speaking however, and taking the males only, /. pyrene
can be divided into two groups.
(1) Pyrene group. — Fore wing : with the orange patch on the
upperside broad, extended right across the apex of the cell, but in
typical pyrene interrupted there by a black discocellular spot. To
this group belong evippe, Drury, rliexia, Fabr., sesia, Fabr., and
latifasciata, Butler.
(2) Pirenassa group. — Fore wing : with the orange patch on
the upperside narrower, extending only into the upper apex of
the cell. To this group belong Jcausala, Moore, satadra, Moore,
moulmeinensis, Moore, frequens, Butler, dharmsalce, Butler, luatti,
Butler, cingalensis, Moore, jhoda, Swinhoe, and alana, Swinhoe.
In the key to the forms I have diagnosed the differences in three
of the principal varieties.
IXIAS. 195
607. Ixias verna, Druce, P. Z. S. 1874, p. 108, pi. 16, figs. 5, 6, 3 $ ;
Watson, Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. viii, 1894, pp. 503-507 ; Butler,
A. M. N. H. (7) i, 1898, p. 142.
Ixias latifasciala, Butler, P. Z. S. 1871, p. 252, pi. 19, fig. 3, <$ only.
Ixias pallida et citrina, Moore, P. Z. S. 1878, p. 837.
Race andamana.
Ixias andamana, Moore, P. Z.S. 1877, p. 590 ; Grose-Smith 8f Kirby,
Rhop. Ex. i, 1888, Ixias, p. 1, pi. 1, figs. 1-3, <J 2 ; Watson, Jour.
Bomb. N. H. Soc. viii, 1894, pp. 503-507 ; JJutler, A. M. N. H.
(7) i, 1898, p. 142.
Ixias lena, Swinhoe, A. M. N. H. (6) v, 1890, p. 357 ; Watson,
Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. viii, 1894, pp. 507-524.
Wet-season brood. — c? . Upperside : white, apical half of fore and
terminal margin of hind wing black. The white ground-colour
suffused with very pale sulphur-yellow, this colour deepens to
a pure sulphur along the margins of the areas occupied by the
ground-colour. Tore wing : base shaded with blackish scales ;
the black apical half with a large oblique orange patch that
occupies the middle of interspace 2, basal two-thirds or more of
interspaces 3 to 6, 10 and 11, and extends into the apex of cell
where it is interrupted by a black spot on the discocellulars ; this
in some specimens ( J. pallida, Moore) entirely tills the lower apex
of the cell. Underside : sulphur-yellow, the fore wing posteriorly
below the cell much paler; both wings with sparsely scattered
fusco-ferruginous strigae and minute dots ; the spot on the disco-
cellulars the most prominent. — $ . Somewhat similar to the <$ .
Upperside : the pale sulphur-yellow ground-colour much restricted;
on the fore wing it extends only over the basal two-thirds of
interspaces 1 a and 1, and the basal fourth of interspace 2; the
orange patch much narrower and irregular, 'forms a short curved
band beyond apex of cell that does not quite reach the costal
margin ; a large elongate spot with a small black spot within the
orange, towards its apex, in interspace 3 and an irregular hatchet-
shaped spot below this in interspace 2. Hind wing: the black on the
terminal margin spreads over fully one-third of the wing. Under-
side : similar to that of the <$ , the fusco-ferruginous strigee more
numerous, the discocellular spots much larger, an obscure discal
series of transverse reddish spots on both wings ; on the fore
wing a very large and prominent patch of reddish brown above
the tornus.
Dry-season brood (/. citrina, Moore). Differs from the wet-
season form as follows : — tf $ • Upper side fore wing : the orange
patch slightly wider ; hind wing : the black terminal margin
narrower. Underside : both wings with more or less prominent
transverse discal series of reddish-brown spots, centred with white,
the fusco-ferruginous strigaa and minute spots more abundant.
Antennae deep reddish brown, head and thorax anteriorly with a
little reddish-brown pubescence ; abdomen above black, beneath :
pale yellowish white.
Exp. ^ $ 53-62 mm. (2-1-2-45").
o 2
196 PIERIUJE.
Hob. Assam; Cachar ; Burma; Tenasserim ; extending to Siam
and into the north of the Malay Peninsula.
Race andamana, Moore.— <f $ . Closely resembles the typical
form both in wet- and dry-season specimens, but is larger with
brighter colours ; the orange patch on the fore wing distinctly a
rich orange-red and proportionately narrower than in 1. verna.
The dry-season form (/. lena, Swinhoe) has the ferruginous discal
series of spots, and on the fore wing the reddish-brown tornal
patch characteristic of dry-season specimens, very conspicuous
and prominent.
Exp. <$ 2 04-74 mm. (2-54-2-94").
Hab. The Andamans.
608. Ixias marianne, Cramer (Papilio), Pap. Exot. iii, 1782, pi. 217,
tigs. C-E; Watson, Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. viii, 1893, pp. 507,
508, pi. 2, figs. 17-19 ; Butler, A. M N. H. (7) i, 1898, p. 143.
Ixias agniverna, Moore, A. M. N. H. (4) xx, 1»77, p. 50.
Ixias depalpura, Sutler, P. Z. S. 1883, p. 153, pi. 24, tigs. 6, 7.
Ixias meridionalis et cumballa, Swinhoe, P. Z. S. 1885, p. 140,
pi. 9, fig. 5, & p. 141, pi. 9, figs. 13 & 14.
Wet-season brood. — tf . Upperside : chalk-white ; apical half of
fore and terminal margin of hind wing broadly black, the black
on the latter broadest anteriorly. Fore wing: a broad rich
orange patch obliquely across the black area extended to the upper
apex of the cell, narrowed posteriorly and spread above the tornus
into interspace 1 ; opposite the apex of the cell this orange patch
is very broad and leaves only the apex of the wing and a compara-
tively narrow band along the termen and costa black ; base of the
wing irrorated with black scales. Underside : rich sulphur-yellow
as in most of the forms of the genus, irrorated with fusco-
ferruginous, short, transverse strigse and minute dots. Fore wing :
the orange patch of the upperside plainly seen by transparency
on the disc ; a broadly triangular area below the cell white ;
discocellular spot large and prominent, centred with white. Both
fore and hind wings with the discal transverse series of reddish-
brown spots, in other forms characteristic of the dry-season
broods, present and more or less conspicuous, the spots always
centred with white ; on the fore wing the patch above the tornus
prominent and in some specimens very large. Antenna? reddish
brown, head and thorax anteriorly with reddish-brown hairs, thorax
above with white hairs, abdomen black ; beneath : head, thorax and
abdomen white. — $ • Upperside : similar. Fore wing : the orange
patch on the black apical area narrower, posteriorly truncate, not
extended below interspace 2 ; an outer transverse series of four
black spots on the orange parch in interspaces 2 to 5. Underside : as
in the d , the markings slightly larger. Antennae, head, thorax
and abdomen similar.
Dry-season brood — In both sexes this differs less from the wet-
IXIAS. A.PPIAS. 197
season form than it does in /. pyrene and /. verna. The charac-
teristic dry-season markings on the underside are more pronounced,
sometimes remarkably so.
Exp. <$ $ 54-56 mm. (2- 15-2-61").
Hub. N. W. Himalayas as far east as Kumaon ; Punjab ; Bengal ;
Central, Western and Southern India ; Ceylon.
609. Ixias nola, Sicinhoe, P. Z. S. 1889, p. 399 ; Watson, Jour. Bomb.
N. H. Soc. viii, 1894, pp. 503-508 ; Sutler, A. M. N. H. (7) i,
1898, p. 143.
d" $ . Very closely resembles I. marianne in both sexes, but the
few specimens I have seen are constant in coloration, and differ
from marianne as follows : — <5" . Upperside, fore wing : orange
patch on black apical half narrow, not extended to the discoidal
cell at all, the black that borders it on the inner side subobsolete
below vein 4. Hind wing : the black terminal border is much
restricted and occupies in some specimens only the anterior
third of the terminal margin, in no specimen is there more
than a mere indication of it on the posterior portion of the
termen. Underside: similar to the underside of /. marianne.—
$ . Upperside, fore wing : the orange patch on black apical half
still narrower ; the black that borders it on the inner side com-
pletely interrupted between veins 3 and 4 ; the outer series of
black spots on the orange so conspicuous in marianne reduced to
one in interspace 3 and another in interspace 4. Hind wing : as in
the <5 . Underside : similar to that in 1. 'marianne $ . AntennaB,
head, thorax and abdomen as in that form.
Exp. <f $ 50-55 mm. (1-95-2-20").
Hab. So far as recorded confined to Mahableshwar, one of the
high peaks of the Western Ghats in the Satara district, at from
3500 to 4500 feet.
It is very doubtful if this is not a variety of /. marianne. A
local observer is wanted who will devote his attention to the
breeding of this form, and to that of I. marianne, which probably
occurs with it.
Genus APPIAS.
Appias, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. 1816, p. 91.
Catophaga, Hiibner, torn. cit. p. 93.
Hiposcritia, Geyer in Hiibner's Zutr. Exot. Schmett. iv, 1832, p. 16.
Tachyris, Wallace, Trans. Ent. Soc. (3) iv, 1867, p. 361.
Type, A. zelmira, Cramer, from India.
Ranye. Indo-Malayan Kegion.
c? 5 . Fore wing : costa widely arched ; apex acute, subacute,.
slightly rounded or slightly falcate, always more rounded in
the $ than in the d1 ; termen straight ; tornus well-marked ;
dorsum straight or slightly sinuous ; cell always a little longer
than half the length of the wing ; vein 6 out of 7 beyond apex
198
Fig. 51. — Appia* hippo,
venation.
of more or less stiff hairs below.
PIEUID-E.
of cell, upper discocellular therefore
absent ; middle discocellular concave,
in typical Applets equal to lower dis-
cocellular, in other forms shorter ; the
lower discocellular concave : vein 8
absent, 9 out of 7, the fork closer or
even much closer to apex of wing than
to apex of cell; veins 10 and 11 free,
10 always from before apex of cell.
Hind wing more or less broadly pear-
shaped ; veins 1 «, 1 to 8 present. An-
tenna* about half length of fore wing
or a little longer ; club well-marked and
flattened, but more or less gradual;
palpi slender, third joint long; eyes
naked ; abdomen in <5 with anal brushes
Key to the forms of Appias.
A. Upperside : light orange, darker orange, or crim-
son ; veins more or less defined with black. ... A. nero, p. 202.
B. Upperside : white, sometimes tinged with pale
yellow, never orange or crimson'; veins in $
only, sometimes defined with black.
a. Fore wing : veins 5 and 7 approximated at base ;
middle discocellular more than half length of
lower discocellular.
a. Upperside fore wing : outer black margin or
area not produced inwardly in interspace 3.
fr. Both sexes : underside hind wing with a
terminal black band ; J , underside fore
wing : a prominent yellow or white sub-
apical spot.
«3. Underside hind wing: deep yellow,
anterior veins defined with black in
wet-season form, concolorous with
wing in dry-season form
b3. J , underside hind wing : pale yellow,
veins concolorous with wings at all
seasons
r 3. J , underside hind wing : deep yellow,
anterior veins prominently edged with
black scales in wet-season form, nar-
rowly black in dry-season form, never
concolorous with wings
A2. Both sexes : underside hind wing with no
terminal black band ; c? , underside fore
wing : no subapical yellow or white spot.
ft3, tf , underside : pure white in wet-season
form, tinged with ochraceous in dry-
season form.
a4. J , underside hind wing: immacu-
late at all seasons A . libythea, p. 200.
\ A. hippo (typ.),
j p. 203.
\A. hippo, race
p. 205.
. A
APPIAS. 199
b l. cT , underside hind wing : veins more
or less broadly black white only in ( A m h rftce
extreme dry- season iorm ........ < /L • „ „ om
' ~^mtm, p. -UL
V. rf, underside hind wing : yellow or
ochraceous at all seasons.
a *. (5 , upperside fore wing : outer black
margin narrow, ill-defined, im-
maculate at all seasons.
<t5. 5 , underside fore wing : oblique
curved black band on outer half
broad, its outer margin more or
less even ; <J , apex of fore wing
blunt.
a'''. (J, upper and under sides fore
wing : without a postdiscal
black spot in interspace 3;
upperside white ............ A. paulina, p. 210.
be. (5, upper and under sides fore
wing : a postdiscal black spot
in interspace 3, sometimes faint
and ill -denned, but always
traceable ; upperside cream-
colour ....................
f/'. £ , underside fore wing : oblique
curved black baud on outer half
narrow, its outer margin uneven,
zigzag ; d> , apex of fore wing
sharply pointed .............. A. albina, p. 212.
V. $ , upperside fore wing : outer black margin
or area produced inwardly in interspaces*.
a-, (f , underside fore win^ : oblique, curved,
black band on outer half terminated on
vein 2, sometimes reduced to a mere
black spot in interspace 3 ............ A. leis, p. 213.
b-. c? , underside fore wing : oblique, curved,
black band on outer half extended to
tornal angle or altogether absent ...... A . wardi, p. 214,
Fore wing : veins o and 7 approximate at base,
middle discocellular less than half length of
lower discocellular.
n'. $ , upperside fore wing : no isolated disco-
cellular black spot.
«2. J, upperside fore wing: no prominent
discocellular black band.
«\ c?, underside fore wing: the diseal
black band narrow ; hind wing not
richly coloured in wet-season form . . A. indra, p. 205.
I3. cJ > underside fore wing : diseal black
band broad ; hind wing richly coloured , A • •,
in wet-season form ..!.... . ........ \A' mdra> race om
V. rf, upperside fore wing: a broad black ' »«>^«> P- 207.
band from before middle of costa that
crosses discocellular nervules and joins t . , ,
outer black margin . \A' lal^c' race ,m
) lagela, p. 209
* Except in dry-season form of A. lets.
200
//. J , upperside fore wing : generally with an
isolated discocellular black spot.— $ . Wet-
season form : upperside fore wing with a , * jaiaflp i tvn \
black discocellular band as in lagela j "* Ma9e ^^
610. Appias libythea, Fabr. (Papilio) Syst. Ent. 1775, p. 471 ; Moore,
Lep. Ceyl. i, 1881, p. 134, pi. 52, figs. 3, 3 a, 3 $ ; Davidson $
Aitken, Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. v, 1890, p. 358 ; iid. torn. cit. x,
1897, p. 573 ; Moore, Lep. Ind. vi, 1905, p. 203, pi. 542, fig^. 2,
Appias" ares, Swinhoe, 'P. Z. S. 1885, p. 138.
Appias retexta, Surmhoe, A. M. N. H. (6) v, 1890, p. 360, rf $ .
Race zelmira.
Papilio zelmira, Cramer, Pap. Exot. iv, 1782, pi. 320, figs. C, 1), $ .
Appias zelmira, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. 1816, p. 9l ; Watson,
Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. viii, 1894, p. 497, pi. 2, figs. 1-5 ; Moore,
Lep. Ind. vi, 1905, p. 200, pi. 542, figs. 1, 1 a-f, <$ $ .
Appias olferna, Sminhoe, A. M. N. H. (6) v, 1890, p. 358.
Appias irvinii, Swinhoe, torn. cit. p. 359.
Wet-season brood. — rf . Upperside : pure white. Fore wing :
costa, apex and termen anteriorly very narrowly shaded with
dusky-black scales, the black colour produced very finely along
the veins for a short distance ; the rest of the veins white.
Underside : pure white, the black colour merely indicated along
the costa and at apex. — $ . Upperside : white. Fore wing : costa,
the apex and termen very widely and the discoidal cell dusky
black, the black in the cell produced in a broad streak to the
black on the termen, so as to leave only a short oval oblique bar
of the ground-colour beyond the cell ; the black on the terminal
portion of the wing narrows posteriorly and has its inner margin
irregular ; on the posterior inner portion of the wing also there
is a somewhat diffuse dusky-black streak from base, narrowed out-
wardly and not extended to the black on the terminal margin.
Hind wing : terminal margin more or less broadly black ; a shading
of dusky-black scales that forms a diffuse subcostal streak from
base, and another more diffuse obscure streak across the disc
that leaves between it and the dark terminal margin a series of,
posteriorly, very ill-defined markings of the white ground-colour
which decrease in size up to interspace 6. Underside : white with
similar markings that are however, more diffuse. Fore wing : the
black along the terminal margin interrupted by a series of streaks
of the white ground-colour in the interspaces. Hind wing : the
black scaling along the terminal margin very faint, the dusky
shading on the basal and discal areas of the wing as on the upper-
side, but more or less obsolescent ; a faint tinge of yellow on the
humeral angle. Antennae in both sexes dusky black, obscurely
spotted with white ; head, thorax and abdomen above bluish white ;
beneath white.
Dry-season brood. — rf . Similar, but the narrow black markings
on the fore wing still more restricted. — $ also similar but the
APPIAS. 201
black markings of the upperside on the fore wing restricted to the
upper half of the cell, and the markings on costa, the apex of
the wing and the termen altogether much narrower than in the
wet-season form. On the hind wing the markings are restricted
to a narrow macular band along the termen, with mere indications
of a dusky detached streak in the middle of the disc. Underside :
white in both sexes ; apex of fore wing and the whole of the hind
wing with an ochraceous tint. In the $ the black markings of
the upperside show through by transparency. Antennae, head,
thorax and abdomen as in the wet-season form.
Exp. 3 $ 54-66 mm. (2-14-2-62").
Hob. The Punjab ; Mussoorie ; Delhi ; plains of Bengal ;
Orissa ; Western and Southern India ; Ceylon.
Larva. " Beared a good many in Bombay during April and
May on Capparis horrida. The larva is long, green, somewhat
depressed, and has the rough surface and general aspect of a
Terias or a Catopsilia, but the anal extremity tapers a little, and
is slightly, but distinctly, bifid."
Pupa. " The pupa is of quite a different type from Terias or
Catopsilia. It is closely attached to a leaf and the wing-cases do
not form a keel, but there is an acute dorsal prominence just
behind the head, and a transverse dorsal ridge in the middle
connecting two angular lateral processes. The head ends in a
short snout. The colour is variable and probably depends on
situation." (Davidson £f Aitken.)
Race zelmira, Cramer. — cf $ . Differs from the typical form as
follows : — Wet-season brood. — c? • Upperside, fore wing : base with
an obscure bluish tint, costa more broadly black ; apex and terinen
with a series of short, black streaks along the veins that are dilated
at their inner apices, and thus form a more or less incomplete,
transverse, postdiscal, excurved band that is not extended below
vein 3. Hind wing with a terminal series of triangular spots at
the apices of the veins. Underside : pure white. Fore wing :
markings as on the upperside. Hind wing : all the veins except
the basal portion of the median and of veins 5 and 6 conspicuously
bordered with black ; this gives the appearance of a series of three
transverse black lines that cross the wing, from the posterior one
of which other black lines radiate to the termen ; humeral angle
tinged with yellow. — § . Upperside : much as in libytliea, but the
black markings broader, more clearly defined. Fore wing : an
anterior, subterminal, transverse series of three or four elongate
spots of the white ground-colour is conspicuously apparent on the
black margin of the wing. Hind wing : the white ground-colour
much restricted and appears merely as a comparatively large
upper discal patch and four or five postdiscal spots. Underside :
white ; the black markings of the upperside show well through by
transparency, the areas covered by them are more or less densely
irrorated on the hind wing with yellow scales, which are also less
densely scattered over the apex of the fore wing.
Dry-season brood. — $ . Upperside : differs from the wet-season
202
form chiefly in the black streaks at apex and along the anterior
portion of the termen on the fore wing, which do not extend so far
inwards, although the streaks themselves are broader. Hind
wing : the series of connected triangular black spots along the
termen reduced to an incomplete series of terminal spots or alto-
gether absent. Underside : white with an obscure yellowish tinge
on the apex of the fore and the whole of the hind wing. Fore
wing with an irroration of black scales along the basal half of the
costa that spreads into the cell. Hind wing with a short diffuse
cross-bar of like scales on the disc. — $ . Upperside : as in the wet-
season form, but the black markings are more restricted and allow
more of the white ground-colour to appear. Underside : similar to
the underside in the dry-season form of the J , but the irroration
of black scales on the fore wing fills the cell, extends in a narrow
streak in interspace 4, and meets an oblique postdiscal lunular
band of like scales ; on the hind wing the discal cross-bar of black
scaling broader. Antennae, head, thorax and abdomen in both
sexes and in both seasonal forms as in libythea.
Exp. <$ £ 54-G8 mm. (2-14-2-69").
Hab. Sikhim, at low elevations ; the plains of Bengal ; Assam ;
Burma; Teuasserim ; extending to Siam.
Both races seem to meet in the plains of Bengal, but broadly
speaking libyihea is the M-estern and southern form, zelmira the
eastern form.
611. Appias nero (PI. XVI, fig. 108), Fdbr. (Papilio) Ent. Syst. iii,
1793, p. 153 ; Moore (Pieris). Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. i. 1857,
p. 70: Wallace (Tachyris), Trans. Ent. Soc. (3) iv, 1867, p. 378;
Elwes (Tachyris), Trans. Ent. Soc. 1888, p. 418 ; Butler, P. Z. S.
1872, p. 46; Distant, Mhop. Malay. 1885, p. 311, pi. 24, figs. 9,
10, c?$.
Pieris thyria, Godart, Enc. Meth. ix, 1819, p. 147.
Pieris figulina, Butler, A. M. N. H. (3) xx, 1867, p. 399, pi. 8,
fig. 1 $ .
Tachyris galba, Wallace, Trans. Ent. Soc. (3) iv, 1867, p. 378 ;
Watson (^Catophaga), Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. viii, 1894, p. 499.
Appias nebo, Grose-Smith $ Kirby, Shop. Exot. ii, 1894. Appias,
pi. 1, %s. 1,2, rf.
c? . Upperside : from vermilion to deep crimson-red, the veins
more or less black ; in certain specimens the veins towards their
apices, especially on the fore wing, are diffusely shaded with black ;
terminal margins of both fore and hind wings and fore wing
at apex irrprated and shaded with black scales. Underside : fore
wing on apical area and nearly the whole of the hind wing rich
chrome-yellow, base and disc of fore wing orange ; costa and dorsal
margin of fore, and dorsal margin broadly of hind wing yellow ;
veins concolorous. Antenna black, speckled sparsely with white,
orange at apex; head, thorax and abdomen black with dark
greyish-green hairs.— $. Upperside: ground-colour similar, the
markings differ as follows :— Fore wing : costa narrowly, apex and
termen more broadly black ; a short, very oblique black band from
APPIAS. 203
the middle of the cost a outwards, ending subterminally in inter-
space 4, enclosed between it and the black on the terminal margin
is a transverse spot of the ground-colour ; a transverse subterminal
black bar also in interspace 2. similarly encloses between it and
the black on the terminal margin a spot of the ground-colour.
Hind wing : terminal margin neatly bordered with black, which
extends for a short distance inwards along each vein. Underside,
fore wing : base and disc vermilion-red, apex dusky ochraceous,
with a pale ill-defined short bar that limits it on the inner side ; an
oblique black band from costa and a short transverse similar band
in interspace 2 as on the upperside, but indicated more by trans-
parency than by actual scaling. Hind wing : dull ochraceous,
darkening to ochraceous red along the terminal margin ; an
irregular transverse diffuse purplish band across the disc. An-
tennae, head, thorax and abdomen as in the d .
Exp. rf £ 70-80 mm. (2-76-3-18").
Hob. Sikhim ; Assam ; Manipur ; Upper Burma : the Shan
States ; Tenasserim ; extending to Siam ; the Malay Peninsula ;
Nias Island ; Sumatra ; Java ; Borneo to the Philippines.
012. Appias hippo, Cramer (Papilio), Pap. Exot. iii, 1782, pi. 195,
figs. A, B ; Moore (Pieris), Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. i, 1857, p. 71;
Watson, Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. x, 1897, p. 670.
Appias vacans, Sutler, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1870, p. 490 ; id. Lep. Exot.
1872, p. 90, pi. 34, figs. 5, 6.
Appias hippoides, Moore, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1881, p. 312; id. Lep.
2nd. vi, 1905, p. 194, pi. 540, figs. l,la-lg, <5 $, & pi. 541,
figs. 1, la-lc, rf 2.
Appias hippoides, var. epicoena, Swinhoe, P. Z. 8. 1889, p. 398.
Race andrea.
Colias andrea, Ersch. in Kotzeb. Reise, iii, 1821, p. 215, pi. 10,
figs. 23 a, 236; Wallace (Tachyris), Trans. Ent. Soc. (3) iv, 1867,
p. 366.
Appias nicobarica, Moore, Lep. Ind. vi, 1905, p. 198.
Race taprobana.
Appias taprobana, Moore, P. Z. S. 1879, p. 143 ; id. Lep. Ceyl. i,
1881, p. 135, pi. 52, figs. 1, l«-lc, S $, larva & pupa; id.
Lep. Ind. vi, 1905, p. 198. pi. 541, figs. 2, 2 a-2c, <$ $ .
pias vacans, Moore (nee Sutler), Lep. Ceyl. i, 1881, p. 135, pi. 52,
gs. 2, 2 a, d.
Appias latifasciata, Moore, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1881, p. 312, J $ ; id.
Lep. Ind. vi, 1905, p. 199, pi. 541, figs. 3, 3 a, 3 b.
Appias aperta, Sutler, A. M. N. H. (5) xviii, 1886, p. 188 ; Moore,
Lep. Ceyl. iii, 1887,' p. 532.
Appias (Catophaga) hippoides, Davidson, Bell §• Aitken (nee Moore),
Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. x, 1897, p. 574.
Wet-season brood. — 6*. Upperside'. white; along the costal
margin of the fore wing and the terminal margin of the hind wing
somewhat broadly bluish, due to the black colour of the underside
Appi
fi
204
that shows plainly through ; costal margin of fore wing irrorated
densely on basal half, more sparingly on apical half, with black
scales ; terminal margins of both fore and hind wings edged with
black, this colour produced triangularly inwards along the veins
for a short distance ; veins of both wings white, subcostal vein
and veins above vein 6 on fore wing black. Underside, fore wing :
white ; extreme base of costa irrorated with black scales, some-
times condensed into a broad edging along the costal margin, which
is widened at the apex and continued along the terminal margin in
a gradually narrowing border to the tornus, the terminal edging
inwardly produced along the veins as on the upperside ; a yellow
or white oval spot superposed on the black area at the apex in
interspace 6. Hind wing : sulphur-yellow ; veins concolorous ;
terminal margin with a black edging as on the upperside but
much broader, though not so prominently produced inwards along
the veins. Antennae black, sparingly spotted with minute white
dots ; head, thorax and abdomen white with a bluish tinge. —
$ . Upperside : dusky blackish brown, variegated more or less with
white on the fore wing, in short somewhat broad streaks in inter-
spaces 1, 2, 4 and 5 ; these streaks very variable in width and
length. Hind wing on the basal half and along the dorsum broadly
white ; the extent of the white is very variable and very ill-
defined, shading imperceptibly into the dusky brown. Underside :
fore wing similar, the white streaks much broader and longer ;
an additional dusky-white longitudinal streak along middle of the
cell ; base of wing dusted with yellow scales ; apex with a large
diffuse purplish patch. Hind wing: basal two-thirds pale sulphur-
yellow; apical third dusky brownish black, the margins of the two
colours fairly sharply defined, veins crossing the disc black. An-
tennae as in the d1 ; head, thorax and abdomen above with greenish
pubescence ; beneath white.
Dry-season brood. — <$ $ . Similar to the wet-season form but
smaller. In the <$ the black edging to the wings both on the
upper and under sides is narrower, often very markedly so. In
the $ the differences are more conspicuous in the extreme forms.
Specimens captured in the height of the hot weather or in specially
dry localities resemble the <5 of the wet-season form, except that
the irroration of black scales along the costal margin in the latter
is replaced by a broad continuous streak, widened at apex and
continued in a similar manner as in the J , along the terminal
margin to the tornus, the inward prolongations of the black colour
along the veins more marked. On the underside the dry-season
$ very closely resembles the wet-season <$ , the only 'marked
difference is the absence of the elongate oval spot in interspace 0
in the fore wing. This form is the Appias Jiippoides, var. epiccena,
Swinhoe. Between it and the dark wet-season form of the £
many intermediate individual specimens can be found in almost
every large collection.
Exp. rf $ 54-82 mm. (2-14-3-24").
APPIAS. 205
Hob. Sikhim ; Lower Bengal ; Orissa ; Assam ; Burma ;
Tenasserim ; extending into Siam and China to the east, and
southwards to the Malay Peninsula and Sumatra.
Race andrea, Erscholtz.— A slightly differentiated form scarcely
established, even as a local race, as yet. It is sufficiently charac-
terized in the key to the forms (supra).
Exp. c? ? 68-76 mm. (2-66-3").
Hab. Recorded within our limits from the Nicobars. Found in
the Philippines.
Race taprobana, Moore. — Wet-season brood (latifasciata, Moore).
cT . Closely resembles the wet-season form of typical hippo, but
the colours are brighter ; the black terminal bordering to the
wings on both upper and under sides broader, especially on the
underside of the hind wing, the yellow also on this wing is of a
deeper, more vivid tint. It can, moreover, be discriminated from
hippo tf at once by the subcostal vein and veins 6, 7 and 8 where
they cross the yellow ground-colour, which are not cnocolorous but
conspicuously edged with black scales, these latter often form a
broad streak along the basal half of vein 7.— $ . Does not differ
materially from the wet-season form of the $ of hippo. In the
few specimens of the females of this race that I have had an
opportunity of examining, the dusky purplish-brown on the ter-
minal half of the hind wing on the underside has always been
broader than in the females of typical hippo.
Dry-season brood. — <$ . Can be separated from the typical form
as follows: — Upperside fore wing : vein 6 more or less broadly
edged or denned with black. Underside hind wing: terminal
black border much broader ; subcostal vein and veins 7 and 8
black, not concolorous with the yellow ground-colour. — $ . Differs
only from the $ of hippo by the greater width of the purplish
black terminal margin of the hind wing on the underside.
Antennae, head, thorax and abdomen in both sexes as in typical
hippo.
Exp. d1 $ 64-76 mm. (2-5-3").
Hab. Southern India : Malabar; Travancorc ; Ceylon.
Larva and pupa. " We have bred from May to December on
capers. The eggs are laid in clusters. The larva and pupa are
not very different from those of the last species (A. libythea, supra);
the pupa may be distinguished from the last by the second segment
being produced laterally into a tongue-like process which embraces
the shoulder." (Davidson, Bell $ Aitken.)
613. Appias indra, Moore (Pieris), Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. i, 1857,
p. 74 ; Wood-Mason 8f de Niceville (Hyposcritia), J. A. S. B. 1886,
p. 372; Elwes (Tachyris), Trans. Ent. Soc. 1888, p. 419; Moore
(Hyposcritia), Lep. Ind. vi, 1905, p. 226, pi. 549, ficrs. 1, la-lh, tf $ .
Hyposcritia shiva, Sicinhoe, P. Z. S. 1885, p. 138, pi. 9, figs. 1, 2;
'Moore, Jour. Linn. Soc., Zool. xxi, 1886, p. 49.
206 FIERIER.
Race narendra.
Appias narendra, Moore, A. M. N. H. (4) xx, 1877, p. 48, rf ; id. Lej).
Ceyl. i, 1881, p. 134, pi. 61, figs. 4, 4 a, 4 b, J $ ; id. (Hyposcritia)
Lep. Ind. vi, 1905, p. 228, pi. 550, figs. 1, 1 a-1 «, rf $ .
sott, fo-ood. — c? . Upperside : white. Fore wing : base and
basal half of costa thickly irrorated with black scales ; a minute
black spot on the discocellulars ; the apical half of the costa, the
apex and the termen above vein 2 broadly black ; the inner margin
of the black colour broadly produced inwards in interspace 3 ;
three obliquely-placed spots of the ground-colour on the apical
Fig. 52.
a. Underside fore wing : Appias indra.
b. Underside fore wing : Appias indra, race narendra.
c. Abdomen showing anal brush of hairs.
area. Hind wing : uniform white with a minute black speck on
the discocellulars. Underside, fore wing : white ; costa at base
pea-green ; beyond with a broad black stripe that curves round
and crosses the wing postdiscally to the terminal margin above
vein 2 ; this black band produced prominently inwards in inter-
space 3; apex of wing beyond the black band yellowish, obscurely
dusted with black scales. Hind wing pale yellow, with verv
obscure postdiscal patches of white ; the whole wing irrorated
somewhat sparsely with minute black scales ; discocellular black
spot more or less conspicuous. — $ . Upperside : white. Fore wing :
basal area up to nearly the apex of the cell densely irrorated with
blackish scales ; remainder of the wing black except lower apex
of cell, basal two-thirds of interspace 2, and basal third of inter-
space 3, which are white ; apex of wing with two, not three as in tf ,
obliquely- placed white spots. Hind wing: dusky black, fading
inwardly on basal half of wing to diffuse dusky grey ; two or more
upper subterminal white spots. Underside : similar to that of the J .
Fore wing : the yellowish-green colour at base more extended :
the curved black band that crosses the wing very much broader
and produced inwards along the dorsuni for a short distance :
apical area greenish yellow, with an obscure series of pearly- white
patches between it and the black band, a similar short streak on
the tornus. Hind wing differs from that of the d in the deeper
yellow of the ground-colour, which however, is similarly irrorated
with black scales and bars ; a conspicuous subterminal series oi'
pearly-white patches.— An intermediate form of the $ is common,
in which the black area on both fore and hind wings is much
restricted ; on the hind wing it is reduced to a simple terminal
edging that spreads diffusely inwards and obscurely encloses a
APPIAS. 207
subterminal series of white diamond-shaped spots. Antennae in
both sexes black checkered with white spots ; head and thorax
with bluish-grey hairs ; abdomen black with sparse white scaling ;
beneath : head, thorax and abdomen white.
Dry-season brood. — c? • Upperside : similar to specimens of the
wet-season form, but the black colour on costa, apex and termen
very much reduced in extent. Underside : the black curved
band on fore wing very short, often diffuse and obscure ; apex
of fore and entire hind wing light earthy brown, more or
less densely irrorated with black scales, that on the hind wing
run together in places and form ill-defined zigzag markings. —
£ . Upperside : similar to that of the 3 , the black on fore wing of
somewhat greater extent ; termen of hind wing obscurely irrorated
. with black scales. Underside : similar to that of the J ; the oblique
black band on fore wing broader. Antenna in both sexes dark
brown ; head with ochraceous-brovvn, thorax with bluish-grey hairs,
abdomen blackish ; beneath : head, thorax and abdomen white.
Exp. c? 2 54-74 mm. (2-1-2-U2").
Hob. The Himalayas ; Nepal ; Sikhim ; Bhutan ; Lower Bengal ;
Assam ; Burma ; Tenasserim ; extending to the Malay Peninsula,
Cochin China and China.
Race narendra, Moore. — A slightly differentiated and more or
less local form, notwithstanding that a few specimens which I have
seen from Assam, which should properly belong to A. indra, more
closely resemble typical narendra from South India and Ceylon.
Wet-season brood. — d" • Upperside : differs chiefly from that of rf
indra in the hind wing, which is bordered narrowly with black
along the termen. Underside : as in indra, but the yellow colour
more vivid and the black bisinuate band that crosses the fore wing
notably broader. — $ . Differs from $ indra on the upperside in the
restriction of the black colour, which has also its inner margin
more clearly defined. No $ narendra that I have seen is ever so
dark above as the extreme rain-season form of 5 indra. Underside :
similar to the underside in indra $ , but more closely sprinkled
with black scales on the hind wing.
Dry-season brood. — The difference between the seasonal forms is
less marked than in A. indra. — tf . Upperside : differs in the hind
wing which is always margined along the termen, though often
very narrowly, with black ; this colour also extends shortly in a
few lines along the veins. Underside : as in A. indra, but the shade
of brown on apex of fore wing and over the whole of the hind
wing is darker, the irroration of black scales more dense, the black
bisinuate band that crosses the wing broader. — 5 . Upperside :
differs from the wet-season form only in the width of the black on
the terminal margin of the hind wing, which band is about half
as wide as in rainy-season specimens. Underside : similar to the
underside in $ of the wet-season form.
Exp. c? $ 58-70 mm. (2-30-2-76").
Hab. Southern India; Ceylon; Assam.
208
614. Appias lalage, Doubleday (Pieris), Giai/s Zool. Misc. 1842,
s n . 8 19 Mac-
c , . , . , - , .
Pieris durvasa, Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. i, 1857, p. 73.
Catophaga pseudoklage, Moore, P. Z. S. 1879, p. 142.
Hyposcritia argyridina, Sutler, A. M. N. H. (5) xvi, 1885, p. 340, rf .
Race lagela.
Catophaga lagela, Moore, P. Z. S. 1878, p. 838, pi. 52, fig. 4 $ ;
Distant (Appias), Rhop. Malay. 1886, p. 467, pi. 41, fig. 11 $;
Moore (Hyposcritia), Lep. Ind. vi, 1905, p. 225, pi. 548, figs. 2,
2a-2c, rf$.
Wet-season brood. — tf . Upperside : white. Fore wing : base and
basal half of costa thickly irrorated with black scales, the latter
tinged with yellow ; a large black spot in lower apex of cell ;
apical third of wiug black, the inner margin of this black area
curved, with a broad projection of black inwards in interspace 3,
a,. fc.
Fig. 53.
a. Upperside fore wing : Appias lalage.
b. Upperside fore wing : Appias lalage, race lagela.
beyond which outwardly is a large white spot ; this black area
ends on the terminal margin at vein 2 ; three obliquelv-placed
preapical spots white, the upper and lower very obscure. Hind
wing : an irregular, somewhat macular bordering of black along
the terminal margin which becomes diffuse inwardly and on the
tornus ; cilia yellow. Underside, fore wing : white, the black spot
in cell as on the upperside, base of costa yellowish green ; thence
a narrow stripe along the costal margin that crosses the wing
obliquely in a curve to vein 2 and is widened beyond the apex of
the cell ; in interspace 3 this black band is interrupted by a large
white spot, on the inner side of which is a projecting spot of black;
apex yellow touched with lilacine in the middle. Hind wing :
uniform ochraceous yellow, the veins brighter yellow. — $ . Upper-
side, fore wiug : dull opaque black ; an elongate oval, very broad
streak from base that terminates midway in interspace 2 and is
limited below by vein 1 but crosses the median vein into the cell
above ; a short curved streak or band occupies the bases of inter-
spaces 4, 5, 10 and 11 ; a series of three postdiscal spots in
APPIAS. 209
interspaces 1, 3 and 6, the uppermost spot yellow, with one obscure
spot on the inner and another on the outer side of it, the three
placed obliquely across apical area. Hind wing : basal two-thirds
white tinged with yellow chiefly around the base ; outer third
dusky black that broadens considerably posteriorly to the dorsal
margin and anteriorly encloses in interspace 6, sometimes also in
7, an irregular white spot. Underside, fore wing : extreme base and
lower basal half of cell yellowish green, rest of cell black ; above
the cell a narrow, yellowish, curved band along the subcostal vein
that terminates just beyond the discocellulars in two white elon->
gate spots ; a black band along the costa that widens as it crosses
the wing postdiscally and spreads downwards to the tornus and for
a short distance inwards along the dorsum ; enclosed within the
black band is a white spot on the tornal angle and another tri-
angular one iu interspace 3 ; apex pearly white tinted with rich
purple. Hind wing: uniform, pearly, purplish white. Antennas
in both sexes black spotted sparsely with white ; head and thorax
with tufted greenish-yellow hairs, abdomen fuscous ; beneath :
head, thorax and abdomen yellowish white.
Dry-season brood. — $ . Uppersi'le: similar to the wet-season form
but the black markings smaller and more restricted. Underside :
with similarly restricted black markings ; the apex of the fore and
the whole area of the hind wing with the ochraceous yellow of a
duller tint than in the wet-season form. Antennae, head, thorax
and abdomen more or less similar to those of the wet-season form. —
$ . Upperside : very similar to that of the J of the wet-season form.
Underside : the black markings resemble those on the underside of
the d" of the wet-season form ; the upper half of cell of fore wing
however, is yellowish green, the apex lilacine-brown irrorated with
black scales. Hind wing : uniform lilacine-brown densely irrorated
with black scales which have a tendency to form a broad transverse
patch across the middle area of the wing. Antennae, head, thorax
and abdomen in both sexes much as in the wet-season form.
Exp. c? $ 68-82 mm. (270-3-24").
Hab. The Himalayas: Mussoorie to Sikhim and Bhutan, from
4000 to 10,000 feet ; the hill-ranges of Assam, Burma, and the
Shan States ; rare in Lower Burma. It extends eastwards to
China.
Race lagela, Moore. — d1 . Upperside : resembles somewhat the
upperside of the wet-season form of A. lalage $ , but differs as
follows: — Fore wing : upper portion of cell trorn base to apex
blat-k, the black ill-defined and posteriorly diffuse but extended to
the large discocellular black spot and thence in a broad stripe to
the black on the terminal margin ; thus it encloses besides the
subterminal white spots a curved, white, obliquely- placed streak
bevond the cell. Hind wing : the black border on the terminal
margin continuous, not macular but inwardly diffuse. Underside:
only differs in the cell of the fore wing which is anteriony shaded
with dusky black. — $ . Similar to the wet-season $ of lalage but
VOL. it. p
210 PIEEIDJE.
on the upperside the black area on apex and termen of fore wing
is not continued inwards along the dorsal margin, and the connect-
ing bar between the black in the cell and on the terinen is narrowed
by a triangular ernargination of its lower border at base of inter-
space 3 ; on the underside the black area on the termen does not
extend to the tornus, and the black area in the cell is separated
from that on the termen by the basal third of interspace 3, which
is entirely white. Hind wing : both upper and under sides are
precisely similar to those of Mage. Antenna, head, thorax and
abdomen as in A. lalaye.
Exp. <$ 2 65-74 mm. (2-56-2-9").
Hob. Arrakan ; Lower Burma ; Tenasserim ; extending to the
Malay Peninsula.
The five next-described forms have been, and I fear still remain,
a standing puzzle to Indian Lepidopterists. Treating of a strictly
limited fauna, I personally think it very likely that all five are
mere varieties of one highly unstable form, not limited either to
locality or to season. In this work I have kept them apart simply
for convenience of description, for so far as I have studied the
material at my disposal, the differences in the five forms are not
only not of sufficient importance to constitute specific distinction,
but when long series are compared they break down, sometimes in
the male, sometimes in the female.
With regard to this close similarity accompanied by variation I
have in the remarks succeeding the diagnosis of the family stated
what, in my opinion, is the chief causal factor and agent.
615. Appias paulina, Cramer (Papilio), Pap. Exot. ii, 1779, pi. 110,
tigs. E, F, $ ; Hiibner (Catophaga), Vcrz. bek. Schmett. 181(5,
p. 93 ; Butler (Catophaga), A. M. N. H. (7) ii, 1898 (excl. syii.
in pt.) ; Moore (Catophaga), Lep. 2nd. vii, 1905, p. 7, pi. 554,
figs. 1, la-lff, d $.
Catophaga lankapura, Moore, P. Z. 8. 1879, p. 142, J $ ; id. Lep.
Ceyl. i, 1881, p. 133, pi. 50, tigs. 4, 4 a, <J, & pi. 51, tigs. 1, 1 a,
5 (wet-season).
Catophaga galene, Moore (nee Felder), Lep. Ceyl. i, 1881, p. 13:?,
pi. 51, figs. 2, 2 a, d$.
Wet-season brood. — c? . Upperside : pure chalk- white. Fore
wing: costa, apex and terminal margin more or less densely
irrorated with black scales, this irroration narrowed on the termen
posteriorly and not extended to the tornus. Hind wing: a
much lighter dusting of black scales along dorsum, on tornus and
along posterior portion of termen. Underside : fore wing white,
apex broadly pale yellow. Hind wing : entirely pale yellow. — $ .
Upperside : fore wing white, irrorated at base and up to as far as
two-thirds of the cell with blackish scales, which give that part a
bluish-grey appearance ; costa broadly and apical half of the wing
jet-black ; the inner margin of this black area is irregularly curved,
extended inwards and forms a right angle on vein 3 ; thence it
APPTAS. 211
turns outwards and is again extended inwards in a rounded curve in
interspace 1, finally it is sloped obliquely outwards and terminates
on the dorsal margin jnst before apex of tornal angle; three,
rarely four, yellowish spots placed in an outward curve preapically
in the black area. Hind wing : pale yellow, the terminal margin
broadly black, this colour extended triangularly up the veins for a
short distance ; base and interspaces 1 and 2 irrorated with black
scales. Underside, fore wing : as on the upperside but the irrora-
tion of black scales at base and in cell replaced by pale yellow ;
apex of wing from beyond middle of costa in a curve to apex of
vein 3, thickly overlaid with rich chrome-yellow. Hind wing : rich
chrome-yellow, base greenish ; a postdiscal, broad, dark, slightly
curved band crosses from vein 2 to the costa near apex of wing.
Antennae black speckled with minute white dots ; head in front
and thorax with dusky greyish-green hairs ; abdomen blackish ;
beneath : thorax yellow, abdomen white.
Dry-season brood. — c? . Upper and under sides : similar to those
of wet-season specimens, but the irro ration of black scales much
sparser on the upperside ; on the underside the apex of the fore
wing and whole surface of the hind wing dullochraceous, not pale
clear yellow. — £ . Upperside : similar to that of the wet-season
form, but the black area on the fore wing somewhat circumscribed.
Hind wing: white, the black terminal border narrower and decreas-
ing in width posteriorly. Underside : apex of fore wing and the
whole surface of hind wing a beautiful nacreous bluish white.
Antennae, head, thorax and abdomen as in the wet-season form.
Exp. <5 $ 52-76 mm. (2-06-3").
Hob. Within our limits, Ceylon only; but I have seen specimens
from the Malay Peninsula, Siam and Java.
616. Appias galathea, Felder (Pieris), Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, xii,
1862, p. 485; Moore (Catophaga), Lep. Ind. vii, 1905, p. 6,
pi. 553, figs. 1,1 a-ly, rf$.
Catophaga paulina, var. galathea, Wood-Mason fy de N., J. A. S. B.
1881, p. 237.
Catophaga roepstorfi, Moore, J. A. S. B. 1884, p. 44, tf.
c? . Upperside : creamy-white. Fore wing : a very slight
irroration of black scales at base, along the costal margin, at apex
of wing and for a very short distance down the termen ; a round
black postdiscal spot in interspace 3, conspicuous in some specimens
(wet-season form ?), scarcely perceptible in others (dry-season
form ?) ; cilia anteriorly dusky black, posteriorly white. Hind
wing : uniform ; cilia yellowish posteriorly. Underside : fore wing
white, basal half of cell sulphur- yellow ; costa narrowly and apex
of wing ochraceous or butter-yellow ; the round black postdiscal
spot in interspace 3 more clearly defined. Hind wing : uniform
butter-yellow. Antenna3 brown speckled with white ; hairs on
head and thorax anteriorly dusky greenish-yellow, on thorax
posteriorly bluish, scaling of abdomen white; beneath : head and
thorax very pale yellow, abdomen white. — $ . In both seasonal
p2
212 PIBEIDJB.
forms almost identical with A. paulina, but on the upperside the
fore wing has always four or five (not two or three as in pauhna)
preapical white spots, while on the underside the oblique curved
black band that crosses the fore wing is slightly narrower and its
outer margin more irregular. Antennae, head, thorax and abdomen
as in the d1 •
Exp. rf $ 60-68 mm. (2-36-2-7").
Hab. The Andamans and Nicobars.
017. Appias albina, Boisduval (Pieris), % Gen. Lep. i, 1836, p. 480;
Elives &• de N., J. A. S. B. 1897, p. 710; Sutler (Catophaga),
A. M. N. H. (7) ii, 1808, p. 397.
Pieris rouxii, Sofsducal, Sp. Gen. Lep. i, 1836, p. 481, rf.
Pieris neumbo, Boisduval, Sp. Gen. Lep. i, 1836, p. 539 ; Moore
Catophaga), Lep. Ceyl. i, 1881, p. 131, pi. 50, tigs. 3, 3 a, 3 b,
T O
Pieris galene, Felder, Novara Reise, Lep. ii, 1865, p. 165 ; Moore
(Catophaga), Lep. 2nd. vii, 1905, p. 9, pi. 555, figs. 1, 1 a-l i,
f o
Pieris darada, Felder, Novara Reise, Lep. ii, 1865, p. 166 ; Moore
(Catophaga), Lep. Ind. vii, 1905, p. 12, pi. 557, tigs. 1, 1 a-l i,
+ o
Catophaga swinhoei, Moore, Lep. Ind. vii, 1905, p. 11, pi. 556,
figs. 1, 1 a-\j, larva & pupa, j $ •
Closely resemhles A. paulina, but in both seasonal forms the
males can be differentiated by the more acutely pointed fore wing,
and the females by the much narrower, oblique, curved black band
on the underside of the fore wing. Further and more minute,
but apparently constant differences are as follows : —
Wet-season brood. — <$ . Upperside, fore wing : the irroration of
black scales at apex and along termen anteriorly much more sparse
and narrow generally than in paulina. Hind wing : the irroration
of similar scales along dorsal margin and on tornus absent.
Underside : apex of fore and the whole surface of the hind wing
pale dull ochraceous, sometimes with a faint pinkish tint, but never
pale yellow as in paulina. — $ dimorphic ; differs as follows : —
1st Form. Upperslde -. the posterior tdrnal portion of the black
area on fore wing not inwardly rounded, but straight and
generally diffuse. Underside : very like the underside of the
dry-season form of A. paulina $ , from which, however, it
differs by the narrowness of the oblique curved black band, the
outer margin of which is irregularly zigzag, never evenly curved
as in paulina. 2nd Form. Markings as in the 1st form but the
ground-colour on the upperside entirely pale yellow. Underside :
apical half of cell and disc of fore wing up to the black band pale
sulphur-yellow ; the oblique curved black band as in the 1st form ;
interspace 1 « whitish ; the rest of the fore wing and the entire
surface of the hind wing rich chrome-yellow. — tf $ . Antennae,
head, thorax and abdomen much as in A. paulina, but the antennas
a dusky black and more closely speckled with white ; the thorax
beneath in J white, never yellow.
APPIAS. 213
Dry-season brood. — c? $ . Upper and under sides : similar to the
same in the wet-season specimens, but in the c? the dusting of
black scales on the upperside has almost, in some specimens
completely, disappeared, while on the underside the ochraceous
colouring is much paler. — $ . Both dimorphs differ but little from
the dimorphs of the \vet-season form, only on the upperside the
black on the apical half of the fore and on the terminal margin of
the hind wing is more restricted, while on the underside the oblique
curved black band that crosses the fore wing is distinctly narrower
with a tendency to become diffuse.
Exp. d $ 60-74 mm. (2-3S-2-94").
Hob. Sikhim up to 4000 feet ; Bengal ; Western and Southern
India: Gruzerat; Poona; Kanara; Travancore ; Ceylon; the hills of
Assam, Burma and Tenasserim. Found also in Malacca, Sumatra,
Borneo, Java and the Philippines.
Larva. " Light green with a yellow-white spiracular band from
segments 2 & '6 to segment 12, where the band expands somewhat.
Head round, shining, yellow .... covered with small conical
setiferous black tubercles ; body rugose, with six transverse rows
from above the spiracular region over the dorsum, of small, shining,
setiferous, conical black tubercles to each segment ; segments 2,
12 and 13 have only a few transverse ro\vs of such tubercles."
Pupa. " Dirty whitish, with a pink shade on segments 4 to 14.
The head-process from between the eyes is long, flattened at the
sides, slightly curved, pointed at the extremity .... edges on
ventral surface minutely serrated. The front margin of segment 2
is produced into a small subdorsal tooth, and the dorsal line is
rather strongly carinated ; thorax highly carinated on the dorsal
line . . . . ; lateral teeth of segments 6, 7 and 8 are all of the same
size and are pointed . . . . ; the head-production, the points on
segment 2, the teeth on segments 6 and 7 (sometimes) and the
extremity of the cremaster black." (After de Niceville.)
618. Appias leis, Hiibner (Catophaga), Zutr. Exot. Schmett. 1832,
tigs. 771, 772, 5 ; Distant, Ehop. Malay. 1885, p. 313, pi. 25,
fig8.6,7,10,c?$.
Oatophaga adamsoni, Moore, Lep. Ind. yii, 1905, p. 4, pi. 5ol,
figs. 2,2 a-2e.
Wet-season brood. — tf . Upperside: white. Fore wing: base and
costa broadly and somewhat thickly irrorated with black scales ;
apex broadly black ; termen with a series of inwardly pointed black
triangular spots at the apices of the veins, these spots confluent
along the extreme margin ; between veins 3 and 6 a short post-
discal black line that ends posteriorly in a large black spot in
interspace 3, this line confluent along the veins with the black on
termen, the two thus enclosing between them a vertical series of
three prominent white spots. Hind wing : a terminal series of
black spots at the apices of the veins, these spots elongate and
prominent anteriorly, obsolescent and diffuse posteriorly. Under-
214 PIERIJ1JE.
side, fore wing : white, apex from above an oblique line that passes
through base of vein 6, ochraceous ; a very diffuse black-irrorated,
curved, oblique band from costa to termen borders the ochraceous
apex ; in most specimens this is obsolete or only a trace of it is
to be seen ; a prominent large quadrate black postdiscal spot in
interspace 3 and a greenish-yellow tinge at base of wing. Hind
wing : entirely ochraceous yellow. — $ . Upperside : white. Fore
wing : base* up to and a little beyond middle of cell thickly
irrorated with black scales which gives these parts a dark grey
appearance ; costa and a little more than the apical half of the
wing jet-black ; the inner margin of the black irregular, formed
into a square angular projection on vein 3, thence it extends out-
wards along that vein, crosses transversely to vein 2, below which
it projects inwards diffusely in interspace 1 and thence extends
obliquely outwards to the dorsum ; finally there is an oblique pre-
apical line of four white spots in pairs enclosed within the black
area. Hind wing : the base and a broad band to the tornus
thickly irrorated with black scales ; terminal third of the wing
black, the inner margin of the black area curved and diffuse
a slight yellowish-green tinge on dorsal margin and at base.
Underside: similar to the upperside, but the cell except at its lower
apical portion yellouish green ; apical area broadly nacreous blue,
tinged at the extreme apex with greenish. Hind wing : nacreous
blue, sometimes pink, the veins and the terminal margin narrowly
and diffusely bordered by greenish yellow ; curved postdiscal and
subterminal ill-defined and irregular broad bands purplish black.
Antennae black speckled with white ; head and thorax in 3 with
bluish-grey, in $ with grevish-green long hairs ; abdomen greyish
black ; beneath : thorax yellow, abdomen white. Anal tufts in c?
brown.
Dry-season brood. — $ . Upperside: similar to that of the wet-
season specimens, but the black markings on fore wing much
restricted and often diffuse ; the postdiscal, short, black band and
the black spot in interspace 3 often only indicated by a few diffuse
scales. On the hind wing the terminal series of spots is much
less prominent. Underside : as in the wet-season form but of the
black markings only the square blai-k spot in interspace 3 is left. —
$ . Upper and under sides : very similar to those of the wet-
season J . Extreme dry-season specimens lose the postdiscal short
black band on fore wing. Antennaa, head, thorax and abdomen in
both sexes as in the tf of the wet-season form.
Exp. rf $ 48-66 mm. (1-9-2-6").
Hob. Within our limits found in Burma and Tenasserirn.
I have also seen specimens from Siam, the Malay Peninsula,
Java down to Lombok.
€19. Appias wardl, Moore (Catophaga), J. A. S. B. 1884, p. 43, rf 2;
Hampson (Catophaga), J. A. S. B. 1888, p. 362 ; Watson (Cato-
phaga), Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. via, 1894, p. 499 ; Davidson,
Better Aitkcn (Appias— Catophaga), Jour. Jlomb. N. H. Soc. x.
APPIAS. 215
1897, p. 574 ; Butler (Catophaga), A. M. N. H. (7) ii, 1898,
p. 308; de N., J. A.. S. B. 1900, p. 256; Moore (Catophag-a),
Lep. Ind. vii, 1905, p. 3, pi. 552, figs. 1, 1 a-1 i, 3 $ .
Wet-season brood. — S • Upperside : white. Fore wing: base
densely and broadly irrorated with black scales which gradually
merge along the costa into the black apical area that occupies
about one-third of the wing, the inner margin of this area irregular,
passing in a curve from costa to vein 4, thence vertically to
vein 3 outwards in interspace 2 and irregularlv to the dorsum ;
a curved preapical series of four or five white spots superposed on
the black area. Hind wing: slightly irrorated with black scales at
base which leave a terminal series of large, somewhat diamond-
shaped, black spots at the apices of veins 3 to 7. Underside, fore
wing : white, apex butter-yellow, a somewhat narrow zigzag curved
irregular black band from middle of costa to toruus. Hind wing :
uniform butter-yellow. — $ . Upperside : somewhat similar to that
in the cJ, but differs in the much greater extent of the black area
which occupies the outer apical half of the fore wing and on the
hind wing forms a broad continuous terminal baud; the super-
posed spots on black area of fore wing reduced to two and the
irroration of black scales at the bases of the wings more dense ;
on the hind wing this latter extends subdorsally to the black
terminal margin. Underside, fore wing : white, basal half of cell
suffused with sulphur-yellow; a very broad curved black band
crosses the wing from costa to tornus, the inner margin of this
irregular, the outer margin fairly even ; apex pearly bluish-white.
Hind wing : uniform, pearly bluish-white.
Dry-season brood. — J . Upperside : similar to the wet-season form
but on the fore wing the irroratiou of black scales at base and the
black on apical area much restricted, the latter in most specimens
has a more or less rubbed appearance ; the white preapical spots
very ill-defined. Hind wing : entirely white, in some specimens
with a faint yellowish tinge. Underside, fore wing : white, with a
bluish tint broadly along the basal two-thirds of the costal margin ;
apex butter-yellow ; in a few specimens the usual black curved
band that crosses the wing is indicated by a few detached black
scales but in most it is entirely absent. Hind wing: uniform butter-
yellow. — 5 . Upperside : similar to that in the wet-season form but
the black area on both fore and hind wings much restricted just as
it is in the J . Underside : also similar to that of the wet-season
form but on the fore wing the curved black band is very much
narrower, and the nacreous surface of the hind wing has more or
less of a yellowish tinge. In both sexes and in both seasonal
forms the antennae are black minutely speckled with white, the
tufted hair on the head and thorax anteriorly greyish green,
abdomen white ; beneath : head and thorax pale yellowish white,
abdomen white.
Exp. c? 2 65-76 mm. (2-55-3").
Hob. Southern India : Kanara and the Nilgiris.
216
Genus LADE.
Lade, de Niccville, Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. xii, 1898, p. 153 ; Moore,
Lcp. Ind. vii, 1905, p. i.
Type, L. lalassis, Grose-Smith.
Range. Burma and Malay Peninsula.
c? $ . Closely resembles the genus Appias, but in the fore wing
the costa is more convex, the apex strongly curved downwards*,
falcate. Venation very similar to, almost the same as in Appias.
Antennae with the club proportionately longer and narrower.
Abdomen <3 : the anal tufts of hair so conspicuous in Appias J
entirely absent.
So far as is known at present this genus is monotypic, and
is found only in Burma and the Malay Peninsula. In general
appearance L. lalassis, Grose-Smith, very closely resembles the
dry-season forms of Appias lalftge, Doubleday^ which also has a
more or less falcate fore wing and very similar markings.
Lade lalassis, Grose-Smith (Appias), A. M. N. H. (5) xx, 1887,
p. 265; id. $ Kirby (Appias), Rhop. JE.rot. i. 1889, Pierince,y\. '2,
figs. 1, 2, 3, rf $ ; Moore, Lep. Ind. vii, 1905, p. i, pi. 551,
figs. 1, la-lc, cf.
Pieris indroides, Honrath, Berl. ent. Zeits. xxxiii, 1889, p. 403.
. Upperside : very pale creamy-white. Fore wing : a minute
black spot on the lower
discocellular, apex of wing
irrorated densely with black
scales. Hind wing : uniform,
with merely the trace of a
minute black speck on the
discocellulars. Underside :
ground-colour similar ; apex
of fore and whole surface of
hind wing very faintly pink,
irrorated more or less with
black scales ; in addition the
black spots on the discocel-
lulars as on the upperside but
larger and a large more or less
conspicuous round black spot
in middle of interspace 3 of
the tore wing. Antennae dark brown, head with dusky-black,
thorax with bluish-grey hairs, abdomen black with white scaling
on the sides; beneath: the palpi, thorax and abdomen white.
$ unknown.
Exp. c? 68-71 mm. (2-7-2-8").
Hob. Lower Burma ; Tenasserim ; Malay Peninsula.
The above is a description of the dry-season form ; the difference
Fig. 54.
a. Lade lalassis.
b. Apical abdominal segments.
LADE. — SALETABA. 217
between the dry- and wet-season broods consists, in the latter, of
a broadening of the black irroration at apex of fore wing on the
upperside, and the nppearance on the upperside of the black
spot in interspace 3 so conspicuous on the underside.
Genus SALETABA.
Saletara, Distant, Rhop. Malayana, 1885, p. 287.
Type, S. nathalia, Felder, from the Philippines.
Range. Malayan Subregiou, extending to the Nicobars.
tS . Fore wing : costa very nearly straight ; apex acute ; termeii
straight, slightly convex posteriorly, passing with an even curve
into the rounded tornus ; dorsum straight ; cell long, more than
half length of wing ; venation much as in Appias, but middle
discocellular proportionately shorter, somewhat as in A. lalaye
and allies ; vein 8 absent, vein 9 out of 7 very close to apex, much
more so than in Ajyias. Hind wing : as in Appias, but the cell
proportionately longer. — $ . Tore and hind wings : as in 6 , but
apex of fore wing more blunt, and vein 9 as well as vein 8 absent.
Antennae, palpi, head, thorax and abdomen in both sexes as in
Appias.
Within our limits only a single form has been recorded.
621. Saletara chrysaea (PL XVII, figs. 14, 15, J $ ), fruhstorfer
(S. panda subsp. chrysaea), Soc. Ent. 1903, p. 124; Moore, Lep.
Ind. vii, 1905, p. 15, pi. 558, figs. 1, 1 a-1 c, <$ $ .
c? . Upperside, fore wing : pale sulphur-yellow, darker yellow
towards the tornus ; base irrorated with black scales ; costa
narrowly, termen more broadly black, the black edging not
extended to the tornal angle. Hind wing : rich chrome-yellow,
fading to sulphur along the dorsum ; base slightly irrorated with
black scales. Underside : rich cadmium-yellow, basal third of costa
of fore and upper part of dorsal margin of hind wing slightly
paler. Antennae black, speckled on the inner side with white ;
palpi and head in front yellow, mixed with dusky-black hairs, head
above greenish, thorax with bluish-grey hairs, abdomen yellowish
white ; beneath : thorax yellowish, abdomen white, anal- tufts dark
brown. — $ . Upperside : rich cadmium-yellow. Fore wing : base
very broadly to near apex of cell irrorated with black scales ;
the costa, the apex very broadly and terminal fourth of wing jet-
black. Hind wing: base and a broad band to tornus irrorated
with black scales ; costa pale sulphur-yellow ; termen somewhat
broadly black, the inner margin of the black area diffuse ; cilia
anteriorly yellow, posteriorly black ; dorsum broadly white. Under-
side, fore wing : basal two-thirds dull yellow, costa suffused
basally with dusky black, dorsum whitish ; a postdiscal, evenly
curved, black band crosses from vein 7 to tornus and is edged
outwardly in the middle with white, beyond the latter edging the
costa, apex and termen rich yellow. Hind wing: pinkish, some-
218 PIERIDJE.
what pearly white, edged along the costa and termen down to the
tornal angle with yellow. Antennae, head, thorax and abdomen
as in the c? but darker ; the abdomen, of course, without anal
tufts.
Exp. d 60, ? 56 mm. (2-36-2-2").
Hab. Recorded only from the Nicobars.
Genus CATOPSILIA.
Catopsilia, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. 1816, p. 98; Kiity, Allen's
Nat. Hist., Butt, ii, 1896, p. 225 ; Auririllius, Kongl. Svensk.
Vet.-Akad. Har,dl. xxxi, 1898, p. 448.
Callidryas, pt., Doubleday, Gen. Di. Lep. 1847, p. 66.
Callidryas, Moore (nee Eoisduval), Cat. Lep. Mus. JS. I. C. i, 1857,
p. 55.
Type, (?. crocale, Cramer, from India.
lianye. Indo- and Austro-Malayan Eegions.
c? $ . Pore wing elongate ; costa regularly and widely arched ;
apex moderately acute ; termen short, slightly concave ; tornus
obtuse ; dorsum long, about four-fifths the length of costa ; cell
less than half length of wing ; vein 6 from a little beyond apex
of basal third of 7, upper discoceilular therefore absent ; middle
discocellular oblique, lower nearly
vertical, attenuated in the middle ;
vein 8 absent ; vein 9 from base
of apical fourth of 7, termi-
nated on costa just before apex
of wing; vein 10 from a little
before upper apex of cell ; vein 1 1
widely separated from 10 at base.
Hind wing very broad ; costa
strongly arched ; apex not well
marked ; termen very slightly
arched ; tornus angular, well
marked ; dorsum almost straight
from base, slightly concave near
apex ; cell short and broad, middle
and lower discocellulars slightly
oblique, the latter attenuate in
Fig. 55. — Catopattia.
A. Venation fore wing.
B. cJ sex-mark fore wing.
V' » n hind wing.
its upper half ; vein 8 strongly
angular near base ; precostal vein
rudimentary. Antennae short and
stout, not half length of fore
wing; club long and gradual,
truncate at apex ; palpi short, subporrect, stout, densely scaled,
third joint short ; body and abdomen robust. Males with secon-
dary sexual characters ; on the fore wing a tuft or fringe of long
hairs that are directed forwards on the underside of the dorsal
margin, near the base ; also on the upperside of the hind win" a
small patch of specialized scales (androconia) just above the sub-
costal vein.
CATOPSILIA. 219
Key to the forms of Catopsilia.
A. Underside : at all seasons devoid of any irrora-
tions of transverse reddish-brown strigse.
a. Upperside : ground-colour fore and hind wings
concolorous C. crocale, p. 219.
b. Upperside : ground-colour fore wing white,
hind wing rich cadmium-yellow C. scylla, p. 224.
P>. Underside : at all seasons irrorated with trans-
verse reddish-brown strigse.
«. Upperside fore wing : band on terminal margin
black, not macular, narrowed posteriorly . . C. pyranthe, p. 221.
b. Upperside fore wing: band on terminal margin
reddish-brown, rarely black, always more
or less macular, not narrowed posteriorly . . C.florella, p. 223.
022. Catopsilia crocale, Cramer (Papilio), Pap. Exnt. i, 1775, pi. 55,
figs. C, D, § ; Hiibner, rerz. bek. Schmett. 1816, p. 98 ; Moore,
Lep. Ceyl. i, 1881, p. 122, pi. 48, figs. 1, la, Ib, 3 $, larva &
pupa ; Davidson 8f Aitken, Jmir. Bomb. N. H. Soc v, 1890,
p. 360 ; Davidson, Sell $ Aitken, Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. x,
1897, p. 570; Mackinnon $ de Nic.eville, Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc.
xi, 1898, p. 586; de Niceville % Kilhn, J. A. S. B. 1898, p. 271,
pi. 1, figs. 5, 5 a, 5 b, larva £ pupa.
Papilio pomona, Fabr. Si/st. JEnt. 1775, p. 479.
Papilio catilla, Cramer, Pap. Exot. iii, 1779, pi. 229, figs. 1), E, $ ;
Butler (Catopsilia), Trans. Linn. Soc. (2) i, 1877, p. 551 ; Moore
(Catopsilia), Lep. Ceyl. i, 1881, p. 122, pi. 47, figs. 3, 3 a, <5 $ ;
Distant (Catopsilia), Shop. Malay. 1885, p. 297, pi. 25. figs. 15,
16, ^ $ ; Davidson $ Aitken (Catopsilia), Jour. Bomb. N. H.
Soc. v, 1890, p. 361.
Callidryas flava, Butler, A. M. N. H. (4) iv, 1869, p. 202 ; Staud-
inyer (Catopsilia), Exot. Schmett. i, 1885, p. 39.
C? . Upperside : chalky-white, sometimes with a more or less
broad and clearly defined basal sulphur-yellow area on both fore
and hind wings ; this sulphur-yellow colour is at times diffused
over the whole surface of the wings, though generally it becomes
paler towards the terminal margins. Fore wing : the whole, or
sometimes only the apical half, of the costa narrowly black,
this colour widened out irregularly at the apex ; termen widely
black at the apex, the colour narrowed posteriorly. This border
in some specimens almost reaches the tornus, in others ter-
minates above vein 4 ; occasionally ifc is continued posteriorly
by a series of black dots at the apices of the veins. Hind
wing : generally uniform, unmarked, some specimens bear minute
black dots at the apices of the veins. Underside : ground-
colour very variable, white with a slight to strong ochraceous
tinge, greenish white or sulphur-yellow. Fore wing : typically
without markings, in some specimens with a patch of sulphur-
yellow on either side of base of median nervure ; in the very
yellow examples the tornal area is often widely greenish white;
in others (C. catilla, Cramer) it bears a spot variable in size on
the discocellulars, this spot has a pearly centre and an outer
reddish line. Again, many specimens have an irregular angulated
narrow discal reddish line (the colour varies in intensity) that
runs from the costa obliquely outwards to vein 7, and then
obliquely inwards to vein 2. though this line is often absent in
specimens that bear the discocellular spot; apex and termen
sometimes very narrowly reddish. Hind wing : typically uniform,
without markings ; in var. catilla there is a single small spot at the
end of the cell similar to that on the fore wing, sometimes this
spot is much larger with a narrow outer reddish ring, sometimes
it is accompanied by a similar spot at base of interspace 5 ; when
two spots are present they m;iy be entirely separate, or theii'
outer rings may coalesce; again, some specimens have a highly
irregular discal reddish line (often reduced to a series of minute
spots) that extends from the costa to vein 1 ; finally, the majority
of specimens ha\e a series of minute red terminal dots at the
apices of the veins. — $. Uppersi.de: ground-colour varies as in
the c?, but sometimes it is chalky white at the bases of the
wings, with the terminal margins more or less broadly sulphur-
yellow. Fore wing : alw ays with a round, occasionally quadrate,
black discocellular spot variable in size; in some specimens the
costa is black only towards the apex of the wing, in others broadly
black throughout and opposite the apex of cell so widened out as
to touch the discocellular spot. In lightly-marked specimens in
addition to the discocellular spot, there is only an irregular
terminal black band dentate inwardly and widest at the apex of
the wing; in others there is in addition a more or less diffuse
highly-curved nmcular postdiscal band that extends from the costa
obliquely outwards down to vein 7, where it often touches the
terminal black band, and thence is continued downward and
slightly inclined inwards to interspace 1, getting gradually paler
and fiii nter posteriorly. Hind wing : a series of terminal inter-
spacial black spots that vary in size, and in the dark forms coalesce
into a terminal black band. Underside : varies from white with
a light yellowish sometimes ochraceous tinge to deep chrome-
yellow; markings as in the d" , but still more variable; in var.
catilla the spot at the apex of the cell in both fore and hind wings
is enlarged into a large reddish blotch, the similar spot on the
hind wing is sometimes so enlarged as to occupy the apex of the
cell, the basal two-thirds of interspaces 4, 5 and G, and the
middle third of interspace 7 ; in some specimens it is continued
posteriorly in a series of obscure lunules to interspace 1 a.
Antennae red, obscurely dotted with black, palpi and head above
red, thorax clothed with long yellow, sometimes greenish hairs,
abdomen pale yellow; beneath: palpi and thorax pale to dark
yellow, abdorcen white.
Exp. rf $ 46-87 mm. (1-8-3-4").
Hub. Nearly throughout our limits, except in the desert tract* ;
extending to Siam, China, and the Malayan Subregion to Australi;i.
Larva. Mr. Bell describes the larva of C. catilla — C. crocale
thus:—" The head is round, green, the clypeus edged with brown,
CATOPSILIA. 221
covered with small shiny black tubercles which do uot hide
the colour of the head : the anal flap is rounded, but looks square
at the extremity, and is covered with rows of small black tubercles
.... of which only the row along the spiracular line is con-
spicuous. The spiracles are oval, shiny and white. The colour
is green with a spiracular white band touched with bright yellow
on segments 2-5, and these segments, especially 3 and 4,
are distinctly Hanged on the spiracular line as in the larva of
Hebomoia australis, Butler, though not to so great an extent.
Length 51 mm."
Papa. " The pupa is the same as that of C. crocale * at first
sight, but the dorsal line of the thorax is absolutely parallel to the
longitudinal axis of the pupa for two-thirds of its length, conse-
quently the hinder part just before the margin is perpendicular to
this part, i. e. is raised suddenly but very slightly above the front
margin of segment 4, and the front end of this parallel dorsal
line is at an angle, and a sharpish angle, with the front slope of
the thorax .... the cremaster is distinctly bifid at the extremity,
and has some shiny, very stout, black, suspensory hooks dorsally as
well as at the extremity. There is a dorsal rugose black tip to
the snout terminating the head, which snout is cylindrical in its
apical half; there is no black line round the eye as in C. crocale,
and there is a dark green-blue dorsal line which is yellow on the
thorax as well as the supra-spiracular yellow line. Length
34mm. ; length of snout 3 mm. ; breadth at segment 7 is 9 mm. ;
height at apex of curve of wings (segment 6) 10 min., height at
the apex of the thorax 8 mm." (Bdl.)
623. Catopsilia pyranthe, Linn. (Papilio) Syst. Nat. ed. x, 1758,
p. 469; Donovan (Papilio), Ins. China, 1798, pi. 32, fig. 1 J ;
Moore (Callidryas), Cat. Lap. Mus. E. L C. i, 1857, p. 56, pi. 1,
figs. 8, 8 «, larva & pupa ; Kirby, Tram. Ent. Soc. 1872, p. 113 ;
Moore, Lep. Cei/l. i, 1881, p. 124, pi. 47, tigs. 2, 2 a, <J £ ;
Davidson # Aiiken, Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. v, 1890, p. 360 ;
Mackinnon 8f de Niceville, Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. xi, 1898,
p. 586.
Papilio chryseis, Drury, III.- Ex. Ent. \, 1773, pi. 12, figs. 3, 4, 3 ;
Sutler (Catopsilia), Trans. Linn. Soc. (2) i, 1877, pp. 551, 557 ;
Mo<,re (Catopsilia), Lep. Ceyl. i, 1881, p. 125, pi. 48, figs. 3, 3 a,
c? $ ; Distant (Catopsilia), Rhop. Malay. 1885, p. 300, pi. 25,
tigs. 1, 2, $ rf, & pi. 26, tig. 20 $ var.
Papilio gnoma, Fabr. Syst. Ent. App. 1775, p. 828 ; Sutler (Cato-
psilia), P. Z. S. 1877, p. 814; Moore (Catopsilia), Lep. Ceyl.
i, 1881, p. 123, pi. 48, figs. 2, 2 a, $, larva & pupa.
c? . Upperside: chalky-white, slightly tinted in some specimens
with green. Fore wing: with or without a discocellular black spot,
that varies in size ; costa and termen sometimes without a black
margin ; occasionally the costa has its apical third narrowly black,
broadened slightly at the apex with black spots between the
* Mr. Bell treats C. catilla and C. crocale as distinct forms.
222
anterior veins; or again, the costa may be narrowly black, the
apex very broadly so, and this colour continued down the termen
but narrowed posteriorly. Hind wing: sometimes immaculate, but
generally with narrow terminal black spots at the apices of the
veins, these often reduced to mere dots, or again so broadened
as to coalesce into a narrow terminal black margin. Underside :
ground-colour similar, suffused on the anterior half of the fore and
over the whole surface of the hind wing with a greenish tint
tliat varies to an ochraceous yellow, and, except in the very palest
specimens, is evenly irrorated over the greenish or ochraceous-tinted
areas with transverse, short, reddish-brown strigae ; both fore and
hind wings with generally an obscure discocellular reddish-brown
spot or indication thereof. — $ . Upperside : as in the J , but some-
times with a suffusion of pale greenish yellow on the terminal third
or fourth only of both fore and hind wings, rarely of that tint
throughout. Fore wing: always with a discocellular black spot
that varies very much in size ; costa sometimes narrowly black
with the basal half pinkish, in other specimens narrowly black
throughout, the black broadened at the apex and continued along
the anterior half of the termen in a series of inwardly-pointed black
spots ; or again, the costa may be more broadly black, that colour
widened considerably at the apex and continued broadly down the
termen to vein 3, then suddenly narrowed to a slender line at the
tornus ; in most specimens there is an anterior postdiscal short black
macular band ; in the dark forms this coalesces \vith the black on
apex and termen. Hind wing: sometimes immaculate, sometimes
with a series of terminal spots at the apices of the veins, some-
times with a narrow dusky-black terminal band broadest near the
apex, narrowed posteriorly to a slender line at the tornus. In the
very dark specimens there is in addition an ill-defined, short,
anterior postdiscal macular black band. Underside : as in the tf ,
with similar variations, but in addition in most specimens the
discocellular spots are well-defined with an outer red ring that
encircles a silvery spot ; on the hind wing one or two similar
spots on each side of the discocellulars ; generally also both wings
are crossed by a transverse postdiscal line of minute red spots,
which on the fore wing is confined to the anterior portion, on the
hind wing is nearly complete. In both sexes: antennas reddish,
head and thorax anteriorly brown, thorax clothed posteriorly
with long white hairs, abdomen white ; beneath: the palpi, thorax
and abdomen white.
Exp. rf $ 52-66 mm. (2-08-2-70").
Hob. Throughout India ; Assam ; Burma ; Tenasserira ; not
ascending the Himalayas to above 7000 ft. It extends to China
on the east, and as far as Australia southwards.
Larva. " Long, somewhat depressed, rough, green, with a white
lateral line and above it a black line more or less conspicuous,
formed by minute black shining tubercles. In short, this larva is
very like a big specimen of the last (Terias hecabe)."
CATOPS1LIA.
223
Pupa. "Much stouter (i.e. than that of T.hecabe), and the
keel formed by the wing-cases much less pronounced. The normal
colour is pale green with a yellow lateral line. We have never
found it on any plant except Cassia occidentalis. It habitually
rests on the upperside along the midrib, like almost all Pierine
larvae." (Davidson <$f Aitlcen.)
G24. Catopsilia florella, Fabr. (Papilio) Syst. Ent. 1775, p. 479 ;
Donovan's (Papilio) Nat. Rep. iii, 1825, pi. 90 £ ; Doubleday
(Callidryas), Gen. Di. Lep. i, 1847, p. 07; Butler (Callidryas),
Cat. Fabr. Lep. Brit. Mus. 1869, p. 223 ; Aurivillius, Ent. Tijds.
ii, 1881, p. 41 ; Sutler, A. M. N. H. (6) vii, 1891, p. 48.
$ . Closely resembles some $ specimens of C. pyranthe that
have the black markings on the fore wing reduced and narrow.
The $ however, shows a greater difference.
The late Mr. de Niceville considered the two forms identical,
but whether this is so or not can only be tested by careful
breeding-experiments. After examining a long series of speci-
mens from Africa, India, and the Malayan Subregion, none of
which can be referred to
either C. crocale or C.
scylla, the only two other
forms that occur within
our limits, I find I am
able to separate them, into
two groups : the speci-
mens in one group agree
absolutely with the
type of C. florella in the
Banksian Collection in
the British Museum; the
others differ. The two,
if there are two distinct
forms, cannot be consi-
dered geographical races,
as in many localities their range is conterminous, nor are they
seasonal varieties one of the other, for they have been repeatedly
taken together on the same day at the same spot. Of course
it is quite possible that C. florella is a dimorph of C. pyranthe,
but clear evidence of this is lacking. The chief points of
difference between the two forms are given in parallel columns
below : —
Fig. 56.
a. Catopsilia Jtorella.
b. ,, pyranthe, fore wing.
C.florella.
" $ • Upperside : ground-colour
white, in $ often tinged out-
wardly with pale primrose-yellow.
C. pyranthe.
$ . Upperside : ground-colour
white tinged with greenish, some-
times in $ tinged outwardly
with greenish yellow.
224
C.JloreUa (cont.). G. pyranthe (cont.).
<J . Upperside : markings on fore <5 . Uppcrside : markings on fore
wing brownish red, rarely dusky wing always black ; on termen
black ; on termen always more not macular but formed into a
or less macular, the spots some- continuous black band always
times connected slenderly along sensibly narrowed posteriorly,
the extreme margin, the markings Iliud wing with no terminal line,
not narrowed posteriorly. Hind or if present black, sometimes
wing generally with a very slen- macular, generally ill-defined and
der terminal yellowish-pink line. diffuse.
$ . Upperside : markings as in tf , $ . Upperside : markings always
the terminal macular band on much broader than in the J 5
fore wing not broader. terminal black band sometimes
rery broad down to vein 3, then
suddenly contracted and narrowed
to tornal angle.
These differences as enumerated are slight, but they are con-
stant, and give to the two insects a facies markedly different one
from the other.
Exp. <S $ 52-74 mm. (2-06-2-92").
Hab, Within our limits recorded from the N.W. Himalayas ;
Dliarmsala; Karachi; the Punjab; Sikhim ; Bengal; Nilgiris ;
Western India; Mysore; Assam; Burma; Ceylon. Occurs to
the west through a great part of Africa to Sierra Leone in the
west, to Nyassaland in the east ; Aden ; Socotra ; Persia and
Afghanistan. Further east it is found in Siam and China.
Larva. " Ground-colour pea-green, a black interrupted but very
distinct lateral stripe, and below it a broader stripe of an orange-
yellow colour ; the larva is rough but not hairy, the whole of the
back and head covered with minute black spots ; length when full
grown about 1-5 inches." (Nurse.)
Pupa. " Pattern and colouring very like that of the larva, but
the green apparently more uniform and (except on the wing-cases)
inclining to glaucous ; yellow lateral stripe paler; acute cephalic
projection tipped with reddish brown ; attached to various bushes,
grasses, &c." (Trimen.)
£25. Catopsilia SCylla, Linn. (Papilio) Cent. Ins. 1763, p. 20 ; Cramer
(Papilio), Pap. Exot. i, 1775, pi. 12, figs. C, D, <$ ; Boisduval
Distant, Rhop. Malay. 1885, p. 298, pi. 24, figs. 1, 2-d1 0 ; de N.
$ Martin, J. A. S. B. 1895, p. 493.
Callidryas gorgophone, Doubleday, Westiv. &• Sew. Gen. Di. Len.
i,1847,p 68, pi. 9,%. 2rf. "
c? . Upperside, fore wing : white, a narrow black line on costa
that commences just beyond the base, widens at apex to a broad
margin, and is continued down the termen to the tornal angle as
an inwardly dentate black band of nearly even widrh throughout.
Hind wing : rich cadmium-yellow, slightly paler towards the base,
CATOPSILIA. DERCAS. 225
generally with a series of terminal black spots in the interspaces
Underside: rich cadmium- or chrome-yellow. Pore wing: a
posterior area below cell and vein 2 pure white, the yellow
however extends down to the tornal angle in a curve ; both fore
and hind wings with small discocellular pinkish spots that are
ringed with circles of darker brownish-pink scales, and crossed by
a series of lunular diffuse discal markings of similar brownish-
pink scales. Antennae and head above reddish brown; thorax
clothed with fuscous-grey hairs, abdomen yellow ; beneath : palpi,
thorax and abdomen yellow. — $ . Similar. Upperside, fore wing:
ground-colour dull creamy-white, the black on apical portion of
costa, on the apex itself and along the termen much broader; a discal
series of ill-defined diffuse black spots curved strongly inwards
anteriorly and a small discocellular diffuse black ring. Hind
wing : as in the J , the yellow of a duller shade that turns to pale
pinkish white towards basal area above the cell ; a discal series,
sometimes obsolescent, of dull brownish-black lunular markings ;
the spots in the terminal series much larger and duller in
colour than in the J • Underside : as in the <$ , but all the black
markings of the upperside replaced in rich pinkish-red tints.
Antennae, head, thorax and abdomen as in the d .
Exp. tf $ 58-72 mm. (2-26-2-86'").
Hab. Within our limits, the extreme south of Tenasseritn;
extends through the Malayan Subregion to Australia ; recorded
from China.
Larva. " Dark velvety green, with a yellowish-white lateral
streak and some very minute black spots anterior to the streak,
the whole surface delicately ringed or indented like a leech."
(Martin.)
Pupa. " Has a pointed head like that of C. crocale, but is
shorter and more convex than the slender pupa of that species."
(Martin.)
Genus DERCAS.
Dercas, Doubleday, Gen. Di. Lep. 1847, p. 70 ; Sutler, Cist. Ent.
i, 1870, p. 45, pi. 2, fig. 1 ; de Nicevitte, A. M. N. H. (7) ii,
1898, p. 478.
Type, D. verhuetti, Van der Hoeven, from China.
Range. India ; Burma ; China ; Malay Peninsula ; Sumatra ;
Borneo.
cJ 5 . Fore wing : costa strongly arched, apex shortly produced
into an acute point, much more so in the $ than in the d ; termen
below apex concave, dentate at apices of veins 4, 5 and 6 ; tornus
forms a blunt right angle ; termen very short, about half length
of eosta ; dorsum long, slightly sinuate ; cell short and broad, not
half length of costa ; both middle and lower discocellulars concave,
upper absent, middle about half length of lower ; veins far apart,
vein 6 from basal third of 7, vein 8 absent, vein 9 from base of
VOL. II. Q
226
PIERIDJE.
apical third of 7, vein 10 from apex of cell, vein 11 free, from base
of apical third of subcostal. Hind wing : very broad, veins well
apart ; costa arched ; termen angulated and shortly tailed at
apex of vein 4, sloped obliquely outwards to that vein, thence
obliquely inwards to tornus and again at an angle to the middle
of the dorsal margin ; cell very short and broad ; upper disco-
cellular very short, middle slightly longer, lower very much longer,
concave and sloped outwards 'to lower apex of cell ; precostal spur
curved inwards. Antennae very short, less than one-third length
of costa of fore wing ; club elongate, very gradual, roundly truncate
at apex ; palpi short, third joint remarkably so ; eyes large and
prominent.
Key to the forms of Dercas.
a. Termen of hind wing angulated and with a well-
marked conspicuous tooth or short tail at apex
of vein 4 .............................. &• verhuelli, p. 226.
b. Termeu of hind wing slightly angulated at
apex of Tein 4, but never produced into a
tooth or short tail.
a'. A conspicuous dark sienna-brown spot in
interspace 3 of fore wing ................ D. lycorias, p. 227.
b'. No sienna-brown spct in interspace 3 of ( D iycoria ^^^
fore ™g ............................ 1 decipiens, p. 228.
626. Dercas verhuelli, Van der Hoeven (Colias), Tijdsch. voor Nat.
Ges. v, 1839, p. 341, pi. 8, figs. 3, 4,$ ; Doubleday (Gonepteryx),
Gen. Di. Lap. i, 1847, p. 71, pi. 8, tig. 3 <$ ; Moore, P. Z. S.
1865, p. 760 ; Elwes, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1888, p. 414.
Rhodocera lycorias, Doubleday in Gray's Zool. Misc. 1842, p. 77,
2 (nee <?).
d1 . Upperside : rich gamboge-yellow.
Fore wing : discocellulars bordered on
each side broadly with orange : apex
with a square patch of dark sienria-
brown which is narrowed posteriorly
and continued to apex of vein 1 ; the
inner margin of this sienna-brown
area angulated in interspace 5, and
narrowly edged along its whole length
with orange ; a narrow band of orange
that starts from the angle in inter-
space 5 and is inclined slightly inwards,
crosses the disc of the wing to vein 1.
Hind wing : uniform, only slightly paler
along the costal and dorsal marg'ins ; u
minute sienna-brown dot at the apices
of all the veins and indications of an
orange band in continuation of the one
on the fore wing crosses the disc, this
is very faint and is merely seen by transparency from the
Fig. 57.— Dercas verhuelli.
DERCAS. 227
underside. Underside : a paler duller yellow. Fore wing : markings
much as on the upperside but the edging to the discocellulars, the
oblique band across the disc, the square patch at apex and border to
the termen are blood- red, but on the term en this colour has a washed-
out appearance ; in addition there are three red spots on the costa
and a more or less triangular streak of silvery scales that crosses
the apical patch obliquely. Hind wing : the veins at base of cell,
a looped line around the discocellulars, a faint transverse bar near
the apex of interspace 7, and the oblique band that crosses the
disc reddish, this last extends from vein 1 to vein 7 and is sharply
angulated or bent ut vein 2. Antennae brown, head and palpi
above pink, thorax and abdomen above and beneath pale yellow. —
2 . Similar, with more or less similar markings on both upper and
under sides, but the ground-colour is a pale sulphur-yellow, and on
the upperside of the fore wing the markings on the discocellulars
and the oblique band that crosses the disc are only indicated by
transparency from the underside, while the dark sienna-brown on
the termen stops short at vein 3, with a spot of the same colour
in the interspace below.
Exp. d1 $ 70-82 mm. (2-76-3-22").
Hab. Sikhim up to 4000 feet ; Manipur ; the hills of Assam,
Burma and Tenasserim ; extending to Siam and China.
627. Dercas lycorias, Doubleday (Rhodocera), Grays Zool. Misc.
1842, p. 77, rf (nee $).
Gonepteryx wallichii, Doubleday, Proc. Ent. Soc. (1) v, 1849.
p. xlvii; Sutler (Rhodocera), P. Z. S. 1866, p. 452; Elves
(Dercas), P. Z. S. 1882, p. 402 ; id. (Dercas), Trans. Ent. Soc.
1888, p. 415.
Gonepteryx urania, Sutler, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 458, pi. 26, fig. 5 ? ;
Swinhoe (Dercas), Trans. Ent. Soc. 1893, p. 308.
Dimorph decipiens.
Dercas decipiens, de Nicevilk, A. M. N. H. (7) ii, 1898, p. 483.
Dercas brindaba, Swinhoe, A. M. N. H. (7) iii, 1899, p. 107.
c? . Upperside, fore wing : sulphur-yellow, darker and a richer
yellow on the outer half especially towards the apex ; a small
square patch on apex trisinuate internally, the middle sinus deep,
the others much slighter, dark sienna-brown ; a similarly coloured
large round spot in interspace 3 and much smaller spots or dots
at apices of veins 1 to 3 and 10 to 12. Hind wing: pale yellow,
paler along the dorsal and costal margins ; veins 1 to 7 with
minute dark sienna-brown dots at their apices. Underside : paler
duller yellow, sprinkled with ferruginous dots ; the discocellulars
on both fore and hind wings marked with a geminate ferruginous
spot bipupilled with silver ; a short, oblique, silvery streak on costa
just before the apex on fore wing, from which a ferruginous narrow
baud inclined obliquely inwards crosses the disc, passing through
Q2
228 PIEBIDJE.
a comparatively large, similarly coloured round spot iu interspace
3 ; a similar band crosses the hind wing, not extended either to
the costa or to the tornus ; lastly, minute dark spots as on the
upperside at the termination of the veins on the hind wing.
Antenna dark reddish brown, palpi in front and head pinkish,
thorax dark bluish grey, abdomen pale yellow ; beneath : thorax and
abdomen pale yellow.— $ . Similar to the rf but the ground-colour
much paler ; the ferruginous spot in interspace 3 of the fore wing
larger, especially on the underside.
Exp. 6 $ 58-64 mm. (2-3-2-5").
Hob. Sikhim ; the hills of Assam.
Dimorph decipiens, de Nice ville.— The 3 only appears to be
known, I have seen no $ . The d1 differs from the typical form
in the absence of the spot in interspace 3 of the fore' wing, both
on the upper and under sides.
Exp. As in the typical form.
Hab. The hills of Assam.
Genus GONEPTERYX.
Gonepteryx, Leach, Edinburgh Encycl. ix, 1815, p. 128.
Type, G. rhamni, Linn., from Europe.
Range. Europe ; N. Africa ; Asia north of the Himalayas, in-
cluding Upper Burma, China, and Japan ; in the Western Hemi-
sphere, Jamaica, Florida, Venezuela and Brazil, but not in the
United States or Canada.
c? $ . Fore wing : costa curved at base, then widely but very
slightly emarginate in the middle
or straight ; apex strongly arched
and falcate ; termen concave below
apex, then convex ; tornus broadly
rounded ; dorsuin bisinuate ; cell
more than half length of wing ;
vein 6 out of 7 from well bevond
apex of cell, upper discocellular
absent, middle discocellular very
short, not one-quarter the length
. of the lower, lower deeply concave ;
vein 5 shifted up, more or less
approximate to base of 7 ; vein 8
absent ; 9 from middle of 7 ; 10 and
3 2 1 11 free, rather wide apnrt, termi-
Fig. 58. — Gonepteryx, venation. nated on costa. Hind wing: broadly
oval ; termen at apices of veins 7,
2 and 4 slightly, at apex of vein 3 more prominently dentate ; sub-
costal vein and vein 7 swollen, prominent ; median vein, veins 1, 2,
3 and 4 towards base and lower discocellular Jess conspicuously
swollen and prominent ; cell more than half length of wing, upper
GONEPTERYX. 229
discocellular slightly longer than middle, lower longest of all,
concave. In cell of fore wing three, in that of hind wing two, of
the lost longitudinal veins conspicuously indicated. Antennae
short, about one-third the length of the fore wing ; club compressed,
gradual but well marked ; palpi densely clothed with scales and
short hairs, third joint short, blunt ; eyes prominent ; head tufted
above in a peak.
Key to the forms of Gonepteryx.
a. Hind wing : posterior two-thirds of termen
arched, only minutely toothed at the apices of
the veins.
«'. Upperside fore and hind wings : cT uni-
form deep cadmium-yellow. $ white,
barely tinged with cream-colour G. rhamni, p. 229.
I' '. Uppersideforeandhind wings: tf , basal area
chrome-yellow fading to white, tinged
with pale sulphur-yellow on the outer
halves or three-fourths. $ pale cream- | G. rhamni, race
colour } chitralensis, p. 230.
b. Hind wing : posterior two-thirds of termen
prominently dentate at the apices of the
veins.
a', c? . Upperside : fore wing chrome-yellow,
hind wing cream-colour. — $, fore and
hind wings white, uniformly tinged with
pale sulphur-yellow ; costa of fore wing
slightly emarginate G. zaneka, p. 230.
b'. d* . Upperside : fore and hind wings alike
pale chrome-yellow, slightly paler on
outer halves of wings. — $ , fore and hind
wings white uniformly tinged with
sulphur-yellow ; costa of fore wing I G. zaneka, race
straight | zanekoides, p. 231 .
028. Gonepteryx rhamni, Linn. (Papilio) Syst. Nat. ed. x, 1758,
p. 470 ; Boisduval (Rhodocera), Spec. Gen. Lep. i, 1836, p. 602,
pi. 6, fig. 7 <5 ; Ehces (Rhodocera), P. Z. S. 1881, p. 878 ;
Lang, Butt. Eur. 1884, p. 65, pi. 14, figs. 4 <J $, pi. 16, figs. 4,
larva & pupa; Doherty, J. A. IS. B. 1886, p. 136 ; Mackinnon £•
de N. Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. xi, 1898, p. 589.
Rhodocera farinosa, Zeller, Isis, 1837, p. 5.
Gonepteryx nepalensis, Doubleday, Gen. Di. Lep. i, 1847, p. 71 ;
Moore", Cat. Lep. E. 1. C. i, 1857, p. 59.
Gonepteryx himalavensis, Manders, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1890
p. 534.
Race chitralensis.
Colias chitralensis, Moore, Lep, Ind. vii, 1905, p. 27.
<? • Upperside : pale, clear cadmium-yellow. Fore and hind wings :
the apices of the veins and in the fore wing the cilia from vein 4
230 PIERIDJE.
to apex reddish brown ; a deep orange spot on the discocellulars
of both wings, that on the hind much larger than the spot on the
fore wing. Underside : very pale yello\v with a more or less hoary
or floury appearance ; the base and disc of the fore wing below a
line that would pass longitudinally through the cell sulphur-yellow ;
discocellular spots on both fore and hind wings dull ferruginous.
Antennae, palpi and head above reddish brown ; thorax with dull
yellowish-grey hairs, abdomen above black, on the sides yellow ;
beneath: the palpi, thorax and abdomen yellowish white. — $ . Upper-
side : pale creamy-white, the reddish-brown spots at the apices
of the veins, the cilia of the fore wing, and the discocellular spots
as in the rf . Underside : white, with a greenish-yellow wash over
the anterior third from base to apex of fore and over the whole
surface of the hind wing ; the spots on the discocellulars of duller
reddish brown than on the upperside. Antennae, palpi, head and
thorax as in the c? ; abdomen black above, white on the sides.
Exp. J £ 64-70 mm. (2-53-2-76").
Hob. Within our limits : the whole line of the Himalayas, from
Chitral in the extreme north-west to as far east as Darjiling (fide
^Moore <$f de Niceville) ; Upper Burma : the Shan States.
Race chitralensis, Moore. — tf $ . Very closely resembles the
typical form G. rhamni, from which it differs structurally in the
median vein of the hind wing which is not so prominent, especially
on the underside, and in colour as follows : — c? . Upperside, fore
wing : chrome-yellow at base, much lighter in shade than the rich
cadmium-yellow of G. rhamni, fading on apical half to white
faintly tinged with sulphur ; hind wing : basal third chrome-
yellow fading outwardly to white, more faintly tinged than on
the fore wing with pale sulphur. Underside fore wing : posterior
two-thirds white ; anterior third, apical area broadly, and whole
surface of hind wing pale salmon-buff with a curious minutely
granular appearance. — $ . Upperside : as in rhamni $ , but of a
more creamy- white. Underside : also as in rhamni but of rather
a salmon-buff tint with a granular appearance.
Exp. <S 2 52-66 mm. (2-08-2-6").
Hab. Recorded so far only from Chitral.
€29. Gonepteryx zaneka (PI. XVIII, fig. 123), Moore, P. Z. S. 1865,
p. 493, pi. 31, fig. 18 ; Dolierty, J. A. S. B. 1886, p. 136 ; Sutler,
A. M. N. H. (6) i, 1888, p. 199 ; Mackinnon $ de N. Jour.
Bomb. N. H. Soc. xi, 1898, p. 589.
Race zanekoides.
Gonepteryx zanekoides, de N., J. A. S. B. 1897, p. 564, pi. 1,
figs. 2,7, rf $ .
c? . Upperside, fore wing : sulphur-yellow, minute spots of reddish
brown at the apices of the veins as in rhamni, but restricted to the an-
terior veins ; the cilia pale yellow alternated anteriorly with reddish
GONEPTERYX. 231
brown. Hind wing : cream-coloured, the posterior veins with
minute spots of reddish brown at their apices ; ferruginous disco-
cellular spots on both fore and hind wings as in rhamni but much
duller in tint and very much smaller. Underside : darker cream-
colour with a slightly greenish tint ; posterior two-thirds of the
fore wing paler, almost white, anterior third of the fore wing from
base through middle of cell to the termen below the apex, and the
whole surface of the hind wing with a delicately roughened
appearance. — $ . Upperside : fore and hind wings cream-coloured
with a slightly yellowish tint. Underside : greenish white.
The rest both on upper and under sides as in the d1 . In both
sexes on the underside there are some minute black dots, post-
discal series of them anteriorly on the fore wing and across the
whole of the hind wing indicate the positions of the lost veins in
the interspaces. Antennae, palpi, head, thorax and abdomen as in
rhamni, but the long hairs on the thorax above, silky greenish
white ; beneath : thorax and abdomen paler than in rhamni.
Exp. rf 2 58-62 mm. (2-28-2-46").
JJab. The Himalayas from Chitral to Kumaon at elevations of
6000 to 10,000 feet.
Besides the differences in size and colouring this form and its
local race can always be distinguished from G. rhamni by the
conspicuously scalloped termen of the hind wing; the triangular
projection or tooth at apex of vein 3 is also very prominent.
Race zanekoides, de Niceville. — "Very near to 0. zaneka,
Moore, from the "Western Himalayas, rf . Differs from the same
sex of that species in having the fore winy markedly broader, the
costal margin not constricted at half its length but straight, the
apex not so produced. Hind wing : distinctly broader than in
G. zaneka, almost of the same shade of brimstone as the fore wing,
the outer slightly paler than the basal half of the wing, in G. zaneka
it is of a pale cream-colour and of a uniform shade throughout. —
$ . Fore wing : agrees in shape with that of the d1 , consequently
differs from the same sex of G. zaneka in being broader with a
straight instead of an excavated costa, and the apex less produced.
Hind iving : also broader than in G. zaneka. Otherwise similar to
G. zaneka. The highly dentate wing in both sexes will distinguish
G. zaneka and G. zanekoides from G. aspasia, Menetries." (de
Niceville.)
Exp. tf $ 41 mm. (2-1").
Hob. Eecorded so far only from the Southern Chin Hills,
Upper Burma.
Genus COLIAS.
Colias*, Fabr. Illig. Mag. vi, 1807, p. 284; Doubleday, Gen. Di.
Lep. 1847, p. 72 ; Ehves, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1880, p. 133 ; Lang,
Butt. Eur. 1884, p. 47.
Type, C. liyale, Linn., European.
Range. Europe, except the most northern regions; Asia,
Northern and Central India, the Himalayas and some of the
southern ranges ; Northern Africa and the Nearctic Region.
<3 $ . Fore wing : costa arched at base, then almost straight
to apex ; apex obtuse ; terinen slightly convex ; tornus obtusely
angulate ; dorsum straight, about three-fourths the length of the
costa ; cell about half length of wing ; vein 6 out of 7 from just
before the middle, upper discocellular therefore absent ; middle
discocellular short, upright ; lower concave,
biangulate, the middle portion slender, nearly
obsolete ; vein 8 absent ; vein 9 from apical
third of 7 ; vein 10 from apex of basal third
of 7 well beyond apex of cell ; vein 11 free,
from beyond middle of subcostal. Hind wing :
broadly oval; cell more than half length of
wing; middle and lower discocellulars oblique,
the latter much the longer and irregularly
concave, slender in the middle. Antennse
Fig. 59. not half length of fore wing, stout ; club
Colias, venation. gradual but well marked, obtuse at apex ;
head clothed with longish hairs in front ;
palpi stout, porrect, third joint short ; eyes large and prominent :
body moderately stout ; legs with the tarsi long and spiny ; claws
little curved, bind, without paronychia or pulvilli.
Key to the forms of Colias.
A. Without special sex-marks.
a. Upperside fore wing : terminal black bor-
der traversed by a transverse series of
spots, generally of the ground-colour
of wing.
a'. This series of spots incomplete ; spot in
interspace 3 absent, or rarely, repre-
sented by a mere trace.
«2. Upperside : ground-colour lemon-
yellow.
a3. Expanse over 50 mm. ; irroration
of black scales at base of wings
on upperside restricted C. liyale (typical), p. 234.
* Fabricius, in his diagnosis of the genus, placed under it the forms
ixtlatno, hyale, glaucippc, rfiamm and cleopatra. Latreille in 1809 chose to
consider rhamm as type of Colias, passing over pal<eno and hyalc. In this
he has been followed by Scudder and quite recently by Moore. As this seems
to me to unnecessarily upset a familiar name long applied to a certain group
of insects, I have not followed Latreille and Scudder.
COLZAS. 233
6*. Expanse well under 50 mm ; irro-
ration of black scales at base of
wings on upperside more exten- . c ;/^ rftce
T, sive. , : ' ' ' | nilqiriensis, p. 23.>.
b2. Upperside : ground - colour rich c h / yar
chrome-yellow ' *7j ' ^ p. 33.-,.
6. Iransverse series ot spots complete; '
spot in interspace 3 invariably present.
a2. Upperside : ground - colour bright
sulphur-yellow.
«3. Hind wing upperside : black
shading on base and disc light
not dense, apparently mostly on
posterior halt' of wing ; underside
fore and hind wings : terminal
portions of veins prominently
yellow with narrow margins clear
of green shadinsr, this gives an
appearance of a subterminal trans^
verse series of sublanceolate
yellow spots C. ladakensis, p. 230.
b*. Hind wing upperside : black
shading on base and disc com-
paratively heavy and dense,
extended right up to costal mar-
gin ; underside fore and hind
wings : without a prominent trans-
verse subterminal series of sub- , c jadaken,is race
lanceolate yellow spots . ^ .^^
b~. Upperside : ground - colour pale '
greenish yellow or pale sulphur-
yellow. Expanse over 50 mm.
a3.* Underside fore wing : a discal
transverse series of inwardly
pointed hastate black spots
always present ; hind wing : the
irroration of black scaling on
basal four-fifths outwardly ter-
minated by diffuse black spots \C. nates, nee leeclii,
in the interspaces \ r 9.,o
ft3. Underside fore wing: without a '
complete series of discal spots,
only one or two round black spots
in interspaces 1 and 2 ; hind
wing: the irroration of black
scaling on basal four-fifths not
terminated outwardly by black
spots ". C. (tlpherakli, p. 239.
c2. Upperside: ground-colour dull orange-
yellow. Expanse under 50 mm. . . C. dubia, p. 239.
b. Upperside fore wing : terminal black
border not traversed by a series of
spots, immaculate.
«'. This black border very broad, not
narrowed posteriorly, as broad at
dorsuni as on costa C. wiskotti, p. 240.
234 PIEIUP.Z.
b '. This black border less broad, distinctly
narrowed posteriorly.
a\ Upperside: ground-colour lemon- , Q ;/ , f
yellow ] r 235
b'2. Upperside : ground - colour rich '
orange- vermilion C. eogene, p. 241.
c2. Upperside : ground-colour orange-
yellow C. stoliczkana, p. 242.
B. With special sex-mark of a patch of modi-
fied scales at base of interspace 7 on j C. w-occtw, race /feW*,
upperside of hind wing j f p_ 243.
630. Colia shyale, Linn. (Papilio) Syst. Nat. ed. x, i, 1758, p. 469 ;
Boisduval, Spec. Gen. Lep. i, 1836, p. 650 ; Elwes, Trans. Ent.
Soc. 1880, p. 137; Lane/, Butt. Eur. 1884, p. 53, pi. 12,
tigs. 3, c? ? ; Elwes, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1884, p. 23.
Papilio erate, Esper, Ausl. Schmett. i, pt. 2, 1806 ?, pi. 119, fig. 3 ;
Lang (Colias), Suit. Eur. 1884, p. 54, pi. 12, fig. 4; Elwes
(Colias), Trans. Ent. Soc. 1884, pp. 20 & 23.
Colias neriene, Fischer, var. chrysodona, Boisduval, Gen. 2nd. Meth,
1840, p. 7.
Colias helichta, Lederer, Verli. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, ii, 1853, p. 33 ;
Swinhoe, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1885, p. 343.
Colias sareptensis, Staudyr. Cat. Lep. Eur. 1871, p. 5.
Colias lativitta, Moore, P. X. S. 1882, p. 255.
Race nilgiriensis (PI. XVIII, fig. 121).
Colias nilagiriensis, Felder, Wien. ent. Monats. iii, 1859, p. 395.
<S . Upperside : lemon-yellow ; costa of fore wing, base of both
fore and hind wings and the posterior half of the latter, irrorated
with black scales ; on the hind wing the black scaling does not
extend to the tornal angle. Fore wing : a small oval discocellular
black spot ; the apex and termen broadly black, broadest on the
apex, gradually decreased in width towards the tornal angle, to
which in a few specimens it does not quite extend ; this black
border traversed (sometimes immaculate, eastern dimorph erate)
by a transverse series of five or six spots of the yellow ground-
colour. Hind wing : discocellular spot double and of a deep
orange-yellow ; terminal margin black, the black forms a con-
tinuous band (dimorph erate) or is more or less irregular and
often interrupted or broken into terminal spots : it extends
from vein 2 to apex of wing. Underside : lemon-yellow, the base
and costa of the fore and the basal half or more of the hind wing
very lightly irrorated or sprinkled with black scales. Fore wing :
discocellular spot as on the upperside, and a postdiscal transverse
series of black spots that decrease in size, curve inwards, and
become reddish in colour anteriorly. Hind wing : discocellular
double spot silvery, each spot with a slender red inner and outer
ring, in some specimens each spot has only the inner ring, and
the two together are encircled by an outer slender ring ; a post-
discal curved, somewhat obscure series of red spots, of which the
COLIA.S. 235
subcostal spot is large and prominent. Both fore and hind wings
with the cilia and a line on the margins salmon-pink ; this line on
the fore wing does not reach the tornal angle, on the hind wing
it is not extended to the basal half of the dorsum. Antennae,
head and thorax in front more or less salmon-pink, rest of thorax
and the abdomen yellow, strongly overlaid with greenish black ;
beneath : pale yellow, legs pinkish. — $ . Very similar to the c? in
markings, but the ground-colour on both upper and under sides
may be either a paler yellow or white ; in both yellow and white
forms however, the spots of the ground-colour that traverse the
black on the terminal margin of the fore wing are generally
larger and sometimes more numerous than in the cT • Anteuna3,
head, thorax and abdomen as in the c? .
Exp. <$ $ 50-66 mm. (1-99-2-62").
Hab. Within our limits : Baluchistan ; the Himalayas from
Chitral, Kashmir and Kulu to Bhutan. It extends throughout
the Palaearctic Region except the extreme northern portions.
It is not found in the Canaries.
Larva. In Europe : " Cylindrical, dark green sprinkled over
with black dots ; there is a narrow yellow and white lateral stripe.
Feeds on Leguminosce, principally Trifolium" (Lang.)
Pupa. " Green, with a brownish- yellow lateral stripe." (Lang.}
Var. erate, Esper, seems to be, as noted above, so far as the
males are concerned a dimorph of hyale. As to the females,
in any large series it seems impossible to separate them from
those of hyale.
Var. clirysodona, Boisduval, has been considered by some
authorities as a hybrid between C. hyale and C. croceus, Fourcr.
= edusa. Fabr. It differs from hyale, dimorph erate, chiefly in
the ground-colour of the wings, which on the upperside are a
rich chrome-yellow, not lemon-yellow.
C. helichta, Lederer, is a synonym of chrysodona.
Var. sarcptensis, Staudgr., was diagnosed as follows : — " Al.
ant. marg. post, lato nigro ; c? satur. flavus." The width of the
black terminal band on the fore wing is very variable in hyale,
as is also the depth of the yellow tint in the ground-colour.
C. lativitta, Moore, is a synonym of the dimorph of hyale,
C. erate. The type is in the British Museum, and a close com-
parison shows that it can be matched by many specimens from
{$. Russia, where erate first begins to make its appearance.
Race nilgiriensis, Felder. — Closely resembles typical hyale, but
as it is isolated in the hills of Southern India it has acquired a
distinguishable general appearance. — d" • Upperside : ground-colour
a deeper, brighter yellow ; irroration of black scales at base of fore
wing much more extensive and on the hind wing spread right up
to the black on terminal margin ; terminal black border to both
fore and hind wings proportionately broader ; on the fore wing
traversed as in the typical form by a transverse series of yellow
spots. Underside : ground-colour a brighter yellow than in hyale,
236 PJEBID.E.
but somewhat densely overlaid along the costal margin, on
apical area of fore wing and over the whole surface of the hind
wing, with a dusting of black scales that gives the underside of
the wings a decidedly green tinge. Antennae, head, thorax and
abdomen as in hi/ale, but the latter two somewhat darker on the
upperside. — $ . Upperside: ground-colour apparently always white,
but so very densely overlaid on the basal third of the fore and
over the whole surface of the hind wing with irrorations of black
scales, that the insect has a very distinctive appearance when
compared with the white dimorphic $ of liyale • black borders to
both wings as in hyale, but traversed on the fore wing by only
two white spots and on both wings proportionately broader.
Underside : fore wing white, apex broadly greenish yellow ; disco-
cellular and postdiscal spots as in hyale. Hind wing : greenish
yellow, spots and markings much as in hyale. Both sexes always
run strikingly smaller than they do in the tvpical form.
Exp. $ $'44-48 mm. (1 •74-1-88").
Hab. Southern India : the Nilgiri and Pulney Hills and Travan-
core, at 5000 feet.
63] . Colias ladafcensis, Felder, Novara Eeise, Lep. ii, 1865, p. 197,
pi. 27, figs. 8, 9, rf; Moore, P. Z. S. 1882, p. 254; MacKinnon $
de N. Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. xi, 1898, p. 589.
Colias shipkee. Moore, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 492, pi. 31, fig. 13.
Race berylla.
Colias berylla, Faweett, P. Z. S. 1904, p. 139, pi. 9, fig. 8 $;
JElwes, P. Z. S. 1906, p. 480, pi. 36, fig, 13 rf .
Colias nina, Faiccett, P. Z. S. 1904, p. 140, pi. 9, fig. 9 $ .
c? . Upperside : bright sulphur-yellow. Fore wing : extreme
base irrorated with a small patch of black scales ; a black disco-
cellular spot ; the terminal fourth of wing evenly black from costa
to dorsum, the inner margin of the black area curved and not
sharply defined, the middle of the area traversed by a series of
large, somewhat oval, yellow spots, beyond which right to the
terminal margin the veins are slenderly but conspicuously yellow.
Hind wing : base and a broad posterior area down to the disc
irrorated with black scales, with a sparse clothing at the base of
long yellow hairs; an orange-yellow discocellular spot, sometimes
wanting ; terminal margin towards the apex with broad blac-k
border and superposed yellow spots, somewhat as in the fore wing
but not at all clearly defined ; both the black border and the
superposed yellow spots on it fade out posteriorly and are merged
in the ground-colour, which extends to the tornal angle and to the
margin above it. Underside : ground-colour similar but somewhat
paler. Fore and hind wings shaded with green as follows : — Fore
wing on the costa, the apex and more or less along the terminal
margin ; hind wing over the whole surface, but most densely
over the basal four-fifths. On both fore and hind wings the
COLIA3, 237
terminal portions of the veins are prominently yellow with the
green shading above and below each vein slightly cleared, this
gives to the wings an appearance of markings resembling a trans-
verse subterminal sublanceolate series of bright yellow spots.
Fore wing : a black discocellular spot and some postdiscal trans-
verse black markings that decrease in size and become obsolete
anteriorly. Hind wing : a large yellow-centred reddish disco-
cellular spot joined to a conspicuous yellow streak in the cell ;
a slender line along the costal margin of both fore and hind wings
and the cilia pink. Antenna) and head salmon-pink ; thorax and
abdomen greenish yellow ; beneath : palpi, thorax and abdomen
whitish yellow slightly shaded with dusky black. — $ . Very-
similar, but the ground-colour is somewhat richer on the upperside ;
the black border to the fore wing broader and only the posterior
veins across it are terminally yellow ; on the hind wing the
shading of dusky-black scales is more dense. Underside : almost
as in the d .
Exp. 3 ? 50-56 mm. (1-88-2-24").
Hah. Within our limits : Ladakh and Kashmir, crossing over
from Tibet and- Chinese Tartary.
Hace berylla, Fawcett. — <$ . Upperside : rich bright sulphur-
yellow, very pure in tint and very different from the ground-
colour of G. liyale; also much richer and brighter than in
C. ladakensis. Fore wing : base posteriorly and for a very short
way along the dorsum black ; costal margin slightly irrorated
with black scales ; an oval discocellular jet-black spot ; beyond
the cell the terminal third of the wing black, in most specimens
somewhat diffuse outwardly, the inner margin of the black area
irregular, sinuate, and between the veins slightly and diffusely
produced inwards ; medially this black border to the wings is
crossed transversely by a series of more or less elongate spots of
the ground-colour in interspaces 1 to 6 and 9 and 10; from each of
these spots a very fine slender line is carried nearly to the terminal
margin ; the spots are well denned, with the exception of those
in interspaces 1 and 3, which in some specimens are slightly
irrorated with black scales and thus have a tendency to become
obscure. Hind wing : dorsum broadly paler, the basal and
medial area of the wing right to the costal margin shaded with
dusky greenish-black, overlaid near the base by long pale recum-
bent yellow hairs ; this dusky-black area broken by a conspicuous
large discocellular spot of the ground-colour, centred with deeper
yellow, and a subapical elongate jet-black irregular patch; terminal
margin very broadly beyond the dusky-black area, of the shade of
the ground-colour, with a very obscure subtermiual broad band
of irrorated black scales that at the apex of the wing coalesce and
form a narrow, short, curved band. Cilia yellow ; of the fore
wing anteriorly and of the hind wing posteriorly pink. Underside :
yellow with a rich green tint, especially on the areas that on the
upperside are black. Fore wing: discocellular spot and three
238 PIEEIDJJ.
posterior postdiscal spots in a transverse row that decrease in size
towards the costal edge of the wing, jet-black. Hind wing:
discocellular spot much smaller than on the upperside and silvery
white, the yellow ground-colour prominent on a broad band along
the termeri. Antennae bright reddish pink ; head, thorax and
abdomen black, the head with tufted pinkish hairs anteriorly, the
thorax and abdomen shaded with longish dusky hairs ; beneath :
palpi, thorax and abdomen greenish yellow. — § . Similar with
similar markings. Upperside, fore wing : ground-colour from base
to terminal black area rich orange-yellow ; anteriorly and at base
this colour overlaid by dusky- black scattered scales that extend
broadly along the costal margin above the cell. Hind wing : as in
the male, but the basal and medial areas much darker, almost jet-
black ; the broad terminal yellow band much shaded with dusky-
black scales. On the upperside it has altogether a much darker
appearance than the male. Underside : as in the d1 but somewhat
paler. Antennae, head, thorax and abdomen similar to those of
the rf.
Exp. 6 2 57-61 mm. (2-24-2-49").
Nab. Native Sikhirn : Tungu Valley, 14,000-15,000 feet ; Tibet
frontier : Khamba Jong ; Gyautse, above 16,000 feet.
632. Colias nastes, Boisduval, Icones Hist. Lcp. pi. 8, figs. 4, 5.
Race leechi.
Colias nastes, -car. leechii, Elwes, Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. xi, 1898,
p. 466, c?$.
Race leechi, Elwes. — d1 9 • Upperside : black markings similar to
those of G. ladakensis, Felder, but the ground-colour quite different,
of a pale greenish-yellow in the d1 and still duller in the $ , almost
a dead sullied white. In no specimen d1 or $ that I have seen is
there a discocellular spot on the hind wing. Underside : dull green-
ish white ; veins in both fore and hind wings white. Pore wing :
a conspicuous discocellular spot as on the upperside and a transverse
postdiscal, generally complete series of black spots ; the costa, apex
and the terminal margin more or less irrorated with black scales.
Hind wing : basal four-fifths densely overlaid with irrorated black-
scaling; along its outer margin this generally ends in a black spot in
each interspace ; the area covered by the black scales thus acquires
a rich dark green tint ; a pale streak near apex of cell terminates
in a black discocellular spot ; the outer terminal fifth covered
lightly with yellowish scales, crossing which the terminations of
the greenish-white veins stand out conspicuously. Antenna and
head pale pinkish-brown; thorax and abdomen above, the palpi.
thorax and abdomen beneath, dusky greenish-white.
Exp. d $ 50-54 mm. (1-98-2-12").
Hob. Chonging Valley and Kardong Pass, Ladakh, at from
15,000 to 17,000 feet.
COLIAS. 239
633. Colias alpherakii, Stawlinger, Berl. ent. Zeits. xxvi, 1882,
p. 104 ; Gr.-Gi: Rom. Mem. iv, 1890, p. 337, pi. 3, figs. 2 a, 2b,
2c,d$-
<S . Upperside : pale sulphur-yellow. Fore wing : the base and
the veins lightly irrorated with black scales ; an oval black spot
on the discocellulars ; the terminal third of the wing black with
the inner border of the black area irregular and diffuse ; a
transverse subterrainal series, that anteriorly is curved backwards,
of somewhat rectangular spots of the ground-colour superposed
down the middle. Hind wing : the base and central portion irro-
rated with black scales ; a pale discocellular ill-defined spot, and
some anterior terminal black markings that vary considerably in
extent and are not alike in any two specimens. Cilia of both fore
and hind wings -prominent and of the same tint as the ground-
colour of the wings. Underside : ground-colour similar, both fore
and hind wings with extensive irroration of black scales which
varies considerably in amount ; in some specimens it is very
dense and gives a blackish tint to the ground-colour, especially on
the hind wing. Fore wing : the discocellular spot as on the
upperside but much larger; some variable lower discal black
markings generally confined to interspaces 1 and 2. Hind wing :
uniform, a prominently white round discocellular spot; the terminal
margin broadly paler with the irroration of black scales decreasing
greatly in density. Antennae, head, thorax and abdomen con-
colorous with the ground-tint ; the club of the antennae more or
less brownish, sometimes pink. — 2 • Upperside : ground-colour
white, very faintly suffused with yellow ; the markings similar to
those of the d • Underside : differs from that of the c? as
follows : — Fore wing : ground-colour white, the apex suffused with
yellow and the irroration of black scales chiefly confined to that
area. Hind wing : also white but suffused all over with yellow
and with the dusting of black scales, except along the terminal
margin, very dense as in some males. Antennae, head, thorax and
abdomen as in the male, but the club of the antennae in most
specimens that I have seen more generally pink.
Exp. c? 2 49-66 mm. (1-94-2-60").
Hob. Recorded within our limits from Chitral only.
634. Colias dubia, Elwes, P. Z. S. 1906, p. 481, pi. 36, figs. 8, 9, rf 2 .
d" . Upperside : orange. Fore wing : base and costa narrowly,
apex and ternien broadly black ; veins and discocellular spot
black ; very slender, somewhat obscure, subterminal pale yellow-
streaks cross the black border in each interspace ; these start
from a transverse series of yellow spots that traverse the inner
side of the same border. Hind wing : posterior half dusky
greenish, shaded by an irroration of black scales that extends down-
wards towards the disc under a clothing of long greenish-yellow
hairs ; a subterminal yellow and a terminal black band, the latter
commencing above on the costa and both crossed by the slender
240 PIERIDJE.
pale yellow terminations to the veins which are very conspicuous ;
the terminal black band narrows posteriorly and becomes obsolete
below vein 2. Cilia of both fore arid hind wings salmon-pink.
Underside, fore wing : orange-yellow, costal and terminal margins
broadly green ; a slenderly white-centred discocellular spot and
a transversely postdiscal series of spots, black ; veins black, their
terminations crossing the green area yellow ; costa and termen
with a slender pink line. Hind wing : basal four-fifths rich dark
green, outer fifth paler brighter green ; discocellular spot silvery
white, edged, broadly on the outer side, with pinkish red ; a curved,
transverse, postdiscal series of black spots ; the veins from base to
termen dark green ; costa, termen and dorsum with a slender
pink line. Antennae and head in front pink, club of antennae
brown, thorax and abdomen dusky black ; beneath : the abdomen
with slender transverse white lines. — § . Up per aide : similar to that
of the d , but the fore wing with the black shading at the base
extended along the dorsum, almost joining the terminal black
border which is very much broader and is somewhat obscurely,
transversely traversed by a subterminal series of yellow, irregular
spots ; discocellular spot and veins black. Hind wing : dusky black,
a large discocellular spot bright orange and a subterminal trans-
verse baud of yellow spots ; dorsal margin dark dusky green.
Underside: much as in the tf but the green colour duller and
greyer, and the transverse subtermiual series of spots not so
complete or clearly defined.
Exp. d $ 40-45 mm. (1-58-178").
Hub. Native Sikhini ; Tibet : Khamba Jong and Lanak Valley,
15,000 to 16,000 feet.
635. Colias wiskotti, Standinger, Berl. ent. Zcits. xxvi, 1882, p. 166,
pi. 2, tigs. 9, 10, d $ ; Gr.-Gr. Rom. M6m. iv, 1890, p. 347.
c? • Vpperside : basal half of both fore and hind wings greenish
yellow, of the fore wing very often orange, dusted somewhat
sparingly on the fore wing, more closely on the hind wins:, with
black scales ; terminal half opaque black, with the anterior veins
on the fore wing and the posterior veins on the hind wing
.slenderly but conspicuously yellow. In many specimens all the
veins are bright yellow where they traverse the black area. Fore
wing : the inner margin of the black on the terminal half of the
wing irregular, more or less sinuate ; an oval blaik or dark
ferruginous-red discocellular spot. Hind wing : the black area
ou the terminal half almost crescentic in shape, not extended to
the tornal area below vein 1 ; duscocellular spot pale orange, large,
round and prominent. Cilia pale yellow. Underside : pale sulphur-
yellow. Fore wing: paler posteriorly; a comparatively large,
prominent, blackish-brown, posterior discal spot nearly always
present ; in some specimens this spot forms the lower one of a
discal transverse, always incomplete series of ill-defined similar
spots ; a blackish-brown spot on the discocellulars as on the
upperside, only smaller. Hind wing : ground-colour uniform ; a
COLIAS. 241
discocellular spot smaller than on the upperside and paler than the
ground-colour. Cilia of both fore and hind wings very pale vellow,
almost white. — $ . Differs from the <$ as follows: — Upperside, fore
wing: ground-colour generally orange, sometimes yellow or even
mealy-white ; terminal black area much narrower, transversely
•crossed by a series (often incomplete) of diffuse ill-defined spots of
the ground-colour, that is indistinctly produced narrowly along
the veins towards the termen. Hind wing : the black on the
terminal area very irregular, exceptionally, covering only the
epical portion of the wing, often more or less extended towards
the tornal area but always broken and interrupted by yellow
diffuse spots which in some specimens coalesce and greatly though
very irregularly restrict the black area ; discocellular spot orange
as in the c? . Underside : as in the J ? but the basal half of the
fore wing in most specimens orange. Cilia of both fore and hind
wings rose-pink, that colour continued very narrowly along the
costal edges of both fore and hind wings and also along the dorsal
margin of the latter. In both sexes the antennae are rose-pink,
the head, thorax and abdomen either concolorous with the ground-
colour on the basal halves of the wings, or a little paler.
Exp. d" 2 66-72 mm. (2-60-2-88").
Hob. Within our limits recorded only from Chitral, taken below
the Shandur Pass at about 11,000 feet elevation.
636. Colias eogene, Felder, Novara Reise, Lep. ii, 1865, p. 196, pi. .'57,
fig. 7 d" 5 Erschoff, Lep. Turkest. 1874, p. 6 ; Lang, Rhop. Eur.
1884, p. 366; Groum-Grshimailo, Rom. Mem., Lep. iv, 1890,
p. 329, pi. 5, figs. 1 a, 1 b, 1 c, <$ $ .
c? . Upperside : rich orange-vermilion. Fore wing : base, an
•elongate discocellular spot and a very broad band occupying
nearly the terminal third of the wing dull opaque black, the last
widest at apex, its inner margin curved, irregularly waved and
produced narrowly along the dorsum for a short distance. Hind
wing : base and a broad area parallel to the dorsum dusky black,
clothed with long soft pale hairs ; dorsal margin itself narrowly
yellowish ; a broad, dull, opaque, black band widest in the middle
on the termen, its inner margin irregularly sinuate. Cilia of
both fore and hind wings salmon-pink. Underside : fore wing
orange-yellow ; the veins from base, the costa somewhat narrowly
and the termen more broadly suffused with green ; along the
termen this colour forms broad expansions at the apices of the
veins but is diffuse inwardly ; discocellular spot pink centred
with white ; an obscure, postdiscal, transverse series of black spots,
only the posterior two or three prominent ; a narrow edging to
the costa and the cilia pink. Hind wing : entirely suffused with
green ; a spot at base of cell, a large double discocelluiar spot, a
narrow edging to the costa and the cilia, pink ; the veins more
or less conspicuously greyish green ; a somewhat obsolescent
transverse postdiscal series of dark spots. Antennae and longish
liairs on the head above pink, club of antennas brownish ; thorax
VOL. n. B
242 PIEBIDJE.
and abdomen dusky black ; beneath : palpi, thorax and abdomen
pale green. No sex-mark on either fore or hind wing. — $ . Upper-
side, fore wing : ground-colour and markings similar to those in
the <5 but the dusky blacs area at base broader and the terminal
black band traversed medially by a transverse complete series of
whitish spots tinged with pale vermilion, the series curved
inwards opposite the apex and extended quite up to the costa ;
costa near apex and cilia very broadly orange-vermilion. Hind
wing : dusky black ; base clothed sparsely with long pale hairs ;
dorsum broadly yellowish ; discocellular spot and an incomplete
obscure subterminal series of small spots orange-vermilion ; cilia
dark pink. Underside : very similar to that of the d1 , the colours
all somewhat brighter.
Exp. <? $ 50-56 mm. (1-98-2-2").
Hub. N.W. Himalayas : Kashmir, Ladak, Chitral ; Sikhim :
Teesta Valley above 9000 feet; extending into Central Asia through
Tibet.
Like many forms of this genus the female is dimorphic ;
specimens with the ground-colour on the upperside dull white
are in the British Museum from the Skoro-la in Baltistan. These
differ from typical eogene <$ as follows: — Upperside, tore wing:
white to pale pinkish white, basal third thickly irrorated with
blackish scales ; terminal black band as in typical specimens, the
spots medially traversing it white with a tendency to become
obsolescent ; in one specimen, only one or two spots are left.
Hind wing : dusky black, the discocellular double spot fleshy pink,
the subterminal transverse row of spots more or less obsolete.
The pink line on the costa of the fore and the cilia of both fore
and hind wings as in typical specimens. Underside : like that of
ordinary specimens, but the green tints on both fore and hind
wings paler and somewhat greyish ; the fore wing, except at apex
and broadly on anterior portion of term en, greenish white to pale
dull pink. There are also aberrations of the $ from the Chonging
Valley in Ladak, with the colour and markings on the upperside
almost as in typical specimens, but on the underside the green
tints along the costa on apex and on termen of fore wing and
over the whole surface of the hind wing are replaced by grey.
637. Colias stoliczkana, Moore, A. M. N. H. (5) i, 1878, p. 229 ; id.
Sci. Res. York. Miss. 1879, p. 4, pi. 1, fig. 1 ; Elwes, Jour.
£omb. N. H. Soc. xi, 1898, pp. 465, 466.
Colias eogene, var. stoliczkana, Alpheraky, Rom. Mem., Lep. v, 1889.
p. 74, pi. 4, figs. 4 «, 4 b, 4 c, rf ? .
? Colias eogene mirauda, Fruhst. Iris, xvi, 1903, p. 48, pi. 1,
figs. 3, 4, rf $ .
cJ. Closely resembles in ground-colour and markings <$ of
C.Jieldi, but differs markedly in size, being always smaller. Upper-
side : black at base of both fore and hind wings, and an irroration
of black scales on posterior half of hind wing broader, darker and
more conspicuous than in C.fiddi. Underside: the green colour
COLIAS. 243
along the costa and termen of the fore and suffusing the whole
surface of the hind wing much darker and richer in tint than in
fieldi. Antennae brownish pink ; head, thorax and abdomen dusky
black ; beneath : palpi dusky grey, thorax and abdomen greenish.
The sex-mark of modified scales at the base of interspace 7
on the upperside of the hind wing so conspicuous in fieldi entirely
absent. — $ . Upperside : ground-colour sometimes orange-yellow,
sometimes white. Fore wing : a discocellular spot and a band
occupying nearly the terminal third of the wing black, the latter
traversed by a transverse series of more or less equal elongate
spots. In the specimens that have the ground-colour orange,
these spots and a broad band along the costal margin are bright
yellow ; in the others the spots are white and there is no band
of colour other than the ground-colour along the costa. Hind
wing: more or less diffusely irrorated with black scales, those on the
apex and terminal margin anteriorly coalesce and form an ill-
defined broad black band, which however in all specimens fades
out posteriorly, never extending to the tornus ; this ill-defined
band more or less traversed by a subterminal transverse curved
series of elongate spots of the ground-colour; dorsum broadlv
pale greenish-yellow or white ; discocellular spot large and bright
orange. In some specimens the irroration of black scales on the
posterior two-thirds of the wing gets so sparse towards the
termen as to give that portion the appearance of being terminally
bright yellow or white. Underside : as in the d1 , but the green-
coloured areas more greyish green ; some specimens with merely
a faint trace of that colour ; all the veins paler and terminally
conspicuously whitish yellow.
Exp. d $ '46-56 mm. (1-8-2-2").
Hab. Described originally from specimens taken by the Second
Tarkand Mission north of Changla in Ladak, at 17,000 feet ;
N.W. Himalayas : Kashmir, Khardong Pass ; Sikhim above
15,000 feet.
638. Colias croceus, Fourcroy (Papilio), Ent. Paris, ii, 1785, p. 250.
Papilio edusa, Fain-. Mant. Ins. ii, 1787, p. 23.
Race fieldi (Plate XV, fig. 103).
Colias fieldi, Men. Cat. Mus. Petr., Lep. i, 1855, p. 79, pi. 1, fig. 5;
Moore, P. Z. S. 1874, p. 273 ; Ehves, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1880,
p. 136 ; id. 1. c. 1884, pp. 5 & 7.
Race fieldi, Men. — tf . Upperside i deep cadmium orange-yellow.
Fore wing : a patch of greenish-black scales at extreme base, a pear-
shaped black spot on the discocellulars and a broad terminal black
border ; the last occupies about a fourth of the wing and has its
inner margin curved slightly and irregularly crenulate, broader at
apex and the tornus than in the middle ; the end portions of veins
6, 7, 9 and 10 subterminally pale and conspicuous on the black of
the apex. Hind wing : a thin covering of long soft hairs at base,
beneath which is a dusting of black scales that is continued
R2
244 PIERIDJE.
outwards along the posterior half of the wing ; dorsum broadly
pale yellow; terminal border broadly black, broadest in the middle,
its inner margin crenulate ; discocellular spot large, consisting of
a small patch on which the ground-colour is paler and brighter
and that encloses two somewhat obscure dusky rings, the upper
one minute. Cilia of both fore and hind wings broadly salmon-
pink. Underside : light orange-yellow, the costal margin narrowly,
terminal fourth of the fore wing and the whole surface of the
hind wing overlaid with pale dull green ; the costa, termen and
dorsum, with the cilia of both fore and hind wings, salmon-pink.
Fore wing : discocellular spot as on the upperside but centred
with silvery white ; a postdiscal transverse Aeries of black spots,
obsolescent and curved inwards anteriorly, conspicuous and
increasing in size posteriorly. Hind wing : a discocellular double
spot conspicuous silvery and circled by a diffuse salmon-pink
ring, followed by a very obscure, almost obsolete, transverse, post-
discal series of pinkish spots. Antennae, head and thorax
anteriorly salmon-pink, club of antennae darkening to brown ;
thorax and abdomen dusky greenish black ; beneath : palpi, thorax
and abdomen yellow. Sex-mark, a patch of thickly set light
yellow scales at base of interspace 7 on the upperside of the hind
wing. — $ . Differs from the d as follows : — Upperside: the irroration
of black scales at the base of the wings more extensive, especially
on the hind wing ; the black on the subterminal margins broader,
its inner edge on both fore and hind wings more irregular and
somewhat diffuse ; on the fore wing the black is transversely
traversed by a series of bright yellow spots, the anterior four
small, obliquely placed, the posterior one large; on the hind wing
the discocellular patch is without the central dark rings con-
spicuous in the c? , and there is an obscure postdiscal curved
transverse series of yellow spots bordering the black on the
terminal margin. Underside : precisely similar to that of the <3 .
Antennae, head, thorax and abdomen on the upperside iis in the
3 ; beneath : the palpi and thorax more or less salmon-pink.
Exp. <$ $ 50-64 mm. (1 -98-2-5").
Hab. The Himalayas from Chitral to Sikhim and Bhutan, from
2500 to 14,000 feet; extending to Assam, Upper Burma and
China.
Genus TERIAS.*
Terias, Swainson, Zool. III. i, 1820-21, pi. 22 ; Dblday. Gen. Di. Lep.
i, 1847, p. 76; Wallace, Tram. Ent. Soc. (3) iv, 1867, p. 320 ;
Sutler, Cist. Ent. i, 1870, pp. 35-44.
Type, T. hecale, Linn., from China.
Range. Ethiopian and Indo-Malayan Eegions.
d ? . Fore wing : costa arched ; apex generally more or less
* Eurema, Hubner, Verz. bek. Schuiett. 1816, p. 96, has priority over
Terias, but I haye thought it better to keep to the better-known generic name.
TERIAS. 245-
rouuded, in a few forms acutely pointed but not produced ; termen
straight ; tornus rounded ; dorsum bisinuate, very long, about
seven-tenths the length of the costa ; cell not quite half length of
wing ; vein 6 from end of basal fourth of 7, upper discocellular
therefore absent ; middle discocellular concave, short, half length
of lower ; lo\ver discocellular long, concave ; vein 8 absent, vein 9
from end of basal half of 7 ; veins 10 and 11 free, from apical half
of subcostal, the former given off just before upper apex of cell.
Hind wing : broad, broadly oval or slightly pear-shaped ; costa
arched, apex and termen continuous and strongly curved ; tornus
obtusely angular, the angle distinct ; dorsum broadly arched ; cell
short and broad at apex ; the discocellulars more or less transverse,
not oblique, the lower the longest, concave ; vein 7 given off from
subcostal close to upper apex of cell, vein 8 long, strongly curved
at base ; precostal vein rudimentary. — $ with or without sex-
marks ; in one group on the upperside of the fore wing, in another
on the underside of the fore and upperside of the hind wing, in,
two groups entirely absent.
Key to the forms of Terias.
A . Fore wing underside : no markings in basal
half of discoidal cell.
a. r? without secondary sexual characters, c?
and § fore wing : underside without any
markings, speekless. Hind wing : upper-
side without auy black terminal edging . . T. harina, p. 249.
l>. <$ without secondary sexual characters. <£
and $ fore wing : underside with two
minute black dots on discocellulars T. Ubythea, p. 247..
c. c? with secondary sexual characters on both
fore and hind wings, tf and 2 f°re wing :
underside with a short, black, very slender
undivided line on discocellulars.
a'. Fore wing : acuminate at apex, terminal
black band on upperside not extended
to tornus T-. la-ta, p. 248.
b' '. Fore wing : not acuminate at apex, ter-
minal black band on upperside extended
to tornus T. venata, p. 246.
B. Fore wing underside : small black markings
in basal half of discoidal cell, or if these
are absent then terminal black area on upper-
side of fore wing dilated into a square spot
on tornus. tf with secondary sexual charac-
ters on fore wing only.
a. Fore wing underside: two small reddish-
brown markings or spots in basal half of
discoidal cell T. hccabc, p. 250.
b. Fore wing underside ; one small black or
reddish-brown marking in basal half of
discoidal cell.
a'. Fore wing upperside : inner edge of black
terminal area anjnilated on veins 4 and 7 ;
246
outer edge of excavated portion of
black area between veins 2 and 4 more
or less vertical T. aiidersoni, p. 254.
b'. Fore wing upperside: inner edge of black
terminal area angulated on vein 4 only,
not angulated on vein 7 ; outer edge of
excavated portion of black area dis-
tinctly oblique T. sari, p. 255.
c. Fore wing underside : three small reddish-
brown markings or spots in basal half of
discoidal cell.
«'. Fore wing : comparatively short and broad,
dorsal margin less than four-fifths length
of costal margin ; inner edge of black
terminal area on upperside very irregular,
angulated on either vein 7 or vein 4 . . T. silhetana, p. 257.
b'. Fore wing: comparatively long andnarrow,
dorsal margin seven-eighths length of
costal margin ; inner edge of black
terminal area on upperside regular,
dentate on each vein, but not angulated. T. moorci, p. 259.
339. Terias venata, Moore, Cat. Lep. Mm. E. I. C. i, 1857, p. 65, pi. 2 «,
fig. 2; Wallace, Trans. Ent. Soc. (3) iv, 1867, p. 320; JJutler,
P. Z. S. 1871, p. 535: Elwes, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1888, p. 414 :
Watson, Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. viii, 1894, p. 515 ; Butler, A. M.
N. H. (7) i, 1898, p. 64.
Terias sanataua, Felder, Novara Reise, Lep. ii, 1865, p. 211.
Terias rama, Moore, P. Z. S. 1872, p. 566 ; id. Lep. Ceyl. i, 1881,
p. 121, pi. 40, figs. 5, 6 a.
Terias pallitaua, Moore, A. M. N. H. (4) xx, 1877, p. 48.
Terias cingala, Moore, A. M. N. H. (4) xx, 1877, p. 48; id. Lep.
Ceyl. i, 1891, p. 120, pi. 46, figs. 4, 4 a, <3 $ .
Wet-season brood. — J . Upperside: gamboge-yellow. Fore wing:
apical third black, this colour extended along the costa in a
gradually narrowing line to the base ; the inner margin of the
black area irregular, oblique and sinuate from middle of costa to
vein 4, thence continued outwards along that vein for a short
distance and vertically downwards to vein 2, thence obliquely
outwards to the tornal angle ; the portion of the area between
veins 2 and 4 of even width, slightly produced angularly inwards
at veins 2 and 3 ; basal two-thirds of the wing irrorated with
black scales, most dense at extreme base ; a single linear black
speck on the discocellulars. Hind wing : terminal margin with an
even black band and a dusting of black scales from base to tornal
angle, parallel with but not extended to the dorsum, nor spreading
on to the disc ; a small patch of salmon-coloured scales at base of
interspace 7. Cilia of both fore and hind wings pale yellow.
Underside: ground-colour similar but somewhat duller ; both fore
and hind wings evenly but hparingly dusted with black scales, which
do riot extend to the cell, disc, or dorsal margin of the fore wing;
the last paler yellow with a patch of salmon-coloured scales below
the median vein in interspace 2 ; a linear speck on the disco-
TERIAS. 247
cellulars of the fore wing and a minute dot in interspace 7 of the
hind wing black ; the disc of the hind wing transversely crossed
by two parallel, very obscure, short blackish lunular bands; all
the veins of both fore and hind wings with minute black dots at
their apices. Antennae, head, thorax and abdomen dusky black ;
beneath : the antennae with a line of white dots ; the palpi, thorax
and abdomen whitish. — $ . Similar, except of course the special
sex-marks. Upperside : the dusting of black scales more dense ;
the black area on the fore wing and the black terminal band on
the hind wing broader ; the former however, narrowed generally
abruptly beloiv the middle of interspace 1 and continued thence to
the tornal angle as a mere black line, the latter very broad ante-
riorly and attenuated rapidly towards the tornus. Underside : as
in the J . Antenna?, head, thorax and abdomen coloured similarly
to those of the c? .
Dry-season brood. — Ground-colour in both sexes clearer, brighter
and more free of the irroration of black scales. Upperside : the
terminal black baud on hind wing narrower, of even width in the
c? , obsolescent posteriorly in the $ . Underside : similar but paler
than in the wet-season specimens.
Exp. cf $ 36-42 mm. (1-42-1-67").
Hal. Himalayas from Simla to Darjiliug; Punjab; Ganjam ;
AV^estern India : Kutch ; Bombay ; Poona ; Southern India :
Xilgiri and Anaimalai Hills ; Ceylon ; Assam ; Burma. Nowhere
plentiful.
•G40. Terias libythea, Fdbr. (Papilio) Eat. Syst. Suppl. 1798, p. 427;
Watson, Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. viii, 1894, p. 515 ; Davidson,
Hell $ Aitken, Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. x, 1897, p. 571 ; Butler,
A. M. N. H. (7) i, 1898, p. 58 ; Mackinnon $ de Nicemlle, Jour.
Bomb. N. H. Soc. xi, 1898, p. 588.
Terias drona, Horsfield, Cat. Lep. Mus. E.I. C. 1829, p. 137, pi. 1,
fig. 13 ; Moore, Lep. Ceyl. i, 1881, p. 120, pi. 46, figs. 3, 3 a, <J $ .
Terias semia, Felder, Novara Reise, Lep. ii, 1805, p. 212; Distant,
Rhop. Malay. 1885, p. 307, pi. 25, fig. 14 $>, & pi. 26, fig. 13 rf;
Manders, Tram. Ent. Soc. 1890, p. 533.
Terias rubella, Wallace, Trans. Ent. Soc. (3) iv, 1867, p. 323;
Elves, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1888, p. 413.
This form does not seem subject to seasonal dimorphism or
polymorphism in so great a degree as some of the others belonging
to the genus Terias.
<5 . Upperside : gamboge-yellow. Fore wing : the apical
third black ; the inner margin of the black area more or less
regularly concave, extends from the apex of the basal third of the
costa and curves round to a point on the dorsum just before the
tornal angle ; base of wing irrorated with black scales. Hind
wing : a black terminal band that is broader anteriorly ; basal
area dusted with black scales. In specimens of the wet-season
broods the black-marked areas on both fore and hind wings are
broader than in dry-season specimens. Sometimes in the latter
248
the terminal band is broken into a series of linear spots posteriorly.
Underside: ground-colour similar. Tore wing: costa narrowly edged!
witb pink ; two well-marked discocellular and some obscure pre-
apical black specks. Hind wing : a small spot at base followed by
three transversely-placed spots and an elongated delicate loop-like
liscocellular spot, black ; above and below the discocellular spot
are small black-scaled diffuse spots and beyond the cell on the
disc, transverse short diffuse similar bands of black scales placed
en echelon. The apices of the veins in both fore and hind wings
with black spots ; cilia salmon-pink. Antennae, head, thorax and
abdomen dusky black, the thorax with some yellow hairs ; beneath r
the palpi, thorax and abdomen whitish yellow. — $ . Similar, but
the terminal band on the upperside proportionately broader both
in the wet- and dry-season broods.
&rp. rf 2 32-44 ram. (1-26-1-72").
Hab. The Himalayas from Kangra and Simla to Bhutan ;
Punjab ; Bengal ; Ganjam ; Western India : Poona ; Southern
India : the Nilgiris and Anaimalai Hills ; Ceylon ; Assam ; Burma ;
Tenasserim ; the Nicobars ?
I have only seen a single specimen said to be from the Nicobars.
Many specimens of var. senna, Felder, are superficially very
different in appearance. They are much larger, very heavily
marked on the upperside, the black of a deep intense tint, and
the terminal band on the hind wing very broad, well-defined and
conspicuous.
64]. Terias laeta, Boisduval, Sp. Gen. Lep. i, 1836, p. 674 ; Watson,
Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. viii, 1894, p. 514 ; Butler, A. M. N. H.
(7) i, 1898, p. 65 ; Mackinnon fy de N. Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. xi,
1898, p. 588.
Terias jaegeri, Menetries, Cat. Mus. Petrop., Lep. i, 1855, p. 84, pi. 2,
fig. 1.
Terias vagans, Wallace, P. Z. S. 1866, p. 357.
d 2 . Fore wing : much more pointed at apex than in T. venata,
terinen sharply cut and straight. Seasonal dimorphism in this
form shows more definitely in the markings of the under than in
those of the upperside. " The form differs from T. venata as
follows : —
c? $ • Upperside : a richer brighter yellow. Fore wing : basal
half of costal margin broadly irrorated with black scales ; apical
black area as in T. venata, but stopping abruptly at vein 2 ; the
tornus, except for a very fine black anticiliary line, yellow. Hind
wing : almost uniform, the terminal black band generally con-
spicuous in venata reduced to a black subapical patch and poste-
riorly to a series of black spots in the wet-season specimens that
are entirely absent in specimens taken in the dry season.
Underside. Wet-season brood. — Fore wing : dorsal margin
broadly pale, whitish yellow above; the base, discocellular cell-
area and disc of the wing rich yellow ; costa narrowly edged with
TETIIAS. 24i>
pink ; costal margin and apex broadly rusty brownish ; a single
black speck at apex of cell. Hind wing : buff-yellow, overlaid with
a more or less dense irroration of rusty brownish-red scales ; a
minute dot at base of interspace 7 with a minute ring beyond ;
a series of 4 dark spots transversely cross the wing at middle of
cell followed by a transverse dark bar from apex of wing to
vein 1. This bar is interrupted in interspace 2, and is succeeded
by a much shorter similar bar across interspaces 2 and 3. Cilia
of fore and bind wings pink. Intermediate form as in the wet-
season form, but the rusty brownish-red tint replaced by a pale
fleshy buff, often with a mealy appearance.
Dry-season brood. — Ground-colour of both fore and hind wings
pale yellow. Fore wing : apex very broadly and the basal half of
the costal margin above the costal nervure irrorated with fleshy-
pink and brownish scales. Hind wing : its whole surface
densely shaded with similarly-coloured scales ; longitudinally the
wing is crossed bv two somewhat diffuse, straight, ferruginous-
bro\vn bars, the upper one the longer ; above these bars are a few
brown somewhat obscure specks and dots on the upper basal half
of the wing. Antennae mealy-yellow, with scattered dusky scales ;
head with pinkish pubescence ; thorax and abdomen black, with
scattered yellow hairs and scales ; beneath : palpi, thorax and
abdomen pale yellowish white.
Exp. c? $ 36-48 mm. (1-40-1 -88").
Hab.' Himalayas from the borders of Afghanistan to Bhutan;
the Punjab ; Western India : Ahmednagar, Karachi, Poona,
Bombay ; Southern India : the INilgiri and Anaimalai Hills ;
Assam ; Burma ; Tenasserim.
642. Terias harina, Horsfeld, Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. 1829, p. 137 ;
Distant, Rhop. Malay. 1885, p. 307, pi. 25, fig. 13 c? ; Ehces,
Trans. Ent. Soc. 1888, p. 414 ; Watson, Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc.
viii, 1894, p. 509 ; Sutler, A. M. N. H. (7) i, 1898, p. 59.
d 5 . Upperside : clear pale primrose-yellow, very beautiful and
pure in tint. Fore wing : apex black, the width of this black
varying from 2 mm. in a dry-season J to 6 mm. in a wet-season
5 . In the former it is very shortly and narrowly continued along
the termen, in the latter it decreases in width posteriorly, but is
continued down to the tornal angle. Hind wing : uniform con-
colorous throughout. Cilia of both fore and hind wings yellow.
Underside : a paler yellow7, uniform and concolorous throughout.
Antenna? black, annulated with w?hite ; head and thorax dusky
greenish ; abdomen yellow7 ; beneath : the palpi dusky black, thorax
and abdomen yellow.
Exp. c? $ 44-54 mm. (1-73-2-12").
Hab. Sikhim ; Assam ; Burma ; Tenasserim ; Andamans ; ex-
tending into the Malayan Subregion.
Varieties occur with the ground-colour entirely white on the
upperside.
250 PJEUID.I:.
<543. Terias hecabe (PI. XVI, fig. 106), Linn. (Papilio) Syst. Nat.
ed. x. 1758, p. 470 ; Edwards (Papilio), Glean. Nat. Hist, i,
1758, pi. 253 ; Moore, Lep. Ceyl. i, 1881, p. 118, pi. 45, figs. 1,
la-lc, $ <$ & larva ; Distant, Rhop. Malay. 1883, p. 304, pi. 26,
tigs. 11, 15 (nee fig. 19) ; Davidson $ Aitken, Jour. Bomb. N. H.
Soc. v, 1890, p. 359: Watson, Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. viii, 1894,
pp. 508-514, pi. 2, fig. 12 ; Davidson, Sell Sf Aitken, Jour. Bomb.
N. H. Soc. x, 1897, p. 570, pi. 6, figs. 5, 5 a, larva & pupa ; Sutler,
A. M. N. H.(1)\, 1898, p. 69.
Terias suava, Boisduval, Sp. Gen. Lep. i, 1836, p. 670 ; Butler, t. c.
1898, p. 69.
Terias hecabeoides, Menet. Cat. Mus. Petr., Lep. i, 1855, p. 85,
pi. 2, fig. 2 ; Watson, t. c. 1894, p. 510; Butler, t. c. 1898, p. 70.
Terias nicobarensis, Felder, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, xii, 1862,
p. 480 ; Watson, t. c. 1894, p. 510 ; Sutler, t. c. 1898, p. 71.
Terias fimbriata, Wallace, Trans. Ent. Soc. (3) iv, 1867, p. 323 ;
Watson, t. c. 1894, p. 510; Sutler, t. c. 1898, p. 71.
Terias simulata, Moore, Lep. Ceyl. i, 1881, p. 119, pi. 45, figs. 2, 2 a,
2 b ; Watson, t. c. 1894, p. 510 ; Butler, t. c. 1898, p. 70.
Terias excavata, Moore, P. Z. S. 1882, p. 252 ; Watson, t. c. 1894,
p. 510 ; Butler, t. c. 1898, p. 70.
Terias purreea, Moore, P. Z. S. 1882, p. 252 ; Watson, t. c. 1894,
p. 510 ; Sutler, t. c. 1898, p. 70.
Terias irregularis, Moore, P. Z. S. 1882, p. 253, pi. 12, fig. 3 ;
Watson, t. c. 1894, p. 510 ; Sutler, t. c. 1898, p. 71.
Terias apicalis, Moore, P. Z. S. 1882, p. 253, pi. 12, fig. 2 ; Watson,
t. c. 1894, p. oil ; Sutler, t. c. 1898, p. 71.
Terias aspbodelus, Sutler, P. Z. S. 1883, p. 151, pi. 24,. tig. 13;
Watson, t. c. 1894, p. 510 ; Sutler, t. c. 1898, p. 71.
Terias asphodelus, var. narcissus, Butler, P. Z. S. 1883, p. 151 :
Watson, t. c. 1894, p. 510 ; Sutler, t. c. 1898, p. 71.
Terias curiosus, Swin/i. P. Z. S. 1884, p. 508, pi. 47, tig. 3; Watson,
t. c. 1894, p. 510 ; Sutler, t. c. 1898, p. 73.
Terias swinhoei. Sutler, A. M. N. H. (5) xvii, 1886, p. 216;
Watson, t. c. 1894, p. 510; Sutler, t. c. 1898, p. 71.
Terias simplex. Sutler, A. M. N. H. (5) xvii, 1886, p. 217, pi. 5,
fig. 2; Watson, t. c. 1894, p. 510: Sutler, t. c. 1898, p. 71.
Terias contuberualis, Moore, Jour. Linn. Soc., Zool. xxi, 1886, p. 46 ;
Watson, loc. cit. x, 1896, p. 281 ; Sutler, t. c. 1898, p. 70.
Terias patruelis, Moore, Jour. Linn. Soc., Zool. xxi, 1886, p. 46,
pi. 4, fig. 5 J; Watson, loc. cit. x, 1896, p, 281 ; Sutler, t. c.
1898, p, 70.
Terias f'raterna, Moore, Jour. Linn. Soc., Zool. xxi, 1886, p. 46, pi. 4,
fig. 6 J; Watson, loc. cit. x, 1896, p. 282: Butler, t. c. 1898,
p. 70.
Terias merguiana, Moore, Jour. Linn. Soc., Zool. xxi, 1886, p. 47,
pi. 4, fig. 7 rf ; Watson, loc. cit. x, 1896, p. 282 ; Sutler, t. c.
1898, p. 70.
Terias kana, Moore, Jour. Linn. Soc., Zool. xxi, 1886, p. 48, pi. 4,
fig. 9 J; Watson, loc. cit. x, 1896, p. 283; Sutler, t. c. 1898,
p. 73.
Wet- season brood. — <5 . Upperside : yellow, variable in tint from
sulphur to rich lemon-yellow according to locality with a light or
heavy rainfall. Fore wing: apex and termen deep black, this
colour continued narrowly along the costal margin to base of wing,
near which it often becomes diffuse ; the inner margin of the black
TEBIAS. 251
urea from costa to vein 4 very oblique and irregular, between veins
2 and 4 excavate on the inner side, this excavation outwardly
rounded between the veins
and inwardly toothed on
vein 3; below vein 2 the
black area is suddenly di-
lated into a square spot
which occupies the whole
of the tornal angle; the
inner margin of this di-
Fig. 60.— Terias kecabe. latation is variable, in
a. Typical form. the typical form slightly
b. Underside fore wing, dry-season brood. concave. Hind wing :
terminal margin with a
narrow black band which is attenuated anteriorly and posteriorly ;
dorsal margin broadly paler than the ground-colour. Underside :
yellow, generally a slightly paler shade than that of the upperside,
with the following reddish-brown markings : — Fore wing: two small
spots or specks in basal half of cell and a reniforin spot or ring on
the discocellulars. Hind wing : a slightly curved subbasal series
of three small spots, an irregular slender ring or spot on the
discocellulars, followed by a highly irregular, curved, transverse,
discal series of spots or specks, some or all of which are often
obsolescent. On both fore and hind wings the veins that attain the
costal and terminal margins end in minute reddish-brown specks.
Antennae greyish yellow, the club black ; head, thorax and abdo-
men yellow, shaded with fuscous scales ; beneath : the palpi, thorax
and abdomen yellowish white. The sex-mark seen from above
appears as a thickening of the basal half of the median vein oil
the fore wing. — $ . Very similar, the sex-mark of course absent ;
the black areas on both fore and hind wings slightly broader, with
the inner edge of the black terminal band on the hind wing often
diffuse. Underside : ground-colour and markings as in the 6" .
Antennae, head, thorax and abdomen similarly coloured.
Dry-season brood. — <3 $. Upperside: ground-colour and markings
much as in wet-season specimens, the emargination on the inner
side of the black area and the tornal dilatation on the fore wing
similar. On the hind wing, in the great majority of individuals,
the black terminal band is also similar, in a few it is narrower and
diffuse inwardly in both sexes. Underside : ground-colour similar
to that in wet-season specimens, but in very many with a greater
or less irroration of black scales over the yellow parts of the wing ;
the reddish-brown markings on both fore and hind wings are also
similar, but the spots are larger, more clearly defined, darker, and
therefore far more conspicuous. In addition, on the fore wing
there is a preapical, very prominent, transverse, elongate spot or
short bar of reddish brown extended downwards from the costa.
This spot is irregular in shape and of variable width, but does not
seem ever to spread outwards to the actual edge of the termen.
In a few specimens there is also a small reddish-brown spot in
252 PIERID.I:.
interspace 1 near the tornus. Antennae, head, thorax and abdo-
men, and in the d1 the sex-mark, as in wet-season specimens.
Exp. <S $ 40-55 mm. (1-58-2-18").
Hab. Throughout our limits, spread eastwards to Siam and
China, south far into the Malayan Subregion, and to the west into
parts of the Ethiopian Eegion.
Larva. "Long, green, rough, cylindrical, or slightly depressed,
with a large head."
Pupa. " Suspended by the tail and by a moderately long band ;
the abdominal segments are round, but the thorax is much com-
pressed, the wing-cases uniting to form a deep sharp keel. The
head-case terminates in a short pointed snout. Ordinarily the
pupa is solitary and green, but about the end of last September
a boy brought us a dry twig with fourteen pupso on it, so close
together that they almost touched each other, and quite black *.
We are inclined to think that the withering of their food had
caused these fourteen larva?, which would ordinarily haye suspended
themselves singly among the leaves on which they were feeding,
to migrate in a body in search of a place where they might safely
pass the pupa state. Many Pierine and other larvae seek each
other's company at that time. Having selected a dead branch of
some neighbouring bush, they acquired the colour of their sur-
roundings, as nearly all Pierine and Papilionine pupso do to a
greater or less extent. A curious circumstance in this case was
that all the butterflies, which emerged from those fourteen pupae,
had a large rust-coloured patch on the underside of the apex of
the fore wing. Terias hecabe was very common at that time, but
ive met feiv with this mark well developed. The favourite food of
this species is Sesbania aculeata, a monsoon annual, already men-
tioned as the food of Tarucus plinius. It also feeds readily on
Cassia tora." (Davidson fy Aitken.)
The figures of larva and pupa, Jour. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc. x,
1897, pi. 6, figs. 5, 5 «, represent both as green, with a conspicuous
white lateral stripe on each side.
I have quoted in full the above very interesting note by Messrs.
Davidson and Ait ken, and I have put the concluding portion of
the last sentence but two into italics, as I wish to draw attention
to what I consider is an important point. In the very large series
of Terias belonging to the hecabe gixmp which I have had occasion
to examine with great care, I find that so far as the dry-season
broods are concerned, T. hecabe and all the forms \\hich are here
treated as varieties of that insect can be readily separated from
T. silhetana and all its varieties by the shape of the preapical or
apical reddish-brown patch present on the underside of the fore
wing. In no specimen of T. hecabe or variety of that form that
I have seen does this mark spread to the edge of the terminal
* These pupae were afterwards discovered to be those of T. silJictana,
Wallace, vide Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. x, 1897, p. 571.
TEHIAS. 253
margin, but is always linear and extended preapically downwards
from the costa. In T. silhetana and its varieties, on the contrary,
it is always large, well developed, and extends, though often some-
what diffusely, to the very edge of the termen below the apex, as
in the dry-season specimens of T. sari=T. sodalis and T. ander-
soni, Moore, which latter two forms, however, differ in the
markings of the upperside of the fore wing.
Like all wide-ranging forms T. hecabe varies enormously, and
consequently has received a host of names. The descriptions above
of the imago are taken from specimens picked to match the figure
given in Edwards's ' Gleanings of Natural History,' which, accord-
ing to Professor Aurivillius (' Eecensio critica Lepidopterorum
Musei Ludovicse Ulricse,' 1882, p. 60), represents the typical form
of " Papilio hecabe," Linne.
Taking the varieties seriatim we have
T. suava, Boisduval, T. hecabeoides, Me'netries,
T. nicobariensis, Felcler, and T. kana, Moore
(fig. 61), all of which differ so slightly from
typical hecabe as to require no separate
description. The difference is chiefly one of
the width or heaviness of the black markings
on the uppersides of the fore and hind
Fig. 61.— Tcrias wings. The dry-season forms of these are
hecabe, var. kana. T. simulata, Moore, and T. contiibernalis,
Moore.
Var. merguiana, Moore (fig. 62 a, p. 254), is a wet-season form
which differs from hecabe, chiefly in the inner margin of the dilated
posterior tornal portion of the black area on the upperside of the
fore wing. This in hecabe is slightly excavate or vertical, in mer-
fjuiana sloped obliquely outwards. The dry-season form of this is
T. excavata, Moore, from which T. fraterna, Moore, is practically
inseparable.
Var. purreea, Moore = var. patruells, Moore (fig. 62 c) and var.
swinhoei, Butler (fig. 62 d), were all described from dry-season
specimens, and show a diminishing width of black area on the
apex and termen on the upperside of the fore wing and an
increasing irregularity in the outline of the inner margin of the
same, till in T. fimbriata, Wallace=2'. narcissus, Butler, and T.
irreqularis, Moore = T. asphodelus, Butler (fig. 626), the inner side
of the black area becomes more evenly curved, though the actual
outline is still somewhat sinuous and often irregularly dentate.
The varieties with the least amount of black on the upperside of
the fore wing are T. simplex, Butler (fig. 62 e) and T. apicalis,
Moore (fig. 62/).
It must be remembered, however, that from the many variations
of T. hecabe at all seasons, certain specimens can be picked out and
be said to represent the wet-season forms of the insects I have
here ranked as mere varieties. Such selection is in my opinion
entirely arbitrary and negatived by the results of breeding, so
far as reliable experiments iu this latter have been undertaken.
254
\Vith regard to the form (andersoni) next described I have
provisionally kept it separate, but with great doubt. The late
Fig. 62. — Fore wings of varieties of Terias hecabe.
a. Terias hecabe, var. merguiana.
l>. Terias hecabe, var. asphodelus.
c. Terias hecabe, var. patruelis.
d. Terias hecabe, var. swinhoei.
e. Terias hecabe, var. simplex.
f. Terias hecabe, var. apicalis.
Capt. Watson (vide Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. x, 1896, p. 282) and
the late Mr. de Niceville (vide Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. xi, 1898,
p. 588), both careful Lepidopterists and not given to unnecessary
subdivision of forms, emphatically stated that T. andersoni, Moore,
was distinct from any form of T. hecabe, Linn.
644. Terias andersoni, Moore, Jour. Linn. Soc., Zool. xxi, 1886, p. 47,
pi. 4, fig. 8 rf ; Watson, Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. x, 1896, p. 282 ;
Butler, A. M. N. H. (7) i, 1898, p. 70 ; Mackinnon # de N. Jour.
Bomb. N. H. Soc. xi, 1898, p. 588.
cJ $ . Upperside : yellow, of a peculiarly pure tint of sulphur,
somewhat darker in wet-season
specimens, but the different sea-
sonal forms seem to vary little in
the shade of the ground-colour or
in the shnpe and character of the
markings on the upperside. These
latter are similar to those in Terias
hecabe, var. merguiana, Moore, but
the black terminal area on the
fore wing is intensely black and
has its inner margin anteriorly
sharply angulated on vein 7, just
beyond the upper apex of the
discoidal cell, whence the edge of the black area is carried
6.
Fig. 63. — Terias andersoni,
typical.
TEKIAS.
255
vertically upwards and joins the narrow black edging on the costal
margin, and strongly concavely downwards to its angulation on
vein 4 ; posteriorly the square dilated portion of the black area is
sloped obliquely outwards on its inner side. Hind wing : termen
narrowly edged with black, which is slightly broader anteriorly.
In specimens procured in the height of the dry weather this edging
is much narrower. Underside : ground-colour slightly paler tha.it
on the upperside. Fore Aving : in specimens of the wet-season
brood, with a single, very sleuder, short transverse sinuous line
in the middle of the cell, a reniform loop of slender lines on the
discocellulars and a small spot at the apices of all the veins that
end along the costa and termen, jet-black. In specimens inter-
mediate between the wet-season and extreme dry-season forms,,
and which most nearly resemble the type-specimen, there are, in
addition, close to the apex of the wing, two short sinuate transverse
black lines, often broken into small spots, placed subapically at
right angles with the costal margin. In extreme dry-season speci-
mens these sinuous short vertical lines are replaced by a very large
conspicuous inky -black square patch that covers the entire apex
of the wing. Hind wing : markings similar to those in T. hecabe.
Antenna?, head, thorax and abdomen somewhat darker than in
T. hecabe. In the c? the sex-mark similar to that in T. Jiecabe.
Exp. 6 $ 48-53 mm. (1-88-2-07").
Hub. Tenasserim ; S. Andamans.
This form has been recorded also from Mussoorie and Sikhim,
but I am very doubtful whether the specimens were correctly
identified.
645. Terias sari, Horsfield,Cat. Lep. Mus. E. l.C. 1829, p. 136 ; Moore,
Cat. Lep. Mus. E. /. C. i, 1857, p. 64 ; Watson, Jour. Bomb. N. H.
Soc. viii, 1894, p. 514; Sutler, A. M. N. H. (7) i, 1898, p. 73.
Terias sodalis, Moore, Jour. Linn. Soc., Zool. xxi, 1886, p. 45.
Terias curiosus, Sioinhoe, P. Z. S. 1884, p. 508, pi. 47, fig. 3.
The type-specimen belongs to the dry-season brood and can be
briefly described as follows : — <$ . Upperside : pale sulphur-yellow.
Fig. 64. — Teriaa si/ri.
a. Typical dry-season brood.
?>. Typical wet-season brood.
Tore wing : the black area on the terminal half very similar to
that of a heavily marked broad-bordered T. hecabe, but the
256 PIERID.I;.
excavated portion on the inner edge between veins 2 and 4
differently shaped (compare figs. 60 & 64 a). Hind wing: a
broad terminal black band, attenuated anteriorly and posteriorly,
diffuse along ita inner edge, the terminal portions of the veins
that end on the termen also black, that colour carried along the
veins for a perceptible distance inwards from the inner edge of
the band. Underside : ground-colour similar. Eore wing : discoidal
cell with a slender, transverse, very short sinuous line in the middle
and a reniform loop composed of a fine line on the discocellulars,
reddish brown; apex with a large, very conspicuous, square reddish-
brown patch that posteriorly is produced triangularly downwards
and occupies the entire apex ; lastly, a diffuse, irregular, similarly-
coloured spot subtornally on the dorsal margin. Hind wing :
the markings as in T. hecabe, but reddish, very faint and ill-defined.
Antennas, head, thorax and abdomen as in T. hecabe. — $ . Similar
to the c? , but the terminal black band on the upperside of the
hind wing very diffuse.
Wet-season brood. — <5 $ . Upperside : ground-colour of a deeper
shade of yellow. Fore wing : markings similar to those of
specimens of the dry-season brood, but the excavated portion on
the inner edge of the black area squarer and consequently very
closely approximating to that in T. hecabe (compare tigs. 60 &
64 6). Hind wing : as in the dry-season form, but the terminal
band much narrower, not diffuse along its inner edge, but dentated
at the veins. Underside : no trace of the conspicuous square
brown patch at the apex of the fore wing, otherwise the markings
as in the dry-season specimens, only darker and more clearly
defined ; all the veins in both fore and hind wings that attain the
costal margin in the fore and the terminal in both wings, end each
in a small but conspicuous black dot. Antennae, head, thorax and
abdomen, and in the d1 the sex-mark, as in T. hecabe.
Exp. <? $ 40-48 mm. (1-60-1-&8").
Hab. Ceylon ; Southern India : Nilgiri Hills ; Burma ; Tenas-
serim ; extending far into the Malayan Subregion.
This form is quite possibly one of the many varieties of Terias
hecabe, but typically the shape of the black terminal markings on
the upperside of the fore wing and the large square reddish-brown
patch that occupies the whole of the apex on its underside are
very distinctive. In the prominence and shape of this latter
marking and in the single slender, transverse, short line in the
middle of the cell on the underside of the same wing, T. sari
approximates very closely to T. andersoni, Moore, but in the
latter form the apical patch is inky-black, not reddish-brown.
T. curiosus, Swinhoe, is an aberration of T. sari, in which the
black area on the upperaide of the fore wing is very broad and of
more or less even width posteriorly ; the inner edge of the black
is very irregular, sinuous and produced dentately inward at more
than one point, so that the excavated portion between veins 2
and 4 is, so to speak, merged in the highly irregular line of the
inner edge.
257
646. Terias silhetana. Wallace, Trans. Ent. Soc. (3) iv, 1867, p. 324;
Watson, Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. viii, 1894, p. 509 j Davidson.
Sell 4- Aitken, Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. x, 1897, p. 571, pi. (>,
tigs. 0, 6 a, larva & pupa ; Sutler, A. M. N. H. (7) i, 1898,
p. 71.
Terias citrina, rotundalis et uniformis, Moore, Lep. Ceyl. i, 1881,
p. 1 19, pi. 45, figs. 4, 4 «, $ ; p. 120, pi. 46, tigs. 1, 1 a, 1 b, rf $ ;
Terias vallivolaus, Sutler, A. M. N. H. (5) xi, 1883, p. 420.
Terias heliophila, Butler, 1. c. xvi, 1885, p. 338, pi. 8, tig. 2.
Terias templetoni, Butler, 1. c. xvii, 1886, p. 218.
The tvpe is a specimen of the dry-season brood and can be
described briefly as follows : — 3 . Upperside : rich citron-yellow.
Fore wing : markings very similar to those in T. hecabe var.
patruelis, Moore (compare figs. 62 c & 65 «). Hind wing : ground-
colour uniform ; a very narrow
black terminal line. In the
type this is continuous, in other
specimens broken and inter-
rupted and in some large
specimens intermediate between
the dry and wet-season forms,
variable in width but distinctly
Fig. 65. — Terias silhetana.
a. Typical upperside.
b. Pore wing underside.
broader than in the type.
Underside : ground-colour very
slightly paler; markings much
as in dry-season specimens of
T. Jiecabe, but in the fore wing there is alivays an additional
minute reddish-brown dot at the extreme base of the cell, and in
all typical specimens the apical reddish-brown patch is much
larger and spreads diffusely outwards to the termen.
Wet-season brood. — tf $ . Upperside : citron-yellow. Fore wiug :
markings very similar to those of T. Jiecabe var. meryuiana, Moore,
but the black area broader, especially the dilated, posterior, tornal
portion which, though squarer, has its inner edge slightly sloped
outwards as in merguiana (compare figs. 62 a & 66 a). The width
of the black area is, however, very variable, as are also the size and
shape of the dilated posterior portion that occupies the tornal
angle. Hind wiug : a black band along the terminal margin ;
this band very variable in width and generally attenuated anteriorly
and posteriorly. Underside : ground-colour similar ; markings very
light, similar to those in the wet-season specimens of T. hecabe,
but, always with an additional reddish-brown dot at the extreme
base of the discoidal cell of the fore wing. Antenna?, head,
thorax and abdomen, and in the c? the sex-mark, as in T. hecabe.
Exp. <5 $ 41-53 mm. (1-63-2-10").
Hub. Sikhim ; Central and Southern India ; Assam : Burma ;
Teuasserim ; the Anclamans ; extending into the Malayan Sub-
region.
This is almost as puzzling and variable a form as T. hecabe.
Dry-season specimens can be discriminated from the corresponding
258 PIEBID^E.
specimens of T. hecabe, not only by the additional spot in the
discoidal cell on the underside of the fore wing, but by the
much larger, outwardly diffuse, reddish-brown apical patch on
the same wing ; but tie most careful and repeated examinations
of long series have shown me that Capt. Watson was right
in stating that the only constant difference between wet-season
specimens of T. hecabe and T. silhetana is the presence in the
latter of the additional spot
in the discoidal cell of the fore
wing, as noted in the key.
With regard to the varieties
as I deem them of this form,
fig. 66 represents the upper-
sides (a) of var. heliophila,
Butler, and (6) of var. unifor-
mis, Moore.
Larva. " In describing the
Fig. 68.-2WM silhetana, varieties. j,arva °f T' hecabe' L^n in our
a. T. silhetana, var. heliophila. former paper, we said that we
b. T. silhetana, var. uniformis. had got fourteen black pupffi
all on one dry twig, and so
close to each other that they almost touched. We did not
distinguish the butterflies which emerged from T. hecabe ; indeed
until the publication of Captain E. Y. Watson's very valuable
paper on the synonyms of some species of Indian Pierince in
vol. viii. of this Journal, p. 489 (1894), we made no attempt to
sort our specimens under the multitude of names with which
Messrs. Butler, Moore and Swinhoe have enriched the genus.
We have since discovered, however, that these black pupae are
not to be found on the ordinary food-plants of T. hecabe, but on
Wagatea spicata, and that they result from a gregarious larva with
a black head. This leaves no doubt that they belong to a distinct
species, and, having compared the butterflies which emerged from
a large number of both kinds, we find that those produced from
the black-headed larva and the black pupa bear the three dark
streaks and spots in the cell, in addition to the renif orm spot on the
discocellular nervules on the underside of the fore wing, by which
Captain Watson separates T. silhetana from T. hecabe. We have
figured the larva and pupa on plate vi, fig. 6, larva ; 6 a, pupa"
(Davidson, Bell &f Aitken.)
The figures iu the plate represent a slender cylindrical green
larva with a conspicuous black head and a yellow ill-defined lateral
stripe, and a pupa in shape exactly like that of T. hecabe but
entirely brownish black in colour.
The form next described Captain Watson considered the wet-
season form of silhetana, but though like silhetana it has three
spots or markings in the discoidal cell on the underside of the
fore wing, the shape of the wings and the general facies of
the insect seem distinct ; besides, so far as I know, it has only
been taken in the Nicobors. I have, therefore, provisionally kept
it separate.
TEEIAS. — COLOTIS. 259
<547. Terias moorei, Butler, A. M. N. H. (5) xvii, 1886, p. 216, pi. 5,
fig. 1 ; Watson, Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. viii, 1894, p. 509 ;
Sutler, A. M. N. H. (7) i, 1898, p. 72.
c? . Upperside : rich deep sulphur-yellow. Fore wing : elongate
and narrower than in T. silhetana ; apex and termen with a
narrow, black, inwardly dentate band that broadens slightly on the
apex and is continued as a slender line along
the costal margin to the base of the wing,
close to which it becomes somewhat diffuse
and dusky. Hind wing: nearly uniform
throughout, the terminal margin with indica-
tions of a slender black anticiliary line, which
in most specimens is reduced to a series of
minute black dots at the ends of the veins.
Underside: ground-colour similar; markings
very similar to those in the wet-season
specimens of T. silhetana. Antennae, head,
thorax and abdomen as in T. silhetana.
5 . Ground - colour and markings on
both upper and under sides as in the tf, with the exception
of the black band on the upperside of the fore wing, which in
some specimens is slightly broader. Antennas, head, thorax and
abdomen, and in the <5 the sex-mark, as in the c? of T. silhetana.
Exp. 3 $ 47-50 mm. (1-84-2-00").
Hob. The Nicobars.
I am unacquainted with the dry phase of this form, if there
be such.
Genus COLOTIS.
Aphrodite, Hubner (nee Linn., Vermes), Verz. bek. Schmett. 1816,
p. 95.
Colotis, Hilbner, Verz. bek. Schmett. 1816, p. 97 ; Kirby, in Aliens
Nat. Hist., Lep. ii, 1896, p. 198.
Teracolus, Swainson, Zool. III. (2) iii, 1823, text to pi. cxv; Butler,
Cist. Ent. i, 1870, pp. 36 & 47, pi. 2, fig. 6, venation ; Watson,
Jour. Bomb. N. U. Soc. viii, 1894, p. 517.
Idmais, Boisduval, Sp. Gen. Lep. i, 1836, p. 584.
Callosuine, Doubleday, Gen. Di. Lep. i, 1847, p. 57.
Type, 0. amata, Fabr., from Africa and India.
Range. Ethiopian and Indo-Malayan Regions.
c? . Fore wing : costa very slightly arched ; apex obtuse,
rounded, slightly convex ; tornus obtuse but well-marked ; dorsum
slightly or moderately convex or sinuate, about three-fourths the
length of costa ; cell about half length of wing ; discocellulars :
upper absent, middle and lower moderately to strongly concave ;
vein 6 from upper apex of cell or from a little beyond ; vein 8
absent ; 9 from a little beyond the middle of 7; 10 and 11 free,
emitted moderately close together from apical half of subcostal vein,
or the space between them at base equal to the space between base
of vein 10 and the upper apex of the cell. Hind wing : costa
s2
260 PI BRIDGE.
arched, apex rounded, termen slightly arched, tornus obtuse but
well-marked, dorsum slightly convex ; cell not half length of
wing ; lower discocellular oblique, concave ; veins 5 and 6 approxi-
mate at base, vein 7 emitted from apical half of subcostal ; pre-
costal vein inclined outwards. Antennae
short, not half the length of the fore wing,
club well-marked, spatulate ; head tufted
anteriorly ; palpi porrect, third joint slender,
acute at apex ; eyes naked : body moderately
robust. The males of certain of the forms
in this genus bear patches of specialized
scales or androconia, which occur either on
the upperside of the hind wing as in the
typical form, or as in fausta and its nearest
Fig. 68. allies on the underside of the fore and upper-
Colotis, venation. side of the hind wing.
The forms arranged under this genus, with
the exception, perhaps, of those that belong to the " hecabe "
group of the genus Terias, are of all Pieridce the most variable.
Sensitive, as a large majority of the Lepidoptera are when in the
pupal state, to slight changes of temperature, moisture, and
dryness, the pupae of the above-mentioned genera seem pre-
eminently so. A slight difference in the rainfall from one week
to another, probably even from day to day, in localities where
they are found, seems to affect the shade of the ground-colour,
the width and prominence or otherwise of the markings on their
wings. In the absence, therefore, of careful breeding-experiments,
and even of any long series of carefully localized and dated
specimens, any conclusions as to the specific distinctness of the
forms must necessarily be more or less tentative. No two
authorities agree as to the number of distinct forms of Colotis
that occur, even in a limited fauna such as is dealt with in the
present series of handbooks. After a long and careful examination
of the tolerably large mass of material contained in the collec-
tion of the British Museum, supplemented by those in a few large
private collections, I have, I find, independently arrived at much
the same conclusions as those set forth in the MSS. left by the
late Mr. de Nideville. I have not, however, adopted his division
of Colotis into subgenera, as the structural differences between
certain of the forms do not seem to me sufficient to warrant such
subdivision.
Key to the forms of Colotis.
A. Upperside: ground-colour on fore and hind
wings salmon-pink. $ dimorphic.
a. Upperside : ground-colour salmon-pink ; in
$ sometimes white. Terminal black band
on hind wing narrow with a more or less
obsolescent series of spots of .he same tint
as the ground-colour of the wing, so
arranged as to break up the inner edge of
the band C. amata, p. 261.
COLOTIS. 261
ft. Upperside : ground-colour always salinon-
pink in both sexes. Terminal black band
on hind wing broad, immaculate C. protractus, p. 263.
B. Upperside : ground-colour on fore wing salmon-
pink ; on hind wing white. In £ sometimes
both wings entirely white. Terminal black
band on hind wing broad C. phisadia, p. 264.
C. Upperside : ground-colour on fore and hind
wings orange-pink. § dimorphic.
a. Upperside fore wing : four or five spots
of the ground-colour enclosed in terminal
black border C. fausta, p. 266.
b. Upperside fore wing : never more than
three spots of the ground-colour enclosed
in terminal black border C. fausta, race
1). Upperside : ground-colour on fore and hind tripuncta, p. 268.
wings white in both sexes.
a. Upperside fore wing : no orange or carmine
markings ; hind wing : a broad black im-
maculate terminal band C. vestalis, p. 265.
It. Upperside fore wing : orange or carmine
apical patch ; hind wing : only a series of
black terminal spots.
a '. Upperside fore wing : apical patch
orange.
«'-. This patch anteriorly not bordered
with black on inner side C. eucharis, p. 268.
(j-. This patch bordered with black along
the whole of its inner side.
a3. Black border narrow ; orange patch
comparatively large C. ctrida, p. 270.
//. Black border broad ; orange patch
comparatively narrow <?. etrida, race
//. Upperside fore wing: apical patch car- limbata, p. 271.
mine C. danae, p. 271.
<548. Colotis amata, Fabr. (Papilio) Syst. Ent. 1775, p. 476 ; Sutler
(Teracolus), P. Z. 8. 1876, p. 138 ; Watson (Teracolus), Jour.
Bomb. N. H. Soc. viii, 1894, pp. 519, 526 ; Kirby in Allen's Nat.
Hist., Lep. ii, 1896, p. 198.
Papilio Calais, Cramer, Pap. Exot.. i, 1775, p. 84, pi. 53, figs. C, D,
$ form (1), & iv, 1781, pi. 351, furs. A,B, J, C, D, $ form (2) ;
Moore (Idmais), Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. i, 1857, p. 67 ; Yerbury
(Teracolus), Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. vii, 1892, p. 214 ; Watson
(Teracolus), Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. viii, 1894, pp. 519, 526.
Papilio cypraea, Fabr. Mant. Ins. ii, 1787, p. 22 ; Butler (Teracolus),
P. Z. S. 1876, p. 138 ; Davidson $ Aitken, Jour. Bomb. N. H.
Soc. v, 1890, p. 359; Watson (Teracolus), Jour. Bomb. N. H.
Soc. viii, 1894, pp. 519, 526.
Pontia dynamene, Kluy, Symb. Phys. 1829, pi. 6, figs. 17, 18, rf;
Butler (Teracolus), P. Z. S. 1876, p. 138 ; Watson (Teracolus),
Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. viii, 1894, pp. 519, 526.
Teracolus modestus, Butler, P. Z. S. 1876, p. 137 ; Moore (Idmais),
Lep. Ceyl i, 1881, p. 131, pi. 49, figs. 2 rf, 2 a $ form (2)
Watson, Jour. Bomb. X, H. Soc. viii, 1894, pp. 519, 526.
262
Teracolus carnifex, Butler, P. Z. S. 1876, p. 138, pi. 7, figs. 8, 9, J;
Watson, Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. viii, 1894, pp. 519, 526.
Teracolus kennedii, Sicinhoe, P. Z. S. 1884, p. 440 ; Watson, Jour.
Bomb. N. H. Soc. 1894, pp. 519, 526.
c? . Upperside : salmon-pink. Fore wing : costa black, thickly
overlaid with greyish or pinkish scales ; a black spot at apex of
cell, which may be large and quadrate or smaller and lunate ;
termen broadly black, with an enclosed double transverse series of
spots of the ground-colour — the inner series consists of a large
spot in interspace 1, two very small spots in interspaces 2 and 3,
one in.each, and four larger anterior spots placed in a curve ; the
spots in the outer series are variable in number, but generally
there is one in each interspace, these are more or less linear in
shape. Hind wing: a band on costal margin extended to just
within the upper margin of the cell, covered with dense black
specialized scales ; this black band joined on to a broad similarly-
coloured terminal band of ordinary scales, that becomes more or
less diffuse and powdery posteriorly, and encloses a double series
of small spots of the ground-colour the inner series often obso-
lescent, in some specimens entirely absent; dorsum heavily irrorated
with fuscous scales, the irroration extended on to the disc,
which has therefore generally a greyish appearance. Underside :
greenish yellow ; an anticiliary fine black line on both fore and
hind wings ; the black markings of the upperside show through
by transparency. Tore wing : a black spot, variable in size and
intensity, in some specimens absent altogether, at apex of cell ;
a subterminal quadrate black spot in interspace 1 and another
(sometimes faintly marked or absent) further outwards in inter-
space 2 ; disc faintly, dorsal margin broadly very pale salmon-pink.
Hind wing: the whole surface sparsely irrorated with minute
black scales ; a small black discocellular spot. Cilia of both fore
and hind wings pale salmon-pink. Antennae, head, thorax and
abdomen black, the antennae speckled with white, the head and
thorax covered with greenish-fuscous hairs ; beneath : the palpi
green, thorax and abdomen white.
$ . Form 1. Upperside : ground-colour paler than in the d , in
some specimens quite ochraceous outwardly ; all the markings
similar, but duller in tint. The hind wing, of course, without the
black costal band of specialized scales, the ground-colour extended
up to the costal margin. Underside • similar to that of the tf ,
but the ground-colour very much paler and more ochraceous than
green. In some specimens, in addition to the black spots in inter-
spaces 1 and 2 on fore wing, there is an anterior postdiscal fuscous
curved band. Hind wing : discocellular spot larger than in the 3
and annular; a curved discal series of reddish spots from costa to
dorsum.
$ . Form 2. Similar to $ form 1, but the ground-colour pale
primrose-yellow to pure white. Antennae, head, thorax and
abdomen in both forms much as in the 3 .
Exp. J $ 40-50 mm. (1-56-2-00").
Hah. Within our limits, continental and peninsular India, but
not Bengal ; Ceylon. Outside our limits this form is found in
Aden and probably throughout Arabia, in Madagascar and Tropical
Africa.
Larva. " Very like that of Terias, cylindrical or slightly
depressed with a rough surface due to minute tubercles, from
each of which grows a very small bristle. The colour is a uniform
grass-green, with a blue dorsal line more or less distinct, and a
yellowish lateral line dividing the colour of the back from the
paler green of the underparts." (Davidson fy AitTcen.)
Pupa. " Compressed ; wing-cases produced into a keel like that
of Terias. It is suspended in the same manner by the tail and a
moderately long band. The colour is usually some shade of dingy
whitish brown or dirty green." (Davidson fy Aiiken.)
649. Colotis protractus, Sutler (Teracolus), P. Z. S. 1876, p. 137;
Watson (Teracolus), Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. viii, 1874, pp. 520,
526.
^ . Upperside : rich salmon-pink. Fore wing : base bluish
grey ; a band along the costal margin black and joined on to a
very broad similarly-coloured band on termen that occupies the
outer fourth of the wing ; inner margin of terminal band
irregular, extended slightly and squarely inwards in interspaces
1 a, 1 and 3 ; a prominent oval black discocellular spot extended
downwards from the black on the costal margin ; apex with
elongate bluish-grey spots in interspaces 3, 4, 5, 6 and 9 super-
posed on the black terminal band. Hind wing : dorsum white,
terminal half of wing jet-black ; a somewhat diffuse subdorsal
band of bluish-grey scales from base to the black on terminal
margin. Underside : a beautiful light greenish yellow ; disc
of wings tinged with salmon-pink, conspicuous in the fore, more
obscure on the hind wing. Fore wing : a prominent black
discocellular spot, and a subterminal series of three more or
less quadrate black spots that decrease in size anteriorly in inter-
spaces 1, 2 and 3, the spot in interspace 1 extended into
interspace 1 a and lengthened posteriorly outward to the terminal
margin. Hind wing : uniform. Cilia of both fore and hind
wings pale salmon-pink. Antennae brownish black, ringed or
spotted with white ; head, thorax and abdomen black, the thorax
anteriorly with whitish hairs . at the sides ; beneath : the palpi,
thorax and abdomen pale yellow. Sex-mark : a small glandular
patch of scales near the base of interspace 1 on the under-
side of the fore wing, sometimes visible on the upperside. —
$ . Upperside : ground-colour similar ; the markings similar, but
the black along the costa and termen of fore wing and on terminal
half of hind wing dark silky brown ; on the fore wing edged
interiorly along the costa and along the termen from vein 2
upwards with jet-black ; discocellular black spot on fore wing
much larger than in the c? . Undei-side,-iore wing : base and cell
264 MERIDjE.
anteriorly greenish yellow, disc saltinon-pink ; apex and termen
broadly dull ochraceous pink ; discocellular and posterior subter-
niinal spots much as in the c? • Hind wing : uniform ochraceous
pink. Antennae, head, thorax and abdomen as in the d, but
somewhat duller in colour.
Eap. <S 2 38-50 mm. (1-50-2-00").
Hob. Baluchistan ; the Punjab ; Cutch.
650. Colotis phisadia, Godart (Pieris), Enc. MM. ix, 1819, p. 132 ;
Boisdunal (Idmais), Sp. Gen. Lep. i, 1836, p. 587; Butler
(Teracolus;, P. Z. S. 1876, p. 136; Watson (Teracolus), Jour.
Bomb. N. H. Soc. viii, 1894, p. 520 ; Butler (Teracolus), P. Z. S.
1896, p. 245, pi. 10, fig. 13, pupa.
Pontia arno, King, Symb. Phys. 1829, pi. 7, figs. 1-4, rf $> ; Butter
(Teracolus), A. M. N. H. (4) xviii, 1876, p. 487; Manders
(Teracolus), Ent. Month. Mag. xxvi, 1890, p. 16.
Idniais philamene, Mabille, Comptes JRend. Soc. Ent. Bdg. xxiii,
1880, p. cvi.
cJ . Upperside, fore wing: pale salmon-pink, this colour paler
outwardly ; base heavily irrorated with bluish-grey scales that
extend outwards and are merged with a black patch that occupies
the apex of the cell and spreads along the discocellulars ; terminal
third of wing black with enclosed spots of the ground-colour in inter-
spaces 3, 4, 5 and 9, the spot in 4 sometimes absent, the inner
edge of the black area emargiuate at interspaces 2 and 4 ; the
outer margin with a series of minute terminal specks of ground-
colour in the interspaces. Hind wing : white, base heavily irro-
rated with bluish-grey scales that are extended downwards in a
diffuse band parallel to the dorsum ; terminal half of wing jet-
black. Underside: precisely like the underside of C. protractus 3 .
Antennae, head, thorax and abdomen as in C. protractus. — § . Very
variable, but resembles the 3 in .markings. On the upperside
however, the terminal areas on both fore and hind wings that are
black in the 3 are silky-brown on the fore wing, the inner sinuate
margin of the same posteriorly black ; on the hind wing the
terminal brown area encloses an irregular sinuate black band that
does not extend either t'o the costa or the dorsum. The ground-
colour of the fore wing in some specimens is faintly pink fading to
white outwardly ; on the hind wing the ground-colour is white, as
in the <$ . In other specimens the ground-colour on both fore and
hind wings is entirely white or pinkish orange. Underside : as in
the c? , but the apical area of the fore and the whole surface of
the hind wing tinged more or less with ochracecus. In many
individuals (probably of the dry-season broods) this ochraceous
tint is very marked. Fore wing : with posterior black spots as
in the 3 . Hind wing : an irregular discal sinuate macular brown
band that is often obsolescent. Antennae, head, thorax and
abdomen much as in the rf .
Exp, c? $ 38-46 mm. (1-50-1-80").
COLOTIS. 265
Nab. The only records of the occurrence of this form within
our limits are : a c? specimen in the Indian Museum labelled
" Surat ; " Dr. Manders got a single specimen at Multan in the
Punjab ; and Mabille gives it, but on what authority I do not know,
from " Northern India."
Larva. " Larva feeding on Salvadora persica. The following is
a description of it : — Pea-green when young, two black spots on
the back of the head, a white mark almost the shape of an ace of
diamonds, but rather longer, on the second segment ; when older,
the black spots on the head disappear and the white mark gets
clearer and is outlined with black. There are two similar marks
just beyond the centre of the back, the front one being the
smaller, and another similar mark on the eleventh segment."
(Nurse.)
Pupa. As figured is stout, pale brown, more or less mottled
with darker brown, in shape mainly cylindrical, with the wing-cases
moderately developed ; the head ends in a very sharp point.
051. Colotis vestalis, Butler (Teracolus), P. Z. S. 1876, p. 135, pi. 7,
fig. 10 d"; Yerbunj (Teracolus), Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. vii,
1892, p. 216 ; Watson (Teracolus), Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. viii,
1894, pp. 520, 526; Butler (Teracolus), A. M. N. H. (6) xx,
1897, p. 390.
Teracolus puellaris, Butler, P. Z. S. 1876, p. 136 ; Watson, Jour.
Bomb. N. H. Soc. viii, 1894, p. 521 ; Butler, A. M. N. H. (6)
xx, p. 389.
Teracolus ochreipennis, Butler, P. Z. S. 1876, p. 136; Watson,
Jour. Bomb. N. U. Soc. viii, 1894, pp. 521, 526 ; Butler, A. M.
N. H. (6) xx, 1897, p. 389.
Teracolus intermissus, Butler, P. Z. S. 1883, p. 152, pi. 24, fig. 4J;
Watson, Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. viii, 1894, pp. 520, 526.
Tecacolus rorus, peelus et dubius, Swinhoe, P. Z. S. 1884, p. 438,
pi. 39, fig. 8 c? , p. 439, pi. 39, fig. 9 tf, & pp. 439, 509 ; Watson,
Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. viii, 1894, pp. 520, 521, & 526.
Wet-season brood. — ^ • Upperside : white ; fore and hind wings
with broad terminal black bands. Fore wing : base, costal
margin broadly and discoidal cell
except at its lower apical area
heavily irrorated Avith dusky-grey
scales ; a short streak at upper
apex of cell joined to a large spot
on the discocellulars, black ; su-
perposed on the black terminal
area are two smallpreapical spots
and a much larger subterminal
spot in interspace 3, all of the
Fig. 69. — Colotis vcsfalis. white ground - colour ; minute
white terminal specks also, often
more or less obsolescent, in the interspaces. Hind wing more
uniform, very slightly irrorated with grey scales at base, the black
26G PIERIDJE.
terminal band immaculate. Underside : greenish yellow sparsely
sprinkled with black scales, the yellow very pale on the disc of the
fore wing, fading to white along its dorsal margin ; discocellular
spot and three subterminal posterior spots, that are placed in a
curve, black ; the lowest spot of the three sometimes extended to
the dorsal margin (var. pw<?ZZaris). Hind wing : uniform, with a
very small annular spot on the ',discocellulars. Cilia white. An-
tennae, head, thorax and abdomen black, the antennae speckled and
tipped with white, the thorax clothed with long bluish-grey hairs ;
beneath : palpi, thorax and abdomen white. — $ . Upperside : very
similar to that of the 3 , the terminal bands broader and brownish
rather than black. Underside : base and cellular area on fore
wing white suffused with greenish yellow ; costa and apex of fore
and the whole surface of the hind wing pale ochraceous ; the fore
wing with the black spots as in the d , the hind wing in a few
specimens with an anterior, discal, somewhat obscure, macular,
incomplete band. Antennae, head, thorax and abdomen as in
the J.
Dry-season brood. — tf $ . Similar to the J 2 °f wet-season
brood, but on the upperside the black markings are duller in tint
and narrower, while on the underside in both sexes the costal and
apical areas on the fore and the whole surface of the hind wing
vary from pale ochraceous to dark reddish ochraceous.
Rap. <$ $ 40-50 mm. (1-58-2-00").
Hob. Within our limits recorded from Baluchistan ; the Punjab ;
Western India ; Cufch; Rajputana; Scinde ; Central Provinces.
Found also in the provinces round the Persian Gulf.
Var. peelus, Swinhoe, has the ground-colour on the upperside
pale canary-yellow.
652. Colotis fausta, Olivier (Papilio), Vay. VEmp. Oth., Atlas, 1801-
pi. 33, figs. 4 A, 4 B, $ ; Moore (Idmais), Cat. Lep. Mus. E. 1. C. i,
1857, p. 68 ; Bntler (Teracolus), P. Z. S. 1876, p. 134 ; Watson
(Teracolus), Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. viii, 1894, pp. 517, 525 ;
Butler (Teracolus), A. M. N. H. (6) xx, 1897, p. 498.
Idmais faustina, Felder, Novara Eeise, Lep. ii, 1 865, p. 190 ; Butler
(Teracolus), P. Z. S. 1876, p. 134; Watson (Teracolus), Jour.
Bomb. N. H. Soc. viii, 1894, pp. 517, 525.
Idmais fulvia, Wallace, Trans. Ent. Soc. (3) iv, 1867, p. 392. pi. 9,
tig. 5 d $ ; Butler (Teracolus), P. Z. S. 1876, p. 135 ; Watson
(Teracolus), Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. viii, 1894, pp. 518, 525.
Teracolus rosaceus, Sutler, P. Z. S. 1876, p. 134, pi. 7, fig. 6rf;
Watson, Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. viii, 1894, p. 518.
Teracolus oriens, Butler, P. Z. S. 1876, p. 134, pi. 7, fig. 7 $ ;
Watson, Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. viii, 1894, pp. 518, 525.
Teracolus Solaris, Butler, P. Z. S. 1876, p. 135 ; Swinhoe, P. Z. S.
1884, p. 437, pi. 39, fig. 5 $ ; Watson, Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc.
viii, 1894, pp. 518, 525.
Teracolus palliseri, Butler, A. M. N. H. (6) i, 1888, p. 418; Watson
Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. viii, 1894, pp. 518, 525.
COLOXIS. 267
Race tripuncta.
Idmais tripuncta, Sutler, P. Z. 8. 1868, p. 221, pi. 17. fig. 9 rf;
Moore, Lep. Ceyl. i, 1881, p. 130, pi. 49, fi<js. 3, 3 a, $ $; Watson
(Teracolus), Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. viii, 1894, pp. 518, 525 ;
Staler (Teracolus), A. M. N. H. (6) xx, 1897, p. 500.
Idmais surya, Moore, J. A. S. £. 1884, p. 45.
c? . Upperside : pale salmon-buff, paler in specimens from
desert areas, darker in those procured in regions where there is a
regular though not heavy rainfall. Fore wing : base and costal
margin irrorated in varying degree with dusky scales ; an oval
annular discocellular spot that varies in size ; a black, festooned,
postdiscal fascia that extends from costa to vein 4, beyond which
the veins are margined with black ; this colour broadened sub-
terminally into a second transverse fascia, that is followed by a
very fine black line on the extreme terminal margin. In specimens
from desert regions the transverse fasciae and the black edging to
the veins are narrow, but in moister areas the two transverse
fasciae unite posteriorly and with the slender black terminal line
give an appearance as of a double series of spots of the ground-
colour enclosed between them. Hind wing : more uniform, the
veins with terminal black spots ; costa broadly pale, fading to
white. Underside : pale yellowish white, in many specimens from
moist localities suffused with a beautiful rosy flush ; the markings
in such specimens prominent, in those from dry localities inore or
less obsolescent. Fore wing: discocellular spot as on the upper-
side, but complete, and not an oval ring ; in some specimens a
postdiscal, dark ochraceous brown, narrow, curved baud from
costa to middle of interspace 2. Hind wing : a small discocellular
spot in the form of an oval light brown ring always much smaller
than the similar spot on the fore wing ; a postdiscal, curved, more
or less sinuate band similar to and in continuation of the band on
the fore wing from the costa to vein 1. Antennae, head, thorax
and abdomen dusky black, the club of the antennae on the under-
side, the hairs that cover the head and thorax and the scaling of
the abdomen salmon-buff ; beneath : much paler, fading to white in
specimens from dry localities. Sex-mark : a small patch of brown
specialized scales on the underside of the fore wing above vein 1,
closer to the base than to the termen. On the upperside this is
more or less prominent as a small raised spot.
$ . Dimorphic. Form 1 : ground-colour and markings as in the
c? ; the costa of the hind wing on the upperside concolorous with the
rest of the wing ; the sex-mark of course absent. Form 2. Upper-
side : ground-colour white, often more or less irregularly suffused on
parts of the wing with salmon-buff ; markings similar to those in
the d , but very much broader. Fore wing : base and costal area
heavily irrorated with greyish-blue scales. Hind wing : the
terminal spots at apices of the veins large and quadrate, often
united into a continuous band which then encloses an anticiliary
268
series of spots of the ground-colour. In a few specimens there
are traces of a postdiscal macular black band, in a very few this
band is almost complete and very prominent. Underside: ground-
colour white; markings as in the d1, but broader, darker and
more prominent.
Exp. cJ $ 46-58 mm. (1-82-2-27").
Hah. Within our limits, Baluchistan ; Sind ; the Punjab ; Kaj-
putana and Bombay. Found also in Asia Minor, Arabia, Persia
and Afghanistan.
Race tripuncta, Butler.— tf $ • Very closely resembles the
typical from, but this the southern form or race can be distinguished
as follows : — c? • Upjperside : ground-colour a much deeper tint
of salmon-buff, almost orange-yellow. Pore wing : costa heavily
irrorated with black scales ; discocellular spot larger, not annular ;
postdiscal black fascia at all seasons united to the subterminal
fascia and black anticiliary line so that the whole apex and termen
of the wing are black, broadly at the costa and gradually narrowed
towards the tornal angle. This black area encloses never more
than three preapical moderately large spots and a complete series
of minute anticiliary specks of the ground-colour. Hind wing :
as \nfausta, but the terminal black spots very large. Underside:
ground-colour of a richer yellower tint than in the typical form ;
markings similar, those on the fore wing dusky black, on the
hind wing rose-pink. Antennae, head, thorax, abdomen and sex-
mark as in (J of the typical form. — $ . Upperside : closely re-
sembles the $ form 2 of fausta, but all the markings are darker
and conspicuously broader, while the number of the preapical
spots of the ground-colour enclosed within the black area on the
fore wing is never more than three, the same as in the tf .
Underside, fore wing : white sometimes faintly suffused with yellow ;
apical and terminal areas anteriorly light to dark ochraceous
yellow ; discocellular spot very large ; transverse, postdiscal,
macular dark reddish-brown band very broad. Hind wing : pale
ochraceous yellow, sparsely powdered with black scales ; trans-
verse postdiscal macular band reddish brown and broad as in the
fore wing. Antennae, head, thorax and abdomen as in $ form 2
of fausta.
Exp. J $ 52-58 mm. (2-05-2-27").
flab. Western and Southern India : Bombay, Poona, the Nil-
giris up to 6000 feet, the Anaimalai Hills ; Eastern India : Orissa
in Bengal, Gaujam ; Ceylon.
653. Colotis eucharis, Fabr. (Papilio) Syst. Ent. 1775, p. 472 ; Moore
(Callosume), Cat. Lep. Mus. JE. I. C. i, 1857, p. 08 ; Butkr
(Teracolus), P. Z. 8. 1876, p. 164 ; Moore (Calloaume), Lcp.Ceyl.
i, 1881, p. 128, pi. 4.9, fig. 4 <$ ; Watson (Teracolus). Jour. Bomb.
N. H. Soc. viii, 1894, pp. 522, 526 ; Butler (Teracolus), A. M.
N. H. (6) xx, 1897, p. 455.
COLOTIS. 269
Pieris titea, Godt. Encycl. Mct/i. ix, 1819, p. 124 ; Watson (Tera-
colus), Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. viii, 1894, pp. 522, 526.
Teracolus pseudevanthe, Butler, P. Z. S. 1876, p. 164, pi. 7,
fig. 16, ^ $ ; Watson, Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. viii, 1894,
pp. 522, 526.
Teracolus pallet, Moore, A. M. N. H. (4) xx, 1877, p. 49;
Watson, Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. viii, 1894, p. 523.
& • Upperside : pure white. Fore wing : base and costa for a
short distance generally sparsely irrorated with black scales ;
a broad apical orange-yellow patch, with its inner edge straight
and margined with gamboge-yellow; this patch is sometimes
immaculate, but generally bears a black diffuse spot on its lower
inner edge which may or may not extend to the termen below the
orange ; costa, apex and termen, the latter nearly up to the tornus,
edged and festooned beyond the orange area with black. Hind
wing : with black spots at the apices of the veins that vary in size
and end on the termen, also a diffuse preapical black spot on the
costa. Underside : pure white in most specimens, suffused, except
on the disc of the fore wing, with pinkish yellow, and at base
of the same wing with pure sulphur-yellow ; apical orange patch
and black terminal markings on the upperside of the fore wing
show through by transparency, the former crossed by a sinuous
fuscous fascia that ends in a black diffuse spot. Hind wing : shaded
with ochraceous at base and with a fuscous preapical spot on costa,
also a few scattered transverse fuscous striae and small spots.
Many specimens have the preapical spot continued as an obscure
fuscous fascia across the wing aud bear a series of large terminal
fuscous spots that correspond to the black spots on the upperside.
Both fore and hind wings with black discocellular dots. Antennae,
head, thorax and abdomen black ; antennae speckled with white on
the sides, head and thorax clothed with short greyish-brown hairs ;
beneath : the palpi, thorax and abdomen white. — $ . Ground-
colour similar ; the markings differ from those oi: the c? as
follows: — Upperside, fore wing: base and costa more heavily
irrorated with greyish-black scales ; discocellular spot larger ;
apical area black, with three enclosed elongate orange spots ;
inner margin of black area irregularly sinuate and diffuse, ex-
tended shortly inwards in interspace 3 ; a transverse black spot
across middle of interspace 1. Hind wing : base irrorated more
sparsely than in the fore wing with greyish-black scales ; preapical
spot on costa and terminal spots much larger ; in a few specimens
thei'e is an obscure transverse posterior discal fascia. Underside :
markings similar to but very much broader, more heavily marked,
and more prominent than those in the <5 ; the tranverse fuscous
strife and dots more numerous. Antennae, head, thorax and abdo-
men as in the c? .
Ea-p. <S $ 36-50 mm. (1-42-2-00").
Hob. Central and Southern India from Jabalpur and Bombay
to Travancore ; Ceylon.
270 PIERIDjE.
654. Colotis etrida, Boisduval (Antkocharis), Sp. Gen. Up. i, 1836,
p 576; Moore (Callosume), Cat. Lep. Mm. E. I. C. i, 1857,
p. 69 ; Sutler (Teracolus), P. Z. S. 1876, p. 160 ; de Niceville
(Teracolus), J. A. S. B. 1890, p. 252 ; Davidson 8f Aitken (Tera-
colus), Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. v, 1890, p. 359; Watson (Tera-
colus), Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. viii, 1894, pp. 522, 526 ; Butler
(Teracolus), A. M. N. H. (6) xx, 1897, p. 456.
Teracolus pernotatus, Butler, P. Z. S. 1876, p. 159, pi. 7, fig. 1, rf $ ;
Watson, Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. viii, 1894, pp. 522, 526.
Teracolus farrinus, Butler, P. Z. S. 1876, p. 159, pi. 7, fig. 2, £ $ ;
Watson, Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. viii, 1894, pp. 522, 526.
Teracolus purus, Butler, P. Z. S. 1876, p. 160, pi. 7, figs. 14, 15,
J $ ; Watson, Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. viii, 1894, pp. 522, 526.
Teracolus casimirus, Sutler, P. Z. S. 1876, p. 161, pi. 7, fig. 5 rf;
Watson, Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. viii, 1894, p. 523.
Race limbata.
Teracolus limbatus, Sutler, P. Z. S. 1876, p. 161 ; Moore (Callo-
sume), Lep. Ceyl. i, 1881, p. 129, pi. 49, fig. 5 rf; Watson, Jour.
Bomb. N. H. Soc. viii, 1894, pp. 522, 526 ; Sutler, A. M. N. H.
(6) xx, 1897, p. 456.
J . Upperside : white, sparsely irrorated at base of fore and hind
wings with black scales. Fore wing : a small black spot on the
discocellulars ; apex broadly black, with an enclosed oval, curved,
rich orange patch placed obliquely and traversed by the veins,
which there are black ; inner edge of black area diffuse. Hind
wing : uniform, except for a preapical short diffuse black streak
from the costa, sometimes absent, and a series of terminal black
spots that in specimens from moist localities are very large.
Underside : white ; cell and apex of fore wing suffused with
sulphur-yellow, the orange patch of the upperside shows through
by transparency, its inner edge margined anteriorly by a very
obscure oblique fuscous fascia. Hind wing : the preapical short
transverse black streak on the upperside obscurely indicated.
$ . Very similar to the d1 . Can be distinguished as follows : —
Upperside, fore wing : orange patch enclosed within the black
apical area, narrower ; a small black spot in middle of interspace 1
and another in interspace 3. Hind wing : the terminal spots
slightly larger. Underside : apex of fore and whole surface of
hind wing suffused lightly, or in specimens from very dry localities
heavily, with ochraceous. Fore wing : spots in interspaces 1 and
3 as on the upperside. Hind wing : a curved, almost complete,
discal series of fuscous spots ; otherwise as in the J . In both
sexes the antennae vary from white to pale brownish ; head, thorax
and abdomen black, the head and thorax with short greyish-brown
hairs ; beneath : the palpi, thorax and abdomen white.
Eocp. c? $ 30-44 mm. (1-20-1-75").
Hab. Baluchistan; Kashmir; the outer ranges of the Hima-
layas ; throughout peninsular India except Bengal.
Larva. " Much resembles that of a moth caterpillar, being very
narrow, the anal segment much prolonged ; colour uniform green,
COLOT1S. 271
with a narrow line along each side just above the roots of the legs,
sometimes broader, sometimes yellow, sometimes pinkish -white.
It has the curious habit of resting with the anal segment not
attached to a twig." {Davidson MS. — Extract from de Niceville's
MS. of the Pierin®, Butt, of Ind.)
Pupa. " Compressed, the snout much prolonged and turned
upwards. At first it is greenish, but afterwards becomes a greyish
white, beautifully marbled with brown." {Idem.}
Race liinbata, Butler. — This is a barely separable local race that
can generally however, be distinguished as follows ; — <$ $ . Upper-
side : black ; apical area on fore wing darker, broader, occupying
about a third of the wing ; the orange patch enclosed within
it proportionately narrower, so that the black on its inner margin
has the appearance of being broader proportionately than it is
in the typical form. Very often this inner edge is bordered
by a suffusion of sulphur-yellow, while in some specimens it is
extended inwards in interspace 3. Hind wing : the terminal black
spots are united and form a continuous band. Coming from a
moist region, the underside is very like that of specimens of typical
etrida procured in similar localities.
Exp. c? $ 40-48 mm. (1-58-1-90").
Hob. Ceylon.
Many specimens of etrida from the Anaimalais and Southern
India resemble this race limbata very closely.
655. Colotis danae (PI. XVI, fig. 107), Fab): (Papilio) Syst. Ent-
1775, p. 476 ; Donovan (Papilio), Ins. Ind. 1800, pi. 26, fig. 2 J ;
Moore (Callosuiiie), Cat. Lep. Mtts. E. I. C. i, 1857, p. 69 ; id.
(Callosume) Lep. Ceyl. i, 1881, p. 129; Butler (Teracolus),
P. Z. S. 1876, p. 157 ; Watson (Teracolus), Jour. Bomb. N. H.
Soc. viii, 1894, pp. 521, 526 ; Butler (Teracolus), A. M. N. H.
(6) xx, 1897, p. 498.
Teracolus dulcis, dims et sfinguinalis, Butler, P. Z. S. 1876, p. 157,
pi. 7, fig. 13, c? $ ; p. 157, pi. 7, fig. 11, $ ; & p. 158 ; Watson,
Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. viii, 1894, pp. 521, 526.
Callosume sanguinalis, Moore, Lep. Ceyl. i, 1881, p. 129.
Teracolus immaculatus, subroseus et taplini, Swinhoe, P. Z. S. 1884
p. 443 ; p. 443, pi. 40, figs. 6, 7, d1 $ ; & p- 444, pi. 40, figs. 8, 9
c? $ ; Watson, Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. viii, 1894, pp. 521, 526
pp. 521, 526, & 522, 526.
Callosume alberta, Swinhoe, A. M. N. H. (6) v, 1890, p. 356
Watson (Teracolus), Join-. Bomb. N. H. Soc. viii, 1894, pp. 522
526.
c? 2 . Coloration very variable, especially in the $ . — tf . Upper-
side : white, base of wings generally irrorated, but to a varying
extent, with black scales. This irroration in many specimens is
entirely wanting. Fore wing: with or without a minute black spot
on the discocellulars ; apex broadly carmine, edged internally and
externally with black, this black border varies in width, but both
inner and outer borders meet on the costa and on the termen, on
272 PIEBIDJE.
the latter they unite and sometimes extend as a black line to the
tornus. Hind wing : uniform, except for a series of black terminal
spots, which in some specimens are comparatively large and con-
nected together by an anticiliary slender black line, in others
minute, more or less obsolescent, unconnected dots. Underside:
white. Fore wing : base of cell washed with sulphur-yellow ;
spot on discocellulars as on the upperside ; apical carmine area of
the upperside represented by an ochraceous-pink patch, not mar-
gined with black, but similar in shape and position ; in some
specimens this is more or less suffused with greyish scales ; in all,
it is crossed near its inner edge by an obliquely-placed series of
four or five spots that vary in colour from pale ferruginous to
black. In some specimens there are two terminal diffuse black
spots, one each at the ends of veins 2 and 3. Hind wing : the
ground-colour generally lightly, often heavily, suffused with
ochraceous pink, sometimes pure white ; a small spot ou the
discocellulars pale ferruginous to black, sometimes annular and
centred with carmine ; followed by a curved macular discal band
that also varies in colour from pale ferruginous to black and has
the posterior spots often obsolescent, or even completely absent ;
a series of minute black dots at the apices of the veins that runs
to the termen, and may or may not be connected by a slender
black anticiliary line. Antennae pale brown, speckled with white ;
head, thorax and abdomen black ; head and thorax anteriorly
clothed with brown, sometimes greyish-black hairs ; beneath :
palpi, thorax and abdomen white.
$ . Upperside : white ; base of wings lightly, often heavily, irro-
rated with greyish-black scales. In some specimens the irroration is
very scanty, in others it occupies fully a third of the wings from
base and extends as a broad band parallel to the dorsum on the hind
wing. Fore wing : an apical carmine patch as in the male but
smaller, sometimes reduced to a mere row of preapical pale rosy
streaks, but always bordered externally, and generally internally
also, by black of varying width. In some specimens the inner black
border is very narrow, in others broad, and in a very feAv entirely
absent. The outer border again in some specimens is inwardly
festooned, and may be either broad or comparatively narrow. Disco-
cellular spot as in the tf but larger, followed by an anterior,
postdiscal, macular, curved, black band, the upper spots of which
cross the carmine area, or when the carmine area is reduced to short
streaks the band crosses the black internal edging to it, showing up
in a darker tint than the edging itself; lastly, a black transverse,
somewhat diffuse, spot in interspaces 1 and 2. Hind wing : with
a dusky spot on the discocellulars, a black, macular, discal, curved,
more or less incomplete band, and a terminal row of black spots that
in some specimens are connected and form a continuous band. All
these markings are generally diffuse. Underside, fore wing : white,
suffused with sulphur-yellow at base of cell and with ochraceous
(in some specimens ochraceous-grey, in others ocliraceous-red) on
apical area ; spot on discocellulars, the postdiscal macular band
COLOTIS. — HEBOMOIA. 273
and spots iu interspaces 1 and 2 as on the upperside, but more
clearly defined, the spots that compose the postdiscal band some-
times annular. Hind wing : white, suffused to a greater or less
degree with ochraceous, sometimes pink; spot on discocellulars
and discal macular band as on the upperside, but both the disco-
cellular spot and the spots that compose the latter more clearly
defined, annular and generally centred with carmine ; a terminal
row of black specks which may or may not be connected by a very
slender anticiliai-y line.
Exp. <$ 5 40-52 mm. (1-57-2-04").
Hal. Within our limits : Baluchistan ; Western and Southern
India ; Ceylon.
Genus HEBOMOIA.
Hebomoia, Hiibner, T'erz. bek. Schmett. 181(5, p. 95.
Iphias, jBotsduval, Sp. Gen. Lep. i, 1836, p. 595.
Type, H. r/laucippe, Linn., from India and China.
Range. Indo-Malayan Eegion. In India proper confined to the
North-eastern and Southern parts.
c? § . Fore wing : triangular ; costa arched ; apex more or less
acute ; termen oblique, slightly sinuate ; tornus well marked,
obtuse ; dorsum bisinuate ; cell slightly more than half length of
Fig. 70. — Hebomoia, venation, a. Precostal cell.
wing ; upper discocellular minute, oblique, bases of veins 6 and 7
therefore closely approximate, middle and lower discocellulars
together concave ; vein 8 absent, vein 9 from upper fourth of 7,
TOL. IT. T
274
10 arid 11 free. Hind wing : suboval, broad ; apex and tornal angle
boldly rounded; precostal nervure simple, short, subobsolete,
inclined outwards. Antennae about half length of fore wing,
gradually thickened to apex, latter subtruncate; eyes naked,
prominent ; palpi situated low down on the face, somewhat flat-
tened, scaly, clothed with stiff hairs anteriorly and at apex, third
joint short ; thorax and abdomen robust ; legs slender ; claspers
in <? elongate.
Key to tlie forms of Hebomoia.
a. Hind wing : uniform white.
a'. Upperside fore wing : apical orange patch
bordered inwardly with black H. glaucippe, p. 274.
b'. Upperside fore wing: apical orange patch . R ,;
not bordered inwardly with black australis, p. 275.
b. Hind wing : not uniform white, terminal halt
suffused with pure sulphur-yellow H. roepstorji, p. 276.
656. Hebomoia glaucippe, Linn. (Papilio) Syst. Nat. ed. x, 1758,
p 469; Hilbner, Verz. bek. Schmett. 1816, p. 96; Butler,
A.M.N. H. (7) i, 1898, p. 290.
Race australis (PL XVIII, fig. 122).
Hebomoia australis, Sutler, A. M. N. H. (7) i, 1898, p. 290.
Hebomoia glaucippe, Moore (nee Linn.}, Lep. Ceyl. i, 1881, p. 127,
pi. 49, figs. 1, 1 a, 1 b, $ $ , larva <fe pupa ; Davidson. Bell $
Aitken (nee Linn.), Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. x, 1897, p. 572.
Wet-season brood. — J . Upperside: creamy white. Fore wing :
the costa narrowly, the apex and terminal margin to middle of
interspace 1, black ; an irregular, somewhat sinuous, black band
extends obliquely from beyond the middle of the costa across the
upper apex of the cell, and meets at interspace 1 the black on
the terminal margin ; within the triangle thus formed is enclosed
a rich orange-red patch that is traversed by the black veins and
bears in interspaces 3 to 6 a postdiscal series of black inwardly-
elongated spots. Hind wing : nearly uniform, touched with black
on the terminal margin anteriorly and with a conspicuous post-
disoal black spot in interspace 7 ; in some specimens one or
two smaller spots in continuation of the series in the interspaces
below. Underside: white; apical third of the fore wing and the
whole of the bind wing mottled with more or less prominent
brown strigae and spots ; costa of the fore wing and a fine line
that runs from base of the hind wing through the cell, straight to
the middle of the terminal margin, brown. Antennas dark brown ;
head and thorax anteriorly with reddish-brown pile ; thorax above
greyish blue, abdomen white with a bluish tinge ; beneath : head
and thorax more or less brownish, abdomen white. — § . Similar
to the tf . Upperside : ground-colour with a slight greenish tinge ;
the orange patch on fore wing more restricted ; it consists of a
aeries of broad streaks in interspaces 3 to 6 and 10, the outer
apices of which are deeply incised by black and with a row of
HEBOMOIA. 275
hastate orange spots beyond in interspaces 2 to 6. Hind wing :
similar to the hind wing in the c? , but with a postdiscal series of
large triangular black spots and a terminal connected series
of still larger triangular black spots at the apices of veins 2 to 7.
Underside : similar to that in the tf , the brown transverse strigae
and spots more numerous, the costa of the fore and the median
line on the hind wing very prominently brown. Antennae, head,
thorax and abdomen as in the <S •
Dry-season brood. — d1 2 • Differ only from the c? $ of the
wet-season brood in the slightly more falcate apex to fore wing,
•and in the purer white ground-colour on the upperside ; also the
terminal margin of the hind wing in the d1 has the black markings
all but obsolete, while in the $ the postdiscal and terminal black
markings on the same are smaller than in the wet-season form.
Underside : the mottlings of brown strigaa and minute spots more
numerous and dense.
Exp. d1 $ 94-100 mm. (3'71-4").
Hab. N.E. India; Nepal; Sikhim ; Bhutan ; Assam ; Burma and
Tenasserim to the Malay Peninsula, and eastwards through the
Shan States of Upper Burma to Siam and China.
Race australis, Butler. — tf $ . Differs only from the typical
form in the following particulars : — Inner black border to the
orange patch on the upperside of the fore wing absent, this repre-
sented by a few obsolete touches of black scaling. Hind wiug :
white throughout, with only a half-obliterated subcostal black spot
in interspace 7 in the d ; in the $ the postdiscal and terminal
series of spots smaller.
Exp. $ 5 as in typical form.
Hab. Southern India from the Ghauts at Khandalla south-
eastwards to Ceylon.
The d1 of this race as noted by de Niceville (J. A. S. B. Ixiv,
1895, p. 505) can scarcely be separated from the d1 of H. java-
tiensis, Wallace, but the $ has the orange patch on the upperside
of the fore wing as large as in typical H. glaucippe, whereas the $
of the Javan form has the same much restricted.
Larva. " Subcylindrical, tapering towards each end, numerously
covered with minute tubercles ; green." (Moore.)
Pupa. " Much arched along the back ; head pointed." (Moore.)
As figured in the ' Lepidoptera of Ceylon': —
Larva. Subcylindrical ; suddenly tapered at both ends ; covered
with transverse rows of pointed tubercles. Colour dai'k green,
with a lateral bluish line bordered iuferiorly with a series of
minute red spots ; legs green, the prothoracic legs bordered with
black that widens on the middle one of the three.
Pupa. Spindle-shaped, head acutely pointed, dorsum much
arched. Colour green, a patch of pale ochraceous on the wing-cases
and a narrow lateral band of the same colour from head to tail,
with a brown line superposed on it that extends to the abdominal
segments ; abdominal segments and wing-case sparsely spotted
with black.
T2
276 PIEHID.E.
657. Hebomoia roepstorfi, Wood-Mason, J. A. 6'. B. xlix, 1880r
pp. 134, 150 & 235; Wood-Mason $ de N. loc. cit. 1, 1881,
p. 251, pi. 14, tigs. 3-5 c? $ .
Extremely like H. glautippe, race australis, from which it differs
as follows : — J $ • Upperside : the white ground-colour partly
suffused with bright sulphur-yellow, on the fore wing along the
inner margin of the orange patch and over the tornal area, and on
the hind wing spread over the outer half of the wing. On the
fore wing also the orange patch is more extensive, spreading into
the apex of the discoidal cell. In the $ the postdiscal series of
black spots on the bind wing are smaller than in typical glaucippe,
and except the posterior one are placed on the inner margin of
large diffuse orange-tinted spots, superposed on the sulphur-yellow
that suffuses the outer half of the wing. In a few specimens tf $>
the inner black border to the orange patch on the fore wing is
present, but is never so broad as in typical ylaucippe. Underside :
similar to that in H. ylaucippe, as are also the antenn*, head,
thorax and abdomen.
Exp. <y $ 86-93 mm. (3-40-3-65").
Hob. South Andamans ; Barren Island.
Genus PAKERONIA.
Eionia, pt, Hiibner, Smnml. Exot. Schmett. 1816-183G; Daubledav,
Gen. Di. Len. 1847, p. 64; Wallace, Trans. Ent. Soc. (3) iv. 1867,
p. 387.
Valeria, Horsf. Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. 1829, p. 139. (Inadmiss.,
name of species.)
Nepheronia, pt., Butler, Cist. Ent. i, 1870, pp. 38, 53.
1'areronia, de Niceville, MS.
Type, P. Valeria, Cramer,
from Java.
Range. Indo-MalayanEegion.
c? $ . Tore wing : costa
strongly arched; apex blunt;
termen slightly sinuate, concave
in the middle; tornus rounded ;
dorsum straight, about three-
fourths length of costa; cell
about half length of wing;
vein 6 from upper apex of cell,
upper discocellular therefore
' absent, middle discocellular
strongly bent inwards, almost
angulate in the middle, lower
very oblique ; vein 8 from upper
half of 7, 9 from just before
middle of 7, 10 and 11 free,
from upper third of subcostal,
long, over half length of wing;
Fig. 71. — Pareronia, venation.
Hind wing subtriangular ; c
p.viiEuoxiA. 277
discocellulars subequal and very oblique ; precostal nervure or
spur curved outwards. Antennae long, considerably longer than
half length of fore wing; club gradual, long and slender; palpi
very short, third joint particularly so, almost truncate at apex ;
eyes large, prominent and naked ; thorax and abdomen particu-
larly long. The males of the Indian forms, with the exception of
P. avatar, have a band of specialized dull opaque-looking scales
along the terminal black border of the hind wing on the
upperside.
Key to the forms of Pareronia.
A. c? • Upperside : very pale blue ; fore wing : veins
not,or only very slightly defined with bluck. —
5 mononiorphic ; fore wing upperside : the
subterminal series of spots in line P. ucatnr, p. '277.
B. c? . Upperside : darker blue ; fore wing : veins
distinctly defined or edged with black. — $ .
Fore wing- upperside : subterminal series of
spots not "in line, spot in interspace 3 shifted
inwards.
(t. c? • Upperside fore wing : terminal black
border narrow, traversed by a more or less
complete transverse subterminal series of
bluish-white spots. — £ dimorphic P. hippia, p. 278.
/». c?. Upperside fore wing: terminal black
border broad, not traversed by a transverse
subterminal series of spots*. — $ mono-
morphic.
a'. cJ. Upperside hind wing: terminal black
border of even width throughout, not
narrowed posteriorly P. ceylanica, p. 281.
//. <3 . Upperside hind wing : terminal black
border not of even width throughout,
distinctly narrowed posteriorly P. pingasa, p. 280.
•058. Pareronia avatar, Moore (Erouia), Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. i,
1857, p. 61, pi. 2o, fig. 1 rf; de N. (Erouia) J. A. 8. B. 1881,
p. o9 ; Elwes (Eronia), Trans. Ent. Soc. 1888, p. 419 ; de N.
(Nepheronia) J. A. 8. B. 1882, p. 64.
S . Upperside : very pale blue. Eore wing : costa above the
•cell, apex very broadly and terineii black; this colour occupies
the apex above vein 6 (except a narrow short streak of the ground-
colour at base of interspace 6) and extends down the termen to
the tornus, decreasing in width posteriorly and prolonged a short
distance inwards along each vein ; median vein lined with black.
Hind wing: veins more or less lined with black; a narrow
black border to the termen. Underside : pale silvery blue, the
veins more or less brownish or black and conspicuous, the parts
* Occasionally an individual occurs with a minute speck or two of this
series present.
278 PIEEID2E.
that are black on the upperside a much darker silvery blue.
Antennae, head, thorax and abdomen dusky brownish black ;
beneath : the palpi, thorax and abdomen very pale blue. —
$ . Upperside : ground-colour of a paler blue than in the J and
much overlaid with dusky black. Fore wing : base broadly and
densely irrorated with black scales, two elongate black streaks in
cell that do not reach its apex and all the veins broadly bordered
with black ; this colour coalesces on the outer half of the wing
and leaves only broad streaks at bases of interspaces 1 a to 6, with
beyond them a transverse series of spots of the ground-colour
visible. Hind wing : dorsal margin below vein 1 and costa above
cell white, all the veins except the upper discocellular more or
less broadly lined with black, which colour coalesces outwardly
and forms a broad border to the termen ; two or three of the
streaks of the ground-colour between the veins are succeeded by
subterminal spots of the same tint. Underside : silvery white,
the veins more prominently picked out with black than in the c? •
Antennae, head, thorax and abdomen as in the tf but darker.
Exp. c? 2 78-90 mm. (3-08-3-54").
Hab. Sikhim, from 1000 to 5000 ft. ; Bhutan ; Assam ; the
Khasia and Naga Hills; the hills of Burma and Tenasserim.
The Tenasserim avatar is a smaller and somewhat darker
variety, confined, as far as known, to the Dawnat range and other
southern ranges of hills in Tenasserim. It is barely separable from
typical avatar, but all the specimens I have seen have in the J
a slightly wider black margin on the upperside of the hiud wing,
and the $ is on the whole slightly darker. The late Mr. de
Niceville separated it in his MS. under the name " paravatar"
Exp. 3 2 67-81 mm. (2-63-3-18").
Hab. Hills of Middle and Southern Tenasserim.
The type form, P. Valeria, Cramer, so far as I know, is confined •
to Java. It has the ground-colour of the wings on the upperside
of even a paler blue than in P. avatar, almost white, but with broad
black terminal margins as in its two Indian representatives, cey-
lanica and pinyasa, and like them bears no transverse subterminal
series of spots on the fore wing.
659. Pareronia hippia, Fabr. (Papilio) Mant. Ins. ii, 1787, p. 55;
Donovan, Ins. Ind. 1800, pi. 25, fig. 1 £ ; Elwes (Eronia), Trans.
Ent. Soc. 1888, p. 419 ; Davidson, Bell $ Aitken (Nepheronia),
Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. x, 1897, p. 573.
Eronia gsea, Felder, Novara Reise, Lep. ii, 1865, p. 190 ; de N.
(Nepheronia) J. A. S. B. 1885, p. 51.
tf . Upperside : ground-colour a clear pale blue of a much
deeper tint than in P. avatar, Moore ; all the veins defined with
black. Eore wing : costa broadly, apex and terminal margin
very broadly black, this black on the termen narrowed towards
the tornus, and traversed by a transverse subterminal series of
PARERONIA. 279
bluish-white spots that are variable in number ; the spot in
interspace 3 shifted inwards ; sometimes the posterior two spots
of the series are all but joined on to the streaks of the ground-
colour between the veins. Hind wing: dorsal and costal margins
broadly whitish : terminal margin broadly black, especially at
apex, the black area covered, except at the tornus, with specia-
lized opaque-looking scales. Underside : paler blue, the terminal
margins of the wings obscurely fuscous, traversed by a subter-
iniual, very indistinct, transverse series of whitish lunulated spots.
Fore wing: the veins more or less broadly bordered with
black, this edging broadened towards the termen ; apex broadly,
terminal margin decreasiugly to the tornus, suffused with a
somewhat obscure pearly-white lustre. Hind wing: the sub-
costal vein and veins 6, 7, and 8 broadly, the rest of the veins
very narrowly edged with black ; a very fine black line in inter-
space 1. Cilia of both fore and hind wings very narrow and
white. Antennae black, head, thorax and abdomen fuscous, the
thorax clothed with long bluish hairs ; beneath : the palpi, thorax
and abdomen pale silvery bluish-white. — $ . .First Form. Upper-
side : black ; the markings bluish white. Fore wing : cell with
two streaks, the anterior one from the extreme base, the posterior
one from the end of the basal third, but extending beyond the
anterior streak ; below and beyond the cell is a series of streaks
in the interspaces ; the streaks very irregular in length, that in
interspace 1 the longest, angulated anteriorly and divided longi-
tudinally from near its base, the streak in interspace 3 short and
broad forming an elongate spot, those in the anterior interspaces
more or less obliquely placed ; beyond these streaks follows a
subterminal transverse series of spots, of which the spot in inter-
space 3 is shifted inwards and those opposite the apex curved
backwards. Hind wing : costa and dorsum broadly white ; cell
and the interspaces beyond with a series of streaks and sub-
terminal spots, more or less as in the fore wing but more regular j
the streak in cell and interspace 1 divided longitudinally, the
subterminal series of spots evenly curved. Underside : similar to
the upperside, but the ground-colour dull, dusky and diffuse, the
markings broader but less clearly defined ; the apical area on
the fore wing obscured by a powdering of whitish scales. An-
tennae, head, thorax and abdomen much as in the d" but darker.
Second Form. Very like the first, the markings both on the upper
and under sides similar, but the ground-colour on the upperside
of the hind wing at base of interspace 1 a, over the whole of
interspace 1, area of cell and at base of interspace 2 suffused
with bright yellow. On the underside the same areas are dull
ochraceous. The extent of the bright yellow colour on the upper-
side and of the dull ochraceous tint on the underside is variable,
in some specimens more restricted, in others it spreads further
towards the costa.
Exp. cf $ 70-80 ram. (2-76-3-48").
280 PIERIUjE.
Hob. Almost throughout Continental India, except the desert-
tracts ; Assam ; Burma ; Tenasserim ; extending to the Malay
Peninsula.
660. Pareronia pingasa (PI. XVIII, fig. 124), Moore (Eronia),
P. Z. S. 1872, p. 565 ; Butler (Nepheronia), P. Z. S. 1881, p. 612 ;
Davidson fy Aitken (Nepheronia), Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. y,
1890, p. 357 ; Ferguson (Nepheronia), Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. vi,
1891, p. 445.
Nepheronia coinpacta, Butler, Cist. Ent. \, 1874, p. 235.
Eronia naraka, Moore, P. Z. S. 1877, p. 591.
Eronia Valeria, var. naraka, Wood-Mason $ de N., J. A. S. J?.;i880,
p. 237.
Nepheronia fraterna, Davidson, Bdl <$• Aitken (nee Moore), Jour.
Bomb. N. H. Soc. x, 1897, p. 573.
Kesembles P. Jiippia, Fabr., in colour and in the disposition of
the markings, but differs as follows : — <S . Upperside : ground-
colour a deeper blue. Fore wing : the terminal black border
much broader generally, entirely without the transverse sub-
terminal series of bluish-white spots ; in a few specimens there
are one or two of these spots present, but nothing like the series
so conspicuous in hippia. Hind wing : the terminal black border
very broad, narrowing slightly but distinctly towards the tornal
angle. Proportionately this border is even broader than in the
fore wing. Underside : as in hippia. — $ . Closely resembles the $
of P. hippia, but on the upperside the outer black margins beyond
the discal markings on both fore and hind wings are propor-
tionately much broader, the transverse subterminal series of spots
that crosses the wing is further from the terminal edge. On the
underside the terminal black borders are broader and darker, the
subterminal series of spots on apex of the fore and on the hind wing
absent or so very thickly overlaid with the dusky brownish-black
of the terminal margin as to be very indistinct and blurred.
Antenna?, head, thorax and abdomen in both sexes much as in
P. Jiippia.
Exp. 3 $ 78-86 mm. (3-10-3-38").
Hub. Southern India : Kanara,Nilgiris, Mysore, Malabar, Cochin,
Travancore ; South Andaman Islands.
Larva. " Long, cylindrical or slightly depressed and tapering
slightly from the head, which is large, to the tail which ends in
two short strong spines clothed with bristles. The body is
clothed with very minute hairs. Colour green, with a lateral row
of conspicuous white spots from the 5th to the 12th segment
and rows of smaller spots on the back. Food-plant, Capparis
"
Pupa. " Suspended by the tail and by a very long band ......
thoracic portion bent back almost at right angles to the abdo-
minal ; head produced into a very long sharp snout ; wing-cases
forming a keel nearly half an inch in depth, and so thin as to
be almost transparent. Colour uniform pale watery green."
(Davidson <Sf Aitken.)
PAEEIUXNIA. 281
<)61 . Pareronia ceylanica, Fddcr (Eronia), Novara Seise, Lep. ii, 1865,
p. 191 ; Moore (Nepheronia), Lep. Ceyl. i, 1881, p. 138.
Nepheronia fraterna, Moore, Lep. Ceyl.. i, 1881, p. 139, pi. 54,
tigs. 3, 3 a, rf $ ; Hampson, J. A. S. B. 1888, p. 363.
Nepheronia spiculifera, Moore, Lep. Ceyl. i, 1881, p. 139.
Nearest to and very closely resembles P. pingasa, but the hind
wing in all the specimens that I have seen is more rounded, thus
causing the outer black border on the upperside of that wing in
the c? to appear more of an even width throughout. On the fore
wing the outer black border is not narrowed posteriorly as it is in
P. pingasa, but is very broad and of even width from vein 5 to
tornus, at the latter point it is always distinctly broader than it
ever is in 2Mngas(i. — d . Underside : costa, apical half of fore wing
beyond a curved line from costa to tornal angle, and the whole
surface of the hind wing nacreous blue with a lustre much richer
than that in P. hippia or P. pingasa. In individuals of the
smaller dry-season broods, this nacreous blue lustre extends right
up to the termen on both fore and hind wings, through it the
black markings of the upperside are obscurely visible by trans-
parency, but there is no black diffuse heavy terminal shading on
either wing. In specimens of the wet-season broods which also
run distinctly larger, there is a subterminal transverse series of
obscure white spots that is bordered both on the inner and outer
sides by still more obscure dusky Junular markings. — $ . Upper-
side : markings very similar to those in P. pingasa $ , but the
streaks between the veins slightly deeper bluish- white. Under-
side : more or less as in the wet-season form of the d ; the
terminal margins of both fore and hind wings never heavily shaded
with dusky black.
Exp. <S £ 62-76 mm. (2-44-3-00")i
Half. Ceylon ; Southern India : Nilgiri district, Cochin,
Travancore.
LYC-KX ID-t:.
Family
Egg. "Hard, small, numerous, much wider than high, reticulate,
with a whitish, calcareous? accretiou forming au asymmetrical
network of tetragons." (Doherty.)
Larva. In the majority of the genera onisciform, i. e., shaped
like woodlice, but with great diversity of the tegumen : " some of
them are smooth, many clothed with a short down, some with
fascicles of short bristles or regularly disposed tubercles and a few
hairy generally ; several are corrugated dorsally and others pro-
minently humped in one or two places.'' (Trimen.} The forms
in many of the genera are provided with lip-like openings on one
of the posterior segments, from which on the application of certain
stimuli exudes a sweetish liquid much appreciated by ants of various
kinds, that diligently attend such larva) and protect and guard
them against their hymenopterous parasitic enemies, going so far
even as to drive and house them inside their nests. The larvae
and pupae of Curetis and Lipliyra, genera which represent in my
arrangement monotypic groups, are altogether abnormal. Full
descriptions of these are given under the account of the forms
belonging to those genera.
Pupa. Anteriorly rounded and blunt; thorax more or less
humped, body posterior to this constricted; abdomen beneath
flattened ; colour mostly brown or reddish-brown, sometimes
green. In many genera there is a covering of erect hairs which
in a few becomes remarkably dense and long anteriorly. Generally
the pupa is suspended by the cremasteral hooks and secured by a
girth, but there are many exceptions to this, and in some genera
the larva pupates subterraneously.
Imago. Of small or moderate expanse ; shape of wings not so
diversified as in the Papilionidce. Fore wing proportionately
rather hroad and short, the apex and tornus both well-marked,
rarely rounded. In the Indian forms vein 8 is absent in all but
three genera, and in the females but not the males of three others.
Hind wing more variable, but as a rule broadly oval ; in manv
genera narrowed posteriorly or elongate, in others provided with
one or more tails, which may be filamentous and comparatively
short, or long and then generally of appreciable width. Vein 1 a
present ; dorsal margin broad and more or less channeled to
receive the abdomen ; precostal spur absent. Body in proportion
to the expanse of wing stout and robust. Antennas not so
variable in proportionate length as in the NympTialidce,\n the great
majority of the forms stout and not remarkably long. Eyes naked
in some genera, in others with a covering of short erect hairs.
Legs six in number, all functional, used for walking, but the fore
legs in the males " furnished with a "long exarticulate tarsus having
several booklets at the tip, distinct from the ungues " ( Westwood).
On the upperside the wings in this family are, as a rule,
brillinntly coloured — rich blues and purples of various shades and
brown with blue markings are most common ; often these tints
LYC^ENID^E. 283-
have a splendid metallic lustre ; while greens and browns which in
certain lights take on a metallic bronze or golden sheen are less
common. The wings on the underside in a very large proportion
of the genera are protectively coloured with dull shades and
mottlings of purplish or reddish brown, ochraceous and dingy
white, and as the vast majority of the forms in the Lyccmidce
when at rest sit with their wings closed over their backs, their
likeness to the dry and withered leaves and twigs in the under-
growth and bushes which they affect is often startling.
The vast number of forms contained in this family has made
its partition, if possible, into groups more comprehensive than
genera most desirable. Notwithstanding however, considerable
diversity in colouring and in a lesser degree in the shape of the
wings and the absence or presence of certain modifications of the
termen of the hind wing which take the shape of small rounded
projections or lobes or more or less attenuated prolongations, the
so-called tails, the venation and structure of the Lyccenidce as a
whole are very homogeneous, therefore the task of division into
natural groups is by no means easy.
Taking the more modern classifications we have the following : —
In 1884 Mr. "W. L. Distant, in his magnificent work ' Rhopa-
locera Malayana,' proposed a division of the established genera
into three groups or tribes founded primarily on the presence or
absence of a tail or tails to the hind wings. " These ' tails,'
however," as pertinently remarked by de Niceville *, " are some-
times somewhat uncertain characters as genera occur in which
obviously very closely related species differ inter se in the presence
or absence of these delicate filamentous appendages ; in fact it
would appear that the same species (e. g., Nacaduba ardates and
Meyisba malaya) may have both tailed and tailless forms."
In 1886 (' Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal,' vol. Iv,
p. 110) the late Mr. Doherty proposed to divide the Lyccenidce into
six subfamilies on characters founded on the eggs, their shape and
sculpture. To these divisions in a subsequent paper (/oc. cit.
vol. Iviii, 1888, pp. 409, 410) he adds a seventh, but at the same
time suggested the amalgamation of two of the subfamilies
diagnosed in his earlier paper. It is obvious that a classification
such as this, however scientifically accurate, is useless for all
practical purposes both for workers in the field and in museums.
To leave on one side the fact that no museum, so far as I know,
possesses a collection of the eggs of butterflies, it is of common
occurrence that the females of very many forms from which alone
eggs might possibly be procured, are exceedingly scarce, while those of
others, and that no inconsiderable number, are absolutely unknown.
Mr. Scudder brought out his ' Butterflies of the Eastern United
States and Canada' in 1889, but exhaustive and crammed with
information as the work is, it deals with so very limited a fauna
that it has not been found possible to successfully adapt the
arrangement therein proposed to the much richer fauna repre-
sented in British India.
'Butterflies of India,' vol. iii, p. 13.
284 IAXMX1D.T3.
In the year succeeding the publication of Scudder's work the
third volume of the 'Butterflies of India, Burma, and Ceylon,' by
L. de Niceville appeared. I think very few of us who were then
in India, glad and thankful as we were for the work, realized
what a help it was or were properly grateful for it. In this work
de Niceville has given a most exhaustive key to all the Indian
genera of the Lyccenidce, but unfortunately he has only indicated
by head lines the various groups that in his opinion were formed
by certain genera, and gives no account of the characters that
separated group from group. The key to the genera is naturally
very long and is somewhat difficult to follow, but the groups are,
in my opinion, to a Jarge extent natural, and I have, so far as it
was possible, adapted them to the arrangement I propose below.
The only important classification that has followed de Niceville's
is that of Schatz and Rober (' Die Familien und G-attungen der
Tagfalter,' 1892). In this work the Lyccenidce are divided into two
subfamilies — the Theclince-Lyccenidce and the Lepteninw. The
former includes the whole of the Lyccenidce found in the Indo-
Malayan, Eegion, and therefore, so far as the Indian fauna is
concerned, no major divisions of the genera in the family are
attempted by the learned authors.
After a long and careful examination of the venation and
structure in all the Indian genera of the Lyccenidce, I believe I
have arrived at an arrangement that separates them into seven
natural major groups or subfamilies, which are distinguishable one
from the other by purely structural characters. This arrangement
also accords to some extent with the divisions as proposed by
Messrs. Doherty and de JViceville. The characters can be briefly
tabulated as below.
Key to the Subfamilies of the Lycaenida?.
A. Legs abnormal ; either tibiae or tarsi peculiar or
elongated Gerydince.
B. Legs normal as described for the family.
«. Fore wing : veins 5 and 6 approximate at
base, or 0 out of 7 beyond apex of cell,
a'. Fore wing : vein 11 anastomosed with
vein 12 Poritiincv.
V. Fore wing: vein 11 not anastomosed with
vein 12 Arhopalince.
/>. Fore wing : veins 5 and 6 not approximate
at base.
«'. Fore wing : vein 7 terminating at or before
apex of wing on costal margin.
a-. Hind wing : without lobe Lyccenincp.
lr. Hind wing : lobate or sublobate Theclino'.
V. Fore wing: vein 7 terminating after apex
^ of wing on terminal margin.
a". Fore wing : vein 8 absent Curetince.
62. Fore wing : vein 8 present TAphyrinfp.
LYC.ENID-E.
285
WU.
Fig. 72.
Subfani. Gerydiiue.
,, Arhopalince.
I a. Gerydus : fore wing venation
Ib. „ fore leg
II a. AiMypodm: fore wing venation, £ I
lib. „ „ (5 J "
III. Poritia : fore wing venation ,,
IV a. Lyceena: fore wing venation
IV b. „ hind „ „ (tailless section) .
IV c. „ foreleg
V. Lampides: hind wing (tailed section)
VI a. Thecla : fore wing venation j
VI b. „ hind wing sublobate L«*1A« 'n>*.li»,»
VII a. Dcudorix : fore wing venation f ou
VII b. „ hind wing lobate J
VIII. Curetis'. fore wing venation Subfani. Ouretintc.
IX. Liphyra'. fore wing venation ,, Lipliyrinx\
286 LYCJENI1XE.
For the primary division it will be seen that I have chosen the
form of the legs, organs that are functional and in one group,
subfamily Gerydince, are peculiarly modified. For the subdivision
of the very large number of the remaining genera, after separating
the few that come under the Gerydince, the venation of the fore
wing offers good characters. In all genera of butterflies there
seems to be a more or less irregular, sometimes progressive,
shifting of the veins of the fore wing upwards towards the costa
and outwards towards the apex. In consequence of this movement
certain veins become obsolete, and the first of these to disappear
are the outer branches of the subcostal, i. e. veins 8 and 9. In the
Indian genera of the Lyccenida?, the great majority of the forms
have lost vein 8, in a few more genera vein 9 is also absent, and
only (as has already been noted) in three genera are the full number
of veins in the fore wing present in both sexes. Attempts to
form natural major groups founded on the presence or absence of
veins 8 and 9 in the fore wing failed. I turned, therefore, to the
specialization and movement of the median system of veins in the
same wing and found that though in most, if not all, the non-
Gerydine forms, vein (5 had shifted upwards and was emitted close
to the base of vein 7 at the upper apex of the discoidal cell, and
that even in a few forms it had moved still further outwards and
forked from vein 7 beyond the apex of the cell, still in a very
large number vein 5 had retained its place and was emitted from
the point of junction of the middle and lower discocellulars which
were subequal in length ; while in a certain number of forms
vein 5 had also moved upwards and originated close to the bases
of veins 6 and 7. A critical examination of the two non-Gerydine
groups thus formed showed that the division was a natural one, all
those with veins 5 and 6 of the fore wing approximate can, by
other characters and by a fades and style of colouring peculiarly
their own, be separated from the members of the group in which
vein 5 has retained its original place, and at base is not approximate
to vein 6. The minor modifications of the venation in one group,
and of the shape of the hind wing in the other, that redivide the
two sections just mentioned each into two, have possibly less
taxonomical value, but they have the advantage of not separating
closely allied forms. In conclusion, I have been obliged to erect
monotypic subdivisions for Curetis and Liphyra. The forms
tinder these genera seem to me curiously isolated, not so much
perhaps by the venation of the wings in the imago as by the
remarkable abnormalities exhibited in their larval and pupal
states.
It is immaterial, I think, in what order the subfamilies are
taken, but as a matter of convenience I have adopted, so
far as is possible, the sequence and arrangement pursued by
•de Niccville.
287
Subfamily I. GERYDIN^.
Egg. " Less than one-third high as wide, delicately and some-
what obsolescently reticulate, so'.netimes carinate, flat above and
below.'' (Dolierty.)
Larva and Pupa. So far as I know no description of these has yet
been published.
Imago. Wings elongate, delicate and generally of a dull, sober
coloration. Fore wing with eleven veins, vein 9 absent. Hind
wing: all the veins present. Termen in both wings sometimes
uneven and dentate. Antennae moderate, about half length of
fore wing ; club gradual ; palpi rather long, with the third joint
markedly so and slender. Body slender, abdomen proportionately
rather long. Legs remarkablv abnormal ; the first joint of the
tarsi elongate, in one genus flattened also ; another genus has the
tibiae incrassate. The genitalia of the d1 in the Grerydince,
according to Doherty, are peculiar, distinguished by the " long thin
plate-like prehensores resembling the valves of the Papiliouidae."
Fig. 73. — Allot hms harsfieldi, attending an Aphide.
The habits of the members of this subfamily are alike. The
females (at any rate of Gerydus and Allotinus, which I have closely
observed in life) flutter about among low bushes and the under-
growth at the edges of the forest. The males, on the contrary,
sit erect on the upperside of the leaves at the extremity of some
branch of a tree at no great height above the ground, and from
these points of vantage make short, sharp, circling flights,
returning to the same or neighbouring leaf and invariably sitting
with their heads turned towards the open and not towards the
tree. A remarkable habit in one member of this subfamily, viz.
Allotinus horsfieldi *, has been communicated to me by Colonel H.
3. W. Barrow, R.A.M.C. He writes : " I don't know whether you
* Identified'from a drawing kindly sent to me by Colonel Barrow.
288 lA'CJESIDJK.
have observed the habits of a small plain butterfly which 1 caught
in Maymyo. I watched it often in the jungle, sometimes for an
hour at a time. It puzzled me at first to know why it took such
an immense time to settle. It would keep within one yard of a
spot and almost settle, twenty times perhaps, before it actually
did. Its legs are immensely long, and I discovered why. It
settles over a mass of Aphides and then tickles them with its
proboscis, just as ants do with their antennae, and seems to feed
on their exudations. I have not made the butterfly big enough
nor the ant *, and its legs are not long enough. But it would
settle calmly over largish ants and did not mind one or two
actually standing up and examining its legs to see who was there.
The ants did not attack it in any way."
So far as I know this is the first recorded instance of butterflies
being in attendance on Aphides as ants often are.
The subfamily Gerydince contains three genera, the differences
between w hich may be tabulated as below.
Key to the Genera of the Gerydinae.
A. Legs abnormally long ; tibiae of usual form.
«'. First joint of the tarsi elongate, compressed
and flattened GERYDUS, p. 288.
b'. First joint of the tarsi elongate, but not
compressed, cylindrical ALLOTINUS, p. 290.
Pi. Legs normal, short; tibiae outwardly incrassate. LOGANIA, p. 302.
Genus GERYDUS.
Gerydus, Boisduval, Sp. Gen. Lip. i, 1836, pi. 23, fig. 2 ; Distant,
Rhop. Malm/. 1884, p. 205; de Nicevillc, Butt. Ind. iii, 1890,
p. 21.
Miletus, pt., West-wood (nee Hubner) in Doubkday, Westwood $•
Hewitson, Gen. Di. Lep. ii, 1852, p. 502.
Type, G. symethus, Cramer, from the Malay Peninsula.
Ranrje. The Indo-Malayan Eegion.
<S $ . Fore wing : elongate, rather narrow ; costa widely arched ;
apex acute, in c? at times slightly produced, in $ not produced ;
termen convex, more so in the $ than in the J ; tornus in c?
acute, slightly produced, in $ not so acute ; dorsum bisinuate.
long, more than three-fourths the length of costa ; cell closed,
but the discocellulars very slender and faintly marked ; vein 5 at
base equidistant from veins 4 and 7 ; vein 6 from underside of 7
beyond apex of cell, upper discocellular therefore absent; vein 8
absent; vein 9 from middle of 7; vein 10 from subcostal, a little
before apex of cell ; vein 11 from subcostal, at base closer to apex
than to base of cell ; vein 12 terminates on costal margin opposite
upper apex of cell. Hind wing : elongate, pear-shaped ; costa
arched near base and apex, more or less straight in middle ; termen
rounded, curved, in $ angulate at apex of vein 4 ; tornus rounded;
dorsum nearly straight ; cell short, discocellulars more or less
obsolescent ; vein G from 7 beyond apex of cell ; vein 8 long,
* Col. Barrow refers to a sketch be sent me.
GERYDUS. 28i»
strongly curved at base, thence bisinuate to termination at apex
of wing. Antennae a little less than half length of fore wing,
club slender, very gradual ; palpi slender, scaled, not fringed
anteriorly, third joint long ; eyes naked ; thorax and abdomen
elongate, <5 with a subanal tuft of stiff hairs ; legs abnormal,
compressed, the first joint of the tarsi remarkably long, flattened
and broad ; claws minute. Some forms of the genus have, in the
males, a conspicuous sex-mark, that consists of a slight thickening
of the basal portion of vein 4 on the upperside of the fore wing.
Of the Indian forms the following have this sex-mark: —
G. symethus, G. ancon, G. boisduvali, G. longeana, G. biggsii, and
G. irroratus. G. croton only is without it.
Key to the forms of Gerydus.
A. Upperside hind wing: a patch or broad
streak beyond apex of cell white or whitish,
conspicuously paler than ground-colour
of wmg . G. symethus, p. 290.
B. Upperside hind wing : ground-colour more
uniform, no conspicuous white or pale
patch or streak beyond apex of cell.
a. Upperside fore wing : basal half white,
suffused at base with dark or pale brown,
with a longitudinal broad brown streak
extended into the white area.
«'. The white area completely divided by
the brown streak G. ancon, p. 291.
V. The white area not completely divided
by the brown streak G. lonyeana $ , p. 293.
b. Upperside fore wing : basal half of some
shade of brown, not white,
o'. Upperside fore wing : with a more or
less conspicuous discal oblique white
fascia.
a2. This fascia curved, interrupted and
macular posteriorly.
«3. Of comparatively large size, ex-
panse over 40 mm G. croton, p. 294.
i3. Smaller, expanse under 40 mm.
<t l. c? $ • Upperside fore wing :
macular, discal white fascia
narrow, lower spots composing
it well separated ; basal area of
wing not conspicuously paler
than apical area G. boisduvali, p. 292.
b1. c?. Upperside fore wing: ma-
cular, discal white fascia broad,
lower spots composing it not
well separated; basal area of
wing conspicuously paler than
apical area G. lonyeana tf , p. 293.
b2. Discal fascia not curved, not macular,
straight, broadest in middle G. bit/gsti, p. 295.
b'. Upperside fore wing : without a discal
fascia, only a white spot beyond apex
of cell G. irroratus, p. 295.
VOL. II. U
290
<>62. Gerydus symethus, Cramer (Papilio), Pap. Exot. ii, 1779,
pi. 149, figs. B, C, § ; Boisduval, Sp. Gen. Lep. i, 1836, pi. 23, figs.
2 $ , 2 a, 2 b, tarsi of fore leg, <3 %\ de N. Butt, of Ind. iii, 1890,
p. 22.
Symetha pandu, Horsf, Cut. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. 1828, pi. 2, figs. 2,
2 «, c? ? , 2 6-2 «', structure of imago.
c?. Upperside: dusky brownish-black. Fore wing : the ground-
colour darker, almost pure black in fresh specimens, on the apical
third of the wing; a short streak in the middle of interspace 1, a
more outwardly produced similar streak in interspace 2, basal halves
of interspaces 3 and 4, the lower apex of the discoidal cell and the
extreme base of interspace 5, white, all forming a median con-
spicuous irregular white patch on the wing, narrowly traversed
by the veins which are greyish-brown. Hind wing : more uniform,
slightly darker on its anterior half. Underside : light brown with
an ochraceous tint. Fore wing : the median white patch as on
the upperside but larger, its margins less clearly denned, continued
posteriorly to the dorsal margin ; obscure catenulated, incomplete,
transverse, white-margined narrow bands, two at base and two
or three very short ones above the white median patch on the
costal area ; from between the outer two of these latter a trans-
verse, zigzag, very slender, somewhat obscure white line crosses
the anterior portion of the wing to vein 4 ; lastly a pretornal
quadrate brown spot near apex of interspace 1 a and an obscure
subterminal transverse series of slightlv lunular small brown spots ;
the ground-colour terminally paler and more ochraceous than on
the inner portions of the wing. Hind wing: crossed by very
obscure sinuous brown and white slender lines, that on the costal
area form very short, obsolescent, catenulated narrow brown bands ;
a subterminal series of brown slender lunules, sometimes obsolete.
Antennae, head, thorax and abdomen brown ; beneath : paler, the
palpi and thorax more or less white. — $ . Upperside. Fore wing :
dark brown ; base shaded with greyish brown ; the white median
patch as in the c?, but very much larger, its upper margin
irregularly curved ; it is spread over the anterior two-thirds of
the ceil, extends beyond it into the bases of interspaces 4, 5 and 6,
and below the cell it occupies the basal four-fifths of interspaces
1 and 2. Hind wing : costal margin broadly dark brownish ;
wing posteriorly from below the subcostal vein and vein 6 a
beautiful pale bluish-grey ; a broad whitish streak beyond the cell
not reaching the termen. Underside, fore wing : the median
white patch as on the upperside but larger, extending to the dorsal
margin and base of cell ; base of wing, costal margin above the
subcostal vein and conjoined upper discal obliquely-placed patch
greyish brown ; apex of wing whitish, termen between veins 1
and 6 broadly stained with rusty ; a conspicuous rusty pretornal
spot ; some obscure white-margined spots at base of cell and along
costa, and a trans verse subterminal series of black dots. Hind wing :
pale ochraceous white, darkening to rusty brown towards the middle
of the termen ; a subbasal, a median and a discal transverse
GEBYDUS. 291
incomplete macular brown band, each spot in the bands mai-gined on
the inner and outer sides by slender black lines ; finally a subterminal
transverse series of short slender black threads. Antennae, head,
thorax and abdomen as in the cf .
Easp. <$ $ 39-46 mm. (J -52-1-80*).
Hob. Within our limits, Teuasserim. Recorded from Moulmein
and the extreme south of Mergui. Occurs in Malacca ; Sumatra ;
Java ; Amboina ; Sula ; Flores : New Guinea.
A very variable insect, the tone of the ground-colour on the
underside in some very dark, in others lighter and brighter ; the
form of the markings does not vary, but in some specimens they
are very distinctly defined.
603. Gerydus ancon, Doherti/, J. A. & B. 1889, p. 438, pi. 23, fie. 8 ;
de N. Butt, Ind. iii, 1890, p. 23.
J. Upperside, fore wing: basal half or a little more, white, the
outer half jet-black ; the white area encloses a broad, short, black
central streak extended inwards to a dark greyish shading, super-
posed on the white area at the base of the wing : outwardly the
black streak extends slightly along vein 3 and touches the outer
black area, the inner margin of which follows an oblique curve
from the end of the basal third of the costa to vein 3, thence
outwards for a short distance and sinuously downwards to the
dorsal margin ; on this margin the black area covers about one-
fourth of the length from the tornus to the base. Hind wing :
greyish brown, darker towards the costal margin ; an obscure,
broad, white medial streak beyond the apex of the cell not
reaching the terminal margin. Underside, fore wing: base, costa,
apex and terminal margin broadly earthy brown with a slight
rusty tinge ; remainder of the wing white except a large earthy-
brown somewhat diffuse patch below the cell at base of wing and
a postdiscal oblique broad black band that extends from below the
costa to vein 3 ; lastly a subterminal transverse line of minute
black spots. Hind wing : ground-colour uniformly brown with a
rusty tinge ; some obscure mottlings of darker brown on the basal
area, a few scattered black subcostal spots and a short horizontal
macular dark brown band that extends from vein 3 to just short
of the dorsal margin. Antennae, head, thorax and abdomen pale
brown ; beneath : the palpi, thorax and abdomen ochraceous. —
$ . Upperside : similar to that of the c? , but the ground-colour on
the hind wing very much darker and uniform ; on the fore wing
the white area is similar to that in the c? , but is divided into two
portions by a black patch which occupies the whole base of the wing
aud extends in a broad black band along veins 2 and 3, coalescing
with the external black area on the wing. Underside •. similar to
that of the <3 , but on the fore wing the ground-colour on the
costa and terminal area darker brown with no rusty tint, but
with a few obscure macular mottlings ; the patch at base of the
wing is dark blackish brown and is extended along the vein and
joins the oblique postdiscal short dark brown band. On the hind
wing the ground-colour is paler brown without any rusty tint,
but darkens posteriorly. Unlike the <f the wing is transversely
crossed by broken catenulated bands of a darker brown than the
ground-colour, these bands here and there margined on the inner
side by very slender broken black lines and on the outer side by
similar white lines. Antennje, head, thorax and abdomen as in
the c? , but darker.
Exp. rf $ 46 mm. (1'S").
Hob. So far recorded only from Tenasserim.
The above description is drawn up from a single pair in the
British Museum. It seems to be a rare form.
664. Gerydus boisduvali, Moore (Miletus), Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. i,
1857 p 19 pi. 1 a, fur. 1 $; Ehoes (Miletus), Trans. Ent. Sac.
Land. 1888, p. 374; de N. Butt. Ind. iii, 1890, p. 24, pi. 26,
fig. 155 $ .
Miletus cliinensis, Felder, Verb, zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, xii, 1862,
p. 488; id. Novara Reise, Lep. ii,"1865, p. 284, pi. 35, figs. 35, 36.
cJ. Upperside: brown; apical half of fore wing very dark.
Fore wing with a short, curved, discal white fascia, sometimes
obsolescent and very variable in length.
In some specimens it extends from just
beyond the cell to vein 3, with or
without an elongate white spot in con-
tinuation of it in interspace 2 and
another in interspace 1 ; in other indi-
viduals it is longer and reaches vein 2,
with or without a single elongate white
Fi(r 74 spot in interspace 1. Hind wing : uni-
a. GcrJus boisduvali. f°rm, immaculate. Underside : slightly
ft. Foreleg. shiny, silken brown, deepening to
purplish brown towards the termen and
on hind wing. Fore wing : a pale whitish, irregular, somewhat
diffuse discal patch ; cell crossed by six very slender obscure sinuate
white lines, that give the cell the appearance of being crossed by
three short brown bands ; an irregular postdiscal sinuate transverse
series of brown lunules of a shade slightly darker than the ground-
colour, those on the anterior portion of the wing are very slender
and thread-like, those posteriorly broad and formed into somewhat
annular transverse spots, the lower spots cross the discal whitish
area ; a subterminal series of black dots continued along the apical
half of the costa. Hind wing: crossed by more or less obscure,
catenulated, dark brown, interrupted bands that are margined on
the inner and outer sides by short, thread-like, darker, sinuate
lines ; a short, maculate, dark purple, transverse band from the
middle of the dorsum to vein 4 ; and a subterminal series of minute
black dots that is continued both subcostally and subdorsally to
the base of the wing. — $ . Similar to the c? , but the colour and
markings both on the upper and under sides duller. On the
upperside of the fore wing the white fascia is generally but not
always broader. Ou the underside the purplish-brown gloss on
the hind wing is restricted to a small area near the middle of the
termen, the rest of the ground-colour of the wing is dull brown.
The catenulated transverse bands on both fore and hind wings are
however, more distinct. Antennae, head, thorax and abdomen
above and beneath in both sexes uniform dark brown.
Exp. c? 2 34-38 mm. (1-36- 1-5").
Hab. Sikhim ; Chittagong Hill-tracts ; Assam ; Upper and
Lower Burma ; Teuasseriin ; extending to Java.
605. Gerydus longeana, de Mceville, Join: Bomb. N. H. Soc. xii,
1898, p. 141, pi. Z, figs. 15, 16, J ?.
J . Upperside, fore wing : area inside of a discal white fascia pale
brown ; discal fascia variable in breadth, curved, extended from
within apex of cell obliquely outwards to the middle of inter-
space 1, the veins traversing it brownish; rest of the wing uniform
dark brown. Hind wing : very pale brown, darker along the
costal margin. Underside : very pale brown, suffused with fer-
ruginous in the middle of the terminal areas in both fore and
hind wings. This rusty tint is very variable in different indi-
viduals and in some specimens on opposite wings of the same
individual. Markings generally very ill-defined and faint, but
the annular transverse broken bands similar to those on the
underside of the wings in G. boisducali • medial white patch on
fore wing large, extended to the dorsal margin. Antennae, head,
thorax and abdomen pale brown ; beneath : the palpi, thorax and
abdomen slightly paler. — $ . Some specimens exactly similar in
ground-colour and markings to the <5 ; others have the basal two-
thirds of the fore wing white, shaded with pale brown at the base
and with a similarly -coloured longitudinal streak that is broadest
in the middle, extended outwards from the base of the wing, but
not attaining the dark brown apical area, the tint of which is as
in the male. Hind wing : white, shaded with pale brown at
base and with darker brown along the costal margin. Underside :
much as in the d in both the dark and white forms. In the
latter the ground-colour on both fore and hind wings is more
ochraceous, and the annular markings and bands generally more
distinctly defined. Head, thorax and abdomen paler than in the d .
In the white form of the $ they are pale brownish white.
Exp. d $ 36-41 mm. (1-43-1-62").
Nab. Upper Burma ; recorded so far only from the dry zone.
In Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) xix, 1887, p. 266, Messrs. Distant
and Pryer described Gerydus petronius from Northern Borneo,
which the present form closely resembles, and with which it
is possibly identical. Personally, I am very doubtful whether
G. lonyeana is not merely a form of the common G. boisduvali,
Moore, from a very drv locality. The figures in the Journal of
the Bombay Natural History Society seem to me over-coloured.
I have seen no specimen with the rich red tinge on the termen of
the wings on the underside as shown in the plate.
294 LYC&NID./E.
066. Gerydus croton, Doherty, J. A. S. B. 1889, p. 4
de N. Butt. Ind. iii, 1890, p. 25.
S . Upperside : rich dark brown. Fore wing : a narrow very
oblique discal macular streak white, extending from just beyond
lower apex of cell to just above the tornal angle, the lower two of
the spots that compose it small, widely separated and sometimes
obsolescent. Hind wing : immaculate. Underside : paler brown,
in some specimens darker, in others with a purplish gloss espe-
cially on the hind wing. Fore wing : the discal band as on the
upperside but broader, more distinctly defined, and varying from
white to pale ochraceous ; the area below it and up to the base of
the wing very dark brown ; some obscure annular markings along
the costal and on the apical areas. Hind wing : crossed by a
basal, subbasal, prediscal, discal and postdiscal annular bands,
always obscure and more or less broken and interrupted, the
edges of the bands darker than the ground-colour of the wing.
Antennae, head, thorax and abdomen dark brown ; beneath : the
palpi, thorax and abdomen slightly paler brown. — $ . Upperside :
similar, the basal half of the fore and the whole surface of the
hind wings much paler than the apical half of the fore wing ;
the dark and light brown shades on this wing divided by an
oblique white macular streak as in the <3 , only much broader,
with its upper end extended through apex of cell almost to the
costa, and the two spots at its lower end lai'ger, always clearly
defined. Underside : pale ochraceous brown. Fore wing : the
white streak on the upperside replaced by a large white medial
patch extended to the middle of the dorsum, the outer edge
irregularly festooned and its centre occupied by a very dark,
broad, fuscous streak, that extends outwards from the base of the
wing but does not attain the brown on the apical area; costa.
and apical areas with the appearance of obscure dark-edged
annular markings. Hind wing : crossed by similar annular
markings that are always interrupted and broken. Both fore
and hind wings with a subterminal line of minute black dots.
Antennae, head, thorax and abdomen coloured like those of the
male, but generally paler.
Exp. <5 2 43-50 mm. (1 -70-1-98").
Hob. So far recorded only from Tenasserim and Upper Burma.
I am in doubt whether this is not a large form of G. boisduvali
from well-fed larvae that pupate and come to maturity during the
rainy season ; but in the .lour. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc. xii, 1898,
at p. 142, the late Mr. de Kiceville stated that the males of
G. boisduvali had, and the males of G. o-oton had not, the sex-
mark peculiar to Gerydus. This is so in the few specimens of
the males of the two forms that I have had an opportunity of
examining, arid may serve further to distinguish small males
of croton from large males of boisduvcdi.
GERYDUS. 295
667. Gerydus biggsii, Distant, Rhop. Malay. 1884, p. 206, pi. 22,
fig. 12 $ ; de N. Butt. Ind. iii, 1890, p. 24.
d" . Upperside : dark brown. Fore wing : base up to a broad
obliquely-placed white fascia that crosses the wing paler brown ;
the fascia extends unbroken from the costa to just above the
tornal angle and is broadest in the middle. Hind wing: uniform,
immaculate. Underside: greyish brown. Fore wing: with a large,
medial, anteriorly somewhat rounded, white patch, that extends to
the dorsal margin ; base, cell and costal margin with some trans-
verse annular markings more clearly denned than in G. boisduvali ;
an anterior, postdiscal, transverse series of slender dark lunules
and a subterminal series of black spots. Hind wing : ground-
colour with a purplish gloss ; basal, subbasal, discal and postdiscai
transverse annular curved bands more or less obscure and incom-
plete, followed by a subterminal series of black dots. Antennae,
head, thorax and abdomen brown ; beneath : the palpi, head,
thorax and abdomen slightly paler. — 5 . Very closely resembles
the cT both on the upper and under sides, but the oblique discal
white fascia on the fore wing above is distinctly narrower, and on
the underside the ground-colour is paler than in the tf ; the trans-
verse annular markings on both fore and hiud wings much more
clearly denned. Antennae, head, thorax and abdomen as in
the d.
Exp. rf ? 38-41 mm. (1-52-1-62").
Hob. Lower Burma ; Tenasserim ; Malay Peninsula ; Sumatra.
A very distinct form that does not seem to vary much.
668. Gerydus irroratus, Druce (Miletus), P.Z.S. 1874, p. 106.
Gerydus stygianus, Sutler, A. M. N. H. (5) xiii, 1884, p. 194.
Gerydus irroratus, var. assamensis, Uoherty, J. A. S. B. 1891,
p. 37, pi. 1, fig. 7.
?c?. Upperside : fuliginous brown. Fore wing: a comparatively
large, oval, pale or whitish spot surrounding the base of vein 4, but
not entering the cell. Hind wing : uniForm, immaculate. Under-
side : pale greyish-brown. Fore wing : ccsta, cell and basal area
anteriorly with very obscure, transverse, annular markings ; the
basal area posteriorly with a dusky diffuse patch, bordered ex-
teriorly by a very ill-defined, pale, brownish-white cloud ; a post-
discal, somewhat obscure, very slender lunular white line and some
subterminal black dots. Hind wing : with transverse, annular,
broad, brown, curved bands showing distinctly on the paler
ground-colour ; a subterminal transverse series of black dots.
Antenna?, bead, thorax and abdomen brown ; beneath : the palpi,
head, thorax and abdomen paler.
Exp. J 41 mm. (1-62").
Hob. Described originally from Siam. Procured by Mr. Doherty
within our limits in Assam : Dhansiri Valley ; Naga Hills. Ter-
nate ; Amboina.
Notwithstanding that Siam and Ternate and Amboina are such
296 LYOJENIDJE.
widely-separated localities, I believe G. stygianus, Butler, = G. irro-
ratus, Druce, = G. irroratus var. assamensis, Doherty. The type
of stygianus is in the collection of the British Museum and agrees
absolutely both with the too short description of irroratus by
Druce, and with the figure of var. assamensis, Doherty, in the
Jour. Asiatic Society of Bengal.
Genus ALLOTINUS.
Allotinus, Felder, Novara Reise, Lep. ii, 1865, p. 285 ; de Niceville,
Butt. Ind. iii, 1890, p. 27.
Paragerydus, Distant, Rhop. Malay. 1884-1886, pp. 207 & 451 ;
de Niceville, Butt. Ind. iii, 1890, p. 25.
Type, A. unicolor, Felder, from the Malayan Subregion.
Hange. The Indo-Malayan Region.
6 ?. Tore wing*: somewhat narrow and elongate ; costa widely
arched ; apex acute in d , more rounded in the $ ; termeii
straight or slightly convex ; tornus bluntly angulate ; dorsum
straight ; cell about half length of wing ; vein 6 from basal third
of 7 beyond apex of cell, upper discocellular therefore absent,
middle and lower discocellulars subequal ; vein 8 absent, 9 out of
7 not far from apex of wing, 10 from upper apex of cell, 11 from
apical half of subcostal. Hind wing* : elongate, oval ; costa and
dorsum long, very slightly arched ; termen regularly curved,
minutely dentate ; apex and tornus not well-marked. Antennae
long, longer than half length of fore wing, club gradual ; palpi
erect, slender, third joint long, aciculate ; eyes naked ; body long
and slender, especially in the <5 ; legs very long and slender, the
first joint of the tarsi remarkably so, but not flattened as it is in
Gerydus. — <$ without secondary sex-marks.
Key to the forms of Allotiuus.
a. Fore wing: apex acutely and very narrowly
produced ; termen conspicuously dentate,
tornus acutely produced and curved
downwards, dorsum Insinuate A. dnnnila, p. 297.
b. Fore wing : acute in rf but not produced,
generally blunt in $ ; termen not den-
tate or very slightly dentate, tornus
^ bluntly angulate, dorsum straight.
a'. Fore wing upperside : with a curved
more or less ill-defined white discal
fascia A. multintn'ffatus, p. 298.
b' . Fore wing upperside : with a more or less
ill-defined elongate oval spot or broad,
short, straight discal streak.
n-. This spot or streak comparatively
narrow and small, dull white or
brownish white A. lorffMdi, p. 299.
* A. drumila, Moore, a remarkable and very aberrant form, has the outline
of the wings somewhat different.
ALLOTIXUS. 297
//2. This spot or streak very broad, tinged
•with blue A. subviolaceus, p. 300.
<:' . Fore wing upperside : uniform brown
without a discal streak.
«-. Fore wing underside : apex broadly
suffused with brown, not con-
colorous with rest of wing. Exp.
over 30 mm A. tarn*, p. 300.
b~. Fore wing underside: apex not suffused
with brown, coucolorous with rest
of wing.
d'\ Fore and hind wings underside
c? $ with a distinct anticiliary
comparatively broad brown line.
5 . Hind wing produced at apex
of vein 4 into a well-marked
triangular tooth. Exp. <$ $ 34-
38 mm A. panormis, p. 301.
It :!. Fore and hind wings underside :
J $ without an anticiliary line.
5 . Hind wing not produced at
apex of vein 4. Exp. 23-28 mm. A. nivalls, p. 301.
6G9. Allotinus drumila, Moore (Miletus), P. Z. S. 1865, p. 777, pi. 41
fig. 12 ; de N. Butt. Ind. iii, 1890, p. 28.
Miletus insignis, Staudinger, Ex. Schmett. p. 269, pi. 94, $ non tf .
c? Upperside : earthy brown. Fore wing : costa at base and a
broad outward discal streak from beyond apex of cell curved
downwards towards but not reaching
the tornal angle, dull white, diffuse
at the edges ; apex and termen
broadly very dark blackish-brown.
Hind wing : costal margin above the
subcostal vein and in a line with it
up to the termeri similarly very dark
blackish-brown, the rest of the brown
colour uniform without any white.
F. ,., 6 Underside, fore wing : dull pale brown,
a. Allotinus dntmila. costal margin and disc mottled with
b. Fore leg. small catenulated spots of dark brown ;
cell with three short transverse bars
of dark brown, the middle bar extended below the cell but not
reaching the dorsum ; a white curved discal band as on the
upperside, but obscure, diffuse and ill-defined, merged with a
pale area along the middle of the dorsum ; termen broadly mar-
gined with dark rusty brown that has more or less of a mottled
appearance. Hind wing : dull pale brown thickly mottled
with catenulated spots and strigaj of dark rusty brown ; catenu-
lated, somewhat broken, transverse irregular bands of the latter
colour cross the base, middle and apex of the cell ; a similar
short band is placed at right angles to the dorsal margin and
curving slightly upwards terminates at vein 3. Antennae dark
298 LYCJENID;E.
brown ; head, thorax and abdomen rusty brown ; beneath :
the palpi, thorax and abdomen narrowly whitish. — $ . Upperside :
white. Fore wing : apical, terminal and tornal areas black, the
inner margin of the black commences just before the middle of
the costa, and runs obliquely outward in a sinuous curve to base
of the apical fourth of vein 2, thence it is produced for a short
distance inwardly along that vein and terminates at the middle
of the dorsal margin. Hind wing : a broad black stripe along
the costal margin ; the termen somewhat narrowly pale yellowish-
brown. Underside : white, the markings somewhat variable.
Fore wing : costa, apex and termen with minute earthy-brown
speckles, sparse along the costa, more dense on the termen ; on
the latter they coalesce "and form a brown smudgy border that is
bounded on the inner side by a curved, postdiscal, more or less
clearly defined, narrow, yellowish-brown band ; cell crossed trans-
versely by a basal, a medial and an apical short similar band;
the medial band darkened in colour and continued almost to the
dorsum, the apical band along the discocellulars. Hind wing :
with minute brown speckles, more or less lightly and irregularly
stained with rusty brown ; basal half with obscure, transverse,
narrow, macular, earthy-brown bands that are well-defined only
anteriorly, the basal one produced up to the dorsum ; a short
dark-edged transverse band from the tornus to vein 4 running
parallel to the costal margin, the lower edge of the band acutely
and irregularly dentate ; the terminal and tornal areas below this
band washed with earthy brown. Antenna?, head, thorax and
abdomen as in the rf but very much paler.
Exp. <j 2 45-52 mm. (1-75-2-20").
Hab. Sikhim ; Bhutan ; the hills of Assam.
G70. Allotinus multistrigatus, de Niceville, J. A. S. B. 1886, p. 253,
pi. 11, figs. 11 & 2, rf $ ; Shoes, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1888, p. 373 ;
ile N. Butt. Intl. Hi, 1890, p. 29, pi. 26, figs. 157, 158, rf $ .
c? . Upperside : dark brown. Fore wing : a broad, medial, pale
curved patch. Hind wing : immaculate. Underside : paler, duller
brown ; markings on both fore and hind wings a darker brown,
nearly all very slenderly encircled or edged with dull white.
Fore wing : anterior half very closely, the lower disc more
sparsely sprinkled with dark brown spots and specks that vary
very much in size ; cell with a basal, a medial and an apical short
transverse dark brown band ; a postdiscal similar but more irregular
band made up of detached spots ; the dorsal margin broadly paler
and nearly free of the dark brown specks and spots; finally
a terminal obscure series of dnrk brown lunules. Hind wing*:
minute dark brown specks and spots similar to those on the fore
wing, three basal detached spots in transverse row ; a medial
macular dark brown band that crosses the cell and is continued
to the dorsum ; a large dark brown spot at apex of cell with a
similar spot above that touches the costa, and another below it at
base of interspace 3 ; a broad, curved, macular, discal dark brown
ALLOTINUS. 299
band, its uppermost spot well-detached, the others confluent ; lastly
the termen shaded with dark brown. Antenna?, head, thorax and
abdomen dark brown ; beneath : the palpi, thorax and abdomen
paler. — $ differs from the c? as follows: — Upperside, fore wing :
a conspicuous broad, very oblique medial band that consists ot:
a large, white, somewhat irregularly-shaped spot beyond apex
of cell and two spots placed obliquely outwards en echelon below
it. Underside: the dark brown markings on the pale brown
ground-colour similar in shape and character but far more clearly
defined and prominent, the slender white edgings to the minute
spots and specks very conspicuous. Antennae, head, thorax and
abdomen as in the J •
Exp. <? $ 50-53 mm. (1-98-2-10").
Bab. TheJHimalayas from Kumaon to Bhutan at low elevations ;
the hills of Assam ; the Chittagoug Hill-tracts.
671. Allotinus horsfieldi, Moore (Miletus), Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. C.
i, 1857, p. 19, pi. la, fig. 2 rf ; Distant (Paragerydus), Rhop.
Malay. 1884, p. 207, pi. 20, tig. 7 $ ; de N. (Paragerydus) Butt.
Ind. iii, 1890, p. 26, pi. 26, fig. 156 <$ .
3 . Upperside : brown. Fore wing : an elongate oval pale patch
beyond apex of cell. Hind wing : uniform, immaculate. Under-
side : dull white. Both fore and hind wings with numerous short,
slender, transverse strigaB and minute dots, brown. Fore wing :
dorsal area near base below the cell but not further outwards more
or less free of spots and strigse ; a narrow brown transverse spot
across cell near the base, another across the middle, and a third at
the apex of the same ; a postdiscal, sinuate, irregular, macular,
transverse, broad brownish line followed by a subterminal series
of similarly- coloured minute spots. Hind wing : two or three
very broken similar transverse broad curved lines, sometimes
clearly marked and the detached portions indicating a definite
band, in other specimens very irregular and out of line with one
another ; this is followed by a subterminal series of minute brown
dots as on the fore wing. Antennae, head, thorax and abdomen con-
colorous with the wings ; beneath : the palpi, thorax and abdomen
more or less speckled with whitish. — $ . Similar, but in all speci-
mens I have seen invariably smaller. Upperside : ground-colour
of the same brown shade as in the d , the pale postcellular patch
on fore wing replaced by a diffuse medial patch that spreads into
the cell. Hind wing : as in the d1 . Underside : also similar in
ground-colour and markings to that of the d , but the markings
broader, more clearly defined, and less macular. Antenna?, head,
thorax and abdomen as in the d •
Evp. d $ 28-48 mm. (M2-1-92").
Hob. Assam ; Burma ; Tenasserim ; Malay Peninsula ; Sumatra ;
Java : Borneo.
The markings on the underside are extremely variable, no two
specimens being alike. Two females from Eangoon have the post-
discal transverse macular markings on the underside very like the
same markings in the forms of the genus Cyaniris.
300 Ll'C^ENIDJE.
672. Allotinus subviolaceus, FeUler, Novara Reise, Lep. ii, 1866
p. 286, pi. 35, tigs. 27, 28.
Allotinus alkamah, Distant, Rhop. Malay. 1886, p. 452, pi. 44
fig. 3 d"; de N. Butt. 2nd. iii, 1890, p. 30.
c? . Upperside : brownish black. Fore wing : a medial area from
base broadening outwards and extended to a little past the apex of
cell, violaceous. This pale area varies very much in width and
extent. In typical specimens from Java it is most restricted, but
in those from the Malay Peninsula and Tenasserim (allcamah,
Distant) it occupies a much larger extent of the wing. Hind
wing : a broad medial longitudinal violaceous streak not extended
to the termen. Underside: pale brownish white with darker
specks, spots and transverse striae. These markings on both fore
and hind wings tend to coalesce and form broken transverse bands,
the detached portions of each band placed more or less en echelon
one with the other. Antennae, head, thorax and abdomen pale
brown ; beneath : the palpi almost white, the thorax and abdomen
paler than on the upperside. — $ . Upperside : similar to that of
the d1 , but the violaceous area on both fore and hind wings of
much greater extent. Underside : also similar to that of the c? »
but the ground-colour brighter with a tinge of yellow ; the
markings more ochraceous than brown, more conspicuous and
prominent. Antenna?, head, thorax and abdomen as in the c?
but paler.
Exp. <$ $ 34-40 mm. (1-36-1-56 ').
Hab. Within our limits found in Lower Burma and Tenasserim ;
extending through the Malayan Subregion to Java.
673. Allotinus taras, Doherty, J. A. S. B. 1889, p. 437, pi. 23,
fig. 10 J; de N. (Paragerydus) Butt. Ind, iii, 1890, p. 27.
<S . Upperside : similar to that in A.horsfieldi but uniform, with
no pale elongate patch beyond apex of cell. Underside : dull
white. Fore wing : the apex and termen anteriorly shaded with
brown, the basal two-thirds with transverse brown spots and
strigae, the former varying much in size, some only minute specks;
the dorsal margin to some extent nearly free of these brown
specks, spots and strigae. Hind wing: no brown shading, but
similar transverse markings of brown specks, spots and strigaj;
a very obscure and incomplete, subbasal, very narrow, transverse
brown band, followed by a discal /igzag similar band much broken
anteriorly. Antenna3, head, thorax and abdomen brown ; the
palpi, thorax and abdomen speckled with white. — $ . Similar in
ground-colour and markings to the tf , but differs as follows : — a
pale diffuse patch on the upperside of the fore wing from base, but
not extended above the posterior half of the cell above, or out-
wards to the terminal margin. Underside : the broad immaculate
margin to the dorsum of the fore wing broader and whiter than in
the c? , and in all specimens that I have seen both fore and hind
ALLOTINUS. 301
wings with a well-defined subterminal series o£ dark brown spots.
Antennae, head, thorax and abdomen as in the J .
Exp. 6 $ 33-38 mm. (1-29-1-50").
Hob. Eecorded so far only from Tenasserim and the Chittagong
Hill-tracts.
074. Allotinus panormis, Ehves (Doherty MS.), P. Z. S. 1892, p. 619,
pl. 43, figs. 8, 9, rf ? .
cJ $ . Very close to A. nivalis, Druce. <S . Uppersi.de : uniform
dark brown ; cilia of both fore and hind wings paler browu, shading
outwardly into whitish brown. Underside : white, with nume-
rous short transverse brown strigae and minute spots, which are
absent, however, along the basal two-thirds of the dorsal margin ;
terminal margin of both fore and hind wings with a narrow anti-
ciliary brown line. Fore wing : cell with short basal, medial and
apical, slightly sinuate, transverse brown bars, beyond which is a
complete bisinuate discal series of lunules of the same colour,
followed by a subterminal series of white, somewhat triangular,
small spots, edged or centred with black. Hind wing : a trans-
verse basal, curved, interrupted series of lunules, a broader lunule
at apex of cell, and a discal transverse series of lunules, all
similar in colour and shape to those on the fore wing : the sub-
terminal line of white black-centred small spots also as in the fore
wing. Antennae, head, thorax and abdomen dark brown ; beneath :
the palpi, thorax and abdomen dull white tinged with brownish. —
$ . Similar, with similar markings, but, according to the figure on
the plate accompanying Mr. Elwes' paper *, with the termen of
the hind wing subdentate and acutely triangular, produced at apex
of vein 4.
. d 34, "$> 36" mm. (1 -33-1-5").
Recorded within our limits from the Karen Hills ; Burma ;
Malay Peninsula ; Perak ; Diugding Island.
Exp.
Hob.
675. Allotinus nivalis, Druce (Miletus), P. Z. S. 1873, p. 348;
Distant (Paragerydus), Rhop. Malay. 1884, p. 207, pl. 22,
fig. 11 £ ; de N. Butt.Ind. iii, 1890, p. 30, pl. 26, fig. 159 $ .
Logania substrigosa, Moore, J. A. S. B. 1884, p. 22.
S • Upperside : dark brown. Fore and hind wings uniform,
immaculate. Underside : white. Fore and hind wings with
minute specks and short, very slender, transverse striae, pale brown.
In addition, the following similarly- coloured larger spots and
transverse markings : — Fore wing : cell crossed by three obscure
transverse short narrow bands, the medial band sometimes pro-
duced posteriorly, but in no specimen that I have seen extended
* I have not had an opportunity of examining a $ .
302 LYC.ENID.E.
to the dorsal margin ; beyond apex of cell is another pale
brown, twice-interrupted, discal similar transverse band, and
beyond that a subterminal transverse line of dark spots. Hind
wing : a conspicuous dark subcostal spot and some obscure short
transverse detached brown bands ; a subterminal row of black
spots as on the fore wing. Antennae, head, thorax and abdomen
brown, the antennae darker towards their apices ; beneath : the
palpi, thorax and abdomen much paler. — $ . Upperside : similar
to that of the J , but in all specimens that I have seen darker,
with the apex of the fore wing of a deeper brown tint. Under-
side : also similar to that of the <$ , the markings more ochraceous
than brown, the fore wing at apex and along termen more or less
faintly suffused with brown.
Exp. cf $ 23-28 mm. (O'90-l'lO").
Hab. Tenasserim : Thaungyin Valley ; Dawnat Range ; Ye
Valley ; southwards to Mergui ; extending to Malacca and Borneo.
Genus LOOANIA.
Logania, Distant, Rliop. Malay. 1884, p. 208, woodcut, posterior leg
of L. malayica ; de N. Butt. Ind. iii, p. 31.
Malais, Doherty, J. A. S. B. 1889, p. 436.
Type, L. malayica, Distant, from Malacca.
Range. Burma ; Tenasserim ; Malacca ; Sumatra ; Borneo.
c? $ . Fore wing : costa arched ; apex angulate but not pro-
duced ; termen just below apex concave, then strongly convex to
tornus, acutely but not broadly dentate; tornus more or less
obtuse; dorsum straight, about seven-eighths the length of the
costa ; cell about half length of wing ; vein 6 out of 7 from beyond
apex of cell, upper discocellular therefore wanting, middle and
lower straight, erect ; vein 8 absent, vein 9 out of 7 from apical
third ; veins 10 and 11 free, from apical half of subcostal. Hind
wing : elongate pear-shaped ; costa long and nearly straight ; termen
strongly curved and acutely denticulate ; dorsum straight, a third
shorter than the costa ; cell broad at apex, about half length of
wing ; vein 7 from just before apex of cell ; vein 8 long, termi-
nating at apex of wing. Antennae half length of fore wing, club
gradual ; palpi hairy, long, third joint very slender : legs : tibiae
incrassate ; first joint of tarsi cylindrical, elongate as in Allotinus.
Key to the forms of Logania.
<t. Upperside fore -wing: basal bluish-white
area extended from costa to dorsum ;
underside hind wing : with obscure trans-
verse dark brown bands ................ L. marmorata, p. 303.
-6. Upperside fore wing : basal bluish-white
area more restricted, not extended quite to
costa nor dorsum ; underside hind wing :
only mottled with brown, with no trace of
transverse bands L. watsoniana, p. 303.
•c. Upperside fore wing : without basal bluish-
white area ; disc with a large dull whitish
spot L. massalia, p. 304.
•076. Logania marmorata, Moore, J. A. S. B. 1884, p. 22; id. Jour.
Linn. Soc. xxi, 1886, p. 39, pi. 3, fig. 7 ; de N. Butt. Ind. iii, 1890,
p. 33, frontispiece fig. 128.
6 . Upperside : brownish black. Fore wing : basal half violaceous,
the outer margin of this colour extending in a curve from the
middle of the costal margin to the dorsutn, about one-fourth of the
length of the latter from the tornal angle. Hind wing : the basal
and discal areas paler violaceous, this colour not extended above the
middle of the cell anteriorly nor to the dorsal margin posteriorly,
towards the termen it stops well short of the margin. Underside :
white, heavily and somewhat irregularly mottled with dusky black.
On the fore wing these mottlings are most dense subterminally,
and form an obscure transverse band : on the hind wing they
coalesce and form very obscure basal, medial, discal and sub-
terminal bands, the three former distinct only near the costa, the
subterminal band in the middle. Antennae, head, thorax and
abdomen pale brownish-white ; beneath : the palpi, thorax and
abdomen still paler, almost white.
Exp. J 25 mm. (0-98").
Hal. Eecorded so far only from Tenasserim.
The above description is drawn up from a single specimen now
in the British Museum, procured by myself in the Haungtharaw
Valley in Tenasserim. I have not seen a $ , and neither Moore
nor de Niccville give the sex of the types, which were procured in
Mergui and are now in the Indian Museum.
•G77. Logania watsoniana, de Nicevilk, Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. xii,
1898, p. 143, pi. Z, figs. 17, 18, rf $ .
<S . Upperside : white. Fore wing : apex and termen very broadly
brownish black, the inner margin of the black area angulated
outwards in the middle of interspace 3, the basal third of the wing
suffused with very pale greyish-blue, the costal and dorsal margins
up to the black area sullied with pale brownish. Hind wing : the
costal area from base to termen in a line above the cell brownish
black, the white on the posterior half of the wing more or less
stained and sullied with brownish. Underside : white. Fore
wing : costa and apex mottled with brownish, termen broadly
brownish black, cell from base with a broad diffuse fuscous patch
that extends below the median vein and outwards on to the disc.
Hind wing : densely and more or less uniformly mottled with
fuscous brownish-black. Antennae, head, thorax and abdomen
fuscous brown above and beneath. — $ . Upperside : similar to that of
304 LYCJF.NIDJ;.
the cf , but differs as follows : — Fore wing : base outwardly to beyond
the cell strongly suffused with bluish grey, only the upper apex of
the white area with the ground-colour distinctly showing through ;
apex and termen more broadly and more densely black. Hind
wing: entirely bluish grey, the costal margin broadly irrorated
with dusky scales. Underside : as in the J , but the costa, apex
and termen broadly in the fore wing, as well as the whole surface
of the hind wing, mottled with brownish ; the scaling of this coloiTr
forms irregular spots and patches especially on the hind wing,
which has a blotched appearance compared \vith the same wing in
the cf • The basal fuscous cloud extends into the medial white
area in the fore wing as in the d . Antennae, head, thorax and
abdomen similar to those of the d" -
Exp. 6 2 30-32 mm. (1-20-1-28").
Hob. Eecorded so far only from the Northern Shan States,
Upper Burma.
678. Logania massalia, DoJterfy, J. A. S. B. 1891, p. 37, pi. 1, fig. 8 $ ;
Ehccs, P. Z. S. 1892, p. 620.
c? . Upperside : dark brown. Fore wing : a medial dull whitish
spot at base of interspace 3 extended upwards on to vein 4
and below into interspace 2. Hind wing : uniform, immaculate.
Underside : very pale dull brown, with darker brown mottlings
and striae, that on the fore wing are absent on a broad streak from
base outwards along the basal half of the dorsum, this area pale
brown without markings ; a dark obscure spot at apex of cell and
an incomplete similarly obscure dark transverse discal band. On
the hind wing the mottlings coalesce and form three or four very ill-
defined, obscure, transverse, somewhat broad bauds. The antennae
in the only specimen of the J that I have seen were wanting;
head, thorax and abdomen dark brown. Sex-mark : the base of
vein 4 swollen and bare of scales. — $ . " Above black, a round dull
white discal area on the fore wing from just above the upper
median (vein 4) almost to the submedian vein (vein 1). Below
irregularly speckled and variegated ; fore wing with the costal
and apical parts ochreous brown, the rest blackish. Hind wing
also tinged with ochreous, a submarginal dark area, and obscure
dark transverse bands. Hind wing not angled, the margin entire."
(Doherty.)
Exp. rf 30 mm. (1-2*).
Hob. Assam : Margherita ; Shillong.
The type, which is a $ and now in Mr. Elwes' collection, is in
bad condition. I prefer, therefore, to quote Mr. Doherty's
original description. The description of the <3 is taken from a
specimen in my own collection.
305
Subfamily II. LYC^NIN^E.
Egg. " Less than half as high as wide, concave above, widest
above the middle ; reticulations coarse *and asymmetrical."
(Doherty.)
Larva. Of the slug-like shape peculiar to the family Lyccenidce ;
tegumeu rough, finely wrinkled, minutely tuberculate, or hairy.
Colour generally green, the back marked with darker colours,
sometimes pink. The larvae of several forms are known to be
carnivorous.
Papa. Short and thick, as a rule finely hairy.
Imago. Variable in size, but none very large. This subfamily
contains some of the smallest butterflies in the world, the male
of Zizera gaika is only 15| mm. ; that of Chilades trochilus
still smaller. Colouring on the upperside generally blue or
purple, many very beautifully metallic or shining. A few are
dull-coloured, dark or pale brown. Venation of the wings and
general structure very similar in all the forms, making it difficult
of division into good and easily recognizable genera. The margins
of the wings are invariably entire ; in no Indian form are they
dentate, scolloped, or irregular ; the hind wings in a very large
number are tailed close to the tornal angle ; this appendage is
short and filamentous, never in this subfamily either long or of
appreciable width ; lornal area of the hind wings never lobate,
sublobate, or toothed, as in the Arhopalince and Thedince, from
the former of which it is further distinguished by the difference in
venation of the fore wing.
The key to the genera, subjoined below, is more or less artificial,
and is intended as a guide only in the difficult work of identifica-
tion. The sequence of the genera (not in the key but in the
succeeding text) is 7iearly as possible that followed by de Niceville
in the ' Butterflies of India.'
Key to the Genera of the Lycsenina3.
A. Hind wing : without tails.
a. Fore wing : vein 11 anastomosed with
vein 12.
a'. Hind wing: costa arched.
a2. Underside fore and hind wings : with
terminal markings, and on latter wing
costal and dorsal markings also, but
no discal markings PITHECOPS, p. 307.
b'2. Underside fore and hind wings : with
some discal markings always present.
a3. Eyes smooth ZIZERA, p. 355.
b3. Eyes hairy AZANCS p. 361.
//. Hind wing : costa straight or slightly [p. 368.
concave OKTHOMIEI.LA,
306
LYC^NID^E.
b. Fore wing : vein 11 not anastomosed Avith
vein 12.
a'. Fore wing : veins 8 and 9 absent NEOLYCJENA, p. 353.
V. Fore wing : vein 8 absent, vein 9 present.
a2. Upperside: brown with never any blue
or purple colouring. (
a3. Underside fore and hind wings : with
terminal, and on latter wing with
costal and dorsal markings also ; no
discal markings NEOPITHECOPS,
b3. Underside fore and hind wings: with [p. 309.
discal markings.
«*. Antennas gradually thickened at
apex, no distinct club.
a5. Underside fore and hind wings :
with numerous transverse
brown strigae, not spots. Tibiae
of fore legs not remarkably
thick SPALGIS, p. 310.
bs. Underside fore and hind wings :
with numerous rounded dark
spots, not strigae. Tibiae of
fore legs remarkably thick. . . .
b\ Antennae with a distinct spatulate
club MEGISBA (tailless
ft2. Upperside : with blue or purple form), p. 313.
colouring.
a3. Fore wing : veins 6 and 7 well sepa-
rated at base.
a4. Hind wing : veins 3 and 4 closely
approximate at base, emitted from
lower apex of cell CHILADES, p. 364.
6*. Hind wing: veins 3 and 4 well
separated at base, vein 3 emitted
from before, 4 from lower apex
of cell LYC^NA, p. 334.
b*. Fore wing: veins 6 and 7 closely
approximate at base,
n*. Antennae comparatively short,
about half length of fore wing. •
Underside markings slight and
delicate CYANIRIS, p. 315.
b*. Antennae compai'atively long, well
over half length of fore wing.
Underside markings coarse and
large NIPHANDA, p. 370.
B. Hind wing : with one or more short filamen-
tous tails close to tornal angle *.
«. Hind wing : with three tails LYC^ENESTHES,
b. Hind wing : with one tail. [p. 372.
a'. Fore wing: veins 11 and 12 anastomosed
but fine at base and apex.
«*. Eyes hairy NACADUBA, p. 381.
b''. Eyes not hairy.
a3. Fore wing ; veins 6 & 7 approximate
at base ; upperside hind wing : with
a large patch of orange posteriorly . TALICADA, p. 375.
Except in the genus Xacaduba, in which a few tailless forms occur.
PITHECOPS. 307
b3. Fore wing: veins 6 and 7 well
separated at base ; upperside hind
wing : either concolorous or with
markings of blue or black.
a*. Hind wing: vein 3 from before,
4 from lower apex of cell EVERES, p. 377.
b4. Hind wing : veins 3 and 4 from a
point or 4 out of 3 beyond lower |CASTA 42h
Hp(?X OI Cell \m * A -| *>
b'. Fore wing: veins 11 and 12 extended <1ABU m >P-4i'-
close together, sometimes touching but
not anastomosed.
a2. Eyes not hairy MEGISBA (tailed
6*. Eyes hairy, or if smooth then veins 11 form), p. 313.
and 12 of fore wing not touching.
«3. Fore wing: veins 6 and 7 closely
approximate at base POLYOMMATUS,
b3. Fore wing : veins 0 and 7 well sepa- [p. 432.
rated at base CATOCHRYSOPS,
c'. Fore wing: veins 11 and 12 not anasto- [p. 410.
mosed, but an oblique short bar between
them near base LAMPIDES, p. 396.
Genus PITHECOPS.
Pithecops, Horsfield, Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. 1828, p. 66 ; de N. Butt.
Ind. iii, 1890, p. 48.
Type, P. liylax, Fabr., from Java.
Range. Indo-Malayan Region.
cf $ . Fore wing : elongate ; costa strongly arched ; apex
rounded ; termen convex ; dorsum straight or very slightly
sinuous; cell about half length of wing; upper discocellular t
very oblique, almost longitudinal, thickened; middle and lower
discocellulars slender, almost vertical, slightly concave, subequal ;
vein 3 from well before lower apex of cell, vein 4 from lower apex
of cell, vein 5 from cell at junction of middle and lower disco-
cellulars ; vein 6 from upper apex of cell, its base well separated
from base of vein 7 ; vein 8 absent ; vein 9 out of middle of 7,
10 free, 11 anastomosed with vein 12 ; vein 12 ending on costa
very nearly opposite or a little before apex of cell. Hind wing :
elongate oval ; costa slightly arched, termen very strongly rounded
and arched, apex and termen both rounded, dorsum straight.
Antennae slightly longer than half length of fore wing, club
comparatively broad and spatulate ; eyes naked ; palpi subporrect,
second joint thickly clothed with adpressed scales, third joint
aciculate.
Two forms are known from within our limits.
* Eyes hairy in one form.
t I take the upper discocellular to be the veinlet between bases of veins 6
and 7. In Pithecops, as in a very large number of the genera of the Lyc&nidts,
the general movement of the veins upwards towards the costa lias caused this
vein to fall into line with the subcostal, and to become to all appearance a
portion of that vein.
x2
308
Key to tlic forms o/ Pithecops.
«. Upperside : ground-colour in both sexes brown,
with no blue gloss ....................... N P. hylax, p. 308.
b. Upperside : ground-colour rf brown, disc of fore
and hind wings shining blue ; ground-colour $
blackish ................................ P. fulgent, p. 308.
Horsfold, Cat.
' de N. Butt.
679. Pithecops hylax, Fabr. Syst. Ent. 1775, p. 526 ; H
Lep. Mus. E. I. C. 1828, p. 66, pi. 1, figs. 2, 2 a, 2 b;
Ind. iii, 1890, p. 49, pi. 26, fig. 161.
d $ . Upperside : brown, in fresh specimens generally uniform,
in some slightly paler along a posterior area from base outwards
on the fore wing. This is more common in the $> than in the tf .
Underside : milk-white. Fore wing : a few very obscure specks
along the costa, and a postdiscal transverse series of four transversely
elongate spots, or short broad lines, pale brown ; the spots of the
latter arranged two subcostal and two posterior close to the tornal
angle ; beyond these is a continuous transverse broad brown line
that gets paler posteriorly, from costa to dorsum, followed by a
subterminal series of similarly-coloured transverse spots, one in
each interspace ; at the apex these are generally coalescent with
the inner brown line ; lastly an anticiliary dark brown line. Cilia
dark brown. Hind wing : a curved postdiscal series of transverse
pale brown spots that terminate at the costa in a prominent large
round black spot ; a continuous broad pale brown curved line
followed by a subtermiual dark brown series of spots and an anti-
ciliary line as on the fore wing. Cilia white. Antennaa, head,
thorax and abdomen brown ; the antenna? spotted with white on
the inner side ; beneath : the palpi, thorax and abdomen white.
Exp. d1 $ 11-13 mm. (0-46-0-53").
Hob. Sikhim ; the hills of Assam, Arracan, Burma and Teuas-
serim ; extending well into the Malayan Subregiou.
680. Pithecops fulgens, Doherty, J.A.S. B. 1889, p. 127, pi. 10, fig. 6 ;
de N. Butt. Ind. iii, 1890, p. 50.
cJ . Upperside : dark brown ; medial two-thirds from base to
disc of both fore and hind wings glossed with brilliant shining
blue. Underside : very similar to the underside of P. hylax, but
on both fore and hind wings the transverse outer postdiscal line is
ochraceous rather than pale brown ; on the hind wing the inner
postdiscal series of transverse spots is wanting and the large
round subcostal black spot placed further towards the apex of the
wing. Antennae, head, thorax and abdomen much as in P. Tiylax.
— $ . Upperside : blackish brown without any suffusion of blue.
Underside : similar to that of the tf . Cilia of fore wing pale, of
hind wing white.
Exp. c? $ H-13 mm. (0-46-0-53").
Hob. Eecorded only from the hills of Assam.
NEOPITHECOPS. 309
Genus NEOPITHECOPS.
Neopithecops, Distant, Rhop. Malay. 1884, p. 209 ; dc N. Butt. Ind.
iii, 1890, p. 61.
Pithecops, Moore (nee Horsfield), Lep. Ceyl. i, 1881, p. 72.
Parapithecops, Moore, J. A. S. B. 1884, p. 20.
Type, N. zalmora, Butler, from the Malay Peninsula.
liange. India, Assam, Burma, Ceylon, the Andaman Islands,
and Malay Peninsula.
(5 5 . Fore wing : broader proportionately than in the genus
Pitliecops ; costa arched but less rounded at apex ; termen convex,
tornus well-marked, dorsum straight ; cell distinctly longer than
half the length of the fore wing ; venation much as in Pitliecops,
but all the veins wide apart and distinct, vein 11 not anastomosed
with vein 12. Hind wing also not so narrow proportionately as
in PitJiecops; cell considerably longer. Antennae more than half
length of fore wing ; club well-marked, but long, concave, or
excavate on the inner side ; eyes naked ; palpi as in Pitliecops, but
the third joint stouter, longer proportionately and more blunt at
apex.
A single form is known from within our limits.
G81 . Neopithecops zalmora, Butler ( Pithecops), Cat. Fabr. Lep. B. M.
1869, p. 1(31 ; de N. Butt. Ind. iii, 1890, p. 53.
Pithecops hylax, Moore (nee Fabr.}, P. Z. S. 1877, p. 587.
Pithecops dharma, Moore, Lep. Ceyl. i, 1881, p. 72, pi. 34, fig. 4 J .
Parapithecops gaura, Moore, J. A. S. B. 1884, p. 20.
Neopithecops horsfieldi, Distant, Rhop. Malay. 1884, p. 210, pi. 22,
fig. 16 c?.
Wet-season brood. — c? 5- Upperside: dark purplish brown; in
the 5 slightly paler on the disc of the fore wing. In most specimens,
but not in all, the d1 also has the disc of the fore wing similarly paler.
Underside : white. Fore wing : apex dusky brown, apices of
veins 10, 11 and 12 with a minute black dot ; no discal markings,
but the discocellulars picked out with a short, very slender, obscure
brown line ; a postdiscal, irregular, transverse series of slender
brown lunules, followed by a transverse, very slender, sinuous
brown line, the white ground-colour in the interspaces beyond
centred by a subterminal series of transverse black spots. Hind
wing : discocellulars with a short brown line similar to that on
the fore wing, followed by a subdorsal small round black spot,
and a subcostal much larger similar spot ; between these two
spots is a curved, very irregular line of detached pale ashy-brown
lunules ; the subterminal markings very similar to those on the
fore wing. Cilia of fore wing dusky brown, of hind wing white.
Antennae, head, thorax and abdomen dark brown ; the antenna?
on the inner side speckled with white ; beneath : the palpi, thorax
and abdomen white.
Dry-season brood. — <$ $ . Differs from specimens of the wet-
season brood as follows : — Upperside'. ground-colour not so dark
generally. Fore wing : a large oval snow-white spot placed
310 LYCjEKIDJE.
obliquely on the disc. Hind wing: apex and disc irregularly
white ; on the posterior half the ground-colour a shade darker
than on the anterior half. Underside : ground-colour and markings
similar to those of specimens of the wet-season brood, but the
markings very much paler and fainter ; in specimens taken in the
middle of the dry-season in exceptionally dry localities these mark-
ings are altogether absent. Antennae, head, thorax and abdomen
on the upperside paler than in the wet-season brood.
Exp. d $ 16-28 mm. (0-61-1-12*).
Hob. India : Eastern Himalayas ; Bengal : Malda, Calcutta,
Orissa ; Southern and South-western India, but not recorded from
Bombay; Ceylon; Assam; Burma; Tenasserim; the Andamans ;
extending to the Malay Peninsula.
This form is subject to much seasonal variation. The type in
the British Museum is a specimen intermediate between the wet-
and the dry-season broods, in which the disc of the fore wing on
the upperside is much paler, with a small spot of white in the
middle. The Pithecops dharma of Moore has the same spot, larger,
but no white on the upperside of the hind wing ; while 1\ gaura,
Moore = the dry-season form.
Genus SPALGIS.
Lucia, pt., Westivood in Dblday., Westw. 8f Hewitsoris Gen. Di. Lep.
ii, 1852, p. 501.
Spalgis, Moore, P. Z. S. 1879, p. 137; de N. Butt. 2nd. iii, 1890, p. 54.
Type, S. epius, Westw., from India.
Range. The Indo-Malayan Eegion.
d" $ . Fore wing : costa slightly arched ; apex well-marked, not
rounded ; termen convex ; tornus bluntly angulate ; dorsum
straight : cell about half length of wing ; vein 3 from before lower
apex of cell; 5 from junction of middle and lower discocellulars,
these latter subequal ; veins 6 and 7 closely approximate, from
upper apex of cell, upper discocellular therefore absent ; vein 8
absent ; vein 9 from apex of basal third of 7 ; 10 and 1 1 free,
from apical third of subcostal. Hind wing: costa somewhat
straight ; apex, termen and tornus roundly arched ; cell about half
length of wing ; upper discocellular very oblique, middle and
lower vertical ; veins 3 and 4 from lower apex of cell ; 5 from
middle of cell : 7 from a little before upper apex of cell. Antennae
about half length of fore wing, club long and gradual ; palpi
subporrect, third joint short, about one-third the length of the
second. Legs short, of the usual Lycaenid form.
Key to tlie forms of Spalgis.
a. J $ . Upperside : brown ; fore wing with a
quadrate white spot beyond cell, small in J ,
larger and somewhat diffuse in $ S. epius, p. 311.
b. S $ • Upperside : dark brown ; fore wiug with-
out a quadrate white spot beyond cell in <3 , [p. 311.
typically a slight pale patch in $ S. cjnus, race nubilus,
SPALGIS. 311
682. Spalgis epius, Westwood (Lucia) in Dblday., Wesiw. $ Heiv. Gen.
Di. Lep. ii, 1852, p. 502, pi. 76, fig. 5 $ ; Moore, P. Z. S. 1879,
p. 137 ; id. Lep. Ceyl. i, 1881, p. 71, pi. 34, figs. 1, 1 «, 1 b, <$ $ ,
larva & pupa ; de N. Butt. Ind. iii, 1890, p. 55, pi. 26, fig. 136 rf .
Race nubilus.
Spalgis nubilus, Moore, P. Z. S. 1883, p. 522 ; Distant $ Pryer,
A.M.N. H. (o) xix, 1887. p. 266; de N. Butt. Ind. iii, 1890,
p. 56.
^ . Upperside : dull brown, slightly darker towards the apex of
the fore wing ; also a more or less quadrate whitish spot beyond
the apex of the cell on the same wing ; in some specimens this
spot is slightly diffuse. Underside : pale, silky, brownish- white ;
fore and hind wings crossed by numerous, very slender, short,
sinuous, transverse, dark brown strigse which are outwardly
slenderly edged with brownish-white of a shade paler than that of
the ground-colour ; both wings with an anticiliary dark brown line
with on the inner side a similar edging. Fore wing, in addition,
with an oval white spot beyond the cell. Cilia of both fore and
hind wings of the same shade as the ground-colour of the wings.
Antennae, head, thorax and abdomen pale brown, club of antennae
ochraceous at apex ; beneath : the palpi and thorax brownish -grey,
abdomen pale brown. — $ . Upperside : slightly paler brown.
Fore wing : the ceil and apex darker ; a white spot similar to that
in the <5 but larger, beyond the apex of the cell ; in most specimens
extended diffusely outwards and downwards. Hind wing :
similar to that of the c? . Underside : precisely as in the tf .
Antennae, head, thorax and abdomen paler than in the <5 .
Exp. S $ 22-28 mm. (0-86-O10").
Huh. Sikhim ; Bhutan ; Malda ; Calcutta ; Southern India ;
Ceylon ; Assam ; Burma.
llace nubilus, Moore. — A very slightly differentiated race distin-
guishable as follows : — d1 $ • Upperside : ground-colour much
darker brown. Fore wing : apex of cell with a black spot, no
white spot beyond in d1 , a duller brown slightly diffuse area in $ ,
otherwise as in the typical form. Underside: ground-colour
darker, with a purplish-grey silky lustre; markings as in the
typical form. Antennae, head, thorax and abdomen similar to
those of the typical form but darker.
Exp. d $ 20-28 mm. (0'79-MO").
Nab. Ceylon ; the Andamans ; Nicobars.
There are two almost typical specimens of this race of epius in
the British Museum collection labelled Trincomali, Ceylon. The
Nicobar specimens that I have seen are all slightlv paler both on
the upper and under sides, and one or two of the females are
barely separable from typical epius.
312
Genus TARAKA.
Taraka, de Niceville (Doherty MS.}, Butt. Ind. iii, p. 57.
Type, T. Jiamada, Druce, from Sikhim.
Range. Sikhim eastwards through Assam to China and Japan,
southwards through Burma and Tenasserim to Java.
d" $ . Fore wing : in shape much as in Spalyis, but the termen
not so convex ; cell proportionately shorter, not quite half length
of wing ; discocellulars very slender but all present, upper very
short, lower the longest, slightly concave ; vein 8 absent, vein 9
from middle of 7; 10 and 11
^ree' ft'om apical natf °f SUD"
costal; 12 short, ending on
costa before apex of cell,
Hind wing : costa bluntly
subangulate near base, then
straight to apex; apex roundly
produced ; termen convex ;
Fig. m-TomA* tomato. tfpnus rounded ; dorsum very
a. Venation fore wing. slightly arched ; cell short,
b. Antenna and palpus. not half length of wing ;
vein 3 from a little before
lower apex of cell; vein 7 from a little before upper apex of
cell ; vein 8 long, strongly curved upwards at base, then straight
nearly to apex of wing. Antenna slender, not nearly so stout as
in Spalgis, club very gradual ; palpi subporrect, third joint sub-
fusiform, about half the length of the second ; eyes naked ; body
slender ; legs proportionately short, very stout ; the tibia? of the
fore legs incrassate in the middle, clothed with soft, fluffy, long
hair-like scales ; tarsi exarticulate in both sexes.
683. Taraka hamada, Druce (Miletus), Cist. Ent. \, 1875, p. 361 ;
Slices (Miletus), P. Z. S. 1881, p. 882 ; de N. (Miletus), J. A. S. B.
1883, p. 76, pi. 1, fig. 16$; de N. Butt. Ind. iii, 1890, p. 58,
pi. 26, fig. 164 $ .
c? 2 . Upperside: uniform very pale brown, somewhat paler in the
2 , the black spots of the underside faintly apparent by transparency.
Underside : white, with round black spots and markings as follows : —
Fore wing : a spot at base of wing followed in transverse order
by two spots, again two spots, then an irregular row of five spots
that crosses near the apex of cell, the lower two coalescent, beyond
that another curved row of five spots, tw-o of which are in inter-
space 3, then a complete curved series of outwardly-pointed and a
terminal series of inwardly-pointed similar spots. The spots of the
last series cross a well-marked but very slender anticiliary black
line, and thus cause the white cilia to the wing to be alternated with
black. Hind wing : similarly crossed by five rows, all of which
are more or less curved outwards, of black spots, followed by a
TABAKA. — MEGISBA. 313
slender uninterrupted anticiliary black line. Antenna?, head,
thorax and abdomen brown, shafts of the antennae ringed with
white, apex of club ochraceous : beneath : the palpi, thorax and
abdomen white.
Exp. rf $ 20-28 mm. (0-79-1-10").
Hub. Sikhim ; the hills of Assam, Burma and Tenasserim ;
extending to the Malayan Subregion and to China and Japan.
The description above is taken from Sikhim specimens, but as
a ride both Sikhim and Burmese specimens have a very pale brown
to a perfectly white patch in the middle of the fore wiug, and very
often the hind wing also with much white on it. Japanese
specimens are much darker and more uniform above.
Genus MEGISBA.
Megisba, Moore, Lep. Ceyl. i, 1881, p. 71 ; de N. Butt. Ind. iii, 1890,
p. 60.
Pathalia, Moore, J. A. S. B. 1884, p. 21.
Type, M. malaya, Horsfield, from India.
Range. Indo-Malayan Region.
3 $ . Fore wing : costa slightly arched, more so in the $ than
in the 61 ; apex bluntly angulate in the <$ , somewhat rounded in
the $ ; termen convex ; tornus rounded but well-marked ; dorsum
slightly sinuous ; cell about halt' length of wing ; upper discocellular
thickened, longitudinal, with an appearance of forming part of the
subcostal vein ; vein Tending on costa well before apex of wing, vein 8
absent, vein 9 from middle of 7 ; veins 10 and 11 free, the latter
slightly bent upwards towards vein 12 but not touching the latter ;
vein 12 short, ending on costa well before apex of cell. Hind wing :
shape more or less as in Taraka ; cell proportionately shorter ;
vein la very short, not half length of dorsum; veins 3 and 4
approximate, from lower apex of cell ; vein 8 as in Taraka. Antennae
long, comparatively stout, longer than half length of fore wing ;
club well-marked, shorter and more abrupt than in either Spalyis
or Taraka ; palpi subporrect, third joint subclavate, a little longer
than the second joint, longer in the 5 than in the <S ; eyes naked ;
body moderately slender ; legs normal.
684. Megisba malaya, Horsfield (Lycama), Cat. Lep. Mus. E. 1. C. 1828,
p. 70; Elwes, Trans. Ent. &oc."l888, p. 375, pi. 11, fig. 1 rf; de N.
Suit. Ind. iii, 1890, p. 01, pi. 26, fig. 165.
Megisba thwaitesi, Moore, Lep. Ceyl. i, 1881, p. 71, pi. 34, figs. 3,
3 a, 3 b, ^ 5 , larva & pupa.
Megisba sikkima. Moore, J. A. S. E. 1884, p. 21.
Pathalia albidisca, Moore, J. A. 8. B. 1884, p. 21.
Megisba gunga, Sicinhoe, P. Z. S. 1885, p. 133, pi. 9, fig. 7.
Wet-season brood. — c? $ • Upperside : from dull somewhat pale
brown to dark brown, some specimens nearly uniform, others with
a more or less distinct pale discal patch on the fore wing. Hind
wing: uniform; a slender short filamentous tail at apex of vein 1,
314 LYCJENIDJB.
very often absent. Underside: white. Fore wing: with the
following bro\vn markings : — a spot in cell, a transverse short line
on the discocellulars, a postdiscal curved series of transverse spots
or very short bars that cross the wing from costa to dorsum and
are in irregular echelon one with the other, followed by a slender
transverse broken line, a subterminal series of broader transverse
spots and an auticiliary slender line ; at apex of wing the markings
are diffuse and form a very small browu-shaded patch, while
further inwards along the costa veins 10, 11 and 12 terminate in
a minute brown dot. Hind wing : three spots near base in trans-
verse order, a large, conspicuous, rounded, subcostal and a smaller
similar spot near the middle of the dorsum, black ; between the
latter two and also along the discocellulars are some irregular
much paler brown transverse spots on the disc, which are followed
as on the fore wing by an outer postdiscal, very slender brown
line, a subterminal series of brown or black spots, and a black
anticiliary line. Cilia of fore and hind wings white, turning to
dark brown at apex of fore wing. Antennae, head, thorax and
abdomen dark brown, the antennae ringed narrowly with white ;
beneath : the palpi, thorax and abdomen snow- white, the third,
slender acicular joint of the palpi conspicuously brown.
Dry-season brood. — <5 $ . Very similar to the wet-season brood,
but the fore wing on the upperside bears a large, oval, obliquely-
placed conical patch that extends from the middle of the dorsal
margin to vein 4. In certain specimens * this white bar or
patch is continued on to the hind wing. Underside: similar
to that of the wet-season form but all the markings broader,
coarser, more prominent. Fore wing : costa and apex in some
specimens broadly shaded with diffuse fuscous brown ; the
outer postdiscal brown line formed into a series of lunules that
extend outwards slenderly along the veins and join the anticiliary
brown line, thus enclosing in the interspaces a series of spots of
the white ground colour, each of which is centred with a black
or dark brown subtriangular spot. Hind wing: the terminal
markings modified as on the fore wing ; the spot in interspace 3
of the subterminal series larger and more prominent than the
others, the large subcostal black spot often broken by an anterior
and a posterior silvery spot superposed on it. Antenna?, head,
thorax and abdomen as in specimens of the wet-season brood but
slightly darker above.
Exp. rf $ 23-33 mm. (0-9-1-3").
Hob. The Himalayas from Kumaon to Sikhim ; Peninsular
India : Calcutta, Orissa, Ganjam, Poona, the Nilgiris, Travaucore ;
Ceylon ; Assam ; Burma ; Tenasserim ; Andamans ; Nicobars ;
extending far into the Malayan Subregion.
* Pathalia. alhidisca (= M. malaya), Moore, type of Moore's genus Pathalia.
CYANIBIS.
315
Fig. 77.
c. Venation, genus Lyccena.
It. Venation, genus Cyauiris.
Genus CYANIRIS.
Cyaniris, Dalman, Kongl. Vctensk. Acad. Handl. xxxvii, 1816, pp. 63,
'94 ; Moore, Lep. Ceijl. i, 1881, p. 74 : Distant, Rhop. Malay. 1884,
p. 210 ; de N. Butt. Ind. iii, 1890, p. 92.
Lycaenopsis, Felder, Nocara Reise, Lep. ii, 18G5, p. 257.
Type, (7. aryiolus, Linn., from Europe.
Range. Nearetic, Palaearctic, and Indo-Malayan Regions,
c? $ . Fore wing : broad and short ; costa nearly straight, very
slightly and broadly arched ; apex blunt ; termen slightly convex;
tornus more or less rounded ; dorsum very slightly sinuate, nearly
straight, about five-sixths the length of the costa ; cell about half
the length of wing ; veins 6
and 7 closely approximate at
base, upper discocellular there-
fore very short or absent, middle
and lower discocellulars very
slender, subequal, slightly
oblique ; vein 3 from before
lower apex of cell, 4 from apex,
6 from upper apex of cell,
8 absent, 9 emitted from basal
half of 7, 10 and 11 free, 12
bent towards 11, terminated on
costa fully a third before apex
of cell. Hind wing : irregularly and broadly oval ; costa, slightly
but distinctly arched ; apex and termen in continuation strongly
curved ; tornus somewhat angular ; dorsum slightly arched ; cell
about half length of wing, middle discocellular shorter than lower ;
veins 3 and 4 from lower apex of cell. Antenna? not half length
of fore wing, club long and spatulate ; eyes naked ; palpi sub-
porrect, clothed with short adpressed scales, third joint fusiform,
bare ; body slender. Wings of thinner and more delicate appearance
than in the closely allied genus Lyccena.
Key to the forms of Cyauiris.
A. <5 . Upperside : costal margin broadly edged
with black, this colour extended into and
along anterior half of cell.
a. Expanse over 35 mm C. vardhana, p. 318.
b. Expanse well under 35 mm.
a', c? with more or less of white on upper-
side of fore wing.
a2. <3 $ . Underside : markings small,
delicate, often obsolescent; that in
interspace 4 of fore wing vertical,
not placed obliquely to rest of post-
discal series ." C. akasa, p. 318.
b'2. c? $ . Underside : markings com-
paratively large, coaise ; never ob-
solescent; that in interspace 4 of
fore wing placed very obliquely to
rest of postdiscal series C. marginata, p. 319.
316
b'. c? without a trace of white on upperside
of fore wing ...................... C. melccna, p. 320.
B. c? • Upperside : costal margin not or only
narrowly edged with black ; this colour not
extended into the cell.
a. Expanse over 40 rnin ................. C. hueyeli, p. 333.
b. Expanse well under 40 mm.
a', c?. Upperside fore wing : apical fourth
to apical third black.
<r. c? • Upperside fore wing : with more
or less of a discal white patch.
a3, d1. Upperside fore wing : terminal
black edging reduced posteriorly
to an anticiliary slender line .... C. alboccemlea, p. 321.
b3. J . Upperside fore wing : terminal
black edging distinctly broader
posteriorly.
a*. Underside: markings small, deli-
cate and sometimes more or less
obsolescent ................ C. trnnspecta, p. 322.
"• ™ * Iarge-
<J. Upperside fore mng : without , p. 324.
any iscal white patch.
a3. Underside : markings small, regu-
larly placed : fore wing : spots in
postdiscal transverse series more
or less rounded ................ C. cliennelli, p. 327.
b3. Underside : markings large, some-
what irregularly placed ; fore wing :
spots in postdiseal transverse
series elongate.
«4. Upperside : ground-colour pur-
plish blue; underside bluish , & (wet,season
., T?vhlte:; ........ ;"; ....... / brood), p. 323.
tr. upperside: ground-colour much '
paler lilac-blue ; underside dull
chalky-white .............. C. lilacea, p. 324.
b'. Upperside fore wing: with less than
apical fourth black.
a2. Underside : ground-colour uniform
rather dark silky grey, with no trace
of white or blue ................ C. victoria, p. 329.
b~. Underside : ground-colour white or
bluish-white.
aj. J . Upperside fore wing : with a
discal white patch.
a4, d • Upperside fore wing : discal
white patch small, clearly de-
fined and limited ............ C. albidisca, p. 325.
b4. J . Upperside fore wing : discal
white patch large, diffuse.
«'. d1 • U pperside fore wing : ter-
minal black line or narrow
band not dilated towards
apex .................... C. dikcta, p. 331.
CYANIRIS. 317
£5. <5. Upperside fore wing ; ter-
minal black line or band
distinctly dilated towards ( Q ijynteana (dry.season
lr\ J . Upperside' fore' wing':' without ' br°°d)> P' 33L
a discal white patch.
«4. Underside: ground-colour bluish
white ; base of hind wing
with no irroration of bluish
scales concolorous with rest of
wing.
a5, tf. Upperside fore wing : ter-
minal black edging dilated
towards apex.
a°. c? . Upperside : non-irides-
cent purplish-blue.
a7. Underside : markings
coarse, irregularly placed;
that in interspace 4 of
postdiscal series on fore
wing very oblique .... C, placida, p. 326.
i7. Underside: markings deli-
cate, regular, en echelon
with one another.
a8. Upperside hind wing :
with a subtenninal ( C.jynteana (wet-season
series of black spots. . \ brood), p. 331.
bs. Upperside hind wing :
without a subterminal
series of black spots. . C. miisina, p. 328.
//. r?- Upperside : brilliant
deep iridescent blue .... C. cyanescens, p. 326.
A3, c? . Upperside fore wing : ter-
minal black edging not dilated
towards apex.
«6. Underside fore wing : post-
discal series of dark spots
obliquely placed, distinctly
closer to terminal margin
of wing posteriorly than
anteriorly C. lanka, p. 330.
i6. Underside fore wing : post-
discal series of dark spots
not obliquely placed as
close to terminal margin
of wing anteriorly as pos-
teriorly.
a7, c?. Upperside: blue with
a brilliant silvery irides- I C. hiteyeli, race singa-
cence in certain lights . . j Itnsis, p. 333.
b~. c?. Upperside: non-
iridescent purplish blue . C. linibata, p. 329.
• ft4. Underside : ground-colour snow-
white with a pearly lustre; a
conspicuous irroration of bluish
scales at base of hind wing . . C. avlestina, p. 332.
318 LYCJENIDJE.
685. Cyaniris vardhana, Moore (Polyommatus), P. Z. S. 1874,
p. 572, pi. 06, fig. 6cf; id. 1. c. 1882, p. 244; de N. Butt. Ind.
iii, 1890, p. 95.
c? . Upperside, fore wing : costa, apex and termen very broadly
dusky black ; at apex this colour occupies more than a third of
the wing in some specimens, and in most is carried narrowly along
the dorsal margin to the base ; the remainder of the wing pale
iridescent blue ; the discocellulars marked by a jet-black, very
prominent, short, posteriorly acute bar. Hind wing : costal margin
broadly shaded with dusky black, the rest of the wing pale
iridescent blue, the posterior veins black, very prominent. Under-
side : pearly-white, the bases of the wings slightly glossed with
blue. Tore wing: a short broad line on the discocellulars, three
upper discal spots placed obliquely beyond it, the anterior two
mere minute dots and a postdiscal inwardly oblique series of
three larger spots, all dark brown. Hind wing: uniform with
a few minute dark brown spots, of which a basal spot in inter-
space 7 and another further outwards in the same interspace are
the most conspicuous. Cilia of both fore and hind wings white.
Antennae, head and thorax dark brown, the antennae as usual
ringed with white ; beneath : the palpi, thorax and abdomen
white. — $ . Very similar to the J , differs as follows : — Upperside,
fore wing : the disc white, very faintly irrorated with iridescent
blue ; the discocellular bar broader. Hind wing : the dusky-
black edging to the costa broader, the dorsuin broadly pale, the
blue from base outwards to disc consequently more restricted ; a
subterminal very ill-defined series of dusky spots followed by the
usual anticiliary black line. Underside : ground-colour similar
to that of the male, the markings similar but larger and more
prominent. Antennae, head and thorax as in the d" .
Exp. c? $ 40-42 ram. (1-58-1-66").
Hob. North- West Himalayas : Busahir to Naini Tal.
686. Cyaniris akasa, Horsfield (Polyommatus), Cat. Lei). Mus. E. I. C.
1828, p. 67, pi. l,figs. 1, la; Moore, Lep. Ceyl. i, 1881, p. 75,
pi. 34, fig. 5rf; deN. Butt. Ind. iii, 1890, p. 95.
cJ . Upperside, fore wing : black ; a medial triangular area that
extends from base outwards to the disc white, suffused at base
and anteriorly with iridescent blue that
spreads upwards on to the black of the
costa ; along the dorsum the black ground-
colour is much paler, in most specimens
diffuse fuscous. Hind wing : white, basal
third and costal margin broadly suffused
Fig- 78. tt'ith fuscous, the fuscous at base pos-
Cyaniris akasa. teriorly overlaid with iridescent blue ; a
subterminal series of fuscous-black dots
and a distinct but very slender black anticiliary line. Underside :
white very slightly tinged with bluish ; markings all fuscous
CYAK1EIS. 319
black, minute and very slender. Fore wing : a short discocellular
line followed by an anteriorly, strongly curved, discal series of
very short detached lines and a more or less obsolescent trans-
verse series of subterminal dots. Hind wing : three subbasal
dots in transverse order ; a short line on the discocellulars ; a
spot below the middle of the costa with a smaller spot below it ;
a posterior discal irregular sinuous series of five or six minute
spots and a perfectly regular subterminal series of similar spots.
Cilia of both fore and hind wings white. Antennas, head, thorax
and abdomen blackish, the antennae ringed with white ; beneath :
the palpi, thorax and abdomen snow-white. — $. Very similar.
Upperside : the white area much more extended on both fore and
hind wings. On the former it spreads well into the cell, on the
latter three-fourths of the wing are white ; the dusky basal and
costal areas much more restricted than in the 3 . The iridescent
blue suffusion is in many specimens entirely absent, in a few very
faintly indicated ; the subterminal series of black dots so distinct;
in the 3 are generally faint and obsolescent. Underside : as in
the c? but the markings less distinct. Antenna?, head, thorax
and abdomen as in the rf .
Exp. rf $ 28-29 mm. (MO-1-14").
Hob. Southern India : Nilgiri, Anaimalai and Palni Hills ;
Ceylon ; extending to Java.
687. Cyaniris marginata, de N., J. A. S. B. 1883, p. 70, pi. 1,
fig. 9 d ; Moore P. Z. 8. 1883, p. 523, pi. 48, fig. 6 rf : Doherty,
J. A. S. B. 1886, p. 134 ; de N. Butt. Ind, in, 1890, p.' 96.
Wet-season brood. — d" . Upperside : black. Fore wing : a
posterior, medial, somewhat triangular area rich iridescent blue ;
the outer margin of this area passes from base through the middle
of the cell to a little beyond the apex of the latter, then curves
sharply round ana is continued obliquely to the dorsum at about
two-thirds of the distance from base to tornus ; outwardly this
area is pure white, the discocellulars marked with a slender black
tooth. Hind wing : with a similar but more sharply triangular
and somewhat dusky blue area limited by the broad black border
on the costal margin that occupies fully the anterior third of the
wing, is curved sharply round at the apex and forms a somewhat
narrower border to the termen ; posteriorly the dorsum is still more
narrowly duskv black ; superposed on the terminal black border
is a curved series of small bluish lunules, each lunule outwardly
margined by an intense black spot of a shade darker than the
black along the termen. Underside : white with a faint bluish
tint. Fore wing : with the following fuscous-black markings : — a
line on the discocellulars, a transverse outer discal series of spots or
short bars one in each interspace, the spot in interspace 3 pointing
obliquely outwards, that in interspace 4 still more oblique, forms
an angle with the one above it, lastly the spot in interspace 6
shifted well inwards ; a postdiscal slightly curved line of trans-
verse lunules, succeeded by a subterminal series of spots and a
very slender anticiliary line. Hind wing : a black spot close to
320 IXCJESIDX.
base on the dorsal margin succeeded by a transverse series of three
conspicuous black spots, with a still more conspicuous rounded
similar spot further outwards about the middle of the costa ; a
line on the discocellulars, some irregularly placed spots on the
disc and postdiscal, subterminal and anticiliary markings as on
the fore wing. Cilia of both fore and hind wings bluish white.
Antennae black, the shafts ringed with white, club tipped with
ochraceous ; head, thorax and abdomen black ; beneath : the palpi,
thorax and abdomen white. — $ . Upperside : brownish black. Fore
and hind wings : the iridescent blue areas as in the <5 but very
m uch more restricted : on the hind wing the subterminal curved series
of bluish lunules barely indicated by similar markings of a shade
paler than the ground-colour ; the deep black spots that margin
the lunules on the outer side can only be seen in certain lights.
Underside : as in the <S but the markings broader and coarser, all
of a rich brown, not fuscous-black or deep black colour.
Dry-season brood. — <$ $ . Closely resemble the <3 $ of the wet-
season brood, but on the upperside the pale areas on both fore
and hind wings are of greater extent with more of while and less
of the iridescent blue ; this bluish-white area is especially extended
on the hind wing, encroaching upwards on the dark ground-colour.
In some specimens of the males the black on the terminal margin
on the hind wing is barely indicated near the apex, but there is
a conspicuous subterminal series of black spots and a slender
anticiliary black line. Underside : ground-colour and markings
similar to those in the wet-season form, but as a rule very slender
and trending to obsolescence. In some specimens the markings
are often very irregular, some (generally the discal) markings on
the fore wing are slender and prominent, while those on the hind
wing are slender and subobsolescent. Antenna, head, thorax and
abdomen as in the wet-season form.
Exp. 6 ¥ 30-35 mm. (1'18-1'36").
Hob. Himalayas : Kumaon to Sikhiin at from 4000 to 10,000
feet ; the hills of Upper Burma.
<JS8. Cyaniris inelaena, Doherty, J. A. S. _B. 1889, p. 434, pi. 23,
fig. 13 ; de N. Butt. Ind. iii, 1890, p. 97.
(J . Upperside : deep brown. Fore wing : with the basal half
dark blue, dull in certain lights, rich, shining and iridescent in
others ; this colour does not reach the costa, apex or termen where
the ground-colour forms a broad border to the blue. Hind
wing : uniform brown ; in certain lights iridescent blue over the
basal third, but the blue does not reach either the costa or the
dorsum. Underside ; dull greyish-white. Fore wing : with the
following fuscous-brown markings : — a short transverse line on the
discocellulars ; a postdiscal transverse series of elongate spots or
extremely short bars, the posterior three placed slightly en echelon,
the one nearest the costa shifted well inwards; beyond this a
transverse unbroken line, a subterminal series of small spots and
an anticiliary dark line ; costal margin somewhat broadly shaded
CYAXIEIS. 321
with very pale brownish -grey. Hind wing: a minute spot on
dorsuin near base of wing, a series of three subbasal spots placed
obliquely across the wing and beyond them a much larger round
subcostal spot in interspace 7, black ; a short dusky brown line
on the discocellulars, a brown spot above it in base of interspace 6 ;
a transverse posterior discal series of five spots also brown, the
upper four in a slight curve, the lowest shifted outwards out.of line
with the others ; lastly, terminal transverse markings much as on
the fore wing, only the fuscous brown line on the inner side of
the subterminal series of spots replaced by a series of connected
slender lunules. Cilia of fore and hind wings grey. Antennae,
head, thorax and abdomen dark brown, the antennae ringed with
white ; beneath : palpi, thorax and abdomen grevish white.
5 unknown.
Exp. cJ 32 mm. (1-26").
Hob. Within our limits recorded from Southern Tenasserim ;
extending into the Malay Peninsula.
089. Cyaniris albocserulea (PI. XIX, fig. 125), Moore (Polyom-
'matus), P. Z. S. 1879, p. 139 ; de N., J. A. S. B. 1883, p. 71, pi. 1,
fi£s. 4, 4 a, cJ $ ; id Butt. Ind. iii, 1890, p. 98.
c? . Upperside, fore wing : blackish brown, a central patch that
occupies the lower apical portion of the cell and the basal halves
of interspaces 2 and 3 white; lightly suffused with iridescent
lilacine blue ; this colour is intensified and spreads upwards over
the dark brown along the basal portion of the costa, inwards right
up to the base of the wing, downwards over three-fourths of the
dorsal area from base and outwards from the white patch towards
the termen ; the ground-colour occupies the apex very broadly,
and posteriorly forms a broad border to the termen. Hind wing :
lilacine blue, base and costal margin broadly suffused with fuscous ;
a large subapical patch diffusely white ; finally, an anticiliary line
black. Cilia of both fore and hind wings white, turning to brown
towards the apex of the fore wing. Underside : white, the terminal
markings generally prominent in other forms, more or less
obsolescent in both fore and hind wings in all specimens that I
have seen. Fore wing : the slender short line on the discocellulars
and the discal transverse series of short detached lines pale brown,
the latter sinuous and anteriorly curved inwards. Hind wing :
three subbasal spots in transverse order, a spot below the middle
of the costa not larger or more prominent than the others, and
an irregular discal series of elongate spots, pale brown. Antennas,
head, thorax and abdomen dark brown, the antennae ringed with
white ; beneath : the palpi, thorax and abdomen white. — $ . Upper-
side, fore wing: a beautiful lilacine blue with a white central
patch that occupies the lower apical half of the cell and the basal
three-fourths of interspaces 3, 4 and 5 ; apex of wing and upper
portion of termen broadly black, the inner border of this colour
curving from a preapical point on the costa to apex of vein 3,
VOL. II. T
322
thence the black continued as a slender anticiliary line to the
tornus. Hind wing : white shaded with pale lilacine blue at base
and broadly along the costal and dorsal margins ; a slender anti-
ciliary black line. Cilia as in the d1 . Underside : similar to that
of the J > all the markings slightei', more delicate, and on the hind
wing more irregular. Antennae, head, thorax and abdomen as in
the c?.
Exp. <J $ 33-35 mm. (1-30-1-38").
Hab. Himalayas : from Simla to Sikhim, from 2000 to 8000 feet.
090. Cyaniris transpecta (PI. XIX, fig. 126), Moore (Polyommatus),
P. Z. S. 1879, p. 139 ; de N., J. A. S. B. 1883, p. 70, pi. 1, figs.
6, 6 a, d1 $; id. Butt. 2nd. iii, 1890, p. 99, pi. 20, figs. 170, 171,
c?$.
Cyaniris latimargo, Moore, P. Z. S. 1883, p. 523, pi. 48, fig. 9, <$ $ ;
de N. Butt. Ind. iii, 1890, p. 100.
<S . Upperside : white. Fore wing : costa narrowly, apex broadly
and terminal border black, the inner margin of this colour curved
opposite the apex but extended straight down the termen to the
dorsal margin, the black border on the termen of even width
below vein 4 ; 'the rest of the wing, except a very broad discal
anteriorly-rounded area, shaded with lilacine blue. Hind wing :
shaded with lilacine blue that fades to diffuse white on an anterior
discal area corresponding to the white discal area on the fore wing ;
a subterminal series of transverse small spots ' and a slender anti-
ciliary line black. In some specimens (var. latimargo) there is a
broad black band on the termen which coalesces with and spreads
inwards beyond the line of subterminal black spots. Underside :
white with a faint bluish tint ; markings slender and delicate.
Fore wing : a slender short brown line on the discocellulars ;
a postdiscal, very regular, transverse series of abbreviated, slender,
short pale brown lines all en echelon with one another, followed
by an obscure similarly-coloured lunular line and subterminal
series of spots. Hind wing : the three transversely-placed sub-
basal spots and the subcostal spot in interspace 7 black, the rest
of the markings pale brown, the discal series of spots more regular
than in most of the forms ; the terminal markings as on the fore
wing. In var. latimargo the markings
are much coarser and the terminal series
on both fore and hind wings more clearly
defined. Antennae, head, thorax and
abdomen black, the antennae annulated
with white ; beneath : the palpi, thorax
-p. " _g and abdomen white. — $ . Upperside : siuii-
Cyaniris transpecta, $. lar to that of the c? but the white area
of much less extent on the fore wing, of
greater extent on the hind wing, the suffusion of lilacine blue
absent on both fore and hind wings ; the terminal markings on
the hind wing broader and more clearly defined. Underside:
CYAN IRIS. 323
ground-colour and markings as in the tf . Antennae, head, thorax
and abdomen dark brown, not black, but otherwise as in the c? .
Exp. 3 $ 26-34 mm. (1-04-1-34").
Hab. Sikhim ; Assam; Burma; Tenasserim ; the Nicobars.
A variable insect ; some specimens, probably of wet-season
broods, have much less white on the upperside on both fore and
hind wings, while the terminal borderings are broad and black,
the markings 011 the underside coarser, more regular and more
clearly denned.
091. Cyaniris puspa (PI. XIX, fig. 127), Horsfield (Polyommatus),
Cut. Lep. E. I. C. 1828, p. 67 ; Moore, P. Z. S. 1882, p. 245 ;
de N., J. A. S. B. 1883, p. 67, pi. 1, fig. 5«, $; id. Butt. Ind. iii,
1890, p. 100.
Polyommatus laveiidularis, Moore, A. M. N. H. (4) xx, 1877, p. 341;
id. (Cyaniris) Lep. Ceyl. i, 1881, p. 75, pi. 34, figs. 6, 6 a, 7, c? ? .
Wet-season brood. — rf . Upperside: violaceous blue, with bril-
liant iridescent tints in certain lights. Fore wing : the costa,
apex and term en bordered with black, this edging narrows from
base to the middle of the costa, then broadens greatly at apex, where
it occupies the apical fourth of the wing, and is again narrowed
below vein 4, whence it is continued as an even band to the
tornus ; on the disc beyond the apex of the cell the ground-
colour is sensibly paler, and the dark markings of the cell are
faintly visible by transparency from below. Hind wing : the
costa very broadly, the termen much more narrowly black ; the
black bordering on the latter consists of a series of rounded
coalescent spots, which on the inner side are margined by faint
dark lunules ; these are formed not by actual scaling but by the
dark markings of the underside which show through more or less
clearly. Underside : slightly bluish white ; the markings, some black,
some dusky, but all large and distinct. Fore wing : a short bar
on the discocellulars, an anteriorly inwardly curved, transverse,
discal series of seven, more or less elongate spots, of which the
spot in interspace 2 is vertical and sinuous, the next above it
irregularly oval and obliquely placed, the next smaller and almost
round, the fourth placed almost longitudinally, forms a short bar,
and the apical three decrease in size to the costa ; beyond these is
an inner subterminal, transverse, lunular line, an outer subterminal
series of transverse spots and a very slender anticiliary line. Hind
wing : two basal and three subbasal spots in vertical order ; a line
on the discocellulars ; a spot above it at base of interspace 6 ;
a much larger spot above that in interspace 7 ; a lower discal
irregular transverse series of five spots, followed bv terminal
markings similar to those on the fore wing, except that the spots
in the subterminal row are rounded, not transverse. Cilia of both
fore and hind wings white alternated with dusky black at the
apices of the veins. Antennae, head, thorax and abdomen dusky
black, the antennae ringed with white ; beneath : the palpi, thorax
Y2
324 LYC'jENID.B.
and abdomen white. — $ . Upperside : white, the bases of the
wings and in some specimens the hind wing posteriorly shot with
iridescent blue. Fore \ving : costa, apex and termen broadly black :
the discocellulars marked with a very short, fine black line that
extends down from the black on the costal margin. Hind wing :
costa and apex broadly black ; termen below vein 6 with a regular
subterminal series of black spots in the interspaces, enclosed within
an inner lunular and an outer straight slender anticiliary black
line ; the veins, except vein 5 in the middle, slenderly black. Cilia
of both fore and hind wings white. Underside : ground-colour and
markings similar to those of the tf . Antennae, head, thorax and
abdomen as in the c? .
Dry-season brood. — J $ . Differs very slightly from the wet-
season brood. In the c? there is a small patch of white on the
upperside of the fore wing beyond the cell and on the upperside
of the hind wing on the anterior portion of the disc ; the extent
of this patch varies on the fore wing from a mere touch of white
just beyond the cell to a large discal area of white which is diffuse
with ill-defined margins. In the $ the blue iridescence at the
base of the wings on the npperside is in some specunens consider-
ably restricted, in others entirely absent. On the underside in
both sexes the ground-colour is paler and in form and position
the markings are much less prominent, though entirely like those
of the wet-season brood.
Kvp. J $ 32-35 mm. (1-28-1-36").
Hob. Peninsular India, except in the desert tracts ; Ceylon ;
Assam ; Burma ; the Andamans ; extending into the Malayan
Subregion as far as Java.
"Var. lavendularis, Moore, has the costal and terminal margins
of both fore and hind wings more narrowly bordered with black
than in typical puspa, but seems otherwise indistinguishable.
692. Cyaniris lilacea, Hampson, Proc. NiU/iri N. H. Soc. 1887, p. 14.
Cyaniris puspa, vur. lilacea, Hampson, J. A. S. B. 1888, p. 356.
Cyaniris crissa, de N., J. A. S. B. 1894, p. 31, pi. 2, fig. 12.
<5 . Upperside : shining purplish-black. Fore wing : costa nar-
rowly and evenly for three-fourths of its length from base, apex
broadly and terminal margin decreasing! y jet-black ; cilia black.
Hind wing : costa and apex broadly, termen narrowly, bordered
with black ; a subterminal series of small round black spots that
merge anteriorly into the black at apex ; cilia black, tipped with
white. Underside : opaque chalk-white. Fore wing : the fol-
lowing black markings : — a broad short bar on the discocellulars ;
a discal transverse series of prominent spots in interspaces 1 to 6r
the spot iii interspace 1 elongate, in 2 and 3 oval and placed
obliquely on the wing, in 4 elongate and pointing obliquely out-
wards, in 5 and 6 rounded, the spot in interspace 6 shifted a little
inwards ; beyond these discal markings is a transverse series of
slender black lunules, followed by a subterminal series of minute
CTANIRIS. 325
round black spots, one in each interspace and a very slender anti-
ciliary black line ; cilia on the underside white. Hind wing : also
with the following black markings: — a minute spot at base, followed
by two larger spots one above the other, a sinuous short line
011 the discocellulars, and just beyond it a transverse somewhat
curved series of four slightly quadrate spots, two subcostal and
two posterior ; a discal series of four more spots, the lowest one
curved, the next spot round, the next elongate and placed pointing
obliquely outwards, lastly the apical spot of the series round ;
terminal markings and cilia as on the fore wing. Antennae, head,
thorax and abdomen black, the antennae ringed with white and a
white line along the inner and outer orbits of the eyes ; beneath :
the palpi, thorax and abdomen white. — $ . Upperside : brownish
black. Fore \ving : from base for a little more than two-thirds of
its length and from the posterior half of the discoidal cell to the
dorsum white, beautifully glossed with purplish blue at the upper
outer corner of the area indicated above, which is pure white.
Hind wing : glossed with blue over a broad central area from base
to a broad brownish-black terminal border, on the inner margin
of which and partially coalescing with it is a transverse series of
large round jet-black spots, inwardly narrowly and obscurely
margined with bluish white ; this colour at the anterior spots
carried as streaks inwards for a short distance. Underside : as in
the c? . Antenna?, head, thorax and abdomen also similar.
Exp. d1 $ 36-38 mm. (1-42-1-45").
Hob. Eecorded so far only from the Nilgiris.
<>93. Cyaniris albidisca, Moore, P. Z. S. 1883, p. 524, pi. 48, fig. 7 d1 ;
Sivmhoe, P. Z. S. 1885, p. 133 ; de N. Butt. Ind. iii, 1890, p. 103.
c? $ . Very closely allied to C. pmpa, from which it differs as
follows : — <S • Upperside : dull indigo- blue, not so dark as puspa
when looked at from above vertically and with much less refulgent
iridescence in an oblique light; the white on both fore and hind wings
much more clearly denned, never diffuse and apparently present at all
seasons ; on the fore wing the white is limited to the basal portions
of interspaces 2 and 3 and does not extend into the cell or above
vein 4 ; on the hind wing it occupies the basal half of interspace 6
and is strictly bounded by vein 7 above and vein 6 below. The
terminal margins of both fore and hind wings with much narrower
black edgings than in C. puspa. Underside : differs from that of
puspa in the markings, which are smaller and much more delicate;
on the fore wing the transverse postdiscal series of abbreviated
line-like markings is bisinuate, placed further towards the terminal
margin and has the component spots somewhat differently
arranged ; on the hind wing also the spots on the disc posteriorly
are more regular than in puspa. — $ . Upperside : ground-colour
and white on disc of wings almost as in puspa, but always both in
fore and hind wings more limited, the black costal and terminal
margins consequently broader. Underside: the markings as in
326
the d1 , and therefore differ in a similar manner from those of
C. puspa $ . Antenna?, head, thorax and abdomen in both sexes
as in C. puspa.
Exp. <? 2 34-39 mm. (1-34-1-52").
Hal. Appears to be strictly confined to the hills of Southern
India at from 2000 to 6000 feet.
694. Cyaniris placida, de AT., J. A. 8. B. 1883. p. 68, pi. 1, fig. 8 <$ ;
Moore, P. Z. S. 1883, p. 523, pi. 48, fig. 5 J ; de N. Butt. Ind.
iii, 1890, p. 103.
<5 . Upperside : pale violet. Tore wing : a very slender line
along the costa, the apex broadly and the termen decreasingly
edged with black. In some specimens this edging is very narrow;
in others much broader, occupying at the apex a sixth of the wing.
Hind wing : with a similar narrow or broad edging to the termen;
the costa edged more or less broadly with fuscous black. Under-
side : dull sullied white ; the markings small, delicate and irregular,
not unlike those on the underside d transpecta, but on the fore
wing the series of postdiscal markings is straighter, the elongate
spot or short line in interspace 4 less oblique. On the hind
wing the discal markings form a strong curve or half loop beyond
apex of cell, the subbasal three spots in vertical order, the sub-
costal spot in interspace 7 and the spot in interspace 2 of the
subterminal series are prominently black. The rest of the mark-
ings are similar to those borne by all forms of Cyaniris. — ? $ .
Upperside : ground-colour paler violet than in the cf > turning to
white on the disc of the fore and along the costal margin of the
hind wing ; costa, apex and termen of fore wing and apex of hind
wing broadly dusky black, this colour narrows posteriorly along
the termen of the hind wing and at the tornal area is reduced to
a mere anticiliary line. Underside : markings as in the c? . An-
tennae, head, thorax and abdomen in both sexes dusky black ; the
antennae as usual ringed with white ; beneath : the palpi, thorax
and abdomen dull sullied white.
Exp. J $ 28-35 mm. (1-10-1 -36").
Hab. Sikhim ; Assam ; Burma; Tenasserirn; extending to the
Malay Peninsula.
I am not very certain that I have identified the $ correctly.
695. Cyaniris cyanescens, de N. Butt. Ind. iii, 1890, p. 103, frontis-
piece, fig. 129 c?.
c? . Upperside : deep blue. Eore and hind wings : costa, apex
and termen somewhat narrowly, but more evenly than in most of
the forms in the genus, edged with black ; the edging to the costa
of the hind wing broader, slightly diffuse ; the edgings to the
termen on both wings narrowed posteriorly. Underside : white.
Fore wing : a short transverse line on the discocellulars, a post-
discal series of transverse elongate spots or short bars, followed
by a transverse connected row of slender lunules and a subterminal
CTANIKIS. 327
transverse series of spots, fuscous brown ; of the postdiscal
markings the anterior four are slender and form more or less of
a curved line, the posterior two are coarser and are shifted
inwards ; lastly, there is a dark anticiliary line with the cilia
beyond whitish grey. Hind wing : a transverse, very obliquely-
placed, subbasal series of three black spots and a similarly-coloured
large, round, subcostal spot beyond the middle of interspace 7 ;
a slender short discocellular line ; a series of posterior discal
spots very irregularly placed and terminal markings similar in
shape, position and colour to those in the fore wing. Antennae,
head, thorax and abdomen dark brown, the antennae ringed with
white; beneath : the palpi, thorax and abdomen greyish white. —
$ . Upperside : brown. Fore wing : a postero-medial area from
base to disc white, brilliantly glossed with iridescent blue that
can only be seen in certain lights ; the discocellulars marked by a
short transverse brown line. Hind wing : with a medial patch
similar to that on the fore wing, not extended however, to the
dorsal margin. ; beyond it a subterminal series of prominent round
black spots and an anticiliary slender black line. Underside : white.
Fore wing : the discocellular short transverse line, the postdiscal
and terminal markings much as in the <S , but the postdiscal
transverse series of short bars placed further outwards towards
the terminal margin. Hind wing : a spot on the dorsurn close to
the base of the wing ; two (not three as in the <S ) subbasal spots,
and a very conspicuous and large round subcostal spot towards
the apex in interspace 7, black ; the postero-discal markings
similar to those in the <$ but coarser and much more regular;
the terminal markings as in the c?, the subterminal spot very
large and prominent. Antennae, head, thorax and abdomen a
paler brown than in the tf ; the antennae ringed with white ;
beneath : the palpi, thorax and abdomen white.
Exp. <5 $ 30-34 mm. (1-20-1-35").
Hob. The Nicobars.
Mr. de Niceville (I. c.) describes a variety or race as follows : —
" Local race prominent, nov. Female : Upperside fore wing : the
blue area more extensive. Hind wing : the marginal spots much
larger and blacker. Underside : all the markings larger and more
prominent, especially the spot just beyond the middle of the costa
and the marginal round spots which are inwardly denned by a
distinct, narrow, lunulated fuscous line ; the discal spots arranged
in a regular sinuous band. Expanse : $ 1-3 inches."
696. Cyaniris chennelli, de N., J. A. S. JB. 1883, p. 72, pi. 1, fig. 10^ ;
id. Butt. 2nd. iii, 1890, p. 102.
c? . Upperside : lavender-blue, varying a little in depth of tint.
Fore wing : a very slender line along the costa and an even
border to the termen from apex to tornus dusky black. Hind
wing : costal and terminal margins with even dusky black borders,
slightly broader on the costa than on the termen ; on the latter
328 JAT.ENIDJE.
the black border encloses a very indistinct series of round spots of
the ground-colour, each spot centred with black, which are more
prominent posteriorly than anteriorly. Underside: bluish white,
in some specimens slightly yellowish white ; the markings small,
delicate and very regular ; the postdiscal transverse series of
abbreviated lines on the fore wing bieinuate and nearly as in
C. lanka, but the series further from the termen and the short
lines that compose it not quite end to end but a little en echelon
one to the other ; the terminal markings on both fore and hind
wings more or less obsolescent apparently at all seasons. — 5 . Upper-
side : ground-colour similar to that in the rf . Fore wing : costa,
apex and termen very broadly dusky brownish-black; over the
blue area the dark veins are somewhat prominent, on the termen
the black border occupies in some specimens more than one-third
of the wing and in all is very even. Hind wing : the dark veins
as conspicuous as on the fore wing ; anterior third of wing dusky
black, termen with a well-marked anticiliary line and a more or
less distinct and complete subterminal series of spots. Underside :
as in the d . Antennae, head, thorax and abdomen in both sexes
dusky black, the antennae ringed with white ; beneath : palpi,
thorax and abdomen white.
Exp. 3 5 31-33 mm. (1-22-1-30").
Hob. So far recorded only from Shillong in Assam and the
Northern Chin Hills in Upper Burma.
097. Cyaniris musina, Snellen, Tijd. v. Ent. xxxv, 1892, p. 145 ;
de N. Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. ix, 1895, p. 275, pi. O, fig. 19 3 .
Cyaniris jynteana, var.. Distant (nee de Xiceville), Rhop. Malay,
1886, p. "452, pi. 44, fig. 6 d" .
c? . Upperside : pale lilacine grey. Fore wing : costa bordered
by a slender line, termen by- a comparatively broad and even band
of dusky black, the latter diffuse along its inner margin. Hind
wing : costal margin diffusely dusky black, termen with a slender
black anticiliary line ; dorsal margin narrowly pale. Underside :
white with a slight tinge of blue. Fore wing : a short line on the
discocellulars, a postdiscal transverse series of six abbreviated
lines pointing obliquely outwards and en echelon one with the
other, the uppermost shifted well 'inwards, followed by a sub-
terminal series of transverse spots enclosed between an inner
subterminal, lunular, transverse line and an outer anticiliary slender
line, pale brown. Hind wing : a transverse subbasal series of
three, sometimes four, minute spots and a spot beyond on the
dorsum, with a larger subcostal spot near the apex of the wing,
black ; a short slender line on the discocellulars and some irregular
dots on the disc pale brown ; terminal markings as on the fore
wing. Cilia of both fore and hind wings whitish. Antennae, bead,
thorax and abdomen dark brown, the antennae ringed with white
beneath: the palpi, thorax and abdomen white. — $. Upperside,
fore wing: a broad border to the costal and terminal margins
CTANIRIS. 329
dusky black, the rest of the wing iridescent light blue ; on the
costa the lower edge of the black traverses the middle of the cell,
on the apex and termen it occupies the outer fourth of the wing.
Hind wing : anterior third dusky black, the rest of the wing pale
lilacine glossed with iridescent blue in certain lights ; a sub-
terminal series of dusky black spots that more or less coalesces
with an anticiliary dusky black line and is enclosed on the inner
side by a slender similarly-coloured lunular line. The underside,
antennae, head, thorax and abdomen as in the c? .
Exp. 6 $ 28-31 mm. (1-12-1-22").
Hab. Described originally from Western Java. The late
Capt. Watson procured a few specimens in the Taw district in
Upper Burma ; six of these are now in the collection of the British
Museum. I know of no other record of the occurrence of this
form from within our limits.
098. Cyaniris victoria, Swinlwe, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1893, p. 293.
c? . Upperside : silvery grey-blue with a very slight iridescence
in certain lights of brighter blue, the discal area of both fore and
hind wings paler. Fore wing : apex and termen edged with black
which is comparatively broad at apex, about a fifth of the wing,
and suddenly decreases posteriorly, at the tornus forming merely
an anticiliary line. Hind wing : with a slender anticiliary black
line. Cilia of fore wing fuscous, of hind wing whiter. Underside :
uniform rather dark grey ; the usual Cyaniris markings indicated
only by a few scattered blackish dots. AntennaB, head, thorax
and abdomen dark greyish brown ; the antennae ringed with white ;
beneath : the palpi, thorax and abdomen paler. — 5 . Upperside :
similar, slightly more of the iridescent blue gloss about the bases
of the wings ; the discal area of both fore and hind wings more
broadly paler than in the rf , almost white ; the costa narrowly,
the apex and termen very broadly of the fore wing, and the costa
and apex of the hind wing blackish brown ; also on the hind wing
there is a subterminal somewhat obsolescent series of dark brown
spots. Underside : similar to that of the $ but the markings are
more clearly defined, especially the postdiscal markings which
are composed of abbreviated little brown detached lines placed in
a well-marked curve. Antennae, head, thorax and abdomen as
in the c? .
Exp. J $ 29-33 mm. (1-14-1-32").
Hab. Recorded so far only from the Khasi Hills in Assam.
699. Cyaniris limbata, Moore (Polyommatus), P. Z. S. 1879, p. 139;
de N. Butt. Ind. iii, 1890, p. 109.
c? . Upperside : uniform dark purplish-blue. Fore and hind
wings : termen narrowly edged with black ; costal margin of hind
wing more broadly fuscous black. Underside : white with a light
greyish-blue tint ; markings for the most part pale brown, disposed
330 LYCJENID.E.
much as in C. puspa, smaller, more slender ; the transverse discal
series of abbreviated lines or elongate spots on the fore wing more
regular, the spots more evenly en echelon, the spot nearest the
costa small and shifted well inwards. Hind wing : the black
subcostal spot in the middle of interspace 7 subequal, not larger
than the three subbasal spots ; the posterior discal series of spots
bisinuous, none conspicuously larger than the others. Antennae,
head, thorax and abdomen fuscous black, the antenna ringed with
white, the head and thorax clothed above with long bluish hairs ;
beneath : the palpi, thorax and abdomen greyish white. — $ .
Upperside, fore wing : bluish purple, paler outwardly, in certain
lights with a resplendent iridescence ; costa and apex very broadly,
termen somewhat more narrowly fuscous black. Hind wing : as
in the fore wing iridescent bluish purple but uniform, not paler
outwardly ; the costal and terminal margins broadly and evenly
fuscous black, this border on the teruien with a series of super-
posed bluelunules. Underside: ground-colour and markings as in
the c? . Antennae, head, thorax and abdomen similar to those of
the <$ but the thorax and abdomen above not so dark.
Exp. J $ 32-36 mm. (T25-1-40").
Hob. The hills of Bengal ; Southern India : the Nilgiri, Anai-
malai and Palni Hills ; Ceylon ; the hills of Assam.
700. Cyaniris lanka, Moore (Polyommatus), A. M. N. II. (4) xx,
1877, p. 342 ; id. Lep. Ceyl. i", 1881, p. 76, pi. 35, figs. 2, 2a, <$ ;
de N. Butt. Ind. iii, 1890, p. 109.
d". Upperside; uniform purplish-blue; an extremely narrow-
bordering of black to the termen of both the fore and hind wings
present in a few specimens, absent in most ; also the hind wing
is slightly shaded with dusky black along the costa. Underside :
shining silvery white. Fore and hind wings with the usual Cyaniris
markings but the postdiscal transverse series of abbreviated pale
brown lines on the former almost in line one with the other, the
whole series placed slightly obliquely on the wing and appreciably
curved. On the hind wing the markings are small and regular,
the lower discal series of spots bisiuuate. The transverse lunular
line beyond the discal markings that is comparatively distinct in
most forms, is in this barely indicated on both fore and hind wings.
Antennae, head, thorax and abdomen dusky black ; beneath : the
palpi, thorax and abdomen snow-white. — 5 . Upperside : differs
from the J in the ground-colour which is slightly paler and on
the fore wing by the very broad costal and terminal blackish -
brown border ; on the hind wing by the similar border to the
costal margin, the slightly broader 'black anticiliary line and a
posterior subterminal series of somewhat indistinct black spots.
Underside, antennae, head, thorax and abdomen as in the c? .
Exp. 6 $ 32-35 mm. (1-25-1-38").
Sal. Ceylon.
CVANIBIS. 331
701. Cyaniris dilecta (PI. XIX, fig. 128), Moore (Polyommatus),
P. Z. S. 1879, p. 139 ; de N., J. A. S. B. 1883, p. 68, pi. 1,
fig. 5 cf; id. Butt. Ind. iii, 1890, p. 107.
(S . Upperside : pale lilac-blue. Fore and hind wings : a very
slender black terminal line even in width from apex to tornus
on each wing ; centre of the disc of the fore and upper discal
area of the hind wing pale, in specimens of the dry-season broods
turning to white. Underside : white with a very faint bluish tint
in fresh specimens, markings very delicate and slender in shape
and in the position usual in all the forms belonging to the genus ;
the inner subterminal transverse lunular line on both fore and hind
wings. Fore wing : the postdiscal series of markings very slightly
oblique, slightly closer to the terminal margin posteriorly than
anteriorly, the abbreviated lines or elongate spots composing it
en echelon one to the other. Hind wing : the subbasal transverse
series of three black spots and the subcostal spot in interspace 7
not much larger nor very much more prominent than the others.
Antennae, head, thorax and abdomen brown, the antennae ringed
with white as usual ; beneath : the palpi, thorax and abdomen
white. — $ . Upperside : white, tinged with lilac at the bases of the
wings. Fore wing : costa, apical third of wing and termen very
broadly brown. Hind wing : the anterior third from a line that
passes from base through the upper portion of the cell to the
termen, brown ; a subterminal row of rather distinct brown spots
enclosed between a series of obscure lilacine lunules and a black
anticiliary line. Underside: ground-colour and markings as in
the c? , but on the fore wing the transverse postdiscal series of
markings placed comparatively more inwards. Antenna?, head,
thorax and abdomen similar to those of the c? •
Exp. c? $ 30-34 mm. (1-18-1-34").
Hal. The Himalayas : Simla to Sikhim ; Assam ; Upper
Burma ; Arracan.
702. Cyaniris jynteana, de N., J.A.S. B. 1883, p. 69, pi. 1, figs. 7 tf>
la 2 ; Moore, P. Z. S. 1883, p. 524, pi. 48, fig. 10 rf; de N.
Butt. Ind. iii, 1890, p. 104.
Cyaniris sikkima, Moore, P. Z. S. 1883, p. 524. pi. 48, fig. 11 <$;
'de N. Butt. Ltd. iii, 1890, p. 105.
c? . Upperside : purplish -blue or lilac of a deeper shade than
in C. dilecta. Fore wing : a much broader dusky black ter-
minal margin that widens at apex and is somewhat diffuse along
its inner edge. In specimens of the dry-season brood there is a
diffuse but prominent discal white patch. Hind wing : costa dusky
brownish ; termen with a comparatively narrow black border
edged on the inner side by a more or less obscure subterminal
series of black spots, each spot centred in a background which is
slightly paler than the lilac ground-colour. Underside : pale greyish-
white or bluish-white, with the usual pale brown markings which
are small, delicate and regular. Antennas, head, thorax and
332 LYC.TNlD.lt.
abdomen blackish brown, antenna? ringed with white ; beneath :
palpi, thorax and abdomen white. — $ . " Upperside fore wing :
all but the middle of the disc (which is white glossed with irides-
cent blue) black ; a discocellular black spot. Hind wing : blackish ;
white in the middle glossed with blue ; along the veins irrorated
with black scales ; a submarginal series of pale lunules. Under-
side : both wings marked exactly as in the male." (de JXiceville.)
Exp. tf 32-34 mm. (1-26-1-32").
Hab. Sikhim ; hills of Assam ; also recorded from the Malay
Peninsula.
703. Cyaniris ccelestina, Kollar (Lycaena) in Hiiyefs Kaschmir, iv,
'1848, p. 423 ; Moore. P. Z. S. 1882, p. 244 ; de JV. Suit. 1ml iii,
1890, p. 106.
Lycaena kollari, We&twood in Dblday., Westw. Sf Hew. Gen. Di.
Lap. ii, 1852, p. 491 ; Sutler (Cyaniris). P. Z. S. 1886, p. 367.
Polyommatus kasinira, Moore, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 503, pi. 31, fig. 1 rf .
d . Upperside : lilac-blue (darker on the fore than on the hind
wing in most specimens), with in certain lights a slight bright
iridescence chiefly apparent along the costal margin and A'eins of
the fore wing. Fore wing : a very slender black line along the
costal margin broadened at apex and continued slenderly down the
terrnen to the tornus. Hind wing : ground-colour along the
costal margin somewhat broadly paler ; termen with a very slender
anticiliary jet-black line. Cilia: snow-white on the fore wing
alternated very slenderly with black at the apices of the veins.
Underside : pearly bluish-white. Fore wing : a discocellular, short,
transverse, slender brownish streak, a similarly-coloured spot
beyond it in interspace 6, followed by three or four duller brown
spots in transverse order in interspaces 2 or 3 to 5 and a double
transverse subterminal series of lunules. Hind wing : a broad
diffuse transverse basal area continued for a short distance down
the dorsum, tinted with bluish green ; the usual subbasal and
discal spots very small ; the termen with a subterminal series of
lunules and an outer row of spots. In very many specimens the
markings of the underside on both fore and hind wings are
more or less obsolescent, in some taken at Simla in April and May
beyond a black speck here and there the markings are altogether
absent. — $ . Upperside : paler duskier lilac-blue than in the c? .
Fore wing: costa and termen broadly bordered with dusky brownish-
black ; a prominent, black, short transverse streak on the disco-
cellulars, beyond it the lilac-blue ground-colour pale, almost white.
Hind wing : the blue ground-colour much restricted, the costal
and terminal margins broadly blackish-brown, the dorsal margin
whitish ; the dark colour on the terminal margin traversed by a
series of inwardly conical, brown-centred bluish spots and followed
by a prominent anticiliary black line. Cilia as in the 3 . Under-
side : very similar to that of the c? and similarly with the markings
very often obsolescent. Antenna?, head, thorax and abdomen in
both sexes dark brownish-black, the antennae ringed with white, the
CYANIKIS. 333
thorax in the tf with blue pubescence ; beneath : the palpi,
thorax and abdomen white.
Exp. c? $ 33-36 mm. (1-30-1-40").
Hab. Western Himalayas : Kashmir, Murree, Simla, Mussoorie,
Naini Tal.
I am very doubtful whether the next described form, G. huegeli,
Moore, is distinct from this ; a constant difference in size seems to
be the chief distinction. Mr. de Niceville (I. c.) says " there is no
difficulty whatever in recognizing C. coelestina. Both sexes are
considerably smaller than G. Imer/eli and the males have the outer
black border on the upperside of the fore wing broader and con-
siderably dilated at the apex." I have not, however, found this
latter character at all constant in C. coelestina, and in G. Jiueyeli
the narrow black border to the fore wing is distinctly though very
slightly also dilated towards the apex in all specimens that I have
704. Cyaniris huegeli (PI. XIX, fig. 129), Moore.
Lycsena argiolus, Kottar (nee Linnceus) in HiiyeVs Kaschmir, iv,
1848, p. 423.
Cyaniris huegelii, Moore, P. Z. S. 1882, p. 244 ; de N. Suit. Ind.
iii, 1890, p. 107.
Race singalensis.
Lycsena singalensis, Felder, Verlt. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, xviii. 18G8,
"p. 282 ; Moore (Cyaniris), Lep. Ceijl, i, 1881, p. 76, pi. 35, figs. 1,
l«,c? ; de N. Suit. Ind. iii, 1890, p. 108.
^ $. Very closely resembles C. coelestina. — d . Upperside: 011
the whole of a slightly more purple tint than coelestina ; black
border to the termen of the fore wing generally slightly more even
in width from apex to toruus ; anticiliary black line on the hind
wing slightly broader and slightly diffuse on the inner side.
Underside : ground-colour and markings similar to those of
G. ccelestina and much more rarely obsolescent, the posterior two
lunules of the inner subterminal series on the fore wing apparently
always broad, large and diffuse. Cilia of both fore and hind
wings as in coelestina. — $ . In ground-colour and markings on the
upperside like a large edition of C. coelestina $ . On the underside
ground-colour and markings as in its own c? and similarly with the
markings seldom or never obsolescent. Antennae, head, thorax and
abdomen as in G. coelestina.
Exp. 3 $ 42-45 mm. (1-68-1 78").
Hab. Concurrent with that of C. coelestina, Kollar.
Race singalensis, Eelder. — d1 . Upperside : purplish blue with in
certain lights a refulgent silvery iridescence, most conspicuous along
the costa of the fore wing. Eore and hind wings : a very narrow
black edging to the terminal margins narrower on the hind wing
than on the fore wing, not dilated towards the apex of the latter.
Cilia conspicuously white. Underside : silvery white with a slight
tinge of blue ; both fore and hind wings with the usual Cyaniri*
334
markings. Pore wing : the postdiscal series of abbreviated lines
or elongate spots pale brown, very regular, placed almost end to
end, the series slightly curved and not closer to the termen
posteriorly than anteriorly. Hind wing : the markings pale brow n,
regular but small, the subbasal transverse series of three spots and
the subcostal spot in interspace 7 black, the latter not larger than
the others. Both fore and hind wings : with the spots of the
subtermiual series very small, mere black dots ; the inner subter-
minal series of markings lunular and generally somewhat blurred,
the posterior lunules on the fore wing distinctly broadened as in
the typical form but not so prominently ; finally, the anticiliary
black line very slender and clearly denned. Antennae, head, thorax
and abdomen blackish, the antenna? ringed with white, the thorax
clothed with purplish-blue pubescence ; beneath : palpi, thorax and
abdomen white. — $ . Upperside, fore wing : costa and termen very
broadly blackish brown ; the remainder of the wing pui'plish blue,
paling almost to white towards the anterior, outer portion. Hind
wing : costa broadly, termen and dorsurn more narrowly blackish
brown, the rest of the wing pale purplish blue, the colour getting
still paler on the anterior and outer portion as on the fore wing ;
the blackish-brown edging on the terminal margin reduced
posteriorly to an anticiliary black line within which there is a
transverse series of subterminal black spots enclosed further
inwards by an obscure series of dark luuules. Underside : ground-
colour and markings as in the J . Antenna, head, thorax and
abdomen similar but darker.
Exp. <j ? 34-38 mm. (1-36-1-50").
Hob. Southern India ; Ceylon.
Genus LYOENA.
Lycaena, sectn. iii, pt., Fabr. Illig. Mag. vi, 1807, p. 286 ; Herrich-
Schuffer, Syst. Bearl. Schmett. Eur. i, 1843, p. iii ; de N. Butt.
Ind. iii, 1890, p. 66.
Type, L. meleager, Hubner, from Europe.
Range. Palaearctic, Nearctic, Indo-Malayan.
c? $ . Fore wing : costa slightly arched ; apex acute or blunt,
never rounded ; termen convex ; dorsum straight ; cell little more
than half length of wing; vein 6 from apex of cell, vein 7 shifted
further back towards base of wing, their bases comparatively well
separated, vein 5 equidistant at base from bases of 4 and G ; upper
discocellular in line with subcostal, middle and lower discocellulars
subequal ; vein 8 absent, 9 out of 7, 10 and 11 from apical half of
subcostal, 12 at apex bent slightly towards 11. Hind wing :
pear-shaped ; costa and dorsum subequal, the former slightly
arched towards apex, the latter straight ; termen strongly arched ;
cell slightly shorter than half length of wing ; veins 3 and 4 dis-
tinctly separated at base, the former from a little before, the
latter from lower apex of cell ; vein 7 from apical half of subcostal ;
vein 8 strongly arched at base, then straight" to apex running very
LYC.5NA. 335
close to costal margin. Antennae about half length of fore wing ;
club well-marked, oval, pointed at tip; palpi subporrect, scaled,
with short stiff hairs in front, third joint moderately long ; eyes
naked or hairy ; legs slender. J . Pore legs : tibiae and tarsi
tapered, the latter long, exarticulate, spined beneath. $ . Fore
legs normal, with minute claws.
Key to the forms of Lycama.
A. Eyes not hairy.
a. Brown without any blue colouring on
upperside.
«'. Underside hind wing : ground-colour
brown or brownish grey.
a2. Upperside fore and hind wings :
well-marked subterminal series
of black spots, bordered out-
wardly by a series of orange-
red lunules L. astrarche, p. 337.
b~. Upperside fore and hind wings:
uniform, no subterminal series
of orange-red lunules L. iris, p. 337.
b' . Underside hind Aving : ground-colour
pale metallic green L. younyhusbandi, p. 338.
b. "With more or less of blue colouring on
upperside in c? .
«'. Underside hind wing : ground-colour
grey or brownish grey.
«2. Underside hind wing ; subterminal
series of spots present and
speckled with metallic green
scales i L- chrtst°pl"> race
b\ Underside hind wing': 'subterminal ( samudra, p. 346.
series of spots present or absent ;
when present not speckled with
metallic scales.
«3. Upperside fore wing : without
a trace of discal spots.
a4. Cilia of both fore and hind
wings: white conspicuously
spotted with black L. hi/las, p. 351.
b4. Cilia of both fore and hind
wings: white or grey, not
spotted with black'or at any
rate not conspicuously so.
a''. Underside hind wing : discal
spots black, each encircled
with white L. loewii,?. 343.
b'. Underside hind wing : discal
spots entirely white.
a6. Upperside: ground-colour
purplish blue ; fore . T ,
wing rounded at apex. . \ L' P^etes , race
4°. Upperside: ground-colour < lefiana, p. 352.
deep metallic blue :
fore wing acute at , T 1
a j L. plieretes, race
' ' | asiatica, p. 353.
336 LYC.ENID.*:.
b\ Upper.side fore wing : with a
transverse discal series of spots
paler than ground-colour,
sometimes obsolescent but
always plainly indicated.
a4. Upperside fore wing : blue
colour extended from base
to at least the discal spots.
«''. Underside hind wing: with-
out a terminal " double
' L'
Underside hind wing: with ' -i(lloka' P- m
a terminal " double series
of coalesced white lu-
L
ft*. Upperside fore' ' wing :' ' blue * Jalokfl> var" leela> P- 35(X
colour restricted to im- , T , ., ,
metallic green.
«-. Upperside fore and hind wings ;
blue colouring very regular,
extended almost to terminal
margins .................... L. galathea, p. 348.
b'-. Upperside fore and hind wings :
blue colouring spread somewhat
irregularly, restricted to basal
two-thirds of wings .......... L. omphisa, p. 347.
B. Eyes hairy.
a. Upperside fore wing : blue colouring
irregular, restricted to basal two-thirds
of wing ........................ L. deranica, p. 344.
b. Upperside fore wing : blue colouring
spread more evenly and regularly
over at least three-fourths of wing
from base.
a'. Underside hind wing : ground-colour
between discal and subterminal
markings with irregular patches of
white.
a". Underside : ground-colour dark
grey, spots and markings large
and distinct ................ L. sarta, p. 345.
b-. Underside ; ground-colour paler
grey, in some specimens nearly
white ; terminal markings more
or less obsolescent ; often a
white streak in cell extended to
white patch between discal and
subterminal markings ........ L. stoliczkana, p. 341.
'. Underside hind wing: ground-colour
between discal and subterminal
markings uniform, with no white
patches.
a-. Upperside : pale bright purple . . L. icarus, p. 339.
b*. Upperside : shining, glossy, electric , T
hi..,, J> I L. eros, race balucha,
............... \ p. 340.
LYC.ENA. 337
705. Lycsena astrarche *, Bergstr. (Papilio) Nomencl. iii, 1779, pi. 49,
figs. 7, 8 : Stand. (Lycsena) Cat. Lep. i, 1901, p. 83.
Polyommatus nazira, Moore, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 504, pi. 31, fig. 4.
Lycsena medon, de N. (cipud Hufnayel), Butt. Ind. iii, 1890, p. 69.
3 $ • Upperside : brown with a silky sheen in certain lights.
Fore wing : a black spot on the discocellulars. Hind wing : an
anticiliary black line. Fore and hind wings : a subterminal,
transverse, slightly curved series of black spots, inwardly bordered
by a transverse series of orange-red lunules ; cilia white, spotted
inwardly at the terminations of the veins with black. Underside :
ground-colour a warm dark grey. Fore wing : a spot on the
discocellulars, a transverse, discal, bisinuate series of seven spots,
a transverse, subterminaJ, slightly curved series of six spots and
an anticiliary line, black ; the discocellular spot and the discal
spots encircled with white, the subterminal spots inwardly bordered
by larger orange-red spots, which in turn are inwardly margined
narrowly with black, the anterior ones with specks of white again
on their inner sides ; outwardly the spots of the subterminal series
are conspicuously bordered with white ; cilia grey. Hind wing :
a transverse, subbasal series of four spots, followed by a spot in
middle of interspace 7, another at the base of interspace 6, a speck
on the discocellulars, and an outwardly oblique, somewhat sinuate
posterior, discal series of five spots, black, all enclosed with white
which colour forms a comparatively large postdiscal patch ; beyond
is a strongly curved series of nine orange-red larger spots succeeded
by a subterminal similarly curved series of seven black spots on a
white ground, and an anticiliary black line ; the tornal three of
the orange-red series of spots are coalescent ; cilia white, dusky
grey at the terminations of the veins. Antennae, head, thorax
and abdomen brown, the shafts of the antennae ringed with white ;
beneath : the club of the antennee, the palpi, thorax and abdomen
white, the palpi with some stiff black hairs.
Exp. <5 $ 26-29 mm. (1-04-M1").
Hub. The Palaearctic Region (except the Polar area). Within
our limits, the Himalayas : Chitral, Kashmir, Simla to Kumaon ;
Baluchistan.
706. Lycsena iris, Staudinrjer, Stett. ent. Zeit. 1886, p. 207; G>:-Grshim.
Rom. Mem., Lep. iv, 1890, p. 378, pi. 7, fig. 8.
cT $ . Upperside : uniform rich silky brown. Fore and hind
wings : short, black, transverse streaks or elongate spots on the disco-
cellulars ; in some specimens, in addition, there are one or two
* The specific names alexis var. 1, Scopoli, and medon, Hufnagel (nee Esper),
have priority over astrarche, Bergstrasser, but the former name has been, and is
still by many authors, applied to our common English " blue," while Hufnagel's
description of his "medon" is quite insufficient.
YOL. II. Z
338 LYC-ENID/E.
subterminal, obscure, small black spots near the tornal angle. Cilia
prominently white. Under -
side : brownish grey, Fore
wing: the following white-
encircled jet-black spots : —
a large oval spot on the
, discocellulars; a transverse,
- g() bisinuate, discal series of
a. Lycana iris. ' six 8P°ts> the lower tw° ar'
ft. Zgfcana frfo, var. Underside fore wing. ranged in a slightly oblique
line directly beneath the
discocellular spot, the next spot above further outwards towards the
termeu, the remaining three still further outwards, in transverse
slightly oblique line to the costa, the posterior spot of the whole series
slightly elongate and curved; beyond these are an inner and an outer
transverse somewhat maculated line and an anticiliary unbroken
line darker than the ground-colour, the innermost of the three
lines bordered inwardly with whitish. Hind wing : a subbasal,
transverse line of four well-separated spots, a short streak or
elongate transverse spot on the discocellulars and a bisinuate,
transverse, discal series of six spots jet-black, each spot with a
slender ring of white ; the posterior but one spot of the subbasal
line is minute, and the posterior spot of the discal series slightly
elongate and curved. The terminal markings consist of a trans-
verse, curved, subterminal series of brown spots darker than the
ground-colour, bordered inwardly by a series of lunules and
outwardly by an anticiliary prominent line of the same tint, the
lines of lunules edged inwardly and somewhat obscurely with
white ; the posterior two spots of the subterminal series jet-black,
set in an ochraceous-yellow background and speckled with metallic
blue. Antennae black, the shafts ringed with white ; head, thorax
and abdomen brown ; beneath : the palpi, thorax and abdomen
white.
Exp. c? $ 29-30 mm. (1-13- L-18").
Hub. Within our limits recorded from Chitral. Described
originally from Central Asia.
707. Lycaena younghusbandi, Elwe*, P. Z. S. 1906, p. 484, pi. 30,
fig. 10 rf.
S . Upperside : dark satiny brown with a slightly plumbeous
tint in certain lights,/ more apparent towards the bases of the
wings than over the outer portions. Fore and hind wings : nearly
uniform, with only slender black anticiliary lines and the disco-
cellulars of the fore wing marked by a transverse short black
streak ; edge of the costa of fore wing and cilia of both wings
snow-white. Underside, fore wing : grey ; a lunular short black
line on the discocellulars and a transverse discal series of six
black spots, each encircled with white, followed by a subterminal,
very obscure, transverse row of slender dusky spots, of which the
LYCJENA. 339
anterior spots are barely indicated, the posterior three or four
obsolescent but traceable. Hind wing : pale metallic green ; a
broad terminal edging grey ; the ground-colour bounded outwardly
by an obscure series of dusky spots that are suffused with metallic
green. Antennas, head, thorax and abdomen dark brown, shafts
of the antennas ringed with white ; beneath : palpi, thorax and
abdomen white.
Exp. <$ 34 mm. (1-34").
Hub. Tibet: Gyantze ; Sikhim : Chumbi Valley, Phari.
This form, collected by Capt. Walton, I.M.S., during the late
Tibet Expedition, is very close to, even if it can be considered at all
distinct from L. felicis, Oberthiir, which was also abundant at
Gyantze. I have been quite unable to identify and separate the
2 from the females of felicis. The chief points of difference
in the d1 are " the dark leaden grey instead of greyish-brown
colour above" and the obsolescence of the terminal markings.
708. Lycaena icarus, Rottenbury (Papilio), Naturf. vi, 1775, p. 21.
Lycaena icarus, var. persica, Bienert, Lep. Ergebn. 1870, p. 29.
Pblyommatus yarkundensis, Moore, A. M. N. H. (5) i, 1878, p. 229;
id. Sci. Res. Second Ytirk. Miss., Lep. 1879, p. 6, pi. 1, fig. 8 ;
de N. Butt. Ind. iii, 1890, p. 75.
Polyommatus kashgarensis, Moore, A. M. N. H. (5) i, 1878, p. 230;
id. Sci. Res. Second Yark. Miss., Lep. 1879, p. 5, pi. 1, fig. 7 ;
de, N. Butt. Ind. iii, 1890, p. 75.
Lycsena persica, Butler, P. Z. S. 1880, p. 407 ; de N. Butt. Ind. iii,
1890, p. 74.
Lywena fugitiva, Butler, P. Z. S. 1881, p. 606 ; de N. Butt. Ind
iii, 1890, p. 74.
c? $ . Eyes hairy, c? . Upper side : purplish blue, with a rich
satiny lustre in certain lights. JFore and hind wings : purer darker-
blue at base, with anticiliary, black, slender lines on both wings.
In some specimens this line on the hind wing is bordered by a
row of black spots in the interspaces, some of which latter become
obsolescent posteriorly. Cilia white. Underside : pale opaque
grey ; bases of both fore and hind wings and the dorsal margin
of the latter wing broadly and diffusely irrorated with greenish-
blue scales. Fore wing : a spot in middle of cell, a spot below it
in interspace 2, a transverse spot on the discocellulars and a trans-
verse bisinuate discal series of rounded spots black, each encircled
narrowly with white ; beyond these a transverse slightly curved
series of dusky lunules and a slender dark anticiliary line, the
portions of the ground-colour enclosed between them at the apices
of the interspaces slightly paler, each interspace v,ith a dusky
black spot. Hind wing : a subbasal transverse series of four spots,
a strongly curved transverse discal series of seven smaller spots, a
transverse postdiscal series of eight slender lunules and a sub-
terminal series of seven spots, black ; the subbasal and discal spots
narrowly encircled with white, the postdiscal series of lunules
outwardly bordered with pale reddish brown ; finally, a dusky
z2
340
short line on the discocellulars and an anticiliary very slender pale
brown line. Antennae dark brownish-black, the shafts conspicuously
ringed with white, head, thorax and abdomen with tufted pale
bluish pubescence ; beneath : palpi white, with a fringe of stiff
black hairs, thorax with bluish hairs paler than on the uppersicle,
abdomen white. — $ . Upperside : very dark brown ; both fore and
hind wings overlaid from base outwards with a dense irroration
of blue scales. The extent of this irroration is very variable, in
some it is confined to the basal area of the wings, in others it
spreads diffusely outwards over about the basal two-thirds of the
fore wing and up to the disc on the hind wing. Fore wing: the
terminal margin evenly dark brown, of a shade darker than the
ground-colour, almost black in some specimens ; within this is a
subterminal transverse series of conspicuous orange-red spots, the
spots become obsolete towards the apex, in a few specimens only
the posterior spots are distinct. Hind wing : a subterminal series
of black spots inwardly margined with orange-red, and an anti-
ciliary slender black line generally indistinct. Underside : ground-
colour and markings more or less as in the 3 , but the ground-
colour is a darker more brownish grey, the spots large and more
prominently encircled with white ; in many specimens the white
encircling the discocellular black spot and the discal black spots in
interspaces 3 and 4 on the hind wing are diffusely spread outwards
in a manner similar to the same markings on the hind wing of
L. stoliczkana. Cilia white. Antennae as in the <$ , head, thorax
and abdomen with darker but similar pubescence ; beneath : palpi,
thorax and abdomen white, the latter two in a few specimens very
pale bluish.
Exp. <$ $ 32-36 mm. (T28-1-42").
Bab. The Palaearctic Region (except the Polar area). Within
our limits, the Himalayas : Chitral, Ladakh ; Baluchistan.
The above description is from specimens taken at Quetta and
in the Chitral Valley. I am quite unable to separate them or
the specimens so labelled of persica, yarkundensit, kasJigarensis
and fugitiva in the British Museum from English and European
specimens of the " Common blue." L. fugitiva, Butler, so far as the
type-specimen is concerned, seems to be the most distinct ; the
ground-colour on the upperside is paler, more purple, but other
specimens of the same variety grade into typical icarus.
709. Lycaena eros, Ochsenheimer, Schmett. Eur. i, 1808, p. 42.
Hace balucha.
Lycaana balucha, Moore, J. A. S. B. 1884. p. 24 : Swinhoe, Trans.
Ent. Soc. 1885, p. 340.
Race balucha. Moore. — J . Upperside : shining opalescent
purplish blue. Fore wing : costa margined with a very slender
white line, edged below the apical two-thirds still more narrowly
with black ; termen edged with a broader black line, that inwardly
LTC.EXA. 341
is slightly diffuse and is also produced inwards, as is the narrow
black edging on the apical portion of the costa, for a very short
distance along the veins. Hind ving : costal margin slightly and
diffusely fuscous ; apex and teruien narrowly edged with black,
which is produced along the veins as on tho fore wing ; this black
edging is broadest anteriorly and dwindles to a very slender
anticiliary line posteriorly, which is continued upwards from the
tornal angle for a short distance along the dorsum, above it the
dorsal margin is whitish. Underside: shining silvery grey. Fore
wing: with the following small black spots, each encircled with
silvery white : — a spot in basal half of cell, a spot below it in inter-
space 1, a transverse spot on the discocellulars and a transverse
discal sinuate series of seven spots, the anterior four placed in a
curve, the posterior two spots often geminate ; beyond these
are a transverse postdiscal series of dusky black lunules, each
edged outwardly with very pale ochraceous, another similar series
of transverse dusky spots and an anticiliary slender fuscous black
line. Hind wing : a small patch of blue scaling at base, a trans-
verse well separated subbasal series of four small black spots and a
discal, anteriorly strongly curved series of eight similarly-coloured
spots all encircled slenderly with silvery white ; terminal markings
as on the fore wing, but very slender and black, the postdiscal row
of lunules and the subterminal row of black spots strongly curved,
the outward edging to the lunules brighter and more pronounced.
Cilia of both fore and hind wings white. Antennae black, the
shafts as usual ringed with white ; head, thorax and abdomen with
blue pubescence ; beneath : the palpi, thorax and abdomen white.
— 5 . Upperside : brown ; base of fore and hind wings with a
little blue sealing that is continued obscurely along the dorsum,
and anticiliary slender black lines on both wings. Fore wing : a
posterior transverse subterminal series of three or four bright
ochraceous spots. Hind wing: similar ochraceous lunular spots
edging a posterior row of jet-black spots that become obsolescent
anteriorly. Cilia of both fore and hind wings white, broad and
prominent. Underside : ground-colour dark brownish-grey, the
markings similar but the terminal markings on both fore and hind
wings fainter, not so well-defined. Antenna? as in the d" ; head,
thorax and abdomen brown, the thorax in some specimens clothed
with a few bluish hairs ; beneath : the palpi, thorax and abdomen
as in the tf .
Exp. c? $ 28-32 mm. (1-10-1 -26").
Hab. Baluchistan.
710. Lycaena stoliczkana (PL XIX, fig. 130), Felder, Novara Reise,
Lep. ii, 1865, p. 283, pi. 35, figs. 10, 11, rf ; de N. Butt. Ind. iii,
1890, p. 73.
Polyommatus ariana, Moore, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 504, pi. 31, fig. 2 rf;
id. Sci. Res. Second Yarkand Mission, Lep. 1879, p. 6 ; de N.
Butt. Ind.iii, 1890, p. 72.
Lycama sutleja, Moore, P. Z. S. 1882, p. 246; de N. Butt. Ind. iii,
1890, p. 73.
342 LYCM3TIDJE.
c? 2 ' Eyes liairy. J • Upperside : purplish blue, with in certain
lights a much brighter but paler silvery blue gloss than in
L. icarus. Fore and hind wings : terminal margins from very
narrow to a width of about one-fifth of the wings dark brown ;
discocellulars especially of the fore wing in some specimens with
a transverse dark brown spot or short line. Cilia snow-white.
Underside : grey, bases of the wings with a dense patch of bluish
scales. Fore wing : sometimes with a black spot in the cell and
another below it in interspace 1, very often these spots absent; a
transverse black spot slenderly encircled with white on the disco-
cellulars, and a transverse somewhat sinuate discal series of six
similarly-coloured rounded spots beyond ; these are followed by a
transverse subterrninal series of dusky spots, sometimes slenderly
sometimes broadly encircled with white, and an anticiliary slender
black or dusky line. In some specimens a second inner postdiscal
row of dusky spots follows the discal markings. These terminal
markings vary much in intensity. In many specimens probably
from dry arid localities the terminal markings are very faint and
ill-defined, the ground-colour towards the terminal margin changing
to white, very faintly if at all tinged with grey. Hind wing : a
subbasal transverse series of four and a discal strongly curved,
almost medially angulate, series of seven black dots widely encircled
with white ; discocellular spot white, sometimes transversely
traversed by a short black line ; a broad, somewhat diffuse and
ill-defined white streak beyond the middle of the discal series,
extended in some specimens to the terminal margin. In a few
individuals the discocellular white spot and the above-mentioned
streak are joined by slender prolongations from the former.
Terminal markings, which are often very ill-defined, consist of a
transverse, curved, postdiscal series of slender black lunules with
or without broad ochraceous outer edgings to each lunule (some-
times these ochraceous edgings are very dark and well-defined —
var. sutleja), and a subterminal series of small dusky spots on a
white background followed by an anticiliary slender black line.
Cilia of both fore and hind wings prominently white. Antennae
black, the shafts ringed with white as usual ; head, thorax and
abdomen with purplish-blue pubescence ; beneath : the palpi,
thorax and abdomen white. — $ . Upperside : very variable ;
ground-colour pale to dark brown ; in some specimens almost
uniform without terminal markings on either fore or hind wing,
only with the bases of the wings darker and more or less irrorated
with blue scales ; other specimens however, bear on both fore
and hind wings a subterminal more or less incomplete row of
ochraceous-red, inwardly conical spots, the number of which vary
greatly in var. sutleja, Moore, the fore wing has five of these spots,
the hind wing six, the posterior two of which are geminate. In
most specimens however, there is an anticiliary dark or black
well-marked line on both fore and hind wings. Underside : as in
the c?,but the ground-colour much darker, more often a brown of
a tint paler than on its upper side, than greyish-brown ; markings
LYOffilTA. 343
similar to those of the c? but better defined, both fore and hind
wings with a postdiscal transverse series of slender black lunules
always edged outwardly with ochraceous. this edging faint in
some specimens, i-ieh ochraceous red in others. Antennae as in
the <$ ; head, thorax and abdomen dark brown; beneath: the
palpi, thorax and abdomen dusky white.
Eacp. rf ? 31-42 mm. (1-2-1-66").
Hab. The Himalayas : from Chitral and Kashmir to the Chumbi
Valley in Native Sikhim.
From the measurements given above it will be seen that
this form varies as much in its size as in the character of its
markings.
711. Lycsena loewii, Zeller, Isis, 1847, p. 9; Lany, Butt, Eur. 1884,
p. 141 ; de N. Butt. Ind. iii, 1890, p. 79, pi. 26, fig. 167 <$ .
Lycsena chamanica, Moore, J. A. S. B. 1884, p. 23; de N. Butt.
Ind. iii, 1890, p. 79.
cJ . Upperside : a beautiful purplish-blue changing in certain
lights to deep blue ; veins of both fore and hind wings jet-black,
outwardly very conspicuous. Fore wing : costa very slenderly,
termen from apex to tornus much more broadly and evenly black.
Hind wing: costa broadly, ternieu a little more narrowly and
dorsum broadly dusky black ; posteriorly the blue ground-colour
between the conspicuous black veins terminates in each interspace
in an intense black spot that contrasts strongly with the duller
black on the terminal margin ; outwardly these black spots are
separated from an anticiliary intense black line by a slender
edging of bluish-white scales. Cilia of both fore and hind wings
white with their basal halves dusky black. Underside : brownish
grey. Fore wing: a prominent, discocellular, transverse, white-
encircled black spot ; a transverse discal row of six comparatively
large black spots edged very slenderly on the inner side, very
broadly on the outer side with snow-white, the anterior five spots
of the row placed in a slight curve, the upper four round, the
lower spot larger, oval and obliquely placed; the lowest posterior
spot of the row also large, elongate, sometimes composed of two
geminate spots placed vertically under and out of line of the
curve formed by the anterior five ; these are followed by a broad
transverse postdiscal blackish-brown band, a terminal catenulated
transverse white band, each link of which is centred with a dusky
black spot and an anticiliary, very prominent, somewhat lunular
black line. Hind wing a transverse subbasal series of four black
spots, a transverse discocellular spot and a discal series of six
similar spots, the anterior five of which are placed in a semicircular
curve, vertically below which the posterior spot, which is some-
times double and geminate, is posited out of line of the curve
formed by the anterior five. All these spots encircled with white,
which on the outer side of the discal series of spots entirely
replaces the ground-colour, up to the terminal margin. On the
344
white area are superposed a transverse, postdiscal, highly curved
series of connected black lunules, a subterminal series of small
black spots, one in each interspace, and an anticiliary slender black
line ; the posterior two spots of the subterminal row are inwardly
edged with bright ochraceous and sprinkled with metallic blue
scales. Antennae black, the club touched with white apically and
the shaft ringed with the same colour ; head, thorax and abdomen
black with a little blue pubescence ; beneath : the palpi, thorax,
abdomen white. — 5 . Upperside : brown or fuscous brown. In
Baluchistan specimens ; fore wing : with postdiscal inner and outer
transverse series of whitish spots, the inner series much more
clearly defined ; a faint black spot on the discocellulars and an
anticiliary dark line. Hind wing: a similar incomplete series of
white spots followed by a row of obscure black spots that are
outwardly edged very slenderly but conspicuously with white, and
have the subtornal two spots crowned inwardly with ochraceous
red ; an anticiliary dark line as on the fore wing. In Chitral
specimens : on the fore wing the postdiscal series of spots is absent
or only faintly indicated ; occasionally there is an obscure trans-
verse series of two or three dull black spots crowned inwardly
with ochraceous red. Hind wing : more or less as in Baluchistan
specimens, but the postdiscal series of white spots absent or barely
indicated, the other markings not so clearly defined. Underside :
in specimens both from Baluchistan and Chitral, as in the rf,
the ground-colour more brownish, the markings large and clearly
defined.
Exp. rf $ 30-38 mm. (1-18-1-50").
Hab. Asia Minor; Persia; Chitral; Baluchistan.
Var. chamanica, Moore. — The d is slightly paler blue on the
upperside, on the underside the markings though small are
precisely as in L. loeivii.
712. Lycaena devanica, Moore (Polyommatus), P. Z. S. 1874, p. 573,
pl. 66, fig. 4 rf ; de N. Butt. Ind. iii, 1890, p. 71.
o . Upperside : dusky brown with more or less of a dense
irroration of blue scales that spreads from the bases of the wings
outwards towards the termen. The amount of this blue scaling
is irregular and variable ; on the fore wing it never extends up to
the apex or terminal margin ; on the hind wing never further
than the disc. Fore wing : a short transverse line or elongate
spot on the discocellulars and a slender black anticiliary line.
Hind wing : without markings ; in a few specimens traces of one
or two subterminal dusky spots near the tornal angle ; a slender
black anticiliary line as on the fore wing. Cilia of both fore and
hind wings white. Underside : greyish brown ; bases of both
fore and hind wings irrorated with blue scales. Fore wing : with
the following black, white-encircled spots : — a transverse spot on
the discocellulars, a curved series of five, sometimes six, discal spots
and a subterminal transverse complete series of smaller spots, the
345
spots in the latter series dusky black, paler than those of the
discal series ; bordering the white edging to the subterrninal series
of spots on the inner side, is another obscure transverse row of
dusky spots that are not encircled with white ; lastly, a prominent
anticiliary black line. Hind wing : a subbasal transverse series of
four spots, an outwardly angulated discal series of eight spots,
the posterior two geminate, followed by a strongly curved post-
discal series of slender lunules, a subterminal series of smaller
spots and an anticiliary slender line, black, each spot is encircled
with white ; discocellulars marked by a large, irregular, white spot,
that in some specimens is transversely traversed by a short slender
black line ; the outer white edging to the middle spots of the
discal series is produced irregularly outwards and forms a small
patch, and the postdiscal series of lunules is bordered on the
outer side by pale cchraceous red. Cilia of both fore and hind
wings white, alternated with fuscous brown at the apices of the
veins. Antenna black, the shafts ringed with white, head and
thorax with bluish-grey pubescence, abdomen dusky black ;
beneath : palpi, thorax and abdomen white. — § . Upperside :
uniform dark brown with in certain lights a satiny lustre. Fore
wing : the discocellular transverse black spot obscure, seen more
by transparency from the underside than marked by actual scaling.
Fore and hind wings : cilia prominent, snow-white. Underside :
similar to the underside in the d1 , the ground-colour a shade darker.
Antennae, palpi, thorax and abdomen beneath as in the c? ; on the
upperside, the head, thorax and abdomen black, clothed more or
less with brownish pubescence.
Exp. <$ 2 34-38 mm. (1-35-1-50").
Hob. Kashmir ; Ladakh.
The next form, L. sarta, Alph., is very closely allied to devanica
and is probably only a race of that insect. I have kept it separate
because in Indian specimens the £ differs completely from the $
of devanica. In Central Asia, however, the $ of L. surta is
uniform brown on the upperside, like that of L. devanica.
713. Lycaena sarta, Alpheraky.Hor. Soc. Ent. Ross, xvi, 1881, p. 387,
pi. 14, fig. 8.
(5 . Upperside : dark brown, overlaid on both fore and hind
wings from the base outwards with bluish purple, this colour
variable in extent but not reaching to the terminal margins in any
specimens, and only up to or a little beyond the discs of the wings
in very many. In all specimens the immediate base of the wings
is suffused more or less prominently with pale blue, which is
continued for a short distance down the dorsal margin of the hind
wing. Fore and hind wings : an anticiliary dark line and the hind
wing in many specimens with a subterminal series of dark spots ;
cilia white. Underside : brownish grey. Fore wing : a discocellular
and a transverse discal series of black spots, each spot encircled with
white ; the latter markings somewhat variable, in some specimens
346 LYCJENIDJE.
the discal series consists of five spots arranged in an outward
curve, in others of six arranged in a transverse bisinuate line ; in
nearly all specimens that I have seen the edging of white on the
outer side is spread diffusely outwards ; beyond these there are
in some specimens a subterminal inner and an outer maculated
narrow transverse band, each band edged on the outer side
narrowly and somewhat obscurely with white followed by an
anticiliary slender black line ; in other specimens the outer dark
maculated band becomes a prominent, catenulated, terminal white
band, each link centred with a dark spot. Hind wing: a transverse
subbasal series of four and a discal series of eight black spots,
each spot encircled with white ; the discal series angulated out-
wardly on vein 5, its posterior two spots geminate, the outer
white edging spread more or less diffusely outwards, generally only
in the middle of the series; the discocellular spot is in most
specimens large and pure white, in a few it is transversely
traversed by a slender, very short, black line ; the terminal
markings consist of a curved subterminal series of dark spots
edged outwardly with white, inwardly with ochraceous, between
which latter and the discal markings is a curved transverse series
of dark lunules ; lastly, an anticiliary slender black line as on the
fore wing. Antennae black, the shafts ringed with white ; head,
thorax and abdomen dark brown clothed with a little purplish-
blue pubescence ; beneath : the palpi, thorax and abdomen white,
the palpi with a fringe of stiff black hairs mixed with the white. —
$ . Upperside : costa broadly, terraen decreasingly from apex to
tornus dark brown ; rest of the wing dark shining yellow, suffused
for about two thirds from base with light brown that leaves a trans-
verse broad postdiscal band of the yellow ground-colour prominently
apparent, the inner margin of the broad, dark brown, terminal
edging van dyked. Hind wing : dark brown ; a subterminal series
of yellow, inwardly pointed, large, cone-shaped coalescent spots ;
the bases of the spots rest on an auticiliary brown line and bear each
a dark brown spot that is very near to and in some specimens
anteriorly touches the anticiliary line, the posterior two brown
spots geminate. Cilia of both fore and hind wings white alternated
with fuscous. Underside: precisely similar to that of the 3 .
Antennae as in the J ; head, thorax and abdomen above dark brown
without any blue pubescence ; beneath : as in the <S .
Exp. rf $ 34-37 mm. (1-35-1-46").
Hab. Within our limits, Chitral. Described originally from
Asiatic Eussia.
714. Lycaena christophi, Staudinger, Stett. ent. Zeit. 1874, p. 87.
Race samudra.
Polyommatus samudra, Moore, P. Z. S. 1874, p. 574, pi. 67, fig-Stf;
de N. Butt. 2nd. iii, 1890, p. 78.
Race samudra, Moore. — $ . Upperside: pale lavender-blue.
Fore and hind wings: termen somewhat broadly and diffusely
LYCJETfA. 347
fuscous black ; costal margin and apex of hind wing more broadly
so ; in fresh specimens the bluish scaling on the hind wing
posteriorly is carried nearly to the terminal margin, this gives the
wing an appearance of a posterior terminal series of three or four
large fuscous black spots, one in each interspace ; cilia white.
Underside : pale grey. Fore wing with the usual transverse disco-
cellular and discal series of six white-encircled black spots, no spot
in the cell or in interspace 1 ; the discal row of spots regular (not
sinuate), slightly curved, very obliquely placed, sloping posteriorly
inwards, the four posterior spots in the series large and posited
en echelon ; these are followed by a double subterminal series of
dusky lunules and a slender anticiliary black line ; the series of
lunules become in many specimens obsolescent anteriorly. Hind
wing: the markings much as in the $ of L. balucha, but the discal
series of spots is placed further inwards, the spots of the subterminal
row are speckled with minute metallic green scales, and the ochra-
ceous edging to the transverse series of black lunules is wanting. —
5 . Uppcrside : brown, the bases of the wings irrorated with
bluish-grey scales, the irroration extended irregularly along the
dorsal margin of the hind wing. Cilia of fore and hind wings con-
spicuously white. Underside: ground-colour as in the d" ; markings
slightly larger, more clearly denned. Fore wing : the transverse
discal series of spots bisinuate, the posterior three spots of the
series distinctly larger than the others, the middle spot of these
three shifted inwards ; the terminal markings consist of a trans-
verse postdiscal series of black lunules edged outwardly with
bright ochraceous, followed by a transverse series of black spots
and an anticiliary black line, all very clearly defined. Hind wing:
markings very similar to those of the d1, but the discal series
of spots is closer to the base of the wing and the postdiscal
transverse row of black lunules is prominently edged outwardly
with ochraceous. In both sexes the antennae are black, the shafts
ringed as usual with white ; the head, thorax and abdomen are
dark brown or black with a more or less dense clothing of
purplish-blue hairs and scales ; beneath : the palpi, thorax and
abdomen white.
Exp. c? $ 30-33 mm. (1-18-1-30").
Hab. Within our limits, Baltistan : Grol, Skardo ; Baluchistan:
Quetta.
Lyccena bracteata, Butler, described from Kandahar seems to me
inseparable from this form.
715. Lycaena omphisa (PI. XIX, fig. 131), Moore, P. Z. S. 1874,
p. 573, pi. 06 fig. 2 tf ; de N. Butt. Ind. iii, 1890, p. 84.
Lycaena metallica, pt,, Felder, Novara Eeise, Lep. ii, 1865, p. 283,
pi. 35, fi<?. 9 (me figs. 7 & 8).
c? . Upperside •. dark brown. Fore and hind wings : overlaid
from base outwards for some distance with purplish blue, clear
dark blue or shining metallic green. The extent of this colour
very variable ; in some specimens, on the fore wing it spreads
348
irregularly outwards chiefly along the costa and on the hind wing
in the middle to the disc; in others, it covers the basal three-
fourths of the wings, leaving a well-defined broad terminal margin
of the ground-colour on the fore wing, and ou the hind wing,
broad costal, terminal and dorsal margins ; cilia conspicuously
white. Underside, fore wing : clear, slightly brownish grey, paler
along the costal and terminal margins ; a transverse, slightly
lunular discocellular spot and a transverse series of six small
discal spots black, all with slender white edgings, the discal series
placed in a slight curve, the posterior three spots en echelon ; no
terminal markings except an anticiliary dark line. Hind wing :
metallic green ; in many specimens faint traces of one or two
subbasal spots, entirely absent in others ; a discocellular spot and
a curved, transverse, discal series of from three to five spots, white ;
terminal markings, with the exception of a slender anticiliary
dark line, absent, as on the fore wing. Antennae, head, thorax
and abdomen brownish black, the shafts of the antennae ringed
with white, the head, thorax and abdomen with some bluish
pubescence ; beneath : the palpi, thorax and abdomen white, the
palpi fringed anteriorly with stiff black hairs. — $ . Upperside :
uniform brown. .Fore and hind wings : with slender, black, anti-
ciliary lines and conspicuous snow-white cilia. Many specimens
have some slight irroration of blue scales at the bases of the wings.
Underside : similar to that of the c? , the black spots on the fore
and the white spots on the hind wing generally larger, and on the
latter wing more clearly defined.
Exp. d $ 26-33 mm. (1-1-30").
Hah. N.W. Himalayas : Chitral, Lahoul, Ladakh.
716. Lycaena galathea, Biancham in Jacq. Voy. Ind. iv, 1844, p. 21,
pi. 1, figs. 5, 0, cf ; Moore (Polyommatus)^ P. Z. S. 1874, p. 271 ;
id. Sci. Res. Second Yarkand Mission, Lep. 1879, p. 6.
Lycsena inetallica, Felder, Novara Reise, Lep. ii, 1865, p. 283,
pi. 3, figs. 7, 8 (nee fig. 9).
Polyommatus nycula, Moore, P. Z. 8. 1865, p. 503, pi. 31, fig. 3 rf.
c? • Upperside : dark violet, with in certain lights a beautiful
shining blue gloss. Fore and hind wings : veins black ; terminal
margins and costal margin of the hind wing narrowly black. In
some specimens this edging is on the terminal margins reduced to
a slender but well-marked anticiliary line. Underside, fore wing :
slightly brownish grey, paler towards the apex and along the
termen ; a short, transverse, lunular, dusky black line on the
discocellulars, followed by a transverse, curved, discal series of
six similarly coloured spots, prominently encircled with sullied
white. In most specimens these discal spots are followed by a
posterior postdiecal row of large subquadrate diffuse markings of
dusky brown. Hind wing: pale metallic green, of a tint some-
what paler than in L. omphisa, Moore; a discocellular spot fol-
lowed by a medially, outwardly angulated discal series of seven
spots, white ; in many specimens one or more of these spots absent.
LTC.ENA . 349
Cilia of both fore aud hind wings basally fuscous, outwardly white.
Antenna) black, the shafts ringed with white ; head, thorax and
abdomen dark brown, in fresh specimens clothed with purplish-
blue pubescence ; beneath : palpi, thorax and abdomen whitish. —
$> . Upperside : brown. Pore and hind wings : subterminal trans-
verse series of large, somewhat quadrate ochraceous-red spots,
011 the fore wing generally four posited in interspaces 1 a, 1, 2
and 3 ; on the hind wing seven, the series complete ; on both fore
and hind wings the posterior two spots of the series are geminate.
Underside : much as in the c? , but the ground-colour of both fore
and hind wings darker. In many specimens the apex and upper
portion of the termen of the fore wing are suffused prominently
with pale metallic green, and the posterior, postdiscal. large dusky
brown markings practically absent. Cilia of both fore and hind
wings and the antenna? as in the d1 ; head, thorax and abdomen
above brown ; beneath : the palpi, thorax and abdomen white, as
in the d" •
Exp. 6 $ 35-40 mm. (1-38-1-58").
Hob. N.W. Himalayas : Chitral, Pangi, Kashmir, Kulu, hills
north of Simla.
I have followed de Niceville in treating L. nycula, Moore, as a
variety of L. galathea, but with considerable doubt. Specimens of
L. nycula. Moore, in the British Museum, so named by Dr. Butler,
differ from typical galaihea as follows : — 3 . Upperside : ground-
colour of a more bluish purple. Underside : posterior portion of
the disc of the fore wing darker grey, almost fuscous ; apex in all
the specimens suffused with metallic green. Hind wing : ground-
colour a much darker metallic green than in any specimen of
galathea that I have seen, almost, in some specimens quite, as rich
a metallic green as in L. omphisa, Moore. $ . Underside : ground-
colour darker metallic green than in the <$ and much darker than
in the $ of L. galathea, the metallic green in certain lights suf-
fused with blue.
Exp. <3 $ as in L. galathea.
Hab. Described originally from Kuuawar.
717. Lycsena orbitulus, Esper (Papilio), Schmett. i (? 1800), pi. 112,
fig. 4.
Race jaloka.
Polyommatus jaloka, Moore, P. Z. S. 1874, p. 573, pi. 66, fig. 3 rf ;
de N. (Lycaj'na) Suit. Ind. iii, 1890, p. 86.
Polyommatus ellisi, Marshall, J. A. S. B. 1882, p. 41, pi. 4, fig. 4 <J;
de N. Butt. Ind. iii, 1890, p. 87.
Lycama ? leela, de N., J.A.8. S. 1883, p. 66, pi. 1, figs. 3, 3 a, 6 $ ;
'id. (Lyctena) Butt. Ind. iii, 1890, p. 87.
A variable form ; some specimens are scarcely separable from
L. orbitulus, Esper, of which it is undoubtedly a geographical race.
Race jaloka, Moore. — <3 . Upperside : brown suffused with
metallic blue or green to a varying extent from the bases of the
wings outwards. Typically the blue or green occupies about the
basal three-fourths of the wings, and leaves on the fore wing a
350 LYCJENID.E.
broad edging to the costa and still broader edging to the termen
of the ground-colour ; on the hind wing it occupies a medial area
from the base to the disc, and leaves a broad brown edging to the
costa, termen and dorsum. Fore and hind wings: discocellular
spots black encircled by pale edgings, followed on both wings by
transverse discal series of pale bluish-white spots and anticiliary
slender black lines. In some these spots are very prominent, in
others barely indicated. Underside : brownish, turning to greyish
white on the termen. Fore wing : a more or less obscure pale-
bordered discocellular spot, followed by a transverse, slightly curved
discal series of six black spots encircled with white. Hind wing:
the brown basal area irrorated inwardly with metallic blue scales
and sharply demarcated from the greyish-white terminal area
which occupies about half the wing ; discocellular spot large and
prominently white, as is an angulated transverse discal series of
large spots ; these latter spots in many specimens somewhat obscure
on the greyish-white ground-colour of the terminal half of the
wing. Cilia of both fore and hind wings conspicuously white.
Antennae, head, thorax and abdomen brown ; the shafts of the
antennae obscurely ringed with white, the thorax and abdomen with
a little bluish pubescence in fresh specimens ; beneath : the palpi,
thorax and abdomen white. — $. Upperside: brown, without any
blue or green irroration. Fore and hind wings: markings much
as in the d1 , the discal spots always somewhat more prominent.
Underside: as in the c? ; the discal spots generally more prominent
and followed in some specimens by two or three posterior, large,
diffuse brown markings. Antennae, head, thorax and abdomen
similar to those of the tf , but the latter two without any blue
pubescence ; beneath : as in the d .
Exp. 28-30 mm. (1-10-1-18").
Hob. N.W. Himalayas : Kashmir, Pangi, Ladakh.
Var. ellisi, Marshall, differs from typical jaloka as follows : —
J $ . Upperside : in the J the suffusion of metallic bluish-green
scales restricted to the immediate base of the fore wing, extended
slightly more outwards on the hind wing, but never so far towards
the termen as in jaloka ; in both sexes the discal series of spots on
both fore and hind wings very large and clearly defined, the dis-
cocellular spot prominently white, very rarely centred with dark
brown. Underside : creamy-white, slightly brownish on the discal
areas of both fore and hind wings, while
the discal spots on both wings are entirely
white, with no trace of dark centres, as on
the fore wing pf the typical race. Other-
wise as in jaloka.
Var. leela, de Niceville, differs from
Fig. 81. typical jaloka as follows :— The irroration OL
Lycaina orbiiulus, metallic bluish-green scales on the upperside
race>/oA-a, var. ellisi. of the wings extended outwards from the
base almost but not quite so far as in jaloka ;
the spots of the transverse discal series on both fore and hind
LYCJEXA. 351
wings as in jaloika, but each obscurely centred with blackish in
most specimens. Underside : greyish white, discs of wings brown,
bases irrorated somewhat densely with metallic green scales, paler
than in the typical race. Fore wing : with a very indistinct
irregular subterminal series of dark spots in addition to the disco-
cellular and discal spots, which are similar to those in JaloJca.
Hind wing : according to de Niceville has, in addition to the
discocellular and discal markings, " a marginal double series of
coalescing white lunules." I have not, however, seen any specimen
so marked.
718. Lycaena hylas, Wiener Verzeichniss (Papilio), 1776, p. 185 ; Kirby,
Cat. Di. Lep. 187 J, p. 360 ; de N. Butt. Ind. iii, 1890, p. 84.
Papilio hylus, Fabr. Mant. Ins. ii, 1787, p. 75 ; Butler (Scolitan-
tides), Cat. Fabr. Lepidopt. Brit. Mus. 1869, p. 167.
Papilio baton, Berystr. Nomencl. ii, 1779, p. 18, & iii, pi. 60, figs.
6-8; Ehves (Lycaena), P. Z. 8. 1881, p. 889; Lang (Lycaena),
Butt. Eur. 1884, p. 109, pi. 24, fig. 2.
Folyommatus vicrama, Moore, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 505, pi. 31, fig. 6 5 .
Scolitantides cashmirensis, Moore, P. Z. S. 1874, p. 272.
c? . Upperside : greyish blue. Fore and hind wings : with or
without a black discocellular transverse lunule. Fore wing :
terminal margin narrowly and evenly dusky brown or pale greyish
blue, with obscure white lunules and an anticiliary black line
(casJimirensis, Moore). Hind wing : terminal margin as in the c?
or (var. cashmirensis) with a subterminal series of obscure white
spots that are centred prominently with black, and an anticiliary
black line as on the fore wing. Cilia of fore and hind wings
snow-white conspicuously spotted with black at the ends of the
veins, these latter black or concolorous with the ground-colour.
Underside : slightly bluish or greyish cream-colour, with the bases
of the wings irrorated with bluish scales and the following black
spots and markings : — Fore wing : a spot in cell ; a transverse
luuular spot on the discocellulars ; a transverse, very strongly bi-
sinuate discal series of seven, sometimes eight, spots ; a transverse
postdiscal series that anteriorly curves slightly inwards of six
spots, followed by a very indistinct, maculated, transverse, very
narrow band and a clearly denned slender anticiliary line. Hind
wing : a curved subbasal transverse series of four spots ; a disco-
cellular luuule, a spot above it near costa, and two spots in a
straight line below it ; a transverse discal curve of four spots
beyond apex of cell ; a strongly curved, transverse, postdiscal series
of eight lunules, one in each interspace, those in interspaces 1 to 5
edged outwardly with ochraceous and followed by a subterminal
series of black spots ; lastly, a slender anticiliary black line as on
the fore wing. Cilia as on the upperside. In some specimens
the black discal spots on both fore and hind wings are encircled
tolerably distinctly with white. Antenna? brown, the shafts ringed
with white, head and thorax anteriorly snow-white, the thorax
352 LYC;ENIDJE.
and abdomeu above greyish blue ; beneath : the palpi, thorax and
abdomen white. — $ . Upperside : purplish brown, with more or less
of an irroration of bluish-grey scales at the bases of the wings ;
the markings somewhat as in the J , but in var. cashmirensis
the white subterminal lunules on the fore and the black sub-
terminal spots on the hind wing are, in all specimens that I have
seen, very obscure. The underside, antennae, head, thorax and
abdomen as in the d .
Exp. rf 2 28-31 mm. (MO-1-24").
Hub. N.W. Himalayas : Kashmir, Kunawar ; Baltistan ; Baluch-
istan ; westwards and northwards to Afghanistan, Central Asia,
Eussia, Southern and Central Europe. Within our limits it
occurs at elevations of from 6000 to 14,000 feet.
719. Lycsena pheretes, Hiibner (Papilio), Eur. Schmett. i, 1805,
p. 45.
Race lehana (PL XIX, figs. 132, 133, rf $ ).
Polyommatus lehanus, Moore, A. M. N. H. (5) i, 1878, p. 230;
id. Sci. Res. Second York. Miss., Lep. 1879, p. 6, pi. 1, fig. 6 rf ;
de N. (Lyctena) EiAt. Ind. iii, 1890, p. 81.
Race asiatica (PI. XIX, fig. 134).
Lycaena pheretes, Hiibner, var. asiatica, Elwes, P. Z. S. 1882,
"p. 402 ; id. Trans. Ent. Soc. 1888, p. 382 ; de N. JSutt. Ind. iii,
1890, p. 81.
Race lehana, Moore. — d1 $ . Eyes smooth. J . Upper side :
purplish blue, dark blue at the bases, of the wings. Pore and
hind wings with somewhat obscure, slender, black, anticiliary lines,
followed by very full, snow-white cilia. Underside : grey, pale
plumbeous brown on the discs of the wings, the bases of both fore
and hind wings irrorated with bluish-green scales. Fore wing : a
narrow transverse black luuule on the discocellulars and a trans-
verse curved discal series of five white spots, each spot centred
with black. Hind wing : a streak in the cell, a spot above it near
the costa and a discal series of five spots, of which the posterior
four are in a very oblique line directed outwards, and the upper
or fifth is much larger, placed much further inwards above the
apex of the cell. In the type and a few others the discal spots
are seven or eight in number, and smaller than in the majority of
specimens I have seen. Antennae dark brown, the shafts as usual
ringed with white ; head, thorax and abdomen clothed with bluish
hairs ; beneath : the palpi fringed with black hairs, thorax and
abdomeu white. — $ . Similar to the c? , but on the upperside the
ground-colour is rich brown, the bases of the wings only blue.
Underside : ground-colour and markings as in the c? • Antennae,
head, thorax and abdomen similar to those of the <S , but the
latter three brown, not clothed with bluish hairs.
LYOIJENA. — NEOLYCJEXA itod
Exp. c? $ 28-30 mm. (MO-M8").
Hob. AVestern Himalayas : Ladakh, Kashmir, at from 8000 to
12,000 feet.
Race asiatica, Ehves. — tf £ • Eyes smooth. Fore wing much
more pointed at apex, termeu straighter, wing altogether pro-
portionately shorter than in pheretes, race leliana. Other differ-
ences are as follows : — <5 . Upperside : a rich metallic dark blue,
quite different from the purplish blue of the parent form or of
race lehana. Underside : ground-colour and markings similar to
those of leJutna, but on the fore wing the discal spots are generally
entirely absent or reduced to one or two, while the hind wing is
irrorated with metallic greenish- blue scales for two-thirds of its
length from base. Otherwise similar. — $ . Upperside : much as
in race leliana, but the underside with the obsolescence of the
markings on the fore wing and the irroration of metallic greenish-
blue scales on the hind wing as in its own d .
Exp. «J $ 25-27 mm. (0-98-1-04").
Hob. Sikhim : the Chumbi Valley, at from 12,000 to 15,000 feet.
Genus NEOLYCJENA.
Neolycama, de Niceville, Butt. 2nd. iii, 1890, p. 64.
Type, N. sinensis, Alpheraky, from "Western China.
Range. Western China, Turkestan, Baluchistan.
d1 $ . Fore wing : costa very slightly arched ; apex more or less
rounded, not acute ; termen slightly convex ; tornus blunt ; dorsum
sinuate, slightly convex in the middle ; cell
short, less than half length of wing; all
the veins distinct, wide apart from one
another ; vein 3 from well before lower apex
of cell, vein 4 from apex; vein 5 at base
midway between bases of 4 and 6 ; 6 and 7
from upper apex of cell, veins 8 and 9
absent, 10 and 11 from apical half of sub-
costal, vein 12 terminates on costa nearly
opposite upper apex of cell, running nearly
parallel with vein 11 in its apical half.
Hind wing : ample, costa arched ; apex
rounded but well marked ; termen convex ;
tornus rounded ; dorsum slightly arched; cell very short; the veins
as in the fore wing, well separated ; vein 3 from well before, 4 from
lower apex of cell ; middle discocellular slightly shorter than lower :
vein 7 from apical half of subcostal ; vein 8 strongly curved in its
basal half, terminates at apex of wing : precostal area broad.
A single form comes just within our limits in Northern
Baluchistan.
354 LYC.ENIDJE.
720. Neolycaena sinensis, Alpheraty (Lycaena), Hor. Soc. Ent. Ross.
xvi, 1881, p. 383, pi. 14, fig. 7 ; de N. Butt. Ind. iii, 1890, p. 65,
pi. 26, fig. 166.
" Male and female. Upperside : both wings fuscous brown ; cilia
interrupted with white. Underside : both wings greyish brown
with a very slender marginal line. Fore wing : with an interrupted
exterior series of markings composed of irregular white short
streaks. Hind wing : with the disc irregularly marked with white
lunules and short streaks and with a series of submarginal dots,
interiorly margined with white.
" Male and female. Upperside : both wings blackish brown ; cilia
of the same colour, but spotted with white at the ends of the
veins, this only very narrowly so on the fore and more broadly
on the hind wing ; the cilia is similar on the underside. Under-
side : both wings of a greyish-brown tint, very much lighter (than
above). An extremely fine bordering line runs along the exterior
margin of both wings, sometimes very indistinct in the fore wing.
Fore wing : traversed at nearly three millimetres from the outer
margin by an interrupted series of white, irregular, small streaks
(lunules), with one whitish lunule placed above the first nervure
and placed more towards the interior of the wing. This last
(lunule) disappears entirely in some specimens. A small streak,
or rather a small whitish dot, is found generally in the discoidal
cell. Hind wing : faintly dusted with white scales near its first
half (the base of the wing). The disc is sprinkled with more or
less large lunules, concave towards the base, and generally shaded
with blackish interiorly, and also with some white streaks not far
from the base ; but the whole is so irregular and so different in
each individual specimen that a figure alone could give a sufficiently
exact idea of it. All along the exterior margin of both wings
there is a submargiual series of black dots, which are round and
bordered with white on their interior side. These dots are very
distinct on the hind wing, but on the fore wing they are more or
less obliterated, and sometimes they completely disappear.
" The species appears to be thoroughly isolated in the genus
Lyccena and must take its place in the small group formed
by some very heterogeneous species : L. rhymnus, Eversmann,
L. tengstrcemi, Erschoff, and L. anthracias, Cristoph." (AlpJieraky,
as translated by de Niceville.)
Exp. 3 " 1*2 inches."
Hob. "Western China : Kuldja ; Baluchistan.
As noted by de Niceville, the only record of the occurrence of
this form within our limits is a single specimen taken at Guuduk
in Baluchistan by the late Capt. Watson.
ZIZERA. 355
Genus ZIZERA.
Zizera, Moore, Lep. Ceyl. \, 1881, p. 78; de N Butt. 2nd. iii, 1890,
p. 110.
Type, Z. akus, " Wiener Verzeichniss." European.
Range. Europe ; Northern and Southern Africa ; Asia.
c? $ . Pore wing : costa widely arched ; apex well-marked but
blunt ; termen convex, short ; tornus obtusely angulate ; dorsum
slightly sinuate, comparatively long, about three-fourths the
length of the costa ; cell a little less than half length of wing ;
upper cliscocellular in line with and forming part of subcostal
vein, middle and lower discocellulars subequal, obsolescent ; vein 3
from well before, 4 from lower apex of cell, vein 6 from upper
apex of cell, well separated from 7 at base, vein 8 absent, 9 and
10 from apical half of subcostal, vein 11 anastomosed with vein 12.
Hind wing : oval, veins 3 and 4 from lower apex of cell. Antennae
slightly less than half length of fore wing, club elongate, concave
on the underside; palpi subporrect, thickly fringed anteriorly
with stiff hairs, third joint long, about three-fourths length of
second joint ; eyes naked ; body and legs robust.
This genus is allied to Lyccena, and the forms arranged under it
very closely resemble the forms of Lyccena, but vein 11 of the fore
wing is always anastomosed with vein 12.
Key to the forms of Zizera.
A. Underside fore wing : a black spot in middle
of cell.
«. Exp. 3 $ 26-29 mm. Upperside : <$ light
blue, silvery in certain lights ; $ brownish
black, sometimes purplish at bases of wings. Z. maha, p. 355.
b. Exp. (j1 $ 22-24 mm. Upperside : rf violet-
blue ; 5 Pale satiny brown Z. tysimon, p. 357
B. Underside fore wing : no black spot in middle
of cell.
«. Underside hind wing : spot of discal series
in interspace 6 in same straight line as
spots in interspaces 5 and 7 Z. yat'ka, p. 359.
b. Underside hind wing : spot of discal series
in interspace 6 vertically below spot in
interspace 7, never in line with spots in
interspaces 5 and 7 Z. otis, p. 360.
721. Zizera maha (PI. XIX, figs. 136, 137), Kvllar (Lycama) in
HuyersKaschmir, iv, 1848, p. 422 ; Moore, P. Z. S. 1882, p. 245 ;
de N. Butt. Ind. iii, 1890, p. 112, pi. 26, fig. 172 ; Butler, P. Z. S.
1900, p. 106.
Polyonimatus chandala, Moore, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 504, pi. 31, fig. 5 J ;
de N. (Zizera) Butt. Ind. iii, 1890, p. 114.
Lyctena dilute, Fetter, Noiara Reise, ii, 1865, p. 280, pi. 35, figs. 12,
13, (J; de N. (Zizera) Butt. Ind. iii, 1890, p. 114.
356 LYC^NIDi.
Lycrcna squnlida, Butler, Tram. Ent. Soc. 1879, p. 4; de N.
'(Zixera) Butt. Ind. Hi, 1890, p. 115.
Zizera ossa, Swinhoe, P. X. S. 1885, p. 132, pi. 9, figs. 11, 12,c? $ .
Wet-season brood. — tf. Upperside : silvery light blue with a
satiny sheen in certain lights. Fore wing : the apical half of
the costa narrow ly and the terminal margin for varying widths
fuscous black, bounded outwardly on the latter by an obscure
anticiliary black line. Hind wing : the costa broadly, the termen
somewhat more narrowly fuscous black as in the fore wing, with
the width of this dark edging similarly variable ; in addition there
is a very diffuse and ill-defined subterminal series of spots darker
than the fuscous margin. Underside : brownish grey. Fore wing :
a spot in cell, a transverse lunule on the cliscocellulars, and a trans-
verse anteriorly inwardly curved series of eight discal spots, black ;
the transverse lunule and each spot encircled with a narrow white
edging ; the posterior two spots of the discal series geminate.
Beyond these are a postdiscal and a subterminal series of short
transverse dusky black spots followed by an anticiliary black
line ; the ground-colour between the discal and postdiscal series
and between the latter and the subterminal series of spots
posteriorly paler than on the rest of the wing. Hind wing : a
transverse, subbasal. slightly sinuate line of four spots, a short,
slender, lunular line on the discocellulars, and a very strongly
curved discal series of eight small spots, hlack ; the lunule and each
spot encircled with a narrow edging of white ; the posterior two
spots of the discal series geminate as on the fore wing ; beyond
these as on the fore wing there is a double line of dusky
spots, only more lunular, with between them and between the
discal and postdiscal series the ground-colour in the same way
followed by slightly paler; an anticiliary fine black line. Cilia
of both fore and hind wings whitey brown, darker anteriorly
on the fore wing. Antennae, head, thorax and abdomen dark
brown, shafts of the antennae ringed with white; in fresh specimens
the thorax and abdomen with a little light blue pubescence ;
beneath : palpi, thorax and abdomen white. — § . Upperside :
brownish black ; the basal halves of the wings slightly suffused
with light blue, anticiliary black lines on both fore and hind
wings, and on the latter wing an obscure subterminal series of
spots as in the rf . Underside : similar, only the ground-colour
darker, the markings larger and more clearly defined. Antennae,
head, thorax and abdomen as in the J , but with no blue pubes-
cence on the thorax and abdomen on the upperside.
Dry-season brood. — c? . Upperside : pale bluish-grey with, in
some specimens, a pinkish undertone. Fore wing: as in the wet-
season brood, but the black terminal edging much reduced in
width in seme specimens to a transverse, somewhat diffuse, very
narrow band that borders the anticiliary black line on the inner
side, in others to a much broader similar band that coalesces with
the anticiliary black line and occupies about the outer sixth of the
ZI/ERA. 357
wing. This edging along the termen is sometimes even, sometimes
it widens from a slender anticiliary at and above the tornus to a
broad black patch at the apex of the wing. Hind wing : the ter-
minal black edging much narrower proportionately than in wet-
season specimens, most often reduced to a slender black anticiliary
line with a series of black spots on the inner side, bordering and
sometimes coalescing with the line. Underside : as in the wet-
season brood but the ground-colour paler, in some specimens in uch
paler, the markings on both fore and hind wings similar, with
frequently the terminal markings obsolescent, sometimes entirely
absent or only indicated anteriorly on each wing. Cilia whitish.
Antennae, head, thorax, and abdomen as in the wet-season speci-
mens.— 2 • Similar to the £ of the wet-season brood, but more
like the d" , with the light silveiy-blue suffusion very irregular,
but generally extended much further outwards from the base.
In a 5 from Poona, now, before me, the fore wing on the upper-
side has the basal half silvery blue, the outer half black ; on the
hind wing, however, the blue colour extends almost to the termen
which is only narrowly edged with diffuse dusky black. Under-
side: as in the 3 , the ground-colour slightly darker. Antennae,
head, thorax and abdomen similar to those of the <S .
Exp. <$ $ 28-32 mm. (MO-1-23").
Hob. Throughout peninsular India from the outer ranges of the
Himalayas to Travancore ; Assam ; Upper and Lower Burma.
Mr. de Niceville does not record it from Burma, but I got it at
Pegu and also in the Ruby Mines district in Upper Burma.
722. Zizera lysimon, Hiibner (Papilio), Eur. Schmett. i, 1798, pi. 10.%
tigs. 534, 636 ; Lang (Lycfena), Butt. Eur. 1884, p. Ill, pi. 24,
fiff. 3 (J $ ; Tnmen (Lyesena), South African Butt, li, 1887, p. 45 ;
de N. Butt. Ind. iii, 1890, p. 116, pi. 26, fig. 173 $ ; Davidson,
Bell Sf Aitken, Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. x, 1896, p. 373.
Polyommatus karsandra, Moore, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 505, pi. 31,
tig. 7 $ ; id (Zizera) Lep. Ceyl. i, 1881, p. 78, pi. 35, figs. 6, 6« rf ;
de N. (Zizera) Butt. Ind. iii, 1890, p. 117.
Zizera niora, Swinhoe, P. Z. S. 1884, p. 506, pi. 47, fig. 2 ; de N.
Butt. Ind. iii, 1890, p. 118.
<S . Upperside : brown with a more or less dense suffusion of
violet. In some specimens the violet colour is more clearly appa-
rent in certain lights than in others and extends further outwards,
but to lesser degree in wet-season specimens than in those taken
in the dry weather or in exceptionally dry tracts of country.
Fore wing : terminal margin broadly dark brown. Hind wing :
costal and terminal margins broadly dark brown. In a few
specimens a subterminal series of round black spots is more or
less clearly apparent on the hind wing. Underside : grey. Fore
wing: a spot in middle of cell, a short, transverse, lunular
line on the discocellulars, and a transverse, anteriorly strongly
curved, discal series of eight spots jet-black, the discocellular lunule
358
and the spots each encircled with white ; the posterior two spots
of the discal series geminate, the three spots above these e n echelon
placed obliquely ; beyond these are an inner and an outer transverse
subternrinal series of elongate dusky spots or short lines and an
anticiliary black line. Hind wing : a transverse, curved, subbasal
line of four well-separated spots, an abbreviated line on the disco-
cellulars and a transverse highly curved discal series of eight spots,
black, followed by an inner series of dusky luuules, an outer sub-
terminal series of round dusky spots and an anticiliary slender
black line. Cilia of both fore and hind wings grey, paler outwardly.
Antennae black, shafts ringed with white ; head, thorax and
abdomen brownish ; beneath : palpi, thorax and abdomen sullied
white. — $ . Upperside : brown with, in a few specimens, the bases
of both wings with traces of a violet irroration. In the majority of
specimens, however, only the dorsal or posterior half of the hind
wing is flushed with violet. Pore wing : the discocellulars with a
transverse dusky short line. Tore and hind wings otherwise
immaculate, with anticiliary dusky lines. Underside : ground-
colour darker, in some pale brown ; markings on both fore and
hind wings as in the c? • Antennas, head, thorax and abdomen
similar to those of the 6 , but on the underside the palpi, thorax
and abdomen, in some specimens, purer white.
Exp. c? $ 18-24 mm. (0-69-0-96").
Bab. Southern Europe ; Africa ; Central and Western Asia.
Within our limits, peninsular India south of the outer Himalayan
Kauge; Ceylon ; Assam ; Burma; Tenasserim; Kicobars ; extending
through the Malayan Subregioii to Australia. It has been recorded
also from Madagascar and the Mauritius.
There seems to be some seasonal variation in this form, but it
is not so obvious as in Z. maha. Specimens taken in the wet
season have in the <$ broader terminal brown margins to the
wings, and in the $ a greater extent of violet suffusion on the
upperside. On the underside the ground-colour is of a deeper
shade in both sexes than in dry-season specimens.
Larva. " The larva, which feeds on a small vetch (Zornia
diphylla), is of the usual form but narrow, and is not attended by
ants ; it is covered with minute light coloured hairs. Colour grass-
green, with a lighter marginal line." (Davidson, Bell $• Aitken.)
Pupa. " Of the usual form, narrow, gi-een with a slightly darker
line dorsally and with brown edges to the wing-covers." (Davidson,
Sell $ Aitken.)
Var. Icarsandra, Moore, is a pale form of lysimon, and was
described originally from a $ specimen. Zizera mora, Swinhoe,
is an aberration in which the discal spots are lengthened into
streaks. Mr. de Niceville remarks, such aberrations are of frequent
occurrence among the Lyccenidcv.
ZIZEEA. 359
723. Zizera gaika, Trimen (Lycama), Trans. Ent. Soc. (3) i, 1862,
p. 403; de N. Butt. Ind. lii, 1890, p. 118.
Lycaena pygmea, Snellen, Tijd. voor Ent. xix, 1876, p. 163, pi. 7,
fig. 3 ; Moore (Zizera), Lep. Ceyl. i, 1881, p. 79, pi. 25, figs. 5,
o«, rf.
c? . Upperside : dull violet-blue, which changes to a brighter
tint of violet in certain lights. Fore wing : the costa very narrowly,
the termen much more broadly dull brown ; this edging to the
termen in most specimens decreases in width from apex to tornus,
and is outwardly followed by an anticiliary darker brown line.
Cilia brownish anteriorly, posteriorly brownish at the base with the
apical portions white. Hind wing : the ground-colour brighter
than on the fore wing, the costal and terminal margins much more
narrowly edged with brown, which edging is merged in the anti-
ciliary dark brown line. Cilia : brown along their basal halves,
white apically. Underside : grey. Fore wing : a dusky brown
lunular line on the discocellulars ; two subcostal spots above the
cell, one on either side of the discocellular lunule ; a very strongly
curved discal series of five spots, of which the posterior three are
somewhat lunular in shape and placed obliquely en echelon, the
next above these hook-shaped, the anterior spot round ; both the
subcostal spots and the spots of the discal series are black, each
narrowly encircled with white ; beyond these are inner and outer
subterminal dusky lines, which anteriorly are continuous, pos-
teriorly somewhat broken and macular, followed by a very con-
spicuous jet-black auticiliary slender line. Cilia greyish white,
traversed by a medial transverse blackish-brown line. Hind wing:
with the following small white-encircled black spots : — a subbasal
transverse series of three, followed by a highly curved series of
eight spots, that curve across the disc of the wing to the costa
and along the latter towards the base ; discocellulars with a dusky
short lunular line as on the fore wing; terminal markings and
cilia similar, but the outer and broader subterminal line more
broken and macular than on the fore wing. Antenna} black, the
shafts ringed with white; head, thorax and abdomen dark brown,
with a little violet pubescence on the head and thorax ; beneath :
palpi, thorax and abdomen greyish white. — $ . Upperside : glossy
brown, without any violet tint whatever; the anticiliary darker
brown lines on both fore and hind wings well marked. Underside :
very similar to that of the d1 , the ground-colour a shade darker,
the markings slightly larger and more prominent. Antennae, head,
thorax and abdomen as in the d1 , but the latter three without a
trace of violet or blue on the upperside.
Exp. jj 5 20-23 mm. (0'8-0'95").
Hob. Within our limits spread through Peninsular India ;
Ceylon ; Assam ; Burma ; Tenasserim ; the Andamans ; extending
in the Ethiopian Eegion to Aden, and South Africa, and in the
Malayan Subregion. to Sumatra and Java.
360
724. Zizera Otis, Fair. (Papilio) Mant. Iiis. ii, 1787, p. 73 : Butler,
A. M. N. H. (5) xviii, 1886, p. 186; de N. Butt. Ind. iii, 1890,
p. 119, pi. 26, fig. 175 rf.
Polyomniatus sarigra, Moore, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 772, pi. 41, fig. 8 J ;
de N. (Zizera) Butt. Ind. iii, 1890, p. 120.
Lycjena indica, Murray, Trans. Ent. «Sbc.l874, p. 525, pi. 10, figs. 2,
3, d ?; 3foor« (Zizera) Ze^. O///. i, 1881, p. 79, pi. 35, figs. 7,
7a, rf; <& N. (Zizera) Butt. Ind. iii, 1890, p. 121.
c? . Upperside : pale violet-blue, with a silvery sheen in certain
lights. Fore wing : a broad brown edging along the termen,
which covers in some specimens quite the outer fourth of the wing,
while in others is much narrower. In all specimens it is broadest
at apex and is bounded by an anticiliary darker line, beyond which
a. Zizera gaika, underside.
/>. Zizera otis, underside.
the cilia are brownish at base and white outwardly. Hind wing :
anterior or costal third to half and apex brown ; a slender black
anticiliary line, beyond which the cilia are as in the fore wing.
Underside : brownish grey. Fore wing : a short, transverse, dusky
lunule on the discocellulars and a transverse, anteriorly curved,
discal series of seven minute black spots, all the spots more or less
rounded, the posterior two geminate, the discoceliular lunule and
each discal spot conspicuously encircled with white ; the terminal
markings beyond the above consist of an inner and an outer
transverse subterminal series of dusky spots, each spot edged on
the inner side very obscurely with dusky white, the inner line of
spots lunular, the outer with the spots more or less rounded.
Cilia dusky. Hind wing : a transverse, curved, subbasal series of
four spots and an irregular transverse discal series of nine small
spots black, each spot encircled narrowly with white. Of the
discal spots the posterior four are placed in an outwardly oblique,
slightly curved line, the middle two spots geminate : the three
spots above these are placed in an oblique transverse Hue further
outwards ; lastly, the anterior two spots are posited one over the
other and shifted well inwards, just above the apex of the cell ;
discoceliular lunule and terminal markings as on the fore wing,
but the inner subterminal lunular line in the latter broader and
more prominent. Cilia dusky. Antennae black, shafts ringed with
white ; head, thorax and abdomen brown, with a little blue scaling :
beneath : white. — $ . Upperside : brown, with a more or less
distinct suffusion of violet-blue at the bases of the wings, on
the hind wing continued obscurely along the dorsum ; both fore
/I/ERA. AZAXL'S. 361
and hind wings with slender anticiliary lines, darker than the
ground-colour. Underside : ground-colour slightly darker than
in the c? , markings precisely similar. Antennae, head, thorax and
abdomen as in the J , but the thorax and abdomen above without
any blue scaling.
Eaup. c? 2 22-27 mm. (0-78-1-08").
Hub. Punjab ; Kumaon ; Sikhim ; Bengal ; Orissa ; Central,
Western and Southern India ; Ceylon ; Assam ; Burma ; Tenas-
serim ; extending to the Malayan Subregion as far as Java, and
into China.
Z. sangra, Moore, and Z. decreta, Butler, are slight varieties
that differ so little from the typical form as to make it impossible
to discriminate one from the other in any large series of specimens
from different localities. Z. indicn, Murray, is more easily separ-
able by the great size of the discal black spots on the underside
of the fore wing, but specimens intermediate between typical otis
and typical indica are by no means uncommon throughout the
range of the form.
Genus AZANUS.
Azanus, Moore, Lep. Cvyl i, 1881, p. 79 ; de X. Butt. Ind. iii, 1890,
p. 122.
Type, A. ubaldus, Cramer, from Ceylon.
Range. Arabia, India, Ceylon, Assam, Burma.
c? $ . Fore wing : costa very slightly arched ; apex subacute ;
termen convex ; tornus obtuse ; dorsum straight ; cell about half
length of wing ; upper discocellular in line with subcostal nervure,
middle and lower subequal and nearly vertical ; vein 3 from well
before, vein 4 from lower apex of cell, vein 6 from upper apex of
cell, vein 7 from a little before ; vein 8 absent, 9 out of 7, 10 free,
11 anastomosed with 12. Hind wing : costa arched; apex broadly
rounded ; termen convex ; tornus well marked, angular ; dorsum
sinuate, strongly convex in the middle, concave just before tornal
angle ; cell short, less than half length of wing, all the veins well
separate from one another ; vein 3 from before lower apex of cell.
Antennae a little longer than half length of fore wing, club large
and abrupt; palpi more or less porrect, second joint densely
clothed with long hairs anteriorly, third short, blunt at apex ; eyes
hairy ; body moderately robust. — <$ . In two of the forms on the
upperside of the fore w?ing, specialized hair-like scales on the disc
extend upwards into the cell and beyond it into bases of interspaces
4 and 5.
Three forms are recorded from within our limits, of which one
seems to me doubtfully distinct from the typical form. In the
absence of evidence from the larva and pupa (unknown of any of
the forms), and even of a good series of dated specimens, I have
followed de Niceville and kept A. uranus, Butler, distinct from
A. ubaldus, Cramer. I think, however, that the former will
probably prove to be the dry-season brood of the latter.
362
Key to the forms of Azanus.
A. Underside fore wing, rf $ : a black spot in middle
of cell .................................. A. jesous, p. 363.
13. Underside fore wing, c? $ : no black spot in
middle of cell.
a. Underside : greyish brown ; hind wing : a
conspicuous, transverse, subbasal series of
four black spots ........................ A. ubuldus, p. 302.
b. Underside : greyish white ; hind wing : with-
out, or with only a slight trace of subbasal
series of black spots ...................... A. uranus, p. 363.
725. Azanus ubaldus (PI. XIX, fig. 138), Cramer (Papilio), Pap.
Exot. iv, 1782, p. 209, pi. 390, figs. L, M, d ; Moore, P. Z. ~S.
1882, p. 245 ; de N. Butt. Ind. iii, 1890, p. 123.
Lycama zena, Moore, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 505, pi. 31, fig. 9 $ : Butler
(Azanus), P. Z. S. 1884, p. 483.
^ . Upperside : brownish purple, dark blue at base of wings.
Tore wing : costa very narrowly along its apical half, terinen
evenly and a little more broadly from apex to tornus, edged with
brown ; the area on the disc, in the cell and beyond it is covered
with hair-like specialized scales and is distinctly darker. Hind
wing : similar, the brown edging to the costa much broader ;
posteriorly in the tornal area there is a dark spot in interspace 1
and another more clearly -defined similar spot in interspace 2,
both spots merged more or less into the terminal brown edging.
Cilia of both fore and hind wings white, with their basal halves
evenly dark brown. Underside: greyish brown. Eorewing: two
short white lines, one each side of the discocellulars ; a minute
black subcostal dot above apex of cell, another similar dot a little
beyond it; two parallel, obliquely-placed, transverse, upper discal
white lines, followed by an inner and an outer obliquely-placed,
irregular, broken, subterminal line also white, the inner one some-
what Junular, and an anticiliary dark line ; the posterior third
from base of the wing uniform, somewhat paler than the rest.
Hind wing: the following black white-encircled spots conspicuous:
4 subbasal spots in transverse order, a subcostal spot in middle of
interspace 7, two minute geminate spots at the tornal angle, and
a larger one in interspace 2 ; two transverse short white lines on
either side of the discocellulars as on the fore wing ; a transverse,
curved, catenulated, discal baud of white markings, followed by a
postdiscal and subterminal series of white lunules and an anti-
ciliary dark line edged inwardly with white. Antennae dark
brown, the shafts ringed with white; apex of club also white; head,
thorax and abdomen dark brown, the thorax in fresh specimens
with a little purplish-blue pubescence ; beneath : palpi, thorax and
abdomen white.— $ . Upperside : rich silky brown. Fore and
hind wings : suffused with purplish blue at base, and with anti-
ciliary black lines. Hind wing : with two black spots at tornal
AZANUS. 363
area as in the J . Underside : as in the <$ , but the markings
more regular, more evenly and neatly denned, and the white
transverse lines on the fore wing carried to the dorsal margin.
Cilia, antennae, head, thorax and abdomen similar to those of the
cf, the thorax however, devoid of any bluish pubescence on the
upperside.
Exp. <$ $ 21-24 mm. (0-84-0-96").
Hab. N.W. Himalayas ; Baluchistan ; the Punjab ; Oudh ;
Bengal ; Orissa ; Central, Western and Southern India ; Ceylon ;
Upper Burma : Tilin Taw ( Watson).
726. Azanus uranus, Sutler, P. Z. S. 1886, p. 3t>6, pi. 35, fig. 1 rf ;
de N. Butt. Incl. iii, 1890, p. 124.
d1 ? . Closely resembles A. ubaldus, Cramer. The J1 on the
upperside has the ground-colour much paler and the terminal
edging on both fore and hind wings much narrower, reduced, in
fact, to a conspicuous dark brown anticiliary line, while the two
dark spots at the tornal area of the hind wing are more or less
obsolescent. In the $ on the upperside the ground-colour is also
much paler than in the $ of ubaldus, but the suffusion of purplish
blue at the base of the wings in the solitary $ specimen that
I have seen is spread slightly further outwards than it is in the
5 of ubaldus. Underside J $ : ground-colour greyish white ;
character and disposition of the markings much as in ubaldus, but
faint and not clearly defined, often many of them scarcely trace-
able ; the transverse subbasal row of black spots on the hind wing
either completely absent or barely visible. The black subcostal
spot in interspace 7, though smaller than in ubaldus, seems to be
always present, while the tornal black spots seem, to be particu-
larly large and prominent in both sexes.
Exp. J $ 25-28 mm. (1-00-1-10").
Hab. Baluchistan ; the Punjab : Karachi ; Oudh ; Kumaon ;
Sikhim ; Bengal ; Central and Southern India.
727. Azanus jesous, Guerin (Polyommatus) in Lef. Voy. Abyss, vi,
(1847), p. 383, pi. 11, figs. 3, 4; Trimen (Lycaena), South Afr.
Butt, ii, 1887, p. 72.
Lyceena gamra, Lederer, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, v, 1855, p. 189,
pi. 1, fig. 3 rf; de N. (Azanus) Butt. Ind. iii, 1890, p. 125.
Azanus crameri, Moore, Lep. Ceyl. \, 1881, p. 80, pi. 36, fig. 1.
c? . Upperside : a paler and much brighter purple than in
A. ubaldus, the dark blue tint at the base of the wings more
pronounced. Pore wing : without the clothing of specialized
hair-like scales so conspicuous in ubaldus. Hind wing : with the
dark tornal spots very obscure. Pore and hind wings : with only
slender dark anticiliary lines, but no regular brown edging.
Underside : dull pale grey. Pore wing : costal margin brown, a
black white-encircled spot in cell, a dark chestnut-brown streak
364 LYC.EX1DJE.
between vein 12 and subcostal vein ; similarly-coloured but some-
\vhat paler transverse bars cross the upper discal area of the wing
as follows : — one on the discocellulars and three beyond, each bar
edged internally and externally with white ; below this two
elongate brownish white-edged spots placed en echelon, and
beyond a slender, unbroken, transverse, postdiscal brown line ;
a transverse subterminal series of black spots, each surrounded
with white, and a slender anticiliary dark line. In most speci-
mens there is also a dusky spot below the cell near the base of the
wing. Hind wing : an outwardly oblique short streak from base
of cell, a spot below it, a transverse subbasal series of four spots
and a complete series of subterminal spots in interspaces 1, 2, 4,
5, 6 and 7, jet-black, each spot surrounded with white ; the sub-
terminal spot in interspace 3, a terminal small spot in interspace 7,
an outwardly-oblique discal line of six elongate spots, the anterior
spot shifted inwards out of line, and a transverse line beyond
apex of cell, dark brown, each of these markings margined with
white ; on the terminal area there is an inner subterminal lunulated
dark line on the inner side of the series of black spots and an
anticiliary similar slender line. Cilia white, basal halves brown ;
on the fore wing interrupted also with brown at the apices of the
veins. Antennae, head, thorax and abdomen dark brown ; shafts of
the antennae white-ringed, thorax with a little bluish pubescence ;
beneath : palpi, thorax and abdomen white. — $ . Upperside : silky
brown, bluish at the base of the wings. Fore wing : a large dark
brown discocellular transverse spot and a small quadrate white
patch beyond. Hind wing : some two or three obscure dark sub-
terminal spots towards the tornus. In some specimens the series
complete from apex to tornus, more obscure anteriorly than poste-
riorly. Fore and hind wings : both with slender dark anticiliary
lines. Underside : ground-colour slightly paler, but the markings
very similar to those in the tf ; the transverse brown bars beyond
apex of cell on the fore wing longer, almost extended to the dorsal
margin. Cilia, antennae, thorax and abdomen much as in the c? .
Exp. cj 5 24-26 mm. (Q-93-1'02").
Hub. Africa ; Arabia ; and within our limits : Baluchistan ; the
Punjab eastwards through Oudh to the Central Provinces ;
Central, Western and Southern India; Ceylon; Upper Burma:
Myingan ( Watson).
Genus CHILADES.
Chilades, Moore, Lep. Ceyl. i, 1881. p. 76 ; de N. Butt. Ltd. iii,
1890, p. 88.
Type, C. laius, Cramer, from Ceylon and India.
Kanf/e. " South Africa, North and South Tropical Africa, extra-
tropical North Africa, South-east Europe, Asia Minor, Persia
and Aden, almost throughout India and Ceylon, but not in the Malay
Peninsula as far as is known, reappearing, however, in Java, Samba,
Sambawa and Australia" (de Nicevitte). Occurs also in China.
CHILADES. 365
Very closely allied to Lycmia, from which the two forms that
are placed under it are kept separate, more for convenience and
because of the character of the wing-markings on the underside
and the peculiar range of the forms, than for the slight structural
difference which is noted below.
<$ $ . Venation of the wings and structure of the antennae,
palpi and legs as in Lyccena, with the exception that in the hind
wing veins 3 and 4 are emitted typically from the lower apex of
the cell, and not vein 3 from a little before, 4 from the apex of the
cell as in Li/ccena.
Key to the forms of Chilades.
a. Upperside : tf purplish blue ; $ brown, with
more or less of blue suffusion at base of wings.
Underside hind wing: <$ without an ochreous
patch at tornal area, or ocelli sprinkled with
metallic-green scales C. lams, p. 060.
b. Upperside : J § brown, not suffused with blue.
Underside hind wing : rf § with a more or
less well-marked ochraceous patch at tornal
area, and three black ocelli sprinkled outwardly
with metallic-green scales C. frochilus, p. 367.
728. Chilades laius (PL XIX, fig. 135), Cramer (Papilio), Pap. Exot.
iv, 1780, p. 62, pi. 319, tigs. D, E ; Moore (Polyommatus), Cat.
Lep. Mus. E. 1. C. i, 1857, p. 21, pi. 12, figs. 1, 1 a, larva & pupa;
de N. Butt. 2nd. iii, 1890, p. 89, pi. 26, tigs. 168, 169, J .
Chilades varunana, Moore, Lep. Ceyl. i, 1881, p. 77, pi. 35, fig. 3<3 .
Polyommatus kandura, Moore, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 772, pi. 41, fig. 7 $ ;
Swinhoe (Zizera), Trans. Ent. Soc. 1885, p. 341.
Wet-season brood. — rf . Upperside : bluish purple. Fore wing :
base and basal half of costa flushed with pale blue ; costa and
termen edged by a slender dark brownish-black even line, beyond
which along the termen the cilia are brown at base, white
outwardly. Hind wing: costa somewhat broadly dusky black;
a slender black conspicuous anticiliary line, beyond which the
cilia are white traversed medially by a brown line ; dorsum
broadly pale brown, two subterminal pale-bordered black spots in
interspace 1, and one similar spot in interspace 2, often ob-
solescent and barely indicated. Underside : grey. Fore wing :
a transverse broad lunule on the discocellulars and a transverse
discal series of six spots dark brown, the lunule and each of the
discal spots edged with white ; the posterior four spots of
the discal series elongate and each obliquely placed, the anterior
two round and curved inwards ; a subterminal series of trans-
verse elongate spots with an inner series of lunules dusky brown,
both series edged inwardly and outwardly with white ; finally,
an anticiliary slender black line. Cilia white, medially traversed
by a dark brown line. Hind wing : the following jet-black spots
slenderly encircled with white : — a transverse subbasal series of
366 LYCJSNIDJE.
four and a subcostal spot somewhat larger than the others in the
middle of interspace 7; below the latter a catenulated line of
slenderly white-edged dusky-brown spots, including the lunular
spot on the discocellulars, crosses the wing, and beyond these
opposite the apex of the cell are three similar discal spots, the
middle one elongate ; the terminal markings consist of an inner
continuous subterminal series of dusky lunules, bordered inwardly
and outwardly with white, an outer subterminal series of in-
wardly conical dusky-brown spots, and a slender anticiliary black
line. The posterior two spots of the outer line of subterminal
markings are also black. Cilia white. Antennae black, the shafts
obscurely ringed with white ; head, thorax and abdomen brown,
the head, thorax and base of the abdomen with a little blue
scaling ; beneath : the palpi, thorax and abdomen white. — $ .
Upperside : dark brown. Fore and hind wings from their bases
outwards to a varying extent shot with bright iridescent blue,
this colour not extended on either wing to the costa, termen or
dorsum. Hind wing : in addition a curved postdiscal series of
whitish lunules very often obsolescent, in some specimens entirely
wanting ; followed by a subterminal series of black, narrowly
white-encircled spots that are often obscure and in some speci-
mens do not reach the apex. Anticiliary black lines and cilia
as in the c? . Underside : precisely similar to that of the cf .
Antennae, head, thorax and abdomen as in the d .
Dry-season brood. — tf $ . Closely resemble specimens of the
wet-season brood, but can always be distinguished by the some-
what paler ground-colour of the upperside, while on the underside
both sexes bear a large nebulous brown patch on the hind wing
posteriorly. Sometimes the ground-colour on the underside is
much paler, almost white, especially in the $ .
Exp. 3 $ 28-32 mm. (MO-1-26").
Hob. Baluchistan ; N.W. Himalayas, not ascending above
6000 or 7000 feet; N.W. Provinces eastwards to Bengal and
Assam, southwards through Central, Western and Southern India
to Ceylon : Burma ; Tenasserim ; Southern China.
This form is very constant and unmistakable in the markings
of the underside. It seems to be also fairly constant in size, but
some six or seven specimens sent to me by Major Stokes-Eoberts,
B.E., from the Nilgiris, are extraordinarily small (Exp. J $
18-20 mm.), though in ground-colour and markings, both on the
upper and under sides, <$ and $ are precisely similar to the
corresponding sexes of the larger and typical form.
Larva. " Pale green at all stages, of the shade of the young leaves
of the lime and pummeloe bushes on which it feeds. When full-
grown it is about seven-sixteenths of an inch in length, onisciform
as usual ; the head black, smooth and shining, with a somewhat
dark green dorsal line down the body, the whole surface but very
slightly shagreened and covered with extremely fine and short
downy hairs. The constriction between the segments slight.
There are traces of two pale subdorsal lines, and there is a pale
CHILADES. 367
lateral line below the spiracles. The usual extensile organ on the
twelfth segment short. This larva has no distinctive markings
by which it can be easily recognized ; it is altogether a very
plainly coloured and marked insect. I have found it common in
Calcutta during the rains, the ant which attends it betraying its
presence. The latter has been identified by Dr. A. Forel as
• Camponotus rubripes, Drury (sylvaticus, Fabr.), subspecies com-
pressus*, Fabr." (de Niceville.)
Papa. " Green ; of the usual Lycsenid shape, with a dorsal and
lateral series of somewhat obscure conjoined brownish spots on
the upperside. Attached to the underside of the leaves of its
food-plant in the usual manner." (de Niceville.)
729. Chilades trochilus, Freyer (Lycaena), Neuere Beitrage Schmett.
v, 1844, p. 98, pi. 440, tig. 1 ; Lang (Lycaena), Butt. Eur. 1884,
p. 103, pi. 22, fig. 7 ; de N. Butt. Ind. iii, 1890, p. 91.
Lycsena putli, Kollar, HiiyeVs Kaschmir, iv, 1848, p. 422 ; Moore
(Chilades), Lep. Ceyl. i, 1881, p. 77, pi. 85, figs. 4, 4 a.
Lycaeua parva, Murray, Trans. Ent. Sue. 1874, p. 526, pi. 10, fig. 1.
Lycfena gnoma, Snellen, Tijd. voor Ent. xix, 1876, p. 159, pi. 7,
fig. 1.
S . Upperside : brown, somewhat variable in tint. Specimens
from dry localities are much paler than those taken in areas with
a comparatively heavy rainfall. Fore wing : uniform, with a very
ill-defined anticiliary dark line in some specimens. Hind wing :
a subterminal series of round black spots crowned with pale
ochraceous, the posterior four spots generally well defined and
outwardly edged with white, the anterior spots obsolescent and
without the interior edging of yellow or the outer edging of
white ; a well-marked, slender anticiliary black line. Cilia white,
basal halves brown. Underside : pale silky brown. Fore wing :
with the following white markings : — a short line on the inner
and outer sides of the discocellulars ; a transverse, slightly curved,
discal series of small, more or less incomplete rings ; a transverse
postdiscal series of disconnected slender lunules ; a subterminal
series of similar but more regular lunuies and a terminal broken
line, followed by a dark unbroken anticiliary line ; the ground-
colour between the two short discocellular lines, that enclosed
within each ring of the discal markings, and between the sub-
terminal lunules and the terminal line slightly darker than on
the rest of the wing. Hind wing : two short white lines on the
discocellulars ; the discal, postdiscal and terminal markings as on
the fore wing, except that enclosed between the subterminal
series of white lunules and the terminal white line is a complete
series of dark spots, the posterior three or four jet-black sprinkled
outwardly with metallic-green scales and encircled with pale
ochraceous. In addition there are a transverse subbasal series of
* Camponotus compressits, Fabr., vide Faun. Brit. Ind., Hymen optera, ii,
1903, p. 351.
four white-encircled black spots and a similar subcostal spot in
middle of interspace 7. Antennae, head, thorax arid abdomen
brown, the shaft of the antennae speckled with white ; beneath :
palpi, thorax and abdomen white. — £ . Upper and undersides :
ground-colour and markings as in the d1 , but the latter larger and
more clearly denned ; 011 the hind wing the yellow crowning the
black spots on the tornal area on the upperside and surrounding
the same 011 the underside, wider and more prominent. Antennae,
head, thorax and abdomen as in the tf .
Exp. rf $ 17-25 mm. (0-68-0-97").
Hal. Pound throughout our limits, but not at any great
elevation ; occurs also in South-eastern Europe ; in Africa,
Arabia and Central Asia ; extends through the Malayan Subregion
to Australia.
Var. putli, Kollar, is the small Indian form which however, in
ground-colour and markings is identical with trochilus.
Larva. " When full-grown a little over a quarter of an inch in
length, onisciform as usual ; the head very small, black and
shining, entirely hidden when at rest, being covered by the
second segment ; the colour of the body grass-green, with a dark
green dorsal line from the third to the twelfth segment; two
subdorsal series of short parallel streaks, each pair being divided
from the next by the segmental constriction, these streaks paler
than the ground-colour ; an almost pure white lateral line below
the spiracles, which is the most conspicuous of all the markings ;
the segmental constrictions rather deep ; the whole surface of the
body shagreened, being covered with very small whitish tubercles,
from which spring very fine short colourless hairs. The usual
extensile organ on the twelfth segment. Dr. George King,
Superintendent of the Royal Botanical Gardens, Sibpur, near
Calcutta, has identified its food-plant as Hdiotropium striyosum,
"Willd. Professor A. Forel identifies the ant as Pheidole quadri-
spinosa, Jerdon." (de Niceville.}
Pupa. " About three-sixteenths of an inch in length, pale
green, of the usual Lycaenid shape, densely covered everywhere,
except on the wing-cases, with somewhat long white hairs.''
(de Niceville?)
Genus ORTHOMIELLA.
Orthomiella, de Niceville, Butt. Ind. iii, 1800, p. 1 25.
Type, 0. pontis, Elwes, from Sikhim.
Range. Sikhim ; China.
c? $ . Fore wing : costa widely arched ; apex subacute, well-
marked but not produced ; termen convex ; tornus angulated :
dorsum straight, about three-fourths the length of the costa ; cell
ample, a little longer than half the length of the wing ; vein 7
from a little before apex of cell, upper discocellular therefore in
line with subcostal ; middle and lower dtscocellulars subequal,
OBTHOMIELLA. 369
faintly marked ; vein 3 from before lower apex of cell, 4 from
lower apex, 5 from junction of middle and lower discocellulars,
6 from upper apex of cell, 8 absent, 9 from apical half of 7,
10 free, 11 anastomosed with 12 for a short distance, then ex-
tended free to costa, 12 terminates on costa well before apex
of cell. Hind wing : costa slightly concave, apex obtusely an-
gulate; termen anteriorly slightly concave, posteriorly strongly
convex ; tornus blunt, almost rounded ; dorsum long, slightly
arched ; cell about half length of wing, middle and lower disco-
cellulars oblique and convex ; vein 3 from a little before lower
apex of cell ; vein 8 strongly arched at base, then straight to
apex, running very close to the costal margin. Antennae about
half length of fore wing; club stout, abrupt, spatulate ; palpi
subporrect, somewhat lax, furnished with a bristly fringe of hairs
anteriorly, third joint short, acicular ; eyes hairy ; body moderately
stout.
A single form is found within our limits in Sikhim and in
Upper Burma.
730. Orthomiella pontis (PL XIX, fig. 139), Elwes (Chilcades?),
P. Z. 8. 1887, p. 446 ; id. (Chilodes ?) Trans. Ent. Soc. 1888,
p. 384, pi. 8, fig. 5 <S ; de N. Suit. Incl iii, 1890, p. 126, pi. 26,
fig. 177 d .
d1 . Upperside : deep purplish brown, the purple suffusion
visible in some lights, not in others. Fore and hind wings :
uniform, with dark brown, somewhat broad anticiliary lines.
Cilia brown alternated with white. Underside : paler, somewhat
silky brown. Fore wing : base thickly irrorated with black scales ;
cell transversely crossed in the middle and along the discocellulars
by brown bars of a darker shade than the ground-colour of the
wing; a transverse, somewhat irregular, catenulated, discal,
similarly coloured band followed by a slightly paler, transverse,
narrow, lunular, subterminal broad line, beyond which the ground-
colour is earthy-brown, with a superposed terminal series of
lunate spots in the interspaces. The cellular and discal markings
are faintly edged with white, the terminal markings are generally
very obscure. Hind wing : base, posterior half of cell and bases
of interspaces 1 a, 1, 2 and 3 densely irrorated with black scales
with irregular small patches of paler scales superposed thereon ;
a transverse, catenulated, subbasal dark brown band, a similar
shorter band from costa across the discocellulars aud a similar very
irregular discal band from costa, all merged posteriorly into the
irroration of black scales, followed as on the fore wing by an
obscure, transverse, lunular, subterminal brown line, and a terminal
row of ill-defined, similarly coloured, lunate spots. Antennae
dark brown, the shafts speckled with white ; head, thorax and
abdomen deep purplish brown ; beneath : palpi, thorax and
abdomen fuscous black. — $ . Upmrside : dark brown. Fore
wing: basal two-thirds brilliant purplish blue, much brighter
than the purple sheen in the d1. Hind wing : a medial area from
VOL. II. 2 B
370
base extended outwards for about two-tbirds the length of the
wing, purplish blue as on the fore wing. This colour not ex-
tended anteriorly to the costa or posteriorly to the dorsum.
Cilia of both fore and hind wings as in the c? . Underside -.
ground-colour and markings similar to those of the <S , but the
latter somewhat more clearly and neatly denned ; on the hind
wing the irroration of black scales at base and on the posterior
half of the wing less extensive. Antennae, head, thorax and
abdomen as in the cf .
Exp. <5 $ 30-32 mm. (1-18-1-26").
Hob. So far recorded only from ISikhiin, 6000 feet, and the
North Chin Hills, Tipper Burma.
Genus NIPHANDA.
Niphanda, Moore, P. Z. S. 1874, p. 572 ; de N. Butt. Ind. iii, 1890,
p. 131.
Type, N. tessellata, Moore, from. Penang.
Range. Indo-Malayan Eegion.
c? $ . Fore wing : costa very nearly straight, slightly arched
towards the apex ; apex blunt but not rounded ; termen convex ;
tornus obtuse, dorsum straight ; cell not quite half length of wing ;
middle and lower discocellulars vertical, slender; vein 3 from
before lower apex of cell, vein 7 from a little before upper apex
of cell, vein 8 absent, 9 from middle of 7, 10 and 11 free ; vein 12
bent a little downwards towards 11, terminates on costa opposite
apex of cell. Hind wing : costa widely and regularly arched, the
arch continued evenly to apex and termen which form a strong
curve to tornus; tornus obtusely angulated; dorsum concave above
tornus, then convex to base : cell remarkably short, not half length
of wing : veins 3 and 4 from lower apex of cell ; vein 8 arched at
base, ending on costa before apex of wing. Antennae long, over
half length of fore wing, club long, gradual ; palpi subporrect,
densely clothed with short scales, not fringed with long hairs or
bristles, third joint naked, comparatively long; eyes hairy.
731. Niphanda cymbia, de NiceviUe, J. A. S. E. 1883, p. 76, pi. 9,
fijrs. 8, 8 a, J $ ; id. Butt. Ind. iii, 1890, p. 132, frontispiece,
figs. 130,131, d1 2-
Niphanda plinioides, Moore, P. Z. S. 1883, p. 524, pi. 48, fig. 8 ? .
Race marcia (PI. XX, fig. 146 <? ).
Lycsena (Niphanda) marcia, Fmccett, P. Z. S. 1904, p. 139, pi. 9,
fig. 7.
<5 . Upperside : violet with a brilliant effulgence in fresh speci-
mens. Fore wing : costa and termen narrowly edged with dark
brown, a dark brown transverse short streak also on the disco-
cellulars. Hind wing : costa, termen and discocellulars marked
as in the fore wing, but the dark brown edging slightly broader,
on the termen it is produced obscurely inwards in the posterior
NIPHA.NDA. 371
interspaces ; dorsum somewhat broadly dusky brown. Underside :
dull whitish. Pore wing : basal half of costa shaded with brown ;
a streak from base between vein 12 and the subcostal vein, an
inwardly oblique, very broad, lunular subbasal spot, a spot on the
discocellulars, a transverse discal band, a transverse subterminal
series of inwardly conical spots and a slender anticiliary line, dark
brown ; the transverse discal band is maculate and broken, its
anterior portion to vein 3 outwardly oblique, its posterior portion
below vein 3 shifted well inwards and nearly vertical ; the costa
above vein 12, a postdiscal transverse irregular cloud verv broad
anteriorly, narrow and faint posteriorly, and a transverse inner sub-
terminal lunular line, pale brown. Hind wing: the humeral edge
of the precostal area, two or three basal spots, a transverse subbasal
line of four spots, a transverse spot on the discocellulars, with above
it in vertical order two coalescent spots, a transverse curved macular
discal baud, an inner, subterminal, lunular, continuous broad band,
a subterminal series of spots and an anticiliary line, brown ; the
basal and subbasal markings, the anterior of the two spots above
the discocellular spot, and the posterior four subterminal spots
very dark brown, almost black. The discal band has on either side
of it posterior shorter rnacuiar bands, that give it an irregular and
ill-defined appearance, while the two spots nearest the costa of the
inner markings are very large and prominent. Cilia of both fore
and hind wings brown. Antennse, head, thorax and abdomen
brown, the thorax slightly purplish in fresh specimens, the shafts
of the antenna ringed with white; beneath: palpi, thorax and
abdomen dingy brownish-white. — $ . Upperside : brown. Fore
wing : the costal and terminal margins, and the area below the
basal half of the cell of a darker brown than the ground-colour ;
an irregular transverse posterior discal series of dark brown spots,
between which and the dark basal area on the inner side and
between it and the broad dark terminal band on the outer side the
ground-colour is replaced by dingy white. Hind wing : a post-
discal series of white spots, and a subterminal series of inwardly
conical very dark brown spots, the posterior spots of which are
edged narrowly both on the inner and outer sides with white. Both
fore and hind wings with slender black anticiliary lines. Under-
side : ground-colour a purer white than in the d ; markings
similar but all narrower and more clearly defined. Antenna?,
head, thorax and abdomen brown, of a paler shade than in the J ,
the thorax not purplish ; beneath : palpi, thorax and abdomen
white.
Exp. 6 $ 35-39 mm. (1-37-1-52").
Hob. Sikhim.
A variable form, especially the females. A specimen of the
latter in the collection of the British Museum has on the upper-
side the bases of both fore and hind wings suffused with dull blue,
the white area on the fore wing of a purer shade and more
extensive ; the hind wing has the whole of the disc between the
basal suffusion of blue and the terminal markings white. On the
2i3 2
372 LYCJENID.E.
underside both sexes vary very much in the size and clearness of
definition of the markings, and the variety just mentioned has
these (especially the terminal markings) partially obsolescent.
Race marcia, Fawcett. — A very slightly differentiated form.
Differs from typical cymbia as follows : — j . Upperside : similar,
the purple ground-colour in the only two specimens that I have
had an opportunity of examining slightly brighter. Underside,
fore wing : ground-colour slightly greyish or bluish-white ; the
basal dark brown streak shorter, the lunular dark brown mark
beyond it replaced by an irregular upper and lower spot distinctly
divided by the median vein ; the discal and postdiscal markings
similar but narrow, edged with white and distinctly paler. Hind
wing : the anterior half of the cell and up to the costa above it,
the base of the wing and the disc shaded with greyish brown ; the
brown spots and maculated bands paler, except the large spot
nearest the costa of the transverse subbasal row of spots, and
the two spots (which are of equal size) above the discocellular
spot ; terminal markings all paler and fainter than in the typical
form. — 5 . Yerv similar to the variety of cymbia described briefly
above, but on the upperside the blue suffusion at the base of the
wings is replaced by pale brown and on the hind wing the area of
white on the disc is less extensive. Underside : very similar to the
underside of the typical form, the markings all slightly smaller,
paler and less prominent.
Exp. S 2 28-35 mm. (MO-1-37").
Hab. Recorded so far only from Burma : Taungoo, Mergui, the
Shan States.
Genus LYO2ENESTHES.
Lycsenesthes, Moore, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 773 ; id. Lep. Ceyl i, 1881,
p. 87 ; de N. Butt. Ind. iii, 1890, p. 127.
Type, L. emolus, Godart, from India.
Range. Indo- and Austro- Malayan Eegions.
d $ . Fore wing : costa very slightly arched ; apex subacute ;
termen convex ; torrms almost a right angle ; dorsum straight ;
cell long, more than half the length of the wing ; vein 7 from
before upper apex of cell, upper discocellular therefore in line with
subcostal vein, middle and lower discocellulars vertical, subequal ;
veins 1 and 2 very wide apart at base ; veins 2 and 3 given off
from apical fourth of median vein, vein 4 from lower apex of
cell, 6 from upper apex of cell, 8 absent, 9 from apical half of 7,
10 and 11 free, 12 terminates on costa before apex of cell ; veins
1 and 12 and median and subcostal veins thickened towards base.
Hind wing : broad ; costa widely arched ; apex and tornus well
marked ; termen convex ; short projections (scarcely tails) at
apices of veins 1 to 3 ; dorsum only slightly convex ; cell about
half length of wing ; middle and lower discocellulars concave and
sloping obliquely outwards ; veins 1 o, 1, median and subcostal
LYC^ENESTHES. 373
veins and vein 8 all distinctly thickened towards base ; veins 3
and 4 closely approximate from lower apex of cell ; vein 8 strongly
arched at basal third and extended parallel and very close to the
costal margin up to apex of wing. Antennae comparatively long,
longer than half length of fore wing ; club long, gradual, acute at
apex ; palpi porrect, anteriorly fringed with stiff hairs, third joint
long, naked ; eyes hairy ; body robust.
Key to the forms of Lycamesthes.
a. Underside hind wing : no distinct dark brown or
black white-encircled spot touching vein 7 near
base L. etnolus, p. 373.
b. Underside hind wing : a very distinct dark brown
or black white-encircled spot touching vein 7
near base L. tyc&nina, p. 375.
732. Lycsenesthes emolus, Godart (Polyommatus), Encycl. Meth. ix,
1823, p. 056 ; de N. Butt. Ind. iii, 1890, p. 128 ; Davidson, £'ell #
Aitken. Jour. JSomb. N. H. Soc. x, 1896, p. 374.
Lycaenesthes bengalensis, Moore, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 773, pi. 41 f
fig.9rf.
c? . Upperside : dull purple ; bases of the wings suffused with
blue : both fore and hind wings with well-marked jet-black
anticiliary lines, that on the fore wing expand slightly at the
apex. Hind wing : the costal margin above vein 7 and the dorsal
margin below vein 1 a fuscous brown ; irregular, transverse, sub-
terminal black spots in interspaces 1 to 3, those in interspaces
1 and 2 much larger than that in interspace 3 ; posterior basal
area covered with long purplish-brown hairs. Cilia of both fore
and hind wings brown. Underside : purplish brown with a smooth
satiny lustre. Fore wing : a short band on the discocellulars, a
transverse comparatively broad discal band with very sinuate
margins, and a subterminal, continuous, lunular, much narrower
band; the former two brown, of a shade darker than the ground-
colour, the subterminal band fuscous black; the band on the
discocellulars and the discal band edged narrowly with white both
on the inner and outer sides, the subterminal band very obscurely
similarly edged on the outer side only. Hind wing: somewhat
densely irrorated with black scales at extreme base and crossed
transversely by seven or eight very irregular lines of slender white
lunules ; the outer two lines outwardly concave, the others out-
wardly convex, each lunule of the inner line of the former two
series touching the corresponding lunule of the line next to it on
the inner side, so that in each interspace the two touching lines of
lunules seem to form a series of markings like X ; finally, a white-
edged black spot in the middle of. the dorsum and another sub-
terminal black spot crowned inwardly with orange in interspace 3.
Both fore and hind wings with slender jet-black anticiliary lines
and brown cilia, the anticiliary line on the hind wing edged inwardly
and outwardly by a white thread. Antenna? black, the shafts speckled
374 LYCJENID^E.
with white; head, thorax and abdomen purplish brown. — $ . Upper-
side : brown, the bases of the wings glossed with pale violet-blue
on the fore wing, in some specimens extended for two-thirds the
length of the wing but always more or less of a broad margin of the
ground-colour is left along the costa, a still broader margin along
the termen and a narrow edging along the dorsum ; on the hind
wing the blue gloss rarely extends further than the basal third.
Both fore and hind wings with slender anticiliary black lines, that
on the hind wing posteriorly is inwardly margined with a thread
of white, on the inner side of which again and touching it are three
or four conical or triangular small black spots in the interspaces.
Cilia of both wings pale brown. Underside : ground-colour slightly
paler, markings similar. Antennae blackish brown, the shafts
speckled with white as in the d ; head, thorax and abdomen
brown; beneath: the palpi, thorax and abdomen paler brown.
Exp. 8 $ 29-35 mm. (1-14-1-34").
Hob. Within our limits, Eastern India : Sikhim, Bengal, Orissa ;
Western India : Karwar ; Assam ; Burma ; Teriasserim ; the
Andamans ; extending into the Malayan Subregion as far as New-
Guinea.
Specimens from the Andamans differ constantly in the darker
shade of the purplish-blue above and on the underside by the
narrowness of the transverse discal band on the fore wing, which is
also more irregular and catenulate in form, the posterior link or
spot not in line with the others.
Larva. " When full-fed '62 of an inch in length, somewhat dark
green in colour (of a darker shade than mostLycaanid larvse), smooth
and shining, the whole surface covered with minute pits to be seen
only under a strong magnifying-glass. The head is very small
and retractile as usual and of a pale green colour ; the second
segment is unmarked, the third to sixth segments inclusive have
some obscure reddish-brown dorsal blotches, the three following
segments are unmarked, the tenth to twelfth segments have some-
what similar blotches to those on the third to the sixth segments,
but they are more distinct and and darker in shade. There is a
pale yellow lateral line just above the legs. All the segments are
irregularly and broadly pitted at the sides ; these pits seem to
assume more or less the form of a longitudinal subdorsal depression,
below which to the lateral line the colour of the insect is slightly
paler. The whole larva is much depressed, somewhat wider than
high and seems to gradually increase in breadth to the tenth
segment, the last segment is almost as broad and rounded. The
larva varies greatly in colour and markings, some being pale green
throughout and unmarked, others again are reddish brown through-
out. It ^ feeds in Calcutta 011 Neplielium litchi, Lamb., Cassia
fistula, Linn., and Heynea trijuc/a, Koxb., and not improbably, as it
feeds on so many bushes, it will eat others. Dr. Forel identifies
the ant which attends the larva as (Ecophylla smaragdina, Fabr.,
the large red and green ant which makes immense nests of growing
leaves in trees." (de Niceville.')
LYC^NESTHES. — TALICADA. 375
Pupa. " 0-4 of an inch in length, of the usual Lycaenid shape,
the tail pointed, the thorax slightly humped arid ending in a some-
what sharp ridge line on the back ; it is coloured pale ochraceous
and bears a prominent diamond-shaped mark posteriorly. It is
smooth throughout, reddish brown sprinkled with minute darker
dots." (de
733. Lycaenesthes lycaenina, Felder, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, xviii,
1868, p. 281 ; Moore, Lep. Ceyl. i, 1881, p. 87, pi. 35, figs. 8, 8a,
c? ; de N. Butt. Ind. iii, 1890, p. 130, pi. 26, fiV. 178 rf ; Davidson,
Bell 4- .4iWfc«», Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. x, 1896, p. 374.
Lvcsenesthes lycambes, Hewitson, III. Di. Lep. 1862-1878, p. 220,
pi. 90, figs. 11, 12, rf.
Lycronesthes orissica, Moore, J. A. S. B. 1884, p. 23.
Closely resembles L. emolus, Godt. In both sexes however, but
especially in the d , the fore wing is distinctly narrower and more
acute at apex and the hind wing more acutely angulated at the
tornus. In markings on the upperside the two forms are closely
alike ; on the underside they differ as follows : — $ $ . Ground-
colour similar but a shade darker. Fore wing : the transverse
discal band dislocated below vein 3 and shifted inwards so that the
short band on the discocellulars and the anterior portion of the
discal band form the two branches, the lower portion of the discal
band the stem, of a rough Y-shaped figure. Hind wing : a large
black or dark brown white-encircled spot touching vein 7 near its
base (in L. emolus there is never any trace of such spot). The
discal and terminal transverse bands with their pale or white
edgings much more broken, irregular and confused. Antenna?,
head, thorax and abdomen as in the c? $ of emolus, but on the
underside the palpi, thorax and abdomen whiter with a slight
bluish tint.
Exp. cJ $ 28-32 mm. (1-1 0-1-26").
Hab. Sikhim ; Bengal ; Orissa ; Western and Southern India ;
Ceylon ; Assam ; Burma ; Tenasserim ; extending to Siam ; the
Malay Peninsula ; Borneo.
Genus TALICADA.
Talicada, Moore, Lep. Ceyl. i, 1881, p. 96 ; de N. Butt. Ind. iii,
1890, p. 134.
Type, T. iiyseus, Guerin, from India.
Bange. Western and Southern India ; Ceylon ; Assam ; Upper
Burma.
<5 $ . Fore wing : costa widely arched, more strongly just at
base ; apex rounded ; termen convex ; tornus obtuse ; dorsum
slightly sinuate ; cell long and narrow, slightly over half length of
wing; middle and lower discocellulars attenuated, subequal; veins
3 and 7 almost from lower and upper apices of cell respectively ;
veins 3 and 4 and veins 6 and 7 respectively very closely
376
approximate at base : vein 8 absent, 9 from middle of 7, 10 and 11
from apical half of subcostal ; vein 11 anastomosed with 12, forming
merely an oblique bar between 12 and the subcostal vein. Hind
wing : oval ; costa, termeu and dorsuin form a continuous curve,
apex and tornal angle not well marked ; cell less than half length of
wing, narrow ; middle and lower discocellulars obsolescent ; veins
3 and 4 from lower apex of cell ; vein 8 arched at base, extended
very close along the costal margin to apex. Antennae a little
longer than half length of fore wing, club elongate, gradual but
distinct ; palpi subporrect, third joint very long, naked ; eyes
naked.
734. Talicada nyseus (PI. XIX, fig. 140 2 ), Guerin (Polyommatus),
Delesserfs Souv. d\m Voy. dans Inde, 1843, p. 78, pi. 22, figs. 1, la;
Butler (Scolitantides), P. Z. S. 1881, p. 607 ; Moore. Lep. Ceyl. i,
1881, p. 97, pi. 39, figs. 1, la, Ib, d1 , larva & pupa ;' de N. Butt.
Ind. iii, 1890, p. 135, pi. 26, fig. 179 $ ; Davidson, Bell 8? Aitken,
Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. x, 1896, p. 375, pi. 4, figs. 1, la, larva &
pupa.
S $ • Upperside : black or brownish black, in fresh specimens
in certain lights with a dull purplish flush. Fore wing : uniform,
with a very slender thread-like edging of white to the costa. Hind
wing : a large conspicuous orange-red patch on the posterior
terminal half of the wing between the dorsum and vein 7 ;
this patch does not extend quite to the termen but leaves a
narrow edging of the black ground-colour which is produced inwards
in short conical projections in interspaces 2 to 5. Cilia of both
fore and hind wings chequered with black and \vhite alternately.
Underside : silvery white. Fore wing : a quadrate spot on the
discocellulars, a broad transverse discal band and the terminal third
of the wing jet-black ; the discal band is irregular, dislocated on
vein 3, the posterior portion shifted inwards and joined on to the
black area on the posterior terminal third of the wing by projections
of black on the dorsum, along veins 3 and between veins 4 and 5 •
the black area on terminal third of the wing encloses a transverse
postdiscal series of small round and a subterminal transversely
linear series of spots of the white ground-colour. Hind wing :
two spots near base, a subbasal transverse series of three spots, a
medial similar series of four somewhat elongate spots and a
transverse short postdiscal bar between veins 4 and 6, jet-black ;
terminal third of the wing above vein 7 jet-black, below that vein
deep orange-red, the whole area (both the black and the red)
medially traversed by a transverse curved series of round spots of
the white ground-colour and margined outwardly by a series of
transverse, very short and very slender lines of the same in the
interspaces ; anticiliary line black. Cilia of both fore and hind
wings chequered as on the upperside ; a short filamentous tail at
apex of vein 2 black, tipped white. Antenna?, head, thorax and
TALICADA. — EVERES. 377
abdomen black, shafts of the antennae ringed with white ; beneath:
palpi, thorax and abdomen white.
Exp. 6 $ 33-42 mm. (1-30-1-64").
Hab. Central, AVestern and Southern India ; Ceylon ; Assam ;
Upper Burma.
Larva $ Pupa. " Onisciforrn, but much rounded, and with the
segments at the divisions very clearly defined; head small, almost
concealed; last segment flattened. It is in colour fleshy-white,
with a row of nine small black dots along the back on each side and
a ring of four similar dots on the segment nearest the head ; it is
profusely covered with small white hairs. It feeds in the interior
of the fleshy leaves of Bryophyllum calycinum, only emerging in
order to turn into a pupa. This latter much resembles the larva,
being short and stout and blunt and covered with short white hair.
It is of the same fleshy colour as the larva and has two lines of small
black dots along the surface of the abdomen continued along the
thorax. It also has a third row of four similar dots on the middle
of the abdomen between them ; the two dots on the thorax
nearest the head are also connected by two other dots." (Davidson,
Bell 4' Aitken.}
Genus EVERES.
Everes, Hiibncr, Verz. bek. Schmett. 1816, p. 69 ; Moore, Lep. Ceyl.
i, 1881, p. 80 j de N. Butt. Ind. iii, 1890, p. 136.
Type, E. aryiades, Pallas, from S. Europe.
Range. The Holarctic Eegion ; Indo- and Austro-Malayan
Begions.
<3 $ . Fore wing : costa widely arched ; apex blunt, slightly
rounded ; termen strongly convex ; tornus obtuse ; dorsum
straight ; cell about half length of wing ; middle and lower
discocellulars more or less obsolescent ; vein 3 from a little before
lower apex of cell, vein 7 from well before upper apex of cell,
upper discocellular therefore in line with and part of subcostal
vein ; vein 8 absent ; vein 9 from middle of 7 ; vein 10 from
middle of subcostal ; 11 from basal half of subcostal running into
and anastomosed with vein 12 soon after its origin ; vein 12 ter-
minated on costa above and well before apex of cell. Hind wing :
costa very little arched ; apex more or less rounded ; termen very
strongly curved ; tornus not well marked ; dorsum slightly convex ;
ceh1 not half length of wing ; veins 3 and 4 closely approxi-
mate at base from lower apex of cell ; vein 8 only slightly curved
at base, terminated on costal margin well before apex of wing.
Antenna? over half length of costa of fore wing, club gradual but
comparatively large ; palpi porrect, clothed with scales in front, not
fringed, third joint long, acicular, naked ; eyes naked ; body long
and comparatively slender.
378
Ke >/ to tlte forms of E
A. Upperside : ground-colour purplish-blue or blue,
rarely iu $ brown ........................ E. <iryiades, p. 378.
B. Upperside : ground-colour fuscous black.
a. Underside : transverse discal band on both
fore and hind wings macular, spots not con-
tinuous or touching .................... E. kala, p. 380.
b. Underside : transverse discal band on both
fore and hind wings macular but continuous
though interrupted in the middle ........ E. potanini, p. 379.
735. Everes argiades (PI. XIX. figs. 141, 142, 3 $ \Pallas (Papilio),
Iteise, i, 1771, App. p. 472; Elwes (Lycreua), P. Z. K. 1881,
p. 887 ; Lanq (Lycaena), Butt. Eur. 1884, p. 101, pi. 22, fig. 5,
rf 2 ; de JV. Butt. Ind. iii, 1890, p. 137, pi. 26, fig. 180 <J.
Hesperia parrhasius, Fabr. Ent. Syst. iii, 1793, p. 289 ; Moore
(Lycsena), Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. \, 1857, p. 22, pi. 1 a, fig. 3,
3 • id. (Everes) Lep. Ceyl. i, 1881, p. 85, pi. 36, fig. 7.
Lycrena dipora, Moore, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 506, pi. 31, fig. 8 <$ ;
Doherty (Everes), J. A. S. B. 1886, p. 132.
A very variable form especially in the colouring on the upper-
side in the 5 . 3 . Upperside : violet of lighter or darker shade.
Fore wing : a terminal edging of brown of varving width and an
obscure anti ciliary black line ; costa gener-
ally with a very narrow line of brown ;
cilia brown at base, white outwardly.
Hind wing : costal margin more or less
broadly brown, this brown edging con-
tinued in some specimens down the termen
to the tornal angle, in others only for a
Fig. 84. short distance or not at all ; subterminal
Everes argiades. black spots in the posterior three or four
interspaces, the one in interspace 2 largest,
the two in interspace 1 minute, sometimes geminate; generally
the spots are outwardly edged very narrowly with white ; finally,
an anticiliary slender black line much more prominent than on
the fore wing ; tail black tipped with white. Underside : white
to brownish grey, the markings sometimes prominent, very often
pale and faint, those constituting the discal bands on both fore and
hind wings round and black, or transverse, linear and pale brownish.
Tore wing : a short transverse line on the discocellulars ; a trans-
verse discal row of spots followed by an inner and an outer sub-
terminal maculate band which may be slender and well marked or
with the inner band broad and each spot composing it diffuse ; finally,
an anticiliary very slender black line Hind wing : a transverse
subbasal series of two sometimes three black spots ; a slender short
brownish line on the discocellulars ; a transverse, discal, bisinuate
series of black spots followed by a somewhat obscure postdiscal
transverse series of black or pale brownish lunules, a subterminal
series of black spots and a slender auticiliary black line ; the sub-
EVERES. 379
terminal portions of interspaces 2 and 3, sometimes of 4 and 5
also, that lie between postdiscal series of lunules arid the outer
edge of the subtenninal row of spots ochraceous yellow, the spots
themselves in interspaces 2 and 3 much larger than the others.
Antennas black, the shafts speckled as usual with white ; head,
thorax and abdomen brown, with a pale purplish flush on the
thorax and abdomen in fresh specimens ; beneath : palpi, thorax
and abdomen white or grey. — § . Upperside : in the commonest
form dark greyish-blue. Fore wing : the costa, apex and termen
very broadly fuscous-black, with an obscure black anticiliary line
as in the c? . Hind wing : as in the <$ but the costal dusky
brownish- black edging much broader, always more or less continued
along the termen ; the subterminal rows of spots often nearly
complete to apex, those in interspaces 2 and 3 very large and
crowned inwardly with ochraceous yellow, in some specimens more
or less obsolescent. Specimens of the $ with the ground-colour on
the upperside entirely brown and the terminal markings on the
hind wing indistinct are not uncommon. Underside : as in the c? ,
the markings on the whole more distinct. Antennae, head, thorax
and abdomen as in the tf , but without the purplish flush seen on
some specimens of the latter.
Exp. 6 $ 23-30 mm. (p-92-1-17").
Hab. The Holarctic Region. Within our limits almost through-
out India; Ceylon; Assam; Burma; Tenasserim ; extending
through the Malayan Subregion to Australia.
Specimens from very dry localities in Upper Burma and from
Great Nicobar Island are remarkably small and pale, with the
markings on the underside, especially the subtornal ochraceous
yellow patch, more or less obsolescent.
Larva. " Pale green with a darker dorsal stripe, dark lateral
streaks, and light brown and w-hite spots. Feeds on trefoil and
other Leguminosa}." (Lang.)
Pupa. " Longer and slenderer than in Cyaniris, being nearly
four times longer than broad, the abdomen but slightly more ele-
vated than the thorax, and the whole body covered with long
distant hairs, by which they may be readily distinguished ; in colour
they resemble the caterpillar, or are darker and spotted with
black." (Seudder.}
736. Everes potanini, AlpUraky (Lycaena), Rom. Mem. v, 1889, p. 104,
pi. 6, fig. 4 rf ; Leech. Butt. China, 1893-1894, p. 332, pi. 81,
tig. 2 rf.
Everes umbriel, Doherty, J. A. S. B. 1889, p. 433, pi. 23, fig. 1 ;
de N. Butt. Ind. iii, 1890, p. 141.
c? $ . Upperside : deep brownish-black, markings of the under-
side faintly apparent through transparency. Fore wing : an
obscure slender anticiliary line darker than the ground-colour ;
cilia, except at and just above the tornus, brown along the base,
white outw:ardly ; at tornal area pure white with a little brown at
apex of vein 1. Hind wing : a subterminal series of black spots,
380
outwardly in some specimens obscurely, edged with white and on
the inner side by a transverse continuous series of pale lunules,
the posterior two or three sometimes touched with white ; a short
filamentous tail of the ground-colour tipped with white at apex
of vein 2 ; between the tail and the tornal angle the subterminal
black spot is elongated into a short transverse streak ; cilia pure
white, between the tail and the tornus outwardly brown. Under-
side : very pale grey. Fore wing : a short transverse streak on
the discocellulars, two elongate transverse spots one above the
other in an oblique line with it below ; an upper transverse discal
maculate band from vein 3 to vein 7, a transverse, postdiscal, very
sinuous broad line followed by a subterminal series of elongate
spots, the one nearest the apex of the wing large and rounded, and
a slender anticiliary line, brownish black ; all these markings
except the anticiliary line edged inwardly and outwardly with white.
Hind wing : markings very similar to those on the fore wing but
the transverse, upper, discal short band broken in the middle, and
in addition three transversely placed similarly coloured subbasal
spots. Antennae, head, thorax and abdomen dark brownish-black,
the shafts of the antennae speckled with white ; beneath : palpi,
thorax and abdomen white.
Exp. J $ 30-32 mm. (1-20-1-26").
Hab. Within our limits, Burma : the Karen Hills ; Tenasserim ;
extending to Western China.
737. Everes kala, de Niceoille, Butt. Ind. iii, 1890, p. 139, pi. 20,
fig. 181.
c? $ . Upperside : fuscous black. Tore and hind wings : jet-
black anticiliary slender lines and on the hind wing traces of a
subterminal line of black spots. Cilia, fore wing : dusky brown ;
hind wing : white alternated with brown at the apices of the
veins. Underside : white with a greyish tint on the fore wing
except on the posterior terminal third and on the hind wing on
the basal area anteriorly. Fore wing : a slender, short, black
transverse line on the discocellulars, a transverse discal row of six
prominent black spots as follows : — posterior three elongate, placed
obliquely and en e'c7ie1on, the next spot above also elongate and
posited almost horizontally, the anterior two round and curved
inwards ; a transverse inner subterminal series of black lunules,
an outer similar series of minute black dots and an anticiliary
slender black line ; cilia white alternated with brown at the apices
of the veins. Hind wing : a transverse subbasal series of three black
spots, the posterior spot minute, a transverse black spot on the
middle of the dorsal margin, a transverse slender black lunule
on the discocellulars, and a prominent, transverse, somewhat
irregularly curved discal row of black spots posited as follows : —
posterior two slightly elongate and placed en echelon • of the three
spots next above, the middle spot is elongate and placed longi-
tudinally, the other two are round, the anterior two spots are
EVEEES. — NACADUBA. 381
round, shifted a little inwards out of line, the one nearest the costa
very large and conspicuous ; terminal markings and cilia as on
the fore wing. Antenna) black, the shafts speckled with white ;
head, thorax and abdomen fuscous black ; beneath : palpi, head,
thorax and abdomen white.
Exp. o" 9 21-25 mm. (0-84-1-00").
Hob. Eecorded so far only from Assam : Khasi Hills ; Cherra-
pungyi.
The late Mr. de Niceville noted the similarity of this form to
E.fischeri, Eversmann, from Central Asia and China, but the few
specimens I have seen seem to me quite distinct from any of the
numerous specimens of E. fischeri in the collection of the British
Museum.
Genus NACADUBA.
Nacaduba, Moore, Lep. Ceyl. i, 1881, p. 88 ; de N. Butt. Ind. iii,
1890, p. 141.
Type, N. atrata, Horsfield (N. prominens, Moore), from Ceylon.
Range. Africa, and the Indo-Malayan Eegion to Australia.
cJ § . Fore wing : costa widely arched ; apex blunt ; termen
convex, more so in the $ than in the <$ ; tornus obtuse ; clorsum
straight ; cell about half length of wing ; vein 3 from a little
before lower apex of cell, veins 6 and 7 closely approximate, the
latter from a little before upper apex of cell ; upper discocellular
forms part of subcostal, middle and lower discocellulars nearly
obsolescent ; vein 8 absent, vein 9 from middle of 7, vein 10 from
apical third of subcostal ; vein 11 closely approximate at base to
vein 10, anastomoses with vein 12 for a short distance, then runs
free to costa ; vein 12 terminates on costa nearly opposite apex of
cell. Hind wing : subtriangular ; costa widely arched ; apex
blunt, not well marked ; termen slightly convex ; tornus fairly well
marked, angular ; dorsum convex ; cell short, discocellulars nearly
obsolescent ; veins 3 and 4 from lower apex of cell or from a little
beyond ; vein 8 well arched at base, terminates at costa before
apex of wing. Antennae about half length of fore wing, club
gradual ; palpi short, porrect, heavily fringed anteriorly, third joint
short, bare ; eyes hairy ; body comparatively slender.
Key to the forms of Nacaduba *.
A. Underside fore wing : basal area unmarked.
a. Underside : white transverse strigae across
both wings very broad and somewhat
diffuse, on hind wing frequently contorted
and confused.
a '. Upperside : deep purplish brown with a
silvery frosted appearance in certain j N. macropkthalma,
lights | p. 382.
* This key does not include N. norcia, Felder, of which I have not seen a
specimen.
382
b'. Upperside : pale violet with no silvery
frosted sheen but in some specimens both
fore and hind wings with white patches.
b. Underside: tranverse white strigae across
both wings very narrow, never diffuse and
very regular
B. Underside fore wing : basal area marked with
transverse white strigffi.
a. Fore wing : apex not conspicuously acute ;
hind wing not compressed or prolonged
posteriorly.
a'. Underside fore wing: basal two trans-
verse white strigaj not extended to
vein 1.
cr. Underside fore wing : fascia formed by
discal two transverse white strigae not
extended to vein 1.
a3. Underside fore wing : fascia formed
by discal two transverse white
strigse interrupted at veins 3 and 6,
upper and lower portions of fascia
shifted inwards
b3. Underside fore wing : fascia formed
by discal two transverse white strigfe
interrupted at vein 3 only, lower
portion of fascki shifted inwards . .
b'2. Underside fore wing : fascia formed by
discal two transverse white strigse ex-
tended to vein 1.
a3. Hind wing: short filamentous tails
at apex of vein 2
by. Hind wing without tails
b'. Underside fore wing : basal two transverse
white strigse extended to vein 1.
a-. Expanse under 25 mm
b~. Expanse over 25 mm.
ft3. Underside : transverse white strigae
across wings are filled in with dark
brown and form prominent bands. .
b3. Underside : transverse white strigse
across wings, each pair narrowly
edged inwardly with fuscous but not
so as to form prominent bands.
a~. Upperside brownish purple
a1. Upperside darker brownish purple
suffused with plumbeous
b. Fore wing : apex very acute ; hind wing
compressed and slightly prolonged pos-
teriorly *.
.A7, kerriana, p. 384.
N. pavana, p. 385.
N. bhutea, p. 386.
JV. dana, p. 38G.
N. ancyra, p. 395.
N. hampsom, p. 387.
N. ardates, p. 391.
A". ca'lestis, p. 393.
N. atrata, p. 388.
| N. plumbeomicans,
\ p. 389.
N. hermus, p. 394.
738. Nacaduba macropb.th.alma, Felder (Lycsena), Verh. zool.-bot.
Gcs. Wien, xii, 1862, p. 483 ; id. (Lycaena) Novara Reise, Lep.
ii, 1865, p. 275, pi. 34, fig. 35 J ; Moore, Lep. Ceyl. i, 1881, p. 89,
pi. 37, figs. 4, 4 a, <$ ; de N. Butt. Ind. iii, 1890, p. 143.
A very variable form both in the shade of the ground-colour
KACADUBA. 383
on the upperside and in the width, and more or less in the
arrangement also of the transverse white lines that cross the
wings.
Typical <3 . — Upperside: deep purplish-brown with a curious
minutely granular roughened appearance ; in certain lights the
purple shines with iridescent blue tints. Pore and hind wings :
uniform ; both with slender anticiliary black lines ; on the hind
wing the black spots on the tornal angle on the underside show
through by transparency. Cilia brownish ; filamentous tail at
apex of vein 2 on the hind wing black tipped with white. Under-
side : brown with a slight silky lustre. Fore and hind wings :
with the following transverse, more or less broken, slender, dull
whitish bands : — two short bands, one on either side of the disco-
cellulars ; a discal pair, the posterior portion below vein 3 shifted
inwards, thus forming the stem of a rough Y-shaped figure of
which the pair of bauds along the discocellulars and the anterior
portion of the discal two bands may be said to form the branches ;
beyond these are an inner and an outer subterminal lunular line,
a terminal very slender more continuous line and a jet-black
anticiliary line ; all these markings faint or obsolescent along the
costa. Hind wing : a subbasal pair of similar, dull whitish slender
bands or interrupted lines, two shorter ones, one on either side
of the discocellulars, and a much curved and very much interrupted
pair of discal lines, the portion of which below vein 3 is shifted
inwards as on the fore wing ; terminal markings much as on the
fore wing but ending at vein 3, posterior to which in inter-
space 2 is a large round black spot, in interspace 1 a smaller black
spot, both spots crowned inwardly with ochraceous and edged
outwardly with white, also both black spots are sprinkled on their
outer edges with metallic blue scales. Antenna?, head, thorax
and abdomen dark brown, a little purplish on the thorax; beneath:
the palpi white mixed with black hairs that form a stiff fringe ;
thorax and abdomen brownish white. Typical $. — Upperside:
dark brown. Fore and hind wings posteriorly for two-thirds of
their length glossed with iridescent purplish-blue. Underside :
similar to that of the J , the markings more clearly defined.
Antenna, head, thorax and abdomen as in the c? , but the shafts of
the antennae speckled with white.
Exp. c? ? 30-33 mm. (1-16-1-30").
Hob. Sikhim ; Bhutan ; Southern India : the Nilgiris ; Ceylon :
Assam ; Burma ; Tenasserim ; Andamans ; Nicobars ; extending
into the Malayan Subregion as far as Australia.
Specimens which may belong to wet-season broods differ as
follows: — 6 • Upperside: ground-colour darker. Underside:
ground-colour fuscous brown, much darker than in the
typical form, the transverse white lines or bands further
apart, the space enclosed between the discocellular pair and
between the discal pair darker than the ground-colour. On
the hind wing the white lines are medially interrupted by a
verv broad longitudinal fuscous-black streak that extends from
384 LYCJEXID.E.
the base of the wing to the inner subterminal, transverse, lunular
white line. $ . Does not seem to differ from the $ of the typical
form. — Still other specimens, the difference in which may be due
to locality or season (I have not been able to examine a sufficient
number of dated and exactly localized specimens to make certain)
seem to be intermediate between typical macropliihalma and
typical kerriana, Distant. These specimens differ from macro-
plithalma as follows : — <$ . Upperside : anticiliary black lines on
both fore and hind wings distinctly broader, more pronounced.
Underside : transverse white lines on both fore and hind wings
much broader with a tendency to become diffuse and shift inwards
or outwards and thus change the pattern ; this is especially con-
spicuous on the hind wings of some of the specimens where the
typical pattern is altogether confused and lost by the presence of
additional short lunular white lines, and the shifting obliquely
inwards or outwards of some of the lines that make up the typical
pattern. There is, however, no abrupt change, intermediate
specimens seem to link the most aberrant with the typical. Some
of the specimens before me show also a tendency to the development
of transverse series of dark subterminal spots on the underside of
the fore wing as in N. kerriana, Distant. — $ . Similar to the $
of the typical form but on the upperside the iridescent blue at the
base of the wings changes gradually to whitish on the disc and
beyond the apex of cell. Underside : with broad transverse white
lines as in the male varieties.
£vp. d $ 34-40 mm. (1-34-1-58").
739. Nacaduba kerriana, Distant, A. M. N. H. (5) xvii, 1886,
p. i53 ; id. Rhop. Malay. 1886, p. 455, pi. 42, fig. 12 <J; de N.
Butt. Ind. iii, 1890, p. 146.
j . Upperside : pale violet ; in one specimen with white spots
in the cell and on the disc of the fore wing, and on the hind wing
with a white bar on either side of the discocellulars and a trans-
verse, ill-defined, discal series of elongate white spots that increase
in length anteriorly till in interspace 6 the white occupies the
whole of the basal half. Tore wing : costa and termen evenly
edged with dark brown, slightly broader at the apex of wing.
Hind wing: costal margin dusky ; a transverse, anteriorly ill-defined,
subterminal series of dark brown spots and a distinct comparatively
broad auticiliary line of the same colour. Underside : very pale
greyish brown. Fore wing : a very broad transverse vertical
discal bar extended from vein 1 to vein 7 ; a much shorter bar on
the inner side of the discocellulars and another postdiscally
extended between veins 3 and 7 ; terminal margin broadly white,
transversely traversed by two parallel rows of linear spots ;
finally, a very prominent anticiliary black line. Hind wing : so
very densely crossed by more or less coalescent white bars as to
reduce the ground-colour to a series of transverse, irregular,
greyish-brown striga? on a white background ; terminal markings
consist as on the fore wing of a double parallel transverse
NACADUBA. 385
subterminal series of black spots most of them transversely linear,
but the spots iu interspace 6 of the inner series and that in
interspace 2 of the outer series very large, round and prominent ;
these are followed by a very slender jet-black anticiliary .line.
Cilia of both fore and hind wings brown. Antennae black, shafts
obscurely speckled with white ; head, thorax and abdomen dark
brown, slightly purplish on the thorax ; beneath : palpi fringed
with black hairs, thorax and abdomen white. — $ . Unknown.
Exp. rf 40 mm. (T58").
Hob. Tenasserirn ; extending to the Malay Peninsula ; Borneo.
740. Nacaduba pavana, Horsfield (Lycasna), Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. C.
1828, p. 77; Wood-Mason $ de N., J. A. S. B. 1886, p. 367;
de N. Butt, 2nd. iii, 1890, p. 145, pi. 26, fig. 182 rf .
c? . Upperside : purple with a frosted silvery-blue sheen very
much as in N. macropliihalma. Pore wing : a slender black
anticiliary line. Hind wing : costal and dorsal margins somewhat
broadly dull brown, an anticiliary black line as on the fore wing ;
the subterminal black spots in interspaces 1 and 2 of the underside
apparent in most specimens by transparency. Underside: ground-
colour and markings similar to those of N. macrophthalma but
far more slender and more neatly defined. Antennse, head,
thorax and abdomen as in macrophthalma. — 5 . Upperside, fore
wing : costa broadly, apex and termen still more broadly brown ;
a b
Fig. 85.
a. Nacaduba pavana. b. Nacaduba coelestis.
a narrow edging of pale brown along the dorsal margin ; rest of
the wing grey, shot wLth iridescent blue in certain lights. Hind
wing: pale brown, much paler than the brown on the fore wing ;
base very obscurely shot with iridescent blue ; costal and dorsal
margins brownish white ; a transverse subterminal series of black
spots edged inwardly arid outwardly with slender white lines, two
minute spots in interspace 1 geminate, that in interspace 2 large,
these three crowned inwardly beyond the white edging with an
additional dusky spot. Underside : very similar to that of the J ,
ground-colour paler, transverse white strigae broader. Both c? and
5 have the basal area of the fore wing within the transverse
white strigae lining the inner side of the discocellulars immaculate,
as in N. macrophthalma and N. kerriana.
Exp. d 2 29-30 mm. (M6-1-18").
Hab. Sikhim ; Bhutan ; Assam ; Cachar ; Burma ; Tenasserim ;
the Andamans. Described originally from Java.
TOL. II. 2 C
386
741. Nacaduba bhutea (PL XX, fig. 147), de N., J. A. S. B. 1883,
p. 72, pi. 1, fig. 13 rf ; Ehoes, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1888, p. 387 ; de N.
Butt. Ind. iii, 1890, p. 152.
S . Upperside : dull opaque purplish-brown. Fore and hind
wings : slender dark anticiliary lines, otherwise uniform. Under-
side : ground-colour similar but very much paler. Pore wing :
transverse pale-edged fasciae of a shade darker than the ground-
colour as follows : — one across middle of cell from costa to
median vein, another from costa over the discocellulars to lower
apex of cell, a discal curved fascia from costa to vein 3, a spot
below it shifted inwards ; a transverse subterminal series of
broad lunules of the same shade followed by a line of spots and
an anticiliary slender line. Hind wing : a subbasal band, a short
band along the discocellulars and a highly irregular somewhat
contorted discal band, all similar in colour to those on the fore
wing ; terminal markings as on th*e fore wing, but the lunules of
the subterminal series inwardly somewhat hastate, the row of spots
beyond them each inwardly conical ; a prominent black subterminal
spot in interspace 2, inwardly ochraceous, outwardly speckled
with metallic blue scales. Antenna, head, thorax and abdomen
dull purplish brown ; beneath : thorax somewhat grizzled. —
5 . Unknown.
Exp. ^ 32 mm. fl-28").
Hob. Sikhim.
742. Nacaduba dana, de N. (Nacaduba ?), J. A. S. B. 1883, p. 73, pi. 1,
fig. 15 c? ; id. Butt. Ind. iii, 1890, p. 155.
c? . Upperside : from pale violet to dark bluish-purple. Fore
and hind wings : comparatively broad, anticiliary brown lines
widened slightly at apex of fore wing. Hind wing : in addition
costal and dorsal margins narrowly paler and duller in colour ;
termen not furnished with a tail at apex of vein 2. Underside :
dull hair-brown to ochraceous brown. Fore wing : two pairs of
short, slender, transverse white strigae, the inner pair from costa to
median vein across middle of cell, the outer pair from costa along
each side of the discocellulars stopping short at lower apex of cell ;
a transverse, discal, bisinuate, catenulated narrow band formed of
a double series of slender white lunules followed by an inner and
outer subterminal series of transversely elongate spots enclosed
in or bordered on the inner and outer sides by obscure slender
whitish lunules ; lastly, a dark brown anticiliary line. Hind wing :
crossed by the following slender white lunular lines : — two subbasal,
two short lines near apex of cell, one on each side of the disco-
cellulars, and two highly irregular, sinuous and broken on the disc ;
these are followed by some obscure lunular subterminal markings
of dull white lines, in interspaces 1 and 2 by subterminal black
spots, and a dark brown anticiliary line. Antennae, head and
abdomen dark brown, the shafts of the antennae ringed with white ;
thorax bluish purple ; beneath : the palpi and thorax with mixed
NACADUBA. 387
black and white hairs, abdomen sullied white. — $ . Upperside :
costa and termen very widely, dorsum very narrowly brownish,
darkest on the apex ; middle two-thirds of the wing from base
white with iridescent blue scales ; a transverse dark discocellular
spot but no anticiliary dark lines. Hind wing : dusky brown,
slightly .bluish between the veins on basal half of wing. Under-
side : pale ochraceous white, markings similar to those in the <$ ,
but as they are dark ochraceous they show up more distinctly.
Antennae, head, thorax and abdomen dark brown ; beneath : the
palpi and thorax white, abdomen pale ochraceous.
Exp. c? $ 26-30 mm. (1-02-1-18").
Hob. Kumaon to Sikbim ; Bhutan ; Bengal ; Southern India :
Nilgiris, Cochin ; Chittagong ; Upper and Lower Burma ;
Tenasserim.
A variable insect so far as the shade of the ground-colour is
concerned, but like N. hampsoni the basal markings on the under-
side of the fore wing stop short at the median vein.
743. Nacaduba hampsoni,<fe.ZV7., J.A.S.S. 1885, p. 118, pi. 2,fig.l3tf;
id. Butt. Ind. iii, 1890, p. loo.
c? . Upperside : pale brown flushed with shining purple. Fore
and hind wings : the purple gloss not extended to the dorsum of
the hind wing nor to the costal and terminal margins of either
wing, all of which are narrowly edged with the pale brown of the
ground-colour, beyond which along the termen of both wings are
slender anticiliary lines. Cilia pale, their bases brown. Underside :
dull brown. Fore wing : two short slightly crenulate lines trans-
versely across the middle of cell and two similar lines along the
discocellulars, followed by a transverse, irregular, catenulated,
discal band slightly darker than the ground-colour and margined
inwardly and outwardly by slender white lines ; terminal
markings : a subterminal line of spots similarly slightly darker
than the ground-colour and margined with white lines; basal
posterior half of wing below cell immaculate ; finally, an anti-
ciliary dark brown line. Hind wing : the following transverse,
somewhat crenulate, slender white lines, between each pair of
which the ground-colour is slightly darker : — an oblique pair at
base, a pair along the discocellulars and a very irregular sinuous
discal pair, the last dislocated at vein 6, the posterior portion
curved and shifted outwards ; these are followed by a subterminal
inner and outer series of arrow-shaped lunules and an anticiliary
dark line, this last with a very slender inner whitish edging ;
finally, a minute black spot near the termen in interspace 1 a,
another similar spot in interspace 1 and a very much larger round
black spot in interspace 2 ; all these spots touched with white on
the inner side. Antennae black, the shafts speckled with white ;
head, thorax and abdomen brown slightly purplish on the thorax
and abdomen ; beneath : palpi, thorax and abdomen dusky
brownish-white.
2c2
388 LYCJENID.E.
$ . So far as I know not yet discriminated.
Exp. <$ 28 mm. (I'll").
Hob. Recorded, so far as I know, from Mussoorie and the Nilgiri
Hills only.
744. Nacaduba atrata, Hors field (Lycfena), Cat. Lep. Mtts. E. I. C.
1828, p. 78; Moore, Lep. Ceyl. i, 1881, p. 89 ; de N. Butt. 2nd.
iii, 1890, p. 148 ; Davidson, Bell 8f Aitken, Jour. Bomb. N. H. Sot:
x, 1896, p. 376, pi. 4, tigs. 2, 2 a, larva & pupa.
Lycsena kurava, Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E. 1. C. i, 1857, p. 22.
Lampides proininens, Moore, A. M. N. H. (4) xx, 1877, p. 341 ; id.
(Nacaduba) Lep. Ceyl. i, 1881, p. 88, pi. 37, tigs. 3, 3 «-3 c, c? $,
larva & pupa ; de N. (Nacaduba) Butt. Ind. iii, 1890, p. 149.
d . Upperside : pale dull violet with in certain lights a frosted
silvery sheen ; bases of wings suffused slightly with blue. Fore
wing : a slender anticiliary dark brown line. Hind wing : costa
broadly paler ; dorsuin brownish ; in most specimens the sub-
terminal spots in interspaces 1 and 2 show through by transparency
from the underside, in a few these spots are marked by actual
scaling ; an auticiliary dark brown line as in the fore wing.
Underside : brown. Fore wing : transversely traversed by three
pairs of white strigae, the innermost pair slightly curved, from
subcostal vein to vein 1 across the middle of the cell ; the inner
striga of the medial pair complete, crosses
on the inner side of the discocellulars from
subcostal vein to vein 1, the outer striga
beyond the discocellulars from vein 7 to
vein 1, interrupted in interspace 5 ; the
outer pair of strigae are discal and cross
from vein 7 to vein 3, the inner striga of
Fig. 86 the pair impinging at vein 3 on the outer
Nacaduba atrata, $ . striga of the medial pair ; these are followed
by an inner and an outer subterminal
slender lunular line, a terminal series of slender transversely
linear spots edged outwardly by a very slender white, and an
anticiliary dark brown line. Hind wing : crossed by six or seven
irregular, more or less broken, sublunular, white strigae ; terminal
markings similar to those on the fore wing ; interspace 1 with a
minute, interspace 2 with a much larger round jet-black spot,
both spots crowned inwardly with ochraceous orange and touched
outwardly with glittering metallic blue scales. Antennae black,
the shafts obscurely speckled with white on the sides ; head,
thorax and abdomen purplish brown ; beneath : the palpi fringed
with black hairs, the thorax bluish white, abdomen white.—
$ , Ufpcnide, fore wing : costa above the cell, apex very broadly
and a terminal edging that occupies about one-third of the length
of the wing jet-black, this colour on the costa widened outwards ;
the remainder of the wing white shaded with dusky greyish \\hich
in certain lights has a beautiful metallic blue iridescence ; on the
inner side of the terminal edging is a transverse, very ill-defined,
NACADUBA. 389
diffuse dusky band, and enclosed between it and the black edging
three somewhat prominent spots of the white ground-colour. Hind
wing : costal margin above a longitudinal line through the middle
of the cell dusky black ; posterior portion of the wing dusky bluish,
veins prominently black ; a comparatively well-defined transverse
postdiscal series of black lunules edged inwardly and outwardly by
similar series of white lunules, followed by a subterminal series of
black spots with an outer edging of white and an anticiliary jet -
black line ; the subterminal spots decrease in size anteriorly, those
in interspaces 2 and 3 the largest, the two spots in interspace 1
minute and geminate ; tail black tipped with white. Underside :
similar to that of the cf but the ground-colour grey with a slight
tint of brown, the transverse white strigse much broader, somewhat
diffuse ; on the fore wing the band formed by the medial pair of
strigae much more broken than in the $ , the posterior portion
below vein 3 shifted well outwards ; on the hind wing the sub-
terminal black spot in interspace 2 comparatively very large and
prominent. Antennae as in the rf ; head, thorax and abdomen
brown ; beneath : the palpi, thorax and abdomen as in the tf .
Exp. c? $ 30-32 mm. (M8-1-27").
Hob. Sikhim ; Bhutan ; Southern India : the Nilgiri and
Shevaroy Hills ; Ceylon ; Assam ; Cachar ; Burma ; Tenasserim ;
the Nicobars ; extending to the Malay Peninsula and Java.
I have a single specimen from the JSTicobars which is very much
larger (expanse 37 mm.). This has the ground-colour considerably
darker on the upperside, with the frosted silvery-blue sheen more
prominent than in typical atrata, which latter it closely resembles
on the underside.
Larva. " Feeds on Embelia robusta .... the back elevated and
the segments most distinctly denned ; the anal segment is
flattened ; the back forms a distinct ridge, the colour is green but
there is a purple line along the ridge of the back ; the other seg-
ments are also edged with the same colour. The head is small,
amber coloured, with a darker border." (Davidson, Bell $ Aitken.)
Pupa. " Short and stout, constricted slightly between the thorax
and abdomen and has slight traces of a ridge along the back. In
colour it is a dingy greenish-brown powdered with black. There
is an interrupted dark band along the middle of the back and also
spots of blackish on the abdominal segments and just beyond the
wing-covers and the sides of the thorax. It is smooth and only
fastened at the tail parallel with the leaf to which it is attached."
(Davidson, Bell $ Aitken.)
745. Nacadnba plumbeomicans, Wood-Mason # de N., J. A. S. B.
1880, p. 231 ; Moore, Journ. Linn. Sue., Zool. xxi, 1886, p. 40 :
de N. Butt, Ind. iii, 1890, p. 150.
Race nicobarica.
Nacaduba plumbeomicans, var. nicobaricus, Wood-Mason fy de
N., J. A. S. B. 1881, p. 234 ; de N. Butt. Ind. iii, 1890, p. 151.
J . Upperside : dull purplish-blue, in certain lights with a shining
390
plumbeous frosting. Fore and hind wings : black auti ciliary
lines and on the hind wing the black subterminal spot in interspace 2
on the underside apparent by transparency. Underside: pur-
plish grey. Fore wing: a pair of curved white lines from costa
transversely across the cell to vein 1, a short similar line on the
inner side of the discocellulars followed by three transverse discal
similar lines from costa to vein 1, an inner and outer transverse
subterminal series of slender white lunules and an anticiliary dark
brown line. Hind wing : crossed transversely by three slender
broken lines, with a short line on the inner side of the disco-
cellulars between the outer two ; these are followed by a discal
and a postdiscal less broken and interruped similar lines, a double
series of slender white lunules and a dark anticiliary line as on
the fore wing. Cilia of both fore and hind wings dark brown.
Antennae black, the shafts obscurely speckled with white ; head,
thorax and abdomen brown, thorax and abdomen slightly purplish ;
beneath : palpi white fringed with long black stiff hairs, thorax
and abdomen purplish grey. — § . Upperside : fuscous brown, the
veins prominent ; an elongate oval medial patch extended from
base outwards on fore wing for about two-thirds of its length,
dull brownish-white brilliantly iridescent with metallic blue in
certain lights. Hind wing : a postdiscal transverse series of
slender detached white lunules, followed by a similar subterminal
series of continuous lunules that encloses between it and a slender
terminal white line a transverse series of black spots ; these spots
decrease in size anteriorly ; lastly a conspicuous anticiliary black
line. Underside : pale ochraceous-brown ; markings much as in
the c? , but of the transverse white lines that cross the disc of the
fore wing the outer one is shorter, not extended below vein 3.
Antennae, head, thorax and abdomen as in the tf , but the head,
thorax and abdomen paler with no purple gloss.
Exp. J $ 28-31 mm. (Ml-1'25").
Hob. Tenasserim : Mergui ; Assam ; Chittagong hill-tracts ;
the Andamans and JVicobars.
Race nicobarica, Wood-Mason & de N. — <3 • Upperside : ground-
colour darker, plumbeous effulgence more striking. Underside:
very dark purplish-brown ; markings in form and arrangement
much as in the $ of the typical form, but the transverse bands
formed by the white lines much broader ; on the hind wing the
black subterminal spots in interspaces 1 and 2 much larger, con-
spicuously crowned inwardly and surrounded with ochraceous
orange and with an outer bordering of metallic green scales ; the
anticiliary black line edged inwardly over the tornal area with
white. Antennae, head, thorax and abdomen as in the typical
form. — $ . Closely resembles the typical form, but differs as
follows: — Upperside: fuscous black, the ground-colour much
darker than in the typical form ; the pale medial patch on the
fore wing shot in certain lights with iridescent blue, much larger,
NACADUBA. 391
occupying the basal posterior two-thirds of the wing, and unlike
the typical form the posterior two-thirds of the hind wing.
Underside : precisely as in the typical form. Antennae, head,
thorax and abdomen also similar to those of the typical form.
Exp. rf $ 30-32 mm. (1-18-1 -27").
Hab. Great Nicobar and Central Group, Nicobar Islands.
746. Nacaduba ardates, Moore (Lycama), P. Z. S. 1874, p. 574, pi. 67,
tig. 1; i<l Lep. Ceyl. i, 1881, p. 90, pi. 38, figs. 2, 2<z, rf; de
JV. Butt. Ind. iii, 1890, p. 163, pi. 27, fig. 185 rf tailless form
(? noreia).
? Lycsena nora, Felder, Sitzungsber. Ak. Wiss. Wien, xl, 1860, p. 458 ;
id. Novara Iteise, Lep. ii, 1865, p. 275, pi. 34, fig. 34; de N.
(Nacaduba) Eutt. Ind. iii, 1890, p. 147.
<S . Upperside : purplish-brown or purplish with a dark tint, some
specimens brown with a very slight purplish sheen seen only in
certain lights. Fore and hind wings : nearly uniform, both with
slender black anticiliary lines, the hind wing in addition with the
costal and dorsal margins paler ; in most specimens with a sub-
terminal black spot in interspace 2, sometimes seen only by
transparency from the underside ; tail black tipped with white.
Underside : brown, hoary, brownish or pale dull brown. Fore
wing : a subbasal pair of transverse white strigaa, a shorter pair
along the discocellulars and a discal pair ; these strigae all
narrowly edged on the inner sides of each pair with fuscous
which gives the appearance of transverse bands somewhat darker
than the ground-colour ; the subbasal pair extend from vein 1 to
vein 12, the discocellular pair from upper to lower apex of cell
and the discal pair are very irregular and dislocated at each vein,
the whole having the appearance of a dark sinuous band ; terminal
markings often very faint and ill-defined or again fairly prominent
and consisting of a double subterminal series of transversely
linear, sometimes lunular, dark spots, with edgings paler than the
ground-colour ; lastly, an anticiliary dark line. Hind wing : with
transverse pairs of white, inwardly fuscous-edged strigae similar to
those on the fore wing, but even more irregular and broken ; the
subbasal pair extended from costa to vein 1, below which the
dorsal area is whitish, the discocellular pair extend from the costa
and posteriorly coalesce with the discal pair which are as irregular
and dislocated as in the fore wing ; terminal markings similar to
those on the fore wing, but the double subterminal series of dark
spots more luuular and a prominent round black subterminal spot
crowned with ochraceous in interspace 2. Antennae, head, thorax
and abdomen dark brown ; the shafts of the antennas speckled
with white ; beneath : the palpi fringed with black, thorax dark
greyish-brown, abdomen white. — $ . Upperside : brownish purple,
sometimes fuscous. Fore and hind wings : as in the c? with
anticiliary dark lines, but differ as follows : — Fore wing : an
iridescent bluish sheen from base outwards to disc ; hind wing :
392 LXCJBtfUD.lt.
a slender more or less prominent white line edging the anticiliary
black line on the inner side, a subterminal geminate double black
spot in interspace 1 and a similar larger single spot in interspace 2.
Underside : ground-colour paler and brighter than in the d1 , the
markings similar but more neatly and generally more clearly
defined ; both fore and hind wings in most of the specimens that
I have seen with a white terminal line before the anticiliary dark
line. Antennae, head, thorax and abdomen much as in the J .
Exp. c? 2 20-25 mm. (O'78-l'OO").
Hob. Peninsular India from the outer Himalayas to Travancore,
avoiding the desert tracts ; Ceylon ; Assam ; Burma ; Tenasserim ;
the An damans and Nicobars ; extending into the Malayan Sub-
region to the Philippines.
This form is most A'ariable both in the shade of the ground-
colour and in the exact shape of the markings. In females from
the Andamans the ground-colour on the underside of the wings
seems always to be a rich golden ochraceous. I have also seen
specimens of the female from Continental India, Assam and
Burma with the ground-colour of the same shade. The markings
on the underside in these specimens are always narrower, neater,,
more clearly denned, and the pairs of white lines instead of being
edged on the inner sides of each pair by fuscous are margined by
black lines. Also certain specimens from Sikhim, from Ceylon
and from the Andamans resemble very closely, both in the
ground-colour and markings of the underside, the figure of N. nora,
Felder, on plate xxxiv, fig. 34, of the ' Novara Eeise ' volume on the
Lepidoptera. I believe JFelder's species is simply a variety of
N. ardates. I have not however, seen the unique specimen from
the Andamans, identified by de Niceville (Z. c.) as N. nora, Eelder.
With regard to Nacaduba noreia, Telder, the form next described,
the late Mr. de Niceville (see Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. x, ] 895,
p. 36) in enumerating the forms of Nacaduba that occur in
Sumatra made the following remarks : — " Of all these, the only one
that presents any difficulty in identification is N. noreia. That
species has no tail, and I have always considered it to be a
dimorphic form in both sexes of N. ardates, Moore. I have both
sexes of the latter from Sumatra, but cf N. noreia only males,
unless, as I believe, its female has to be found in a very curiously
marked little butterfly which I possess in considerable numbers,
all the specimens being obviously females." On plate S. fig. 24
of the same volume Mr. de Niceville figured one of these females.
It certainly is " a very curiously marked little butterfly " and I
doubt its being a Nacaduba at all ; it cannot possibly be the $ of
Nacaduba noreia, Felder, for the type as described was according to
its author a $ , and ITelder's description does not agree with
de Niceville's at all. Again the tailless form of N. ardates cannot
be Felder's insect because the inner pair of white lines on the
underside of the fore wing in the latter do not, according to
NACADUBA. 393
Felder, extend below the median vein. In the tailless form of
N. ardates, on the contrary, these inner white strigse extend well
below the median vein just as they do in the tailed form. 1
have been unable to identify A7, noreia, Felder, and therefore
quote the original description as translated by de Niceville.
747. Nacaduba noreia, Felder (Lycama), Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wienr
xviii, 1868, p. 282 ; de N. Butt. 2nd. iii, 1890, p. 148.
" <5 $ . A geographical form of L. (=N.) nora, Felder, but with
the external margin less convex in the fore wing. Upperside :
both wings brownish fuscous. Fore wing with the interno-basal
patch subtriangular. Hind wing with the basal patch violaceous
blue, the marginal spots more obscure, the usual extra-caudal one
excepted, very obsolete. Underside : both wings hoary fuscescent ;
a discocellular spot (in the hind wing rather narrow), a chain-shaped
fascia beyond the middle once broken with an antico-basal fascicle,
on the fore wing not going beyond the median nervure, and a basal
fascia on the bind wing composed of four spots and within it an
anterior incomplete spot fuscous, circled with whitish filled up
with the ground-colour, with somewhat fuscous marginal spots (in
the hind wing more triangular), the extra-caudal one larger and
the minute black anal pair on the hind wing excepted, circled with
whitish, set upon concolorous spots, lunate in the fore wing and
sagittate in the hind wing, with a fuscous marginal line and a
whitish line before the cilia cut through by fuscous spots at the
tips of the veins." (Felder.)
Exp. Not given.
Sab. Ceylon.
" Said to have been taken at Newarra Ellia at about 6000 ft. on
the 24th December, 1864." (de Niceville.)
748. Nacaduba ccelestis, de N., J. A. S. B. 1886, p. 366, pi. 17, fig. 11 ;
de N. Butt. 2nd. iii, p. 151, pi. 27, fig. 184 rf .
c? . Upperside : shining bluish with a purple flush in certain
lights. Fore and hind wings: termen narrowly edged with fuscous
black on which the jet-black anticiliary line on each wing is
obscurely visible, the edging of fuscous black slightly widened
anteriorly. Underside : dusky brown. Fore wing : a transverse,
subbasal, broad, dark, brownish-black, white-margined band from
the subcostal to vein 1, a similar band along the discocellulars also
extended to vein 1, an upper discal similar band from costa, curved
a little outwards and stopping short at vein 3, followed by a
postdiscal transverse series of dark spots which on the inner side
are comparatively broadly, on the outer side very slenderly edged
with white ; succeeding which is a subterminal extremely slender
series of transversely linear spots, a white line and a jet-black
anticiliary line ; cilia brown. Hind wins; : three transversely
394
arranged dark brownish-black spots ; transverse similarly coloured
subbasal and discal bands, both bands inwardly and outwardly edged
with slender white lines and the discal band greatly and irregularly
widened in the middle, where superposed on the dark background
is a snow-white transverse spot ; beyond these are a postdiscal
series of comparatively broad white lunules, a subterminal very
slender white lunular line, a terminal white thread and a jet-black
slender anticiliary line ; cilia shining silky brown ; tail brown
tipped with white. Antennae black, the shafts obscurely speckled
with white ; head black ; thorax and abdomen bluish ; beneath :
palpi with blackish fringe, thorax and abdomen whitish.
The female has still to be discovered.
Kvp. <3 27-30 mm. (1-10-1-18").
Hab. Himalayas : from Kumaon to Sikhim, 2000 to 4000 feet ;
Assam ; Upper Burma ; South An damans.
740. Nacaduba hermus, I<W<7e/- (Lycaeiia), Sitzttngsber. Ak. Wiss. Wien,
xl, 1860, p. 457.
Lanipides viola, Moore, A. M. N. H. (4) xx, 1877, p. 340; id.
(Nacaduba) Lep. Ceyl. i, 1881, p. 89, pi. 38, tigs. 1, la, 16, d $;
Distant (Nacaduba), Rhop. Malay. 1884, p. 219, woodcut, pi. 20,
fig. 24 rf ; de N. (Xacaduba) Butt. Ind. iii, 1890, p. 146, pi. 27,
fig. 113d.
Lycsenesthes merguiana, Moore, J. A. S. B. 1884, p. 23.
c? . Upperside : dark purplish-brown. Fore and hind wings :
slender black anticiliary lines ; hind wing in addition with two
black subequal subterminal spots, one in interspace 1, the other
in interspace 2, both these spots edged outwardly by a silvery
white thread ; tail black tipped with white. Underside : hoary
brown. Fore wing : transverse bands of the ground-colour de-
fined by very slender, short, white lunular lines as follows : — a band
across middle of cell extended from the subcostal vein to vein 1,
a short band defining and enclosing the discocellulars and a
bisinuate discal band extended from veins 1 to 7 ; succeeding these
are an inner and an outer subterminal series of transversely
elongate spots somewhat darker than the ground-colour and a
slender black anticiliary line ; each row of the subterminal series of
spots is obscurely bordered inwardly and outwardly with whitish.
Hind wing: transverse bands of the ground-colour enclosed and
defined as on the fore wing by short slender lunular lines of white as
follows : — a subbasal band across cell, another at apex of cell extended
from vein 8 to vein 1, thence abruptly contorted upward and ter-
minating on the dorsal margin ; a discal band very irregular and
sinuate from vein 8 to vein 1, thence bent upwards to dorsum ; beyond
these an inner and an outer subterminal series of white lunules,
the inner series obscure, of the outer series the lunules in interspaces
1, 2, and 3 very prominent; interspace 1 with two minute geminate
black subterminal spots, interspace 2 with one large round black
TfACADTJBA. 395
similar spot crowned inwardly with ochraceous and irrorated
outwardly with a few metallic blue scales ; a very slender terminal
white line not extended to the apex and an anticiliary dark line.
Antennae black, shafts minutely ringed with white ; head, thorax,
and abdomen dark brown ; beneath : the palpi fringed with black
hairs, thorax fuscous, abdomen dull white. — $ . Upperslde : dull
leaden blue. Fore and hind wings : anticiliary slender black
lines as in the J , within which on the fore wing is an obscure
transverse subterminal series of black spots ; on the hind wing a
very slender terminal white line, a subterminal row of black spots
and a postdiscal series of white lunules, the spots decreasing in size
and the lunules obsolescent anteriorly. Underside : ground-colour
paler than the markings, more obscure but identical with those of
the d1 . Antennae, head, thorax and abdomen as in the c? but all
paler in colour.
Exp. d $ 26-28 mm. (1-02-1-11").
Hob. Sikhim ; Southern India : the Nilgiris ; Ceylon ; Assam ;
Burma ; Tenasserim ; Andamans.
An easily discriminated and very distinct form, d" . Fore wing :
apex very acute ; termen very nearly straight. Hind wing :
posteriorly compressed and slightly elongate; termen very straight ;
apex and tornal angle both very well marked.
750. Nacaduba ancyra, Felder (Lycsena), Sitzunqsber. Akad. Wiss.
Wien, xl, 1860, p. 458 ; id Novara Reise, Lep. ii, 1865, p. 276,
pi. 34, fig. 5 rf.
Nacaduba aberrans, Ehves, P. Z. S. 1892, p. 626, pi. 44, fig. 6 rf.
d1 . Upper side : plumbeous blue. Fore and hind wings : anti-
ciliary jet-black lines ; on the hind wing subterminal subequal black
spots in interspaces 1 and 2, beyond which there is a terminal
white thread that does not extend beyond those two interspaces.
Underside : f rench-grey ; principal markings chalky-white, some-
what diffuse. Fore wing : a pair of short transverse white lines
across the middle and another pair at the apex of cell, one on each
side of the discocellulars, these latter not extended to the apex but
in most specimens indicated there by two white spots ; a complete
transverse catenulated discal band composed of two parallel
white lines, beyond which the ground-colour looks as if it
had been chalked over; the terminal markings however, though
blurred consist of an inner and an outer transverse series of white
lunules succeeded hy an anticiliary white line. Between the
transverse pairs of white lines, medial and discal, and between the
subterminal series of lunules, the ground-colour is distinctly
darker, between the latter and the anticiliary line it takes the
appearance of an incomplete transverse row of dark spots. Hind
wing : the following transverse white, somewhat indistinct lines : —
two basal, a single line on the inner side of: the discocellulars, two
396 LYC^ENIDJE.
irregular and discal, followed by double series of while lunules ; a
white anticiliary line and subterminal row of dark spots as on the
fore wing ; subterminal black spots, broadly margined on the inner
side with ochraceous orange in interspaces 1 and 2 ; tail black tipped
with white. Antennae, head, thorax and abdomen dusky brown,
the shafts of the antennae speckled with white; thorax and abdomen
suffused with blue ; beneath : palpi, thorax and abdomen white. —
$ . Upperside : fuscous black. Fore wing : posterior two-thirds
pinkish brown shot with iridescent blue ; a jet-black anticiliary
•line; cilia dark brown. Hind wing: basal three-fourths shot
with a duller paler blue than on the fore wing ; very obscure
postdiscal series of slender pale lunules, followed by the dark
ground-colour and beyond it by a subterminal series of slender
lunules, those in the interspaces 1 and 2 ochraceous orange, the
others white ; a series of jet-black spots, a slender terminal white
line and a conspicuous jet-black auticiliary line ; cilia white
alternated with dark brown at the apices of the veins. Underside:
similar to that of the d1 , but the ground-colour paler, the markings,
especially the terminal markings, more clearly defined. Antennae,
head, thorax and abdomen as in the J .
Exp. rf $ 30-32 mm. (1-18 -1-27").
Hab. The hills of Assam, Burma, and Tenasserim ; the
Nicobars.
The termen of the hind wing in the J is less convex than in
other forms of Nacaduba except perhaps in N. Jiennus, Felder. The
insect, as Mr. Doherty remarks, " looks very like a Catochrysops"
Genus LAMPIDES.
Lampides, Hiibner, Verz. bek. ScJimett. 1816, p. 70 ; Moore, Lep.
Ceyl. \, 1881, p. 94 ; dc N. Butt. Ind. iii, 1890, p. 159.
Jamides, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. 1816, p. 71 : Moore, Lep. Cei/L
i, 1881, p. 86; de N. Butt. Ind. iii, 1890, p. 156.
Type, L. celeno, Cramer, from India.
Range. Indo-Malayan Kegion.
(5 $ . Tore wing : costa widely arched ; apex acute but not
produced ; termen slightly convex, nearly straight ; tornus bluntly
angular ; dorsum straight, long, about four-fifths the length of the
costa ; cell about half length of wing ; vein 7 from before apex of
cell, upper discocellular therefore in line with and forming part of
subcostal vein ; middle and lower discocellulars subequal, middle
straight, lower slightly concave ; vein 3 from before lower apex of
cell ; vein 8 absent, vein 9 from middle of 7 ; veins 10 and 11 free,
from apical half of subcostal; vein 12 terminates on costa not
opposite to but well before apex of cell ; the latter two veins bent
inwards towards each other close to base of 11 and joined by a
short bar. Hind wing: costa slightly curved; apex rounded;
LAMPIDES. 397
termen slightly convex and perceptibly, but very obtusely, angulate
at apex of vein 2 ; tornus well marked ; dorsum straight. Antennae
about half length of fore wing, club spindle-shaped, long and
gradual ; eyes hairy ; palpi densely clothed with scales beneath,
not fringed with hairs, third joint long (except in L. bochus which
has the palpi comparatively short) ; body slender.
The genus Jamides retained by many authors can only at the
best be separated as a subgenus, the third joint of the palpus is
notably shorter in proportion but the venation of the wings is the
same as in Lampides.
Key to the forms o/Lampides.
<? cf.
A. Underside fore wing : fourth transverse white
fascia from base ends on vein 3.
a. Upperside : rich deep blue, metallic and
shining.
«'. Upperside fore wing : terminal fourth at
least velvety black.
a2. Blue colour on basal half of wing
not extended up to costal margin .... L. bochus, p. 398.
b'2. Blue colour on basal half of wing
extended right up to costal margin . . L. bochus, race nico-
//. Upperside fore wing: much less than baricus, p. 398.
terminal fourth black ; black edging
frequently reduced to a slender black
line L. coruscans, p. 400.
b. Upperside : pale blue or purplish-blue or pale
purplish, metallic and shining.
a. Underside fore and hind wings: sub-
terminal transverse white fasciae lunular;
fore wing : third fascia from base broken
and interrupted on vein 4 L. lacteata, p. 401.
V. Underside fore wing: subterminal trans-
verse white fasciae straight, not lunular,
third fascia from base vertical, unbroken,
from just below costa to vein 1 ; hind
wing : subterminal fasciae highly lunular,
sagittate L. sitbdita, p. 402.
•c. Upperside : milk-white, slightly bluish, not
metallic.
a'. Upperside fore wing: terminal black edging
very slender, sometimes towards apex
with an inner series of transversely linear
black spots . L. jnira, p. 403.
b'. Upperside fore wing : terminal black edging
distinctly broader.
«2. Upperside fore and hind wings : without
postdiscal transverse fuscous bands . . L. celeno, p. 404.
A2. Upperside fore and hind wings : with
postdiscal transverse fuscous bands . . L. cekno, race kin-
kurka, p. 406.
398
B. Underside fore wing : fourth transverse white
fascia from base ends on vein 4.
a. Upperside fore wing: termen distinctly, in
some specimens comparatively broadly,
edged with black ; interspaces near their
apices without fuscous fine striolae.
«'. Upperside hind wing : generally with a
more or less complete transverse sub-
terminal series of black spots ; underside
fore wing : second transverse white fascia
from base generally unbroken L. elpis, p, 407.
b'. Upperside hind wing : always without a
transverse subterminal series of black
spots, except in interspaces 1 a, 1 and 2 ;
underside fore wing : second transverse
white fascia from base always interrupted
at vein 3 L. elpis, var.
b. Upperside fore wing : termen with an anti- kankena, p. 408.
ciliary black line and on its inner side fine,
inwardly directed, fuscous striolae in each
interspace L. kondidana,^. 409.
Fig. 87.
a. L. celeiio, underside fore wing.
b. L. lacteata, ,, ,,
c. L. coniscans, „ „
d. L. elpis, „ ,,
751. lampides lochus, Cramer (Papilio), Pap. Krot. iv, 1782, p. 210,
pi. 391, figs. C, D: Hiibner (Jamides) Vcrz. bek. Schmett. 1816,
p. 71 ; Moore (Jamides), Lep. Ceyl. i, 1881, p. 86, pi. 36, figs. 8,
8 0, c? $ ; de N. (Jamides) Butt. Ind. iii, 1890, p. 157 ;
Davidson, Bell $ Aitken, Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. x, 1896,
p. 377.
Race nicobaricus.
Lampides plato, var. nicobaricus, W.-M. $de N.. J. A. S. B. 1881,
p. 234.
Jamides bochus, race nicobaricus, de N. Butt. Ind. iii, 1890, p. 158,
pi. 27, tig. 186 rf .
S . Upperside, fore wing : velvety jet-black ; base deep blue,
beautifully metallic and shining, measured on the dorsum this
colour occupies three-fourths of its length from base, its outer
margin then curves upwards just past the apex of the cell, enters
into the bases of interspaces 10, 11 and 12 and fills the whole of
the cell. Hind wing: costal margin above subcostal vein and vein
7, and dorsal margin narrowly fuscous black, a medial longitudinal
pale streak on the former ; terminal margin narrowly edged with
LAMPIDES. 39 £
velvety black, inside which in interspaces 1 and 2 is a slender
transverse whitish line, with an elongate irregular transverse black
spot above it in interspace 1 and a more obscure similar spot in inter-
space 2 ; traces of such spots also are present in some specimens
in the anterior interspaces. Cilia of both fore and hind wings
black ; filamentous tail at apex of vein 2 black tipped with white.
Underside : dark chocolate-brown. Fore and hind wings ; trans-
versely crossed by the following very slender white lines all more
or less broken into short pieces : — Fore wing : a short pair one on
each side of and parallel to the discocellulars, a pale streak along
the discocellulars themselves ; a single line in continuation of the
outer of the discocellular lines, extends down to vein 1 ; an upper
discal pair of lines that form a more or less catenulated short
band extend from the costa to vein 3, the inner line of the two
continued to vein 1 ; two more obscure subterminal and a single
terminal line, the area enclosed between the subterminal lines and
between them and the terminal line darker in the interspaces,
giving the appearance of two obscure subterminal lines of spots
edged inwardly and outwardly by white lines. Hind wing :
crossed by nine very broken and irregular lines ; tracing them from
the costa downwards their middle short pieces are found to be
shifted outwards and a few are short and not complete, the inner
two are posteriorly bent abruptly upwards, the subterminal two
are lunular and the terminal line nearly continuous ; posteriorly
between the subterminal pair of lines in interspace 1 there is a
small black spot inwardly edged with dark ochraceous, and in
interspace 2 a much larger round black spot, both black spots are
touched with metallic blue scales. Antennae, head, thorax and
abdomen black, the shafts of the antenna? speckled with white ;
beneath : palpi, thorax and abdomen narrowly white down the
middle. — $ . Similar to the c? generally but with the following
differences : — Upperside, fore wing : ground-colour fuscous opaque
black, not velvety black, blue basal area more restricted and not so
deep a blue nor at all metallic. Hind wing : the black costal and
terminal margins very much broader, the blue on the basal area
consequently much restricted and of the same shade as the blue on
the fore wing; terminal margin with a subterminal anteriorly
obsolescent series of spots of a shade darker than that of the
terminal black area on which they are superposed ; these spots
posteriorly more or less distinctly encircled with slender lines of
bluish white, anteriorly these lines are almost obsolete. Cilia of
both fore and hind wings and the filamentous short tail as in the c? .
Underside : similar to that of the c? but the ground-colour generally
paler and duller ; the transverse white lines broader and more
clearly defined. Antennae, head, thorax and abdomen as in the d .
Exp. 3 $ 34-38 mm. (1-24-1-48").
Hab. Peninsular India, but not in the very dry or desert tracts ;
Ceylon ; Assam ; Burma ; Tenasserim ; the Andainans ; extending
in the Malayan Subregion to Australia.
Messrs. Davidson, Bell and Aitken say : — " The larva which we
400
have taken at Karwar in June is hardly distinguishable from that
of Catochrysops pandava, Horsfield ; it is, however, covered with
minute hairs and is generally of an olive-green colour and
without the reddish suffusion so generally noticed in G. pandava.
The pupa is indistinguishable from that of C. pandava. The
larva feeds on Xylia dolabrifornis, and also on the flowers of
Butea frondosa."
Race nicobaricus, W.-M. & de N. — A slightly differentiated
insular race. Differs from the typical form in the tf, by the
greater extension on the upperside of the metallic blue colour on
the fore wing, the outer margin of which instead of curving
round close to the apex of the cell extends well beyond it and
almost up to the costal margin anteriorly ; on the hind wing the
narrow black margin of the typical form is replaced by a margin
that is comparatively broad at the tornal angle, but diminishes in
width anteriorly ; along the dorsum it is restricted to the basal
half of interspace 1. — $ . Upperside: differs from typical bochus $ in
the smaller areas of blue on both fore and hind wings, that colour
is also generally paler and more purplish. Underside: in both
sexes and the antenna, head, thorax and abdomen as in the
typical form.
Exp. rf $ 30-32 mm. (M8-1-27").
Hob. The Central Group of the Nicobar Islands ; also Great
Nicobar.
De Niceville gives also the Andamans, but all the specimens I
have seen from there have been typical bochus.
752. Lampides coruscans, Moore, A. M. N. H. (4) xx, 1877, p. 341 ;
id. Lep. Ceyl. i, 1881, p. 96, pi. 36, figs. 9, 9 a, 9 b, <J $ ; de N.
Butt. 2nd. iii, 1890, p. 163.
cJ . Upperside : cobalt-blue, shining and metallic, with in certain
lights a purplish, in others a greenish tint. Fore wing : slightly
and very narrowly fuscous at apex, with a very slender terminal
black line ; cilia brownish black. Hind wing : a subterminal
series of transverse small black spots in the interspaces, in most
specimens very slenderly edged paler, in some edged similarly
with silvery white; an anticiliary slender black line as on the
fore wing; cilia greyish brown, their basal halves white; fila-
mentous tail at apex of vein 2 black tipped with white. Underside :
pale greyish-brown. Fore and hind wings : transversely crossed
by the following slender white fasciaB or lines : — Fore wing : the
arrangement of the lines almost as in L. bochus, i. e. a discocellular
pair, the outer one continued to vein 1, an upper discal pair
(more broken than in bochus), the inner one continued to vein 1 ;
of the terminal markings the subterminal pair of transverse lines
are highly lunular, the inner one sometimes broadly diffuse.
Hind wing : markings as in L. bochus but more prominent, the
subterminal pair of lines highly lunular ; the subterminal black
LAMPIDES. 401
spot in interspace 2 larger. Antennae black, the shafts more
obscurely speckled with white than in boclius ; head, thorax and
abdomen brown, thorax and abdomen above bluish ; beneath :
palpi, thorax and abdomen white. — $ . Upperside : very similar
to that of L. bochus $ , but in the fore wing the blue colour
extends right up to the costa in its basal half, the outer margin
of the blue area starting from the dorsum at three-fourths of its
length from the base, runs parallel to the termen up to vein 3,
thence obliquely inwards to the middle of the costa. Hind wing :
similar to the hind wing of L. bochus, but the blue tint paler.
Underside : ground-colour more brownish ; markings on both fore
and hind wings precisely similar to those of the <5 .
Exp. <j $ 30-37 mm. (1-18-1-44").
Hob. Ceylon.
753. Lampides lacteata, de N. Journ. Bomb. N. H. Soc. x, 1895, p. 36,
pi. S, tigs. 25, 26, J $ .
Lampides pseudelpis, Moore (nee Butler), Lep. Ceyl. i, 1881, p. 95 ;
de N. (nee Butler) Butt. 2nd. iii, 1890, p. 165.
J $ . Closely resembles L. elpis, Godart, of which form I think
it may be an occasional variation. I have only seen the type pair
and a pair in my own collection, the $ from Nalanda and the $
from Kandy, collected by Mr. E. E. Green and kindly sent to me.
Mr. de j^iceville in describing the form also said : " L. lacteata seems
to be a rare species. I possess two pairs only from Ceylon."
tf . Upperside : a uniform pale purplish blue slightly paler
than in L. elpis. Fore and hind wings : very slender black anti-
ciliary lines. Tore wing: narrowly fuscous at apex ; hind wing :
a very slender terminal white thread before the auticiliary black
line and a small black subterminal spot in interspace 1 edged
inwardly with white, above which is a very obscure, short, trans-
verse fuscous line. Cilia of both wings brown, with on the hind
wing a white line at the base ; tail black tipped with white.
Underside : pale uniform greyish brown ; discal and inner markings
on both fore and hind wings almost identical with those of true
elpis, and precisely similar to those in many varieties from Sikhim
and Assam, of that form. Terminal markings on both wings
differ only in the two transverse subterminal white lines ivhich
are lunular and not straight. On the hind wing these lines are
not however, nearly so prominently made up of lunules as in
L. subdita, the form next described. Antennae, head, thorax and
abdomen as in L. elpis. — $ . Still more closely resembles the
same sex of elpis, but the ground-colour on the upperside is nearly
white suffused with purplish blue towards the base of the wings
and the black area on the apex and terminal margin is very broad.
On the underside the markings are as in its own <J .
Exp. <$ $ 34-39 mm. (1-36-1-55").
Hab. Ceylon.
In the pair sent me by Mr. Green and mentioned above, the
tint of blue on the upperside is precisely the same as that in the
YOL. II. 2 D
402 LYCVENIDJ5.
cJ and $ of true elpis ; but on the underside the subterminal
pair of lines on both fore and hind wings are as in the type rf
and of lacteata.
754. Lampides subdita, Moore, Journ. Linn. Soc., Zool. xxi, 1886, p. 41 ;
de N. Butt. Ind. iii, 1890, p. 166.
<3 . Upperside : very pale purplish or lilac ; the markings of the
underside show through by transparency. Fore wing : an anti-
ciliary, very slender, fuscous-black line continued along the apical
half of the costal margin and also for about the apical third of the
dorsal margin. Hind wing : two parallel subterminal transverse
fuscous lines in interspace 1 a, single similar lines in interspaces
1 and 2 ; in interspace 1 ending in a round black dot anteriorly, in
interspace 2 in similar dots anteriorly and posteriorly. Underside :
greyish brown of a rather dark shade. Fore wing : crossed by
seven transverse delicate white fasciae ; the first from base extends
between subcostal vein and vein 1 on the inner side of the disco-
cellulars and is interrupted on the median vein ; the second short,
just beyond the discocellulars from vein 4 to vein 6 ; the third
from just below the costa to vein 1 uninterrupted, almost vertical ;
the fourth from just below the costa to vein 4, parallel to vein 3 ;
the three beyond these from just below costa to clorsum, the
middle one slightly luuular towards the apex in a few specimens ;
the two bands of the ground-colour enclosed between the three
lines, of a slightly darker shade than the rest. Hind wing: crossed
by nine fasciae similar to those on the fore wing ; the first pair
from base faintly defined, broken on the subcostal vein ; the second
and third pairs extend from costa to dorsum and are more widely
separated anteriorly than posteriorly where they are abruptly
bent upwards before reaching the dorsum; the fourth or subterminal
pair, which are highly lunular, sagittate, enclose between them
and between the outer line of the pair and the ninth or terminal
white line two series of fuscous-black spots, the spots of the inner
series triangular, of the outer series lunate ; these series are
interrupted in interspace 2 by a large round deeper black spot
crowned inwardly by a broad ochraceous edging, and in interspace
1 by a similar but much smaller spot, both these are jet-black
touched with metallic bluish-green scaling. Cilia of both fore
and hind wings pale greyish brown ; tail black tipped with white.
Antennae, head, thorax and abdomen brownish black, the shafts of
the antennae speckled with white, the thorax and base of abdomen
bluish ; beneath : palpi and thorax white, abdomen with a medial
line of the same colour. — $ . Upperside : ground-colour similar to
that of the <3 . Fore wing : terminal margin broadly black, the
black area commences on the apical third of the costa and gradually
narrows to the tornus, its inner margin curved. Hind wing :
above the subcostal vein and vein 6 fuscous ; a subterminal series
of white black-centred spots edged inwardly by a postdiscal series
of lunules and outwardly by an anticiliary black line. Underside :
LA.MPIDES. 403
precisely as in the c? • Cilia of both fore and hind wings white ;
a filamentous short tail at apex of vein 2 on the hind wing.
Antennae, thorax and abdomen similar to those in the d* .
Exp. <$ ? 33-35 mm. (1-30-1-38").
Hab. Tenasserim.
755. Lampides pura, Moore, Jown. Linn. Soc., Zool. xxi, 1886, p. 41 ;
de N. Suit. Ind. iii, 1890, p. 170, frontispiece, tig. 132, $ dry-
season form.
d . Upperside: bluish white slightly more metallic and shining
than in L. celeno. Pore and hind wings : the markings of the
underside show through by transparency ; both wings with
slender anticiliary black threads,
edged obscurely on the inner side
on the fore wing by a series of
small black dots that posteriorly
are more or less obsolete, and on
the hind wing by an ill-defined
white line. Underside : ground-
colour variable, greyish-brown to
pale ferruginous - brown. Tore
wing : a broad dark brown band
Fig. 88.— Lampides pura. along the discocellulars ; an upper
discal slightly curved similar band
stopping short at vein 3 ; these two bands slightly inclined
towards each other ; a transverse band posterior, and similar to
these two but more irregular in shape, reaches almost down to the
dorsum, thus forming the stem of a rough Y-shaped figure, of
which the upper two bands are the arms; these markings are
superposed on a slightly sullied white area that replaces the
brown ground-colour from the middle of the cell outwards up to
the terminal markings and from just above the dorsal margin to
the subcostal vein and vein 7, above which there are in succession
four obliquely placed, short, subcostal white lines ; terminal
markings consist of a pair of transverse, sublunular, subterminal
white lines and a terminal straighter similar line : the space between
the two subterminal lines and an ill-defined anticiliary line dark
brown, darker than the shade of the ground-colour. Hind wing :
crossed by the following transverse bands of a shade darker than
the ground-colour and irregular, much broken and dislocated : —
a basal and a medial band both edged on the inner and outer sides
by white lines ; the latter band posteriorly curved sharply upwards
and inwards towards the dorsum ; a discal irregular band or block
that is also inwardly and outwardly edged with white and bulges
outwards in the middle ; terminal markings much as on the
fore wing but the terminal white line more or less obsolete,
clearly defined only in interspaces 1 and 2 ; on the inner side of
this line in interspaces 1 a, 1 and 2 are black spots inwardly
crowned with ochraceous, the spots in 1 a and 1 minute, geminate,
2D2
404
the spot in interspace 2 the largest. Antennae black, shafts
speckled with white; head, thorax and abdomen pale brown,
thorax and base of abdomen bluish white ; beneath : palpi, thorax
and abdomen white. — $ . Upperside : ground-colour paler and
whiter than in the <S , the markings of the underside in some
specimens more clearly apparent through transparency than in
the c? • Fore wing : a very broad black terminal margin broadest
at the apex and apical portion of the costa, of which it occupies
about a third, posteriorly it narrows slightly to the tornus. Hind
wing : as in the 3 but with a postdiscal transverse lunular line
and a subterminal row of spots dusky brown. Underside : much
as in the c? but the transverse dark brown bands somewhat
straighter.
Exp. rf $ 33-40 mm. (1-33-1-57").
Hob. Assam ; Chittagong hill-tracts ; Burma and Tenasserim.
The above descriptions are taken from specimens of the wet-
season brood, but there is not much seasonal variation at any rate
in those from Tenasserim, from which locality only I have dated
specimens. In specimens taken in Tavoy, in April, the ground-
colour on the underside is a deeper brown but nothing like so
dark as it is represented on the hind wing of the $ figured by
de Mceville. Some specimens are very like the type of L. con-
ferenda, Butler, which form I consider is a pale variety of this
insect and not of L. celeno.
756. Lampides celeno, Cramer (Papilio), Pap. Exot. i, 1775, pi. 31,
tigs. C, D ; Elwes, P. Z. S. 1892, p. 625.
Hesperia gelianus, Fabr. Ent. Syst. iii, 1793, p. 280 ; Sutler
(Lampides), Cat. Fab. Lep. B. M. 1869, p. 166; Moore (Lampides),
Lep. Ceyl. i, 1881, p. 94, pi. 38, figs. 3, 3a, 3b, d1 $ , larva & pupa ;
de N. (Lampides) Butt. Ind. iii, 1890, p. 167.
Race kinkurka.
Lampides kinkurka, Felder (Lycaena), Verh. zool-bot. Ges. Wien,
xii, 1862, p. 481 ; id (Lycaena) Novara Iteise, Lep. ii, 1865,
p. 273, pi. 34, figs. 24, 25, 3 ; de N. Butt. Ind. iii, 1890, p. 171.
Dry-season brood. — $ . Upperside : pale bluish white. Fore
wing : terminal margin narrowly edged with black that broadens
very slightly towards the apex of the wing ; cilia brownish black.
Hind wing : uniform, except for an anticiliary black line edged on
the inner side somewhat obscurely by a white line within which
and touching it is a row of black spots, the anterior spots very
faint, the spot in interspace 2 large and well-defined, two geminate
spots in interspace 1 and a very small black lunular dot in interspace
la ; cilia brown, white at the base in the interspaces. In specimens
obtained in the height of the dry season the black edging to the
termen of the fore wing is much reduced and the subterminal
series of black spots in the hind wing is altogether obsolete.
Underside : greyish brown. Fore wing : with seven transverse
white fasciae as follows :— two short fasciae one each side of the
LAMPIDES. 405
discocellulars, the inner one continued downwards to vein 1 and
both represented at the costa by two detached spots ; two parallel
discal fasciae, the inner one broken at and the outer one terminating
on vein 3 ; two parallel subterminal fasciae, the outer one slightly
lunular ; lastly, a more slender terminal fascia followed by an
anticiliary slender black line ; the dorsal margin narrowly white ;
cilia brownish black, their bases white in the interspaces. Hind
wing : crossed by nine white fasciae or lines as follows : — three
between base of wing and apex of cell, those posteriorly in inter-
space 1 or on vein 1 abruptly turn upwards and terminate on
the clorsum ; the first fascia beyond the cell extends from vein. 6
to vein 2, then curves upwards in interspace 1 ; the next extends
straight from just below the costa to vein 4, thus overlapping the
previous fascia for a short distance ; the next or postdiscal fascia
runs between the costa and vein 3, the subterminal two also
between the costa and veia 3 but the inner one of the two fasciae is
extended down to interspace 1 and there curves upwards towards
the dorsurn ; both the subterminal fasciae are more or less lunular;
in the interspace below vein 2 is a large subterminal black spot
speckled with metallic blue scales and bordered inwardly by ochra-
ceous orange ; there are also in interspaces la and 1 two black dots
inwardly edged by a short white striga set in an ochraceous back-
ground ; lastly, there is a complete terminal white line followed by
a black anticiliary line and a filamentous short black white-tipped
tail at apex of vein 2 ; cilia as on the upperside. Antennae brownish
black, the shafts as usual tinged with white ; head, thorax and
abdomen pale brown, bluish on thorax and base of abdomen;
beneath : the palpi, thorax and abdomen white, the third joint of
the palpi and the second joint anteriorly black. — § . Upperside :
ground-colour paler than in the c? , often quite white ; terminal
black edging to fore wing very much broader, broadest at apex,
its margin there diffuse. Hind wing : differs from that of the c?
as follows : — costal margin broadly dusky black ; a postdiscal
transverse series of dusky -black connected lunules often more or
less obsolescent ; this is followed by a series of black spots each
set in a background of the white ground-colour ; an anticiliary
slender black line as in the c? . Underside : ground-colour paler
than in the d1 , the markings however, precisely similar. Antennae,
head, thorax and abdomen as in the c? .
Wet-season brood. — J £ . Closely resembles the tf $ of the dry-
season brood : the markings are similar but the ground-colour is
generally darker both on the upper and undersides, while the
black edging to the fore wing and the black postdiscal and
terminal markings to the hind wing on the upperside are broader
and more clearly defined. Antennae, head, thorax and abdomen
as in the dry-season brood.
Exp. c? $ 28-40 mm. (1-10-1-56").
Hab. Throughout our limits, except in the most desert tracts,
and at elevations over 6000 feet.
A very variable form both in the ground-colour and in the
406 IXCJES1DJE.
markings. The fasciae on the underside are often so disjointed
that it becomes difficult to trace their connections or course.
Larva. "When full-fed just half an inch in length, of a
dull reddish- green colour, thickly shagreened with minute white
tubercles, scarcely, if at all, hairy ; the head pale ochraceous, entirely
hidden beneath the second segment ; the segments increasing in
width to about the fifth, the two anal segments slightly decreasing
and above flattened, especially the thirteenth ; the erectile organs
very small ; a dorsal pulsating line, somewhat darker than the rest
of the body ; a subdorsal series of pale green oblique streaks,
one on each segment on each side from the third to the eleventh
segment inclusive ; no other conspicuous markings. Dr. Forel has
identified the ant that attends the larva in Calcutta, as Camponotus
mitis, Smith (= bacchus, Sm. = ventralis, Sm.). Dr. G. King
identifies the plant on which the larva feeds in Calcutta as Heynea
trijuga, Roxburgh." (de Niceville.)
Pupa. " Of the usual Lycaenid shape, quite smooth, neither
hairy nor pitted, pale ochreous greenish, the upper portions of
the abdominal segments darker, covered throughout with coarse,
rounded, blackish spots placed irregularly ; a dorsal and a subdorsal
series of similar but larger spots or blotches placed regularly.
Head bluntly rounded, thorax slightly humped and constricted
posteriorly, end of the abdomen rounded." (de Niceville.}
Race kinkurka, Felder. — An insular form that has varied con-
siderably and has developed into a well-marked race (fig. 89 a). $ $
differ from the typical form as follows : — d . Upperside : very much
paler, almost silvery white. Fore wing : shaded very slightly with
fuscous towards the apex; postdiscal and subterminal diffuse dusky
bands within the anticiliary black line ; cilia brown, whitish along
the tips and at the tornal angle. Hind wing : an anticiliary black
line and a subterminal series of black spots as in the typical form,
but the latter superposed on well-marked, larger, slightly bluish-
white spots that fill the apices of the interspaces ; as in celeno,
these black spots become faint anteriorly ; inwardly the series of
large bluish-white background spots is bounded by a well-marked,
lunular, broad, dusky band ; cilia white. Underside : ground-colour
very much paler than in the typical form, a very pale silvery grey,
almost white ; markings on both fore and hind wings as in celeno,
but in most specimens the transverse white fasciae are slightly
broader proportionately and the subterminal two and terminal
fasciae narrowly connected by linear extensions of white along the
veins ; tail black tipped with white. Antennas, head, thorax and
abdomen as in the typical form but the thorax and abdomen on
the upperside paler. The sexes are very much more alike than in
the typical form. — $ . Only differs from the c? in the ground-colour
which is paler, and in the apex of the fore wing on the upperside,
which is shaded to a varying extent and degree with diffuse fuscous
black.
Exp. rf $ 28-36 mm. (MO-1-40").
Hab. The Nicobars.
LAMPIDES. 407
757. Lampides elpis, Godart (Polyommatus), Encycl. Meth. ix, 1823,
p. 054 ; Moore, P. Z. S. 1878, p. 833 ; id. Lep. Ceyl. i, 1881, p. 95,
pi. 38, figs. 4, 4 a, $ ; de N. Butt. 2nd. iii, 1890, p. 161 ; Davidson,
Bell $ Aitken, Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. x, 1896, p. 377.
Lampides kankena, Felder (Lycaena), Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, xii,
1862, p. 481 ; id. (Lycama) Novara Reise, Lep. ii, 1865, p. 270,
pi. 34, fig. 37 £?; de N. Butt. 2nd. iii, 1890, p. 174.
Larapide.s pseudelpis, Sutler, Trans. Linn. Soc., Zool. (2) i, 1879,
p. 547, pi. 68, tigs. 8, 9, rf $ .
Wet-season brood. — rf . Upperside : azure-blue deepening in tint
towards the apex of the fore wing. Pore wing : a narrow black
terminal edging widened towards the apex ; cilia brownish black.
Hind wing : costal margin broadly, dorsal margin more narrowly
paler than the ground-colour ; a subterminal series of black spots
edged outwardly with white, the spot in interspace 2 the largest,
oval or round, the others smaller, transversely sublinear ; a
clearly defined anticiliary black line ; cilia brown with a white
line along their bases, often restricted to the posterior half of the
wing. Underside : greyish brown. Fore and hind wings : two
subtermiual and a terminal white transverse line succeeded by an
anticiliary black line on each wing, the ground-colour enclosed
between these lines of a slightly darker shade with the appearance
of somewhat maculate transverse bands. On the hind wing near
apices of interspaces 1 a, 1 and 2 enclosed between the inner of
the two subterminal white lines and the terminal white line are a
large round black spot inwardly edged with ochraceous in inter-
space 2, two minute black geminate spots in interspace 1 and a
similar single spot in interspace 1 a, the latter three spots
superposed on a white ground and above the white a narrow
transverse short ochraceous line. Fore wing : in addition four
obliquely placed, transverse, white parallel fasciae as follows : — two,
one on either side of the discocellulars extended between the sub-
costal vein and the dorsum ; two upper discal lines broken and
sinuate, extended from just below the costa, the inner line to vein 3,
the outer line to vein 4. Hind wing : crossed by five transverse
parallel white fasciae besides the terminal markings already men-
tioned, these are all more or less interrupted and broken anteriorly
and the inner four abruptly curved upwards posteriorly. Antennae,
head, thorax and abdomen dark brown, the shafts of the antennas
ringed with white, the thorax and abdomen at base with a little
blue pubescence ; beneath : palpi, thorax and abdomen white. —
5 . Upperside : pale blue with a slight purple tinge. Fore wing :
costa increasingly to the apex, termen decreasingly to the tornus
heavily edged with black ; at the apex of the wing the black
occupies about one-fourth of the wing. Hind wing : markings as
in the tf but the subtermiual line of black spots much more
clearly defined ; the spots larger, edged prominently on both inner
and outer sides with white, which on the inner side is margined by a
lunular heavy transverse black line. Underside : precisely as in the <5 .
Antennae, head, thorax and abdomen similar to those of the tf .
408 LYCJENID.E.
Dry-season brood. — 3 $ . Similar to the d $ of the wet-season
brood but differ as follows : — 3 • Upperside : pale purplish-blue
fading on the discs of the wings in some specimens to white ;
terminal black edging to the fore wing narrower ; markings on the
hind wing fainter, trending towards obsolescence. Underside : from
very pale ochraceous white to dark earthy ochraceous ; markings
identical with those in specimens of the wet-season brood, but in
some of the very pale specimens the white fasciae assume a pale
greenish-blue metallic tint. Antennae, head, thorax and abdomen as
in the wet-season specimens but paler. — $ . Differs from the wet-
season specimens only in the paler ground-colour both on the
upper and undersides, on the former also by the narrowness of
the black edging to the fore wing, and the subobsolescence of the
markings on the hind wing.
Exp. rf $ 32-40 mm. (1-25-1-57").
Hob. Sikhim ; Bhutan ; Bengal : Malcla, Calcutta, Orissa ;
Southern India : the Nilgiris, North Canara, Mysore, Travancore ;
Ceylon ; Assam ; Burma ; Teaasserim ; the Andamans ; Nicobars ;
extending through the Malayan Subregion to Java.
Larva. " Feeds on the flowers and seeds of the cultivated
cardamom and also on those of Kcempfceria pandurata. It is very
similar to that of L. celeno, Cramer, but is of a pink hue, with well-
defined stripes of red dorsally and laterally." (Davidson, Bell fy
AtiTeen.}
Pupa. "... found inside the fruit, or in the cluster of dead
flowers above the fruit ; is smooth and of a dull yellowish brown,
marked with interrupted bands of a darker brown. In shape it is
similar to (that of) L. celeno." (Davidson, Bell $ Aitken.)
Var. kankena (PI. XX, fig. 148), Felder, which I am unable to
separate from L. elpis, seems to me to differ only in the absence of
the terminal markings on the upperside of the hind wing in the <5 .
L. kankena was described originally from Kar Nicobar, but it is
found (fide Distant, de Niceville, Elwes and others) in the Malay
Peninsula, Perak, Burma and the Philippines. I have seen
specimens also from Sikhim and the Andamans which are insepar-
able from those from the Nicobars. Also I can see no difference
in the genitalia of males of true elpis and males with the unspotted
terminal margin to the hind wing, from the Nicobars. — [N.B. The
coloured figure here given is, I regret to say, badly reproduced by
the three-colour process. The insept is really much more blue
than the dark purple as represented here.]
I have two specimens of a Lampides from the Central Nicobar
group which on the underside are identical in ground-colour and
markings with L. elpis var. kankena, but on the upperside are quite
different. The ground-colour is uniform slaty-plumbeous frosted
with a silvery sheen, the tornal markings on "the hind wing as in
var. kankena. Both specimens are males and not in good condition,
and I prefer at present simply to point out the above difference
between them and L. elpis. If new the form may stand as
LAMPIDES. 409
LAMPIDES ROGEESI miJii, named after Mr. C. Gr. Bogers, Conser-
vator of Forests, of the Imperial Forest Department of India, to
whom I owe the gift of a large and very valuable collection of
butterflies from the Andamans and Xicobars. For better recog-
nition I figure the form (PI. XX, fig. 149).
758. Lampides kondulana, Felder (Lycsena), Verh.zool.-bot. Ges. Wien,
xii, 1862, p. 484 ; id. (Lycsena) Nomra Reise, Lep. ii, 1865,
p. 271, pi. 34, fig. 6 d; de N. Butt. Ind. iii, 1890, p. 172.
d" . Upperside : pale blue with a purplish tint, fore wing
posteriorly and hind wing entirely paler ; in certain lights both
wings have a silvery glint. Fore wing : darkening towards the
apex ; interspaces terminally with obscure fine fuscous striae,
" resting exteriorly on a slender white
line " (almost obsolete in the sole
specimen that I have) ; cilia brown
with an anticiliary black line. Hind
_ wing : costa slightly paler than the
Pig. 89. ground-colour ; a subterminal series
a. Lampides celeno, race of black spots decreasing in size
kinkurka. and definition anteriorly, outwardly
b. Lamptdes kwdulana. bounded by a white line that is inter-
rupted by the crossing of the veins ; the spot in interspace 2 the
largest, interspace 1 with two minute geminate spots, interspace 1«
with a similar minute single spot ; a transverse short white line
crowned by an obscure fuscous line ; on the inner side of the latter
three subterminal spots ; finally, an anticiliary slender black line
as on the fore wing. Cilia fuscous Lrown with a slender white
line along their bases ; tail black tipped with white. Underside :
pale fawn-colour. Fore wing : a short transverse white line on
either side of the discocellulars, both continued posteriorly to the
dorsal margin but broken at the joining with the short discocellular
lines ; beyond this a pair of parallel, short, upper discal white lines
that form a more or less catenulated band and extend from vein
9 to vein 4, the inner of the two broken at that vein and continued
to vein 3 ; terminal markings consist of two transverse subterminal
and a similar terminal white line followed by an anticiliary black
line ; the space between the subterminal lines and between them
and the terminal line darker than the ground-colour of the wing
and with a maculated appearance. Hind wing : crossed by the
following irregular white lines : — a basal pair, broken at the subcostal
and median veins, and posterior to them a dark spot on the dorsurn ;
a medial pair from the subcostal vein to the dorsum, anteriorly
passing one on each side of the discocellulars and posteriorly
curved sharply upwards ; an obliquely placed, very much inter-
rupted and broken upper discal pair 1'rom costa to vein 4, the inner
one broken at vein 4 and continued posteriorly to vein 5 ; terminal
markings much as in the fore wing ; the inner subterminal white
410
line shifted inwards and enclosing between it and the terminal
white line a black spot in interspace 3, a very large similar spot in in-
terspace 2 and a smaller but very irregularly shaped spot in inter-
spaces 1 a and 1, all three spots bordered inwardly and laterally
with ochraceous ; the terminal white line very broad posteriorly
at the tornal angle, with a prominent white spot on each side of
the tornal spot in interspace 1 ; finally, a slender black anticiliary
line as on the fore wing. Antennae black, the shafts ringed with
white ; head, thorax and abdomen dark brown, the thorax with
purplish-blue hairs ; beneath : the palpi, thorax and abdomen
dusky white. — § . Upperside : pale blue without or with only a
very faint purple tint. Fore wing : costa, apex very broadly and
termen broadly but decreasingly to the dorsum black ; a subterminal
nearly obsolete transverse series of bluish-white lunules, very
faintly marked towards the apex ; cilia as in the d1 . Hind wing :
the costal broadly, the dorsal margin more narrowly paler than
the ground-colour ; terminal markings as in the J but more
clearly defined, the black subterminal spots encircled with white,
the white edging bounded inwardly by a transverse series of fuscous-
black lunules ; cilia and short filamentous tail as in the c? . Under-
side : ground-colour and markings very similar to those in the c?
but more clearly defined.
Exp. rf $ 32-38 mm. (1-25-1-49").
Hub. The Nicobars ; Kondul.
This form is probably only a race of the widely distributed
L. elpis, Godart. In the pale ground-colour on the upperside and
in the neatness and slenderness of the white line markings on the
underside however, it looks tolerably distinct from kankena,
Felder, which is the variety of L. elpis found in the ISicobars.
Genus CATOCHRYSOPS.
Catochrysops, Eoisduval, Voy. Astrolabe, Lep. 1832, p. 87 ; Moore,
Lep. Ceyl. i, 1881, p. 90; de N. Suit. 2nd.. in, 1890, p. 175.
Type, C. strabo, Fabr., from Java.
Range. Indo- and Austro-Malayan Eegions.
c? $ • Fore wing : costa arched ; apex moderately acute but not
produced ; termen convex ; tornus obtuse ; dorsum straight ; cell
about half length of wing ; upper discocellular in line with sub-
costal vein, middle and lower vertical ; vein 7 from well before
upper apex of cell ; vein 8 absent ; vein 9 from middle of 7 ; vein
10 from apical third of subcostal vein ; vein 11 at base well separated
from base of 10; veins 11 and 12 touching ; vein 12 bent towards
vein 11. Hind wing: elongate, pear-shaped; costa not much
arched ; apex rounded ; termen comparatively slightly convex ;
tornus well-marked ; dorsum slightly convex ; cell short, not half
length of wing ; vein 3 from before lower apex of cell ; vein 7 at
base closer to apex of cell than to base. Antennae slender, about
half length of fore wing, club gradual; palpi subporrect, third
CATOCHRYSOPS. 411
joint about half length of second; eyes in the typical form hairy;
body robust.
Of the three forms of Catochrysops that occur within our limits two
have the eyes smooth ; the venation however, is slightly variable
and the forms with smooth eyes have veins 11 and 12 of the fore
wing very close to each other but not touching.
Key to the forms of Catochrysops.
a. Eyes hairy C. strabo, p. 411.
b. Eyes smooth
a'. Upperside hind -wing : subterminal spots in
interspaces 1 and 2 markedly unequal ....
V Upperside hind wing : subterminal spots in
interspaces 1 and 2 equal or nearly so C. cnejus, p. 415.
759. Catochrysops strabo (PI. XIX, fig. 143 d), Fabr. (Hesperia)
Ent. Syst. iii, 1793, p. 287 ; Boisduval, Voy. Astrolabe, Lep. 1832,
p. 88 ; Moore, Lep. Ceyl. i, 1881, p. 91, pi. 37, figs. 2, 2 a, rf $ ;
de N. Butt. 2nd. iii, 1890, p. 177 ; Davidson, Sell Sf Aitken,
Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. x, 1896, p. 377.
Catochrysops lithargyria, Moore, A. M. N. H. (4) xx, 1877, p. 340 ;
id. Lep. Ceyl. i, 1881, p. 91 ; de N. Butt. 2nd. iii, 1890, p. 178.
d . Upperside : pale violet with in certain lights a blue, slightly
silvery sheen. Fore wing .- a slender anticiliary dark line. Hind
wing : interspace 1 with a short transverse subterminal brown
bar edged inwardly with white ; interspace 2 with a prominent
round black spot edged very faintly on the inner side by a diffuse
bluish lunule ; the dark subterminal spots of the underside apparent
through transparency ; an anticiliary slender jet-black line m ore con-
spicuous than in the fore wing, in some specimens edged inwardly
in the posterior interspaces with white ; this line is present in inter-
spaces 1 and 2 in all specimens. Cilia of both fore and hind wings
white transversely traversed medially by a brown line ; tail black
tipped with white. Underside : pale dull grey. Fore wing : a
short transverse band on the discocellulars, a small round subcostal
spot in interspace 10, a transverse discal band that extends from
veins 1 to 7, the portion below vein. 3 dislocated and shifted
inwards, a transverse subterminal ill-defined band and a terminal
series of inwardly rounded spots, each of which subapically fills an
interspace, dark greyish-brown ; the discocellular and discal bands
edged inwardly and outwardly by white lines, the subcostal spot
encircled with white and the subterminal band and terminal spots
edged on their inner sides with the same colour ; lastly, a dark
greyish-brown anticiliary line. Hind wing : a subbasal spot and a
spot beyond it in interspace 7, a large round subterminal spot
crowned with ochraceous in interspace 2, two geminate specks
subterminally in interspace 1 and a terminal similar speck in
interspace 1 a, black, the spots in interspace 7 encircled with white ;
a lunular spot in middle of cell, two elongate spots in transverse
order below it, a short transverse band on the discocellulars and a
412
very irregular, transverse, sinuous discal band dark greyish-brow n,
edged inwardly and outwardly with white ; beyond these is an
inner subtermiual series of greyish-brown lunules followed by an
outer subterminal series of similarly coloured spots, the latter
encircled with .white, and a black anticiliary slender line. Antennae,
head, thorax and abdomen dark brown, a little purplish on the
thorax, the shafts of the antennae speckled with white ; beneath :
the palpi, thorax and abdomen white. — $ . Upperside, fore wing :
costa, apex and termen broadly brownish -black, rest of the wing
whitish, flushed and overlaid especially at base with metallic blue.
Hind wing : costa and termen broadly fuscous or brownish black,
the rest of the wing whitish flushed with metallic blue as on the
fore wing which, however, does not spread to the dorsal margin ;
a discal curved medial series of fuscous spots ; a transverse,
incomplete, postdiscal series of white sagittate lunules followed
by a subterminul series of spots as follows, superposed on
the brownish-black terminal border : — two black geminate dots
margined inwardly and outwardly with white, a large black spot
crowned broadly with ochraceous inwardly and edged slenderly
with white on the outer side in interspace 2, and anterior to that
a transversely linear black spot encircled with white in each inter-
space. Cilia of fore wing brown, of hind wing white traversed by
a transverse medial brown line. Underside : ground-colour and
markings as in the g . Antennae, head, thorax and abdomen
similar to those of the c? . Eyes in both sexes hairy.
Exp. c? $ 27-38 mm. (1-08-1-49*).
Hob, Peninsular India south of the outer ranges of the
Himalayas ; Ceylon ; Assam ; Burma ; Tenasserim ; the Andamaus ;
Kicobars ; extending through the Malayan Subregion down to
Australia.
An extraordinarily variable form both in the shade of the
ground-colour on the upperside and in size. One variety
(lithargyrea, Moore), which has the ground-colour on the upperside
more blue than purple in the c? , is not uncommon throughout the
range of the insect, nor has there any corresponding difference
been found among the females, while in the blue males the
markings are precisely the same as those of typical males.
Larva. " Of the usual shape (i. e. onisciform) ; head light yellow
margined with brown ; body light rose, covered with tiny star-
topped stems so arranged as to make diagonal whitish lines to each
segment ; a subdorsal line on the back ; anal segment nearly
square, the margin (? margins) of the body clothed with light
coloured and longish hair." (Davidson, Bell "<Sf Aitken.)
Pupa. " Of the usual form, covered with stiff erect hair ; colour
light rose with a black patch on the second segment and centre of
thorax ; it has also a dark dorsal line and the lower segments are
smudged with black." (Davidson, Bell $ Aitlcen.)
CATOOHEYSOPS. 413
760. Catochrysops pandava, Horsfield (Lycsena), Cat. Lep. Mus.
E. 2. C. 1829, p. 84 ; Moore, Lep. Ceyl. i, 1881, p. 92, pi. 37,
figs. 1,1 a, Ib, rf $ , larva & pupa ; de N. Butt. Ind. iii, 1890,
p. 183, pi. 27, fig. 187, 2 wet-season form.
Catochrysops nicola, Sicinhoe, P. Z. S. 1885, p. 132 ; de N. Butt.
Ind. iii, 1890, p. 185.
Wet-season brood. — c? • Upperside : lavender-blue. Fore wing :
costa narrowly, terminal margin more broadly fuscous brown, the
latter with in addition an antieiliary black line ; cilia light brown
transversely traversed close to but not at their bases by a dark
brown line. Hind wing: costa narrowly fuscous brown; a sub-
terminal series of black spots outwardly edged by a white line ;
the spot in interspace 2 the largest and inwardly crowned more or
less broadly with ochraceous yellow; an antieiliary black line
and the cilia as on the fore wing. Underside : greyish brown.
Fore and hind wings : the following transverse darker brown
markings on each wing, the markings edged on the inner and
outer sides with white lines — a short bar across the discocellulars,
a discal catenulated band, the posterior two elongate spots of
which on the fore wing are en echelon, while the band on the hind
wing is bisinuate and is capped anteriorly near the costa by a
round black spot encircled with white ; the above are followed by
maculated inner and outer subterminal bands, which on the hind
wing are curved and more or less interrupted on the tornal area
by a comparatively large round black spot in interspace 2 and a
smaller similar spot in interspace 1, both spots inwardly crowned
with ochraceous ; the white edgings on the inner side to both sub-
terminal bands on the hind wing are more or less lunular. In
addition on the same wing there is a subbasal curved row of
four white-encircled spots, of which the anterior two and the spot
on the dorsum are black, the other dark brown. Antennae
black, shafts ringed with white ; head, thorax and abdomen brown,
the head and thorax clothed with bluish hairs ; beneath : palpi,
thorax and abdomen whitish. — $ . Upperside : brown. Fore wing :
shot with blue from base outwards for a little over half its length
down its middle, this blue irroration not extended to the costal
margin ; a slender antieiliary black line. Hind wing : a touch of
blue iridescence near base ; terminal markings much as on the fore
wing but the subterminal spots larger and not extended beyond
interspace 6 ; in addition postdiscally there is a lightening of the
shade of the ground-colour, between which paler area and the
subterminal spots the ground-colour assumes the form of a post-
discal, short, transverse lunular band. Underside as in the <5 , the
markings slightly larger and more clearly denned. Antennas, head,
thorax and abdomen as in the S but slightly paler.
Dry-season brood. — c? ? . Very similar to the same sexes of the
wet-season brood, but can be recognized by the following
differences : — Upperside : tf • Ground-colour slightly duller ; sub-
terminal spots on the hind wing less clearly defined. $ . The blue
shot area extended outwards on the fore wing for three-fourths of
414 LYC^XIDJE.
its length from base, but as in wet-season specimens not reaching
the costal margin ; on the hind wing the blue suffusion covers the
entire medial portion of the wing from the base to the subterminal
row of spots, of which latter the spot in interspace 2 is entirely
without the inner ochraceous edging. — c? $ • Underside : ground-
colour darker than in specimens of the wet-season brood, the
discocellular and discal transverse bands on both fore and hind
wings broader, the terminal markings very ill-defined, the inner
white edging to the inner of the two subterminal transverse bands
broadened and very diffuse. On the hind wing the discocellular
and discal bands coalesce and form an ill- defined diffuse medial
cloud on the wing.
Exp. <$ $ 24-32 mm. (0-93-1-24").
Hub. Peninsular India south of the outer ranges of the
Himalayas, but not in the desert tracts and somewhat local ;
Ceylon ; Assam ; Burma ; extending into the Malayan Subregion.
Larva. " When full-grown a little over half an inch in length,
of two distinct colours, some being bright green, others of a dark
reddish purple (vinous) .... head very small, black, shining and
hidden beneath the second segment, the third segment larger than
the second, the other segments about equal in size, the anal
segment flattened and rounded, divisions between the segments
well- marked. The larva throughout is very rough, widely pitted
or depressed and covered with very minute white tubercles bearing
very short fine hairs, neither the hairs nor the tubercles being
visible without a lens. The body at its highest and widest part is
wider than high. It is extremely variable in its markings, hardly any
two being exactly alike ; there is usually a dark, dorsal, subdorsal
and lateral line dividing the upper surface of the body into three
equal areas, the dorsal and two subdorsal lines coalescing on the
eleventh segment and forming a broad band to the thirteenth. In
some specimens the divisions between the segments are marked
with darker and there is a subdorsal series of oblique dark lines,
one on each segment between the dorsal and subdorsal lines. The
underside of the body and legs seems to be always green. The erectile
organs on the twelfth segment very small. Feeds in Calcutta on
Cycas revoluta. In Calcutta three species of ants attend this
larva, which Professor Forel has identified for me as Prenolepis
longicornis, Latr., Monomorium specidare, Mayr and Cremastoyaster,
n. sp." (de Niceville.}
Pupa. " Of the usual Lycaenid form, quite smooth, more or less
fuscous, with a darker dorsal and subdorsal line, head-case some-
what square, thorax slightly humped and constricted posteriorly,
spiracles pale. Though the larvae swarm in April and May in
Calcutta on the cultivated cycads in gardens, eating the hardlv
opened shoots or fronds, thereby utterly destroying the appearance
of the plant for the year, I have never succeeded in finding the
pupa on the plants, and can only conclude that the ants drive the
full-grown larvae down the stems of the plants into their nests,
where the larvae undergo their transformations." (de Niceville.)
CATOCHEYSOPS. 415
G. nicola, Swinhoe, the type of which, a $ , is now in the British
Museum has (and I consider quite rightly) been placed in the
Museum arrangement by Dr. Butler as a form intermediate
between the wet-season and dry-season forms of C. pandava. In
describing it Col. Swinhoe says that on the upperside the " Hind
wing with five marginal largish black spots surrounded by
yellowish." The type-specimen certainly does not agree with
this. In point of fact all the markings are only paler and a little
more diffuse than in an ordinary wet-season specimen.
761. Catochrysops cnejus, Fabr. (Hesperia) Ent. Syst. Suppl. 1798,
p. 430 ; Horsfield (Lycoma), Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. 1829, p. 83 ;
Moore, Lep. Ceyl. i, 1881, p. 92 ; de N. Butt. Ind. iii, 1890,
p. 178.
Lampides contracta, Butler, P. Z. 8. 1880, p. 406, pi. 39, fig. 3 ;
de N. (Catochrysops) Butt. Ind. iii, 1890, p. 181.
Catochrysops ella, Butler, P. Z. S. 1881, p. 606 ; de N. Butt. Ind.
iii, 1890, p. 180.
Catochrysops hapalina, Butler, P. Z. S. 1883, p. 148, pi. 24, figs. 2,
3, rf $ ; de N. Butt. Ind. iii. 1890, p. 182.
Catochrvsops theseus, Swinhoe, P. Z. S. 1885, p. 131, pi. 9, fig. 8 <$:
de N. Butt. Ind. iii, 1890, p. 180.
c?. Upperside: pale purplish suffused with a bluish shade,
apparent only in certain lights. Pore wing: a slender black
auticiliary line edged on the inner side narrowly with fuscous dark
brown, broader at apex than at the tornal angle. Hind wing : a
subterminal black spot in interspace 1 and another similar spot in
interspace 2, the two spots subequal in size, edged on the outer side
by a white thread and on the inner side with ochraceous, more
prominent in the spot in interspace 2; a slender anticiliary black
line with an inner narrow margin of diffuse fuscous brown. Cilia
of both fore and hind wings pale ; tail at apex of vein 2 of the hind
wing black tipped with white. Underside : silver-grey, in some
with a pale yellowish, in others with a faint brown tint. Fore and
hind wings : each with the following brown spots edged slenderly
on either side with white: — a transverse elongate spot on the
discocellulars ; a transverse discal series of spots straight on the
fore, bisinuate on the hind wing, on the latter wing capped
near the costa by a prominent white-encircled round black spot ;
an inner and an outer subterrainal transverse series of spots, of
which the inner subterminal series on the hind wing is lunular,
the outer rounded, the white edging to both series being also
lunular ; both wings have very slender anticiliary black lines, and
the hind wing in addition a transverse curved subbasal series of
generally three often four white-encircled spots of which the spot
nearest the costa is prominent and black, the others brown.
Antennae, head, thorax and abdomen dark brown, paler on the last,
the shafts of the antenna speckled with white, the thorax with a
little purplish pubescence ; beneath : the palpi, thorax and
abdomen white. — $ . Upperside : dark brown. Fore wing r
a postero-medial somewhat triangular area from the base outwards
416 LYC-SNLDJE.
for about two-thirds the length of the wing blue and a slender jet-
black anticiliary line. Hind wing : posteriorly from about the
level of the middle of the cell slightly suffused with blue from base
outwards for about two-thirds the length of the wing ; a transverse,
postdiscal, incomplete series of sagittate white spots pointing
inwards, followed by a subterininal transverse series of round spots,
the anterior three dark brown encircled with bluish white, the
tornal two jet-black, subequal, larger than the others, edged
inwardly with bright ochraceous, outwardly by very slender white
lines ; finally, a jet-black slender anticiliary line. Cilia of both
fore and hind wings conspicuously white. Underside : ground-
colour and markings as in the <5 , the tornal two black spots touched
outwardly with metallic bluish-green scaling. Antennae, head,
thorax and abdomen similar to those of the $ , the shafts of the
antennae conspicuously ringed with white.
Exp. d $ 26-33 mm. (1-03-1-33").
Hob. Throughout our limits except at very high elevations.
Widely distributed in the Malayan Subregion ; extending to
Australia and the South Sea Islands.
Larva. " Of the usual Lycaenid shape .... the head small, black,
shining, retractile. Colour of body pale green with darker green or
reddish dorsal and subdorsal lines, the latter coalesced into a broad
band between the eleventh and last segments. The entire surface
of the body covered with minute white tubercles, there are also a
few scattered white hairs. The segmental constrictions shallow.
Spiracles black. Extensile organs on the twelfth segment small.
The larva is broader than high in its higher part, increasing in
-width to fourth segment, from thence to the flattened anal segment
of about uniform width. Bred by me in Calcutta on Phaseolus tri-
lobus,Lmn. Mr. W. C. Taylor reports that the larva feeds in
Orissa on Dolidios catjang, Eoxb. Dr. A. Forel identifies the
ant in Calcutta as Camponotus rubripes (= sylvaticus, Fabr.),
subspecies compressus, Fabr." (de Niceville.)
Pupa. "Very pale green, the abdominal segments somewhat
opaque ; of the usual Lycaeuid shape, no distinctive structure or
markings. Head-case square, thorax slightly humped, slightly
constricted before the first abdominal segment, a dark dorsal line
extending the whole length ; spiracles black; entire surface smooth
not hairy." (de Niceville.)
After examination of the types and of the series of specimens
in the British Museum of the following, I agree with de Niceville
that they are all either climatic or local unstable varieties of
<}. cnejus. One of these, C. theseus, Swinhoe, is clearly an aberration.
Vars. ella and contracta, Butler, are dwarfed forms with pale
markings and ground-colour on the underside. Var. Tiapalina,
Butler, differs chiefly from the typical form in the transverse
macular discal band on the underside of the fore wing, the spots
composing which are placed obliquely to one another, not end to
end as in typical cnejus. C. theseus, Swinhoe, is, as mentioned
above, an aberration, the bands on the underside are not macular
•but continuous and somewhat strongly marked.
TARUCUS. 417
Genus TARUCUS.
Tarucus, Moore, Lep. CeyL i, 1881, p. 81 ; de N. Suit. 2nd, iii, 1890,
p. 186.
Type, T. theoplirastus^ Fabr.
Range. Southern Europe, North and "West Africa, Arabia, India,
Ceylon, Assam, Burma, China.
<3 $ . Fore wing: costa slightly arched ; apex bluntly angulate ;
termen convex ; tornus well-marked, angulate, slightly obtuse ;
dorsum straight, about three-fourths length of costa ; cell about
half length of wing ; veins 6 and 7 well separated at base, vein 8
absent, vein 9 from beyond middle of 7, vein 10 at base, closer to
vein 11 than to base of vein 7 ; veins 11 and 12 bent very closely
towards each other, typically anastomosed at one point ; vein 12
terminates on costa well before lower apex of cell. Hind wing :
ample, broad ; costa arched ; apex and termen curved, convex, apex
not well marked ; tornus obtuse ; dorsum straight posteriorly,
convex near base ; cell short, not nearly half length of wing; veins
3 and 4 very closely approximate at base, from lower apex of cell,
vein 7 from apical half of subcostal, vein 8 strongly curved at base.
Antennae about half length of wing, club fusiform ; palpi porrect
or subporrect, second joint in front clothed densely with compara-
tively large scales, not fringed with hairs, third joint naked, acicu-
late ; eyes typically smooth, in one form hairy ; body slender.
This genus, which so far as venation goes cannot be separated
from Castalius, contains within our limits only three forms, one of
which is doubtfully distinct. The other two are structurally
different, and have by some authors been separated generically.
Key to the forms of Tarucus.
a. Eyes smooth.
«'. Upperside fore and hind -wings : except
for an anticiliary dark line con-
colorous throughout T. theophrastus, p. 417.
6'. Upperside fore and hind wings : broad
dark terminal margins, not con-
colorous throughout T. venosus, p. 419.
b. Eyes hairy T. plinius, p. 420.
762. Tarucus theoplirastus (PI. XX, fig. 151 tf), Fabr. (Hesperia)
Ent. St/st. iii, 1793, p. 281 ; Moore (Lycaena), Cat. Lep. Mus.
E. I. C. i, 1857, p. 25 ; id. Lep. CeyL i, 1881, p. 81, pi. 36, tig. 3 ;
de N. Butt. Ind. iii, 1890, p. 187.
Lycaena nara, Kollar, in HugeVs Kaschmir, iv, 1848, p. 241 ; Hutler
(Tarucus), P. Z. S. 1881, p. 606 : de N. (Tarucus) Butt. Ind. iii,
1890, p. 190.
Tarucus alteratus, Moore, P. Z. S. 1882, p. 245, pi. 12, figs. 4, 4a, <$ ;
de N. Butt. Ind. iii, 1890, p. 192.
Tarucus callinara, Butler, A. M. N. H. (5) xviii, 1886, p. 185 ; de N.
Butt. Ind. iii, 1890, p. 191.
Tarucus extricatus, Butler, P. Z. S. 1886, p. 366. pi. 35. fig. 2 <fj
de N. Butt. Ind. iii, 1890, p. 192.
cJ. Upperside: pale purple to violet with in certain lights a
YOL. II. 2E
418
blue suffusion, the markings of the underside apparent through
transparency. Fore wing : costal margin above vein 12 suffused
strongly with blue ; discocellulars with a transverse elongate
blackish spot ; a slender anticiliary black line. Hind wing :
immaculate except for an anticiliaiy black line as on the fore wing.
Cilia of both fore and hind wings dull sullied white with a brownish-
black band along their bases. Underside: white with the following
black markings : — Fore wing : an anticiliary line continued along
the costa but not up to the base ; a streak from base passing
obliquely to the costa ; an obliquely-placed irregular mark across
the cell with a spot below it in interspace 1 ; a curved interrupted
band beyond, that consists of a spot in interspace 9 joined to a
transverse bar across the discocellulars and detached from it a
spot in interspace 2 that coalesces with another in interspace 1 ;
following this are four upper discal spots two and two placed
obliquely, the lower two often coalescent, a transverse postdiscal
more or less macular curved band, and a subterminal trans-
verse series of six round equal-sized spots. Hind wing : an
obliquely placed basal streak, a row of three spots across the cell,
the upper two spots much elongated, a short bar on the disco-
cellulars and an elongate, transverse, subcostal spot above it ; four
discal spots, the upper four placed obliquely two and two, the lower
two transverse, coalescent ; postdiscal band, subterminal transverse
series of spots and anticiliary line as 011 the fore wing ; the post-
discal band lunular, all or some of the spots of the subterminal
series with shining bluish metallic scales. Cilia as on the upper-
side ; tail black tipped with white. Antennae, head, thorax and
abdomen black, the shafts of the antennae ringed with white, the
thorax with a little bluish pubescence ; beneath : the palpi, thorax
and abdomen white. — $ . Upperside : dark brown ; bases of the
wings suffused with bluish scales. Fore wing : the transverse
discocellular spot as in the J but continued posteriorly by a black
spot in interspace 2 coalescent with a similar spot in interspace 1
(in some specimens the latter two spots are only seen by transparency
from the underside) ; a medial area beyond apex of cell white,
crossed by an upper discal, macular, short black band that extends
from vein 3 to vein 6 ; the ground-colour over the rest uniform ;
on the costal margin there are some pale lines between veins 10,
11 and 12, and on the broad terminal margin of ground-colour an
obscure transverse macular white line. Hind wing : basal, cellular
and discal markings of the underside more or less apparent
through transparency ; a postdiscal and a subterminal transverse
series of white somewhat quadrate spots, the two series converge
and meet anteriorly in interspace 6, the outer of the two is
margined by the series of black subterminal spots of the under-
side which show through more or less plainly. Cilia of both
fore and hind wings and tail at apex of vein 2 of the hind wing as
in the d . Underside : similar to that of the d1 , the ground-colour
slightly yellowish, the markings more clearly defined. Antenna?,
head, thorax and abdomen as in the <5 •
Eaep. (J $ 22-31 mm. (0-85-1-22*).
TABUCUS. 419
Hob. Northern and Western Africa ; Arabia ; Persia ;
Baluchistan ; N.W. Himalayas ; the Punjab ; Western, Central
and Southern India; Ceylon ; Assam; LTpper Burma.
Larva. "Just half an inch in length when full grown, much
flattened, the head pale ochreous and completely hidden under the
second segment which is somewhat wide, the third and fourth
segments progressively a little wider, whence the body gradually
tapers to the last segment which is about as wide as the second.
Colour pale green, the whole upper surface covered with a
shagreening of small white tubercules which under a magnifying-
glass give it a frosted appearance ; along the lateral edge of the
body and round the anal segment there are numerous somewhat
long whitish hairs. Prom the third to the anal segment there is
a somewhat broad (slightly decreasing in width posteriorly)
yellowish-green dorsal stripe, which bears a red stripe in its middle,
decreasingly on the first four segments on which it appears ; in
some specimens the dorsal stripe is marked with reddish on both
sides, which colour is very conspicuous on the twelfth and
thirteenth segments. There is also a subdorsal series of small
spots from the third to the eleventh segments inclusive which are
quite inconspicuous in some specimens. The extensile organs on
the twelfth segment are small. The constrictions between the
segments slight and inconspicuous .... In India it eats the
young leaves and flower-buds of Zizyplms yujuba. Dr. A. Forel of
Geneva identifies the ants which attend these larvae as Camponotus
rubripes, Drury (sylvaticus, Pabr. subspecies compressus, Pabr.)and
Phidole latinoda, Eoger." (de Niceville.}
Pupa. " Of the usual Lycsenid shape ; head, thorax and wing-
cases green speckled thickly with black, abdomen green. There
is an indistinct blackish line extending down the whole length of
the body, with a double subdorsal series of indistinct black specks;
the head is rounded, the thorax slightly humped ; the pupa
throughout quite smooth." (de Niceville.)
Tarucus nara, Kollar, insufficiently described from damaged speci-
mens, T. callinara and T. extricatus, Butler, cannot, in my opinion,
be separated from some of the many varieties of the typical form.
T. t7ieojp7irastus, var. callinara has the markings on the underside
large, many of the spots coalescent, as has also var. extricatus, the
markings on the underside of the wings of which are in addition
often rusty-red. In this var. extricatus resembles var. alteratus,
Moore, the most distinct of all the varieties described. These
variations however, mainly in colour, are in my opinion climatic or
local, and I believe could all be bred under suitable conditions from
any typical pair of T. tlieoplirastus.
763. Tarucus venosus, Moore, P. Z. 8. 1882, p. 245, pi. 12, figs. 6, 6 a,
rf; Doherty, J. A. S. B. 1886, p. 132 ; de N. Butt. 2nd. iii, 1890,
p. 193, pi. 27, fig. 189 rf .
cJ 5 . Very closely resembles T. theophrastus, from which it
may be distinguished as follows : — <$ . Upperside : ground-colour
420 LYC^NIDJE.
darker purple with a darker blue suffusion in certain lights.
Fore wiog : terminal margin very broadly shaded with brown so
that the wing has, when looked at vertically from above, the
appearance of a broad brown terminal band. Hind wing : the
discocellulars marked by a transverse short black bar. Otherwise
as in typical theoplirastus. — $ . Only differs from $ theophrastus
on the upperside, where the colour of both fore and hind wings is
uniform brown ; the discal white markings on both wings
obsolescent.
Exp. d £ 25-32 mm. (1 -00-1 -28").
Hob. The N.W. Himalyas to Kumaon ; Punjab : Campbellpore,
Thundiani, Murree ; Bengal : Malda.
I agree with the late Mr. de Niceville that breeding experiments
will probably prove that this form belongs merely to the dark
wet-season brood of ordinary tlieophrastus.
764. Tarucus plinius, Fabr. (Hesperia), Ent. Syst. iii, 1793, p. 284;
Moore, Lep. Ceyl. i, 1881, p. 82, pi. 3(5, fig. 4 ; de N. Butt. 2nd.
ii, 1890, p. 194.
This form closely resembles in both sexes on the upperside
T. iheophrastus, but the character and disposition of the markings
on the underside are completely different.
tf . Upperside : dark violet with, in certain lights, a rich blue
suffusion. Pore wing : no discocellular black spot so conspicuous
in T. tlieoplirastus ; terminal margin with a narrow edging of
fuscous black, widest at the apex, gradually decreasing to the
tornus, followed by an inconspicuous anticiliary jet-black line.
Hind wing : costal margin slightly but broadly shaded with
fuscous, which is continued as a slender anticiliary black line to
the tornus. Underside : white. Fore wing : with the following
brownish- black markings : — an irregular edging along the costa to
near the apex from which extends downwards a subbasal band,
broadened across the cell and below it ; an irregular band that
extends along the discocellulars and below them to interspace 1
where it ends in a point ; an upper discal curved band of more
even width but dislocated below vein 4, the lower portion of it
shifted inwards forms a large quadrate spot in interspace 3, below
vein 3 the band is continued downwards by two small inconspicuous
spots, beyond this is a very short acutely-pointed comma-shaped
mark ; a very regular evenly curved complete transverse lunular
line, a transverse series of subterminal spots and an anticiliary
slender line. Close to the base of the wing extended obliquely
upwards and outwards from the dorsum is a triangular mark, the
edging of white colour left near the base forms above the apex of
this mark an acute angle; between the band that crosses the
middle of the cell and the transverse discocellular band is a more
or less slender, irregular, similarly-coloured line ; and between the
discocellular and upper discal bands another much shorter line
that extends from the costa downwards but does not reach vein 4,
this is slightly clavate anteriorly and posteriorly. Hind wing:
TAKITCUS. — CASTALIUS. 421
raottled with brownish black that leaves only basal, subbasal,
medial and discal transverse lines or bands of the ground-colour ;
the medial and discal bands, which are highly irregular, enclose here
and there small brownish markings, the bands themselves coalescing
above a very irregularly shaped brown mark that is placed on
the posterior half of the middle of the wing ; terminal markings
as on the fore wing but the subterminal spots larger, the apical
one especially so, the tornal two spots jet-black and each encircled
by a glittering slender ring of metallic green scales. Cilia of
both fore and hind wings, the antenna?, head, thorax and abdomen
much as in T. iheophrastus. — $ . Upperside: very closely resembles
that of 5 T. tlieopJirastus, but the extent of white on the fore
wing is greater so that there is a greater area of white to be seen
between the brown markings superposed on it, these markings have
the appearance of an irregularly formed V on a white background.
Hind wiag much as in T. theoplirastus. Underside : similar to
that of its own <5 , but the brown bands less broken, more regular.
Cilia, antennae, head, thorax and abdomen as in the rf •
Exp. rf $ 22-31 mm. (0-85-1 -22").
Hab. Ethiopian Eegion in part. N.W. Himalayas to Kumaon;
the plains of Northern India ; Central and Western India; Ceylon;
Assam ; Burma ; Tenasserim in the low hot valleys of the north;
extending to China and in the Malayan Subregion to Java.
The description given above is taken from males and females of
wet-season broods. Specimens of the dry-season broods are paler
on the upperside with, in the rf , only anticiliary black lines to
the wings. On the underside the markings on the wings will, on
careful examination, be found very similar but paler brown and
all very much reduced in width so that a greater extent of the
white ground-colour is visible.
Larva. " Pale greenish yellow above, sides lilacine, a narrow
brownish median line, followed by eight diagonal short streaks
and six brownish-red spots. Before pupating the colouring gets
much more diffused. Feeds among the flower-buds of Plumbago"
Pupa. " Dull yellowish profusely mottled with brown spots."
(E. E. Green as quoted by de Niceville.)
Genus CASTALIUS.
Castalius, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. 1816, p. 70 ; Moore, Lep.
Ceyl. i, 1881, p. 82 ; de N. Butt. Ind. iii, 1890, p. 195.
Type, C. rosimon, Fabr., from India.
Mange. Ethiopian and Indo-Malayan Regions.
cJ $ . Fore wing : cost a widely arched ; apex blunt ; termen
convex ; tornus angulated, well marked ; dorsum straight, about
three-fourths the length of the costa ; cell long, longer than half
length of wing ; vein 7 from well before upper apex of cell, vein 8
absent,vein 9 out of middle of 7,vein 10 at base closer to base of vein 1 1
than to base of vein 7 ; vein 11 anastomosed with vein 12, sometimes
for some distance, sometimes only at one point ; vein 12 terminates on
costa well before apex of cell. Hind wing : costa arched ; apex broadly
422 LYC-ENID-SI.
rounded ; termen convex : tornus angulated, distinct : dorsum
slightly convex, nearly straight ; cell not quite half length of wing ;
veins 3 and 4 from lower apex of cell ; vein 7 from a little before
upper apex of cell ; vein 8 arched, terminated at apex of wing.
Antennae not quite half length of fore wing ; club long, gradual,
slightly blunt at apex ; eyes smooth ; palpi porrect or subporrect,
densely clothed anteriorly with scales but not fringed, third joint
long, aciculate, bare ; body comparatively slender.
In venation and structure this genus cannot be separated from
Tarucus and in fact is linked to it even by coloration through
Castalius ananda, de Niceville, a slightly aberrant form.
Key to the forms of Castalius.*
A. Upperside : ground-colour J deep purple ; $
fuscous C. ananda, p. 423.
B. Upperside: ground-colour both sexes white;
fore wing with narrow costal and broader
terminal edgings on inner side of which
towards apex some quadrate black spots ;
bases of wings shot with iridescent light
blue C. rosimon, p. 424.
C. Upperside : ground-colour black. Fore wing :
a very broad obliquely transverse white band
that extends from "the middle of dorsal
margin almost to vein 6, with a short out-
ward extension above vein 3.
a. Underside fore wing : an outwardly oblique
very short clavate streak from base not
extended to the costal margin C. decidia, p. 429.
b. Underside fore wing : an outwardly oblique
broad black streak from base to costal
margin.
«'. This streak straight, not curved, reaches
costal margin about the middle C. roxus, p. 428.
b'. This streak not straight, bent at a right
angle before it reaches costal margin
just before the middle C. elna, p. 430.
c. Underside fore wing : with two outwardly
oblique broad parallel bands from base
to costal margin.
a'. Upperside fore wing : medial obliquely
transverse white band very broad,
edged inwardly on both sides with
dark blue ; wing from base outwards
with iridescent light blue suffusion . . C. elhion, p. 426.
V. Upperside fore wing : medial obliquely
transverse white band narrower, not
edged with blue ; wing from base
outwards with a beautiful iridescent , ^ Jt .
light blue suffusion . \ a etht™> ra9e
I airavatt, p. 427.
* Does not include C. manluena, Felder, which is unknown to me.
CASTALIUS. 423
765. Castalius ananda (PI. XX, fig. 150 £ ), deN., J. A. S. B. 1883,
p. 75, pi. 14, figs. 11, 11 a, <S $ ; id. Butt. Ind. iii, 1890, p. 198 ;
Davidson, Bell $ Aitken, Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. x, 1896, p. 379,
pi. 4, figs. 3, 3 a, larva and pupa.
<3 . Upperside : dark purple, sometimes fuliginous, sometimes
bright and shining. Fore and hind wings : terminal margins
edged with fuscous brownish-black and an anticiliary jet-black
line ; cilia brown ; tail black tipped with white. Underside : more
or less dingy white. Fore wing : a broad oblique brownish-
black band from base to just before the middle of the costa;
from the latter a dark brownish-black bar proceeds vertically
down to middle of interspace 3, on the inner side of this and
touching it in the middle is a large brownish-black irregular
spot that extends posteriorly to vein 1 ; beyond this a broad
discal transverse brownish-black band twice interrupted, the
posterior portion slightly narrowed below is shifted obliquely
inwards and ends on vein 1 ; this is followed by a postdiscal
transverse series of brownish-black spots that anteriorly nearly
coalesces with the discal band, a transverse subterminal line of
similar but smaller spots and a well-marked anticiliary black line.
Hind wing : a basal short, brownish-black, anteriorly attenuate
bar placed obliquely, a transverse subbasal band of four large
coalescent black spots, a transverse curved discal band twice
broken as on the fore wing and similar postdiscal subterminal
and terminal markings. Antennae black, shafts ringed with white,
head, thorax and abdomen dark brownish-black ; beneath : the palpi
black, thorax and abdomen down the middle white. — $ . Upper-
side : fuscous black. Fore and hind wings : in most specimens
the markings of the underside show (sometimes very conspicuously)
through. Underside : as in the d1 . Antennae, head, thorax and
abdomen similar to those of the cf .
Exp. c? $ 22-30 mm. (0-85-1-18").
Hob. Sikhim ; Orissa ; Southern India : Kanara, Nilgiri
and Anaimalai Hills ; Assam : Khasi Hills.
Larva. " Like that of C. rosimon feeds only on the parenchyma
of the leaf ... . It is of the usual woodlouse form, slightly
flattened head concealed in the second segment ; surface more or
less rough ; a fringe of long white bristles all round with an
erected ridge of similar bristles along the back from the second
segment ; those on the 3rd and 7th segments and the last two
much longer than the others ; those on the 2nd segment very few,
short and black. It has a conspicuous gland on the 12th seg-
ment, and is attended by small species of ants o£ the genus
Cremastoyaster. Its colour is pale green, the dorsal portion of the
2nd, 4th, 5th, 6th and last two segments being dark brown, while
the centre segments are almost yellow with a darker dorsal line.
We found it feeding on Zizyplms xylopyrus and also on Loranthus,
where it was attended by Cremastoyaster ants."
Pupa. " Of the usual Castalius form but narrow and slightly
flattened. It is intensely glossy as if covered with gum. It
varies in colour, being sometimes black, at others green with
inconstant black markings." (Davidson, Bell $ Aitken.)
424
766. Castalius rosimon, Fair. (Papilio) Syst. Ent. 1775, p. 523;
Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. 18] 6, p. 70; Moore, Lep. Ceyl. \,
1881, p. 83, pi. 36, fip. 2; de N. Butt. Ind. Hi. 1890, p. 197 ;
Davidson, Bell fy Aitken, Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. x, 1890,
p. 379.
3 . Upperside : white. Fore wing : costa, apex and termen
edged with black, the edging much broader on apex and termen ;
base outwards for a short distance more or less densely overlaid
with metallic blue scales which cover
and make indistinct a large basal out-
wardly clavate black spot ; a transverse
black oval spot on the discocellulars
touching the black edging on the costa ;
an oblique irregular line of four quadrate
black spots beyond, the upper spot co-
alescent with the black on the costal
Casialins rorimw. border, the next spot below shifted out-
Wet-season brood. wards out of line, touching, as does also
the lowest spot, the terminal black edging;
posterior to this is a quadrate black spot in the apical half of
interspace 2, and placed obliquely outwards from it coalescent with
the terminal black border, another similar spot in interspace 1 .
Hind wing : three basal black somewhat coalescent spots overlaid
with metallic blue scaling ; the costal margin above the subcostal
vein and vein 7 black ; this colour filling also the base of inter-
space 6, where in some specimens it is divided into a basal portion
with a spot beyond ; a postdiscal curved transverse black band
followed by a subterminal transverse series of black spots, each
spot edged inwardly and outwardly by very slender lunules of the
white ground-colour ; on the inner side of the postdiscal band
posteriorly is a broken line of four black generally coalescent spots
two and two, the two upper often touching the postdiscal band.
Underside : white. Fore wing : a long oblique black band from base
outwards to the costa ; below it and obliquely placed an irregular
black somewhat conical mark ; following these are two outwardly
oblique, medially interrupted, black macular bands ; the inner of the
two extended from costa along the discocellulars, is then widely inter-
rupted below its posterior portion that is formed of two elongate
coalescent spots and touches the inner subterminal transverse line
of elongate spots just above the tornus ; the outer, obliquely placed
line is subapicaland medially broken, the middle portion consisting
of a quadrate spot is shifted outwards ; finally, two parallel sub-
terminal transverse series of black elongate spots, the inner series
of broad, more or less rectangular spots, the outer series of more
linear spots, the latter coalescent anteriorly with a slender anti-
ciliary black line. Hind wing : a transverse basal black band,
with an elongate black spot below it on the dorsum : a transverse
subbasal line of four well-separated black spots ; a transverse, oval,
discocellular black spot and obliquely above it three subcostal
similar spots, the inner two coalescent ; postdiscal and terminal
markings consist, the former of four black posterior spots two
CASTALIUS. 425
and two, each pair coalescent and placed en echelon, the latter of a
transverse double series of subterminal black spots and an anti-
ciliary black line ; the upper portion of the postdiscal markings
touches the inner subterminal line. Cilia of both fore and hind
wings white alternated with black at the apices of the veins ;
filamentous short tail to the hind wing black tipped with white.
Antenna?, head, thorax and abdomen black, the shafts of the
antenna ringed with white, the head between the eyes and behind
them white ; beneath : the palpi, thorax and abdomen white, the
last barred broadly with white on the sides. — $ . Similar to the
c? but with the black markings on the upper and under sides
broader.
Exp. rf $ 28-34 mm. (M 0-1-34").
Hob. Peninsular India south of the outer ranges of the Hima-
3, except in desert tracts ; Ceylon ; Assam ; Burma ; Tenas-
serim ; the Andamans ; Nicobars ; extending into the Malayan
Sub region.
C. rosimon varies both seasonally and locally according to the
amount of dryness or moisture, but the variation occurs in the
width and not in the actual character or shape of the black
markings on the wings. Some specimens taken in the rains in the
Andamans in my collection are the darkest I have seen. In these
the markings on the upperside of both fore and hind wings have so
spread and joined on one to the other that very little of the
ground-colour is left. This consists on the fore wing of a broad
medial irregularly shaped transverse white mark that extends from
vein 6 sinuately to vein 1 and on the hind wing of a transverse
narrow medial band of white from vein 7 to the dorsal margin.
On the underside the black spots and bands though larger and
broader are proportionately not so much broadened as on the,
upperside. Between the ordinary form and the above described
extreme examples all gradations can be found in any long series.
The iutenseness of the black colour of the markings also varies.
In some specimens taken in the hot weather in the dry hot plains
of Pegu the colour of the markings is a dull brown both on the
upper and under sides.
Larva. " Feeds on Zizyphus jujuba, and is of a rough texture as
if shagreened all over. It is of the usual woodlouse form, much
flattened towards the anal segment which is very broad ; head
concealed ; colour bright green with a double, dorsal, yellow line
and the sides powdered with small yellow spots." (Davidson,
Bell # Aitken.)
Pupa. " Fastened by the tail along a leaf horizontally (the
band across the thorax being very lax). It is much contracted
at the thorax, while the abdominal portion is large and rounded
and much higher than the thorax. It is of a bright green with
faint yellow bands on the abdomen and two or three black spots
there. It also shows traces of a darker band in the centre of the
abdomen." (Davidson, Bell $• Aiiken.)
426
767. CastaliuS ethion, Doubleday Sf Heioitson (Lycaena), Gen. Di. Lep.
ii, 1852, p. 490, pi. 76, fig. 3 <J ; Moore, Lep. Ceyl. i, 1881, p. 83,
pi. 36, figs. 5, 5 «, d1 ; de N. Butt. Ind. iii, 1890, p. 198 ; Davidson,
Bell # Aitken, Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. x, 1896, p. 380, pi. 4,
figs. 4, 4 a, larva and pupa.
Race airavati.
Castalius airavati, Doherty, J. A. S. B. 1886, p. 261 ; de N. Butt.
Ind. iii, 1890, p. 199, frontispiece, fig. 133 tf .
c? . Upperside, fore and hind wings : medially and obliquely
crossed by a very broad pure white band that is broadly edged on
its inner and outer margins by dark blue and does not extend on
the fore wing above vein 6, just above vein 3 it projects outwards
for a short distance whence the inner margin of its dark blue
edging is carried obliquely to vein 6 ; the extreme bases of
the wings black ; the costal margin of the fore and the terminal
margins of both fore and hind wings broadly black ; on both wings
a light iridescent blue suffusion from base outwards. Underside :
snow-white. Tore and hind wings : the following jet-black
markings : — Yore wing : two broad more or less parallel streaks
from base extended obliquely to the costa, the outer of the two
apically curved and on the costa coalescent with the inner streak ;
costal margin very narrowly edged with black ; an anterior, post-
discal, outwardly oblique, short bar, slightly clavate posteriorly,
extends between the costa and vein 5 ; opposing this there is
between the dorsum and vein 3 a similar but erect and apically
non-clavate bar ; beyond these there is an inner and outer trans-
verse complete subterminal series of spots followed by an anti-
ciliary slender black line; the spots of the inner subterminal
series quadrate, of the outer linear, the posterior two of the former
very large ; lastly, a single detached postdiscal spot in interspace 3
very close to the inner subterminal line of spots. Hind wing:
a curved short basal band not extended to the costa, a spot
touching it in the middle on the outer side and a discal transverse
band twice widely interrupted, the middle portion shifted outwards,
the lower portion with a spot on its outer margin joined to it ;
subterminal and terminal markings as on the fore wing. Antennae,
head, thorax and abdomen black ; beneath : the palpi, thorax and
abdomen with a median longitudinal -white line. — $ . Upperside :
similar to that of the rf , but the median white transverse band
across both wings broader, extended on the fore wing up to vein 7
and with no inner edging of blue or iridescent light blue irroration ;
the black at the bases of the wings and on the margins not so
intense in shade, more of a brownish black. Underside : ground-
colour and markings very similar, the basal two oblique bands on
the fore wing generally farther from one another than in the <$ .
Exp. rf $ 28-31 mm. (MO-1-22").
Hdb. Southern India : the Nilgiris, Travancore ; Ceylon ; the
hills of Assam, Burma, and Tenasserim ; extending into the
Malayan Subregion.
CASTALIUS. 427
Larva. " The caterpillar, which feeds on young shoots of Zizy-
phusjujula, is of the woodlouse form but flattened. Its texture
though apparently smooth is, if looked at with a lens, found to be
thickly covered with white hairs : its colour is greenish white
with a faint green dorsal band/' (Davidson, Bell & Aitken.)
Pupa. " Similar in shape to that of C. rosimon, Fabricius, but
smaller and narrower. It is of a bright apple-green with a darkish
green line down the centre. There are some small red dots on
the edges of the wing-cases." (Davidson, Bell & Aitken.)
Race airavati, Doherty. — d . Upper side : as in the typical form
but the medial white band that obliquely crosses both fore and
hind wings is narrower and extends upwards on the fore wing to
vein 7 ; there is no distinct edging on either side of dark blue as
there is in the typical form, but the markings of the underside
show through by transparency and so give
the appearance of an edging which is
always more uneven and irregularly white ;
the suffusion of iridescent light blue on
both wings from base outwards is more
strongly apparent than in the typical
form. Underside : ground-colour as in the
-p. q, typical form ; the markings also similar in
Castafius c'thion, character but all much broader and
race airavati, $ . heavier ; on the hind wing the discal band
continuous or almost continuous and on
both fore and hind wings the inner subterminal series of spots
also continuous or nearly so ; the spots composing it large and
inwardly conical so that it has the appearance of an uninterrupted
macular black band the inner edge of which is strongly crenulate.
Antennae, head, thorax and abdomen as in the typical form. —
$ . Upperside : also differs from that of the typical form in the
narrowing of the white band that crosses the wings obliquely, the
surrounding black border being very much broader. On the fore
wing the baud is further narrowed on the outer side posteriorly
by the detachment and shifting inwards of a portion of the black
edging of the terminal margin, this forms an irregular somewhat
rectangular detached spot on the outer side of the white medial
band. On the hind wing the white medial band is prominently
narrowed anteriorly by the encroachment on it of the inner
portion of the black area on the termen. Underside : ground-
colour and markings similar to that of its own cf . Antenna?,
head, thorax and abdomen as in the $ of the typical form.
Exp. c? $ as in the typical form.
Hob. Great Nicobar Island and also the Central Nicobar
Group.
428
768. CastalillS rOXUS, Godart (Polyommatus), JEncycl. Meth. ix,
1823, p. 659 : Horsfield (Lycjena), Cat. Lep. Mm. E. I. C. 1828,
p. 70, pi. 2, tigs. 4, 4«, $, 46-4/", structure of imago ; Butler,
Trans. Linn. Hoc., Zool. (2) i, p. 547 ; JElwea 8f de N. J. A. S. B.
1886, p. 428; de N. Butt. Ind. Hi, 1890, p. 199.
Castalius roxana, de N. Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. x, 1897, p. 633.
c? • Upperside : black. Fore and hind wings : obliquely crossed
by a broad medial white band that extends from just above vein 5
on the fore to the dorsum of the hind wing ; on the fore wing it
is shortly produced outwards above vein 3, the apex of this
extension square. Underside: white suffused slightly with pale
yellow, with the following black markings : — a comparatively
broad, even, straight band across the base of the hind wing which is
continued obliquely on to and across the fore wing to the middle
of the costa, there it is joined by a narrow edging on the costal
margin to an irregular, upper, discal, outwardly oblique, short
transverse bar which is broadest on the costa ; posteriorly in a
line with this bar is a small, transversely elongate, oval spot in
interspace 3 and below en echelon with the latter two larger
coalescent spots, one above the other, in interspaces 1 and 2 ;
terminal margin with an even transverse band, its inner edge
slightly crenulate, medially traversed by a series of minute linear
white spots. Hind wing : a transverse, discal, very irregular
band widely interrupted in the middle ; two coalescent spots
beyond transversely across interspaces 4 and 5, followed by a
subterminal, complete, curved series of distinct lunules that are
edged slenderly on the outer side with white, and a prominent
anticiliary white line. Cilia of both fore and hind wings brown ;
filamentous short tail to latter black tipped with white. Antennae,
head, thorax and abdomen black, the abdomen barred with white
on the sides ; beneath : the palpi, thorax and abdomen medially
white. — $. Closely resembles the d but on the upperside the
medial, broad, oblique white band that crosses the wings is distinctly
broader and on the fore wing extends farther towards the costa
in a point, while on the hind wing there is in addition, in many
specimens, a subterminal complete transverse series of linear
white dots. On the underside the black markings are broader ;
on the fore wing the upper discal short oblique black bar is
produced to and coalesces with the black spot in interspace 3 ; on
the hind wing the discal transverse black band is very irregular
but nearly continuous by the junction of its upper portion with
the spots in interspaces 4 and 5 ; terminal markings on both wings
as in the <3 . Antennas, head, thorax and abdomen similar to
those of the d .
Exp. d $ 30-34 mm. (1-19-1 -33").
Hob. Burma; Tenasserim ; the Andamans ; extending in the
Malayan Subregion as far as the Philippines.
$ Var. roxana, de Niceville, from Upper Burma, seems to me
either a casual aberration of C. rows (only two or three specimens
CASTALIUS. 429
have been so far procured), or what I think is more likely, a variety
from an arid dry locality at the northern and western limits of its
range. It differs on the upperside chiefly by the great width of
the white medial baud that crosses the wings ; on the underside
by the narrowness of the black markings. All these are characters
that in the allied form G. dec.idia are recognized as appertaining to
the dry-season brood of that insect.
7G9. Castalius decidia, Hcioitson (Lycsena), Rvot. Butt, v, 1876,
Lycaena, pi. 1, fig. 4; Moore, Lep. Ceyl. i, 1881, p. 84; de N.
BiM. Ind. iii, 1890, p. 201 ; Davidson $ Aitken, Jour. Bomb. N.
H. Soc. v, 1890, p. 353.
Castalius hamatus, Moore, Lep. Ceyl. i, 1881, p. 84, pi. 36,
figs. (3, 6 a.
Castalius interruptus, de N., J. A. S. B. 1883, p. 74, pi. l,fig. 12 $ .
<5. Upperside: dark brownish black, a broad medial oblique
white band across both fore and hind wings, not extended on the
fore wing above vein 5, above vein 3 produced shortly outwards
and downwards into a hook-like form. Underside : white with
the following black markings : — On fore wing a short, outwardly-
pointed, oblique, clavate streak from base joined below to a semi-
circular broad band that
reaches the costa ; a short,
outwardly oblique, upper
discal bar, its outer edge
generally emarginate; the
apex, the termen narrowly,
a large irregular sub-
quadrate spot touching it
Q2 ia ^ne middle and a very
Castcdius^dccidia. large inwardly oblique ir-
b. Castalius elna. regular spot or mark close
to the tornus. On the hind
wing : a hook-shaped mark at base sometimes slender ; an
inwardly oblique short clavate bar from apex, three coalescent spots
extended outwards from the dorsum above the tornus formed into
a sinuate irregular mark ; a spot further outwards in interspace 4 ;
a terminal series of slender lunules and an anticiliary fine line.
Antenna?, head, thorax and abdomen black ; beneath : the palpi,
thorax and abdomen white. — $ . Similar to the c? on both upper
and under sides, but on the former the white medial band is
narrower, on the latter the black markings are broader. Antenn»3,
head, thorax and abdomen as in the d1 .
Exp. 6 $ 28-35 mm. (MO-1-36").
Hah. Sikhim ; Malda; Rohilkuud ; Orissa ; Western and
Southern India : Bombay, Poona, the ]S"ilgiris, Kanara, Travan-
core ; Ceylon ; Assam ; Burma.
Var. hamatus, Moore, represents specimens taken in localities
with constant and heavy rainfall or specimens of wet-season broods.
430 LYC/ENID^E.
On the upperside the medial white band is much narrowed ; on the
underside the black markings larger, broader, some of them
generally coalescent.
Var. interrupt™, de Niceville, on the contrary is the dry-weather
form from localities with a lighter rainfall. In this the white band
on the upperside is greatly widened, so that in describing it de Nice-
ville gave the ground-colour as " white." On the underside the
black markings are reduced in size. The variation between typical
hamatus and typical intermptus is very great, but throughout the
position and character of the markings do not alter.
Larva. " Feeds on the tender leaves of the ' chorna ' (ZizypJius
ntgosa) .... pale green, of the usual woodlouse form, with the
head concealed under the second segment. The whole body is
more or less pubescent and there is a fringe of longer hairs on
each side." (Davidson $ AitJcen.)
Pupa. " Short and stout, constricted between the thorax and
abdomen, clothed with short hair, closely attached by tail and
band to any convenient surface; colour ochreous mottled with
brown." (Davidson fy Aitken.)
770. Castalius elna, Hetcitson (Lycsena), Exot. Butt, v, 1876, Lyceena,
pi. 1, fig. 8 $ ; Distant, Rhop. Malay. 1884, p. 217, pi. 20,
fig. 4 ; de N. Butt. 2nd. iii, 1890, p. 201.
(S $ . Upperside : black ; a medial broad oblique white band
across both fore and hind wings broadening on the latter, on the
fore wing it extends further towards the costa in the § than in
the c? and in most specimens, both c? and $ , it is slightly
produced outwards above vein 3. Underside : white with the
following black markings : — a very broad band, broader than in any
of the other forms, from base of hind wing produced obliquely
across the fore wing as far as the discocellular veinlets, thence
bent at right angles and extended to the costal margin ; beyond
this the discal markings on both fore and hind wings much as in
C. roxus, but the terminal markings narrow and more or less
obsolescent, the apex of the fore wing however, is more broadly
black, while the subterminal line of linear white spots on the
same wing and the transverse subterminal series of black lunules
on the hind wing are more or less obsolescent. Antennae, head,
thorax and abdomen black ; beneath : the shafts of the antenna
speckled with white, the palpi, thorax and abdomen with a longi-
tudinal medial white line, the sides of the abdomen barred with
white.
Exp. d $ 34-37 mm. (1-33-1-45").
Hob. Sikhim ; Bhutan ; Crissa ; Assam ; Burma ; Upper
Tenasserim ; South Audamans ; extending to the Malayan Sub-
region.
The above description is drawn up from specimens that are
probably of wet-season broods from Sikhim, Assam and the
CASTALIUS. 431
Andamans. Dated specimens from Sikhim and Shillong in
Assam, taken in February and April respectively, have the median
white band that crosses the wings on the upperside extraordinarily
broad, while on the underside the terminal markings on the fore
and the discal and terminal markings on the hind wing are rusty
brown and much blurred.
771. Castalius manluena, Felder (Lycaena), Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien,
xii, 1862, p. 484; Moore, P. Z. S. 1877, p. 537 ; Doherty, J. A.
S. B. 1889, p. 134, pi. 10, fig. 8 rf ; de N. Butt. Ind. iii, 1890,
p. 200.
" Female. Wings very shortly tailed, fuscous brown on both
sides ; a common, discal, sinuate fascia and marginal spots white.
Underside with a white vitta at the base of the costa of the fore
wing and a common external white fascia inwardly sinuate,
outwardly undulate.
" A female much smaller than L. (= C.) roxus, Godart, which
appears to be the nearest allied species. The white spots on the
margin arranged in rows on the upperside and the absence of the
short w'hite band at the base of the costa on the underside of
the hind wing, are the only satisfactory distinguishing features of
the new species." (Felder, I. c.)
" Male. Upperside, both wings black, with a broad white
discal baud, extending on the fore wing from the hind margin to
above the lower discoidal nervule, just entering the cell, at the
end of which it is strongly indented from above ; prolonged out-
wardly between the second and third median nervules ; on the
hind wing it is broad, strongly produced outwardly, acutely
indented inwardly. Hind iving : a slender marginal white line,
broken at the veins ; tips of tail white. Underside. Fore iving :
ground-colour white, base dark with a longitudinal line close
to the costa; a black mass extending obliquely from the base of
the hind (inner) margin to the middle of the costa where it joins
a broad black subapical area, which extends thence to the second
median nervule, thence it is connected (slightly) with the broad
submarginal dark band and with an outer discal dark area lying
between the 2nd median nervule (vein 4) and the hind margin.
Bind wing : with a basal black mass embouched with white and a
discal band, irregular but unbroken, crossing the wing, and a
submarginal line of wide, joined black lunules uniting at the apex
with the discal baud. Allied to C. roxus, Godt." (Doherty.)
" Exp. $ 1-05 inches.
" Hab. Nicobars : Kondul ; Ikuya, Little Nicobar." (Doherty.)
432 LYC^NIDJG.
Genus POLYOMMATUS.
Polyommatus, Latr. Hist. Nat, Crust. Ins. xiv, 1805, p. 116 ; Moore,
Lep. Cei/l. i, 1881, p. 93 ; de N. Butt. 2nd. iii, 1890, p. 203.
Type, P. bceticus, Linn., from Europe.
liange. Nearly the whole of Europe, Asia and Africa; through-
out our limits ; extending through the Malayan Subregion to
Australia and the Hawaiian Islands.
J $ . Pore wing : costa very slightly arched, nearly straight ;
apex well-marked but not acute ; termen convex ; tornus obtuse ;
dorsuin straight ; cell not quite half length of wing ; veins 6 and 7
closely approximate almost from a point ; middle and lower disco-
cellulars attenuate ; vein 8 absent, vein 9 from middle of vein 7,
veins 10 and 11 from apical half of subcostal; vein 12 bent
towards vein 11, very close, touching but not anastomosed;
vein 12 long, terminates on costa opposite apex of cell. Hind
wing : costa slightly arched ; apex rounded ; termen rather
straight especially in the $ , in the <3 slightly convex ; tornus
well-marked, angulate, dorsum rather long; cell very short, not
nearly half length of wing ; middle and lower d'iscocellulars
attenuate ; veins 3 and 4 from lower apex of cell, vein 7 from only
a little before upper apex of cell ; vein 8 strongly arched at base,
terminating on costal margin well before apex of wing. Antennae
short, not quite half length of tore wing, club long and gradual,
pointed at apex ; eyes hairy ; palpi porrect or subporrect, fringed
anteriorly ; third joint rather short, bare, aciculate ; body com-
paratively robust. — d" • Sex-mark : fore and hind wings thickly
overlaid with hair-like scales that give a frosted appearance to the
upperside ; underside fore wing : a patch of specialized scales at
bases of interspaces 2 and 3.
772. Polyommatus b03ticus, Linn. (Papilio) Syst. Nat. ed. xii, i,
1767, p. 789 : Godart, Encycl. Meth. ix, 1823, p. 653 ; Moore, Lep.
Ceyl. \, 1881, p. 93 ; Distant, Rhop. Malay. 1884, p. 214, fig. 64,
neuration fore wing, & p. 230, pi. 20, figs. 1, 8, $ J ; de N. Butt.
Ind. iii, 1890, p. 204, pi. 27, tig. 190 d .
<3 . Upperside : violet-blue, the wings covered with white scale-
like hairs over the ordinary scaling, which gives them a frosted
appearance. Fore wing : costa very narrowly, termen evenly and
more broadly brown. Hind wing : costa and apex broadly,
termen very narrowly brown ; interspaces 1 and 2 with more or
less rounded subterminal black spots, each surrounded by an
obscure ring of bluish of a shade lighter than the ground-colour.
Cilia of both fore and hind wings silvery white, with a brown line
along their bases that stops short before the tornal angle of the
hind wing ; tail black tipped with white. Underside : pale greyish
or brownish ochraceous. Fore wing: transversely crossed "by the
following more or less parallel pale brown fasciae :— four across the
POLYOMMATUS. 433
cell, not extended above or below it, five beyond ; the first two of
the latter group broken at veins 2 and 3, the lower portions
shifted imvards out of line with the upper portions, the next
short, not extended below interspace 3 and narrowed to a point
posteriorly; the subterrainal two entire, curved, the outer one
macular. None of the fasciae extend quite up to the costa. Hind
wing : transversely crossed before the terminal markings by eight
or nine pale brown fasciae similar to those on the fore wing but
more or less fused and broken and the inner ones posteriorly
curved upwards ; these are followed by a comparatively broad
band of the ground-colour, an inner subterminal pale brown
broad fascia and an outer series of similarly-coloured spots ; these
markings posteriorly interrupted by a black spot in interspace 1
and another in interspace 2, the latter inwardly margined with
ochraceous ; both spots with superposed metallic bluish-green
scales. Antennae, head, thorax and abdomen brown ; the shafts of
the antenna? ringed with white, the thorax with some bluish-
white pubescence ; beneath : the palpi, thorax and abdomen
white. — $ . Upperside : brown ; in some specimens with, in others
without, some iridescent bluish scaling at the bases of the wings
which sometimes extends outwards towards the disc. Fore
wing : auticiliary black lines, and in a few specimens traces of an
inner subterminal series of bluish spots in the interspaces more
obvious posteriorly than anteriorly. Hind wing: a postdiscal
transverse pale fascia, often absent and always more obvious
anteriorly than posteriorly, followed by a subterminal series of
white-ringed spots, the posterior two of which are jet-black and
always present ; the anterior spots brown, of a shade slightly
darker than the ground-colour and not always present, though in
most specimens fairly well indicated ; lastly, a prominent anti-
ciliary black line. Cilia of both fore and hind wings white with a
line of brown along their bases. Underside : as in the c? .
Antennae, head, thorax and abdomen similar to those of the c?
but paler on the upperside.
Exp. d1 $ 34-38 mm. (1-25-1 -40").
Hob. That of the genus, of which it is the sole representative.
Larva. " When full-grown measures j7^- of an inch in length ;
pale, dull green throughout, slightly shagreened but not hairy
except slightly so at the sides : the small retractile head smooth,
ochreous pale brown, shining ; a dorsal line of a somewhat darker
green than the ground (colour), no other markings whatever,
altogether a very plain looking creature. The constrictions at
the segments shallow, the spiracles black but inconspicuous, the
usual extensile organs on the twelfth segment very short.
Larva feeds on the yellow pea-like flowers and on the pods of
Crotalaria striata, DC., in Calcutta. Dr. A. Forel, of Geneva, has
identified the three species of ants which I have found attending
this larva in Calcutta as Camponotus rubripes, Drury (sylvaticus,
Fabr.), subspecies compressus, Fabr., Tapinoma melanocephalum,
Fabr., and Prenolepis obscura, Mayr (var. clandestina, Mayr)." —
(de Mceville.)
VOL. II. 2 F
434 LYCJENIDJS.
Pupa. " Pale yellowish green, the posterior end very blunt and
rounded ; the abdominal segments larger than the anterior, the
head small, a dark dorsal line, a double subdorsal series of small
black spots, the thorax slightly humped on the back ; the pupa
smooth throughout." (de Niceville.)
The next two Subfamilies are monotypic. The forms ai-ranged
under them are curiously isolated, with no close affinity either to
each other or to the rest of the Lyccenidce. De ISiceville placed
Curetis, the sole genus of the Curetince, after Arhopala and
Mahaihala and before Thecla, but it seems to me that this inter-
rupts the close affinity between the Arhopalince and the TJieclince,
which, in mv opinion, is closer than between the Lyccenincs and
Arhopalince. I therefore provisionally place the Curetince after
the Lyccenince.
The Subfamily Liphyrince is represented by one form only,
Liphyra brassolis. This insect, though placed in the Lyccenidce, is
so extraordinarily abnormal in the larval and pupal states and in
the appearance of the imago, that it is impossible to guess even to
what form or genus it is most nearly allied, but it seems to me
to come most suitably after Curetis. Vein 7 of the fore wing in
both sexes ends below the apex on the terminal margin as in
Curetis.
Subfamily III. CURETIN^.
Egg. " An oblate sphere flatter below than above, or turbinate,
being shaped like many Echini, covered with a very coarse
hexagonal reticulation, the apex of the egg having a deep central
depression." (de Niceville.')
Larva. When full-grown about }^ of an inch in length. Head
completely hidden and even when the animal eats it is not
visible from above, the second segment entirely enclosing it.
The second segment is half as wide as the following, the third,
fourth and fifth rapidly and progressively enlarging, the next
three segments as rapidly decreasing in size, the remainder sub-
equal. The twelfth segment bears two most extraordinary struc-
tures, which consist of two diverging cylindrical rigid pillars
arising from the subdorsal region ; when the insect is touched or
alarmed, from each pillar is everted a tentacle as long as the rigid
pillar, bearing at its end long hairs. The tentacle, with its long
hairs spread out like a fan or rosette, is whirled round with great
rapidity in a plane parallel to the body, its use being almost
certainly to frighten away its enemies, as this larva is not
attended by protecting ants and lacks the honey-gland on the
eleventh segment present in so many Lycaenid larvae which are
affected by ants. (After de Niceville.)
Pupa. Like a lump of jelly. Wing-cases quite smooth, rest of
the pupa covered with tiny pits giving it a rough appearance.
CDHBTIS. 435
It is entirely without angulations or processes, its widest portion
is the very broad and flat base on which it rests ; its length is
about T7^ of an inch, breadth -f^, height ^, the anal end produced
into an obtuse point. Divisions between the segments hardly
visible. (After de Niceville.) *
Imago. Robust in form aud structure ; wings short and broad,
indicating rapid powers of flight ; body comparatively massive ;
legs stout. Colouring on the upperside throughout the subfamily :
males coppery red of various shades with black edgings, females
white with similar black borders to the wings ; beneath : both
sexes silvery white.
Genus CURETIS.
Curetis, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. 1816, p. 102 ; Moore, Lep. Ceyl.
i, 1881, p. 73; de N. Butt. Ind. iii, 1890, p. 284.
Anops, Boisduval, Spec. Gen. Lep. i, 1826, pi. 23, fig. 1.
Type, C. cesopus, Fabr. (= tJietis, Cramer), from India.
Ranye. Indo-Malayan Region.
d $ . Fore wing : costa arched ; apex acute, in some forms or
varieties slightly produced, falcate ; termen comparatively very
long, giving great breadth to the wing, straight, sinuate or
concave, never oblique ; tornus formed into a right angle, the
angle clear cut, acute ; dorsum slightly sinuate, about three-
fourths the length of the costa ; cell about half length of wing ;
vein 7 from before upper apex of cell, upper discocellular there-
fore in line with and forming part of subcostal vein, middle aud
lower discocellulars obsolescent ; vein 3 from before, vein 4 from
lower apex of cell ; vein 5 at base midway between veins 4 and 6,
not closer to 6 than to 4 ; vein 6 from upper apex of cell ; vein 7
ends on termen below apex of wing; vein 8 absent ; vein 9 from
apical half of 7 ; veins ] 0 and 11 free, from apical half of sub-
costal ; vein 12 terminates on costal margin nearly opposite
upper apex of cell. Hind wing : costa arched ; apex blunt ;
termen rounded, sometimes strongly angulate in the middle, the
posterior half then more or less concave ; tornus more or less
produced, the angle sometimes rounded sometimes acute ; dorsum
long, very slightly convex ; cell about half length of wing ; middle
and lower discocellulars obsolescent, oblique; veins 3 and 4
closely approximate at base, from lower apex of cell ; vein 8 very
strongly curved at base, terminates at apex of wing ; costal margin
above vein 8 near base of wing very broad, humeral angle broadly
rounded. Antennae short, not half length of fore wing, without a
distinct club, very gradually incrassate, bluntly rounded at apex ;
* The above is taken almost verbatim from de Niceville's description of the
larva and pupa of Curetis thetis, Drury, the colouring only being left out.
This I have noted under the description of the form. The structure of the
larva and pupa of C. bulls, var. malayica, Felder, which I have myself reared,
is very similar, the differences I have noted under the description of that
form. "
2F2
436
palpi porrect, densely clothed in front with short scales not
fringed with hairs, third joint thick and short in the c? , longer in
the $ ; eyes hairy.
The forms arranged under this genus are very puzzling, arid
until extensive breeding experiments are undertaken it will be
impossible to attain any certainty as to whether there are two or
a dozen distinct forms. This difficulty is especially felt when
dealing with the females of the forms in any large collection,
and personally I have only tentatively managed to pair many
specimens. The males it is possible, following de Niceville, to sort
more or less satisfactorily into two groups. I have, therefore,
provisionally adopted an arrangement under two forms, C. tJietis,
Drury, and C. bulls, Doubleday and Hewitson.
Key to the forms of Curetis *.
A. c? $ . Underside fore wing : discal and sub-
terminal markings or bands parallel, not
anteriorly convergent.
a. <3 . Upperside hind wing : terminal black
border very narrow, almost linear.
«'. c? . Upperside fore wing : costal and ter-
minal black borders form an acute angle
at junction opposite apex of wing C. thetis, p. 437.
b'. Upperside fore wing : costal and terminal
black borders form an even curve at , f, ,, , .
junction opposite apex of wing \C' thetts> var" arCU%&
b. cT . Upperside bind wing : terminal black ' P'
border broader, not linear.
a'. Of large size, expanse 56-60 mm. tf .
Upperside fore wing : black area at apex
very broad, occupies much more than , ^, .-. ..
one-third of the wing C- thetl.s> var' . )A
b'. Of smaller size, expanse 48-52 mm. rf. ' fflonosa, p. 440.
Upperside fore wing : black area at apex
proportionatelv not so broad, occupies , ^, ., .-
about one-third of the wing . ... \C' tketi*> va.r-
saroms, p. 440.
B. Underside fore wing: discal and subterminal
markings or bands anteriorly convergent.
a. $ . Upperside fore wing : terminal black
border extended along dorsal margin.
* De Niceville takes the extension or non-extension along the dorsal margin
of the terminal black border on the upperside of the fore wing as a definite
marking by which the two groups of Curetis can be distinguished one from the
other, but that character does not apply to the females. The markings on the
underside, on the contrary, though often indistinct, are alwavs traceable, and
they apply to both sexes. For the rest, de Nice"ville's synopsis of the cha-
racters that distinguish the various named forms (?) or varieties (?) is the best
snort presentment of the differences that exist between what may be mere
varieties, or again may hereafter take specific rank. I have, therefore, largely
taken advantage of it, adapting the terminology to that used in the present
work.
CURETIS. 437
«'. Fore wing: acuminate; hind wing strongly
curved or slightly augulate in the
middle.
a~. Upperside fore wing : discocellulars not
marked with a transverse black spot
or short line C. bulis, p. 441.
62. Upperside fore wing : discocellulars
marked with a transverse black spot J C. bulis, var.
or short line \ dentata, p. 443.
//. Fore wing: highly acuminate ; hind wing: \ C. bulis, var.
termen strongly angulate in the middle | a-ngidata, p. 443.
c. Fore wing: acute; hind wing: termen
evenly rounded.
a-. (S . Upperside fore and hind wings : I C. bulls, var.
medial red areas large ) malayica, p. 444.
b~. c? • Upperside fore and hind wincrs : ) C. bulis, var.
medial red areas smaller j stiymata, p. 446.
c2. cJ . Upperside fore and hind wings :
medial areas reduced to a small discal ,/->,/•
patch on each wing C" ™'. va,r: , .K
b. S- Upperside fore wing: terminal black ' ducalts, p. 446.
border ended at tornus, not continued j C. bulis, var.
along dorsal margin ) felderi, p. 447.
773. Curetis thetis, Drunj (Papilio), III. Exot. Ent. ii, 1773, p. 16,
pi. 9, figs. 3, 4, § ; de N. Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. iii, 1888,
p. 1(34, pi. 26, larva, pupa and tentaculuin ; id. Butt. Ind. iii,
1890, p. 287.
Anops thetys, Moore, Cat. Lep. Mm. E. I. C. i, 1857, p. 52, pi. 12,
figs. 5, 5«, larva* & pupa; id. (Curetis) Lep. Ceyl. i, 1881,
p. 74, pi. 34, figs. 2, 2 a, <$ $ .
Papilio phjedrus, Fabr. Sp. Ins. ii, 1781, p. 125; de N. (Curetis)
Butt. Ind. iii, 1890, p. 286.
Curetis saronis, Moore, P. Z. S. 1877, p. 587 ; W.-M. $ de N.,
J. A. S. B. 1886, p. 364 ; de N. Butt. Ind. iii, 1890, p. 289.
Curetis gloriosa et arcuata, Moore, P. Z. S. 1883, pp. 522, 523,
pi. 48, fig. 1 J & fig. 3 d 5 de N. Butt. Ind. iii, 1890, p. 289.
j . Upperside : dark cupreous red, glossy and shining. Fore
wing : base irrorated with dusky scales ; costa edged with a
narrow, inwardly jagged, jet-black band that broadens to the apex,
thence continued along the termen, decreasing in width to the
tornus ; opposite the apex the inner edge of the black is acutely
angulate. Hind wing : base aud dorsum broadly but slightly
irrorated with dusky scales ; costa narrowly, dorsal margin more
broadly pale; termen very narrowly and evenly margined with
black. Underside : shining silvery white. Fore and hind wings
* The colour and markings of the larva as figured do not agree with
de Niceville's description of the same as reared by him in Calcutta, but, except
that the red markings are too bright and too broad, Moore's figure of the larva
closely resembles the larva of C. bulis, var. malayica, Felder, obtained by me in
Burma.
438
crossed transversely by discal and inner subterminal, somewhat
lunular dark lines and a more or less obsolescent outer sub-
terminal line of minute dark dots. These markings generally
very indistinct but traceable ; in some specimens more clearly
defined but never prominent. Antennae, head, thorax and
abdomen dusky black ; the antennae reddish at apex ; in some
specimens the head, the thorax laterally and the base of the
abdomen brownish mouse-colour ; beneath : the palpi, thorax and
the basal half of the abdomen medially silvery white, the sides
and apex of the abdomen dusky black. — $ . Upperside : fore wing
dark brownish-black ; a large medial patch that extends from vein 1
to vein 4, enters the lower half of the cell and extends from base
outwards for about two-thirds the length of the wing, white ; at
the base of the wing this patch is shaded and obscured for a short
distance by dusky black. Hind wing : pale dusky black ; a darker,
short, broad brownish-black streak from base along the subcostal
vein, that outwardly broadens into an irregularly round patch be-
yond which is a broad short upper discal white band with ill-defined
Fig. %3.—Curctis thetis.
a. Male. 1>. Female.
and somewhat diffuse margins. Cilia, fore and hind wings : white.
Underside : as in the c? but the markings still more indistinct, and
in no specimen that I have seen is there any trace of the outer
subterminal line of dark dots.
Exp. rf $ 41-45 mm. (1-62-1-78").
Hob. Peninsular India, south of the Himalayas, but not in the
desert tracts cr in areas with a scanty rainfall ; Ceylon ; parts of
Assam ; Upper Burma ; Java.
Larva. " On emergence eats a hole through the top of the egg
about equalling one-third of its surface and crawls out. The
empty shell has a close superficial resemblance to an echinus
shell. In colour pale ochreous, furnished with long stout white
hairs of which a subdorsal series is on eacli side, with one long
hair springing from the apex of each tubercle ; there are, besides,
other lateral series and numerous hairs projecting forwards in
front of the head and backwards over the anal segment. The
CUBETIS. 439
full-grown larva is the most beautiful known to me among the
LyccenidcK of the exact shade of green of the leaves on
which it feeds The second segment is quite unmarked ;
the third to the thirteenth have a subdorsal series of short oblique
pale yellowish -green lines between which the ground-colour is paler
than the rest of the body ; there is a dark green dorsal line ; on
each side of the ninth segment there is a prominent pure dead-
white, somewhat diamond-shaped mark." (de Niceville.) Mr. de
Niceville goes on to say that the sheaths of the tentacles on the
twelfth segment are pale green, the tentacles themselves maroon,
the whorl of hairs at their apices white with their basal thirds
black.
Pupa. Light green ; wing-cases bluish green. " There is a
conspicuous heart-shaped pale ochreous mark on the top of the
thorax, the pits on it filled in with reddish pigment.'"' {After de
Niceville.)
C. phcedrus, Fabr., varies so little from thetis as to be scarcely
ranked even as a variety. On the whole the ground-colour on the
upperside in C. phcedrus is of a duller red and the costal and
terminal black bands on the fore wing narrower than in typical
thetis.
With regard to C. cesopus, Fabr., that also falls as a synonym of
C. thetis, as acknowledged by Fabricius himself. The type, a $ ,
is in the Banksian collection now in the British Museum, and is
undoubtedly a 5 of ordinary C. thetis, Drury.
Var. arcuata, Moore, differs from typical thetis as follows : —
c? . Upperside : ground-colour similar but of a slightly paler shade
in all the specimens I have seen. Fore wing : costal and terminal
margins edged more broadly with black than in thetis, the inner
margin of this colour forms a regular strongly curved arch from
base of wing to tornus, not angulate at all opposite apex of wing,
the edging on the costal margin not jagged on the inner side.
Hind wing : the costal margin not pale but somewhat broadly
dusky black ; the terminal black edging broader than in thetis, not
linear, produced for a very short distance up each vein. The
irroration of dusky scales at the bases of both fore and hind wings
and along the dorsal area of the hind wing heavier and more
broadly diffused, especially on the latter. Underside: as in the
typical form. Antennae, head, thorax and abdomen similar. —
$ . Upperside : ground-colour darker brownish-black, deep opaque
black on the costa, apex and termen of the fore wing ; the medial
oval white patch on the fore wing smaller, the upper discal white
band on the hind wing narrower, the short, broad black streak
from base terminates in a large round spot or patch inwardly
merged in the ground-colour which fills the whole area of the cell.
Underside : as in the typical form. Antennae, head, thorax and
abdomen similar.
Exp. c? $ 38-43 mm. (1-48- 170").
440
Hob. Described originally from Malabar ; de Niceville gives it
from Bangalore, Ratuagiri, North Kanara and the Malda district ;
I have it from the Auaimalai Hills.
? Var. gloriosa, Moore, resembles var. arcuata, but both males
and females run distinctly larger, and the $ is differently coloured
from the $ of either thetis or of thetis var. arcuata ; it is quite
possibly a good form, distinct from either of the above.
cJ. Upper side: ground-colour as in thetis, but of a distinctly
richer deeper coppery-red. Fore wing : the black area on the
costal and terminal margins as in thelis var. arcuata but broader,
the inner edge of the area roundly curved as in that form. Hind
wing: also much as in var. arcuata, but the terminal black edging
broader, inwardlv somewhat diffuse in many specimens. Under-
side : as in typical thetis, but in most specimens the markings more
distinct and, in one or two procured by me in Burma, the trans-
verse discal band in both fore and hind wings is edged outvvardly
by a series of slender black lunules. Antennae, head, thorax and
abdomen dark brownish black, the sides of the thorax with
reddish-brown pubescence, the sides of the abdomen with very
dark reddish scales ; beneath : the antennae dark ochraceous, the
palpi, thorax and base of the abdomen silvery white, apical half
of the abdomen dusky brownish. — £ . Upperside : gi-ound-colour
and shape of markings as in thetis, but the white areas on both
fore and hind wings replaced by shining orange-yellow, the medial
orange area on the fore wing larger than the corresponding white
area on the fore wing of thetis $ . Moreover, on the posterior half
of the hind wing the long golden-yellow hairs give a distinct sub-
tone of yellow to that portion. Underside as in thetis but the
markings more distinct ; the transverse discal band on both fore
and hind wings as in its own tf , often edged with well-defined
slender black lunules and the outer subtermiual line of minute
black dots also well defined.
Exp. <$ $ 50-54 mm. (1-98-2-14").
Hob. Assam : Sylhet ; Burma ; Tenasserim.
? Var. saronis, Moore. — tf . Upperside : ground-colour as in
var. gloriosa. Fore wing : black edgings on the costal and ter-
minal margins as broad as in that form or broader, but the inner
margin of the black area not so evenly curved, in some specimens
slightly scalloped, in others slightly jagged. Hind wing: costal
and terminal margins more broadly black than in any other variety
or form of thetis ; the long soft hairs that clothe the posterior
portion of the wing a soft shining pale brown. In most speci-
mens, both on the fore and hind wings, the black on the ter-
minal margins is produced inwards along the veins foi a short
distance. Underside : silvery white as in thetis • the markings
generally very indistinct, except that in most of the specimens
that I have seen the faintly marked discal band on both fore and
CTTBETIS. 441
hind wings has a more clearly defined outer edging of slender
black lunules and the outer subterminal series of black dots is
also fairly clearly marked. Antennae, head, thorax and abdomen
dark brown, the apex of the antennae and the sides of the abdo-
men reddish; beneath: the palpi, thorax and abdomen white. — •
fj> . Upperside : dark brown, darker on the fore than on the hind
wing. Fore wing : a comparatively small medial diffuse spot or
patch of golden yellow that occupies the lower apex of the cell
and the bases of interspaces 2 and 3, but spreads diffusely inwards
and merges into the shade of the ground-colour. Hind wing:
the broadly clavate dark streak from base very faintly marked
and not very clearly differentiated from the brown ground-colour
"r b
Fig. 94. — Curetis thefis, var. saronis.
a. Male. b. Female.
beyond it ; an upper discal, diffuse, short, curved, whitish band
that posteriorly shades obscurely into golden yellow on the disc.
This tinge of golden yellow is very variable ; in some specimens
it is reduced to a touch of that colour along those portions
of veins 5 and 6 just beyond the cell ; abdominal fold earthy-
brown. Underside : similar to that of its own c? . Antennae, head,
thorax and abdomen brown, the apex of the antennae red ; beneath :
the antennae pale brown ; palpi, thorax and abdomen red.
Exp. 6 $ 43-47 mm. (1-7Q-1-85").
Hub. Assam : Cachar (de Niceville) ; the jSlcobar and Anda-
man Islands.
"74. Curetis balls, Doubleday $ Hewitson (Anops), Gen. Di. Lep. ii,
1852, p. 473, pi. 75, fig. 5 J; Moore (Anops), Cat. Lep. Mus.
E. I. C. i, 1857, p. 53 ; de N. Butt. 2nd. iii, 1890, p. 293.
Anops malayica, Felder, Novara Reise, Lep. ii, 1865, p. 221, pi. 28,
tig. 18 cT ; ' 'Moore (Curetis), Jour. Linn. Soc., Zool. xxi, 1886, p. 39 ;
de N. Butt. Ind. 1890, p. 294.
Curetis dentata, discalis et stigmata, Moore, P. Z. S. 1879, pp. 137
& 138 ; de N. Butt. Ind. iii, 1890, pp. 293 & 295.
Curetis angulata, Moore, P. Z. S. 1883, p. 522, pi. 48, fig. 2 <J ; de
N. Butt. Ind. iii, 1890, p. 292.
442
Curetis felderi, Distant, Shop. Malay. 1884, p. 203, pi. 24, fig.
pi. 22, fig. 26 $ ; de N. Butt. Ind. iii, 1890, p. 290.
rf. Ufpenide, fore wing: velvety black, an elongate broad
medial patch dark orange-red, that extends from base outwards
for about three-fourths the length of the wing and fills the area
from vein 1 to the middle of the cell ; in some specimens diffusely,
spread below vein 1 near base,
but there shaded with dusky black ;
the outer margin of this red patch
unevenly rounded. Hind wing :
brownish black, a large orange-red
spot above vein 3 to near apex,
inwardly extended into the cell to
near the base of the wing and
posteriorly diffuse below vein 3,
but in the cell thickly overlaid
with dusky-black scaling and pos-
.— Oiire(is!rtiI'is,d. teriorly shaded with long brown
hairs that in certain lights take a
golden tint ; above the cell extended from the base of the wing to
the inner margin of the orange spot is a prominent broad streak of a
shade darker than the ground-colour ; abdominal fold pale pinkish
brown. Underside : silvery white with sparsely scattered minute
black dots. Tore wing : a discal and inner subterminal series of
very indistinct somewhat lunular black markings that form broken
anteriorly convergent bands *, which are continued over the hind
wing to the tornus ; beyond these, on both fore and hind wings,
succeeds an outer subterminal series of minute black dots, in most
specimens very indistinct. Antenna?, head, thorax and abdomen
dark brown ; sides of the abdomen golden brown ; beneath : palpi,
thorax and abdomen white. — $ . Upperside : more or less as in
the c? , but the dark orange-red medial patches replaced by white
and much larger. On the fore wing this white patch extends
above the cell, the discocellulars closing which are prominently
marked by a black tooth, and posteriorly it reaches the dorsal
margin. On the hind wing the white patch is very large and in
some specimens very diffuse. Both fore and hind wings are shaded
at the base by dusky scales and in many specimens the markings of
the underside are plainly visible by transparency ; the broad black
streak above the cell on the hind wing is present in some, absent
in other specimens. Underside : ground-colour and markings as
in the c? , but much more prominent.
Exp. 6 $ 46-50 mm. (1-82-1-98").
Hub. Himalayas : from Kumaon to Bhutan ; Central India :
Pachmari : Southern India : the Wynaad ; Assam : Sylhet ; Upper
Burma : Maymyo, 3000 feet.
* For purposes of process-reproduction these markings have been much
emphasized in all the figures ; actually they are often only just traceable.
443
Fig. 96. — Curetis bulls,
var. dentata, J1 .
? Var. dentata, Moore. — Upperside : golden or coppery orange
of a shade paler than the orange patch in the typical form. Tore
wing : costal margin broadly black,
the width of the black colour
increasing to the apex and con-
tinued from below that in an even
border along the termen to the
tornus, thence along the apical
third of the dorsum, ending more
or less diffusely in a point ; disco-
cellulars marked by a prominent
tooth extended from the black
costal border. Hind wing: base
and dorsal area lightly irrorated
with fuscous scales, the latter also
shaded with long pale brown hairs ;
termen with a blackish border of
varying width but generally widest in the middle, its inner margin
more or less diffuse ; costal margin broadly pale yellow. Underside :
silvery white ; markings similar to but in some specimens even
more indistinct than in bulis. Antennae, head and thorax of a paler
brown than in bulis ; sides of the abdomen golden yellow ; be-
neath : palpi, thorax and abdomen white. — $ . Upperside : similar
to that of the rf , but the orange replaced by white, the black
costal and terminal borders on the fore wing broader ; on the
dorsal margin the border is continued further towards the base ;
the discocellular black tooth-like mark as prominent as in the d .
Hind wing : the white area very much smaller than the similar
orange area on the hind wing of the c? and confined to the apical
third of the wing ; a short, broad, clavate, black streak extends
from the base outwards above the cell. Underside : as in the c?
but the markings more prominent.
Exp. 3 $ 46-49 mm. (1-82-1-92").
Hob. Himalayas : Mussoorie to Sikhim ; Central India : Pach-
mari ; Southern India : the "Wynaad ; Assam ; Burma.
? Yar. angulata, Moore. — Differs from bulis in the shape of the
hind wing, which has the termen very strongly angulate in the
middle in both sexes. In both rf and $ also the apex of the
fore and tornal angle of the hind wing are highly acuminate, in the
fore wing the apex is, in most specimens, falcate. — c? • Upper-
side : differs from the upperside of the typical form in the greater
extent and paler colour of the orange-red areas on both fore
and hind wings. On the fore wing the discocellulars are marked
by a black tooth as in var. dentata, and on the hind wing the orange-
red ground-colour extends posteriorly to vein 2, but along the
dorsum it is heavily shaded with dusky-black scales. Underside :
as in typical bulis. Antenna?, head, thorax and abdomen black,
the sides of the abdomen not reddish or golden ; beneath : palpi,
444 LYC^EKIDJE.
thorax and abdomen white. — $ . Upper and undersides : similar to
those of the c?, but the ground-colour on the upperside white,
ou
Fig. Q7.—Curetis bulis, yar. aitgulata.
a. Male. b. Female.
not orange, the costal and terminal black borders on both fore
and hind wings broader.
Etep. d $ 43-48 mm. (170-1 -88").
Hab. Himalayas: Mussoorie; Sikhiin; Central India ; Assam;
Burma.
?Var. malayica, Felder. — Upperside, fore wing: closely re-
sembles that of typical bulis, but the medial orange-red area is
larger and extends slightly further outwards, upwards and down-
wards so that the black on the tornal area forms a broad triangle
and is continued along the dorsal margin, narrowing to a slender
line near the base of the wing ; anteriorly the black border along
Fig. 98. — Curetis bulls, var. malay
the costa projects as a slender black tooth along the discocellulars,
which however, is absent in many specimens. Hind wing : the
orange-red area that in bulls forms an upper discal patch, in this
variety or form spreads inwards to the base, posteriorly towards
the tornus and leaves only a comparatively narrow terminal
margin ; the tornal area broadly black, the inner margin of the
black very diffuse, rarely so clearly defined as in Felder's figure ;
CUBETIS. 445
near the base, above the subcostal vein, there is a short, broad,
black streak ; abdominal fold pale greyish white. Underside :
silvery white, the markings faint and ill-defined as in all forms of
Curetis ; the discal oblique band of the fore wing carried over the
hind wing, but not in any specimen that I have seen continued in
even a disjointed line (as in bulis) to the tornal angle. The rest
as in typical bulis. Antennae, head, thorax and abdomen similar
to those of bulis. — $ . Very similar to that of bulis. Differs on
the upperside, in some specimens only, by the extent of the white
area on the hind wing, which spreads practically over the whole
wing, but is heavily shaded along the terminal margin and poste-
riori v on the dorsal area with dusky brownish-black or fuscous.
On the underside the ground-colour and markings are as in bulis.
Antennae, head, thorax and abdomen similar to those of bulis.
Exp. 3 $ 45-50 mm. (1-73-1-98").
Hab. Malacca; extending into Southern Tenasserim; Sikhim
(Ehves 6f de NiceviUe).
With regard to the larva I made the following note as far back
as 1891 :— Mergui, 5th May, 1891. While passing through the
forest on the road to the Mergui plantations I saw a white female
Fig. 99. — Curetis bulis, var. malayica, $.
Curetis fluttering over the leaves of a small Thin-win (Ponqamia
glabra, Vent.). Thinking she was ovipositing I approached and
carefully searched the leaves for eggs, but failed to find any. On
the leaves of a branch on the other side of the same tree however,
I found two small green larvae with crimson markings. Each bore
towards the anal end a pair of dark green erect horns. On trying
to break off the leaves on which they were feeding, the caterpillars
protruded a brown tentacle from each horn, crowned with a tuft
of black and white hairs ; these tentacles were whirled round
rapidly for a second or two and then withdrawn, and every time
afterwards when the leaf was moved or handled the action was
repeated. The same thing occurred if the larva was touched or
breathed upon. I took the larvse back to camp and reared them,
supplying them with the youngest and tenderest leaves of; the
Thin-win, which they riddled into holes along the midrib. Three
446
days afterwards both turned into very extraordinary-looking pupa?,
and the perfect insects emerged, one on the fifth, the other on the
seventh day after pupating. At the time I took them for males
of Curetis bulls, Doubleday & Hewitson ; but subsequently, when
I showed them to Mr. de Niceville, he said they were closer to
Curetis malayica, Felder. The following description, taken from
the living larva and pupa, was drawn up by me at the time : —
Larva. About 16 rum. long. Colour velvety green ; head
dark brown ; 3rd and 4th segments with narrow, obliquely- placed
lateral stripes of crimson, edged posteriorly with yellow; 6th to
llth segments with a slender longitudinal dorsal stripe of the
same colour ; the spiracles on each side surmounted by a slender,
lunulated, pale yellow line ; on the 9th segment a conspicuous
quadrate patch of white between the spiracular yellow lunule and
the crimson dorsal line ; 12th and remaining segments dark green ;
on the 12th two greenish-yellow, erect, rigid processes slightly
divergent at their apices ; the tentacles protruded from their pro-
cesses seem to be pinkish brown in colour, with a tuft of black and
white hairs at their apices ; but it is not easy to note the colour
of the hairs, as they are protruded, whirled round and withdrawn
with great rapidity. There is no opening or honey-gland on the
llth or other segment, as in many Lycaonid larvae. In shape also
these do not resemble the larvae of the Lyccenidce, which as a rule,
are onisciform. In these the head is small and almost always
completely hidden under the 2nd segment ; the 3rd, 4th, and 5th
segments sloped upwards posteriorly, form each a well-marked
transverse ridge.
Pupa. A rounded slightly convex disc with a protrusion
posteriorly ; colour translucent dark green. Seen under a magni-
t'ying-glass they seem to be studded with tiny pits, except on the
lateral areas ; on the anterior portion there is an oval yellowish-
white mark.
Var. stigmata, Moore. — <5 . Upperside : very like that of
typical C. bulis, but the ground-colour a shade darker. Comparing
the specimens that answer to Mr. Moore's very short description
with the type of bulis in the collection of the British Museum,
I find that the red medial areas on the wings, especially that on
the hind wing, are not quite so broad. As in the typical form,
the discocellulars on the upperside of the fore wing are covered
by the very broad black edging to the costal margin. Underside :
indistinguishable from the underside of the typical form. —
$ . Unknown, but probably very similar to the $ of the typical
form.
Exp. J as in bulis.
Hub. Originally described from Tenasserim.
Var. discalis, Moore. — " Male distinguished on the upperside
by the bright red of the fore wing being confined to a narrow-
elongated patch and that on the hind wing also confined to a
CURETIS. 447
.small oblong lunular discal patch which is slightly dentate on the
middle of its inner border. Fore wing : somewhat short and
truncate." (Moore.)
Exp. "J If"."
Hob. Nepal ; Darjeeling.
With regard to this variety Mr. de Niceville says : — " I possess
numerous specimens of this form from Sikhim and find that there
it gradually and by imperceptible steps grades into G. bulls,
Doubleday & Hewitson." With this I entirely agree.
The next described variety or form may or may not be distinct.
I doubt its occurrence within our limits, but as Moore gives
it from Mergui I have followed de Niceville in including it in
the fauna dealt with in this series of handbooks. According to
Distant's figure of the c? (Rhop. Malay, pi. 24, fig. 3) it comes
into the bulls group, as it has the discal and inner subtenuinal
markings on the underside of the fore wing convergent anteriorly.
At the same time I have seen no specimen like the one figured,
for combined with the markings of the underside as noted above,
the black border on the upperside of the fore wing is not con-
tinued along the dorsal margin but ends at the tornus as in the
thetis group. So far as the colouring of the upperside goes it can
be matched exactly by many specimens of O. thetis var. saronis,
Moore, from the Nicobars, with one variety of the $ of which,
the $ felderi figured by Mr. Distant (Rhop. Malay, pi. 22, fig. 26)
entirely accords.
I quote Mr. Distant's original description : —
? Var. felderi, Distant. — " Male. Wings less angular than in
the preceding species (i.e. cesopus, T?abr. = thetis, Druryj, the apex
of the anterior wing and the anal angle of the posterior wing
more rounded and less produced. Colour above as in preceding
species ; anterior wings with the black area smaller, the apical
portion more regularly concave interiorly and narrower at outer
angle; posterior wings with the outer black margin narrower.
Wings beneath pearly white, markings as in the preceding species,
but the fasciae darker and more continuous, the apex of the an-
terior wings also broadly infuscated. — Female. Wings above pale
orange-yellow ; anterior wings with the costal margin, the apex,
outer margin and outer half of inner margin broadly dark brown ;
posterior wings wholly dark brown, with the exception of a large
discal orange-yellow patch extending from base of upper median
nervule to apex of wing. Wings beneath as in the male, but with
the fasciae darker, broader and more regularly curved and con-
tinuous. Body above dark brown ; sternum and legs greyish white,
tibiae and tarsi annulated with brown ; palpi greyish white, their
apices dark brown.
" Exp. Wings, <S and $ , 40 to 45 mm.
"•Hob. Malay Peninsula : Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.} ; Sugei
Ujong (Godfery and Durnford); Singapore (Kerr)." Dr. Moore
records it also from Mergui.
448 LYC.SNIDJE.
Subfamily IV. LIPHYBIKE.
This subfamily was erected by the late Mr. Doherty (J. A. S. B.
1889, p. 409) for the reception of Liphyra brassolis, Westwood, a
most remarkable Lycsenid, isolated and aberrant to the last degree,
and so far as known the sole representative of its genus. I give
below Mr. Doherty's description of the egg, while the account of
the adult *' larva and of the pupa is taken from Dr. Chapman's ex-
haustive descriptions of the same published in the ' Entomologist,'
vol. xxxv. 1902, pp. 225-228 and 252-255.
Eyg. " Very unlike that of other Lyccenidce but shows an un-
expected resemblance to that of Logania, Distant, and Taraka,
Doherty. It is of great size, green overlaid with white, shaped
something like a section or drum of a Doric column but somewhat
widest at the base, the height, breadth at apex and breadth at
base being to each other as 9, 13 and 15|. The top is marked
with hexagonal reticulations, the lines turbinate in the middle,
the margin deeply channeled and then strongly carinate. Sides
crusted with white and minutely indented with about forty-five
vertical ribs, slightly irregular and even (very rarely) anastomosing,
extending also over the outer part of the base, the inner part being
green and minutely reticulated with hexagons." (Doherty.)
Larva. "At first sight nothing could be less like a lepidopterous
larva. Looking down on its back we have an approximately flat
surface, oval in form, rather narrower in front than behind, with
a margin smooth, regular, uniform and of the same texture, &c.
all round, no trace of segmentation &c. Let us turn it over : it
now lies on its flat dorsal surface, the dimensions of which by the
way are 23 mm. x 15 mm. It stands up above the surface about
5-6 mm., with a level but not smooth top, but with smooth and
sloping sides. The amount of the slope may be seen by com-
parison of the top and bottom ; the top (venter of larva) is
18 mm. by 7 mm., against 23 x 15 just mentioned. The slope
is nearly nil at the head end and by so much the more there-
fore elsewhere. The dorsum and sides are brown, hard and
chitinous. The sloping sides show little indication of segmenta-
tion, but at the margin of the open (and soft) ventral area present
a series of dark markings, very slightly raised on rounded elevations,
but so shaded as to look very much so the small flat
ventral area of the larva slightly wider anteriorly and presenting
the head, legs, prolegs, &c. This area is pale and white and is the
only portion where any movement can possibly occur, the rest
being a solid chitinous cap. Constructed as it is to permit this
* Dr. Chapman gives also in the publication quoted a description of what
he took to be the young larva, but there seems to be some doubt about this
(cf. 'Entomologist,' vol. xxxvi. 1903, pp. 36, 89, 170, 211).
449
soft area to be absolutely covered and hidden on the surface on which
the larva rests, one is sur-
prised at its widening out
above this area quite regu-
larly, till, at a sudden sharp
margin, the sides meet the
flat top. The brown mar-
ginal marks are apparently
two to a segment, certainly
so at the sides where they
are largest and where a
faint depression along the
sloping sides seems to mark
Fig. 100.— Liphyra brassolis. each segmental division.
«. Larva-case, upper side.
b. Empty larva-case, view of inside
of upper half.
To see this however, re-
quires close examination,
some might say a little
imagination.
" Turning the larva over again to examine the back more care-
fully, we find the margin very sharp and slightly browner than
the terra-cotta centre. Laterally and posteriorly it is a little
hollowed within the margin. Across the middle are three very
distinct lines, darker in colour and with the surface in front of
them decidedly higher than that behind. They occupy the middle
two-fourths of the surface, but do not invade the fourths on each
side next the margin. In front and behind these the indication
of the segmental divisions are very obscure. A faint indication of
a dorsal ridge exists in front of these lines. There are also a
number of dots that appear to be obsolete hair-points, arranged in
some degree as a transverse line across each segment, but with
outlines enough to make such a statement a little doubtful and
even misleading. The two segments marked out by the dorsal
lines are the fourth and fifth abdominal.
*******
" The head is nearly colourless, about 1-7 mm. wide ; centrally
below the mouth and pointing backwards is the labium or part of
it, a pale conical rather than cylindrical process ending in a short
chitinous tube (spinnaret ?). On each side is a long palpus
(maxillary?) of three joints, the last very small, projecting
ventrally and apparently with a fleshy process (maxilla ?) towards
the middle line ; in front is a tolerably normal labrum, square
and notched below with a good many short hairs on its anterior
surface.
* ******
"The labrum is very fixed in its position and moves little:
even if I am deceived in this matter by having only stiff preserved
specimens to deal with, it is certain that it fits down very closely
and tightly laterally in the maxillary bases, leaving in front an
oval opening between it and the labium within which the jaws are
TOL. II. 20
450
LYCJENTDJE.
visible, with apparently some room for movement in the cavity
thus formed.
" Each jaw carries three teeth, not mere notches as in Lepi-
doptera generally, but each tooth is a long sharp spine, capable of
piercing, but certainly not of biting ; each jaw is probably capable
of meeting the other so that the teeth may interlock, but in the
specimens examined one jaw is entirely in front of the other.
*******
" Not so remarkable as a structural modification, but more so
perhaps as connected with most unusual habits, is the modification
of the jawrs as piercing and tearing and no longer biting organs ;
and if I observe correctly, the alterations of the fcrophi into a
suctorial tube, from which the jaws are just able to protrude is
remarkably similar, functionally, to the tube surrounding the jaws
in Phyllocnistis, though the details of structure and habits are so
widely different.
" The jaws would most effectively take hold of the skin of an
ant larva, piercing its skin at the same time in six places ; they
would then draw the piece so seized within the closed cavity
formed between the labrum, labium and (laterally) maxillae so
that the juices of the larva could be easily sucked out." (T. A.
Chapman, I. c.)
Pupa. "The pupa I have before me is very large, 28 mm. long,
14 mm. broad, and 10 mm. deep, whilst it is depressed in
front in a way apparently due to pressure ; were the rounded
contour of the dorsum and sides continued its depth would
be 12 mm. It is typically Lycsenid in form, being very round
at either end, broadest at fourth and
fifth abdominal segments, narrower
thoracically ; head beneath ; no move-
able segments ; no trace of crema-
sternal hooks or of any silken girth :
first leg equally against head and
antennae. The maxillae are well deve-
loped ; they appear to contain no
maxilla (? palpus), the specimen being
close on emergence, but the labial
" )i are very evident between them.
Fig. lOl.-Liphym brastolis.
Larvarcase with pupa inside. is a set of flanges or raised ribs.
If the pupa was divided into a dorsal
and ventral piece by a section through its widest dimensions,
the line of section would mark one of these ribs, which starts
round the abdominal segments from the anal angle of the wings
(end of vein 1 c) and goes round the end of the pupa dividing
the last segment into two portions ; this segment is conse-
quently of considerable antero-posterior dimensions, stretching
a good way under the pupa but always having a portion as it
were lifted right out on to the dorsum by having to be above the
flange. The segmental incisions are all raised into double ridges,
L1PHYBA. 451
but ventrally, i. e. below the marginal flange above noted, but
with no trace of anything of the sort above it, each segment has
another single ridge or flange about one-third of the way in front
of each incision. The scars of prolegs are well-marked by large
areas into which these ribs do not intrude.
*******
" The spiracles are more obvious than in the larva and occupy
a similarly dorsal position. The pupa is very smooth and polished,
at least thoracically ; the abdomen has very numerous almost
microscopic hair-points.
*******
" The pupa inside lies quite free from any attachment to the
skin, but the ventral depression of the pupa is due to its having
to fit on the ventral aspect of the larval skin, which is raised
centrally by the head, legs, prolegs, &c.
" The larval skin dehisces by cracking round the marginal crest
in front, by a crack across the front of the three ridges, i. e. between
third and fourth abdominal segments. The semicircular portion
thus marked off again divides longitudinally into two portions."
(T. A. Chapman, 1. c.)
Imago. The perfect insect is as abnormal (for the Lyccenidce)
as is the larva and pupa. In appearance it is like a very large
skipper or moth. The head, thorax and abdomen are heavy and
massive, but the absence of a precostal vein in the hind wing of
both sexes, the shape of the antennae, and in the <$ the structure
of the fore leg are entirely Lycsenid.
Genus LIPHYEA.
Liphyra, Westwood, Proc. Ent. Soc. (3) ii, 1864, p. 31 ; de N. Butt.
2nd. iii, 1890, p. 489.
Type, L. brassolis, Westwood, from Assam.
Range. Indo- and Austro-Malayan Regions.
c? $ . Fore wing : costa arched ; apex subacute ; termen convex ;
tornus rounded ; dorsum sinuate, ciliated, about three-fourths the
length of the costa ; cell about half the length of the wing ; vein 6
out of 7 beyond apex of cell, upper discocellular therefore absent,
middle and* lower discocellulars subequal, vertical ; vein 7 ends
on termen well below apex of wing ; vein 8 out of 7, from, apical
half, ends on costa before apex of wing ; vein 9 out of 7 from just
before middle ; veins 10 and 11 free ; vein 12 terminates well beyond
end of cell on costa. Hind wing : irregularly pear-shaped ; costa
slightly but widely augulated near base, then straight to apex ;
termen strongly rounded, tornus well marked, produced into a lobe ;
dorsum long, slightly convex ; cell about half length of wing ;
middle discocellular short, concave, lower twice length of middle,
strongly oblique ; vein 1 a very short, ends before middle of
dorsum ; vein 3 from well before lower apex of cell ; vein 7 at base
2e2
452
much closer to apex of cell than to base of wing ; vein 8 very
slightly arched near base, then straight to apex of wing. Antenna)
about half length of fore wing, no distinct club but gradually
incrassate to apex ; palpi porrect, gradually tapering to apex, third
joint of moderate length, as thick at base as apex of second joint ;
eyes naked ; body heavy and robust, reminding one in its stoutness
of the body of Charaxes.
775. Liphyra brassolis, Westwood, Proc. Ent. Soc. (3) ii, 1864, p. 31 ;
Distant, Shop. Malay. ]884, p. 204, pi. 22, fig. 18 ? ; de N. Butt.
Ind. iii, 1890, p. 491, pi. 29, tig. 243 $ .
Sterosis robusta, Felder, Novara Reise, Lep. ii, 1865, p. 219, pi. 27
figs. 10, 11 $ .
cJ . Uppers-ide, fore wing : black ; the basal half of interspace 1,
an oblique spot beyond apex of cell, the costal margin somewhat
broadly along the basal half, strongly narrowed towards the apex,
and the cilia ochraceous yellow.
The yellow in the basal half of
interspace 1 narrows outwardly,
anteriorly spreads slightly into
the cell and base of interspace 2
and posteriorly to the dorsal
margin near base of wing.
Hind wing : ochraceous yellow
with the following black mark-
ings : — a broad streak from base
of wiugin cell widened outwardly
that leaves an anterior small
portion below base of subcostal
vein and a posterior small por-
tion along apical half of median
vein of the ground - colour ;
terminal margin very broadly
black, that colour however,
not extended to the apex or
tornus ; between this marginal
band and the cellular streak is
an irregular patch connecting them ; cilia ochraceous ; abdominal
fold paler ochraceous. Underside : dull earthy ochraceous, paler
along the dorsal area and at apex of fore wing and on the termen
near apex of hind wing. Fore wing : a medial large irregular
brownish-black patch that occupies the apical half of the discoidal
cell and the basal thirds of the interspaces 3 and 4. Hind wing :
costal margin with transverse mottlings of reddish brown. In
some specimens the ground-colour on the underside is pale dull
purplish with shadings of darker purple ; on the fore wing the
medial black patch large and the basal area internal to the black
patch rich ochraceous yellow. Antennae, head, thorax and abdo-
men ochraceous ; beneath : in some specimens slightly paler. —
Fig. 102. — Liphyra brassolis.
LIPHTBA. 453
$ . Upper side, fore and hind wings : rich ochraceous ; markings
on the latter wing as in the d , but the black streak in cell and
the large spot or patch connecting it to the broad area of black
along the termen much smaller, often divided into two detached
spots ; on the fore wing the black is reduced to a large medial
patch that occupies the apical half of the cell, beyond and below
it the bases of interspaces 5, 6, 10, and II, the basal thirds some-
times more of interspaces 3 and 4, and a very broad, inwardly
irregularly concave band that is produced inwardly along the
terminal half of the dorsal margin and shortly along veins 2,
3 and 4. Underside : as in the J but generally the ground-
colour paler. In some specimens the whole hind wing with
mottlings of brown such as are present in all specimens of both
sexes along the costal margin of that wing. Antennae, head,
thorax and abdomen as in the c? .
Exp. d £ S6-92 mm. (3-38-3-64").
Hob. Sikhitu ; Assam ; Malayan Subregion to Australia.
A very variable form. The description given above is taken
from Sikhim and Assam specimens. Specimens from Malacca
and south and east through the subregion have a decreasing
amount of black colouring on the upperside. Australian speci-
mens have the least of all. In Australian specimens too the
antennae, the head, thorax and wings on the upperside are covered
often with a curious irregular irroration of white fugitive scales,
and the abdomen on both sides and beneath towards the apex by
a dense mass of brown hairs each of which terminates in a flattened
broad plume-like scale.
So remarkable and abnormal is this form that under subfamily
characteristics I have not hesitated to quote a very large portion
of the lengthened description of the larva and pupa given by
Dr. Chapman ; also, as the insect is found in Sikhim and Assam,
I venture to give extracts from a note on the habits both in the
larval and imaginal states of this very curious butterfly. The
note is by Mr. F. P. Dodd of Queensland, the original discoverer
I believe, of the larva.
Mr. Dodd says (' Entomologist,' xxxv, 1902, p. 153) : — " One
correspondent stated ' that it is said to be found in ants' nests in
its larval and pupal stages.' .... Another correspondent informed
me that his book gave it as a twilight flier, with a query, and
they suggested that larvae may be carnivorous feeding on wooly
bugs.
" I had already seen a female on a warm sunny day in July
1900, depositing eggs upon a tree which was in complete possession
of the wonderfully interesting green tree-ant (EcopTiylla smarag-
dina, Fab., which exists here in vast numbers in the coast and
mountain scrubs. Upon this tree there were several large nests
of the ants and the butterfly would rapidly fly over the top of the
tree once or twice, then come underneath and settle on one of
the branches near the trunk ; there were four spots to which it
returned at different times after its flights, and upon examination
454 LYC.SNID^B.
I found that there were two or three eggs deposited on each.
Judging by the number of flights I believe only one egg was laid
at each rest. I have since frequently seen the eggs on other
trees in ones, twos, or more ; but deposits of two, in several
different places, is the number usually to be met with. They are
placed on the underside of branches or protected side of trunk.
I took several of the ova and in twenty two days the larva?, flat,
oval creatures appeared, but of course refused to eat, and died.
I had taken them on the chance of their being leaf-eaters, and
with the ants merely for protection, as I found is the case with
several other Lyc«nids of ours — Arhopalas and Hypolycana
phorbas.
" During the next few months I examined scores of nests (of
ants) in the hope of finding larvae of this, to me, mysterious
insect, but without success. However, eventually I stumbled
across a larva when searching an ant's nest for other insects.
This specimen was half-grown, the size and shape being about
that of a medium-size lozenge with a rim as in a coin bordering it
all round, but raised somewhat along the dorsal surface ; colour a
very pale yellowish-brown, seven dark spots on each side near
margin, and across the centre of the dorsal surface there were
three furrows reaching nearly to sides ; these furrows are con-
stant through all the moults nor do they (the furrows)
disappear even when the lamal skin becomes the outer pupal shell.
The head, legs and claspers are in a groove the edges of which
close tightly all round, consequently they are seldom seen except
of course during progression, when the body is raised a little.
" After this discovery I met with other larvae, generally larger
and of a darker brown, and finally obtained pupte and bred out a
series of the perfect insect.
*******
" Taking several larvae and supplying them with ant-grubs of
various sizes, I soon had the satisfaction of observing'one individual
approach a half-grown grub, deliberately seize it and withdraw it
from sight ; but being impatient I turned him over soon after and
slowly released his hold of the grub : unfortunately I failed to
observe anything of the kind again. Finding that the caterpillars
did not thrive upon ant larvae alone they were supplied with small
nests containing ants and pupae as well, but in a week or so they
showed signs of sickness. By changing the ants' nests I kept
several other caterpillars for nearly two weeks ; they also became
sickly and had to be returned to nests on the trees. However,
they deposited frass showing that they had been feeding ; this is
small for such bulky creatures, is grey or white and is greasy-
looking. So though I cannot positively declare that they exist
upon the ant larvae, I am quite satisfied myself that they do.
" Moulting. "When the caterpillars are about to cast their skins
they spin a webbed footing nearly their whole length to which
LIPHYRA. 455
they affix themselves rather firmly ; but in many instances the
ants utilizing the iveb of their grubs, secure them still more firmly
to their position, the web reaching halfway to or even up to the
rim. Whether this ant web is added with friendly intent or with
a view to fasten down a larva to get rid of him if possible is a
puxzliug matter; still I have not met with any dead larvse so-
fastened. Pupae are occasionally treated in a similar manner
without the escape of the butterflies being prevented. The larger
larvae require three or four days after taking up their moulting
position to crawl out of their old skins, which become a little darker
and finally split downwards under the front edge and right and
left along the rim.
*******
" Change to the pupa. — The larval skin is not cast off, but changes
in shape and becomes a comparatively strong and outer covering.
The insect shrinks away from this and becomes detached so that
it can be shaken like an Antherea pupa in its cocoon or a nut in
the shell. The true pupal skin is very thin and transparent, and,
provided of course the outer shell is opened, the colour-changes of
the chrysalis can be observed plainly. After the larva has taken
up its position for the transformation there is no change for
thirty-six hours or so, the first being a narrowing of the thoracic
portion, with an increased thickness in same. Upon examining
the future pupa, at this time underneath, it will be noticed that
the shell has closed in on each side, enveloping the head and legs
completely ; no closing in upon the prolegs occurs. For some
hours no further alteration takes place, then the remaining portion
of the creature contracts accompanied by a considerable rise in
the dorsal surface ; the pupal change so far as can be ascertained
from outside observance being now complete.
" The perfect insect comes forth in twenty -one to twenty -five
days and further astonishing developments in the life-history of
this strange insect occur." Of the freshly-emerged imago
Mr. Dodd says : — " Instead of the weak drooping wings of a
butterfly, he has little short appendages like a freshly-emerged
moth and lying very flat ; the front wing is creamy white and
the tip of the hind wing projects from under this ever so little ;
the abdomen looks very large, a thick mass of furry -looking
substance showing on each side of it to the tip ; on the thorax
small tufts of loose brownish scales may be noted which easily roll
off. It is soon seen that the white appearance of the fore wing
is caused by a dense covering of fugitive scales ; there is also a
small patch on each side of the thorax. . . . These white scale*
fly off after the expansion of the wings at the least breath of
air. . . . The matter on the abdomen is also of course composed
of scales, they are dark grey, packed very densely and cover about
half of the ventral surface, reach further along the sides but do
not reach the thorax, none being on the upper surface. These are
much more adhesive and must be scraped away, as they cannot be
blown off ; they come away in masses and fasten lightly to any-
456
thing they come in contact with and appear to be held together.
Upon examining them with a lens exceedingly delicate threads
can be discerned dispersed throughout.
*******
" As to the butterfly being crepuscular in its habits, I may
mention that I am frequently out in the twilight, but have not
met with it
" Concerning the loose scales on this unique butterfly we have
no evidence that the larvae are welcome inhabitants of the ants'
neets. However, it is highly probable that the ants have no
friendly feeling for the perfect insect and would most likely attack
and kill it during its long rest after emergence if it were not
especially and wonderfully protected. So it will be seen that the
loose scales act as a perfect protection, for directly the ants
encounter these they are in trouble, they fasten on to their feet
and impede their movements or, if their antennae or mandibles
come in contact with any part of the butterfly, the scales adhere
thereto, so that the ant is soon in a bad way and has quite enough
to do in attempting to free himself of his encumbrances without
taking any further interest in the butterfly, from which he retreats
as well as possible. It is exceedingly ludicrous to observe the
ants endeavouring to free themselves, their legs move awkardly
and their mandibles are opened and closed in evident annoyance
and perplexity, and they are also much concerned about the state
of their antennae for the obnoxious scales will not be shaken off,
and they seem to become very low-spirited."
Eeturning to the larva in its armour of chitin Mr. Dodd adds :
" The larvae of L. brassolis are evidently so tough -skinned that
the mandibles of the ants can make little or no impression on
them, for in placing specimens upon a nest, the inmates rush out
at them, catch hold of the caterpillar rim and appear to be acting
most viciously. They also endeavour to reach the head and legs,
but these are at once protected, the creature just lowers its great
sides and is secure. After examining caterpillars which have been
on the nests for several hours, and tugged at and nipped by dozens
of ants, not a mark or a wound was descernibie; yet if the
slightest cut is made in the rim with a knife, juices issue as
from any ordinary caterpillar with an opening in the skin."
With regard to the larva of this butterfly feeding on the larvae
of GEcophylla smaragdina, Mr. R. Turner informs me on the
authority of Mr. Olive, a friend of his who has bred the insect,
that he found it on a small tree, Sarcocephalus cordatus*, Miq.,
and that to the best of his belief the larva feeds thereon as the
leaves had the appearance of being eaten. It is quite possible
that the larva of this most remarkable form may be partially car-
nivorous as well as a leaf-feeder. Mr. Olive also affirms that
Liphyra brassolis unless accidentally put up in the day-time is
entirely crepuscular in its habits.
* The tree occurs in Burma and is the " Ma-u-lettan-sh6 " of the Burmese.
457
Subfamily V. PORITIIN^.
Egg. According to Mr. Doherty the egg is " hexahedral " in
shape, " like a truncate pyramid, nearly twice as long as wide, with
two vertical and two sloping sides, the former trapezoidal, reticu-
late near their upper edges ; the latter and the apex nearly square,
delicately reticulate. Along with those of Liphyra brassolis,
Westw., they are the most remarkable eggs in the family."
Larva. Unknown.
Pupa. That of one form P. harterti is described by Mr. Doherty
as follows : — " The chrysalis somewhat resembles those of the
Erycinidcr. (= Nemeobidce) and strikingly illustrates the singularity
of the group. It is suspended, not girt, but rigidly inclined to the
surface of the leaf. It is less compact in form than that of other
Lyccenidce, and is studded with bristles. Of these a number on
the side of the head are white, with two black ones on each side
on the top of the head and one black one on each side of the
thorax above the thoracic angle. The second, third and fourth
abdominal segments have each a lower white and an upper black
bristle, approximate laterally, while the last segments have a
number of white lateral and of black subdorsal ones. The ground-
colour is ochreous, much marked with dark, especially on the upper
surface of the abdomen, each segment having a black line near its
hind margin, except the first, which has two black spots dorsally.
The wing-covers are veined and bordered with brown."
Imago. Of moderate expanse and characteristic colouring. On
the upperside the males are mostly velvety black, with streaks of
blue: the females brown with similar streaks, and generally in
addition some yellow markings. In both sexes of all the forms
veins 5, 6 and 7 of the fore wing are closely approximate at base.
Within our limits two genera of this subfamily occur. One,
Zarona, is remarkable in that the forms arranged under it have
in the fore wing all twelve veins present. The genus Pseudo-
dipsas, Felder, of which one form, P. cephencs, Hewitson, is given
from India, has only a superficial likeness to the forms of the
Poritiince. Its venation clearly shows its affinity to the Theclince.
Key to the Genera of the Poritiinae.
A. Fore wing : vein 8 absent ; males with secondary
sex-marks ................................ POBITIA, p. 457.
B. Fore wing : vein 8 present ; males without
secondary sex-marks ........................ ZAEONA, p. 470.
Genus PORITIA.
Poritia, Moore, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 775; Heivitson, III. Di. Lep. 1878,
p. 213 ; Distant, Rhop. Malay. 1884, p. 197 ; de N. Butt. Ind. iii,
1890, p. 37.
Simiskina, Distant, Entomologist, xix, 1886, p. 12.
Type, P. hetvitsoni, Moore, from Sikhim.
458
Range. Eastern Himalayas at low elevations ; Assam ; Burma ;
Tenasserim ; Malay Peninsula ; Sumatra ; Java ; Borneo.
<S $ . Fore wing : costa very slightly arched, nearly straight ;
apex well marked, somewhat acute ; termen convex ; tornus
distinct, angular, not rounded ; dorsum slightly convex, about
four-fifths the length of costa ; cell not half length of wing ; vein
6 at base closely approximate to base of 7, upper discocellular
therefore practically absent ; middle discocellular short, about half
length of lower, both erect ; lower discocellular attenuated ; veins
3 and 4 well separated at base, 5 closer to 6 at base than to 4 ; 8
absent ; 9 from apical half of 7 ; 10 from apical half of subcostal ;
11 very short, running into and anastomosed
with 12 ; 12 terminates on costal margin not
opposite to but well beyond upper apex of cell.
Hind wing : costa very strongly arched along
basal half, thence straight to apex ; termen
curved from apex to vein 4, thence obscurely
dentate at apex of each vein to tornus ; tornus
angulate ; dorsum slightly convex ; cell very
1C. ^^^4^ short, not half length of wing, comparatively
broad at apical end ; middle discocellular
shorter than lower ; vein 1 a terminates mid-
Fig. 103.— Pm-itia. wa7 on dorsal margin ; veins 3 and 4 from
Venation. lower apex of cell, 7 at base midway between
base of 8 and 6 ; 8 short, very strongly curved,
terminates on the costal margin well before apex of wing ; pre-
costal area broad. Antennae slightly longer than half length of
wing, gradually incrassate to apex ; club therefore long and very
gradual ; palpi porrect, broad anteriorly, clothed with short scales,
not fringed with hairs ; third joint short, naked, pointed at apex ;
eyes naked ; body comparatively robust ; legs comparatively stout;
front tarsi in <3 with the joints not well marked, shortened,
the claws minute and very rudimentary ; in $ the front tarsi are
similar but the claws are normal and distinct. — <5 . Sex-mark an
oval patch in the cell of the hind wing on the upperside, of a
colour different from the shade of the ground-colour and covered
by a tuft of soft hairs. Ordinarily these hairs are pressed down
under the fold of the fore wing and point upwards. In the living
or freshly killed insect the hairs have a strong but not disagree-
able odour and I have noticed that a <3 P. heivilsoni had them
erect while flitting round and courting a $ .
Key to the forms of Poritia.
dcf. r*9 *
A. Underside: markings consist of transverse
catenulated bands and annular soots.
a. Upperside fore wing : cell entirely without
or with only in some specimens a minute
spot of blue at base.
POEITIA. 459
«'. Upperside fore wing : blue colour ex-
tended into interspace 2 ; subterminal
spots and upper discal markings of
blue generally present P. Jieicitsoni, p. 46C .
b'. Upperside fore wing : blue colour never
extended into interspace 2 ; subter-
minal spots and upper discal markings
of blue never present P. Sumatra, p. 462.
b. Upperside fore wing : basal half or more
of cell blue.
«'. Upperside fore wing: no preapical or
subterminal spots or streaks of blue.
a2. Upperside fore wing : blue colour
not extended into interspace 3 .... P. pleurata, p. 464.
b2. Upperside fore wing : blue colour
extended into base of interspace 3. . P. phraatica, p. 465.
b'. Upperside fore wing : preapical and
suDterminal spots and streaks of blue
present . P. erycinoides, p. 461.
B. Underside : markings consist of only' discal
and postdiscal transverse lines or bands,
simple or lunular, not catenulated, and
terminal non-annular markings.
a. Underside fore wing : a broad white discal
band P. harterti, p. 466.
b. Underside fore wing: no wbite discal band.
«'. Upperside fore wing : blue or green
markings along lower side of median
vein form a series of short longitu-
dinal streaks at the bases of inter-
spaces 1 to 4 P. phalia, p. 467
b'. Upperside fore wing: blue or green
markings along lower side of median
vein form a continuous outwardly
clavate streak '. P. pediada, p. 469.
22-
A. Underside : markings similar to those of
the males under A in above Key.
o. Upperside fore wing : with more or less
of blue colouring.
a. Upperside fore wing : a yellow discal
patch above blue area.
«2. Upperside hind wing : blue area
comparatively large, consisting of
outwardly broadened streaks in
posterior "interspaces P. hewitsoni, p. 460.
b'-~ Upperside hind wing : blue area
much restricted, reduced to discal
quadrate spots in interspaces 3 and 4. P. erycinoides, p. 462.
b'. Upperside fore wing : no yellow patch ;
blue area large.
«a. Upperside fore wing: subterminal
transverse series of blue spots sepa-
rated by a series of short, terminal,
ochraceous-yellow lines along the
veins , P. Sumatra, p. 463.
460 LYC.SNIDJ3.
b'2. Upperside tore wing: subterminal
transverse series of blue spots with-
out ochraceous short lines between,
separated only by the ground-colour. P. pletirata, p. 464.
/>. Upperside fore wing : without any blue
colouring P. phraattca, p. 46o.
B. Underside : markings similar to the males
under B in above Key *.
«. Upperside : ground-colour yellow P. phalia, p. 467.
b. Upperside : ground-colour brownish black. P. pediada, p. 469.
776. Poritia hewitsoni (PI. XIX, figs. 144 <j, 145 $ ), Moore,
P. Z. S. 1865, p. 77 o, pi. 41, fig. 10 J ; Hewitson, III. Di. Lep.
1878, p. 214, pi. 88, tig. 1 $ ; de N. Butt. Ind. iii, 1890, p.. 39.
d . Upperside : deep velvety black ; posterior halves of both
fore and hind wings more or less shining cobalt-blue that in some
lights turns to brilliant emerald-green. On the fore wing the
blue is restricted to the basal area below the cell, extended in
interspaces 1 a and 1 further towards the terminal margin ; it is
also interrupted in the middle of the latter interspace by an elon-
gate spot of the black ground-colour ; apical half of the wing
crossed beyond apex of cell by a raore or less incomplete curved
series of blue spots which in some specimens are absent, but when
present the subcostal spots form an obliquely placed short bar, the
lower spots remaining well separated. Hind wing: costal and
dorsal margins somewhat broadly fuscous, not velvety black ; blue
area pear-shaped, not extended quite to the termen, with an outer
and inner row of ill-defined small black spots and the anterior
margin indented irregularly by the ground-colour. Underside:
grey, varying from light dove-grey to dark grey, with a faint
brownish tint. Fore and hind wings transversely crossed by
slender zigzag golden-brown lines that are absent along a not very
clearly defined broad medial band. These lines are closer together
on the basal half of the wings and over the whole surface form
more or less broken loops, rings and spots. Fore wing : a sub-
tornal black spot edged internally with yellow and an outer, very
slender, subterminal black line. Hind wing : with a similar sub-
tornal spot and subterminal slender black line, but in addition in
interspaces 1 a, 2 and 3 prominent linear zigzag black markings
within the subterminal line. Antennae, head, thorax and abdomen
dull black ; the antennae speckled with white ; the club yellowish
brown at apex ; beneath : the palpi, thorax and abdomen dull
grey. — $ . Upperside : somewhat similar to that of the c? but
differs as follows : — ground-colour dull fuscous black ; fore wing :
the blue markings similar, but the blue area below the cell much
restricted by the extension of the medial black spot which is
much larger and spreads to the base and on to the dorsal margin
of the wing near the base ; above the blue area there is a con-
spicuous irregular yellow patch and the curved series of blue spots
* The $ P. Jiarterti is unknown.
POEITIA. 461
on the apical portion of the wing may, as in the d" , be present or
absent. Hind wing : the blue pear-shaped area on the posterior
half of the wing reduced to short outwardly broadened streaks,
which are further more or less irregularly interrupted by a trans-
verse patch of the ground-colour ; beyond the streaks there is a
somewhat ill-defined posterior postdiscal series of black spots, darker
than the ground-colour, bordered inwardly by a series of blue
lunules and outwardly by a series of linear, more slender, bluish-
white lunules, followed by a continuous slender terminal yellow
line outwardly margined by black. Cilia of both fore and hind
wings dark brownish black alternated with white. Underside :
similar to that of the c? but the transverse /igzag loops and
broken lines not so clearly defined nor so numerous, broader, more
diffuse, often coalescing one with the other.
Exp. 3 $ 35-40 mm. (1-4-1 -54").
Hob. Himalayas, at comparatively low elevations, from Kumaon
to Sikhim and Bhutan ; Assam ; Chittagong and Arracan hill-
tracts ; the hills of Burma and Tenasserim.
A very variable form both in ground-colour and markings,
especially on the underside.
777. Poritia erycinoides, Felder (Pseudodipsas), Novara Reise, Lep.
ii, p. 259, p. 30, figs. 23, 24 rf .
<$ . Upperside : velvety black. Fore wing : the interspaces poste-
rior to the cell overlaid with rich dark antwerp-blue from their bases
outwards as follows : — interspace 1 a for four-fifths of its length,
interspace 1 for a short distance further but still leaving a terminal
margin of the ground-colour which also indents the apex of the
blue colour in that interspace, interspace 2 for half, 3 for one-third
of their lengths ; in some specimens in interspace 1 there is a short
outwardly directed black streak in the middle of the blue area ;
interspaces 2 and 3 have detached subterminal blue spots ; cell at
base overlaid with blue, the upper edge of which is continued along
the subcostal vein for a short distance ; beyond apex of cell there
is an obliquely-placed preapical series of blue streaks in interspaces
5, 6, 7 and 10 ; those in interspaces 5 and 6 the longest ; some-
times the blue in these is interrupted which gives an appearance
of a streak with a detached spot beyond in each. Hind wing :
posterior half, except the abdominal fold, from base almost to the
termen overlaid with rich antwerp-blue ; this area bears near
the termen a series of three transverse linear, black spots ; costal
margin broadly and abdominal fold fuscous, paler than the black of
the ground-colour ; within the cell touching the subcostal vein is
a comparatively large oval yellowish area which bears an anteriorly
directed tuft of long soft brown hairs (the secondary sex-mark) ;
lastly, an anticiliary jet-black line most prominent opposite the
apical end of the blue area. Cilia of both fore and hind wings
brown, on the latter wing with a more or less interrupted line of
white along their bases. Underside : ground-colour and markings
462 LYCjENIDJE.
very similar to those in some varieties of P. hewitsoni, but the
transverse golden-brown lines are replaced by distinctly broader
ferruginous bands which are also more regular and each edged
inwardly and outwardly with dark brown ; the spot above the
tornal angle on the fore wing fuscous brown not black, large and
diffused, the subtornal spot on the hind wing more broadly edged
on the innerside with ochraceous. Antennae black, the shafts ringed
with white, the apex of the club ochraceous ; the head and abdomen
clothed with brownish hairs and scales, the thorax with greenish
blue pubescence ; beneath : the palpi, thorax and abdomen dull
white, the last with a line of black on each side. — $ . Upperside
brown. Fore wing : the blue markings as in the c? but of a pale
cerulean-blue, the blue in interspaces 2 and 3 succeeded by a discal
patch of ochraceous brown as in some specimens of hewitsoni 5 .
Hind wing : the large posterior blue area in the d reduced to two
discal quadrate spots in interspaces 3 and 4 ; subterminal and
terminal markings as in P. hewitsoni £ • Underside : ground-colour
very pale ochraceous or drab ; markings as in the d but the bands
broader and paler in colour. Antennae as in the c? , head, thorax
and abdomen much paler brown ; beneath : the palpi and thorax
white, the abdomen concolorous with the ground-colour of the
wings.
Exp. <5 $ 36-40 mm. (l'45-l -54").
Hab. Within our limits, Upper Burma : Maymyo, the Southern
Shan States. Described originally from Java.
This appears to be an exceedingly rare form in Burma. I have
personally seen only three males and two females. It seems to
me probable that it is only a variety of P. hewitsoni, Moore, which
is found both in Sikhira and Burma. If the two are identical
Moore's name must be sunk as a synonym of erycinoides. The
chief difference between erycinoides and hewitsoni lies in the shade
of the blue colour on the upperside of the wings in the males,
which is very striking when the two insects are placed side by
side.
778. Poritia sumatrae, Felder (Pseudodipsas), Nanara Reise, Lep. ii,
1865, p. 259, pi. 36, figs. 24, 25, 26, ^ $ ; Distant, Rhop. Malay.
1884, p. 198, pi. 22, ngs. 2, 3, tf $ ; de N. Butt. Ind. iii, 1890,
p. 42, footnote.
cJ . Upperside : velvety black. Fore wing : interspaces 1 a and 1
from base outwards brilliant blue, changing in certain lights to rich
metallic green, this colour in both interspaces stops short before
the termen leaving a slender black margin, in interspace 1 it is
narrowed outwardly, its upper margin from base of vein 3 sloped
straightly outwards as if ruled. Hind wing : the costal margin
broadly, the dorsal margin more narrowly dull brown ; the poste-
rior area from vein 1 to vein 7 and from base to termen brilliant
blue, with a changeful sheen as in the fore wing ; near the base
anteriorly this colour circles round a yellowish oval patch which
POKITIA. 463
bears an anteriorly directed tuft of brown hairs (secondary sex-
mark). Underside : dull brownish-grey. Fore wing : posterior
basal area from dorsura to median vein silky and shining ; a diffuse
blackish spot below cell near base of interspace 1 ; costal margin
above vein 12 brown; cell crossed by four comparatively broad rusty-
red sinuate bars, the basal two of which are limited above and below
by the subcostal and median veins, the third extends below into
the base of interspace 2 and the outer edge of it into interspace 1,
the fourth bar covers the discocellulars and extends to the middle
of interspace 1 ; beyond these are discal and postdiscal transverse
similar bands from a little beyond which the terminal margin
is broadly pale rusty-red ; the transverse bars and bauds mentioned
above are edged inwardly and outwardly with darker ferruginous
red, and the broad rusty-red terminal margin has superposed on it
a transverse series of irregular, slender, inwardly pointed rings of
the ground-colour, one in each interspace, the ring in interspace 1
marked by a dark ferruginous-red spot on its inner side. Hind
wing : transversely traversed by five bands similar to those on the
fore wing, the inner two or three broken and interrupted, the outer
two contorted and bent upwards near the dorsum ; beyond these
bands is an inner subterminal, ill-defined, zigzag, rusty-red narrow
band edged outwardly with dark brown, an outer subterminal
series of dark brown somewhat trident-shaped spots one in each
interspace, and a terminal continuous ferruginous line edged very
narrowly on the inner side with dark brown. Antennae, head,
thorax and abdomen dark brown, the antennae obscurely speckled
with white, the thorax with some long bluish hairs ; beneath : the
palpi white, thorax and abdomen pale ochraceous white. — $.
Underside fore wing : posteriorly from base outwards for three-
fourths of its length below the subcostal vein and vein 4 pale
lilac-purple, the outer margin of this colour very irregular pro-
jecting furthest outwards in interspace 1, beyond it the apex is
broadly, the costal and terminal margins more narrowly brown; the
latter margin carries a subterminal transverse series of pale lilac-
purple spots in the interspaces, separated by broad lines of pale
ochraceous along the apical portions of the veins ; lastly, on the
brown of the apical area is superposed an oblique upper postdiscal
short series of three quadrate purple spots. Hind wing : dark
brown costal margin above vein 7, dorsal margin below vein 1
paler brown, the area between these from base outwards for
three-fourths the length of the wing overlaid with pale lilac-
purple, beyond which is a subterminal series of very dark brown
spots, one in each interspace, edged on the inner side, somewhat
broadly on the outer side more narrowly with purple. Underside:
ground-colour and markings much as in the tf , but the transverse
bands slightly broader and duller in colour.
Exp. d ? 36-42 mm. (1-44-1-66").
Hub. Sumatra ; Malay Peninsula ; just entering into our limits
at the extreme south of Tenasserim.
464
A single broken specimen was in a collection from Southern
Tenasserim sent to me to be named by Mr. K. Macdonald, D.S. of
Police, Burma.
779. Poritia pleurata, Hewitson, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1874, p. 346 ;
Distant, Rhop. Malay. 1884, p. 199, pi. 22, figs. 5, 6, <? $ ; de N.
Butt. 2nd. iii, 1890, p. 40, pi. 26, fig. 160 $ .
cJ . Upperside : velvety black. Fore wing : posterior half from
base outwards and a broad streak that fills the basal three-fourths
of the cell brilliant blue, in certain lights rich metallic green ; the
outer portion of the blue streak in cell narrowly separated from
the blue below the median vein by a short streak of the ground-
colour ; the blue area on the posterior half of the wing fills the
whole of interspaces 1 a, 1 and basal three-fourths of 2 except a
narrow terminal edging of the ground-colour ; the blue is also inter-
rupted by a short, very narrow streak of black along the middle
of vein 1 and another similar but much shorter line along middle
of vein 2. Hind wing : the ground-colour broadly along the costal,
more narrowly along the dorsal margin, paling to dull brown ;
secondary sex-mark of a tuft of anteriorly directed hairs brown,
placed on an oval yellowish patch ; posterior portion of the wing
brilliant blue with the same changeable sheen as on the fore wing ;
this colour widening outwards from a comparatively narrow streak
at base till on the termen it extends from vein 1 to vein 5 ; inter-
rupted only by an ill-defined, incomplete, subterminal series of
narrow transverse spots of the ground-colour. Cilia of both fore
and hind wings black. Underside: very pale silvery -grey with
numerous markings of rusty-brown as follows : — Fore wing : cell
crossed by four or five short catenulated bars that do not extend
below the median vein ; a transverse very irregular narrow band
along the discocellulars continued to vein 1, this is widened and
forms a sort of double streak between veins 2 and 4 ; beyond
there is a discal sinuate irregular catenulated band each link of
which is inwardly conical, a similar postdiscal band each link
of which is ontwardly conical, and between the latter and the
termen a series of more or less diamond-shaped spots of the
ground-colour within each of which are some ill-defined brown
markings and in the posterior spot of all a black smaller spot
inwardly crowned with ochraceous. Hind wing : crossed by five
or six catenulated transverse bands similar to those on the fore
wing but all more or less sinuate, broken and interrupted; beyond
these an inner, subterminal, irregular, transverse zigzag band
ending in a small black spot near the tornus which is broadly edged
on the inner side with ochraceous yellow, an outer subterminal series
of large, very irregular, inwardly pointed spots and a slender
articiliary black line. Antenna?, head, thorax and abdomen
black, the antennae ochraceous at apex, the thorax with a few
bluish hairs ; beneath : the palpi, thorax and abdomen white. —
5 . Upperside : dark brownish-black. Fore wing : blue markings
somewhat as in the tf but the blue is very pale, not at all brilliant,
POBITIA. 465
of a slightly purplish tint and more restricted towards the base of
the wing so that a much broader outer margin of the ground-
colour is left, this however, is transversely traversed by a curved
series of five or six blue spots. Hind wing : blue markings much
as in the cT , but of the same pale shade as on the fore wing ; post-
discally this colour is interrupted in interspaces 1, 2 and 3 by
prominent, conical, inwardly-pointed spots of the ground-colour,
beyond which is a series of three subterminal blue lunules enclosing
three large conical spots between them, and a terminal blue line ;
the brownish-black ground-colour anterior and posterior to the
blue area is carried uninterruptedly to the extreme margin of
the wing. Underside : as in the <3 , but the transverse bands
broader and paler. Antennae, head, thorax and abdomen similar
to those of the J but brown, not black on the upperside.
Exp. rf $ 36-40 mm. (1-44-1 -54").
Hob. Described originally from Singapore ; extends northwards
through Tenasserim to Lower Burma.
The description above is taken from Tenasserim specimens ;
further south the ground-colour on the underside is darker, the
transverse bands more regular.
780. Poritia phraatica, Heivitson, III. Di. Lep. 1878, p. 214, pi. 88,
fig. 2 $; Distant, Rhop. Malay. 1884, p. 199, pi. 21, fig. 21 rf,
pi. 24, fig. 8 $ ; Ehves $ de N., J. A. S. B. 1886, p. 430; Moore,
Jour. Linn. Soc., Zool. xxi, 1886, p. 38 ; de N. Butt. 2nd. iii,
1890, p. 41.
c? . " Allied to the g of P. Sumatra, Felder, but larger, and
with the black area of the fore wing on the upperside smaller, its
inner margin somewhat concavely occupying the end of the cell,
after which it is more or less convexly continued to the first
median nervules and is then marginally continued to the angle,
where there is a short black streak along the submediau nervure.
Underside : both wings with the markings closely resembling those
of P. sumatrce, but much paler in hue." (Distant.)
$• Upperside: brown. Fore wing : a medial longitudinal broad
streak that does not reach either the base or terinen of the wing
and is outwardly widened, bright rich yellow ; cilia brown. Hind
wing : a narrow transverse, in some specimens broken streak
crosses the middle of the wing from vein 1 to vein 6 ; beyond
which is an ill-defined, subterminal, black band more or less obso-
lescent anteriorly, with superposed yellow spots in interspaces
1 to 4, sometimes restricted to interspaces 2 and 3, and a slender
white edging ; cilia brown alternated with white. Underside :
silvery white ; markings very similar to those in P. hewitsoni $ ,
but pale brown, not ferruginous, more irregular and more slender.
Antennae, head, thorax and abdomen brown ; the shafts of the
antennae speckled with white ; beneath : the palpi, thorax and
abdomen white.
Exp. " rf 1-10-1-4 inches," $ 39 mm. (1-50").
VOL. II. 2 H
466 LYC.ENIDJE.
Hal. Tenasseriin : Ponsekai, Mergui ; extending to the Malay
Peninsula.
I have not seen a rf of this form ; the description of the $ is
from the type.
781. Poritia harterti, Doherty (Massaga), J. A. S. B. 1889, p. 128 ;
de N. Butt. Ltd. iii, 1890, p. 43.
" c? • Upperside : both wings black ; markings seen from above
lustrous sea-green, from any other direction more or less bluish,
the tips of the scales being blue and slightly tilted downwards.
Fore wing with six submarginal spots, the upper five small and
subequal, arranged in a linear series, the lower slightly nearer the
base, oblong and much larger than the others ; a slender oblique
fascia beyond the cell, divided by the discoidal nervules into three
parts, the lowest longest : a stripe along the lower side of the
median nervure extending to the base, a small part of it lying
beyond the first median nervule which divides it ; beyond this a
wide transverse discal spot divided by the second median nervule
into two portions outwardly, another stripe along the hind margin
almost from the base, the outer end inclined upwards with a
minute spot above its termination, separated from it by the
submedian nervure. Hind wing with a large pale costal area;
a tuft of long hairs appressed in the direction of the apex placed
on a gland which forms a raised elliptical line on the underside
above the origin of the first subcostal nervule ; four submarginal
spots, a diffused one extending from the median nervure halfway
to the submedian nervure ; a large obliquely-semicircular one,
dark in the middle, in the first median interspace, a narrow
crescent close to the marginal black line in the third median
interspace and a small diffused spot in the next interspace,
partly united with the upper discal spot ; three discal spots, one
occupying the submedian interspace from its base constricted in
the middle, the end clavate and occupying the whole breadth
of the interspace ; beyond this two spots of moderate size in
the median interspaces discally. Underside : both wings rufous
brown with a slight bluish gloss. Fore wing : with a broad white
band beyond the cell from the costa (where it is narrowest) almost
to the hind margin ; beyond it a broad space of darker richer
brown, then a row of seven delicate whitish transverse sub-
marginal streaks, of which the upper three are most distinct,
crescent-shaped, the others obscure and irregular ; beyond these
a paler space with three whitish streaks parallel with and close
to the upper three of the inner series ; margin chestnut-brown ;
cilia chiefly light. Hind wing : basal part unmarked ; a broad
white band crossing the wing from the costa occupying the outer
third of the cell, its inner margin well defined and but slightly
irregular ; the disc is covered with large rufous-brown markings
in two very irregular series; the first four (those above the
POEITIA. 467
discoidal nervure) on a white gi-ound, the others on a ground
obscurely clouded with violet and whitish scales ; two of these
spots in the inner series and the median interspaces are much
larger than the others, the outer one quadrate ; a dark wavy
outer discal line extends in a white ground to the third median
nervule where it is interrupted, and from there to the anal angle
on a whitish ground ; marginal line orange-brown, bordered
inwardly by a silvery line between which and the wavy discal
line are, in the second median interspace, a blackish area, in the
first median interspace a grey area, and thence to the anal angle
a blackish line, inwardly bordered with reddish ; cilia basally grey,
outwardly dark.
" Prom P. phalena, Hewitson, from Singapore, of which it
seems to be the northern representative, it differs in the narrow
streak below the cell in the fore wing with the bifid spot beyond
it and in the long mark in the hind wing. The hind wing below
is quite different, much less white, the discal spots larger and of
the general ground-colour, the submarginal spots absent and the
apical rufous-brown space greatly reduced." (Doherty.)
Exp. " c? 1-3 inches."
Hcib. " Upper Assam."
Unknown to me. I believe a single specimen was procured by
Mr. Doherty and so far as I know it has not been taken since.
782. Poritia phalia, Hewitson, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1874, p. 345, J:
id. III. Di. Lep. 1878, p. 216, pi. 88, figs. 10, 11, rf.
Poritia potina, Heivitson, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1874, p. 347, $ ; id. 111.
Di. Lep. 1878, p. 215, pi. 88, figs. 6, 7, <j>; Doherty (Massaga),
J. A. S. B. 1889, p. 431, pi. 23, fig. 3 rf ; de N. Butt. Ind. iii,
1890, p. 44.
Simiskina fulgens, Distant, Entomologist, xix, 1886, p. 12 ; id. Rliop.
Malay. 1884, p. 450, pi. 42, fig. 3 £ .
c£ . Upperside: velvety black. Fore wing: with the following
rich antwerp-blue markings : — an oblong spot in the middle of
interspace 1 a, a spot above its outer end in interspace 1, a series
of spots touching the median vein and filling the bases of inter-
spaces 1 to 3, two elongate spots beyond apex of cell and a
slightly curved postdiscal series of marks, the anterior two small
and macular, the posterior larger and more or less hastate with
their points inwards, the one in interspace 1 the largest. Hind
wing : costa broadly very pale brown, the secondary sex-mark of
an anteriorly directed tuft of hairs concolorous with this pale area ;
dorsal margin paler posteriorly ; interspace 1 filled with an elon-
gate broad streak subinterrupted postdiscally and not continued
quite to the terminal edge ; interspace 2 with a short outwardly
diffuse streak at base, an outwardly conical elongate spot in the
middle followed by a subterminal lunular spot ; interspace 3 with
similar middle and subterminal spots — all these markings of a
blue similar to that on the fore wing. Cilia of both fore and hind
2H2
468 LYC2ENIDJE.
wings brown. Underside ferruginous. Fore wing : a broad pale
area in the middle posteriorly, a short line on the discocellulars,
a sinuate short vertical discal line not reaching the dorsum,
a postdiscal very obscure similar line from costa to dorsum and a
narrow terminal edging ferruginous, of a shade darker than the
ground-colour ; the transverse area enclosed between the discal
and postdiscal dark ferruginous lines slightly paler towards the
inner side, the apex beyond the postdiscal line also pale before
the terminal edging. Hind wing : darkest on the costal area near
base ; a pale diffuse patch at apex of cell, a short line on the
discocellulars, a discal curved lunular broken band, a transverse
postdiscal ill-defined broader baud followed by a sinuate line and
a broad terminal edging, dark ferruginous. Antennae, head, thorax
and abdomen fuscous black, the shafts of the antennae ringed with
white ; beneath : the palpi, thorax and abdomen white tinged
with ocbraceous. — $ . Upperside : rich ochraceous orange. Fore
wing : the apex from the middle of the costa outwards dark
brown, this colour continued as a well-defined broad band to the
tornus and diffusely along the dorsum to the base of the wing, quite
filling interspaces 1 a and 1 and crossing over the vein above into
interspace 2. Hind wing : shaded broadly along the dorsal area
with dark brown ; an incomplete series of subterminal dark
brown spots that become obsolescent anteriorly. Underside :
darker ochraceous. Fore and hind wings : with transverse fer-
ruginous lines and bands as in the <3 , but no pale patches either
on the fore or the hind wings. Antennae brown, the shafts ringed
with white as in the cf ; head, thorax and abdomen ochraceous
brown ; beneath : the palpi, thorax and abdomen paler.
Exp. 3 $ 40-43 mm. (1-54-1-68").
Hob. Within our limits, Tenasserim : the Ataran and Thaun-
gyin Valleys, Tavoy ; the Malay Peninsula.
A rare insect ; I got a d1 at the foot of Nawalabo Mountain,
Tavoy District, one $ in the Thaungyin Valley, and another
which was sent to me from the
Ataran Valley by Mr. C. W. Allan,
of the Burma Forest Department.
The latter two differ from the
type-specimen described by Hewit-
son as follows : — Ground - colour
much paler with a bright ochraceous
yellow both on upper and under-
sides. Fore wing on the upperside :
brown markings much restricted,
confined to a terminal series of very
large quadrate spots in the inter-
spaces broadly divided by the veins which are lined with ochraceous
yellow. Hind wing immaculate. Underside : fore and hind wings :
markings precisely similar to those of the typical $ .
PORITIA. 469
783. Poritia pediada, Hewitson, Ent. Month. Mag. xiii, 1877, p. 223 •
id. III. Di. Lep. 1878, p. 218, pi. 89, figs. 21, 22, $ ; Distant,
Rhop. Malay. 1884, p. 200, pi. 22, fig. 16 9: Doherty (Massaga),
J. A. S. B. 1889, p. 430, pi. 23, fig. 15 J.
d . Upperside : velvety black, with the following rich green
markings which in certain lights assume a bluish tint : — Fore
wing : an outwardly clavate streak along the lower side of the
median vein ; a small spot above it in the cell ; a slender streak
from base in interspace 1 a that meets an oblique elongate spot in
the middle of interspace 1 ; a short upper discal, slightly oblique,
maculate band that extends from just below the costa to vein 5
and is divided by the black veins • lastly, a transverse complete
subterminal series of spots, the subtornal spot large, outwardly
emarginate, the others smaller, subequal. Hind wing : a broad
streak in interspace 1 not reaching the termen, with an inden-
tation of the black ground-colour anteriorly at about two-thirds
of its length ; a postdiscal elongate spot in interspace 2, another
similar spot in interspace 3 and a terminal posterior series of
inwardly conical spots, the spot in interspace 1 with a transverse
spot above between it and the apex of the streak ; costal margin
fuscous brown ; abdominal fold paler brown. Underside : purplish
brown. Fore wing : a discal irregular and interrupted band of
pinkish-white spots ; a postdiscal, sinuate, somewhat lunular,
narrow, similarly coloured band followed by a terminal bright
ferruginous edging, the area between the postdiscal band and the
terminal edging much paler purplish brown posteriorly than the
ground-colour of the rest of the wing. Hind wing : basal third
darker purple-brown, the outer margin of this dark area irregular ;
an obscure, rufous-brown, medial, lunular band followed by a post-
discal, sinuate, curved dark line and a ferruginous terminal edging
bordered inwardly by a very slender, obscure, silvery-white line ;
the space between the dark basal area and the postdiscal line
irrorated more or less with whitish scales ; beyond the postdiscal
line there is on the terminal margin posteriorly a very obscure faint
transverse series of dark lunules. Antennae black, shafts ringed
with white ; head, thorax and abdomen very dark brown ; beneath :
the palpi, thorax and abdomen whitish ochraceous. — 5 • Upper-
side : dark plum- brown. Fore wing : uniform, immaculate. Hind
wing : also uniform and immaculate, except for an exceedingly
slender subterminal white line that extends from vein 1 to 4.
Cilia of both fore and hind wings brown. Underside : paler plum-
brown. Fore wing : dorsal area medially pale ; transverse, sinuate,
discal and postdiscal slender whitish bands ; the former single,
vertical, extended from vein 4 to dorsum : the latter double, the
outer line of the band very faint, the space between the inner and
outer lines darker than the ground-colour ; beyond this the terminal
margin is brighter, almost ferruginous-brown at the apices of the
interspaces. Hind wing : medial and dorsal areas pale, somewhat
470
purplish ; a discal curved series of ferruginous-brown lunules,
followed by a postdiscal, curved, whitish sinuate line edged out-
wardly by a more slender dark line ; this latter is most clearly
defined posteriorly ; finally, a very slender subterminal silvery
white line that becomes obsolescent anteriorly. Antennae, head,
thorax and abdomen much as in the tf, but paler on both upper
and undersides.
Exp. 6 2 34-36 mm. (1-45-1-48").
Hab. Tenasserim : Mergui ; the Malay Peninsula.
The $ of this form and that of P. phalia have the termen of
the hind wing indented above vein 4, with the apex of that vein
produced and broadly dentate. In fact very like in outline to the
hind wing of Abisara angulata.
Genus ZARONA.
Zarona, de Nictville, Butt, Ind. iii, 1890, p. 34.
Type, Z. jasoda, de Niceville, from Burma.
Range. Burma; Siara.
cf 5 . Fore wing : costa very slightly arched ; apex subacute ;
termen slightly convex ; dorsura nearly straight, slightly convex
in d1 , quite straight in $ , about four-fifths the length of the
costa ; cell about half length of wing ; veins 3 and 4 from its
lower apex, veins 5, 6 and 7 from its upper apex, so closely
approximate at base that practically there is no upper or middle
discocellular, the lower discocellular long, erect ; vein 8 from
apical third of 7, vein 9 from basal half of 7 ; vein 10 from apical
fourth of subcostal; vein 11 very short, anastomosed with vein 12
soon after origin ; vein 12 terminates on costal margin not
opposite to but well beyond upper apex of cell. Hind wing:
subtriangular ; costa strongly arched at base then nearly straight
to apex ; apex rounded ; termen very slightly arched, nearly
straight, slightly and bluntly dentate at the apices of the veins
posteriorly; tornus bluntly angulate; dorsum long, slightly
convex ; cell about half length of wing ; veins 3 and 4 from lower
apex of cell or from a point a little beyond ; vein 5 closer to 6 at
base than to 4 ; vein 7 nearer to vein 6 than to base of wing ;
vein 8 strongly arched at base, terminates at apex of wing ; pre-
costal area wide at the humeral angle. Antennae about half
length of wing, gradually incrassate, club flattened beneath ; palpi
stout, porrect, thickly scaled anteriorly, not fringed with hairs,
third joint short ; eyes naked ; legs short and stout ; body robust.
c? without any secondary sex-mark.
Only two forms have been described or recorded from within
our limits, and as one is in all probability the $ of the other, a
key to the forms is not necessary.
ZARONA. 471
784. Zarona jasoda (PL XX, fig. 153), de N., J. A. S. B. 1888, p. 280,
pi. 14, fig. 5 <$ ; id. Butt. Ind. iii, 1890. p. 34, pi. 25, fig. 144 tf ;
Elwes, P. Z. S. 1892, p. 620.
d" . Upperside : velvety black, with the following rich aritwerp-
blue markings : — Fore wing : a streak in interspace 1 a from base
for three-fourths of its length, a very broad elongate spot above its
apex in interspace 1 extended further towards the termen, a series
of elongate spots or short streaks along the lower side of the
median vein in interspaces 1, 2 and 3, and three minute obliquely
placed upper discal spots in interspaces 4, 5 and 6. Hind wing :
streaks from base that do not reach the termen in interspaces 1
and 2 greatly broadened outwardly, where they spread into inter-
spaces 3 and 4 ; along the apical edge these streaks bear three or
four superposed oval black spots ; base and dorsal margin thickly
covered with long fuscous hairs ; costal and dorsal margins broadly
pale. Underside : silky golden brown. Fore and hind wings :
transversely crossed by an irregular, sinuate, discal, dark reddish-
brown line edged on the outer side with white, followed by some
obscure, pale, terminal markings and a slender dark ferruginous
anticiliary line ; tornal area of hind wing with a slight irroration
of white scales, a slender, short, transverse black line and a sub-
terminal black spot crowned inwardly with ochraceous in inter-
space 1. Cilia brown, on the hind wing alternated with white.
Antennae black tipped with ochraceous, the shafts ringed with
white ; head and thorax with gi'eenish pubescence ; abdomen
brown ; beneath : palpi and thorax sullied white, abdomen
ochraceous.
Exp. ^ 34 mm. (1-45").
JJab. Burma: Tenasserim.
785. Zarona zanella, de Niceville, Butt. Ind. iii, 1890, p. 3o, frontispiece
%. 125$.
$ . Upper side : brown. Fore wing : interspaces 1 a, 1 to 4 for
more than half their length from base outwards and the posterior
half of the cell overlaid with rich purplish blue ; a dark brown
transverse spot on the discocellulars. Hind wing : a medial patch
that occupies interspace 1 from base outwards for about two-thirds
of its length and basal halves of interspaces 2 to 4 purplish blue ;
costa and abdominal fold pale brown. Underside : ground-colour
similar to that of Z. jasoda. Fore and hind wings : transversely
crossed as in that form by a dark ferruginous discal line, but
unlike that in jasoda, not edged outwardly with white and more
irregular, more broken and interrupted, especially on the hind
wing; terminal obscure markings much as in jasoda and a broader
anticiliary similarly coloured line. Cilia of fore and hind wings
brown, not alternated with white on the hind wings. Antennae
472
dark brown, ochraceous at apex, shafts ringed with white ; head,
thorax and abdomen as in jasoda, but paler on the upperside.
Exp. 2 38 mm. (1-48").
Hob. Tenasserim.
I have very little doubt that this form is only the $ of jasoda,
but the type from which the above description is drawn is the
only known specimen ; I therefore provisionally keep it under
de Niceville's name. I caught the above specimen in January
1882 in the Meple Valley on the frontier between Tenasserim
and Siara.
ALPHABETICAL INDEX.
aberrans (Nacaduba),
alsus (Zizera), 355.
ariaca (Metaporia), 164.
395.
alteratus (Tarucus), 417.
ariana (Polyommatus).
abrisa (Papilio), 68.
amasene (Papilio), 183.
341.
acco (Parnassius), 128.
amata (Colotis), 261.
aristeus anticrates (Pa-
acheron (Papilio), 106.
amba (Pieris). 188.
pilio), 104.
actius, var. himaiayensis
(Parnassius), 118.
amboides (Appias), 188.
ananda (Castalius), 423.
aristeus hermocrates (Pa-
pilio), 104.
adamsoni (Catophaga),
Anaphseis, 155.
aristeus (Papilio), 104.
213.
ancon (Gerydus), 291.
aristolochiae (Papilio),
adamsoni (Papilio), 29.
ancyra (Nacaduba), 395.
20.
seacus (Papilio), 15.
andamana (Huphina),
aristolochia3,tw. camorta
ffiliamis (Hesperia), 404.
188.
(Papilio), 20.
aesopus (Curetis), 435.
andamana (Ixias), 195.
Armaiidia, 3.
agamemnon decoratus
andersoni (Terias), 254.
arne (Pontia), 264.
(Papilio), 108.
andrea (Appias), 203.
asiatica (Lycana), 352.
agamemnon (Papilio),
andrea (Colias), 203.
asiatica (Papilio), 36.
108.
androgeos (Papilio), 47.
asphodelus (Terias), 250.
agathon (Aporia), 163.
angulata (Curetis), 441.
asphodelus, rar. narcis-
agenor (Papilio), 47.
agestor govindra (Papi-
Anops, 435.
Anthocharis, 179.
sus (Terias), 250.
astorion (Papilio), 25.
lio), 70.
anticrates (Papilio), 104.
astrarche (Lyecena), 337.
agestor (Papilio), 70.
antiphates alcibiades
atkinsoni (Koramins),
agetes (Papilio), 100.
(Papilio), 97.
123.
aglaia (Delias), 145.
antiphates ceylonicus
atkinsoni (Parnassius),
agniverna (Ixias), 196.
(Papilio), 97.
123.
agoranis (Delias), 147.
antiphates continentalis
atrata (Nacaduba), 381,
agostina (Delias), 147.
(Papilio), 97.
388.
aidoneus (Papilio), 26.
antiphates (Papilio), 97.
augustus (Parnassius),
airavati (Castalius), 426.
aperta (Appias), 203.
127
ajaka (Pieris), 173.
Aphrodite, 259.
aurigenea (Belenois),
akasa (Cyaniris), 318.
apicalis (Terias), 250.
155.
alberta (Callosume), 271.
apollo (Parnassius), 116.
australis (Hebomoia),
albidisca (Cyaniris), 325.
Aporia, 160.
274.
albidisca (Pathalia), 313.
Appias, 197.
avatar (Pareronia), 277.
albina (Appias), 212.
arcturus (Papilio), 87.
axion (Papilio), 106.
albocserulea (Cyaniris),
arcuata ^Curetis), 437.
Azanus, 361.
321.
ardates (Nacaduba), 391.
alcibiades (Papilio), 97.
ares (Appias), 200.
alcinous (Papilio), 34.
argiades (Everes), 378.
Baltia, 158.
alkamah (Allotinus),
argiolus (Cyaniris), 315.
balucha (Aporia), 162.
300.
Allotinus, 296.
argiolus (Lycsena), 333.
argyridina (Hyposcritia),
balucha (Lycsena), 340.
balucha (Parnassius),
alpherakii (Colias), 239.
208.
131.
474
ALPHABETICAL INDEX.
bathycles chiron (Papi-
lio), 108.
caunus danisepa (Papi-
lio), 79.
clytia panope (Papilio)
75.
bathycles (Papilio), 107.
baton (Papilio). 351.
cauuus (Papilio), 79.
celeno (Lampides), 396,
clytia (Papilio), 75.
clytioides (Chilasa), 75.
belemia (Synchloe), 179.
404.
cnejus (Catochrysops),
Belenois, 155.
cerberus (Papilio), 14.
415.
belia (Synchloe), 180.
cevlanica (Pareronia),
ccelesttna (Cyaniris), 332.
belladonna (Delias), 148.
281.
ccelestis (Nacaduba), 393.
bengalensis (Lycames-
cevlonica (Menelaides),
colaba (Ixias), 193.
thes), 373.
20.
Colias, 232.
berinda (Thyca), 148.
chatnanica (Lycaena),
Colotis, 259.
berylla (Colias), 236.
343.
commixta (Chilasa), 75.
Bhutanitis, 3.
chandala (Polyommatus),
compacta (Nepheronia),
bhutea (Nacaduba), 386.
355.
280.
bianor (Papilio), 82.
chaon (Papilio), 59.
contracta (Lampides),
biggsii (Gerydus), 295.
charicles (Papilio), 49.
415.
bochus (Lampides), 398.
charino (Parnassius),
contubernalis (Terias),
bochus, race nicobarieus
121.
250.
(Jamides), 398.
charltonius (Parnassius),
copia (Pieris), 184.
boeticus (Polyommatus),
126.
coronis (Huphina), 181.
432.
chennelli (Cyaniris), 327.
coronis (Papilio), 183.
boisduvali (Gerydus),
chentsong (Papilio), 33.
coruscans (Lampides),
292.
Chilades, 364.
400.
bootes (Papilio), 56.
chinensis (Miletus). 292.
crameri (Azanus), 363.
brama (Papilio), 88.
chiron (Papilio), 108.
crassipes (Papilio), 34.
brassie-E (Pieris), 170.
chitralensis (Colias), 230.
crategi (Aporia), 160.
brassolis (Liphyra), 452.
brindaba (Dercas), 227.
chitralensis(Gonepteryx),
230.
creona (Anaphseis), 155.
crino (Papilio), 90.
buddba (Papilio), 89.
chitraleusis (Parnassius),
crino, var. montauus
bulis (Curetis), 441.
118.
(Papilio), 90.
butleri (Baltia), 159.
chloridice (Pieris), 177.
crissa (Cyaniris), 324.
christophi (Lycaena), 346.
crocale (Catopsilia), 219.
chrysasa (Saletara), 217.
croceus (Colias), 243.
cacharensis (Papilio), 23.
chryseis (Papilio), 221.
croton (Gerydus). 294.
Calais (Papilio). 261.
chumbiensis (Pieris),
cumballa (Ixias), 196.
callidice (Pieris), 178.
174.
Curetinae, 434.
Callidryas, 218.
ingala (Huphina), 188.
Curetis, 435.
callinara (Tarucus), 417.
iiigala (Terias). 246.
curiosus (Terias), 250,
Callosume, 259.
ingalensis (Ixiac), 193.
255.
camorta(Menelaides), 20.
itrina (Ixias), 195.
curias (Leptocircus), 6.
camorta (Papilio), 20.
itrina (Terias), 257.
cyanescens (Cyaniris),
canidia (Pieris), 172.
laroc (Papilio), 73.
326.
caphusa (Metaporia),
lemanthe (Prioneris),
Cyaniris, 315.
164.
153.
cymbia (Niphanda), 370.
carnifex (Teracolus), 262.
caschmirensis (Papilio),
cloanthus (Papilio), 110.
clytia, ab. casyapa (Pa-
cypraea (Papilio), 261.
cyrus (Papilio), 61.
95.
pilio), 75.
cashmirensis (Scolitan-
clytia, ab. cornmixtus
tides), 351.
casimirus (Teracolus),
(Papilio), 75.
clytia, ab. dissimilis (Pa-
daksha (Papilio), 41.
dana (Nacaduba), 386.
270.
pilio), 75.
danae (Colotis), 271.
cassida (Papilio), 184.
Castalius, 421.
clytia, ab. janus (Papilio),
75.
danisepa (Papilio), 79.
dapha (Appias), 184.
castor mehala (Papilio),
clytia, ab. papone (Papi-
daphalis (Synchloe), 180.
66.
lio), 75.
daplidice (Pieris), 175.
castor (Papilio), 66.
clytia flavolimbatus (Pa-
darada (Pieris), 212.
casyapa (Papilio), 75.
catilla (Papilio), 219.
pilio), 75.
clytia lankeswara, ab.
clarsius (Papilio), 17.
dasarada (Papilio), 31.
Catochrysops, 410.
clytoides (Papilio), 75.
deciclia (Castalius), 429.
Catophaga, 197.
Catopsilia, 218.
clytia lankeswara (Papi-
lio), 75.
decipiens (Dercas), 227.
decoratus (Papilio), 108.
ALPHABETICAL INDEX.
475
Delias, 139.
ellisi (Polyotnmatus),
flavolimbata (Chilasa),
delphius (Parnassius),
349.
75.
123.
elna (Castalius), 430.
flavolimbatus (Papilio),
delphius, race whitei
elpis (Lampides), 407.
75.
(Parnassius), 123.
emolus (Lyctcnesthes),
florella (Catopsilia),
delphius, var. bunza
373.
223.
(Parnassius), 123.
eogene (Colias), 241.
fraterna (Nepheronia),
delphius, var. stenose-
eogene miranda (Colias),
280.
mus (Parnassius), 123.
242.
fraterna (Terias), 250.
delphius, var. stoliczka-
eogene, var. stoliczkana
frequens (Ixias), 193.
nus (Parnassius), 123.
(Colias), 242.
fugitiva (Lycasna), 339.
demoleus malayanus
epaminondas (Papilio),
fulgens (Pithecops),
(Papilio), 39.
97.
308.
demoleus (Papilio), 39.
deruolion liomedon
epaphus (Parnassius),
120.
fulgens (Simiskina),
467.
(Papilio), 44.
epaphus, var. cacheuii-
fulvia (Idmais), 266.
demolion (Papilio), 44.
riensis (Parnassius),
fuscus (Papilio), 59.
dentata (Curetis), 441.
120.
fuscus prexaspes
depalpura (Ixias), 196.
epaphus, var. sikkimen-
(Papilio), 59.
Dercas, 225.
sis (Parnassius), 120.
descombesi (Delias),
epius (Spalgis), 311.
gsea (Eronia), 278.
144.
devaca (Thyca), 142.
epycides (Papilio), 71.
erate (Colias), 234.
gaika (Zizera), 359.
galathea (Appias), 211.
devanica ( Lycaena), 344.
erithonius (Papilio), 39.
galathea (Lycsena), 348.
devta (Mancipiuin), 175.
Eronia, 276.
galba (Tachyris), 202.
devta (Pieris), 171, 175.
eros (Lycaena), 340.
galene (Catophaga),
dharma (Pithecops),
erycinoides (Poritia),
210.
309.
461.
galene (Pieris), 212.
dharmsalne (Ixias), 193.
ethion (Castalius), 426.
gamra (Lycsena), 363.
dilecta (Cyaniris), 331.
ethire (Delias), 142.
ganesa (Papilio), 83.
diluta (Lycama), 355.
etrida (Colotis), 270.
Ganoris, lt>7.
diphilus (Papilio), 20.
eucharis (Colotis), 268.
gaura (Parapitheuops),
dipora (Lycaena), o78.
eucharis (Delias), 141.
309.
dirus (Teracolus), 271.
Euchloe, 179.
Gerydinae, 287.
discalis (Curetis), 441.
eurypylus axion
Gerydus, 288.
dissimilis (Papilio), 75.
(Papilio), 106.
gladiator (Papilio), 82.
dissiuiilis, var. flavolim-
batus (Papilio), 75.
eurypylus jason
(Papilio), 106.
glaucippe (Hebomoia),
274.
doddsi (Papilio), 81.
eurypylus (Papilio).
glauconome (Pieris),
Doritis, 116.
106.
176.
doson (Papilio), 106.
doubledayi cacharensis
evagete (Papilio), 184.
evan (Papilio), 91.
gliciria (Pieris), 172.
gloriosa (Curetis), 437.
(Papilio), '23.
Everes, 377.
glycerion cashmirensis
doubledayi (Papilio), 23.
evippe (Papilio), 193.
"(Papilio), 95.
dravidarum (Papilio),
excavata (Terias), 250.
glycerion (Papilio), 94.
68.
extricatus (Tarucus),
gnoina (Lycasna), 367.
drona (Terias), 247.
417.
gnoma (Papilio), 221.
drumila (Allotinus),
Gonepteryx, 228.
297.
gorgophone (Callidryas),
dubernardi (Pieris), 174.
farinosa (Rhodocera),
224.
clubia (Colias), 239.
229.
govindra (Papilio). 70.
dubius (Teracolus), 265.
farrinus (Teracolus),
gunga (Megisba), 313.
dulcis (Teracolus), 271.
270.
gyas (Papilio), 92.
durvasa (Pieris), 208.
fausta (Colotis), 266.
dynaiuene (Pontia), 261.
faustina (Idmais), 266.
hamada (Taraka), 312.
felderi (Curetis), 441.
hamatus (Castalius),
fieldi (Colias), 243.
429.
edusa (Papilio), 243.
egialea (Delias), 139.
figulina (Pieris), 202.
fimbriata (Terias), 250.
hampsoni (Nacaduba),
387.
elephenor (Papilio), 80.
ella (Catochrysops), 415.
flava (Callidryas), 219.
flavalba (Delias), 148.
hapalina (Catochrysops),
415.
476
ALPHABETICAL INDEX.
hardwickei (Parnassius),
icarus (Lycaena), 339.
jhoda (Ixias), 193.
121.
icarus, var. persica
jophon (Papilio), 22.
bardwickii, var. albicans
(Lycffina), 339.
jynteana (Cyaniris), 328.
(Parnassius), 121.
Idmais, 259.
harina (Terias), 249.
immaculatus (Tera-
Kailasius, 116.
harrietae (Aporia), 166.
colus), 271.
kala (Everes), 380.
harterti (Poritia), 466.
imperator augustus
kalora (Pieris), 178.
Hebomoia, 273.
(Parnassius), 127.
kana (Terias), 250.
hecabe (Terias), 244,
imperator (Parnassius),
kandha (Delias), 146.
250.
127.
kandura (Polyommatus),
hecabeoides (Terias),
imperatrix (Teino-
365.
250.
palpus), 9.
kakena (Lampides), 407.
hector (Papilio), 19.
imperialis, race himalai-
karsandra (Polyomma-
helena cerberus
cus (Teinopalpus), 8.
tus), 357-
(Troides), 14.
imperialis (TeinopaL-
kasaula (Ixias), 193.
helena (Papilio), 14.
helenus (Charus), 41.
pus), 8.
indica (Delias), 142.
kashgara (Polyom-
matus), 339.
helenus daksha
indiea (Lycsena), 360.
kashmirensis (Papilio),
(Papilio), 41.
indicus (Papilio), 114.
95.
helenus mooreanus
indicus (Paranticopsis),
kashmira(Polyommatus),
(Papilio), 42.
114.
332.
helenus (Papilio), 41.
indra (Appias), 205.
kennedii (Teracolus),
heliaconoides (Ornitho-
indroides (Pieris), 216.
262.
ptera), 14.
insignis (Miletus), 297.
kerriana (Nacaduba),
helichta (Colias), 234.
intermissus (Teracolus),
384.
heliophila (Terias), 257.
265.
kinkurka (Lampides),
helios (Hypermnestra),
interruptus (Castalius),
404.
131.
429.
kollari (Lycasna), 332.
helios, var. maxima
Iphias, 273.
kondulaiia (Lampides),
(Hypermnestra), 131.
iranica (Pieris), 176.
409.
hermocrates (Papilio),
iris (Lycffina), 337.
Koramius, 116.
104.
irregularis (Terias), 250.
krishna (Papilio), 86.1
hermus (Nacaduba),
irroratus (Gerydus),
krueperi (Pieris), 175.
394.
2195.
kurava (Lycasna), 388.
hewitsoni (Poritia), 460.
irroratus, var. assamen-
hierta (Delias), 142.
sis (Gerydus), 295.
himalaicns (Teitio-
irvinii (Appias), 200.
lacteata (Lampides), 401.
palpus), 8.
Ismene, 131.
ladakensis (Colias), 236.
himalayenais (Gone-
ismene (Doritis), 131.
ladakensis (Papilio),
pteryx), 229.
iswara (Papilio), 43.
36.
Hiposcritia, 197.
itamputi (Papilio), 97.
Lade, 216.
hippia (Pareronia), 278.
ithiela (Thyca), 148.
laestrygonum (Papilio),
hippo (Appias), 203.
Ixias, 192.
97.
hippoides (Appias), 203.
la;ta (Terias), 248.
hippoides, var. epicoena
jacquemonti (Parnas-
lagela (Appias), 208.
(Appias), 203.
hira (Pieris), 184.
sius), 118.
jacquemontii (Parnas-
lagela (Catophaga), 208.
laius (Chilades), 365.
horsfieldi (Allotinus),
sius), 120.
lalage (Appias), 208.
299.
jacquemontii, var. im-
lalassis (Lade), 216.
horsfieldi (Neopithecops),
punctata (Parnassius),
lama (Papilio), 31.
309.
118.
Lampides, 396.
horsfieldii (Pieris), 148.
jaageri ('Terias), 248.
lanka (Cyaniris), 330.
huegeli (Cyaniris), 333.
huegelii (Cyaniris), 333.
jaloka (Lycsena), 349.
jaloka (Polyommatus),
lankapura (Catophaga),
210.
hunza (Parnassius), 123.
349.
lankeswara (Papilio),
Huphina, 181.
Jamides, 396.
75.
hyale (Colias). 234.
by las (Lvcsena), 351.
janaka (Papilio), 57.
janus (Chilasa), 75.
latifasciata (Appias), 203.
latif'asciata (Ixias), 193,
hylax (P'ithecops), 308.
jasoda (Zarona), 471.
195.
hylus (Tapilio), 351.
jason (Papilio), 106.
latimargo (Cyan iris),
Hypermnestra, 131.
jesous (Azanus), 363.
322.
ALPHABETICAL INDEX.
477
lativitta (Colias), 234.
raachaon, var. asiatica
mora (Zizera), 357.
latreillei (Papilio), 28.
(Papilio), 36.
moulmeinensis (Ixias),
lavendularis (Polyomma-
macrophtbalma (Naca-
193.
tus), 323.
duba), 382.
multistrigatus (Alloti-
lea(Huphina), 182.
raaha (Zizera), 355.
nus), 298.
leeclii (Colias), 238.
mahadeva (Papilio), 67.
musina (Cyaniris), 328.
leechii (Pierisj, 162.
Malais, 302.
leela (Lycsena), 349.
malaya (Megisba), 313.
lehana (Lycaena), 352.
malayanus (Orplieides),
nabellica (Aporia), 163.
lehanus (Polyominatus),
39.
Nacaduba, 381.
352.
malayanus (Papilio), 39.
nadina (Huphina), 188.
leis (Appias), 213.
raalayica (Anops), 44l.
naganum (Pieris), 171.
lena (Ixias), 195.
rnalayica (Logania), 302.
naira (Pathysa), 97.
Leptocircus, 5.
Mancipium, 167.
nama (Pieris), 188.
Leptosia, 137,
mandarinus paphus
nama, var. andamana
libythea (Appias), 200.
(Papilio), 94.
(Huphina), 188.
libythea (Terms), 247.
nianluena (Castalius),
napi (Pieris), 173.
lichenosa (Huphina),
431.
nara (Lycaena), 417.
184.
mannii (Pontia), 169.
naraka (Eronia), 280.
lichenosa (Pieris), 184.
lidderdali (Armandia), 3.
marcia (Niphsmda), 370.
marcia (Niphanda)
narendra (Appias), 206.
nastes (Colias), 238.
lilacea (Cyaniris), 324.
(Lycasna), 370.
nastes var. leechii
limbata (Colotis), 270.
inarginata (Cyaniris),
(Colias), 238.
limbata (Cyaniris), 329.
319.
nathalia (Saletara), 217.
limbatus (Teracolus),
marianne (Ixias), 196.
nazira (Polyommatus),
270.
inarm orata (Logania),
337.
liomedon (Papilio), 44.
303.
nebo (Appias), 202.
Liphyi-a, 451.
rnassalia (Logania), 304.
iiebuloBus (Papilio), 97.
Liphyrinaa, 448.
liquida (Huphina), 188.
mayo (Papilio), 49.
medon (Lycaena), 337.
Neolyctena, 353.
Neopithecops, 309.
lithargyria (Catochry-
megarus (Papilio), 115.
nepalensis (Gonepteryx),
sops), 411.
meges (Leptocircus), 6.
229.
loewii (Lyciena), 343.
Megisba, 313.
Nepheronia, 276.
Logania, 302.
mehala (Papilio), 66.
neriene (Colias), 234.
longeana (Gerydus),
melaeua (Cyaniris), 320.
neriene, var. chrysodona
293.
meleager (Lycaena), 334,
(Colias), 234.
lordaca( Pieris), 155.
melete (Pieris), 173.
nerissa (Huphina), 183.
Lucia, 310.
memuon agenor (Papilio),
nero (Appias), 202.
lucilla (Synchloe), 180.
47.
neronus (Pararanti-
Lycama, 334.
memnon (Papilio), 47.
copsis), 113.
Lycamesthes, 372.
merguiana (Lycaenesthes),
neumbo (Pieris), 212.
Lycsenidaa, 282.
394.
nevilli (Papilio), 33.
lycsenina (LycamesthesX
merguiana (Terias), 250.
nicobarensis (Terias)
375.
meridionalis (Ixias), 196.
250.
Lycaeninae, 305.
Lycsenopsis, 315.
mesentiua (Anaphaeis),
155.
nicobarica (Appias), 203.
nicobarica (Leptosia),
lycambes (Lycaenestb.es),
metallica (Lycaena), 347.
138.
375.
nietarete (Delias), 142.
nicobarica (Nacaduba),
lycorias (Dercas), 227.
Miletus, 288.
389.
lycorias (Rbodocera),
226.
minereoides (Papilio), 29.
minereus (Papilio), 29.
nicobaricus (Lampides),
398.
lysiraon (Zizera), 357.
minos (Papilio), 16.
nicola (Catochrysops),
modestus (Teracolus),
412.
inacareus indicus (Papi-
261.
nilagiriensis (Colias), 234.
lio), 114.
moelleri (Parnassius),
nilgiriensis (Colias), 234.
inacareus (Papilio), 114.
129.
nina (Colias), 236.
machaou (Papilio), 36.
montauus (Harimala),
nipalense (Mancipium),
inachaon sikkiiuensis
90.
170.
(Papilio), 36.
mooreanus (Charus), 42.
Niphanda, 370.
anacbaon sphyrus (Papi-
mooreanus (Papilio), 41.
nirius (Parnassius), 120.
lio), 36.
uioorei (Terias), 259.
nivalis (Allotinus), 301.
478
ALPHABETICAL INDEX.
noblei (Papilio), 60.
paris tamilana (Papilio),
plumbeomicans, var. ni-
nola (Ixias), 196.
85.
cobaricus (Nacaduba),
nomius (Papilio), 101.
Parnassius, 116.
389.
nomius pernomius
parrhasius (Hesperia),
polla (Papilio), 30.
(Papilio), 101.
nomius swinhoei (Papi-
378.
parryise (Teinopalpus), 8.
polyctor ganesa (Papilio),
83.
lio), 101.
parva (Lycaena), 367.
polyctor (Papilio), 82.
nora (Lycasna), 391.
pasithoe (Delias), 145.
polyctor, subsp. signi-
noreia (Nacaduba), 393.
Pathalia, 313.
ficans (Papilio), 83.
nubilus (Spalgis), 311.
patruelis (Terias), 250.
polyctor, subsp. trium-
Nychitona, 137.
nycula (Polyommatus),
paulina (Appias), 210.
paulina, var. galathea
phator (Papilio), 83.
polyeuctes (Papilio), 31.
348.
(Catophaga), 211.
polymnestoroides (Pa-
nyseus (Talicada), 376.
pavana (Nacaduba), 385.
pilio), 52.
payeni evan (Papilio),
91.
polymnestor (Papilio),
50.
ochreipennis (Teracolus),
pediada (Poritia), 469.
polymnestor parinda
265.
peelus (Teracolus), 265.
(Papilio), 50.
olferna (Appias), 200.
pembertoni (Byasa), 34.
polynices (Paranticopsis),
omphisa (Lycaena), 347.
onpape (Papilio), 75.
orbitulus (Lyctena), 349.
pembertoni (Papilio),
34.
pernomius (Pathysa),
114.
polynices (Papilio), 114.
Polvommatus, 432.
oriens (Teracolus), 266.
101.
polytes (Papilio), 61.
orissica (Lycaenesthes).
pernotatus (Teracolus),
pomona (Papilio), 219.
375.
270.
pompeus (Papilio), 14.
Ornithoptera, 10.
Orthomiella, 368.
persica (Lycaena), 339.
phsedrus (Papilio), 437.
Pontia, 167.
pontis (Orthomiella).
ossa (Zizera), 356.
phalia (Poritia), 467.
369.
otis (Zizera), 360.
pberetes (Lycaena), 352.
Poritia, 457.
philamene (Idmais),
Poritiinae, 457.
palinurus (Papilio), 88.
pallens (Teracolus), 269.
264.
philoxenus ab. dasarada
potanini (Everes), 379.
potina (Poritia), 467.
pallida (Huphina), 184.
pallida (Ixias), 195.
(Papilio), 31.
philoxenus ah. polyeuctes
prexaspes (Papilio), 59.
priamus (Papilio), 10.
palliseri (Teracolus),
(Papilio), 31.
Prioneris, 150.
26(5.
philoxenus lama (Papi-
prominens (Lampides),
pallitana (Terias), 246.
lio), 31.
388.
pammon (Papilio), 61.
philoxenus (Papilio), 31.
protenor (Papilio). 53.
pandava (Catochrysops),
phisadia (Colotis), 264.
protractus (Colotis),
412.
phraatica (Poritia), 465.
263.
pandiyana (Papilio), 22.
pandiyanus (Papilio),
phrontis (Papilio), 113.
phryne (Papilio), 183.
pseudelpis (Lampides),
401, 407.
22.
phryxe (Pieris), 164.
pseudevanthe (Tera-
pandu (Symetha), 290.
Piccarda, 139.
colus), 269.
panope (Papilio), 75.
Pierida:, 134.
pseudolalage (Cato-
panormis (Allotinus),
Pieris, 139, 167.
phaga), 208.
301.
pineasa (Pareronia),
puellaris (Teracolus),
paphus (Papilio), 94.
280.
265.
Papilio, 10.
pirenassa (Thestias),
pura (Lampides), 403.
Papilionida;, 1.
193.
purreea (Terias), 250.
Papilionina, 1.
Pithecops, 307.
purus (Teracolus),
papone (Papilio), 75.
pitmani (Papilio), 63.
270.
paradoxus (Papilio), 78.
placida (Cyaniris), 326.
puspa (Cyaniris), 323.
paradoxus telearehus
plato, var. nicobaricus
puspa, var. lilacea
(Papilio), 78.
(Lampides), 398.
(Cyaniris), 324.
Paragerydus, 296.
pleurata (Poritia), 464.
putli" (Lycaena), 367.
Parapieris, 167.
plinioides (Niphanda),
pygmea (Lycania), 359.
Parapithecops, 309.
370.
pyramus (Thyea), 146.
Pareronia, 276.
plinius (Tarucus), 420.
pyranthe (Catopsilia),
parinda (Papilio), 50.
plumbeomicans (Naca-
221.
paris (Papilio), 85.
duba), 389.
pyrene (Ixias), 193.
ALPHABETICAL LN'DEX.
479
rama (Terias), 246.
significans (Sarbaria),
urya (Idinais), 267.
rapae (Pieris), 169.
83.
utieja (Lycaena), 341.
ravana (Papilio), 33.
sikhimensis (Papilio),
winhoei (Catophaga),
remba (Huphina), 188.
36.
212.
remba (Pieris), 188.
sikhimensis (Parnassius),
winhoei (Papilio), 101.
retexta (Appias), 200.
120.
winhoei (Terias), 250.
rhadamanthus (Ornitho-
ptera), 15.
sikhimica (Papilio), 95.
sikkima (Cyaniris), 331.
ymethus (Gerydus),
290.
rhamni (Gonepteryx),
sikkima (Megisba), 313.
Synchloe, 179.
229.
sikkima (Pazala), 95.
rhetenor (Papilio), 54.
sikkimensis (Papilio),
Tachyris, 197.
rhexia (Papilio), 193.
36, 57.
Tadumia, 116.
rhodifer (Papilio), 24.
sikkimensis (Parnassius),
Talicada, 375.
roborowskii (Pieris),
120.
tamilana (Papilio), 85,
171.
silhetana (Terias), 257.
taplini (Teracolus), 271.
robusta (Sterosis), 452.
Simiskina, 457.
taprobana (Anaphasis),
roepstorfi (Catophaga),
simo (Parnassius), 129.
155.
211.
roepstorfi (Hebonioia),
276.
simplex (Terias), 250.
simulata (Terias), 250.
sinensis (Neolycaena),
taprobaca (Appias), 203.
taprobana (Pieris), 155.
Taraka, 312.
romulus (Papilio), 61.
354.
taras (AUotinus), 300.
rorus (Teracolus), 265.
singalensis (Cyaniris),
Tarucus, 417.
rosaceus (Teracolus),
333.
tavoyanus (Papilio), 72.
266.
singalensis (Lycaena),
Teinopalpus, 7.
rosimon (Castalius), 424.
333.
telearchus (Papilio), 78.
rotundalis (Terks), 257.
sita (Prioneris), 154.
telephus (Papilio), 106.
rouxii (Pieris), 212.
slater i (Papilio), 72.
templetoni (Terias),
roxana (Castalius), 428.
elateri tavoyanus (Pa-
257.
roxus (Castalius), 427.
pilio), 73.
Teracolus. 259.
rubella (Terias), 247.
sodalis (Terias), 255.
teredon (Papilio), 111.
Solaris (Teracolus), 266.
Terias, 244.
sakontala (Papilio), 64.
soracte (Aporia), 161.
tessellata (Ninhanda),
Saletara, 217.
sorex (Metaporia), 162.
370.
samudra (Lycaena), 346.
Spalgis, 310.
thaidina (Armandia), 3.
samudra (Polvommatus),
346.
sphyrus (Papilio), 36.
spiculif'era (Xepheronia),
theophrastus (Tarucus),
417.
sanaca (Pieris), 148.
281.
theseus (Catochrysops),
sanatana (Terias), 246.
squalida (Lycaena), 356.
415.
sangra (Polyommatus),
stenosemus (Koramius),
Thestias, 192.
360.
123.
thestylis (Prioneris), 151.
saneuinalis (Callosume),
stenosemus (Parnassius),
thetis (Curetis), 437.
271.
123.
thetys (Anops), 437.
sanguinalis (Teracolus),
stigmata (Curetis), 441.
thwaitesi (Megisba),
271.
stoliczkana (Colias), 242.
313.
sareptensis (Colias),
stoliczkana (Lycaena),
Thyca, 139.
234.
341.
thyria (Pieris), 202.
sari (Terias), 255.
stoliczkanus (Parnassius),
thysbe (Delias), 146.
saronis (Curetis), 437-
123.
titea (Pieris), 269.
sarpedon (Papilio), 111.
strabo (Catochrysops),
transpecta (Cyaniris),
sarpedon teredon (Pa-
411.
322.
pilio), 111.
stvgianus (Gerydus),
tripuncta (Colotis), 267.
sarta (Lycaena), 345.
satadra (Ixias), 193.
'295.
suava (Terias), 250.
tripuncta {Idmais), 267.
triumphator (Sarbaria).
scylla (Catopsilia), 224.
subdita (Lampides), 402.
83.
senna (Terias), 247.
subroseus (Teracolus),
trochilus (Chilades), 367.
sesia (Papilio), 193.
271.
Troides, 10.
seta (Pieris), 151.
substrigosa (Logania),
shawi(Baltia), 159.
1 301.
ubaldus (Azanus), 362.
shipkee (Colias), 236.
shiva (Hyposcritia),
subviolaceus (Allotinus),
300.
umbriel (Everes), 379.
unicolor (Allotinus), 296.
205.
Sumatra; (Poritia), 462.
uniformis (Terias), 257.
480
ALPHABETICAL INDEX.
urania (Gonepteryx),
227.
uranus (Azanus), 363.
vacans (Appias), 203.
vagans (Terias), 248.
Valeria, 276.
Valeria, var. naraka
(Eronia), 280.
vallivolans (Terias), 257.
vardhana (Cyaniris),
318.
varuna astorion (Papilio),
25.
varuna (Papilio), 25.
varunana (Chilades),
365.
venata (Terias), 246.
venosa (Euchloe), 180.
venosus (Tarucus), 419.
verhuelli (Dercas), 226.
verna (Ixias), 195.
vestalis (Colotis), 265.
vicrama (Polyomraatus),
351.
victoria (Cyaniris), 329.
viola (Lampides), 394.
vipasa (Pieris), 176.
virescens (Leptocircus), 6.
walkeri (Papilio), 64.
wallichii (Gonepteryx),
227.
wardi (Appias), 214.
watsoniana (Logania),
303.
watsoni (Prioneris), 151.
watti (Ixias), 193.
wiskotti (Colias), 240.
xantbus (Papilio), 38.
xenocles neronus (Pa-
pilio), 113.
xenocles (Papilio), 113.
xiphia (Leptosia), 138.
xuthus (Papilio), 38.
yarkundensis (Polyom-
matua), 339.
youngbusbandi (Ly-
ca;na), 338.
zaleucus (Papilio), 27.
zalraora (Neopithecops),
309.
zaneka (Gonepteryx),
230.
zanekoides (Gonepteryx),
230.
zanella (Zarona), 471.
Zarona, 470.
zelraira (Appias), 200.
zelmira (Papilio), 200.
zena (Lycaena), 362.
zeuxippe (Papilio), 184.
Zizera, 355.
PRINTED BY TAYLOR AND FRANCIS, RED LION COCRT, FLEET STREET.
PLATE XI.
Fig. 80. Tdnopalpus imperialis, Hope, J P- 8.
„ 81. Leptocircus meges, Zinken-Sommer, J p. 6.
,, 82. Papilio helena, Linn., race cerherits, Felder, d1 . . p. 14.
„ 83. Papilio hector, Linneeus, d1 p. 19.
., 84. Papilio mraHrt,White, race oatorton,We8twood, J1 . p. 25.
BUTTERFLIES. VOL. II.
PLATE XI.
Uentschel Colourtype.
PLATE XII.
Fig. 85. Papilio polymnestor, Cramer, $ p. 50.
„ 86. Papilio rhetenor, "Westwood, 2 P- 54.
„ 87. Papilio paradoxus, Ziuk.-Somm., race telearcJius,
Hewitson, $ p. 78.
BUTTERFLIES. VOL. II.
PLATE XII.
HORACE KNIGHT, del.
Hehtschel Colotirtype.
PLATE XIII.
Fig. 88. Papilio doddri, Janet, rf p. 81.
„ 89. Papilio polyctor, Boisduval, c? p. 82.
„ 90. Papilio par is, Linnaeus, J p. 85.
„ 91. Papilio palimtrus, Fabricius, c? p. 88.
BUTTERFLIES. VOL
PLATE XIII.
90
88
Hentschel Colourtype.
PLATE XIV.
Fig. 92. Papilio evan, Doubleday, <? p. 91.
„ 93. Papilio kashmirengis, Rotbsch., race sikhimica,
Heron, rf p. 96.
„ 94. Papilio antiphates, Cram., race alcibiades,
Fabricius, rf p. 97.
„ 95. Papilio agetes, Westwood, rf p. 100.
„ 96. Papilio eurypylus, Linn., race jason, Linnaeus, J. p. 106.
„ 97. Papilio cloanthw, Westwood, rf P- HO.
BUTTERFLIES. VOL. II.
PLATE XIV.
HORACE KNIGHT, itel.
Hentscltd Colourtype,
PLATE XV.
Fig. 98. Papilio sarpedon, Linn., race teredon, Felder, c? . p. HI.
., 99. Parnassius jacquemonti, Boisduval, $ p. 118.
„ 100. Parnassius epaphus, Oberthiir, race sikhimensis,
Elwes, c? P. 121.
„ 101. Parnassius Tiardtvickei, Gray, $ p. 121.
„ 102. Parnassius imperator, Oberthiir, race augustus,
Fruhstorfer, 5 p. 127.
„ 103. Colias fieldi, Menetries, £ P- 243.
Bl'TTKRFUKS. VOL. II.
PLATE XV.
HORACE KNIGHT, del.
Hentschel Colourtypt.
PLATE XVI.
Fig. 104. Papilio polytes, Lirmajus (aberration tf) .... p. 62.
„ 105. Papilio walkeri, Janson, <5 p. 64.
„ 106. Terias hecabe, Linnaeus, rf p. 250.
„ 107. Cololis danae, Fabricius, d" p. 271.
„ 108. Appias nero, Fabricius, d1 p. 202.
BlTTKRKLIKS. Vol.. II.
PLATE XVI.
HORACE KNIGHT, del.
Hentschel Colourtype.
PLATE XVII.
109. Delias eucharis, Drury, c? p. 141.
110. Delias hierta, Hiibner, <$ . . . . p. 142.
111. Delias descombesi, Boisduval, $ p. 144.
112. Delias agostina, Hewitson, 3 p. 147.
113. Prioneris thestylis, Doubleday, J p. 151.
114. Saletara chryscea, Fruhstorfer, <5 p. 217.
115. „ „ „ $ p. 217.
116. Huphina lea, Doubleday, 3 p. 182.
BUTTERFLIKS. VOL. II.
PLATK XVII,
114
HORACE KNIGHT, del.
115
Hcntschel Coloitrtype.
PLATE XVIII.
Fig. 117. Delias thysbe, Cramer, <$ p. 146.
,, 118. Iscias pyrene, Linnaeus. <$ p. 193.
„ 119. „ ^ „ „ $ p. 193.
„ 120. „ „ „ d var. p. 193.
„ 121. Colias hyale, Linn., race nilgiriensis, Felder, <3 . p. 235.
„ 122. Hebomoia roepstorfi, Wood-Mason, d" p. 276.
„ 123. Gonepteryx zaneka, Moore, tf p. 230.
„ 124. Pareronia pinrjasa, Moore, <$ p. 280.
BUTTEKFUKS. VOL. II.
PLATE XVIII.
119
HORACE KNIGHT, del.
Hentschel Cohurty
PLATE XIX.
Fig. 125. Cyaniris alboccentlea, ]\Ioore, <3 p. 321.
,, 126. Cyaniris transpecta., Moore, cf p. 322.
„ 127. Cyaniris puspa, Horsfield, 6 p. 323.
„ 128. Cyaniris dilecta, Moore, rf p. 331.
„ 129. Cyaniris liuegeli, Moore, tf p. 333.
„ 130. Lycmia stoliczkana, Felder, rf p. 341.
„ 131. Lycama omj/)hisa, Moore, <$ p. 347.
,, 132. Lycwnapheretes, Hiibner, race lehana, Moore, d p. 352.
» 133. „ » „ „ „ „ $ p. 352.
„ 134. Lyca>,napheretes, Hiibner, race asciatica, El wes, c? p. 352.
„ 135. Clillades Jaius, Cramer, rf p. 365.
„ 136. Zizera maha, Kollar, <$ p. 355.
„ 137. „ „ „ $ p. 355.
„ 138. Azanus ubaldus, Cramer, <$ p. 362.
„ 139. Ortliomiella pontis, Ehves, <3 p. 369.
„ 140. Talicada nysem, Guerin, $ p. 376.
„ 141. Everes argiades, Pallas, d p. 378.
„ 142. „ „ „ $ p. 378.
,, 143. Catodirysops strabo, Fabricius, d p. 411.
„ 144. Poritia Juwitsoni, Moore, 6 p. 460.
,, 145. ,, ,, ?j ^ p. 460.
BUTTERFLIES. VOL. II,
PI.ATI-: XIX.
HORACF, KNIGHT, del.
Hentschel Coloiirtype.
PLATE XX.
Fig. 146. Niphanda cymbia, de Nicev., race marcirt,
Fawcett, d1 p. 370.
„ 147. Nacaduba bhutea, de Niceville, rf p. 386.
„ 148. Lampides elpis, Godt., race kankena, Felder, <$ . p. 408.
„ 149. Lampides rogersi, Bingham, J p. 408.
,, 150. Castalius ananda, de Niceville, rf p. 423.
„ 151 . Tarucus theophrastus, Fabricius, tf p. 417.
„ 152. Arhopala albopunctata*, Hewitson, d" .
„ 153. Zarona jasoda, de Niceville, d1 p. 471.
„ 154. Arhopala areste *, Hewitson, 3 .
,, 155. Surrendra quercetorum *, Moore, <3 .
,, 156. Arhopala eumolphus *, Cramer, J.
„ 1 57. Arhopala agaba *, Hewitson, tf .
„ 158. Arhopala silhetensis *, Hewitson, c? .
„ 159. Arlitipala camdeo *, Moore, $.
,, 160. Arhopala aberrans*, de Niceville, $ .
,, 161. Arhopala tounyuva*, Grose-Smith, $ .
„ 162. Arhopala perimuta*, Moore, $.
„ 163. Thadulca multicaudata *, Moore, <S .
* Description will appear in Vol. iii.
BUTTERFLIES. VOL. II.
PLATK XX.
HORACE KNIGHT, del.
Hcntsckel Colourtype.
TOE
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